Keys to the Insects of the European USSR Vol. I Apterygota, Palaeoptera, Hemimetabola

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AKADEMIYA NAUK SSSR. ZOOLOGICHESKII INSTITUT Academy of. Sciences of the USSR. Zoological Institute

Keys

to

the Fauna of the USSR No. 84

KEYS to the INSECTS of the USSR

""EUROPEAN

(Opredelitel’ nasekomykh Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR)

In five volumes Vol. I

Apterygota, Palaeoptera, Hemimetabola (Nizshie, drevnekrylye,

s

nepolnym prevrashcheniem)

DEFENSE PEST MGMT INFO ANALYSIS CTR AFPMB, FOREST GLEN SECTION, WRAMC WASHINGTON, DC 20307-5001 Compiled by G-Ya. Bei-Bienko, D.I. Blagoveshchenskii, O.A. Chernova, E.M. Dantsig, A.F. Emel’yanov, I.M. Kerzhner, M.M. Loginova, E.F. Martynova, G.Kh. Shaposhnikov, A.G. Sharov, Z.D. Spuris, V.N. Vishnyakova, T.L- Yaczewski, V.V. Yakhontov, L.A. Zhil’tsova Editorial Board

B.E. Bykhovskii, I.M. Gromov, A.S. Monchadskii, A.A. Shtakel’berg, O.A. Skarlato, and A.A. Strelkov Editor of this volume

G.Ya. Bei-Bienko Izdatel’stvo "Nauka" Moskva- Leningrad 1964

Translated from Russian

Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem 1967

TT 66-51068 Published Pursuant to an Agreement with THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, U.S.A. and

THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Copyright Israel

'

1967

Program for Scientific Translations Ltd. IPST Cai. No. 1674

Translated by Jean Salkind Edited by Professor 0. Theodor

Printed in Jerusalem by

Binding:

Wiener

s. Monson

Bindery Ltd., Jerusalem

Price: $15.24

Available from U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Va. 22151

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DEFENSE PEST MGMT INFO ANALYSIS CTR AFPMB, FOREST GLEN SECTION, WRAMC WASHINGTON, DC 20307-5001 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword................................................... General part by G.Ya. Bei-Bienko ............................ Class Insecta ............................................. Morphology ......................................... Biology............................................. Ecology and geographical distribution.................. Principles of classification ........................... Classification of insects .............................. Preparation of specimens for identification ............. Identification........................................

Important handbooks

.................................

Systematic part ............................................. Key to orders based on the imago by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko 1. Order Protura by A.G. Sharov 2. -Order Podura by E. F. Martynova- ................... 3. Order Diplura by A. G. Sharov ...................... 4. Order Thysanura by A.G. Sharov ................... 5. Order Ephemeroptera by O.A. Chemova 6. Order Odonatoptera by Z.D. Spuris 7. Order Blattoptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko .............. 8. Order Mantoptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko 9. Order Isoptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko. ................ 10. Order Plecoptera by L.A. Zhil’tsova ................ 11. Order Embioptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko .............. 12. Order Phasmoptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko. ............ 13. Order Orthoptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko. .............. 14. Order Dermaptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko. ............. 15. Order Psocoptera by V.N. Visfmyakova .............. 16. Order Mallophaga by D.I. Blagoveshchenskii ......... 17. Order Anoplura by D.I. Blagoveshchenskii ........... 18. Order Homoptera .................................. 1. Suborde Cicadinea by A.F, Emel’yanov .......

......................

.............

..................

..............

..........

Psyllinea by M.M. Loginova ............ Aleyrodinea by E.M. Dantsig ............ Aphidinea by G.Kh. Shaffoshnikov 5. Suborde Coccinea by E. M. Dantsig .............. 19. Order Hemiptera by I.M. Kerzhner and T .L. Yaczewski 20. Order Thysanoptera by V. V. Yakhontov .............. 2. 3. 4.

Suborde Suborde Suborde

Index of Latin names of insects

........

...............................

v

1 1 1

9 12 15 17 19 20 21 23 23 32 35 Ill 115

121 157 190 200 206 210 242 245 248

354 362

385 404 419 421

551 608

616 800 851 1119

1161

FOREWORD The Soviet Union has made great progress in its national economy, public health, and science. This development has constantly increased the role of science and has made it one of society’s main productive forces, This also applies to entomology, which supplies the theoretical basis for plant protection, pollination of agricultural crops, apiculture, sericulture, and for the control of parasites, blood-sucking insects, and vectors of diseases of domestic animals and man. Entomology deals with a group of animals of an incredible variety of form and biological properties. Almost 1 million species of insects are known today, 80,000 species from the U.S.S.R. Systematics has an important part in entomology as the basis of study and identification of insects. One of the methods of systematics is the use of keys. Such reference books help to determine the scientific name and systematic position of an insect which for some reason has attracted the attention of the applied entomologist or other scientist. Because of the enormous number of species of insects it is very difficult to make keys and it often requires the efforts of many experts for many years. This is especially true of a key dealing with such a vast area as the Soviet Union. There is however, at present, a great demand for such keys; this demand can best be satisfied by com-

piling regional keys. The proposed "Keys to the Insects of the European U.S.S.R." (Opredelitel’ nasekomykh evropeiskoi chasti SSSR) is such a regional key. However, the area with which it deals is still so large that it would be impossible to give even the shortest account in one volume. It is therefore planned to publish the key in five volumes: ~

I Apterygota, Palaeoptera and Hemimetablola; II Coleoptera and Strepsiptera; III Neuroptera (i.e., Megaloptera. Raphidioptera and Neuroptera s. str,), Mecoptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera; IV Hymenoptera; V Diptera and Aphaniptera. Not all the species known from the region appear in the Keys. Some rare, narrowly distributed or little-known species are omitted. In some cases the keys define only genera. The purpose of the Keys is to include all genera and all practically important species. It also gives the number of species of genera and other taxa from the European U.S.S.R., often from the whole U.S.S.R. Not all species can therefore be identified. Entomologists working on plant protection, and veterinary and medical entomology will, however, find the names of species important in agriculture, forestry and public health. The southern boundary of the territory covered by the Key runs along the coast of the Black Sea, including the whole of Crimea, and continues

4

5

6

eastwards through southern Ciscaucasia to the northern coast of the Caspian Sea and the Ural River. The fauna of the northern slopes of the Caucasus, which contains many purely Caucasian and southern forms, is therefore largely omitted in the key. The only exception are a few well-known or small orders or suborders, e.g., Ephemeroptera, Odonatoptera, Orthoptera and their allies, Coccinea, etc. The fauna of some regions is so little known that some species which are common in adjacent regions are included in the Keys although they have not been found in the European U.S.S.R. Some species which are frequently introduced to the U.S.S.R. with foreign goods are also included. The "Keys to the Insects of the European U.S.S.R." i s the re suit of the combined effortofmanyveteranand younger systematists of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. and other institutions in Leningrad, Moscow, Kiev. Khar’kov, Chernovtsy, Stavropol, Ivanovo, Riga, Tallin, Tashkent, etc. All authors carried out their work with great interest and devotion, in accord with the general outline and principles of the book. All of them inevitably met great difficulties due to the unsatisfactory classification of many groups. This required a critical analysis of the known data and occasionally revision of genera or families. Special mention should be made of the voluntary cooperation of entomologists who are not members of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences, and who contributed greatly to the successful publication of the Keys. I wish to express here my deepest gratitude to all authors and also to my assistant, E. L. Gur’eva of the Zoological Institute. Her diligence and competence greatly contributed to the successful publication of this work. The following scientists took part in the writing of the first volume, and in the treatment of some orders; A. G. Sharov (Palaeontological Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Moscow) dealt with Protura, Diplura, and Thysanura; E. F. Martynova (Leningrad State University) dealt with Podura (Collembola); O.A. Chernova (Moscow State University) Ephemeroptera; Z. D. Spuris (Biological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Latvia, Riga) Odonatoptera; G. Ya. Bei-Bienko superorder Orthopteroidea, except Plecoptera which were treated by L. A. Zhil’tsova (Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences); V. N. Vishnyakova (Paleontological Institute of the Academy of Sciences) dealt with Psocoptera; D. I. Blagoveshchenskii (Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences) dealt with Mallophaga and Anoplura; A. F. Emel’yanov, M.M. Loginova. G.Kh. Shaposhnikov, and E.M. Dantsig (same institute) Homoptera; I. M. Kerzhner (same institute), and T.L. Yaczewski (Zoological Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw) Hemiptera; V. V. Yakhontov (Institute of Zoology and Parasitology of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent) Thysanoptera. The general section and the key to the orders were written by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko. A.G. Davletshin (Institute of Zoology and Parasitology of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan) also contributed to the book, The authors dealing with the holometabolous orders will be indicated in the subsequent volumes. The number of species known is given for many genera, families, orders, and intermediate taxa. The number of species of the European U.S.S.R. is given at the end of the description of the corresponding taxa, preceded by a period and dash. Measurements are given in millimeters omitting

[NOTE. Areas of European Russia are listed first, then European Russia) except in the North: central Europe.]

all other

areas, e.g.: Everywhere (i.e.,

all of

theletters "mm", unless otherwise stated. The geographical distribution of species is indicated briefly, often only for the European U.S.S.R. Reference is usually made only to large divisions of this region, e.g., (vide map) North, Southeast, Center, etc. G.Ya. Bei-Bienko

7

GENERAL PART G.Ya. Bei-Bienko Class

INSECTA

Small Arthropods, i.e., animals covered by an external cuticle forming an exoskeleton, with segmented body and legs. Body divided into three distinct regions; head, thorax, and abdomen. Head with a pair of antennae .except in the order Protura. Mouthparts of biting or sucking type. Thorax consisting of three segments, bearing three pairs of legs and often two pairs of wings. Abdomen without ambulatory appendages, bearing only modified rudiments of appendages, cerci, styli, etc. Proximal segments of abdomen rarely with weak legs (order Protura).

MORPHOLOGY

8

The body (Figure 1) is small or minute, usually 1 to 50 mm long, rarely larger or smaller. The cuticle is a part of the integument which forms a thick external armor. In some cases, especially in minute insects, it is soft and thin. The cuticle is the basis of the skeleton and is divided into sclerites. It forms the basis for the development of various formations such as punctate depressions, grooves, tubercles, ridges or carinae, minute hairs, setae, etc. The cuticle also bears movable cuticular appendages, hairs or setae which may also have the form of flat scales. The color of the body varies because of pigments in the cuticle or the underlying hypodermis, or because of optic phenomena due to the structure of the cuticle. The pigment colors are dull, but the structural colors produce a metallic sheen and are iridescent. The cuticle is very stable. The structural and pigment colors of the cuticle persist almost unchanged after the death of the insect and are therefore well preserved in collections. On the other hand, hypodermal colors are not stable, and disappear rapidly after death. The color of the body or of some parts may change during the life of the individual until sexual maturity is reached, or in connection with life conditions. Ignorance of this may result in wrong identifications. The pigment is often arranged in stripes or lines along the body. If such stripes run transversely across the body they are called fasciae. The characteristics of the exoskeleton and color are very important in insect identification. This especially applies to chaetotaxy, a part of morphology dealing with the distribution of setae. Chaetotaxy is hereditarily constant, and is sometimes indispensable for the solution of difficult systematic problems. The head (caput, Figure 2) has no external segmentation but it developed by fusion of five segments. The appendages of these segments have persisted in the form of antennae, three pairs of mouthparts: unsegmented

GENERAL PART

mandibulae, segmented maxillae, and a segmented, externally unpaired labium. This consists actually of the fused second maxillae (Figure 4,1). The rigid skeleton of the head is the epicranium. The anterior part of the head is called the frons, which passes dorsally into the vertex and posteriorly into the occiput. Below or in front of the frons lies a welldeveloped plate, the clypeus. Farther ventrad or anteriad of the clypeus lies a movable plate which covers the mouth parts from above, the labrum. On the sides of the head below the eyes are the genae which posteriorly pass into the postgenae (tempora). The ventral part of the head is called the gula. There are usually no sharp limits between most of these parts, and some of them are arbitrary.

FIGU RE 1. Diagram of an inseci (C a 11 i p t a

(after Sei-Bienko) The sides of the head bear compound eyes (oculi), the surface of which is divided into numerous minute, usually hexagonal facets. The number of the facets corresponds to the number of visual elements called ommatidia. Between the compound eyes there are often one to three simple eyes, ocelli. The latter are minute, smooth tubercles, whose color usually differs from that of their background, The position of the head varies in connection with the degree of development and the biology. Two types of head exist: 1) hypognathous head (caput hypognathum), in which the mouthparts are directed downwards like the ambulatory appendages from which they have developed; this condition is apparently primitive, and is found in herbivorous and omnivorous insects; 2) prognathous head (caput prognathum), in which the mouthparts are directed forward; this is characteristic of many predators and developed from the hypognathous type. The antennae (Figure 3) are located on the sides of the frons, between or in front of the eyes, often in well-marked antennal pits. They show a great variety of form characteristic of different groups and species.

The antenna consists of the following parts: a thick basal segment

(scape), a pedicel, and finally a flagellum, from the third segment to the end of the antenna. The following types of antennae are known: a) filiform, i.e., slender and of uniform thickness; b) setaceous, i.e., slender but tapering distally; c) moniliform, i.e., with well defined, rounded segments; d) fusiform, i.e., thickened in the middle and tapering proximally and distally; e) clavate, i.e., thickened at the end; f) capitate, i.e., strongly thickened at the end; g) serrate. with short, angular protuberances at one side of the segments; h) pectinate, with larger processes on the joints; i) plumose, with very slender, long processes on both sides of the segments; j) aristate, short, three-jointed with a slender seta on the terminal joint; k) lamellate, with laterally elongated plate son the distal segments; and others. The scape is sometimes very elongate and followed by a pedicel and a funicle consisting of minute segments. The pedicel and funicle are sometimes attached to the scape at an angle, forming a geniculate antenna. In clavate antennae the funicle is the slender part and the clava is the enlarged terminal part. The mouthparts (Figure 4) consist of three pairs of appendages, a pair of rigid, unsegmented mandibles, a pair of maxillae, and an externally unpaired labium. Each maxilla consists of the following parts: cardo (the basal segment), stipes, the galea or external lobe and the lacinia or inner lobe, and a segmented maxillary palp. The labium is similar to the first maxillae, but its two halves are fused into an unpaired organ. The fused labial cardines form the submentum; the fused stipites form the mentum. The mentum bears a pair of lateral segmented labial palps and two pairs of distal lobes. The inner lobes are the glossae (corresponding to the laciniae) and the outer lobes are the paraglossae (corresponding to the galeae). The mouthparts are covered dorsally by a movable plate, the labrum. Although it belongs functionally to the oral apparatus, the labrum is a skin fold which is not a true oral appendage. The mouthparts described above are of the biting type characteristic of all Orthoptera and their allies. They are therefore often termed Orthopteroid, and are adapted for eating solid food. They are the form from which all other modifications for the consumption of liquid food have developed. Sucking mouthparts and proboscis developed for this purpose. The development of sucking mouthparts took various forms in different groups of insects. There is therefore a great variety of sucking mouthparts. In some cases the food substrate has to be pierced to make sucking possible. This resulted in the development of piercing-sucking mouthparts (bugs, aphids, mosquitoes, etc.). In other cases feeding requires no piercing, e.g., in Lepidoptera. In still other cases the liquid is licked, e.g., in flies. A detailed description of the sucking mouthparts

GENERAL PART

The structure of the mouthparts is used in systematics, mainly to distinguish between higher groups such a orders, suborders, and families. is given with the respective orders.

FIGURE 3.

7fusiform;

12

Types of antennae, (After Bogdanov-Kafkov.) 8lamellate;

9-geniculaie; 10-plumose; 11-aristate.

The thorax consists of three segments, the pro-, meso-. and metathorax. The terga of the thorax form the notum, and the sterna of the thorax form the sternum. The three segments of the thorax are distinguished dorsally as the pro-, meso-, and metanotum, and ventrally as the pro-, meso-, and me taste mum. The sides of the thoracic segments form the pleurae which connect the thoracic terga and sterna. Each pleuron is divided by a suture into at least two pleurites, an anterior episternum and a posterior epimeron. The locomotory organs of the insect, the legs and wings, are attached to the thorax, which therefore functions as the locomotory center of the body. The powerful musculature of the thorax causes its large size and its modifications, and often the complex form of its pleurites. A more detailed description is given with orders and other major groups. The legs (pedes. Figure 5) articulate with the ventral side of the thorax, and are usually situated in coxal depressions. The legs consist of the following parts: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. Coxa and trochanter provide the legs with mobility. The trochanter is occasionally

divided into two segments, e.g., in many Hymenoptera. The femur is the longest and strongest part of the leg, and is supplied with a powerful musculature. Its articulation with the tibia is the genual articulation, and the adjacent region is called the knee (geniculus). The tibia is

FIGURE 4. Mouihpans. (After

Imms. Kuznetsov, Skorikova.

and

Uvarov.)

labial palp); 2piercing and gl ~gk>ssa, p.g paraglossa, l.p sucking mouthparts, bug, hfiad ventral (antantenna, ecompound eye, Ib labnim, md mandible, mx first maxilla modified into piercing stylets, labial palp, Im labium); 3~ sucking mouihparts, butterfly, head ventral (1. p p proboscis). mmenium,

approximately as long as the femur, but thinner. It usually bears immovable, rarely movable, spines. Its distal end bears movable spurs (calcaria). The tarsus-is usually segmented, consisting of 2 to 5 segments. The first tarsal joint is often elongate, called the metatarsus. The tarsus is rarely unsegmented. The number of tarsal joints may vary for different legs of the same insect. This is expressed briefly by a formula. For example, the formula 4-4-5 means that the tarsi of the anterior and middle legs are four- segmented, those of the hind legs five-

GENERAL PART

The plantar area, i.e., the underside of the tarsus bears sometimes small protuberances, the plantulae. The distal end of the tarsus bears a pair of claws (unguiculi) and between them often an unpaired appendage, an arolium or a slender empodium. Paired pulvilli may be present beneath the claws. All these structures enable the insect

segmented.

to adhere to the substrate in locomotion or at rest.

FIGURE 5. Structure and types of legs (after

1running leg, tiger beetle (ccoxa,

t

Bei-Bienko. Sogdanov-Kafkov

2jumping leg, locust; 3digging leg, 5raptorial leg, praying mantis; 6food-collecting leg,

Irnms)

honeybee.

Legs of insects show various specializations according to their mode The following types of legs are known: walking legs with short segments and expanded tarsal segments; longer and more slender running legs; saltatorial legs with strongly enlarged femora; fossorial legs with strongly shortened and expanded femora and tibiae, and with strong denticles or spines; elongate raptorial legs with pointed spines; swimming legs with broad, flattened joints and dense marginal hairs, etc. The structure of the legs and their type of, specialization are sometimes used in systematics. There are normally two pairs of wings (alae. Figure 6). The anterior pair belongs to the mesothorax and the posterior pair to the metathorax. The wings consist of a thin membrane reinforced by rigid veins which form the skeleton of the wing. The veins are either longitudinal or transverse, often forming a dense network (reticulate wings) with numerous cells. The number of transverse veins is reduced in higher forms, or they disappear completely, so that the wings are membranous- The main mechanical support of the wings is given by the longitudinal veins which are alternately convex and concave. The longitudinal veins of higher groups are therefore basically the same, although they have been much of life.

13

and

trochanter, ffemur, tbtibia, ts tarsus); mole cricket; 4swimming leg, diving beetle;

modified.

CUP- CUA* for names of veins see text) (after Imms)

14

The primitive type of wing possesses the’following longitudinal veins (Figure 6): costa (abbreviation C), running along or near the anterior margin of the wing; subcosta (Sc), the second vein, usually joining the anterior margin of the wing; radius (R), the third vein from the base of the wing, branching into a posterior radial sector (RS); media (M), the fourth vein from the base of the wing, in the middle of the wing, sometimes divided into an anterior (MA) and posterior (MP) branch; two cubital veins, an anterior cubitus (CuA) and a posterior cubitus (CuP) which often lie close together; 1 to 4 anal veins (Ai- A^). The posterior wings occasionally have a number of jugal veins posterior to the anal veins Together with the anal veins they are called the vannal veins. The longitudinal veins divide the wings into cells designated after the veins which form their anterior margin. The following cells exist; costal cell, subcostal cell, radial cell, medial cell, and cubital cell (between the two cubital veins). When the costa passes at a distance from the anterior margin of the wing, the cell limited by it is called the precostal cell. Larger subdivisions of the wing are known as regions. The following regions are distinguished: the remigial region (regio preanalis) anterior to the anal veins; the anal region (regio analis) between the anal veins; the jugal region (regio jugalis) between the jugal veins. The latter region makes the folding of the wings possible. The primitive venation and wing structure mentioned above are subject to great modifications by the development of new branches, disappearance of veins, their displacement, coalescence, etc. The most important development is the appearance of the jugal region, and the development of the ability to fold the wings. Insects which possess this ability form the group Neoptera, as opposed to the Palaeoptera. The latter include the Odonatoptera and Ephemeroptera, which do not have a jugal region and are thus not able to fold the wings. The jugal region and the ability to fold the wings are often lost. Another important development is the displacement of veins towards the costal margin of the wing. This phenomenon is termed costalization, and distinguishes higher from lower forms. It reinforces the anterior margin of the wing and improves its aerodynamic properties. The function of flying may be relegated to the hind wings. In this case the fore wings become elytra which protect the

GENERAL PART

15

delicate hind wings. The elytra are therefore thick, leathery or horny, and often without venation, e.g., in Coleoptera and Dermaptera. During flight fore and hind wings are coupled by various structures, and function as one unified organ. This results in a functional dipteran condition. The main load in this condition is placed on the anterior pair of wings. The size of the hind wings decreases with further evolution until they disappear completely. A morphological dipteran condition results which forms the highest stage of insect flight (Diptera). It follows from the above that wing structure is very important in the classification of insects and the interpretation of insect phylogeny. The abdomen (Figure 1) consists of a number of segments. The primitive number is eleven, with a terminal non-segmented part or telson. This condition persists only in some Apterygota and in embryos. The number of abdominal segments is often reduced to 5-6 (or even less), especially in higher forms- Each segment typically consists of a dorsal tergum and ventral sternum separated laterally by a soft pleura. There are usually no separate pleurites as on the thorax. The eighth and ninth segments bear the genital openings and in many cases also genital appendages. These segments are therefore called the genital segments. The pregenital segments of the adult are usually without appendages. Only the tergum of the tenth segment is developed. The eleventh segment is reduced and its cerci have moved to the tenth segment. The structure of the cerci is highly variable. In higher forms they are atrophied. The sclerites which surround the anus laterally are rudiments of the postgenital segments, the lamina supra-analis or epiproct dorsally and the podical plate or paraproct laterally and ventrally. In some instances, e.g., in cockroaches and Mantidae. the tenth tergum is named epiproct. The genital segments bear styli in the male (ninth sternum) and an ovipositor in the female. The ovipositor consists of paired processes of the eighth and ninth sterna which apparently represent modified appendages. The ninth sternum of the male forms a true subgenital plate (hypandrium). The subgenital plate is often formed by the last visible sternum of the body. For example, in some female Orthopteroidea the plate may be formed by the seventh or eighth sternum. In higher groups all these structures are reduced or strongly modified, and their details are not always understood. The ovipositor may disappear or be modified into a sting (bees, wasps, etc.). A secondary telescopic ovipositor may appear, consisting of the distal segments of the abdomen which are strongly reduced in width and may be retracted into each other. The end of the male abdomen bears the copulatory apparatus for the introduction of spermatozoa or spermatophores into the genital aperture of the female. This apparatus is usually complicated. Its unpaired part, the intromittent organ or phallus usually has a strongly sclerotized terminal part, the aedeagus. The latter, or the whole phallus, is often named penis. The structure of the copulatory apparatus, the ovipositor and the styli (often called genitalia) is of great systematic importance. The study of the copulatory apparatus often gives an explanation to difficult problems of classification and identification of species, genera, families, etc.

The term "dorsal" is used here for the upper part of the body, and for the lower part. The "basis" of an organ is the part attached to the body or closer to the center of the body. The "apex" of an organ is its distal part. The length of the body is given in millimeters and measured from the head to the apex of the abdomen, excluding appendages, if any. When the wings protrude beyond the end of the abdomen, the length of the body is often measured from the head to the tip of the wings. The measurements may also give the wing spread, etc. Measurements are given, when required, in the descriptions of orders or suborders.

"ventral",

The biology, or mode of life, of the insects comprises features which are important not only for their understanding but also for the interpretaPostembryonal development and the life cycle are the most important aspects of insect biology. tion of differences.

Postembryonal development.

The embryonal stage, i.e., development

in the egg, ends when the insect hatches. This marks the beginning of the second stage of the life cycle (the larval stage). The postembryonal development consists in the growth of the body of the larva by a series of ecdyses (shedding of the old cuticle) and the transformation of the larva into the adult instar or imago. In insects with incomplete metamorphosis (Hemimetabola) this transformation takes place at the last ecdysis, directly from the larval stage. In insects with complete metamorphosis (Holometabola) metamorphosis includes an intermediate stage of development, the pupa. Hemimetabola, therefore, have 3 developmental stages, whereas 16 Holometabola have four. The number of ecdyses during the growth of the larva varies in different groups and species of insects, from 3 in flies to 4-6 in Acrididae and Lepidoptera and to 45T in Ephemeroptera. The larval instars are separated by ecdyses. The instars are sometimes called stages. This term is occasionally used to denote a developmental stage. Larvae of insects vary greatly. However, two principal types may be distinguished, larvae which resemble the imago (nymphs), and larvae which differ from the imago (larvae). Nymphs are sometimes named

primary larvae, and the larvae, secondary larvae. The nymphs resemble the imago morphologic ally and biologically. Their appearance is like that of the adult; they have compound eyes, and advanced nymphal instars may possess wing rudiments. The body of the nymphs is clearly divided into thorax and abdomen, and they live in the same environment as the adult, feeding on the same food. Such larvae are characteristic of hemimetabolous insects. Nymphs and imagines of the same insect maybe sometimes found at the same time. If the imago is known the nymphs can be identified. The nymphs of Ephemeroptera. Odonatoptera, and Plecoptera show peculiar modifications. They possess provisional organs (belonging to the larval stage only) such as gills, etc., which are adaptations to their aquatic life. Such nymphs are sometimes called naiads.

Holometabolous larvae differ sharply from the adults in appearance, eyes, and wing rudiments. Their body segments

the absence of compound

t [This

is

apparently

a

misprint (see page 123). 25 is the

figure generally given.]

GENERAL PART

are all similar, and there is no division into thorax and abdomen. Larvae of this type vary considerably, but the majority belongs to three groups:

17

a) campodeiform larvae. These larvae resemble Campodea (Diplura) externally. They are active, slender, and usually possess a thick, dark integument, three pairs of rather long legs, a well-developed head, and setae at the posterior end of the body. Such larvae exist in carabids, dytiscrids and other Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and some Trichoptera; b) vermiform larvae. These larvae are inactive, often colorless or light colored, apodous. They occur in Diptera, higher Hymenoptera, Curculionidae, and some other Coleoptera, or with 3 pairs of short thoracic legs (many Coleoptera); c) cruciform larvae. These are usually moderately active larvae with 3 pairs of short thoracic legs and 2 to 8 pairs of abdominal legs. They occur among Mecoptera, caterpillars of Lepidoptera, and caterpillarlike larvae of lower Hymenoptera (sawflies). The holometabolous larvae differ from the adult also in their mode of life, food, habitat, etc. The identification of these larvae is more complicated than that of nymphs. A biological study is sometimes necessary to identify a species. The Holometabola, to which this type of larva belongs, also have an additional stage of development, the pupa. which appears as a result of the sharp difference between the morphology and anatomy of the larvae and those of the imago. This difference is eliminated during the pupal stage. Incomplete and complete metamorphosis are the two main types of metamorphosis. However, they do not cover the whole range of possibilities. Metamorphosis may become more complicated, and incomplete metamorphosis may even be more simplified. The simplest metamorphosis exists in primitive wingless insects with nymphs. Their simplified hemimetabolic development is called epimorphosis or more aptly protometabolous development. Wings, by which the imago can be distinguished from the larva, are nonexistent in this type of

development.

Protometabolic development exists in some lower insects (Collembola and Thysanura) and also in hemimetabolic wingless insects such as Anoplura, Mallophaga, wingless Blattoidea, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, etc. A complicated form of hemimetabolic development, hyperepimorphosis, or better, hypermorphosis, consists in the appearance of a quiescent period in the life of the nymphs (Adelgidae, Coccinea, Aleyrodidae, Thysanoptera). Complicated holometabolic development (hypermetamorphosis) is characterized by the appearance of several larval forms. The first is active (campodeiform). The next instar is vermiform, with a quiescent stage. Hypermetamorphosis exists in Meloidae and a few other insects. A peculiar type of metamorphosis exists in a primitive order of insects, the Protura. Their larvae closely resemble the adult, but they have a smaller number of abdominal segments. Development is accompanied by the appearance of additional segments at the tip of the abdomen. The full number is reached only in the adult. Such a metamorphosis is named anamorphosis. It occurs in a number of lower arthropods, and the fact that it has persisted in the Protura proves that they are primitive. The imago is the last stage in the life cycle of the insect. However, only rarely is the development of the individual completed as soon as this stage is reached in, e.g., Ephemeroptera, Bombyx, some Coleoptera. etc.,

sexually mature and capable of mating and reproducing immediately after hatching. In most cases, adults are not immediately sexually mature. They reach sexual maturity only after a period which may last from a few days to several months. During this period the insect becomes stronger by feeding. The transition from the juvenile to the sexually mature condition may be accompanied by a change in color of the body or parts of it. Ignorance of this has sometimes resulted in misinterpretation of species and in incorrect identifications. A peculiar form of metamorphosis, so-called phase variability, was first observed in Acrididae, and also later in other Orthoptera, and in Phasmida, Lepidoptera, etc. In this type of metamorphosis, the morphological and biological-physiological characteristics of the species change as a result of an increase in numbers. The pigmentation of the cuticle becomes more intense, the proportions and shape of parts of the body change, development is accelerated, and the behavior of individuals changes, resulting in the gregarious phase. Dispersal of the insects results in the loss of these properties. After passing through a transient phase, the species resumes its initial condition, the solitary phase. The differences between these phases are so great that some species were wrongly considered as 2 or 3 distinct species. LIFE CYCLE. The whole cycle of development from egg to imago is called a generation. The duration of one generation varies in different species. Many species are univoltine, i.e., have one generation per annum. Other species have 2 or 3 (or even more) generations per annum and may be called bi-, tri-, ormultivoltine. Specimens of the third generation of a year complete only a part of their life cycle. They need two, three, or more years to complete their development. Their generation is thus either biennial, triennial, or longer. An important aspect of the life cycle is the duration of phases of development in nature. For example, hibernation may in some species occur in the stage of the egg, larva, pupa, or imago. The duration of other phases changes correspondingly during the period of growth. Species with the same number of generations per year may therefore frequently differ from one another, passing a given phase of development at different seasons. A species may therefore differ not only in the number of generations per year but also in their annual cycle, i.e., the seasons at which phases of development take place. The annual cycle is sometimes complicated by a period of interrupted development, or diapause, at some stage of development. A diapause is characterized by reduced metabolism and cessation of feeding in the larva or imago. Development ceases. The diapause is controlled both by ecological factors, temperature, the photoperiodicity, etc., and by hormonal mechanisms. It is an adaptation to life in regions with sharp seasonal climatic changes, particularly in temperate climates. The coincidence of diapause with any given developmental stage is characteristic for each species. Diapause is also influenced by the geographical position and ecological factors which may vary for the same species. The number of generations is also influenced by the geographical position. In many species the number of generations increases southwards. It follows from the above that the development of each species is characterized by a specific periodicity. Each species has its own phenology and which are

18

GENERAL PART

pheno logical calendar which may be complicated or modified by regional and local factors.

Metamorphosis and the life cycle are the most important biological properties of insects. Only higher taxa like families and orders can be classified according to metamorphosis. Species may be distinguished by their life cycle. However, biological criteria are also important in the classification of genera and species.

ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

19

The most important aspect of the life of an organism is its relationship with the environment or ecological factors. This relationship is selective. The specific selectivity and its range are important characteristics of each species, representing its demands from the environment, i.e., its ecological standard.’ The key to the understanding of the ecological Standard of a species is the knowledge of its selectivity for food resources (the main source of energy) and habitats (the total of the ecological conditions at a point on the surface of the earth). Insects have a complicated and diversified food selectivity, exploiting very different forms of organic matter, e.g., animal and plant tissues. metabolites of organisms, corpses, and plant or animal remains. Adaptation to constant feeding on one of the above organic products resulted in different nutritional regimes in insects, i.e., nutritional specializations of the first degree. Many insects are phytophagous, others are predators and parasites, and others feed on various forms of dead matter (saprophages), feeding on decaying matter; necrophagous species, on corpses; coprophagous species, on excrements; detritivorous species, on plant remains. Some insects feed on special tissues, organs or parts of an animal or plant, resulting in further nutritional specialization. Phytophages comprise leaf-eaters, fruit-eaters, wood-eaters, root-eaters, and gall-forming insects. The predators and parasites include bloodsuckers, ecto- and endoparasites. There is also nutritional specialization of the second degree, developing from the selectivity of insects within the above-mentioned sources of organic matter. Phytophagous insects, predators, and parasites comprise monophagous, oligophagous, and polyphagous insects. A similar division also exists among some insects feeding on dead organic matter. Predators and parasites which are harmful to insects are often named entomophages. There are thus transitions between the above-mentioned types of nutritional specialization. However, they are not as numerous as might have been expected.

Selectivity of habitats is a very important and characteristic property of a given species. Each species has its own series of habitats. In some cases this series is diversified and in other cases it is restricted by a strict ecological framework, or even reduced to one single type of habitat. There are many transitions between these two extremes. It is therefore important to take into account the composition of habitats which are inhabited by a species when it is described. The property of species to settle selectively in a certain habitat is one of the most important ecological rules, and it may be named the rule of adherence to a habitat, or the constant choice of habitats.

ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

However, adherence to

a habitat is not an absolute characteristic of a It proves to be valid merely within a limited space and time in In large ranges of time and space the rule of adherence. to habitats is disturbed, and there is often the opposite tendency, namely, regular changes of habitat by a species. This phenomenon is named the rule of habitat change. It may be regional, vertical, seasonal, and annual. Regional change of habitats is characteristic of many migratory species. When they migrate to the north they choose dry, warm, open habitats. When they move to the south they settle in more humid and shaded habitats, often with dense vegetation. A peculiar form of regional habitat change is the regional change of inhabited layers of the ground; terrestrial species may shift to an underground mode of life in dry parts of their range. A vertical change of habitat is analogous to a regional change, but is characteristic of mountain conditions. When the mountain is bordered by arid landscapes, e.g., steppe or desert, and the lowland part of the range faces north, insects seek more humid stations as they go higher. On the other hand, when they reach a point at which plain and mountain meet, the higher they go the more they seek dry and open habitats. These are the rules of habitat change in large areas of the range of species. Seasonal and yearly changes of habitat are obligatory micromigrations of species resulting from microclimatic and climatic changes and changes of the plant cover. Seasonal changes of habitat are mainly characteristic of zones with a hot and dry climate, consisting in the migration of insects to more humid habitats in summer, especially during drought, when the plant cover dries up. Yearly changes of habitat occur in connection with climatic divergences from the average. Dry years result in migration of many species to humid habitats and humid years in migration to dry habitats. The ecological-physiological basis of habitat changes is the conservative selectivity of species and their strict adherence to their ecological standard. As a result, habitats change, and some species may be found in two different habitats within a wide range of time and space. This eventually results in a modification of the ecology of the species and furthers intraspecific differentiation, acting as an evolutional factor. One species is often represented by different subspecies in separate zones, or differentiated into two very closely related species. If the selectivity of a species to habitats is analyzed, the amplitude of their requirements and their tolerance of ecological conditions has to be determined, i.e., the degree of their ecological specialization. Species with a broad range of requirements (a wide ecological standard) are ecologically versatile (eurybiontic). Highly specialized species with a narrow ecological standard are stenobiontic. The degree of selectivity is usually not equal for different ecological factors. Thus, there are species which are stenobiontic for food, for instance, and eurybionttc for habitats, or vice versa. The range of a species is actually a geographically extended habitat. It thus constitutes a combination of the requirements of a species from a sum of ecological conditions on a large territory. This ecologicalgeographical combination is made more complex by geohistorical factors connected with climate, plant cover, soil, etc. The range of a species is therefore the sum of past and present conditions. The distribution of species and faunae therefore exhibits a series of irregularities.

species.

a number of cases.

20

GENERAL PART

The range of most species is geographically continuous, but the range of some species is interrupted. Most interrupted ranges in the Soviet Union owe their existence to the Glacial Period and to interglacial xerothermic periods. These periods resulted in the transfer of northern forms far to the south and in the penetration of some southern forms far to the north. These forms, living in isolation from their continuous range, are glacial and xerothermic relicts. Changes in the contours of the dry land as a result of transgressions of the sea also caused interrupted ranges of insects. This was observed, for instance, when the Crimean Mountains became separated from the rest of the Mediterranean Region. The evolution of a species to the present often culminates in its differentiation into two or several closely related species which seem to be identical. Only a careful study may prove that they are actually different. Such sibling species are either allopatric (when their ranges are different) or more or less sympatric (when their ranges partly or wholly coincide). The irregular geographical distribution of series of species (faunae) makes the division of the land into a series of zoogeographical units of various categories necessary. All territories of the Soviet Union including its .European part belong to the Palearctic Region which also includes the whole of Europe, North Africa, and the temperate zone of Asia. Some scientists consider all these areas and North America as the Holarctic Region, and they regard the Palearctic Region merely as a subregion. The Palearctic Region is subdivided approximately as follows: 1. The Arctic Subregion: the tundra adjacent to the Arctic Ocean. 2. The Boreal Subregion: the largest part of the Soviet Union, including the taiga (thenorthoftheEuropeanU.S.S.R. and Siberia), the mixed forests (from Leningrad, Yaroslavl, and Perm in the north to the Tr an s Carpathian Region, Lvov, Kiev, Kursk, the Volga Upland, and southern Bashkiria in the south), the forest-steppe (from Moldavia, the Central Belt, and northeastern Ukraine with the adjacent part of the central Chernozem Belt to the central Transvolga Region t, the Ural Region tt and southern West Siberia), the steppe (southern Moldavia, the Ukraine, the Volga-Don area, Ciscaucasia, the Transvolga Region from Kuibyshev and Kamyshin to the southern Ural Region, Northwest and North Kazakhstan, southern Transural Region 1 and southeastern West Siberia) and the Caucasus, with the exception of the Mediterranean coast. 3. The Mediterranean Subregion: southern Crimea, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and the greater part of Transcaucasia. 4. The Desert Subregion: eastern Ciscaucasia (between the lower reaches of the Terek and Sulak rivers), southern Volga Region (south of Volgograd), Kazakhstan, including the south of the western part, the plains of Soviet Central Asia. In addition, the non-European territory of the U.S.S.R. also includes part of the Asian-Highland Subregion (the Soviet Central Asian mountains) and of the Palearctic Subregion (the southern Far East, the valley of the Amur, the Maritime Territory, and southern Sakhalin).

+ [Transvolga Region the area east of the Volga.] tt (Ural Regionthe area immediately west of the Urals.] t [Transural Region

-

21

the area east of the Urals.]

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

The above outline of the principal zoogeo graphical subdivisions of the Palearctic Subregion is generally accepted, but there are dissenting opinions. Some authors, for example, regard the Caucasus’and the Desert Subregion as part of the Mediterranean Subregion.

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

23

Scientific classification is based on the use of a large number of taxa. The main taxa are the following: species, genus, family, order, class, and type. Taxonomists often use (especially for insects) a series of intermediate and supplementary taxa such as subgenus, between species and genus; tribe and subtribe, between genus and family; subfamily, between genus or tribe and family; superfamilyand suborder, between family and order; superorder, infraclass and subclass, between order and class. Since the time of Linnaeus (1758) the species is the principal unit of taxonomy, Linnaeus defined it as a group of individuals in which both parents and progeny are similar. The concept of the species is in fact much more complicated, and the problem of the species is one of the most intricate and important of modern biology. The species is an objective and qualitative reality, a unique complex of morphological, physiological, biological and ecological-geographical characters. A qualitative difference always exists between true species, and this is the definitive criterion of the species. There is also a number of intraspecific taxa. Species exist in nature as groups of closely related individuals (populations). It is often thought that a population is a group of identical individuals. This is not correct, and scientific data indicate that populations are heterogeneous. A group of populations characteristic of definite ecological conditions (including habitats) is often known as an ecotype. Ecotypes may differ in ecological and physiological properties, i.e.. in their different selection of the environment, although they are still morphologic ally identical. The next degree is the morpha, an ecological aberration of a species with marked morphological differences. This taxon is in many cases a morphologically differentiated ecotype. The highest intraspecific taxon is the subspecies, a geographical race of the species. Subspecies differ morphologically and geographically. Morphological differences disappear in the zone of contact between the ranges of the principal form and the subspecies (strictly speaking between the ranges of two subspecies). In such an area appear transitional forms which cannot be ascribed to any of these subspecies. This gradual transition of subspecies is often known as c-linal variation. When a dine, i.e., a variable series, is limited to a narrow territory the subspecies are well differentiated geographically. On the other hand, a dine may extend over a large territory, and may not exhibit sharply differentiated subspecies. In this case a character of the widely distributed species may show only gradual variation and only populations from the outskirts of the range can therefore be dearly distinguished, while those inhabiting the larger part of the range do not show clear differences. It is obviously incorrect to define such forms as "subspecies". Another type of intraspecific variability is parallel variation repeating itself in series of species and even in families and orders. Instances of such variation are macropterous individuals in normally brachypterous species or specimens with a different wing coloration (roseipennis, coeruleipennis forms, etc.). Such variations are conveniently named forms.

GENERAL PART

Color variations which occur in populations together with typical specimens may be termed aberrations. The term variety is used when the taxonomic position of an intraspecific form (or other deviation from the typical form) is not clear. Binomial nomenclature used for naming well-known groups of insects is being gradually superseded by trinomial nomenclature which also designates subspecies. However, we do not as a rule give trinomials in this key. Morphae are designated by Latin names only in wellestablished cases. On the other hand, it is useless and unnecessary to give Latin names to color or other aberrations, The existence of synonyms of species, genera, etc., is a serious disadvantage of taxonomy. Many synonyms, mainly of species and genera, are the result of ignorance or misunderstanding of descriptions (especially of 18th and 19th century authors). It is necessary to refrain from describing new species from single specimens to avoid further accumulation of synonyms. Also, no new species and genera should be established in little-known, large taxa with a complicated and confused synonymy without revision of the taxon and critical examination of the pertinent literature and type specimens, Type specimens, on which the descriptions of new species and subspecies are based, are very important. They are the common property of science and should be deposited in well-known scientific institutions with a qualified staff to ensure proper custody and availability. Types kept in private collections are always liable to destruction or loss by accident. It is therefore the moral duty of taxonomists not working in institutions with properly kept collections to deposit types in large zoological institutions. The principal zoological institution of the U.S.S.R. is the Zoological Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences. If a new species is described from a series, the best preserved specimen should be selected as holotype. In this case all other specimens of the series are called paratypes. A second specimen of opposite sex of the holotype may be designated as allotype. The above practice is necessary because two or more species may be present in a series. In this case the existence of the holotype makes it possible to decide which specimens 24 should keep the name of the species. Topotypes, i.e.. specimens from the type locality, may help with the interpretation of inadequately described species in case the type is lost or not accessible. A scientist describing a new genus must indicate the type species (genotype) which in his opinion best represents the diagnosis of the genus or is a well-known and widely distributed species. This procedure also avoids confusion in case it is necessary to divide a genus into two or more

genera.

-

The great diversity of species, genera, and other taxa requires that the Latin nomenclature always be concise, easy to pronounce, and rational. The names of winged orders of insects usually have the ending -ptera (from the Greek: pteron wing). The ending o i d e a is used for superfamilies or superorders, -idae and -inae for families and subfamilies respectively, -ini for tribes. The principles of taxonomy have been worked out by many generations of scientists. They are an example of a logical system of categories which makes it possible, when applied to such a large group as the insects, to encompass all their variety and make them comprehensible,

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS More than 800,000 species of insects are known, and their number is rapidly approaching one million. The insect fauna of the U.S.S.R. alone consists of at least 80,000 species. The great diversity of insects requires a complicated classification. The classification of higher groups proposed below is based on modern scientific data and contributions of eminent scientists, especially A. V. Martynov. Unnecessary details have been eliminated. According to recent scientific data the subclass Apterygota should be divided into two infraclasses. Some zoologists even suggest classifying them as separate classes. This is not necessary in our opinion, because if these groups are ascribed to the class Insecta, not only is their traditional classification as insects retained, but also their close relationship to insects is emphasized. In the subclass Pterygota the classification into the infraclasses Palaeoptera and Neoptera (suggested by A.V. Martynov) should be united with the classification according to incomplete and complete metamorphosis (Hemi- and Holometabola). Related orders are included in superorders. These are considered more broadly in our classification than by some older authors, who in some cases ignored differences between the taxa "superorder" and "order" t. The class Insecta is divided into 2 subclasses, 6 superorders, and 34 orders. Orders not represented in the U.S.S-R. and its European part are given in square brackets. The subdivisions of Apterygota do not correspond to those given in the article mentioned above (Bei-Bienko, 1962).

25

Class

I.

A.

Subclass

2. 3.

Protura. Podura. Diplura.

Mouthparts concealed

in the head.

No antennae.

Infraclass Thysanurata. 4.

INSECTA

Primitive wingless insects.

Infraclass Entognatha. 1.

B.

Apterygota.

Mouthparts ordinary, visible.

Thysanura.

II. Subclass Pterygota. Winged insects. The most complex and diversified group of winged or secondarily wingless insects. Divided into two unequal infraclasses. A. Infraclass Palaeoptera. Wings without jugal region, laterally spread or held vertically upward at rest. Including only two superorders of modern insects with one order each.

t G.Ya.

Bei-Bienko.

cheskoe obozrenie,

Ob obshchei klassifikaisii nasekomykh (General Taxonomy of Insects).- Entomologi-

XLI. No.l. 1962.

GENERAL PART

a.

Superorder Ephemeroidea.

b.

Superorder Odonatoidea.

5.

6.

Ephemeroptera.

Odonatoptera.

Mayflies.

Dragonflies.

Infraclass Neoptera. Jugal region of wings either present or lost. At rest wings compactly folded along the body. This capacity is rarely lost. Consisting of two sections, five superorders and 28 orders.

B.

1. Section Hemimetabola. resembling imago. c.

Metamorphosis incomplete.

Larvae

Superorder Orthopteroidea.

10.

Blattoptera. Mantoptera. Isoptera. Termites. Plecoptera. Stoneflie s.

11.

Embioptera.

7. 8. 9.

[lla. Zoraptera.

Minute tropical insects living in colonies and showing some caste differentiation.] Phasmoptera. Stick- and leaf-insects. [12a. Grylloblattida. Occurring in the Far East, Japan and North

12.

26

America.] Orthoptera.

13. 14.

Dermaptera. Earwigs.

[14a. Hemimerida. d.

Parasites of rodents in

Africa.]

Superorder Hemipteroidea. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Psocoptera. Mallophaga.

19.

Hemiptera. Thysanoptera.

20.

Anoplura.

Book lice. Biting lice. Sucking lice.

Homoptera. Thrips.

2. Section Holometabola. Metamorphosis complete. resembling imago, without compound eyes. e.

Superorder Coleopteroidea. 21. 22.

f.

Superorder Neuropteroidea. 23. 24. 25.

g.

Coleoptera. Beetles. Strepsiptera.

Megaloptera. Alderflies. Raphidioptera. Snake flies. Neuroptera. Lacewings and ant lions.

Superorder Mecopteroidea. 26. 27.

Mecoptera. Trichoptera.

Scorpion flies. Caddis flies.

Larvae not

PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS FOR IDENTIFICATION

28.

Lepidoptera.

Butterflies and moths.

29.

Hymenoptera.

30. 31.

Aphaniptera. Fleas. Diptera. Flies.

In the systematic section of this key the names of the orders and the order in which they are dealt with correspond to the above list. The order is considered the principal higher taxon, and all orders are described in detail. Other higher taxa, viz., superorders, sections, infraclasses and subclasses, do not appear further in the key, and are given here only for general orientation.

PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS FOR IDENTIFICATION It is usually convenient to describe

insects from dry, pinned specimens. If the material is not pinned, it should be transferred to a humid container, preferably a broad and low glass jar with wet sand on the bottom and a tight cover, to be kept until it becomes flexible. The insect should then 27 be mounted on an entomological pin at 2/3 of its length, and antennae, legs, etc., should be arranged in their proper position and fixed with pins. The method of mounting an insect is determined by its size, the order to which it belongs, and other factors described in detail in handbooks and instructions. We shall only mention that long antennae should be bent backwards along the body, and legs should be pressed against the body or under it. The pinned insect thus becomes less breakable and takes less space in the collection. It is occasionally necessary to spread the wings to examine their venation (Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, etc.). After the insect is dried for several days, alabelwith place, date, circumstances of capture, and the name of the collector is placed under the specimen. The pinned insect is then ready to be placed in a collection. Minute insects or insects with a delicate integument are usually kept in alcohol, formaldehyde, or other preserving liquid. Very minute specimens are examined in a drop of liquid on a watch glass or a slide. Large specimens with a tough integument may also be kept in liquids. However, such preservation may often result in change or loss of color and this may make accurate identification impossible. In some cases specimens have to be cleared. For this purpose they are placed for several minutes in glycerol or in lactic acid. Alcohol specimens are cleared directly, but specimens preserved in formaldehyde are first washed in water. Specimens kept in Faure’s medium are automatically cleared. Many minute insects are identified from permanent preparations, mounted in Canada balsam as follows: 1) placing the specimen in 70 alcohol for 5 to 30 min; 2) dehydration in 95 alcohol for 5 to 30 min; 3) clearing in oil of cloves, cedar oil, or carbol xylol (1 part crystalline carbolic acid and 3 parts xylene) for 3 to 15 min; 4) transfer to a slide, covering with a drop of Canada balsam dissolved in xylene, and covering

with a cover glass. When it is necessary to examine sclerotized structures such as whole minute insects, separate segments, dissected male genitalia, etc., the object is boiled for 3-5 min in a 10% solution of KOH or NaOH to dissolve all soft tissues. The objects are then washed with water to eliminate

GENERAL PART

alkali remains. Finally they are preserved in alcohol or made into permanent preparations. In other cases they are glued to a piece of cardboard and mounted under the pinned specimen. Care should immediately be taken to provide preparations or preserved sclerites with proper labels. Labels for alcohol specimens should be written on parchment paper with a black pencil or India ink. Further details on pinning, preservation, and preparations are given, when necessary, with the descriptions of orders or suborders,

28

IDENTIFICATION If this Key is used to identify an insect, i.e., to find its Latin name and its Russian common name (if any), one should first turn to the key to orders (p. 23). All higher taxa such as superorder, section, infraclass, and subclass are not included in the key. They are given in the chapter "Classification of Insects" and are dealt with in the foregoing text. After the order, the family (sometimes the suborder or superfamily), should be identified and then the genus and species. The Key includes all genera and most species in the European U.S.S.R., to the Crimea and Ciscaucasia. Genera and species occurring in West Siberia and North Kazakhstan are also given in some orders, as their fauna has much in common with that of the European U.S.S.R. The fauna of the Northern Caucasus i.e., of the northern slopes of the Caucasus has much in common with that of the European U.S.S.R. range However, it contains many local or southern genera and species whose inclusion in the key would have required a great enlargement of the book. The book therefore covers only part of the North Caucasian fauna, mainly small and well-known orders such as Ephemeroptera, Odonatoptera, and all the Orthopteroidea except Plecoptera, Psocoptera, and part of

Orthoptera. In some cases the keys give only genera, or only a few species of a genus. This is usually in cases of little-known genera, or of genera which contain many similar, often ecologically identical species without any scientific or practical interest. To become better acquainted with such genera the reader is referred to suitable sources. In addition, lists of basic comprehensive keys and faunae are given for each order, sometimes even for suborders and superfamilies. These sources make it possible to study the classification of these groups more thoroughly. The keys are constructed according to the Swedish system. They consist of a series of opposed characteristics (thesis and antithesis) which should be carefully compared, and the suitable character chosen. All items are marked with ordinal numbers. The thesis is marked with a free number and the antithesis with a number in brackets. To identify an insect one begins with number 1 (thesis), choosing the suitable thesis or antithesis and always advancing, never returning, until a name in boldface is reached. In keys to suborders, superfamilies, and families, the page on which the next key is found is usually indicated in brackets after the name of the taxon. No page numbers are indicated in keys to genera, and further reference to the genus should be made according to the ordinal number of the genus.

IMPORTANT HANDBOOKS

IMPORTANT HANDBOOKS The literature on orders is given with the description of each order. When necessary, the literature on genera, subfamilies, and families is given in footnotes. 29 The following bibliography gives the most important handbooks and keys.

General Handbooks Publications in Russian Bei-Bienko, G.Ya., N. N. Bo gd anov K at’ kov et al. Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya entomologiya (Agricultural Entomology). Third edition. Moskva-Leningrad. Sel’khozgiz. 1955. 616 pp. Beklemi she v, V. N. (editor) et al. Meditsinskaya entomologiya Medgiz. 1949. 490pp. (Medical Entomology), Vol. LMoskva, Kholodkovs kit, N. A. Kurs entomologii teoreticheskoi i prikladnoi (A Course of Theoretical and Applied Entomology). Fourth edition.Moskva-Leningrad, Vol.1. 1927. 432 pp; Vol.11. 1929. 400 pp; Vol. III. 1931. 496 pp. Pavlovskii, E.N. Rukovodstvo po parazitologii cheloveka (A Handbook Moskva-Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo of Human Parasitology), Vol. II. Akademii Nauk SSSR. 1948. pp. 527-1022. Rimskii-Korsakov, M.N. and V. I. Gusev et al. (editors). Lesnaya entomologiya (Forest Entomology). Third edition. MoskvaLeningrad. Goslesbumizdat. 1949. 507 pp. Shchegolev. V.N. Sel’ skokhozyaistvennaya entomologiya (Agricultural Entomology). Moskva-Leningrad, Sel’khozgiz. 1960. 448 pp. Shvanvich, B.N. Kurs obshchei entomologii (A Course in General Entomology).Moskva-Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo "Sovetskaya Nauka". 1949. 900 pp. Shvanvich, B.N. Vvedenieventomologiyu (Introduction to Entomology). Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo Len.ingradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. 1959. 342 pp.

Publications in Other Languages

Balachovsky, A. and L. Mesnil. Les Insectes nuisibles aux plantes cultivees.Paris, 1936. 1921 pp. Grasse, P.P. (editor). Insectes.In: Traite de Zoologie, 9, Paris, 1949. 1117 pp; 10, 1951, 1948pp. Imms, A.D. A General Textbook of Entomology, 9th ed., London, 1957, 886 pp. Obenberger, J. Entomologie. Praha, I, 1952. 869 pp; II, 1955, 726 pp; III, 1957. 468 pp; IV, 1958, 614pp. Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankeiten. IV, V. Tierische Schadlinge an Nutzpflanzen. 5. Aufl. Berlin, 1949. 554 pp, 599pp. Weber, H. Lehrbuch der Entomologie. Jena, 1933, 726pp. Weber, H. Grundriss der Insektenkunde. Stuttgart. 1954, 428pp.

GENERAL PART

Keys and Manuals

-

Arnoi’di, K, V., L. V. Arnoi’di, G. Ya. Bei-Bienko etal. (editors). Opredelitel1 nasekomykh, povrezhdayushchikh derev’ya i kusta’rniki polezashchitnykh polos (A Key to Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs of Shelterbelts). Moskva-Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR. 1958. 441 pp. Fauna SSSR (The Fauna of the U.S.S.R.). New series. Izdatel’stvo Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR (A Series of Monographs on Groups of Insects. More than 40 issues published). Filip ’ ev, I. N. Opredelitel’ nasekomykh (A Key to Insects). Moskva, 1928. 943 pp. Gilyarov, M.S. (editor). Opredelitel1 obitayushchikh v pochve lichinok nasekomykh (Key to Soil- Inhabiting Insect Larvae). MoskvaLeningrad, Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1964. 930 pp. Gusev, V.I. and M. N, Rim skii Ko r sakov. Opredelitel’ povrezhdenii lesnykh i dekorativnykh derev’ev i kustarnikov evropeiskoi chasti SSSR (A Key to Injuries of Forest and Decorative Trees and Shrubs of the European U.S.S.R.), 2nd edition. Moskva-Leningrad, Goslesbumizdat, 1951. 580pp. Opredeliteli po faune SSSR, izdavaemye Zoo logiche skim institutom Akademii Nauk SSSR (Keys to Fauna of the U.S.S.R.). Published by the Zoological Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences (A Series Dealing with Individual Groups of Insects). Shchegolev, V. N. etal. (editors). Opredelitel1 nasekomykh po povrezhdeniyam kul’turnykh rastenii (Key to Insects Arranged According to Damage to Cultural Plants), 4th edition. Moskva-Leningrad, Sel’khozgiz, 1960. 607pp. Shchegolev, V. N. etal. (editors). Slovar’-spravochnik entomologa (An Entomological Glossary), 2nd edition. Moskva-Leningrad, Sel’khozgiz, 1958. 631 pp. Shtakel’be rg, A.A.etal. (editors). Spisok vrednykh nasekomykh SSSR i sopredel’nykh stran (A List of Harmful Insects of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries). Trudy po zashchite rastenii, series 1, issue 5. 1932. 500 pp. Tarbinskii, S.P. and N. N. Plavil’ shchikov (editors). Opredelitel’ nasekomykh evropeiskoi chasti SSSR (Key to the Insects of the European U.S. S-R.). Moskva-Leningrad, Sel’khozgiz. 1948. 1128 pp. Pavlovskii, E.N. and A. A. Shtakel1 be rg (editors). Vrediteli lesa (Forest Pests). A Handbook, Vols. I and II. Moskva-Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo AN SSSR. 1955. 1097 pp.

SYSTEMATIC PART

KEY TO ORDERS BASED ON THE IMAGO G.Ya. Bei-Bienko 1 (8).

2 (3).

Abdomen with furca at apex (Figure 7, 2) or 2-3 cerci (Figure 7, 3, 4), or with paired ventral appendages at least on the first segments (Figure 7, 1); if these organs are absent, first abdominal segment ventral with an eversible tube. Small or very small ................................... (Subclass Apterygota) No antennae or eyes. First pair of legs longer than the others. Abdomenlackingappendagesatapexbut with short, paired rudimen-

No wings.

1. Protura (p. 32) tary legs on first three segments (Figure 7,1) Antennae present. First pair of legs not longer than the others (Figure 7, 2,3). Abdomen 4- to 6-segmented. Venter of abdominal segment I usually with an eversible tube (Figure 7, 2). Apex of abdomen often with a segmented springing fork (Figure 7, 2). Antennae 4- to 6-segmented, but both apical segments may be annulated ....

3 (2). 4

(5).

............................................. 2. Podura (p.35) Abdomen 10-segmented, with 2 or 3 terminal segmented cerci (Figure 7, 3, 4) or with pair of short forceps; abdominal segment I without eversible tube. Antennae many-segmented. (7). Apex of abdomen with only one pair of appendages, segmented cerci or not segmented forceps (Figure 7, 3). Body delicate, without scales. No eyes. Tarsi 1-segmented ................... 3. Diplura (p.Ill) .......................................... (6). Apex of abdomen with 3-segmented caudal filaments (Figure 7, 4). Body usually covered with scales. Eyes present or absent. Tarsi 4. Thysanura (p. 115) 3- to 5-segmented (1). Wings present. If wings are absent, ventral appendages of abdomen absent or present only at apex of abdomen and of different (Subclass Pterygota) structure. Size small or large (12). Head with long segmented proboscis, which is bent beneath the body (Figure 8, 5, 6). Maxillary and labial palps absent. Wings

5 (4).

6

7

.....................

8

............

9

10 (11).

il

present or absent. Proboscis originating behind

anterior margin of head, as if originating from its posterior margin (Figure 8, 6). Fore wings, (if present) of uniform texture, held in a rooflike manner over the back at rest, i.e., covering the abdomen both dorsally and laterally (Figure 8, 1-3) ...................... 18. Homoptera (p. 419) 11 (10), Proboscis originating at anterior part of head (Figure 8, 5). Fore wings (if present) held flat over abdomen, not of uniform consistency. Distal part of fore wings transparent and delicate;

SYSTEMATIC PART

remaining part of fore wings thicker and often opaque 19. Hemiptera (p. 665) (Figure 8, 4» .............................

FIGURE 1. 1

Representatives of insect orders (after Handlirsch, Rimskii-Korsakov, Tumpel, and Filip’ev)

(Eoseniomon); 2Podur. (Tomocerus); 3Diplura (Japyx): 4-Thysanura (Lepisma); 5 Ephemeropiera (Ephen era); 6Odonaioptera (Aeschna). Proiura

12 (9).

Mouthparts biting or sucking. Sucking mouthparts not forming segmented proboscis. Trophi occasionally rudimentary. 13 (14). Abdomen, with 2 or 3 very long, slender, many-segmented caudal filaments (Figure 7, 5). Venation of wings reticulate; hind pair of wings smaller than anterior pair or absent. Antennae slender, shorter than head. Larvae aquatic ..... 5. Ephemeroptera (p. 121) 14 (13). Apex of abdomen without segmented caudal filaments or with a pair of moderately long, segmented cerci. In this case, antennae longer than half the length of the body.

KEY TO ORDERS BASED ON THE IMAGO

32

15 (16).

Antennae very slender, small, shorter than head. Wings reticulate. Hind pair of wings of similar shape and as long as anterior pair (Figure 7, 6). Abdomen very long, slender, with terminal appendages .................. 6. Odonatoptera (p. 157)

Antennae well-developed, longer than head. If antennae are small and shorter than head, only one pair of wings or none. 17 (18). Body very small (0.5-5) and narrow. Antennae 6- to 9-segmented. Legs short (Figure 8, 7). Wings (if present) narrow, with long

16 (15).

SYSTEMATIC PART

33

fringes (Figure 8, 8). Tarsi 1-or 2-segmented, with terminal vesicle. Common on flowers ........ 20. Thysanoptera (p. 1119). 18 (17). Body, if shorter than 5.0, with different characters. 19 (20). Forelegs longer than the others, raptorial, prehensile (Figure 9,1). Apex of abdomen with one pair of segmented cerci ............... hair

........................................

20 (19).

Forelegs not prehensile;

8. Mantoptera (p.200)

if forelegs prehensile, abdomen without

cerci.

21 (22). Apex of abdomen with a pair of rigid appendages (forceps) (Figure 9, 2). Legs short, with 3-segmented tarsi ............... ...................................... 14. Dermaptera (p. 354) 22 (21). Apex of abdomen without rigid forceps. 23 (24). Head cordiform, dorsally covered by the large pronotum. Mouthparts biting, directed downwards and backwards. Body often flat, Abdomen with one pair of terminal, usually segmented cerci (Figure, 9, 3) ............................ 7. Blattoptera (p. 190) 24 (23). Head free. If head partly covered by pronotum, mouthparts porrect or directed downwards, but not backwards. Body not flat, or abdomen without terminal cerci. 25 (26). Hind femora thickened, hind legs modified for jumping (Figure 9, 4), or forelegs fossorial. Anterior wings (if developed) transformed into tegmina, but with well-defined venation. Apex of abdomen with one pair of cerci and often bearing ovipositor in females ..... ........................................ 13. Orthoptera(p.248) 26 (25). Hind femora not thickened, forelegs not fossorial. If characters mentioned above present, tegmina without venation, 27 (28). First segment of forelegs strongly expanded, containing externally invisible silk glands. Body long, cylindrical. Apex of abdomen with 2-segmented cerci which are asymmetrical in males. Wings absent or developed in males only. In this case, both pairs identical and narrow (Figure 9, 5) ....... 11. Embioptera (p. 242) 28 (27). First segment of forelegs normal. The other characters different. 29 (30). Forewings of males transformed into very short, protruding clublike appendages. Hind wings larger, fan-shaped (Figure 10, 1). Male very small, with large metathorax and specialized 4- to 7segmented antennae. Female endoparasitic in insects, larviform (Figure 10. 2), without eyes, legs and wings. Head and thorax of female fused into small cephalothorax protruding from the integument of the host ........................... Strepsiptera (Vol. II) 30 (29). Different characters. 31 (32). Fore wings without venation, transformed into thick, often horny elytra, which cover at least part of abdomen dorsally (Figure 10, 3, 4). Hind wings (if present) membranous, folded under elytra. at rest rarely protruding. Pronotum well-developed. Mouthparts biting ..................................... Coleoptera (Vol. II) 32 (31). Fore wings with distinct venation, often reticulate or membranous, or completely wingless. 33 (34). Body long, very slender, rodlike (Figure 9, 6), sometimes expanded and leaflike. Apterous or with more or less developed wings, m this case, fore wings,always shorter than hind wings 12. Phasmoptera (p. 245)

KEY TO ORDERS BASED ON THE IMAGO

If wings present, anterior pair not shorter than posterior pair. Wings developed, 1 or 2 pairs. 2 pairs of wings. 37 (52). Wings bare, often iridescent. Only veins occasionally setose 34 (33).

34

Body of different shape.

35 (58). 36 (55).

38 (39). Hind wings posteriorly and basally expanded, forming an oval lobe with many longitudinal veins (Figure 9, 7). Mandibles and maxillae rudimentary. Abdomen with a pair of cerci which are

SYSTEMATIC PART

often long and many-segmented (Figure 9, 7).

39 (38). 40 (49).

41 (42).

42 (41). 43 (48).

44 (47). 45 (46).

Larvae aquatic ................................. 10. Plecoptera (p. 210) oval lobe without Hind wings slightly expanded posteriorly, (Figures9,8; 10, 6,8,10; 11, 4,5)t. Mandibles well developed. Wings large, usually reticulate; hind wings not shorter, or little shorter than fore wings. If hind wings are shorter, body small and wings covered with whitish dust. Fore- and hind wings similar, with transverse suture at base and with many longitudinal, branching veins (Figure 9, 8) and remnants of irregular network between them. Abdomen with one pair of small cerci ................................ 9. Isoptera (p.206) Cross veins as thick as longitudinal veins, usually numerous (Figure 10, 6, 8, 9). Hind- and fore wings often dissimilar. Head normal, not extended downward like a beak. Wings large, held in rooflike manner at rest. Antennae anterior to eyes. Tarsi 4- or 5-segmented. Third or fourth tarsal segment expanded, bilobed. Prothorax normal, short (Figure 10, 6). Fourth tarsal segment expanded. Wings without pterostigma, brownish. Female without ovipositor. Larvae aquatic, imagines living near water .............................. Megaloptera (Vol. Ill) Prothorax elongate (Figure 10,7). Third tarsal segment expanded. Wings with a pterostigma, transparent. Female with ovipositor .............................. Raphldioptera (Vol. Ill) Antennae between eyes. Tarsi 5-segmented. No tarsal segments expanded. Veins bifurcating distally (Figure 10, 8), or body small and wings covered with whitish dust ......... Neuroptera (Vol. III). Head directed downwards like a beak (Figure 10,9), with biting mouthparts at the end. Wings elongate, heldmore or less flat over back at rest .................................... Mecoptera (Vol. HI) Wings small, with few cross veins, i.e., not reticulate, not covered with whitish dust. Hind wings shorter than fore wings ..........

46 (45).

47 (44).

48 (43).

49 (40).

(Figure 10, 10; 11, 4,5). 50 (51).

Prothorax clearly differentiated, with well-marked, separate pronotum. Head relatively large, with protruding eyes. Veins of wings tortuously curved. Wings held in rooflike manner at rest. Body small, with soft integument (Figure 10, 10)

15. Psocoptera (p. 362) 51 (50). Prothorax fused with the rest of the thorax. Pronotum not not separate. Eyes protruding. Veins of wings not tortuous, or integument rigid. Wings of very small forms often almost without veins (Figure 11, 4, 5) ............ Hymenoptera (Vol. IV) 52 (37). Wings completely covered with hair or scales. Scales rarely covering only margin of wings, forming a marginal fringe, Mandibles usually absent. 53 (54). Wings and body setose. Setae occasionally rare. Mouthparts not forming proboscis. Maxillary palps always present, 3- to 5-segmented. Larvae aquatic. Imagines often living near water (Figure 11, 1) Trichoptera (Vol. Ill) ............................

t Oval lobe present only in Termites of the family

Mastotermitidae (Australia and

European Oligocene).

KEY TO ORDERS

BASED ON THE IMAGO

SYSTEMATIC PART

FIGURE 11.

Representatives of orders (after Bogdanov-Kat’kov, Meyer, Popov. Filip’ev, and Shtakel-berg)

1-Trichoptera (Limnophilus); 2. 3Lepidoptera: 2-Pieris; 3apterous female of Orgya; 4-6Hymenopiera: 4-Ichneumonid (Amblyieles); 5-bee (Mellita); 6ant (Tetramorium); 7-9-Dipiera: 7-syrphid (Syrphus); 8sheepked(Melophagus); 9Chionea; 10-Aphaniptera (Ceratophyllus); 11Anoplura (Hematopinus); 12Mallophaga (Trinoton).

KEY TO ORDERS BASED ON THE IMAGO

37

54 (53).

Wings and body covered with scales. Mouthparts often form proboscis, spirally coiled at rest. Maxillary palps usually absent. Proboscis occasionally absent. Mandibles rarely developed (Figure 11, 2). Lepidoptera (Vol. Ill) Only anterior pair of wings present. Hind wings absent. Tarsi one-segmented, with a single claw. Mouthparts rudimentary. 18, Homoptera (Males, Coccinea; p. 800). Tarsi 2- to 5-segmented, always with a pair of claws. Mouthparts as a rule forming a well-developed proboscis (Figure 11, 7) .............................................. Diptera (Vol. V) Wings absent or very short, rudimentary (Figure 11, 6, 8-12). Body dorso-ventrally depressed (flat). Pronotum small, smaller than head. Head protruding forward, with small eyes consisting of few facets. Legs with laterally directed, strong claws adapted for clinging. Parasites. Mouthparts biting, head large. Ectoparasites of mammals and birds (Figure 11, 12) 16. Mallophaga (p. 385) Mouthparts piercing-sucking, forming proboscis. Antennae about as long as head, 3- to 6-segmented. Tarsi with 1 large claw. No palpi. Ectoparasites of mammals and man 17. Anoplura (p. 404) (Figure 11,11) Antennae much shorter than head, 3-segmented. Tarsi with one pair of claws. Palpi present. Ectoparasites of mammals (Hippoboscidae; Figure 11, 8) and insects (Braulidae) .................. ...............................................Diptera (Vol. V) Pronotum larger than head, covering head dorsally. Legs ordinary, slender, ambulatory. Mouthparts biting (Figure 10. 5) ........................ Coleoptera (females of fireflies; Vol. II) Body not compressed dorso-ventrally, head directed more or less downwards. Body strongly compressed laterally, covered with spines and setae (Figure 11, 10). Hind legs saltatorial. Small. Parasites of mammals and birds Aphaniptera (Vol. V) Body not laterally compressed. Hind legs not saltatorial. Head extended beaklike with terminal biting mouthparts Mecoptera (Vol. Ill) (Figure 10, 9) Head not extended beaklike. Mouthparts biting, with distinct mandibles. Head large. Prothorax free. Integument soft. Antennae shorter than body. Eyes not protruding, small, or absent. Abdomen with one pair of usually small terminal cerci. 9. Isoptera (p. 206) Living in colonies (Figure 9, 9) Antennae not shorter than body. Eyes protruding. Abdomen without cerci (Figure 10, 11) ............. 15. Psocoptera (p. 362) Prothorax fused with rest of thorax. Integument rigid. Abdomen pedunculate (Figure 11, 6) ................ Hymenoptera (Vol. IV) Mouthparts sucking or rudimentary. Mandibles lacking. Body covered with weakly attached, dense scales and hairs. Mouthparts forming a very small proboscis or absent (Figure 11,3) Lepidoptera (females of some species; Vol. Ill) Body not covered with scales. Proboscis well developed, straight. (Figure 11,9). ................................. Diptera (Vol.V) ...........,.,.,.,

55 (36). 56 (57).

.......................

57 (56).

.......

58 (35). 59 (66). 60 (65).

61 (62).

....................

62 (61). 63 (64).

...........................

64 (63).

65 (60).

.

66 (59). 67 (68).

.....................

68 (67). 69 (70).

..............................

70 (69). 71 (76).

72 (75). 73 (74).

...............

74 (73). 75 (72).

39

76 (71). 77 (78).

..................

78 (77).

.

1.

Order

PROTURA

A. G. Sharov Body apterous, vermiform, flexible. Head without antennae and eyes. Mouthparts sucking, withdrawn into head capsule. Forelegs longer than the others. First three abdominal segments with rudimentary appendages. Abdomen lacking eversible vesicles. Ovipositor and cerci wanting. Development: anamorphosis.

FIGURE 12,

1general

Prouira

(after Stach and Tuxen)

habitus of Eosentom

itorum; 2tarsus

(csclavaie seta: em, a. empodial appendage); 3end dispar. sitorum, ventral: 4headofAcereniomon torum

of foreleg of E. tra of abdomen of E.

EOSENTOMIDAE

41

Minute (0.5-1.5 mm), milk-white or yellowish, delicate, vermiform arthropods (Figure 12, 1). Antennae and eyes absent. Sides of head bearing a peculiar sense organ, pseudoculi, of unknown function. Trophi sucking, withdrawn inside head. Distal parts of mouthparts protruding in form of short proboscis. Thorax not differentiated from abdomen, distinguished only by presence of 3 pairs of legs. First thoracic tergum short and narrow. Anterior pair of legs much longer than 2nd and 3rd pairs, and having a tactile function analogous to that of antennae. Chaetotaxy of anterior pair of legs widely used for identification of species. Tarsi of all legs one-segmented, with unpaired falcate claw (pretarsus). Abdomen consisting of 8 large segments, 3 small terminal segments, ending in a short telson. First three abdominal segments bearing 1- or 2-segmented rudimentary appendages. Nonsegmented gonapophyses in form of short triangular or lanceolate appendages present between last abdominal segment and telson. Gonapophyses identical in both sexes. Body and legs covered with numerous setae.

Postembryonic development anamorphic; larval abdomen 8-segmented on hatching; 3 additional segments appearing between segment VIII and telson in later molts. These segments differ markedly from the others by their small size. Living in the soil, forest bedding, decaying tree trunks and stumps and moss. Their food is not well known. It is assumed that they suckplant and animal remains. Some species feed by sucking on lower fungi. Three families, of which only one is known so far from the European U.S.S.R. It is, however, possible that the family Acerentomidae also occurs in the U.S.S.R. The family Protentomidae which is known from Western Europe and North America is not included in the key. BIBLIOGRAPHY. R imski i-Korsa kov. M.N. Ob organizacii Protura Silv. (The Structure of Silv.). Trudy Sankt-Peierburgskogo obshchestva estestvoispy tale lei, 42, 1911; Siach, J. Protura, Diplura, Thysanura. Klucze do oznaczania owadow Polski, IIIV, Warszawa, 1955; Tuxen, S.L. Neues liber die von Rimsky-Korsakow, Prell, Stach, Denis, lonescii, Strenzke und Gisin beschriebenden Arten von Eosentomom (Protura). Videnik. Meddl, Dansk. naiurii. Foren., 123, 1960, Proiura

Key to Families 1 (2). 2 (1).

Spiracles present on mesothorax and metathorax. All abdominal appendages 2-segmented .................. 1. Eosentomidae (p. 33) Spiracles lacking. First pair of abdominal appendages 2-segmented. 2 other pairs one-segmented ............. 2. Acerentomidae (p. 34) 1.

Family EOSENTOMIDAE

Tracheal system present, with 2 pairs of spiracles on meso- and metathorax. All 3 pairs of rudimentary abdominal appendages 2-segmented. Only one genus, Eosentomon. widely distributed in Europe and also known from North Africa.

Key to Species of

the Family Eosentomidae

Eosentomon Silv. Clavate seta (Figure 12, 2) at about half length of tarsi of anterior pair of legs. Empcdial appendage longer than half the claw. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

Pseudoculi large, 1/8 as long as head. Number of setae in first row on sixth and seventh abdominal terga 12and 8 respectively. Sterna ofninthandtenthsegmentswith4setae each (Figure 12,3). 1.3-1.5. Northwest ......... E, transitorum Berl. (silvestrii R.-Kors.)

2.

Family ACERENTOMIDAE

Tracheal system lacking. Abdominal terga with 1-3 transverse grooves. Appendages of abdominal segment III l-segmented. Posterior margin of tergum VIII with combs. Europe, America, Australia. Family consisting of 3 genera, one of which (Acerentomon Silv.) may occur in the European U.S.S.R. 1. Acerentomon Silv. Labrum extended into rostrum. Lateral margins of head capsule almost straight. Basal part of head capsule twice as broad as anterior part (Figure 12, 4). Several species in Western Europe.

Species of the genus possibly occurring in the European U.S.S.R.

2.

Order

PODURA^ (Collembola)

E. F. Martynova

43

44

Small ap-terygote insects not exceeding 10mm in length, generally 1-2 mm, entognathous, with modified biting mouthparts. Antennae 4to 6-segmented, eyes lacking or consisting of 1-8 irregularly arranged ommatidia. Abdomen 6-segmented, with the following appendages: segment I, ventral tube- III. tenaculum; IV, forked springing organ (furca). Head of most species prognathous, i.e., with oral aperture directed forward (Figure 14, 2), rarely hypognathous, i.e., with oral aperture directed downward (Figure 14, 1). Mouthparts entognathous, i.e., withdrawn into head capsule. The most characteristic feature of the order are the biting mouthparts and the well-developed mandibulae and maxillae. The mandibles have only a single articulation with the head-capsule, a broad molar process, and denticles at the cutting point (Figure 14, 4). They sometimes lack mandibles (family Brachystomellidae). The most characteristic feature of the maxilla, is the strong development of the lacinia in many species, which is called "head" (caput) in Podura (Figure 14, 5). The other parts of the maxilla are rudimentary or lacking. In species feeding on liquid food there are very simplified piercingsucking trophi with styletlike maxillae and elongate mandibles (Figure 14, 6,7). Compound eyes lacking. Pigmented, rarely pale eyespots laterally with isolated ommatidia usually 8 in number. Number of ommatidia may be less or they may completely disappear in soil- or cave-inhabiting species. The postantennal organ behind the base of the antennae is taxonomically important. This sensory organ is supposed to have a hygrometric function. In the simplest case the postantennal organ is ring-shaped (Isotomidae, Figure 15, 6), or consists of several lobes (Hypogastruridae, part of the Brachystomellidae, Figure 15, 7). In some groups the number of lobes of the postantennal organ is much greater and they are arranged in form of a rosette (some Pseudachorutidae, Figure 15, 5) or in a ribbonlike pattern as in most Onychiuridae (Figure 15, 3). The postantennal organ is present in most species of the superfamily Poduroidea and almost always absent in the superfamily Entomobryoidea and the suborder Symphypleona, Antennae of most species are 4-segmented; in the family Orchesellidae the first or second segment is subdivided. In this case, antennae 5- to 6-segmented. First or second apical segments occasionally subdivided into a varying number of secondary rings (family Tomoceridae, several Symphypleona). Second to fourth antennal segments with a number of sensory structures such as papillae, pits and cones. The olfactory organs on the third antennal segment of the family Onychiuridae t

The name of the order was changed by the editorial board.

PODURA

are especially complex (antennal organ; Figure 15, 2). All these structures are used in the identification of species, but as they are visible only at a very high magnification we have omitted them from the keys. Thorax consisting of 3 parts, pro-, meso- and metathorax. In the superfamily Entomobryoidea prothorax fused with mesothorax, forming a narrow cervix anteriorly (Figure 14, 3). Abdomen 6-segmented. The order is divided

Thorax

FIGURE 13.

Abdomen

Podura (after Grasse and Maynard)

Ishape of body and structure of Ento m obry a pulchella, suborder Anhropleona (cl claw. ddens. ein.aempodial appendage, ffemur, furcfurca, manmanubrium, mucmucro, lentenaculum,

45

into 2 groups according to the form of the body: 1) suborder Arthropleona with elongate body and distinctly separated thoracic and abdominal segments (Figure 13,1). Only in few species 2, rarely 3 last abdominal segments fused (Figure 15, 4); 2) suborder Symphypleona with short, spherical body. First 4 abdominal segments fused with thoracic segments into a rounded shape. Two last abdominal segments are separated from anterior spherical part, and called anal papilla (Figure 13, 2). Genital aperture on venter of abdominal segment V. In males this is a longitudinal slit on a spherical process and in females a transverse slit (Figure 14,9). Anus on abdominal segment VI terminal inmost species. Anus ventral in several genera of the family Isotomidae. Relative size of abdominal segments varying in different groups. In most Poduroidea and part of Entomobryoidea (Isotomidae) first 4 segments very similar, only slightly differing from each other (P r o i s o t o m a); in the rest of Entomobryoidea segment IV at least twice as long as segment III (Figure 13, 1). Integument smooth or granulated. Granules often very large. Coarsely granulated sections are occasionally clearly differentiated, with isolated setae and filiform thickenings

of the cuticle. The number of these thickenings and their distribution are characteristic of the species, and give good taxonomic characters (family Neanuridae; Figure 14. 8). Body setose, scaly in some families. Scaled integument often very thick, giving a metallic sheen. Scales rounded or pointed, with thin or thick longitudinal ridges. Hair cover of various groups uneven, denser in the superfamily Entomobryoidea. The following types of setae exist; smooth or ciliate, with swollen or pointed apex, or terminally branched. Thorax and abdomen of many families of the superfamily Entomobryoidea covered with long, terminally expanded setae covered with

FIGURE 14. 1Podura

Podura (after Grasse, Paisit and Stach) aquaiica; 2Anurida

of mandible; 5 6maxilla

structure

and 7

marilima; 3Orchesella

of maxilla (galgalea,

h"head",

mandible of Pseudachorutidae; 8Neanura

lac

xero thermic a; 4structure

lacinia,

m.pmaxillary oalp);

mu’scorum; 9form

of genital aperture.

fine hairs which form a kind of "pelerine" (Figure 18, 2). Abdominal terga of some species with isolated, very long movable setae (bothriotrichia) (Figure 18. 2) scattered among the ordinary short setae. In some groups the distribution of hairs is used for the identification of species. Several types of hairs usuallypresentin each species. There are also spines or spinelike appendages on abdominal segment VI (rarely on V). Iwo spines on fleshy papillae occur most frequently. Small ringlike

cuticular thickenings (pseudocelli) are very important in the identification of species of genus Onychiurus, Pseudocelli occur on the head and various parts of the body (Figure 15, 1). The distribution of pseudocelli on head and body segments may be expressed by a formula, for instance, for 0. absoloni Born: 32/133/33343. The number of pseudocelli in the formula applies to one half of the body. 3 stands for the number of ocelli on each side of the head at the base of the antennae. The next number (2) indicates the number of ocelli on each side of the posterior margin of the head. Prothorax with 1 ocellus on each side, meso- and metathorax with 3 ocelli each. The three anterior abdominal segments bear 3 ocelli each, abdominal segment IV, 4 ocelli, V, 3 ocelli. A separate formula is given for the ventral and dorsal side. Violet, bluish gray or brownish yellow . colors, often combined, are common. Pigment occasionally completely absent,

FIGURE 15. Podura (after Stach)

1Onychiurus granulosus, distribution of pseudocelli on head and body segments; 2, 30. armaius: 2sensory organ on 3rd antennal segment; 3pseudocelli (psoc) and postaniennal organ (p. a. o); 4Folsomia Quadcioculata, lateral;

(p.a.o); 6Isotoma

5Pseudachorutes

subcrassus, ocelli (oc) and postaniftnnal

notabilis. same; ’7Schaefferia

emucronata,

organ

same.

Thorax with 3 pairs of legs. Structure of legs unusual because of fusion of tibia with tarsus, resulting in a common segment, the tibiotarsus. Tibiotarsus distally produced into pretarsus with a stout unpaired claw

(unguis) and empodial appendage (appendix empodialis; Figure 16, 4). The number and shape of the denticles of the claw and the form and relative length of the empodial appendage are taxonomically important.

FIGURE 16.

Podura (after Grasse and Stach)

1Folsomia pproxirnai

fimetaria, dens and mucro; 2Iso

denticles);

abmininurus

apical pan of hind leg (c. s capitate seta, inner denticles of claw); 5Sminthurid

empodial appendage, elclaw, o.d, i.douter leg (tttibiotarsal organ); 6Entoi

i

laiicus, hind

bryoidea, tenaculum,

In some Podura outer margin of claw covered by a thin, protective membrane (tunica) (Figure 16, 3) mainly characteristic of some Symphypleona. Tibiotarsus of some species with a row of sensory organs, the tibiotarsal organ (some Sminthuridae) and clavate setae. The tibiotarsal organ on the ventral side of the hind pair of legs consists of a pair of small tubercles protected by a stout seta. This is sometimes bifurate or basally expanded (Figure 16, 5). One or several clavate setae on the distal part of tibiotarsus (Figure 16,4) are characteristic of all groups of Podura, though many species lack such setae. Clavate setae important for identification of species. Pregenital segments of abdomen with the following appendages: 1) ventral tube (tubus ventralis), a tubular process with a pair of protrusible vesicles; in Symphypleona these vesicles are produced into ribbonlike cords often covered with verrucose papillae; 2) in leaping forms abdominal segment III bears a special organ, tenaculum (Figure 16, 6) holding the

46

.

47

furca against the ventral body surface; the tenaculum consists of an unpaired base (corpus) and 2 denticulate branches (rami); 3) furca enabling the insect to make sudden leaps; furca attached to venter of segment IV, usually consisting of an unpaired basal part, manubrium, and a paired distal part which consists of a dens and a small distal part, mucro. When the furca is extended, most authors call its lower side ventral and its upper side dorsal. When the furca is folded, its dorsal side becomes ventral. Length of furca strongly varies within the order. Furca either reaching the ventral tube or its length decreases until it disappears (in soil-inhabiting forms). Disappearance of the furca is usually accompanied by reduction of the tenaculum. Parts of the furca sometimes become partly or completely fused. For instance, the dens may fuse with the mucro to form a mucrodens. Dorsal side of dens often with transverse folds (characteristic of superfamily Entomobryoidea) giving a wavy form to its dorsal margin (Figures 16,1; 34, 11). Inner side of dens may bear numerous simple or trifurcate spines (family Tomoceridae; Figure 17, 4). Manubrium and dens, like body, setose and scaled or only setose. The character of the hair cover, the number of setae, and their distribution are important taxonomic characters. The shape and relative size of various parts of the furca are also of great importance. The mucro (distal part of the furca) greatly varies in the order. The mucro of aquatic forms is strongly expanded, with flat, broad lateral parts (Figure 17, 2). In terrestrial forms the mucro is narrower, usually hook-shaped, often with 1-4 denticles (Figure 16, 2), an apical denticle, a subapical denticle, and 2 proximal denticles. Mucro very rarely absent or fused with dens. Secondary sexual dimorphism has been observed only in few Collembola. The most distinct secondary sexual characters in the European fauna are present in the suborder Symphypleona, where the females are often large and have rodlike appendages on each side of the anus. These appendages may be branched terminally (appendices anales; Figure 18, 3-6). Morphological differences are also present in this order in males of Sminthurides, Sphaeridia. Stenacidia. Their antennae are transformed into a prehensile organ to hold the female during copulation (Figure 17, 3). In the suborder Arthropleona the males of some species of the genus Onychiurus have a so-called abdominal organ consisting of sensory setae (Figure 18. 1). In Hydroi sotoma (family Isotomidae) the anus of the female is surrounded by a group of spines on the lateral lobes (Figure 18, 2, 8), while the male has no such structures. The two sexes may differ in color (family Orchesellidae). Biotopes are chosen mainly according to their humidity. Most species are restricted to very humid biotopes. Large populations of numerous species may be found in plant litter, upper layers of the soil, tree stumps, old timber, etc. Some species are found under dry bark and on tree trunks. Some species of the family Entomobryidae and Orchesellidae occur in low grass, on bushes and occasionally in bird nests. Many species live on the littoral or in water. Aquatic species have adaptations which enable them to stay on the surface of water (Sminthurides). In most families there is a number of typical cave-dwellers. Many species are active at low temperatures, occasionally appearing in large numbers on the snow.

The effect on plants and animals is small, although some species may sometimes appear in masses (Symphypleona) in vegetable gardens, fields (mainly leguminous crops) or on mushrooms in hothouses. However, the importance of the group as a whole is very great in some biocenoses, especially in the soil, as a result of the abundance of some species and their active role in the treatment of organic matter. Collection of Podura is difficult because of their small size and the great mobility of species with a springing organ. An aspirator may be used, with which they can be collected from the substrate or picked out of a net after cutting grass or shrubs. There are many mechanical devices, all based on various modifications of thermoelector. We recommend the following formula for rapid fixation: 750 cc of 95% alcohol, 250 cc ethyl ether, 30 cc glacial acetic acid, 3 cc 40% formaldehyde (Gisin, 1960). After three days the material is transferred to 70% or 95% alcohol. For clearing, lactic acid or a mixture of lactic acid (10 cc) with glycerol (2cc) and 40% formaldehyde (0.4cc) may be used. The identification of most species requires the examination of permanent preparations at high magnifications. The insects are mounted in Canada balsam or Faure’s medium, the latter method requiring no preliminary dehydration. Heating results in clearing of the objects. However, such

preparations are less permanent.

The order is divided into 2 natural groups according to the shape of the body and the number of visible segments: 1 Arthropleona, with elongate, cylindrical body and distinct thoracic and abdominal segments; only the last 2 or 3 body segments tend to fuse; 2 Symphypleona, body globose; thoracic and I-IV abdominal segments fused. Each suborder is divided by different authors into a various number of families. The modern tendency is to unite taxa and to divide the order into only 5 families (Gisin, 1960). ’We have used Stach’s system dividing the order into 18 families. About 2000 species of cosmopolitan distribution are known. Three hundred species are known from the U.S.S.R. However, since the fauna of Siberia, the Far East, Soviet Central Asia, and the mountain regions is almost unknown, a considerable increase of this number may be expected. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Gisin, H, Collembolen fauna Europas. Geneva, 1960. Siach, J, The Apterygoian Fauna of Poland in Relation 10 the World-Fauna of this Group of Insects. Krakow, 19471960 (Isoioinidae. 1947; Neogastruridae a. Brachysiomellidae. 1949; Anuridae a. Pseudachoritidae. 1949; Bilobidae. 1951; Onychiuridae, 1954; Sminihuridae, 1956; Neelidae a. Dicyrtomidae, 1957; Orchesellini, 1960); Stach, J. Skoczogonki, Collembola. Klucze dooznaczenia owadow Polski, II, Warszawa, 1955.

Key to Suborders 1

(2).

Body elongate. Thoracic and first abdominal segments always separate, without trace of fusion. 2 or 3 last abdominal segments occasionally fused (Figure 15, 4). Furca present or lacking ............................................... 1. Arthropleona Body short, ovoid or globose (Figure 13, 2). Thoracic and first 4 abdominal segments fused and separated from segments V and VI which bear genital and anal apertures. Furca always present 2. Symphypleona

........

2 (1).

.......

..............................................

1.

Suborder

ARTHROPLEONA

Key to Superfamilies 1 (2).

Prothorax clearly visible dorsally (Figures 14, 8; 19, 1), not covered by mesothorax, with short hairs dorsally. Cuticle usually 1. Poduroidea (p. 44) granulated. Antennae short, 4-segmented ...

^ FIGURE 19.

^ Podura (afier Siach)

lMorulina verrucosa; 2Neanura muscorum, tubercles on left side of abdominal segments V and VI; 3ChoreuEinula in term is, eyespotand postaniennal organ (p. ant. o); 4 Frisea octooculata, spines at end of abdomen; 5 Pseudachoruies dubius, postantennal organ; 6 P. corticicolus, same.

2(1). Pronotum more or less reduced, often almost completely covered dorsally by mesothorax (Figure 17, 1), without hairs or setae. Cuticle smooth, setose, or scaled. Antennae short or long, 42. Entomobryoidea (p. 66) to 6-segmented ......................

50

1.

Superfamily PODUROIDEA

Prothorax narrower than meso- and metathorax, but always clearly visible dorsally, with minute isolated setae dorsally. Cuticle covered with granules whose size varies on different parts of the body. Mouthparts biting, often modified and adapted for sucking. Postantennal organ usually present, rarely lacking, often of complex structure. Antennae short, 4-segmented. Furca present or absent. Soil-dwellers, often lacking pigment. Grayish or bluish violet pigment usually predominating in colored forms. Inhabiting upper soil layers and lower layers of forest bedding. Very common under bark, on decaying, humid wood.7 families.

Key

to Families

1 (2). Head hypognathous (Figure 14, 1). Folded furca reaching beyond ventral tube and base of middle pair of legs ... 7. Poduridae (p. 66) 2 (1). Head prognathous (Figure 14, 2). Furca not reaching ventral tube. and not reaching beyond base of middle pair of legs. 3 (4). Head and several segments with pseudocelli (Figure 15, 1). Antennal organ on 3rd antennal segment of complex structure, with

2 (sometimes 3) stout, flask-shaped sensillae (Figure 15, 2) protected by papillae. Eyes and usually also pigment lacking ......... .......;....,.......................-... 1. Onychiuridae (p.45) 4 (3). Without pseudocelli on head and body segments. Antennal organ simple, with sensory pits, butwithout flask-shaped sensillae. Eyes

present or absent. 5 (6). Posterior margin of abdominal segment VI with semicircular notch (Figure 19, 1), occasionally wholly or partly covered by segment V. Head and body segments with large tubercles (plates) consisting of patches with coarser granules (Figure 19, 2)....................... 2. Neanuridae (p.51) 6 (5). Posterior margin of abdominal segment VI rounded, never covered by segment V. Plates absent. 7 (8). Furca and empodial appendage lacking; spines lacking ............. ............................................ 4. Anuridae (p.55) 8 (7). Either furca or empodial appendage present, or both present. When both absent (some species of genus F rise a) abdominal segment VI bearing spines. 9(14). Apex of abdominal segment VI bearing spines. 10 (11). Three (rarely more) spines on abdominal segment VI (Figure 19, 4) . ............................ 5. Brachystomellidae (partly; p. 56) 11 (10).Two spines on abdominal segment VI. 12 (13). Less than 8 ocelli. Postantennal organ present. Furca welldeveloped, with well-developed mucro ............................ ............................ 5. Brachystomellidae (partly; p. 56)

..........................................

.

ONYCHIURIDAE

13 (12). Ocelli 8. If less, either postantennal organ and mucro lacking, or furca absent, or mucro fused with dens ......................

6. Hypogastruridae (partly; p. 59) 14 (9). Without spines on apex of abdominal segment VI. 15 (16). Two ocelli on each side of head. Empodial appendage present..... 6. Hypogastruridae (partly; p. 59) 16 (15). More than 2 ocelli on each side of head. Empodial appendage either present or absent. 17 (18). Postantennal organ consisting of only 1 stout, large lobe, without lateral lobules (Figure 19, 3)................................... 6. Hypogastruridae (partly; p. 59) 18 (17). Postantennal organ consisting of central lobe and several lateral lobules (Figure 19, 5, 6) either very numerous or absent. 19 (20). Mouthparts adapted for sucking, with elongate maxillae and mandibles; mandibles rudimentary; oral end of head produced into short, pointed cone. Postantennal organ circular or elliptical, with numerous tubercles (Figure 19, 5) 3. Pseudachorutidae (p.53) 20 (19). Mouthparts biting, without mandibles or with strongly reduced mandibles; oral end of head not produced into cone. Postantennal organ consisting of few (4-8) tubercles ........................... 5. Brachystomellidae (partly; p. 56) .............................

.............................

.............................

..........................

....................................

.........................

1:

Family ONYCHIURIDAE

Blind forms, usually lacking pigment, with pseudocelli on head and body segments (Figure 15, 1). Postantennal organ present, often of complex structure. Third antennal segment with sensory organ (Figure 15, 2).

Furca usually lacking. Antennal spines present or not. In soil, litter, under stones and tree remains. On all continents. A number of species distributed far north into the Arctic Region and into Antarctica. Only 28 species are known from the U-S.S.R., representing only a small part of the forms which may occur in this country.

Key to Genera 1(2).

Furca well developed (Figure 20, 5). Body broad, somewhat depressed (Figure 20, 1), 6-9. (Subfamily Tetrodontophorinae) .......................................... 1. Tetrodontophora Furca rudimentary or lacking. Body elongate. Smaller, 0.6-3. Empodial appendage well developed (Figure 20, 4). Terminal spines of abdomen present or absent. Rudiments of furca some2. Onychiurus times present. (Subfamily Onychiurinae) Empodial appendage absent. If present, it forms a short, setaof abdomen Terminal ceous appendage (Figure 20, 6). spines always present (1 or 2 pairs). No trace of leaping furca. (Subfamily Tullbergiinae). 3. Stenaphorura Last abdominal segment with 2 pairs of spines Last abdominal segment with 1 pair of spines. Last abdominal segment with verrucose process ventral to anal 4. Metaphorura spines (Figure 22, 7) Last abdominal segment without verrucose process ventral to anal 5. Mesophorura spines .

2 (1). 3 (4).

..

.........

4(3).

5 (6). 6 (5). 7 (8).

....

..........................

8 (7).

........................................ Keys to Species of Family Onychiuridae

52

Subfamily TETRODONTOPHORINAE

Tetrodontophora Reut. Body broad, somewhat depressed (Figure 20, 1). Furca as long as antennae. Postantennal organ simple, consisting of 12-16 tubercles forming 2 parallel rows. Empodial appendage setaceous, as long as claw (Figure 20, 7). A single genus of the subfamily in Europe, monotypic. 1.

1 (1).

Color bluish violet or bluish black (rust-red in alcohol). Abdominal segments V and VI fused dorsally, with pointed posterior angles. Ventral manubrium with long, pointed appendage at base of dens (Figure 20, 5). 5-9. In mountain forests of the Eastern Carpathians, in litter, on mushrooms, T.bielanensis Waga under bark, on littoral vegetation ...........

Subfamily ONYCHIURINAE 2. Onychiurus Gerv. Body elongate, cylindrical (Figure 20, 2) or distinctly expanded in the region of abdominal segments III and IV. Postantennal organ usually consisting of 2 parallel rows of simple or branched lobes usually perpendicular to the axis of the organ (Figures 15,3; 21,1); there are rarely 3-6 lobules around a central lobe (Figure 21, 9). Furca absent. Rudiments of furca rarely present (Figure 21, 4). Empodial

46

ONYCHIURIDAE

appendage as long as, or shorter than, claw. Antennal spines present absent. More than 150 species in Europe. 20 species.

53

or

1 (6).

Postantennal organ small, indistinct, consisting of 3-4 lobules in a circular pit (Figure 21. 9). (Subgenus Oligaphorura

2 (3).

Antennal spines absent. Postantennal organ as long as one pseudocellus, trilobed. Each lobe subdivided (Figure 21. 5). 0.75. Eastern Carpathians 0. serratotuberculatus Stach Antennal spines present. shorter than claw, with distinct basal Empodial appendage slightly plate (Figure 20, 4). Postantennal organ trilobed (2 anterior and 1 posterior lobules). Lobules elongate and parallel to each other (Figure 21, 2). Males lacking abdominal organ. 1.7, Center, forest-steppe .............................. 0. schoetti Lie-Pet. Empodial appendage 3/5 of length of claw, without basal plate, cone-shaped, gradually tapering apically. Postantennal organ small, as long as 1 pseudocellus, consisting of 3-5 lobules around one central lobe and fused with this at the base (Figure 21, 9).

Bagn.).

..........

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

Male without ventral organ. 0.8. On sour soils. Baltic Region, western Ukraine ............... 0. absoloni Born. (affinis Agr.) Postantennal organ consisting of more than 4 lobes in oblong pit. 6 (1). 7 (24). Lobes of postantennal organ simple or slightly subdivided into 2 parts. (Subgenus Protaphorura Absol.). 8 (21). Empodial appendage as long as claw or slightly longer. 9 (14). Furca reduced but paired rudiments of dens well marked (Figure 21,4); tenaculum present. 10 (13). Empodial appendage with distinct inner plate. 11 (12). Furca consisting of thick, short dentes covered with numerous setae; mucro absent (Figure 21, 3). Postantennal organ with 24 lobules which are partly divided apically. 1.7. Oka basin ............................................ 0. okaensis Beck. 12 (11). Furca consisting of 2 markedly granular, wartlike dentes bearing 3 or 4 setae; some of the setae 2- or 3-branched; mucro wanting. Postantennal organ consisting of 20-25 lobes with vesicles at the base (Figure 21, 8). 2.5. Hygrophilous; in litter, under bark, on decaying wood, often in caves. Eastern Carpathians ...................... 0. burmeisteri Lubb. (tuberculatus Mon.) 13 (10). Empodial appendage without inner plate. Dens with 3 or 4 setae, mucro short, spinelike, not clearly differentiated from dens (Figure 21, 4). 1.3. Interests, in forest duff, under bark, ........

..........

Northwest, North, Center 14 (9). 15 (16).

16 (15).

17 (18).

18 (17). 19 (20).

....................

0. furcifer Born.

Without trace of furca or with unpaired semicircular fold closely contiguous to body. Tenaculum absent. Narrow inner plate present at base of empodial appendage. No pseudocelli at hind margin of head. One pseudocellus at base of antenna. Postantennal organ consisting of 8-13 broad lobules. 2.0. North, Moldavia, Crimea, Volga Region ................... ............................................ 0. sibiricus Tulb. Empodial appendage not expanded basally. 3 or 4 ocelli at base of antennae and along posterior margin of head. Postantennal organ usually consisting of numerous narrow lobules. 4 pseudocelli at base of antennae. Posterior margin of abdominal sternum II of males having 2 depressions with a pair of short, thick sensory setae in each (Figure 18, 1). 2.0. In forest bedding, under stones. Ukraine ......... 0. octopunctatus (Tullb.) Stach. 3 pseudocelli at base of antennae. Male lacking abdominal organ. Tergum of abdominal segment IV with 3 or 4 pseudocelli. Ventral side of head with one pseudocellus. Abdominal sterna lacking pseudocelli. Abdominal tergum VI with 4 setae on the surface

(Figure 21, 7). 1.1-1.8. Male lacking abdominal organ. Cosmopolitan, very common. Injurious to young plants in Western Europe ........................................... *0. armatus Tullb. 20 (19). Abdominal tergum IV with 5 pseudocelli. Ventral side of head with 2 pseudocelli. Thoracic sternum and abdominal sterna II-IV with one pseudocellus on each side. Abdominal tergum VI with 0. arcticus Tullb. 2 setae. 2.5-3.5. Arctic islands. North 21 (8). Empodial appendage 1/4 2/3 length of claw. -

.......

Injurious species are marked with an asterisk.

ONYCHIURIDAE

22 (23). Empodial appendage 1/4 (anterior legs) and 1/3 (posterior legs) length of claw. Claw with distinct inner denticle. 2 pseudocelli at base of antennae. Abdominal organ of male in an oval depression in middle of abdominal sternum III. 1.5-2. In forests. Eastern Carpathians 0. carpathicus Stach. 23 (22). Empodial appendage 2/3 length of claw. Claw without denticle. 1 pseudocellus at base of antennae. Male lacking abdominal organ. 0. valdegranulatus Stach. 1.5. Eastern Carpathians 24 (7). Lobes of postantennal organ consisting of many separate lobules, racemose (Figure 21, 6). (Subgenus Onychiurus s. str.). 25 (25). Antennal spines present. 2.5. Baltic Region, Ukraine; Western 0. ambulans L. (sensu Stach). Europe in caves 26 (25). Without antennal spines. 27 (28). With very long setae which are as long as, or longer than, abdominal terga. 1 pseudocellus at base of antennae. Large, pointed process at base of claw. 1.0. Under stones in spruce forest. Eastern Carpathians 0. longisetosus Stach. 28 (27). Setae short, much shorter than abdominal terga. 3 pseudocelli at base of antennae. No spinelike appendage at base of claw. 29 (32). Arrangement of pseudocelli on dorsal surface of head and body as follows: 33/133/33333. Postantennal organ short, half as long as distance between anterior pseudocelli at base of antennae, consisting of 4-8, rarely 10 broad, racemose lobules (Figure 22, 2). 30 (31). Postantennal organ consisting of 4-6 racemose lobes (Figure 22, 2). Male unknown. 1.5. Eastern Carpathians ...................... 0. bureschi Handsch. 31 (30). Postantennal organ consisting of 8, rarely 10 strongly branched lobules closely together (Figure 22, 1). Adult male with abdominal organ consisting of 3 or 4 lanceolate setae on each side of posterior part of ventral tube. 1.5. In forests, generally in caves. Eastern Carpathians .............. .0. granulosus Stach. 32 (29). Arrangement of pseudocelli on dorsal surface of head and body segments as follows; 32/022/33342, 32/033/33343. 32/133/33343. Postantennal organ longer, about as long as distance between 2 anterior pseudocelli at base of antennae, occasionally longer, consisting of 10-24 lobules. 33 (36). 2 pseudocelli on thoracic terga II-III. Claws with small denticle on inner and lateral surface. Lateral denticle occasionally absent, often visible only in a certain position of the claw. 34 (35). Abdominal sterna I-III without pseudocelli. Head and thoracic segment I finely and uniformly granular. Postantennal organ consisting of 10-15 short lobes, shorter than distance between 2 anterior pseudocelli at base of antennae. Male with thickened setae on abdominal sterna II and III, 1.5. Under dry bark. Eastern Carpathians ........................ 0. nervosus Stach. 35 (34). Abdominal sterna I-III with 1 or 2 pseudocelli. Dorsal surface of head, anterior half of thoracic segment I and lateral parts of thoracic terga II and III coarsely granular. Postantennal organ consisting of 11-15 lobules. Male with 4 thickened leaf-shaped setae on abdominal sternum II and 2 on abdominal sternum III. .....................

.............

54

..................

.....................

.........................................

Eastern Carpathians ................ 0. rectopapillatus Stach. 36 (33). Thoracic terga II and III with 3 pseudocelli. Claws without 1.2.

In litter, under bark.

......................................

denticles. 37 (38).

No pseudocelli on thoracic tergum I. Postantennal organ consisting of 14-24 lobes, longer than distance between 2 anterior ocelli at base of antennae. Empodial appendage as long as claw or longer. Male lacking abdominal organ. 2.5. Under stones, bark, in litter, on decaying wood. Cosmopolitan. In Western Europe and U.S.A. *0. fimetarius L. (sensu Stach.) injurious to roots of plants 38 (37). One pseudocellus on each side of thoracic tergum I. Postantennal organ consisting of lOoval lobules regularly arranged in rows (Figure 22, 3). Postantennal organ as long as distance between anterior pair of pseudocelli at base of antennae. Empodial appendage shorter than claw. Abdominal organ of male consisting of short, thick, pointed setae in two groups at posterior margin of abdominal segment II (3 setae in each group) and two groups at anterior margin of abdominal segment III (5 setae in each group; Figure 22, 4). 1.5. Transcarpathian and Volyn regions .......................................... 0. variabilis Stach. .......

..........

FIGURE 22. Podura. Family Onychiuridae (after Stach) 1

Onychiurus granulosus? posiantennal organ (p. ant. o) and pseudocellus (psoc); 2~- 0. bureschi, organ: 30. variabilis, idem; 40. variabilis, male, abdominal organ; 5-7

postantennal

Metaphorura affinis; 5apical part of leg; 6poscantennal organ;

1

end of abdomen,

NEANURIDAE

Subfamily TULLBERGIINAE 3. Stenaphorura Absol. Abdominal segment VI with 2 pairs of spines. Two species in the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. 1 (1).

Color whitish, postantennal organ consisting of 25-60 lobes in 2 parallel rows. Reaching 1.5. Mainly in open areas, in humus. Baltic Region to the Crimea S. quadrispina Born. ...............

55

4. 1 (1).

Metaphorura Bagn. Abdominal segment VI with one pair of spines and a verrucose process ventral to them. Color whitish. Postantennal organ consisting of 18-25 lobes each apically divided into 2 lobes (Figure 22, 6). 1.3, Archangelsk Region to the southern forest-steppe, often in humus M. affinis Born. (bipartita Handsch.). ...........

........................

5. Mesaphorura Born. Abdominal segment VI with 1 pair of short, curved spines on high papillae. 1 species in the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries.

1 (1).

Color whitish. Postantennal organ consisting of 25-50 lobes in 2 parallel rows. Pseudocelli star-shaped, with 7 lobes, indistinct on thoracic segments and abdominal segments I-III. In forests and open areas, in soil, litter, etc. Baltic Region M. krausbaueri Born. to the Caucasus .........................

2.

Family NEANURIDAE

Mouthparts elongate, adapted for sucking. Head and body segments bearing large tubercles consisting of patches with coarse granulation. Posterior margin of abdominal segment VI with semicircular notch. Segment VI sometimes wholly or partly concealed by segment V. Furca wanting. Under dry bark,, on decaying wood, in litter, under stones, mainly in forests. 5 genera, 8 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

56

2 3 4 5

(1). (6). (5), (4).

6 (3). 7 (8).

Each side of head with 5 ocelli. Postantennal organ consisting of more than 100 minute lobes arranged in a rosette ............. .................................................. 1.Morulina 2 or 3 ocelli on each side of head. Postantennal organ absent. Whole abdominal segment VI visible dorsally (Figure 23. 1). 2. Neanura Abdominal segment V as long as segment IV Abdominal segment V distinctly longer than IV and with cylindrical 3. Thaumanura 1) .................. ridges laterally (Figure 23, Segment VI wholly or partly concealed by V. Dorsum of segment IV with 4 tubercles, segment Vwith 2tubercles, 4. Bilobella all separate (Figure 23, 5) Dorsum of segment IV with 8 tubercles, segment V with 4 tubercles, 2 median tubercles of segment V fused (Figure 23, 3) ............................................... 5. Lathriopyga .........

.........................

8 (7).

.............

FIGURE 23.

Podura.

Family Neanuridae (after Stach)

IV-VI; 3 Larhriopyga conjuncEa, terga V and VI; 5Bilobella

same on

terga IV and V; 4 Neanura n tecga IV and V.

t a uric a,

same on

Keys to Species of Family Neanuridae 1. Morulina Born. 5 ocelli on each side of head, postantennal organ consisting of more than 100 lobes arranged in one rosette. Long setae on body distinctly denticulate. 1 species in the U.S.S.R. and Europe. 1

(1).

Color blue with bluish black tubercles. 2.5-3.5. Largest specimens attaining 4.5. Eastern Carpathians (Figure 19, 1)........... .......................................... M. verrucosa B6rn.

2. Neanura Me Gilliv. 2 or 3 ocelli on each side of head. Postantennal organ absent. Segment V as long as IV; VI not concealed by V and the whole segment visible dorsally. 3 species. 1 (2). 2 (1). 3 (4).

Body and eyespot without dark pigment. 1.75. Eastern Carpathians .............................. N. incolorata Stach. Color blue or bluish. 3 ocelli on each side of head, 2 ocelli on anterior margin of eyespot and 1 on posterior margin. Dorsomedial tubercles of abdominal segment V not fused in midline (Figure 23, 2). Attaining 3.5. Cosmopolitan ............................ N. muscorum Tempi.

PSEUDACHORUTIDAE

57

4 (3).

2 ocelli on each side of head. Dorsomedial tubercles of abdominal segment V fused along midline (Figure 23, 4). 1.5. Crimea .................................... N. taurica Stach.

3. Thaumanura Born. 3 ocelli on each side of head. Postantennal Segment VI completely visible dorsally. Differing from other species in the long and flattened abdominal tergum V which is distinctly longer than IV and laterally bordered by cylindrical tubercles

organ absent.

(Figure 23, 1). 1 (1).

Monotypic genus.

Color blue, with darker tubercles. In the other parts, pigment forming reticular pattern with more or less large cells. 4.5. Baltic Region, Ukraine (Eastern Carpathians) .................. ............................................ Th. carolii Stach.

4. Bilobella Caroli. 2 non-pigmented ocelli on each side of head. Abdominal segment VI wholly or partly concealed by segment V. Dorsomedial tubercles of abdominal segment V separate. 2 species in Western Europe, 1 species in the U.S.S.R. 1 (1).

Without pigment or

orange colored; head

Eastern Carpathians

with 8 tubercles.

......................

2.5.

B. aurantiaca Caroli.

5. Lathriopyga Caroli. 2 ocelli on each side of head. Abdominal segment VI wholly or partly concealed by V. Abdominal segment V with 4 tubercles. 2 dorsomedial tubercles fused (Figure 23, 3). 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Dorsomedial tubercles on segment V fused along midline, with 3 pairs of setae: first pair very long, second pair half as long as first pair, third pair very short. Color bluish. 2.0, Ukraine ...................................... L. stachi Gisin. Dorsomedial tubercles of segment V fused along midline, bearing 3+3 setae; 2 pairs of setae very long, 1 pair half as long as the other (Figure 23, 3). Color bluish. 2-2.5. Forests, Eastern Carpathians ............................... L. conjuncta Stach.

3. Family PSEUDACHORUTIDAE

Eight ocelli on each side of head. Mouthparts adapted for sucking, with elongate maxillae and mandibles forming a mouth cone. Postantennal organ usually present, rarely absent, consisting of 6-30 lobes arranged in a circle or ellipse. Clubbed hair sometimes on tibiotarsus. Furca well developed, all parts present. Antennal spines absent. Color generally blue or bluish. In litter, under bark, in old tree stumps. 3 genera, 6 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

No postantennal organ ..................... 1. Pseudachorutella Postantennal organ present. Mucro spoon-shaped, with broad outer lobe and deep subapical notch. Inner lobe narrow, with straight margin (Figure 24. 3), Maxilla apically subulate, Postantennal organ consisting of 4 (6) to 15 (25) lobes ............................ 2. Pseudachorutes

4

(3).

Mucro straight, narrow, with narrow lateral lobes (Figure 24, 1). Apex of maxilla consisting of 3 pointed, subulate parts indistinctly separate at tip (Figure 24, 4). postantennal organ consisting of 15-23 lobes ............................... 3. Pseudachorudina

Keys to Species

of Family Pseudachorutidae

Pseudachorutella Stach. Postantennal organ absent. Maxilla terminally subulate, without lateral lobes. Mucro spoon-shaped. 3 species in Western Europe, 1 species in the U.S.S.R. 1.

1 (1).

Color sky blue to blue, venter of body paler, bark

and in litter.

1-2.

Under dry

North and Northwest........................

..........................................

P. assigilatus Born.

Pseudachorutes Tullb. Postantennal organ consisting of 5-25 lobes. Maxilla apically subulate. Tibiotarsus occasionally with clubbed hair, Mucro spoon-shaped, with broad outer lobe. Color usually blue or bluish, rarely gray. Typical inhabitants of the lower layers of litter, often under dry bark and in old tree stumps. 4 species. 2.

1 (2).

Tibiotarsus with one clubbed hair. Postantennal organ consisting of 7-10 lobes. 1.25. Under dry bark of trees. Kursk region ..... ........................................

FIGURE 24.

P. corticicolus Schaff.

Podura. Family Pseudachomtldae and Anuridae (after Stach)

palmiensis, dens and mucro; 2, 3-~Pseutiachorutes dubius; 2 posteudaorgan; 3densandrnucro; 4Pseudachorudina palmiensis, maxi chorutes subcrassus, posiantennal organ; 6Anurida e!lipsoi<3es, same, 1Pseudachorudina

antennal

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3). 5 (6).

No clubbed hair on tibiotarsus. Postantennal organ consisting of 13-23 lobes (Figure 24, 2). Retractile sensory papilla on apex of 4th antennal segment always trilobed. 2-3(4). In forests, mostly in forest litter, rarely under bark of old tree stumps. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. P. dubius Krausb. ........................................... Postantennal organ consisting of 6-11 lobes. Postantennal organ consisting of 6-7 lobes. Retractile sensory papilla on apex of 4th antennal segment simple. 0.6-1.3. In P. parvulus Born. forests. Baltic Region Postantennal organ consisting of 7 (8)-10 (11) lobes. Retractile sensory papilla on apex of 4th antennal segment trilobed. 1.7. In forests, forest litter, often in old tree stumps. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. .................... P. subcrassus Tullb. ......................

6 (5).

3. Pseudachorudina Stach. Postantennal organ consisting of 17-27 lobes. Apex of maxillae consisting of 3 pointed, subulate parts. Mandibles with 5 denticles. Ventral margin of mucro straight or slightly curved (Figure 24, 1). Integument covered with smooth, coarse granules. 1 species in the U.S.S.R.

1 (1).

Color blue-black.

1,5-2(3.5).

Western Ukraine ................ P. palmiensis Born.

..........................................

4. Family

59

ANURIDAE

None to 5 ocelli on each side of head. Mouthparts adapted for sucking, forming a short cone. Postantennal organ consisting of 5-40 peripheral lobes arranged in a circle or ellipse. Furca, empodial appendage and anal spines absent. Body usually without pigment. Color white or yellowish, rarely light or dark blue. Under bark, in old tree stumps, in litter, humus. More than 20 species in Europe. 2 not clearly differentiated genera, 7 species.

Key to Species of Family Anuridae 1. Micranurida Born. 3 species.

"Head" of

maxilla

simple, spine-shaped.

2. Anurida Laboulb. Head of maxilla of complex structure, with a central denticulate shaft and 2 or 3 lateral plates which are serrate, denticulate, or fimbriated. 4 species. The division of the family into 2 genera is based on characters of the maxilla which are not always clearly visible in preparations. We therefore give a common key for the two genera. 1 (6). 2 (3).

No eyes. Postantennal organ oval, with 15-23 lobes (Figure 24, 6). Simple retractile sensory papilla at apex of 4th antennal segment. Posterior half of abdominal tergum V with a coarsely granular stripe. Unpigmented. 0.75. In meadow soil. Lvov and Belgorod regions. .........................................

A. ellipsoides

Stach,

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

Lobes of postantennal organ arranged in a circle. Retractile sensory papilla at apex of 4th antennal segment trilobed. Postantennal organ consisting of 7-12 lobes. Head of maxilla simple, subulate. Color white or pale yellow. 1.0. Eastern Carpathians .......................... M. anophthalmica Stach. Postantennal organ consisting of 12-20 lobes. Head of maxilla with central shaft (ungulum) which bears a row of denticles in the midline and 2 lateral lobes contiguous with the central shaft, Ungulum usually also denticulate terminally. Unpigmented. Cuticle coarsely granular. 1-2. Baltic Region .................. .............................................

A. granaria

Nic,

Eyes present. 2 ocelli on each side of head. Postantennal organ consisting of 5-7 lobes arranged in a circle. Color bluish. 0.42. Apparently throughout the European U-S.S.R, except for the extreme South .

6 (1). 7 (8).

8 (7). 9 (10).

.

..

............................................ M. pygmaea Born, More than 2 ocelli on each side of head. 3 ocelli on each side of head. Cuticle coarsely granular. Unpigmented. 0.6-0.8. Baltic Region, Eastern Carpathians

........

..........................................

A. granulata Agrell.

10 (9). More than 3 ocelli on each side of head. 11 (12). 4 ocelli on each side of head, 2 ocelli near postantennal organ and 2 posteriorly which are smaller, with weaker pigmentation, resembling coarse cuticular granules. Color bluish gray.

1.35. North, Center ........................ M. papillosa Axels. 12 (11). 5 ocelli on each side of head. Color dark blue. 2-3. In plant detritus along banks of reservoirs. Baltic Region, Ukraine ...... ........................................... A. tullbergi Schott.

5.

Family BRACHYSTOMELLIDAE

Mouthparts not forming distinct cone, adapted for chewing and partly for sucking, with or without rudimentary mandibles. 8 or less ocelli. Postantennal organ small, simple, consisting of 4 or 5 lobes, rarely absent. Empodial appendage absent, rarely present as a small seta. Furca present, usually short, occasionally reduced. Pigment bluish gray, of varying shades, rarely absent. In surface layers of soil, in litter, moss, and under dry bark. 5 genera, 16 species.

Key to Genera 1 (6).

2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (5).

60

5 (4). 6 (1).

Abdominal segment VI with spines. Abdominal segment VI with 3 (rarely more) spines. No postantennal organ .................................... 1. Prisea. Abdominal segment VI with 2 spines. Postantennal organ present. Outer side of mucro divided into 2 elevated, triangular plates inclined towards inner side of mucro, and forming a kind of pouch (Figure 25, 4). 5 ocelli.............. 2. Odontella (partly). Outer side of mucro not divided into lobes. Ocelli 2 or 5 ............................................... 3. Xenyllodes. Abdomen without apical spines.

..,,.....

BRACHYSTOMELLIDAE

Ocelli 5. Outer lobe of mucro divided into 2 elevated, triangular plates inclined towards inner side of mucro and forming a kind of pouch. Postantennal organ 4-lobed ............................. ......................................... 2. Odontella (partly) Ocelli 8. Outer lobe of mucro rounded, not divided into elevated, 8 (7). triangular plates. 9 (10). Postantennal organ 5- or 6-lobed. No mandibles ................ .......................................... 4. Brachystomella. 7 (8).

FIGURE 25.

Podura.

Family Brachysiomellidae and HypogaStruridae (after Becher, Stach and original)

,2Odontella lamellifera: 1end of abdomen, lateral view; 2 cuticular granules on bdominal tergiim IV; 3,4 0. pseudolamellifera: 3~ cuticular granules on abdominal tergum

;ellodes quadrituberculatus, same; and eyespot.

10 (9).

10Xenyllodes

n

ghilarovi. posianrennal organ (p.o)

Postantennal organ consisting of 4 lobes (Figure 25, 6). Mandibles

present ......;.,.......................... 5. Schoettellodes. Keys to Species of Brachystomellidae Frisea D. -Torre. Ocelli 8 or less. Mandibles present, but Postantennal organ and empodial appendage lacking molar region. absent. Body and tibiotarsus of many species bearing clubbed setae. Furca short, rarely all its parts present, usually reduced or absent. Antennal spines 3 to 7. In litter, moss, under stones and dry bark of trees. More than 30 species in Europe. 9 species. 1.

1 (4).

Abdominal segment VI with 4 to 7 straight anal spines, lacking (Subgenus P olyac anthella Schaff.).

papillae.

Abdominal segment VI with 6 spines. Furca with rudimentary mucro. In very humid habitats. Eastern Carpathians ........... ....................................... F. handschini Ksenem. Abdominal segment VI with 4 spines, Furca and tenaculum absent. 3 (2). Moldavia .................................. F. afurcata Denis. 4 (1). Abdominal segment VI with 3 anal spines on distinct papillae. (Subgenus Frisea D. -Torre). 5 (6). 2 ocelli on each side of head. Eastern Carpathians .............. ........................................... F. stachi Ksenem. 6 (5). More than 2 ocelli on each side of head. 7 (8). 3 ocelli on each side of head. Eastern Carpathians .............. ........................................... F. denisi Ksenem. More than 3 ocelli on each side of head. 8 (7). 9 (10). 5 ocelli on each side of head. Eastern Carpathians .............. .............................................. F. albida Stach. 10 (9). 8 ocelli on each side of head. 2 (3).

61

11 (14). Mucro absent.

12 (13). Long setae on abdominal segments III--VI with small, spherical swelling at the tip. Leningrad and Belgorod regions ............. ..................... F. claviseta Axels. var. emucronata Stach. 13 (12). All setae on body without apical, spherical swelling .............. ......................... F. mirabilis Tullb. var. reducta Stach. 14 (11). Mucro very small but always present, uncinate (Figure 25, 8). 15 {16). All setae on body pointed, sometimes with a slight apical swelling, but never capitate. Tibiotarsal setae simple, without spherical swelling. Mucro indistinctly separated from dens. Except in the South ..................................... F. mirabilis Tullb. 16 (15). Long setae on abdominal segments III-VI with small, spherical swelling at the tip. Tibiotarsal setae distinctly capitate. North, Northwest, Center .......................... P. claviseta Axels. 2. Odontella Schaff. Ocelli 5. Mandibles absent. Postantennal organ 4-lobed; lobules fused at base and divided terminally. In species in present key empodial appendage absent. Mucro spoon-shaped, with external lobe which is divided into 2 elevated, triangular plates (Figure 25,4). Cuticle on dorsal surface of segments coarsely granular. Shape of granules complex, often stellate. In litter, under bark. 6 species in Europe.

2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Setae on 4 last abdominal terga with distinct terminal, spherical swelling. Base of coarse granules cross- or star-shaped (Figure 25, 2). Segment VI with 2 large, cone-shaped warts (Figure 25, 1). Color bluish. 1-1.4. Under dry. bark of old stumps. Baltic Region, Eastern Carpathians .................... ......................................... 0. lameHifera Axels. All setae pointed. Base of large granules rounded (Figure 25. 3). In adult specimen abdominal segment VI lacking spines and warts. Specimens with 2 spinelike papillae on abdominal segment VI occur rarely (form arm ata). Papillae appearing like spines in young stages. Color grayish blue. 1.5. In litter and moss. Eastern Carpathians ................ 0. pseudolamellifera Stach.

HYPOGASTRURIDAE

3. Xenyllodes Axels. Ocelli 2 to 5. Postantennal organ present, 1-lobed or 4-lobed. Empodial appendage short, seta-shaped. Furca short, with spoon-shaped or uncinate mucro. Apex of abdomen with anal spines. 2 species in Western Europe. 3 species,

1(2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

4

(3).

Ocelli 5. Retractile sensory papilla on antennal segment IV absent. Postantennal organ trilobed (Figure 25, 5). Mucro spoonshaped. Color whitish with diffuse bluish pigment. North, Northwest ................................. X. armatus Axels. Ocelli 2. Antennal segment IV with retractile sensory papilla.

Mucro elongate, uncinate, Postantennal organ consisting of 4 lobes forming a cross. Pigment absent. Eyes bluish. 0.5. Forest-steppe ................. ........................................... X, bayeri Ksenem. Postantennal organ large, triangular (Figure 25, 10). Body without pigment. In soil, steppe near Kursk ........................... ..................................... X. ghilarovi E. Mart, sp. n.

4. Brachystomella Agren. Ocelli 8. Mandibles absent. Postantennal organ consisting of 5 or 6 lobes radially arranged around a central lobe.

Empodial appendage and capitate setae of tibiotarsus absent. Furca well developed. Mucro clearly differentiated from dens. Anal spines absent. One species in Europe and the U.S.S.R.. 1 (1).

Color bluish brown, lighter on venter. 0.8-1. In humid soil in open areas. Baltic Region to Kiev Region ...................... ............................................ B. parvula Schaff.

5. Schoettellodes Beck. Ocelli 8. Mandibles present, without molar region. Postantennal organ 4-lobed (Figure 25, 6). Empodial appendage and anal spines absent, Furca short. Mucro with broad lobe (Figure 25, 9). 1 species. 1

(1).

Color dark blue or violet.

0.8.

Oka basin. ..................... Sch. quadrituberculatus Beck.

.................................

6.

62

Family HYPOGASTRURIDAE

Mouthparts biting, with well-developed mandibles. Eyes present. Ocelli on each side of head sometimes less than 8. Rarely without eyes. Postantennal organ present, sometimes absent, usually consisting of an unpaired, rounded central lobe and 4 lobes arranged like a cross (Figure 25, 7). Small, additional rounded lobe near postantennal organ in some genera. Furca and empodial appendage present, rarely absent. Last abdominal segment usually with one pair of spines. Distributed in all continents, entering Arctic Region and Antarctica. 7 genera, 29 species. 1 supplementary genus included. Key to Genera 1

(12). Apex of last abdominal segment with spines.

2 (3). 3 (2).

Ocelli absent ..................... 1. Willemia. Furca present, occasionally rudimentary, but always distinct.

Furca absent.

Ocelli more than 4.

1Ceraiophysella bengtssoni, antennal segments III and IV (f fold); 2C.armat dens and mucro; 3Xenyila maritima. mucrodens; 4X.gcisea. same; 5Schaeffe emucronata, anal spines on apex of abdomen; 6Xenylla schillei. furca.

4 (7).

Empodial appendage absent. Ocelli 5. Postantennal organ absent. Mucro often fused with dens ............................................ 2. Xenylla. 6 (5). Ocelli 8. Postantennal organ present. Mucro not fused with dens ......................................... 3. Schoettella. 7 (4). Empodial appendage present. 8 (9). Ocelli 2 to 5, Mucro absent or rudimentary. Spines on segment VI long, as long as claw or longer (Figure 26, 5).................... .............................................. 4. Schaefferia. 9 (8). -Ocelli 8. Mucro well developed. 10 (11). Mucro spoon-shaped, with elevated triangular flange at outer margin (Figure 26, 2). Fleshy, bilobed fold between third to fourth antennal segments (Figure 26, 1). Tibiotarsus without capitate setae .............................. 5. Ceratophysella. 11 (10). Mucro of different structure. No prominent fold between third and fourth antennal joints. Tibiotarsus with capitate setae ........ 5 (6).

............................................. 6. Hypogastrura. No spines on apex of abdominal segment VI. 12 (1). 13 (14). Ocelli 2. Postantennal organ consisting of central lobe and several peripheral lobes ............................ 7* Mesogastrura.

HYPOGASTRURIDAE

14 (13). Ocelli 8. Postantennal organ consisting of one large lobe only, without peripheral lobules (Figure 19, 3) ............................................. 8. Choreutinula.

.........................

Keys

to Species of Family

Hypogastruridae

Willemia Born. Eyes, furca, and tenaculum absent. Postantennal organ consisting of 4 or 5 (6) lobes. Empodial appendage short, setaceous. Claws without denticles. Tibiotarsus without capitate setae. Antennal spines present or absent. Usually minute forms, devoid of pigment. Under dry bark of old trees, in litter and moss, mostly in mountains. 2 species in the U.S.S.R. 1.

FIGURE 2’?. Podura. Family Hypogastruridae (after Gisin and Stach) viatica, distal 1Willemia aspinata, 3rd and 4ch antennal segments; 2Hypogasirura of hind leg; 3Willemia anophthalma, 3rd and 4th anrennal segments; 4 Hypogastrura purpurescens, distal pan of middle leg; 5Xenylla boerneri, furca, ventral aspect; 6Schoetmucronata, mucro. tella unungiiiCLilata, mucro; ’7Xenylla

part

1 (2).

Anal spines absent. Antennal segment IV with 6 olfactory sensilla which are short, leaf-shaped, and pointed (Figure 27, 1). 0.75. Baltic Region, Eastern Carpathians ...................... ............................................W. aspinata Stach.

2 (1).

Antennal spines present.

5 long, cylindrical olfactory sensilla 0.65. Baltic Region, W. anophthalma Born.

on antennal segment IV (Figure 27, 3).

Eastern Carpathians 64

.....................

2. Xenylla Tullb. 5 ocelli on each side of head. Postantennal organ and empodial appendage absent. Furca short, not reaching ventral tube. Dens and mucro of some species fused, forming a mucrodens. Most species have 2 short anal Spines. Specimens mostly about 1mm long. Usually under dry bark, in moss and lichen on tree trunks, in litter, rarely in superficial soil layers. 9 species. 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (8). 4 (5).

5 (4). 6 (7).

7 (6).

8 (3). 9 (12). 10 (11).

11 (10).

12 (9). 13 (16),

Furca strongly reduced, mucro absent. Dens in form of rounded wart (Figure 27, 5). Color bluish. 0.4 to 0.7. In moss and lichen on tree trunks and rock. Baltic Region, Eastern Carpathians ..... ........................................... X. boerneri Axels. Furca well developed, mucro present, often fused with dens. Mucro completely separate from dens or differentiated only

ventrally. Apical spines on papillae contiguous at the base. Mucro dorsally fused with dens (Figure 27, 7). Claws with small inner denticle. Color bluish. 1.3. Leningrad, Moscow, and Voronezh regions ... ......................................... X. mucronata Axels. Apical spines on papillae which are not contiguous at the base. Mucro completely separate from dens. Claws without denticle. Mucro with rounded, prominent mediodorsal plate (Figure 26,6). lacking ventral denticle. Mucro half as long as dens. Apical spines rather long. Color blue. 1.1. In humid forests, moss, forest litter. Baltic Region ................... X. schillei B6rn. Mucro without prominent plate, but with minute ventral denticle, 2/3 as long as dens. Apical spines very small. Color blue with dark spots. 1.5-2. North and Center. Injurious to mushrooms in Western Europe ................ *X. humicola (Fabr.) Tullb. Mucro fused with dens. Mucrodens as long as, or markedly shorter than ventral side of claw of hind leg. Inner side of tibiotarsus with 2 flask-shaped setae. Mucrodens about as long as ventral side of claw of hind leg. Anal spines with papillae hardly one quarter the length of claw of hind leg. Color dark blue, ventrally lighter. Body with many small irregular spots at high magnification. In humid moss, litter, decaying wood. Arkhangelsk to Kiev ....... .X. brevicauda Tullb. Tibiotarsus without flask-shaped setae. Mucrodens 2/3 as long as ventral side of claw of hind leg. Anal spines together with papilla 1/3 to half the length of claw of hind leg. On tree trunks. Baltic Region ............................... X. tuUbergi Born. Mucrodens distinctly longer than ventral side of claw of hind leg. Mucro of mucrodens with distinct, rounded plate (Figure 26, 4) or a long, narrow, straight plate which does not reach apex of

mucro (Figure 26. 3).. 14(15). Plate of mucro of mucrodens narrow, long, straight, not reaching apex of mucro, and truncate near apex (Figure 26, 3). Apical spines short, 1/6 to 1/10 as long as ventral side of claw.

HYPOGASTRURIDAE

Color bluish. 1.4. Often on trunks of trees, in forest litter or moss. Arkhangelsk Region to Kiev Region .... X. maritima Tullb. 15 (14). Plate of mucro of mucrodens small, rounded (Figure 26, 4). Apical spines longer, half as long as ventral side of claw together with papilla. Color grayish blue. 0.8. Under bark of trees, in meadow soil. Northwest, West, Center ......... X. grisea Axels. 16 (13). Mucro of mucrodens without protruding plate, slightly curved apically, spoon-shaped. Color light violet, with darker spots. 0.75. Baltic Region, Center ................ X. corticalis Born. 3. Schoettella Schaff. Ocelli 8. Postantennal organ small, its diameter shorter than that of one ocellus, 4-lobed, Tibiotarsus with 4 slightly capitate setae. Claws with inner denticle. Empodial appendage absent. Furca well developed. Ventral side of mucro with 2 narrow, pointed lobes (Figure 27, 6). 2 anal spines on broad papillae which are contiguous at the base. Europe and the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

4.

Color grayish green to black. 1.25. Mainly in forests, under dry bark of tree stumps, in forest litter, on mushrooms. Except in the extreme North and South .......... Sch, ununguiculata Tullb. Schaefferia Absol, Species of this genus mainly occur in caves in occurs in the U.S.S.R.

Europe. Possibly 65

5. Ceratophysella Born. Resembling Hyp ogastrurainanumber of characters. Differs from them mainly in the presence of a fleshy fold between antennal segments III and IV (Figure 26, 1) and in shape of mucro, Outer mar gin of mucro of Ceratophysella with an elevated, triangular flange (Figure 26, 2), Tibiotarsus without capitate setae. Color brownish, gray-blue, or blue. Usually in litter, upper soil layers, moss, in plant remains, among mushrooms. 7 species.

FIGURE 28.

Podura.

1Hypogastrura

Famiiy Hy poga strand a e (after Stach) viatica, dens and mucro; 2H.

purpurescens, same; 3H.manubr

1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

Anal spines cylindrical, thick, not tapering distally, obliquely truncate apically, brownish yellow (Figure 29, 2). Color brownish, bluish in alcohol specimens. 1.4. Western Ukraine ......... ...!....................................... C. luteospina Stach. Anal spines gradually tapering, slender, half as thick as claw at base. Head and terga with patches of coarser granulation (Figure 29, 1). Color blue to violet; venter without pigmentation. 1.5-1.75. Eastern Carpathians ........................ C. granulata Stach. Head and terga with fine, uniform granulation. Ventral side of dens near mucro with a vesicular protuberance (Figure 29. 3). Apical spines very small, half as long as ventral side of claw. Frequent in winter (in humid manure) or during periods of thaw. Leningrad Region .......... C. bengtssoni Agr. Dens without vesicular protuberance near mucro. Anal spines

longer. Apical spine on empodial appendage long, reaching tip of claw or beyond it. Only in the North (Arkhangelsk Region) ............... ........................................... C. longispina Tullb. 8 (7). Apical spine on empodial appendage not reaching tip of claw. Empodial appendage as long as, or less than half as long as claw. 9 (10). Mucro with prominent outer lobe (Figure 29, 4). Color violet. Oka basin ;,................................ C. sphagni Beck. Mucro of different form. 10 (9). 11 (12). Anal spines curved, cylindrical (Figure 29, 5), brownish yellow. Color brownish to purple. Widely distributed, injurious to mushrooms .................................. *C. armata Nic. 12 (11). Anal spines almost straight (Figure 29, 6). Color blue to black. Winter species, appearing in large numbers on snow during periods of thaw. Apparently throughout the European U.S.S.R. ..... .............................................. C. sigillata Uzel. 7 (8).

66

6. Hypogastrura Bourl. Outer margin of mucro smooth, rounded, without triangular protuberance (Figure 28, 3). Fleshy bilobed process between antennal segments III and IV absent. Tibiotarsus usually with 2 or more capitate setae. Color usually blue to violet. Habitats similar to those of species of genus Ceratophysella. 9 species.

1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (6). 4 (5).

5 (4).

In addition to setae and ordinary granules, dorsal side of dens with 4 or 5 spinelike processes (Figure 28, 5). 1.8. Winter species. Only young specimens are usually found in summer. Northwest, Center, South ..................... H, socialis Uzel. Dens dorsally without spinelike processes. Empodial appendage lacking inner plate, Mucro short, 1/3 as long as dens, with broad inner plate which almost reaches apex of mucro (Figure 28, 4), with arcuate ventral margin. Tibiotarsus without capitate setae. Baltic Region ....... H. assimilis Krausb. Mucro straight, elongate, slightly more than half as long as dens, gradually tapering apically, with straight ventral margin (Figure 28, 3). Tibiotarsus with 1 slightly capitate seta. Generally on humus. Everywhere. Injurious to mushrooms in Western Europe ........................ *H. manubrialis Tullb.

..................... 64

HYPOGASTRURIDAE

6 (3). 7 (10).

Empodial appendage with inner plate (Figure 27, 2). Distal part of tibiotarsus with only 1 longer capitate or simple seta among a group of setae.

8 (9).

Dens covered with numerous coarse granules in 4 longitudinal rows. Empodial appendage with short and narrow basal plate which is sometimes difficult to see. Ventral tube with 4+4 setae. Antennal spines straight, half as long as claw together with papilla. 1.2. Hygrophilous. Baltic Region, Ukraine ............

............................................ H. vernalis Carl. Dens finely and uniformly granular. Empodial appendage with broad basal plate. Ventral tube with 7 or 8 setae on each side. Anal spines minute, straight, on papillae. Baltic Region; Center ........................................... H. sahlbergi Reut. 10 (7). Distal part of leg with 2 to 7 long capitate setae. 11 (12). Mucro very small, 1/5 to 1/6 as long as dens, square, often difficult to see. Median seta of 5 capitate tibiotarsal setae much

9 (8).

67

.

longer and thicker than the others. Color very dark, black-violet. 1.7. North ............................... H. lapponica Axels.

12 (11). Mucro larger. All capitate setae on tibiotarsus equally long. 13 (14), Mucro curved ventrally (Figure 28, 1). Empodial appendage half as long as claw. Short setiform part of empodial appendage reaching inner denticle of claw (Figure 27, 2). 1.5-1.9. Extreme North to the South .................................. H. viatica Tullb. 14 (13). Ventral side of mucro almost straight (Figure 28, 2). Empodial appendage longer, its setiform part reaching beyond base of inner denticle of claw, sometimes almost reaching apex of claw. 15 (16). Tibiotarsus with 3 capitate setae at different levels in the middle, subapical seta more distal than the other two (Figure 27, 4). Usually in humus. Baltic Region, western Ukraine. Occasionally: injurious to subterranean parts of plants in Western Europe * H. purpurescens Lubb. 16 (16). Tibiotarsus with 3 distal capitate setae at about the same level. 1.3.: North, Center ......................... H. tuUbergi Schaff. ........................,-............

7.

Mesogastrura Bonet. Ocelli 2. Postantennal organ consisting of Empodial appendage present.

a central lobe and several peripheral lobes.

Furca well developed. Anal spines absent. Europe. Not found in the U.S.S.R.

8 cave-inhabiting species in

8. Choreutinula Paclt. (Be c ke rellq de s Salm.). Postantennal organ consisting only of one large oval lobe, without lateral lobes (Figure 19, 3). Empodial appendage absent or represented by a very short seta. All parts of furca well! developed. 1 species in the U.S.S.R. and Western Europe. 1 (1).

8 ocelli on each ’side of head. Color bluish gray. 1.0. In forests, forest litter, under dry bark, in moss. North, Northwest, Center ........................................... Ch. internis Tullb. 7.

;

Family

PODURIDAE

Head hypognathous (Figure 14, 1). Ocelli 8. Furca long, reaching beyond ventral tube and base of middle pair of legs. Dens with sinuous margins, forming forceps, with concave sides facing each other. Mucro with leaf-shaped expansions (Figure 30, 1). Empodial appendage rudimentary. 1 genus, 1 species. ;

1.

1 (1).

Key to Species of Family Poduridae

Podura L.

1 species.

Color bluish black, legs and antennae reddish brown; color sometimes completely reddish brown. 1-1.2. Numerous on stagnant water, aquatic plants and at the edge of water ..........

............................................... P. 2.

aquatica L.

Superfamily ENTOMOBRYOIDEA

Prothorax fused with mesothorax. Short cervical section representing prothorax without hairs or setae (Figure 13. 1). Mesothorax in some cases overhanging cervical region. Cuticle usually without granules, hairs or scales. Moiithparts biting. Antennae as long as, or longer than, head

ENTOMOBRYOIDEA

capsule, 4- to 6-segmented. Postantennal organ simple, present or absent. Furca usually developed, very rarely absent. Soil-inhabiting forms may lack pigment. Forms inhabiting upper layers of litter, grass, and shrubs of bluish violet or yellowish brown color, often with a pattern of longitudinal and transverse spots, stripes, or fasciae. Occur not only in concealed places like soil, litter, under stones and bark, but also in open places in grass and shrubs. A small group of species is connected with inland waters. 7 families.

Key to Families

68 1 (8). 2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (5),

FIGURE 30.

1Podura

Body scaled. Mucro setose (Figure 30,7). Antennae 4-segmented. Antennal segments II and IV divided into a number of secondary segments. Dens consisting of several parts. Spines on dens simple or branched, but not ciliated ............... 4. Tomoceridae (p. 81) Mucro bare. Antennae 4- to 5-segmented, without secondary segmentation, or only 5th antennal segment divided. Dens not divided. Spines absent or present and ciliated (Figure 30, 4). Dorsal margin of dens wavy. Mucro short, ventrally curved, usually with 2 denticles and a pointed spine at the base (Figure 30,3). Mesothorax often markedly protruding over prothorax. Eyes present, absent in many species ....... 5. Lepidocyrtidae (p. 83)

Podura (after Gi sin, Paliss and Stach) aquatica, distal part of dens and mucro; 2Tetracanthella pilosa, last abdominal Lep idocy rtus paradoxus, miicro; 4 Oncopod ura crassicorn is, furca;

segment, lateral; 3

Cyptioderus bidenticulatus, distal part of dens and mucro; 6 C. albinus, claw and empodial appendage of posterior leg; 1 Pogonognathellus longicornis, mucro; 8 Paranurophorus

5

armatus, furca; 9Isotoma

propinqua

var,

hexaspina, spines

on abdominal

segment V,

Dorsal margin of dens smooth. Mucro elongate, with slightly curved, almost straight ventral margin (Figure 30, 5), without pointed spine at base. Eyes absent. (7). Empodial appendage without denticles. Postantennal organ present. Spines on dens ciliated (Figure 30, 4) .................. ..................................... 2. Oncopoduridae (p.80) (6). Empodial appendage with stout outer denticle (Figure 30, 6). Postantennal organ lacking. Dens without spines, with elongate, flat scales (Figure 30, 5) ............... 3. Cyphoderidae (p. 81) (1). Body without scales. (10). Abdominal segments HI and IV of about the same size; segment IV as long as, or not more than 1.5 times longer than III. Meso- and

5 (4).

6

7

8 9

metathorax without thickened, ciliated setae ("pelerine"). Postantennal organ present .................... 1. Isotomidae (p. 68)

Segment IV dorsally twice or more longer than segment III (Figure 13, 1), Meso- and metathorax with thickened, ciliated setae ("pelerine"), Postantennal organ lacking. 11 (12). Antennae of adult specimens 6-segmented; last 2 antennal segments secondarily segmented; antennal segment I forming a narrow ring, one-quarter the length of segment II; antennal segment III less than half as long as II (Figure 14. 3) ............. 10 (9).

69

...................................... 7. OrcheseUidae (p.90) 12 (11). Antennae of adults 4-segmented; last 2 segments without secondary segmentation; segment I as long as, or shorter than, II, but not shorter than half the segment II; segment III as long as, or almost as long as II ......................... 6. Entomobryidae (p. 86)

1.

Family ISOTOMIDAE

Mouthparts biting. Ocelli 8, sometimes less, rarely absent. Postantennal organ usually present, consisting of a simple tubercle (Figure 15,6). Antennae 4-segmented, rather short. Abdominal segments III and IV of about the same size, IV occasionally longer than III, but not more than 1.5 times longer. Ill rarely longer than IV, Last 2 or 3 abdominal segments of some genera fused (Figure 15, 4). Body covered with short setae.

Longest setae sometimes ciliated or serrate, but never capitate. Tibiotarsus sometimes with capitate setae. Furca usually present, rarely reduced or absent. In upper soil layers, litter, decaying wood, moss. Relatively few species occur on the littoral and among aquatic vegetation, 15 genera, 59 species; 3 additional genera included. Key to Genera 1 (8). 2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (5).

Apex of abdomen with spines. 1 pair of spines on apex of abdomen.

Empodial appendage and furca absent ...................................... 1. Uzelia. of on 2 or 3 pairs spines apex of abdomen. Furca and empodial

appendage usually present, 2 or 3 pairs of spines in a row at posterior margin of abdominal segment V (Figure 30, 9). Segments V and VI not fused. (Forms

5 (4). 6 (7).

with spines appear in these species under unfavorable conditions like high temperature) ....................................... ................... Isotoma propinqua Axels., I. olivacea Tullb. Spines in 2 rows or around anus. Segments V and VI fused, at least dorsally. 2 pairs of spines, in 2 rows (Figure 30, 2). No bothriotrichia on abdominal segment IV. Furca and empodial appendage usually

present,

sometimes

rudimentary, rarely absent

...........................................

7 (6).

empodial appendage well developed 8 9 10 11 12

................

2. Tetracanthella.

3 pairs of spines, around anus as follows: one pair dorsally and 1 pair on each side on the anal lobes (Figure 18, 8), Dorsal side of segment IV with 2 bothriotrichia (Figure 18, 2). Furca and ...........................

.............................. 3. Hydroisotoma (partly, female) Without spines on last abdominal segment. Last 3 abdominal segments fused 4. Polsomia. All abdominal segments separate, or only last 2 fused. Furca absent or reduced to small tubercles. No tenaculum. (13). Furca reduced to small tubercles (Figure 30, 8). Eyes absent ....

(1). (10). (9). (16).

.................

5. Paranurophorus. Eyes present. If eyes absent, antennal segment IV apical sensory papilla. 4 to 8 ocelli on each side of head. Antennal segment IV with a simple or bilobed papilla apically .............. 6. Anurophorus. None to 3 ocelli on each side of head. No apical sensory papilla on antennal segment IV ................... 7. Pseudanurophorus. Furca well developed. Eyes lacking. Postantennal organ absent. Antennal segment IV with 6 thickened, oval olfactory sensillae (Figure 31,2) ........... 8. Isotomiella. Postantennal organ present. Antennal joint IV lacking thickened olfactory sensillae ............................ 9. Isotomodes. Eyes present. Ventral part of dens with 1 seta or without any setae. Mucro not separated from dens or indistinctly differentiated ................ ..........................................

13 (12). Furca absent. without

14 (15), 15 (14).

16 (11). 17 (20). 18 (19). 19 (18). 20 (17). 21 (22).

22 (21). 70

23 (30).

24 (25). 25 (24). 26 (27). 27 (26). 28 (29).

............................................. 10. Folsomides. Ventral side of dens with 2 or more setae. Mucro generally well differentiated from dens. Last 2 abdominal segments fused, occasionally only dorsally; in this case, lateral sutures between these segments distinctly visible. Claws with tunica (Figure 31, 6) ................... 11. Agrenia. Claws without tunica. Mucro with 2 denticles. Ocelli 8 or less ........ 12. Isotomina. Mucro with 3 denticles. Ocelli 8. Abdominal segment IV dorsally with 2 long, smooth setae (bothriotrichia). No capitate setae on tibiotarsus. Last abdominal segment without serrate macrochaetae ........................ ................................

29 (28).

3. Hydroisotoma (partly, male)

Tibiotarsus with capitate setae. Abdominal with serrate macrochaetae (Figure 32, 1) ........

No bothriotrichia.

segments IV-VI

...........................................

13. Pseudisotoma.

30 (23). Last 2 segments not fused, but with traces of fusion. Dens shorter than manubrium and manubrium ventrally without setae or with 1 to 3 pairs of setae.

FIGURE 31. Podura. Family Isoromldae (after Stach) 1Ballistura crassicauda. distal part of dens and mucro; 2IsoiomieUa minor, sensilla IV; 3Folsomia quadcioculata, distal part of manubrium; dens and mucrc (ventral); 4 F. pseudodiplophthalma, manubrium; 5F. multiseia, same; 6Agrenia bideniiculata, distal part of hind leg. on antennal segment

31 (34). Manubrium ventrally without setae or with 1, rarely 3 pairs of subapical setae. Dens dorsally smooth or with transverse folds dorsally in the middle. 32 (33). Dens cylindrical, slightly tapering apically, densely covered with granules and fine setae (Figure 31, 1). Dorsal margin of dens 14. Ballistura. smooth 33 (32). Dens gradually tapering from base to apex, with a few setae; dens of many species with transverse folds dorsally. If dens bears numerous setae, dorsal margin of dens with many folds .......... 15. Proisotoma. ............................................ 34 (31). Ventral side of manubrium with numerous setae. Greater part of dorsum of dens with transverse folds.

.......................................

ISOTOMIDAE

71

35 (36). Abdominal segments II-IV with 2 pairs of long setae (bothriotrichia) with fine hairs. Tibiotarsus without capitate setae

.......

.............................................

36 (35).

Abdominal segments II-IV without bothriotrichia.

37 (38).

with or without capitate setae. Tibiotarsus without capitate setae.

38 (37).

or 2 denticles. Tibiotarsus with 1 to 3 capitate setae.

16. Isotomurus. Tibiotarsus

Mucro with 3 or 4, rarely 5 17. Isotoma. Mucro with 4 denticles. 18. Vertagopus.

..................................

....

.............................................

Keys to Species of Family Isotomidae 1.

Uselia Absol.

Ocelli 8.

Postantennal organ narrow, elliptical,

twice as long as diameter of ocellus. Segments V and VI fused. 1 pair of spines on tip of abdomen, Furca, tenaculum and empodial appendage absent. 4 species in Europe, mainly in the mountains. 1 species in the U.S.S.R. (U. setifera Absol.) in Georgia.

2. Tetracanthella Schott. Ocelli 8. Postantennal organ forming a narrow ellipse. Furca of some species well developed, partly reduced in other species, rarely absent. Apex of abdomen with 2 pairs of spines. Bluish pigment of various shades. Mainly mountain forms, occurring in plains in northern regions. 31 species in Europe. 4 species. 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (6). 4 (5).

T. afurcata Handsch. Furca absent. 0.9-1. Georgia Furca present. furca well developed. Tenaculum with 3+3 denticles. All parts of Empodial appendage long, almost as long as claw measured together with apical seta. Tibiotarsus and last abdominal segments without capitate setae. 1.5. Eastern Carpathians ............................................ T. montana Stach. Empodial appendage short, without long apical seta, a quarter of length of claw. Tibiotarsus and posterior abdominal segments with capitate setae. 1.5-2.5. Baltic Region. .... T. pilosa Schott. Furca rudimentary. Mucro absent. Tenaculum with 2 + 2 denticles. 1.3. Circumpolar species. Murmansk Region T. wahlgreni Linnan. ............

.........

5 (4).

6 (3).

..................

.........................................

3. Hydroisotoma Stach. Ocelli 8. Postantennal organ present. Furca long, reaching ventral tube. Both sides of manubrium densely covered with small setae. Dens cylindrical, with smooth dorsal margin. Abdominal segment IV with 1 pair of long, smooth setae (bothriotrichia). Segments V and VI fused. Female with 3 pairs of spines around anus (Figure 18, 8). Monotypic genus. 1 (1).

Color greenish. Black mediodorsal stripe from mesonotum to abdominal tergum III (IV), interrupted in intersegmental intervals. 2.0. On the surface of water, mostly in cold mountain springs. Eastern Carpathians H. schaefferi Krausb. .....................

4. FoZsomia "Willem. Ocelli less than 8 in European species, usually I to 6 on each side of head. Eyes often absent. Postantennal organ elongate, forming a narrow ellipse. Furca present, rather short. Last 3 abdominal

segments fused. Anal spines wanting. Usually weakly pigmented, sometimes colorless. In upper soil layers, litter, moss, under dry bark, stones, etc. The fauna of Europe consists of about 40 species. 10 (+ 1) species. 1 (10). 2 (3). 3 (2). 4 (7). 5 (6).

6 (5).

72

7 (4). 8 (9).

Eyes present. 3 ocelli on each side of head. Grayish black pigment spots. 1.8-2.1. Baltic Region; Center ............. F. sexoculata Tullb. 1 or 2 ocelli. 2 ocelli. Manubrium ventrally with 1+1 setae (Figure 31,3). Color whitish with gray spots, orwith partial (aberration pallida Axels.) or complete reduction of pigment (aberration anophthalma Axels.). In thelast form even eyes colorless. 0.9-2.5. Widely distributed ............. ....................................... F, quadrioculata Tullb. Manubrium ventrally with 12-17 setae (Figure 31, 5). Color whitish, with diffuse pigment patches all over body. Color of head and last abdominal segments darker. 1.6. In mountains and foothills. Eastern Carpathians .......... F. multtseta Stach. 1 ocellus on each side of head. Manubrium ventrally with 1+1 setae. Color whitish with fine granules of dark pigment on body, especially on head and at apex of abdomen. 1.3. North; Center; in mountain regions in the South F. diplophthalma Axels. and Southwest Manubrium ventrally with 19 setae (Figure 31, 4). Color whitish, with diffuse black pigment.. 1.35- Eastern Carpathians ................................. F. pseudodiplophthalma Stach. .........................

9 (8).

..........

No eyes. 10 (1). 11 (12). Mucro with 3 denticles.

No pigment. 1.3. Northwest, center ........................................ F. fimetaroides Axeis. 12 (11). Mucro with 2 denticles. 13 (14). Postantennal organ longer than 1st antennal segment. In large specimens inner margin of postantennal organ with minute spines (Figure 33, 12). Color whitish, with isolated, diffuse granules of black pigment. 1-1.25. Crimean Mountains .................... .......................................... F. spinosa Ksenem. 14 (13). Postantennal organ as long as, or shorter than, antennal segmentl. Inner margin of postantennal organ without minute spines. 15 (16), Manubrium ventrally with numerous setae. Furca very long, reaching ventral tube. No pigment. 1.5-3. In decaying organic remains. Typical cave-dweller. Western Ukraine .............. ........................................... F, Candida Willem. 16 (15). Manubrium ventrally with 2+2 or 4+4 setae. Furca shorter, reaching middle or posterior margin of abdominal segment II. 17 (18). Manubrium ventrally with 2+2 setae; subapical pair of setae longer. No pigment. 1.2. In mountain regions. Eastern Carpathians ............................... F. inoculata Stach. 18 (17). Manubrium ventrally with 4+4 setae arranged as in Figure 32, 6. 19 (20). Without leaf-shaped sensory setae on apex of abdomen at level of segment V. Dorsal side of dens with numerous transverse incisions (Figure 16, 1). No pigment. 0.8-1.4. Common everywhere, occasionally in flower pots. In Western Europe sometimes *F. fimetaria L. injurious to underground parts of vegetables ....

20 (19). Each side of abdominal tergum V with 2 leaf-shaped sensory setae (Figure 33, 11). Transverse incisions on dorsal side of dens not numerous, present only on middle part. No pigment. 0.6. In mountain regions of central and eastern Europe, possibly in the Eastern Carpathians ............... F. sensibilis Ksenem.

5. Paranurophorus Denis. Postantennal organ present. Eyes, tenaculum and anal spines absent. Furca reduced to paired semicircular tubercles, with small spinelike mucro and 3 setae on anterior surface (Figure 30, 8). Abdominal segment IV distinctly longer than III. 1 species in

Europe.

1 (1),

Color yellowish, 1.5. In greenhouses, flowerpots. Apparently introduced from South China. Not yet found in the U.S.S.R..

.......

..............,........,................;.... P. simplex Den. 6. Anurophorus Nic. 4-8 ocelli on each side of head. Postantennal organ present. Antennal segment IV apically with simple orbilobed papilla. Empodial appendage rudimentary. Furca, tenaculum and anal spines wanting. Anus ventral. 8 species in Europe, 1 species. 1 (1),

8 ocelli on each side of head; 2 posterior ocelli distinctly smaller than the others. Tibiotarsus with capitate setae. Empodial appendage of hind legs 1/5 of length of claw. Color dark blue. Mostly under dry bark, sometimes in moss. Very common and A. laricis Nic. widely-distributed species .......................

7. Pseudanurophorus Stach. None to 3 ocelli on each side of head. Postantennal organ present. Antennal segment IV without apical sensory papilla, Furca, tenaculum and anal spines absent. 5 species of this genus occur in mountains of central Europe, in soil, under large stones. 1 species.

1 (2).

Only 1 ocellus on each side of head. Abdominal tergum V with 2 digitiform sensory setae on each side (Figure 32. 5). Color whitish. 0.4. Eastern Carpathians ...... P. binoculatus Ksenem.

2 (1).

Without

eyes or

with 2-3 ocelli on each side of head.

Abdominal

tergum V without digitiform sensory setae. Usually large ................................................ Other species ........

73

8. Isotomiella Bagn. Eyes and postantennal organ absent. Antennal segment IV with 6 stout, oval olfactory sensillae (Figure 31, 2). Abdominal segments V and VI fused. Purca well developed. 2 species in Europe, one of which occurs locally in the mountains. 1 species in the U.S.S.R. 1 (1).

Apical part of manubrium ventrally with 10-12 setae. No pigment. Attaining 1.0. In widely differing biotopes, common. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ......................... I. minor Schaff.

9. Isotomodes Axels. Eyes absent. Postantennal organ present. Abdominal segments III and IV of almost the same size. Last 2 segments fused. Furca present, short. 3 species in Europe. 1 species.

1 (2).

Ventral belt,

only 1 seta. Color whitish, without dark On humus soils; in clover fields in the steppe Region, Ukraine ................ I. productus Axels.

side of dens with

pigment.

0.6-0. 9.

Baltic

2 (1).

Dens ventrally with numerous setae

in

3 transverse rows

...

Other species

^ r

’

^T

^Q/f ^fi ^w

^

8

., denticulate seta on abdominal [ergum IV; 2Agrenia ns and mucro; 3Proisoioma tenella, distal part of hind distal part of dens and rnucro; 5Pseudanurophorus binoculergum V; 6 Folsomia fimetaria? rnanubrium, ventral; mucro; 8 postantennal organ (p. a. o) and ocelli; ; 7 ind 3 anterior ocelli.

Folsonaides Stach. 2-5, rarely 8 ocelli. Postantennal organ Furca short; mucro not separated from dens or indistinctly differentiated. Ventral side of dens either with 1 seta or none. Anal spines wanting. Usually without pigment, with black eyespots. 8 species in Europe. 2 species. 10.

present.

1 (2).

2 ocelli on each side of head.

2 (1). 3 (4).

More than 2 ocelli,

0.8

Belgorod and Lvov regions F. parvulus Stach. ..,

.

............

5 ocelli.

Ventral side of rnanubrium without setae. Dens venNo pigment. 0.85. Chelyabinsk Region ....... ............................... F. (Subisotoma) angularis Axels.

trally

with 1 seta.

4 (3).

8 ocelli. If 5 ocelli, manubrium ventrally with 1 seta or dens without setae, or color grayish blue ............... Other species

11. Agrenia Born. Ocelli 8. 2 inner posterior ocelli smaller than the others. Postantennal organ present. Abdominal segments V and VI fused only dorsally; sutures between them well marked laterally. Base of claws dorsally with a membrane in form of small shield with weakly denticulate margins (tunica) (Figure 31, 6). Dens ventrally with numerous setae, dorsally with semicircular tubercles closely arranged in 3 or 4 longitudinal rows and a very long seta on distal part of dens (Figure 32, 2). Anal spines absent. Only near water, occasionally in moss on stones projecting from water. Genus monotypic. 1

(1).

pattern on light background, consisting of a dorsal longitudinal stripe, occasionally also with transverse stripes on each segment. Arctic species, circumpolar. Reaching the A. bidenticulata Tullb. Mediterranean in mountains. North With dark

.......

Postantennal organ broadly elliptical, 2.5-3.5 times longer than diameter of one ocellus. Furca long, reaching middle of abdominal segment II; mucro with 2 denticles. Abdominal segments V and VI fused. Color usually gray or bluish. 3 species. 1 (2).

Isotomina Born.

Ocelli 8 or less.

3 (4).

1 ocellus on each side of head. No pigment, with black ocellus. In meadow soils, common in fields. Baltic Region; Center I. bipunctata Axels, More than 1 ocellus on each side of head, 6 ocelli on each side of head. Color light gray. 1.0. In humus

4 (3).

soils. Steppe, forest-steppe 8 ocelli on each side of head.

0.7.

.

.

12.

...........................................

2 (1).

Forest-steppe

I. orientalis Stach. In humus soils. I. thermophila Axels.

................

Color gray.

1.0.

./.........................

13. Pseudisotoma Handsch. Ocelli 8. Postantennal organ broadly elliptical, 1.5 times longer than diameter of one ocellus. Tibiotarsus with capitate setae. Abdominal segments V and VI fused, with serrate macrochaetae. Furca long, reaching ventral tube. Mucro with 3 denticles. Color usually bluish to gray or violet. In moss, often under dry bark, under stones, in litter. 2 species. 1 (2).

First pair of legs with 2 capitate setae, second and third legs with 3 each. 1.7. Apparently throughout the European U.S.S.R.

.

.

P. sensibilis Tullb. Eastern Carpathians P. monochaeta Kos.

..........................................

2 (1).

All legs with 1 capitate seta.

2.2.

14. BallisturaBorn. Resembling Proisotom a in most characteristics. Differing from it mainly in form of furca and number of setae on dens. Dens cylindrical, densely covered with fine setae, slightly tapering apically, with smooth dorsal margin (Figure 31, 1). On water. 2 species in the U.S.S.R.

Europe.

1 (2).

Postantennal organ broadly elliptical, slightly longer thandiameter of one ocellus (Figure 32, 9). Tenaculum with 3+3 denticles. Furca long, reaching ventral tube. Mucro as in Figure 32, 4, Color dark violet. 1.5-2. Baltic Region.. B. schoetti D. -Torre. .

and

PODURA

2(1).

Postantennal organ narrowly elliptical, twice as long as one ocellus (Figure 32, 8). Tenaculum with 4+4 denticles. Furca shorter, reaching middle of abdominal segment II, Mucro as in Figure 32, 7. Color black-violet, with lighter spots on sides, 1.5. North. Northwest, Center B. crassicauda Tullb...........

Proisotoma Born.

Ocelli 8, rarely 5.

Postantennal organ broadly Abdominal segment IV usually longer than III, rarely of equal not Purca of ventral most tube. Manubrium vensize. species reaching trally without setae or with 1, rarely 3 pairs of subapical setae. Dens dorsally smooth, with transverse folds in a few species. Tibiotarsus with capitate setae or not. Under dry bark, in rotten tree stumps, humus soil; in mountains in moss, on rocks. In Europe more than 20 species. 7 (+1) species. 15.

elliptical.

75

(4).

Ocelli 5. Mucro with 3 denticles. Color whitish, with dark eyespot and blue pigment on head. 0.5. Forest-steppe. Baltic Region ........... .............................................. P. minima Abs. Mucro with 2 denticles. Color yellowish. 0.5-0.8. Ukraine ..... 3 (2). .................................... P. decemoculata Stscherb. 4 (1). Ocelli 8. 5 (8). Manubrium ventrally without setae. 6 (7). Mucro without terminal denticles, with blunt tip. Head and terga with distinct coarse granules. Small blue spots all over body. 0.5-0.6. Eastern Carpathians ............... P. granulata Stach. Mucro terminally with 2 denticles. Cuticle smooth (at magnifica7 (6). tion X 300). Body with grayish blue spots. 0.9. In flower pots in houses. Western Ukraine .............. P. tuberculata Stach. 8 (5). Distal part of manubrium ventrally with 1-3 pairs of setae. 9 (10). Mucro with 3 denticles. Grayish spots. 1.1. Throughout the European U.S.S.R.. except the North ............ P. minuta Tullb. Mucro with 2 denticles. 10 (9). 11 (14). Dorsal side of dena with distinct transverse folds. Tibiotarsus with or without capitate setae. Furca reaching middle of abdominal 1

2 (3).

segment II. 12 (13), Empodial appendage with narrow inner plate (Figure 32, 3). Tibiotarsus with well-developed capitate setae. Manubrium ventrally with 3 pairs of setae. Color gray with light spots. Posterior margin of head and segments darker, 0.9. Possibly found in the U.S.S.R. ...................................... P. tenella Reut. 13 (12). Empodial appendage with broad inner plate. Tibiotarsus without capitate setae. Manubrium ventrally with 1 pair of setae. Color grayish blue to black-violet, with whitish spots. 0.7-1,2. Baltic Region .............................. P. ripicola Linnan. 14 (11). Dorsal side of dens without transverse folds. Furca very short. reaching middle of abdominal segment III. Tibiotarsus lacking capitate setae. Color whitish, with blue, angular spots. 0.8. Under bark. Eastern Carpathians ...........P. brevidens Stach.

16. Isotomurus B6rn. Ocelli 8. Postantennal organ elliptical, shorter or slightly longer than diameter of one ocellus. Abdominal

ISOTOMIDAE

segment III always longer than IV. No segments show traces of fusion. Segments II-IV with 2 pairs of bothriotrichia covered with minute hairs. Legs without capitate setae. Furca long, reaching ventral tube. Mucro with 4 denticles. Usually in very humid habitats, occasionally on water and on aquatic plants. 7 species in Europe. 5 species. 1 (6). 2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (1).

7 (8).

76

8 (7).

All short setae on segments II-IV smooth. Claw very long and narrow, 4 to 6 times as long as wide at base (Figure 33, 10). Color grayish, with dark longitudinal dorsal line which is narrow posteriorly and disappears on the posterior segments. 2-3.6. Eastern Carpathians ................... I. alticolus Carl. Claws normal, rather broad. Thorax and abdomen of uniform color,’ blue-black, of the same color as ventral side of abdomen. Head with a dark spot between eyes and on posterior margin. Antennae, legs, and furca colorless or light yellow. 2.4. Typical mountain species. Eastern Carpathians ................................ I. palliceps Uzel. Color lighter: yellowish or greenish, with dark median stripe, sometimes with spots on terga. Color much varying, resulting in a series of color variants. 1.5-3, Hygrophilous species, often on water. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ............... I. palustris Mull. Most short setae on body, or at least the longest setae (especially on segment III) ciliated (Figure 33, 9, at high magnification’.). Dens dorsally with 4 or 5 longitudinal rows of rounded cylindrical protuberances (Figure 33,7). Most short setae of abdominal segments II-IV ciliated. Color greenish. Darker specimens with indistinct dorsal stripe. 2.5. On aquatic plants. Belorussia, Ukraine ..................................... I. ciliatus Stach. Dens dorsally with only transverse folds. Only a few setae on abdominal segments ciliated. Color yellowish or greenish, with dark spots on sides of abdominal segment VI or with a median and 2 lateral stripes on each side. 1.5-3. Ukraine .................. ........................................... I. plumosus Bagn.

............................................

17. Isotoma Bourl. Ocelli 8, rarely less or none. Postantennal organ present, one half to 4 times as long as diameter of one ocellus. Tibiotarsus without capitate setae. Furca long, almost always reaching ventral tube. Mucro with 3 or 4 denticles. Manubrium ventrally with numerous setae. Abdominal segments V and VI without traces of fusion. Abdomen without apical spines. At high temperatures, I. olivacea Tullb. and I. propinqua Axels. develop forms with 4 to 6 spines or with spinelike papillae on abdominal segment V (Figure 30, 9). Pigment usually well marked. Generally in litter, moss, under dry bark, on humid wood debris. Up to 13 species.

1 (2).

3 to 4 ocelli on each side of head, Postantennal organ very large, large as dark-colored eyespot (Figure 33, 2). Color light gray. 1.0. In widely varying biotopes. One of the most widely distributed species ............................ I. notabilis Schaff. 8 ocelli on each side of head. Mucro with 3 denticles. as

77

2 (1). 3 (6).

4 (5).

Inner side of claw with 2 denticles (Figure 33, 3). Distal seta of dens not reaching beyond apex of mucro. Color variable, grayish, green, chestnut, brown, often with darker pattern in form of longitudinal dorsal line and irregular spots on sides of body or transverse stripes in middle of terga. 4.3. Eurytopic species, often in very humid habitats; occasionally found in winter. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. I. viridis Bourl. 5 (4). Inner side of claw usually with I denticle. Dens with long subapical seta reaching beyond apex of mucro (Figure 33, 14). Color gray or grayish blue. 1.5-2.5. Northwest, Center ........ ........................................... I. maritima Tullb. 6 (3). Mucro with 4 denticles. 7 (14). Apical denticle of mucro as long as. or longer than, the other denticles (Figure 33, 5). -...,..

^rs-

^5^.

Postantennal organ narrow, oblong-oval, 2.5 times longer than diameter of one ocellus. 9 (10). Pigment wanting, rarely with weak pigmentation, dark eyespot present. 1.5. Living under bark. European U.S.S.R. 8 (11).

...........

10 (9).

11 (8). 12 (13).

spinelike papillae on segment V appear at high temperature (var. stachi Den.) ................................ I. olivacea Tullb. Postantennal organ broadly elliptical, not more than 1.5 times longer than diameter of one ocellus. Mucro broad (as in Figure 33, 8). Apical denticle of mucro usually smaller than subapical denticle. Color violet-black. 2.0-2.5. Often occurring in winter, on snow. Baltic Region ............... ............................................ I. hiemalis Schott. Mucro narrower (Figure 33, 5). Apical denticle larger than subapical or of the same size. Color black-violet. 3.1, Occasionally I. violacea Tullb. in winter. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. Apical denticle of mucro distinctly smaller than other denticles (Figure 33,6). Distal setae on dens much longer than the others and considerably longer than mucro. All antennal segments with dark pigment. Postantennal organ twice as long as diameter of one eye. Color uniformly blue-black. Length including legs, furca and antennae 1.9. Ukraine. It should be confirmed whether this species occurs in the U.S.S.R., as it was I. saltans Nic. found on glaciers and snow in the Alps Antennal segments II and III colorless, Postantennal organ 1.5 Color ocellus. blue. Distal one than of diameter times longer parts of legs, greater part of furca and antennae colorless. 1.6. In winter; only young specimens in summer. Eastern Carpathians. .................... I. nivalis Carl (pseudomaritima Stach.). .

13 (12).

.............................................. I. albella Pack. With well-developed yellowish gray or blue-violet pigment. 2.3. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. Specimens with 1 row of 6

14 (7). 15 (18). 16 (17).

.

.

............

17 (16).

Distal setae on dens as long as the others. 19 (20). Antennae shorter than diameter of head. Head very large compared with body. Postantennal organ at base of antennae, with very thick walls. Color bluish. 1.8-3. Ukraine (the locality has to be verified).............................. I. grandiceps Reut. 20 (19). Antennae longer than diameter of head. Head of normal size. Postantennal organ at some distance from base of antennae. 21 (22). Postantennal organ as long as, or slightly longer than, diameter of one ocellus. Color dark violet; legs and furca pigmented. 2.5. Rare, mainly in winter. Baltic Region ...... I. intermedia Schott. 22 (21). Postantennal organ larger than diameter of one ocellus. 23 (24). Postantennal organ twice as long as diameter of one ocellus. Furca not reaching ventral tube. Color yellowish brown to dark violet. 1.7-2,2. Mostly in winter. Moscow Region, Eastern Carpathians .................................. I, fennica Reut. 24 (23). Postantennal organ three times as long as diameter of one ocellus. Furca long, reaching ventral tube. Color grayish blue, with lighter spots. 1.9. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. Little differing from the preceding species. Specimens with 4-6 spines 18 (15).

on high papillae on abdominal segment V appear at high temperatures (var. pectinata Stach, var. hexaspina Agrell.).............. ........................................... I. propinqua Axels.

78

18. Vertagopus Born. Ocelli 8; sometimes posterior 2 ocelli distinctly smaller. Postantennal organ present, 1.5 times longer than diameter of one ocellus. Abdominal segments V and VI without traces of fusion. First pair of legs with 2 capitate setae, second and third pairs with 3 such setae. Furca well developed, occasionally reaching ventral tube. Mucro with 4 denticles. Color grayish blue to dark violet, occasionally with dark transverse fasciae at posterior margin of terga. Usually under bark. 6 species in Europe. 4 species (+ 1). 1 (8). 2 (3).

Furca short, reaching only middle or posterior margin of abdominal segment II. Most long setae on apex of abdomen smooth. Color dark violet, with antennae of typical color. Last 2 antennal segments yellowish white or almost completely colorless. 1.7. North (including Polar islands), Leningrad Region ............... V. brevicauda Carp. Antennae uniformly colored. Color of body lighter, or posterior margin of terga dark. Apical denticle of mucro very small; other denticles of about the same size, forming the vertex of equilateral triangles (Figure 33, 13). Color grayish blue, with dark posterior margin of terga. Antennae violeti 1.8, Baltic Region, Eastern Carpathians ....... .......................................... V. westerlundi Reut. Subapical and proximal denticles of unequal size. Pigment uniformly distributed over the body. 2 posterior ocelli smaller. Furca reaching middle of abdominal segment II, slightly longer than antennae. Color reddish violet; legs and furca colorless. 2.0. Under bark. Possibly found in the U.S.S.R. ................................... V. arborea L. All ocelli of equal size. Furca reaching only posterior margin of abdominal segment II, slightly shorter than antennae. Color lighter, grayish or bluish; distal part of legs and dens without pigment. 1.8. Usually under bark. Throughout the European U.S.S.R.; common ............................. V. cinerea NIC. Furca long, reaching ventral tube. Long setae on apex of abdomen distinctly ciliated. Color brown to black-violet. 1.5. Moscow Region V. denticulata Sch’aff. ......,..............................;....

3(2). 4 (5).

5 (4). 6 (7).

7 (6).

8 (1).

................................... 2.

Family ONCOPODURIDAE

No eyes; postantennal organ present. Body scaled. Dens with smooth margin, with ciliated spines (Figure 30, 4). Mucro without setae, elongate, slightly shorter than dens, with rows of denticles apically and along dorsal margin. 1 genus with 7 species in Europe; mainly in caves.

CYPHODERIDAE. TOMOCERIDAE

Key to Species of Family Oncopoduridae 1.

1 (2).

Oncopodura Carl and Lebed.

2 species.

Proximal denticle of mucro hook-shaped like other denticles. Abdominal segment III longer than IV. Postantennal organ consisting of 6 lobules regularly arranged around central tubercle (Figure 33, 4). No pigment. 0.6-0.8. In forest and meadow soils. Caucasus 0. crassicornis Schoeb. Proximal denticle on mucro spinelike. Abdominal segment III shorter than IV. Postantennal organ with only 1 lobe or lacking. Color yellowish white. 1.6-1.8. In caves in the Crimea 0. hamata Carl et Lebed. ......................

2 (1).

.........

....................................

3.

Family CYPHODERIDAE

No eyes. Body sparsely scaled. Empodial appendage with stout outer denticle (Figure 30, 6). Dens without spines, covered with elongate, flat scales (Figure 30, 5), with smooth dorsal margin. Mucro without setae, elongate (Figure 30, 5). Generally in ant nests. 1 genus.

Key

Cyphoderidae

to Species of Family

1. Cyphoderus NIC. 8 species mainly distributed in southern and in Asia Minor. 1’species in the U.S.S.R.

1 (1).

Europe

No pigment. 1.5. Inner side of claw with 1 large proximal denticle (Figure 30, 6). Mucro as in Figure 30, 5. In ant nests. Baltic C. albinus NIC. Region to Ukraine .............................

4. Family TOMOCERIDAE

79

eyes. Antennae 4-segmented; 3rd segment considerably longer than 4th. Last 2 antennal segments annulated. Furca long. Dens consisting of 2 parts covered with simple or branched spines (Figure 17, 4). Number of spines variable in each species. Number of spines sometimes expressed by a formula in which the numerator stands for number of spines on basal part of dens and denominator for number of spines on apical (principal) part of dens; Roman numerals indicate stout spines, Arabic numerals fine spines. Mucro setose (Figure 34, 12). Body scaled. In litter, on mushrooms, pieces of bark and branches on the ground, in old tree stumps, etc. A number of species occur in caves. 15 species in Europe. 2 genera, 6 species; one additional genus included. 6 ocelli or no

Key to Genera

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

......

.

3 (4).

No eyes. Tibiotarsus without capitate setae 1. Tritomurus. Eyes present. Tibiotarsus with capitate setae. Inner side of dens with 1 spindle-shaped scale at base (Figure 34, 7). Claw of posterior legs usually with only 2 inner denticles. Mucro 2. Pogonognathellus. with 4-9 intermediate denticles .

1 (2). 2 (1).

FIGURE 34. Poduca. Family Lepidocynidae and Tomocerid, 1

Heteromurus litidus, head and antenna; 2Pogi

(after Gisin, Stach and Handshin)

ognaihellus longicornis,

distal part

sexoculaia, same; 5Willowsi of leg; 3~-Tomoc i, flavescens, base of dens, ventral: a; ’7Pogonognathellus platan i; 6 W.nigroinacu 10Pseudosinella wsia; 9sameofspeciesofgenusSeira; 8 scales of species of genus W alba, eyespot; 11Seira squamoon it a, disi 1 pan of dens and r mtnutus. mucro; 13Pseudosinella wahlgi ;ni. eyespot. same; 4Pseudosinella

4 (3).

Dens without spindle-shaped scale at base. Claws of hind legs usually with 3 to 6 inner denticles; if with less denticles, mucro with 1 stout and none to 3 small intermediate denticles ........... .............................................. 3. Tomocerus.

Keys to Species of Family Tomoceridae 1. setae.

Tritomurus Frauenf. No eyes. Tibiotarsus without capitate In caves in the Mediterranean area. Not yet found in the U.S.S.R.

2. Pogonognathellus Paclt. Differs from Tomocerus in the presence of spindle-shaped scales at base of dens, and in the smaller number of spines on the basal part of dens. Claws usually with 2 inner denticles, mucro with 4-9 intermediate denticles. 2 species in the U.S.S.R. and Western Europe.

LEPIDOCYRTIDAE

1 (2).

Without spines at base of dens. Empodial appendage of specimens of at least 3 mm length ending in a long, filiform process (Figure 34, 2). Brown, gray, or bluish gray pigment on yellow

background.

4-6.

Formula of dens:

.

From the Baltic

to the Ukraine.

2(1).

1 to 4 spines at base of dens.

Formula of dens

I"111

Empodial appendage without filiform apical process.

.

.

.

.

Occasionally injurious in hothouses in England ........................................ * P. longicornis Mull.

v Color

as

in preceding species. 6.5. In humid biotopes, forests, peat bogs, etc. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. P. fiavescens Tullb. ......

3. Tomocerus. Ocelli 6. Without large, spindle-shaped scale at base of dens, usually with numerous spines on dens. Inner side of claws of hind legs usually with 3 to 6 denticles. Number of denticles on mucro very variable, from none to 9." 4 species. 1 (2).

Spines on dens trifid (Figure 17, 4). Color of specimens without scales yellow, of specimens with scales gray with a lead tone. In humid places, Baltic Region T. minor Lubb. Spines on dens simple, not trifid. Mucro with none to 3 intermediate denticles (Figure 34, 12). Claws with one broad basal and 2 or 3 distal denticles (Figure 34, 3). .................

Formula of dens:

3-5 .

2(1). 3 (4).

1.5-2.

Color gray

or dull violet.

Apparently throughout the European U.S.S.R., but so far known from only a few localities T. minutus Tullb. Mucro with 4 to 9 intermediate denticles. Claw with 4 to 7 inner denticles. Number of spines variable. Most common formula ....................

CTfVr

6 (5).

5.

Eyes present,

.

.

.

Body gray, sometimes brownish gray; spines on dens brown. 2-4. In forests. Throughout the European U.S.S.R., common ............................................ T. vulgaris Tullb. Body light yellow. Spines on dens light yellow. North ........... ............................................ T. sibiricus Reut. .

5 (6).

.

4 (3).

Family LEPIDOCYRTIDAE

sometimes absent. Antennae 4-, rarely 5-segmented (Heteromurus). Body scaled. Mesothorax often markedly projecting above prothorax. Furca long. Dorsal side of dens with transverse incisions. Mucro usually with 2 denticles, curved ventral margin and a pointed spine at base (Figure 30, 3). Ventral surface of manubrium often scaled. In upper layers of the litter, in low grass, under stones, bark of trees. Many species occur in the soil or in caves. About 60 species in Europe. 5 genera. At least 14 species in the U.S.S.R.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4). 4 (3). 5 (6).

........

6 (5). 7 (8).

8 (7),

verti dilate. Ocelli 6 or less, sometimes absent. Paired inner denticles on claw stout, wing-shaped, often fused at the base (Figure 34, 4)..

.

81

Furca without scales. Scales on body pointed and with distinct, coarse ribs (Figure 34, 8) ....................... 1. Willowsia. Manubrium scaled ventrally. Body scales with rounded apex and fine ribs (Figure 34, 9). Mucro falcate, without inner denticle and spine at base (Figure 34, 11) ............................................... 2. Seira. Mucro with 2 denticles, usually with a basal spine (Figure 30, 3). Antennae 5-segmented (Figure 34, 1). 5th (occasionally also 4th) antennal segment annulated or apparently annulated because of the 3. Heteromurus. verticillate arrangement of short setae Antennae 4-segmented. Setae on 4th antennal segment, not

..

............................................ 4. Pseudosinella. 5. Lepidocyrtus. Ocelli 8. Inner denticles on claw small .......

Keys to Species of Family Lepidocyrtidae Willowsia Schoeb. Ocelli 8. Antennae 4-segmented. Scales on body pointed and with coarse ribs (Figure 34, 8). Manubrium without scales, Mucro with 2 denticles. Usually under dry bark. 3 species in the U.S.S.R. and Western Europe. 1.

1 (2).

Violet pigment covering whole" body. Greater part of head, legs, and furca yellowish white. 1.5. Under bark, in the soil. W. buski Lubb. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. Violet pigment on light background arranged in fasciae, spots or lateral stripes. longitudinal Without broad, transverse stripes. Dark pigment arranged as in Figure 34, 6. 2.0. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ......... ...............

2 (1).

3 (4).

.......................................

4 (3).

W. nigromaculata Lubb.

Broad dark transverse fasciae on thoracic segment III and abdominal segments II-IV (Figure 34, 5). Baltic Region

................

...............................................W. platani

Nic.

Ocelli 8. Antennae 4-segmented. Scales on body and furca with rounded apex and fine ribs. Mucro falcate (Figure 34, 11). 1 or 2 species in the U.S.S.R.; about 10 species in Europe, some of them doubtful. 2.

1 (2).

Seira Lubb.

Color white; dark pigment only in eyespot. 3.0. Generally in S. domestica Nic. houses. Possibly in the U.S.S.R. Color violet. Large dark scales along margin of abdominal segments on dorsal side. Typical inhabitant of forest-steppe S. squamoornata Stscherb. and steppe ..............

2 (1).

..........................

3. Heteromurus Wank. Antennae 5-segmented; last segment annulated (Figure 34, 1). Manubrium covered with rounded scales, which are finely ribbed. Mucro with 2 denticles. Typical cave-dweller. About 10 species in Europe. 1 species.

LEPIDOCYRTIDAE

1 (1).

With one reddish or brownish ocellus, which is sometimes colorless or absent (var. margaritaria Wank.). Rarely with 2 ocelli on each side (var, quadriocellata Ksenem,), Color yellowish, sometimes with diffuse rusty or brown pigment. 1.5-3. In the soil, under stones. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ............................................. H. nitidus Tempi. ...........

4. Pseudosinella Schaff. Ocelli none to 6. Antennae 4-segmented. Scales on body and furca with rounded apex and fine ribs. Mucro with 2 denticles. Paired inner denticles of claw stout, wing-shaped, often fused at the base (Figure 34, 4). Usually colorless, sometimes with diffuse rusty or bluish violet pigment. Under stones, in litter, stumps, under bark, in crevices in the soil, often in caves. About 40 species in Europe, mainly cave-dwellers." 4 or 5 species. 1 (2).

No eyes.

Western Europe, possibly found in the U.S.S.R.

......................................

2 (1). 3 (4).

........

P. immaculata Lie Pett.

Eyes present. 2 ocelli on each side of head (Figure 34. 10). 1.0. Baltic to the P. alba Pack. south of the forest-steppe More than 2 ocelli. 3 ocelli on each side of head. 1.3. Baltic Region. ............... ......................................... P. sexoculata Schott. More than 3 ocelli on each side of head. 4 ocelli on each side of head. 1.2. Baltic Region to Ukraine ..... ........................

4 (3).

5 (6). 6 (5). 7 (8). 82

8 (7).

........................................ P. octopunctata Born. 5 ocelli on each side of head (Figure 34, 13). Color white or yellowish, with diffuse violet pigment. 1.5. Common in forests, P. wahlgreni Born. forest-steppe ..............................

Lepldocyrtus Bourl. 8 ocelli on each side of head. Antennae 4-segmented. Mesothorax covering prothorax, sometimes covering head in form of hood. Body and ventral side of dens scaled. Scales with rounded apex and fine ribs. Mucro with 2 denticles and basal spine (Figure 30, 3). In upper layers of litter, in low grass, moss, under stones, bark, onhumid wood debris. 5 species, also occurring in Western Europe. 5.

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (6).

4 (5).

Empodial appendage asymmetrical, expanded and truncate apically. (Figure 36, 2). Color dark violet, with a rust tinge; head brownish yellow, legs without pigment. 1.2. Baltic Region to Ukraine; in the South only in very humid habitats, in soaked moss and sphagnum along banks of ponds .......................... L. ruber Sch6tt. Empodial appendage lanceolate, tapering apically, symmetrical (Figure 36, 1). Color white, yellowish or brown; bluish pigment (if present) on mouthparts and base of legs as isolated spots or dots on light background. Thoracic segment II much inflated, so that its scaled dorsal surface is at right angles to posterior margin of segment, as in Figure 36, 4. 2.5. Baltic Region to Ukraine ....................

L. curvicollis Bourl. segment II normal, uniformly curved (Figure 36, 3). Color yellowish white to reddish brown, with or without violet .........................................

83

5 (4).

Thoracic

Baltic Region to Ukraine L. lanuginosus Gmel. Color of body blue-black or blue-violet; legs, furca and greater part of antennae without pigment. Thoracic segment IImarkedly projecting forward, overhanging head in form of hood. Color black-blue or dark blue. Live specimens with intense metallic sheen. 3.0. Baltic Region to Ukraine ....... ........................................... L. paradoxus Uzel. Thoracic segment II not elongate and not overhanging head. Color more light bluish violet. 1.5. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ............................................. L. cyaneus Tullb.

pigment on femora and head.

2.0.

......

........................................

6 (3). 7 (8).

8 (7).

6.

Family ENTOMOBRYIDAE

Body setose, not scaled. Meso- and metathorax with thickened, ciliated setae. Antennae 4-segmented. Abdominal segment IV much longer than III. In upper layers of litter, on fungi, wood remains; some species in grass, on bushes, in bird nests; some species are myrmecophiles. 3 genera. 15 species.

FIGURE 35. Podura. Family Entomobryidae (after Siach and Handshin) 5~E. handschini: 6E,ni\ 10E.arborea; 11-E.supe

ENTOMOBRYIDAE

3 (2). 4 (1).

.

.

2 (3).

Capitate seta on distal part of leg shorter -than claw (Figure 36, 7). Inner side of tibiotarsus with double row of smooth setae in addition to ciliated setae (Figure 36, 9). Ocelli 8. Paired inner denticles of claw small.(Figure 36, 7). .......................................... 1. Entomobryoides. Ocelli 8 (European species). Paired inner denticles on claw big, wing-shaped ...................................... 2. Sinella. Capitate seta on distal part of leg longer than claw (Figure 36, 8). Tibiotarsi of first and second pairs of legs without smooth setae; tibiotarsus of third pair of legs with one smooth seta. Ocelli 8 ............................................. 3. Entomobrya. .

1 (4).

Keys to Species of Family Entomobryidae Entomobryoides Mayn, Intermediate between genera Sinella and Entomobrya in some characters. It was therefore considered to belong to either by various authors. Itresembles Sinella in the presence of short 1.

capitate setae on the tibiotarsus and 2 rows of smooth setae on the inner side of tibiotarsus. It differs from Sinella in the presence of a small inner denticle on the claw and numerous ocelli. The two latter characters place it close to Entomobrya. However, species of Entomobrya have long capitate setae, a retractile vesicle on the 4th antennal segment, and only ciliated setae on the tibiotarsus. 2 species in Europe. 1 species. 1 (1).

Color grayish yellow, with diffuse brownish violet pigment. 2-3. Myrmecophilous. Baltic Region to the southern forest-steppe ...................................... E. myrmecophila Reut. ....

.

2. Sinella Brook. Ocelli none to 2 (European species). Tibiotarsus with one short capitate seta (Figure 36, 6). Inner side of tibiotarsus with 2 types of setae, ciliated and smooth; smooth setae in 2 rows. Paired inner denticles of claw large. Thermophilic species, in Europe in houses and hothouses or in decaying plant debris; sometimes myrmecophilous. 2 species in Europe.

1 (2).

2 (1).

84

eyes. Empodial appendage with stout outer denticle (Figure 36, 6). Mucro falcate. No pigment, sometimes with weak reddish brown color. 1.5. Baltic Region, Leningrad. Common in greenhouses, may be injurious to mushrooms ................ ............................................ * S. coeca Schott. Ocelli 2. Empodial appendage without stout outer denticle. Mucro with 2 denticles. Body and legs with diffuse reddish brown pigment. Center ............................ S. curviseta Brook. Without

3. Entomobrya Rond. Ocelli 8. Small, straight paired denticles at base of claws on the inner side. Empodial appendage lanceolate. Capitate setae longer than claw (Figure 36, 8). Species with different color and pattern, which is sometimes indistinct and some of its elements may disappear, so that identification is difficult. In upper layer of litter, on mushrooms, wood remains, in grass, shrubs and tree trunks, often under bark. More than 20 species in Europe.- 12 species.

.

Key to Genera

1 (6).

Antennae more than half the length of the body measured from anterior margin of mesothorax to posterior margin of abdominal segment VI. Abdominal segment IV 5 to 15 times longer than

segment III.

FIGURE 36, Podura. Family Lepidocyrtidae and Entomobryidae (after Gisin. Maynard. Stach and Handshin) 1- Lepidocyrtus 1 and thoracic segments

bryoid is

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (5).

5 (4).

purp

Mesothorax broadly rounded anteriorly, not conical (Figure 35, 1). 2 dark longitudinal stripes on white or yellowish background. Stripes may be absent or partly present; pigment rarely covering whole body (form melanotera Stach). 2.3. Forest-steppe. Very common ................................... E. muscorum Nic. Mesothorax anteriorly pointed, conical (Figure 35, 2). Dark pigment not forming regular longitudinal stripes, but transverse stripes or spots all over body, or anterior and posterior parts of body uniformly colored. Thoracic segment II to abdominal segment HI with transverse stripes tapering or disappearing towards mediodorsal line of body. Color of head, anterior part of mesothorax, and abdominal segments IV to VI uniformly dark (Figure 35. 11). 2-3. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ....................... E. superba Reut. Thoracic segment II to abdominal segment III without transverse stripes. Pigment distributed all over body as isolated, irregular

ENTOMOBRYIDAE

6 (1).

7 (8).

.

.

spots (Figure 35, 2) or anterior and posterior parts of body dark colored (Figure 35, 3). Color of background yellowish. Ukraine. ........................................... E. puncteola Uzel. Antennae as long as, or shorter than, half the body. Abdominal segment IV 2 to 5 times longer than III. Thorax and abdomen without dark pigment, light green. Head with a violet-black spot between the eyes. 2.0. In grass and humid meadows, in clover fields. Center, Ukraine ........................................... E.lanuginosa Nic.

..............

85

8 (7). 9 (10).

10 (9).

Thorax and abdomen with dark pigment which forms transverse or longitudinal stripes. Abdominal segment IV without dark pigment. Bluish violet pigment uniformly distributed all over body, forming dark, narrow stripes at posterior margin of abdominal segments (Figure 35, 7). Antennae completely dark. Mainly in coniferous forests, in forest bedding and under bark of trees. Baltic Region to Ukraine ................................ E. marginata Tullb. Abdominal segment IV with dark pigment which forms dark longitudinal stripes or broad transverse fasciae on a light

background11 (14).

Dark pigment forming longitudinal stripes on dorsal side of

segments. 12 (13). 2 continuous, longitudinal stripes lateral to midline of dorsum from anterior margin of mesothorax to posterior end of body (Figure 35, 8). Color yellowish; base of antenna and antennal segments III and IV brown. 1.5-2. On the ground and in the grass, in warm areas .................. E. quinquelineata Born. 13 (12). The 2 longitudinal, dorsal stripes interrupted on abdominal terga II and III, forming spots on abdominal tergum IV (Figure 35, 5). Background yellowish, antennae yellow. 1.5-2. Center

..........

E. handschini Stach, 14 (11). Dark pigment forming transverse fasciae on dorsal side of segments. 15 (16). Abdominal segment III almost completely black (Figure 35, 9). 1.3. Under bark. Baltic Region to the southern forest-steppe ......... .........................................

............................................ E. corticalis Nic. 16 (15). Not more than half abdominal segment III dark. 17 (18). Terga with dark spots which are often ring-shaped, not connected with the transverse fasciae. Fasciae branching laterally (Figure 35, 10). 1.5. Baltic Region to Ukraine E. arborea Tullb. 18 (17). Spots on abdominal terga connected with transverse fasciae, on segments. their terminal No branches. other spots forming 19 (20). Narrow, often interrupted transverse stripes continuing into broad lateral spots (Figure 36, 5). 1.5. Baltic Region ........... ............................................. E. nicoleti Lubb. 20 (19). Transverse stripes and dorsal spots not connected with lateral spots which form an irregular lateral line (Figure 35, 4). 21 (22). Abdominal tergum IV with 2 triangular spots which are narrower anteriorly and usually not connected with transverse, zigzagshaped fascia on anterior part of segments (Figure 35, 4). Baltic E. multifasciata Tullb. Region to Ukraine ...........

......................

22 (21). Abdominal tergum IV with 2 longitudinal stripes which form spots in anterior part of segment (Figure 35, 6). 2.0. Common in coniferous forests; in litter, on shrubs and tree trunks. ThroughE. nivalis L." out the European U.S.S.R. ........................

7.

Family ORCHESELLIDAE +

Body setose, not scaled. Abdominal segment IV much longer than III. Meso- and metathorax and abdomen with transverse rows of thickened capitate setae covered with short cilia (Figure 18, 7). Antennae of adult specimens 6-segmented because of a secondary division of the proximal segment, very rarely 5-segmented. In forest litter, on wood waste, mushrooms, also on tree trunks and shrubs. About 40 species in Europe belonging to one genus, Orchesella Tempi. Many of them occur only in mountain regions. 1 genus, 18 species. Key to Species of Family Orchesellidae 1. Orchesella Tempi. Species with a variable color and different color forms. 18 species; 2 additional species included. 1 (8). 2 (3).

Body without dark pigment except the eyespot and a small frontal spot between antennae. Outer denticle of empodial appendage close to base, reaching middle of appendage. Color whitish. 2.25. In swampy areas. Baltic Region, Western Ukraine 0. sphagneticola Stach (female) Outer denticle of empodial appendage closer to apex than to base. If outer denticle of empodial appendage close to middle, color greenish yellowColor greenish yellow. Antennae as long as body. rarely 2/3 as long as body. 3-4.5. In mountains. Eastern Carpathians ...... ..........................................0. viridilutea Stach. Color yellow, rarely brownish yellow. Antennae longer than half the length of body, but less than 2/3 of its length, Inner side of base of claw with a pair of denticles near base. reaching middle of claw. Color yellow. 3-3.5. Mountains in Europe. Possibly in the U-S.S.R. ..................... ........ ................................. 0. alticola Uzel. f. pallida. Basal pair of denticles on inner side of claw closer to apex, reaching much farther than half the length of claw. Color yellow to brownish yellow. 2.5. Eastern Carpathians .................. ........................... 0. angustistrigata Stach f. pallida. Body with dark pigment. Dark pigment almost completely covering body. Color of body dark gray, except for light intersegmental spaces and black abdominal segment III. 2.5-3. Ukraine ........................ 0. pseudobifasciata Stach f. o b s c u r a. Body deep black except for small light parts. Head uniformly black. ....

3 (2).

86

4 (5).

5 (4). 6 (7).

7 (6).

8 (1). 9 (16). 10 (11).

...............

11 (10).

12 (15).

t The diagnosis of the family

is

based on characteristics of the European species.

FIGURE 311. Hemiptera. Family Miridae (after

Wagner and original)

Tinicephalus honutanus, aetieagus; 2-5 Hoplomachus thunbergi: 2right paramere: 3 left paramere; 4aedeagus; 5phallotheca; 6Damioscea komaroffi, aedeagus; I-10 Orthonotus rufifrons: 7 right paramere; 8 left pacamere; 9aedeagus: 10 phallotheca; II-14 Brachyarthrum limitatum: 11right paramere; 12left paramere; 13aedeagus; 14phallotheca; 15Phylus plagiatus. aedeagus; 16Ph. melanocephalus. same; 17Ph. coryli, same; 18Harpocera thoracica, same; 19-22Ethelastia liturata: 19right paramere; 20left paramere; 21phalloiheca; 22 aedeagus. 1

117, Psallus Fieb. Oval, rarely oblong-oval; usually black, brownish red, red or yellow. Most species zoophytophagous, usually on trees and shrubs. Distribution of a number of species in the U.S.S.R. not wellknown; many old records erroneous. 23 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 25-30 species.

756

1 (12).

1st antennal segment completely black; 2nd antennal segment or partly black. (Subgenus Apocremnus Fieb.). All tibiae completely black. 2nd antennal segment completely black; 3rd and 4th antennal segments yellowish. Whole body

completely

2 (5).

black.

3 (4).

Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 312,1. Northwest, Center. On pine. Rare ................... ........................................... P.(A.) kolenatii Fl. Tarsi completely black. Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 312, 2. 3.5-4.2. Donets Region, Crimea. On Alyssum tortuosum, A. cretica .......................... P. (A.) syriacus E. Wgn., stat.n. (Plagio gnathu s alyssi Putshk., syn.n.). Base of tarsi light. 2.7-3.1.

4

(3).

990

partly light, yellowish or brownish. Body black or partly reddish brown, (at least at the base and along lateral margin) with Hemelytra light not flattened hairs (these should not be confused with the light scales). Flat area around scent glands black. 2nd antennal segment of male more or less broadly yellow. Genital segment of male without ventral carina. Aedeagus as in Figure 312, 3. P. (A.) ambiguus Fall. 4-4.8. Forest zone. On deciduous trees. All not flattened hairs on hemelytra black. Genital segment of male with ventral longitudinal carina. Aedeagus (Figure 312, 4-6) with serrated structure near gonopore. Cuneus completely black. Apical process of aedeagus (Figure 312, 4) straight, its denticles very small. Flat area around scent glands black. 4-4.8. Northern part of forest zone. On willow. ......................... P. (A.) aethiops Zett. Base of cuneus light, reddish or whitish. Apical process of Tibiae at least

.

7 (6).

8 (9).

9 (8).

.

5 (2).

6 (7).

aedeagus curved. Flat area around scent glands black or grayish black. Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 312, 5. 3,7-4.2. Northwest, North. On Betula nana........................P. (A.) graminicola Zett. 11 (10). Flat area around scent glands white. Apex of aedeagus (Figure 312, 6) as in P. graminicola. Larger: 4.4-5.5. Forest zone. On birch and alder ............ P. (A.) betuleti Fall. 1st antennal segment completely light, yellow or brownish, some12 (1). times with a black ring at the base or in the middle or with 2

10 (11).

black dots in the middle. 13 (40). 3rd segment of hind tarsi shorter or little longer than 2nd antennal segment, distinctly shorter than 1st and 2nd antennal segments together. On deciduous trees. 14 (23). Hind femora black, dark brown, with light apex, brownish red or red, but without dark dots or with indistinct dots. (Subgenus Phylidea Reut. = Hylopsallus E.Wgn. = Asthenarius Kerzh., syn.n.), 15 (16). Less than 3.0 long. Whole body, 3rd, 4th and sometimes 2nd antennal segment, femora (except apex), tarsi and large dots on tibiae black; 1st antennal segment, apex of femora and tibiae yellow. Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 312, 7. 2.7-2.9. Southern Crimea. On oak, rare ........................................ P, (Ph.) ocularis M.R. (maculatus Reut.). 16 (15). Usually more than 3.0 long. 17 (18). Aedeagus (Figure 312, 8) with serrated ring near its apex, 2nd antennal segment almost as long as breadth of pronotum at base. Reddish brown. 3.8-4.6. Crimea, Dagestan. On oak............ ................... P. (Ph.) quercus Kbm. (simillimus Kbm.). 18 (17). Aedeagus without serrated ring. 2nd antennal segment 3/4-4/5 as long as posterior margin of pronotum. 19 (22). Process of sensory tubercle of left paramere pointed (Figure 312,9). Femora usually black or brown. 20 (21). Subapical process of aedeagus (Figure 312, 11) long and almost straight. Black or dark brown; female with more or less light ....................

21 (20).

22 (19).

23 (14).

24 (25).

hemelytra. 3.3-3.9. Carpathians, Kursk Region, Caucasus. On oak .................................. P. (Ph.)wagneri Oss. Subapical process of aedeagus (Figure 312,12) short, strongly curved. Black; hemelytra of both sexes brownish, with light base. 3.3-3.9. South. On oak ................................ ........................ P. (Ph.) perrisi M.R. (anticus Reut.). Process of sensory tubercle of left paramere (Figure 312, 10) rounded in dorsal view. Femora red, with indistinct dark subapical dots. Dorsurn almost of uniform color, red, brown or blackish brown. Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 312, 13. 2.9-3.9. Forest zone. On deciduous trees ........ P, (Ph.) variabilis Fall. Hind femora light, with distinct dark dots dorsally and especially ventrally. (Subgenus Psallus Fieb.). Head, pronotum and scutellum usually completely or partly dark brown, markedly darker than hemelytra, rarely of the same color. Hind femora usually darker than tibiae. Brownish red; hemelytra lighter at the base. Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 312, 14. 3.1-3.5. Lugansk Region, Southeast. On Spiraea hypericifolia .............................................. P. cognatus Jak. .....

FIGURE 312. Hemiptera. Family Miridae (after Wagner, Woodroffe and original) lus kolenatii, apex of aedeagiis; 2P.

syriacus, same; 3 P.

ambiguus, aedeagus;

aris, same; 8 P. quercus, same; 9P. perrisi, left paramere, posterior view; 10P.variabil .me; 11 P. wagneri, apex of aedeagus; 12 P. perrisi, same; 18 P. variabilis, same; IP. cognatus, same; 15P.roseus, same; 16P.mollis, same; 17p. diminutus, same; 3 P. varians, same; 19P. lepidus, same; 20 P. flavellus. same; 21 P. falleni, same;

22P.

scholtzi. same; 23,24P.luridus; 23left paramere; 24apex of aedeagus; 25,26p. pi left paramere; 26 apex of aedeagus.

c e a e: 25

25 (24). Head, pronotum and scuteUum not darker than hem elytra. Hind femora usually not darker than tibiae. 757 26 (27). Cuneus uniformly white, without any red spots. Color pale yellowish with a few reddish spots, to red. Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 312, 15. 3-3.8. Forest zone. On broad-leaved willow (Salix capraea, etc.).................... P. roseus F. 27 (26). Cuneus at least partly red. yellowish red or brownish. 28 (31). Genital segment of males without ventral longitudinal carina. Pale, yellowish; hemelytra posteriorly reddish or orange. 3-3.7. On oak. 29 (30). Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 312, 16. Northwest, Central Belt, South ............... P. mollis M.R, (m a s se e i Woodr., syn. n.). 30 (29). Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 312, 17. Ukraine, Caucasus ....... ........................................... .P, diminutus Kbm. 31 (28). Genital segment of male with ventral longitudinal carina. 32 (33). Apical process of aedeagus (Figure 312. 18) denticulate at base only. Yellowish red or light brown, densely covered with light and relatively short and thin black hairs. 3.8-4,8. Carpathians, Crimea. On beech and oak .................... .P. varians H.-S. 33 (32). Apical process of aedeagus denticulate throughout. 34 (35). Apical process of aedeagus (Figure 312, 19) denticulate on both sides. Red or brownish red. 3,8-4.3. Northwest, West. On Fraxinus excelsior.... ............ .... P. lepidus Fieb. 35 (34). Apical process of aedeagus with one row of denticles. 36 (37). Apical process of aedeagus (Figure 312. 20) 6-8 times as long as broad in the middle, with more than 25 denticles. Yellowish; hemelytra posteriorly red. 3.5-3.8. Northwest, West. On Fraxinus excelsior..................... P. flavellus Stich. 758 37 (36). Apical process of aedeagus 2-3.5 times as long as broad, with 10-18 denticles. Dorsum red or brownish red; pronotum and scutellum not yellow. Light scales on hemelytra grouped in spots. 38 (39). Apical process of aedeagus (Figure 312, 22) 2-2.5 times as long as broad. Light scales more or less white. 3.6-4.2. Forest zone. On Ainus ............................................ .................. P. scholtzi Fieb. (ainicola Dgl. Sc., syn. n.). 39 (38), Apical process of aedeagus (Figure 312, 21) 3-3.5 times as long as broad. Light scales more or less yellowish. 3.7-4.3. Forest zone, Caucasus, On birch ...................... P. falleni Reut. 40 (13). 3rd segment of hind tarsi longer than 2nd antennal segment and as long as (or almost as long as) 1st and 2nd antennal segments together. On conifers. (Subgenus Pityopsallus E.Wgn.). The following species of the subgenus are not included: P. chrysopsilus Reut. (Carpathians) and P.lapponicus Reut. (North). 41 (42). Yellowish or brownish, without red color. Proboscis not reaching beyond middle of abdomen. Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 312, 24; left paramere as in Figure 312, 23. 3.5-4. Carpathians. On larch (L a r i x)............................. P. (P.) luridus Reut. 42 (41). Hemelytra usually reddish. Proboscis reaching beyond middle of abdomen. Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 312,26. Left ...

993

paramere as in Figure 312,25. 3.4-4. Carpathians. On spruce ................................... P. (P.) piceae Reut. 118. 1 (1).

119.

Sthenarus Fieb.

Sacculiter Kerzh.

usually red, 1 (2).

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Oval, greenish gray or whitish; cuneus usually with pale red spot; femora and tibiae with dark dots; apex of femora and base of tibiae reddish; head and raised areas of pronotum usually with dark spots. Male genitalia as in Figure 313, 1,2. 3,2-4.2. Central Belt, South. On Populus alba. ...................... ......................................... S. rotermundi Scholtz. Oblong, yellow, reddish or brownish; cuneus Genus containing 2 species.

with whitish base.

Appendage of phallotheca rounded (Figure 313, 6). Antennae completely black; head always with well-marked black pattern (Figure 313. 3). Base of tibiae often brownish. Male genitalia as in Figure 313, 4-8. 2.8-3. South, except in the Southwest. On Spiraea crenata, S. salicifolia S. picticeps Kerzh. Appendage of phallotheca trapezoidal (Figure 313, 12). Antennae light, or 1st antennal segment and base of 2nd antennal segment ....

2

(1).

black. Black pattern on head often reduced. Base of tibiae light. Genitalia as in Figure 313, 9-12. 2.9-3.8. South, except in the Southwest. On Spiraea hypericifolia,....S. rufinervis Jak.

120. 1 (1). 121.

1 (2).

Heterocapillus E.Wgn.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Black.

Aedeagus of male as in Figure 313, 13. 3.4-3.8. Ukraine. On Dorycniurn (Leguminosae)............... H, tigripes M.R. Legumi.nola Kerzh.

On Legurninosae.

Genus containing 2 species.

Hemelytra completely or in greater part dirty yellowish. 3.5-4. Southeast. On Astragalus.................................. L. albipennis Reut. (Criocoris fuscipennis Jak.). Hemelytra black or brownish black. Aedeagus as in Figure 313, 14. 4-5, South, except in the Southwest. On Caragana frutex ... ........................................... L. nigritarsis Jak, ...........

2 (1).

122. Atractotomus Fieb. Black, rarely reddish brown; 3rd and 4th antennal segments light. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species; A. rhodani (Crimea, on Hippophaes rhamnoides) not included, 1 (2).

Posterior margin of head

yellowish. Silvery scales on hemelytra 4-4.3. Northwest, Center. On pine................ ............................................ A. morio J. Sahib. Head almost always completely black. Silvery scales on hemelytra large. Not more than 3.6 long. 2nd antennal segment of roale spindle-shaped. Vertex of male 1.9-2 times as broad as an eye; vertex of female more than twice as broad as an eye. Aedeagus as in Figure 313, 15. 3-3.6. Northwest, West, Center, South, except in the Southeast. On trees and shrubs of Rosaceae (apple, pear, blackthorn, hawthorn, etc.). Destroying aphids, leafhoppers and eggs of butterflies ..... ................................. .A. mali M.-D. (rufus Fieb.).

very small.

2 (1). 3 (4).

(3).

2nd antennal segment of male cylindrical, not thickened. Vertex of male 1.35 times as broad as an eye; vertex of female 1.6 times as broad as an eye. Aedeagus as in Figure 313, 16. 2.7-3.4. A. magnicornis Fall. Forest zone. On spruce and other conifers. .

4

.

FIGURE 313. Hemiplera. Family Miridae (after Wagner and original)

i

123. Excentricoris Carv. (Excentricus auct., nee. Reut.). Black; 3rd and 4th antennal segments and apex of femora and tibiae (except spots 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R, 3 species. E. punctipes Fieb. (Southeast?) not sufficiently known.

at base of setae) yellow.

1

(1).

Head completely black. Fore tibiae without dark dots. 3.8-4.5. Southern Crimea. On Potentilla taurica .................. ...........................................

E. singularis Horv.

124. Criocoris Fieb. On Galium and Asperula. In the U.S.S.R. 4 or 5 species; C.longicornis Reut. (Center?) not included. 1 (2).

Clavus and corium along their border, outer margin of corium, anterior and outer margin of cuneus or whole cuneus, tibiae, apices of femora, in female posterior margin of head, posterior corners or posterior margin of pronotum and antennae, white or yellowish; other parts of body black. Genitalia as in Figure 314, 1-4. 3-3.5. Forest, forest-steppe, Transcaucasia.............. ...................................... C. quadrimaculatus Fall.

2 (1).

3 (4). 4 (3). 5 (6).

Hemelytra completely or almost completely black. Body black; only apex of femora, often tibiae and antennae partly or completely light. Tibiae and antennae completely black. 3-3.4. South, except in the Southeast................................. C. nigripes Fieb, Tibiae light or only apically dark. Antennae of female usually light. Narrow stripe along border between corium and cuneus, apex of cuneus and adjacent part of membrane (including veins) whitish. Antennae of male black. 3.5-4. Everywhere, except in the North .........................................

6 (5).

C. crassicorrds Hahn.

Hemelytra completely black. Antennae of male yellowish or at least 3rd and 4th antennal segments of male yellow. 2,7-3.7. ..................................... C. sulcicornis Kbm. (Psallus jakovlevi Reut., syn.n., P.albipes Jak.).

South

125. 1 (1).

760

126.

Salicarus Kerzh.

Monotypic genus.

Broad, black; hemelytra along scutellum or whole hemelytra often whitish or brown-yellow. Tibiae light, with minute dark dots. In light specimens femora and antennae often reddish. Aedeagus as in Figure 313, 17. 3.5-4. On willow. Everywhere, except in the North ............................. S. roseri H.-S.

Monosynamma Scott (Micro synam m a Fieb.). On willow. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 or 2 species.

1 species. 1 (1).

Slightly oblong. Color very variable; insects from almost completely black (var. nigritula Zett., usually occurring in the Northwest) to yellowish, with more or less marked brown or black pattern. Male genitalia as in Figure 313, 18-21. 3-3.7

(Figure 301,10). Forest zone................. M. bohemani Fall. Phoenicocoris Reut. Black or brown; tibiae and antennae yellow or brownish yellow. On pine. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

127.

1 (2),

2 (1).

2nd antennal segment as long as, or shorter than, breadth of head. Pronotum without light scales- Black or slightly reddish; femora black or reddish. Aedeagus as in Figure 313, 23. 2.3-2.8. Forest zone ............................... Ph. modestus M.-D. 2nd antennal segment 1/4-1/3 as long as breadth of head. Pronotum with light scales or hairs. Dark brown or almost black; femora brownish yellow or dark brown. Aedeagus as in Figure 313, 22. 2.8-3.5, Forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus... Ph. obscurellus Fall.

128. Parapsallus E.Wgn., stat.n. Considered previously as a subgenus of Plagio gnathus. Monotypic genus. 1 (1).

129.

1 (1).

Yellow, with light pubescence; dots on femora and tibiae black. Aedeagus as in Figure 314, 5. 2.3-3.3. Forest zone. On larch and fir................................... .P. vitellinus Scholtz.

Pachyxyphus Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Broad; bluish yellow; hemelytra light red, with bluish veins; head, pronotum, scutellum and venter often with red spots;

996

part of lora and base of 1st antennal segment black. Aedeagus as in Figure 314, 6. 4.3-5. Southern Crimea. On Cistus tauricus......................... P. lineellus M.R.

anterior

130. 1 (1).

131. 1 (1).

Opisthotaenia Reut.

Monotypic genus,

Broad; bluish; head, pronotum, scutellum and venter with black pattern; veins of hemelytra grayish or black; legs and antennae reddish; tarsi black. Male genitalia as in Figure 314, 7-10. 4,6-5.8. Ukraine, Transcaucasia. On Onosma simplicissimum ..................................... 0. fulvipes Reut.

Placochilus Fieb.

Monotypic genus.

Bluish green; 3rd and 4th segments of proboscis, and tarsi black; antennae of male sometimes brown; dorsum covered with black hairs. Male genitalia as in Figure 314, 11-14. 4.5-6. Except in the North, usually in the forest zone. On Scabiosa, Knautia.. ..........................................

132. Chlorillus Kerzh., stat.n. Described as gnathus. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

a

P. seladonicus Fall.

subgenus of Plagio-

Pale greenish; head and raised areas of pronotum usually with little marked dark pattern; hemelytra (including membrane) with brownish, smoky spots; both ends of 1st antennal segment and base of 2nd’antennal segment usually with a black ring. Dorsum covered with black and silvery hairs, Aedeagus as in Figure 314,15. Ch. pictus Fieb. 4.2-5. South. On Salvia .....................

133. Plagiognathus Fieb. More than 10 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 15 species. The record of P. fusciloris Reut. and P. spilotum Fieb. from the U.S.S.R. is erroneous.

FIGURE 314.

Hemiptera. Family Miridae (original)

1-4Criocoris quadrimaculatus: Iright paramere; 2--left paramere; 3phallotheca; 4aedeagus; 5 P ara psa 1 Ins vHellinus, same; 6Pachyxyphus lineellus, same; 7-10Opisthotaenia fulvipes: 7right paramere: 8left paramere; 9aedeagus; 10phalloiheca; 11-14Placochiius seladonicus; 11right pacamere; 12’-left paramere; 13aedeagus; 14phallotheca; 15Chlorillus pictus, aedeagus.

997

(12). Dorsum of body covered with black hairs, sometimes also with

2 (11).

silvery pubescence. Femora light, usually with dark spots or stripes. with or without dark dots at base of setae.

Tibiae light,

(Subgenus PI agio

-

1

gnathus Fieb.). 3 (4). 761

Hind tibiae without dark dots at base of setae or with very small dots. Pale greenish, rarely yellowish; clypeus and lora usually black; antennae light or (var. picticornis Horv.) 1st antennal segment and base of 2nd segment black; membrane with dark brown dot posterior to cells. Aedeagus as in Figure 315, 2. 2.8-3.5. South. On Salvia P. bipunctatus Reut. (3). Hind tibiae with distinct dark dots at base of setae. (6). Antennae completely light or only 1st antennal segment with 2 small brown dots. Completely pale greenish, Dorsum with abundant silvery pubescence. Aedeagus as in Figure 315, 1. 3.7-4.5. South. On Mentha .................. P. alpinus Reut. (5). At least rings on 1st antennal segment and base of 2nd antennal segment black. Dorsum without silvery pubescence. (10). Anterior and posterior margin of hind tibiae light or with only isolated black dots. Frons light or with brown (but not black) pattern. 2nd antennal segment light, with black base, rarely ...............

4 5

6 7

8 (9).

9 (8).

10 (7).

completely black. Green, dirty green, rarely yellowish. Apical processes of aedeagus (Figure 315, 3) of almost equal length. 3,2-4.1. Everywhere. On herbs and grasses; polyphagous. A secondary pest of leguminous herbs .................... *P. chrysanthemi Wolff. Yellow or brownish yellow. One of the processes of the aedeagus (Figure 315, 4) twice as long as the other. 3.6-4.5. South. On Echium vulgare ........................P. fulvipennis Kbm. Anterior and posterior margins of hind femora with a black line. Black, brown, olive-green or ocher-yellow. Head always black, often with a light spot near posterior margin. 1st and 2nd antennal segments black; 3rd and 4th antennal segments and legs yellowish. Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 315, 5. 3.7-4.6. On Urtica and plants .......................... P. arbustorum F. Femora black, with light apex. Hind tibiae black or dark brown; in female apical half of hind tibiae sometimes light. (Subgenus Zophocnemis Kerzh.). Black; hem elytra white; posterior margin of head yellowish. Aedeagus as in Figure 315, 6, 2,6-3.3. South, except in the Southwest. On Acroptilon picris. May.. ................. P. (Z.) bicolor Jak. (retovskii Reut., syn. n.). Dorsum of body only with dense silvery white hairs which fall off easily, (Subgenus Poliopterus E.Wgn.; only the most common species included in the key). Color very variable, pale to blackish; hind femora, usually also fore and middle femora black or brown. Male genitalia as in Figure 315, 7,8. 2.8-3.3- On Artemisia vulgare, A. absinthium..............P. (P.) albipennis Fall. various other

11 (2).

12 (1).

134,

1 (2).

Atomoscelis Reut.

In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Femora with dark subapical dots. Pale green or yellowish; membrane with smoky pattern. Dot on inner side of 1st antennal

762

2 (1),

135. 1 (6).

^

segment and apex of scutellum and clavus brownish. Apex of aedeagus as in Figure 315, 9. 2.2-2.4. South- Mainly on Atriplex spp.......................................... A. onustus Fieb.’ Femora without dark dots. Membrane, 1st antennal segment, scutellum and clavus of uniform color, without spots. Grassgreen. 2.4-2.7. Southeast, On Al h a gi camelorum ......... .......................................... A. brevicornis Reut.

Chlamydatus Curt.

8 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 9 species.

yellow, with distinct black dots. (Subgenus E uattu s Kerzh.). Whole body black; only femora and antennae at least apically light. Hemelytra covering abdomen completely, in female shorter than in male, but membrane always with one cell. Tibiae light

"

^^

^.

^

FIGURE 315. Hemipiera. Family Miridae (after Wagner and original) 1

Plagiognainus alpinus, aedeagus: 2

P. bipunctatus, same; 3

aedeagus; 10,11Cnlamydatus pullus: 12 phallotheca; paramere; 16phallotheca;

(3).

3(2).

chrys

~

pulicarius: 10 phallocheca; 11 aedeagus: 12,13 Ch. 13aedeagus; 14-17 Ch. euroi iae: 14 right para mere; ISleft 11 aedeagus; 18 Ch. salcitans. aedeagus; 19-21 Campylomma

23-26 Maurodactylus albidus: 26 aedeagus.

2

P.

23right paramere; 24--left paramere; 25phallotheca:

Phallotheca (Figure 315. 10). long, slender. Aedeagus (Figure 315, 11) markedly twisted, with long flagellum. Setae on hind tibiae as long as thickness of tibia. Hind femora often light, with only subapical black spots, rarely black with light apex. 2.3-2.7. Almost everywhere. On various herbs and grasses. 2 or 3 generations per year. Injurious to leguminous herbs ............................... #Ch. (Eu.) pulicarius Fall. Phallotheca (Figure 315. 12,16) and aedeagus (Figure 315, 13,14) different. Setae on hind tibiae more or less longer than thickness of tibiae. Hind femora always black or brown, with yellow apex.

999

ORCHE3ELLIDAE

13 (14). Thoracic segment II, and often thoracic segment III, with pale dorsolateral fields which are usually elliptic (Figure 37, 1). Posterior half of abdominal segment II always yellowish white. Antennae 2/3 the length of body. Baltic Region to Ukraine 0. cincta L. f. vaga. 14 (13). Thoracic segments II and III without oval, light parts. Posterior half of abdominal segment II with lighter intersegmental space (Figure 37, 7). ...................... 0. bifasciata Nic. f. nigra. 15 (12). Only part of head black. Thoracic segment II without light spots. 3-3.5. In mountains in Europe, possibly in the Eastern Carpathians. ................................. 0. alticola Uzel. f. obscura. Dark pigment forming spots, longitudinal or transverse stripes. 16 (9). 17 (22). Dark pigment forming isolated spots which are sometimes fused, forming short fasciae18 (21). Dorsal spots on body small (Figure 39, 3). Abdominal segments III and IV with a curved fascia which consists of isolated or fused spots (Figure 39, 3). 19 (20). Pigment pattern as in Figure 39, 3. 3-3.4. Mountains, xero0. maculosa lonesco. thermic species. Eastern Carpathians ........

.........................................

87

.....

f6

V7

^ff

FIGURE 37. Podura. Family Orchesellidae (after scach) l-Orchesella cincia form vaga; 2-0. cincta f. principalis; 3-0. inultifa

4 (5).

Phallotheca (Figure 315, 12) without semicircular carina. Hairs on hemelytra grayish, very short and well visible only in lateral view, 1st antennal segment completely black; 2nd antennal segment completely black (male) or black to the middle (female). Aedeagus as in Figure 315,13. 2-2.7. Almost everywhere. On various herbs and grasses, 2 or 3 generations per year. In-

jurious to leguminous herbs .............. *Ch. (Eu.) pullus Reut. Phallotheca (Figure 315, 16) with semicircular carina on dorsal side. Hemelytra covered with longer, light, well visible hairs. All antennal segments often yellowish. GenUalia as in Figure 315, 14-17. 2.2-2.8. Southeast, Lugansk Region. On Eurotia ceratoides......................... Ch. (Eu.) eurotiae Kerzh. 6 (1). Tibiae without distinct black spots, often partly or completely black. Hemelytra usually much shortened, not covering end of abdomen; membrane markedly reduced, without cells; hemelytra rarely normal or covering abdomen although they are short. 763 7 (10). Posterior margin of head light, Hemelytra usually light at base or with light longitudinal stripes, rarely completely brown or brownish black. (Subgenus Chlamydatus Curt.). 8 (9). Hemelytra covered with short light hairs, shiny; if the hemelytra are shortened, they do not cover apex of abdomen. Black; base of hemelytra (in brachypterous forms usually also posterior margin of hemelytra or whole hemelytra) light; tibiae yellowish. Aedeagus as in Figure 315, 18. 1.8-2.3, macropterous forms 3.0. On Polygonurn aviculare and other plants. 2 or 3 generations per year .................................... Ch. saltitans Fall. 9 (8). Hemelytra dull, covered with short black or shiny silvery hairs, with pattern consisting of brown and light spots and stripes or completely brown. Pronotum and often also scutellum with a light median line. Light stripe on vertex reaching far anteriorly between eyes, or frons light, with 2 spots or rows of dark dots. Tibiae and sometimes femora yellowish. Macropterous specimens blackish brown, only tibiae, posterior margin of head and stripe near eye light. 1.9-2.8, macropterous specimens 3.1-3.4. North.. ......................... Ch. opacus Zett. (signatus J. Sahib.). 10 (7). Head and hemelytra completely black. (Subgenus Eurymero5 (4).

c o ri s Kbm.). 11 (12). Head covered with long light hairs. Hairs, on hemelytra long, markedly shiny-silvery in anterior view. Eyes usually red or brownish red. Antennae black; tibiae light. 1.7-2. Southwest, Caucasus. On S e dum. Adults hibernating ..................... ..................................... Ch. (Eu.) evanescens Boh. 12 (11). Head almost bare, shiny. Hairs on hemelytra black or gray, not shiny. Eyes usually black. 13 (14). Vertex 1.8-2 times as broad as an eye. Tibiae, tarsi, 2nd, 3rd and 4th antennal segments yellow. 1.8-2.4. North. .............. ................................... Ch. (Eu.) wilkinsoni DgL Sc. 14 (13). Vertex 2.2-2.5 times as broad as an eye. Legs and antennae completely black. 1.7-2, macropterous specimens 2.1-2.3. Voronezh Region, Northern Caucasus. On wild garlic; injurious to leek ................................ *Ch. (Eu.) allii Putshk.

136.

1 (1).

Platypsallus J. Sahib.

Monotypic genus.

Rounded-oval, with broad, dorsally flattened abdomen, with dense pubescence. Black; proboscis, coxae, tibiae, part of femora and antennae yellowish. 1.6-2, macropterous specimens 2.5. Stony tundra ..................... P, acanthioides J. Sahib.

137. Campylomma Reut. Oblong-oval, shiny. Feeding on plants and minute animals (aphids, thrips and ticks). 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species. The following species are not included; C. sim illi rn a Jak. (Dagestan, Ukraine, on poplar) and C.nicolasi Put. et Reut. (South?), which are closely related to C. annulico r ni s Sign.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Apex

of clypeus dark. Hemelytra grayish, often with diffuse pale brown pattern. Head, pronotum and scutellum yellowish. A narrow ring at apex of 1st antennal segment and base of 2nd antennal segment, black or brown- Genitalia as in Figure 315, 19-21. 2.6-3.1. South. On Verbascum, Car duu s and other plants, also on apple ......................... C. verbasci M.-D. Clypeus completely light. Uniformly greenish white. 1st antennal segment of male with black ring; 1st antennal segment of female with black dot; 2nd antennal segment of male completely black or brown; base of 2nd antennal segment of female black or brown. Aedeagus as in Figure 315. 22. 2.7-3.1, South. On willow ....... .......................................... C. annulicornis Sign.

138. Maurodactylus Reut. species. 1 (1).

139. 1 (1).

764

140.

1 (1).

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

2 or 3

Females oval, yellowish; clypeus or its apex, genae, antennae, tarsi, apex of proboscis and middle of mesothorax, black; male elongate, whitish; the following parts are usually completely black: the whole head (except spot on vertex), antennae, tarsi, scutellum, venter of body, hind femora, sometimes pronotum (completely or partly), rarely basis of middle femora; black pattern of female sometimes developed almost to the same extent as in the male, or, on the contrary, males very pale. Genitalia as in Figure 315, 23-26. 3-3.6. South. On Cruciferae. Injurious to mustard .................................... ^M. albidus Kol. Paredrocoris Reut.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Rich yellow, slightly shiny. Apex of tarsi and proboscis and mesothorax of male brown. Genitalia as in Figure 316, 1-4. 3.2-3.7. South. On Euphorbia............ P. pectoralis Reut.

Auchenocrepis Fieb. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. Reddish brown; dorsum with more or less rounded yellowish spot occupying scutellum, almost the whole clavus and a narrow stripe on corium; venter with a similar spot covering part of thorax and abdomen, coxae and basis of femora; 3rd and 4th antennal segments, light. 2.3-3. Eastern Ciscaucasia, Southeast. On Tamarix ........................... A. reuteri Jak. white

141. Eumecotarsus Kerzh. On Myricaria. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (1).

Adults hibernating.

Pale, yellowish

or brownish, covered with short light hairs. Pattern on head (Figure 308, 3), middle of scutellum, antennae (partly or completely), in male venter of body and sometimes raised areas of pronotum black or brown. Hemelytra shiny, with smoky pattern. Aedeagus as in Figure 316, 5. 3-3.7. Caucasus. On stony banks of mountain streams ................. .......................................... Eu. breviceps Reut.

142. Tuponia Reut. Pale greenish, whitish or rich green, often with more or less marked pale pink spots. Whole body light, only tibiae rarely with dark dots at base of setae. Dorsum covered with short black and silvery hairs. 1.5-3.7. South. On Tamarix (T- elegans Jak.. etc.), Limonium caspium (T. statices Jak.), Frankenia (T. conc inn a Reut.). More than 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than

15 species. der

For identification see: E. Wagner. Beitrag zur Systematik Fac. Sci. Univ. Istanbul, (B), 20. 4,

Gattung Tuponia Reut.Rev.

1955:257-266. 143. Camptotylus Fieb. Green or yellowish green. Tibiae with black dots. Claws long, slightly curved, without pseudoarolia. On Tamarix. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

1 (4). 2

(3).

1st antennal segment black. Anterior margin of hind femora with black stripe. (Subgenus Exaeretus Fieb.). Elongate. 1st antennal segment 1.5 times as long as breadth of vertex. Anterior and posterior margin of hind femora with black stripe; base of tibiae black. Male genitalia as in Figure 316, 6-9. 2.3-3. Eastern Caucasus C. (E.) linae Put. .....................

1002

3 (2).

765

4 (1).

Broader. 1st antennal segment half as long as breadth of vertex. Posterior margin of hind femora without black stripe; ventral side of hind femora with 3 black stripes; base of tibiae light. Frons with orange transverse stripes. Male genitalia as in Figure 316, 10-13. 2.4-2.7. Lower reaches of the Kuma. Southeast ................................ C. (E.) meyeri Fr.-G. 1st antennal segment light, with dark dot. Anterior margin and ventral side of hind femora ’with dark spots which do not form longitudinal stripes. (Subgenus Camptotylus Fieb.). Cells of membrane transparent. Male genitalia as in Figure 316, 14-17. 2,1-2.6. Crimea, Caucasus. Southeast ........... C. reuteri Jak.

22.

Family TINGIDAE (Tingitidae)

Small, usually flattened, rounded, short-oval, rarely oblong. Head often with thin spines on frons and vertex. Proboscis lying in groove formed by rostellar plates (Figure 317, 2). Pronotum with 1-5 longitudinal carinae (Figure 317,1). Anterior margin of pronotum often with reticulate structure (Figure 317, 3,7) often raised in form of a vesicular inflation or prolonged anteriorly in form of process, Pronotum posteriorly produced into a triangular (rarely rounded) process (Figure 317, 1). Lateral margins of pronotum usually reticulate, laterally expanded into a disk, or turned up onto disk form ing reticulate inflations on the sides of the disk. Membrane and usually also clavus not differentiated; hemelytra leathery or transparent, reticulate, usually divided into an inner, median and lateral region and a lateral margin (Figure 317, 1). Many species show dimorphism of wings. Brachypterous specimens: hemelytra only slightly longer than abdomen, and inner region of hemelytra narrow, slightly overlapping posteriorly or only contiguous along commissure. Macropterous specimens: larger, hemelytra reaching markedly beyond apex of abdomen and inner region of hemelytra broader and widely overlapping posteriorly. Phytophagous; living on leaves of trees, herbs and grasses, also on moss; they sometimes form large colonies. Hibernating as adults; only Stephanitis oberti hibernates as eggs. About 2000 species exist. 21 species, more than 90 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 23 genera, about 110 species. LITERATURE. Horvath, G. Synopsis Tingitidarum Regionis

Palaearcticae.Ann-

Mus. Nat. Hung.,

IV, 1906.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (40).

Clavus more or less distinctly differentiated. Rostellar plates reaching far beyond apex of head. (Subfamily Cantacaderinae). Pronotum with 5 carinae ....................... 1. Cantacader. Hemelytra without clavus, or clavus not differentiated from corium. Rostellar plates not prolonged or slightly prolonged

anteriorly. Hemelytra sharply divided into lateral, inner and median regions; This division is rarely more or less indistinct (Oncochila), but in this case pronotum with 3 carinae and lateral margins of pronotum turned up onto its disk. Anterior margin of pronotum almost always with reticulate structure. (Subfamily Tinginae).

1003

Rostellar plates not converging anteriorly, so that the groove formed by them is not closed and the attachment of the proboscis is visible in anterior view (Figure 317, 2). Openings of scent glands without canal. 5 (14). Median and lateral regions of hemelytra together not raised in the form of a roof. Hemelytra opaque, at least in the middle. 6 (13). Antennae slender, without tubercles, rarely with tubercles, but in this case tubercles without setae. 4th antennal segment usually thicker than apex of 3rd antennal segment. 7 (8). Anterior margin of pronotum notched, without process or inflation 4 (19).

............................................

2. Campylosteira.

Anterior margin of pronotum with reticulate process or inflation. 8 (7). 9 (12). Cells of median region of hemelytra of uniform size. Reticulate

10 (11).

11 (10).

12 (9).

13 (6).

14 (5).

15 (18). 766 16 (17).

structure of anterior margin of pronotum distinctly prolonged anteriorly, Reticulate structure of anterior margin of pronotum small, rooflike, not higher than median carina or slightly higher than carina.. ................................................. 3. Acalypta. Reticulate structure of pronotum forming a large, shiny, markedly raised, black sphere (Figure 317, 3).......... 4. Sphaerista. Marginal cells of median region of hemelytra markedly larger than central cells. Reticulate structure of anterior margin of pronotum truncate or very slightly protruding beyond its anterior margin ........................................... 5. Biskria. Antennae thick; at least 3rd antennal segment with large tubercles with curved setae; 4th antennal segment not thicker than 3rd segment (Figure 317,4) ............................ 6, Dictyonota. Median and lateral regions of hemelytra raised, forming a vesicular or rooflike elevation. Hemelytra hyaline, transparent, with large cells (Figure 318, 1). Lateral margins of pronotum with 2 or 3 rows of cells. Lateral carinae of pronotum laminate or absent (Figure 318, 1). Spines on head short or moderately long, of the same color as the head.. ......................................7. Derephysia. Lateral carinae of pronotum curved in form of cups or shells. Spines on head long, light ...................... 8. Hyalochiton. Lateral margins of pronotum with one row of cells 9. Galeatus. Rostellar plates converging anteriorly and forming a closed groove; attachment of proboscis not visible in anterior view. Openings of scent glands with distinct canal (Figure 317, 5). Hemelytra hyaline, transparent (Figure 318, 2). Median and lateral regions of hemelytra forming a vesicular or rooflike elevation; the last is open at the apex ........... 10. Stephanitis. Hemelytra not transparent, without vesicular elevations. Lateral margins of pronotum reticulate, horizontal or slanting, or turned upward and pressed to disk of pronotum, but not turned onto its dorsal side (Figure 317,1). Antennae slender; 4th antennal segment usually thicker than 3rd antennal segment, gradually tapering toward its base. .

17 (16). 18 (15). 19 (4). 20 (35). 21 (22).

22 (21). 23 (32).

24 (29).

...

25 (26).

Reticulate process of anterior margin of pronotum reaching apex of head or beyond it. Lateral carinae of pronotum high, often with. 2 rows of cells ............................. 11. Elasmotropis. 26 (25). Process on anterior margin of pronotum not reaching anteriorly beyond eyes, often truncate apicaliy. Lateral carinae lower, with or without a row of ceils. 27 (28). Lateral margins of pronotum and heroelytra or only hemelytra covered with denticles bearing setae ............ 12. Lasiacantha. 28 (27). Lateral margins of pronotum and hemelytra without denticles ......

.................................................. 13. Tingis. 29 (24). Antennae thick, contiguous at the base; 4th antennal segment cylindrical or only slightly tapering toward the base. 30 (31). Antennal segments cylindrical. Lateral margins of pronotum turned upward and often pressed to disk of pronotum ............. ..............................................

14.

Catoplatus.

31 (30). 3rd antennal segment gradually thickening toward apex; 4th antennal segment very thick, forming an angle with 3rd antennal segment (Figure 317, 6). Lateral margins of pronotum narrow, but horizontally expanded .......................... 15. Copium. 32 (23). Lateral margins of pronoturo completely turned to the disk of pronotum so that the sides of the pronotum are more or less inflated and bear larger cells (Figure 317,7). Antennae slender; 3rd antennal segment thinner than the others. 33 (34). Hemelytra flat; carina dividing inner and median regions high. Lateral margins of pronotum turned up, narrower, usually far from reaching median carina. Lateral carinae of pronotum not contiguous with median carina ............... 16. Physatocheila. 34 (33). Hemelytra convex; carina dividing inner and median regions more or less indistinct. Lateral margins of pronotum turned up, reaching or almost reaching median carina. Lateral carinae of pronotum converging anteriorly and contiguous or almost contiguous with median carina ............................. 17. Oncochila. 35 (20). Openings of scent glands without canal. Lateral region of hemelytra forming a sharp inner angle at level of posterior end of median region, being broadest at that point, with a large number of cells. 36 (39). Pronotum with 3 carinae and reticulate process at the anterior margin; lateral margins of pronotum broadly turned up onto disk of

37 (38).

pronotum-.

Lateral margins of pronotum turned up onto disk, slightly convex; posterior process of pronotum without apical vesicular inflation. Hemelytra without tubercles in the middle; lateral margins of hemelytra with one row of cells at least in the middle ............ ................................................. 18. Dictyla. 38 (37). Lateral margins of pronotum turned up onto disk, markedly inflated; inner margin of lateral margins of pronotum with 2 notches; posterior process of pronotum with apical vesicular inflation. Hemelytra with 2 high tubercles; whole lateral margins of hemelytra with 2 irregular rows of cells ........ 19. Octacysta. 39 (36). Pronotum with one carina; anterior margin of pronotum without process; lateral margins of pronotum not expanded, but forming a narrow oval membranous white part at the apex.... 20. Monosteira.

40 (3).

Body markedly elongate. Hemelytra convex, not divided into lateral. Inner and median regions (Figure 318, 3). Pronotum with an often indistinct carina; sides of pronotum rounded, with little-marked rib. (Subfamily Agrammatinae). ..... 21. Agramma.

Keys to Species of Family Tingidae

767

Subfamily CANTACADERINAE 1.

1 (1).

Cantacader A.S.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Brownish gray or dirty yellow.

Crimea, Caucasus ...... C. quadricornis Lep. S.

3.8-4.5.

.......................................

Subfamily TINGINAE Campylosteira Fieb. Small (species in the European U.S.S.R. 1,5-2), dark brown or blackish. Apparently on moss. 4 species; In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. All are rare; the commonest species is C. ve rna Fall. 2.

3.

Acalypta Westw. Brownish, grayish black, rarely black. On

forest and steppe mosses.11 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 16 species. The occurrence of A. carpathica Horv. in the Transcarpathian Region should be confirmed.

1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2).

Pronotum with one median carina. Yellowish. Lateral margins of hemelytra with 2 rows of cells at the base and sometimes also at the apex and with 3 rows of cells in the middle. 2.5-2.7. Southwest. Rare ............. A. musci Schrk. Lateral margins of hemelytra with one row of cells, at the base and at the apex with 2 rows of cells. 2.3-2.5. Crimea, Transcaucasia. Rare ............................. A. uniseriata Put.

4 (1).

.

Pronotum with 3 carinae. 5 (10). Lateral margins of pronotum with 3 or 4 rows of cells, more or less projecting at an angle at the apex. Spines on frons not shorter than 1st antennal segment. 6 (7). Lateral carinae of pronotum anteriorly more or less converging. Lateral margins of hemelytra with 2 rows of cells, at the base with 3 rows and sometimes with one row in the middle. Yellowish. 2,3-3. Forest zone .............................A. carinata Pz. 7 (6). Lateral carinae of pronotum parallel. Head, disk of pronotum and venter of body black. 8 (9). Anterior corners of pronotum rounded. All cells of lateral region of hemelytra of more or less the same size. Lateral margin of hemelytra with one row of cells in its greater part, at the base with 2 rows. 3-3.3. Forest zone. Rare A. pIatycheilaFieb. 9 (8). Anterior corners of pronotum pointed, markedly prolonged in Cells inner anteriorly. part of lateral region of hemelytra 2-4 times as large as cells in outer part of this region. Lateral margin of hemelytra with 2 rows of cells, in the middle sometimes with one row. 2.5-2.9, Southeast, Steppe A. acutangula Jak. ..

..

......

1006

10 (5).

Lateral margins of pronotum with 1 or 2 rows of cells, sometimes with a faintly marked 3rd row; apical corners of pronotum rounded.

Body black or dark brown. 11 (14). 3rd antennal segment without sharp nodosity at the base. 12 (13). Antennae black; 3rd antennal segment of female rust-colored buff, except its apex. Brachypterous forms: inner region of hemelytra with 3 (female) or almost 3 (male) rows of cells; median region of hemelytra of male with 4 rows of cells, that of female with 4 or 5 rows. 2-3. Forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus .............................................. A. nigrina Fall. 13 (12). Antennae of both sexes completely black. Brachypterous form: inner region of hemelytra with 2 rows of cells; median region of hemelytra of male with 3 rows, that of female with 4 rows. 2-3. Forest zone. Rarer than A. nigrina. .A. marginataWolff. 14 (11). 3rd antennal segment markedly thickened at the base. 15 (16). Median region of hemelytra narrow and long, forming a groove. Cells of hemelytra large and of uniform size. 2,3-2.6. Everywhere, except in the North .................... A. gracilis Fieb. 16 (15), Median region of hemelytra broad, short, flat. Cells of hemelytra small, larger on lateral margins than in the other parts of the .

hemelytra. 17 (18). Inner region of hemelytra with 2 rows of cells anteriorly. Anterior process of pronotum short, slightly prolonged anteriorly. 1.5-2. Crimea ..................................... A. hellenica Reut. 18 (17). Inner region of hemelytra of brachypterous form with one row of cells proximal to middle. Anterior process of pronotum more prolonged anteriorly. 1.6-2. Northwest. A. parvula Fall. ........

Sphaerista Kir. Ocher-yellow; disk of pronotum brown; head, 4th antennal segment and spherical process of pronotum black. Genus containing 2 species. 4.

1 (2).

768

2

(1).

Pronotum with 2 low lateral carinae which diverge posterior to spherical process; a median carina also present (Figure 317, 3). Spines on frons usually slightly elevated, almost parallel to rostellar plates in profile. 1.9-2.4; macropterous form 3.0. Voronezh Region, Southeast, Siberia. On species of the subgenus Artemisia s. sir. ........................... S. paradoxa Jak. Pronotum without lateral carinae posterior to spherical process. Spines on frons usually almost vertical. 1.9-2.4. Southeast, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan. On Artemisia lercheana and species of Seriphidium S. emeljanovi Kerzh., sp. n. .........

5. Biskria Put. Head, disk of pronotum, venter of body, whole or part of antennae and legs black. A white stripe on posterior part of pronoturo and base of hemelytra. Hemelytra grayish white. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

Apex of posterior process of pronotum pointed

or narrowly rounded, with dark veins; median carina with distinct cells, reaching apex of posterior process. (Subgenus Biskria Put.). Reticulate structure on anterior margin of pronoturo white. Most

heroelytra dark. 3rd antennal segment longer than head. 2.6-3.2. South. On Chenopodiaceae (Atriplex, Kochia, etc.) ............................................ B. sareptana Jak.

veins on

an.

FIGURE

Stichel and

Hemiptera. Family Tingidae (after original)

Wagner,

Kirichenko, Cobben, Southwood and Leston,

ampliaia, diagram of body (1m lateral margin of hemelytra, Iprlateral margin of pronotum, Ir lateral region, irinner region, ppposterior process, vs vesicular structure, mmembrane, memedian region): 2 Acalypta carinaia, ventral side of head; 3Sphaerista pacadoxa, pronotum; 4Dictyonoia iricornis, antennae; 5 Siephanitis pyri, left half of mesoand meEathorax. ventral (osg opening of sceni gland); 6Copium clavicorne, antenna; 7,8Physatocheila cosiata: 7pronotum; 8head, lateral; 9Ph. smreczynskii. head.

1Tingis

2 (1).

Apex of posterior process of pronotum broadly rounded, with -

light veins; median carina low, with indistinct cells, disappearing near apex of posterior process of pronotum. (Subgenus No to sim a Kerzh,, subgen.n.), Reticulate structure on anterior margin of pronotum black, a narrow part white only anteriorly. Most veins on hemelytra light. 3rd antennal segment short, thick, usually shorter than head. 2.6-2.7. Southeast, Kazakhstan. On B. (N.) ephedrae Kerzh., sp. n. Ephedra distachya. ... .-

...

..

Dictyonota Curt. Head, antennae, disk of pronotum, venter of body, part of veins of hemelytra or all veins, black. In the U.S.S.R. 4 species. D. (E.) be eke ri Jak. (Southeast) not included. 6.

1 (4).

Hemelytra normal, rarely shortened, but in this case inner margins of hemelytra contiguous. More than 2.5 long, relatively broad.

2 (3).

769

3 (2).

4 (1).

Antennae with very short setae. Head with 2 light spines at base. (Subgenus Dictyonota Curt.). 3.8-4.5. Central Belt, South. On Cytisus and other Leguminosae ...... D. strichnocera Fieb. Antennae with long vertical setae. Head without spines at base. (Subgenus Alcletha Kirk.). 2.7-3.5. Everywhere, except in the North ......... D. (A.) tricornis Schrk. (aridula Jak., syn.n.). Hemelytra not fully developed; inner margins of hemelytra not contiguous; hemelytra very rarely normal. Body very small,

1008

elongate. (Subgenus Elina Ferr.). 1.8-2.3. South. On mosses .................................... D. (E.) henschi Put. 7. Derephysia Spin. Body brownish yellow; 4th antemial segment and sometimes head and thorax black. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Pronotum with 3 carinae. Posterior process of pronotum pointed. Lateral margin of hemelytra with 2 rows of cells. 2.9-3.8 (Figure 318,1). Forest zone, Caucasus ......... D. foliacea Fall. Pronotum with one carina. Posterior process of pronotum rounded. Lateral margin of hemelytra with one row of cells, D. cristata Pz. 2.3-3.8. Central Belt, South. On Compositae .....

8.

1 (1).

Hyalochiton Horv.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Anterior process of pronotum reaching beyond apex of head. Head, anterior part of pronotum and venter of body, black; antennae, legs and spot behind eye yellow; dorsum completely white. 1.8-2.7, Southern Ukraine, Caucasus. On Teucrium p o 1 i i ....................................... H. komaroffi Jak.

9. Galeatus Curt. Body black or brown; hemelytra and all reticulate parts of pronotum white, transparent; antennae and legs yellow.7 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 species. G. decorus Jak. (Middle Volga) which is very closely related to G. maculatus H.-S. is not included.

1 (6).

2 lateral carinae of pronotum simple, laminate. Lateral margins of hemelytra with one row of cells. Anterior vesicular structure of pronotum oblong. 3 (4), Head without spines. Carinae on pronotum bare. 2.6-3.3. G. inermis Jak. Caucasus, Southeast. On Dodartia 4 (3). Head with long thin spines, Carinae of pronotum with pale thin hairs. 2.8-4.7. Center, South. On Phlomis tuberosa (Labiatae)........ G. smuatus H.-S. (brevispinus Jak., syn. n.). 5 (2). Lateral margins of hemelytra with 2 rows of cells. Vesicular structure on pronotum almost spherical. 3.4-4. Southeast. On Compositae .................................. G. cellularis Jak. 6 (1). Lateral carinaeof pronotum curvedinform of cupor shell. 7 (10). Lateral margins of pronotum and hemelytra without spots. Vesicular structure of pronotum not reaching apex of head. 8 (9). Larger: 4-4.5. Vesicular structure of pro no turn short, not reaching anterior corners of pronotum and reaching slightly beyond base of head. Only macropterous. Caucasus, Urals, Siberia ’................................... G. angusticollis Reut. Smaller. Vesicular structure of pronotum covering posterior 9 (8). half of head, reaching beyond base of median spine of head, almost reaching anterior corners of pronotum. Macropterous and brachypterous. 2.5-3.5. Everywhere, except in the North. On Helichrysum arenarium (Compositae). ................ ............................................G. spinifrons Fall. Lateral margins of pronotum and hemelytra with small blackish 10 (7). brown spots along veins. Vesicular structure of pronotum reaching beyond apex of head, flattened laterally. 2.5-3.3. Belorussia, Transcaucasia. OnHieracium pilo s e 11 a ... G. maculatus H.-S. 2 (5).

...........

20 (19).

Pigment pattern different from that in Figure 39, 2. Possibly found in the U.S.S.R. ......................... 0. villosa Geoffr.

1,2Orchesella specEabilis: Ifemale; 2male; 3O.subnigra; 4O.albofasciaia; 50. Have seen s f.triangulimaculaca, dark specimen; 60. angustis-

trigaia.

21 (18). Dorsal spots on body large.

22 (17). 23 (38). 24 (27). 25 (26).

26 (25).

27 (24). 28 (33).

29 (30).

30 (29). 31 (32).

32 (31).

Abdominal segments III and IV without U-shaped fascia (Figure 39, 1). 3-3.5. In mountains in Europe. Possibly found in the U.S.S.R. ....... 0. alticola Uzel. Dark pigment forming longitudinal and transverse fasciae. Dark pigment forming only longitudinal stripes. Dorsum of body with 3 continuous longitudinal stripes from anterior part of thoracic segment II to apex of abdomen. Head and first 2 antennal segments black. Dorsolateral lines distinct and broad; median line very narrow (Figure 37, 9). 3.5. Ukraine ................................ 0. pulchra Stach. Head and antennae light colored. All 3 longitudinal lines of equal width (Figure 37, 8). 2.5-2.9. Western Ukraine ............ ........................................... 0. orientalis Stach. Dorsum with only 2 longitudinal stripes. Dark dorsolateral lines continuous from anterior part of thoracic segment II to apex of abdomen. No pigmented areas between dorsolateral lines. Median part of dorsum with a continuous light stripe from head to apex of abdomen (Figure 38, 3). Longitudinal lines very broad. 3.5-4. Ukraine .................................... 0. subnigra Stach. More or less wide pigmented parts between dorsolateral lines on all or some terga (Figure 17, 1). Longitudinal lines narrower. Dorsolateral lines ending at posterior margin of segment IV and forming a pair of semicircular spots on abdominal segment V (Figure 17, 1). Antennae 2/3 the length of body. Background whitish; pattern bluish black. 3-4. Ukraine ................... ....................................... 0. xerothernnca Stach. Dorsolateral lines ending at abdominal segment VI. Tergum V without rounded spots (Figure 37, 4). Antennae about 4/5 of length

92

10. Stephanitts Stal, Body black or partly yellowish. Hemelytra usually with brown or black pattern. Legs and antennae yellow. In the U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (4).

2 (3).

Rostellar plates of the same height throughout, reaching beyond apex of clypeus anteriorly. 3rd antennal segment 3 times as long as 4th antennal segment, Lateral margins of pronotum with 4 rows of cells in the middle. Median carina and vesicular inflation of pronotum of almost the same length in profile. 3-3.3 (Figure 318, 2). South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia. On linden and other deciduous trees, including apple and pear *S. pyri F. (oschanini Vas.). Lateral margins of pronotum with 3 rows of cells. Median carina 1/3-1/2 longer than vesicular inflation of pronotum. 3-3.4, Caucasus. On Rhododendron S. caucasica Kir. Rostellar plates lower anteriorly and not reaching beyond apex of clypeus. 3rd antennal segment not more than twice as long as 4th antennal segment. 3,5-4. Northern part of the forest zone. On red bilberry, bilberry and other Ericaceae ............ ................................................ S. obertt Kol. .....

3 (2).

.......

770

4 (1).

11. Elasmotropts Stal. Venter and 4th antennal segment black or brown; dorsum pale yellowish. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species, of them E. selecta Horv. (Transcaucasia, Dagestan(?), Southeast (?)) insufficiently known.

1 (1).

2.8-3.3.

On Echinops sphae rocephalus .

12. L&siacantha Stal. 2 species.

1 (2),

2 (1).

E. testacea H.-S.

Gray or brownish dorsally. In the U.S.S.R.

Lateral margins of pronotum with hairs, but without spinules. Vesicular inflation of pronotum of macropterous specimens conical, almost vertical anteriorly; brachypterous specimens very rare, median region of their hemelytra with 7 or 8 median rows of cells. 3-3.5. South. On Linum perenne, L.tenuifolium ............................ L. gracilis H.-S. Lateral margins of pronotum with spinules bearing hairs. Vesicular inflation of pronotum of macro- and brachypterous specimens low, rounded; median region of hemelytra of brachypterous specimens with 4 or 5 rows of cells in the middle. 2.3-3. Central Belt, South. On Thymus, rarely on Salvia and other Labiatae .................................... L. capucina Germ.

13. Tingis F. Grayish, brownish, rarelyyellowish.~18speci.es. In the whole U.S.S.R. 27 species; T. si nuaticolli s Jak. (Dagestan) and T, g rise a Germ. (South?) not included. 1 (20).

2 (9).

Lateral margins of pronotum more or less expanded, at least with one row of clearly visible cells. Anterior process of

pronotum usually more or less prolonged anteriorly. Lateral margins and carinae of pronotum and hemelytra with hairs which are longer than the diameter of an eye. (Subgenus Lasiotropis Stal.). On Labiatae.

4 (5).

5 (4),

6 (3).

7 (8).

8 (7).

9 (2).

10 (11).

11 (10). 12 (15). 13 (14).

Lateral margins of pronotum with 1 or 2 rows of cells; lateral margins of hemelytra with 2 rows of cells, sometimes with almost

3 rows distal to middle. Lateral margins of pronoturo straight.

2.7-3.3.

........................

14 (13),

15 (12). 16 (19).

Crimea,

Caucasus. On Stachys................. T. (L.) ragusana Fieb. Lateral margins of pronotum deeply notched anterior to middle. Large: 3.7-4.3. Crimea. On Phlomis fruticosa........... ......................................... T. (L.) hellenica Put, Lateral margins of pronotum and hemelytra broad, with 3 rows of cells. Lateral margins of pronotum deeply notched anterior to middle, anteriorly narrow, with one row of cells. 4.3-4.5. Crimea, Caucasus .................................. T. (L.) ciliaris Put. Lateral margins of pronotum rounded-convex, not narrowed anteriorly. 4-4.5. Everywhere, except in the North. On A jug a spp. ............................ T. (L.) reticulata H.-S. Lateral margins and carinae of pronotum and hemelytra without hairs, or hairs present, but shorter than diameter of an eye. (Subgenus Tingis F.). Lateral margins of pronotum distinctly notched in the middle. Hemelytra bare. 3-3.8. South. On Torylis .................. .......................................... T. auriculata Costa. Lateral margins of pronotum rounded or straight. Lateral margins of pronotum and hemelytra with 3 or 4 rows of cells; veins of hecnelytra black in some places. Lateral margins of pronotum and hemelytra with 4 rows of cells in their greater part. Anterior margin of pronotum almost twice as long as breadth of head. 3.8-4.2 (Figure 317, 1). Central Belt, South. On Cirsium T. ampliata H.-S. Lateral margins of pronotum and hemelytra with 3 rows of cells, Anterior margin of pronotum as long as breadth of head. 3.3-3,8. Everywhere, except in the North. On Cirsium and Carduus.. ................................................. T. cardui L. Lateral margins of pronotum and hemelytra with 2 rows of cells or sometimes partly with one row. Antennae long; 3rd antennal segment almost twice as long as 4th .

3 (6).

segment. 17 (18). Antennae and body without vertical hairs. 4th antennal segment and usually also 1st and 2nd antennal segments black. 2.6-3.7. Ukraine. On Compositae T. angustata H.-S. 18 (17). Antennae and dorsum of body densely covered with apically curved, vertical hairs. Antennae uniformly reddish. 2.8-3.4. On Artemisia absinthium,A.vulgaris. ..T. crispata H.-S. 19 (16). Antennae short; 3rd antennal segment less than twice as long as 4th antennal segment. Pronotum and hemelytra with very short hairs which are curved on the lateral margins of the pronotum. 2.8-3.3. South. On Crupina vulgaris (Compositae)......... .......................................... T. rotundicollis Jak. 20 (1). Lateral margins of pronotum narrow, curved upward and strongly adpressed to pronotum, without cells or with indistinct cells. .....................

1011

21 (24).

771 22 (23).

23 (22).

24 (21).

Anterior margin of pronotum straight; anterior process of pronotum truncate. Antennae, pronotum and hemelytra densely covered with long vertical hairs. (Subgenus Neolasiotropis E.Wgn.). Lateral margins of hemelytra with 2 rows of cells proximal to middle. 3.5-4. Central Belt, South. OnPhlomis tuberosa (Labiatae) ............................... T. (N.) pilosa Humm. Lateral margins of hemelytra with one row of cells proximal to middle. 3-3.5. South. On Phlomi s pungens ............... ......................................... T. (N.) pauperata Put. Antennae, pronotum and hemelytra. without long hairs. (Subgenus Tropi docheila Fieb.).

25 (26),

26 (25).

27 (30).

28 (29).

29 (28). 30 (27).

Body dorsally covered with dense, short, curved hairs. Lateral margins of pronotum straight; lateral margins of hemelytra forming a ridge; cells on lateral margins of hemelytra indistinct. rarely (macropterous specimens) lateral margins of hemelytra with one row of cells. 1.8-2.5. Sal’sk Steppes, Southeast. On species of Seriphidium .................. T. (T.) pusUla Jak. Dorsum of body bare or only carinae and margins with straight hairs. Lateral margins of pronotum slightly notched. Median region of hemelytra broad, straight, its inner margin angularly rounded. Lateral margins and carinae of pronotum, and hemelytra with short straight hairs. 3-3.5. Ukraine, Caucasus. On A jug a .., .. ......................................... T. (T,) caucasica Jak. Only lateral margins of pronotum with hairs. 3.5-3.6. Center, South.................................. T. (T.) geniculata Fieb. Median region of hemelytra narrow, forming a groove; its inner margin only slightly rounded. Lateral margins of pronotum slightly curved anterior to middle. 3-3.3. South. On Stachys and Sideritis (Labiatae) ............... T. (T.) maculata H.-S.

Catoplatus Spin. Flat, oblong-oval, ocher-yellow. Up to 7 In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 10 species. C.anticus Keut. (Crimea?) not included. 14.

species. 1 (6).

2 (5). 3 (4).

Lateral margins of hemelytra (not to be confused with lateral region of hemelytra) broad, with 2 or 3 rows of cells, Spinules on frons anteriorly converging or crossed, Lateral margin of hemelytra with 3 rows of cells in its greater part. Disk of pronotum slightly convex; only posterior third of lateral margin of pronotum pressed to disk; lateral margins of pronotum with 2 or 3 rows of cells. Usually only 4th antennal segment blackish brown, 3.7-4.2. Forest zone C. fabricii Stal. Pronotum more convex; lateral margin of pronotum pressed to pronotum almost its whole length, with 1 or 2 rows of cells; 1st, 2nd, 4th and often also 3rd antennal segment dark brown. 4-4.5. Crimea, Caucasus ............................. C. dilatatus Jak. Lateral margin of hemelytra with 2 rows of cells. Only 4th antennal segment black. 3.5-4. Lugansk Region, Caucasus. Rare ...................................... C. distlnctus Mont. ..........

4 (3).

5 (2).

6 (1).

Lateral margins of hemelytra very narrow, with one row of cells, or almost absent. Spines on frons very small, parallel or absent. All antennal segments black. Disk of pronotum often black or brown.

7 (10). Femora and often also tibiae black, rarely dark brown. Tibiae slightly tapering apically, their color light apically or 8 (9). throughout. Antennae thick; 3rd antennal segment truncate apically. Carinae of pronotum usually present also on disk of pronotum, 3.9-4.5. South. On Eryngium spp. (Umbelliferae) C. carthusianus Gz. 9 (8). Tibiae not tapering apically, completely black. Antennae thinner; 3rd antennal segment obliquely truncate apically. Carinae of pronotum indistinct on disk. 3.9-4.5. Southeast, Dagestan .......

............................................

............................................

10 (7),

Legs completely yellow. Eryngium

3.2-3.7.

..................

C. nigriceps Horv.

Southern Crimea. On C. horvathi Put. (flavipes Horv,).

15. Copium Thunb. (Monanthia Lep.S., nee auct.). Pale brownish; head, antennae and venter of thorax black; disk of pronotum and abdomen brown. On Teucrium spp.; nymphs developing in galls on flowers. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (2).

3rd antennal segment slightly longer than 4th segment and 1.5 segments together (Figure 317, 6). Lateral margins of pronotum broad; lateral margins of hemelytra with alternating large and small .cells which are triangular in some places. 3.3-4. Ukraine, Caucasus. .......................... C. clavicorne L. (cornutum Thunb,). 3rd antennal segment 4/5 as long as 4th antennal segment and not more than 1.35 times as long as 1st and 2nd antennal segment together. Lateral margins of pronotum very narrow; lateral margins of hemelytra with cells of similar size and shape. 3rd antennal segment at least 2.5-2.75 times as long as its diameter at the apex; 4th antennal segment almost cylindrical, its dorsal and ventral margins almost parallel in profile. 3-3.5. Ukraine, Caucasus ............................ C. teucrii Host, 3rd antennal segment only little more than twice as long as its diameter at the apex. 4th antennal segment ovoid, only 2.5 times as long as its diameter in profile; dorsal margin of 4th antennal segment slightly curved, its ventral margin straight. 3-3.5. Caucasus ................................... C. brevicorne Jak. times as long as 1st and 2nd antennal

,

2 (1).

3 (4).

772

4

(3).

16. Physatocheila Fieb. 6 species. 1 (8).

2 (5).

Rust-red.

5 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

Lateral carinae of pronotum parallel; lateral margins of pronotum narrowly turned up, almost not contiguous with lateral carinae (Figure 317, 7). Lateral margin of hemelytra with 10-25 median cells which are 1/3-1/2 as large as the other cells. Lateral margins of hemelytra with 2 rows of cells at the base, 3 rows in the middle and one row distal to the middle. 2.8-3.

3 (4).

Head black. Lateral region of hemelytra narrow, with 2 rows of cells. South. On hawthorn, blackthorn, Sorbus, etc.

........

Ph. dumetorum H.-S. Head rust-colored. Lateral region of hemelytra with 3 rows of cells, widened in the middle and sometimes with 4 rows of cells in the middle. Crimea, Caucasus ............. Ph. confinis Horv. Lateral margins of hemslytra with 3 rows of cells at the base, 4 rows in the middle and 2 rows distal to the middle. Lateral region of hemelytra with 3 or 4 rows of cells. Outer part of hemelytra white distal to middle. 3.5-4. Median spine on frons usually short, straight, blunt and situated dorsal to lateral frontal spines (Figure 317, 8). Male not darker than female. Forest zone. On Ainus spp. .................... ..................... .Ph. costata F. (quadrim aculata Wolff). Median spine of frons usually longer, tapering and curved toward bases of lateral spines (Figure 317, 9). Male usually darker than female, blackish. Southern part of the forest zone. On Padus, Sorbus and other trees and shrubs of Rosaceae ................ ...................................... Ph. smreczynskii China. Lateral carinae of pronotum distinctly converging anteriorly; lateral margins of pronotum broadly turned up, contiguous with lateral carinae for a long distance. At most 6 very small cells in middle of lateral margin of hemelytra. Hemelytra with dark rhomboidal spot. 3.1-4. Caucasus, Lower Volga, Siberia. On Salix Xerophila ..................... Ph. distinguenda Jak. .........................................

4 (3).

5 (2).

6 (7).

7 (6).

8 (1).

17. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Oncochila Stal.

On Euphorbia spp.

In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Whole lateral margins of hemelytra with one row of distinct cells. Pronotum and hemelytra whitish, rust-colored or brown. 3-3.8. Central Belt, South ........................... 0. simplex H.-S. Lateral margins of hemelytra very narrow, almost riblike, only apically with an indistinct row of cells. Usually dark brown, almost black; base of hemelytra often light. 2.6-3.2. Ukraine, Southeast .................................. 0. scapularis Fieb.

18. Dictyla Stal (Monanthia auct., necLep.S.). Whole venter, head (except spot behind eyes), 4th antennal segment and usually disk of pronotum black, Dorsum grayish white; part of veins black. On Boraginaceae. 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R.. 10 species.

1 (14).

Lateral margins of pronotum broad turned up onto disk, contiguous or almost contiguous with lateral carinae of pronotum. 1st and 2nd antennal segments and legs light yellow; femora rarely more or less black near middle. Lateral carinae of pronotum converging anteriorly, rarely almost parallel. 3 (10). Whole lateral margins of hemelytra with one row of cells. 4 (5). Posterior margin of head with 2 long light spines near eyes almost to base of antennae. Disk of pronotum completely light. 3-3.3. South. On Tournefortia sibirica ................. .......................................... D. montandoni Horv. 2 (13).

5 (4).

Posterior margin of head without spines; frons with 2 or 3 very short spinules. Disk of pronotum black or at least with a black

spot anteriorly. 6 (7).

Lateral margins of pronotum turned up, flattened, contiguous with median carina and lateral carinae of pronotum for a long distance; carinae of pronotum low, without cells. 2.5-3. Central Belt, South. Mainly on Lappula D. platyoma Fieb. 7 (6). Lateral margins of pronotum turned up, usually more convex, not contiguous with median carina and lateral carinae of pronotum or only contiguous for a short distance; carinae of pronotum higher, with one row of cells. On Onosma spp. 3rd antennal segment 2.3-2.6 times as long as 4th segment. 8 (9). D. putoni Mont. Smaller: 2.5-3. South 3rd antennal segment 3 times as long as 4th segment. 3-3.5. 9 (8). Crimea, Caucasus .............................. D. nassata Put. Lateral margins of hemelytra with 2 irregular rows of cells at 10 (3). the base and apex. 11 (12). Disk of pronotum completely black, Spinules on frons in posterior part in dorsal view separated. 3.3-3.8. Central Belt, South. On Symphytum. ................. D. humuli F. (symphyti Vail.). 12 (11). Disk of pronotum light, except spots in anterior part. Spinules on frons contiguous. 3.3-3.5. Forest zone. On Myo s oti s palustris.........D. convergens H.-S. (humuli auct., nee F.). 13 (2). 1st and 2nd antennal segment and femora black. Lateral carinae of pronotum parallel. 2.8-3. Everywhere, except in the North. On Myosotis palustris..................... D. lupuli Fieb. 14 (1). Lateral margins of pronotum turned up, narrow; inner margins of lateral margins of pronotum broadly notched; lateral carinae parallel, shortened anteriorly and not contiguous with upturned lateral margins. 1st and 2nd antennal segments, femora except and disk of pronotum black. 3.3-3.8. Central Belt, South. apex On Echium, Pulmonaria, Symphytum, Anchusa, etc. ............................................... D. echii Schrk. .....

..........................

.

’

19. 1 (1).

20.

1 (1).

21.

Octacysta

Drake et Ruhoff.

.

Monotypic genus.

Body black; hemelytra, reticulate inflations and carinae of pronotum whitish; isolated parts brown; head behind eyes, except 4th antennal segment legs and antennae yellow. 2.5-3.5. South, except in the Southeast. On various Boraginaceae ............................ 0. rutundata H.-S. (echii F.). Monosteira Costa.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

Pale yellowish gray; dorsum with a few brownish spots. 2.3-2.5. South. On poplar, rarely on willow .......... M. unicostata M.R.

Subfamily AGRAMMATINAE (Serenthiinae) Agramma Steph. (Serenthia Spin.). Venter and

head black; yellow; pronotum completely or partly bluish black. On sedges and Juncaceae (Carex, Scirpus, Juncu s).7 species. In the whole dorsum

.

species. For identification see; E. Wagner. Die deutschen Serenthia-Arten. Verhandl. Vereins naturwiss. Heimatforsch. Hamburg, 28, 1, 1939: 1-27.

XJ.S.S/R, 10

FIGURE 318. Hemiptera. Family Tingidae and Reduviidae (after Southwood and Lesion and Slichel)

1Derephysia vagabunda.

1 (2).

foliacea; 2Stephanitis

pyri; 3Agramma

iaeta;

4Einpicoris

Hemelytra pointed apically, not overlapping, with a high carina in the middle; lateral margins of hemelytra with large cells; disk of pronotum with distinct carina. (Subgenus Paraserenthia E.Wgn.). Disk of pronotum black; legs and antennae yellow. 2.2-2.6. Northern part of the forest zone. In peat bogs ....................................... A. (P.) tropidoptera Fl. Hemelytra rounded apically, without longitudinal carina or with hardly visible longitudinal carina. Carina on disk of pronotum

..........

2 (1).

indistinct.

3 (4).

774

Pronotum light; only anterior part of disk with 2 square black spots; sides of pronotum with distinct anterior carina. Body very elongate, with almost parallel sides. Cells of lateral margin of hemelytra larger than the others. (Subgenus S e re n thia Spin.). Legs and antennae light. 3-3.4. South. In humid habitats, mainly on reeds A. (S.) atricapilla Spin. 4 (3). Disk of pronotum or whole pronotum black, disk of pronotum rarely brown, but darker than posterior process of pronotum; sides of pronotum with indistinct carina. Body oblong-oval. Cells of lateral margins of hemelytra not larger than other cells of hemelytra. 5 (10). Antennae black or more or less light; apex of 4th antennal segment always dark. Hemelytra light at the base, more or less broadly overlapping posteriorly. (Subgenus Agramma Steph.). ................

In

humid habitats.

REDUVimAE

6 (7).

Length of 3rd antennal segment of male 0.23-0.26, of female 0.20-0.24; 3rd antennal segment slightly shorter than 1st and 2nd segments together, 2/3 as long as breadth of head. Paramere of male as in Figure 317, 10. 1.8-2.3 (Figure 318. 3). A.laeta Fall, Forest zone 3rd antennal segment of male at least 0.27 long, of female at least 0.25 long; 3rd antennal segment as long as 1st and 2nd antennal segments together or longer. Length of 3rd antennal segment of male 0.27-0.31, of female 0.25-0.29; 3rd antennal segment about as long as 1st and 2nd antennal segments together. Paramere of male as in Figure 317,11. A. intermedia E.Wgn. 2.05-2.4. South Length of 3rd antennal segment of male 0.30-0.36, of female antennal segment markedly longer than 1st and 0.29-0.34; 3rd 2nd antennal segments together. Paramere of male as in A. confusa Put. Figure 317, 12. 2.45-2.6. South Antennae usually dark at base, their apical part (including the whole 4th segment) light. Hemelytra usually with at least a narrow part black or blackish brown at base, usually overlapping posteriorly only slightly or not at all. (Sub genus Serenthiella .....................................

7 (6).

8 (9).

........................

9 (8).

.................

10

(5).

11 (12).

E.Wgn.). Frons with 2 minute light tubercles. Posterior margin of black part on dorsum of body curved posteriorly. Antennae thinner and

longer; 3rd antennal segment little shorter than breadth of head or than 1st and 2nd antennal segments together, much thinner than base of 2nd antennal segment. 1.9-2.1. South. .................. ......................................... A. (S.) blandula Horv. 12 (11). Frons without light tubercles. Posterior margin of black area usually straight. Antennae thicker and shorter; 3rd antennal segment 2/3 as long as breadth of head and 4/5 as long as 1st and 2nd antennal segments together, slightly thinner than base of 2nd antennal segment. 1.8-2.2. South; on steppe sedge (Carex).. ..........................................

23.

A. (S.) minuta Horv.

Family REDUVIIDAE

Large, rarely small. Head more or less cylindrical, markedly elongate. Proboscis short, thick, strongly curved. Ocelli usually present. Pronotum usually with well-developed raised areas. Most species macropterous; some species frequently or always occur as brachypterous or apterous forms. Discoidal cell (Figure 319, 6) present near posterior margin of corium in some genera. Apex of fore and middle tibiae of many species with a more or less developed velvety "spongy sole" (Figure 319, 3) on inner side. Predacious, feeding on insects; bites of large species are painful. On trees, in grass, on the ground; some species live in nests, burrows, buildings, under stones. Attracted by light in the South. A large family, containing about 3000 species; well represented in the Tropics.14 genera, 26-28 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 20 genera. about 90 species, most of them in the South.

1017

Key to Genera Fore coxae very long, cylindrical, more than 3 times as long as their diameter, situated at anterior margin of prothorax, reaching beyond apex of head (Figure 319,1). Antennae, middle and hind legs long and slender. No ocelli. (Subfamily Emesinae). (3). Scutellum with a long spine; there is also a spine on the metanotum and at the base of the dorsum of the abdomen. Head 4 times as long as diameter of an eye. Tarsi with 2 claws. Always 1. Empicoris. macropterous (2). Scutellum, metanotum and base of abdomen without spines. Head 6-10 times as long as diameter of eye. Tarsi with one claw. (5). Trochanters of forelegs with a long spine; fore femora with denticles their whole length, not longer than fore tibiae and tarsus together (Figure 319, 1). Always apterous .... 2. Ploearia. (4), Trochanters of forelegs without spine; fore femora without denticles at base, markedly longer than fore tibia and tarsus together. Apterous, rarely winged ............... 3. Metapterus. (1). Fore coxae more or less short, usually conical, situated far from anterior margin of prothorax, not reaching beyond apex of head. Ocelli present. (14). 1st antennal segment longer than 2nd segment. Claws of tarsi with denticle (Figure 319, 2). Discoidal cell of corium small,

1 (6).

2

..................................

3 4

5

6

775

7

8 (9).

.................................................. 6. Nagusta. Head without 2 long spines posterior to antennae. (11). Head and pronotum with tubercles ending in setae. Femora of forelegs with denticles. Body slender, long, with more or less parallel margins ................................. 7. Vachiria. (10). Head and pronotum without tubercles. Fore femora without denticles. (13). Scutellum with longitudinal carina rising toward the apex. Posterior part of pronotum with coarse sculpture. Body densely covered with short silvery hairs ................... 8. Coranus. (12). Longitudinal carina on scutellum absent or disappearing towards apex. Posterior part of pronotum smooth. Body more shiny, less pubescent ................................. 9. Rhynocoris. (7). 1st antennal segment shorter than 2nd segment. Claws without denticle. (18). Head smooth between bases of antennae. Pronotum with constriction in posterior third. Hemelytra always normal. Fore femora thicker only in basal third. (Subfamily Piratinae). (17). Spongy sole of fore tibiae occupies 0.4-0.5 of their length (Figure 319.3) .................................... 4. Pirates. (16). Spongy sole of fore tibiae occupies 0.6-0-8 of their length ......... ............................................. 5. Ectomocoris. (15). Middle of head, anterior to bases of antennae, with forked process (Pygolampis) or with 2 often fused longitudinal elevations which are truncate anterior to clypeus (in profile; Figure 319, 4)

9 (8). 10

11

12

13

14 15

16

17 18

quadrangular. (Subfamily Harpactorinae). Head with 2 long dorsal spines posterior to antennae (Figure 320,1)

19 (24).

20 (21).

or with a longitudinal groove (P a s i r a). Pronotum with constriction near middle; if the constriction is in the posterior third of pronotum, hemelytra and wings absent. Fore femora thicker only in middle, or not thickened. Antennae situated slightly closer to eyes than to apex of head. Apex of corium without discoidal cell in the middle; hemelytra sometimes much shortened or absent. (Subfamily Reduviinae). Tibiae of fore- and middle legs without ventral spongy sole.

Male macropterous or apterous; female always apterous ............................................. 10. Holotrichius. Tibiae of fore- and middle legs with more or less developed spongy sole. 1st antennal segment reaching beyond apex of head. Eyes large, close together ventrally. Spongy sole occupies less than a quarter of length of fore tibiae. Species of the European U.S.S.R. always macropterous, longer than 10.0 ................... 11. Reduvius. 1st antennal segment hardly reaching apex of head. Eyes small. widely separated ventrally. Spongy sole occupies a third of the length of fore tibiae. Macropterous, rarely brachypterous. Less 12. Pasira. than 8.0 long Antennae situated closer to apex of head than to eye. Corium in the middle (Figure 319, 5) with a large hexagonal discoidal cell which is contiguous with the inner and outer cells of the membrane. .........

21 (20). 22 (23).

23 (22).

......................................

24 (19).

(Subfamily Stenopodinae). 25 (26). Eyes hemispherical, round, broadly separated ventrally. Head with long ventral processes on the sides behind eyes and at the 13. Pygolampis. margin (Figure 319, 6). 26 (25). Eyes transverse, almost reniform, close together or contiguous ventrally. Head without processes behind eyes and at the margin (Figure 319,4)............................... 14. Oncocephalus. ........................

Keys

to Species of Family Reduviidae

1. Empicoris Wolff (Ploiariola Reut.). Resembling mosquitoes because of their long slender legs and antennae. On trees, in houses and nests. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

Fore femora longer than head and pronotum together. Spine on scutellum not longer than scutellum, slightly curved. 3rd antennal segment 2.5-3 times as long as 4th antennal segment. Sides of pronotum with indistinct white carina. 6-7.5 (Figure 318, 4). Forest zone. On trees ......................... E. vagabunda L. Fore femora shorter than head and pronotum together. Spine on scutellum longer than scutellum, straight, parallel to dorsal surface of pronotum. 3rd antennal segment twice as long as 4th segment. Sides of pronotum with distinct white carina. Pronotum without pointed tubercle near posterior margin. 4--5. Everywhere, except in the North. In houses and other buildings, E. culiciformis Deg. in bird nests and on trees Pronotum with pointed tubercle near posterior margin; tubercle directed upward. 3-7-4. Crimea. Very rare ................... ...................................... E. baerensprungi Dohrn. ..................

4 (3).

ORCHESELUDAE

Color yellow or yellowish white; pigment blackish brown. 4-6.2- Usually in forests. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. .................................. 0. flavescens Bourl. 33 (28). Dark dorsolateral lines from anterior part of thoracic segment II to abdominal segment I, II, or III; if reaching IV,
FIGURE 39.

Podura (afier Gisin and Stach)

minimus, 3rd and 4th antennal segments: 6Neelus head and antenna; 5Megalothorax murinus, antenna; 7Ptenothrix minimus: atra, same; 8Megalothorax 9Neelus murinus, ventral tube; lOMegalothorax aquations, sensory area of abdornei

35 (34).

Longitudinal dorsolateral lines ending at posterior margin of segment III or sharply curved in the middle of segment III, turning sideways and ending on segment IV. Segment V without rounded spots. 36 (37). Longitudinal dorsolateral lines sharply curving laterally in middle of segment III, ending on abdominal segment IV. Dorsal side of segment IV with 2 longitudinal stripes widening towards abdominal

2. 1 (1).

3. 1 (1). 4.

1 (1).

5. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Ploearia Scop.

Always apterous.

In the U.S.S.R.

1 species.

Yellowish; abdomen with brown longitudinal spots, markedly widened in middle in female. 8-9. Crimea. In houses .......... ........................................... P. domestica Scop.

Metapterus Costa. Body very

narrow.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Brownish yellow, apterous, rarely macropterous. 13-14. Black Sea

coast. Lower Volga.......................... M. linearis Costa. Pirates Serv. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. Black; abdomen red, with black apex; hemelytra red; membrane, almost whole clavus and 2 spots at inner margin of cerium black. 12-13. Ukraine, Caucasus ................... .P. hybridus Scop.

Ectomocoris Mayr.

In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Completely black; 2 pale yellow spots on each hemelytron. Spongy sole occupies 0.6 of length of fore tibiae. 16-20. Dagestan ............................. E. quadrimaculatus Serv. Clypeus, proboscis, antennae, legs, connexivum and hemelytra orange-yellow; coriurn with black spot; membrane black, with white apex; other parts of body black. Spongy sole occupies about 0.8 of length of fore tibiae. 15-18. Eastern Ciscaucasia, Dagestan, Astrakhan .......................... E. ululans Rossi.

6. Nagusta Stal. Lateral corners of pronotum produced into pointed spines. Margins of abdomen of male more or less parallel; margins of abdomen of female diverging, abdomen rhomboidal. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Yellowish or reddish brown; 2 tubercles near posterior margin of pronotum of the same color as pronotum. 14.5-15.5 (Figure 320,1). Crimea (on fruits of ash), Transcaucasia ........ ...............................................

N. goedeli Kol.

7. Vachiria Stal. In semideserts and deserts, often on solonetz soils. Apparently 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 6 species. 1 (1).

1st antennal segment with several tubercles ending in setae only at the base. Tubercles on pronotum usually black. Yellowish or grayish; anterior part and venter of body sometimes blackish. Anterior margin of segments of lateral connexivum of abdomen brown. 8-10. South...........................V. deserta Beck.

8. Coranus Curt. Medium-sized, oblong-oval. Color grayish, yellowish or blackish, more or less uniform; lateral connexivum of abdomen usually with light and dark stripes. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 8 species. C.laticeps E.Wgn. (Voronezh Region) not included. 1 (2).

Head 1.4-1.5 times as long as 1st antennal segment. Always macropterous. Abdomen dorsally red (in the middle, beneath Genital segment of male (Figure 319, 7) with 2 long hooklike processes. Parameres (Figure 319, 8) broad, flattened. 9-11. Northern Caucasus, rare ................. C. aegyptius F.

hemelytra).

REDUVIIDAE

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6).

Head at most 1.1 times as long as 1st antennal segment, usually shorter. Abdomen dorsally black. 3rd antennal segment shorter than 2nd segment. Usually brachypterous; in this case, membrane "absent or present as a narrow opaque border. Genital segment of male and parameres similar to those of C.aegyptius. 10-12. Steppe zone ................ ........................................... C. contrarius Reut. 3rd antennal segment longer than 2nd segment. In the North often brachypterous; in this case, hemelytra always with small transparent shiny membrane. Genital segment of male (Figure 319, 9) without long processes; parameres not flattened, clavate. 9-13. Apex of genital segment of male (Figure 319, 9) with rectangular C. subapterus Deg. process. Everywhere, except in the North.. Apex of genital segment of male with blunt tubercles. South ...... C. tuberculifer Reut. .......................................... .

6

(5).

.

Rhynocoris Hahn. Black, usually with more or less marked red On trees, shrubs and herbs and grasses; diurnal. 6 or 7 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 20 species. Rh.ibericus Kol. (Dagestan), Rh. erythropus L. (Izmail) not included. 9.

pattern.

1 (6). 2 (5).

3 (4).

.......

4 (3).

........

5 (2).

............................................... .Rh. niger H.-S.

6 (1). 7 (8).

Corium rich red. Posterior margin of genital segment of male with long process (Figure 319, 10). Slit between posterior genital plates of female triangular (Figure 319, 11). Posterior margin of pronotum yellow-

16-20. Crimea, Transcaucasia ..................... ........................................ Rh. punctiventris H.-S.

ish white.

Posterior margin of genital segment of male without process (Figure 319, 12). Slit between posterior genital plates of female rounded (Figure 319, 13). Posterior margin of pronotum red.

14-18 (Figure 320, 2).

Central Belt, South

.

8 (7).

.

777

Corium black or dark yellowish brown. Corium black. Fore and hind femora black, with 2 red rings; tibiae red. 2 rings on middle femora, venter of head and fore coxae red; genital segment of male black. 12-13. Caucasus; in forests. Sometimes considered as a subspecies ofRh.annulatus ........................................ Rh. rubrogularis Horv. Middle femora, venter of head and fore coxae black; genital segment of male almost completely red. 12-13. Forest and forest-steppe zones, rarely in the South, but not in the Crimea or in the Caucasus. On trees and shrubs Rh. annulatus L. Corium dark yellowish brown. All femora brownish black; tibiae brown. Whole body black; only lateral connexivum of abdomen with small brown spots. Hemelytra sometimes very much shortened, little longer than scutellum. 8.5-10. South, except the Southeast. In the steppe on Ephedra................

.

Rh. iracundus Poda.

/-m^ FIGURE 319. Hemiptera. Family Reduviidae (after Kirichenko, Stichel and original) d omesiic a, head, proihorax and foreleg; 2Coranus subapierus, claw; hybrid a, fore tibia (ssspongy sole); 4,5Oncocephalus plumicornis: lateral; 5hemelytron (ddiscoidal cell); 6Pygolampis bidentata, head, lateral; 7,8Coranus aegypiius, genilal segment: 1 oblique ventral-posterior view: 8 inner view; 9 C. subapterus, genital segment, oblique ventral- posterior view; 1Ploearia

3Pirates

4head,

10.11 Rhynocoris punctiventris; 10apex of genital segment of male; 11genital female; 12,13 Rli. iracundus: 12apex of genital segment of male; 13geniia 14Oncocephalus plumicornis, apex of abdomen of male, ventral;

sclerites of

sclerites of female;

150.

brachymerus, same; 160. squalidus, same.

10. Holotrichius Burm. Abdomen of apterous specimens widened in the middle and flattened at the margin’s. Larvae usually covered with fine sand particles. In semideserts and deserts. 2 species t. In the whole U.S.S.R. 10 species. 1 (2).

Anterior margin of pronotum almost straight; anterior corners of pronotum not projecting anteriorly. Macropterous forms with light yellow hemelytra; membrane sometimes light brown; apterous forms dark brown. 14-18. Dagestan H. apterus Jak. Anterior margin of pronotum markedly concave; anterior comers of pronotum projecting anteriorly and laterally in form of denticles. Macropterous specimens with dark hemelytra; apterous specimens brownish black. 18-23. Southeast H. bergrothi Reut. ....

2 (1).

............

778

11. Reduvius F.- 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 12 species. R. ciliatus Jak. (Dagestan) and R, elegans Jak. (Southeast: Urda) not included.

1 (2).

t The

Dark brown or almost black. Posterior part of pronotum with fine wrinkles. The spongy sole occupies one quarter of length of fore tibiae. 16-19. Everywhere, but usually in the South. Usually in houses ............................. R. personatus

record of H.denudatus Costa ("southern

apparently

Russia") and H. obtusangulus

erroneous,

1022

Sial

(Crimea)

is

L.

REDUVIIDAE

2 (1).

Pale yellow; head, sometimes pronotum and venter of body, anterior part of membrane and a spot or stripe in posterior part of corium, brown. Posterior part of pronotum smooth. Spongy sole occupies less than 1/10 of length of fore tibia. 13.5-16. South, except in the Southwest. Steppe ................ ............................................ R. testaceus H.-S.

. 3 FIGURE 320. and

Hemiptera. Family Reduviidae and Phymaii.dae (after Jensen-Haacup, Kirichenko

Slichel)

1Nagusta goedeli; 2Rhinocoris female; 4Phymaia crassipes.

12.

1 (1).

Pasira Stal.

iracundus;

3Pygolampis

bidemata,

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

legs, proboscis, base of hemelytra and spots at margin of abdomen light yellow. 6-7. Odessa, Crimea, Caucasus. Rare ............................ P. basiptera Stal. Dark brown;

13. Pygolampis Germ. Body markedly flattened. Apex of abdomen of female pointed; apex of abdomen of male with produced lateral corners 1 species. In between which the apex of the genital segment is visible. the whole U.S.S.R. up to 4 species. 1 (1).

Yellowish or brownish. 12-14 (Figure 320, 3). Widely distributed, but rare ...................................... P. bidentata Gz.

14. Oncocephalus Klug. Apex of abdomen of female pointed; apex of abdomen of male rounded or truncate. All species brownish yellow, often spots on hemelytra, antennae and legs. In litter, under stones, etc.; attracted to light. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 9 species.

with brown

1 (2).

Hind femora of uniform color, darkened apically. Apex of Apex of abdomen of female with broad semicircular notch (Figure 319, 14). 16-21. Crimea,

proboscis black or dark brown.

Caucasus, Lower Volga (O.pilicornis H.-S. which was recorded from the U.S.S.R. belongs to this species) ......................................... 0. plumicornis Germ.

..............

1023

2 (1).

3 (4).

Hind femora light, with 2 broad, dark rings in apical half. Apex of proboscis yellow or light brown. Apex of abdomen of male with only a small, narrow longitudinal notch (Figure 319, 15,16). Discoidal cell brown, darker than other part of hemelytra. Posterior corners of anterior part of pronotum with tubercle projecting upward. Posterior margin of genital segment of male rounded posteriorly, without notch (Figure 319,15). 12-15. 0. brachymerus Reut. Eastern Ciscaucasia. Southeast Discoidal cell of the same color as hemelytra. Posterior corners of anterior part of pronotum with indistinct tubercle, or tubercle absent. Posterior margin of genital segment of male with shallow but broad semicircular notch (Figure 319, 16). 13-16. Crimea, Caucasus .................................. 0. squalidus Rossi. ............

4 (3).

779

24.

Family

PHYMATIDAE (Macrocephalidae)

Proboscis short; 3rd segment of proboscis and its base lie in a longitudinal groove on the head. Fore femora flat and broad; tibiae short, with pointed apex. Abdomen more or less rhomboidal. A small, mainly tropical family. In the U.S.S.R. 1 genus.

Key to Species of Family Phymatidae Phymata Latr. Tarsi situated on inner side of tibiae. Scutellum small, triangular. Apex of head with triangular notch. Abdomen rhomboidal, its sides not covered by hemelytra. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1.

1 (1).

Sides of pronotum without notch anterior to lateral corners. Yellowish or brownish; anterior part of body sometimes blackish. Sides of abdomen whitish anteriorly; legs, antennae, and posterior half of abdomen light yellow. 7-8 (Figure 320, 4). Almost everywhere, but rare in the North. In meadows and forest glades, often on flowers ................. Ph. crassipes F.

25.

Family

ARADIDAE

Medium-sized or small, markedly flattened, brown or black. Head between antennae prolonged into a more or less long process. Pointed tubercles outside of antennal sockets. Eyes small; no ocelli. Hemelytra usually normal, but always slightly shorter than abdomen; membrane very large, beginning immediately behind scutellum and occupying large part of hemelytra or almost the whole hemelytra. Usually feeding on mushrooms; living on Polyporus, on or under bark of trees, especially on burnt or felled trees, on stumps, rarely in galleries of bark beetles or in litter under trees. Aradus cinnaroomeus lives on young pine trees, sucking their juice. More than 750 species. 3 genera. 37 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 genera, 76 species. LITERATURE. Kirichenko, A.M. Dysodiidae and Aradidae. Fauna Rossii (Fauna of Russia). VI, 1; St. peierburg. 1913.

Key to Genera 1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

Scutellum triangular. Membrane clearly differentiated, with veins; hemelytra rarely without membrane. 4th antennal segment usually shorter than 3rd antennal segment, rarely slightly longer. Head behind eyes not broader than immediately anterior to eyes. Trochanters fused with femora, difficult to recognize. Proboscis 1. Aradus. reaching beyond base of head. (Subfamily Aradinae) Head broader behind eyes than anterior to eyes, with pointed lateral process which reaches beyond lateral margin of eye (Figure 321, 1). Trochanters not fused with femora. (Subfamily Mezirinae), Proboscis very short, lying completely in groove 2. Mezira. on ventral side of head Scutellum semicircular. Membrane indistinctly differentiated from corium, occupying almost whole hemelytra, transparent, 3. Aneurus, shiny, without veins. (Subfamily Aneurinae) .............................

4

(1).

.-.....-

Keys to Species of Family Aradidae 34 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 64 species. 13 species which are either rare, doubtful, or have a limited distribution in the European U.S.S.R., are not included. 1.

1 (2).

780

Aradus F.

3rd antennal segment markedly longer than 2nd antennal segment, bicolor. Abdomen markedly widening posteriorly. 6.4-8.5. Crimea, Caucasus. On beech, etc. .......... A. versicolor H.-S. 2 (1). 3rd antennal segment shorter than 2nd antennal segment or as long as this. Antennae little longer than head. Hemelytra of male markedly 3 (4). tapering posteriorly; females often brachypterous, hemelytra slightly longer than Scutellum, without membrane. Rust-brown. 3.5-5 (Figure 322. 1). Everywhere, except in the North. On young pines .............................. *A. cinnamomeus Pz. Antennae markedly longer than head. 4 (3). 5 (6). Body broadly ovoid, markedly tapering anteriorly. Pronotum narrower than widened base of hemelytra; abdomen almost twice as broad as pronotum. Antennae thick; 2nd antennal segment 1/4 longer than 3rd antennal segment and thicker than the other segments. Hemelytra markedly tapering posteriorly or shortened. 6.5-9. Crimea, Western Caucasus. ............. A. tauricus Jak. 6 (5). Body oval. 7 (10). Anterior corners of pronotum white or pale brown; base of hemelytra whitish. 2nd antennal segment little longer than 3rd segment. Lateral margins of pronotum with a deep notch immediately 8 (9). behind anterior corners. 3rd antennal segment twice as long as thick, 1/4 longer than 4th segment. Segments of lateral connexivum of abdomen brown, with a light spot in the anterior corners. 5-6.5. Forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus. On birch, aspen, etc. ................................... A. depressus F.

Lateral margins of pronotum slightly notched behind anterior angles or straight. 3rd antennal segment 3 times as long as thick, 1.5 times as long as 4th segment. Segments of lateral connexivum of abdomen black, with white posterior margin or white posterior corners. 6-7.5. Forest zone, Caucasus. On elm ...................................... A. somcheUcus Kir. 10 (7). Anterior corners of pronotum of the "same color as the disk. 11 (30). 2nd antennal segment uniformly thick or at most slightly thicker at the apex than at the base. 12 (19). 2nd antennal segment markedly shorter than 3rd and 4th segments 9 (8).

together. 13 (14).

2nd antennal segment, and usually also 1st segment yellowish white; 3rd and 4th antennal segments black. Hemelytra often shortened. 5.5-7.5. Central Belt, South. On poplar ............ ............................................ A. distinctus Pieb. 14 (13). 2nd antennal segment black or brownish, but not lighter than 3rd and 4th antennal segments.

15 (16). 2nd antennal segment slightly Shorter than anterior process of head, little longer than 3rd antennal segment. Lateral margins of pronotum almost parallel posterior to middle, with irregular denticles as in anterior part of pronotum. Completely black. 6.5-8.5. Forest zone. On old spruce A. erosus Fall. 16 (15). 2nd antennal segment distinctly longer than anterior process of head. markedly longer than 3rd antennal segment. Lateral margins of pronotum markedly converging posterior to middle and with only small tubercles in this part. 17 (18). 3rd antennal segment slightly thicker than 2nd segment. Pronotum slightly broader than widened base of hemelytra. Brownish black; tibiae usually whitish at base and apex. 8-10. Forest zone. On old spruce ................................. A. brevicollis Fall. 18 (17). 3rd antennal segment as thick as 2nd antennal segment. Pronotum not broader than widened base of hemelytra. Chestnut brown. 8-11. South, except in the Southeast, Center. On deciduous trees ......................................... A. crenatus Say. 19 (12). 2nd antennal segment as long as, or longer than, 3rd and 4th ............

segments together. 20 (25). 2nd antennal segment thick, as long as 3rd and 4th segments together or a little longer. 21 (22). Scutellum narrow, 1.6-1.7 times as long as broad at base; lateral margins of scutellum straight; apical quarter of scutellum whitish. 6.7-9. Forest zone. On spruce ...............A. betulinus Fall22 (21). Scutellum broadly triangular, 1,2-1.3 times as long as broad at base, sometimes narrowly whitish at apex. Brown; posterior corners of pronotum, base of hemelytra and spots on lateral connexivum of abdomen usually light- 6-8. Under bark. 23 (24). 3rd antennal segment black. Forest zone. On spruce, pine....... ..................................... A. corticalis corticalis L. 24 (23). 3rd antennal segment white, except base. South. On oak and other deciduous trees -A. corticalis annulicornis F. ..............

25 (20).

2nd antennal segment slender, distinctly longer than 3rd and 4th segments together. Lateral margins of pronotum with large denticles. Brown, rarely black. On Polyporus.

26 (27).

2nd antennal segment and tibiae without isolated whitish tubercles. Middle of scutellum not convex. Lateral margin of corium smooth. Lateral margins of pronotum more or less transparent. Apical third of 3rd antennal segment white. End of abdomen of male as in Figure 321, 2. 6.5-9. Forest zone. On conifers ..............

27 (26).

2nd antennal segment and tibiae with isolated tubercles like those on head and pronotum. Middle of scutellum usually with transverse elevation. Lateral margin of cerium with small tubercles or denticles. Apex of abdomen of male as in Figure 321, 3. Abdomen of female rounded posteriorly, with slightly convex lateral margins. 3rd antennal segment white, except its base. 7-10. On aspen, willow, poplar, etc. ........................ A. hieroglyphicus J. Sahib. Apex of abdomen of male as in Figure 321, 4. Abdomen of female prolonged posteriorly, with straight or concave lateral margins. 6.6-11 ...........................................A. betulae L. 3rd antennal segment narrowly white only at the apex. On birch .......................................... A. betulae betulae L. Half of 3rd antennal segment white- South. On linden, oak, etc. ................................... A. betulae meridionalis Kir. 2nd antennal segment markedly thicker at apex than at base. Body black/ vertex often with 2 oblique light ridges. Common on burnt and dry wood. 3rd antennal segment completely or almost completely white; 2nd antennal segment sharply tapering basally, of uniform thick-

28 (29).

29 (28).

a

(b).

b (a).

30 (11).

781 31 (34).

A. pictus Bar.

.

.

,

.

................................................

.

ness apically. 32 (33). 4th and 2nd antennal segments black. Lateral margin of pronotum forming a right angle behind middle. 5-6.5. Northern part of the forest zone. Rare ................ A. signaticornis R. Sahib. 33 (32). 4th antennal segment and almost whole 2nd antennal segment white. Lateral margin of pronotum straight. 4.3-5.5. Eastern Ciscaucasia, Middle Volga. A. flavicornis Dalm. 34 (31). 3rd antennal segment black or a narrow part white, at the apex. 35 (36). 2nd antennal segment sharply tapering basally, of uniform thickness apically, often narrowly white at the apex. 3rd antennal segment usually white in a narrow part at the apex. 4.5-6. Forest A. lugubris Fall. zone, Caucasus. Common, usually on conifers 36 (35). 2nd antennal segment gradually thickening from base to apex or only in apical part. 37 (42). 2nd antennal segment shorter than head, uniformly thickening along its whole length. 38 (41). Lateral margin of corium without light spot near base. 39 (40). Proboscis reaching beyond fore coxae. Anterior corners of pronotum projecting anteriorly beyond anterior margin of pronotum as small, straight, pointed corners. Median carinae of pronotum parallel. 4.5-5.5. Northern part of the forest zone. On conifers ........................ A. angularis J. Sahib. .................

.

.

40 (39).

Proboscis reaching fore coxae but not beyond. Anterior corners of pronotum rounded, scarcely projecting beyond anterior margin of pronotum. Median carinae of pronotum converging anteriorly. 5-7. Rare ................................. A. aterrimus Fieb. 41 (38). Lateral margin of corium with a light, sometimes transparent spot near base. Proboscis reaching beyond fore coxae. Anterior corners of pronotum rounded. 4.5-6. Forest zone, especially in its southern part. On aspen, oak, poplar, etc. .................. .......................................... A. bimaculatus Reut. 42 (37). 2nd antennal segment not shorter than head, slightly thicker at the base, often brownish, markedly thicker behind middle. Hemelytra often light at base. 6-8.5. Forest zone. On pine...... ...................................... A. crenaticollis R. Sahib. 2.

Mezira A.S.

Dark brown.

1 species.

In the Far East 3 further

species, 1 (1).

Head as in Figure 321, 1. 7.5-9. West, Center. South, except in the Southeast. On deciduous trees ......... M, tremulae Germ.

Aneurus Curt. Shiny, dark brown. Apex of abdomen of male as 321, 5. On deciduous trees. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. The record of the Far Eastern species A. macrotylus Jak. from Urda (Southeast) is apparently due to introduction. 3.

in Figure

3 species.

1 (2).

2

(1).

Male: dorsum of abdomen with a high tubercle in the middle, which is well visible through the hemelytra. Female; apex of abdomen (Figure 321, 6) with 2 small semicircular processes in the middle. 4.5-5.5. West, South, except in the Southeast; the record of the species from the Gorki and Kaluga regions should be confirmed .............. .A. laevis F. (tuberculatus Mjob.). Male: dorsum of abdomen without tubercle. Female: apex of abdomen (Figure 321, 7) with a short and broad, rectangularprocess in the middle. 4.5-6. Everywhere, except in the North... ............................................... A. avenius Duf. 26.

Family PIESMATIDAE (Piesmidae)

Genal plates of head prolonged anteriorly as 2 small processes. Ocelli present at least in macropterous specimens. Proboscis and antennae 4segmented. Hemelytra with a dense network of cells; macropterous specimens with almost completely transparent membrane; hemelytra of brachypterous specimens covering the whole abdomen, but not overlapping posteriorly. Phytophagous; adults hibernating. Small family consisting of about 20 species. In the U.S.S.R. 1 genus.

Key to Species of Family Piesmatidae 1. Piesma Lap. Small, usually light, oval or oblong-oval, markedly flattened. Usually on Chenopodiaceae and Caryophyllaceae. 9 species. Inthewhole U.S.S. 10 species. P. convexicolle Jak. (Southeast) not included.

1 (4).

Pronotum with 2 longitudinal carinae anteriorly. Scutellum completely black. Usually grayish. Lateral margin of pronotum with one row of small cells anteriorly. Hemelytra without spots, dark gray or brownish; base of corium whitish. 2.2-2.7. Everywhere, except in the North. On Chenop odium, Atriplex, etc. .................. P. capitatum Wolff. 782 3 (2). Lateral margin of pronotum with 2 or 3 irregular rows of cells anteriorly. Hemelytra usually with dark spots. 2.5-3. Everywhere, except in the North. On Chenopodium, Atriplex, etc. ....................................... P. maculatum Lap. 4 (1). Pronotum with 3-5 longitudinal carinae. Scutellum at least apically light. 5 (12). Carinae of pronotum become indistinct posteriorly and disappear (Figure 321, 8.9). Lateral margins of pronotum straight (Figure 321,8). Greenish 6 (7). gray, usually densely covered with dark spots. 2.5-3.7 (Figure 322, 2). South. On various Chenopodiaceae; injurious to sugar beet in Western Europe *P. quadratum Fieb. 7 (6). Lateral margins of pronotum slightly concave (Figure 321, 9). 8 (11). 3rd antennal segment at least 1.5 times as long as 4th antennal segment and markedly longer than 1st and 2nd segments together (Figure 321, 10). Oblong-oval, greenish or grayish, usually with dark spots on hemelytra. 2.7-3.2. South. In sandy areas. 9 (10). On Salsola kali and related species of Chenopodiaceae ............................................. P. salsolae Beck. On Herniaria spp. (Caryophyllaceae) 10 (9). .P. variabilis H.-S. 11 (8). 3rd antennal segment 1.3 times as long as 4th segment and little longer than 1st and 2nd segments together (Figure 321, 11). Usually oval, grayish; pronotum often very dark posteriorly. 2.25-2.75. Belorussia, Voronezh Region, West Kazakhstan. On Silene parviflora (Caryophyllaceae). Rare 2 (3).

............

.

.

.

.

.

.

........

.............

P. silenes Horvpronotum reaching or almost reaching posterior

..............................................

12 (5).

Carinae of

margin of pronotum. Color greenish, often with dark spots. 13 (14). Pronotum with 3 carinae, with a small elevation in posterior corners. Carinae of pronotum and hemelytra without dark spots. 4th antennal segment light. 2-2.7. South. On Atriplex can a, A. verrucifera ............................P. kolenatii Fieb. 14 (13). Pronotum with 5 carinae; outer carinae not reaching posterior margin of pronotum; posterior corners of pronotum without elevation. Carinae of pronotum and hemelytra often covered with dark spots. 4th antennal segment brown or black. 2-2.5, macropterous specimens up to 2.8- South. On Kochia, P. kochiae Beck. Echinopsilon (Chenopodiaceae) .............

27.

Family

BERYTIDAE (Berytinidae, Neididae)

Narrow and elongate, often resembling midges. Antennae and legs long, slender; antennae at rest folded in two. Apex of 1st antennal segment and femora more or less clavate. Head often with median process anteriorly.

37 (36).

posterior margin of segment (Figure 37, 5). 4.5-5. Eastern Carpathians ............................... 0. disjuncta Stach. Longitudinal dorsolateral lines not curving laterally and ending at posterior margin of abdominal segment III. In light-colored forms posterior margin of segment IV with weakly marked longitudinal lines. In dark forms, anterior margin of segment IV with broad, dark fascia (Figure 38, 5). Eastern Carpathians.. 0. flavescens Bourl. f. triangulimaculata Stach. Dark pigment forming only transverse stripes or longitudinal stripes in anterior part of body and transverse stripes in posterior part of body. Anterior part of body with well-marked dorsolateral longitudinal lines, which are dark in light-colored specimens and light in dark ones (Figure 38, 4). 2-2.5. Eastern Carpathians............ ......................................... 0. albofasciata Stach. Without longitudinal pattern or only with indistinct, often interrupted lines. Pigment weakly developed. Transverse stripes on abdomen little developed, consisting of spots of diffuse pigment on segments II, HI and posterior half of segment IV. Color white or yellowish. 3-4.5 ..... 0. taurica Stach, (light-colored females) Pattern distinct, consisting of transverse stripes or fasciae. Head black, sometimes with a small, light spot at posterior .....

............

38 (23).

39 (40).

89

40 (39).

41 (42).

42 (41). 43 (48).

margin. 44 (47). Abdominal segment IV completely or almost completely black except for small spots at the posterior margin. Second segment entirely dark or only in anterior half. 3rd antennal segment

45 (46). 46 (45).

47 (44).

48(43). 49 (50).

50 (49).

51 (22).

light-colored. 2nd antennal segment black. Thoracic segments II and III without black pigment (Figure 37,10).......... 0. sphagneticola Stach (male) 2nd antennal segment light-colored. Anterior margin of thoracic segments II and III with broad areas of dark pigment (Figure 38.2).. .................................... 0. spectabilis Tullb. (male) Abdominal segment IV not uniformly black, with a grayish black pattern; segment II without black pigment, with small diffuse spots. Antennal segments I and III black; segment II lightcolored (Pigure.37, 2). 3-4.5. Usually in open areas, frequently on humus soils. Throughout the European U.S.S.R., .............. ................................. 0. cincta L. f. principalis. Headlight-colored. Transverse stripes on terga narrow, present only at posterior margin of terga (Figure 38, 6). Color yellow or brownish yellow. 2.5. Eastern Carpathians .............. 0. angustistrigata Stach. Transverse stripes on terga broad, occupying whole surface of terga or their greater part. Transverse fasciae with curved, wavy margins (Figure 37, 3). Color yellowish white to orange. 2.3-3. Apparently only in the 0. multifasciata Stscherb. South, in the Ukraine Transverse fasciae with straight margins. Broad black fascia only on abdominal segment III. Abdominal segment V of females with an additional dark stripe with posteriorly curved lateral margins. Color of female yellowish, .................

52 (51).

53 (54).

Small family, consisting of about 60 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 genera, about 25 species.

Apparently zoophytophagous. 6 genera, 20 species.

Key to Genera 1 (6).

Frons produced above clypeus into a laterally compressed crest or cone.

2 (5).

3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (2).

6 (1).

7 (8).

Scutellum triangular, without denticle or spine. Abdomen

ventrally with dense ocellated spots. (Subfamily Berytinae). Frons produced between antennae into a laterally compressed, beak-shaped crest (Figure 321,12). Proboscis not reaching farther than middle coxae. Canals of scent glands not produced into processes. Proboscis reaching middle coxae; 1st segment of proboscis almost half as long as head. Antennae little shorter than body; 2nd antennal segment much longer than clava of 1st antennal segment. Hind femora reaching end of abdomen ...... 1. Neides. Proboscis reaching fore coxae; 1st segment of proboscis 1/3-1/4 as long as head. Antennae markedly shorter than body; 2nd antennal segment shorter than clava of 1st antennal segment. Hind femora not reaching end of abdomen by a large distance ......

................................................ 2. Berytinus. Frons with short conical process between antennae. Proboscis reaching middle of metathorax. Canals of scent glands produced into tubular processes projecting upward .......... 3. Apoplymus. Scutellum more or less semicircular, with a long denticle in the middle or with apex produced into a horizontal, curved spine. Frons rounded anteriorly, without crest or cone. Abdomen smooth ventrally. (Subfamily Metacanthinae). Canals of scent glands produced into long vertical processes rising above level of hemelytra and curved apically. Pronotum with 3 indistinct tubercles near posterior margin

................

.............................................. 4. Metacanthus. Canals of scent glands produced or not produced into small pro8 (7). cesses. which do not rise above level of hemelytra. Pronotum with 3 distinct tubercles near posterior margin. 783 9 (10). Scutellum with a denticle in the middle. Canals of scent glands produced into small processes. 2nd antennal segment almost as long as 3rd antennal segment .................. 5. Gampsocoris. 10 (9). Scutellum without denticle, but with a blunt horizontal apical spine. Canals of scent glands not produced into processes ........ ............................................... 6* Metatropis.

Keys to Species of Family Berytidae 1.

Neides Latr. (Berytus F.).

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

2 species. 1 (1).

Dirty grayish ocher; inflation of femora and 1st antennal segment, the whole 4th antennal segment and usually also 4 or 5 spots on border between corium and membrane, and a longitudinal stripe on membrane, black. 9.5-11.5 (Figure 322, 3). In dry habitats, N. tipularius L. (favosus Fieb.). usually on Gramineae ..........

1030

FIGURE 321. Hemiptera (after Stichel and original) 1Mezira

tremuiae. head, dorsal; 2Aradus picius, male, apex of abdomen with genital hieroglyphic us, same; 4A. beiulae, same; 5Aneurus, male, quadraium, laevis, female, same; ’7A. avenius, female, same; 8Piesma

segment, dorsal: 3A. same; 6A.

pronotum; 9,10 P. saisolae: 9pronotum; 10anienna; 11P.silenes, antenna; 12 Neide tipularius, apexofhead, lateral; 13Berytinus nigrolineatus, genital segment of male; 14B. clavipes, same; 15 B. minor, same; 16 B. montivagus, same; 17 B. crassipes, same; 18 B- n igroHneatus. paramere; 19B.clavipes, same; 20B. minor, same; 21B.clavipes, membrane; 22B. montivagus, same; 23Meiacanthus meridionalis, paramere; 24M.lineatus,same; 25Gampsocoris culicinus. same; 26-"G. punctipes, same.

2. Berytinus Kirk. Brownish yellow; 4th antennal segment, apex of cerium, sometimes a stripe on membrane and inflation of femora and antennae black. In most species occur brachypterous forms with a narrower membrane. Usually feeding on Leguminosae. Up to 12 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 15 species. The taxonomy of the genus should be revised.

1 (2).

Antennae, especially

1st antennal segment, covered with long Anterior part of frons prolonged, lanceolate. Genital segment of male as in Hernelytra Figure 321,13; paramere as in Figure 321. 18. 8-9.5. Crimea, Caucasus ................................. B. nigrolineatus Jak. Antennae bare or covered with very short hairs. Hemelytra

vertical hairs.

with short setae.

-

2 (1).

3 (6).

without setae. Two inner veins of membrane of hemelytra not usually connected near base of cross vein (Figure 321, 21). Posterior processes

of genital segment of male (Figure 321, 14,15) straight.

4 (5).

1st antennal

segment 3.5-4

often light.

Apex of femora usually light brown.

times

longer than its clava, which is Posterior

processes of genital segment of male (Figure 321,14) 1.5 times as long as broad. Paramere (Figure 321,19) with distinct con6.6-8.4. Forest zone ......... B. clavipes F. longer than its clava, which is Apex usually dark brown. Posterior processes of genital segment of male (Figure 321,15) not longer than broad. Paramere (Figure 321, 20) without concavity at base of ventral process, 5.3-6.9. Forest zone ........ B. minor H.-S.

cavity at base of ventral process.

................................................

5 (4).

1st antennal dark brown.

segment 3

times of femora

FIGURE 322. Hemiptera (after Jensen-Haarup and Wagner)

1Aradus

cinnarnorneus, male; 2Piesma

quadraiurn; 3Meides

tipularius

6 (3).

7

(8).

8 (7).

Two inner veins of membrane usually connected far from base of cross vein (which is short) forming a closed cell (Figure 321,22). Posterior processes of genital segment of male (Figure 321, 16,17) with inwardly curved apices. 1st antennal segment and femora gradually widening toward clava. Genital segment as in Figure 321,16. 5.5-6. Central Belt, South. Usually in the steppe ....................... B. roontivagus M. -D. 1st antennal segment and femora markedly widening apically into clava. Genital segment as in B. montivagus (Figure 321. 17). Smaller; 5-5.3, Forest zone, rarely in the South................

............................................ B. 3. Apoplymus Fieb. 1 (1).

crassipes H.-S.

Monotypic genus.

Light yellowish; ventral side of head and thorax, and 4th antennal segment black; inflation of femora and antennae brown. Hemelytra

1032

not reaching end of abdomen.

8.0.

Crimea.

tauricus...........,.,...................

4. 1 (2).

Metacanthus Costa.

On Cistus A. pectoralis Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 3 species.

Apex of denticle

on scutellum situated ventral to tubercles of pronotum in profile. Head black ventrally. (Subgenus C ar do postethus Fieb.. stat.n.). .Light brownish or reddish; head with more or less developed black pattern (especially ventrally and anteriorly); legs and 1st and 2nd antennal segments covered with numerous dark rings; 4th antennal segment black, with white apex. 5-6. Crimea. Rare ................................... ~

.............

2 (1).

M. (C.) annulosus Fieb. (breviceps Horv., syn. n.).

Apex of denticle on scutellum situated at same level as tubercles pronotum in profile. Head yellow ventrally; only a narrow

on

785

^ ^4 (3).

stripe ventral to proboscis and 2 short narrow stripes at the sides of head black. (Subgenus Metacanthus Costa). Pale yellowish. Hemelytra reaching end of abdomen; dark rings on antennae and legs less distinct, sometimes almost invisible. Parameres (Figure 321, 23) broader, with convex apical part. 5-6.5, Donets Upland, Crimea, Lower Volga. On Epilobium hirsutum .,... ........................................ M. meridionalis Costa, Distance between apex of hemelytra and apex of abdomen usually 1/3 of length of hemelytra; hemelytra rarely fully developed. Dark rings on antennae and legs more distinct. Parameres (Figure 321, 24) narrower, less convex. 5-7. Lower reaches of the Volga, Soviet Central Asia, Transcaucasia ................ .............................................. M.lineatus Jak.

5. Gampsocoris Fuss. Species of the European U.S.S.R. light yellow;’ head, thorax, anterior margin of pronotum, tubercles on pronotum and rings on legs and antennae, black. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

6.

1 (1).

Parameres (Figure 321, 25) with long curved hypophysis and forked apex. Apex usually completely or almost completely black. 3.5-4.7. Ukraine, Caucasus. On Pulmonaria, etc.,... ............................................. G. culicinus Seid. Paramere (Figure 321, 26) with short hypophysis and parallelsided apical process. Abdomen always light ventrally, only brownish in the middle at the base. 3.5-4. Baltic Region, Crimea, Caucasus. On Ononis ..........,.G. punctipes Germ. Metatropis Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Reddish brown. Legs and antennae yellow. Ventral side of head and thorax, broad rings on inflation of femora and of 1st antennal segment, almost the whole 4th antennal segment and many spots on legs and antennae, black. 7.5-10. In dark forests, on Circa e a and Linnae a. Rare ................. -M. rufescens H.-S.

HEMIPTERA

28.

Family LYGAEIDAE (Myodochidae)

Small, rarely medium-sized; integument hard. Head not flattened, without constriction anterior to eyes. Proboscis and antennae 4-segmented. Hemelytra divided into corium, clavus and membrane, often shortened, with membrane incomplete or absent. In female, last 2 abdominal sterna divided by a longitudinal slit in which lies the ovipositor. In male, genital segment more or less spherical, invaginated, so that only its posterior margin is visible; genital opening dorsal; parameres symmetrical; penis usually with tubular, spirally twisted apical part. Most species live on the ground under plants and in litter, usually running well; there are, however, also species living on herbs and grasses and on trees, beneath leaf sheaths of Graroineae, in cones of conifers, etc. Phytophagous, sometimes partly predacious, usually feeding on seeds, without narrow food preference. Adults hibernate, sometimes nymphs also hibernate. A large family consisting of about 2000 species. 80 genera, 180 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 100 genera, more than 300 species.

Key to Genera 1 (72), 3rd abdominal suture (between abdominal sterna IV and V) reaching lateral margin of dorsum, straight (Figure 323, 1). 2 (49). Heroelytra not punctate or indistinctly punctate, or (some species of Oxycareninae and Blissinae) only several rows of dots present on clavus and one row of dots at lateral margin of corium, at some distance from it; rarely (some specimens of Ischnodemus sabuleti) additional dots present on corium, but in this case body very elongate, flattened and a large part of body black. Hemelytra often shortened. 3 (44). Pronotum usually trapezoidal, lateral margins of pronotum almost straight, more or less converging anteriorly and not rounded near anterior corners of pronotum (Figure 323,6); pronotum rarely wider in the middle and narrower anteriorly and posteriorly

(Bogdiana).

786

4 (21). Head with a more or less distinct shallow groove along inner margin of eyes, rarely without such a groove (Lygaeosoma), but in this case anterior part of pronotum with a shiny transverse curve on each side. Openings of scent glands at most forming a low tubercle at the outer margin. All abdominal spiracles located on dorsal part of lateral connexivum (the spiracles should not be confused with pits and tubercles on venter of abdomen). 5 (14). Apical margin of corium straight. Outer corner of antennal tubercles blunt, rounded. (Subfamily Lygaeinae). 6 (13). Eyes contiguous or almost contiguous with anterior corners of pronotum. Membrane usually dull. 7 (12). Color red, with contrasting black pattern. 8 (11). Head black. 9 (10). Rostellar plates and openings of scent glands red. Membrane of hemelytra black, sometimes whitish at base; membrane always normal .............................. 1. Tropidothorax.

10 (9).

Rostellar plates and openings of scent glands black. Middle of membrane with a round white spot, or hemelytra markedly

11 <8). 12 (7).

Head red dorsally, with black color ..;,............ 2. Lygaeus. Brown. Corium with network of veins posteriorly. ...............

shortened ................................. 3. Melanocoryphus.

.............................................. 4. Lygaeosoma. Head with small processes separating eyes from anterior corners of pronotum. Membrane more or less transparent, shiny. Color black, with some red. or almost uniformly reddish or yellowish ................................................. 5. Arocatus. 14 (5). Apical margin of corium with a notch posterior to apex of clavus (Figure 323, 7). Antennal tubercles with pointed outer corners, (Subfamily Orsillinae). 15 (16). Fore femora with spines. Proboscis reaching middle or apex of abdomen......................................... 6. Orsillus. 16 (15). Fore femora without spines. Proboscis not reaching beyond middle coxae. 17 (18). Apex of scutellum rounded. Hemelytra usually markedly shortened; if hemelytra normal, membrane without cross vein connecting 2 inner veins at base ....................... 7. Nithecus. 18 (17). Apex of scutellum pointed. Hemelytra always normally developed; 2 inner veins of membrane connected by cross vein. 19 (20). Head, pronotum and corium of hemelytra covered with short adpressed hairs or without such hairs. Rostellar plates long, reaching beyond middle of head. Lateral margins of corium .

20 (19).

usually more or less rounded ........................ 8. Nysius. Head, pronotum and corium densely covered with vertical hairs. Rostellar plates short, not reaching middle of head. Lateral 9. Ortholomus. margins of corium straight Head raised toward middle from inner margin of eyes. Openings of scent glands produced on the outer margin into a more or less long, white process. All spiracles situated on ventral side of abdomen. Small species (1.5-4.5). (Subfamily Oxycareninae). Pronotum broadest in middle. Eyes at midlength of head. No 34. Bogdiana Kerzh., gen. n. ocelli. Resembling ants Pronotum broadest at base. Eyes very close to base of head. Ocelli present. Not resembling ants. Corium obliquely truncate posteriorly, its posterior inner angle posterior to outer angle (Figure 323. 8). Hemelytra usually shortened; if hemelytra normal, membrane occupying almost the whole surface of the hemelytra and its veins are carinate, with dark speckles ............................. 25. Jakowleffia. Corium obliquely truncate posteriorly, its posterior inner corner anterior to outer corner (Figure 323, 9). If the hemelytra are normal, their veins are not carinate and the membrane occupies at least 2/3 of surface of hemelytra. Membrane completely black. Posterior margin of corium rounded-truncate, so that the folded membranes of both hemelytra form an almost regular circle. Outer part of hemelytra tapering posteriorly ................................. 36. Philomyrmex. .....................

21 (4).

22 (23).

............

23 (22). 24 .(25).

25 (24).

26 (27).

.

.

13 (6).

27 (26). Membrane of hemelytra at least partly light, or hemelytra shortened, without membrane. 28 (35). Head and clavus without punctation or with indistinct punctation. Fore femora without denticles or (Camptotelus) with a very small denticle. 29 (30). Hemelytra usually shortened and not covering posterior third of abdomen. Clavus black; corium white, with black band. Pronotum not punctate ........................ 26. Bianchiella. 30 (29). Hemelytra always covering abdomen, usually uniformly whitish (except veins). Pronotum more or less distinctly punctate. 31 (32). Fore femora with a small denticle. Proboscis not reaching beyond fore coxae. Rostellar plates high and short, their apex curved laterally and visible in dorsal view as 2 whitish plates lateral to apex of clypeus (Figure 323,10) ....... 29. Camptotelus. 32 (31). Fore femora without denticle. Proboscis reaching or almost reaching middle coxae. Rostellar plates narrow and not forming processes lateral to apex of clypeus. 33 (34). Veins of hemelytra (Figure 323, 9) (including veins of membrane) convex, broadly darkened throughout; posterior margin of corium with dark raised vein. Membranes of both hemelytra usually almost not overlapping, only contiguous, rarely crossed.......... ............................. 27. Tropidophlebia Kerzh., gen. n. 34 (33). Veins of hemelytra slightly convex, narrow; veins of membrane usually blackish. Membranes of both hemelytra always broadly overlapping .................................. 28. Leptodemus. 787 35 (28). Head and clavus distinctly punctate. Fore femora with one or several denticles, 36 (43). 1st antennal segment not reaching beyond apex of head or reaching little beyond it. Clavus usually with 2 or 3 rows of dots. 37 (38). Head with laminate processes which are directed anteriorly and laterally dorsal to bases of antennae (Figure 323, 11) ............. .............................................. 31. Metopoplax. 38 (37). Head without such processes. 39 (40). Rostellar plates short, truncate posteriorly, situated at apex of head. Fore femora with one denticle, rarely with 1 or 2 very small additional denticles ....................... 30. Microplax. 40 (39). Rostellar plates gradually descending posteriorly and almost reaching base of head. Fore femora usually with 3 or 4 denticles which become smaller toward the outside. 41 (42). Proboscis not reaching middle of mesothorax; 2nd antennal segment of proboscis (in ventral view) not reaching beyond base of head ....................................... 32. Brachyplax. 42 (41). Proboscis at least reaching hind coxae; 2nd segment of proboscis reaching fore coxae........................... 35. Oxycarenus. 43 (36). 1/2-1/3 of first antennal segment projecting beyond apex of head. Clavus with at least 4 or 5 rows of dots .......... 33. Macroplax. Dorsum of head, pronotum and scutellum more or less markedly 44 (3). flattened; pronotum almost square; lateral margins of pronotum parallel in posterior part, rarely more or less converging, usually broadly rounded distal to anterior corners. Head transverse, with

45 (46).

46 (45).

47 (48).

convex posterior margin. Body more or less elongate, with almost parallel lateral margins. Hemelytra usually markedly shortened, All abdominal spiracles situated on dorsal part of lateral connexivum; spiracles of abdominal segment VII on ventral part of connexivum. (Subfamily Blissinae). Pronotum dull, not punctate, or sparsely covered with very delicate dots, black, narrow part yellow posteriorly. Hemelytra of brachypterous specimens contiguous for a large distance posterior to scutellum. Antennae markedly longer than head and pronotum together ........................... 12. Ischnodemus. Pronotum shiny, densely punctate or rugose, brown or almost black; posterior part of pronotum often light brown, especially in macropterous specimens. Body more flattened and longer, 4-4.5 times as long as breadth of pronotum at base 13. Dimorphopterus. Body more rounded and shorter, 2.7-3 times as long as breadth of pronotum ...................................... 14. Blissus. Hemelytra normal, rarely (Geocoris) with markedly shortened membrane which does not cover apex of abdomen; distinctly punctate; corium with at least some dots in addition to a row of dots along its outer margin. If the body is very elongate and more or less flattened (Cymophyes), the whole body is light. Head markedly transverse, as broad as, or broader than pronotum at the posterior margin; eyes stalked or markedly projecting, reaching posteriorly beyond anterior corners of pronotum (Figures 323,12; 324,4). Eyes smaller (Figure 323, 12), rounded in profile, slightly raised dorsal to anterior margin of pronotum, their diameter less than length of 1st antennal segment or as long as this. Body usually dull. (Subfamily Henestarinae). Rostellar plates markedly descending posteriorly and not reaching base of head. Dorsum of body covered with short pubescence ............................................... 15. Henestaris. Rostellar plates not descending posteriorly, or slightly raised, reaching base of head. Dorsum bare .............. 16. Engistus. Eyes very large (Figure 324, 4), 2-3 times as long as high in profile, not raised above anterior corners of pronotum but lying lateral to them; eyes 2.5-4 times longer than 1st antennal segment. Body usually shiny, (Subfamily Geocorinae). Scutellum markedly longer than broad, blunt apically. Head completely red or yellowish; hemelytra black ...... 17. Piocoris. Scutellum about as long as broad, pointed apically. Head usually light only apically; if head light in its greater part, or completely, hemelytra not black.............................. 18. Geocoris. Head not transverse or moderately transverse, narrower than posterior margin of pronotum; eyes small, not stalked, not produced posteriorly beyond anterior corners of pronotum. Scutellum with 2 smooth ivory-colored ridges converging at an angle; these ridges are slightly longer than the commissure of the hemelytra. Lateral margins of pronotum widened into leaflike .......................

48 (47).

49(2).

50 (57).

51 (54).

52 (53).

..

53 (52). 54 (51).

55 (56). 56 (55).

57 (50).

58 (63).

plate.

(Subfamily Artheneinae).

..

788 59 (60). Rostellar plates gradually descending, almost reaching posterior margin of head. Pronotum 1.5 times as broad as long at the base; lateral margins of pronotum straight 19. Artheneis. 60 (59). Rostellar plates very short, truncate posteriorly. Pronotum twice or almost twice as broad as long; lateral margins of pronotum more or less convex distal to anterior corners. 61 (62). Anterior half of head with 2 longitudinal grooves. Proboscis 21. Chilacis. reaching beyond middle coxae 62 (61). Head with 2 grooves almost throughout. Proboscis not reaching beyond middle coxae ......................... 20. Holcocranum. 63 (58). Scutellum without smooth ridges converging at an angle. Sides of pronotum rounded; if sides of pronotum with a small ridge (Heterogaste r) or with a laminate carina (Platyplax), scutelluro 2.5-3 times as long as commissure of hemelytra. 64 (67). Lateral margin of pronotum expanded into a plate or with a low smooth ridge. Scutellum 2.5-3 times as long as commissure of .............

.....................

hemelytra. (Subfamily Heterogastrinae). Fore femora with ventral denticle. Pronotum long; lateral 23. Heterogaster. margins of pronotum concave, with a low rib 66 (65). Fore femora without denticle. Pronotum transverse; lateral margins of pronotum almost without a concavity, with a narrow leaflike carina ................................. .24. Platyplax. 67 (64). Lateral margins of pronotum rounded, without ridge or plate. Scutellum shorter than. or slightly longer than, commissure of hemelytra. 68 (69). Scutellum distinctly shorter than commissure of hemelytra; 4th antennal segment shorter than 3rd segment. (Subfamily Cyminae) 65 (66).

.

.

.

.................................................. 11. Cymus. 69 (68). Scutellum longer than commissure of hemelytra. 4th antennal segment as long as the 3rd segment or longer. 70(71). Elongate. Fore femora inflated, with denticles. (Subfamily Pachygronthinae) ............................. 22. Cyroophyes. 71 (70). Short-oval. Fore femora simple, without denticles. (Subfamily Ischnorhynchinae) ............................ 10. Kleidocerys. 3rd abdominal suture (Figure 323, 3-5) not reaching lateral 72 (1). margins of dorsum but curving forward, then curving backward and forming a depressed line along the lateral margin; rarely (Plinthisus) 3rd abdominal suture more or less distinctly reaching lateral margins of abdomen, slightly curved before reaching margin (Figure 323, 2). (Subfamily Rhyparochroroinae). t 73 (78). Pronotum with a deep transverse depression posterior to middle, reaching sides of pronotum, and forming a constriction. Sides of pronoturo rounded, without longitudinal carina or laminate expansion. Anterior margin of pronotum usually more or less distinctly differentiated as a cervical ring. 74 (75). Pronotum longer than broad between posterior corners. Cervical ring of pronotum as long as thickness of 1st antennal segment ............................................... 81. Paromius. ....

1038

75 (74).

Pronotum as long as broad between posterior corners or shorter. Cervical ring shorter than thickness of 1st antennal segment. 1st segment of hind tarsi 1/4-1/3 as long as 2nd and 3rd segments together. Hemelytra reaching beyond apex of abdomen. Posterior margin of pronotum almost twice as wide as head ........................................... 82. Pachybrachius, (76). 1st segment of hind tarsi more than twice as long as 2nd and 3rd segments together. Hemelytra not usually covering apex of abdomen. Head at least 3/4 as broad as posterior margin of 83. Ligyrocoris. pronotum (73). Pronotum without constriction at sides; sides of pronotum usually with a longitudinal carina or a laminate ridge. (152). Abdominal sternum V with 2 or 3 trichobothria (dull spots usually with a long vertical hair, situated on lateral part of abdomen, inside the depressed line); posterior trichobothrium closer to posterior margin of sternum than to anterior trichobothrium (Figure 323,2-4). (119). Lateral margin of pronotum with more or less developed ridge, or without ridge, but not expanded into leaflike plate. (82). Commissure of hem elytra longer than scutellum or about as long as this. 3rd abdominal suture (between abdominal sterna IV and V) reaching lateral margin of abdomen (Figure 323,2). .37. Plinthisus. (81). Commissure of hemelytra distinctly shorter than scutellum. 3rd abdominal suture not reaching lateral margin of abdomen (Figure 323, 3,4). (34). Ocelli absent, flody very small (up to 2.3), flattened, markedly shiny; pronotum not punctate .................. .41. Camptocera.

76 (77).

................

77

....................................

78

79

80 81

.

82

83

FIGURE 323.

Herniptera. Family Lygaeidae (after

Wagner

and

original)

1Lygaeus equesiris, abdomen, lateral (arrow indicates 3rd abdominal suture): 2Plinthisus hungaricus. same (iririchobothria on abdominal segment V); 3Tropistethus holosericeus, same; 4 Megalonoius chiragra, same; 5Drymus sylvaticus, same; 6,7 Nysius senecionis: 6pronoium: 7hemelytra (without membrane); 8Jakowleffia setulosa, hemelynon: 9Tropidophlebia costalis, same; 10Camptoielus head; 11Metopoplax origani, head; 12He scuiellum;

14Megalono

,

lineolatus, apex of

fore femur: 15Rhyparoch same;

thus decoraius, pronotum; 21Emblethis

20Scoloposti

NEELIDAE

0. pseudobifasciata Stach. male grayish yellow 54 (53). 2 or more dark transverse fasciae. 55 (56). Terga of thorax and abdominal segment I with indistinct longitudinal pattern (Figure 37, 6). Antennae more than half the length of the body. Color yellowish or whitish. 3-4.5. Crimea, ..................

Northern Caucasus ........................... 0, taurica Stach, 56 (55). Without longitudinal pattern. Antennae half the length of the body. In forests. Baltic Region to "Ukraine 0. bifasciata Nic, ..........

Suborder S YMPHYPLEONA

2.

Key to Families 1 (2).

Antennae much shorter than head (Figure 39, 8).

Eyes absent

Neelidae (p.95) Antennae as long as, or longer than, head. Eyes usually present. 4th antennal segment markedly longer than 3rd (Figure 39, 4) 2. Sminthuridae (p. 96) 4th antennal segment markedly shorter than 3rd (Figure 39, 7) ...................................... 3. Dicyrtomidae (p.107) 1.

...........................................

2 (1). 3 (4). 4 (3).

........................................ 1.

Family NEELIDAE

Antennae much shorter than head (Figure 39, 8). No eyes. Small forms, 0.2-0.7 mm. In soil, litter, decaying wood, caves. 2 genera, 3 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Posterior wall of ventral tube without a flaplike process. Abdominal segment IV with a pair of protruding sensory areas (Figure 39,

2 (1).

Posterior wall of ventral tube with a flaplike process (Figure 39, 9). Abdomen without sensory areas or sensory areas indistinct.

10)......................................... 1. Megalothorax.

..................................................

2.

Neelus.

Keys to Species of Family Neelidae

90

Megalothorax Willem, Posterior wall of ventral tube without process. Sensory area on abdominal segment IV consisting of 2 sensilla, 2 seta-bearing tubercles and 1 rounded vesicle (Figure 39, 10). 8 species in Europe; some of them only in caves, 1 species. 1.

3rd and 4th antennal segments fused, not divided by suture (Figure 39, 5). Papilla at base of empodial appendage protruding. No pigment. 0.4, In forests and open areas, usually in soil. M. minimus Will. Apparently throughout the European U.S.S.R. ..

.

.

1 (1).

Neelus Folsom. Posterior wall of ventral tube with flaplike process (Figure 39, 9). 3 species in Europe. 2 species. 2.

1 (2).

4th antennal width of the

brown.

segment with sensilla which are as long as the segment (Figure 39, 6). Color yellowish or yellowish In caves and near them. Eastern Carpathians. N. murinus Folsom.

0.5-0.7.

..........................................

present. At least posterior part of pronotum distinctly punctate, or pronotum dull, or body more than 2.5 long. 85 (88). Anterior and posterior parts of pronotum densely punctate with coarse dots which are larger than the distance between them.

789 84 (83). Ocelli

86 87 88

89

90 91

92

93

94

790 95

96

97

Pronotum without transverse depression or with an indistinct depression; fore femora without denticles, slightly thickened. (87). Eyes and hemelytra with short hairs in profile ................... ............................................. 39. Stygnocoris. (86). Eyes bare. Hemelytra bare or only their outer part with very short pubescence ................................ 38. Acompus. (85). Anterior part of pronotum markedly less punctate than posterior part; dots on pronotum usually fine and widely separated; if the pronotum is coarsely punctate (Me galonotu s), it has a distinct transverse depression and the fore femora are markedly inflated, with one large and several minute denticles. (90). Whole body light sand-colored, rarely pale grayish. Fore coxae with 2 tubercles bearing setae. Antennae covered with long ver80. Hyalocoris. tical hairs (89). At least the whole or almost the whole scutellum, anterior part of pronotum, head and whole venter, black or dark brown. (94). Hemelytra black or dark brown; pronotum and hemelytra bare dorsally, very shiny; pronotum without transverse depression and lateral margins of pronotum without notch or with a shallow notch. (93). Pronotum slightly shorter than scutellum and half as long as broad at base. Head without vertical hairs. Antennae usually brown or yellow ............................. 65. Lamproderoa. (92). Pronotum slightly longer than scutellum and only 1/2-2/3 as long as broad at base. Head with long vertical hairs near eyes. Antennae black ............................... 67. Aoploscelis. (91). Whole hemelytra or its greater part orange, yellow, red or dirty ocher, their color distinctly different from the black anterior part of the pronotum, or (some species of Megalo notus) hemelytra black or brownish black, but in this case pronotum with distinct transverse depression and a notch at the lateral margins; posterior part of pronotum coarsely punctate; pronotum and hemelytra usually pubescent. (96). Posterior margin of corium with a notch near the claval commissure. Abdominal sternum V with 3 trichobothria in a longitudinal row (Figure 323, 3).................... 40. Tropistethus. (95). Posterior margin of corium without notch. Abdominal sternum V with one trichobothrium anteriorly and 2 closely placed or fused trichobothria posteriorly (Figure 323, 4). (100). Pronotum elongate; ridge on lateral margin of pronotum only ventrally more or less distinctly separated by a groove or absent; pronotum without transverse depression or with an indistinct depression; anterior part of pronotum not punctate. Proboscis reaching fore coxae or a little beyond. Fore femora markedly inflated, with one large and several small denticles.

....................................

98 (99).

Pronotum and hemelytra completely bare; hemely-tra often shortened. 3rd antennal segment twice as long as 1st segment.

99 (98).

Pronotum and hemelytra with very short pubescence; hemelytra always normal. 3rd antennal segment 1.5-1.6 times as long as 1st segment ....................................... 64. Icus. Pronotum usually shorter, often transverse; carina on lateral margins of pronotum usually Well marked in dorsal view, separated from pronotum by a groove or a small depression; pronotum often with a transverse depression. Proboscis usually reaching middle coxae. Fore femora with or without denticles. Apex of scutellum (Figure 323, 13) with more or less distinct V-shaped yellow or brownish yellow spott. Eyes very large, almost spherical, usually markedly projecting beyond anterior corners of pronotum; vertex 1.7-2 times as broad as eyes ............................................ 57. Peritrechus. Apex of scutellum black or yellowish, but without light V-shaped spot. Eyes smaller, Body more or less elongate, with almost parallel lateral margins. Anterior part of pronotum not widened or slightly widened posteriorly, always very shiny; head and eyes as broad as pronotum at border between anterior and posterior parts tt Hemelytra usually shortened, with overlapping membranes, not covering apex of abdomen; hemelytra rarely normal. Pronotum and tegmina bare. Pronotum with a shallow transverse depression. Its lateral margin with a small notch. Tegmina without black spots. Fore femora without denticle. All coxae and usually posterior part of pronotum or a spot on it dark brown-yellow. 69. Macrodema. Fore femora usually with 1-3 very small denticles. Pronotum and coxae black ............................. 68. Pterotmetus. Pronotum and tegmina with sparse and very long vertical setae. External part of corium, or a big spot on its apex, black 66. Parapolycrates. Anterior lobe of pronoturn widening posteriorly and markedly wider than head including eyes at the border with the posterior part. Tegmina complete in most species (except in some species of Megalonotus and Pionosomus) and covered by setae (except in two species of Megalonotus). 2.3-3.2. Fore femora without denticle or with a small denticle. Lateral margin of pronotum and tegmina with very short setae. Fore femora usually with a small denticle. Tibia and posterior part of pronotum gray-black. .................... 70. Alampes.

Large

100 (97).

101 (102).

........................................

63.

Proderus,

.......

102 (101).

.

103 (108).

104

(107).

105 (106).

...........

............................................

106 (105). 107 (104).

........

........................................

108 (103).

109 (112). 110 (111).

t The very rare species P. lundi Gmel. (sylvestris F.) is an exception. tt The macroprerous specimens of Macrodema micropierum are an exception: anterior part of pronoium markedly widened posteriorly, 1/S broader than head at border between anterior and posterio pans. They are easily distinguished by their smallness and their lack of pubescence on pronotum and hemelytra.

111 (110). Lateral margin of pronotum and tegmina with long hairs. Fore femora without denticle. Tibia and posterior part of pronotum usually without denticle; tibia and posterior part of pronotum usually yellowish or brown, at least in part ....................................... 71. Ptonosorous. 112 (109). 3.5-9. Fore femora with well visible denticles. 113 (114). Pronotum completely black with distinct transverse depression. Eyes not protruding laterally behind its anterior angles. Fore femora with one large and some small denticles. (Figure 323,14).

-

........................................... 62. Megalonotus. 114 (113). Posterior part of pronotum reddish, yellow or brown. Eyes protruding at least partly behind anterior angle of pronotum. Fore femora usually with 2 relatively large or several small denticles. 115 (116). Pronotum and hemelytra covered with long, straight, blacksetae situated not in sunken points but in the spaces between them. 1st segment of hind tarsus 3 times longer than 2nd and 3rd segments together. Membrane of tegroina with narrow white stripe posteriorly. Fore femora with 1-2 small denticles ..... ............................................. 59, Lasiocoris. 116 (115). Pronotum and hemelytra covered with only short adpressed light hairs. 1st segment of hind tarsi not more than 1.5 times as long as 2nd and 3rd segments together. Membrane of hemelytra with more or less round white spot posteriorly. 117 (118). Pronotum and scutellum shiny. Fore femora with several small and 2 larger denticles. Tibiae always black (in the European U.S.S.R.) ................................... 6. Hadrocnerois. 118 (117). Pronotum and scutellum dull. Fore femora usually with several small denticles and one larger denticle. Tibiae often yellow or brown .......................... 61. Pezocoris, 119 (80). Pronotum with lateral margins widened as a more or less broad, leaf-shaped plate. Hemelytra bare or with hardly visible hairs. 120 (143). 2nd and 3rd antennal segments bare or with short, thin halfvertical hairs (Figure 323, 15,16); in this case anterior part of pronoturo and scutellum black, their color sharply differing from that of the posterior part of the pronotum and the larger part of the hemelytra. 121 (136). 2nd and 3rd antennal segments bare or covered with very short adpressed pubescence, only apically often with several short half-vertical hairs (Figure 323,15); these segments are rarely covered with short pubescence almost throughout (Xantho chilus), but in this case there are 2 outer rows of dots on the clavus which diverge broadly in the middle. 1st segment of hind tarsi at least twice as long as 2nd and 3rd segments together. 122 (125). Pronotum and hemelytra completely coal-black; membrane often with an orange spot. 123 (124). 1st segment of proboscis not reaching anterior margin of pronotum. Setae on hind tibiae coarse, clearly visible to the naked eye, as long as the 2nd antennal segment is thick. Membrane completely black ......................... 56. Aellopus.

124 (123). 1st segment of proboscis reaching beyond anterior margin of pronotum. Setae on hind tibiae shorter than thickness of 2nd antennal segment. Membrane usually orange at the base ........

74. Aphanus. part of pronotum and hemelytra completely or in its greater part yellow, reddish or brown. 126 (131). The 2 outer rows of dots on clavus almost parallel; distance ...............................................

125 (122). Posterior

127 (128).

128 (127).

129 (130).

130 (129). 131 (126).

between them in the middle shorter than distance between the inner row and the row of dots along the scutellum (Figure 323,18). Scutellum with 2 oblique apical yellow stripes which are often fused into a V-shaped spot. Head and eyes markedly broader than pronotum at the anterior margin and slightly narrower than its posterior margin. Eyes spherical, markedly projecting beyond anterior corners of pronotum. Legs and antennae usually light. ........ 52. Beosus. Head narrower than pronotum at anterior margin and markedly narrower than its posterior margin. Legs and antennae completely or almost completely black. Inner angle of corium with a large, more or less smooth, black spot. Posterior margin of middle and hind femora with several short, thick setae in apical half and usually with a row of pointed tubercles dorsal to them .................... 15. Graptopeltus. Corium without black spot. Hind femora without tubercles and setae ........................................ 50. Panaorus. 2nd row of dots from outer margin of clavus more or less curved, diverging in the middle from outer margin, equally distant from inner and outer rows of dots (Figure 323, 19).

Scutellum completely black. 132 (133). Lateral margins of pronotum broadly yellow throughout. Membrane white, usually with a black or brown spot in the middle. 2nd and 3rd antennal segments usually covered with short pubescence ..................................... 53. Xanthochilus. 133 (132). Lateral margins of anterior part of pronotum at least anteriorly black or a narrow part yellow. Membrane black, often with white apical spot or with minute spots. 134 (135). Posterior margin of hind femora with one or several subapical denticles. All tibiae light; hind tibiae dark only at base and apex ........................................... 54. Raglius. 135 (134). Hind femora without denticles. Hind tibiae black ............... ....................................... 55. Rhyparochromus. 136 (121). The whole 2nd and 3rd antennal segments covered with halfvertical hairs (Figure 323, 16). 1st segment of hind tarsi slightly longer than 2nd and 3rd segments, rarely almost twice as long. 137 (138). Lateral margins of pronotum with several brown dots between which stand long black setae ................. 58. Sphragisticus. 138 (137). Lateral margins of pronotum without brown dots or long setae. 139 (140). Apex of scutellum with yellow V-shaped spot (Figure 323,13). Hind tibiae with a few short setae ............. 57. Peritrechus.

140 (139). Scutellum completely black. Hind tibiae with stronger and more numerous setae. 141 (142). Posterior part of pronotum with coarse dark brown or black dots, often divided in the middle by a brown stripe; anterior part of pronotum distinctly punctate; anterior margin of 72. Trapezonotus. pronotum usually at least partly black 792 142 (141). Posterior part of pronotum with minute light dots; anterior part of pronotum not punctate; whole anterior margin of pronotum ................. 73. narrowly yellow Bleteogonus, 143 (120). 2nd and 3rd antennal segments with long vertical hairs halfor with 17) or vertical moderately long (Figure 323. vertical hairs (Figure 323, 21); in this case pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra uniformly sand yellow, brownish, rarely almost blackish (in very dark specimens). 144 (151). 3rd antennal segment longer than 1st segment. Pronotum and hemelytra smooth, without tubercles or high carinae; lateral margins of pronotum convex or straight. Rostellar plates raised only at apex of head. 145 (148). Pronotum as long as broad or almost as long as broad, longer than scutellum. Head usually longer than broad. 146 (147). Eyes not projecting laterally beyond anterior corners of pronotum. 1st antennal segment not projecting beyond apex of head, or projecting only slightly. All hairs on 2nd and 3rd antennal segments of about the same length. Fore femora with 1-3 large and several minute denticles ............ 75. Neurocladus. 147 (146). Eyes projecting beyond anterior corners of pronotum. 1st antennal segment reaching markedly beyond apex of head. 2nd and 3rd antennal segments with long, obliquely vertical hairs 1/3-1/2 as long as those of Neurocladus. Fore femora with small denticles .............................. 76. Ischnopeza. 148 (145). Pronotum at base markedly broader than long, not longer than scutellum. Head transverse. 149 (150). Anterior margin of pronotum (except its anterior corners) straight. Antennal tubercles with projecting outer corners. Distance between base of antennae and eyes larger than breadth of eye ....................................... 78. Gonianotus. 150 (149). Anterior margin of pronotum uniformly concave. Outer side of antennal tubercles rounded. Distance between bases of antennae and eyes less than, or equal to, breadth of eye ......... ............................................. 77. Emblethis. 151 (144). 3rd antennal segment .shorter than 1st segment, 1/3-1/2 as long as 4th segment. Rostellar plates raised on more than half the length of the head. Pronotum, hemelytra-and abdominal tergaIV and V of brachypterous specimens with tubercles and carinae; brachypterous specimens most common; raised areas on pronotum of macropterous specimens more or less smooth, callous and more or less high; lateral margins of pronotum with a large notch ........................... 79. Diomphalus. 152 (79). Posterior trichobothrium on abdominal sternum V closer to anterior trichobothrium than to posterior margin of segment (Figure 323,5). ........

............

1044

153 (154). Fore femora without denticles. Eyes large; vertex only 1.6-2 times as wide as an eye ...................... 42. Ischnocoris. 154 (153). Inner side of fore femora with one or several denticles. Vertex at least 3 times as wide as eye. 155 (166). Body not flattened ventrally. 3rd abdominal suture strongly curved forward near lateral margins of abdomen (Figure 323, 5). Posterior margin of pronotum not more than twice as long as anterior margin. 156 (163). Eyes contiguous or almost contiguous with anterior corners of pronotum. Scutellum (except in Lamproplax) without

Y-shaped elevation or with an indistinct elevation. 157 (160). Laminate border of lateral margin of pronotum narrow, uniformly broad, not widened near middle. 158 (159). Head and whole pronotum densely and distinctly punctate. Fore femora with a small denticle or with one large and several minute denticles ................................ 48. Drymus. 159 (158). Head only with very fine punctation; anterior part of pronotum punctate only along anterior margin. Fore femora with 2 47. Lamproplax. tubercles, each with a pointed spine 160 (157). Laminate border of lateral margin of pronotum forming at least a small, inwardly-directed triangular corner in front of notch near middle of lateral margin (Figure 323, 20). Head and anterior part of pronotum dull, smooth or only with indistinct dots. 161 (162). 5-7.5. 1st antennal segment projecting beyond apex of head by more than half its length ..................... 44. Eremocoris. 162 (161). 3-4.5. 1st antennal segment projecting beyond apex of head by ...........

........................ 43. Scolopostethus. pronotum 0.4-1.5 times diameter of Scutellum with Y-shaped elevation. 164 (165). Head markedly longer than broad. Hemelytra with raised median vein. 1st antennal segment 1.5-2 times as long as breadth of vertex ................................... 45. Thaumastopus. 165 (164). Head slightly shorter than broad. Hemelytra smooth; 1st antennal segment slightly shorter than breadth of vertex ........................................... 46. Taphropeltus. 793 166 (155). Body markedly flattened dorsally and ventrally, broadly oval, tapering anteriorly. 3rd abdominal suture only slightly curved forward. Posterior margin of pronotum almost 3 times as long as anterior margin 49. Gastrodes.

only half its length

163 (156). Distance between eyes and an

eye.

........

............................

Keys to Species of Family Lygaeidae Subfamily LYGAEINAE 1.

Tropidothorax Bergr.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 3

species. 1 (1).

Red; head, antennae, 2 large, almost rectangular spots at posterior margin of pronotum, Scutellum, almost the whole clavus, a large spot on corium, membrane, legs and spots on venter of body, black. 8.5-11.5. West, South, except in the Southeast .............................. T. leucopterus Gz. 1045

FIGURE 324. Hemiptera. Family Lygaeitiae (after Jensen-Haarup)

1Lygaeus 4Geocotis

2.

equestris; 2Nysius

thymi; 3Ischnodemiis

sabuleri:

gryiloides.

Lygaeus F.

3 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 species.

1 (2).

Whole lateral margin of hemelytra black. Membrane black, without white spots, 8.5-11.5. Southwest, Crimea, Caucasus

2 (1).

Lateral margin of hemelytra red at least at the base. Membrane with one or several white spots in the middle, sometimes completely dirty white. Sides of meso- and metathorax (in lateral view) with a large red spot. 11-15. South, except in the Southeast. ............... ........................................... L. pandurus Scop. Sides of meso- and metathorax completely black. 9.5-13 (Figure 324, 1). Everywhere, except in the North ............... ..........................’................... L. equestris L.

...........................................

(3).

3species. 1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

Melanocoryphus Stal. 4 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R- 6

Anterior margin of pronotum and whole clavus black. Apex of membrane with white margin, without white spot. Lateral margin of pronotum completely red. Abdomen red, with black base and apex. 2 longitudinal black stripes on the pronotum which do not reach the anterior margin. Always macropterous. 7-9. Crimea, Caucasus, lower reaches

of the Volga ............................ M. albomaculatus Gz. Abdomen except lateral connexivum completely black. 2 black stripes on the pronotum which usually reach the anterior margin. Often brachypterous. 4.5-6. South, except in the Southeast ........................................ M. tristrami Dgl. Sc. ..

1046

.

4

.

3 (4).

...

L. saxatilis Scop.

.

4 (1).

794

Anterior margin of pronotum and whole or large part of clavus red. Apex of membrane with white spot. Posterior half of lateral margin of pronotum black t. White spot on apex of membrane longer than broad. Larger: M. syriacus Reut. 5.1-6.1. Eastern Ciscaucasia White spot on apex of membrane not longer than broad. Smaller: 4-5.3. South .............................. M. superbus Poll.

5 (6).

...............

6 (5).

4. Lygaeosoma Spin. On the ground under plants. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (1).

Pronotum and scutellum with coarse dots. Light brown or dark brown, often with yellowish spots and veins. Heraelytra sometimes more or less shortened. 3.5-4.8. South ................. ......................................... L. reticulatum H.-S.

5.

Arocatus Spin.

On trees.3

species.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

5 species.

Head, scutellum and transverse stripes in middle of pronotum black. Apex of corium and its lateral margin, and sometimes almost the whole hernelytra black. Tibiae light. 5.5-7.5. South. On

1 (4). 2 (3).

fruits of elm

3 (2).

............................

A. melanocephalus F.

Corium red, with a black spot in the middle; apex of corium red. Tibiae black. 6-7. South, except in the Southeast, Center. On fruits of alder ........................... A. roeseli Schill. Whole body almost uniformly dirty yellowish red, sometimes brownish black in some places. 5.5-6.5, Southern Crimea, Caucasus. On fruits of maple ................ A. longiceps Stal.

4 (1).

Subfamily ORSILLINAE 6.

Orsillus Dall.

Dirty brown, more or less flat. In the U.S.S.R.

2 species. 1 (2).

Proboscis reaching end of abdomen. Head longer than broad, 0. maculatus Fieb. 7-9. Crimea. On cones of cypress Proboscis reaching middle of abdomen. Head as long as broad. 7-9. Transcarpathian Region, Crimea, Dagestan. On juniper .......................................... 0. depressus Dall. .........

2 (1).

7.

Nithecus Horv.

I species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Brownish or grayish brown. 4.2-5.7. Forest zone. On and under herbs and grasses .................... N. jacobeae Schill.

1 (1).

8.

More or less elongate; gray, whitish, brownish 7 On herbs and grasses and on the ground under them. In the U.S.S.R. 9 species. Difficult to identify ++. Nysius Dall.

or blackish.

species.

t M. losifov (M. Josifov in the literature) places M.syriaciis, M. superbus and 2 other species in the U.S.S.R. in the new genus Horvathiolus. tt Cf. G.Horvath. Synopsis des Nysius Palearctiques.-Rev. d’Ent. Caen. IX, 1890: 185-191; E. Wagner. Der Nysius- Komp lex in derPalaearhtis.Soc. Sci. Fenn- Comment. BioL, XIX, 2, 1958: 154.

1 (12).

Scutellum with indistinct, dark longitudinal ridge which is sometimes present only at the apex. A depressed transverse line in anterior part of pronoturo usually black.

2 (11). Rostellar plates gradually becoming narrower posteriorly (Figure 325, 1). Outer margin of corium with short thin hairs at the base. 1st segment of hind tarsi 1/4-2/3 longer than 2nd and 3rd segments together.

FIGURE 325. Hemiptera. Family Lygaeidae (after Wagner and original) 1Nysius 3N.

ihymi, head. lateral (rostellar plates black);

groenlandacus, genital segment;

6N.cymoides,

obliquus. s; same; 15A. balcai urticae, same; 18 H. ar

3 (8).

4 (5).

5 (4).

2N. senecionis, same; ericae, same; 5 N. ihymi. same;

graminicola, same; 8N. senecionis, same; claviculus, paramere; 11 C. glandico 10-Cyn

same; 12 C.

cea,

4N.

same; ’7 N.

scutellum; 14A

13-Arthe ,

same; n-Hete

paramere; 19-H. catha

Body (at least of female) shorter and broader; corium posteriorly with widened and rounded lateral margins. Membrane slightly projecting beyond apex of abdomen. (Subgenus Nysius Dall.). Longitudinal veins of cerium with black or brown spots; genital segment of male black. 1st segment of proboscis usually reaching beyond posteriormargin of rostellar plates, sometimes also beyond base of head. 1st antennal segment, often also fore and middle femora, black. Genital segment as in Figure 325, 3. 4.2-4.5. North, Siberia, Mountains of Soviet Central Asia ............................... .......... ..N. groenlandicus Zett. (ericae obscuratus Horv.). 1st segment of proboscis usually not reaching beyond posterior margin of rostellar plates. 1st antennal segment and femora light, with isolated dark dots.

6 (7^.

Opening of genital segment of male anteriorly with a lateral denticle (Figure 325, 4). Pronotum usually 1.8-2.0 times as 3.5-4.5. Everywhere, except in the North N. ericae Schill. 795 7 (6). Opening of genital segment of male with a hardly visible lateral tubercle anteriorly (Figure 325, 5). Pronotum usually 1.5-1.65 times as broad as long. 4-4.5 (Figure 324,2). Everywhere, N. thymi Wolff. except in the North 8 (3). Usually slender; lateral margins of corium only slightly widened even in female; membrane usually projecting far beyond apex of abdomen. (Subgenus Macroparius Stal). 9 (10). Pronotum of male twice as broad as long; pronotum of female 2.2-2.3 times as broad as long. Genital segment of male black; sides of opening of genital segment of male without denticle anteriorly (Figure 325, 6). Longitudinal veins of hemelytra with brown spots. Base of 2nd and 3rd antennal segments usually light. Small, slender, usually darker than the next species. 3-4. South N. (M.) cymoides Spin. Pronotum of male 1.5-1.55 times as broad as long, that of female 10 (9). 1.8-1.9 times as broad as long. Genital segment of male usually light, sides of its opening with a denticle anteriorly (Figure 325,7). Longitudinal veins of hemelytra usually without brown spots. Base of 2nd and 3rd antennal segment usually brown or black. Usually larger and of lighter color. 4-4.75. South N. (M.) graminicola Kol. Rostellar plates not narrowing posteriorly (Figure 325, 2). Outer 11 (2). margin of corium not pubescent at the base. 1st segment of hind tarsi as long as 2nd and 3rd segments together or at most 1/15 longer than them. (Subgenus Tropinysius E.Wgn.). Genital segment of male light, sides of its opening without denticles anteriorly (Figure 325. 8). Longitudinal veins of hemelytra without brown spots; 1st and 2nd antennal segments usually dark at the N. (T.) senecionis Schill. base. 4-4.5. South. West Scutellum with depressed smooth white longitudinal ridge almost 12 (1). throughout. Usually a depressed light transverse line in anterior part of pronotum. Lateral margin of corium straight. Genital segment of male as in Figure 325, 9. 4.5-5.5. Everywhere, except in the N. (M.) helveticus H--S. (lineatus Costa). North broad as long.

........

..............................................

.............................

.......

........................................

.....................

......................................

..............

...............

9. 1 (1).

Ortholomus Stal.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Usually grayish, elongate, with parallel sides. 4.5-6. Everywhere, except in the North. On herbs and grasses 0. punctipennis H.-S. ...............

.........................................

Subfamily ISCHNORHYNCHINAE

796

In the U. S. S, R. 1 genus. 10.

Kleidocerys Steph. (Ischnorhynchus Fieb.).

1 species.

In the U. S. S. R.

2(1).

4th antenna! segment with several sensilla which are much shorter than the width of the segment. Brownish yellow, with gray tinge, 0.3-0.6. Baltic Region, Moscow Region ............. .......................................... N. minutus polsom.

2.

Family SMINTHURIDAE

Antennae usually 4-segmented; 4th antennal segment longer than 3rd, in many species divided into secondary segments (Figure 39, 4). Antennae of males of some species modified into an organ for clasping the female during copulation (Figure 17, 3). Ocelli usually 8. Capitate setae on tibiotarsus present or absent. Tibiotarsus of hind legs may bear a tibiotarsal organ (Figure 16, 5). Structure of empodial appendage very variable. Furca long, always well developed. Mucro with 2 dorsal and 1 ventral plate, with smooth or serrate margins. Mucro of species living on aquatic plants or on the surface of water with widened ribbed margins (Figure 17, 2). Abdominal segments V and VI usually distinctly separated from the other segments, fused or separate. Apex of abdomen of females of many species with anal appendages in form of a narrow, flat shaft sometimes with serrate apex and sides, feathered at the end, rarely in shape of a broad scale (Figure 18, 3-6; 40, 9). Sexual dimorphism often welldeveloped: females of most species with anal appendages; males sometimes with prehensile organs on antennae or tip of abdomen (Bourletiella). The classification into subfamilies is not given here as they are difficult to define. Widely distributed in forests and in open areas, in forest bedding, on mushrooms, in low grass, tree stumps, etc. A large group of species connected with aquatic and littoral vegetation. 10 (+1) genera, 37 species.

Key to Genera 1 (6).

2 3

4

5 6

7

8 9

Female without anal appendage. In male, 2nd and 3rd antennal segments forming a peculiarorgan to hold the female during copulation (prehensile organ; Figure 17, 3). (5). Tibiotarsal organ on ventral side of posterior legs (Figure 16, 5). (4). Mucro narrow, trough-shaped, narrowed ventrally one third from the tip. Inner dorsal plate of mucro very narrow, with numerous broad denticles. Outer plate of mucro smooth (Figure 40, 7). Metanotum without glandular vesicles ............. 1. Stenacidia. (3). Mucro not narrowed apically, spoon-shaped or trough-shaped, with a broad dorsal plate. Inner, sometimes also outer dorsal plate, with transverse ribs and several stout denticles (Figure 17, 2). Male with a pair of glandular vesicles on metanotum (Figure 40, 8)........................................... 2. Sminthurides. (2). Without tibiotarsal organ on hind legs ............ 3. Sphaeridia. (1). Female with rodlike, scaled or feathered anal appendage beneath anus on each side (Figure 18, 3-6; 40,9; 43,3-10). Structure of male antennae normal. (8). European species with 1 ocellus on each side of head. Dens with spines (Figure 40, 1) .......................... 4. Arrhopalites. (7). 8 ocelli on each side of head. Dens without spines. (10). 4th antennal segment simple, without secondary segmentation ..... ............................................ 5. Sminthurinus.

1 (1).

Dorsum, legs and antennae rust-colored; almost whole venter, posterior margin of head, transverse groove of pronotum, 3rd tarsal segment, 4th and sometimes 1st antennal segment and often a small dot in the middle of the hemelytra, black; posterior part of metapleura and openings of scent glands white. 4-5.3. Everywhere, except in the North. On birch, sometimes also on other trees and shrubs ....... K. resedae Pz. (privignus Horv.). Subfamily CYMINAE

In the U. S. S. R. occur the genera C ymu s and Ninomymus Lindb. (Far East). 11. Cymus Hahn. More or less elongate, pale yellowish or brownish dorsally; hemelytra usually lighter. In humid habitats, on Cyperaceae. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. 1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1).

5 (6).

6 (5).

Sides of body almost straight. Scutellum without white median ridge. 1st antennal segment reaching slightly beyond apex of head. 2nd antennal segment 1/5 longer than 3rd antennal segment. Head and scutellum usually light. Parameres as in Figure 325, 10. 3-3.8 (Figure 327, 1). Everywhere, except in the North .......... ............................................ C. claviculus Pall. 2nd antennal segment little shorter than 3rd segment. Head and scutellum usually dark. 3.5-3.7. South ........................ ...................................... C. melanocephalus Fieb. Sides of body more or less rounded. Scutellum with white smooth median ridge. 1st antennal segment not reaching apex of head. A brownish longitudinal spot on corium parallel to lateral margin of hemelytra. Apical corner of corium white. Paramere (Figure 325. 11) with longer apex and more delicate pubescence. Usually larger: 4-4.8. Everywhere., except in the North ......... .......................................... C. glandicolor Hahn. Brownish spot on corium oblique; apical corner of corium narrowly black or brown. Paramere as in Figure 325, 12. 3.7-4. Forest, forest-steppe. Rare .......... C. obliquus Horv.

Subfamily BLISSINAE More or less flat and elongate. Living beneath leaf-sheaths of Gramineae or on the ground under Gramineae. 12. Ischnodemus Fieb. Markedly elongate, black; hemelytra usually shortened, whitish; veins of hemelytra usually black or with dark spots; tibiae yellowish. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

3rd antennal segment black, slightly shorter than 4th segment; 2nd segment as long as distance between eyes; hairs on 2nd and 3rd antennal segment not longer than thickness of segments. 3.5-5.3 (Figure 324. 3). White Sea coast. -South. On Elymus, Phragmites and other Gramineae ............ I. sabuleti Fall.

2 (1).

3rd antennal segment yellowish, as long as 4th segment; 2nd antennal segment almost as long as breadth of head including eyes; hairs on 2nd and 3rd antennal segments longer than thickness of segments. Larger: 6-8.5. Dagestan, Southeast. On

Typha angustifolia

........................

I. caspius Jak.

Dimorphopterus Stal. Dark brown or almost black; antennae, tibiae and hemelytra usually yellowish. Hemelytra often markedly shortened. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 5 species. 13.

1 (2).

2(1).

Femora usually dark brown or almost black. 3-4.1. South. On Elymus, Calamagrostis ..................D. spinolai Sign. Femora yellowish brown, light. Larger: 4-5.5. South, except in the Southeast. On Phragmites communis............... ............................................ D. blissoides Bar.

14. Blissus Burm. Dark brown or- almost black; if the hemelytra is normal, it is yellowish white. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

797

(1).

2

Apex

of tibiae with 2 or 3 spinules. Fore femora with subapical denticles. Usually brachypterous. 2-2.8. South. Beneath leaf sheaths and near roots of Agropyron...........B. doriai Ferr. Tibiae flattened apically, with thick brown spinules along the whole outer margin. Fore femora without denticle. Always macropterous. Larger: 3.7-4.5, Southeast. On sand under Elymus giganteus.............,.............B, putoni Jak.

Subfamily HENESTARINAE Usually on solonetz soils. 15. 1 (1).

16. 1 (2).

Henestaris.Spin.

In the U.S.S.R, 2 genera, 3 species.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Yellowish gray or gray.

Engistus Fieb.

5-6.2.

South

.......

H. halophilus Burm.

In the U.S.S.R. .2 species.

1st antennal segment almost as long as 2nd segment. Eyes almost completely projecting laterally beyond anterior corners of pronotum. Dirty greenish or yellowish white, usually with dirty brown spots. 3.2-4.5. South. Usually under Halocnemum E. salinus Jak. (marmoratus Jak.}. 2nd antennal segment 1.5 times as long as 1st segment. Only half of each eye projects laterally beyond anterior corner of pronotum. Usually uniformly light green. 3.5-5, Southeast. ............................................ E. exsanguis Stal. ..........................

2 (1).

.....

Subfamily GEOCORINAE

Usually on the ground, under plants, stones, etc. In the U.S.S.R. 2 genera. 17.

+

Piocoris Stalt.

Facultative predators.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

R. LinnavLiori (Hemiptera of Israel, III.Ann.

Zool. Soc.

"

vanamo", 24, 3, 1962:1--108) considers

1 (1).

Black; head, legs and antennae reddish or yellowish. 3.5-4. South............................... P. erythrocephalus Lep. S.

18. Geocoris Fall. Hemelytra often with shortened membrane, not covering apex of abdomen. 8 species; In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 20 species, most of them in Soviet Central Asia. The 2 small and rare species G-oshanini Jak. and G.desertorum Jak. (both from the Southeast) not included.

1 (10). Pronotum with light longitudinal line in the middle, 2 (5). Hemelytra black, their lateral margin, and also lateral margin and posterior corners of pronotum, often also apex of scutellum and anterior margin of pronotum, yellow. 3 (4). Posterior margin of pronotum yellow or with yellow spot in the middle. Inner margin of hemelytra of both sexes yellow. 3.6-5 (Figure 324, 4). South, rarely in the Central Belt................ ..............................................

4 (3).

5 (2). 6 (7).

7 (6).

8 (9).

G. grylloldes L.

Posterior margin of pronotum except its posterior corners completely black. Inner margin of hemelytra of female (sometimes also that of male) black or dark brown. 4-5.2. Forest zone ......................................... G. dispar Waga. Hemelytra whitish or yellowish brown. Pronotum dull, often with faintly marked longitudinal carina; punctation on pronotum reaching lateral and posterior margins. Antennae of male white dorsally, black ventrally; antennae of female completely black. 3.2-3.8. North, Northwest. Center. East ...................................... G.lapponicus Zett. Pronotum shiny, without carina; broad parts of lateral and posterior margins of pronotum without punctation, or lateral and posterior margins of pronotum with minute dots. Antennae of both sexes black or brown. Dorsum of body with dense, short pubescence. Pronotum usually G. pubescens Jak. completely black. 3.5-4. South Dorsum of body bare. Pronotum usually (but not always) with whitish posterior margin or almost completely white. 3.5-4.3. South ........................................G. arenarius Jak. Middle of pronotum with yellow longitudinal line. Hemelytra black, in the South often with yellowish longitudinal stripe or almost completely yellowish. 3-3.5. Everywhere, except in the North .......................................... G. ater F. ..............

9 (8),

10 (1).

’

798

Subfamily ARTHENEINAE

Oblong-oval, more or less flat, whitish yellow or brownish yellow; 4th antennal segment often black. Living in inflorescences, feeding on seeds. In the U.S.S.R. 4 genera, up to 8 species. 19. Artheneis Spin. 2 species; In the U.S.S.R. up to 4 species. The records of A. foveolata Spin., A. aegyptiaca Lindb. and A, h i r canica Kol. are erroneous.

1052

1 (2).

Raised areas on scutellum fused or almost fused (Figure 325, 13). Paramere hooklike (Figure 325, 15). 3.1-3.5. Crimea, Armenia. On T a m a r i x, M y r i c a r i a A. balcanica Korm. Raised areas on scutellum small, widely separated (Figure 325,14). Paramere with slightly curved apex (Figure 325, 16). 2.3-3.2. South. On T a m a r i x, and in floodlands of large rivers on willow ................

.

2 (1).

............................................. A. alutacea Fieb. 20. 1 (1).

21. 1 (1).

Holcocranum Fieb. 3-3.6.

South.

Chilacis Fieb. 3.9-4.7.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 species.

On willow.

.....................

H. saturejae Kol.

Monotypic genus.

West, South.

On Typha.

Rare

......

Ch. typhae Perr.

Subfamily PACHYGRONTHINAE

On Cyperaceae and Gramineae 22. 1 (1).

Cymophyes Fieb.

1

1 species.

genus.

In the U. S. S. R. 2 genera.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Elongate, pale yellowish to dark gray. 4-5. South. On solonetz soils, on Aeluropus litoralis ..........C. ochroleuca Fieb. Subfamily HETEROGASTRZNAE

In the U.S.S.R. 2 genera. 23. Heterogaster SchiU. Black; hemelytra, posterior part of pronotum, apex of scutellum, greater part of tibiae and tarsi, and sometimes clypeus, dirty whitish, brownish, rarely reddish. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 7 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6).

Head, pronotum, 2nd antennal segment and tibiae with long vertical hairs. Coxae and basis of femora light yellow. 2nd, 3rd and 4th antennal segments rust-colored. Tibiae with 3 black rings. Paramere as in Figure 325, 17. 6.5-7. Central Belt, South. On nettles .......................... H. urticae F. Head, pronotum, 2nd antennal segment and tibiae with short adpressed hairs which are rarely more or less bristly. Coxae and basis of femora black or brown. 2nd antennal segment (except its base) and base of 3rd antennal segment light rust-colored. Tibiae with distinct black ring at base and usually with diffuse or incomplete ring at the apex. Paramere as in Figure 325, 18. 5-5.5. Central Belt, South. On T h y m u s ............................ H. artemisiae Schill. Antennae usually completely black; 3rd antennal segments rarely rust-colored dorsally, and in this case tibiae with 3 black rings. Tibiae with distinct black ring at base and usually with a similar distinct ring at apex. Paramere as in Figure 235, 19. Larger. Tibiae without black ring in the middle. Hemelytra unly rarely reddish. 6.5-7.5. South. On Nepeta c athari a.............. .......................................... H. cathariae Geoffr.

Tibiae in the middle usually with ablack or brownring. Hemelytra and posterior part of pronotum often reddish. 7-7.5. South, except in the Southeast. On Labiatae ............. H. affinis H.-S.

6 (5).

24.

Platyplax

Fieb.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. lor 2 species.

Dirty yellowish dorsally; posterior part of head, a stripe in anterior part of pronotum, almost whole scutellum, greater part of antennae and femora, rings on tibiae, thorax and base of abdomen, black. 5.5-6.5. Central Belt, South. On Salvia... ............................................. P. salviae Schill.

1 (1).

Subfamily OXYCARENINAE

799

plants, sometimes in inflorescences and fruitstands. In the whole U.S.S.R. 14 genera. Feeding on seeds. On

or under

25. 1 (1).

26.

1 (1).

27. 1 (1).

Jakowleffia Put.

Monotypic genus.

More or less round. Color dirty yellow to brown. If a membrane is present, it is whitish; membranes of hemelytra broadly overlapping or only contiguous. 2.2-3.6. Southeast, rarely in the southern Ukraine and in the Voronezh Region. Usually on solonetz soils ......................................... J. setulosa Jak.

Bianchiella Reut.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Black; anterior and posterior margin of pronotum, base and posterior margin of corium with a white spot; tibiae, tarsi and metapleura white. 2.2-3. Southern Ukraine, Southeast. On sand ....................................... B. sarmatica Kir.

Tropidophlebia Kerzh., gen. n.

Monotypic genus.

Brownish black; clavus usually brownish; corium and membrane whitish, with dark veins. 1.9-2.5. Everywhere, except in the North; usually in stony habitats ................................ T. costalis H.-S., comb. n. (Camptotelus id.). .................

28. 1 (1).

Leptodemus Reut. 1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Dark brown; hemelytra, antennae, tibiae, usually pronotum (especially in the posterior corners and in the middle) whitish; veins of membrane usually brownish. 2.3-3.3. Southeast,

Northern Caucasus, Donets and Voronezh regions. on sand

.......................................

29. Camptotelus Fieb. 1 species. species, most of them doubtful. 1 (l).

Usually L. minutus Jak.

In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 5

Black or brownish black; hemelytra, tibiae, antennae and sometimes posterior margin of pronotum whitish, 3-3.5. Central Belt, South. Under Thymus ...............C. lineolatus Schill.

30. Microplax Pieb. Elongate. Black; tibiae and 2nd antennal segment light. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

1054

1 (2).-

Hemelytra completely whitish; veins of hemelytra black

2 (1).

31.

1 (1).

or

3.3-3.6.

South. On Artemisia, milfoil and other Compositae ................................ M. interrupta Fieb. Base of clavus, apex of corium, base of membrane and spots between veins of membrane, black. 2.7-3. Crimea ............. ........................................ M. albofasciata Costa. brown.

Metopoplax

Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Oblong, black; hemelytra, tibiae and 2nd antennal segment whitish; posterior inner corner of corium sometimes brownish. 3.2-3.9. South. On Compositae (Achillea, Helichrysum, etc.) ..........................................M. origan! Kol.

32. 1 (1).

Brachyplax

Fieb.

Monotypic genus.

Elongate, black; hemelytra and tibiae whitish. 3-3.7. Transcarpathian Region, Crimea, Caucasus. On ripe heads of poppy. ... ............................................. B. palliata Costa.

33. Macroplax Fieb. Black; tibiae, 2nd antennal segment and hemelytra completely or partly light. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

800

34.

1 (1).

35. 1 (2).

Hemelytra usually uniformly whitish.

2nd antennal segment shorter than breadth of vertex and one eye. 3-4. West, Center, South, except in the Southeast. On Helianthemum............

...........................................M. preyssleri Fieb. Hemelytra usually white; a transverse stripe in middle of corium and larger part of membrane black. 2nd antennal segment as long as breadth of vertex.and one eye. 3.5-4.3. Crimea, Caucasus. On fruits of Helianthemum, rarely on Cistus or Fumana.. ............................................. ’M.. fasciata H.-S. Bogdiana Kerzh., gen. n.

Monotypic genus.

Hemelytra markedly shortened. Lateral connexivum folded onto dorsum of abdomen. Reddish brown, with black and yellowish spots. 2.9-3.2 (Figure 327, 2). Southeast (Lake Baskunchak), Kazakhstan (western Bet-Pak-Dala, Lake Tengiz, the Koksengir hills)................................ B. myrmica Kerzh., sp. n.

Oxycarenus

Fieb.

2 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species.

Whitish; membrane completely light; head, a transverse stripe in anterior part of pronotum and venter usually brown. 3.5-4. South. On flowers of Compositae (Centaurea, etc.) ............................ 0. pallens H.-S. (collaris M.R.). Membrane black, with light anterior margin. Completely brown; base of hemelytra whitish. 3.1-3.7. Forest zone, Crimea. On cones of Ainus .............................. 0. modestus Fall.

...........

2 (1).

36. 1 (1).

Phllomyrmex C. Sahib.

Monotypic genus.

Completely brownish black; openings of scent glands white. 3.8-4.5. Forest zone. On pine cones Ph. insignis C. Sahib. ......

Subfamily RHYPAROCHROMINAE Species of this subfamily live on the ground (with rare exceptions), in forest litter or in detritus under plants. Feeding on seeds; usually polyphagous. Tribe

CLERADINI

(Stygnocorini)

Plinthisus Fieb. t Oblong-oval, more or less shiny, with very short pubescence. Pronotum without transverse depression; lateral margins of pronotum without notch. Hemelytra usually shortened. On the ground under plants, usually in dry habitats. 7 species; In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 10 species. The following species not included: P. longicollis Fieb. (Caucasus) and P. convexus Fieb. (Southeast). 37.

1 (6).

2 (5).

3 (4).

4 (3).

Not more than 2.2 long. Pronotum transverse, uniformly punctate, or almost the whole pronotum not punctate. Fore femora usually with one denticle. Pronotum and hemelytra with delicate punctation or almost smooth. If the Hemelytra is shortened, it is flat, covering 1/3-2/3 of length of abdomen, commissure of hemelytra almost as long as scutellum. Pronotum distinctly narrowing posteriorly. If the hemelytra is shortened, it covers less than half the length of the abdomen, posteriorly truncate perpendicular to commissure, without vestiges of membrane. (Subgenus Nanoplinthi sus E.Wgn.). Rust-yellow; abdomen black-brown. 1.3-1.5. Crimea ........... ........................................ P. (N.) fasciatus Horv. Pronotum not narrowing or only slightly narrowing posteriorly. Hemelytra shortened, covering more than half the length of the abdomen, obliquely truncate posteriorly, with broad rudimentary membrane. (Subgenus Isioscytus Fieb.). Yellowish brown or brown; hemelytra (especially of macropterous specimens) often yellowish. 1.3-1.7. Southern Ukraine, western Caucasus .

5 (2).

6 (1).

7 (8).

is not shortened, it is often light brown. 1.5-2.2. Everywhere, except in the North ..................... P. (P.) pusillus Scholtz. At least 2.7 long. Pronotum at base narrower than long or as broad as long. Anterior part of pronotum smooth or slightly punctate; posterior third of pronotum covered with large dots. Fore femora with 2 or more denticles; fore tibiae strongly

curved. (Subgenus Plinthisus Fieb.). Fore femora with 2 large and several minute denticles. Hemelytra of brachypterous form truncate almost perpendicular to commissure, without rudimentary membrane or with a very narrow rudiment. Paramere as in Figure 326, 1. Black; macropterous specimens brown, 3.2-3.8. South P. hungaricus Horv. ..........

t

..

.......................................... P. (I.) ptilioides Put. Pronotum and hemelytra coarsely punctate. If the hemelytra is shortened, it is convex, covering about 3/4 of length of abdomen, and commissure much longer than scutellum. (Subgenus Plinthisomus Fieb.). Black or brownish black; if the hemelytra

Also considered as a separale iribe, PlirKlmini.

.

8 (7).

Fore femora with 2 large denticles. Hemelytra of brachypterous form obliquely truncate, with a broad rudimentary membrane. Parameres as in Figure 326, 2. Black or dark brown. 2.7-3.5. South. Rarer than P.hungaricus ........P. brevipennis Latr.

38. Acompus Fieb. Oblong-oval, black; hemelytra, 2nd and 3rd antennal segments and legs yellow; posterior margin of corium usually with a black spot. Hemelytra often shortened. 2 species. In the whole

U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

Posterior half of scutellum and hemelytra very shiny. Femora of female usually yellow. Paramere as in Figure 326,-3. 3.5-4.5. A. rufipes Woliff. Forest zone, forest-steppe. Caucasus Scutellum completely dull. Femora of female usually dark brown. Paramere as in Figure 326, 4. 3.4-4. Ukraine, Caucasus ........ .........

2 (1).

.............................................

A. pallipes H.-S.

Stygnocoris Dgl. Sc. Oval, black; hemelytra dark brown; legs, 1st, 2nd and 3rd antennal segments yellow or brownish yellow. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. 39.

1 (4).

2 (3).

Pubescence on dorsum short, adpressed, body appearing dull to the naked eye. Paramere without process on outer margin

(Figure 326. 5,6). Pronotum usually completely black. Membrane often shortened. Hemelytra almost black. Head longer; frons moderately convex in profile. Apical process of paramere broader and less curved (Figure 326. 5). 3-4.2. Everywhere, except in the North. ..............................................S. rusticus Fall. Posterior margin or posterior corners of pronotum usually lighter, brown. Membrane always normal. Head short; frons strongly convex in form of a tubercle, so that anterior and dorsal margin of the head converge at almost right angles in profile. Paramere as in Figure 326, 6. 2.2-3. Central Belt, South ....... ...........................................S. fuliginous Geoffr. Pubescence half-vertical; more or less shiny. Paramere with process on outer margin (Figure 326, 7,8). Membrane always fully developed; posterior corners or posterior margin of pronotum usually brown; frons moderately convex. Hairs on pronotum and hemelytra almost 2/3 as long as diameter of an eye. Paramere with broad apical part (Figure 326, 7). Very shiny, 2.2-3.1. Everywhere, except in the North .......... ............................................ S. pedestris Fall. Hairs on pronotum and hemelytra about 1/3 as long as diameter of an eye. Paramere with narrow curved apical part (Figure 326,8). Less shiny. 1.9-2.5. Forest zone; record from the Crimea erroneous. ,Rarer than S. pedestris.....S. pygmaeus R. Sahib. ........

3 (2).

4

(1).

5 (6).

6

(5).

Tribe LETHAEINI

40. Tropistethus Fieb. Oblong-oval; dorsum covered with short pubescence. Black or brownish black; hemelytra light yellowish, often

1057

spot in inner corner of corium; legs and antennae brown. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 4 species. The record of T majusculus Horv, from the European U.S.S.R. is erroneous.

with a dark

2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Fore femora of male angularly widened in the middle (Figure 326, 9). 3rd antennal segment much wider apically, 4 times as long as thick at the apex. 2-2.8. South............... .........,’............................ T. holosericeus Scholtz. Fore femora of male rounded and widened in the middle (Figure 326, 10). 3rd antennal segment 5-7 times as long as thick at the apex. Larger: 2,7-3.2. South, except in the Southeast ........................................ T. fasciatus Ferr.

41- Camptocera Jak. t 1st antennal segment markedly longer than 3rd antennal segment and only slightly shorter than 2nd segment. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Oblong-oval, usually macropterous, light yellowish; head, pronotum and scutellum sometimes brownish. 2-2.3. Southern Ukraine, Caucasus ........................ C. glaberrima Walk. Tribe DRY MINI

42. Ischnocoris Fieb. Elongate; body black; posterior part of pronotum, hemelytra and at least part of antennae and legs yellow or rust-brown. In the U.S.S.R. 3 species. 802

1 (2).

A narrow stripe along the whole lateral margin of the pronotum and usually 1 or 2 spots near anterior margin of pronoturn, yellow. Always macropterous. Corium shiny, with black apex. 2.4-2.8. In the steppe under stones and plant detritus .....................

2 (1).

Whole anterior part of pronotum black, including its anterior and lateral margins. Hemelytra usually shortened. 2nd antennal segment completely pale yellow. Posterior part of pronotum with brown, often pale dots. Hemelytra of macropterous specimens not covering apex of abdomen; in brachypterous specimens the rudimentary membrane is almost as broad as the I. hemipterus Schill. antennae are thick. 2.3-2,7. West, South 2nd antennal segment black or brown at the base. Posterior part of pronotum with black dots. Hemelytra of macropterous specimens covering whole abdomen; rudimentary membrane of brachypterous specimens 2-3 times as broad as thickness of antennae. 2.3-2.8. Forest zone ........................ I. angustulus Boh.

...........................................

3 (4).

^

I. punctulatus Fieb.

....

4 (3).

43.

Scolopostethus Fieb. Usually in humid habitats, especially in the In the U.S.S.R. 7 species.

forest zone.

1 (8). 2 (3).

t

Pronotum, scutelluro and hemelytra without pubescence. Antennae slender, more than half as long as body, yellow or rarely (var. antennalis Horv.) 3rd and 4th antennal segments more or less black. Large denticles present in middle of fore

Classified by some authors as the tribe Camptocerini.

.

3 (2).

4 (5).

5 (4). 6 (7).

.

femora. Vertex with 2 long straight hairs between and anterior to eyes; posterior part of vertex near ocelli without hairs. 4-4.5. Almost everywhere. In humid habitats S. pictus Schill. . Antennae thicker, less than half as long as body; at least 4th antennal segment black. A large denticle present anterior to middle (almost in apical third) of fore femora. Vertex with several vertical hairs, which are also present near ocelli. Mesothorax with 2 pointed tubercles anterior to middle coxae. Fore tibiae of male strongly curved, those of female slightly curved. 3.5-4. Everywhere, except in the North. ............... ............................................. S. affinis Schill. Mesothorax without denticles. Fore tibiae of male slightly curved, those of female straight at the base. Pronotum more than half as long as broad at the base; lateral margins of pronotum notched. 1st and 2nd antennal segments yellow-ocher; base of 1st antennal segment and apex of 2nd segment slightly darkened. Membrane usually shortened, rarely normal. 3.5-4. Forest zone. Crimea, Caucasus .............................................S. thomsoni Reut. Pronotum almost half as long as broad at the base; lateral margins of pronotum almost straight. Antennae black; apex of 1st antennal segment and base of 2nd segment rarely light, .

,...,.........,

7 (6).

or 1st antennal segment

completely dirty yellow.

Membrane

Forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus ............................................ S. decoratus Hahn. 8 (1). Pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra at least with short pubescence. 9 (12). Hairs on dorsuro of body half-vertical, dense. Membrane of brachypterous specimens projecting posteriorly beyond apex of corium for about half its breadth. 10 (11). Dorsum with short pubescence. Several hairs on vertex twice as long as the others. Apex of scutellum rust-colored. Corium gray-ocher; apex of corium with a broad black band. 1st and 2nd antennal segments completely light. Fore femora, except S. puberulus Horv. base and apex, black. 3.5-4. Central Belt. Dorsum with long pubescence. Hairs on vertex not longer than 11 (10). the others. Scutellum completely black. Corium. rust-yellow, narrowly black apically. 2nd antennal segment black or blackish apically. Legs completely light. 3.5-4. South.......... ............................................. S. lethierryi Jak. 12 (9). Hairs on dorsum of body sparser and almost vertical, especially on corium. Membrane (if shortened) projecting little beyond apex of corium. Apex of scutellum rust-colored. Apex of 2nd antennal segment and middle of fore femora usually black. 3.5-4. Everywhere, except in the North and Southeast......... S. pilosus Reut. 3.5-4.

.........

44.

1 (4).

Eremocoris Fieb.- 4 species.

.

.

.

usually normal.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 species.

Fore femora with 2 large and several minute denticles. 1st segment of hind tarsi only 1/3 longer than 2nd and 3rd segments together.

1059

SMINTHURIDAE

10 (9).

91

4th antennal segment with numerous secondary annulations. 11 (18). Tibiotarsus with 2 or 3 short capitate, spatulate setae lying close to claw (Figure 40, 6). Claw without tunica.. 12 (13). Empodial appendage of anterior legs differing sharply from those of 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs (Figure 40, 3. 5). with a broad inner plate which tapers sharply at the end, forming a filiform appendage

13 (12).

FIGURE 40.

(Figure 40, 3). ........................... 6. Heterosminthurus. Empodial appendage of same structure on all legs. Empodial appendage of 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs gradually tapering.

Podura.

Family Sminthuridae (after Siacli)

hind leg; SHeterosmimhurus

tubercle on meiathorax; 9Bouc

insignis, same; 4Boiirletiella

lutea, male,

prehensile

Ie t ie 1 la lulea, female, anal appendage.

14 (15). Empodial appendage with one short subapical seta (Figure 41, 2). Male with a prehensile organ on abdominal segment VI (Figure 40,4) .............................................. 7. Bourletiella.

2 <3).

3 (2).

4 (1).

Hind tibiae with long, almost vertical hairs. Mesothorax without tubercles anterior to middle coxae. Lateral margins of corium without light subapical spots. 5.5-6.5. Forest zone; in litter- .... ............................................. E. plebejus Fall. Hind tibiae with obliquely vertical hairs. Mesothorax with 2 tubercles anterior to middle coxae. Lateral margins of corium with light subapical spots. 6-7. Central Belt. South. In deciduous forests; in litter. ......................... E. podagricus F. Pore femora with one large and several minute denticles. 1st segment of hind tarsi more than twice as long as 2nd and 3rd

segments together. 5 (6).

Hind tibiae with very short pubescence, almost bare. Mesothorax with 2 tubercles anterior to middle coxae. 5-6.5. Everywhere, except in the North, but rare in the South .......................

6 (5).

Hind tibiae with short, obliquely-projecting hairs and long, stiff, almost vertical hairs. Mesothorax with 2 blunt tubercles anterior to middle coxae. 7-7.5. Southwest, Crimea, Caucasus ..........

................................

E. abietis L. (erraticusF.).

.......................................... E. fenestratus H.-S.

’

pr

’’

’*

t/ft

O^V

FIGURE 326. Hemipteca. Family Lygaeidae (after

<____J»

u^^

Wagner, Le Quesne and original)

same; 4A.pallipss, sa ne; 5 Stygnoco rusticus. same; 6 S. f 7-S. pedestris, same; 8 -S. pygmaeus, s; eus, fore 9Tcopiatethus holi femur; 10T. fasciaius, sylvalicus, genital segment (pr parandria^ same; 13R Lglius atboacur 12D. rye i. vulgaris, paramere; 15Rh.pini, same; 16Rh. phoeniceus. same; 17Per geniculatLis, head and pconoium, dorsal; 18 P. nubilus, same; 19Tcapezon arenacius, paramere; 20T.desertus, same; 21T.dispar, same.

45.

1 (1).

Thauroastopus Fieb.

Brown or black.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Elongate, narrowing anteriorly; posterior part of pronotum, hemelytra, legs and antennae usually lighter, brown to light yellowish, 3.5-4.1. Southern Crimea, Dagestan, southern Volga Region............................. Th. marginellus Luc.

1060

46. 1 (1).

Taphropeltus Stal.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Oval; black or brownish black; hemelytra (especially at the base) and tibiae brown. 2.6-3.5. South, except in the Southeast. T. hamulatus Thorns. ..

.........................................

47. 1 (1).

Lamproplax Dgl. Sc.

Monotypic genus.

Shiny, brown; head, anterior part of pronotum and scutellum sometimes black. Hemelytra often with incomplete membrane. 3.8-5. Northwest, Center. In forest litter and on Sphagnum L. piceus Fl-

......

.................................................

48. Drymus Fieb. Oval, moderately shiny; black or dark brown; posterior part of pronotum, hemelytra, antennae and legs often lighter, brown or dirty yellow. Usually in. forest litter. 6 species. In the U.S.S.R. up to 9 species. The following species are very rare and therefore not included: D.(D.)latus Dgl. Sc. (Crimea) and D. (D.) p ilico rni s Mis. (Caucasus, Southeast). 1

804

(2).

2 (1).

Tibiae with long vertical hairs. Punctation of anterior part of pronotum finer and more sparse than in posterior part. (Subgenus Drymus Fieb.). Venter of abdomen dull, with sparse punctation and dense pubescence. 5-5.5. Crimea, Caucasus ............... .............................................. D. pUipes Fieb. Tibiae without long vertical hairs. Anterior and posterior parts of pronotum with similar punctation. (Subgenus Sylvadrymus

Le Quesne). 3 (4),

4 (3).

5 (6).

6

(5).

Hemelytra markedly widened in the middle or in posterior third; body in this part markedly broader than base of pronotum. Posterior part of pronotum usually at least partly brown, rarely black. Hemelytra dark brown, usually not reaching beyond apex of abdomen. Corium almost always with light (sometimes very small) spot near border with clavus. 3.7-5.5. Forest zone ............. ..................................... D. (S.) brunneus R. Sahib. Hemelytra with straight or slightly and uniformly rounded lateral margins. Breadth of body in middle of abdomen almost the same as that of pronotum at the posterior margin. Pronotum completely black. Parandria of genital segment narrow (Figure 326, 11). Pronotum of male at base usually 1.5 times as broad as long; pronotum of female at base usually 1.6 times as broad as long. Hemelytra usually chestnut brown, usually not reaching beyond apex of abdomen, or only slightly beyond; membrane blackish. 3.5-5. Everywhere, except in the North ............ D. (S.) ryei Dgl. Sc. Parandria broad (Figure 326, 12). Pronotum of male at base usually 1.8 times as broad as long; pronotum of female at base usually 1.9 times as broad as long. Hemelytra usually dirty yellow or light brown, usually markedly longer than abdomen; membrane grayish. 3.5-5. Central Belt, South ................. .......................................... D. (S.) sylvaticus F.

1061

49. Gastrodes Westw. Brown; head, anterior part of pronotum and scutellum black. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

1st antennal segment reaching beyond apex of head for 1/2-1/3 of its length. Lateral margin of anterior part of pronotum black. Color usually dark red-brown. 5.9-7.2. Forest, and forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus. On pine cones ............ G. grossipes Deg. 1st antennal segment reaching little beyond apex of head. Lateral margin of anterior part of pronotum narrowly yellow. Color usually yellowish brown. 5.7-7.2. Forest and foreststeppe zones. On spruce cones G. abietum Bergr. ...............

Tribe RHYPAROCHROMINI

Some authors divide this tribe into: Beosini (genera 50- 57) and Megalonotini (genera 58-65).

50. 1 (1).

Panaorus Kir.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Black; hemelytra, posterior part of pronotum and its lateral margin dirty yellow. 6.3-7.3. Eastern part of the forest zone, Siberia ..................................... P. adspersus Mis.

51. Graptopeltus Stal. Black; hemelytra, lateral margin of pronotum and its posterior part yellowish brown. In the U.S.S.R. 3 or 4 species. 1

(2).

2 (1).

Corium with small white spot posterior to black spot. 2nd segment of proboscis as long as 1st segment. Lateral margin of pronotum laminate, usually not punctate anteriorly, or with isolated dots. 6.5-8. Everywhere, except in the North .......... ................................................ G.lynceus F. Corium without white spot. 2nd segment of proboscis slightly longer than 1st segment. Lateral margin of pronotum laminate, its anterior half with 1 or 2 rows of dots.

9-10.5.

Crimea,

Caucasus ................................... G. consors Horv.t 52. Beosus A.S. More or less elongate, black; hemelytra, posterior part of pronotum and the narrow lateral margin of anterior part of pronotum, legs and antennae light; 4th antennal segment and often a ring on the posterior femora black; apex of corium with white spot; corium black anterior and posterior to white spot. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (2).

Posterior part of pronotum and hemelytra rust-colored, rarely light yellow, usually with very light punctation. Black spot in anterior part of pronotum 1.4-1.5 times as broad as long. 5.5-7. Southern Ukraine, Caucasus, lower reaches of the Volga ....................................... B. quadripunctatus Miill. Posterior part of pronotum and hemelytra grayish yellow with dark punctation. Pronotum broader; black spot in anterior part of pronotum twice as broad as long. 6-7. South, except in the Southeast .................................. B. maritimus Scop. .........

2 (1).

t The closely related species G. valldus Horv. has been recorded from the should be confirmed.

Crimea and

Dagestan; this

53. Xanthochilus Stal. (Neoxanthochilu s E.Wgn.). Black; hemelyposterior part of pronotum and its lateral margins sand-yellow. Up to species; the following insufficiently known species are not included: turanicus E.Wgn. (Southeast) and X. reuteri Horv. (Crimea?).

.

’a,

I (2).

Clavus completely light. Inner corner of corium with faintly marked black spot. 5.7-6.7. Dagestan X. omissus Horv. Inner margin of clavus black. Corium usually with distinct rhomboidal black spot. Black stripe on clavus distinctly narrowing anteriorly; 2nd row of dots from outer margin of clavus parallel to 1st row in its greater part (Figure 323. 19). 5-6. South ...................... .X. quadratus F. (immaculatus Roy., brevirostris Rib.). .........

I (1). (4).

...

4 (3).

Black stripe on clavus slightly narrowing anteriorly; 2nd row of dots from outer margin of clavus uniformly curved. 6.5-7.5. Dagestan, Crimea (?)..........-............ X. saturnius Rossi-

54. Raglius Stal. Black; posterior part of pronotum and hemelytra light. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Lateral margins of pronotum with several long thin hairs. Hemelytra, posterior part of pronotum, 1st antennal segment and usually the whole femora (at least their greater part) rustcolored. Black spot on hemelytra contiguous with the outer margin; apex of corium more or less white posterior to black spot. Hind femora with a large curved apical denticle (Figure 326, 13). Membrane often shortened. 5-6.5. Central R. alboacuminatus Gz. Belt, South Lateral margins of pronotum without hairs. Hemelytra and of pronotum yellowish. Femora completely black. posterior part black. Black spot on hemelytra reaching inner margin. Inner margin of clavus broadly black. Hind femora with several

............................. 1063

denticles of almost equal size. 6.3-7.7. Crimea, Caucasus, Volga Region ................................. R. confusus Reut.

55. Rhyparochromus Hahn (Aphanus auct.). Black; posterior part of pronotum and hemelytra brownish yellow; inner corner of corium and a stripe along the inner margin of the clavus usually black. In the U.S.S.R.

3 species. 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3).

56.

Aellopus Wolff (Microtoma Lap.).1

species.

In the whole

U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Completely coal black.

7-9.5.

South.

Usually

on

..............................................

Boraginaceae Ae, atratus Gz. .

1 (1).

.

806

Fore and middle tibiae yellow, with black apex. Whole lateral margins of posterior part of pronotum light. Membrane with a large whitish spot. Paramere as in Figure 326, 14. 7-8. Central Belt, South ................................ Rh. vulgaris Schill. Fore and middle tibiae black, or fore tibiae yellowish at the base. Outer margin of base of fore tibiae yellowish. Whole lateral margins of pronotum with a very narrow light stripe. Membrane with several minute indistinct white spots. Paramere as in Figure 326,15. 6.5-8.5 (Figure 327, 3). Everywhere, except in the North, Common .............................. Rh. pini L. Fore tibiae completely black. Whole lateral margins of pronotum black. Paramere as in Figure 326, 16. 7.5-9. South, except in the Southeast............................ Rh. phoeniceus Rossi.

57. Peritreehus Fieb. Oblong-oval, black; hemelytra, posterior part of pronotum and a more or less distinct V-shaped spot on scutellum (rarely in P. lundi) dirty yellow or almost only at the apex of the scutellum brown because of dense black punctation. Pronotum and hemelytra bare or with hardly visible hairs. The identification of some species is difficult, and the taxonomy of the genus should be revised. Up to 8 species; the following insufficiently known species are not included: P. insignis Jak. (Dagestan) and P.flavicornis Jak. (Southeast). 1 (2).

Antennae covered with very short, closely adpressed and hardly visible hairs; base of 2nd antennal segment broadly rust-colored. Fore femora with a very small denticle. Scutellum with yellow apex, but without V-shaped yellow spot. 4-4.5. Southwest, Crimea, Caucasus. Very rare P. lundi Gmel. (sylvestris F.). Antennae with half-vertical or vertical hairs; 2nd antennal segment completely black. Fore femora with 2 well-marked denticles, rarely with one denticle. Scutellum usually with ...

2 (1).

V-shaped spot (Figure 323,13). 3 (4).

4 (3),

5 (6).

Sides of pronotum with a narrow yellow lamella reaching its anterior corners. 4-4.8. Northwest, Southern Urals, Kiev Region ................................... p, distinguendus Fl. Lateral margin of pronotum black near its anterior corners. Antennae thick, cylindrical, markedly thickened apically. Femora (at least middle and hind femora) broadly yellow or rust-colored at the base. 4-5. Forest zone. Rare .............. ...................................... P. angusticollis R. Sahib.

6 (5). 7 (10).

8 (9).

Antennae slender or moderately thick, but not cylindrical. Femora usually completely black. Anterior part of pronotum strongly narrowed, narrower than head including eyes (Figure 326, 17). Eyes markedly projecting. Dorsal side of head coarsely punctate. Antennae thicker; 2nd and 3rd antennal segments apically thickened. Tibiae (especially hind tibiae) broadly blackened apically. P. geniculatus Hahn. 4.9-5.7. Central Belt. South Antennae slender; 2nd and 3rd antennal segments cylindrical. ...............

9 (8).

Tibiae yellowish; apex of hind tibiae black. 5-5.5. South, except in the Southeast .................... .P. gracilicornis Put. Pronotum transversely trapezoidal, slightly narrowing anteriorly, as broad anteriorly as head including eyes (Figure 386,’18). Eyes only slightly projecting. Head slightly punctate. 11 (12). Large, ovoid. Pronotum narrowed and rounded anteriorly. P. nubilus Fall. 4.5-5.8. Everywhere, except in the North 12 (11). Smaller, with parallel margins. Pronotum scarcely narrowing anteriorly. 4-4.5. South, except in the Southeast. On solonetz and saline soils ............................. P. ambiguus Horv. 10 (7).

.......

581 (1).

Sphragisticus Stal.

Monotypic genus.

Oval, black; posterior part of pronotum and hemelytra yellowish brown, with dense dark punctation; inner corner of corium often with black spot. 4.5-5. Everywhere, except in the North ........ S. nebulosus Fall. ............................................

Lasiocoris Fieb. Black; posterior part of pronotum and hemelytra red or brownish yellow; corium with a round black spot near inner corner. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 59.

Antennae slender; 2nd antennal segment cylindrical, usually yellowish (at least partly); 3rd antennal segment not thicker L. anomalus Kol. than 4th segment. 6.5-9. Crimea, Caucasus Antennae thicker and shorter; 2nd antennal segment black, apically thickened; 3rd antennal segment thicker than 4th segment. 6.5-7.5. Dagestan ................ L. antennatus Mont. .

.

1 (2).

2 (l).

60.

Hadrocnemis Jak.~ 1 species.

.

.

In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 5

species. 1 (1).

Black; posterior part of pronotum and hemelytra brown, with a diffuse black spot near inner corner of corium. 5-5.3. Dagestan (erroneously recorded as Lasiocoris albom aculatu s Jak-), Southeast H. diversipes Kir. (crassicornis Jak.). .............

807

61.

1 (1).

Pezocoris Jak.

Monotypic genus.

Black; posterior part of pronotum and hemelytra brown; spot on inner corner of corium and usually 4 spots in posterior part of pronotum brownish black. 4.2-5.8. South, except in the Southwest............................... P. apicimacula Costa.

62. Megalonotus Fieb. (Rhyparochromus auct., nee Hahn). More or less elongate, usually slightly wider in posterior third- Pronotum

completely black. Hemelytra often slightly shortened. In litter and on In the whole U.S.S.R. up to

the ground under plants. 7 or 8 species. 9 species. 1 (6). 2 (5).

3 (4).

Legs completely yellow, rust-colored, rarely brownish. 3rd antennal segment black. Hemelytra rust-colored, sometimes with black spot posteriorly; hemelytra rarely black-brown. Body covered dorsally with short adpressed hairs. Hemelytra shiny. 1st antennal segment usually with a black spot at the base. 3.5-4.5. Forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus M. antennatus Schill. Dorsum of body with long, vertical, usually black hairs. Hemelytra dull. 1st antennal segment usually completely yellow. 4-6.5. Center, South ................................M. hirsutus Fieb. 3rd antennal segment yellow. Hemelytra black. 5-6- Crimea, ....

4 (3).

5 (2).

Dagestan

.......................................

M. colon Put.

At least fore femora black. 6 (1). 7 (10). Pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra shiny, bare. Middle and hind femora and all tibiae light. 8 (9). Hemelytra light yellow; posterior part of corium black. Apex of fore femora usually yellow. 3.8-5.5. Southwest, Crimea. Caucasus ................................ M. praetextatus H.-S. Hemelytra and fore femora completely black. 3.7-4.7. Crimea, western Caucasus ......................... M. puncticollis Luc. 10 (7). Pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra dull, distinctly pubescent. Middle and hind femora black. 11 (12). All antennal segments, tibiae and hemelytra black. Dorsum of body only with short adpressed hairs. 5-6.3. Central Belt, South....................................... M. dilatatus H.-S. 12 (11). 2nd antennal segment and tibiae yellow or reddish (var. sabuli cola Thorns,), often apically blackened. Hemelytra dirty yellow or brown; posterior inner corner of corium usually with a dark spot. Pronotum with long vertical hairs in addition to adpressed hairs. 4-6.6 (Figure 327, 4). Everywhere, except in the North ............................................... M. chiragra F. The closely related species M. emarginatus Rey also possibly occurs in the European U.S.S.R.; to distinguish between the two species see: M. Josifov. Was 1st Megalonotus chiragra var. emarginatus (Rey), 1888.Acta Ent. Mus. Nat. Pragae, 34, 1961:117-119. .

9 (8).

.

.

63. Proderus Fieb. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Elongate, black; hemelytra and legs orange-brown; antennae usually brown; hemelytra often with a black spot near posterior margin of corium. 7.3-8.3. Southern Crimea, Transcaucasia .... .......................................... P. crassicornis Jak.

64.

1 (1).

Icus Fieb.

Monotypic genus.

Elongate, black; posterior margin or posterior corners of pronotum, hemelytra except a black spot in posterior corner and usually legs, brownish yellow. 3.5-4.5. South .............. ............................................ I. angularis Fieb.

LYGAEIDAE

65.

I (1).

In the U.S.S.R, 1 or 2 species.

Lamprodema Fieb.

Shiny, dark brown or almost black; hemelytra usually lighter, often slightly shortened. 3.2-4.5. South. ....................... ............................ L. maurum F. (brevicolle Fieb.). Tribe

GONIANOTINI

66. Parapolyc rates Reut. (Di c hroelytru s Kir.). Body black. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 6 species, most of them not yet described.

1 (2). 808

2 (1).

Hemelytra (including membrane) black, shiny, with broad, oblique, dull yellow stripe along scutellum. Base of scutellum shiny. Anterior part of pronotum almost without punctation in the middle. Legs with short pubescence- (Subgenus Parapolyc rates Reut.). Femora, tibiae (except their apex) and usually almost the whole antennae, black- 3-3.3. Southeast, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan. Rare ............... P. ciliatus Reut. Hemelytra dull, yellow; corium with a large black apical spot; membrane grayish. Whole scutellum dull- Pronotum almost uniformly punctate. Legs with long hairs. (Subgenus Pagmania Kir., stat. n.). In species dealt with in this key, femora black, tibiae and 1st and 2nd antennal segments completely or in their

greater part yellow. 3 (4).

Base of tibiae black. Black spot on corium almost reaching inner corner of corium. If hemelytra shortened, 1/4 of length of abdomen not covered. Smaller: male 3-3.5; female 3.1-4. Southeast (Dzhanybek), Kazakhstan. Usually under Artemisia........... P. (P.) arnoldii Kerzh., sp.n. Basis of tibiae light. Black spot on corium reaching its inner corner and contiguous with clavus for 1/3 of its length, Hemelytra of brachypterous specimens almost reaching apex of abdomen. P. (P.) dichrous Kir., comb. n. Male 4.2. Afghanistan ..................................

4 (3).

............

67.

1 (1)68.

1 (1). 69.

1 (1).

70. 1 (1).

Aoploscelis Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Black; outer margin of clavus narrowly yellow; hemelytra often shortened. 2.4-3.2. Crimea, Caucasus ......... A. koeppeni Kir.

Pterotmetus A.S.

Monotypic genus.

Black; hemelytra light rust-colored. 4.5-6. Everywhere, except in the North ................... P. staphyliniformis Schill. Macrodema Fieb.

Monotypic genus.

Black; hemelytra, coxae, base of femora and posterior part of pronotum or spot on pronotum, yellowish brown, 3-3.7. Northwest, usually on heaths .................. M. micropterum Curt.

Alampes Horv. Monotypic genus. Elongate, dull, black; hemelytra dirty yellow; posterior margin of corium usually with a brown spot; membrane white, black in A. longiusculus Horv. the middle. 2.6-3. Southwest, Crimea .....

1067

71. Pionosomus Fieb. Oval, black; hemelytra dirty yellow, usually with 1 or 2 black spots in posterior part of lateral margin; hemelytra white, with black middle; hemelytra sometimes shortened. In dry habitats and especially on sand under plants. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. The following species are not included: P. fuscipes Horv. (Crimea) and P. heterotrichu s Horv. (Crimea).

1 (2).

Anterior part of pronotum shiny, with vertical hairs, wither very short adpressed silvery hairs. 2.4-3.2. Everywhere, except in the North ............................ P. varius Wolff. Anterior part of pronotum relatively dull, except the vertical brown hairs, densely covered with adpressed silvery hairs. 2.3-3.2. South ............................. .P. opacellus Horv. without

2 (1).

72. Trapezonotus Fieb. Oval, black; posterior part of pronotum and hemelytra brown, yellow or rust-colored; inner corner of corium usually spot. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species. T. ullrichi Fieb. (Transcarpathian Region) not included.

with a black

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

809

5 (6).

6

(5).

Fore femora without denticles; fore tibiae almost straight. Antennae and legs black. (Subgenus Gnopherus Stal). 4-5.2. Forest and forest-steppe ..................... T. (G.) anorus Fl, Fore femora with denticles; fore tibiae markedly curved. At least fore tibiae, apex of femora (in male also 1st antennal segment), yellow. (Subgenus Trapezonotus Fieb.). Pygidium (projecting part of last abdominal tergum of male) narrow (about 0.51 wide) and markedly projecting. Apical part of paramere angularly curved (Figure 326, 19). 4.5-4.9. Everywhere, except in the North; common ............ T. arenarius L. Pygidium broader. Apical part of paramere bent at an obtuse angle (Figure 326, 20,21). Pygidium about 0.61 wide. Paramere with narrow basal part and pointed apex (Figure 326. 20). 3.8-4.5. Northwest. On heaths .... ............................................. T. desertus Seid. Pygidium about 0.69 wide. Paramere with broad basal part and rounded apex (Figure 326, 21). 5-5.5. Everywhere, except in the North .......................................T. dispar Stal.

73. Bleteogonus Reut. species. 1 (1).

74.

1 (1). 75.

1 (1).

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 3

Black; posterior part of pronotum, its lateral margin and hemelytra yellow; inner corner of corium with a black quadrangular spot. Hemelytra usually shortened. 6.5-7. South, except in the Southwest....................... B. beckeri Fr.-G.

Aphanus Lap. (Calyptonotus Dgl. Sc.).

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Coal-black; base of membrane often orange. 5.8-8.3. Central Belt, South .................................... A. rolandri L. Neurocladus Fieb.

Monotypic genus.

Dark brown or almost black;

7.5-9.5.

Southern Crimea.

membrane often shortened by half,

Dagestan

.........

N. brachiidens Duf.

LYGAEIDAE

76. 1 (1).

Ischnopeza Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Dirty yellowish brown; membrane usually markedly shortened. 6-7.3. Southern Crimea, Dagestan .............. I. hirticornis F.

77. Emblethis Fieb. Usually sand-yellow. 7 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 12 species. 3S. minutus Kir. (Southeast) not included. For identification see also: G. Se i den stiic ke r. Uber die Emblethis-Arten Acta Ent. Mus. Nat. Pragae, 35; 1963:649665. Kleinasiens. 1 (10).

2 (7). 3 (6).

4 (5).

1st segment of hind tarsi 1.9-2.5 times as long as 2nd and 3rd antennal segments together. Lateral margins of pronotum without overhanging triangular process near anterior corners ventrally. 1st segment of hind tarsi at least 2-4 times as long as 2nd and 3rd

segments together. Lateral margins of pronotum broadly laminate. 1st antennal segment short-oval, 1.8-2 times as long as thick; 2nd antennal segment with short, almost adpressed hairs and also 5-15 longer, almost vertical hairs which are 2-3 times as long as the thickness of the segment. Pronotum with a row of stiff black hairs at the lateral margin which project beyond the lateral margin of the pronotum; lateral margin of hemelytra usually also with very short black hairs. Lateral margins of pronotum almost straight, slightly but uniformly converging anteriorly. Membrane of hemelytra usually markedly reduced. 6-7. Southeast, East, Ciscaucasia E. dilaticollis Jak. Lateral margin of pronotum almost parallel in the posterior part, straight or slightly rounded, markedly rounded near anterior corners. Membrane of hemelytra rarely shortened, but not more than by one half. 5.5-7. Forest-steppe, steppe ................. ............................................. .E. ciliatus Horv. 1st antennal segment cylindrical or conical (base of cone anteriorly), 3.5-3 times as long as thick. 2nd antennal segment usually with more or less adpressed hairs not more than 1.5 times as long as the thickness of the segment. Lateral margins of pronotum without black hairSj or hairs very short and not projecting beyond margin of pronotum. 6-7.5. South, except in the Southeast....... ............................................... E. verbasci F. 1st segment of tarsi 1.9-2.1 times as long as 2nd and 3rd segments together. Lateral margins of pronotum flattened, little broader than clypeus, sometimes cylindrically inflated (var. bullatus Fieb.). 1st antennal segment almost cylindrical. 5-6.5. Forest-steppe,

...........:................................

5 (4).

6 (3).

7 (2). 8 (9).

steppe 9 (8).

.......................................

E. griseus Wolff.

Lateral margins of pronotum flattened, almost twice as broad as 1st antennal segment short-oval. 4.5-5. Southeast ......................................... .E. brachynotus Horv. 1st segment of hind tarsi 1.5 times as long as 2nd and 3rd segments together. Lateral margins of pronotum narrow, with overhanging laminate process near anterior corners ventrally which is sometimes absent (var. anodon Horv.). 5.2-6.5. Everywhere, except in the North, but more common in the South ............... .......................................... E. denticolUs Horv.

clypeus. 10 (1).

..............

.....

1069

15 (14).

Empodial appendage with short, needle-shaped apical seta, Male without pre-

often also with a long subapical filament. hensile organ.

16 (17). Empodial appendage with a long subapical filament (Figure 41, 1)... 8. Fasciosmimhurus. 17 (16). Empodial appendage without long subapical filament, with or without short apical seta 9. Deuterosminthurus. 18 (11), Tibiotarsus without capitate setae or with long capitate setae far from the claw (Figure 40, 2). Claws of some species tunicate

................

........................................

(Figure 16,3). 3rd antennal segment with short setae of equal size (Figure 41, 3). Postantennal organ absent. .................... 10. Sphyrotheca. 20 (19). Proximal part of 3rd antennal segment with several long setae which are much thicker and longer than the other setae on the segment (Figure 41, 8). Postantennal organ present (Figure 42, 3).. 19 (20).

92

.............................................

11. Sminthurus.

Keys to Species of Family Sminthuridae Stenacidia Born. Ventral side of hind legs with tibiotarsal organ (Figure 41, 6). Claws tunicate. Mucro narrow, narrowed ventrally to 1/3 from the apex. Inner dorsal plate of mucro with numerous fine denticles; outer plate smooth (Figure 40. 7). Female without anal appendages on apex of abdomen. Male with modified antennae. 1 species in Europe (S.violacea Reut.) which possibly occurs also in the U.S.S.R. 1.

2. Sminthurides Born. Marked sexual dimorphism. Male differs from female as follows: 2nd and 3rd antennal segments modified into prehensile organ for holding female during copulation (Figure 17, 3). 4th antennal segment of female often modified, secondarily divided into 4-5-7 annulations. Male much smaller than female and differing in the presence of a pair of small glandular vesicles on metathorax (Figure 40, 8). Ocelli 8. Ventral side of hind legs with tibiotarsal organ. Mucro with 3 well-developed plates, 2 dorsal plates and 1 ventral plate. Inner dorsal plate of mucro denticulate. Connected with water: either on the surface of water, or on stones, or other bodies projecting from water, and on aquatic plants. 11 species in Europe. 7 species. 1 (14). 2 (3).

93

2nd and 3rd antennal segments of normal structure. 4th antennal segment often secondarily divided into 4 to 7 parts (females). Apical filament of empodial appendage of hind legs palmate (branched) (Figure 41, 5). 1.0. Color yellowish, with an irregular violet stripe along sides to apex of abdomen. Antennae reddish yellow. On the surface of water and aquatic plants. Center ......................................... S. penicillifer Schaff. Apex of empodial appendage simple, filiform. 4th antennal segment not secondarily segmented. Antennae shorter than head. Dorsum with cross-shaped pattern. 0.45. On aquatic plants; rare. Ukraine S. cruciatus Axels. Antennae longer than head. Dorsum without cross-shaped

6 (5).

pattern.

.

.

.

.

3 (2). 4 (9). 5 (6).

.

......

78. Gonianotus Fieb. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 5 species. G. parilis Kir. occurs only in the lower reaches of the Dnieper.

79. 1 (1). 80.

1 (1).

Diomphalus Fieb. 1 species.

.

Oval; sand yellow; sometimes brown or black. 4.5-5. Baltic G. roarginepunctatus Wolff. coast. Central Belt, South. On sand .

.1 (1).

.

810

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Dirty yellowish or brown; dorsum sometimes blackened in the middle. 3.5-5.3. South ..................... .D. hispidulus Fieb.

Hyalocoris Jak.

Monotypic genus.

Elongate, sand-yellow; macropterous. 6.3-8. Southeast. On sand ........................................ H. pilicornis Jak. Tribe MYODOCHINI

(Plociomerini)

Usually in meadows and marshes. 81. 1 (1).

Paromius Fieb.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S-R. 2 species.

Elongate, black; hemelytra yellow, with black pattern; legs and antennae yellow; apical half of fore femora and apex of hind femora, 1st segment, apex of 2nd segment and almost whole 4th segment of antennae, black. 5.8-7. Crimea, eastern Ciscaucasia. In humid meadows ................... P. leptopoides Bar.

82. Pachybrachius Hahn (Orthaea Dall., Pamera auct., nee Say). Black; hemelytra, at least part of antennae and legs yellowish or brown; posterior part of pronotum usually reddish brown or brown. In marshy meadows. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

Hemelytra densely covered with vertical hairs well visible

2 (1).

lateral view. Fore femora anteriorly with 2 large denticles, several minute denticles on the dorsal margin and one large and 1 or 2 minute denticles on the ventral margin (ventral to folded tibia). 4.5-5.5. Forest zone ............ .P. luridus Hahn. Hemelytra with very short hairs not projecting from their pits and not visible in lateral view. Anterodorsal margin of fore femora with 2 large denticles and several minute denticles (anterior and dorsal to folded tibia). 4.8-6. Everywhere, except in the North ....................... P. fracticollis Schill.

83. 1 (1).

Ligyrocoris Stal.

in

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Black; hemelytra yellowish, usually with 1 or 2 brown spots in posterior part or brown, with 2 yellowish spots at outer margin; tibiae and 1st and 2nd antennal segments rarely, posterior part of pronotum very rarely yellowish brown. 4.5-6.5. Forest zone, Caucasus ..................................... L. sylvestris L.

29. Family PYRRHOCORIDAE Medium-sized or large; often richly colored, with a combination of black and red or yellow. Feeding on seeds, dead insects, eggs of insects, etc.

1070

STENOCEP HA LIDA E

Adults hibernating. About 400 species in the family, most of them in the Tropics. In the U.S.S.R. 2 genera.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Venter of abdomen red, with black lateral spots.

Middle femora

subapical denticles ........................... 1. Scantius. Venter of abdomen black, with light margin. Middle femora 2. Pyrrhocoris. without denticles .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

2 (1).

.

with

Keys to Species of Family Pyrrhocoridae 1. 1 (1).

Scantius Stal.

Always macropterous.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Dorsum red; head, antennae, legs, middle of pronotum, scutellum, clavus and a dot in middle of corium, black. 6.2-10. S. aegyptius L. Crimea, Caucasus ..............................

&11

Pyrrhocoris Fall. U.S.S.R. up to 8 species. 2.

1 (2).

Usually brachypterous.

2 species.

In the

Dorsum red; head, antennae, legs, middle of pronotum, scutellum, clavus, a round spot in middle of corium and a small spot at base of corium, black. 7-12 (Figure 328, 1). Everywhere, except in the North. On the ground, in sunny habitats, P. apterus L. often forming large colonies Completely black or partly brown; lateral margins of hemelytra and pronotum, and also tibiae, yellowish. 6.2-8. South. On the P. marginatus Kol. ground and under stones. Relatively rare ......................

2 (1).

.....

30.

Family STENOCEP HA LIDAE

A small family consisting of 2 genera and about 35 species, intermediate between Lygaeidae and Coreidae. Body large, more or less elongate. Hemelytra normal and covering abdomen. In the U.S.S.R. 1 genus. LITERATURE.

Puchkov, V.G.

Key

Kraiovyky (Coreidae), Fauna Ukrainy, 21,2, 1962.

to Species of Family

Stenocephalidae

Dicranocephalus Hahn (Di c ranom e ru s Hahn, Stenocephala Berth). Species in the U.S.S.R. dark brown or almost black; apex of scutellum usually with white spot; lateral connexivum of abdomen with 1.

broad black and white stripes; antennae with black and white rings; basis of femora and tibiae (except both ends), genal plates and first 2 segments 4 species. of proboscis, white. On Euphorbia. Adults hibernating. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 species.

1 (6). 2 (3).

Membrane with small flat elevations between veins. 2nd antennal segment with black or brown ring in the middle. Middle and hind femora with very short adpressed black hairs. Proboscis reaching hind coxae. Broader. Middle femora usually blackened for 1/2-2/3 of their length. 10-12.5. Central Belt, South ......................................... D. medius M.R.

1071

HEMIPTERA

At least middle femora with longer vertical black hairs. Proboscis

3 (2).

reaching middle coxae. Hairs on 2nd and 3rd antennal segments and tibiae half-vertical, not longer than thickness of antennal segments and tibiae respectively. Middle and hind femora usually blackened for 2/5 of their length, rarely less. 12-15 (Figure 328, 2), Center, South.

4 (5).

.......

...............................................

.D. agilis Scop.

FIGURE 328. Hemiptera (after Puchkov and Slichel)

1Pyrrhocoris

4Alydus

812

apterus; 2Dicranocephalus calcaraius.

agilis; 3Coreus

marginaius;

5 (4).

Slender.

6 (1).

of antennae and tibiae. Middle and hind femora black 1/3 of their length. 10-13. Crimea, Caucasus D. setulosus Ferr. Membrane smooth between veins. 2nd antennal segment without dark ring in the middle or with a hardly visible pale brownish ring. Slender. 10.5-13. South, except in the Southeast.. .D. albipes F.

Hairs on 2nd and 3rd antennal segments and tibiae straight, vertical, most of them longer than thickness of segments ............

.

31.

Family COREIDAE

Large or medium-sized; integument hard; color brown, rarely yellowish or black. Hemelytra always normal. Antennae and proboscis 4segmented. Ocelli present. Phytophagous, feeding on seeds; adults hibernating. More than 200 genera, about 1600 species in the family. 19 genera, more than 30 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 25 genera, about 60 species;

the greatest variety found in Soviet Central Asia and Trans-

caucasia. LITERATURE. See family Stenocephalidae.

Key

to

Genera

1 (32).

Head much narrower than pronotum. 2 (17). Head with short longitudinal groove in the middle. Femora without denticles or (Coreus) with 2 rows of minute denticles. (Subfamily Coreinae). 3 (16). Pronotum and abdominal segments not laterally expanded into leaf-shaped semitransparent lobes. Scutellum completely free. Surface of body, antennae and legs not covered with long slender

spines. 4 (11).

5 (6).

6 (5).

Outer margin of antennal tubercles without denticle (Figure 329,1). of head with 2 pointed, converging spines (Figure 329, 1). Clypeus not projecting anteriorly beyond bases of antennae. Femora with 2 rows of minute denticles .............. 4. Coreus. Apex of head without spines. Clypeus markedly projecting beyond

Apex

bases of antennae.

7 (8).

8 (7).

Femora without denticles. Abdomen rhomboidal; lateral margin of abdomen forming a right angle in the middle. 3rd antennal segment cylindrical............ .............................................. 3. Syromastus. Abdomen not rhomboidal, with straight or rounded lateral margin. 3rd antennal segment more or less flattened.

9 (10). Apex of clypeus markedly projecting anteriorly and dorsally beyond genal plates. Anterior corners of pronotum with anteriorly directed point............................... 2. Haploprocta. 10 (9). Apex of clypeus slightly projecting anteriorly and dorsally beyond genal plates. Anterior corners of pronotum not pointed.

..........

1. Gonocerus. Outer margin of antennal tubercles with anteriorly directed ...............................................

11 (4). 12 (15),

13 (14).

14 (13).

pointed process (Figure 329, 2). 2nd antennal segment as long as or longer than 3rd antennal segment. Head and pronoturn without spines. 3rd antennal segment more or less laterally flattened- Scutellum smooth. Posterior corners of pronotum rounded .............................. 5. Enoplops. Dorsum of head and lateral margins of pronotum with pointed spinules. 3rd antennal segment cylindrical. Scutellum with longitudinal carina, its apex curved upward. Posterior corners of pronotum produced into pointed lobes on sides of scutellum .............................................. 6. Centrocoris. 2nd antennal segment much shorter than 3rd segment. Scutellum depressed at the base; lateral margins of scutellum and carina in the middle markedly raised 7. Spathocera. Pronotum and abdominal segments expanded into leaf-shaped semitransparent lobes. Whole body and legs covered with long slender spines. Scutellum almost completely covered by lobes of posterior corners of pronotum .............. 8. PhyUomorpha. Head without longitudinal groove in the middle- Hind femora with one subapical denticle (sometimes reduced, e.g., in Areno coris) or with several denticles. (Subfamily Pseudophloeinae). Hind femora with one denticle (sometimes reduced); hind femora rarely (Nemocoris) with additional, very small denticles. .....

15 (12).

...................

16 (3).

17 (2).

18 (25).

19 (24). 2nd antennal segment much shorter than 3rd segment. Dorsum and venter of body of more or less uniform color. 2nd and 3rd antennal segments light; 1st antennal segment usually dark brown; 4th antennal segment black. 813 20 (23). 3rd antennal segment 2-3 times as long as 4th segment and 3-4 times as long as 2nd segment. 1st antennal segment not longer than distance between ocelli. 2nd and 3rd antennal segments very slender, usually yellowish. 21 (22). Lateral margins of pronoturn and surface of head and pronotum with isolated pointed tubercles ................... 9. Arenocoris. 22 (21). Lateral margins of pronotum and surface of head and pronotum 10. Bathysolen* granulate, but without isolated tubercles 23 (20). 3rd antennal segment as long as 4th segment and about twice as long as 2nd segment. 1st antennal segment markedly longer than distance between ocelli. 2nd and 3rd antennal segments thicker, usually red ..................................... 11. Ulmicola. 24 (19). 2nd antennal segment as long as 3rd segment; both segments almost as thick as 1st and 4th segments; all antennal segments black. Venter of body markedly lighter than dorsum ............. .............................................. 12. Nemocoris. 25 (18). Hind femora with a group of several subapical denticles. 26 (27). Hind coxae contiguous or almost contiguous ...... 13. Ceraleptus. 27 (26). Hind coxae widely separated. 28 (31). Posterior part of lateral margin of pronotum (from lateral corners to base of scutellum) without posteriorly directed pointed denticles. 29 (30), 2nd and 3rd antennal segments slightly thinner than 4th segment. 1st antennal segment without spinules on outer side. Lateral corners of pronotum rounded .................. 15, Anoplocerus. 30 (29). 2nd and 3rd antennal segments not thinner than 4th segment. Outer side of 1st antennal segment with 4-6 spinules each ending in a hair. Lateral corners of pronotum ending in point ........... ........................................... 14. Bothrostethus. 31 (28). Posterior part of lateral margin of pronotum with pointed, usually light, backward-directed denticles (Figure 329, 3)................ ............................................. 16. Coriomeris. 32 (1). Head as broad as pronotum. Body very elongate; abdomen narrower at the base. Hind femora with denticles in apical part. (Sub.........

family Alydinae). 33(36). Hind tibiae straight, not shorter than hind femora, without apical denticle. Eyes not stalked. 34 (35). Lateral margin of pronotum without posterior denticle, Hemelytra of uniform color.

Abdominal sternum VI of female entire

........

.................................................. 17. Alydus. 35 (34). Lateral margin of pronotum produced into denticle before posterior corners. Hemelytra usually with whitish lateral margin. Abdominal sternum VI of female half divided by a longitudinal slit ........................................ 18. Megalotomus. 36 (33). Hind tibiae curved, shorter than hind femora, with apical denticle ventrally. Eyes stalked ........................ 19, Camptopus.

COREIDAE

Keys to Species of Family Coreidae Subfamily COREINAE LITERATURE.

Kirichen ko, A.M.

Coreinae, Fauna Rossii (The Fauna of Russia). VI, 2, 1916.

Gonocerus Berth. Light brown or rust-colored; venter and legs yellow. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1.

1 (2).

1st antennal segment longer than head; 2nd antennal segment not dark apically. Lateral corners of pronotura pointed, projecting beyond base of hemelytra. Dorsum of body of uniform color. 11.3-15.6. South. On Rhamnus cathartic a, Frangula ainus, sometimes on other deciduous trees and shrubs ..........

G. acuteangulatus Gz. longer than head; 2nd antennal segment dark apically. Lateral corners of pronotum almost blunt, projecting little beyond base of hemelytra. Dorsum of body usually with diffuse marbled reddish gray pattern. 11.4-13. Southwest, Crimea, Caucasus. On juniper, sometimes also on other conifers ............................................. G.juniperi H, -S. .........................................

2 (1).

2.

Haploprocta Stal. 1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 3 species.

Rust-brown or red; venter of body, lateral margins of pronotum and basis of hemelytra, legs and sometimes a spot on posterior margin of corium yellow. 10.5-1,3.5. Southeast. On Atra phaxis ................................... H. pustolifera Stal. -

1 (1).

1st antennal segment not

3. 1

814

(l).

4. 1 (1).

Syromastus Berth.

Monotypic genus.

Darkocher, rarelybrown; venter, legs, 2nd and 3rd antennal seg" ments yellow; 4th antennal segment usually black. 9.5-12, Central Belt, South. OnCaryophyllaceae (A r e nar ia, Cerastium, etc.) .............................................. S. rhombeus L.

Coreus F. (Mesocerus Reut.).

In the U.S.S.R.

2nd and 3rd antennal segments red;

.............................................

Enoplops A.S. (Coreus auct., U.S.S.R. 5 species. 5.

1 (1).

6.

1 (1).

1 species.

4th antennal segment black. 12-15 (Figure 328, 3). Everywhere, except in the extreme North. On R um ex and other plants ................

Dark brown;

nee F.).-

C. marginatus L.

1 species.

In the whole

Blackish brown; spots on dorsum of connexivum, venter of body and anterior part of lateral margin of pronotum narrowly yellowish; outer margin of 1st antennal segment, 2nd segment and base of 3rd segment reddish; 3rd and 4th antennal segments, black. 11.5-14. Central Belt, South. On Boraginaceae (Echium, Cynoglossum, etc.)................. E. scapha F. Centrocoris Kol.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

Dorsum variegated, yellowish brown; venter dirty yellow; 4th antennal segment black. 9-10.5. South, Bashkiria. On Anthemis.....................................C. spiniger F. 1075

7. Spathocera Stein. Usually dark brown; apex of 3rd and 4th antennal segments black. OnPolygonaceae, especially on Rum ex acetosella. 4or5species. In the whole U. S. S. R. 6 or 7 species. The status of S. tube r" culata Horv. and its distribution in the U.S.S.R. should be confirmed. 1 (6). 2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (5).

2nd antennal segment cylindrical; 1st antennal segment shorter than breadth of head including eyes. 3rd antennal segment markedly leaf-shaped almost immediately distal to base, its wide part broader than 4th segment. 6-7. Everywhere, except in the North ............. S. laticornis Schill. 3rd antennal segment leaf-shaped only near apex, its wide part not broader than 4th antennal segment. Lateral carinae of pronotum reaching its base. Spinules on head and anterior part of pronotum very short. 5.3-7. South ..........

............................................... 5 (4).

6 (1).

S.lobata H.-S.

Lateral carinae of pronotum not reaching its base. Spinules on head and anterior part of pronotum distinct- 5.7-6.5. Ukraine, Voronezh Region. Rare ....................... S. dalmani Schill. 2nd antennal segment flattened and uniformly widened throughout; 1st antennal segment longer than breadth of head with eyes. 6-7,

South ....................................... S. obscura Germ.

8. 1 (1).

Phyllomorpha Lap.

1 species.

In

the whole

U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Ocher-yellow; anterior corners of pronotum and spots on abdomen brownish. 8.5-10.5. Crimea, Caucasus. On Herniaria, Paronychia ........................ Ph. laciniata Vill.

Subfamily PSEUDOPHLOEINAE (Arenocorinae) Arenocoris Hahn (P s eudophloeu s Burm.). Dark brown; 2nd and 3rd antennal segments light. On Erodium cicutarium, sometimes on Leguminosae and other plants. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. The insufficiently known species A. egenus Horv. (Crimea) 9.

not included. 1 (2).

3rd antennal segment markedly thickened and black apically. of antennal tubercles directed anteriorly. 6.6-8.3. Ukraine, Caucasus A. waltii H.-S. 3rd antennal segment of uniform color, scarcely thickened apically. Apex of antennal tubercles curved inward and ventrally6-8- Ukraine. Caucasus ....................... A. falleni Schill.

Apex

......................................

2 (1).

10.

1 (1).

Bathysolen Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Brown; 2nd and 3rd antennal segments light; 4th antennal segment black. 6-6.5. Everywhere, except in the North. On Medicago minima, M-lupulina B. nubilus Fall, .......

11.

1 (1).

Ulmicola Kirk. (Arenocoris auct.).

Monotypic genus.

Brown; 2nd and 3rd antennal segments red. 8.8-9.5. Forest zone. On Trifolium spp. ................... U. spinipes Fall.

1076

12.

1 (1).

815

Nemocoris R. Sahib.

Monotypic genus.

Dorsum dark brown or black; venter dirty yellow; lateral margins of pronotum and bases of hemelytra whitish. 8.5-10.5. Widely distributed, but rare. On Cytisus nigricans, Lathyrus niger......................... N. fallen! R. Sahib.

13. Ceraleptus Costa. Dorsum brown or dark ocher; venter yellowish; 2nd and 3rd antennal segments reddish; apex of femora dark. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (4).

Lateral margins of pronotum straight; anterior corners of pronotum not pointed and not prolonged anteriorly. Antennal tubercles with small, anteriorly directed denticle. Lateral connexivum of abdomen of uniform color or with brown stripes. 1st and 4th antennal segments brown.

/^ FIGURE 329.

13

Y^ft

Y^_^ff

Hemiptera. Family Coreidae and Rhopalidae (after Kirichenko, Puchhov and original)

co mis, same;

6C.hirticornis,

hind femur; ’7Macceveihus

lineola, head, dorsal;

8-Rhopalus parumpunctatus, metapleura (sgopening of scent gland); 9Siictopleurus punctaionervosus. same; 10Liorhyssus hyalinus, apex of abdomen of male with genital

2 (3).

Antennae with stiff dark hairs; 3rd antennal segment more or less dark apically. Lateral margin of pronotum and head usually with a black line. 10-11. Southern Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus. C. Uvidus Stein. Usually on Trifolium spp. Antennae with very short light hairs; 3rd antennal segment of uniform color. Lateral margin of pronotum and head usually without black line. 10-12. Moldavia, Southern Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus. On Vicia C. obtusus Brulle. Lateral margins of pronotum slightly notched; anterior corners of pronotum pointed, spinelike. Antennal tubercles with inwardly and ventrally curved hooklike process. Stripes on lateral ...................

3 (2).

.......................

4 (1).

connexivum of abdomen, and 1st and 4th antennal segments black. 11-12. South, except in the Southeast. On various

Leguminosae 14.

1 (1).

.............................

Bothrostethus Fieb.

C. gracilicornis H.-S.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Dirty dark brown; tibiae with 1 or 2 broad light rings. 9-11.5. Central Belt, South. On Astragalu s, Cytisus, Genista ........................................... B. annulipes Costa. ...

15. 1 (1).

Anoplocerus Kir. 1 species. In

the whole

U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Dark ocher or brown; 2nd and 3rd antennal segments light; 4th antennal segment and a spot on anterior margin of pronotum black. 9-11. Crimea, Caucasus. On Erodium cicutarium ........ ............................................. A. elevatus Fieb.

16. Coriomeris Westw. Flattened; dirty yellowish to almost black, 7.5-9. On Leguminosae. Up to 6 species, most of them difficult to distinguish. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 9 species. The following southern species are not included: C. vitticollis Reut., C. spinolai var.

fraudatrix

Reut., C.

affinis

1 (2).

Antennae with relatively

2(1).

Antennae

H.-S.

short adpressed hairs (Figure 329, 4), Pronotum with short pubescence. Almost everywhere ............

........................................... C. scabricornis Pz.

3 (4).

816

4 (3).

with longer and thinner isolated vertical hairs in addition to adpressed hairs (Figure 329, 5). Pronotum with long vertical hairs. Hind femora with 2 or 3 small denticles. Usually rust-brown; dorsum of abdomen reddish, only first 2 abdominal terga black. Central Belt, South ......;................. C. denticulatus Scop. Hind femora with 3 or 4 stout denticles (Figure 329, 6). Dorsum of abdomen usually black. South.. .............. C. hirticorms F.

Subfamily ALYDINAEt

Nymphs antlike. 17.

1 (l).

18.

1 (2).

On Leguminosae.

Alydus F. (Coriscus auct.). In the U.S.S.R.

1 species.

Black; heroelytra and posterior part of pronotum usually dark brown; dorsum of abdomen red. 10-12 (Figure 328, 4). Everywhere, except in the North ..................... A. calcaratus L.

Megalotomus Fieb.

Tibiae light.

In the U.S.S.R. 2 species,

Usually black. Dorsum of abdomen and all antennal segments completely black. Lateral corners of pronotum with short pointed denticle. 12.5-15. Center, East, South M.junceus Scop. Usually rust-brown. Dorsum of abdomen red; 1st, 2nd and 3rd antennal segments light. Lateral corners of pronotum with broad right-angled or obtuse-angled denticle which is curved upward. 12.5-16. Dagestan, Southeast ............... M. ornaticeps Stal. ...

2 (1).

t

This

subfamily

is considered

by

most modem authors as a separate

family (Alydidae).

19. Camptopus A.S. Lateral margins of pronotum and hemelytra narrowly whitish (in C. tragacanthae often reddish). 2 species; 2 further species occur in Transcaucasia. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Brown or rust-brown. 2nd and 3rd antennal segments and tibiae light, with black apex and base. 12-14. South .................. ........................................... *C. lateralis Germ. Body (including antennae and tibiae) black, rarely blackish brown. Head with distinct longitudinal white line. 12-14. Dagestan. On Astragalus spp. ........................ C. tragacanthae Kol. 32.

Family RHOPALIDAE (Corizidae)

Usually medium-sized, oblong-oval, rarely (Myrmus, Chorosoma) very elongate. Head not flattened into-a shield, without transverse depression anterior to eyes. Proboscis and antennae 4-segmented. Scutellum small. Phytophagous; adults hibernating. About 20 genera and 200 species in the family. 9 genera, 20 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 10 genera, 35 species. LITERATURE. See family Stenocephalidae.

Key to Genera 1 (12).

817

Antennal tubercles projecting outward, usually in form of a pointed denticle (Figure 329, 7). 4th antennal segment usually longer than 3rd antennalsegment. 1st antennal segment not reaching or reaching little beyond apex of head. (Tribe Rhopalini). 2 (3). Red, with contrasting pattern of black spots. Membrane of hemelytra blackish. Corium and clavus not transparent, with slightly convex veins .............................. 1, Corizus. 3 (2). Coloration different; if red, pronotum and hemelytra without black spots. Membrane light, transparent. Corium and clavus more or less hyaline, transparent, with convex veins. 4 (11). Head more or less broader than long. Eyes markedly projecting and widely separated from anterior margin of pronotum by a well developed inflation of the posterior part of the head behind the eyes. 5 (10). Sides of metathorax with outer posterior corners prolonged posteriorly and laterally and visible in dorsal view; surface of pleurites of metathorax divided into an anterior punctate part and a posterior part which is slightly or almost not punctate (Figure 329, 8). 2nd and 3rd antennal segments slender. 6 (7). Head half as long as broad, slightly projecting anteriorly to the eyes. Proboscis reaching only middle of mesothorax; rostellar plates covering 2/3 of length of 1st segment of proboscis at the sides ...................................... 3. Brachycarenus. Head longer. Rostellar plates covering not more than half the 7 (6). length of 1st segment of proboscis. 8 (9). A smooth ridge, not punctate, present at anterior margin of pronotum. Membrane usually reaching far beyond apex of abdomen. Proboscis usually reaching hind coxae ................ .............................................. 2. Liorhyssus.

SMINTHURIDAE

Mucro broad, about half as wide as long (Figure 17, 2). Setae 1.0. Color of tibiotarsal organ without platelike expansion. variable, background yellowish, with a diffuse violet stripe on dorsum. End of body violet or brownish, with a greenish tinge. On aquatic plants, very common. Throughout the European S. aquaticus Bourl. U.S.S.R. Mucro narrower, 1/3 as wide as long (Figure 42, 2). Proximal 8 (7). half of seta of tibiotarsal organ with platelike expansion (Figure 41, 4). Color yellowish or grayish, with violet lateral stripes from base of legs to apex of abdomen, and with violet stripe or spot on dorsum- 0.6. On the surface of water, stones and aquatic plants. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. S. malmgreni Tullb. 4th antennal segment divided into 4 parts. 9 (4). 10 (11). Proximal part of 4th antennal segment much longer than distal part; relative length of parts from base as follows: 55:15:15:25-30 (Figure 42, 7). Color grayish, grayish violet on dorsum. darker on end of abdomen. 0.55. In peat bogs, on the surface of water S. pseudassimilis Stach. and aquatic plants. Belorussia. 7 (8).

...................................

...........

..........................................

.........

9 (8).

Anterior margin of pronotum without such a ridge, or ridge more or less punctate, or 1-3 rows of dots reaching beyond it anteriorly on pronotum. Membrane usually reaching slightly beyond apex of 4» Rhopalus. abdomen. Proboscis reaching middle coxae Metapleura uniformly punctate, with rounded outer posterior corners which are not visible in dorsal view (Figure 329, 9). Proboscis usually reaching hind coxae .......... 5. Stictopleurus. Head almost as long as broad; inflations behind eyes small, eyes therefore almost contiguous with anterior margin of pronotum (Figure 329,7). 2nd and 3rd antennal segments thicker ...................................... 6. Maccevethus. Antennal tubercles rounded laterally, not projecting; 4th antennal segment shorter than 3rd segment. Body usually narrow, with parallel margins. (Tribe Chorosomatini). On Gramineae. 1st antennal segment not or little reaching beyond apex of head .............................................. 7. Agraphopus. 1st antennal segment reaching markedly beyond apex of head. 1st antennal segment half as long as head, projecting beyond apex of head by 1/3 of its length. Usually brachypterous ... 8. Myrmus. 1st antennal segment as long as head, projecting beyond apex by 3/4 of its length. Body rodlike, very elongate. Hemelytra always normal, with well-developed membrane, but not covering a large part of the abdomen............................. 9. Chorosoma. ........

10 <5).

11 (4).

12 (l).

13 (14).

14 (13). 15 (16). 16 (15).

....

Keys 1.

U.S.S.R. 1 (1).

Corizus Fall. 4 species.

to Species of Family Rhopalidae

(Therapha A.S.). 1 species. In the whole

Red; head near eyes, a stripe on anterior margin of pronotum and 2-4 spots near the posterior margin, anterior corners of scutellum, corium and a large spot on clavus, often also antennae, legs and spots on venter of thorax and abdomen, black. 8-10. Everywhere, except in the North. Larvae on Hyoscyamus, Ono sm a. tobacco; adults polyphagous. A minor pest .......... .............................................

2. 1 (l).

3.

1 (1).

Liorhyssus Stal.

*C. hyoscyami L-

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Color very variable: yellowish, reddish (especially apex of corium), dark gray or blackish. Abdomen often black beneath hemelytra. Apex of abdomen of female almost truncate. Apex of abdomen of male as in Figure 329, 10. 5.3-7.5. South. Polyphagous, but preferring Lactuca scariola. A minor pest ..... ...............................................*L. hyaUnus F.

Brachycarenus Fieb. 1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Yellowish or grayish; head, pronotum, anterior corners of scutellum and veins on hemelytra with black spots; abdomen beneath hemelytra black with yellow spots. Apex of abdomen of male as in Figure 329. 11, ,6-7.5. Central Belt, South.

Polyphagous, preferring Cruciferae

...........

B. tigrinus Schill.

4.

1 (2).

2 (1).

818

3 (6).

4 (5).

5 (4).

Rhopalus Schill. 4 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species.

Venter of abdomen with several rows of black dots; dorsum of abdomen beneath hemelytra completely light or with black lateral connexivum, rarely black. Veins of hemelytra with minute black dots. Membrane often with smoky gray, round spots. (Subgenus Aeschynteles Fieb.). Usually more or less rust-reddish. Apex of abdomen of male as in Figure 329, 12. 7-9. Widely distributed, usually in humid biotopes, on Comarum palustre, Cirsium palustre............... Rh. (Ae.) maculatus Fieb. Venter of abdomen without black dots; dorsum of abdomen beneath hemelytra black or brown, with yellow spots on last 3 segments. Membrane without smoky spots. (Subgenus Rhopalus Schill.). -Lateral connexivum with broad transverse whitish and black or brown stripes dorsally. Venter of abdomen with more or less marked longitudinal black line. Usually rust-reddish. Genital segment of male with a blunt process in middle of posterior margin (Figure 329, 13). Pronotum without longitudinal white carina in the middle, rarely with a carina. Stripes on lateral connexivum usually black, rarely brown. Scutellum with truncate apex or slightly bifid. 5.5-6.5. Central Belt, South. Usually on Labiatae ................................... Rh. subrufus Gmel. Genital segment of male with concave posterior margin (Figure 329, 14). Pronotum with white longitudinal smooth carina in the middle which is sometimes hardly visible. Stripes on lateral connexivum usually reddish brown. Scutellum usually 5.5-6.5. Central Belt, South. On Thymus... Rh. conspersus Fieb. (distinctus Sign.).

with pointed apex.

......................

Dorsum of connexivum completely light or with only a black dot or line on each segment. Yellowish or greenish. Apex of abdomen of male as in Figure 329, 15. 5.5-7.5 (Figure 332, 1). Everywhere, except in the North^ Polyphagous ..... Rh. parumpunctatus Schill.

6 (3).

5.

Stictopleurus Stal.t Color very variable, usually grayish, brownish Usually on Compositae. 6 species. In the whole LJ. S. S. R.

or greenish.

up

to 10 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (6).

4 (5).

819

5 (4).

A transverse groove in anterior part of pronotum (Figure 330, 1) not anteriorly limited by a smooth ridge or fold, forming an open (rarely closed) loop on each side. The whole pronotum from groove to anterior margin uniformly punctate with dots as posterior to groove. Parameres almost straight, slender, uniformly tapering apically. conical (Figure 330, 3,9). Genital opening of female oblong, its sides about 1/8 longer than its dorsal margin; posterior corners of genital plate markedly projecting, situated at level of middle or base of 2nd pair of valves of ovipositor, always leaving it free (Figure 331, 1). 6.2-8.3. Everywhere, except in the North ..................... S. punctatonervosus Gz. Transverse groove of pronotum anteriorly limited by a smooth, not punctate, ridge or fold, forming a closed loop on each side (Figure 330, 2). Punctation anterior to groove different from that posterior to it. Genital opening of female much broader than

long (Figure 331, 2,3).

Inner wall of genital segment of male dark laterally, thickened, but without hooklike process. Hairs on head and pronotum longer than thickness of 2nd antennal segment. Posterior corners of anterior genital plate of female situated at level of middle of 2nd pair of valves of ovipositor (Figure 331, 2). Parameres with conical apex, tapering, not flattened (Figure 330, 4,10). Broader and larger: 6.5-8.3. Everywhere, except in the North .............. S. crassicornis L. Hairs on head and pronotum shorter than thickness of 2nd antennal segment. Posterior corners of anterior genital plate situated at level of limit between 1st and 2nd valves of ovipositor (Figure 331,3). Parameres broad, flattened, with obliquely truncate apex and prolonged into a pointed denticle (Figure 330, 5,11). 5-6. South ..

............................................

S. nysioides Reut.

6 (3).

Genital opening of female slightly broader or narrower (sometimes much narrower) than long (Figure 331, 4-6). Inner walls of genital segment of male laterally with a dark hooklike process which bends around the paramere at the level of its bend.

7 (8).

Pronotum with coarse punctation; hairs on pronotum thick, not shorter than thickness of 2nd antennal segment. Parameres markedly flattened, straight, with obliquely truncate apex (Figure 330, 6,12). Genital opening of female much longer than broad (more than 1/3 longer than broad) (Figure 331, 4). 7-8-7. Everywhere, except in the North ............... S. abutilon Rossi.

f The key

io

genus Stictopleurus was

wriuen

byV.G. Puchkov (Kiev).

8 (7).

Pronotum with fine punctation, bare or with thin hairs which are shorter than thickness of 2nd antenna! segment. Parameres curved or different near apex. Genital opening of female slightly longer or shorter than broad.

FIGURE 331. Hemipiera. Family Rhopalidae (after Puchkov, losifov and original) 1StictopleuruE

same; 7,8

9 (10).

punctaionervosus. geniiaj. sclerites of female; 2S.

Maccevethus lineola: 7apex

crassic

of abdomen of male with genital segment;

Process in middle of posterior margin of genital segment very long, markedly compressed laterally and prolonged posteriorly and dorsad (Figure 330, 7). Parameres almost straight, with hooklike apex (Figure 330, 13). 1st pair of valves of ovipositor more than half as long as genital opening; 2nd pair of valves of ovipositor completely covered (Figure 331, 5). Body stout, almost S. unicolor Jak. bare. 6.5-8. South Process in middle of posterior margin of genital segment short, conical, pointed (Figure 330, 8). Parameres curved, with obliquely truncate apex (Figure 330, 14). 1st pair of valves of ovipositor not more than half as long as genital opening; 2nd pair of valves of ovipositor free (Figure 331, 6). Body narrower, hairy. 5,5-6.3. South ............................................S. riveti Roy. ...........................

10 (9).

6. Mace eve thus Dall. t Dorsum brownish, rarely greenish; venter, legs, connexivum and narrow lateral margin of pronotum greenish or yellowish; antennae, often also apex of hind femora and tibiae, 1st and 3rd tarsal segments usually black; 3rd antennal segment reddish; 2nd and 4th antennal segments sometimes yellowish. Genital segment as in Figure 331,7. 7-10. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. The nomenclature of the species is not sufficiently clear.

1 (2). 2 (1).

t

Paramere as in Figure 331, 8. South ............... M. lineola F. Paramere as in Figure 331, 9. Crimea, Caucasus ............... ............................................ M. lutheri E. Wgn.

Drawings of parameres provided by M. Josifov.

7.

1 (2).

Agraphopus Stal. 2 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

Hind femora not thickened, without tubercles at posterior margin. (Subgenus Agraphopus Stal,). Yellowish brown, sometimes greenish. 4.8-6. South ...................................... A. lethierryi Stal. (ornatulus Jak., syn. n.). Hind femora thickened, with pointed setiferous tubercles at posterior margin. (Subgenus Leptoceraea Jak.). Pale green; 4th antennal segment and apex of hind tibiae often black. 5.8-8. South. On solonetz soils, on Aeluropus litoralis ................. ................ A. (L.) viridis Jak. (femoralis Horv., syn. n,). ...................

8. Myrmus Hahn. 4 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

9. 1 (1).

On Gramineae.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

2 species.

Pubescence shorter, thicker and darker. Hairs on posterior margin of hind femora shorter than.thickness of tibiae. Green or yellowish; dorsum of abdomen often black or with 1-3 black longitudinal stripes; head and pronotum sometimes black. Usually brachypterous, with incomplete membrane. Genital segment of male with rounded apical corners; paramere with subapical tubercle (Figure 331, 10,12). 7-10. Everywhere, except in the North ........................ M. miriformis Fall. Pubescence longer, thicker and lighter. Hairs on posterior margin of hind femora longer than thickness of tibiae. Uniformly green; dorsum of abdomen sometimes with black longitudinal line. Hemelytra always normal. Genital segment of male with long apical corners; pararoere without tubercle before apex (Figure 331, 11,13). Narrower. Hind femora thicker. 8.5-10.5. South, except in the Southwest. Steppe .................... M. calcaratus Reut. (longiventris Horv., hirsutus Jak., syn.n.). Chorosoma Curt.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 3 species.

11.5-16 (Figure 332, 2). Central Belt, Usually in the steppe, on Gramineae .Ch. schilling! Schill.

Pale green or yellowish. South.

33.

.

2 (1).

.

820

Family PLATASPIDAE (Coptosomatidae)

Body markedly convex, hemispherical, shiny. Phytophagous. About 450 species in the family, mainly in the Old World Tropics. In the U.S.S.R. 1 genus, 4 species, 2 of- them in the Far East. LITERATURE. Pnchkov,V.G. Shchitniki (Plataspidae)- Fauna Ukrainy, 21,1,1961; Vidal, J. Hemipteres de 1’Afrique du Nord et des pays Circum-M^diierraneens. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc, 48, 1949.

Key to Species of Family Plataspidae 1. Coptosoma Lap. Black, shiny; thorax grayish black, dull; 1st and 3rd antennal segment, knees, apexoftibiae, tarsi and spots on segments of lateral connexivum of abdomen, yellowish. On Leguminosae. 2 species, In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

1 (2).

Male: whole dorsal margin of genital segment with a dense brush apex of scutellum bare. Female: distance

of short light hairs;

ACANTHOSOMATIDAE

between dots on sides of hemelytra greater than diameter of dots. 3.4-4.5 (Figure 332, 3). Central Belt, South. On stems of various

2 (1).

Leguminosae ............................ C. scutellatum Geoffr. Male: dorsal margin of genital segment with short process in the middle which is pubescent at the apex; apex of scutellum with very short light hairs. Female: distance between dots on sides of hemelytra like diameter of dots. 3.2-3.6. Vicinity of Volgograd, Kazakhstan. Very rare. On Ononis .C. mucronatum Seid. ......

821

34.

Family ACANTHOSOMATIDAE

Body elongate, broadest in region of lateral corners of pronotum and gradually tapering posteriorly, shiny, bare. Mesothorax with laminate process; base of abdomen with anteriorly directed spine. On trees and shrubs, usually feeding on fruits. Adults hibernating. One generation per year. Females (except those of Cypho stethu s) incubating eggs. More than 200 species, most of them in tropical Asia and Australia. 4 genera, 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 genera, 17 species, most of them in the Far East and East Siberia. LITERATURE

See Plataspidae.

Key to Genera 1 (6).

2 (3).

1st antennal segment projecting beyond apex of head. Outer apical corner of corium more or less pointed. Dots on pronotum and scutellum black. Laminate process of mesothorax not reaching middle coxae. 1. Acanthosoma. Larger Laminate process of mesothorax prolonged posteriorly, reaching middle coxae or beyond them. Lateral connexivum of abdomen uniformly light. 4th antennal segment not less than 1.5 times as long as 3rd segment. ......................................

3 (2).

4 (5).

..........

5 (4).

6 (1).

............................................ 2. Elasmostethus. Lateral connexivum of abdomen dorsally covered with alternating black and light transverse stripes. 3rd antennal segment slightly shorter than 4th segment ........................ 3. Elasmucha. 1st antennal segment not projecting beyond apex of head. Outer apical corner of corium broadly rounded. Most dots on scutellum and pronotum light............................ 4. Cyphostethus.

Keys to Species of Family Acanthosomatidae 1.

1 (1).

Acanthosoma Curt.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 species.

Green; lateral corners of pronotum which are more or less pointed and end of abdomen dorsally reddish. Apex of abdomen of male as in Figure 333, 1; apex of abdomen of female as in Figure 333, 2. 12-17. Forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus. On Sorbus, blackthorn, hawthorn, birch, oak, etc.

................

.........................................

A. haemorrhoidale L.

2. Elasmostethus Fleb. Green, usually with diffuse reddish spots. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (4).

2 (3).

Male: posterior margin of,genital segment (Figure 333, 3) with a black denticle outside of 2 brushes of light hairs. Female: posterior corners of abdominal sternum VII markedly projecting beyond posterior margin of genital sclerites (Figure 333, 4). Male: black denticles small, close to brushes of hairs and situated on ventral margin of genital segment (Figure 333, 3). 8.5-11.5 (Figure 332,4). Forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus. On birch, E. interstinctus L. alder, etc. Male: black denticles larger, distant from brushes of hairs, almost in middle of lateral margins of genital segment. 8.5-11.5. E. brevis Lindb. Forest zone. Rare Male: posterior margin of genital segment (Figure 333, 5) without black denticle outside of brushes of rust-colored hairs. Female: posterior corners of abdominal sternum VII projecting little beyond posterior margin of genital sclerites (Figure 333, 6), 8-10. Forest zone, Caucasus. On Lonicera ................E. minor Horv. .................................

3 (2).

............................

4 (1).

3. 1 (2).

2 (1).

822

3 (4).

Elasmucha Stal. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. Lateral corners of pronotum produced into long black points. Yellowish or rust-colored; dorsal side of head and a round spot in middle of scutellum black. 7.5-10. Forest, forest-steppe. On Ribes and Lonicera .....................E. ferrugata F. Lateral corners of pronotum not produced into point. Dorsum of head light. Gray, greenish or rust-red. Venter of abdomen without black dots or only with isolated dots. Antennae light, only 4th and 5th antennal segments sometimes black. Apex of abdomen of male as in Figure 333, 7; apex of abdomen of female as in Figure 333, 8. 6.5-8.5. Forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus. On birch and other deciduous trees ............................................... E. betulae Deg. Whole venter of abdomen covered with black dots. All antennal segments of male black; 4th, 5th and often 1st antennal segment of female black. Apex of abdomen of male as in Figure 333, 9; apex of abdomen of female as in Figure 333, 10. 7.5-9. Forest E. grisea L. (fieberi Jak.). zone. On conifers ..........

4 (3).

.................

4.

1 (1).

Cyphostethus Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Pale green; apex of scutellum and its basal corners whitish; posterior corners of pronoturn and inner part of hemelytra

usually raspberry-red. 8.5-11.5. Lithuania, western Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus. On juniper, rarely on cypress, CryptoC. tristriatus F. m e ria .......................................

35.

Family CYDNIDAE (Thyreocoridae)

Medium-sized or small, usually dark and shiny; usually rounded, rarely slightly oblong. Phytophagous, usually on the ground under plants or (Stibaropus) in the ground. Adults hibernating. More than 500 species

in the family. 12 genera, 25 species. more than 40 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 16 genera,

LITERATURE. See Plataspidae and also: E. Wagner, uniersuchungen liber den caxonomischen Cydnidae.Acta Ent. Mus. Nat. Pragae, 35, 1963.

Wert des Banes der Genitalia bei den

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Scutellum strongly convex, oblong-rounded, almost reaching apex of abdomen. (Subfamily Corimelaeninae).... 1. Thyreocoris 2 (1). Scutellum much shorter than abdomen, triangular. 3 (12). Lateral margins of head and pronotum with setiferous pores (setae sometimes rubbed off). Fore tibiae laterally compressed and apically widened or ensiform. (Subfamily Cydninae).

4 (5).

Hind tibiae very thick, with obliquely truncate apex and rounded (Figure 333, 12); hind tarsi hardly visible. Fore and middle tarsi claws; fore tarsi situated almost in middle of ensiform tibiae (Figure 333,11)........................... 2. Stibaropus. Hind and fore tibiae of ordinary form; fore tarsi situated at apex of tibiae; all tarsi with claws; hind tarsi normally developed. Anterior margin of head with minute spines in addition to hairs (Figure 333. 13,15,17). Lateral margin of hemelytra with pubescence almost to its end. Surface of scutellum and hemelytra with short thin hairs. Head semicircular; anterior margin of head usually with quadrangular notch in the middle ............................... 3. Byrsinus. Scutellum and hemelytra bare; lateral margin of hemelytra with hairs. Head semi-oval; anterior margin of head without notch or with an angular notch in the middle (Figure 333, 13,15,17)...... ................................................... 4, Aethus, Anterior margin of head without spines. Lateral margin of hemelytra with not more than 3 or 4 hairs at base. Scutellum oblong-triangular. Clypeus free anteriorly. Posterior margin of corium straight ........................ 5. Geotomus. Scutellum short, forming an equilateral triangle. Clypeus covered by genal plates anteriorly. Posterior margin of corium with 2 notches ..................................... 6. Cydnus. Lateral margins of head and pronotum not pubescent. Fore tibiae more or less in form of a triangular prism, not widened or little widened. (Subfamily Sehirinae). Mesothorax with a low longitudinal median carina (visible under proboscis); carina sometimes hidden in a groove. Metathorax without median carina. Eyes in form of a transverse cone, projecting beyond lateral margin of head by more than 2/3 of their diameter. Species of the European U.S.S.R. not more than 5.0 long; lateral margins of pronotum always dark ......................... 7. Legnotus, Eyes more or less spherical, projecting beyond margin of head by not more than half their breadth. More than 5.0 long, or lateral margin of pronotum light. Body completely black ............................ 11. Sehirus. Body with white pattern or at least with a narrow white stripe at lateral margin of pronotum and hemelytra. Hemelytra with white L-shaped spot at base and white apical spot without

5 (4). 6 (9).

7 (8).

8 (7).

9 (6). 10 (11).

11 (10).

12 (3).

13 (22).

14 (15).

15 (14).

16 (17).

17 (16). 18 (19).

(Figure 334, 10.11) ........................... 10. TrUomegas. 19 (18). A narrow stripe at lateral margin of hemelytra and sometimes a small spot in middle of corium, white. 20 (21). Body with blue, violet or green metallic sheen. Lateral margin of abdomen of species in the European U.S.S.R. ventrally with white isolated spots on each segment ........... 9. Canthophorus. 21 (20). Body black, without metallic sheen. Lateral margin of abdomen either completely black, or anteriorly black and posteriorly with a continuous white line ........................... 8. Adomerus. 22 (13). Mesothorax without carina, with a deep groove. Mesothorax with 2 median carinae close together .............. 12. Ochetostethus.

1088

CYDNIDAE

Keys to Species 1.

1 (1).

2. 1 (1). 3.

1(1).

Thyreocoris Schrk.

of Family Cydnidae

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Black, bare, shiny, strongly convex dorsally. 3-4.5. Everywhere, except in the North. On Viola ......Th. scarabaeoides L. Stibaropus Dall." 1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Dark brown. 7.5-9. South. In sand, at a depth of 5-50 cm near roots of Elyrnus giganteus................,..S. henkei Jak.

Byrsinus Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R.

1 species.

3.5-5 (Figure 332, 5). South. On sand, under Gramineae and sedges .................................... B. fossor M.R.

Brown.

Acanihosoma

same; 9-male;

13,14Aethus

16paramere;

haemorrhoidale, apex of abdomen, ventral: 1rnale:

2

female;

10-female; 11.12-Stibaropus henkei: 11-fore tibia; 12-hind cibia; nigritus: 13 head; 14paramere; 15,16 A e. fiavicornis: 15head;

17,18 A

e.

rugosus:

17head;

18paramere.

4. Aethus Dall. (Cydnus auct., nee F.) Micropoporus UhL). Brown to blackish brown.3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. The record of Ae. pilosulus Klug from the European U.S.S.R. is

erroneous.

1089

11 (10). Proximal part of 4th antennal segment as long as, or almost as long as, distal part. 12 (13). Mucro as in Figure 42, 6. Color yellowish with a slight greenish tinge, sometimes with 2 dark stripes on dorsum. 0.4-0.5. In peat bogs, meadows, forest litter and moss. Baltic Region S. schoetti Axels. 13 (12). Mucro not as in Figure 43, 14. Color yellowish; sides of abdomen with some violet pigment. 0.3-0.4. Rare. Baltic Region; Center .......................,;................. S. assimilis Krausb. 2nd and 3rd antennal segments modified and metathorax with 14 (1). glandular vesicles (males). 15 (16). Mucro as in Figure 42, 6 S. schoetti Axels. 16(15). Mucro different. 17 (18). Expanded plate on ventral margin of mucro ending at 1/3 from apex. Inner dorsal plate without denticles (Figure 43, 11). 0.3. S. peniciUifer Schaff. ........................................ 18 (17). Plate on ventral margin of mucro reaching apex of mucro; if not, plate ending near apex and narrow. Inner plate of dorsal margin

.......

............................................

.....................

lSminthurides aquaticus. female, dens and mucro; 2S. malmgreni, same; 3Sminthurus guihriei, po sran ten nal organ; 4s. guthriei, female, dorsal side of head with postantennal organ; 5Sminthurides aquaticus. male, prehensile organ of antenna; 6S. schoetti, female, apical part of dens and mucro; 7S. pseudassimilis, 4ih antennal

segment.

1 (2).

Apex of clypeus with 2 spines (Figure 333,13). Venter of abdomen Distance between eyes and ocelli equal to 3 diameters of an ocellus. Paramere as in Figure 333. 14, 4,5-5.5. Central Belt, South. Polyphagous. Sometimes injurious ....... *Ae. nigritus P. Apex of clypeus with 2 long thin hairs (Figure 333, 15,17). Venter of abdomen sparsely covered with long thin hairs. Distance between eyes and ocelli equal to 1-1.5 diameters of an ocellus. Spines on anterior margin of head short, thick, dark brown (Figure 333,15). Paramere as in Figure 333, 16. 2.8-3.8. South, except in the Southeast. Polyphagous Ae. flavicornis F. Spines on anterior margin of head usually longer, thin and light (Figure 333,17). often resembling hairs- Paramere as in Figure 333,18. 3.3-4.5. Dagestan, Southeast. .................. ........ Ae. rugosus Jak. (flavicornis longigpinisE. Wgn.).

bare.

2 (1).

3 (4).

\ ’

....

4 (3).

825

5. Geotomus M.R. Black, rarely dark brown. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. The record of G. caucasicus Kol. from the European U.S.S.R. is erroneous. 1 (2).

2 (1).

6. 1 (1).

Body usually almost rounded. Paramere rounded apically (Figure 334, 1). Lateral margin of hemelytra usually with 2 (rarely 1 or 3-4) setiferous pores appearing like depressions in lateral view. 3.5-4.5. South, except in the Southeast.......... ......................................... G. punctulatus Costa. Body oblong-o.val. Paramere with pointed apex (Figure 334, 2). Lateral margin of hemelytra with one setiferous pore. 3.5-5. South, except in the Southeast................. G. elongatus H.~S.

Cydnus P. (Br achypelta A.S.).

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Black; membrane white. 9-12. South. On Eupho rbia ........ ...........................................C. aterrtmus Forst-

7. Legnotus Schiodte (Gnathoconus Fieb.). Black, rarely dark brown; hemelytra with a narrow yellow stripe at lateral margin, rarely (L.picipes var. concolor M.R.) without such a stripe. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species; the record of L. fumigatus Costa from the U.S.S.R. is 1 (2)..

2 (1).

8.

Head anteriorly with a more or less deep rectangular notchSroaU hooks of penis with hooklike apex (Figure 334, 3). 4.3-5. South, except in the Southeast. On Galium aparine and related species ............................. L. limbosus Geoffr. Head anteriorly without notch or with a broad and shallow, rounded notch. Small hooks of penis with straight apex (Figure 334, 4). 3.5-4.5. Central Belt, South. On Galium verum and related species. Asperula spp, ... L.picipes Fall. Adomerus M.R,

of pronotum and

Black; rarely brownish black; lateral margin hemelytra with a thin white line. 2 species. In the whole

U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (2).

Tibiae with broad white ring. Apex of clypeus free. Lateral connexivum of abdomen and middle of hemelytra uniformly black,

5-7.

Dagestan............................... A. congener Jak.

’

2 (1).

Tibiae completely black. Apex of clypeus covered anteriorly. Hemelytra with a round white spot in the middle, rarely without such a spot (var. concolor Nick.). Posterior half of lateral connexivum of abdomen with light marginal border. 5-7.8. Widely distributed. On Melampyrum.........A. biguttatus L.

9. Canthophorus A.S. Inner side of penis with symmetrical subapical appendages, which bear a long booklet and often I or 2 denticles at base. On The s ium. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 species. 1 (4).

2 (3).

Membrane of hemelytra white. Appendage of penis without denticle, with a slender hook C. impressus Horv. (Figure 334, 5). 4.5-8. South Appendage of penis with one denticle (Figure 334, 6). 7-8. Southwest, western Caucasus. Rare .................. C. dubius Scop. Membrane of hemelytra usually black or brown. Appendage of penis with one denticle (Figure 334, 7,8). Denticle of appendage of penis small, pointed (Figure 334, 7). 5.5-7.3. South ............................. C. mixtus Asanova. Denticle of appendage of penis large, blunt, apically curved (Figure 334, 8). 5.2-7.2. Caucasus ......... C. wagneri Asanova. Appendage of penis with 2 denticles (Figure 334, 9). 6-8.5. .C. melanopterus H.-S. Southern Ukraine, Caucasus ...............

3 (2).

4 (1). 5 (8). 6 (7).

7 (6). 8 (5).

..............

10. Tritomegas A.S. Metallic blue, with white pattern. Clypeus anteriorly free. Tibiae with white rings. On Labiatae (Lamium, Ballot a, etc.). 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

826

(2).

2 (1).

11.

1 (2),

White spot on lateral margin of pronotum gradually tapering, reaching far beyond middle of pronotum (Figure 334, 10). Proboscis usually reaching hind coxae. 6.5-9. Moldavia, Ukraine, Caucasus .............................. T. sexmaculatus Ramb. White Spot on lateral margin of pronotum scarcely tapering posteriorly and not reaching beyond middle of pronotum (Figure 334. 11). Proboscis usually not reaching hind coxae. 5.5-9. Everywhere, except in the North ............ T. bicolor L. Sehirus A.S.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.

4 species.

Lateral margins of head markedly curved upward; head between its lateral margins flat, so that the whole part of the head before the eyes is concealed by the lateral margins in profile (Figure 334, 12). Membrane black. Penis as in Figure 334,14, S. ovatus H.-S. 7.5-9.5. Moldavia, southern Ukraine. Caucasus. Lateral margins of head less curved upward, so that at least the posterior half of the part before the eyes is visible above the lateral margin of the head in profile (Figure 334, 13). Membrane white, rarely black (in small S. lu c tuo sus). Penis as in .

2 (1).

.

1

3 (4).

Figure 334, 15. On Boraginaceaet. Smaller: 6-8. Usually with a bronze tinge. Everywhere, except in the North ................................. S. luctuosus M.R.

4 (3).

Larger:

t The

3 species of this

8.5-11,5.

Without bronze tinge.

group are often difficult

to

identify, and

iheir

relationship needs clarification.

5 (6). 6 (5).

Head slightly inclined. Central Belt, South ......... S. morio L. Head strongly inclined. South .................. S. parens M.R.

12. Ochetostethus Fieb. species possibly occur. 1 (1).

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species; 1 or 2 further

Oval, flat, dull, black; hemelytra usually dark brown. 3.3-4.3. South. Apparently polyphagous .................. 0. nanus H.-S. 36.

Family SCUTELLERIDAE

Body oval, sometimes (Odontotar su s) prolonged posteriorly, strongly convex, rarely (Eurygaster) comparatively flat; color dirty yellowish, brown or black. All species phytophagous. Living on herbs and grasses, usually polyphagous. Odontoscelis and Irochrotus hibernate as nymphs, the other genera as adults. One generation per year. About 600 species in the family. 7 genera, about 25 species. In the whole U. S. S.R. 13 genera, about 55 species; the greatest variety in Soviet Central Asia and Transcaucasia. LITERATURE. See Plataspidae.

Key to Genera 1 (4),

Body hairy. Head broader than long, semicircular anteriorly. Anterior margin of propleura not expanded into laminate process reaching anterior margin of eyes and covering antennal sockets. (Tribe Odontoscelini).

2

(3).

3 (2).

Hairs on body short. Pronoturn with small angular notch in posterior part of lateral margin .................... 1. Odontoscelis. Hairs on body very long and thin. Pronotum with a rounded notch 2. Irochrotus. slightly posterior to middle of lateral margin Body bare or with sparse pubescence (Phimodera), but in this case scutellum bare. Head usually not broader than long, usually triangular or rectangular. Anterior margin of propleura (in ventral view) expanded into laminate lobes projecting anteriorly beyond eyes, covering antennal tubercles. Openings of scent glands not well visible. (Tribe Odontotarsini). Head rectangular. Scutellum as long as abdomen, broadly oval. Eyes convex, almost stalked ..................... 4. Phirriodera. Head triangular. Scutellum longer than abdomen, with long narrow apex ................................. 3. Odontotarsus. Openings of scent glands distinct, in form of small holes. (Tribe ......

4 {I).

5 (8), 6 (7).

7 (6). 8 (5).

(Tribe Eurygastrini). 9 (12).

Body thick, very convex (especially in dorsal view). Lateral connexivum of abdomen narrow, not completely projecting below scutellucn, with smooth tubercles at outer margin. 827 10 (11). Clypeus covered apically by genal plates which converge anterior to clypeus. Lateral margins of clypeus straight. Tibiae without denticles ........................................ 5. Psacasta. 11 (10). Clypeus free apically; genal plates not longer than clypeus. Lateral margins of pronotum rounded anteriorly. Tibiae covered with stout denticles .......................... 6. Promecocoris.

SCUTELLERIDAE

12(9).

Body broad, flat. Lateral connexivum of abdomen broad, flat, markedly projecting below scutellum ............. 7. Eurygaster.

FIGURE 334. Hemiptera. Family Cydnidae and Scutslleridae (after Asanova, Puchkov, Slichel and

original) 1Geotomus punctulatus, paramere; 2G. elongatus, same; 3Legnotus limbosus, impressus, appendage of apical part of penis; penis; 4L. picipes, same; 5Canthophorus

^emelytra; 11 T.

same; 10 Triton same; 12sehiru

18O.dubia, same; 19 21 I. caspius, same.

Irochrotus lana

,

same; 201.

i

bicol

asicus, same;

Keys to Species of Family Scutelleridae Odontoscelis Lap. Dark brown or almost black. In dry habitats under plants; polyphagous. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 1.

1 (2).

Anterior corners of pronotum reaching beyond anterior margin of eyes. Margin of head forming a corner anterior to eyes. Body of uniform color; dorsum of body with groups of minute 0. hispidula Jak. brown spinules. 3.9-5.5. South ...............

1093

2 (1).

828

3 (4).

4

(3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

Anterior corners of pronotum not reaching beyond anterior margin of eyes. Head anterior to eyes uniformly rounded. Scutelluro with yellow and velvety black longitudinal stripes; sometimes uniformly dark, rarely almost completely yellow. Dorsum covered with short hairs, but without spinules. Dorsum covered with brown hairs. Hooks of penis slender, of almost equal length (Figure 334, 16). Larger: 5.5-8. Central Belt, South .................................... 0. fuliginosa L. Dorsum with stripes of silvery hairs in addition to brown hairs t. Outer hooks of penis with almost square base and very thick apical process (Figure 334, 17). 3.9-5. South, except in the Southeast .................................... 0. lineola Ramb. Outer hooks of penis with oblong-rectangular base and thinner apical process (Figure 334, 18). 3.5-4.7. Southern Crimea, Dagestan .................................... 0. dubia E. Wgn.

Irochrotus A.S. Black. On Gramineae. 3 or 4 species. U.S.S.R. 4 or 5 species.

2. whole

1 (4).

In the

Anterior margin of pronotum markedly broader than head and Dorsum of body uniformly and completely covered with thin brown and white hairs or with only white hairs. A transverse groove almost in middle of pronotum. Lateral and anterior hooks of penis converging apically (Figure 334, 19). 5.8-8. South. On Secale silvestre, Agropyron spp.

eyes. 2 (3).

.....

.....................

3 (2).

4 (1).

I. lanatus Pali.

(maculiventris Germ.).

A transverse groove anterior to middle of pronotum. Lateral and anterior hooks of penis almost parallel (Figure 334. 20). Small: 5-6. Dagestan, in mountains .......... I. caucasicus Jak. Anterior margin of pronotum as broad as head with eyes. Dorsum of body with isolated groups of brown hairs. Penis as in Figure 334, 21. 6-6.5. Southeast ................ I. caspius Jak.

3. Odontotarsus Lap. Yellowish, often with a pattern of brown or reddish brown longitudinal stripes. Polyphagous, preferably on Labiatae and Umbelliferae. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 9 species. 1 (2).

Apex of scutellum as broad as vertex. Penis with 5 black denticles (Figure 335,1). 8.7-11.5. Central Belt, South ......... 0. purpureolineatus Rossi (rugicollis Jak., insignis Jak,). Apex of scutellum long, narrower than vertex. Penis with 2 blunt ...

2 (1).

black denticles (Figure 335, 2). 9.5-11. Southern Crimea, Caucasus ..................................... 0. robustus Jak. 4. Phimodera Germ. Yellowish, often with more or less developed dark brown or black pattern, rarely completely dark brown or black. Under various plants. 7 or 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 12 or 13 species. The following species are not included: Ph. oculata Jak. (Orenburg) and Ph. flori Fieb. (Baltic Region).

t 0.

lineola and 0. dubia were formerly erroneously identified as 0. dorsalis F. which occurs in Transcaucasia and Soviet Central Asia, but does not occur in die European U.S.S.R.

SCUTELLERIDAE

1 (8). 2

(5).

Apex of hind "trochanters not produced into tubercle

or denticle. Lateral margin of pronotum almost straight or slightly concave

(Figure 335,3). 3 (4).

Base of clypeus not higher than genal plates in lateral view, Large, broad-oval, often dark. 7.5-8. North, Northwest. Under Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ....... Ph. lapponica Zett. 4 (3). Base of clypeus markedly higher than genal plates. Oblong-oval. 4.5-6. South, except in the Southwest ...... Ph. amblygonia Pieb. Lateral margin of pronotum with a deep obtuse-angled or rectan5 (2). gular notch anteriorly (Figure 335, 4). 6 (7). Pronotum at anterior margin as broad as head with eyes. Scutellum usually covered with low tubercles or transverse ridges. Tubercles on posterior corners of segments of lateral connexivuro of abdomen long, strongly projecting. 5.5-6.3. Southeast ................................. Ph. tuberculata Jak. Pronotum at anterior margin broader than head with eyes. 7 (6). Scutellum smooth. Tubercles on posterior corners of segments of lateral connexivum of abdomen at least half as long as broad. 5.2-7.3. South ............. Ph. fumosa Fieb. (distincta Jak.). At least hind trochanters apically produced into a tubercle, denticle 8 (1). or spine. 9 (10). Fore and middle trochanters without blunt tubercle, rarely with a tubercle; hind trochanters with a small blunt tubercle which is rarely more or less pointed. 5.3-6.5. On sand dunes on the Baltic coast............................... Ph. humeralis Dalm. Fore and middle trochanters usually with a tubercle; hind tro829 10 (9). chanters with a pointed tubercle or spine. 5-6.5. Central Belt, South. On sand ........................... Ph. nodicoUis Burm. 5. Psacasta Germ. On Boraginaceae (Lappula, Echium, Anchusa, etc.). In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (2).

Rostellar plates without denticle in the middle. 2nd antennal segment 4-5 times as long as 3rd segment. Larger. (Subgenus Psacasta Germ.). Yellowish to dark brown; dorsum usually more or less densely covered with white sclerotized tubercles. Penis as in Figure 335, 5. 7.5-9.5. In some localities in the southern Crimea, Armenia and western Caucasus occurs a larger subspecies subsp. herculeana Horv. (9.3-10.3). South ....... P. exanthematica Scop. (affinis Reut.). Rostellar plates with pointed denticle in the middle. 2nd antennal segment only 1.5 times as long as 3rd segment, (Subgenus Cryptodontus M.R.). Brownish yellow. Penis as in Figure 335, 6. 4.5-5.5. South ............. P. (C.) neglects H.S. .......................

2 (1).

6.

1 (1).

Promecocoris Put.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

Yellowish or grayish; scutellum often with gray pattern. 6-7. Soviet Central Asia; the record of the species from the southern Urals (Guberlya Mountains) should be confirmed ................. .......................... P. stschurowskyi. Osh. (pictus Jak.).

FIGURE 335. Hemipteca. Family Scutelleridae and Pentaiomidae (after Puchkov, Tamanini and original) 1Odoniotarsus

purpureolinearus, penis; 2 0.

robustus, same; 3Phimodera

lappo-

nica, lateral margin of pronotum; 4Ph.fumosa, same; 5Psacasta exanthemacica, penis; 6P. neglect a, same; 7Eurygaster ausiriacus. head, dorsal; 8Eu. ausiriacus. penis;

of female; 14-Eu. tes dinarius, same; 13Eu 15Neottiglossa pusilla, head, ventral; 16Arrea cusios, same; 17Vilpianus galii, head and part of prothorax. lateral; 18Carpocoris, opening of scent glands and adjacent pan of meiathorax; 19Codophita varia, same.

7. Eurygaster Lap. Yellowish, reddish, brown, often with darker pattern, sometimes black. On Gramineae and sedges; adults sometimes occur also on other plants. The most reliable distinguishing character is the structure of the penis. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 7 species. 1 (2).

2(1). 3 (6). 4 (5).

Genal plates longer than clypeus, situated anterior to clypeus (Figure 335, 7). Scutellum with smooth median carina, without smooth tubercle on anterior corners. Penis with 8 hooks (Figure 335,8). 11-13. In theSouthoftheforestzone, forest-steppe, rarely in the steppe. Injurious to cereals .. *Eu. austriacus Schrk. Genal plates not longer than clypeus and converging anterior to it. Penis with 2-6 hooks (Figure 335, 9,10). Lateral margins of pronotum slightly convex, rounded. Pronotum short, little longer than head. Scutellum with a high, smooth median carina, without smooth tubercles on anterior

PENTATOMIDAE

Penis with 6 hooks (Figure 335, 9). 8.5-10. South, .Eu. dilaticollis Dohrn, Ural Region. Usually in virgin-steppe. Pronotum at least 1.5 times as long as head. Scutellum with indistinct carina and a smooth tubercle near anterior corners; carina punctate in some places. Penis with 4 hooks (Figure 335,10).

corners.

....

5 (4).

6 (3). 7 (8).

8 (7),

10-13 (Figure 338, 1). South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; the record of the species from more northerly regions apparently refers to E u. m aur a. Very injurious to cereals ............... ......................................... *Eu. integriceps Put. Lateral margins of pro no turn straight or slightly concave. Apex of clypeus on one plane with genal plates. Lateral corners of pronotum more or less rounded, not projecting beyond base of hemelytra. Male: penis with 2 hooks (Figure 335, 11). Female: median genital plates reaching lateral margins of notch of abdominal sternum VII (Figure 335. 13). 8-11.5. Central Belt, South. In moderately humid habitats. Injurious to cereals in the south of the forest zone and in the forest-steppe .............. ................................................*Eu. maura L. Apex of clypeus with pubescence ventral to apex of genal plates (in lateral view). Lateral corners of pronotum more or less . pointed and projecting beyond base of hemelytra. Male: penis with 4 hooks (Figure 335, 12). Female: median genital plates not reaching margins of abdominal sternum VII (Figure 335, 14). 8-10.5. Everywhere, except in the North. Hygrophilous, usually on sedge .............................. Eu. testu dinar ius Geoffr. 37.

Family PENTATOMIDAE

Body oval, with tough integument, usually large or medium-sized, usually moderately flattened, rarely markedly flattened or, on the contrary, almost spherical, bare dorsally, rarely slightly pubescent. Head forming a flat or more or less convex shield consisting of clypeus and genal plates; bases of antennae not visible in dorsal view. Hemelytra usually Pl^ normal. Species of subfamily Asopinae predacious; the others are phytophagous. Adults hibernating, rarely nymphs (Pentatoma) or eggs (Picromerus). One generation per year, in some southern species 2 or 3 generations. A large cosmopolitan family, with about 3000 species. 48 genera, about 100 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 70 genera and about 200 species, part of them doubtful. LITERATURE. See Plaiaspidae.

Key to Genera 1 (84). Proboscis not very thick, originating at some distance from labrum which begins immediately near apex of clypeus (Figure 335, 15). 1st segment of proboscis flanked by rostellar plates which are not fused posteriorly. 2 (27). Scutellum reaching apex of abdomen or almost reaching it, rarely (Crypsinus, Asaroticus) covering only about 1/2-4/5 of abdomen; if covering 4/5 of abdomen, hind coxae

with pointed tubercle anteriorly and

body not more than 4.5 long.

(Subfamily Podopinae).

831

3 (26). Pronotum without flattened or spinelike process near anterior corners. Eyes not stalked, slightly projecting. 4 (5). Openings of scent glands not distinct. Genal plates longer than clypeus, but not converging anterior to it. Scutellum with tubercle or tubercle-shaped elevation in the middle. Usually green or yellowish green. (Tribe Tarisini)................... 1. Tarisa, 5 (4). Openings of scent glands distinct. Genal plates (except in some species of Tholagmus) contiguous anterior to clypeus. Scutellum without tubercle. Not green. 6 (15). Anterior margin of prothorax (Figure 335, 17) forming laminate lobes on each side in profile. If the head is normally curved, the lobes reach beyond the posterior margin of the eyes and cover the posterior part of the rostellar plates. Hind coxae (usually also middle coxae) with anterior pointed tubercle. Openings of scent glands lying in depression surrounded by a ridge. (Tribe

Trigonosomatini). (14). Scutellum longer than coriurn, reaching apex of abdomen, rarely (Asaroticus) not reaching apex. 8 (11). Head markedly inclined, almost vertical. Laminate lobes of

7

anterior margin of prothorax without ventral denticle, covering or almost covering base of antennae (Figure 335,17). Scutellum almost as broad as abdomen. 3. Ventocoris. 9 (10). Legs smooth. Rostellar plates without denticle 10 (9). Tibiae and femora with light blunt denticles. Rostellar plates with anterior denticle (Figure 335, 17). Almost spherical......... ....

11 (8).

12 (13). 13 (12).

14 (7). 15 (6).

16 (21).

17 (20).

18 (19).

................................................ 2. Vilpianus. Head moderately inclined. Laminate lobes of anterior margin of pronotum with a ventral denticle or an angular process, not covering base of antennae. Abdomen almost twice as broad as scutellum in the middle; lateral connexivum of abdomen and corium broadly uncovered. Lateral corners of pronotum without notch. Base of abdomen without tubercle ................................ 4. Leprosoma. Lateral corners of pronotum with apical notch. Base of abdomen with anteriorly directed tubercle ................. 5. Asaroticus. Scutellum as long as corium, covering only about half of abdomen; hemelytra almost completely free ................. 6. Crypsinus. Anterior margin of pronotum truncate, without laminate lobes, not reaching beyond posterior margin of eyes and not covering posterior part of rostellar plates. Hind coxae without tubercles. Pronotum and scutellum with one or several longitudinal, more or less high carinae which are lighter than the ground color. (Tribe Ancyrosomatini). Lateral connexivum of abdomen ventrally without longitudinal groove or ridge. Lateral margin of pronotum markedly concave. 1st segment of proboscis not reaching beyond rostellar plates. Lateral corners of pronotum pointed. Prothorax without denticle ... .............................................. 7. Ancyrosoma.

1098

PENTATOMIDAE

19 (18).

Lateral corners of pronotum rounded. Pronotum with denticle anterior to fore coxae ......................... 8. Sternodontus. 20 (17). Lateral connexivum of abdomen ventrally with a deep longitudinal groove flanked by a ridge. Lateral margin of pronotum straight. 1st segment of proboscis longer than rostellar plates .............

9. Tholagmus. 21 (16). Pronotum and scutellum without longitudinal carinae. (Tribe ...............................................

Graphosomatini). 22 (25). Lateral margin of head almost straight. Scutellum slightly convex. 23 (24), Scutellum without smooth tubercle near anterior corners. Red or yellow; head, pronotum and scutellum with black longitudinal stripes ...................................... 10. Graphosoma. 24 (23). Scutellum with smooth, oblique, oblong, ivory-colored tubercle near anterior corners. Coloration different.......... 11. Derula. 25 (22). Lateral margin of head with a deep notch anterior to eye. Scutellum strongly convex ..................... 12. Dybowskyia. Pronotum with flattened, rarely spinelike process near anterior 26 (3). corners (Figure 336, 6, 7). Eyes stalked. (Tribe Podopini) ................................................. 13. Podops. Scutellum covering not more than 2/3 of abdomen. Hind coxae 27 (2). without anterior pointed tubercle. Usually more than 4.5 long. (Subfamily Pentatorninae). 28 (35). Sides of pronotum expanded into a thin broad plate. Mesothorax with a longitudinal groove. (Tribe Sciocorini). 29 (34). Head broader than base of scutellum or as broad as this. Pronotum without denticle near anterior corners. Lateral margin of pronotum more or less uniformly punctate, rarely scarcely punctate. Body markedly flattened. 30 (31). Anterior margin of head and lateral margins of pronotum with a row of short setae ............................ 14. Menaccarus. 31 (30). Margin of head and pronotum without setae. 32 (33). Scutellum semicircular. Hemelytra almost always shortened, with rudimentary membrane, not longer than scutellum ........... ............................................. 15. Masthletinus. 33 (32). Scutellum almost triangular, with rounded apex. Hemelytra always with fully developed membrane, longer than scutellum ............................................... 16. Sciocoris. 34 (29). Head narrower than base of scutellum. Pronotum with denticle near anterior corners. Lateral margin of pronotum light in anterior half, with isolated dots, dark in posterior half, very densely dotted................................. 17. Dyroderes. 35 (28). Sides of pronotum blunt or pointed, but not expanded into plate. Head narrower than base of scutellum. Body more or less convex. 832 36 (39). Mesothorax with deep longitudinal notch between coxae. Anterior margin of prothorax prolonged anteriorly into a narrow plate (in lateral and ventral view), usually reaching middle of eye. Head triangular, strongly convex, strongly curved from base to apex. (Tribe Aeliini). 37 (38). Head longer than broad or little shorter than broad. Pronotum with a transverse depression and 3 longitudinal smooth carinae. 2nd antennal segment not reaching apex of head .......... 18. Aelia. .......

.....

SMINTHURIDAE

19 (20). Seta of tibiotarsal organ of hind legs leaf-shaped proximally (Figure 41, 4). Mucro as in Figure 42, 2. 0.3 S. malmgreni Tullb. ......................................... 20 (19). Seta of tibiotarsal organ not leaflike expanded. 21 (22). Mucro broad, about half as wide as long (Figure 17, 2). Antennae as in Figure 42, 5. 0.5 ...................... S. aquaticus Bourl. 22 (21). Mucro narrower, markedly less than half as wide as long. 23 (24). Terminal seta of empodial appendage short, not reaching beyond apex of claw. Dorsum with cross-shaped pattern. 0.25. ...................

.....

S. cruciatus Axels. 24 (23). Terminal filament of empodial appendage of all legs markedly longer than claw. S, pseudassimilis Stach. 25 (26). Mucro as in Figure 43, 12. 0.2-0.5 26 (25). Mucro not as in Figure 43, 14 S. assimilis Krausb. ...........................................

......

..............

Sphaeridia Linnan. Closely related to Sminthurides and Differing from them in the absence of tibiotarsal organ. Mucro narrowed sharply apically, without dorsalplate, trough-shaped, with denticles on inner margin. One species in Europe and the U.S.S.R. 3.

Stenacidia.

1 (1).

0.2-0.5. Color yellowish gray to reddish. soils. Karelia to Ukraine

Mainly on meadow S. pumilis Krausb.

...................

4. Arrhopalites Born. European species with 1 ocellus on each side of head. 4th antennal segment divided into 5 or 6 secondary segments. Antennae of male of ordinary structure. Dens with spines. Female with a pair of anal appendages. Often without pigment. 26 species in Europe, many of them cave-dwellers. 4 species.

1 (2).

Ventral side of dens with a subapical spine (Figure 43, 1). Abdominal segment VI with 4+4 short spines between long, thick setae (Figure 43, 2). Anal appendages of female as in Figure 43, 5. Mucro with spherical apex. Under stones, bark, sometimes in caves, very common in houses, e.g., in flower pots; also on potatoes in stores. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ............................................. A. caecus Tullb. Ventral side of dens without spines; spines on outer and inner sides of dens. Abdominal segment VI without spines. Mucro not spherical apically. 4th antennal segment divided into 6 parts. Terminal filament of empodial appendage of all legs nearly reaching apex of claw. Anal appendages of female divided into numerous branches (Figure 4-3, 3). In forest litter. Forest-steppe. Eastern A. principalis Stach. Carpathians 4th antennal segment divided into 5 parts. Terminal filament of empodial appendage of all legs reaching apex of claws. Anal appendages of female not divided or divided only into 2 or 3 ...........

2 (1).

3 (4).

.............................

4 (3).

branches. 5 (6).

Anal appendages of female simple, digitiform, not branched, denticulate on one or both sides to half their length. North,

Northwest, Center 6 (5).

.......................

A. pygmaeus Wankel.

Anal appendages of female divided into 2, rarely 3 branches, their sides coarsely denticulate; denticles sometimes present A. bifidus Stach. only at one margin. Eastern Carpathians .......

38 (37). Head markedly shorter than broad. Pronotum without transverse depression and with a smooth carina. 2nd antennal segment reaching beyond apex of head ...................... 19. Neottiglossa. 39 (36). Mesothorax more or less flat in the middle, with a longitudinal carina. Prothorax not prolonged into a plate or (Stari a) prolonged into a plate only anterior to fore coxae. Head more or less horizontal. 40 (77). Openings of scent glands distinct; area around them dull and

rugose. 41 (68). Base of abdomen without anteriorly directed tubercle or spine in the middle. 42 (45). Head rectangular anterior to eyes. Openings of scent glands usually not continuing outward as a groove. Anterior corners of scutellum with smooth light tubercle, or base of scutellum with bronze-black spot. Not more than 8.0 long; markedly convex. (Tribe Eysarcorini = Stolliini). 43 (44). Pronotum between its posterior corners slightly broader than base of scutellum. Venter of abdomen, head and pronotum completely light. Head bare ...................... 20. Stagonomus. 44 (43). Pronotum posteriorly as broad as scutellum. Venter of abdomen, head and spot near anterior corners of pronotum completely or in its greater part bronze-black. Head with very short pubescence ..... .............................................. 21. Eysarcoris. 45 (42). Head anterior to eyes triangular, trapezoidal or rounded. Openings of scent glands often continuing outward as a groove. Anterior corners of scutellum sometimes with light, smooth flat area (Start a, Chroantha). (Tribe Carpocorini). 46 (47). Anterior margin of prothorax with small laminate lobes anterior to fore coxae; lobes situated at sides of proboscis. Head with numerous long hairs; pronotum and scutellum with a few hairs 23. Staria. 47 (46). Prothorax without such lobes. 48 (49). Genal plates converging anterior to clypeus, but not contiguous, so that a thin slit remains between them. Head and a spot near anterior corners of pronotum bronze-black ........ 22. Rubiconia. 49 (48). Genal plates usually not converging anterior to clypeus, but if they converge (Holcostethus, Nezara), they are contiguous, and do not leave a slit between them. Head not bronze-black. 50 (53). Base of scutellum with a large smooth, white, flat area in the anterior corners and usually with a 3rd flat area between the 2 anterior areas. Head bare dorsally. 51 (52). Clypeus free anteriorly, not narrowing apically. Corium with a median oblique stripe of irregular, smooth, light spots. Head at least slightly convex between eyes ................ 24. Chroantha. 52 (51). Clypeus pointed, covered by genal plates anteriorly. Corium uniformly punctate. Head flat or concave between eyes ........... 25. Brachynema. .--..................-............. 53 (50). Base of scutellum without such flat areas; if indistinct flat areas are present (Dolycoris), head dorsally pubescent. ....

..................................................

PENTATOMIDAE

54 (59). Color greent. Prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax without black dot outside of the coxae. Lateral connexivum of abdomen uniformly light. 55 (58). Body broad, rounded. Openings of scent glands continuing into a long groove on a ridge which is gradually descending outward or at least not rising. 56 (57). Apex of clypeus pointed, covered or almost covered anteriorly by genal plates. Dorsum with very fine black punctation, of uniform color. Venter often yellowish 31. Palomena. 57 (56). Apex of clypeus blunt, free. Dorsum usually with light dots. Apex of scutellum, lateral margins of pronotum, basis of hemelytra and basis of lateral connexivum of abdomen white, not punctate. Venter green ..................................... 32. Pitedia. 58 (55). Body more or less oblong. Openings of scent glands continued in a groove on a short elevation which is turned up and truncate laterally. Apex of clypeus covered anteriorly. Scutellum with ............

long, narrow apex............................ 25. Brachynema. 833 59 (54). Body not green, rarely yellowish green (Antheminia lunulata), but in this case small, rounded. Pro-, meso- and metathorax with black dot outside of the coxae. Lateral connexivum of abdomen usually with black spots or transverse stripes. 60 (61). 2nd antennal segment not longer than 3rd segment or little longer .... ............................................ 30. Holcostethus, 61 (60). 2nd antennal segment much longer than 3rd segment, usually almost twice as long. 62 (63). Openings of scent glands continued in a long groove on an outwarddescending ridge (Figure 335,18)................ 29. Carpocoris. 63 (62). Openings of scent glands with a very short groove (Figure 335, 19). 64 (65). 3rd to 5th antennal segments black, with white base. Head, pronotum and scutellum with vertical hairs ........ 26. Dolycoris. 65 (64). 3rd to 5th antennal segments uniformly black or light, rarely black with brownish rust-colored base. Body bare dorsally, rarely (Antheminia varicornis) pubescent. 66 (67). Whole lateral margins of pronotum with a sharp edge. Genital segment of male without dense, curved groups of hairs at the posterior corners ............................ 27. Antheminia. 67 (66). Lateral margins of pronotum blunt anteriorly, callous. Posterior corners of genital segment of male with dense, curved groups of hairs .......................................... 28. CodophUa. 68 (41). Base of abdomen with anteriorly directed tubercle in the middle or with a spine between the hind coxae. (Tribe Pentatomini). 69 (74). Base of abdomen with a tubercle which does not reach anteriorly

beyond the hind coxae. 70 (73). Lateral corners of pronotum rounded, not flattened, slightly projecting. Lateral connexivum of abdomen dorsally uniformly light, ventrally with a black dot in the posterior corner of each segment. Light green, rarely reddish.

t

Some specimens (especially of ihe autumn and after hibernation.

genus Pitedia) may become

reddish, brown or a ImosE black ii

71 (72). Openings of scent glands shorter, not reaching beyond middle of sides of metathorax. Ventral side of head with black dot anterior to eye. Abdomen rooflike ventrally, with a white crest........... ................................................. 37. Nezara. 72 (71), Openings of scent glands continued in a long groove which almost reaches the posterior corners of the mesothorax. Ventral side of head without black dot anterior to eye. Abdomen not rooflike ventrally. ................................... 38. Acrosternum. 73 (70). The lateral corners of pronotum form large flattened lobes which project markedly beyond the base of the hemelytra (Figure 340, 3). Dorsum of lateral connexivum of abdomen with light and black transverse stripes ............................. 41. Pentatoma. 74 (69). Base of abdomen with a pointed spine which reaches anteriorly beyond the middle coxae. 75 (76). Dorsal part of abdominal connexivum with light and black transverse stripes. Antennae black, with white rings ................. ............................................ 40. Rhaphigaster. 76 (75). Connexivum completely light. Antennae light, usually rustcolored ....................................... 39, Piezodorus. 77 (40). Openings of scent glands very small, close to coxae, hardly visible or invisible, not surrounded by a rugose flat area. (Tribe Eury-

demini). 78 (83). Scutellum triangular. Hemelytra always normal. 79 (82). Anterior margin of pronotum with a smooth stripe without punctation or with a low thin ridge. 80 (81). Genal plates longer than clypeus, converging anterior to its apex. Anterior margin of pronotum with a thin smooth ridge posteriorly flanked by a row of dots ......................... 33. Eurydema. 81 (80). Genal plates slightly shorter than clypeus, partly covering its lateral margins, but leaving its apex free. Anterior margin of pronotum with a broad, not punctate stripe. Eyes more or less

stalked ......................................... 34. Bagrada. 82 (79). Anterior margin of pronotum densely and uniformly punctate throughout ...................................... 35. Capnoda. 83 (78). Scutellum semicircular. Hemelytra usually shortened, without membrane, not longer than Scutellum; hemelytra rarely normal. .......................................... 36. Trochiscocoris. 84 (1). Proboscis (especially its first segments) very thick; base of proboscis close to labrum, posteriorly surrounded by the fused rostellar plates (Figure 335, 16). (Subfamily Asopinae). 85 (94). Lateral margins of pronotum sharp anteriorly in profile, with fine denticles or rugose (in dorsal view); lateral corners of pronotum projecting beyond base of hemelytra. 86 (89). Fore femora with subapical denticle. Base of abdomen with a ventral anteriorly directed tubercle. 87 (88). Fore tibiae expanded outward in form of plates. Apex of clypeus covered by genal plates anteriorly. Lateral corners of pronotum pointed-rounded ................................ 43. Pinthaeus. 88 (87). Fore tibiae simple. Apex of clypeus free. Lateral corners of pronotum long, pointed ........................ 42. Picromerus. ..

PENTATOMIDAE

89 (86). 334 90 (91).

Fore femora without denticle. Base of abdomen ventrally with a short anteriorly directed spine. Lateral corners of pronotum flattened, ear-shaped 45. Troilus. Base of abdomen without spine. Lateral corners of pronotum pointed, not flattened. 2nd antennal segment almost 3 times as long as 3rd segment. 44. Arma. Body relatively flat. Tibiae completely yellow. 2nd antennal segment almost as long as 3rd segment. Body convex. Tibiae yellow in the middle, black at both ends .......... ........................................... 46. Rhacognathus. Lateral margins of pronotum blunt, smooth, without denticles; lateral corners of pronotum rounded, not projecting beyond base of hemelytra. Fore femora with denticle; tibiae with a deep ventral groove. Base of pronotum broader than base of scutellum. Without metallic sheen ..................................... 47. Jalla. Fore femora without denticle; tibiae without groove. Base of pronotum not broader than base of scutellum. With blue or green metallic sheen ................................... 48. Zicrona. .

91 (90). 92 (93).

.

.

........

93 (92).

94 (85).

95 (96).

96 (95).

Keys to Species of Family Pentatomidae

Subfamily PODOPINAE (Graphosomatinae) 1.

Tarisa A.S.

On Chenopodiaceae. 1 (6). 2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (5).

Rounded, usually green. On solonetz and saline soils. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.

Scutellum with a high tubercle in the middle and sloping anteriorly and posterior ly inprofile, markedly raised above pronotum. Anterior corners of scutellum without small, smooth, whitish elevation. Hooks of penis short, broad (Figure 336, 1). 3-1-4. Southeast. On Anabasis aphylla ...........T. elevata Reut. Anterior corners of scutellum usually with a small, smooth, sloping whitish elevation, sometimes v/ithout such an elevation, Hooks of penis narrow. Hooks of penis apically curved (Figure 336, 2). Pronotum often T. virescens H.-S. with 1-3 white lines. 3.3-4.5. Dagestan Hooks of penis uniformly curved from middle (Figure 336, 3). Dorsum sometimes with several brownish or reddish spots. 3.4-4. Southeast, Kazakhstan. On Anabasis salsa.......... T. salsae Kerzh., sp.n. Scutellum without tubercle but with an elevation sloping posteriorly and raised above pronotum. On Suaeda, Petrosimonia, etc.). Head as long as breadth of vertex and one eye, convex. Rostellar plates almost rectangular posteriorly. 4.3-5.7. South, except in the Southwest ............................... T. pallescens Jak. Head longer than breadth of vertex and one eye, less convex. Posterior corners of rostellar plates broadly triangular-rounded. Pronotum less raised. Shorter, less tapering posteriorly. 3.8-4.8. Crimea, Southeast.......................... T. fraudatrix Horv. .......

5 (4).

.......................................

6 (1).

7 (8).

8 (7).

HEMIPTERA

2. 1 (1).

Vilpianus Stal. Light brown.

Monotypic genus.

3-4.

South.

On Galium, Asperula ........... V. gain Wolff.

................................................

3. Ventocoris Hahn (Trigonosoma Lap.). Body more or less triangular, markedly convex ventrally. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 15 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Lateral margins of pronotum almost straight. Scutellum, hemelytra, posterior half of pronotum, genital segment of male and genital sclerites of female and rarely anterior part of pronotum and head, dark brown; venter, legs and usually anterior part of body yellow. (Subgenus Ventocoris Hahn.). 7-8.7. South, except in the Southeast. On Nigella spp. (Ranunculaceae) .............................. V. trigonus Kryn. Head almost as long as broad. Lateral margins of pronotum Head broader than long.

Color more or less uniform. (Subgenus Selenodera On Cruciferae. Dorsal part of lateral connexivum of abdomen light; ventral part with a small tubercle on posterior corner of each segment. Uniformly light ocher. 5.8-7.3. Crimea. On Aly s sum spp. ....................................... V. (S.) philalyssum Kir. Dorsal part of connexivum and adjacent part of hemelytra black or crimson-brown. Segments of connexivum without ventral tubercle. Anterior margin of scutellum usually with a smooth whitish spot on each side. Yellowish gray or brownish gray; pronotum with a light stripe between lateral comers. 6.5-7. South, except in the Southwest, -Bashkiria. On Descurania sophia, etc. ............................ V. (S.) halophilus Jak.

notched.

Horv.).

3 (4).

......

4 (3).

4.

brown. 1 (2).

2 (I).

Leprosoma Bar. 2 species.

Flattened, almost square. Dirty yellow or In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 3 species.

Pronotum with a transverse elevation between lateral corners. Connexivum of abdomen smooth, punctate. Posterior corners of abdominal segments not projecting or only slightly. 5-6. South. On Alyssum spp. (Cruciferae)-.-. L. inconspicuum Bar. Pronotum with several sinuous ridges between lateral corners. Connexivum with transverse, usually porous ridges. Lateral corners of pronotum and posterior corners of abdominal segments usually markedly projecting. 5-6.3. Southeast.................. .......................................... L. tuberculatum Jak.

5. Asaroticus Jak. Pronotum and anterior corners of scutellum with tubercles. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (1). 6.

1 (1).

Brownish. 3.7-4.5. Southeast. On solonetz soils ............... ............................................... A. solskyi Jak.

Crypsinus Dohrn.

Monotypic genus.

Rounded, flattened. Dirty yellowish, usually with diffuse gray or black pattern. Anterior corners of scutellum with a white smooth tubercle. 3.3-4.5. South. Usually on saline soils, on Lepidium ruder ale and other Cruciferae .C. angustatus Bar. .

835

.

PENTATOMEDAE

7.

I (1).

Ancyrosoma A.S. In

the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Dirty yellow to light brown. 6-7. South. On Umbelliferae (Or lay a, To ryli s). ..................A. leucogrammes Gmel.

8. Sternodontus M.R. Grayish, yellowish or In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

2 (X).

11.

1 (1).

12. 1 (1).

Body oblong-oval. 1 species.

In the whole

Yellow to orange-brown. 5.5-7. South. On Trinia, Ferula and other Umbelliferae ...................... Th. flavolineatus F.

10. Graphosoma Lap. U.S.S.R. 5 species.

1 (2).

2 species.

Pronotum without white tubercle or with a very small tubercle on each side of median carina, posterior to flat areas. Anterolateral margin ofparamere straight (Figure 336, 4). 6-7. Crimea. On Trinia henningii.....S. obtusus M.R. (debilicostis Put.). Pronotum with a small white tubercle on each side of median carina posterior to smooth flat areas. Anterior lateral margin of paramere slightly concave (Figure 336, 5). 5.5-6.5. Southeast.. ............................................. S. binodulus Jak.

9. Tholagmus Stal. U.S.S.R. 3 or 4 species. 1 (1),

rust-brown,

On Umbelliferae.

2 species.

In the whole

Lateral connexivum of abdomen of uniform color. Lateral margins of scutellum light. 10.5-13. Crimea, Caucasus, Southwest (?)... ........................................... G. semipunctatum F. Connexivum with black transverse stripes. Lateral margins of scutellum black. 9.5-11. Central Belt, South- .................. .............................. G, lineatum L. (italicum Mull.). Derula M.R.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Brownish, with diffuse pattern. Connexivum with black transverse stripes. 5-6. Southwest, Crimea, Caucasus, On Galium, Umbelliferae, etc. ........................ D. flavoguttata M.R. Dybowskyia Jak.

Monotypic genus.

Light brown to almost black.

4.5-5.5.

Forest zone. Rare D. reticulata Dall. .......

............................................

13. Podops Lap. Oblong-oval. Dorsum dark brown; venter, head and usually anterior part of pronotum, black. In the U.S.S.R. 6 species. P. gemellata Horv. (Western Caucasus) and P. rectidens Horv. (Dagestan), both closely related to P. incerta Horv., are not included. 836

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

Genal plates about as long as clypeus, not converging anterior to apex of clypeus. Proboscis reaching hind coxae. (Subgenus Podops Lap.). Processes of anterior corners of pronotum widened apically, ax-shaped (Figure 336, 6). 5.5-6.5. Central Belt, South. In meadows under plants; polyphagous ................ P. inuncta F. Processes of anterior corners of pronotum not widened, tongueshaped (Figure 336, 7). 5.7-6.5. Crimea ..... .P. retowskii Horv.

.

4 (1).

5 (6),

6 (5).

Genal plates longer than clypeus, converging anterior to apexProboscis reaching middle coxae. (Subgenus Opocrates Horv-). Process near anterior corners of pronotum flattened, rectangular. 6-7.7. South.. except in the Southeast. In marshy habitats ........ ..........................................P. (0.)incerta Horv. Process near anterior corners of pronotum pointed, spinelike. 6.4-6.8, Lower Volga ................. P. (0.) annulicornis Jak.

,

^

Subfamily PENTATOMINAE 14.

Menaccarus A.S.

Dirty yellow or light brown.

2 species.

In the

U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

15. 1 (1).

1st segment of hind tarsi as long as 2nd and 3rd segments together. Lateral margin of hemelytra without hairs. Antennae with short pubescence. 5-7. Central Belt, South. On sand. Polyphagous ............................. M. arenicola Scholtz. 1st segment of hind tarsi twice as long as 2nd and 3rd segments together. Lateral margin of hemelytra with long hairs in anterior half. Antennae with long vertical hairs. 5-6. Southeast. In sand deserts .................... M, ovalis Put. (deserticola Jak.).

Masthletinus Reut.

Brown.

Monotypic genus.

Ural River (village of Petrov), North Kazakhstan, Siberia ...................................M. abbreviatus Reut.

4.8-7.

16. Sciocoris Fall. Usually on the ground under plants. 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 15-20 species.

1 (6).

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (5).

5 (4),

Head with a deep notch anterior to eyes; eyes small, stalked, usually completely projecting beyond lateral margin of head. Male: posterior margin of genital segment with rounded notches proximal to apical corners, without long process in the middle (as in Figure 336, 8). Female: posterior margin of anterior genital plate convex; outer margin of middle plate straight (as in Figure 336,9). Head longer than broad between eyes. Posterior outer corner of corium distinct, straight or pointed. Yellowish gray. 5.3-7. Northwest, Center, South. On Knautia. Scabio sa ........... ....................................... S. macrocephalus Fieb. Head as long as broad between eyes. Posterior outer corner of corium blunt, rounded. Usually brown, Distance between apex of clypeus and line connecting anterior margin of eyes almost twice distance between apex of head and apex of clypeus. Genitalia as in Figure 336, 8,9. Usually-smrall: 4.3-6, rarely up to 7. Forest zone, Caucasus, lower reaches of the Dnieper ............................. S. roicrophthalmus Fl. Distance between apex of clypeus and line connecting anterior margin of eyes almost the same as distance between apex of head and apex of clypeus. 6.5-8. Central Belt, South. Usually in forests and shrub thickets ................ S. homalonotus Pieb-

1106

;

\

PENTATOMIDAE

6 (1).

Lateral margin of head usually with a shallow concavity anterior to eyes. Eyes not stalked, their inner margin not projecting beyond lateral margin of head. Male: posterior margin of genital segment without notches proximal to apical corners, with a more or less long and tapering process in the middle (as in Figure 336, 10). Female: posterior margin of anterior genital plate usually straight; outer margin of middle plate usually convex (as in Figure 336, 11). Mesothorax with large white inward-directed tubercle on each 7 (8). side anterior to middle coxae. Abdomen completely light, usually covered with pale dots. Usually ocher-yellow. Anterior corners of scutellum with a black depressed spot. 5-6. South. In the steppe ....................................... S. sulcatus Fieb. 8 (7). Mesothorax without such tubercles or with minute tubercles. Abdomen usually with black spots or dark brown. 9 (10). Eyes completely sunken into head. not projecting beyond its lateral margins. Head semicircular, 1.5 times as broad as long. Grayish or yellowish; venter of abdomen with black spots. 6-7. South. Polyphagous ...................... S. deltocephalus Fieb. 10 (9). Eyes markedly projecting beyond lateral margins of head. Head often slightly pointed anteriorly, 1/3 broader than long. 837 11 (12). Abdomen ventrally dark brown, without pattern of black spots and stripes. Yellowish brown or rust-brown. 4.5-6.5. Forest zone, forest-steppe ............................... S. umbrinus Wolff. 12 (11). Abdomen yellowish ventrally, with a black spot on abdominal segment VII and usually with 2 black longitudinal stripes anterior to the black spot. Usually grayish.

/\/K^^8^

<-^__)<-)^?

^TTT^ ^~7^~7

HEMIPTERA

13 (14).

Black stripes

narrow, close together. Punctation of inner part of corium lighter and more sparse than on outer part. Punctation on lateral margins of proriotum like that on disk of

pronotum.

on abdomen

5.5-7.

Central Belt, South.

On Graroineae

............................................

14 (13).

f

’

^i. ’

..........

S. distinctus Fieb.

Black stripes on abdomen widely separated, rarely widened inward or fused into a semicircular spot. Corium uniformly punctate with black dots. Lateral margins oi pronotum usually with sparse, mainly light dots. Genitalia as in Figure 336, 10,11. 4.7-6. S. cursitans F, Central Belt, South. Polyphagous ................

17. 1 (1).

18. Whitish

neae. 1 (12).

2 (7).

3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6).

338 6 (5).

Dyroderes Spin.

Monotypic genus.

Dorsum rust-brown; anterior corners of pronotum and apex of scutellum white, rarely punctate; venter, legs, antennae and connexivum light, with black spots or stripes. 6.3-8. South, On Galium ............................... D. umbraculatus F. Aelia F. Convex, oblong, narrower posteriorly and anteriorly. yellow, often with grayish or black longitudinal stripes. On Grami7 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 15 species. Abdomen light ventrally or with stripes of black dots. Abdominal spiracles not surrounded by dark spots. Corium completely or almost completely light. Rostellar plates either with a median denticle or with a sharp corner posterior to notch (Figure 336, 13). Posterior margin of genital segment of male with a notch. Median part of hind femora ventrally with 2 more or less large black, subapical dots (Figure 336, 15). Genital segment of male with a deep notch (Figure 336, 16). 7-10 (Figure 338. 2). Everywhere, except in the North. Sometimes injurious to cereals in the forest zone .............................. *Ae. acwninata L. Femora without black dots. Genital segment with a shallow notch. Genital segment of male with a rounded notch. Head in dorsal view slightly shorter than broad, its apex usually with deep notches anteriorly and laterally; rostellar plates markedly inflated anteriorly. Very shiny; corium with a black line at inner margin of radial vein. 6.5-8.5. Everywhere, except in the North .......... ............................................... Ae. klugi Hahn. Genital segment of male with an angular notch. Head slightly longer than broad, its apex with shallow notches; rostellar plates little widened anteriorly. Dull; corium often without a black line or with a brownish line. 8.5-11. South. Rare in the European U.S.S.R. Injurious to cereals in Kazakhstan. *Ae. sibirica Reut. Rostellar plates with a denticle or angular process in the middle (Figure 336, 12,14). Posterior margin of genital segment of male with 3 notches (Figure 336, 17-19). Genital segment of male with 2 denticles close together anterior to median notch (Figure 336, 17). Genal plates usually widened in form of funnel anterior to clypeus (Figure 336, 20); rostellar plates not elevated in the middle. 9-10.5. South, except in the Southwest. Injurious to cereals in the Volga Region and Soviet Central Asia ................................ *Ae. furcula Fieb. ..

7 (2).

8 (9).

1108

l

PENTATOMIDAE i

j

i

/

Genital segment of male without denticles (Figure 336, 18.19). Genital segment of male with deep median notch (Figure 336, 18). Genal plates slightly widened or at least not narrowing anteriorly (Figure 336, 21). Rostellar plates dorsally convex in the middle (at level of denticle) (Figure 336, 14). 10-12.5. Ciscaucasia. ............................ Ae. melanota Fieb. (obtu sa Fieb.). 11 (10). Genital segment of male with more or less rounded median notch (Figure 336, 19). Genal plates not widened anterior to clypeus,

9 (8). 10 (11).

.....

;

12 (1).

corium, except its veins, dark brown. 8.5-10.5. Crimea, Caucasus .................................... Ae. virgata Klug.

19. Neottiglossa Kby. Short-oval, usually dirty yellowish dorsally. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (2).

or

brownish

Corium distinctly shorter than scutellum. Abdomen completely light, ventrally. 5-6. South. On Poa and other Gramineae ...... N. leporina H.-S, Corium as long as scutellum. Venter of abdomen black, with a

.............................................

3 (4).

4 (3).

20. 1 (4).

2 (3).

bronze tinge. Dorsal part of connexivum black inwardly, outwardly with a thin light line. Venter of abdomen completely black. 4.8-6. Everywhere, except in the North; rarer in the South. On sedges and Gramineae, usually in humid habitats ............ N. pusilla Gmel. Connexivum with a black and light triangular spot on each segment. Venter of abdomen black in the middle, laterally light, with dense dark dots. Anterior corners of scutellum with a large smooth tubercle. 4.8-5.7. Crimea, Caucasus ........ N. lineolata M.R.

Stagonomus Gski. In the U.S.S.R. 3 species. 3rd and 4th antennal segments yellow, brownish or dark brown. Scutellum usually with a black spot near white posterior margin. Apex of abdomen of female not prolonged. Genital segment of male with concave posterior margin (Figure 337, 1). (Subgenus Dalleria M.R.). Dorsum usually slightly reddish. Connexivum, pronotum and corium usually with coarser and darker dots. 4.5-6. Central Belt, South. On Labiatae (Ajuga, Scute lla ria), Veronica, .3. (D.) pusillus H.-S.t etc. ................................ Usually uniformly grayish yellow, with fine, often colorless punctation. 4.5-6. South ................. S. (D.) bipunctatus L. 3rd and 4th antennal segments black. Scutellum without black spot near white posterior margin. Apex of abdomen of female conical, prolonged. Genital segment of male with angular notch. (Figure 337, 2), (Subgenus Stagonomus Gski.). Dorsum S. amoenus Brulle. crimson-red. 5.8-8. South. On Salvia .

3(2). .

4 (1).

.

.

t This species

is

possibly only

a

form of S, bipunctatus.

1109

.,

.

2 (1).

.

’

usually slightly narrowing (Figure 336, 22). Rostellar plates not convex in the middle (Figure 336, 12). 9.5-11. Central Belt, South. Injurious to cereals in the South ........ ^Ae. rostrata Boh. Abdomen with 6 rows of dark spots or dark stripes. Abdominal spiracles surrounded by dark brown spots. All inner part of

5. Sminthurinus Born. Ocelli 8. Antennae of both sexes of normal Mucro narrow, trough-shaped, with smooth or denticulate dorsal margins. Abdominal segment V either separated from IV (group niger; Figure 43,6} or fused dorsally with IV (group aureus; Figure 43,6). Anal appendages of female curved and divided into several branches (Figure 43, 4). 6-7 species. structure,

1 (4). 2 (3).

Abdomen with a rounded light-colored spot on each side on a dark background. Spots present on abdominal segments I to IV (Figure 44, 7). Color brown or blue-black; legs, greater part of head, proximal antenna! segments and distal part of body light-colored. Both margins of mucro denticulate. Abdominal segment V separated from IV. In houses and hothouses in Europe. Forest-steppe (?) S. trinotatus Axels. .......................................... .

FIGURE 43.

3A.

Podura.

Family Sminitlucidae (after Gisin and Siach)

principalis, female, anal appendages; 4Sminihurinus niger, female. rrhopaliies caecus, female, same; 6SminEhurinus, end of

same; 5A

abdomen (agroup

niger, bgroup aureus); 7Sminihurus marginaius, female, anal appendages; 8Deuierosminthurus bicincius, apical part of

lalappendage; 10Bo horiensis, female, same; 31Sminihurides penicilli fer. 12S. pseuda ssim i! is, same: 13Sminihurus marginaius 14-Sminihurides assimilis. same.

.

21. Eysarcoris Hahn (Stollia auct., nee Ellenr.). Dorsum yellowish gray; head and spot near anterior corners of pronotum completely or in its greater part bronze-black. In the U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

839

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

22. 1 (1).

23.

1 (1).

24.

1 (1).

Base of scutellum with a large semicircular or triangular black spot with metallic sheen; smooth flat areas on anterior corners of scutellum not well marked. Venter of abdomen almost cornpletely bronze-black. 5-6. South, Center. U sually on Labiatae .... .............................................. E. fabricU Kirk. (ve nu sti s simus Schrk., m e lanoc ephalus F.). Scutellura completely light, with distinct smooth flat areas on anterior corners. Sides of abdomen usually with broader part light. Lateral corners of pronotum pointed, markedly projecting beyond lateral margin of hemelytra. Smooth flat areas on anterior corners of scutellum oblong, larger than an eye in dorsal view. 5-6. Everywhere, except in the North. In humid habitats, usually on Labiatae ...................................... E. aeneus Scop. Lateral corners of pronotum rounded, not projecting beyond base of hemelytra or slightly projecting. Smooth flat areas on anterior corners of scutellum small, rounded, smaller than an eye. 5-6. South.................................... E. inconspicuus H.-S, Rubiconia Dohrn.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Brown; head and a spot near anterior corner of pronotum bronzeblack; venter, legs and usually posterior margin of SGutelluro, yellowish. 5-8.3. Everywhere, except in the North and extreme South. In forests, usually on Gramineae ..... R. intermedia Wolff. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species,

Staria Dohrn.

Dorsum dirty gray or brown; venter, legs and posterior margin of scutellum light, 6.5-7.5. On Labiatae. Compositae, etc, ...... ............................................... S. lunata Hahn. Chroantha Stal.

Monotypic genus.

Venter usually green; dorsum black, brownish or green. 9-12. Dagestan ................................... Ch. ornatula H.-S.

25. Brachynema M.R. Lateral margin of pronotum and of base of corium, and apex of scutellum, white. In deserts and on solonetz soils. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (2).

Head depressed in the middle. Base of scutellum usually with 3 large, smooth, white spots; a similar spot is often present near the anterior margin of the

pronotum.

Green; hibernating

specimens often brown or with black stripes on connexivum. 9-11.5. Dagestan. On Sal sola soils. ....... B. signatum Jak. Head flat. Base of scutellum without white spots. Always yellowish green or pale green; dorsum of connexivum light. 10.5-13.5. Dagestan, Khoper River, Southeast .

2(1).

.

..................

.............

B. germari Kol. (virens Klug, melanotum Jak.).

i

\.i-

.

i.

j

PENTATOMIDAE

26.

Dolycoris M.R. Polyphagous.

1 species. 1 (1).

1 or 2 generations per

year.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Dorsum reddish gray to red-brown; apex of scutellum and venter of body whitish. 9.5-12. Everywhere, except in the North ............................................. *D. baccarum L. .......

27. 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (6).

4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (3).

840

28. 1 (1).

Antheminia M.R.

4 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.

Head, pronotum and scutellurn densely covered with short hairs which are easily rubbed off. Posterior margin of abdominal sterna usually with a black spot in the middle. Reddish brown; head, pronotuni and scutellum usually with dark and yellowish longitudinal stripes; venter yellowish; dorsal part of connexivum with black transverse stripes. 8.5-10.5. South. On Bolbosc hoenus ................................. A. varicornis Jak. Body bare dorsally or with isolated hairs. Abdominal sterna without black spots in the middle. Dorsum usually greenish or greenish yellow; hemelytra sometimes or always reddish; venter

yellowish. Male: posterior margin of genital segment (Figure 337, 3) with a shallow notch near apical corners. Female: anterior genital plates usually markedly convex. Femora without black ventral dot. Hemelytra usually brownish red. Dorsal part of connexivum usually with black transverse stripes; ventral part of connexivum usually completely light. 9-11. Northwest, Siberia. In marshy habitats, on willow and dwarf birch ............................. ............................ .A. aliena Reut. (laticollis Jak.). Hemelytra greenish or pale reddish. Dorsal part of connexivum almost always light; ventral part of connexivum with black spot on posterior corners of each segment. 7.5-9.5. Southeast. In semideserts and deserts, on various herbs and grasses .......... ................................................. A. pusio Kol. Male: posterior margin of genital segment (Figure 337, 4) with a deep rounded notch near apical corners. Female: anterior genital plates flat. Femora usually with a small black dot ventrally. Resembling A. pusio, but black spots on segments of connexivum (if present) almost equally developed on anterior and posterior corners, on ventral side much finer and usually absent; scutellum shorter. 7-9. Forest-steppe, steppe. Nymphs usually on Euphorbia; adults polyphagous ................ A. lunulata Gz.

Codophila M.R.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Dorsum more or less red; head, anterior part of pronotum, base of scutellum and connexivum yellowish, with black spots or stripes; apex of scutellum and venter of body yellowish. 9-14. South. Polyphagous ............................... C. varia F.

FIGURE 337. Hemiptera. Family Pentatomidae (after Puchkov, Tamanini and original)

1Siagonomus

pusillus, genital segment; 2S.

amoenus, same; 3Antheminia

pusio,

same; 4-A. lunulata, same; 5-8-Carpocoris purpureipennis: 5-genital segment of male; 6posterior margin of genital segment with parameres; 7,8lateral view ofparamere, variations

(cpcrest ofparamere); 9-11 C. fuscispinus: 9genital segment of male; 10posterior margin of genital segment with parameres; 11paramere, lateral; 12,13 C. pudicus; 12genital segment; 13paramere, lateral; 14C.melanocerus, genital segment; 15Holcostethus inctusus, genital segment, posterior view; 16H. vernalis, same; 17Palomena prasina, apex of abdomen of male, lateral; 18-P. viridissiroa. same.

Carpocoris Kol. Large, flattened, with very variable yellowish, Polyphagous. I or 2 generations per year. At least 4 species t. In the whole U.S.S.R. at least 7 species. 29.

reddish or brown coloration.

1 (4).

Lateral corners of pronotum pointed, projecting beyond margin of corium for almost the breadth of the base of the hemelytra; lateral margin of pronotum usually with a black stripe at the lateral corners (Figure 338, 3,4). Paramere with a dorsal denticle almost as large as the ventral denticle in profile

2 (3).

(Figure 337, 7,8,11). Crest of paramere (Figure 337, 7,8) produced anteriorly not farther than level of ventral denticle. Posterior margin of genital segment with deep median notch (Figure 337, 5.6). Body (especially hemelytra) deeply and irregularly punctate, 1.51-1.72 times as long as breadth of pronotum. 11.8-13.5 (Figure 338, 4). Everywhere, except in the North

.........

*C. purpureipennis Deg.

T The identification of the species is very difficult. Cf.: L. Tamanini, I Ca ;pocoris della regione paleactica.-Mem. Soc. Ent. IiaL, 38, suppl.. 1959: 120-141. In addition t > the 4 species mentioned. 13 Tarn. (Southeast) also s Tarn. (Southwest and South) and C. C. medite

possibly

occi

PENTATOMIDAE

841

3 (2).

4 (1).

Crest of paramere (Figure 337, 11) reaching anteriorly beyond ventral denticle. Genital segment as in Figure 337, 9,10. Body 1.42-1.54 times as long as breadth of pronotum. 10.5-13.6 (Figure 338, 3). Everywhere, except in the North................ .......................................... *C. fuscispinus Boh. Lateral corners of pronotum straight or almost rounded, less projecting; lateral margin of pronotum behind lateral corners light, anterior to them sometimes black. Paramere (Figure 337,13) dorsally with a more or less darkened plate which does not appearas a denticle in profile.

FIGURE 338. Hemiptera. Family scuielleridae and Pentatomidae (after Jensen-Haarup, Kirichenko and Tamanini) fuscispinus;

5 (6).

Scutellum smooth or raised anteriorly, but without distinct ridges. Abdomen narrower than pronotum between lateral corners. Paramere as in Figure 337, 13. Genital segment as in Figure 337, 12. *C. pudicus Poda. 10-14. Everywhere, except in the North Scutellum anteriorly with 2 ridges converging at at angle. Abdomen Genital corners. broader between lateral than pronotum slightly segment as in Figure 337, 14. 11.6-14.1. Carpathians, Caucasus. .......

6 (5).

In mountains

.............................

C. melanocerus M.R.

30, Holcostethus Fieb. (Peribalus M.R.). More or less rounded, coloration very variable, dorsally usually grayish, brownish or slightly greenish. Venter and legs yellowish, Polyphagous. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 10 species.

1 (4), 2 (3).

Clypeus anteriorly covered by genal plates. 2nd and 3rd antennal segments yellow or brownish. Lateral margins of pronotum straight. 4th and 5th antennal segments rust-colored, very rarely black. Median notch on posterior margin of genital segment of male bordered by a smooth ridge (Figure 337, 15). 6.5-8.5. Lugansk Region, Penza. Southeast ................................... H, inclusus Dohrn.

3 (2).

of pronotum concave. 4th and 5th antennal broad black ring. Median notch on genital segment of male (Figure 337, 16) not bordered by a smooth ridge. 8-11, Everywhere, except in the North. Slightly injurious to leguminous herbs and to cotton ..... *H. vernalis Wolff. Clypeus free anteriorly. Apex of 2nd antennal segment and apical half of 3rd antennal segment black. Brown; posterior margin of Lateral

margins

segments with

4 (1).

a

scutellum with distinct curved white spot.

7.5-9.

Southwest.

\

\^’1

;

.....

............................................H. sphacellatus F. 31- Palomena M.R. Usually in forests; polyphagous. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

842

32. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Lateral margins of pronotum anteriorly straight or slightly concave. 2nd and 3rd antennal segments of almost the same length. Flat. Posterior margin of genital segment of male straight in profile (Figure 337, 17). 13-16 (Figure 340, 1). Everywhere, except in the North .................. P. prasina L. Lateral margins of pronotum slightly convex anteriorly. 2nd antennal segment 1/5-1/3 longer than 3rd antennal segment. More convex. Posterior margin of genital segment of male with a notch in lateral view (Figure 337, 18). 12-16. Forest zone, foreststeppe .................................... P. viridissima Poda.

Pitedia Reut. (Chlorochroa Stal).

In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Proboscis not reaching beyond hind coxae, or only slightly beyond. 2nd antennal segment usually green. Body more convex. 10.7-13.5. Forest zone, Caucasus. On Juniperus........ P. juniperina L. Proboscis reaching posterior margin of abdominal sternum III. 2nd antennal segment usually black. 11-14.5. Forest zone, forest-steppe, Caucasus. Usually on pine ....... P. pinicola Mis.

33. Eurydema Lap. More or less rounded and flattened, with variegated and variable pattern of black, bluish black or greenish black and yellow, red or whitish spots. On wild and cultivated Cruciferae; adults and nymphs of older instars of some species more or less polyphagous. 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 13 species.

1 (10).

2 (9). 3 (8).

4 (5).

Apex

of cerium light, with a round black spot in the middle (Figure 339, 1). Outer part of corium with black spot in middle or completely light. Outer part of corium with black spot in the middleDorsum of abdomen red under hemelytra. Outer part of corium uniformly colored anterior and posterior to black spot. Genal plates anteriorly and laterally bordered by a rounded ridge. Body flatter. Venter of abdomen with 2 median rows of black spots. 7-9. Eastern Ciscaucasia, Southeast, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia *Eu. maracandica Osh. Venter of abdomen with a large triangular black spot in the middle, sometimes broken into a row of spots or transverse lines. ...................................

5 (4).

: ;

PENTATOMIDAE

6 (7).

7 (6).

343

8 (3).

Black spots on pronotum fused into 2 large spots with a deep posterior notch. Transverse elevation on pronotum indistinct. Outer margins of scutellum black from base almost to apex. 3rd antennal segment little shorter than 2nd segment. Genitalia as in Figure 339, 3,4. 9-10. Coasts of Sea of Azov and Black Sea. On Cakile, Crambe.............. Eu. spectabilis Horv. Black spots on pronotum usually not fused or only partly fused. Transverse elevation on pronoturn distinct. Outer margins of scutellum light at least in the middle. 3rd antennal segment 2/3 as long as 2nd segment. Genitalia as in Figure 339, 5,6. 8-10. Central Belt, South. Injurious to cabbage and other Cruciferae in vegetable gardens .......................................... .............. Cabbage Bug *Eu. ventralis Kol. (ornata auct.).t Abdomen black dorsally. Outer part of corium posterior to black

spot almost always of different, pale color than that of the part anterior to black spot. Genitalia as in Figure 339, 7,8. Genal plates only laterally bordered by a ridge. Body more convex dorsally. 7-8.5. Central Belt, South; a few specimens were found in the vicinity of Leningrad and Sverdlovsk. Injurious to cabbage, mustard, etc. ^Mustard BugEu. ornata L. (fe stiva L.).t Outer part of coriurn without black spot, rarely with a small spot. 9 (2). Genitalia as in Figure 339. 9,10. 5.5-7.5. Forest zone, foreststeppe. Injurious in the Southwest and Siberia................... ......................................... *Eu. dominulus Scop. 10 (1). Apex of corium dark, with a light transverse spot at the base, at level of apex of scutellum (Figures 339, 2; 340, 2). Outer part of corium completely light anteriorly, posteriorly with a black stripe at the margin. 11 (12). Outer margin of inner part of corium with a light stripe or spot; this is anteriorly connected or almost connected with a light stripe in anterior portion of outer part of corium, and posteriorly connected with a light subapical spot of the corium (Figure 339, 2). Pronotum with 2 black spots, inside which there are 2 or more light spots or stripes, or pronotum with 4-6 isolated spots; lateral margins of pronotum markedly convex. 7.5-8.5. South. Usually on stony slopes Eu. fieberi Fieb. 12 (11). Inner part of corium without light stripe at outer margin (Figure 340, 2). Lateral margins of pronotum almost straight. 13 (14). Light stripes at lateral margins of scutellum connected with each other and with a spot at apex of scutellum. Pronotum with 4-6 spots rarely fused into 2 spots. 6.8-8. Kazan, Southeast, Siberia ....................................... Eu. gebleri Kol: 14 (13). Light stripes at lateral margins of scutellum not connected with each other and with a light apical spot, or absent (Figure 340,2). Pronotum with 2 dark, almost square continuous spots. Genitalia as in Figure 339, 11.12. 5-7 (Figure 340, 2). Everywhere, except .....................................

....................

...............................

1115

in the extreme North. Very injurious to cabbage, radishes and other Cruciferae; minor pest of lettuce, sugar beet, cereals, etc. ......................................... .^Eu. oleracea L-

FIGURE 339. Hemiptera. Family Pentatomidae (after Puchkov and original) 1Eurydema

spectabilis, pattern of hemelyira and scutellum; 2 En.

fieberi, same;

3.4En. spectabilis: 3genital segment of male: 4genital plates of female; 5,6 En. ven trails: 5genital segment of male; 6genital plates of female; 7,8 En. ornata: 7genital segment of mate; 8genital plates of female; 9.10Eu.dominulus: 9genital segment of male; 10genital plates of female; 11,12En. oleracea: 11genital segment of male: 12genital plates of female.

34. 1

(1).

35. 1 (1).

Bagrada Stal. 1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 5 species.

Yellow; anterior and posterior margins of head, 2-4 large spots on pronotum, a triangular spot on scutellum, inner part of hemelytra and 2 stripes on venter of abdomen, black. 3.5-5.3. South. In the steppe, usually on Alys sum (Cruciferae)......... .............................................. B. stolata Horv.

Capnoda Jak. 1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Shiny, black; narrow longitudinal stripes in middle of pronotum and at lateral margin of body and apex of scutellum, white. 5-5.3.

Dagestan, in the

mountains

....................................

........................ C. nigroaenea Jak. (caucasica Horv.).

,

36. Trochiscocoris Reut. Convex, black, shiny; lateral margins of pronotum and a stripe at anterior and posterior margin of pronotum, apex of scutellum and lateral margins of hemelytra and connexivum, light. Genus consisting of 2 species. 1 (2).

Body with slight bluish sheen; light parts of body white. Apex of scutellum with a white spot. Apex of genal plates of male not thickened, black. 4.8-6, Western Caucasus ........................................... T. rotundatus Horv. Body without bluish sheen; light parts of body yellowish or red. Apex of scutellum with light stripe which usually reaches beyond middle of its lateral margins. Apex of genal plates of male markedly thickened, callous, usually light. 4.5-5.8. Dagestan, Armenia ................................... .T. hemipterus Jak. .....,.,........-.-.

2 (1).

’

PENTATOMIDAE

,

37.

,,

1 (1).

’

38.

1(1).

Nezara A.S.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

12-16. Southern Cri-mea (rare), Transcaucasia. Injurious; only slightly injurious in the U.S.S.R.

Acrosternum Fieb. 1 species. 10.5-13.5.

Polyphagous. .

,

,

^N. viridula L.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Southern Crimea, western Caucasus, Transcaucasia... A. heegeri Fieb.

..............................................

844

39. 1 (1).

Piezodorus Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Pale green; in autumn and after hibernation partly or completely pinkish. 11-12. Central Belt, South. On Leguminosae *?. lituratus F.

..........

..............................................

40. Rhaphigaster Lap. On poplar, willow and other trees. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1

(1).

1 species.

Yellowish gray;, dorsum densely covered with black dots and minute dots. Membrane often with a smoky gray spot. 14-16.5. South Rh. nebulosa Poda. ......................................

FIGURE 340. Hemiptera. Family Pentacomidae (after Jensen-Haacup, Southwood and Lesion)

41. cious.

1 (1).

Pentatoma 01. On oak and other deciduous trees; partly predaNymphs hibernating. I species. In the Far East 3 further species. Dorsum dark brown, sometimes with greenish tinge; venter, legs, and antennae reddish; apex of scutellum usually light. 13-16 (Figure 340, 3). Forest zone. Crimea, Caucasus .......... ................................................. P. rufipes L.

Subfamily ASOPINAE All species of this subfamily are predacious. 42. Picromerus A.S. U.S.S.R. 3 species.

On trees, herbs and grass.

2 species.

In the

1 (2).

Antennae rust-colored. Abdomen densely covered with minute dots. Brown; apex of scutellum more or less light. 9.7-12.5.

\

Forest zone, Caucasus.

2 (1).

43. 1 (1).

44.

1 (1).

Hibernating as eggs (Figure 340, 4)...... ................................................. P. bidens L. Antennae black, with white rings. Abdomen covered with large scattered black dots. Brown or grayish. 12-14. Southwest, Crimea, Georgia ........................... P. conformis H.-S. Pinthaeus Stal.

Monotypic genus.

Dorsum dark brown; venter of body, apex and anterior corners of scutellum, and stripes on lateral connexivum of abdomen light; antennae black; legs reddish. 12-17. Central Belt, South. Rare. On trees and shrubs .......................... P. sanguinipes F.

Arma

Stal.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Brown or yellowish; venter lighter. 12-14.5. Central Belt, South. On alder, willow, etc. Usually preying on leaf beetles ................................................. A. custos F. ....

45.

845

1 (1).

Troilus Stal.

Monotypic genus.

Grayish or br.own; head and anterior part of pronotum often with green metallic sheen; venter and legs yellowish. 10.2-13.5. Forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus. On trees ......... T. luridus F.

46. Rhacognathus Fieb. (Eysarcoris auct.)-1 whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1

(1).

species.

In the

Dorsum dark brown, densely punctate, anteriorly sometimes green sheen; venter and femora yellowish, with black spots. 7.5-10. Forest zone, Caucasus. In humid habitats, often on willow ........................................ Rh. punctatus L.

with

47. 1 (1).

48. 1 (1).

Jalla Hahn.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Dorsum dark brown; venter, legs, antennae and head black; a stripe in middle of head, of pronotum and of scutellum, a spot in the anterior corners of the scutellum, lateral margins of pronotum and median part of tibiae, yellowish or reddish. 10-5-14.5. Everywhere, except in the North. On shrubs, herbs, grasses and in litter .............................. J. dumosa L. Zicrona A.S.

Monotypic genus.

4.5-8. Everywhere, except in the extreme North. Usually on herbs and grass; usually preying on leaf beetles of genus Haltica ...................................... Z. caerulea L.

1118

846

20.

Order

THYSANOPTBRA (Physopoda) V.V. Yakhontov

Small elongate insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts directed posteriorly; ventral margin of postclypeus often markedly oblique, forming base of mouth-cone; antennae 6- to 9-segmented; legs cursorial, tarsi with terminal vesicle; wings (if present) elongate, with reduced venation and a marginal fringe of long hairs (cilia); abdomen 10-segmented; metamorphosis incomplete, complicated. Body elongate; integument rarely smooth, usually with fine transverse wrinkles or with reticulate sculpture (Figure 341, 1). Dorsal surface of head usually shorter than ventral side of head, as the frons slopes markedly posteriorly and passes into the mouth-cone; dorsal margin of labrum forming an oblique line rising from the right to the left, almost reaching the left eye in species of the family Aeolothripidae (Figure 341, 2). Mouthparts; labrum asymmetrical, forming the anterior surface of the mouth-cone; inner side of labrum with a groove accomodating the piercing stylets; this groove forms an almost closed ring at the apex of the labrum; only left mandible present, in form of. a piercing stylet; right mandible rudimentary, a small functionless sclerite at base of labrum; galeae wedgeshaped, forming side walls of mouth cone; laciniae forming grooved stylets; the groove of the stylets forms the suction tube; maxillary palps 2- or 3-segmented; labium massive, consisting of submentum and mentum; mentum with 2- to 4-segmented labial palps. Hypopharynx, containing the salivary duct, between labrum and labium. Eyes usually occupying 1/3-1/2 of length of head, consisting of a comparatively small number of large facets. 3 ocelli arranged in a triangle between the eyes; ocelli sometimes rudimentary or absent. The anterior margin of the head of some species forms a process between the eyes. Antennae 6- to 9-segmented (Figure 341, 3); relative length and breadth of the segments (in spite of variation in size) constant for each species or variety. Sixth antennal segment in the suborder Terebrantia usually longer than the other segments; terminal segment very small, forming the style; if the antennae are 7-segmented, only the 7th segment forms the style. An oblique secondary suture present near apex of 6th antennal segment of some species, in this case 8-segmented antennae appear as if 9-segmented (Figure 341, 3). Antennal segments (except those of style and the first 2 segments) bearing sense organs (presumably olfactory) called trichomes; in some cases it is necessary to use the number and shape of trichomes (especially on 3rd and 4th segments) for identification. The trichomes are long, usually slightly curved, or pore-shaped; the long trichomes look like ordinary hairs (Figure 341, 4), but much thicker and usually lighter; they may be paired or single; the pore-shaped trichomes look like light spots (Figure 341, 5). The following setae on the head

SMINTHURIDAE

3 (2).

Spots on abdominal segment IV small (Figure 44, 3). Background yellowish, with diffuse violet pigment. Only one margin of mucro denticulate. Abdominal segment V fused with IV. .Apparently throughout the European U.S.S.R. Found so far in a few localities in the North (Karelia) and in the South (Eastern Carpathians) S. bimaculatus Axels. Uniformly colored or with longitudinal stripes on a light background. Abdomen with dark longitudinal stripes on light background. Abdomen with a lateral, dark longitudinal stripe. Background S. elegans Fitch, var. signata Krausb. yellowish Abdomen with 4 or 5 dark longitudinal stripes on a light yellowish white background, i.e., a pair of lateral stripes, a pair of dorsal stripes and 1 median stripe which is often absent (Figure 44, 4). 0.6-0.7. Mainly in dry habitats. Ukraine S. elegans Fitch. Abdomen without longitudinal stripes. In females, greater part of abdomen dorsally and laterally dark, rarely yellowish. .......

.........................................

4 (1). 5 (8). 6 (7).

.................

7 (6). 96

......

8 (5).

FIGURE 44.

Podura.

Family Smimhuridae (after Stach)

sminthurus bilineatus; 9Sphyroiheca

lubbocki, apical pan of hind

leg.

THYSANOPTERA

(Figure 342, 1) are systematic ally important: the interocellar setae between the ocelli), the postocellar setae (posterior to the ocelli). Prothorax mov847 ably articulated with head and mesothorax; meso- and metathorax fused, forming the pterothorax; the pterothorax of apterous forms is markedly narrowed. The following pronotal setae are most important for identification: setae in the anterior corners, on the anterior margin, in the posterior corners and on the posterior margin (Figure 342,1); the setae on the body are also important. Setae are of the following types; pointed, blunt (truncate), lanceolate (widened and flattened), clavate and capitate (thickened apically). and funnel-shaped (with a terminal funnel). Legs cursorial, but femora (especially of forelegs) of some species markedly thickened; tarsi in suborder Terebrantia 2-segmented; tarsi in suborder Tubulifera singlesegmented on forelegs and 2- segmented on middle and hind legs; tarsi with 848 terminal vesicles fused with 2 sclerotized plates which are homologous with the claws of other insects (Figure 342, 2). Femora, tibiae and tarsi of some species with denticles or spinules which are of systematic importance (Figure 344, 3). Wings narrow, folded over the back at rest; the wings of Tubulifera are held at rest by peculiar curved setae on abdominal terga II-V; margin of wings with a fringe of long slender hairs (cilia) which are not movable in Tubulifera and folded along the margin in Terebrantia at rest. In most Tubulifera there are a number of hairs pointing in a different direction and crossing the fringe in the apical part or on the posterior margin of the fore wings; these hairs are called supplementary hairs (Figure 342, 3). Venation of wings reduced, best developed in the family Aeolothripidae, where a vein runs around the fore wing at the margin; there are 2 longitudinal veins and 3 to 5 cross veins (Figure 342, 4); in other species of Terebranthia (except the genera Sericothrips and Scirthothrip s) the costal vein (C) runs along the anterior margin of the fore wing and there are 2 longitudinal veins; the posterior vein branches from the anterior vein some distance from the base of the wing, and runs to the apex of the wing parallel to the anterior vein; cross veins absent (Figure 342, 5); fore wings of species of the genera Sericothrips and Scirthothrips with only one longitudinal vein. Hind wings of Terebrantia with one longitudinal vein or without veins. Wings in suborder Tubulifera without well-marked veins; 849 only a rudiment of a longitudinal vein is present at the base of the wing. The veins bear setae. Many species can be identified only if the number of setae in the apical part of the anterior longitudinal vein of the fore wing is counted. In these cases a space without setae separates the setae of the apical and basal part of the anterior longitudinal vein of the fore wings (Figures 342,5; 344, 6). If the setae on the costa are counted, they should not be confused with the long hairs of the fringe, which are clearly distinguished from the short and thick setae. In many species the wings are shortened or absent. Normally developed wings almost reach the apex of the abdomen or beyond it; There occur macropterous, brachypterous and apterous forms in some species. Abdomen divided into 10 normal segments and one rudimentary (llth) segment; last abdominal segment of Tubulifera prolonged into an apical tube (tubus). The base of the tubus of males bears a ventral notch through which the copulatory organs are protruded. End of abdominal sternum IX of females with an inner longitudinal chitinous carina; the abdominal

THYSANOPTERA

tergum VIII of female Terebrantia is divided into 2 triangular plates, and abdominal sterna IX and X are absent, but the terga of these segments are fully developed. The end of the abdomen of female Terebrantia bears a serrated ovipositor (Figure 342, 6) which can be retracted into the notch of abdominal segments IX and X; in male Terebrantia the end of abdominal sternum IX bears curved appendages to hold the female during copulation. Posterior margin of abdominal segment VIII of some species with a comb of fine denticles (Figure 342, 7) which either surround the segment completely or are localized in some parts of the segment. Abdomen of some species with strong spines or processes (Figure 344, 2). The most important abdominal setae are the long lateral setae of abdominal segment IX and the terminal setae of the apical tube of Tubulifera. It is necessary to measure the parts of the body and the setae for identification. We recommend the use of an ocular micrometer. To simplify work, we used a scale of values from 1-9 of the divisions of the micrometer. Microscopic preparations were made according to ordinary methods. Permanent preparations were mounted in Canada balsam. When it was not necessary to preserve the specimen we used a mixture of 1 part glycerine,’ 2 parts alcohol and 3 parts water. In the case of large specimens, pieces of a cover glass should be placed under the cover glass to avoid deformation. Specimens are preserved in 94-96^ alcohol. Specimens were collected with a soft brush moistened with alcohol or xylene. Dark specimens should be cleared in oil of cloves or cedar oil. Wings, antennae and legs should be spread for preparation. The head is measured from the anterior margin of the eyes to their base; the breadth of the head is measured immediately behind the eyes. The length of the apical tube is measured from its base (which is often invaginated into abdominal segment IX) to the beginning of the soft terminal membrane (including the rudiment of abdominal segment XI). The soft intersegmental membranes of the antennal segments are not included in the length of the antennal segments; however, the stalk of the segment is included in the measurement; the width of the antennal segments is measured in their broadest part. As the abdominal segments may either be stretched or their margins may overlap, we calculated the length of the insect by adding the length of the head, prothorax, pterothorax and abdominal segments (along the midline), not taking the intersegmental membranes into account. For comparison of the measurements of parts of the body we sometimes used an arbitrary difference between two magnitudes, and not a figure indicating how many times one is larger than the other. The following examples illustrate this: if the head is 160[i long and the apical tube 112p, long, the apical tube is shorter than the head by 0.3 (112160 =0.7, 1 -0.7 = 0.3); in other words, we divided the length of the apical tube by the length of the head. For comparison of the length of the head with its breadth, we divided the length by the breadth, e.g., length 156^, breadth 120p; in this case the head is longer by 0.3 than its breadth

(156-120=1.3; 1.3-1=0.3). Metamorphosis incomplete, including an egg stage, 2 larval stages, pronymphs, nymphs and deutonymphs. Some species do not have deutonymphal, and sometimes also no pronymphal, stages. Eggs reniform (Terebrantia) or oval (Tubulifera)- The larvae differ from imagines mainly in the smaller number of antennal segments, small eyes consisting 850 of a few facets (often only 3 or 4 facets), absence of ocelli, genital appendages and wings, different chaetotaxy and sculpture of integument and

THYSANOPTERA

different coloration; the antennae of pronymphs and larvae are directed forward, and some segments of their antennae are fused; pronymphs of Terebrantia possess wing rudiments; the antennae of nymphs are turned back onto the dor sum of body or along the sides, enclosed in continuous sheaths; wing pads of nymphs (in Terebrantia) much larger than in pronymphs.

FIGURE 341.

Thysanoptera (after Handlirsch, Ion, Priesner and Yakhonrov)

1head and proihorax of Parthenothrips dracaenae. dorsal; 2head of Aeolothrips fasciatus, ventral (e eye, abase of antennae, usunpaired stylet, ps paired stylets, Iblabrum, mp maxillary palps, mx maxilla, Iblabium, Ibplabial palps); 3aniennaofAnaphothiips obscurus (ss secondary suture, sistyle); 43rd and 4th antenna! segments of Taeniothrips brodstcii ftrnichomes); 5sameofT.auatus f. longicornis (pirpore-shaped trichome).

The order is divided into 2 suborders: Terebrantia and Tubilifera and into up to 13 families. Many species are very variable in many characters and are represented by a number of forms and variations. Some of

THYSANOPTERA

these variations are undoubtedly subspecies; others do not deserve separate names; however, the intraspecific forms are still insufficiently known. Many species in the keys have, therefore, a number of supplementary names.

FIGURE 342, Thysanoptera (after Handlirsch, Ion, Lange, Razvyazkina, Morison and Pelican) Ihead and prothorax of Frank linie lla intonsa, dorsal (s^interocellar setae, Sgpostocellar setae, SQ setae on anterior corners ofpronotum, s^ setae on anterior margin, s^ setae on posterior corners, sgsetae on posterior margin ofpronotum); 2 hind tarsus of Thrips t abaci

(v vesicle);

7 same

of T aeniothrips dianthi, dorsal.

3~ fore

wing ofHaplochrips niger;

4

same of Malanthrips

Most species usually occur on flowers, on leaves and fruits, also on mosses, lichens, and turf, and in cracks in the bark of trees. Most species feed on plant juices, but there are also predacious or omnivorous species. Many species are a serious pest of cultivated plants, others transmit plant several predacious species are useful in the control of mites, injurious thrips and aphids. In the U.S.S.R. 3 families; the fauna of most regions of the U.S.S.R. is very incompletely known. 44 genera, 149 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 49 genera, about 230 species. diseases;

THYSANOPTERA

LITERATURE- Ion, O.I. Thysanoptera (Thysanopiera).-Leningrad, 1928; Yakhontov, V.V. Tabliisy dlya opredeleniya tcipsov, vredyashchikh kul’iurnym rasieniyam v SSSR (Keys to Thysanopteran ^griculiural Pests of the U.S.S.R.). Trudy Muzeya prirody Ahademii Nauk Uzbekskoi SSSR, I, Tashkent, .953; Priesner,H. Die Thysanoptera Europas, Vols,l-4.Wien, 1926-1928; Priesner,H. A Review if the Species of the Genus Aeolothrips Hal., pertaining to the Mediterranean Fauna. Bull. Soc. ouad I" d’Eni., 32, 1948; Priesner, H. Studies on ihe Genus Scolothrips.-Ibid., No. 34, 1950; iesner.H. Further Studies in Haploihrips and Allied Genera.-Ibid., No.34, 1950; Steinden, J.B. Key to All Known Species of the Genus Taeniothrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Revision der deutschen Melanthrips-Arien ins. Amer. Eni. Soc., No.59, 1933; Tilschack.E. (Thysanoptera) und die Vatiationsbreite ihrer taxononiischen Merkmate.Verhandl. Ver. fur naiurwiss. Heft. zu 1960. Hamburg, No,34, Suppl. Heimatforschung

Key to Families 1 (4).

End of abdomen not prolonged into tube, in male blunt and sometimes with prehensile appendages in form of a small forceps. Abdominal sterna VIII-IX of female with well developed ovipositor. Fore wings with ambient vein and 1 or 2 longitudinal veins.

(Suborder Terebrantia). 2 (3).

3 (2).

Fore wings relatively broad, rounded apically. Ovipositor curved upward. Wings with longitudinal veins and cross veins (Figures 342,4; 343,4). Antennae 9-segmented (Figure 343. 1-3) .................................... 1. Aeolothripidae (p.1124). Wings narrow, with pointed apex, without transverse veins (Figure 342, 5). Antennae 7- to 8-segmented, sometimes 6- or 9-segmented, or apparently 9-segmented because of the oblique secondary suture in the apical part of the 6th segment; Sthantennal segment markedly longer than the others (Figures 341, 3; 344, 8). ........................................ 2. Thripidae (p.1129). End of abdomen prolonged into a tube; female without ovipositor. Wings without veins (Figure 342, 3). (Suborder Tubulifera). Antennae 7- to 8-segmented 3. Phloeothripidae (p.1151).

..

4 (1).

.........

1.

Suborder

Antennae 7- to 9-segmented;

TEREBRANTIA

6th

antenna! segment usually longer than

the others, antennae rarely 6-segmented. Fore wings (if present) with 1 or 2 longitudinal veins reaching apex of wings and with ambient vein; fore wings of family Aeolothripidae also with cross veins; hind wings with one longitudinal vein or without veins. Tarsi 2-segmented. Abdomen of female with well-developed ovipositor; end of abdomen of both sexes not prolonged into tube. Eggs reniform. 2 families.

851

1.

Family AEOLOTHRIPIDAE

Antennae 9-segmented. Maxillary palps 3-segmented; labial palps 2- or 4-segmented, Fore wings broad, terminally rounded, with ambient vein, 2 longitudinal veins and 4 or 5 cross veins; hind wings with a littledeveloped longitudinal vein; anterior margin of fore wings without cilia. Ovipositor curved upward; terminal abdominal segments of male usually with denticles or hook-shaped structures. Antennae of larvae 7-segmented; 3rd to 7th antenna! segments of larvae divided by transverse grooves; last

AELOTHRIPtDAE

antennal segment not prolonged in form of style. Legs of larvae long. Abdominal segment IX of Ist-instar larvae without denticles; that of 2ndinstar larvae with 4 denticles. The species of the subfamily Aeolothri-

pinae are predacious, preying on mites and minute insects. 4 genera, 15 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 17 species.

Key 1 (4). 2

(3).

.

to

Genera

Labial palps 2-segmented; all antennal segments clearly differentiated (Figure 343, 1.3). (Subfamily Melanthripinae). Outer side of 2nd antennal segment longer than its inner side (where it is obliquely truncate) (Figure 343, 3) 1. Ankotbrips .....

FIGURE 343. Thysanoptera. Family Aeolothripidae. (after Ion and Priesner)

1Melanthrips fuscus, antenna; 2Aeolottirips fasciatus, same; 3Ankothrips niezabitowskii, same; 4-Melanthrips pallidior, fore wing: 5-Aeolothrips intermedius, setae of abdominal sternum VII of female; 6 Ae. collar! s, end of abdomen of male, dorsal (Is lateral setae of abdominal segment IX, dpdorsal plates); 7Ae. fasciati same (paprehensile appendages, is intermediate setae); 8Ae. intermedius, same.

3 (2).

2nd antennal segment symmetrical (Figure 343, 1)

,.,,....-.-..-.

2. Melanthrips palps 4-segmented; 3-5 last antennal segments fused (Figure 343, 2). (Subfamily Aeolothripinae). 7th to 9th antennal segments fused. Wings completely transparent. . ............................................. 3. Rhipidothrips ..............................................

4 (1).

5 (6).

Labial

THYSANOPTERA

6 (5).

5th to 9th antennal segments fused dark transverse bands

(Figure 343, 2). Wings with 4. Aeolothrips.

.........................

Keys

852

to Species of Family Aeolothripidae

1. Ankothrtps Crawf. Head prolonged between eyes into a process which bears the anteocellar setae. Last segment of labial palps the shortest, 1st segment the longest. 2nd antennal segment with process (Figure 343, 3). Forewings with 5 cross veins. Abdominal segment IX of male without prehensile appendages. 1 species.

1 (1).

Orange or yellowish brown, with darker abdomen; antennae dark gray or brown; 1st antennal segment light. Head broader than long. Interocellar setae very long (55-70(i). Setae on posterior corners of prothorax about 70^1ong, West. On juniper. .......... ...................................... A. niezabitowskii Schille.

2. Melanthrips Halid. All 3 segments of palps of about the same length; 2nd antennal segment without lateral process. Whole surface of wings dark or with dark transverse bands. Fore wings with 4 or 5 cross veins. Forelegs thickened, with denticle at apex of tibiae. Abdominal segment I of male very long, with 2 narrow sclerotized stripes dorsally, 2 species; 2 additional species probably occur. In the whole U.S.S.R3 species.

1 (2).

Anterior margin of fore wings only with strong setae; the delicate hairs which typically constitute the fringe are absent (Figure 343,4). M. pallidior Priesn. West, probably also in the Southwest Anterior margin of fore wings with thin hairs in addition to setae. Fore wings dark to the base. All antennal segments dark. Thin hairs on costa of fore wings present only between cross veins. Hind tibiae only with ordinary setae. 6th antennal segment 40-50^ long. Interocellar setae 30-50^ long; postocellar setae 36-45p, long; lateral setae of abdominal segment IX not more than 117^ long. Probably in the South. In the U.S.S.R. recorded only from Georgia; occurs in Soviet Central Asia. Usually on Rumex M. acetosellae John. Base of fore wings not dark. 3rd antennal segment yellow or brown. of costa hairs on fore wings reaching Thin yellowish far beyond cross vein toward apex of wings. Hind tibiae of female with 1 or 2 stout subapical setae which project at almost a right angle, in addition to the ordinary setae. 6th antennal segment 50-72p.long. Interocellar setae 54-76^ilong; postocellar setae 50-68p,long; lateral setae of abdominal segmentIX ........

2 (1). 3 (4).

.....

..........................................

4 (3).

122-155^1ong. 5 (8). 6 (7).

7 (6).

Females (ovipositor present). 4th antennal segment 60-76^ long; apex of 2nd antennal segment lighter. Hind tibiae with a subapical seta ......... M. fuscus Sulz. 4th antennal segment 76-82p.long; 2nd antennal segment completely dark. Hind tibiae with 2 subapical setae. Probably occurs in the West and Southwest M. gracilicornis Maltb. ...............

1126

AELOTHRIPIDAE

Males. 8 (5). 9(10). 5th antennal segment 36-47|i long, 6th segment 50-63^., 7th segment 26-32?i ................................ M.fuscus Sulz. 10 (9). 5th antennal segment 45-51fi, long; 6th segment 65-73^, 7th segment 32-38fi ........................ M. gracilicornis Maltb. 3. Rhipidothrips Uzel. Head longer than broad; 7th to 9th antennal segments close together. 3rd segment of labial palps small. Labial palps 4-segmented. Anterior corners of pronotum without long setae; posterior corners of prothorax with one long seta. Fore femora markedly flattened; fore tarsi with a serrated hook at the base. Wings narrower at the base than those of Melanthrips, with less well developed veins. Abdominal segment IX of male with a tubercle on each side. 1 species; a second species probably occurs. 1 (2).

2 (1).

3rd antennal segment 1.7-1.8 times as long as 2nd segment; 2nd antennal segment light. Prothorax light, with a dark spot; pronotum with 6-8 setae on posterior margin. Mainly on Gramineae .... ...........................................JRh. gratiosus Uzel. 3rd antennal segment 1.6 times as long as 2nd segment; 2nd antennal segment dark. Prothorax uniformly dark; pronotum with 2-4 setae on posterior margin. Probably occurs in the Northwest ............................... Rh. niveipennis Reut.

4. Aeolothrips Halid, Head about as long as broad. 3rd and 4th antennal segments with a long trichome; 5 terminal segments of antennae fused. Segments of maxillary palps of about the same length; labial palps 4-segmented. Prothorax without long setae; wings of some species absent; fore wings with 4 or 5 cross veins; wings with dark bands. 2nd segment of fore tarsi with backward-curved hook which has triangular denticle at the 353 base. Abdominal tergum I of male with 2 sclerotized, posteriorly diverging, narrow stripes which are shorter than in Melanthrips. Abdominal tergum IX of Ist-instar larvae without spines, of 2nd-instar larvae with spines of equal size; abdominal segment X of Ist-instar larvae with 3 pairs of setae. Larvae and imago predacious, economically useful, as they 11 species. In the whole U. S. S.R. 12 species. prey on mites and insects.

1 (34). Females (ovipositor present). 2 (33). Whole body, or whole body except isolated parts, dark. 3 (28). Middle and hind tibiae completely dark. 4 (9). Abdominal segmentX orange or reddish yellow. 5 (6). Wings rudimentary; trichome on 4th antennal segment not reaching middle of segment......... Ae. albicinctus Hal. f. brachyptera. 6 (5). Wings fully developed; trichome of 4th antennal segment reaching beyond middle of segment. Abdominal segment II or III of both segments whitish or light 7 (8). yellow ..................... Ae. ericae Bagn. (nobili s Priesn.). Abdominal segments II and III dark ........................... 8 (7). Ae. ericae Bagn. f. rnuelleri Priesn. Abdominal segmentX dark. 9 (4). 10 (13). Prothorax pale yellow or brownish orange, sometimes with a dark spot in the middle. ..

............................

THYSANOPTERA

11 (12). Trichome on 3rd antennal segment reaching beyond middle of segment or farther. Not recorded from the European U.S.S.R., but possibly occurs in the South ................................ ....................... Ae. propinquus Bagn. (astutus Priesn.). 12 (11). Trichome of 3rd antennal segment not reaching middle of segment, South..................................... Ae. collaris Priesn. 13(10). Prothorax dark. 14 (17). Abdominal segments II or HI light. 15 (16). Abdominal segments II and III yellow or whitish. Trichome on 4th antennal segment slender, not curved. Northwest, West, Southwest.................... Ae. albicinctus Hal. f. macroptera. 16 (15). Abdominal segment II whitish; trichbme of 4th antennal segment widened apically and slightly curved. South coast of Crimea ........................................... Ae. cursor Priesn. 17 (14). Abdomen completely dark; some abdominal segments of recently moulted specimens paler. Ae. vittatus Hal. 18 (19). Fore wings with one dark transverse stripe 19 (18). Fore wings with 2 dark transverse stripes. 20 (21). Dark transverse stripes on posterior margin of wing connected .... .......................................... Ae. melaleucus Hal. 21 (20). Dark transverse stripes not connected. 22 (23). 4th antennal segment with basal half light or dark only at the apex. South .................................... Ae. priesneri Knecht. 23 (22). 4th antennal segment completely dark. 24 (27). The pair of median setae on the posterior margin of abdominal sternum VII more widely separated than from the next lateral setae (Figure 343,5). 25 (26). 4th antennal segment 5 times as long as broad. Anterior dark stripe of fore wings 240p,or longer. Fore tibiae completely dark. 3rd antennal segment dark only at the apex Ae. fasciatus L. 26 (25). 4th antennal segment 4-4.5 times as long as broad. Anterior dark stripe of wings less than 240[xlong. Fore tibiae usually lighter in the middle. 3rd antennal segment dark in apical third ......

......

.......

or

more

................................

Ae. intermedius Bagn.

27 (24). The pair of median setae on the posterior margin of abdominal sternum VII closer to each other than to the next setae, or distance between them and the next setae equal .....................

..........................................

28 (3).

Ae. propinquus Bagn.

Apex of middle

and hind tibiae whitish. 29 (32). Fore wings with a dark transverse stripe. 30 (31). Dark transverse stripe of wings without a light spot. On trees and shrubs. South......................... Ae. versicoZor Uzel. 31 (30). Dark stripe with a light spot more or less in the middle, near anterior margin .......... Ae. versicolor Uzel. f. melaleuca Uzel. 32 (29). Fore wings with 2 dark transverse stripes fused at posterior

margin of wing

33 (2).

Ae. versicolor Uzel f. sirnilis Priesn. (except dark brown segments IX-X) light

............

Thorax and abdomen

yellow, almost white; legs light, 34 (1).

with dark spot on tarsi. Southern Crimea............................. Ae. tauricus Derb. Males.

1128

35 (40). Abdominal segment IX without prehensile appendages. 36 (37). Abdomen completely dark. Wings fully developed ................ .......................................... .Ae. versicolor Uzel. 37 (36). Base of abdomen whitish. Wings shortened or absent. 854 38 (39). Wings shortened, with dark transverse band and dark apex........ .........;....,............................ Ae. cursor Priesn. 39 (38). Almost apterous, with only small wing rudiments ........................................... Ae. albicinctus Hal. 40 (35). Abdominal segment IX with prehensile appendages (Figure 343, 6-8). 41 (48). Lateral setae of abdominal segment IX thickened, falcate (Figure 343,6). 42 (45). 4th antennal segment light at least in the middle. 43 (44). Base of 4th antennal segment not dark, slightly darkened only at the apex .................................. Ae.tauricus Derb. 44 (43). Base and apex of 4th antennal segment dark. Ae.priesneriKnecht. 45 (42). 4th antennal segment dark. 46 (47). Dark transverse band on wings as long as or almost as long as broad.................................. Ae. collaris Priesn. 47 (46). Dark transverse band of wings very long Ae. ericae Bagn. 48 (41). Lateral setae of abdominal segment IX thinner, not falcate ................

.

........

(Figure 343,7). 49 (50).

Dorsal plates of abdominal tergaIV and V absent or rudimentary. Intermediate setae on abdominal tergum IX reaching beyond prehensile appendages (Figure 343, 7) ................ Ae. fasciatus I... 50 (49). Dorsal plates of abdomina-l terga IV and V well developed (Figure 343, 8). Intermediate setae of abdominal tergum IX not reaching beyond prehensile appendages (Figure 343, 8) ........................................ Ae. intermedius Bagn. ........

2.

Family

THRIPIDAE

Antennae 6- to 9-segmented; if with more than 6 segments, last antennal segments narrow and forming style. Trichomes of 3rd and 4th antennal segments usually paired, with a common base, rarely separate or poreshaped. I^abial palps 2-segmented; maxillary palps 2- or 3-segmented. Wings narrow, pointed. Costal margin of wings with a fringe of long hairs. Fore wings with 2 longitudinal veins and ambient vein; a few species with one longitudinal vein. Hind wings with one longitudinal vein. There also occur apterous forms. Ovipositor curved ventrad. Larvae with 6segmented antennae; antennae of larvae of Heliothripinae 7-segmented; some antennal segments divided by secondary rings; an oblique groove nea.r apex of 4th antennal segment. A very long seta on ventral side of 2nd antennal segment of Ist-instar larvae; antennae of 2nd-instar larvae shorter than those of Ist-instar larvae. Pronotum of larvae with 4 setae on anterior margin, 2 lateral setae and 6 setae on posterior margin; abdominal sternum I without setae; abdominal sternum II with 2 median setae; abdominal sterna III-VIII with 6 setae. Many species injurious to cultivated plants; some live in galls of other insects, others prey on spider mites. 27 genera, 84 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 30 genera, 129 species.

9 (10). Head completely black. Body bluish black; legs and furca lighter. In forests, on well-drained interfluvial plains; also common in mountains. Baltic Region to Ukraine ............. S. niger Lubb. Head light-colored with dark pattern, or dark with light spots. 10 (9). 11 (12). Head black, with a large white spot between the eyes. Body violet-black. Legs, furca and venter of abdomen yellow. 1.0.

In forests. Baltic Region .................... S. albifrons Tullb. 12 (11). Head light-colored, white, or yellowish white. 13 (14). Frons white, without black spot. Infemale, abdomenblue-black in male, black pigment present only on anterior part and sides of abdomen. Dorsal margins of mucro denticulate. Abdominal segment V separated from IV. In hothouses and houses. Baltic Region, Belorussia ........................... S. igniceps Reut. 14 (13). Frons with black square spot. Abdomen yellow, orange-yellow, brownish yellow, rarely bluish black. Only one margin of mucro denticulate. Abdominal segment V fused with IV. In moss, litter, tree stumps, under peeled-off bark, in low grass, in forests, or open areas. Apparently throughout the European U.S.S.R. ........ .............................................. S. aureus Lubb. 97

6. Heterosminthurus Stach. Ocelli 8. 4th antennal segment with a number of secondary segments. Antennae of male of normal structure. Dens without spines. Tibiotarsus with 2 or 3 short capitate setae which lie close to claw. Empodial appendage of forelegs different from that of 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs- (Figure 40, 3, 5). Abdomen of female with anal

appendages. 4 species. 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3). 5 (6).

6 (5).

Body without dark pigment except for the eyespot. In very humid habitats, peat bogs, low vegetation on banks of lakes, etc. Northwest, Center ............................ H. insignis Reut. Dark pigment on head and abdomen. Head completely black (f.p rincipalis) or with a distinct spot between the eyes. Female of form principal! s with a broad, dark longitudinal stripe in middle of abdomen; in male, this stripe is present only on anterior half of abdomen. Forests and open areas with grass. Belorussia and Western Ukraine ................... ......................................... H. linnaniemii Stach. Without spot between eyes. Greater part of head without dark pigment. Setae on inner side of dens slender, half as long as mucro (Figure 45, 6). Color light yellow, with 2 longitudinal, dorsolateral violet stripes (Figure 44, 8). Usually in humid meadows, European U.S.S.R. ......................... H. bilineatus Bourl. Setae at inner margin of dens thickened, 2/3 of length of mucro (Figure 45, 7). Dark pigment as in Figure 44, 5; sometimes greater part of abdomen pigmented; rarely pigment and pattern almost completely absent. In very humid habitats, banks of rivers, sometimes on aquatic plants. Throughout the European U-.S.S.R. ............................... H. novemlineatus Tullb.

7. Bourletiella Banks. Closely related toDeuterosminthurus, Heterosminthurus and Fasciosminthurus. Differs in the form of

THYSANOPTERA

Key to Genera 1 (8).

2 (7).

3 (4). 4 (3). 5 (6). 6 (5).

7 (2). 8 (1).

of dorsum with coarse reticulate sculpture (Figure 341, 1). Antennal segments long. (Subfamily Heliothripinae). Antennae 8-segmented; last 2 antennal segments forming style. 3. Dictyothrips. Segments of style of about the same length 8th antennal segment much longer than 7th segment.

Integument

......

Head without transverse comb at base. Lateral margins of prothorax not forming a process ................ 1. Heliothrips. Head with transverse comb at base. Lateral margins of prothorax forming a narrow process .............. 2. Hercinothrips. Antennae 7-segmented; style single-segmented .................. ........................................... 4. Parthenothrips. Integument almost always without coarse reticulate sculpture; if reticulate sculpture is present, antennal segments not very

long. 9 (16).

Head usually forming a process anterior to eyes; if process absent, 4th antennal segment with a single trichome. (Subfamily

Chirothripinae). 10 (15). Prothorax with 1 or 2 setae in posterior corners. Abdomen broad. 11 (12). Head small, prolonged in form of triangle anterior to eyes; prothorax long, markedly widened posteriorly (Figure 344, 1). Fore femora markedly thickened, with apical denticle on outer side, 5. Chirothrips. End of abdomen without spines or thick setae 12 (11). Head and prothorax of ordinary shape. Fore femora not markedly thickened and without denticle. End of abdomen with spines or thick setae. 855 13 (14). 2nd antennal segment oblong-barrel-shaped, 1.75 times as long as broad. End of abdomen with very thick setae in addition to ordinary setae .............................. 7. Idolimothrips. 14 (13). 2nd antennal segment not barrel-shaped, shorter. End of abdomen (especially abdominal segment X) with long thick setae (Figure 344,2) ............................................... 6. Limothrips. 15 (10). Prothorax without long setae. Abdomen very narrow ............. .............................................. 8. Aptinothrips. Head not produced anterior to eyes. 4th antennal segment with 16 (9). paired trichomes, or trichoroes rudimentary. 17 (32). Prothorax without long setae or with one seta in posterior corners; if 2 setae in posterior corners, maxillary palps 2-segmented. Body sometimes covered with minute hairs giving a silky sheen. (Subfamily Sericothripinae). 18 (21). Body (especially abdomen) densely covered with microscopic hairs (examine at high magnification) giving a silky sheen. Fore wings with one longitudinal vein. 19 (20). Antennae 8-segmented. Prothorax without setae in posterior corners. Silky hairs distinct ................... 9. Sericothrips. 20 (19). Antennae 6-segmented, style fused with 6th antennal segment. Silky hairs minute .......................... 10. Drepanothrips. 21 (18). Body without minute silky hairs. Fore wings with 2 longitudinal .....

veins.

22

(23). Abdomen broad, Hat.

Head markedly transverse, with a notch Posterior margin of fore wings 11. Dendrothrips. straight Abdomen convex. Head rounded anteriorly, convex. Posterior margin of fore wings slightly curved, Prothorax without setae on posterior corners. Wings or wing rudiments absent. Integument with reticulate sculpture .................................. 12. Prosopothrips. Wings present or represented by scalelike rudiments. Integument without reticulate sculpture. Antennal style almost as long as 6th antennal segment or longer. Abdominal segmentX prolonged into tube ......... 15. Belothrips. Antennal style markedly shorter than 6th antennal segment. Abdominal segmentX not prolonged ............ 13. Anaphothrips. Prothorax with 1 or 2 setae in posterior corners. Prothorax with 2 setae in posterior corners. Wings usually shortened; if wings are present, they are brown................. ............................................ 14. Tmetothrips. Prothorax with one seta in posterior corner. Wings usually fully developed, colorless or with a slight grayish or yellow near antennae, or concave.

....................................

23 (22). 24 (29). 25 (26). 26 (25).

27 (28).

28 (27), 29 (24). 30 (31).

31 (30).

tinge .......................................... 16. Oxythrips. 32 .(17). Prothorax with long setae or at least with 2 setae in posterior corners; in the latter case maxillary palps 3-segmented. Body without dense silky hairs. (Subfamily Thripinae). 33 (50). Antennae 8-segmented. i.e., antennal style 2-segmented. 34 (43), Prothorax without long setae in anterior corners. 35 (36). Trichome of 6th antennal segment pore-shaped, lanceolate, with broader base. Fore tibiae usually with denticle or hook on inner side near apex (Figure 344, 3); if denticle or hook absent, anterior longitudinal vein of fore wings with a continuous row of setae on its whole length. 17. Odontothrips, ’,i6 (35). Trichomes of 6th antennal segment narrow. Fore tibiae without denticle. .37 (40). Style longer than 6th antennal segment. 23. Leucothrips. 38 (39). Fore wings with one longitudinal vein .39 (38). Fore wings with 2 longitudinal veins, or wings rudimentary ....... .......................................... 22. Rhaphidpthrips. 40 (37). Style shorter than 6th antennal segment. 41 (42). 6th antennal segment of male very long (Figure 344, 8); antennae 25. Rhopalandrothrips (partly). of female ordinary 42 (41). Antennae of both sexes similar................ 24. Taeniothrips. 43 (34). Prothorax with one seta in anterior corners (Figure 344, 4,5). 44 (45). Prothorax with one long seta in middle of lateral sides (Figure 344,4). ................................ 18. Scolothrips. 45 (44). Sides of prothorax without long setae (Figure 344, 5). 46 (47). Interocellar setae situated between posterior ocelli. Fore tarsi with terminal denticle. Male with hook-shaped processes on sides of abdominal segment VIII................. 19. Kakothrips. 856 47 (46). Interocellar setae situated anterior to posterior ocelli. Fore tarsi without denticles. Abdomen of male without processes. ..........................

...........

...............

THYSANOPTERA

48 (49).

Setae

in anterior corners of prothorax longer than setae on anterior margin. Anterior longitudinal vein of fore wings with a continuous row of setae ..................... 20. Frankliniella.

FIGURE 344. Thysanoptera.

Family Thripidae and

Phloeothripidae (after Ion, Pelican,

Priesner

and Steinweden) 1 Chirothrips manicatus, head and pronotum, dorsal; 2 Limothrips denticornis, end of abdomen, dorsal; 3 OdontOthrips loii, fore tibia and fore tarsus (is spine-bearing tubercle, d denticle of tibia, t mbercle of tarsus); 4Scolothrips pallidus, prothoracic setae, dorsal (msmedian setae of anterior margin, ss supplementary setae near posterior margin, sac seta of anterior margin); 5 Par a frank 1 in ie 1 la verbasci, head and prothorax, dorsal (sa seta on anterior margin, sc seia of anterior corner, spseiae of posterior corner); 6Taeniothrips dianthi, fore wing; ’7-T- inconsequens, fore tarsus (ddenticle); 8Rhopalandrothrips annulicornis, antenna of male; 9Megathrips lativeniris. Stylets of maxillae: 10Phloeothrips coriaceus, head of female, -dorsal.

49 (48). Setae on anterior corners of prothorax shorter than setae of anterior margin near them (Figure 344, 5). Row of setae on anterior vein of fore wing interrupted by a small space .......... ........................................ 21. Parafrankliniella. 50 (33). Antennae 6~ or 7-segmented. 51 (56). Antennae 7-segmented (i.e., antennal style single-segmented). 52 (53). Maxillary palps 3-segmented ....................... 26. Thrips. 53 (52). Maxillary palps 2-segmented.

54 (55). Abdomen very broad; wings usually absent....... 27. Platythrips. 55 (54). Abdomen very narrow; wings present ........... 28. Stenothrips, 56 (51). Antennae 6-segmented (i, e., without antennal style). (Figure

344,

8)...................

25. Rhopalandrothrips (partly, males).

Key to Species of Family Thripidae

857

Integument with coarsely reticulate sculpture. Head transverse, without basal comb; antennae 8-segmented, with long thin style; 2nd segment of style much longer than 1st segment; maxillary palps 2-segmented. Prothorax without long setae; lateral margins of prothorax not forming process. Wings markedly widened at the base, without thick setae on costa and without dark bands. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

Heliothrips Halid.

Dark brown; end of abdomen usually orange; antennae and legs light yellow (in f. abdominalis Reut. thorax and abdomen light brown, abdomen yellow). In hothouses and on indoor plants ....... ...................................*H. haemorrhoidalis Bouche.

2. Hercinothrips Bagn. Differing from Heliothrips by raised comb at base of head and in the presence of narrow marginal processes on sides of prothorax; wings with thick setae on costa and with 2 dark transverse bands. 1 species.

1 (1).

Yellowish brown or dark brown; end of abdomen light; 4th antennal segment and apical half of 5th antennal segment and 6th to 8th antennal segments brown; fore and hind femora dark brown, with light apex. In hothouses; in the South also in nature

..

........................................... *H. femoralis Reut. 3. Dictyothrips Uzel. Body with reticulate sculpture. Head slightly longer than broad. Antennae 8-segmented. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Prothorax almost as long as head, without setae in posterior corners; setae replaced by a small wart. Wings of female shorter than abdomen; wings of male reaching apex of abdomen. Penultimate segment of abdomen with 4 short setae pointing posteriorly. 1 species.

1 (1).

Yellow, 6th to 8th antennal segments black. End of fore femora with a small denticle; fore wings weakly brownish yellow; color more intense at apex. Female 0.8mm, male smaller. South. On leaves and flowers of sugar beet .............. *D. betae Uzel.

Parthenothrips Uzel. Body with raised, coarse, reticulate sculpHead transverse; genae convex. Antennae 7-segmented. Maxillary palps 2-segmented. Prothorax with a thick seta in posterior corners. Wings very broad and long; costal margin of fore wings without fringe. Ambient vein of fore wing well marked; longitudinal vein with setae its whole length. Terminal segment of antennae of larvae very long; body of larvae with fanshaped setae. 1 species. 4.

ture.

1 (1).

Yellowish brown; abdomen (except terminal segments) darker; femora brown. Antennae yellow, with grayish brown apex; body of f. concolor Uzel uniformly yellow. Fore wings with 3 brownish bands; 3rd (subapical) band little marked, oblique;

THYSANOPTERA

the 2 other bands near anterior margin of wings, often fused. On leaves of hothouse and indoor plants, mainly on Dracaena... ..........................................

*P. dracaenae Heeg.

Chirothrips Halid. Head produced anterior to eyes in form of triangle (Figure 344, 1); male without ocelli. Antennal style 2-segmented; trichomes of 3rd and 4th antennal segments single. Maxillary palps 3segmented. Prothorax long, markedly widened posteriorly. Legs short; fore femora flattened and curved, with a denticle on outer side of apex. Wings of female narrow or absent (f. aptera); male apterous. Almost exclusively on Gramineae and sedges. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 5.

1 (2).

2nd antennal segment without process, symmetrical. On Gramineae, especially on oats, foxtail, timothy grass ........................................... #Ch. hamatus Tryb. 2nd antennal segment with triangular process on outer side (Figure 344, 1). Mainly on Gramineae and sedges. Causing *Ch. manicatus Halid. white-ear disease of Gramineae

............

2 (1).

............

6. Limothrips Halid. Head longer than broad or as long as broad, narrowed anteriorly, prolonged into process between bases of antennae.

Antennae 8-segmented. Maxillary palps 2-segmented. Prothorax shorter than head, with one seta in posterior corners. Legs without denticles. Abdominal segment X narrow, pointed, with thick setae in addition to ordinary setae; some species with thick setae also on abdominal segments VIII and IX (Figure 344, 2). Larvae with large head and long setae on sides of abdominal segment VII. Developing under the scales of ears of Gramineae. 4 species. In the whole XJ.S.S.R. 5 species. 1 (4).

2nd or 3rd antennal segments with a triangular process on outer side.

2 (3).

Triangular process on 2nd antennal segment. Trichomes of 3rd antennal segment paired. On Gramineae *L. angulicornis Jabl. Triangular process on 3rd antennal segment; trichomes on 3rd antennal segment single. Almost only on Gramineae, mainly in the steppe ............................. *L. denticornis Halid. 2nd and 3rd antennal segments without triangular process; 3rd antennal segment sometimes slightly asymmetrical. 3rd antennal segment symmetrical; trichomes on 3rd and 4th antennal segments paired. Abdominal segment IX with a long dark spine on each side. Mainly on Gramineae .................. .......................................... L. schmutzi Priesn. 3rd antennal segment asymmetrical; trichomes of 3rd and 4th antennal segments single. Abdominal segmentIX without spines. Apterous forms occur together with alate forms. On Gramineae and on turf; injurious in Western Europe ..... *L, cerealium Halid. ....

858

3 (2).

4 (1). 5 (6).

6 (5).

7. Idolimothrips Priesn. Head with almost parallel sides, transverse. Antennae 8-segmented; trichoroes of 3rd and 4th antennal segments single; 2nd antennal segment barrel-shaped. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. End of abdomen with thick setae, Prothorax with pairs of setae in posterior corners, inner setae about twice as long as outer setae. 1 species.

1134

1 (1).

Head, prothorax and abdomen dark brown; pterothorax yellowish brown. Legs yellow, with darker femora and margins of tibiae .... ..........................................

I. paradoxus Priesn.

Aptinothrips Halid.

Body narrow. Head longer than broad. Antennae 6- to 8-segmented. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Ocelli absent; wings absent. Legs thick and short. Prothorax without long setae. Larvae 4 species. In the whole with long setae on sides of abdominal segment VII. U.S.S.R. 5 species. t!.

1 (4).

2 (3). 3 (2).

4 (1).

Style not fused with 6th antennal segment; antennae therefore distinctly 8-segmented. 2nd antennal segment broadest in the middle. Dark yellow. Northwest, North ............................. A. stylifer Tryb. 2nd antennal segment broadest at apex. Whitish yellow. Southwest .......................................... A. karnyi John. Segments of style fused with 6th antennal segment; antennae

6-segmented. 5 (6).

2nd antennal segment broadest near its base; 5th antennal segment with almost parallel sides; 1st antennal segment very broad. South A. elegans Priesn. 2nd antennal segment broadest near its middle; sides of 5th .......................................

6 (5).

antennal segment markedly convex; 1st antennal segment more or less long. Mainly on Gramineae and on turf. Sometimes injurious ..................................... *A. rufus Gmel.

9. Sericothrips Halid. Body densely covered with silky hairs visible only at high magnification. Head broad, narrower posteriorly, antennae 8-segmented. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Prothorax without setae in posterior corners. Fore wings broad at base, markedly narrower distally, with one longitudinal vein; brachypterous forms also occur. Comblike structures usually present on posterior margin of abdominal segments. Capable of jumping. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (2).

3rd antennal segment 3.5 times as long as broad. Antennae 330fi long ........................... S. gracilicornis Will. Antennae shorter; 3rd antennal segment broader. 3rd antennal segment 2.5-2.7 times as long as broad. Antennae about 288}tlong. Pronotum with 33-36 transverse wrinkles in midline. Wings always rudimentary ......... S. staphylinus Halid. 3rd antennal segment 3 times as long as broad. Antennae 290fi long. Pronotum with 48-50 transverse wrinkles. Wings either S. bicornis Karny. fully developed or shortened Body blackish brown ......................... S. bicornis Karny. Body yellowish brown. Transcarpathian Region ................. S. bicornis Karny f. brunneus Priesn.

about

2 (1). 3 (4).

4

(3).

..................

5 (6). 6 (5).

...........................

10. Drepanothrips Uzel. Antennae 6-segraented; trichomes of 3rd g.nd 4th antennal segment paired. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Prothorax with 2 setae on posterior margin. Antennae widely separate, slender. Male Viith long falcate black processes on abdominal segment IX, Abdomen of larvae with minute dark dots and short, curved, terminally widened setae. 1 species.

THYSANOPTERA

1 (1).

859

Light yellow. Anterior vein of fore wings with 3 (1+2) setae in apical part. 0.6-0.86. South, West. Mainly on grapevine; common on leaves of trees and shrubs, especially on Berberis, maple and oak.............. *D. reuteri Uzel (viticola Mokrz.).

11. Dendrothrips Uzel. Head broad and short; antennae 8-segmented; antennae of subgenera Dendrothrips Uzel and Vicinechaetella Yakh with suture separating apex of 6th antennal segment, so that the antennae are apparently 9-segmented; maxillary palps 2-segrnented; posterior corners of prothorax with 2 setae (subgenus Dichaetella Priesn.), with one seta (subgenera Mono chaetella Priesn, and Vicinechaetella. Yakh.), or without setae (subgenus Dendrothrips Uzel). Outer margin of fore wings rounded before apex. Mainly on leaves and shoots of trees and shrubs. 3 species. In the U.S.S.R. 4 species.

1 (8),

2 (5).

3 (4). 4 (3). 5 (2). 6 (7).

7 (6).

8 (1).

6th antennal segment with oblique or transverse suture before apex; 5th antennal segment yellow or brownish gray. Posterior corners of prothorax without setae. Base of fore wings, apex and 2 transverse bands dark. Usually on linden; male appearing in autumn. Abdomen reddish gray-brown. South ........................... ............................... D. ornatus Jabl. (tiliae Bagn.). Abdomen light yellow or grayish yellow. South .................. .............................. D. ornatus Jabl. f. adusta Priesn. Pore wings uniformly grayish brown. Abdomen dark brown; pterothorax yellowish brown .............. ............................................. .’D, degeeri Uzel. Abdomen light yellow, sometimes with a weak gray tinge; pterothorax yellowish orange, South ................................ ............................ D. degeeri Uzel f. invidtosa Priesn. 6th antennal segment without transverse suture; 5th antennal segment black or blackish brown; posterior corners of prothorax with one light seta ............................ D. saltator Uzel.

12. Prosopothrips Uzel. Integument with coarse reticulate sculpture. No ocelli. Antennae 8-segmented; maxillary palps 3-segmented. Prothorax longer than head, without long setae. Wings absent. Larvae with clavate setae on abdominal terguro IX; integument of abdomen with transverse rows of longitudinal ridges. 1 species.

1(1).

Head, prothorax, anterior part of pterothorax, end of 6th antennal segment, 7th and 8th antennal segments, blackish brown; metathorax and abdomen orange. Basal 2/3 of 6th antennal segment and 1st to 5th antennal segments yellow; legs light with brownish P. vejdovskyi Uzel. femora and base of tibiae. 0.8. On turf ......

Anaphothrips Uzel. Antennae 9-segmented; antennal styli 3segmented (subgenus Hem ianaphothrip s Priesn.), or apparently 9-segmented, with 2-segmented style, and oblique secondary suture on 6th antennal segment (subgenus Anaphothrips Uzel) or 8-segmented (subgenus Neophysopus Schmutz.). Prothorax without long setae. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. 3 species; other species (especially A. omissus Priesn. in the steppe zone and A. silvarum Priesn. in the forest zone) probably occur. In the U.S.S.R. 13 species. 13.

1136

.

4 (5).

.

5 (4).

.

2 (1). 3 (6).

Antennae 9-segmented, i.e., antennal style 3-segmented. South... ........................................ A. articulosus Priesn. Antennal style 2-segrnented. 6th antennal segment with oblique suture (Figure 341, 3). No ocelli; 2nd to 5th antennal segments of almost equal length. Distance between fore coxae almost equal to that between middle coxae. Abdomen black; thorax dark brown; North; in Western Europe and in high altitudes of the Caucasus A. secticornis Tryb. Ocelli present; 3rd to 5th antennal segments much narrower and longer than 2nd segment. Middle coxae widely separated. Abdomen A. obscurus Mull. and thorax light yellow. Mainly on Gramineae 6th antennal segment without suture. Thorax and abdomen black or dark brown; prothorax 1.9 times as broad as long. Antennal segments not annulated or with little marked annulation. 0.9-1.0, with extended abdominal segments up to 1.17. Monophagous, on Galium verumL. .............. .......................................... A. silvarum Priesn. Thorax and abdomen light yellow; prothorax 1.3--1.4 times as broad as long. Antennal segments distinctly annulated. 1.13-1.16 ........................................... A. ornissus Priesn,

6 (3). 7

(8).

8 (7).

.

1 (2).

14. Tmetothrips Serv. Antennae 8-segmented. Maxillary palps 3s.egmented. Prothorax slightly longer than head; pronotum with one seta in each posterior corner, which is flanked by a shorter seta. Legs without denticles. Wings usually shortened. End of abdomen pointed. Abdominal t^rgum IX of male with 2 pairs of thick, short spines. 1 species. 1

(1).

Black; 3rd to 5th antennal segment yellowish brown; femora brown; tibiae and tarsi yellowish brown, with darker base. Northwest, West, probably in the North. On flowers and turf ..........................................

.....

T. subapterus Halid.

15. Belothrips Halid. Antennae 8-segmented, with very long terminal segments which are about as long as the 6th antennal segment or even longer. 860 Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Prothorax without setae in posterior corners. Abdominal segmentX of female prolonged into tube. 1 species; a second species probably occurs. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1

(2).

Body dark brown or black. Fore wings grayish white or yellowish white; 4th antennal segment brownish yellow. 4 (1 + 2+ 1) setae in apical part of anterior longitudinal vein of fore wings. Northwest, West. On Gramineae, sedge B. morio Reut. Body rust-brown; fore wings yellowish gray or brownish gray (darker than in B. morio); 4th antennal segment brown or black; apical part of anterior longitudinal vein of fore wings with 3 setae. Probably occurs in the North and Northwest .......................................... B. acuminatus Halid. ...............

2 (1).

........

16. Oxythrips Uzel. Antennae 8-segmented; trichomes on 3rd and 4th antennal segments paired. Prothorax with one seta in each posterior corner. A’tdomen markedly narrowed posteriorly; abdominal segmentX sometimes prolonged into tube; abdominal tergum IX of male with spines. Usually on trees and shrubs. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species.

THYSANOPTERA

Abdominal segmentX prolonged into tube. Body black. Apex of anterior segment of fore tarsus w:’.th a strongly curved denticle. Setae of abdominal segmentIX 113;i,. South; probably occurs in the Southwest. Mainly on Compositae.. ........................................... 0. dentatus Knecht. Head and thorax yellow. Tarsi without denticles. Setae on abdominal segment IX shorter. Abdomen brown. On trees and on turf. Injurious, especially to conifers ....................... *0. brevistylis Tryb. (female).

.

1 (8). 2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (5). 5 (4). 6 (7).

Abdomen yellow or orange-yellow. Setae on abdominal segment IX 85-lOOp, ........................ ............................ 0. brevistylis Tryb. f. hastata Uzel. 7 (6). Setae on abdominal segment IX 60-80?,; abdominal tergum IX with 2 pairs of spines .............. ,*0. brevistylis Tryb. (male). 8 (1). Abdominal segment X not tubular. 9 (14). Apex of fore tarsus (2nd tarsal segment) with denticle. Posterior vein of fore wings with 10 or 11 setae. 10 (13). 11 (12).

Body light yellow or orange-yellow. Setae on abdominal segment IX 80-86?,. 0.8-1, with extended segments up to 1.3. April-June. Center, West, Southwest.............................. 0. ajugae Uzel (female), 12 (11). Setae on abdominal segment IX 54- 58?,. 0.6-0.7. April-May ...... abdominal

0. ajugae Uzel (male). abdomen dark gray or brownish......... ................................. 0. ajugae Uzel f. bicolor Uzel. 14 (9). Tarsi without denticles. Posterior vein of fore wings with 8 or 9 setae. 15 (16). Body of female yellowish brown or grayish brown. End of abdomen darker. Male light yellow. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 35?,; setae on abdominal segment IX 70-85?,. 0.98, with extended abdominal segments up to 1.07. On leaves and flowers of deciduous trees, mainly on Ulmus ........ 0. ulmifoliorum Hal. 16 (17), Body of female light yellow; male unknown. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 32?,. Setae on abdominal segment IX 86-92?., 0.8-0.9. South ........................... *0. virginalis Priesn. ........................................

13 (10). Head and thorax yellow;

17. Odontothrips Serv. Antennae 8-segmented; 2nd antennal segment thick (in lateral view); trichomes on 6th antennal segment long, widened basally. Prothorax without long setae in anterior corners. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Fore femora thickened; tibiae with 1 or 2 apical denticles. Anterior longitudinal vein of fore wings with a continuous or almost continuous row of setae. Mainly on flowers of Leguminosae. 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 9 species, 1 (6). 2 (5).

3 (4).

Fore tarsi without tubercles or denticles (in lateral view). Fore tibiae with a large denticle on inner side and a tubercle near it. Fore wings with broad, light, indistinctly limited apical band. A seta on apex of tubercle of fore tibia. 4th antennal segment grayish yellow. 1.5-1.7. Injurious to young alfalfa and clover ......................................... *0. interroedius Uzel. ....

1138

Seta thick, situated near tubercle. 4th antenna! segment dark, with lighter base. 1.2-1.38. Injurious to young alfalfa, sometimes to other Leguminosae ............... ,*0. phaleratus Halid. Fore tibiae with 2 small, about equally long setiferous denticles 5 (2). on inner side of apex; seta on inner denticle larger. Light band at apex of fore wings not marked, or apex of fore wing with only a faint light area. Injurious to Leguminosae, especially to sainfoin, clover, alfalfa ....................... *0. confusus Priesn. Inner side of fore tarsi with 1 or 2 tubercles or denticles 6 (1). (Figure 344, 3). 861 7 (8). Inner side of apex of fore tibiae with 2 stout denticles, outer denticle larger than inner. Northwest, West, Southwest. Mainly on species of Vi c ia and Trifolium ......................... .............................. *0. uzeli Bagn. (bi uncus John.). Inner side of apex of fore tibiae with a curved denticle; 2nd 8 (7). denticle small or replaced by a tubercle. 9 (10). Small denticle near curved denticle pointed, its inner margin with a thin short seta. A thick seta near the curved denticle ...... ....................................... 0. meridionalis Priesn. Curved denticle very large, with a blunt, spine-bearing tubercle 10 (9). near it (Figure 344, 3). A thick seta near curved denticle absent. Injurious to Leguminosae ........................ -*0. loti Halid. 4 (3).

Scolothrips Hinds. Setae on body very long. Head transverse; 8-segmented. 3rd and 4th antennal segments with paired triMaxillary palps 3-segmented. Prothorax with one seta in each anterior corner, 8 setae on anterior margin, one seta on each side, 2 setae in posterior corners and 4 setae on posterior margin (not including shorter setae; Figure 344, 4). Veins of wings with very long setae theirwhole length. Wings with 3 dark spots. Larvae with very long setae; setae on head longer than head. Larvae and adults preying on Tetranychidae, especially on their eggs. 4 species, t 18.

antennae

chomes.

1 (2).

A pair of additional setae near posterior margin of pronotum (see Figure 344,4). 1st and 8th antennal segments relatively long (1st segment 17-21ji, 8th segment 18-20|j.). Common in Soviet Central Asia and Transcaucasia, but also occurs in the

2 (1). 3 (4).

Transcarpathian Region ..........;......,.. S. acariphagus Yakh. Additional setae near posterior margin of pronotum absent. 1st and 8th antennal segments shorter (14-17fi). Median setae on anterior margin of pronotum 52-56fi (see Figure 344, 4). 22-24 setae on costa of fore wings- South .......................................... S. latipennis Priesn. Median setae on anterior margin of prothorax not more than 40 (i long. Costa of fore wings with not more than 20 setae. Median setae on anterior margin of prothorax 40filong; interocellar setae 88-93p,long. Scale at base of fore wings not dark apically. South .......................... S. longicornis Priesn. ........

4 (3).

5 (6).

1139

SMINTHURIDAE

empodial appendage which has a short subapical seta (Figure 41,2). Male with prehensile organ on abdominal segment VI (Figure 40, 4). 5 species in Europe, 2 of which occur on. high-mountain Alpine meadows. 2 species. 1 (2).

2(1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

Almost whole body and anterior part of head black-violet.. Spines lateral to wart on abdominal segment VI of male pointing in different directions. Anal appendages of female leaf-shaped, as long as wide (Figure 43, 10). On open areas with grass; injurious to vegetable crops. Center, South... ,*B. hortensis Fitch. Anterior part of head always light-colored. Body without pigment or with greenish dorsal longitudinal line; rarely whole abdomen greenish black. In male, both spines lateral to wart pointing in one direction. Anal appendages of female leaf-shaped, twice as long as wide (Figure 40, 9). In male, both spines lateral to wart equally thick. Color yellow, abdomen without dark pigment. In meadows and fields. May occur in large numbers on cucumbers, tobacco, marrows, radishes, etc. Harmful, feeding on the epidermis of young leaves. From Karelia to Ukraine ........................ .............................. *B. lutea Lubb. (arvalis Fitch.)Anal appendages of female as long as wide. Anterior spine near wart on abdominal segment VI of male twice as thick as posterior spine. Color yellow, often with greenish median stripe on the whole abdomen. Strongly pigmented specimens with greenish black abdomen occur in autumn. Possibly occurs in the U.S.S.R. ......................................... B. viridescens Stach.

8. Fasciosminthurus Gisin. Closely related to Deuterosminthurus. Differing in structure of empodial appendage which bears a long subapical filament (Figure 41,1). 6 species in Europe. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Abdomen with darklateralstripeswhicharefusedatendof abdomen and approach each other in anterior part of body, forming a complete circle. Dorsum also with a series of broad curved spots (Figure 44, 1). Color dirty white. 0.8-1. Xerophilous. Belorussia .......................... F- circumfasciatus Stach. Abdomen with 5 longitudinal stripes and a semicircular stripe on segment IV. Ground color yellow. 1.0. Crimea ........................................... F. virgulatus Skor. .............

9. Deuterosminthurus Born. Ocelli 8. 4th antennal segment divided secondary segments. Antennae of male of normal structure. Dens Tibiotarsus with 2 or 3 short capitate setae close to claw (Figure 41, 7). Empodial appendage of same form on all legs, ending in a short, pointed apical seta. Abdomen of female with anal appendages. On open grass areas, rarely in forests. About 10 species in Europe. into

without spines.

98

2 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Color pale yellow, with 2 large, bluish black spots on dorsum (one anteriorly and one posteriorly; Figure 44, 6). 0.6-0.8. In forests, meadows, shrubs. Common. Injurious to leaves of cultivated plants ......................... *D. bicinctus Koch Color yellowish, without dark pigment on abdomen. 0.6-1. D. repanda Agren. Mainly in dry meadows, forest-steppe .........

105

THYSANOPTERA

6 (5).

Median setae on anterior margin of pronoturo 20-25^; interocellar setae 76-80[i. Scale at base of fore wings completely dark ....... ......;...................,.......

S. uzeli Schille (nee Priesn.).

Kakothrips Will. Antennae 8-segmented. Maxillary palps 3-segrnented. Interocellar setae situated between posterior ocelli. Prothorax with one seta in each anterior comer and 2 setae in each posterior corner. Veins of fore wings with setae their whole length. Male with sclerotized processes on abdominal segment VIII. Larvae with smooth integument of abdomen, with long setae on body, with dark abdominal segments IX and X; abdominal segment X with 2 straight spines. 1 species. 19.

1 (1).

Dark brown or black, with yellow 3rd and 4th antennal segments, with yellow fore tibiae with dark apex and with yellow tarsi. Fore wings dark, lighter at base and apex. Fore tarsi with apical denticle. On flowers, mainly Leguminosae. Injurious to peas, .... ...........................................

*K. robustus Uzel.

Frankliniella Karny. Antennae 8-segmented. Labial palps 3segmented. Interocellar setae anterior to posterior ocelli. Prothoraxwith one seta in each anterior corner and 2 setae in each posterior corner. Posterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII with comb of denticles. Male without sclerotized processes on abdomen. Larvae with long setae, smooth integument, long antennae. On flowers and turf. 4 species, some of them with a number of color variants T. 20.

1

862

(12). Color- of thorax and abdomen yellow or grayish yellow. Females (ovipositor present). Lateral setae of abdominal segment IX 135-150^; length of interocellar setae 54-60^. 6th antennal segment broader than 5th segment ......................................... V. pallida Uzel. (3). Lateral setae of abdominal segment IX 120?.; length of interocellar setae 24-28[i; 6th antennal segment narrower than 5th F. dampfi Priesn. segment (2). Males. (7). 3rd antennal segment more than 3 times as long as broad ......... .......................................... F. tenuicornis Uzel. (6). 3rd antennal segment not more than 2.6 times as long as broad. (11). 8th antennal segment 0.5 times as long as 7th segment. Costa

2 (5). 3 (4).

4

....................................

5 6 7 8

of fore wings with 17-19 setae; anterior vein of fore wings with 17 setae and posterior vein with 10 or 11 setae. 0,8mm. Length of 8th antennal segment lip.; setae in anterior corners V. pallida Uzel. of prothorax 60[i 10 (9). 8th antennal segment l4y. long; setae in anterior corners 45 \i . .... F. ............................................ dampfi Priesn. 8th antennal segment 0.1-0.2 longer than 7th segment. Costa of 11 (8). fore wings with 20-23 setae; anterior vein with 18-21 setae and F. intonsa Tryb. posterior vein with 14-15 setae. 0.88-1 12 (1). At least end of abdomen dark. 13 (16). Thorax and abdomen dark brown or blackish brown. 14 (15). 4th antennal segment shorter than 3rd segment; third antennal segment 3.3 times as long as broad. Anterior vein 9 (10).

..............................

.........

t F. fuses

Hind (an American species) has also been erroneously recorded from "southern Russia".

1140

of fore wings with 17 or 18 setae. Lateral setae of abdominal segment IX 155;i long. Mainly on Grarnineae F. tenuicornis Uzel. 3rd and 4th antennal segments of equal length; 3rd antennal segment 2.3-2.4 times as long as broad. Lateral setae of abdominal segment IX 128-138filong. Anterior vein of fore wings with 19-23 setae. Injurious, especially to Leguminosae; often on Gramineae...................................*F. intonsa Tryb. Thorax yellow or grayish yellow, brownish yellow; abdomen completely or apically dark. Abdomen dark only apically, i.e., abdominal segments IX and X dark brown or black. 3rd antennal segment more than 3 times as long as broad ............................. F. tenuicornis Uzel f. adusta Uzel. 3rd antennal segment less than 3 times as long as broad. 3rd to 5th antennal segments completely light.................... ................................F. intonsa Tryb. f. adusta Uzel. 3rd, 4th and especially 5th antennal segments terminally dark. .... ............................ F. intonsa Tryb. f. nigropilosa Uzel. Abdomen completely dark. Antennae (except light stalk of 3rd segment) blackish brown. Infestation results in damage to corn leaves .... *F. tristis Priesn. Antennae lighter; 3rd and 4th antennal segments completely yellow, yellowish gray or gray, or of the same color, except apex and at least base of 5th segment. Thoracic setae light gray or brownish gray. 5th antennal segment dark gray or brownish, with yellowish base. Setae in anterior corners of prothorax 57-62[i.- Wings often shortened. South ......................... F. nigriventris Uzel. Setae in anterior corners of prothorax 75-86(x. ................... ............................ F. pallida Uzel f. roelanura Priesn. 5th antennal segment yellow. Lateral setae of abdominal segment IX 123-124fi; anterior longitudinal vein of fore wings with 19-20 setae. Not recorded from the European U.3.S.R.; possibly occurs in the Southeast .......... ................... P. intonsa Tryb f. norashensis Yakh. et Kurb. Lateral setae of abdominal segment IX 135-l40fi; anterior longitudinal vein of fore wings with 15 or 16 setae. Recorded from Soviet Central Asia, but it probably also occurs in other regions of the U.S.S.R. ........ F. pallida Uzel f, melanura Priesn. Thoracic setae black or dark brown ............................ ............................ F. intonsa Tryb. f. nigripilosa Uzel. .

15 (14).

16 (13).

17 (22).

18 (,1.9). 19 (1.8). 20 (21).

21 (20).

22 (17). 23 (24). 24 (23).

25 (32). 26 (29). 27 (28). 28 (27). 29 (26). 30 (31).

31 (30).

32 (35).

.

.........

21. Parafrankliniella Priesn. Antennae 8-segmented. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Sides of head convex. Prothorax with one seta in each anterior corner and 2 setae in each posterior corner. Seta in anterior corner much shorter than seta next to it on anterior margin (Figure 344,5). A small gap in row of setae on anterior vein of fore wings. Legs without denticles. Abdomen of male without processes. 1 species.

1 (1).

Black or yellowish brown, with yellow 3rd antennal segment and fore tibiae- Middle and hind tibiae lighter at base and apex. Wings dark, with light base. Almostexclusivelyon V e rba scum spp. ..................................... P. verbasci Priesn.

THYSANOPTERA

22. RhaphidothripsUzel. Antennae 8-segmented; 5th antennal segment short, broadest at apex, closely fitting against 6th segment; antennal style longer than 6th antennal segment, its segments slender, long. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Head longer than broad. Prothorax with 2 setae in posterior corners. Legs without denticles. Females with fully developed wings (macropterous form) and with shortened wings (brachypterous form); wings of male shortened, 1 species.

863

1 (1).

Blackish brown, with yellow fore tibiae; 5th antennal segment sometimes light at base; female 1.1-1.3, male 0.8-1. Northwest, On flowers and turf Rh. longistylosus Uzel.

West.

...............

Leucothrips Renter. Head transverse. Antennae 8-segroented; antennal style slightly longer than 6th antennal segment. Maxillary palps 2-segmented, Prothorax with 2 long setae in posterior corners. Fore wings with one longitudinal vein; setae on vein minute. 1 species. 23.

1 (1),

Yellow, with dark fore wings. 0.9-1.1. On ferns in hothouses. Not yet recorded from the U.S.S.R., but it probably occurs there .. .......................................... L. nigripennis Reut.

24. Taeniothrips Serv. Antennae 8-segmented; trichomes of 3rd and 4th antennal segments paired. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Prothorax with 2 setae in posterior corners. Wings either fully developed or shortened; wings of male sometimes absent. 14 species, but more species probably occur in the U.S.S.R. In the whole U.S.S.R. 20 species. The genus is collective and will undoubtedly be divided in the future. 1 (64). Wings fully developed. 2 (19). Anterior longitudinal vein of fore wings with 2 setae in apical

part (Figure 344,6). Postocellar setae long, only slightly shorter than interocellar setae. The longest setae situated posterior to eyes, 40^ long..... ................................................ T. latus Bagn. 4 (3). Postocellar setae very small, often hardly visible, much shorter than interocellar setae. 5 (14). Ground color of abdomen yellow. 6 (7). Last 2 abdominal segments darker than the others. Setae on posterior corners of prothorax 80-98^1 long. 1.2-1.4 ............. .......................... T. vulgatissimus Halid. f. adusta Uzel. 7 (6), Last 2 segments of abdomen yellow or whitish yellow, like other part of abdomen. Setae on abdominal segment X not more than HOp, long; setae in posterior corners of prothorax not more than 62^ long. 0.8-1.2. 8 (11). Females (ovipositor present). 9 (10). Setae on abdominal segment X up to 80p, long; setae on abdominal segment IX not more than 76^ long; 0-8-1. On leaves of trees. South ................................... T. albidtcornis Knecht. 10 (9). Setae on abdominal segment X lOO-HO^i, those on abdominal *T. ulmifoliorum Uzel. segmentIX 100-140(i. 0.9-1.2. On poplar. Males. 11 (8). 12 (13). On poplar .............................. *T. ulmifoliorum Uzel. 3 (4).

..

*T. salicis Reut. i 13 (12). Mainly on willow; not occurring on poplar Abdomen light brown or blackish brown. 14 (5). 15 (16). 6th antennal segment with broad base; setae in posterior corners of prothorax not more than 54-62;i; setae on abdominal segment X 100-110|i. Mainly on willow ................... ,*T. salicis Reut. 16 (15). 6th antennal segment narrow at the base, setae in posterior corners of prothorax at least 73 fi long; setae on abdominal segment X at least 122fi long. 17 (18). Interocellar setae 68^1 long; setae on posterior corners of prothorax 73-84^,; setae on abdominal segment X 135-150}i. On carnations. Not yet recorded from the European U.S.S.R., but *T. dianthi Priesn. it probably occurs in the South and West 18 (17). Interocellar setae about 36^ long; setae in posterior corners of prothorax 80-98(1,; setae on abdominal segment X 122-135p. .....

......

......

....................................... T. vulgatissimus Halid. More than 2 setae on apical part of anterior vein of fore wings. Apical part of anterior vein of fore wing with 3 or 4 setae. Females (ovipositor present). Body light yellow. Other characters as in bracket 27. Not recorded previously from the European U.S.S.R.; known from Odessa ..................... T. discolor Karny var. lythri Karny. 23 (22). Body brown or black; thorax sometimes lighter than abdomen. 24 (33). Abdominal tergum VIII without comb in middle of posterior margin. 25 (28). Sides of posterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII without

19 20 21 22

(2). (55). (42). (23).

26 (27).

denticles. 5th antennal segment dark. Apex of fore tarsi with a denticle. Setae of abdominal segment IX up to 125-130^, those of segmentX 108p,. Outer setae of posterior corners of prothorax only slightly shorter than inner setae. 0.9-1.36 ................................. T. firmus Uzel f. macroptera. 5th antennal segment light. Tarsi without denticle. Setae on abdominal segment IX up to 78-100^, those on segment X 68-84[i. Outer setae of posterior corners of prothorax shorter than inner setae, sometimes half as long as inner setae. 0-8-0.9 ............................................ T. discolor Karny. Sides of posterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII with combs of denticles. Comb of denticles on posterior margin of abdominal segment VIII with a short gap in the middle. Wings not dark. Prothorax with 6 setae on posterior margin. 0.7-0.8. Not yet recorded from the U.S.S.R., but probably occurs in the Northwest, West and South. Mainly on conifers ................................ T. pini UzelMiddle of posterior margin of abdominal segment VIII without comb in a large part. Wings very dark. Prothorax with 8 setae on posterior margin. Body larger. Length of 2nd to 8th antennal segments up to 210^. Wings 0.65-0.73; ends of middle and hind tibiae usually lighter than the other part. Denticles of comb little developed. 0.9-1.1. Mainly on flowers of Compositae .................. T. frici Uzel.

.............................

27 (26),

....-...,,.

P.8 (25). 864 29 (30).

30 (29).

;-!!

(32),

t Males of T. characteis.

salicis Reut. and T. ulmifoliorum Uzel can be

distinguished only by biological

THYSANOPTERA

32 (31). Length of 2nd to 8th antennal segments about 260^1. Wings 0.9. Combs of denticles at sides of abdominal tergum well marked. Ends of middle and hind tibiae not lighter. Body larger. South .......................... T. frici, Uzel var. pallidivestis Priesn. 33 (24). Comb present along whole posterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII. 34 (37). Wings very dark. 35 (3R). Tarsi without denticle. Interocellar setae long, about 78^.; setae in posterior corners of prothorax very long (97-108^,). Posterior vein of wings with 9 or 10 setae ................................ ........................... T. picipes Zett. (primulae Halid.). 36 (35). Terminal segment of fore tarsi with denticle (Figure 344, 7). Interocellar setae 60^.; setae in posterior corners of prothorax 70-80^1. Posterior vein of wings with 15-17 setae. On trees, mainly on fruit trees. Injurious, especially to pears ............. ........................................ *T. ihconsequens Uzel. 37 (34). Wings light, hyaline or slightly darkened. 38 (39). Denticles of comb on abdominal terguro VIII 12p.; other characters as in bracket 29 .................................. T. pini Uzel. 39 (38). Denticles of comb about 18^. 40 (41). 4th antennal segment with rounded sides. 3 times as long as broad; 5th antennal segment completely dark; other characters as in bracket 18 ............................. T. vulgatissimus Halid. 41 (40). 4th antennal segment with almost parallel sides, almost 4 times as long as broad; base of 5th antennal segment yellow or grayish yellow. Mainly on flowers of fruit trees ........................ ...................................... *T. meridionalis Priesn. 42 (21). Males. 43 (48). Body yellow or orange. 44 (45). Body orange; legs light yellow. Inner pair of row of 4 setae on abdominal tergum IX longer than outer pair. On conifers ......... ................................................. T. pini Uzel. 45 (44). Body light yellow. On herbs and grasses or on flowers of trees and shrubs. 46 (47). 5th antennal segment with strongly convex sides. Inner pair of row of 4 setae on abdominal tergum IX much shorter than outer pair ........................................ T. discolor Karny. 47 (46). 5th antennal segment with slightly convex sides. Transverse depressions on abdominal sterna 48-53p, broad. Mainly on flowers of fruit trees .......................... *T. meridionalis Priesn. 48 (43). Body brown or dark brown. 49 (50). Forelegs markedly thickened; abdominal segment IX with 4 spines close to each other ............................ T. firmus Uzel. 50 (49). Forelegs not thickened; abdominal segment IX without spines. 51 (52). Terminal segment of tarsi with denticle (Figure 344, 7). Light depressions on abdominal sterna III-VII ovoid. Injurious, especially to pear ......................... *T.inconsequens Uzel. 52 (51). Tarsi without denticle. Light depressions on abdominal sterna .

oval.

..

53 (54). Light depressions on abdominal sterna III-V distinct, 64-70^, broad. Lateral parts of penis without sharp bend at base, broad, markedly tapering, with slightly rounded apex ................... ....................................... T. vulgatissimus Halid. 54 (53). Light depressions on abdominal sterna indistinct; lateral parts of penis strongly curved, with obliquely truncate apex ............ ................................................ T. frici Uzel. 55 (20). Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with at least 5 setae, or anterior vein with setae almost throughout. 56 (59). Terminal segment of fore tarsi with denticle. 57 (58). Posterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII with a comb of long denticles (about 27(i long). Prothorax with 4 setae on posterior margin. For other characters see brackets 36 and 51 ........................................*T. inconsequens Uzel. 58 (57). Po’sterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII without comb. Prothorax with 8 setae on posterior margin. For other characters see brackets 26 and 49 ................ T. firmus Uzel f. macroptera. 59 (56). Tarsi without denticles. 60 (til). Anterior vein of fore wings with a continuous row of setae or with a small gap proximal to middle; in this case apical part of ante8&5 rior vein with 9 to 12 setae. A small gap sometimes only in basal half of wing (in which there are 7 setae (4+ 3}), Both ends of fore femora and apex of middle and hind femora light yellowish. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax up to 85^ long. Mainly on Salvia. Crimea ......................... *T. fedorovi Priesn. 61 (60). Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings usually with 5-8 setae. If the setae are more numerous, femora completely dark and setae on posterior corners of prothorax 92-103(i. 62 (63), 3rd antennal segment completely or almost completely dark (except its base). Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 7-11 (usually 7 or 8) setae. Injurious to many plants ........ ............................................ *T. atratus Halid. 63 (62). 3rd antennal segment yellow. Apical part of anterior veins of fore wings of female with 5 or 6 (rarely 7) setae; same of male with 5 setae. South. Mountains and foothills .................... ......................... T. atratus Halid. var. montanus Priesn. 64 (1). Wings rudimentary or absent. 65 (66). Wings absent. Interocellar setae outside triangle formed by ocelli. 3rd antennal segment dark ......... T. ericae Hal. (male). 66 (65). Wings rudimentary. Interocellar setae between posterior ocelli. 3rd antennal segment yellow ................................... ......................... T. firmus Uzel f. brachyptera and male. ............

25. Rhopalandrothrips Priesn. Antennae of female 8-segniented; antennae of male 6- or 8-segmented; 6th antennal segment of male unusually long (Figure 344, 8). Maxillary palps of female 3-segmented, those of male 2" or 3-segmented. Trichoroes of 3rd and 4th antennal segments paired. Prothorax with 2 setae in posterior corners. Posterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII with a comb of fine denticles. Legs without denticles. Abdomen of male without spines or processes. Mainly on deciduous trees and shrubs. 1 species; one other species probably occurs. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

THYSANOPTERA

(4). 2 (3). 1

Males (6th antennal segment very long).

Antennae 6-segmented; wings

absent. Probably occurs in the Rh. annulicornis Uzel, North and throughout the Western Region. Antennae 8-segmented. Wings developed ....................... ................................... Rh. consociatus Targ.-Tozz. Females (6th antennal segment normal; ovipositor present). Costa of fore wings with 18-23 setae; posterior vein with 6-10 setae. Ovipositor 250- 280(i long .......... Rh. annulicornis Uzel, Costa of fore wings with 25 setae; posterior vein with 13 setae. Rh. consociatus Targ.-Tozz. Ovipositor not more than 230}i long

4

(1).

5 (6). 6 (5).

.

.

.

..

3 (2).

26. Thrips L, Antennae 7-segmented; 3rd and 4th antennal segments with paired trichomes. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Prothorax with 2 setae in posterior corners, outer seta sometimes very short. Wings fully developed, sometimes shortened. End of abdomen with long-setae. Femora without denticles. Tarsi sometimes with denticle. On flowers, on leaves, on turf; hibernating in the ground or in plant remains. 16 species; more species will certainly be found. In the whole U.S.S.R. 31 species. 1 (66). Females (ovipositor present). 2 (59). Wings fully developed. 3 (16). Body yellow or orange; thorax and abdominal terga sometimes slightly dark, but in this case end of abdomen lighter, yellowish. 4 (11). Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 3 (rarely 2) setae. 5 (8). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 60-80(i. 6 (7), 4th antennal segment completely yellow or apically dark. Costa of fore wings with 26-28 setae. .Th. flavus Schrank. 7 (6). 4th antennal segment completely dark. Costa of fore wings with 12-17 setae ................. Th. nigropilosus Uzel f. macroptera. 8 (5). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax not more than 57(i long, 9 (10). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax of about the same length (50-57[i). Setae of abdominal segment X 68~80(i ................ ......................................... .Th. albopilosus Uzel. Outer setae in posterior corners of prothorax much shorter 10 (9). (43-46^) than inner setae (50-57[i). Setae on abdominal segmentX ...............

100-105(1. ........................... Th, praeterroissus Priesn. Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with at least 4 setae. 12 (15). Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 4 setae. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 28-48p.. 13 (14). Antennae yellow; 2nd antennal segment, apex of 3rd to 5th segments and 6th antennal segment sometimes gray ................ ............................................. *Th. tabaci Lind. 14 (13). 3rd to 5th antennal segments with distinct, sharply limited dark terminal part giving the impression of secondary segmentation. The species has not been recorded from the European U.S.S.R., 11 (4).

but it is known from the south coast of the Crimea ............... ........................... Th. tabaci Lind. f. annulicornis Uzel.

866 15 (12). Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 7-11 (usually 8 or 9) setae. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 60-65^ ........... .......................................... Th. minutissimus L.

16 (3).

Abdomen, light brown or dark brown, or almost black; if abdomen light brown, end of abdomen darker. 17 (48). Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 2 or 3 setae. 18 (21). Prothorax with 8 setae on posterior margin; 4th antennal segment yellow or yellow with a gray part; 2nd antennal segment com-

pletely brown. 19 (20). Outer setae in posterior corners of prothorax 42-46 n. Inner setae in posterior corners of prothorax 55p. Setae on abdominal Th. discolor Halid. f. macroptera, segment X 73-80i^ 20 (19). Outer and inner setae on posterior corners of prothorax of about the same length (55 to 68}.i). Setae on abdominal segment X 105- 126 fi. One of the setae on the posterior margin of the prothorax situated between the long setae in the posterior corners. Not recorded from the European U.S.S.R-, but it probably occurs in the South .................................. Th. cardui Yakh. 21 (18). Prothorax posteriorly with 4 (or often 6) terminal setae, rarely with 8 setae, but in this case 4th antennal segment very dark to the base or 2nd antennal segment white apically. 22 (31). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 80-95}i. 23 (28). Posterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII with comb of denticles. 5th antennal segment usually shorter than 2nd segment, 24 (25). Setae on abdominal segment IX 108-133^; those on segment X 105-120(1; setae in posterior corners of prothorax 80 p, ........... ............

25 (24). 26 (27).

.

..........:.............,.................... Th. validus Uzel. Setae on abdominal segment IX 140-160^; those on abdominal segment X 135-140p. 3rd antennal segment and at least basal half of 5th and 6th antennal segments yellow; usually also 4th antennal segment yellow. ....... *Th. physapus L. End of 3rd antennal segment and 4th to 6th segments dark, Crimea.............. Th. physapus L. var. obscuricornis Priesn. Posterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII without comb. 5th antennal segment usually as long as 2nd segment. Maxillary palps short, length of their segments beginning from the 1st: 11-12?,. 7-8^i, 14-18p. respectively. Basal half of 4th antennal segment and base of 5th antennal segment brownish yellow. Ovipositor 0.23-0.25 long. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 80^. Mainly on dandelion Th. taraxaci Yakh. Maxillary palps much longer, length of segments: IQy., lip,, 19-20p. respectively. 4th and 5th antennal segments completely dark. Ovipositor 0.22 long ............ Th. dilatatus Uzel f. macroptera. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax less than 80p, long. Setae on abdominal segment IX at least 105p, long. Setae on abdominal segment IX very long (122"142(x, usually 133-135(1,). Abdominal tergum VIII without comb of denticles. (For other characters see bracket 29) .......... Th. taraxaci Yakh. Setae on abdominal segment IX 105-lSOu. Abdominal tergum VIII with comb of denticles along its whole margin. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax about 55p, long. Antennae, except apex of 2nd and 3rd segments, dark. On flax .............. .............................................

27 (26).

26 (23). 29 (30).

........

30 (29).

31 (22). 32 (37). 33 (34).

34 (33). 3!5 (36).

...........................................

*Th. Unarms Uzel,

THYSANOPTERA

36 (35). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax at least 68^1 long. 3rd, 4th antennal segments (except their apex) and 5th antennal segment yello-w at base or in basal half. ........... Th. validus Uzel. 37 (32). Setae on abdominal segment IX not more than HO^long. 38 (39). 4th antennal segment much longer than 5th segment. Fore femora light at apex; fore tibiae yellow, with grayish brown part along margin. Mainly on willow, poplar and alder - Th. viminaUs Uzel. 39 (38). 4th antennal segment about as long as 5th segment. 40 (41). Legs yellow, with dark part in middle of femora and slightly dark part on middle and hind tibiae. Wings yellowish, with grayish dark part at base. Setae of abdominal segment X 73(i; apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 2 setae. Mainly on willow .... .

41 (40).

42 (43).

43 (42).

44 (45). 45 (44). 867 46 (47).

.

......................................... Th. difficiUs Priesn. Legs brown, with lighter or yellow end of tibiae. Wings dark, with lighter base. Setae of abdominal segment X usually more than 73|i long; if they are notmorethan 73^i long, comb of denticles on abdominal tergum VIII absent. Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings usually with 3 setae; if apical part with 2 setae, abdominal tergurn VIII without comb. Abdominal tergum VIII without comb; setae on abdominal segment X 70-75^ long. On leaves of shrubs, mainly on elder .......................................... ,*Th. sambuci Heeg. Abdominal tergum VIII with comb of sparse denticles which is interrupted inthe middle. Setae on abdominal segment X 76-85[i. Head and thorax brown. Injurious to rose and sometimes to apple ................................... *Th. fuscipennis Halid. Head and thorax orange. Length of antennae 260-270?,; length of antennal segments, beginning from 2nd segment; 38, 50-56, 45-48. 39-43, 50-55, 20-21p. respectively. South. Th. fuscipennis Halid. var. banaticus Knecht. Antennae shorter; length of antennal segments, beginning from 2nd segment, 35. 45-47, 36-43, 34-37, 45-47, l7-18)i ............. ........................... Th. fuscipennis Halid. f. major Uzel. Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with more than 3 setae, Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 4 setae. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 28-48p.. Antennae uniformly dark gray or blackish brown; only 1st antennal segment sometimes light gray......................... .......................... *Th. tabaci Lind. f. atricornts Priesn. 1st antennal segment, base of 3rd and 4th segments and often also 5th antennal segment light gray or yellow ................... ................................. *Th. tabaci Lind. f. pulla Uzel. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax much longer. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 50-55?,. For other characters see brackets 43-46 ........... *Th. fuscispinus Halid. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 80-95p,. For other characters see brackets 25- 27 ................. *Th. physapus L. Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with more than 4 setae. Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 5 or 6 setae. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 68-76^ Longest

....

.

47 (46).

48 (17). 49 (56). 50 (53). 51 (52).

52 (51).

53 (50). 54 (55). 55 (54).

56 (49). 57 (58).

.

setae on abdominal segment IX 105-114(1 ...................... ............................ Th. angusticeps Uzel f. macroptera. 58 (57). Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 7-11 setae. Setae on posterior corners of prothorax 60-65^1. Longest setae on abdominal segment IX 68-86}i. .............. Th. minutissimus L59 (2). Wings markedly shortened or rudimentary. 60 (63). Head and thorax light brown or dark brown. 61 (62). Abdomen unusually broad; head transverse; sides of head convex ....................... Th. dilatatus Uzel f. brachyptera. 32 (61). Abdomen narrow. Head not broader than long; sides of head only slightly rounded ......... Th. angusticeps Uzel.f. brachyptera. 133 (60). Head and thorax yellow, grayish yellow or orange. ii4 (65). Abdomen black. On turf and flowers ......... Th. discolor Halid, ’}5 (64). Whole body light yellow, except 5th to 7th antennal segments (sometimes also base of 4th antennal segment) which are dark..... ........................... Th. nigropilosus Uzel f. brachyptera. Males. 66 (1). 67 (92). Wings fully developed. 68 (85). Body yellow or orange. G9 (80). Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 2 or 3 setae. 70 (71). Setae on body light, indistinct on white background ............... ......................................... Th. albopilosus Uzel. 71 (70). Setae on body (although often slightly dark) distinct on white background. 72 (73). Antennae more than 260{i long. 6th antennal segment 48-56(i ...... .............................................. Th. flavus Schr. 73 (72). Antennae less than 240^. long. 6th antennal segment not more than

45(i long. 74 (77). 6th antennal segment about 45^ long, 7!5 (76). 5th antennal segment yellow ................. *Th. sambuct Heeg. 7!i (75), 5th antennal segment dark, light at the base ..................... ....................................... .#Th. fuscipennis Halid. 77 (74). 6th antennal segment not more than 42p. long, 73 (79). Legs pale yellow. Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings usually with 3 setae (rarely 2) ........ Th. praetermissus Priesn. 7ft (78). Femora with distinct dark area on outer side. Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 2 setae. 80 (69). Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with at least 4 setae. 81 (84). Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 4 setae. 82 (83). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax at least 40;i .............. ............................................. *Th. tabaci Lind. 83 (82). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 50-55[i .................. ....................................... ^Th. fuscipennis Halid. 84 (81). Apical part of anterior vein of fore wings with 7-11 setae; setae on posterior corners of prothorax 60-65(1,, oval, lighter than ground color; depressions present on abdominal segments III-V. .. .......................................... Th. minutissimus L. 85 (68). Body grayish brown or brown. 86 (89). Light depressions on abdominal segments very small, rounded (like dots).

Sphyrotheca B6rn. 3rd antennal segment with short setae of equal 4th antennal segment divided into 5 or 6 secondary segments. Head and abdomen with short, echinate, truncate setae of uniform thickness, in addition to ordinary setae (Figure 41, 3). Claws tunicate with a pair of strong lateral denticles with fimbriated margins (Figure 44. 9). Tibiotarsus without capitate setae. 4 species in Europe, 1 species in the U.S.S.R. 10.

length.

1 (1).

Color yellowish orange, with black-violet pigment which forms spots and stripes. 2. 0. In forests, in litter, under bark, etc. West ....................................... S.lubbocki Tullb.

12. Sminthurus Latr. Ocelli 8. 4th antennal segment divided into secondary segments. Basal half of 3rd antennal segment with 4 or 5 longer setae {Figure 41, 8). Antennae of male of normal structure. Tibiotarsus without capitate setae or with I or 2 long, spatulate setae far from claw. Claws of some species tunicate. Female with anal appendages. In forests, in litter, on mushrooms, fragments of wood, tree stumps. Common in open areas with low grass. Also on vegetable crops and Leguminosae. About 10 species in Europe. 6 (+ 1) species.

1 (4). 2 (3).

Tibiotarsus with capitate setae. Tibiotarsus with a spatulate capitate seta. Almost whole abdomen black-violet; dark pigment sometimes only on sides, rarely weakly developed; greater part of head yellowish white. 1.6.

S. Haviceps Tullb. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. Tibiotarsus with 2 spatulate capitate setae. Color yellowish; sides of live specimens green. 1.7. In mountains on sunlit areas with grass. Eastern Carpathians ............. S. guthriei Stach. 4
3 (2).

THYSANOPTERA

87 (88). Light depressions on abdominal segments VII absent ............................................ Th. viminalis Uzel. 88 (87). Light depressions on abdominal segment VII present ............................................. Th. validus Uzel. 868 89 (86). Light depressions on abdominal segments large, oval. 90 (91). 6th antennal segment light at the base. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 80-90(1 .......................... *Th. physapus L. 91 (90). 6th antennal segment completely dark- Setae in posterior corners of pronotum not more than 66p. long ......... Th. minutissimus L. 92 (67). Wings shortened. 93 (94). Body light yellow ........................ Th. nigropilosus Uzel 94 (93). Body dark. 95 (96). Depressions on abdominal segments III-VII oval ................. ............................ Th. angusticeps Uzel f. brachyptera. 96 (95). Depressions on abdominal segments III" VII resembling dumbbells ... ............................................ Th. dilatatus Uzel. .............

..............

27. Platythrips Halid. Antennae 7-segmented; 3rd and 4th antennal segments with paired trichomes. Body very broad. Prothorax with 2 setae in posterior corners. Legs without denticles. Wings fully developed (f. macroptera) or absent (f. aptera). Abdominal setae thick. 1 species.

1 (2). 2 (1).

Pterothorax and abdominal segments IX and X yellowish brown ............................................ P. tunicatus Uzel. Pterothorax and abdominaj. segments IX and X dark brown or black...................... P. tunicatus Uzel var. obscurus Reut. ....

28. Stenothrips Uzel. Body very slender. Antennae 7-segmented; maxillary palps 2-segmented, long. Head longer than broad and about as long as prothorax. Prothorax with 2 setae in posterior corners. Legs without denticles. Wings narrow. Posterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII with a comb of fine denticles. 1 species. 1 (1).

Yellowish gray or brownish gray, sometimes with olive-green tinge. Head and end of abdomen darker than other parts of body; 3rd antennal segment yellow. Tibiae and tarsi yellow, sometimes dark at base. Fore wings with grayish yellow part- On Grami" neae, especially on oats, to which it is inj-irious ................ ......................................... ^S. graminmn Uzel.

2.

Suborder

TUBULIFERA

Antennae 8-segmented, sometimes 7-segmented; species of family Urothripidae (which does not occur in the U.S.S.R.) with 4 or 5-segmented antennae; trichomes pore-shaped, sometimes numerous. Labial and maxillary palps 1- or 2-segmented. Prothorax narrowing anteriorly. Fore and hind wings about as long as broad, without veins, with only a strongly sclerotized rudiment of a longitudinal vein at base of fore wing, with a dense fringe of long hairs at the margins, and often with supplementary hairs at apex of posterior margin of fore wings. Wings sometimes shortened or absent. Tarsi of forelegs single-segmented. Abdominal

1150

PHLOEOTHRtPIDAE

segment X prolonged into tube.

Female without ovipositor, with a dark sclerotized rod before posterior margin of segment IX; male with a distinct notch at base of apical tube of abdomen. Eggs oval. There are 2 larval instars; antennae of larvae similar to those of imagines; apex of abdomen strongly sclerotized; abdominal segment X long; rudiment of abdominal segment XI with 2 long hairs. Pronymphs of alate forms with wing rudiments; antennae directed anteriad, but with fused segments. Nymphs with backward-directed antennae; wing rudiments reaching beyond thorax posteriorly; 2nd nymphs, if present, with longer antennae and wing rudiments.

I family. 3.

Family PHLOEOTHRIPIDAE

Antennae 7- or 8-segmented. Maxillary and labial palps 2-segmented. Coxae of middle legs.more widely separated than coxae of fore- and hind legs. Abdominal segment IX longer or shorter than apical tube. 13 (+ 1) genera, 50 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 15 genera, 82 species.

.

Key to Genera

869

1 (22).

Sides of head without large spines; very small spinules sometimes present, standing on small warts. Laciniae needle- shaped or setalike t. (Subfamily Phloeothripinae).

2 (3). 3 (2). 4 (9),

Antennae 7-segmented Antennae 8-segmented,

5 (6). 6 (5).

7 (8). 8 (7).

........................

Fore wings distinctly narrowed in the middle; if fore wings absent, prothorax only slightly broader than head. 3rd antennal segment symmetrical, very thin at base ............. ............................................. 8. Xylaplothrips. 3rd antennal segment more or less asymmetrical, obliquely truncate terminally. Mouth cone with broadly rounded apex. In addition to alate forms, there also occur apterous forms ................ 9. Haplothrips. Mouth cone with pointed apex. Wings always developed ........... .............................................

9 (4).

7. Parallothrips.

10.

Neoheegeria.

Fore wings not narrowed in the middle; if fore wings absent,

prothorax much broader than head,

sometimes twice as broad

as head. 3,0

II 32

13

14 15

(11). Genae with large setiferous warts (Figure 344, 10). Wings always present..................................... 11. Phloeothrips. (10). Genae without large warts; very small warts sometimes present, visible only at high magnification, (15). Head shorter than pronotum or about as long as this. (14). Abdomen without setae or with very short setae which are longer on abdominal segments VII-IX, blunt or truncate apically. Fore tarsi without denticles. Always apterous ........ 5. Lispothrips. (13), Abdomen with ordinary setae. Fore tarsi of male always with denticle, those of female usually with denticle .... 6. Hoplothrips. (12). Head longer than pronotum; if head not longer than pronotum, mouth cone pointed.

t A preparation of rhe

maxillae is necessary to examine this

character.

THYSANOPTERA

16 (19). Mouth cone with rounded apex. 17 (18). Prothorax scarcely widened posteriorly, almost as broad as 2. Cephalothrips. head. Fore tarsi of both sexes with-denticle 18(17). Prothorax widened posteriorly, much broader than head. Fore tarsi of female without denticle ................ 1. Cryptothrips. 19 (16). Mouth cone with pointed apex. 20 (21). Head only slightly longer than broad. 3rd antennal segment much shorter than 1st and 2nd segments together. Fore femora markedly thickened. Fore tarsi of male always with denticle; fore tarsi of female usually with denticle. Setae on body with funnelshaped apex................................. 4. Rhynchothrips. 21 (20). Head much longer than broad. 3rd antennal segment about as long as 1st and 2nd segments together. Fore femora only slightly thickened. Fore tarsi without denticles (with only a claw). Setae on body without apical funnel, pointed or blunt. Always alate ..... ................................................ 3. Liothrips. 22 (1). Sides of head with large spines; if spines absent, eyes ohiong and tapering on ventral side of head, or postocellar setae close to posterior margin of eyes. Laciniae t in form of narrow bands ....

with more or less hooklike or lanceolate ends, always with a deep longitudinal groove; left lacinia in contact with right lacinia, closely contiguous with it, differing from it in the shape of its

apex (Figure 344. 9).

(Subfamily Megathripinae).

23 (24).

Abdominal segment VI with lateral processes which reach beyond the posterior margin of abdominal segment VII. 3rd antennal segment much shorter than 4th to 6th segments together .......... .............................................. 12. Megathrips. 24 (23). Abdominal segment VI without lateral processes. 25 (26). 3rd antennal segment much shorter than 4th to 6th antennal segments together; 3rd antennal segment not much longer than broad . .............................................. 13. Nesothrips. 26 (25). 3rd antennal segment unusually long, as long as 4th to 6th antennal segments together. Head at least twice as long as broad ......... ........................................... 14. Compsothrips.

Keys to Species of Family Phloeothripidae 1. Cryptothrips Uzel. Head much longer than broad and much longer than prothorax, with more or less parallel sides. Middle segments of antennae more or less long. Mouth cone with broadly rounded apex. Fore femora of male thickened. Fore tarsi of male with denticle; fore tarsi of female without denticle. Postocellar setae distant from posterior margin of eyes. 2 species. 1 (2).

870

2 (1).

Head twice as long as broad; head almost twice as long as prothorax. Antennae only slightly longer than head. Northwest, West ........................................ C. nigripea Reut. Head 1.4 times as long as broad, 0.4-0.5 longer than prothorax. Antennae 1.5 times as long as head................ C. latus Uzel.

t See fooinoi6 on page 1151.

1152

.

PHLOEOTHRIPIDAE

Cephalothrips Uzel. Body narrow. Head, oblong, longer than prothorax. Eyes large. Mouth cone short, with broadly rounded apex. Wings of female absent (f. aptera) or fully developed (f. macroptera), without median constriction. Males always apterous. Fore tarsi of both sexes with a denticle which is smaller in female. Apical tube of abdomen of larvae with short funnel-shaped setae. 1 species. 2.

1 (1).

Black or dark brown; 3rd to 5th antennal segments yellowish at the base and often also at the apex, light brown or dark brown in their other part; 6th antennal segment grayish brown, with yellow base- Tibiae yellow terminally; tarsi yellow, with a dark spot. On Gramineae and on turf ................. C. monilicornis Reut.

3. Liothrips Uzel. Head longer than broad; genae smooth. Antennae about twice as long as head. Mouth cone pointed, extending posteriorly beyond posterior margin of prothorax. Wings without median constriction. Fore tarsi of both sexes without denticles. Fore femora of male not thickened. 3rd antennal segment of larvae very long; body of larvae with long setae. On leaves, rarely on flowers, mainly on trees and shrubs. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.

1 (2). 2 (1). 3 (4). 4 (3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

.L. dampfi Karny. All tibiae black. Mainly on Tamarix. South Fore tibiae and at least apex of middle and hind tibiae yellow. All tibiae completely yellow. South ............ L. pragensis Uzel. Middle and hind tibiae yellow only at the apex. 3rd to 8th antennal segments yellow; 8th segment (rarely also 7th) sometimes dark; 3rd antennal segment 1.4 times as long as 4th segment. Pterothorax 1.1 times as broad as prothorax. Not recorded from the U.S.S.R., but known from the Crimea .......... ............................................ L. setinodis Reut. 5th, 6th and sometimes also 4th antennal segment dark apically; 3rd antennal segment only slightly longer than 4th segment. Pterothorax much broader than prothorax.... L. hradecensis Uzel. -.

4. Rhynchothrips Hood. Head slightly longer than broad or as long as broad, not longer than prothorax or only slightly longer. Antennae 8segmented; connection between 7th and 8th antennal segments more or less broad. Mouth cone very long, reaching beyond posterior margin of prothorax. Labrum pointed. Wings with parallel margins or absent. Fore femora thickened. Apical tube of abdomen short. On bark, sometimes on leaves of trees. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (1).

Black; apex of 2nd and 3rd to 6th segments yellow; 6th (sometimes also 4th and 5th) segments with slightly brownish part; apex of tibiae, and tarsi yellowish gray. South .................. ........................................

Rh. hungaricus Priesn.

Lispothrips Reut. Antennae 8-segmented, long, but 3rd and 4th segments short, with thick trichomes. Head short, with coarse sculpture; genae with denticles. Mouth cone rounded. Setae on body absent or very sliort. Wings absent. Legs long. Apical tube of abdomen short. Legs of both sexes without denticles. 1 species. 5.

1153

THYSANOPTERA

1 (1).

Black; apex of 2nd antennal segment,. 3rd segment and part of 4th antennal segment sometimes brownish; 3rd and 4th antennal segments of male yellowish, with slight darkening, and basal half of 5th antennal segment yellowish brown. Terminal setae of apical tube of abdomen shorter than tube. Female 1.5-1.96, male 1.4- 1.56 .................................... L. crassipes Jabl.

6. Hoplothrips Serv. Antennae 8-segmented, but 7th segment sometimes connected with 8th segment, separated from it only by a light suture. Mouth cone with more or less rounded apex; labrum pointed. Eyes small. Postocellar setae and setae on prothorax long. Wings without median constriction or absent. Fore femora (especially of male) thickened. Fore tarsi of male and usually of female with denticle. Lateral setae of abdomen very long, curved, rarely clavate. Larvae with long setae on thorax and abdomen. Mainly on bark of trees. 5 species. 1 (4), 2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1). 871

5 (6). 6 (5). 7 (8).

8 (7).

1st antennal segment lighter than terminal segments. Apical tube of abdomen light. Terminal setae of abdomen shorter than apical tube; base of apical tube 2-2.1 times as broad as its apex; apical tube 2.2 times as long as broad at base ............. ......................................... H. pedtcularius Halid. Apical tube of abdomen dark (except its base); terminal setae of abdomen slightly longer than tube. Base of apical tube 2.2 times as broad as its apex; apical tube 1.7-1.9 times as long as broad at the base ................................ H. semicaecus Uzel. 1st antennal segment darker than terminal segments or of the same color. Antennae yellow, except the brown 1st segment .H. afflnis Reut. Several antennal segments dark in addition to 1st antennal segment. Wings with 10-14 supplementary cilia. Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by 0.2 of its length, 2.2 times as long as broad at base. Mainly on bark of Ulmus ............... H. ulmi Fabr. Wings absent or without supplementary cilia; male always apterous. Apical tube of abdomen as long as head or slightly longer, 2.8 times as long as its breadth at base H. corticis Deg. .

.

.

..

.

7. Parallothrips Hood. Antennae 7-segmented; 6th and 7th antennal segments fused; 2nd to 5th antennal segments almost spherical, stalked. Fore tibiae without denticles. Wings absent,

Setae on body pointed. 1 species. 1 (1).

Grayish brown or blackish brown; apical tube of abdomen yellow, dark terminally. Postocellar setae 40-44^; setae in posterior corners of prothorax 29-32y.. Crimea P. clavicornis Knecht. .....

8. Xylaplothrips Schille. Usually resembling Hoplothrips Serv., but wings with a median constriction. Abdominal segments V and VI widened. 3rd antennal segment symmetrical, very slender at base. 1 species. 1 (1).

Black or blackish brown; legs yellow, 3rd antennal segment yellow, 4th and 5th segments gray, with yellow base. Wings with dark gray part, light at the base. Under scales of bark of trees ................................. X. fuliginosus Schille.

;

PHLOEOTHRIPIDAE

9. Haplothrips Serv. Head as long as pronotum or longer. Mouth cone short, with rounded apex. Wings constricted in the middle or absent. Antennae of male thinner than those of female. Distance between antennal tubercles very small; 3rd antennal segment with thin stalk. Color of body sometimes rich or variegated, 19 species. In the whole U.S.S.R, 37 species. 1

(8).

Wings rudimentary or absent.

;i

(3).

Apterous. On Yucca (monophagous).

;:i

(2).

’:;

(7).

S^ (6).

South ................... ...................................... H. yuccae Sav. f. aptera. Wings rudimentary. Prothorax black; femora dark. Setae on posterior corners of prothorax 49-60[i. Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by 0.26-0.36. Terminal setae of apical tube about as long as tube ........................ ................................

6 (5).

7 (4).

H. minutus Uzel f. brachyptera.

Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by 0.44; terminal setae of apical tube longer than tube by 0.2. South- On Yucca ........ ................................. H. yuccae Sav. f. brachyptera. Prothorax yellow; legs almost completely yellow. Setae in The species has not posterior corners of prothorax 35-40fi .

been recorded from the in the South

European U.S.S.R., but probably occurs H. flavicinctus Karny f. brachyptera.

................

8 (1). Wings fully developed. 9 (18). Fore tarsi without denticle. 10 (11). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 50[i. Fore wings with (i or 7 supplementary cilia. Middle and hind tibiae yellow or dark in apical half. Femora dark. 3rd antennal segment without trichomes. (For other characters see bracket 5). ................. ................................ H. minutus Uzel f. macroptera. 11 (10). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax not more than 40fi long; if setae longer, there are either at least 9 supplementary cilia on fore wings or middle and hind tibiae blackish brown (at least in their basal half). 3rd antennal segment with trichome; if without trichome, femora yellow. 12 (15). Middle and hind tibiae completely dark or yellow or gray only at the apex. 2nd antennal segment dark, with light apex. 13 (14). Middle and hind tibiae light apically. Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by 0.35-0.46. Sometimes injurious to trees ....................................... *H. subtilissimus Halid. 14 i’13). Middle and hind tibiae uniformly dark. Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by 0.3 ....................................... .................... H. subtilissimus Halid. var. floricola Priesn. 15 Il2). All tibiae yellow. 2nd antennal segment uniformly dark or yellow. 16 {17). Thorax yellow; 2nd antennal segment black or dark brown, Apical tube of abdomen 2.4 times as long as broad at base ........ ............................ H. flavicinctus Karny f. macroptera. 17 (16). Thorax black or dark brown; 2nd antennal segment yellow. Apical tube of abdomen 1,8 times as long as broad at base ........ .......................................... H. knechteU Priesn. .....

1155

THYSANOPTERA

18 (9).

Fore tarsi with a denticle, which is shorter in the female than in the male.

19 (26). Postocellar setae short, not reaching lateral margins of head, sometimes hardly visible. 872 20 (21). Setae on posterior corners of pro thorax 50-55[i. Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by 0.3-0.43. Head of female tapering posteriorly, its sides almost straight. Denticle on fore tarsi of female very small. Not recorded from the European ,H. arenarius Priesn, U.S.S.R., but known from Kherson. 21 (20). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax not more than 45u long. Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by 0.1-0.3. Genae convex posterior to eyes. Denticle on fore tarsi of female distinct. 22 (23). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 30-45^. Apical tube of abdomen 2.5-2.6 times as long as broad at base (rarely 2.4-2.8 times); head 2.3-2.8 (usually 2.6) times wider than length of apical tube of abdomen. Postocellar setae about 20(i long. Mainly on flowers of Leguminosae, especially clover and alfalfa. ......... ................................................*H. niger Osb. 23 (22). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax much shorter, often hardly visible. Apical tube of abdomen 2.8-3.3 times as long as broad at base. Postocellar setae hardly visible. 24 (25). Setae of abdominal segment IX about a third of length of apical tube. 3rd antennal segment of female 1.7-1.9 times as long as broad in broadest part; 3rd antennal segment of male 2-2.3 times as long as broad in broadest part. Wings brown ................. .......................................... H. leucanthemi Schr. 25 (24). Setae on abdominal segment IX about half as long as apical tube of abdomen. 3rd antennal segment of female 2-2.3 times as long as broad, of male 2.2-3 times as long as broad. Wings hyaline, white, brown only at the base or rarely light gray for half their length ................................ H. angusticornis Priesn. 26 (19). Postocellar setae long, distinct, usually projecting beyond lateral margins of head. 27 (28). Apical tube of abdomen as long as head or almost as long. 2.8-3 .. ............................................. H. simplex Buffa. 28 (27). Apical tube of abdomen much shorter than head. Body usually less than 2.0 long, never more than 2.4 long, even with extended abdominal segments. 29 (36), Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by 0.4-0.44, in males sometimes shorter by 0.6. 30 (35), Setae in posterior corners of prothorax not pointed. 3rd antennal segment with 2 trichomes. If terminal setae of abdomen longer than apical tube of abdomen, then not more than by 0.2. 31 (32). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax markedly clavate; terminal setae of abdomen shorter than apical tube by 0.07 ............. ....................................... H. acanthoscelis Karny. 32 (31). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax with rounded or slightly thickened apex. Terminal setae of abdomen not shorter than apical tube. .........

1156

PHLOEOTH1UPIDAE

33 (34). Terminal setae of abdomen about as long as apical tube. (Forother characters see bracket 51). On herbs and grasses, mainly on Gramineae. Injurious to wheat ................. *H. tritici Kurd. 34 (33). Terminal setae of abdomen longer than apical tube by 0.2. South. On Yucca .......................H. yuccae Sav. f. rnacroptera. 35 (30). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax pointed. -3rd antennal segment with one trichome. Terminal setae of abdomen longer than apical tube by 0.3. Mainly on Gramineae ................... ...........................................*H. aculeatus Farb. 36 (29). Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by 0.15-0.37. 37 (38). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax distinctly funnel-shaped ...

H. statices Halid. .38 (37). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax pointed, blunt or clavate. 39 (46). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax pointed. 40 (43). Basal half or at least base of 6th antennal segment light. .............................................

41 (42).

Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by 0.3-0.37. 7th antennal segment yellow at base ............... H. crassus Karny. 42 (41}. Apical tube of abdomen shorter than abdomen by 0.15-0.27 (usually 0.26). 7th antennal segment completely dark ............ ........................................ H. distinguendus Uzel. ":3 (40). 6th antennal segment completely dark. ".A (45). Posterior margin of fore wings with 4-8 (usually 6) supplementary cilia. Apical tube of abdomen 2.4 times as long as broad at base ..

H. reuteri Karny. Posterior margin of fore wings with 9-12 supplementary cilia. Apical tube of abdomen 2.5-3 times as long as broad at base. Northwest and in mountains of the South....... H. alpester Priesn. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax clavate or with rounded apex. Posterior margin of fore wings with 3 or 4 supplementary cilia. Setae on posterior corners of prothorax markedly clavate ......... ................................. H. acanthoscelis Karny (male), Posterior margin of fore wings with at least 5 supplementary .............................................

’15 (44).

46 (39).

47 (48).

48 (47).

cilia. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax with not thickened or slightly thickened apex. 49 (50). Setae in posterior corners of prothorax tapering (not pointed, but with rounded apex). Setae on posterior margin of abdominal seg873 ment IX not more than half as long as apical tube or slightly more than half as long. Terminal setae of abdomen markedly shorter than apical tube (ratio 3:4).................... H. setiger Priesn. 51) (49). Setae in posterior corners not tapering or slightly thickened. Setae on posterior margin of abdominal segment IX much more than half length of apical tube. Terminal setae of abdomen about as long as apical tube. 5.!. (52). Posterior margin of fore wings with 5-8 supplementary cilia. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 50-70[tlong. Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by at least 0.34. Mainly on Grami5;:’

neae ......................................... *H. tritici Kurd. (51). Posterior margin of fore wings with 8-12 supplementary cilia. Setae in posterior corners of prothorax 75-85p, long. Apical tube ofabdomenshorterthanheadby 0.23-0.28. Mainly on Leguminosae.. ............................................ H. vuilleti Priesn.

THYSANOPTERA

Neoheegeria Schm. Head longer thanprothorax. on body long, curved. Tarsi Haplothrip s.~- 2 species. 10.

1 (2).

2 (1),

Fore wings markedly narrowed in the middle. Mouth cone pointed; labrum pointed. Setae of both sexes with claws. Usually resembling In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

Head 1.1 times as long as broa.d. Posterior margin of fore wings with 8-12 supplementary cilia. Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by 0.14-0.17, at base 1.7 times as broad as at apex, 2.4 times as long as broad at base. Mainly on Verbascum...... ............................................. N. verbasci. Osb. Head 1.2-1.3 times as long as broad; posterior margin of fore wings with 6 or 7 supplementary cilia. Apical tube of abdomen almost 0.7 times as long as body, 2.2 times as long as broad at base, 1,8 times as broad at the base as at the apex............... .............................................. N. johni Priesn.

11. Phloeothrips Halid. Head longer than broad, longer than prothorax. Genae with warts, each bearing small seta (Figure 344, 10). Mouthcone pointed, usually extending posteriorly at least to posterior margin of prothorax. Wings present. Fore tarsi of both sexes with denticle. Larvae redorwithred stripes. ~7 species t. In the whole U.S.S.R. 14 species. 1 (2).

-

Fore femora of both sexes with a large subapical denticle. (Subgenus Acanthothrip s Uzel). 4th antennal segment with 3 trichomes. Anterior corners of abdominal segments II-VIII with a white spot. On bark of trees-and on fallen leaves, on lichen ............... Ph. (A.) nodicornis Reut. (corticis auct.). 2 (1). Fore femora of female without denticle; those of male either without denticle or with 2 small denticles. 4th antennal segment with 4 trichomes. Abdomen without light spots. 3 (4). Lateral margins of abdominal segment VIII forming a large process which is slightly curved and obliquely truncate at the apex. On bark of trees, especially on willow .............................. ................................. Ph. denticauda Priesn. (male). Sides of abdominal segment VIII without process. 4 (3). 5 (6). All tibiae yellow ............................ Ph. priesneri John. 6 (5). Middle and hind tibiae completely or in their greater part, dark. 7 (14). Middle and hind tibiae yellow at the base and usually also at the apex. 8 (11). Males. 9 (10). Fore femora with 2 apical denticles. Fore tibiae without tubercles (denticles). Abdominal sternum IX of male without appendage in form of a fish tail. Base of 6th antennal segment light. Apical tube of abdomen 2/3 as long as head. About 1.85 .... ............................................. Ph. bidens Bagn.

Ph. minor Uzel has been recorded from the vicinity of Leningrad (0. John. Ein neuer Haplothrips aus Ferghana nebsi Verzeichnis der bisher in Russland gefundenen Thysanopteren. - Ent. Mitteil,, XIV, No. 1, 1925: H-25), but this record was later considered as doubtful (0. John, Additions to the Thysanopterous Fauna of Russia.-Bull. and Annal. Soc. Ent. Belgique, 68, 1928:138-142), and Ph. minor should therefore not be considered as a member of the fauna of the U.S.S.R.

1158

PHLOEOTHRIPIDAE

10 (9).

11 (8). 12 (13),

874 13 (12).

14 (7). 15 (16).

16 (15).

Fore femora without denticles. Fore tibiae with tubercle in apical third and at apex. Abdominal sternum IX with process in form of fish tail. 6th antennal segment completely dark. Apical tube of abdomen only slightly shorter than head. 3.36, with extended abdominal segments up to 4.5. On bark of trees and lichen on trees, mainly on oak ....... Ph. pillichianus Priesn. Females. Fore tibiae not more than 345[ilong. Second seta from median axis of body on posterior margin of abdominal segment IX 75-86(i. long. Fore femora up to 345filong. On bark and leaves of trees, mainly on willow and poplar .............. Ph. denticauda Priesn. Fore tibiae at least 520}ilong. Second seta from median axis of body on posterior margin of abdominal segment IX about 170;i long. On bark of trees and lichen on trees, mainly on oak ........ ...................................... Ph. pillichianus Priesn. Middle and hind tibiae completely brown or black. 3rd antennal segment longer than 1st and 2nd segments together; basis of 5th and 6th segments lighter than their apical part, 1.9-3. On bark of deciduous trees ................. Ph. coriaceus Halid. 3rd antennal segment as long as 1st and 2nd segments together or shorter; base of 5th and 6th antennal segment not light. 1,3-1.5. On flowers, mainly on Achillea millefolium............... ....................................... Ph. obscuricornis Reut,

12. Megathrips Targ.-Tozz. Head large, almost twice as long as broad, much longer than prothorax. Mouth cone with broadly rounded apex; labrum blunt. Antennae long; 3rd antennal segment nodular terminally. Tarsi without denticles. Apical tube of abdomen of female 4 times as long as abdominal segment IX; abdominal segment VI of male with a backwarddirected thick process on each side; abdominal segment VIII with a pair of tubercles. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Femora and tibiae completely dark. Head twice as long as broad, or longer. Apical tube of abdomen as long as head. 3.5-4, with extended abdominal segments up to 4.7 (the largest species of the Palearctic Region). On turf and in haystacks ..... M. nobilis Bagn. Base of femora and tibiae yellow. Head 1,6-1.8 times as long as broad. 2.5-2.9. On fallen leaves of trees and shrubs ............ .......................................... M. lativentris Heeg.

13. Nesothrips Kirk. 3rd antennal segment long. Head longer than broad. Eyes usually pointed on ventral side of head. Postocellar setae vertical. Forelegs of male usually thickened. Fore tarsi of female without denticle, those of male with a denticle. Wings without median constriction, broad or absent. Apical tube of abdomen moderately long; abdominal segment IX of male extended beyond base of apical tube. 4 species. 1 (8). 2 (3).

3 (2).

Abdomen completely dark. Prothorax yellow or brownish yellow. Setae on abdominal segment IX longer than apical tube. On turf and under fallen leaves ........................................ N. bicolor Heeg. Prothorax brown or dark brown, of the same color as the abdomen. Setae on abdominal segment IX not longer than apical tube.

DICYRTOMIDAE

12

(11). Dorsum light-colored,

sometimes with small dark spots. Color yellowish green, with dark spots, mainly on tip of abdomen. In spring and fall occur specimens with a marbled pattern (16 color variants have been described). One of the commonest species. In forests and open biotopes, often large numbers in alfalfa and .*S. viridis L. clover fields. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. .

3.

..

Family DICYRTOMIDAE

Ocelli 8. Antennae 4-segmented, 1.2 to 3 times longer than diameter of head. 4th antennal segment shorter than 3rd (Figure 39,7). Distal part of 3rd antennal segment sometimes divided into 4 to 7 parts. Claws of some species with a thin membrane (tunica). Dens usually with broad, flattened setae with denticulate outer margin (Figure 46, 3). Female with simple, setiform anal appendages. Usually in forests, litter, on mush3 genera, 8 species. rooms, decaying wood debris.

Key to Genera 1 2

3

(2). (1), (4).

1. Dicyrtomina. Claw with thin membrane externally (tunica) Claws without tunica. Distal part of 3rd antennal segment distinctly divided into 5 to 7 secondary segments (Figure 45, 1). Inner side of tibiotarsus of hind legs with 2 setae with distinct, stout spinules (Figure 46,6) ................................................ 2. Ptenothrix. .....

.

FIGURE 45.

Podura.

Family Dicynomidae and Smintliuridae (after Gisin and Stacn)

107

..

THYSANOPTERA

4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (’7).

7 (6). 8 (1).

Eyes markedly tapering on ventral side of head. Apical tube

of

abdomen about as long as head; terminal setae of abdomen shorter than tube ............................. N. dentipes Reut. Eyes on ventral side of head not markedly prolonged, narrowing posteriorly only slightly farther than on the dorsal side. Apical tube of abdomen shorter than head by 0.3; terminal setae of abdomen about as long as api-cal tube. Legs black or dark brown; femora, middle and hind tibiae light at base and apex ................................ N. icarus Uzel. N. icarus Uzel f- paUipes UzelLegs yellow or brownish yellow Abdominal segments I and II whitish yellow N. cingulatus Karny. ..

,

.

.

..

14. Compsothrips Reut. Antennae with unusually long 3rd segment. Head long, at least twice as long as broad- Pronotum slightly broader than head. Legs slender; fore femora of female only slightly thickened. Wings often absent. Abdomen flat. C. albosignatus Reut. is widely distributed in southern Europe and North Africa; another species of this genus is insufficiently known and has been recorded from Rumania. This genus possibly occurs in the U.S.S.R.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES OF INSECTS t This index has been photographically reproduced from the Russian text. [Note Arabic numerals refer to page numbers of the Russian original, which appear in the left-hand margin of this translation.] .

acerinum, Drepanosiphum 537 acerinus, Aleuroohiton 488 acerinus, Stomapbis graffii 524 aceris, Acanthococcus 632 aceris, Aleurocbiton 488 aceris, Periphyllus 543 aceris, Phenacoccus 629 aceris, Rhinocola 447 acervorus, Myrmecophilus 241 acetosae. Aphis 571 acetosellae, Melanthrips 852 Acetropis 705, 734 Achaetica 364, 398 Acketa 237 Achilidae 340, 342 achilleae, Coloradoa 596 achilleae, Dactynotus 613 achilleae, Pseudococcus 628 Achorotile 346, 352 acicularis, Proceps 407 Aelerdidae 620, 643 Acompocoris 696, 698 Acompus 789, 801 aconiti, Brachycaudus napelli 586 aconiti, Delphiniobium 612 Aconura 368, 405 Aconurella 368, 404 Acrida 255, 265 Aorididae 247, 252, 261 Acridinae 255, 265 Acridoidea 207, 208, 243 Acrosternum 833, 843 Acrotelus 710, 748 Acrotylus 259, 281 Acrydium 247 Actinonotus 704, 725 Actitocoris 705, 734 Actornithophilus 316 aculeatus, Haplothrips 872 acum nata, Aelia 837 acum nata sp. n., Chloroperia 199 acum nata, Rhabdiopteryx 182 acum natus, Belotbrips 860 acum natus, Euacanthus 381 acum natus, Trichopsocus 301 acuta, Henschia 437 acutangala, Acalypta 767 Acutaspis 646, 651

abbreviatus, Calliptamus 264 abbreviatus, Masthletinus 836 abdominalis, Diplocolenus 432 abdominalis, Peria 197 abdominalis, Psylla 469 abdominalis, Trioza 479 aberrantis, Craspedolepta 452 Abgralaspis 646, 652 abieticola, Cinara 522 abietinum, Liosomaphis 589 abietinus, Mindarus 526 abietinus, Pithyotettix 414 abietis Elipsocus 302 abietis Eremocoris 803 abietis Nemolecanium 641 abietis Nuculaspis 651 abietis Sacchiphantes 505 abietum, Gastrodes 804 abrotani, Coloradoa 596 abrotani, Laburrus 419 abrotani sp. n., Macropsidius 419 absin^ni, Coloradoa 596 absmthn, Coniortodes 752 absirithii, Macrosiphoniella 614 absoloni, Onychiurus 45, 53 abutilon, Stictopleurus 819 Acalypta 765, 767 Acahthia 686 Acantkiidae 684 acanthioides, Platypsallus 763 Acanthochermes 506, 507 Acanthococcus 632 acanthoides, Aphis 577 Acanthopulvinaria 637, 640 acanthopus, Hoplopleura 330 acanthopygia, Chelidurella 290 acanthoscelis, Haplothrips 872 Acantbosoma 821 Acanthosomatidae 664, 821 Acanthothrips 873 Acanthulipes 597 acariphagus, Scolothrips 8?i Acaudirium 552, 588 Acaudus 585 Acentrella 121, 123 Acerentomidae 41 Acerentomon 41 acericola, Periphyllus 543

superfamilie

nilies

appear in bold face. synonyms

in italics.

acuteangulatus, Gonocerus 813 acutipennis, Trioza 482 Acyrthosiphon 562, 602 Adarrus 370, 428 adela, Calligypona 350 Adelges 501, 504 Adelgidae 495, 499 Adelgoidea 495, 499 Adelphocoris 703, 727 Adomerus 823, 825

adonidum, Pseudococcus 627 adspersa, Heteracria 264 adspersus, Panaorus 804 adumbrata, Paluda 410 adusta, Cicadetta 358 adusta, Phyllodromica 168 adustus, Anatoecus 319 adventicum, Nemolecanium 641 aechmeae, Gymnaspis 647 aegilopis, Rungsia 544 aegopodil, Cavariella 590

Aegypoecus 320 aegyptiaca, Artheneis 798 aegyptiaca, Polyphaga 164, 165 aegyptium, Anacridium 264 aegyptius, Coranus 776 aegyptius, Scantius 810 Aelia 832, 837 Aeliini 832 Aellopus 791, 806

affinis, Psacasta 829

affinis, Scolopostethus 802 affinis, Thecabius 515 affinis, Velia 682 africana, Tetraneura 518 africanus, Linognatlius 334 afarcata, Frisea 60 afurcata, Tetracanthella 71 Agallia 370, 375 Agalliinae 370, 374 AgaUiini 370 Agapelus 437 agavium, Ovatococcus 634 agilis, Dicranocephalus 811 agilis. Onus 699 agilis, Protolachnus 524 Aglena 368, 423 Agnetina 197, 198 Agnocoris 703, 723 Agonoscena 445, 448 Agramma 766, 773 Agrammatinae 766, 773 Agraphopus 817, 820 Agrenia 70, 74

agrestis, Stroggylocephalus 381 Agruinldae 142, 144 agrophila, Trioza 479 agropyri, Eriopeltis 639 agropyri, Paluda 410 agropyri, Phenococcopsis 628 agropyri, Rhizococcus 633 Aiolopus 259, 279 Aiohpus 278

aemutans,

Streptanus 421 aenea, Cordulia 156 aeneicolle, Prostemma 690 aeneus, Dactynotus 614 aeneus, Eysarcoris 839 Aeolothripidae 846, 848, 850, 851 Aeolothripinae 851, 852 Aeolothrips 851, 852 aequale, Camptozygum 718 Aeropedellus 257, 273 Aesctma 151, 152 Aeschnidae 142, 151

airolense, Chaetosiphon alpestre 607 Airosus 437 aizenbergi, Dysaphis 582 ajugae, Myzodes 601 ajugae, OxythriDS 860 akdihusani, Chlorita 385 alacris, Trioza 477 Alampes 790, 808 alata, Armene 172 alaterni, Psylla 467 alba, Pachypappella 513

Aeschynteles 817 aestivalis, Aphelocheirus 678 aestivalis, Siphlonurus 119 aethalinus, Chorthippus 270 aethiops, Psallus 756 Aethus 823, 824 aetolica, Foriicula 290

alba, Pseudosinella 81 albae, Therioaphis trifolii 537 albella, Isotoma 77 albeola, Cicadetta 359 albicans, Idiocerus 377

albicinctus, Aeolothrips 853, 854 albicornis, Notostaurus 276 albida, Frisea 61 albida, Leuctra 191 albida, Pterocallis 535 albidicomis, Taeniothrips 863 albidus, Amblytylus 752 albidus, Maurodactylus 763 albifrons, Aphrodes 380 albifrons, Decticus 228 albifrons, Leucorrliinia 161 albifrons, Sminthurinus 96 albiger, Aphrodes 381 albinus, Cyphoderus 78 albipennis, Globiceps 740 albipennis, Leguminola 758 albipennis, Neophilaenus 362

Aetorhinus 742 affinis, Aeschna 153 a/finis Amblytylus 752 affinis Aphalara 448 affinis Aphis 575 affinis Caliscelis 354 affinis Calocorie 726 affinis Coriomeris 815 affinis Corixa 667 affinis , Criomorphus 351 affinis Dysaphis 580 affinis Heterogaster 798 affinis Hoplopleura 330 affinis Hoplothrips 870 affinis Metaphorura 55 affinis Onychiurus 53 affinis Platycleis 228 1162

albipennis, Plagiognathus 761 albipes, Dicranocephalus 812 albipes, Psallus 759 albipes, Psylla 467 albistylum, Orthetrum 158 albiventris, Trioza 482 alboacuminatus, Raglius 805 alboapicalis, Cryptomyzus 608 albocinerea, Dysaphis 584 albofasciata, Microplax 799 albofasciata, OrcheseUa 88 alboguttatus, Peripsoeus 301 albolineatus, Cremnocephalus 747

albomaculatus,

Lasiocoris 806

albomaculatus, Melanocoryphus 793 albomarginatus, Chorthippus 268 albomarginatus, Criomorphus 352 alboaiger, Pantallus 424 alboornatus, Myrmecophyes 736 albopilosus, Thrips 865, 867 albopunctata, Platycleis 228 albosignata, Achorotile 352 albosignatus, Compsothrips 874 albostriella, Alebra 383 albovittata, Leptopbyes 217 albus, Chaitophorus 541 Alcedoffula 320 Alcletha 769 Alebra 370. 383 Alebrini 370 Aleurochiton 485, 488 Aleurodes 485, 488 Aleurolicidae 483 Aleurolohus 484, 486 alevtinae, Craspedolepta 452 alexandrae, Protaphis 578 Aleyrodidae 483, 484 Aleyrodinea 336, 482

aliena, Antheminia 839 aliena, Colposcenia 454 alienum, Cryptostemma 689 alieniis, Psammotettix 428 Allaphis 538 alliaceus, Parapleurus 278 allii, Chlamydatus 763 allobrogicus, Jassargus 430 Allococcus 625, 628 Allocotaphis 551, 585 ’

Allodapus 746 AIloeoneura 459, 464 Alloeonotus 704, 724 Alloeorhynchus 689, 690 Alloeotomus 707, 714 Allorbinocoris 703, 731 Alloscelis 354, 355 Allygidius 365, 366, 408

Allygus 367, 408 aineti, Ainetoidia 392 Ainetoidia 371. 392 aini, Aphrophora 360 aini, Diaspidiotus 653 aini, Glyphina 528 aini, Oncopsis 372 aini, Psylla 465 aini, Pterocallis 535 ainicola, Psallus 758 t [Amblylylus]

alpester, Haplothrips 872 alpestre, Chaetosiphon 607 alpestris, Somatochlora 156 alpina, Aphrophora 360 alpina, Euides 349 alpina, Miramella 262 alpina, Psylla 465 alpinis, Acompocoris 698 alpinus, Macrosteles 401 alpinus, Plagiognathus 761 alpinus, Systellonotus 746 alpicola, Calacanthia 686 altaica, Isophya 218 altaica, Pararcyptera microptera 276 altaica, Podismopsis 276 althaeae, Aphis 574 alticola, Eupteryx 388 alticola, Orchesella 86, 87 alticolus, Isotomurus 75 alutacea, Arfcheneis 798 alydinae 813, 816 Alydus 813, 816 alyssi, Plagiognathus 756 alyssi, Smiela schneideri 592 amaryllidis, Pseudococcus 628 amazon, Laburrus 419 ambigua, Psylla 467 ambiguus, Peritrechus 806 ambiguus, Psallus 756 Amblycera 312 amblygonia, Phimodera 828 Amblyrhina 459, 463 amblyfcylus 712, 752 t ambulans, Mecomma 741 ambulans, Onychiurus, 54 Ameles 171, 173 Ameletus 118, 119 Amelropodidae 114, 134

Ametropus 134 americana, Periplaneta 165, 166 amerinae, Plocamaphis 566 amirabilis sp. n., Eremopsylloides 462 Amitermes 175

Ammiaphis 555, 590 amoenus, Stagonomus 838 ampelina, Aploneura 518 Amphigerontia 304, 305 Amphinemura 183, 185 Ampliorophora 563, 605 Amphorosiphon 606 ampliata, Tingis 770 ampliata, Typhlocyba 392

ampullata, Amphorophora 605 amurensis, Oedaleus infernalis 279 amygdali, Hyalopterus 569 amygdalinus, Brachycaudus 587 Amyrsidea 315 anabasidis, Achaetica 398 anabasidis, Caillardia 456 Anacridium 255, 264 Anadrymadusa 214, 226 Anamaspis 646, 647 Anaphothrips 855, 859 Anapomella 706, 738 Anapulvinaria 636, 640 Anapus 706, 737

anseris, Anaticola 322 Antarctophthirus 326 antennalis, Myrmeleotettix 268 antennalis, Scolopostethus pictus 802 antennata, Monaphis 537 antennatus, Lasiocoris 806 antennatus, Megalonotus 807 antennatus, Teratocoris 733 Anterastes 233 Antheminia 833, 839 Anthocallis subgen- n. 423 anthrisci, Dysaphis 581 anthrisui, Semiaphis 593 anticus, Catoplatus 771 milieus, Psallus 756 Anthocoridae 658, 659, 663, 695 Anthocorinae 696, 697 Anthocorini 696, 697 Anthocoris 696, 698 Antonina 624, 626 Antoninella 625, 627 Anuraphis 550, 579 anuraphoides, Protaphis 578 Anurida 59 Anuridae 50, 58 Anurophorus 69, 72 Aonidia 646, 654 Aonidiella 645, 651 Aoploscelis 789, 808 Apantilius 703, 731 Aphalara 445, 448 Aphnlaridae 442, 444 Aphalarinae 445 Aphalarini 445 Aphaniptera 26, 37 Aphanosoma 704, 725 Aphanostigma 505, 507 Aphanus 791, 809 Aphanus 805 Apheloeheiridae 661, 677 Aphelocheims 678 Aphelonema 353, 354 Aphididae 498, 545 Aphidinae 545, 567 Aphldinea 336, 489 Aphidoidea 495, 507 Aphidura 552, 596 Aphis 548, 570 Aphlebia 168 Aphrastasia 499, 503 Aphrodes 363, 380 Aphrodinae 363, 380 Aphrophora 359, 360 Aphrophoridae 340, 359 apicalis, Chloroperia 199 apicalis, Egnatius 265 apicalis, Lygocoris 718 apicimacula, Pezocoris 807 apiifolia, Dysaphis 582 Aploneura 511, 518 Apocremnus 756 Apolygus 720 Apoplymus 782, 784 Appelia 587 apri, Haematopinus 327 apricarius, Chorthippus 271

Aaaticola 322 Anatoecus 319 anatolica, Acrida 265 anatolica, Micronecta 675, 677 anatolicus, Notostaurus 276 Anax 151, 154 anceps, Conomelus 351 anceps, Orthetrum 157 Ancistrona 313

Ancyrosoma 831, 83F Ancyrosomatini 831

Anechura 289, 290 Aneurinae 779

Aneuras 779, 781 Angaracris 260, 282 angelicae, Dysaphis 582 anslica, Rhahdiopteryx 182 angularis, Aradus 781 angularis, Calocoris 727 angularis, Folsomides 74 angularis, Icus 807 angulata, Tettigometra 357 angulaticeps sp. n., Aphpodes 381 angulatus, Blepharidopterus 742 angulicornis, Limothrips 857 angustata, Tingis 770 ahgustatus, Crypsinus 835 angusticeps, Paralimnus 423 angusticeps, Thrips 867, 868 angusticollis, Galeatus 769 angusticollis, Myrmedobia 693 angusticollis, Peritrechus 806 angusticornis, Haplothrips 872 angustistrigata, Orchesella 86, 89 angustulus, Ischnocoris 802 Anisolabis 287, 288 Anisopinae 678 Anisops 678, 679 Anisoptera 142 annulata, Callipterinella 536 annulata, Myopsocnema 296 annulata, Sympycna 144 annulatus, Cordulegaster 155 annulatus; Rhinocoris 777 annulatus, Tuberculoides 534 annulicornis, Adelphocoris 728 annulicornis, Campylomma 763 annulicornis, Podops 836 annulicornis, Rhopalandrothrips 865 annulipes, Anisolahis 288 annulipes, Bothrostethus 815 annulipes, Deraeocoris 715 annulosus, Metacanthus 784 anodon, Emblethis denticollis 809 Anoecia 526 Anoeciidae 497, 526 anomalus, Lasiocoris 806 anophthalma, Willemia 63 anophthalmica, Micranutida 59 + Anoplocerus 813, 815 Anoplotettix 365, 407 Anoplura 26, 37, 324 anorus, Trapezonotus 808 Anoterostemma 363, 383 Anoterostemmatini 363 anserinum, Trinoton 313

.

t (anophthaltnica, Micranuiida]

1164

aptera, Pholidoptera 232 apterus, Halticus 739

apterus, Himacerus 690 apterus, Holotrichius 777 apterus, Pyrrhocoris 811 Apterygida 289, 290 Apterygota 24, 25, 31 Aptinothrips 855, 858 Aptus 689, 690 Aquanirmus 319 Aquarius 683 aquatica, Podura 67 aquaticus, Sminthurides 93, 94 arabidis, Planchonia 635 arachidis, Marava 289 Arachnocephalus 240 Aradidae 659, 664, 779 Aradinae 779 Aradus 779

araneosa, Craspedolepta 452 araucariae, Rhizococcus 632 araxis, Colposcenia 454 arborea, Entomobrya 85 arborea, Vertagopus 78 arbustorum, Plagiognathus 761 archangelicae, Cavariella 590 archangelskii, Capitophorus 610 Archiperlaria 179 arctica, Nemoura 188 arctica, Somatochlora 156 arcticus, Chiloxanthus pilosus 685 arcticus, Onychiurus, 53 Arctocorisa 668

Arctorthezia 621

arctous, Streptanus 421 arcuata, Cercopis 359 Arcynopteryx 178, 193, 194 Arcyptera 257, 276 Arcyptera 276 Ardeicola 322 areatus, Pinumius 432 arenariae, Macrosiphoniella 614, 615 arenarii, Rungsia 544 arenarius, Arthaldeus 434 arenarius, Geocoris 797 arenarius Haplothrips 872 arenarius, Trapezonotus 808 arenicola, Clorita 386 arenicola, Menaccarus 836 arenicola, Saldula 688 Arenocorinae 814 Arenocoris 813, 814 Arenocoris 814

arenosus, Mesasippus 273 areskensis, Longiunguis 567 argentatus, Athysdnus 414 argentatus, Gerris 684 argyrotrichus, Nasocoris 747 aridella, Dikraneura 383 aridula, Dictyonota 768 Ariellus 424 arion, Parthenolecanium 641

aristidae, Paradorydium 380 Arixenina 286

Arma 834, 844 armata, Ceratophysella 65

armata, Leuctra 189 armata, Pyrgodera 280 armatum, Coenagrion 146, 148 armatus, Onychiurus 53 armatus, Siphlonurus 119 armatus, Xenyllodes 61 Armene 171

arnoldii, Anapomella 738 arnoldii sp. n., Handianus 416 arnoldii, Japyx 104 arnoldii sp. n., Parapolycrates 808 Arocatus 786, 794

Arbcephalus 368, 424 Arrailus 430

Arrhopalites 90, 94 artemisiae, Centrococcus 631 artemisiae, Coloradoa 596 artemisia, Craspedolepta 452 artemisiae, Cryptosiphon 579 artemisiae, Eupteryx 388 artemisiae, Heterogaster 798 artemisiae, Kormus 353 artemisiae, Orthotylus 742 artemisiae, Protaphis 578 artemisiae, Rhizaspidiotus 653 artemisiae, Titanosiphon 604 Arthaldeus 370, 434 Artheneinae 787, 798 Artheneis 788, 798 Arthroplea 130, 131 Arthropleona 44, 46, 48, 49 Artianus 367, 421 articulosus, Anaphothrips 859 arundinis, Hyalopterus 569 Arytaina 459, 463 Arytainini 459 arvalis, Bourletiella 97 asaleae, Masonaphis 610 asanovae sp. n., Dimorphocoris 736 asari, Aleurolobus 486 Asaroticus 831, 835 asiatica, Anechura 290 asiaticus, Oedaleus 279 asiaticus, Phlepsius 407 asini, Haematopinus 327 Asiotmethis 249 Asiphum 508, 513

asiphum, Neopterocomma 566 Asiraca 346, 347 Asopinae 833, 844 asparagi, Brachycolus 574 asper, Gerris 683 asperulae, Polymerus 717 asperulae, Staegeriella 595 asperiilophagus, Linosiphon 612 Aspidaphis 557, 595 Aspidaphium 558, 595 Aspidiotus 645, 650 aspidistrae, Pinnaspis 649 Aspilaspis 689, 691 aspinata, Willemia 63 assigilatus, Pseudachorutella 57 assimilis, Epeorus 131 assimilis, Hypogastrura 66 assimilis, Medeeticus 228 assimilis, Sigara 672

assimilis, Sminthurides 94 assimilis, Sorhoanus 434 Asterobemisia 484, 487

australis subsp. n., Tetrix tenuicornis 249

Asterodiaspis 635 Asterolecaniidae 621, 635 Asterolecanium 635

Austromenopon 315 avellanae, Asterobemisia 487 avellane, Corylobhim 610 avellanae var., Phylus coryli 754 avellanae, Typhlocyba 390

austriaceae, Macrosiphoniella 615 austriacus, Eurygaster 830

Asthenarius 756

astrachanicae, Cryptosiphon 579 astrachanicus sp. n., Aphrodes 380 astittus, Aeolothrips 853 Asymmetropteryx 371, 387 asynamorus, Tachycines 210 ater, Capsus 716 ater, Dufouriellus 696

avenae, Macrosiphum 611 avenius, Aneurus 781 avicularis, Nemoura 188 aviger sp. n., Limotettix 418 azaleae, Pealius 488

ater, Grocoris 797 aterriinus, Aradus 781 aterrimus, Cydnus 825

babugani sp. n., Trioza 475 baccarum, Dolycoris 839 Bacillaphis 533, 538 Bactericera 473, 475 badonneli, Philotarsus 303 baerensprungi, Empicoris 775 baeri, Dorycephalus 379 Baetidae 113, 120 Baetis 121, 124 Baetopus 121, 123 Bagrada 833, 843 Balanococcus 625, 627 balcani, Ectobius lapponicus 167

aterrimus, Tetraphleps 698 Atheroides 540, 543 Atheroidinae 539, 543 Athysanus 366, 414 atomraiuSt Allygidius 408 t Atomophora 710 Atomoscelis

713.

761

atomosus, Coniortodes 752 atra, Capnia 193 atra, Cicadatra 359 atra, Ptenotrix 100 atra, Tettigometra 357 Atractotomus 709, 758 artata, Tettigometra 357 atratus, Aellopus 806 atratus Taeniothrips 865

balcanica, Artheneis 798 Balclutha 365, 400 baliolus, Aeropedellus 274 Ballistura 70, 74 ballotae. Aphis 575

ballotae, Brachycaudus 586 ballotae, Cryptomyzus 608 balsammes, Impatientinum 604 balteatus, Peliococcus 629

atrebatinus, Baetis 126 atricapilla, Agramma 774 atricapilla, Limotettix 418 atricapillus, Macrotylus 750 atricornis, Caecilius 299 atriplicina sp. n., Trioza 477 atriplicis, Semiaphis 594 atropidicola, Psammotettix 428 atropidis, Psammotettix 426 Atropos 295 atropunctata, Eupteryx 388 attenuata, Mocydiopsis 412 attenuatus, Macrotylus 750 aubei, Calligypona 350 auberti, Protonemura 183, 185 Auchenocrepis 711, 764 Auchenorrhyncha 336, 337 aucupariae, Dysaphis 582 Aulacaspis 645, 649 Aulacorthum 561, 601 aurantiaca, Bilobella 57 aurantiacus, Palus 437 aurantii, Toxoptera 579 aurata, Eupteryx 388 aureola, Erythria 385 aureus, Sminthurinus 96 auricularia, Forficula 285, 286, 289

balticus, Petrobius 108 bambusae, Melanaphis 569 banaticus, Trigonioptalmus 107

barabensis, Angaracris 282 barani, Micrometrina 357 barbareae, Brevicoryne 592 barbarus, Calliptamus 264 barbarus, Lestes 443 Barbitistes 212, 220 basons, Calaphis 536 basalis, Dactynotus 613 basalis, Orthops 722 basiptera, Pasira 778 batesoni, Capnoda 843 Bathysmatophorus 363, 381 Bathysolen 813, 814 Batrachomorphus 363, 379 bavaricus, Quadraspsidiotus 653 bayeri, Xeryllodes 61 Beckerellodes 67

beckeri, beckeri, beckeri, beckeri, beckeri, beckeri, beckeri,

auriculata, Tingis 770 aurita, Ledra 372

aurivillii, Chitonophora 130 Aurkius 430

australasiae, Periplaneta 165 australis, Asiotmethis muricatus 249, 250 t [atomarius]

1166

Anadrymadusa 227 Bleteogonus 809

Dicranotropis 351 Dictyonota 768 Megacoelum 728 Taurotettix 412 Tettigometra 357 Behningia 115 Behningiidae 113, 115 bellicosus, Titanosiphon 604

Belothrips 855, 859 Bembicinus 339 Bemisia 484, 487 bengtssoni, Ceratophysella 65 Beosini 804 Beosus 791, 804 berberidis, Liosomaphis 589 bererothi, Holotrichius 777 Berytidae 659, 664, 782 Berytinae 782 Ben/tlnidw 782 Berytinus 782, 783 Ben/tits 783 )3etacallis 530, 533 betae, Dictyothrips 857 betae, Smynthurodes 519 betulae, Aradus 780 betulae, Aradus betulae 780 betulae, Betacallis 533 betulae Elasmucha 822 betulae Glyphina 528 betulae Hormaphidula 529 betulae Psylla 465 betulae Pulvinaria 639 Betulaphis 531, 534 betularia, Callipterinella 536 :betuleti, Psallus 756 hetulicola, Calaphis 536 .betulina, Tetraphis 529 betulinus, Aradus 780 beybienkoi, Handianus 416 beybienkoi, Mantis religiosa 172 beybienkoi, Poecilimon 221 Bianchiella 786, 799 ioicarinatus, Criomorphus 352 ,

hicaudata, Diura 194 ticinctus, Aphrodes 380 ’bicinctus, Deuterosminithurus 98 t biclavatus, Calocoris 726 ticolor, Acrida 265 bicolor, Brachycaudus 585 bicolor, Capsodes 725 bicolcr, Chorthippus 270 bicolor, Metrioptera 230 bicolor, Nesothrips 874 bicolor, Plagiognathus 761 bicolor, Tritomegas 826 Bicolorana 230 bicornis, Sericothrips 858 bicuspis, Tetraphleps 698 bidens, Phloethrips 873 bidens, Picromerus 844 bidentata, Pygolampis 778 bidentatus, Cordulegaster 155 bidenticulata, Agrenia 74 bidentulus, Odontoplatys 725

bielanensis, Tetrodontophora 52 bifasciata, Amphigerontia 306 bifasciata, Orchesella 87, 89 bifasciata, Salda 865 bifasciatus, Aphrodes 381 bifasciculatus, Chrysomphalus 651 bifenestratus, Poecilimon 221 bifidus, Arrhopalites 94 bifrons, Capnia 192 biguttatum, Hesium 414 t [bicinclus, Deutecosminthurus]

biguttatus, Adomerus 825 biguttulus, Chorthippus 270 bihamata, Stalia 690 bilineatus, Heterosminthurus 97 bilineatus, Orthocephalus 738 bilineatus, Orthotylus 743 Bilobella 56, 57 bthbus, Asiotmethis 251 bimaculata, Epitheca 156 bimaculatus, Aradus 781 bimaculatus, Cryllus 237 bimaculatus, Sminthurinus 95 binoculatus, Pseudanurophorus 72 binodulus, Sternodontus 835 binotatus, Pseudophlepsius 398 binotatus, Sonronius 401 binatatus, Stenotus 724 bioculatus, Baetis 126 bipartita, Metaphorura, 55 bipunctata, Anechura 290 bipunctata, [sotomina 74 bipunctata, Kyboasca 385 bipunctata, Loricula 693 bipunctata, Peria 197 bipunctata, Tetrix 249 bipunctatus, Plagiognathus 761 bipunctatus, Psocus 308 bipunctatus, Stagonomus 838 bisignata, Paracinema tricolor 278 bisignata, Zygina 394 Biskria 765, 768 bitinctus, Oliarus 345 bituberculatum, Palaeolecanium 641 bituberculatus, Ramulus 204 biuncatus, Eulinognathus 332 biuncus, Odontothrips 861 bivalvatus, Rhizaspidiotus 653 bivittatus, Orthocephalus 738 Blaberidae 165, 168, 16.9 Blaterus 169 blanda, Philaia 429 blandula, Agramma 774 Blatta 164, 165, 166, 167 Blattaria 162 Blattelinae 166 Blattella 164, 166, 167 Blattellidae 165, 166 Blattidae 165 Blattinae 165 blattnei, Chondrillobium 597 Btattodea 162 Blattoptera 25, 33, 162, 170, 171 Blepharidopterus 706, 742 Bleteogonus 792, 809 Blissinae 787, 796 blissoides, Dimorphopterus 796 Blissus 787, 796 Bobacella 365, 366, 423 bobretzkyi, Stomaphis 524 boerneri, Cinara 523 boerneri, Lachnus 525 boerneri, Xenylla 64 Boernerina 532, 536 bogdanovi, Cinara 521 Bogdiana gen. n. 786, 800 bohemani, Calligypona 349

bohemani, Diplocolenus 432 bohemani, Monosynamma 760 bohemia, Trioza 482 bohemicus, Heliococcus 631 boisduvalii, Diaspis 650 boldyrevi, Isophya 219 boldyrevi, Poecilimon 222 bolivari, Goniognathus 396 bolivari, Paratettix 249 bolivari, Bamburiella 276 Bolivaria 172, 173 bonomii, Dysaphis 582 bonsdorffi, Cymatia 674 boops, Stalia 691 Bootheca gen. n. 354, 355 Borchseniaspis 646, 652 borehsenii, Heterococcus 630 borchsenii, Luzulaspis 639 borealis, Amphinemura 185, 186 borealis, Aphalara 448 borealis, Chiloxanthus 685 borealis, Criomorphus 352 borealis, Mazus 598 borealis, Pemphigus 515 borealis, Polyplax 331 Boreamyzus subgen. n. 590 boreellus, Orthotylus 743 Boreococcus 626, 630 Borelliola 290 borysthenica, Oligoneurisca 120 bosnica, Malenia 342 Bothrostethus 813, 815 Bothynotus 707, 714 Bourietiella 91, 97 Bovicola 323 bovis, Bovicola 323 Bozhkoja 592 brachialis, Deraeocoris 716 brachiidens, Neurocladus 809 Brachyarthum 711, 755 Brachycarenus 817 Brachycaudina 586 Brachycaudus 552, 585 Brachycephalus 356, 357 Brachycera 207, 208, 241 Brachyceraea 714 Brachycercus 134 Brachycoleus 704, 724 Brachycolus 556, 594 Brachycorynella 594 brachycyclica, Dysaphis 583 brachymerus, Oncocephalus 778 Brachynema 832, 839 Brachynotocoris 706, 742 brachynotus. Emblethis 809 BrachypeUa 825 Brachyplax 787, 799 brachypodii. Greenisca 634 Brachyptera 181 brachyptera, Agallia 375 brachyptera, Bolivaria 173 brachyptera, Euthystira 277 brachyptera, Metrioptera 230 brachysiphon, Acyrthosiphon 603 Brachysiphum 577 Brachysleles 695, 697

Brachystetha g Brachystira 73Brachystomella 60, 61 Brachystomellidae 42, 43, 50, 59 Brachytron 151, 152 Brachyungius 549, 578 Bradyporidae 209, 210 Bradyporinae 210, 211 Bradyporus 210, 211 braggi, CapUophorus 609 brancoi, Dysaphis 581 brancziki, Salda 685 brassicae, Aleyrodes 489 brassicae, Brevicoryne 592 brassicae, Trioza 479 braueri, Brachyptera 181 brauni, Cinara 523 breviantennata, Psylla 465 brevicauda, Craspedolepta 450 brevicauda, Vertagopus 78 brevicauda, Xenylla 64 Brevicaudus 587

breviceps, Eumecotarsus 764 breviceps, Metacanthus 784 brevicotle, Lamprodema 807 brevicollis, Aradus 780 brevicollis, Dociostaurus 275 brevicorne, Copium 772 brevicornis, Atheroides 544 brevicornis, Atomoscelis 762 brevicornis, Polymerus 717 Breuicorytiaphis 592 Brevicoryne 556, 592 brevidens, Proisotoma 75 brevipennis, Calligypona 350 brevipennis,. Isophya 218 brevipennis, Plinthisus 801 brevipes, Trigonotylus 733 brevipilosus, Cryptosiphon 579 brevirostris, Xanthochilus 805 brevis sp. n,, Discoptila 239 brevis, Elasmostethus 821 brevis, Goniognatus 396 brevis, Nabis 692

brevis, Orlhocephalus 738 brevisiphon, Coloradoa 596 brevispinus, Galeatus 769 brevistyla, Protonemura 185 brevistylis, Oxythrips 860 briggsi, Ectopsocus 301 britannicus, Dynaspidiotus 651 brohmeri. Aphis 571 bromeliae, Diaspis 650 bromi, Mogangina 424 bromicola, Brachycolus 594 brucki, Kelisia 347 Bruelia 318

brunellae, Aphis 575 brunneipennis, Psylla 469 brunneri, Isophya 219 brunneri, Poecilimon 221 brunneum, Orthetrum 157 brunneus, Chorthippus 270 brunneus, Drymus 804 Bryocorinae 659. 701, 713 Bryocoris 701, 713

Bryodema 259, 282 Bryodema 282 bubalus, Ceresa 363 Buchneria 522

bucktoni, Myzaphis 588 bufo, Phenacoccopsis 628 buhri, Brevicoryne 592 Bulgarialeurodes 484, 486 hulgarica, Craspedolepta 450 bullatus var., Emblethis griseus 809 bumeliae, Prociphilus 514 bunii, Dysaphis anthrisci 583 bupleuri, Hyadaphis 591 burdigalensis, Gryllus 238 burescbi, Onychiurus 54 burmeisteri, Caecilius 299 burmeisteri, Chloroperia 199 burmeisteri, Onychiurus 53 burmeisteri, Solenopotes 333 burmeisteriana, Peria 197 burn, Metrioptera 230 bursarius, Pemphigus 515 buski, Willowsia, 81 buxi, Eriococcus 632 buxi, Pmnaspis 649 buxi, Psylla 464 buxi, Spanioneura 464 buxtoni, Rectinasus 519 bvkovi, Hemitrama 519 Byrsinus 823, 824 Byrsocrypta 518 Byrseptera 754 cactearum, Rhizocoocus 632 Caeciliidae 297, 298 Caecilius 298 caecus, Arrhopalites 94

Caelifera 207, 241

Caenidae 113, 134 Caenis 134, 135

oaerulans, Sphingonofcus 283 oaerulea, Zicrona 845 Caillardia 447, 455 Caillardiini trib. n. 447 Calacanthia 684, 686 calamagrostis, Bracbycolus 594 Calaphis 531, 536 fralbum, S-ldula 688 calcarata, Trioza 479 calcaratum, Stenodema 732 calcaratus, Alydus 816 calcaratus, Myrmus 820 Caliaeschna 151

Caliscelmae 353 Caliscelis 353, 354 Callaphididae 498, 529 Callaphis 531, 535 Callicorixa 670 Calligypona 346, 349 Calliptamus 255 Callipterinella 532, 536 callipterus, Callipterinella 536 Calistrophia 366, 412

callosa, Ossiannilssonola 390 (iallmieti, Spinococcus 628

Calocoris 704, 725 Calophya 459, 463 Calophyinae 459 Calophyini trib. n. 459

caloptenoides, Paracaloptenus 264 Calopterygidao 141, 142 Calopteryx 140, 142 calthae, Aphalara 448 calthae, Rhopalosiphoninus 606 Calyptonotus 809 Camarotoscena, 445, 448 cambrica, Nemoura 188 campanulae, Dactynotus 614

campestrella, Coioradoa 596 campestris, Coioradoa 596

campestris, Gryllus 237 campestris, Lyctocoris 697 campestris, Neophilaenus 362 campestris, Orthops 722 camphorosmatis, Achaetica 398 Campodea 103 Campodeidae 103 Camptobrocllis 715 Camptocera 788, 801 Camptocerini 801 Camptopus 813, 816 Camptotelus 786, 799 Campto’tylint 747 Camptotylus 708, 764

Camptozygum 702,

718

Campylomma 713, 763 Campyloneura 708 Campylosteira 765, 767 canariensis, Chloriona 349 cancellatum, Orthetrum 158 Candida, Folsomia 72 candidatum, Leucopterum 750 canis, Trichodectes 323 cannabis, Phorodon 598 Cantacader 765, 767 Cantacaderinae 765, 767 cantans, Tettigonia 226 Canthophorus 823, 825 caplUatus, Solenopotes 333 capitatum, Piesma 781 capitatus, Adelphocoris 728 capitis, Pediculus 328 Capitophorus 564, 608 Capnia 191 Capniidae 178, 180, 191 Capnoda 833, 843 capnodes, Delphacodes 347 Capnopsis 191, 193 caponis, Lipeurus 321 caprae, Bovicola 323 caprai, Velia 682 capreae, Chaitophorus 542 capreae, Chaitophorus 542 capreoli, Solenopotes 333 capsellae, Dysaphis 584 Capsidae 700 capsiformis, Nabis 691 Capsini 716 Capsodes 703, 725 Capsus 701, 716 Capsus 741

1169

4

(3).

3rd antennal segment without secondary segmentation or only with indistinct division, but always without clearly-marked segments. Tibiotarsus of hind legs with smooth or ciliated setae

.........................................

3. Dicyrtoma.

Keys to Species of Family Dicyrtomidae 1. Dicyrtomina B6rn. 3rd antennal segment without secondary segmentation. Claws tunicate. Genus consisting of 5 species. 2 species in the U.S.S.R. 1

(2).

2

(1).

100

Dorsum and sides of abdomen with well-defined pattern of dark and light zigzag stripes and spots on white or yellowish background (f. principal! s. Figure 45,3) or pattern of light spots on black-violetbackground (var. signata Stach). In this case there is no median, rectangular dark spot on abdominal segment IV as in form principalis (Figure 45,4). Common in mountain forests. Eastern Carpathians ........................... D. ornata Nic. Dorsum and sides of abdomen without distinct zigzag pattern. Color of abdomen yellowish, occasionally grayish violet laterally, with an indistinct yellow pattern (var. flavosignata Tullb.). Middle of abdominal segment IV with an elongate black spot (form principalis) or without such spot (var. flavosignata Tullb.). In forests, rarely in humid meadows. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ...................................... D. minuta Fabr.

2. Ptenothrix Born. Distal part of 3rd antennal segment usually divided into 6 distinct secondary segments (Figure 45,1). Claws without tunica. Usually in forests, in litter, on mushrooms, wood detritus. 5 species in the U.S.S.R. and Europe.

101

1 2

(4). (3).

3

(2).

4 5

(1). (8).

6

(7).

Abdomen uniformly dark. 2nd seta from apex of dens flattened and serrated, almost as long as the next proximal (3rd) seta which is less than half as long as the next (4th) seta (Figure 46, 2). 4th antennal segment dark. 2.5. Color brown. Baltic Region, Ukraine ............... ............................................ P. setosa Krausb. 2nd seta from apex of dens serrate, 1/3 as long as the next proximal (3rd) seta. 3rd seta markedly longer than half the 4th seta (Figure 46, 4). 4th antennal segment light-colored. Color black-violet. 2.7. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ............ ................................................... P. atra L. Abdomen with spots. In addition to short setae, 2nd antennal segment with 7 long, thick setae which are much longer than the width of the 2nd antennal segment. All setae on anal papilla smooth. In female, setae on dorsal side of segment VI slender, not thickened. Color brownish violet, with several white spots on dorsum. 2nd and 4th antennal segment and spots near mouth and eyes white, sometimes brownish. 2-2.7. In humid places. Eastern Carpathians ..................... P. leucostrigata Stach.

captiosa, Hoplopleura 330 capucina, Lasiacantha 770 caraganae, Acyrthosiphon 603 caraganae, Eulecanium 642 caraganae, Rhizaspidiotus 653 Carausius 204 carbonarius, Calliptamus coelesyriensis 264 carbonarius, Stenobofhrus 267

Cardopostethus 784

carduellus, Nanopsallus 752 cardui, Bracbycaudus 586 cardui, Thrips 866 cardui, Tingis 770 Carduiceps 319 carduinus, Capitophorus 609 caricicola, Thripsaphis 538 caricis, Cyrtorhinus 741 caricis, Schizaphis 569 caricis, Trilobaphis 589 Caricoslpha 541, 545 carinata, Acalypta 767 carinata, Acetropis 734 carinata, Duroniella 278 carinata, Sigara 669 carinatus, Sphingoderus 284 carlinae, Dactynotus 614 carnosum, Microlophium 602 carolii, Thaumanura 57 carpathica, Acalypta 767 carpathica, Agaliia 375 carpathicus, Polymerus 716 carpatica, Micronecta 675, 677 carpaticus, Onychiurus 53 carpini, Myzocallis coryli 536 carpini, Asterobemisia 487 Carpocorini 832 Carpocoris 833, 840 Caisidaridae 442, 472 carthami, Dactynotus 614 carthusianus, Catoplatus 771 Carulaspis 645, 649 caryophytlacearunt, Myzodes 600 caspia sp. n,, Achaetica 398 caspiana, Euidella 349 caspica, Sigara 670 caspicae, Cryptosiphon 579

caspimm, Staticobium latiioliae 613

caspicus, Acrotelus 748 caspicus var., Alloeohotus fulvipes 724 caspius, Irochrotus 828 caspius, Ischnodemus 796 castanea, Corixa 667 castanicola, Myzocallis 536

catalpae. Aphis 576 Catantopinae 252, 261 cataphracta, Arctorthezia 621 cathariae, Heterogaster 798 catonii, Anuraphis 579 Catoplatus 766, 771 caucasica, Capnoda 843 caucasica, Notostira 732 caucasica, Stephanitis 769 caucasica, Tingis 771

Drepanosiphum 537 caucasicum, Staticobium limonii 613

caucasicum,

caucasicus, Diplocolenus 432 caucasicus, Euconocercus 217 caucasicus,

Geotomus825

caucasicus, Gomphocerus sibiricus 275 caucasicus, Habroleptoides 128 caucasicus, Irochrotus 828

caucasicus, Issus 355 caucasicus, Japyx 104 caucasicus sp. n., Phytocoris 731 caucasicus, Quadraspidiotus 653 caucasicus, Stenobothrus eurasius 267 Caucasippus 257, 276 caudalis, Leucorrhinia 161 caudata, Tettigonia 226 caudata, Trama 526 caudatus, Palus 436 Caulococcus 625, 629 Cavariella 553, 589 cavifrons, Glaenocorisa propinqua 674 Celes 259, 280 cellularis, Galeatus 769 cembrae, Cinara 523 cembrae, Pineus 502 cembrae, Protolachnus 524 centaureae, Acaudinum 588 centaureae, Dysaphis 584 centaureae, Volutaphis 604 Centrococcus 626, 631 Centrocoris 812, 814 Centroptilum 121, 123 Centrotus 362 cephalarioides, Dysaphis 584 cephalotes, Calliptamus barbarus 264 cephalotes, Psammotettix 428 Cephalothrips 869, 870 Ceraeocercus 214, 226 Ceraleptus 813, 815 cerasi sp. n., Handianus 416 cerasi, Myzus 598 Cerasomyzus 596 cerastii, Brachycolus 594 cerastii, Trioza 477 Cerataphls 528, 529 Cmtiicomtidae 688 Ceratocombus 688 Ceratophysella, 63, 65 Cercopidae 340, 359 Cercopis 359 cerealium, Limothrips 858 Ceresa 362 Ceriagrion 145 cerinthiacus, Macrosiphum 612 cerinthis, Brachycaudus 587 Ceroplastes 638, 643 Ceroputo 626, 631 Cerosipha 575 certus, Myzodes 600 certus sp. n., Trichochermes 475 Ceruraptiis 552, 585 cervariae, Semiaphis 593 cervinus, Orthops 723 chaenomelis, Hyalomyzus 598 chaerophylli, Dysaphis 580 chaerophyllina, Dysaphis anthrisci 581 Chaetococcus 625, 626 Chaetosiphon 564, 607 1170

chaetosiphon, Chaetosiphon 607 chaetosiphon, Sorbaphis 584 Chaitaphis 558, 595 Chaitophoridae 498, 539 Chaitophorinae 539, 541 Chaitophorus 539, 541 Chaitosiphella 540, 544 chamaenerii, Aphalara 450

chamomillae, Macrosiphomella 615

Chanithus 341 Charagochilus 701, 716

Charimachilis 107

Chartoscirta 684, 686 Ckeleutoptera 203 Chelidinus 368, 424 chelidonii, Acyrthosiphon 603 Chelidurella 289, 290 chelit’er. Parameletus 120 Chelopistes 318 chenopodii, Semiaphis atriplicis 594 cbenopodii, Trioza 477 chersonensis, Peliococcus 630 Chiasmus 367, 403 Chilacis 788, 798 Chiloxanthinae 684, 685 Chiloxanthus 684, 685 chinai, ChJoriona 349 chinensis, Polyplas 332 Chionaspis 645, 649 chiragra, Megalonotus 807

Chirothripinae 854 Chirothrips 854, 857 Chitonophora 129 chiitendenrti, Aleyrodes 487 Chlamydatus 712, 762

Chloothea 369, 434

Chlorillus 712, 760 Chloriona 346, 349 Chlorionidea 346, 351 chloris, Aphis 576 Chlorita 371, 385 chlorizans, Malacocoris 742 Chlonchrw 842

Chloroperia 199 Chloroperlidae 180, 199 Chloropulvinaria 636, 639 Chlorotettix 337 chloroticus, Platymetopius 405 Cholodkovskya 501, 504 cholodkovskyi, Macrosiphum 612 Chomaphis 548, 570

chondrillae, Dactynotus 613 Chondrillobium 559, 597 Choreutinula 63, 67 Chorosoma 817, 820 Chorosomatini 817 Chorosomella 705, 736 Choroterpes 127 Chorthippus 256, 265, 268 Chortinaspis 645, 651 christophi, Nabis 689, 691 Chroantha 832, 839 Chromaphis 531, 535 Chroocacus 365, 421 chrysanthemi, Plagiognathus 761 Chrysochraon 257, 276

Chrysochraon 277

Chrysomphalus 645, 651 chrysopsilus, Psalius 758 chrysotrichus, Megalocolous 753

chyzeri, Mendrausus 430 Cicada 358

Cicadatra 358, 359 Cicadella 363, 381 Cicadellidae 340, 363 Cicadellinae 363, 381 Cicadellini 363

Cicadetta 358 Cicadidae 340, 357 Cicadinea 336, 337 Cicadoidea 340 Cicadula 366, 410 cichorii, Dactynotus 614 cicutae, Cavariella 590 ciliaris, Tingis 770 ciliata, Ptenothrix 101 ciliatum, Eulecanium 642 ciliatus, Emblethis 809 ciliatus, Isotomurus 75 ciliatus, Parapolycrates 808 ciliatus, Reduvius 778 ciliatus, Xylocoris 697 Cimex 699

Cimicidae 658, 663, 699 cimiciformis, Paracletus 519 cimicoides, llyocoris 677 Cinara 520, 521 Cinaria 521, 523 cincta, Chartoscirta 686 cincta, Orchesella 86, 89 cincta, Paraleptophlebia 127 cinctus, Capsus 716 cinerascens, Chelidinus 424 cinerea, Bacillaphis 539 cinerea, Nemoura 179, 187 cinerea, Nepa 679 cinerea, Pholidoptera 231 cinerea, Vertagopus 78 cinereae, Chaitophorus 542 cingulatus, Capsodes 725 cingulatus, Nesothrips 874 cingulatus, Rhizococcus 633 cinnamomeus, Aradus 779 cinnamopterus, Pilophorus 745 circassica, Leucorrhinia 161 Circulifer 398

circumfasciatus, Fasciosminthurus 97 circumnexus, Neomyzus 601 Cirrophthirius 319 cirsicola, Dactynotus 613 cirsii, Capitophorus 609 cirsii, Dactynotus 613 cirsii, Trioza 482 ciscaucasicus sp. n., Diplocolenus

cistata, Cinara 522 citreus sp. n., Pachvpsylloides 462 citri, Dialeurodes 488 citri, Planococcus 628 citrina, Aonidiella 651 citrinella, Dicranoneura 383

Cixiidae 340, 342 Cixius 343 clausi, Hyalorrhipis 284 da ata, Chloriona 349 cla atus, Pilophorus 746 cla icorne, Copium 771 cla icornis, Asiraca 347 da icornis, Parallothrips 871 cla iculus, Cymus 796 da ipes, Berytinus 784 da iseta, Frisea 61

cla us, Mirococcus 627 Clematostigma 304, 305 Cleomia 202 Cleptachiton 368, 428 Cleradini 800 Clethrobius 533

Cimnemini 707, 714 Cloeon 121 Closterotomus 726

Clypeaphis 558, 595 coaretatus, Miroocoris 747 Coccidae 620, 636 Coccinea 37, 336, 616 coccinea, Phylloxera 507

cocdnea, Pseudoloxops 741 Coccura 626, 631 Coccus 637, 640 cocksi, Chartosdrta 686 Codopbila 833, 840 coeca, Sinella 83 coelestialium, Trigonotylus 733 coelesyriensis, Calliptamus 264 Coenagrion 145, 146 Coenagiionidae 141, 144, 145 coerulans, Heptagenia 132 coerulea, Aescbna 152, 154

coerulescens. Oedipoda 281 coerulescens, Orthetrum 157 coerulescens, Tetraneura 518 coerulipes, Epacromius 278 coerulipes, Sphingonotus 283 cognatella, Aphis 571 cognatus, Ebarrius 428 cognatus, Polymerus 718 cognatus, Psallus 756 CoTeoptera 26, 33, 37 Coleopteroidea 26 coleoptrata, Cymatia 674 coleoptrata, Lepyronia 360 coleoptrata, Myrmedobia 693 coleoptratus, Ceratocombus 688 coleoptratus, Issus 354 Colladonus 366, 408 collaris, Aeolothrips 853, 854 collaris, Oxycarenus 800 Collembola 42 collina, Calligypona 350 collina, Eupteryx 390 collina, Miramella alpina 262 collinus, Mocuellus 437 colon, Megalonotus 807 Colopha 510, 517 Coloradoa 558, 596 Colpocephalum 315 Colposcenia 447, 454

columbae, Columbicola 322 columbarius, Cimex 699 Columbicola 322 Comaphis 577 coDiari, Coccura 631

comatus. Eremippus 273 comes, Betacallis 533 comitans sp. n., Psammotettix. 426 commensaliiia. Aphis 575 com.mun.is, Dysaphis 581 commutatus, Allygidius 408 compacta, Arcynopteryx 194 compar, Goniocotes 317 complanatus, Aleurochiton 488 compressa, Colopha 517 Compsotbrips 869, 874 comstodd, Pseudococcus 628 condnna, Eurhadina 387 concinna, Psylla 465 condnna, Sigara 670 condnna, Tuponia 764 concinnum, Coenagrion 146 concolor, Amblytylus 752 concolor, Hallodapus 746 concolor var., Adomerus biguttatus 825 concolor var., Legnotus picipes 825 concolor, Pteronemobius heideni 239 concors, Doratura 404 Condylotes 366, 418 confinis, Physatocheila 772 confinis, Psammotettix 426 confinis, Streptanus 421 confinis, Thamnotettix 414 conformis, Picromerus 844 confusa, Agramma 774 confusa. Aphis 576 confusus, Antboeoris 698 confusus, Idiocerus 377 confusus, japyx 104 confusus, Megalocoleus 753 confusus, Odoatothrips 860 confusus, Pilophorus 746 confusus, Baglius 805 confusus, Rhizococcus 634 congener, Adomerus 825 congener, Arthroplea 131 cornea, Capnia 193 conica deserti, Pyrgomorpha 252 conielluin, Hyadaphis 591 Coniortodes 709, 752 conjuncta, Lathriopyga 57

Conocephalinae 224 Conocephalus 213, 224 Conocephalus 224

Conomelus 346, 351 Conosimus 354, 355 Conostethus 710, 750 conringiae, Lipaphis rossi 591 consobrina, Agallia 375 s, Rhopalandrothrips 865 consodatusi consors, Graptopeltus ^raptopeltus 804 conspersus,, Rhopalus 818 conspurcata, Corposcenia 454 conspurcata, Eudismia 305 conspurcatus. Chiasmus 403 constrictus, Barbitistes 220

constrictus, Dicyphus 714 contaminata, Amphigerontia 306 contaminatus, Lygocoris 720 contrarium, Copostigma 305 contrarius, Coranus 776 convergens, Dictyla 773 convexicolle, Piesma 781 convexus, Plinthisus 800 cooleyi, Gilleteella 504 Copeognatha 29’! Copiphorinae 224 Copium 766, 771 Copostigma 304, 305

coryspermi, Semiaphis 594 costai, Calocoris 726 costai, Gerris 683 costalis, Camptotelu.s 799 costalis, Palus 437 costalis, Psylla 469 costalis, Tropidophlehia 799 costata, Cinara 522 costata, Physatocheila 772 costatus, Eremippus 273 costulata, Tettigometra 357 cotesii, Bulgarialeurodes 486 Cotoneasteria subgen. n. 584 Coulinus 367, 421 craccae, Aphis 572 craccivora, Aphis 572 crambe, Brevicoryne 592 crambinis-tataricae, Brevicoryne 592 craniifer, Blaberus 169 craniumequinum, Scythia 639 Craspedolepta 445, 450 Craspedonirmus 320 Craspedorrhynchus 320 crassa, Pachypodisma 261 crassicauda, Ballistura 74 crassicercus, Schizonotinus 232 crassicornis, Criocoris 759 crassicornis, Delphax 348 crassicornis, Hadrocnemis 806 crassicornis, Oncopodura 78 crassicornis, Proderus 807 crassicornis, Stictopleurus 819 crassipes, Berytinus 784 crassipes, Lispothrips 870 crassipes, Phymata 779 crassipes, Stenobothrus 265 crassus, Haplothrips 872 crassus, Platypygius 279 Crastina gen, n. 447, 454 Crataegaria subgen. n. 582 crataegarius, Ovatus 597 crataegi, Dysaphis 582 crataegi, Lepidosaphes 649 crataegi, Prociphihis 515 crataegi, Psylla 465 crawi, Antonina 626 crefeldensis, Diraphia 444 C remnocephalini 746 Cremnocephalus 708, 747 crenata, Aeschna 152, 154 crenaticollis, Aradus 781 crenatus, Aradus 780 Criocoris 709, 759 Criomorphus 346, 351 crispata, Tingis 770 cristata, Derephysia 769 cristatus, Macrosteles 401 croaticus, Lachnus 525 crocea, Mocydia 412 Crocothemis 157, 158 cruciatus, Graphopsocus 300 cruciatus, Macrotylus 749 cruciatus, Rosenus 434 cruciatus, Sminthurides 93, 94 cruciatus var., Globiceps fulvicollis 740

Coptosoma 820

Coptosomatidae 820 coracinus, Periphyllus 543 Coranus 775, 776 Cordulegaster 154 Cordulegasteridae 142, 154

Cordulia 156 Corduliidae 104, 142. 155, 156 coreanus iranus, Carpocoris 840 Coreidae 664, 812 Coreinae 812, 813 Coreoidea 657, 658, 659 Coreus 812, 814 Coreus 814 coriactius, Orthocephalus 738 coriaceus, Peuceptyelus 360 coriaceus, Phloeothrips 874 Corimelaeninae 823 Coriomeris 813, 815 Coriscus 816 Corixa 665, 666 Corixidae 655, 658, 660, 665 Corixinae 665 Corizidae 816 Corizus 816, 817 corni, Anoecia 527 corni, Parthenolecanium 641 corniculus, Scleroracus 418 corniella, Aphis 577 corni-maris, Anoecia 527 cornulum., Copium 771 cornutus, Centrotus 362 cornutus, Enantiocephalus 437 cornutus, Menacanthus 313 coronifer, Recilia 403 corticalis annulicornis, Aradus 780 corticalis corticalis, Aradus 780 corticalis, Ceratocombus 688 corticalis, Entomobrva 85 corticalis, Kermococcus 634 corticalis, Moritziella 507 corticalis, Xenomyzus 597 corticalis, Xenylla 64 corticea, Aphrophora 360 corticicolus, Pseudachorutes 58 cbrticis, Hoplothrips 871 corticis, Phloeothrips 873 corvina, Bobacetia 432 coryli, Myzocallis 536 coryli, Phyliis 754 Corylobium 565, 610 Corvphaeini 365 Coryphaeus 365, 400 1173

cruenta, Fagocyba 390 cruentatus, Idiodonus 407 Crypsinus 831, 835 Cryptococcus 632, 634 Cryptodontus 829 Cryptomyzus 564, 607 Cryptosiphum 549, 578 Cryptostemma 688, 689 Cryptostemmatidae 688 Cryptothrips 869 Ctenocallis 532, 536 Ctenolepisma 108 aubensis, Panchlora 169 cucubali, Semiaphis 594 Cuculicola 318 Cuculiphilus 314

Cuculoecus 320 Cuernavaca 594 culiciformis, Empicoris 775 culicinus, Gampsocoris 785 Cummingsiella 320 cunicularius, Cixius 343 Cupressobium 524 cupreus, Idiocerus 379 cursitans, Sciocoris 837 cursitans, Xylocoris 697 cursor, Aeolothrips 853, 854 curvatinervis, Trioza 479 curvicollis, Lepidocyrtus 82 curviseta, Sinella 83 cuspidata, Eupelix 379 cuspidatus, Oliarus 345 custos, Arma 844 cyane, Erotettix 401 cyanea, Aeschna 152, 154 cyaneus, Lepidocyrtus 83 cyanipes, Nocaracris 251 cyanophylli, Abgralaspis 652 cyanopterus coerulans, Sphingonotus 283 cyathigerum, Enallagma 146 Cyclops, Eupteryx 390 Cyclops, Phlogotettix 405 Cydnidae 664, 822 Cydninae 823 Cydnus 823, 825 Cydnus 824 cydoniae, Heliococcus 630 Cylapinae 701, 713 cylindrica, Leuctra 190 Cylindromelus 747 Cyllecorinae 736 Cyllecoris 706, 739 oyllocoroides, Epimecellus 725 Cymatia 666, 674 Cyminae 788, 796

Cymus 788, 796 cynodontis, Rhizococcus 633 cynodontis, Tetraneura 518 cyparissiae, Acyrthosiphon 602 Cyperana 412 cyperi, Thripsaphis 538 Cyphodema 703, 723 Cyphoderidae 68, 78 Cyphoderus 78

^^

Cyphostethus 820, 821 cypriacus, Opsius 398 cyrtopeltis, Stethoconus 714 Cyrtorhinus 707, 741 cytisi, Handianus 416 cytisi,"Heterocordylus 741 cylisorum, Aphis 573 dacica, Montandoniella 697 dactylidis, Forda 519 dactylidis, Hyalopteroides 597 Dactylosphaera 507

Dactynotus 566, 613 dagbestanica, Lithodusa 227 daghestanica, Platycleis 230 daghestanicus sp. n., Diplocolenus 432 daghestanicus, Nocarodes 252

dahlbomi, Sonronius 401 Dalleria 838 dalmani, Spathocera 814

dalmatina, Gryllomorpha 239 Damalacantha 210, 211 Damioscea 711, 754

dampfi, Frankliniella 862 dampfi, Liothrips 870 danae, Sympetrum 160 danica, Ephemera 116 daphnidis, Macrosiphum 611 Dasyscytus 705, 738 dauci. Pemphigus filaginis 516 dauci, Semiaphis 593 daurica, Stalia 690 dealbata, Platycnemis 144 debilicostis, Stemodontus 835 Debilisiphon 548, 577

decemoculata, Proisotoma 75 decempunctata, Linnavuoriana 390 decimusquartus, Idiocerus 376 decipiens, Empoasca 387 decipiens, Loboptera 167 decipiens, Odontopodisma 262 declivus, Euchorthippus 272 decolor, Brachyeoleus 724 decolor, Lopus 752 decoratus, Goniognathus 396 decoratus, Scolopostethus 802 decorus, Galeatus 769 decorus, Oedaleus 279 decticiformis, Platycleis 229 Decticus

216, 227

degeeri, Dendrothrips 859 Degeeriella 318 delicata. Paraphairmairia 638 Delphacidae 340, 345 Delphacinus 346, 352 Delphacodes 346, 347 Delphax 346, 34% Delphiniobium 566, 612 Deltocephalini 368 Deltocephalus 368, 401 deltocephalus, Sciocoris 836 Dendrothrips 855, 859 denisi, Frisea 60 Dennyus 313 Dentatus 580

dentatus, Anatoecus 319 dentatus, Oxylhrips 860 denticauda, Calligypona 350 denticauda, Phloeothrips 873 denticaudus, Polysarcus 223 denticollis, Emblethis 809 denticornis, Limothrips 858 denticulata, Vertagopus 78 denticulatus, Coriomeris 816

Dictyopharini 341 Dictyoptera 163 194

DutyopterygeUa

dictyospermi, Chrysomphalus 651 Dietyothrips 854, 857

Dicyphinae 708, 713 Dicyphus 708, 714 Dicyrtoma 99, 101 Dicyrtomidae 89, 99 Dicyrtomina 99 difficilis, Thrips 866 difformis, Isoperia 194, 196 digitata, Leuctra 191 Dikraneura 370, 383 Dikraneurini 370 dilatatus, Catoplatus 771 dilatatus, Megalonotus 807 dilatatus, Thrips 866, 867, 868 dilaticollis, Emblethis 809 dilaticollis, Eurygaster 830

dentipes, Corixa 666 dentipea, Nesothrips 874

denudatus, Holotrichius

depress.!, depressa, depressa, depressa,

Boemerina 536 Libellula 157

777

Tetrix 249

Tettigometra 357

depressiusculum, Sympetrum depressus, Aradus 780 depressus, Orsillus 794 Dcracanthinae 211 Deraeocorinae 707, 714 Deraeocorini 707, 714

.

160

dilutior, Thamnotettix 414 dilutum, Bryodema tuberculatum 282 dimidiatus, Phytocoris 729 diminutus, Psallus 757

Deraeocoris 708, 715 Derbidae 340, 342 Derephysia 766, 769 Dericorys 252, 261 Dermaptera 26, 33, 285, 286 .Derula 831, 835 deaerti, Acrida 265

Dimorphella 699 Dimorphocoris 705, 736 Dimorphopterus 787, 796 Diomphalus 792, 810 Diplocolenus 370, 432

deserlicola, Menaccarus 836 desertoriim, Geocoris 797

diplophthalma, Folsomia

deserta, Vachiria

776

Diphgtossatit 286

Diplura 25, 30, 39, 102 Dipsocoridae 662, 688 Dipsocoris 689 Diptera 26, 37 dipterum, Cloeon 123 Diraphia 444

desertorum, Phlepsidius 408 desertorum, Tachycixius 343

desertus, Egnatioides 265

clesertus, Gryllus 237 desertus, Trapezonotus 809 detritus, Adelphocoris 727 Deuterosminthurus 91, 97 devecta, Dysaphis 580 581

72

dirhodum, Metopolophium 602 discessus, Opsius 398 discoidalis, Systellonotus 746 747 discolor, Calligypona 349 discolor, Conocephalus 224 discolor, Euscelis 421 discolor, Hysteropterum 356 discolor, Orthotylus 742 discolor, Taeniothrips 863 864 discolor, Thrips 866, 867 Discoptila 237, 239

Dialeurodes 485, 488 Dialeurolobus 484, 487 dianthi, Taeniothrips 863

diaphanus, Orthotylus 744 Diaphorina 459. 463 Diaphorinini 459 Diaspididae" 620, 643 Diaspidiotus 646, 653 Diaspis 645, 650

discrepans, Psyllopsis 463 disjuncta, Orchesella 88 dispar, Chrysochraon 276 dispar, Geocoris 797 dispar, Globiceps 741 dispar, Macropsidius 374 dispar, Periodes 195 dispar, Trapezonotus 809 dispar, Trioza 479

Dichaetonecta 674, 676 dichma, Arcynopteryx 194 dichroa, Trioza 477 Dichroelyirus 807 Dichrooscytus 704, 724 d.ichrous, Chorthippus 269 dichrous, Parapolycrates 808 Dicrallygus 408 Dicranocephalus 811 Dicranomerus 811 Dicranoneura 370, 383 Dicranotropis 346 351 Dictyla 766, 772 Dictyonota 765, 768

dissimilis, Goniodes 318 dissimilis, Megalocoleus 753 dissimilis, Ommatidiotus 354 distincta, Calligypona 350 distincta, Phimodera 828 distincta, Sigara 672 distinctus, Aradus 780

D.ictyophara 341 D:ictyopharidae 340, 341 Dictyopharinae 341

dtstinctus, Brachycaudus 588

distinctus, Catoplatus 771 1175

dislimtus, Rhopalus 818 distinctus, Sciocoris 837 distinguenda, Physatoeheila 772 distinguendus, Cixius 343 distinguendus, Euscelis 419 distinguendus, Haplolhrips 872 distinguendus, Idiocerus 379 distinguendus, Peritrechus 806 Diura 194

divaricatae, Brachycaudus 585 divergens, Dicranotropis 351 divergens, Mesasippus 273 diversipes, Hadrocnemis 806 divinatorius, Liposcelis 297 Dixippua 204 djakonovi, Poecilimon 221 djakonovi, Sphingonotus coerulipes 283 diabolai, Trioza 475 dohrowljanskyi, Ctenocallis 537 Dociostaurus 257, 275 dolabrata, Leptopterna 734 Dolichocera 207, 208

dubia, Odontoscelis 828 du-biosus, Sipboninus 487 dubitans, Nemoura 187 dubius, Cantbophorus 825 dabius, Chorthippus 270 dubius, Pseudacborutes 58 Dudanus 367, 421 Dufouridlus 695, 696 dumetorum, Physatoeheila 772 dumosa, Chlorita 387 dumosa, Jalla 845 Duroniella 258, 277 duskei, Ectobius 167, 168 dyigubskii, Alebra 383 Dybowskyia 831, 835 Dynaspidiotus 645, 651 Dyroderes 831, 837 Dysaphis 551, 580 Dysaulacorthum 601 dyslycialis, Myzodes persicae 599 dzhibladzeae sp. n., Masouaphis 610 Dariblatta 168

Dolichonahis 690, 691

eatoni, Ametropus 134 Ebarrius 368, 428 Ecdyonurus 130, 132 echii, Dictyla 773 echft, Octacysta 773 echinocaeti. Diaspis 650

Dolichopoda 210 Doliotettix 367, 414 dolychosiphon, Acaudinum 588 Dolycoris 833, 839 domestica, Pioearia 776 domestica, Seira 81 domesticus, Gryllus 238 dominulus, Eurydema 843 doneciana, Isophya 217 Doralis 570 Doratura 367, 403 Doraturina subgen. n. 403

Echinophthiriidae 326 Echinophthirius 326 Ectemnus 696, 697 Ectobiinae 166 Ectobiola 168 Ectobius 164, 166, 167 Ectomocoris 775, 776 Ectopsocus 300, 301

Doraturini 367 Doraturopsis 367, 403 doriai, Blissus 797 dorsalis, Conocephalus 224 dorsalis, Odontoscelis 828 dorsatus, Chorthippus 269 dorsofenestratus, Platymetopius 405 Dorycephalinae 364, 379 Dorycophalini 364 Dorycephalus 364, 379 dorycnu, Therioaphis 538 Dorylidae 3391 douglasi, Eulecanium 642 dovrensis, Arcynopteryx 194 dracaenae, Parthenothrips 857 dracuneuli, Titanosiphon 604 drepanosiphoides, Toxopterella 584 Drepanosiphon 532, 537 Drepanothrips 855, 858 Dreyfusia 499, 503 dryas, Lestes 144 Dryinidae 339 Drymadusa 226 Drymini 801 Drymus 792, 803 Dryodurgades 370, 374 dryophila, Thelaxes 529 Dryophilocoris 739 dryopteridis, Macrosiphum 611 dubia, Calligypona 349 dubia, Leucorrhinia 161

t [Dorylaidae] 1G74

Ederranus 419 edwardsi, Palus 436 Edwardsiana 390 egenus, Arenocoris 814 Egnatiinae 255, 265 Egnatioides 255, 265 Egnatius 255 egregius, Alloeonotus 724 Eidmanniella 315

Eirenephilus 254, 263 elaeagni, Capitophorus 609 elaeagni, Trioza 479 elaeagni, Trioza 479 Elasmostethus 821 Elasmotropis 766, 770 Elasmucha 821 elatior, Protaphis 578 Elatobium 589 Elatophilus 696, 698 elbrusianus, Cborthippus 271 eleagni, Macropsis 374 eleagni, Orthotylus 744 elegans, Aptinothrips 858 elegans, Callistrophia 412 elegans, Idiocerus 377 elegans, Ischnura 145 elegans, Reduvius 777 elegans, Sminthurinus 95, 96 elegans, Tuponia 764 1176

elegantula, Calligypona 350 elegantula, Chartoscirta 686 legantula, Psylla 469 legantulus, Orthops 723 levata, Tarisa 834 levatus, Anoplocerus 815

levatus, Macrotylus 749 Elidiptera 342 Elina 769 Elipsocidae 297, 301 Elipsocus 302 elisabethae, Aeschna 152 ellipsoides, Anurida 59

ellobi,i, Polyplax 331 elongata, Notostira 732 elongata, Protaphis 578 olongatus, Aphrodes 381 elongatus, Geotomus 825 elongatus, Mirococcopsis 627 Elymana 367, 410 elymoruin, Mocuellus 437 omarginatus, Megalonotus 807 Embia 202 Embiidae 202 Embioptera 25, 33, 201 Emblethis 792, 809 emeljanovi sp. n., Sphaerista 768 Emesinae

774

emicis, Dysaphis 584 empetri, Macrostclcs 400 Empicoris 774, 775 Empoasca 371, 387 Empusa 173 Empusidae 171, 173 Enallagma 145, 146 Enantiocephalus 369, 437 Enderleineninae 329 Enderleinellus 329 Enderleiniella 298, 299 Endria 368, 403 Engistus 787, 797 Enoplops 812, 814 Ensifera 207, 208 enslini, Metopeurum 615 Rntognafcha 25 Entomobrya 83 Entomobryidae 47, 69, 83 Entomobrvoidea 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 67 Eritomobryoides 83 Eoroenacanthus 313 Eosentomxdae 41

Eosentomon 41 Epacromius 259, 278

Epeorus 130, 131 ephedrae sp. n., Biskria 768 ephcdrae, Ephedraphis 577 ephedrae sp, n., Handianus 416 Ephedraphis 548. 577 Ephemera 116 Ephemerella 129 Ephemerellidae 114, 129 Ephemeridae 114, 116 Ephemeroidea 25 Ephemeroptera 25, 31, 110 Ephippiger 210

ephipptger, Ephippiger 211 ephippigor, Hemianax 154 Ephippigerinae 2-10 epidondri, Asterolecanium 635 Epidiaspis 645, 650 epilobii, Aphis 574 epilobii, Macrosiphum 612 Epimocellus 704, 725 Epipsocidae 297, 298 Epipsocus 298 Epitheca 155, 156 cquestris, Lygac-us 793 equi, Bovicola 323 cquiseti, Macrosiphuni Eremippus 257, 272 Eremochlorita 385 Eremocoris 792, 802 Eremopsylloides gen. n. 457, 462 ergenense, Hysteropterum 355 ericac, AcolothripK 853, 854 ericae, Ericaphia 590 ericae obscuratus, Nysiu,1-- 794 ericac, Nysius 794 cricae, Strophingia 448

ericae, Taeniothrips 8115 ericae, Tetralicia 485 Ericaphis 554, 590 ericetorum, Nabis 693 ericetorum, Orthotylus 745 Efiococcidae 620, 631 Eriococcus 632 Eriopeltis 636, 639 eriophori, Ccruraphis 585 Eriosoma 510, 516 Eriosomatidae 507 Eriosomatinao 510, 516 eriosomatinum, Xorohion 578 erosus, Aradus 780 errans, D icyphus 714 Errastunus 428 erratica, Nemoura 188 Erotefctix 365, 401 errafcica, Notostira 732 erraticus, Eremocoris 803 Errhomenini 363 Errhomenus 363, 381 erysimi, Lipaphis 591 erythraea, Crocothemis 158 erythrocephalus, Piocoris 797 Erythria 370, 383 Erythromma 144, 145, 149 Erythroneura 371, 394 Erythroneurini 371 erythropus, Rhynocoris 776 Erzaleus 437 escalerai, Platycleis 228 escherichi, Aspulaphium 595 escherichi, Cinara 523 Esolanus 418 Esthiopterum 322 Ethelastia 712, 755 estonica, Agallia 375 Euacanthini 363 Euacanthus 363, 381 Euattus 762 Euborellia 288

Eucallipterus 531, 535 Eucalymnatus 637, 640 Euceraphis 530, 533 Euchorthippus 256, 272 Euclismia 304, 305 Eucolpocephalum 315 Euconocercus 211, 217 Euconomelus 346, 351 eugeniae, Hysteropterum 356 Eugryllodes 238 Euides 346, 348 Eulaemobothrion 316 Eulecanium 638, 642 Eulinognathus 329, 332 Eumecotarsus 710, 764 Eumetpecus 447, 455 euonymi, Unaspis 649 Eupelicini 364 Eupelix 364, 379 euphorbiae, Aphis 572 euphorbiae, Macrosiphum 612 Euphyllura 445, 447 Eupteroidea 371, 387 Eupteryx 371, 388 eurasius, Sphingonotus 284 eurasius, Stenobothrus 267 Eurhadina 371, 387 Eureum 313 europaea, Dictyophara 341 europaeus, .Tapaneyrodes similis eurotiae, Chlamydatus 762 eurotiae sp. n., Handianus 416 .Eurotica 447, 454 Eurycolpus 711, 748 Eurydema 833, 842 Eurydemim 833 Eurygaster 827, 830 Eurygastrini 826 Eurylophella 129, 130 Eurymerocoris 763 Euryopicoris 706, 736 Eurysa 346, 351 eurysternus, Haematopinus 327 Eurythaphis 613 Euscelidius 367, 419 Euscelinae 364, 396 Euscelini 365 Euscelis 367, 419 Euschizaphis 569 Euthystira 257, 277 Eutrioza gen. n, 473 Eutrioxini trib. n. 473 euxina, Anechura 290 euxina, Dolichopoda 240 euxina, Phyllodromica 168 evanescens, Chlamydatus 763 evansi, Microlophium 602 eversmanni, Platycleis 230 evonymi, Aphis 571 Exaeretus 764 exanthematica, Psacasta 829 Excentricoris 708, 759 Excentricus 706, 741 Excentricus 759 exciccator, Lachnus 525 excisa, Calligypona 350

exclamationis, Neophilaenus 362 exemptus, Thamnotettix 414 exilis, Aphalara 448

exilis, Doratura 403 exilis, Psammotettix 426 Exolygus720 exornatus coerulans, Sphingonotus 283 exsanguis, Engistus 797 Evprppocnemis 255, 264 Eysarcorini 832 Eysarcoris 832, 838 Eysarcoris 845 fabae, Aphis 571

fabricii, Catoplatus 771 fabricii, Eysarcoris 838 fagi, Phyllaphis 534 fagisuga, Cryptococcus 634 Fagocyba 371, 390fairmairoi, Calligypona 350 falcata, Phaneroptera 216 Falcolipeurus 322 fallax, Chorthippus 271 fallax, Pholidoptera 231 falleni, Arenocoris 814 falleni, Nemocoris 814 falleni, Psallus 757 falleni, Sigara 673 fallenoidea, Sigara 673 farfarae, Anuraphis 579 farinosa, Aphis 573 fasciata sp. n., Aconura 405 fasciata, Empusa 172 fasciata, Loensia 307 fasciata, Macroplax 799 fasciatum, Leucopterum 750 fasciatus, Aeolothrips 853, 854 fasciatus, Hemitropis 344 fasciatus, Plinthisus 800 fasciatus, Tropistethus 801 Fasciosminthurus 91, 97 favosus, Neides 783

fedorovi, Taeniothrips 865 fedtschenkoi, Eremopsylloiides 463 fedtschenkoi, Haumavarga 342 fedtshenkoi, Metrioptera 231 Felicola 323 jem.ora.Us, Agraphopus 820

femoralis, Hercinothrips 857 femoralis, Trioza 482 fenestrata, Trypetimorpha 353 fenestratus, Eremocoris 803 fenestratus, Neoaliturus 398 fennica, Isotoma 77 fennica, Micracanthia 686

feroides, Nabis 692 ferrugata, Elasmucha 821 ferrugata, Leptopterna 734 ferus, Nabis 691 festiva, Eurydema 843 festucae, Eriopeltis 639 festucae, Lecanopsis 638 festucae, Metadenopus 626 festueae, Neomargarodes 623 festucarius, Stenometopiellus 410 festuceti, Scythia 639

ficus, Homotoma 472 fieberi, Elasmucha 822 fieberi, Eurydema 843 fieberi, Macrosteles 401 fieberi, Ortbotylus 745

fieberi, Pseudopodisma 262 Fieberiella 364, 405 Fieberiellini 364 Fieberocapsus 707, 741 filaginis, Pemphigus 516 filicis, Monalocoris 713 filiferus, Xylococcus 623 Filipalpia 177, 179 Filippia 636, 639 fimetaria, Folsomia 72 fimetarius, Onychiurus 54 fimetaroides, Folsomia 72 Fiorinia 646, 647 fioriniae, Fiorinia 647

firmus, Taeniothrips 863, 864, 865 fischeri, Stenobothrus 266 flammigera, Ecythroneura 394 Flammigeroidia 394 flava Calaphis 536 flava Chlorionidea 351 flava Dysaphis 580 flava Heptagenia 132 flava Lepidosaphes 649 flavellus, Psallus 757 flaveola, Paluda 410 flaveolum, Sympetrum 159

flaveolus, Eurycolpus 748 flaveolus, Fieberocapsus 741 flaveolus, Platyproctus 375 flavescens, Empoasca 387 flavescens, Orchesella 88 flavescens, Pogonognathellus 80 flavescens, Trama 526 flaviceps, Philotarsus 303 flaviceps, Sminthurus 98 flavicinctus, Haplothrips 871 Elavicollis, Kalotermes 176 Flavicollis, Oncopsis 372

flavicornis, Aethus 824 flavicornis longispinis, Aethus 825 flavicornis, Aradus 781 flavicornis, Peritrechus 806 flavidus, Caecilius 299 flavinervis, Orthotylus 743 flavipennis, Craspedolepta 450 .flavipennis, Heptagenia 132 Elavipennis, Notus 383 Havipennis, Trioza 477

Havipes, Alloeorhynclius 690 flavipes, Catoplatus 771 flavipes, Dicranotropis 351 flavipes, Gomphus 151 Havoguttata, Derula 835 flavolineatus, Tholagmus 835 flavomaculata, Somatochlora 156 flavomaculatus, GIobiceps 740 Havomarginatus, Dolichonabis 691 j’lavoquadrimaculatus, Cyllecoris 739 flavosparsus, Orthotylus 745 flavostrigatus, Aphrodes 380 riavovarius, Handianus 414

flavus, Allorhinocoris 731 flauus, Sacchiphantes 505 flavus, Thrips 867 fletcheri, Parthenolecanium 641 flexuosus, Onychogomphus 151 floccifera, Chloropulvinaria 639 floccosa, Newsteadia 621 flocculosa, Plocamaphis 566 flori var., Chartoscirta elegantula 686 fieri, Cicadula 410 flori, Fieberiella 406 flori, Jassargus 430 flori, Phimodera 828 Floria 459, 464 foae, Phylloxera 507 foeniculae, Dysaphis 583 foersteri, Psylla 465 foliacea, Derephysia 769 follicularia, Forda 519 Folsomia 69, 71 Folsomides 69, 73

fonscolombei, Sympetrum 159 forcipata, Calligypona 349 forcipata, Dicranoneura 383 forcipatus, Onychogomphus 151 Forda 510, 519 Fordinae 510, 518 foreli, Orthops 722 forficalis, Schizonotinus 232 Forficula 289 Forficulidae 287, 289 Forficulina 286 formicaria, Forda 519

formicetorum, Xylocoris 697 formosus, Metalimnus 424 fossarum, Sigara 672 fossor, Byrsinus 824 fountainei, Ischnura 145 foveolata, Artheneis 798 foveolatus, Glossocratus 380 fracticollis, Pachybrachius 810 fragaefolii, Chaetosiphon 607 fragariae, Aieyrodes 489 fragariae, Macrosiphum 611

fragasoi, Discoptila 239 franconicum, Eulecanium 642 frangulae. Aphis 576 Frankliniella 856, 861 frater subsp. n., Phytocoris scitulus 729 fraterculus, Typhlooyba 392 fraudatrix, Tarisa 834 frauenfeldi, Diplocolenus 432 Frauenfeldiella 484, 487 fraxini, Prociphilus 514 fraxini, Pseudochermes 634 fraxini, Psyllopsis 463 fraxinicola, Psyllopsis 463 frequens, Brachycolus 594 freyi, Anapus 737 frici, Taeniothrips 864 frigidus, Melanoplus 263 frigidus, Psammotetfcix 426 Frisea 59, 60 fritzmuelleri, Lipaphis 591 frivaldskyi, Pholidoptera 231 frontalis, Cicadula 412

DICYRTOM1DAE

7 (6).

Segment VI of female with thickened, lanceolate setae (Figure 46, 1). Thorax and abdomen brownish violet,

with

pattern in middle. Head white except for eyes and a small spot between them. Antennae brown. In forests. Ukraine .......................................... P. reticuiata Stach.t

white

.......

FIGURE 46.

8

(5).

Poduca.

Family Dicynomidae (after Stach)

2nd antennal segment with only short setae. Long setae on anal papilla distinctly ciliated (Figure 46, 5). Color as in Figure 45, 2; light areas whitish or dirty yellow. 2.2. Ukraine ............... P. ciliata Stach.

.............................................

t The

males of this and the

and does

noi

preceding species

give reliable distinctions.

have no clear

distinguishing characters. The color

is

variable,

frontalis, Gryllus 238 frontalis, Luzulaspis 639 frontalis, Macrosteles 400 frustrator, Typhlocyba 392 frutex, Therioaphis tenera 538 fucicola, Salduta 686 fulgidus, Idiocerus 377 FuFgoroidea 340 FulicoHula 322 fuliginous, Stygnocoris 801 fuliginosa,’Odontoscelis 828 fuliginosa, Palingenia 114 fuliginosa, Tetrix 248 fuliginosus, Xylaplothrips 871 fulva, Libellula 157 fulvicollis, Globiceps 740 fulvicornis, Macrotylus 749 fulvinervis, Hebrus 680 fulvipennis, Plagiognathus 761 fulvipes, Alloeonotus 724 fulvipes, Opisthotaenia 760 Fulvius 701, 713 fulvomaculatus, Calocoris 726 fumigatus, Legnotus 824 fumosa, Phimodera 828 funestum, Macrosiphum 612 furcata, Mesovelia 680 furcata, Trioza 479 furcatus, Allygidius 408 Furchadiaspis 645, 650 furcifer, Onychiurus 53 furcula, Aelia 838 fusca Arcyptera 276 fusca Dicyrtoma 101 fusca Habrophlebia 129 fusca Leuctra 191 fusca Psylla 464 fusca Smiela 592 fusca Sympycna 144 fusca Tettigometra 357 fuscescens, Orthotylus 745 fuscicornis. Pemphigus 516 fusciloris, Plagiognathus 760 fuscipennis, Ceraeocercus 226 fuscipennis, Criocoris 758 fuscipennis, Thrips 866, 867 fuscipes, Leptodella 302 fuscipes, Pionosomus 808 fuscispinus, Carpocoris 841 fuscispinus, Thrips 867 fuscofasciatus, Aphrodes 380 fuscogrisea, Heptagenia 132 fuscopterus, Caecilius 298 fuscovenosus, Anoplotettix 407 fuscovenosus, Solenoxyphus 752 fuscoviride, Metopeurum 615 fuscovittatus, Stenocranus 347 fuscula, Macropsis 374 fuswm, Impatientinum 604 fuscus, Conocephalus 224 fuscus, Melanthrips 852 fuscus, Sminthurus 98

gahani, Pseudococcus 628 galactinus, Xylocoris 697 galatellae, Macrosiphoniella 615

Galeatus 766, 769 galeopsidis, Cryptomyzus 608 galii, Linosiphon 612 galii-scabri, Aphis 576 galii, Trioza 477 galii, Vilpianus 834 Galiobium 554, 590

galiophagus, Linosiphon 612 galitzini, Paradrymadusa 227 gallarum, Cryptosipbon 579 gaUarumulmi, Anthocoris 698 gallica, Eupteryx 388 gallinae, Goniocotes 317 gallinae, Menopon 315 Gampsocleis 215, 227 Gampsocoris 783, 785 Gargara 362 Gastrodes 793, 804 gebleri, Bryodema 282 gebleri, Eurydema 843 gebleri, Sigara 670 gei, Amphorophora 606 gei, Macrosiphum 612 gemellata, Podops 835 gemellatus, Lygus 722 gemellus, Baetis 126 geminata, Chartoscirta 686 geminus, Tytthus 754 genioulata, Tingis 771 geniculatus, Nocarodes 252 geniculatus, Peritrehus 806 genistae, Acyrthosiphon 603 genistae, Aphis 572 genistae, Gargara 362 genistae, Heterocordylus 741 gentianae, Aphis 577 Geocorinae 787, 797 Geocoris 787, 797 Geoica 510, 518 Geoktapia 567 geoktshaicus, Poecilimon 221 geometrica, Typhlocyba 392 Geotomus 823, 824 gerardianae, Aphis 572 germanica, Blattella 166, 167 germanica, Oedipoda 281 germanica, Rhacocleis 233 germanicum, Trichadenotecnum 306 germanicus, AUoeotomus 715 germari, Brachynema 839 germari, Sigara 669 germari, Wagneripteryx 388 Gerridae 655, 661, 682 Gemnae 683 Gerris 683 ghilarovi, Japyx 104 ghilarovi sp. n., Xenyllodes 61 gibbifer, Gerris 684 gibbosus, Psococerastis 308 giganteum, Microsiphum 615 giganteus, Betacollis 533 gigas, Goniodes 318 gigas. Quadras pidiotus 653 GilleUeeIIa 502, 504 gillettei, Capitophorus 609 gimmerthali, Acetropis 734

giornai, Pezotettix 261 gipsophilae, Aphidura 597 glabra, Ganipsocleis 227 glaberrima, Camptocera 801 Glaenocorisa 666, 673 glandacea, Macropsis 374 glandicolor, Cymus 796

graminicola, Nysius 795 graminicola, Psallus 756 graminum, Metopolophium 602 graminus, Stenofchrips 868 grammatica, Isoperia 195 granaria, Anurida 59

grandiceps, Isotoma 77 grandis, Aeschna 152, 153 grandis, Pachypappa 514

glandulosus, Pleotrichophorus 610 glauca, Notonecta 678 glaucescens, Chloriona 349 glaucescens, Hecalus 380

granulata, Anurida 59 granulata, Ceratophysella 65 granulata, Proisotoma 75 granulatus, Periphyllus 543 granulosus, Onychiurus 54 Graphocraerus 365, 408 Graphopsocus 299 Graphosoma 831, 835 Graphosomatinae 834 Graphosomatini 831 Graptopeltus 791, 804

Gliricola 317 Glolriccllus 741 Globiceps 706, 739 gloimlifer, Dicyphus 714 gloriosa, Craspedolepta 452 Glossocratus 364, 380 glyceriae, Greenisca 634 glyceriae, Sipha 544 glycyrrhizae, Psylla 465 Glyphina 528 Glyptobothrus 270

Gratidta, 204 gratioia, Typhlocyba 392 gratiosus, Bhipidothrips 852 Greenisca 632, 634

gmelini, Staticobium 613 Gnathoconu.s 825

Gnophcrus 808 goedeli, Nagusta 776 Gomphidae 140, 142, 150 Gomphocerippus 257, 275 Gomphocerus 257, 274 Gomphocerus 275 Gomphus 150 Gonianotini 807 Gonianotus 792, 809 Goniocotes 317 Goniodes 318 Goniognathini 364 Goniognathus 364, 396 Gonocerus 812, 813 Gootu-Ua 513 gorodetskia, Steingelia 623 Gorytes 339 Gossyparia 632 gossypii, Acyrthosiphon 603 gossypii, Aphis 576 gothicus, Alloeotomus 715 gothicus, Capsodes 725 gracilenta, Hydrometra 681 gracilicorni3, Ceraleptus 815 gracilicornis, Melanthrips 852 gracilicornis, Peritrechus 806 gracilicornis, Sericothrips 858 gracilis, Acalypta 767 gracilis, Duroniella 278 gracilis, Isophya 217 gracilis, Lasiacantha 770 gracilis, Leptopternis 284 gracilis, Myrmecoris 736 gracilis, Pachytrachis 232 gracilis, Paraphairmairia 638 gracilis, Polyplax 331 gracilis, Pteronemobius 240 gracilis, Temnostethus 697 gracilis, Decticus verrucivorus 228 graflii, Stomaphis 524 gramina, Schisaphis 569 graminearum, Metopoloplnum 602

grigorieyi, Nymphorgerius 34) grisea, Elasmucha 822 grisea, Platycleis 228 grisea, Tingis 770 grisea, Xenylla 64 griseipennis, Isoperia 196 griseoapfera, Pholidoptera 231 griseola, Micronecta 675, 677 griseola, Tettigometra 357 grisescens, Macustus 414 griseus, Emblethis 809 griseus, Selenocephalus 407 groenlandicus, Nysius 794 grossa, Cinara 521 grossipes, Gastrodes 804 grossulariae, Aphis 574 grossus, Mecostothus 278 Gruimenopon 315 Gryllidae 234, 235, 237 Gryllinae 236, 237 Grylloblattida 26 Gryllodinus 237, 238 Gryttodes 328 Grylloidea 207, 208, 233 grylloides, Geocoris 797 grylloides, Hysteropterum 356 Gryllomorpha 237, 238

Gryllotalpa 241 gryllotalpa, Gryllotalpa 241 Gryllotalpidae 233, 235, 241 Grytlu.lus 237 Gryllus 236, 237

Grypotes 364, 396 Grypotini 364 Gueriniella 623, 624 guestialicus, Hyperetes 296 guthriei, Sminthurus 98 guttatus, Platymetopius 407 guttula, Kelisia 347 guttula, Prostemma 690 guttulatus, Neoaliturus 399 guttulinervis, Goniognathus 396 1181

gyllenhali, Charagochilus 716 gyllenhali, Coryphaeus 400 Gymnaspis 646, 647 gynapterus, Caecilius 299 Gyropidae 312, 317 Gyropus 317 Habroleptoides 127, 128 Hahrophlebia 127, 128 Hadrocnemis 791, 806 Hadrophyes 711, 750 haematoceps, Neoaliturus 398 haematodes, Tibicina 358 Haematopinidae 326, 327 Haematopinus 327 Haemodipsus 329, 332

haemorrhoidale, Acanthosoma 821 haemorrhoidalis, Heliothrips 857 haemorrhoidalis, Omocestus 267 hafniense, Brachytron 152 Halicorixa

669

haUmocnemis, Capsus 710, 752 halimocnemis, Rhodochlams 457

Halipeurus 322 Hallodapini 708 Hallodapus 708, 746 halocnemi, sp, n., Achaetica 398 halocnemi sp. n., Rhombaphalara 457 halocnemi, Sphingonotus 283 Halonabis 689, 691 halophilus, Henestaris 797 halophilus, Sphingonotus 282 halophilus, Ventocoris 834 Halosalda 684, 686 Halticidea 706, 737 Halticini 705, 736 Halticus 706, 739 Sammiutlstes 529 hamata, Dicranolropis 351 hamafca, Oncopodura 78 hamatus, Chirothrips 857 hamniarstroemi, Chorthippus 271 hamulatus, Taphropeltus 803 Handianus 366, 414 handlirschi, Laburrus 419 handschini, Entomobrya 85 handschini, Frisea 60 Haploembia 202 Haploplcuridae 326, 329 Haploprocta 812, 813 Haplothrips 869, 871 Hardya 366, 408 Harpactorinae 775 Harpocera 708, 755 harrisellus, Bracbycercus 135 Harrisoniella 322 hastulatum, Coenagrion 147, 148 hartigi, Psylla 467 Haumavarga 341, 342 Hayliurstia 593 hebetata, Ochrilidia 277 Hebridae 661, 679 Hebras 680 Hecalinae 364, 380 Hecalus 364, 380 liederae, Aphis 572

hederae, Aspidiotus 651 hederae, Tetraleurodes - 485 heegeri, Acrosternum 843 heegeri, Siphonlnus 487 heideni, Pteronemobius 239 heinzei, Coloradoa 596 heldereichi, Ameles 172, 173 Heleonomus 315 helichrysi, Brachycaudus 587 helichrysi, Pleotrichophorus 610 Heliococcus 626, 630 Heliocorisa 666, 668 Helionidia 371, 394 Heliothripinae 854 Heliothrips 854, 857 hellenica, Acalypta 767 hellenica, Marchalina 624 hellenica, Tingis 770 hellensi, Sigara 668 helleri, Machilis 108 helvetica, Betulaphis 534 helvetica, Hydaphias 595 helveticus, Nysius 795 helvimacula, Reuterella 302 Hemianaphothrips 859 Hemianax 151, 154 Hemiberlesia 646, 652 Heroimerida 26, 286 Hemimetabola 15, 16, 25 Hemiptera 26, 31, 655 hemiptera, Isophya 217 Hemipteroidea 26 hemipterus, Ischnocoris 802 hemipterus, Trochiscocoris 843 hemisphaerica, Saissetia 641 Hemitrama 513, 519 Hemitropis 343, 344 Henestarinae 787, 797 Hienestaris 787, 797 lienkci, Stibaropus 824 Henriana subgen. n. 412 benribauti, Platymetopius 405 hensclii, Dictyonota 769 Henschia 370, 437 Hepbathus 370, 374 Heptagenia 130, 132 Heptageniidae 114, 130 heraclei, Paramyzus 602 herbaceus, Rhizococcus 633 Hercinothrips 854, 857 herculnna, Geoica 518 herculeana, Psacasta exanthematica 829 Herdonimi 734 heroicus, PoeciUmon 221 heros, Doraturopsis 403 herrichi, Idiocerus 376 herrichi, Macrotylus 749 Hesium 365, 414 hesperidum, Coccus 640 Hesperocorixa 667 Heteracris 255, 264 Heterocapillus 709, 758 Heterococcus 626, 630 Heterocordylus 707, 741 Heterogaster 788, 798 Heterogastrinae 788, 798

heterographus, Otidoecus 318 Heteromurus 81 heterophyla, Doratura 403 ^leteyoptera 655

Hoplopleura 329, 330 Hoplopleurinae 329 Hoplothrips 869, 870, 871 horaria, Gaenis 136 hordei, Phenacoccus 629 Hormaphidinae 528 Hormaphidula 528, 529 Hormaphis 529 horni, Capitophorus 609 homdus, Echinophthirius 326 hortensis, Bourletiella 97 hortulanus, Tinicephalus 753 norvathi, Anoplotettix 407 horvathi, Catoplatus 771 horvatlii, Floria 464 horvathi, Macrosteles 400 horvathi, Macrotylus 749 horvathi, Onus 699 horvathi, Psylla 464 horvathi, Recilia 403 horvathi, Trioza 477

Heterorius 699

Heterosminthurus 91, 97 Heterotoma 706, 741 ffeterotominae 736

heterotrichus, Pionosomus 808 hexaspina, Tettigometra 357 heydeni, Cixius 343 heydeni, Idnocerus 377 hiemalis, Isotoma 77 hieracii, Aphis 576 hieracioides, Dactynotus 614 Hierodula 172, 173 hieroglyph! ca, Horvathia 725 hieroglyphieus, Aradus 780 hillerislambersi, Cavariella 590 Himacerus 689, 690 hippophaes, Capitophorus 609 hippopus, Leuctra 189 hircanica, Artheneis 798 hirsuta, Forda 519 hirsutissima, Dysaphis 583 hirsutulus, Phytocoris 728 hirsutus, Megalonotus 807 h irsutus,

Horvathia 704, 725

Horvathiolus 793 howardi, Kuwanaspis 649 hrabei, Pithanus 734 hrabei, Protonemura 184, 185 hradecensis, Liothrips 870 humanus, Pediculus 328 humanus humanus, Pediculus 328 humeralis, Phimodera 838 humicola, Xenylla 64 humilis, Hyalopteroides 597 humuli, Dictyla 773 hv.mu.li, Dictyla 773 humuli, Phorodon 598 hungaricus, Conostethus 750 hungaricus, Megalocoleus 753 hungaricus, Plinthisus 800 hungaricus, Rhynchothrips 870 Hyadaphis 556, 591 Hyalesthes 343, 345 hyalina, Cicadatra 357

Myrmus 820

hirtellus, Atheroides 543 hirticaudus, Myrmecophilus 241 hirticornis, Coriomeris 816 hirticornis, Ischnopeza 809 hirticornis, Neopsocopsis 305 hirtus, Chorthippus 270 hirundinis, Oeciacus 699 hispidula, Odontoscelis 827 hispidulus, Diomphalus 810 hispidum, Trimenopon 316 histrionicus, Aphrodes 380 histrionicus, Cyllecoris 7391 Hodotermitidae 174 hofferi, Praganus 437 hofmanni, Hydaphias 595 Holakartikos 323 Holcaphis 594 hoici, Brachycolus 594 Holcocranum 788, 798 Holcostethus 833, 841 holdereri, Bryodema 282 Hololam-pra 168

hyalina, Cinara 522 hyalinus, Elipsocus 302 hyalinus, Japananus 403 hyalinus, Liorhyssus 817 Hyalochiton 766, 769 Hyalocoris 789, 810 Hyalomyzus 560, 598 Hyalopteroides 559, 597 Hyalopterus 547, 569 Hyalorrhipis 261, 284 hyalosuperficies, Stenobothrus eurasius 267 hybrida, Notonecta glauca 678 hybridus, Pirates 776 Hydaphias 557, 595 Hydroisotoma 46, 69, 70, 71 Hydrometra 680 Hydrometridae 661, 680 hylas, Coenagrion 146 Hylapsallus 756 Hymenoptera 26, 35, 37 Hyoidea 707, 742 hyoscyami, Corizus 817 Hyperetes 295, 296

Holomenopon 315 Holometabola 15, 16, 26 Holoneura 303 holosericeus, Polymerus 717 holosericeus, Tropistethus 801 Holotrichius 775, 777 hols&tum, Stenodema 732 homalonotus, Sciocoris 836 Homolaner 711, 754

homophyla, Doratura 403 Homoptera 26, 30, 37 Homorocoryphus 213, 224 Homotoma 472 Hoplocallis 531, 535 Hoplochaetaphis 531, 535 Hoplomachus 712, 754 t [hisirionius, Cyllecoris]

1183

hyperici, Zygina 394 Hyperomyzella 605 Hyperomyzus 563, 604 hyperophila, Cmara 523 hypochlorus, Rhoananus 434 hypochoeridis, Dactynotus 614 Hypogastrura 63, 65 Hypogastruridae 43, 50, 62 Hypseloecus 707, 745 Hysteropterum 354, 355 zberica, Moritziella 507 iberica, Saltusaphis 538 ibericus, Rhynocoris 776 Ibiaris 748 Ibidoecus 319 icarus, Nesothrips 874 Icerya 623, 624 Icus 790, 807 idaei. Aphis 573 Idiocerinae 370, 376 Idiocerus 370, 376 Idiodonus 367, 407 Idiopterus 564, 607 Idolimothrips 855, 858 igniceps, Sminthurinus 96 ignita, Ephemerella 129 i gnoscus, Handianus 416 ignota, Isonychia 119 ignotum, Acyrthosiphon 603 Ilyocoris 677 immaculata, Pseudosinella 81 immaculatus, Mycterodus 355 immaculatus, Siphoninus 487 immaculatus, Stenopsocus 300 immaculatus, Xanthochilus 805 immunis, Mesopsocus ’304 Impatientinum 562, 604 imperator, Anax 154 imperator, Handianus 416 impictifrons, Laburrus 419 impressus, Canthophorus 825 impudica, Doratura 403 in-articulata, Craspedolepta 450 inaudita, Antoninella 627 incanae, Spatulophorus 592 incanus, Phytocoris 731 incerta, Podops 836 incertus, Cualococcus 629 incertus, Dysaphis 582 Incidifrons 320 inclusus, Holcostethus 841 incolorata, Neanura 56 inconsequens, Taeniothrips 864 inconspicua, Ethelastia 755 inconspicuum, Leprosoma 835 inconspicuus, Eysarcoris 839 inconspicuus, Ommatidiotus 354 incus, Caenis 136 indecisa, Liosomaphis 589 indistincta, Parapholidoptera 232 inermis, Galeatus 769 inermis, Leuctra 189 inermis, Mirococcus 627 inermis, Rhizococcus 634 inexpectatum, Pseudocloeon 121

+

t [mcenus, Cautococcus]

infernalis, Oedaleus 279 inficitus, Acrotylus iusubricus 282 infusum, Megacoelum 728 ingricus, Boreococcus 630 innoxia, Craspedolepta 450 inoculata, Folsomia 72 inodorella, Coloradoa 596 inopinatus, Ameletus 119 inquilinus, Lepinotus 295 inscriptum, Cloeon 123 inscriptos, Nabis 691 insertum, Rhopalosiphum 568 insignis, Ecdyonurus 132 insignis, Heterosminthurus 97 insignis, Matsucoccus 623 insignis, Odontotarsus 828 insignis, Orthezia 621 insignis, Peritrechus 806 insignis, Philomyrmex 800 insignis, Phytocoris 730 insignis, Rhizococcus 633 insitus, Ovatus 597 insubricus, Acrotylus 282 insularis, Platycnemis 144 insularum, Staticobium 613 integriceps, Eurygaster 830 intermedia, Agramma 774 intermedia, Amphigerontia 306 intermedi; Cercopis 359 ntermedia, Cicadula 412 ntermedia, Isotoma 77 ntermedia, Platycleis 228 ntermedia, Rubiconia 839 ntermedia, Tibicina 358 ntermedius, Aeolothrips 853> 854 ntermedius, Capsus 716 ntermedius, Chorthippus 271 ntermedius, Cixius 343 ntermedius, Dichrooscytus 724 ntermedius sp. n., Diplocolenus 432 ntermedius, Odontothrips 860 ntermedius, Poecilimon 221 ntermis, Choreutinula 67 nermis, Metropis 353 nterrupta, Microplax 799 nterruptus, Euacanthus 381 nterruptus, Paroudablis 629 nterpositus, Orthotylus 744 nterstinctus, Elasmostethus 821 nterstitialis, Artianus 421 ntonsa, Frankliniella 862 ntricata, Craspedolepta 450 ntricata, Protonemura 184, 185 ntricatus, Mycterodus 355 ntricatus, Phlepsius 407 ntricatus, Phytocoris 729 ntrusus, Isometopus 700 ntybi. Aphis 573 nulae, Capitophorus 610 nulae, Ovatoides 597 inulicola, Dactynotus 613 inuncta, Podops 836 ipkigeniae, Platycleis 228 iracundus, Rhynocoris 777 irae subsp. n., Toxopterella drepanosiphoides 584

Iris 172, 173 Irochrotus 826, 828 irroratus, Batrachomorphus 379 Ischnaspis 644, 647 Ischnocera 312, 317 Ischnocoris 792, 801 Ischnodemus 787, 796 Ischnopeza 792, 809 Ischnorhyhchinae 788. 796

jelineki, Frauenfeldiella 487 joernensis, Ecdyonorus 133 johni, Neoheegeria 873 jubatus, Asiotmethis 250 Judenkoa 607 juglandicola, Chromaphis 535 juglandis, Callaphis 535 juniperi, Lepidosaphes 648 junackianum, Delphiniobium 612 juncea, Aeschna 152, 154 juncea atshischgho, Aeschnura 154 junceae, Chondrillobium 597 junceus, Megalotomus 816 Juncobia 533, 538 juncorum, Livia 444 juniperi, Cinara 524 juniperi, Gonocerus 813 juniperina, Cinara 524 juniperina, Cinara 524 juniperina, Pitedia 842

Ischtlorhynchus 796 Ischnura 145 Isioscytus 800 Isogeninae

178

Isogenus 194, 195 Isoimon 212, 222

Isometopidae 663, 700

Isometopus 700

Isonychia 118, 119 Isoperia 178, 194, 195 Isophya 212, 217, 220 Isoptena 199, 200 Isoptera 25, 37, 174 isosceles, Aeschna 153 .Tsotoma 71, 76 Isotomidae 43, 44, 46, 68, 69 Isotomiella 69, 73

Kakothrips 855, 861 Kallistaphis 536 kalmi, Orthops 722 kalmyka, Dnroniella 278

Kalotermes 176 Kalotermitidae 175, 176 Kaltenbachiella 510, 517 karakumi, Atheroides 543 karelica, Enrylophella 130 karelini albomarginatus, Chorthippus 268 karny, Aptinothrips 858 Kasachstanicus 368, 430 kasakhstanicus sp. n., Coelestinus 434 kazaka, Ochrilidia hebetata 277

Isotomina 70, 74 Isotoniodes 69, 73 Isotomurus 71, 75 Issidae 340, 353 Issinae 353 Issus 353, 354 issykensis, Phytocoris 731 italica, Rungsia 544 italica, Saga 225 italicum, Aphanosoma 725 italicum, Graphosoma 835 italicus, Calliptamus 264 ivanovi, Anoterostemma 383 Iziphya 533, 538

kaznakovi, Forficula 290 kaznakovi, Isometopus 700 Kelisia 346, 347

kerkcnnensls. Gryllodinus 238 Kermococcidae 620, 634

Kermococcus

jaceae, Dactynotus 614 jaceicola, Dactynotus 613 jacksoni, Pterocomma 567 jacobaeae, Aphis 572 jacobeae, Nithecus 794 jakovlevi, Aconura 405 jakovlevi, Chorosomella 736 jakovleal, Psatlus 759 jakowleffi, Corixa 666 Jakowleffia 786, 799 Jalla 834, 845 janckei, Macrosiphoniella 615 Japananus 364, 403 Japaneyrodcs 485, 488 japonicus, Euthystira 277 Japygidae 103, 104 Japyx 104 jaroslavi, Schisaphis 569 Jassargini 368 Jassargus 368, 430 Tassidaeus 346, 352 Jassinae 363, 379 lassini

634

kerzhneri, Hyoidea 742 kerzhneri, Parargus 432 kimmericus, Peliococcus 630 kirgisicus, Psallonsis 751 kirgizorum, Falcidiopsis 355 kiritschenkoi, Colposcenia 454 kiritschenkoi, Rhizaspidiotus 653

kiritschenkoi, Systellonotus 746 kiritshenkoi, Phyllodromica 167, 168 kirschbaumi, Anapus 738 kirschbaumi, Eurhadina 388

Kleidocerys 788, 796 klugi, Aelia 838 klugkisti, Brachycaudus 585

knechteli, Acyrthosiphon 603 knechteli, Haplothrips 871 kobachidzei, Conosimus 355 kochiae, Eumetoecus 455 kochiae, Picsma 782 kochiana, Cinara 523 koeleriae, Psammotettix 426

koenigi, Micropodisma 261 koeppeni, Aoploscelis 808 koeppeni, Znliovskia 261 Kolbea 298, 299

363, 379

Jassus 363, 379 jazikovi, Microsiphum 615 1185

kolenatii, Piesma 782 kolenatii, Psallus 756 komareki, Myzocallis 536

komaroffi, Damioscea 754 komaroffi, Hyalochiton 769 Kormus 346, 353 korotnevi, Brachycolus 594 korscheiti, Crypfcomyzus 608 kozhevnikovi, Elymana 410

krascheninnikovi, Chlorita 387 krausbaueri, Mesopliorura 55 kraussi, Dociostaurus 275 krieghoffi, Chitonophora 129 Ktenocoris 729 kurdjumovi, Rungsia 544 kuznetsovi, Laburrus 419 kuznetzovi, Poecilimon 221 Kuwanaspis 645, 649 Kuwania 623 Kyboasca 371, 385 Kybos 371, 385

languidus, Arocophalus 424 lanigerum, Eriosoma 517 lanio, Jassus 379 lantanae, Apbis 570 lanuginosa, Entomobrya 84 lanuginosum, Eriosoma 517 lanuginosus, Lepidocyrtus 83 lappae, Dysaphis 584 lapponica, Acenlrclla 124 lapponica, Elidiptera 424 lapponica, Hypogastrura 67 lapponica, Phimodera 828 lapponicum sp. n., Macrosiphum 61). lapponicus, Adelgos 504 lapponicus, Ectobius 167 lapponicus, Geocoris 797 lapponicus, Psallus 758 laricicola, Cinara 523 laricis, Adelgcs 504 laricis, Anurophorus 72 laricis, Cinara 523 laricis,

Labia 288

Labidura 287, 288 Labiduridae 287, 288 Labiidae 287, 288 Labopini 736

Labops 705, 736 la.bu.rni, Aphis 572, 573 Laburrus 367, 418 Lachesillidae 297 300 lachlani, Stenopsocus 300 Lachnidae 497. 519 Lachniella 522 Lachmis 521, 525 laciniata, Phyllomorpha 814 lactea, Caenis 136 lactea, Pachypappella 514 lactucae, Acyrthosiphon 603 lactucae, Hyperomyzus 605 la.ctuca.riu.s. Pemphigus 515 Lactucobium,

603

lacustris, Gerns 684 Laemobothriidae 312, 316 Laemobothrion 316 laeta, Agramma 774 laetus, Brachycephalus 357 laevigata, Cr?spedolepta 452 laevigatum, Stenodema 732 laevigatus, Orius 699 laevis, Agallia 375 laevis, Aneurus 781 laevis, Macrosteles 401 laeviusculus, NeohaematopiQus 331 Lagopoecus 318 Laineia 539, 543 lameUifera, Odontella 61 laminatus, Idiocerus 377 lamiorum, Aphis 575 Lamprodema 789, 807 Lamproplax 792, 803 Lamprotettix 367, 408 lampsanae, Hyperomyzus 605 lanatus, Irochrotus 828 lanceolatum, Paradorydium 380 langei, Galiobium 590

Cinara

523

laseri, Macrosiphum 612 Lasiacantha 766, 770 lasiagrostidis, Atheroides 543 Lasiocoris 790, 806 Lasiotropis 770 lataniae, Hemiberlesia 652 laterale, Slenodema 732 lateralis, Brachycaudus 586

lateralis, Camptopus 815 lateralis, Gerris 683 laleralis, Halosalda 686 lateralis, Heptagenia 132 lateralis, Sigara 669 lateralis, Turanogryllus 238 Lathriopyga 56, 57 laticeps, Coranus 776 laticeps. Holoneura 303 laticollis, Antheminia 839 laticollis, Orius 699 laticornis, Spathocera 814 latifoliae, Staticobium 613 latifolii, Staticobium 613 latifrons, Ericaphis 590 latior, Craspedolepta 452 latipennis, Scolofcbrips 861 latipes, Nocaracris 251 latipes, Physokermes 643 latipes, Platycnemis 144 lativentris, Megathrips 874 lativentris, Xylocoris 697 latu-Sf Chaitophorus 542 latus, Cryptoturips 869 latus, Drymus 803 latus, Taemothrips 863 latysiphon, Rhopalosiph-oninus 606 lauberti, Dysaphis 582, 583 lauri, Aonidia 654 lauri, Synoparopsis 405 lauri, Trialeurodes 488 lauta, Habrophlebia 129 laxmanni, Onconotus 226 leachi, Plea 679 Lecanopsis 636, 638 lectularius, Cimex 699 ,

ledi, Psylla 469 ledi, Testataphis 606 Ledra 363, 372 Ledrinae 363, 372

leefmansi, Dysaphis 584 leegei, Juncobia 538 Legnotus 823, 825 Leguminola 709, 758 lenticularis, Quadraspidiotus 652 lentisci, Aploneura 518 leonuri, Cryptomyzus 608 leperii, Epidiaspis 650

lepidii-cardariae, Lipaphis 592

lepidii, Lipaphis 592 Lepidocyrtidae 68, 80 i.epidocyrtus 81, 82 I-epidoptera 26, 37, 39 I.epidosaphes 645, 647 Lepidotnchidac 108 iepidus, Euconomelus 351 iepidus, Psajlus 757 lepidus, Solenoxyphns 752 Lepinotus 295 Lepisma 108 Lepismatidac 108 lepnevae, Ectopsocus 301 leporina, Neottiglossa 838 leporinae, Thripsaphis 538 .leporinus, Oliaros 344 Leprosoma 831, 835 Leptoceraea 820 ieptocerus, Heterocordylus 741 Leptodella 302 Leptodemus 786, 799 Leptophlebia 126, 127 Leptophlebiidae 114, 126 Leptophyes 211, 217 Leptopodidae 658, 664, 688 leptopoides, Paromius 810 Leptopterna 705, 734 Leptopternis 261, 284 I-eptopus 688 Lepyronia 360 Lepyroniella 360, 361 Lestes 140, 142, 143 Lestidae 140, 141, 142, 144 Lethaeini 801 lethierryi, Agraphopus 820

lethierryi, Scolopostethus 802

leucanthemi, Haplothrips 872 Leucaspis 646, 647

loucocephalus, Strongylocoris 739 leucogrammes, Ancyiosoma 835 leucomelas, Chaitophorus 541 Leucopterum 711, 750 leucoptenis, Tropidothorax 793

Leucorrhinia 157, 161 leucostrigata, Ptenothrix 101 Lsucotermes 176 Leucothrips 855, 863 Leuctra 178, 188 Leuctridae 178, 179 lezgina, Pachypodisma 261 Ii.banotidis, Dysaphis 583 Libellula 157

LibeIIulidae 140, 142, 156

lichtensteini, Eriopeltis 639 lichtenstoini, Pemphigus 515

Lidaja 596 ligustri, Myzodes 601 Ligyiocoris 788, 810 lilifolia, Tyiopsis 223 liliimacula, Hebrus 680 limbata. Diraphia 444 limbatellus, Diplocolenus 432 limbatus, Anthocoris 698 limbatus, Dolichonabis 691 limbatus, Lygocoris 720

limbosus, Legnotus 825 limitata, Sigara 672 limitatum, Brachyarthrum 755 Limnoporus 683 limonii sp. n., Handianus 416 limonii, Staticobium 613 Limotettix 366, 418 Limothrips 855, 857 linae, Camptotylus 764 linariae, Brachycaudus 586 linarius, Thrips 866 lindbergi, Kybos 385

Lindbergocapsus 742 lindeni, Coehagrion 147, 149 Lindenia 150, 151 linearis, Megaloceraea 732 linearis, Metapterus 776 linearis, Ranatra 679 lineata, Ephemera 117 lineata, Eurysa 351 lineatum, Graphosoma 835 lineatus, Dolichonabis 691 lineatus, Metacanthus 785 lineatus, Neophilaenus 362 Itncatus, Nysius 795 lineatus, Stenobothrus 267 lineatus, Stictocoris 418 lineatus var., Teratocoris sanndersi 734 lineellus, Pachyxyphus 760 lineola, Maccevethus 819 lineolata, Craspedolepta 450 lineolata, Neottiglossa 838 lineolatus, Adelphocoris 728 lineolatus, Camptotelus 799 lineolatus, Euscelis 419 lingi, Mocuellus 437

linnaeanus, Siphlonurus 119 linnaei, Corixa 667 linnaniemii, Heterosminthurus 97 Linnavuoriana 371, 390 Linognathidae 326, 332 Linognathus 332, 333 Linosiphon 566, 612 Liocoris 703, 723 Liorhyssus 817 Liosomaphis 553, 589 Liothrips 869, 870 Lipaphidiella 591 Lipaphis 556, 591 Lipeurus 321 Liporrhinus 603 Liposcelidae 296 Liposcelis 296 Lispothrips 869, 870

Lopus 709, 752 loratus, Chorthippus 269

Locusta 259, 279 Locusta 225 Loensia 304, 306 Loepotettix 414 loewi, Acrotelus 748 loewi, Anamaspis 647 loewi, Anoplotettix 407 loewi, Eurhadina 387 loewiana, Trioza mesomela 475 logvinenkoae sp. n., Diplocolenus 432 Lonchodidae 204

longicauda, Heptagenia 132 longicauda, Palingenia 115 longicaudata, Aphalara 448 Longicaudus 553, 588 longiceps, Arocatus 794 longiceps, Arocepbalus 424 longicollis, Plinthisus 800 longicornis, Anapus 738 longicorniS) Chartoscirta elegantula longicornis, Chorthippus 271 longicornis, Criocoris 759 longicornis, Mocuellus 437 longicornis, Pogonognathellus 80 longicornis, Psallopsis 751 longicornis, Scolothrips 861 longilobata, Paraleptophlebia 127 longipalis, Sigara 673 longipennis, Eirenepailus 263 longipennis, Phytocoris 729 longipes, Acrotylus 282 longipes, Lachnus roboris 525 longiyilosus, Dysaphis 581 longirostris, Acetropis 734 longirostris, Ischnaspis 647 longirostris, Lachnus 525 longirostris, Megalocoleus 753 longirostris, Stomaphis 524 longisetosus, Chaitophorus 541 longisetosus, Onychiurus 54 longisetum, Eulecanium 642 longispina, Ceratopb.ysella 65 longistylosus, Rhaphidothrips 863 Longiunguis 546, 567 longiusculus, Alampes 808 longiventris, Myrmus 820 longula, Hoplopleura 330 lonicerae, Aleyrodes 489 lonicerae, Rhopalomyzus 607 lonicerina, Seauaphis 593 Lophyromiris 726

Loricula 693 Loriculidae 693 loripes, Nocarodes 252 loti, Acyrthosiphon 603 loti, Odontothrips 861 lubb ocki, Sphyrotheca 98 lucifugus, Brachycaudus 586 lucifugus, Epipsocus 298 lucifugus, Reticulitermes 176 lucorum, Lygocoris 720 luctuosus, Sehirus 826 lugubrina, Calligypona 350 lugubris, Aradus 781 lugubris sp. n., Fieberiella 405 lugubris, Jassidaeus 352 Lunaceps 319 lunaris, Jassargus 430 lunata, Staria 839 lundi, Peritreclms 806 lunula, Megalocoleus 753 lunulata, Antheminia 840 lunulatum, Coenagrion 146, 148 lupuli, Dictyla 773 luridus, Pachybrachius 810 luridus, Psallus 758 luridus, Strongylocoris 739 luridus, Troilus 845 lutea, Bourletiella 97 lutea, Notonecta 678 luteicollis, Halticus 739 luteipes, Hyalesthes 345 luteocincta, Homolaner 754 luteola, Therioaphis 537 luteolum, Centroptilum 123 luteospina, Ceratophysella 65 lutescens, Deraeocoris 715 .

Lithodusa 214, 227 lithospenni, Macrosiphoniella 615 Litoxenus 710, 748 littoralis, Salda 685 liturata, Ethelastia 755 lituratus, Idiocerus 377 lituratus, Piezodorus 844 livens, Stroggylocephalus 381 Livia 444 lividus, Ceraleptus 815 lividus, Macrosteles 401 Liviidae 442, 444 Livilla 462, 464 lobata, Spathocera 814 Loboptera 166, 167

686

luteus, Euscelis 421 luteus, Hyperomyzus 605 luteus, Potamanthus 118 lutheri, Maccevethus 819 luzulae, Luzulaspis 638 Luzulaspis 636, 638 luzulella, Raopalosiphum 568 lychnidis, Brachycaudus 585 Lyctocoris 696, 697 Lygaeidae 664, 785 Lygaeinae 785, 793 Lygaeoldea 657, 658 Lygaeosoma 786, 794 Lygaeus 786, 793 Lygocoris 703, 718 Lygus 703, 720 lynceus, Graptopeltus 804 lyriocephalus, Haemodipsus 332 Lyristes 358 lyropietus, Periphyllus 543 lysimachiae, Thecabius 515 lythri, Myzus 598

Maccevethus 817, 819 Machaerilaemus 314 machili, Lepidosaphes 647 Machilidae 107 Machilis 107, 108 1188

Macrocephalidae 779

maf’uscula, Diura 194 majusculus, Onus 699 majusculus, Tropistcthus 801 makarovi, Psammotettix 426 mala, Dysaphis 582 malachitica, Craspedolepta 452 Malacocoris 706, 742 Malaphis 585 Malenia 342 mali, Atractotomus 758 mali, Dysaphis 582 mali, Eulecanium 642 mali, Psylla 469 malicola., Dysaphis 582 Mallophaga 26, 37, 309 malmgreni, Sminthurides 93, 94 malpighii, Campodea 103 Malthacosoma 710 malvae, Aphis 574 malvae sp. n., Brachycaudus 587 mamiilariae, Pseudococcus 628 Mamontova gen. n. 553, 589 mamontovae, Dysaphis newskyi 582 mancinii, Velia 682

macrocephalus, Halticus 739 macrocephalus, Mitricephalus 356 macrocephalus, Sciocoris 836 Macrocerococcus 626, 631 macrocerus, Chorthippus 271 Macrodema 790, 808 Macrolophus 708, 713 Macromia 156 Macroparius 795

Macroplax 787, 799 Macropod aphis 532, 538 Macropsidius 370, 374 Macropsinae 370, 372 Macropsis 370, 372 macropterus, Gryllodinus 238 Macrosiphoniella 566, 614 Macrosiphum 566, 610 Macrosteles 365, 400 Macrostelini 365

macrostigma, Lestes 143 Macrotylus 710, 748 macrotylus, Aneurus 781 macrura, Caenis 136 maculata, Amblyrhina 464 maculata, Iziphya 538

manderstjernai, Artianus 421 manderstjernai, Erythria 385 manicatus, Chirothrips 857

maculata, Notonecta 678 maculata, Phyllodromica 168 maculata, Pterocallis 535

Manfeidae 171, 172 Mantidae 171 Mantis 172, 173 Mantodea 170 Mantoidea 170 Mantoptera 25, 33, 170

maculata, Tingis 771 maculatum, Piesma 782 maculatum, Therioaphis 537 maculatus, Galeatus 769 maculatus, Goniocotes 317 maculatus, Myrmeleotettix 268

manubrialis, Hypogastrura 66 maracandica, Eurydema 842

maculatus, Orsillus 794 maculatus, Psallus 756 maculatus, Rhopalus 817

marani, Quadras pi diotus 652 Marava 288, 289 marchali, Roepkea 588 Marchalina 623, 624

maculatus, Sminthurus 98 maculatus, Sphingonotus 283 maculipcnnis, Aphalara 448 maculiventris, Irochrotus 828 Maculolachnus 521, 525 maculosa, Orchesella 87 maculosus, Cinara 523

margaritae, Kasachstanicus 430 Margarodes 623, 624 Margarodidae 620, 621 marginalis, Orthotylus 744 marginata, Acalypta 767 marginata., Calligypona 350 marginata, Entomobrya 85 marginata, Forda 519 marginata, Leptophlebia 127

maculosus, Macrosteles 400 Alacustus 365, 414 maerkeli, Pithanus 734 magna, AHocotaphis 585 magnicornis, Atractotomus 758 magnificus, Anoplotettix 407 magnisetosa sp. n., Trioza 479

marginata,

Peria 197 marginata, Phyllodromica 168 marginata, Nemoura 188 marginatus, Coreus 814 marginatus, Ochterus 677 marginatus, Pyrrhocoris 811 marginatus, Sminthurus 98 marginatus, Streptanus 421 marginellus, Thaumastopus 803 margin epunctatus, Gonianotus 810 marginicollis, Elidiptera 342 mariae, Chaitophorus 542 maritima, Anisolabis 285, 288

mahaleb, Myzus 598 maidis, Rhopalosiphum 568 majanthemi, Aulacorthum 601 majcopica, Dysaphis anthrisci 581 majo , Chorthippus apricarius 271 majo , Dactynotus 614 majo , Chrysocbraon dispar 276 majo , Leuctra 190 majo , Oharus 345 major sp. n., Paralimnus 423 major, PIatymetopius 405 major, Stalia 691 major, Torleya 130 majus, Trichadenotecnum 306

maritima, Isotoma 77

maritima, Trama caudata 526 maritima, Xerilla 64 maritimus, Beosus 804 maritimus, Pseudococcus 628 1189

3. Dicyrtoma Bourl. Distal part of 3rd antennal segment without secondary segmentation or only indistinctly divided. Claws not tunicate. One species in the U.S.S.R. and Europe.

1(1).

Color brownish violet with lighter head; antennae and legs violet. 1.5-2. Mainly in humid forests. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ............................................... D. fusca Lubb.

110

marmoratus, Engistus 797 marmoratus, Leptopus 688

marmoratus, Metalimnus 424 maroccanus, Dociostaurus 275 marrubii, Spinococcus 629 marsupialis, Pachypappa 514 Marthamea 197, 198 Masonaphis 566, 610 Masraphis 569 massed, Psallus 757 massiliensis, Mohelnaspis 647 Masthletinus 831, 836

Mastotermitidae 174 Matsucoccus 622, 623 matthiolae, Lipaphis 591 maura, Eurygaster 830

maura, Trioza 482 Maurodactylus 713, 763 maurum; Lamprodema 807 maxima, Neoepbemera 118 maxima, Peria 197 maydis, Rungsia 544 mayri, Allygidius 408 mayri, Metropis 353 mayri, Sigara 669 Mecomma 707, 741 Meconema 212, 223 Meconeminae 223 Meeoptera 26, 35, 37

Mecopteroidea 26 Mecostethus 259, 278 Medecticus 215, 228 media, Apterygida 290 medicagirtis, Aphis 572

mediterraneus, Carpocoris 840 mediterraneus, Margarodes 624

medius, Dicranocephalus 811 medius, Sorhoanus 434 Medoralis 573 medvedevi, Craspedolepta 450 medvedevi, Doratura 404 medvedevi, Macrosiphoniella 615 medvedevi, Orthocephalus 738 medvedevi, Piezocranum 739 medvedevi, Platycleis 230 Megacoelum 704, 728 Megaloceraea 704, 732 Megalocoleus 711, 712, 753 Megalonotini 804 Megalonotus 790, 807 Megaloptera 26, 35 Megalosiphum 613

Megalothorax 89 Megalotomus 813, 816 Megamelus 346, 437 Megathripinae 869 Megathrips 869, 874 Megaulacobothrus 270 megerlei, Phyllodromica 167, 168 Megophthalminae 363, 372 Megophthalmus 363, 372 Megoura 564, 606 Memertellidae 107 melaleucus, Aeolothrips 853 melampyri, Macrosiphum 612 Melanaphis 547, 569

melanocephalus, Arocatus 794 melanocephalus, Cymus 796

mclanocephalu.s, Eysarooris 838 melanocephalus, Phylus 754 melanocerus, Carpocoris 841 melanochaetus, Oliarus 345 Mclanocoryphus 786, 793 melanoneura, Psylla 469 melanoparia sp. n., Trioza 479 Melanoplus 254, 263 melanopterus, Canthophorus 825 melanoscela, Saldula 688 melanota, Aelia 838 Melanotrichus 745 melanotum, Brachynema 839 Melanthripinae 851 Melanthrips 851, 852, 853 meleagridis, Chelopistes 318 Melicharella 370, 375 Melicharellini 370 melissae, Eupteryx 388 mellifera, Hyadaphis passerinn 591 Membracidae 340, 362 Menacanthus 313 Menaccarus 831, 836 mendax, Macropsis 374 mendosum, Cyphodema 723 Mendrausus 369, 430 menetriesi, Phlocerus 275 Menopon 315 Menoponidae 312 menthae, Aphis 575 menthastri, Ovatus 597 menzbieri, Typhlocyba 392 mercuriale, Coenagrion 147, 149 meridialis subsp. n., Dysaphis radicola 581 meridionale, Sympetrum 159 meridionalis, Aradus betulae 780 meridionalis, Forda 519 meridionalis, Metacanthus 785 meridionalis, Micronecta 674, 676 meridionalis, Nabis 693 meridionalis, Odontothrips 861 meridionalis, Phytocoris 728 meridionalis, Taeniothrips 864 merionidis, Hoplopleura 330 meriopterum, Heterotoma 741 merkeri, Dreyfusia 503 Meromenopon 315 Meropoecus 320 Mesaphorura 51, 55 Mesasippus 257, 273 mesmini, Micronecta 675, 676 Mesocerus 814 Mesogastrura, 63, 67 mesomela, Trioza 475

mesomelas, Delphacinus 352 Mesopsocidae 297, 303 Mesopsocus 303, 304 mesopyrrhus, Idiooerus 379 Mesorgerius 341 Mesovelia 680 Mesoveliidae 661, 680 mespiti, Ovatus 597 mespili, Phenacoccus 629 Metacanthinae 782

1190

Metacanthus 782, 784 Metadenopus 625, 626 Metalimnus 368, 423 metallica, Somatochlora 156 Metaphorura 51, 55 Metapterus 774, 776 Metatropis 783, 785 Metopeurum 566, 615 Metopolophium 562, 602 Metopoplax 787, 799

Metretopus 134 Metrioptera 215, 230 Metrioptera 230, 233 metrius, Mocuellus 437 Metromerus 264 Metropis 346, 353 Metylophorus 304, 308 meyeri, Camptotylus 764 meyeri, Protonemura 183, 185 Mezira 779, 781 Mezirinae 779 Micracanthia 685, 686 Micranurida 59 Microcerotermes 175 Microcoryphia 106 Microlophium 562, 602 Micro metrina 356, 357 Micronecta 666, 674 Micronectinae 666 micro phthalmus, Sciocoris 836 Microphysa 693 Microphysidae 663, 693 Microplax 787, 799 Micropodisma 253, 261 Microporus 824 microptera, Pararcyptera 276 inicropterum, Macrodema 808 Microsigara 668 microsiphon, Dysaphis 584 Microsiphum 566, 615 microstigma, Caliaeschna 151 Microsynamma 760 Microtome, 806 Microvelia 681 Microveliinae 681 migratoria, Locusta 279 millefolii, Macrosiphoniella 615 millefolii, Microsiphum 616 Mimocoris 708, 747 Mindaridae 495, 526 Mindarus 526 miniata, Oedipoda 280 minima, Bemisia 487 minima, Carulaspis 649 minima, Proisotoma 75 minimus, Megalothorax 90 minki, Anthocoris 698 niino , Berytinus 784 mino , Elasmostethus 821 mino , Isotomiella 73 mino , Labia 285, 289 mino , Neophilaenus 362 minor var. n., Oncotylus punctipes 748 minor, Paralimnus 423 minor, Parameletus 120 minor, Platymetopius 405

minor, Tomocerus 80 minus, Asterodiaspis 635 minuta, Agramma 774 minuta, Dicyrtomina 100 minuta, Kuwania 623 minuta, Porphyrophora 624 minuta, Proisotoma 75 minutissima, Micronecta 675, 677 minutissimus, Thrips 866, 867, 868 minutus Brachycercus 135 minutus Emblethis 809 minutus Haplotbrips 871 minutus Leptodemus 799 minutus Neelus 90 minutus Omocestus 268 minutus Orius 699 minutus Orthotylus 745 minutus Periphyllus 543 minutus Stenocranus 347 minutus Tomocerus 80 Mioscirtus 259, 281 mira, Chomapbis 570 mirabilis, Frisea 61 miramae, Chorthippus brunneus 270 miramae, Eremippus 273 miramae, Gryllomorpha 239 miramae, Stenobothrus 265 Miramella 254, 262 Miramiola 216, 233 Miridae 655, 657, 658, 659 Miridius 703, 731 mirificus, Isometopus 700 miriformis, Myrmus 820 Mirinae 701, 716 Mirini 701, 716 Mirini 732 Miris 704, 725 Miris 734 mirmicoides, Aptus 690 Mirococcopsis 625, 627 Mirococcus

625, 627

Mirotarsus 602

Mitricephalus 356 mista, Aeschna 152, 153 mixtus, Allygus 408 mixtus, Canthophorus 825 miokosewiczi, Hyalesthes 345 Mocuellus 369, 437 Mocydia 367, 412 Mocydiopsis 367, 412 moczaryi, Zygina 395 modestus, Allygus 408 modestus, Oxycarenus 800 modestus, Phoenicocoris 760 Modicogryllus 238 moesta, Anisolabia 288 moesta, Caenis 136 moesta, Corixa 667 moestus, Criomorphus 351 Mogangella 368, 428 Mogangina 368, 424 Mogoplistes 240 Mogoplistidae 234, 240

Mohelnaspis 644,

647

moldavica, Macrosiphoniella 615 moldauica, PIatycleis 230

mollicula, Dikraneura 383 molliculus, Megalocoleus 75.) mollis, Chortbippus 270 mollis, Psallus 757 molluginis, Hydaphias 595 Monalocoris 701, 713 Monaphis 532, 537 Momnthia 771, 772 moncreaffi, Orthotylus 745 mongolicum, Bryodema geMen 282 Mongolojassus 369, 430 Mongolotettix 277 monUicomis, Cephalothnps 870 monoceros, Kelisia 347 monochaeta, Pseudisotoma 74 Monochaetella 859 Monosteira 766, 773 Monosynamma 713, 7b0 Monotylota 202 Montana 229 montana, Cicadetta 358 montana, Luzulaspis 639 montana, Platydeis 229 montana, Tetracanthella 71 montandoni, Bradyporus 211 montandoni, Dictyla 772 montandoni, Erythria 385 montandoni, HaHodapus 746 Montandoniella 696, 697 montanum, Hysteropterum 35b montanus, Chortbippus 271 montanus, Hehrus 680 montanus, Orthops 722 montivagns, Berytinus 784 mordiiilktana. Aphis 316 mordvilkoi, Brachycaudus 587 mordvilkoi, Chaitophorus 542 mordvilkoi, Cinara 524 mordvilkoi, Cryptosiphon 579 mordvilkoi, Forda hirsuta 519 mordvilkoi, Stegophylla 534 Mordvilkoiella gen. n. 547, 569 morio, Atractotomus 758 mono, Belothrips 860 morio, Clematostigma 305 morio, Salda 685 morio, Stauroderus 272 morio, Sehirns 826 Moritziella 506, 507 morosus, Carausius 204 morrisoni, Spinococcus 629 mortoni, Leuctra 189 Moralina 55, 56 mosana, Hydaphias 595 moscovita, Psylla 472 mosdyi, Leuctra 191 mucronata, Chitonophora loll mucronata, Xerylla 64 mucronatum, Coptosoma 820 mucronatus, Kybos 385 muehlei, Brachycolus 594 mudleri, Salda 685 Mulcticola 322 mulgedii, Dactynotus 613 multiiasciata, Entomobrya 85 nmltifasciata, Orchesella 89

multinotatns, Adarros 428

mnltipunctatus, Sminthurns 98 multireticulata, Dictyophara 341 multiseta, Folsomia 71 multituterculatus, Bradyporus i\\ multivorus, Pseudococcus 628 munieri, Thermocoris 748 muralis, Dactynotus 614 muricatus, Asiotmethis 250 murinus, Neelus 90 muscaeformis, Issus 355 musci, Acalypta 767 muscorus, Entomobrya 84 muscorum, Neanura 56 musivus, Myndus 343 mutabtlis, Orthocephalus 738 muticae, Geoica utricularia 518 Mycterodus 353, 355 Myndus 343 Myodochidae 785 Myodochini 810 Myopsocnema 295 myosotidis, Myzodes 601 myricae, Myzocallis 536 myricariae sp. n., Crastina 454 myrmecophila, Entomobryoides 8.S Myrmecophilidae 234, 235, 240, 241 Myrmecophilus 241 Myrmecophyes 705, 736 Myrmecorini 705, 734 Myrmecoris 705, 734 Myrmedobia 693 Myrmeleotettix 255, 268 myrmica sp. n., Bogdiana 800 Myrmus 817, 820 Myrsidea 313 myrthilli. Phyllostroma 640 myrtilli, Psylla 469 Myzaphls 553, 588 Myzetia 608 Myzoeallis 531, 535 Myzodes 561, 599 Myzus 561, 598

Nabidae 657, 658, 659, 663, 689 Nabinae 689, 690 Natis 690 Nabis 689, 690, 691

Nagusta 775, 776 najas, Erythromma 149 najas, Gerris 683 nana, Phaneroptera 21b Nanoplinthisus 800 Nanopsallus 709, 752 nansem, Diura 194 nanus, Hephathus 374 nanus, Ochetostethus 826 nanus, Oliarus 345 napelli, Brachycaudus 58b

narsikulovi, Psammotettix 424 Nasocoris 708, 747 nasonovi, Macrosiphum bl2 nasonovi, Phenacoccopsis 628 Nasonovia 563, 604 nassata, Dictyla 772 nassatus, Orthotylus 744

nassono-wi, Chaitophorus 541 nasti, Diplocolenus 432 nasturtii, Aphis 574 nasutus, Amblytylus 752 Naucoridae 661, 677 Naucoris 677 Neanoecia 527 Neanura 55, 56 Neanuraphis 558, 597 Neanuridae 45, 50, 55 Neaphis 596 nebulosa, Craspedolepta 450 nebulosa, Endria 403 nebulosa, Bhaphigaster 844 nebulosa, Taeniopteryx 182 nebulosus, Metylophorus 308 nebulosus, Sphingonotus 284 ’ nebulosus, FSphragisticus 806 neeopinata, Staegeriella 595 Neelidae 89 Neelus 89 neglecta, Psacasta 829 neglectus, Jassargus 430 Nehalennia 144, 145 Neides 782, 783 Netdidas 789 Nemobiinae 237, 239 Nemobius 237, 240 Nemocoris 813, 814 Nemolecanium 638, 641 nemoralis, Anoecia 527 nemoralis, Anthocoris 698 nemorum, Anthocoris 698 Nemoura 178, 183, 187 Nemouridae 178, 183 Nemurella 183, 188 Neoalituros 364, 398 .Neoephetoera 118 Neoephemeridae 114, 118 Neohaematopinus 329, 331 Neohayhurstia 593 Neoheegeria 869, 873 Neolasiotropis 770 Neolygus 718 Neomargarodes 623 Neomecomma 743 Neomyzodes 599 Neomyzus 561, 601 Neonasonovia 605 Neophilaenulus subgen- n. 362 Neophilaenus 360, 361 Neophilopterus 320 Neophysopus 859 Neopsocopsis 305 Neoptera 24, 25 Neopterocomma 545, 566 Neotrama 526 Neottiglossa 832, 838 Neoxanttwchilus 805 Nepa 679 nepetae, Aphis 575 nephrolepidis, Idiopterus 607 Nepidae 660, 679 Nepinae 679 neril, Aphis 576 nerii. Aspidiotus 651

nervosa, Craspedolepta 450 nervosus, Cixius 343 nervosus, Onychiurus 54 nervosus, Paramesus 423 Nesothrips 869, 874 neubergi, Cinara 523 Neuiocladus 792, 809 Neuroptera 26, 35 Neuropteroidea 26 Nevskia 598 Nevskyaphis 585 nevskyi, Staticobium limonii 613 newskii, Stenobothras 267 newskyi, Dysaphis 582 newsteadi, Lepidosaphes 648 Newsteadia 621

Nezara 833, 843 nicolasi, Campylomma 763 nicoleti, Entomobrya 85 Nicoletiidae 108 nidlftms, Prociphilus 514 niezabitowskii, Ankothrips 852 niger, Baetis 125

"

’"

niger, niger, niger, niger, niger, niger, nigra,

Chaitophorus 542 Haplothrips 872 Orius 699

Rhynocoris 777 Sminthurinus 96 Strongylocoris 739 Capnia 193

nigra, Leuctra 190 nigra, Nasonovia 604 nigra, Penthimia 379 nigra, Selysiothemis 158 nigriceps, Catoplatus 771 nigriceps, Zygimus 718 nigricomis, Trioza 479 nigridorsum, Polymitareys 116 nigrifrons, Diplocolenus 344 nigrina, Acalypta 767 nigripennis, Leucothrips 863 nigripes, Criocoris 759 nigripes, Cryptothrips 869 nigrita, Anapus 73’i 737 nigrita, Psylla 467 nigritursis, Euceraphis 533 nigritarsis, Leguminola 758 nigritula var., Monosynamma bohemani 760 nigritus, Aethus 824 nigritus, Polymerus 717 nigriventris, Frankliniella 862 nigroaenea, Capnoda 843 nigrolmeata, Sigara 671 nigrolineatus, Berytinus 783 nigrolineatus, Criomorphus 351 nigromaculata, Willowsia 81 nigromaculatus, Stenobothrus 266 nigropilosus, Thrips 865, 867, 868 nimborella, Protonemura 183, 185 Ninomimus 796 nipae, Nipaecoccus 630 Nipaecoccus 626, 630 Nipponaclerda 643 Nithecus 786, 794 nitidulus, Homorocoryphus 224 nitidus, Euryopicoris 736 1193

uitidus, Heteromurus 81 nitrariae sp. n., Brachystetna 454 n n n

tzschi, Enderleinellus 330 valis, Entomobrya 85 valis, Isotoma 77

n vea, Caenis 136 n vea, Panchlora 169 n vea, Zygina 394 n veatus, Phytocoris 731 niveipennis, Rhipidothrips 852 nobilis, Aeolothrips 853

nobilis, Idiocerus 376 nobilis, Megathrips 874 Nocaracris 249, 251 Nocarodes 249, 252 nocturna, Caenis 136 nodicollis, Phimodera 829 nodicornis, Phloeothrips 873 nodosus, Psaminotettix 426 nolitangere, Semiaphis 593

nordmannianae, Dreyfusia 503 norvegica, Arcynopteryx 194 norvegicus, Calocoris 726 norvegicus, Metretopus 134 Nosopon 315 notabilis, Isotoma 76 notabilis, Xerophylla 507 notata, Ephemerella 129 notata, Eupteryx 388 notaticeps, Hyoidea 742 notatus, Idiocecus 376 notatus, Paraphilaenus 361 Notonecta 678 Notonectidae 661, 678 Notonectinae 678 Notosima subgen. n. 768

Notostaurus 257, 275 Notostira 704, 732

notula, Megamelus 347 Notus 370, 383 novemlineatus, Heterosminthurus 97 nowickyi, Pbytocoris 729 noxia, Paraph-olidoptera 232 noxius, Brachycolus 594 nubecula, Isogenus 195 nubilus, Bathysolen 814 nubilus, Macrolophus 713 nubilus, Peritrechus 806 Nuculaspis 645, 651 nuda, Cinara 523 niida, Cinara 523 nudum, Microsiphum 616 niisslini, Dreyfusia 503 nymphaeae, Rhopalosiphum 568 Nymphorgerius 341 nymphula, Pyrrhosoma 149 nysioides, Stictopleurus 819 Nysius 786. 794

oberti, Stephanitis 770 obionae sp, n., Trioza 477 obliqua, Notonecta 678 obliqua, Tcttigometra 357 obliqua, Trioza 477 obliquus, Cymus 796 obliquus, Mindarus 526

obliquus, Xylocoris 697 oblonga, Macrosiphoniella 614 oblongus, Symydobius 533 obscura. Aphis heliantaemi 577 obscura, Isoperia 196 obscura, Spathocera 814 obscurella, Calligypona 349 obscurella, Scoloposcelis 696 obscurellus, Phoenicocoris 760 obscuricomis, Phloeothrips 874 obsGurior, Tartarogryllus tartarus 238 obscurus, Anaphothrips 859 obscurus, Dactynotus 613 obscurus, Oliarus 345 obscurus, Periphyllus 543 obscurus, Pseudoceles. 282 obsoleta, Enderleiniella 299 obsoleta, Symphypyga 375

obsolelus, Euscelis 419 obsoletus, Hyalesfches 345 obsoletus, Platymetopius 407 obtusa, Aelia 838

obtusangulus, Holotrichius 777 obtusivalvis, Jassargus 430 obtusus, Ceraleptus 815 obtusus, Sternodontus 835 occidentale, Acyrthosiphon caraganae 603 occidentale, Bryodema holdereri 282 ocellaris, Adarrus 428 Ochetostethus 823, 826 Ochrilidia 258, 277 ochroleuca, Cymophyes 798 ochroleucus, Megalocoleus 753 ochroleuca s, Megalocoleus 753 ochromelas, Calocoris 726 ochropus, Dactynotus 613 Ochteridae 658, 660, 677 Ochterus 677 Octacysta 766, 773 octopunctata, Pseudosinella 81 octopunctatus, Lamprotettix 408 octopunctatus, Onychiurus 53 octotuberculata, Aphis 574 ocularis, Idiocerus 376 ocularis, Psallus 756 oculata, Phimodera 828 odicus, Gryllodinus 238 Odonaspis 645, 650 Odonata 137 Odonatoidea 25 Odonatoptera 25, 32, 137 Odontelfa 59, 60, 61 odontogaster, Gerris 684 Odontoplatys 704, 725 Odontopodisma 253, 261 Odontoscelini 826 Odontoscelis 826, 827 Odoutotarsini 826 Odontotarsus 826, 828 Odontothrips 855, 860 Oecanthidae 234, 235 Oecanthus 235 Oeciacus 699 Oedaleus 259, 279 Oe’dipoda 259, 280 oedipodioides, Pseudoceles 282

ognevi, Ribautiana 392

okaensis, Onychiurus 53 okaensis, Streptanus 421 oklandi, Capnia 193 oleae, Saissetia 641

oleracea, Eurydema

843

Oliarus 343, 344 oligacanthus, Poecilimon 221 Oligaphorura 53 Oligoneuriella 120 Oligoneuriidae 113, 120 Oligoneurisca 120

Oligotomidae 202 olivacea, Isotoma 69, 77 olivaceus, Deraeocoris 715 olivina, Euphyllura 448 Olyntfwscelts 231. omissa, Craspedolepta 450 omissus, Anaphothrips 859 omissus, Xanthochilus 805 Ommatidiotus 353, 354

Omocestus 255, 267 Omphalonotus 708, 746 Oncocephalus 775, 777 Oncochila 766, 772 Onconotus 214, 226 Oncopodura 78 Oncopoduridae 68, 78

Oncopsis 370, 372 Oncotylini 747 Oncotylus 710, 747 oBoiiryctis, Acyrthosiphon 603 ononidis, Tberioaphis 537 ononidis, Therioaphis 537 onustus, Atomoscelis 762 Onychiuridae 43, 44, 50, 51 Onychiurinae 51, 52 Onychiurus 45, 46, 51, 52 Onychogomphus 150, 151 Onyckumenus 752 opacellus, Pionosomus 808 opacula, Saldula 687 opacus, Chlamydatus 763 Ophiogomphus 150 Ophiolix 418 opima sp. n., Eutrioza 473 Opisthotaenia 712, 760 Opocrates 836 Opsiini 364 Opsius 364, 396 oratoria, Iris 173 Orchesella 85 Orehesellidae 43, 46, 47, 69, 85 orchidearum, Cerataphis 529 Orgeriinae 341 Orgeriini 341 orientale, Hysteropterum 356 orientalis, Acanthopulvinaria 640

orientalis, Blatta 164, 165, 166, 167 orientalis subsp. n., Chaetosiphon alpestre 607

orientalis, Chlorita 387 orientalis, Diplocolenus 433 orientalis, Orchesella 87 orientalis, Pineus 502 origani, Aphis 575

origani, Eupteryx 388 origani, Metopoplax 799 Oriini 696, 699 Orius 696, 699 ornata, Aglena 423 ornata, Aphidura 596 ornata, Bacillaphis 539 ornata, Cicadula 412 omata, Dicyrtomina 100 ornata, Eupteryx 388 ornata, Eurydema 842 ornata, Eurydema 843 omaticeps, Megalotomus 816 omaticeps, Psammotettix 426 ornatula, Chroantha 839 tjrnatulus, Agraphopus 820 omatum, Coenagrion 147, 148 ornatum, Procloeon 121 omatus, Dendrothrips 859 ornatus, Myzodes 599 orni, Cicada 358 Ornithobius 321 Orodusa subg. n. 226 Orphaata 223 Orsillinae 786, 794 Orsillus 786, 794 Orthaea 810 Orthetrum 157 Orthezia 621 Orthezildae 620, 621 Orthocephalus 706 orthocephalus, Mycterodus 355 orfchochila, Saldula 686 Ortholomus 786, 795 Orthonotus 711, 754 Orthops 703, 722 Orthoptera 26, 33, 163, 171, 204, 205 Orthopteroidea 25 Orthotylinae 705, 736 Orthotylini 705, 739 Orthotylus 707, 742 oschanini, Orthotylus 745 oschanini, Stephanitis 769 oseticus sp. n., Diplocolenus 432 oshanini, Geocoris 797 oshanini, Macrosteles 400 osmanica, Colposcenia 454 .ossiannilssoni, Dysaphis newskyi 582 ossiannilssoni, Wahlgreniella 606 Ossiannilssonola 371, 390 ostiaplurima, Polystomophora 627 ostreaeformis, Quadraspidiotus 653 Otidoecus 318 ovalis, Gyropus 317 ovalis, Menaccarus 836 ovata, Bemisia 487 Ovatococcus 632, 634 Ovatoides 559, 597 Ovatus 559, 597 ovatus, Sehirus 826 ovillus, Linognathus 334 ovis, Bovicola 323 Oxycareninae 786, 799 oxycarenotdes, Fulvius 713 Oxycarenus 786, 800 oxycephala, Acrida 265

Oxylipeurus 321 Oxythrips 855, 860 pabulinus, Lygocoris 718 Pachybrachius 788, 810

pachycnemis, Elatophilus 698 Pachycoleus 689

Pachygronthinae 788, 798

Pachypappa 509, 514 Pachypappela 509, 513 Pachypodisma 253, 261 Pachypsyllinae 457 Pachypsylloides gen. n. 457, mi Pachypsylloidini trib. n. 457 Pachyfomella 706, 738 Pachutrachelus 232 Pachytrachis 215, 232 Pachytylus 279 Pachyxyphus 712, 760 Paczoskia 614 paczoskii, Dactynotus 614 padellus, Myzus 598

padi, Rhopalosiphum 5b8 paedisca, Sympycna 144 Pagmania 807

Palaeolecanium 638, 641 Palaeoptera 24, 25 Palingenia 114

Palingeniidae 114 pallasi, Opsius 396 pallens, Calligypona 350 pallens, Doliotettix 414 pallens, Leucopterum 750 pallens, Oxycarenus 800 pallescens, Tarisa 834 palliata, Brachyplax 799 palliceps, Isotomurus 75 pallida, Bacillaphis 539 pallida, Frankliniella 862 pallida, Kaltenbachiella 517 pallida, Trioza 482 pallidicomis, Orius 699

pallidinervis, Psammotettix 42b pallidior, Melanthrips 852 pallidipennis, Saldula 686 pallidula, Kelisia 347 pallidulus, Lygocoris 718 pallidulus, Uchida 313 pallidus, Aspilaspis 691 pallidus, Dicyphus 714 pallidus, Dudanus 421 pallidus, Hyperomyzus 605 pallidus, Myrmeleotettix 268 pallidus, Sdenocephalus 407 pallipes, Acompus 801 pallipes, Lachnus 525 pallipes, Saldula 688 palmae, Borchseniaspis b52 palmeni, Psylla 472 palmerae, Coloradoa 596

palmiensis, Pseudachorodma 5» Palomena 832, 841 palpalis, Myrmeleotettix 268 Paluda 365, 410 paludosus, Paramesus 425 paludosus, Scleroracus 418

paludum, Gerris 683 paludum, Teratocons

734

Palus 369, 434 palustris, Isotomurus 75 palustris, Polymerus 717 palustris, Saldula 686 palustris, Schisaphis 569 Pamera 810 Pamnhagidae 246, -249 Panaoras 791, 804

Panchlora 169

Panchlorinae 169

pandurus, Lygaeus 793 Panesthiidae 163 paniculatae, Caricosipha 545 pannonicus, Chanithus 341 paDnosus, Ceroputo 631 Pantallus 368, 424 Pantillius 703, 732 panzeri, Corixa 667 panzeri, Oliarus 345 panzeri, Palus 436 Papillaphis 577 papillata, Macrosiphomella 615 papillosa, Micranurida 59 Paracaloptenus 255, 264 Paracinema 258, 278 Paracletus 512, 519 .

Paracorixa 670 Paradorydiini 364

Paradorydium 364, 380 paradoxa, Macropodaphis 538 paradoxa, Macrosiphoniella 615 naradoxa, Shaposhnikoviella OBO paradoxa, Sphaerista 768 858 paradoxus, Idolimothrips paradoxus, Lepidocyrtus 83 Paradrymadusa 214, 227 Ptiradrymadusa 226 Parafairmairia 636, 638 ParafranklinieUa 856, 862 Paraglobiceps 740 Paragygrus sutgen. n. Us Parafeptophlebia 126, 127 Paralimnus 368, 423 parallela, Corixa 667 parallela, Pachytomella 738 parallelus, Chorthippus 271 Parallothrips 869, 871 Parameletus 118, 119 Parameles 173 Paramesus 368, 423 Paramyzus 561, 601 Paranurophorus 69, 72 Paraphilaenus 360, 361 Paraphis 596 Paiapholidoptera 215, 232 Parapleurus 259, 278 Parapolycrates 790, 807 Paraprociphilus 509, 514 Parapsallus 713, 760 Pararcyptera 257, 276 Parargus 369, 432 Paraschizaphis 568

Paraserenthia 773

Parasigara 665, 667

Paratettix 247, 249 Paredrocoris 711, 763 parens, Sehirus 826 parilis, Gonianotus 809 Parlatoria 643, 646 parlatoriae, Syngenaspis 646 parlatorioides, Pseudopariatoria 6i Paromius 788, 810 Paroudablis 625, 629 Parthenolecanhim 638, 641 parthenope, Anax 154 Parthenothrips 854, 857

pellucida, Calligypona 349 pellucidus sp. n., Handianus 416 pellucidus, Tetartostylus 400 Pemphigidae 496, 507 Pemphiginae 508, 513 Pemphigus 510. 515 Penenirmus 319

penicillifer, Sminthurides 93, 94 pennicornis, Empusa 172, 173 pennipes, Platycnemis 144 pennulatum, Centroptilum 123 pentagona, Pseudaulacaspis 650 Pentaphis 519

parumpunctatus, Rhopalus 818 parvicerarius, Peliococcopsis 630 parvicornis, Brachysteles 697 parvipennis, Psylla 467 parviapina, Paluda 410 parvula, Acalypta 767 parvula, Brachystomella 61 parvula, Erythroneura 394 parvulus, Heterocordylus 741 parvulus, Folsomides 74 parvulus, Orthotylus 745 parvulus, Peripsocus 301 parvulus, Pseudachorutes 58 parvulus, Solenoxyphus 752 parvus, Psilococcus 638 Pasekia 536 pascuellus, Arthaldeus 434 Pasira 775, 777 passerinii, Hyadaphis 591 passerinii, Phloeomyzus 527 pastinacae, Cavariella 590 patehae, Eriosoma 517 pauperata, Tingis 771 Pauropsyllinae 444 paykulli, Macrotylus 750 Pealius 485, 488 pectinatae, Aphrastasia 503 pectinatae, Cinara 522 pectiniventre, Colpocephalum 315 Pectinopygus 322 pectoralis, Apoplymus 784 pectoralis, Leucorrhinia 161 pectoralis, Paredrocoris 763 pedalis, Linognathus 334 pedemontanum, Sympetrum. 160 pedestris, Podisma 263 pedestris, Stygnocoris 801 Pedicinmae 329 Pedicinus 329, 332 pedicularia, Lachesilla 300 pedicularius, Hoplothrips 870 Pedieulidae 326, 327 Pediculus 327 Pediopsis 370, 372 pedo. Saga 225 pegam, Agonoscena 448 perargonii, Acyrthosiphon 602 pelargonii, Aulacorthum 601 pelei, Betulaphis 534 Peliococcopsis 626, 630 Peliococcus 625, 629 pellax, Laburrus 418

Pentatoma 833, 844 Pentatomidae 664, 830 Pentatominae 831, 836 Pentatomini 833 Pentatomoidea 655, 657, 658, 659 Pentatrichopus 607 Penthimia 363, 379 Penthimimi 363 Peragallia 370, 375 peregrina, Psylla 472

perfidiosus, Peliococcus 630 Pergandeidea 572 Peribalus 841

Periphyllus 539, 542 Periplaneta 165 Peripsocidae 297, 300 Peripsocus 300 Peritrechus 790, 791, 806 Peria 197 Perlidae 178, 180, 181, 197

Perlodes 193, 194 Periodidae 178, 180, 181, 193 perniciosus, Quadraspidiotus 653 Perotettix 414 perplexus, Pilophorus 746 perrisi, Bactericera 475 perrisi, Psallus 756 perseae, Aculaspis 652 persicae,

Brachycaudus 588

persicae, Myzodes 599 persicae, Parthenolecanium 641 persicae, Pterochloroides 525 persicae- niger, Brachycaudus 586 persicaecola, Brachycaudus 586 persimilis, Cicadula 412 persimilis, Pleotrichophorus 610 personatus, Reduvius 778 peterseni, Ecdyonurus 132 petraeus, Omocestus 268 petreae, Tuberculoides 536 Petrobius 107 petrovi, Lepyroniella 361 peucedani-carvifoliae, Debilisiphon 578 Peuceptyelus 359, 360 Pezocoris 791, 807 Pezotettix 252, 261 phaeopterus, Peripsocus 301 phaleratus, Odontothrips 860 Phaneroptera 211, 216 Phaneroptermae 216 phaseoli, Smynthurodes 519 Phasgonura 225 Phasmoidea 203

pellucens, Oecanthus 235 pellucens, Salda 685 1197

Phasmoptera 25, 33, 203 phenacoccoides, Caulococcus 629 Phenacoccopsis 625, 628 Phenacoccus 625, 629 Philaenus 360 Philaia 369, 429 philalyssum, Ventocoris 834 phillyreae, Siphoninus 487

Philoceanus 322 Philomyrmex 786, 800 Philopteridae 317 Philopterus 319 Philotarsidae 297, 302 Philotarsus 302 Phimodera 826, 828 PUepsidius 366, 408 Phlepsius 367, 407 Phlocerus 257, 275 Phloeomyzidae 498, 527 Phloeomyzus 527 Phloeothripidae 850, 868, 869 Phloeothripinae 868 Phloeothrips 869, 873 Phlogotettix 364, 405 phoeniceus, Rhyparochromus 806 Phoenicocoris 709, 760 Pholidoptera 215, 231 Pholldoptera 232 Phorodon 559, 597

phragmitidis, Eriopeltis 639 phragmitis, Chaetococcus 626 phragmitis, ParaUmnus 423 Phthirus 327, 328 Phylidea 756 Phylinae 708, 746 Phylini 708, 747 Phyllaphidlnae 529 Phyllaphls 530, 533 Phylliidae 203 Phyllairmia 166 PhyUodromica 166, 167, 168 Phyllomorpha 812, 814 phyllastachia, Melanaphis 569 Phyllostroma 636, 640 Phylloxera 506, 507 Phylloxeridae 495, 505 Phylloxerina 505, 506 Phylns 711, 754 Phymata 779 Phymatidae 662, 779 physapus, Thrips 866, 867, 868 Physatocheila 766, 772 Physopoda 846 Physokermes 638, 642 phyteumae, Dactynotus 613 Phytocoris 703, 728 piageti, Goniodes 318 Piagetiella 314 piceae, Cinara 521 piceae Cinara 522 piceae Dreyfusia 503 piceae Paroudablis 629 piceae Physokermes 643 piceae Psallus 758 ptceimla, Cinara 522 piceus, Caecilius 299

piceus, Lamproplax 803 pichtac, Cinara 522 picicornis, Loensia 307 picipes, Legnotus 825 picipes, Taeniothrips 864 picridis, Dactynotus 614 picridis, Hyperomyzus 605 Picromerus 833, 844 picta, Anadrymadusa 227 picta, Bacillaphis 539 picteti, Choroterpes 128 picteti, Nemurella 179, 188 picticeps, Sacculifer 758 picticomis, var., PIagiognathus bipuncta tus 761 pictilis, Asymmetropteryx 387 pictipennis, Psammotettix 424 picturatus, Paralimnus 423 pictus Aradus 780 pictus Chlorillus 760 pictus Pithyotettix 414 piclus Promecocoris 829 pictus Scolopostethus 802 pienensis, Isophya 219 Piesma 781 Piesmatidae 664, 781 Piesmtdae 781 Piezocranum 706, 738 Piezodorus 833, 844 Piemstethus 697 pilicornis, Calocoris 726 pilicornis, Cinara 522 pilicornis, Drymus 803 pilicornis, Hyalocoris 810 pilicornis, Oncocephalus 778 pilipes, Drymus 803 pillichianus, Phlaeothrips 873, 874 Pilophorini 707, 745 Pilophorus 707, 745 pilosa, Craspedolepta 452 pilosa, Tetracanthella 71 pilosa, Tingis 771 pilosella, Saldnla 686 pilosellae, Ceroputo 631 pilosellae, Dactynotus 613 pilosellae, Nasonovia 604 pilosulus, Aethus 824 pilosum, Pterocomma 567 pilosus Anthocoris 698 pilosus Bothynotus 714 pilosus Chiloxanthus 685 pilosus Megalocoleus 753 pilosus Scolopostethus 802 pilosus Tachycixius 343 pimpinellae, Semiaphis 593 pinastri, Camptozygum 718 pinea,. Cinara 523 pineoides, Pineus 502 pinetellum, Plesiodenm 754 pineti, Schizolachnus 524 Pineus 499, 502 pini Cinara 523 ptm Cinara 523 pini Elatophilus 698 pini Leucaspis 647 pini Phytocoris 729 .

pini, Pineus 502 pini, Rhyparochromus 805 pini, Taeniothrips 864 pinicota^ Cinara 522 pinicola, Pitedia 842 pinihabitans, Cinara 523 piniphila, Cinara 523 Pinnaspis 645, 649 Pinocapsus 745 Pinthaeus 833, 844 Pinumius 369, 430 Piocoris 787, 797 Pionosomus 790, 808 pipistrelli, Cimex 699 Pirates 775, 776 Piratinae 775 piri, Aphanostigma 507 piri, Schisaphis 569 ptrina, Longiunguis 567 pisi, Acyrthosiphon 603 pistaciae, Anapulvinaria 640 pisum, Acyrthosiphon 603

Pitedia 832, 842 Pithanini 705, 734 Pithanus 705, 734 Pithyotettix 365, 414 Pitrufquenia 317 Pityopsallus 758 placida, Cicadula 412 placida, Greenisca 634 Placochilus 711, 760 plagiatus, Phylus 754 Plagtognathinae 746 Plagtilgnathini Til

Plagiognathus 709, 712, 760 Plagiorrhama 746 Planchonia 635 planicorne, Heterotoma 741 planicornis, Excentricus 741 planifrons, Melicharella 375 Planococcus 625, 628 plantaginis. Aphis 577 plantaginis, Dysaphis 583 platani, Tinocallis 534 platani, Willowsia 81 platanoidis, Drepanosiphum 537 Plataspidae 664, 820 platycheila, Aoalypta 767 Platycleis 215, 228 Platycleis 230 Platycnemidae 141, 144 PIatycnemis 144 platydens sp. n., Phytocoris 731 Platymetopius 367, 405 platyoma, Dictyla 772 Platyplax 788, 798 Platyproctus 370, 375 Platspsatltnl 747 Platypsallus 709, 763 Platypterna 277 Platypygius 259, 279 Platythrips 856, 868 Platytomatocoris 741

plebeja, Tibicen 358 plebejus, Eremocoris 802 plebejus, Euscelis 419 plebejus, Tibicen 358 Plecoptera 25, 34, 177 Plegadiphilus 315 Pleidae 679

Pleotrichophorus 564, 610 Plesiocoris 702, 718 Plesiodema 711, 754 pleurophaeus, Schizophthirus 330 pliginskii, Poecilimon 222 Plinthisini 800

Plinthisomus 800 Plinthisus 788, 800 Plocamaphis 545, 566 Phciamerini 810

Ploearia 774, 776 Ploiarwia 776 plorans, Eyprepocnemis 264 plumeus, Eriopeltis 639 plumicornis, Oncocephalus 778

plumosus, Isotomurus 76 plusiochaeta, Campodea 103 podagrariae, Aphis 571 podagricus, Eremocoris 802 Podisma 254, 262

Podismopsis 257, 276 Podopinae 830, 834 Podopini 831 Podops 831, 835 Podura 25, 30, 42, 67 Poduridae 50, 67 Poduroidea 43, 44, 49, 50 Poecilimon 212, 220, 222 PoeciloscyEus 717 poecilus, Idiocerus 377 poecilus, Psamrootettix 426 Pogonognathellus 79, 80 Poliopterus 761 polita, Phyllodromica 168

pollini, Pollinia 636 Pollinia 635, 636 polonica, Mantis religiosa 173 polonica, Porphyrophora 634 Polyacanthella 60 polygoni, Aphalara 448 polygoni, Aspidaphis 595 Polymerus 701, 716 Polymitarcidae 114, 116 Polymitarcys 116 Polyphaga 164, 165 Polyphagidae 162, 164, 165 Polyplacinae 329 Polyplax 329, 331 Polysarcus 212, 223 polystictica. Iris 173 Polystomophora 625, 627 polytrapezius, Oxylipenrus 321 Pomaphis 582 pomaria, Dysaphis 581 pomeranicum, Parthenolecanium 641 pomi, Aphis 573

Platyfomocoris 741 Plea 679

pontica, Craspedolepta 450

Pleargus gen. n. 369, 430

ponttca, Pholidoptera 232

poniica,

Paradrymadusa 227

3.

Order

DIPLURA

A. G, Sharov

Body wingless, vermiform, flexible. Head rounded, with entognathous biting mouthparts, Antennae present, eyes absent. All legs of equal size. Abdominal sterna with one pair of styli each and sometimes one pair of protrusible vesicles. No ovipositor. Cerci present. Median caudal filament absent. Metamorphosis incomplete, simplified. Usually small (2 to 8mm). Milk white or yellowish. Abdominal segments VIH-X may be brown and strongly chitinized. Body without scales, elongate (Figure47, 1,3). Head large, prognathous, broader than thoracic segment I.

pontica, Sigara stagnalis 669 ponticae, Coloradoa 596 ponticus, Dolichonabis 691 ponticus, Myrmecophilus 241 ponticus, Orthonotus 754 ponticus sp. n., Platymetopms 405 poppiusi, Notostira 732 poppiusi, Podismopsis 276 populeti, Chaitophorus 541 populeum, Pterocomma 567 populi, Chaitophorus 541 populi, Idiocerus 377 populi, Kybos 385 populi, Lygocoris 718 populi, Pachypappella 514 populi, Pemphigus 516 populi, Phytocoris 729 populi, Pulvinaria ’639 pupuli-albae, Chaitophorus 541 porcelli, Gliricola 317 porcus sp- n., Criomorphus 351 porifera, Lecanopsis 638 porifera, Rhodania 626 Porphyrophora 623, 624 portulacae, Myzodes 599 Potamanthidae 114, 117 Potamanthus 117 potentillae, Chaetosiphon 607 poweri, Micronecta 675, 677 praecox, Adelges 504 praetermissus, Thrips 865, 867 praetextatus, Megalonotus 807 praetextum, Cloeon 122 praetrita, Aphis 574 praeusta, Sigara 671 Praganus 369, 437 pragensis, Liothrips 870 prasina, Chlorita 387 prasina, Cicadetta 358 prasina, Palomena 841 prasinus, Apantilius 731 prasinus, Batrachomorphus 379 prasinus, Orthotylus 742 pratensis, Lygus 721 prelli, Dreyfusia 503 preyssleri, Macroplax 799 preyssleri, Paluda 410 priesneri, Aeolothrips 853, 854 priesneri, Phloeothrips 873 primulae, Taeniothrips 864 principalis, Arrhopalites 94 privignus, Kleidocerys 796 P rocalaphis 536 Proceps 367, 407 procerae, Coloradoa 596 procerae, Macrosiphoniella 615 procerus, Handianus 416 Prociphilus 510, 514 Procloeon 121 Proderus 790, 807 producta, Sigara 671 productus, Isotomodes 73 Proisotoma 44, 70, 74 Projapygidae 103 proleteUa, Aleyrodes 489 prolixa, Aconurella 404

Promecocoris 827, 829

Pronotropis 710, 750 propinqua, Glaenocorisa 673 propinqua, Glaenocorisa propinqua 674 propinqua, Isotoma 69, 77 propinqua, Psylla 472 propinquum, Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae 602 propinquus, Aeolothrips 853 proprius, Psyllopsis 463 Prosopothrips 855, 859 Prostemma 689, 690 Prostemmatinae 689, 690 Protaphis 549, 578 Protapborura 53 Protentomonidae 41 proteus, Parlatoria 646 Protolachnus 520, 524 Protonemura 178, 183 protospirae, Pemphigus 516 Protrama 525 Protura 25. 30, 40 provincialis, Psammotettix 428 proxima, Trioza 477 proximalis, Forda 519 Prunaphis subgen. n. 586 prunastri, Sphaerolecanium 641 pruni, Hyalopterus 569 pruni, Psylla 467 pruniavium, Myzus cerasi 598 prunicola, Brachycaudus 587 p runico la, Brachycaudus 586 prunifex, Brachycaudus 588 < Prunomyzus 598 Psacasta 827, 829 Psallopsis 710, 750 Psallus 709, 755 psammae, Laingia 543 psammaecolor, Trigonotylus 732 Psammotettix 368, 424 pselaphiformis, Loricula 693 Pseudacaudella 557, 595

Pseudachorudina 57

Pseudachorutella 57 Pseudachorutes 57 Pseudachorutidae 43, 50, 57 Pseudanurophorus 69, 72 pseudassimilis, Sminthurides 94

Pseudaulacaspis 645, 650 pseudinsignis, Rhizococcus 632 Pseudisotoma 70, 74 pseud obifasciata, Orchesella 86, 89 Pseudobrevicoryne 592 Pseudoceles 260, 282 pseudocellaris, Jassargus 430 Pseudocentroptilum 121, 123 Pseudochermes 632, 634 Pseudocloeon 120, 121 Pseudococcidae 620, 624 pseudococcus 625, 627 pseudodiplophthalma, Folsomia 72 pseudoferus, Nabis 693 pseudohesperidum. Coccus 640 pseudolamellifera, Odontella 61 pseudoleucaspis, Kuwanaspis 649 Pseudoloxops 707, 741 psetidomaritima, Isotoma 77 1200

Pseudomenopon 313

pulvera, Macrosiphoniella 615 pulverinus, Dysaphis 583 Pulvinaria 636, 639 pulvinatus, Euchorthippus 272 pumilio, Ischnura 145 pumilis, Sphaeridia 94

Pseudoparlatoria 645, 650 Pseudophasmoidea 204 Pseudophlepsius 364, 398 Pseudophloeinae 812, 814 Pseudophloeus 814

pseudoplatani, Aleurochiton 488 Pseudopodisma 254, 262 Pseudosinella 81

pumilus, Baetis 125 pumilus, Coniortodes 752 pumilus, Phenacoccus 629 punctata, Balclutha 400 punctata, Corixa 666 punctilio, Phyllodromica 168 punctatissima, Leptophyes 217 punctatonervosus, Stictopleurua 818 punctatus, Lygus 721 punctatus, Rhacognathus 845 puncteola, Entomobrya 84 puncticollis, Grypotes 396 puneticollis, Halticus 739 puncticollis, Megalonotus 807 puncticornis, Brachynotocoris 742 punctitrons, Aphelonema 354 punctifrons, Sagatus 401 punctipenne, Malthacosoma 710 punctipennis, Euceraphis 533 punctipennis, Ortholomus 795 punctipennis, Pronotropis 750 punctipes, Excentricons 759 punctipes, Gampsocoris 785 punctipes, Oncotylus 748 punctiventris, Rhynocoris 777 punctulata, Craspedolepta 452 punctulata, Halticidea 737 punctulatus, Deraeocoris 715 punetulatus, Geotomus 825 punctulatus, Ischnocoris 802 punctum, Arocephalus 424 punctumalbum, Fulvius 713 punicae, Aphis 574 purohasi, Icerya 624

Pseudovermicorixa 671

Psilococcus 636, 638 psittaceus, Chroocacus 421 pskovica, Anoecia 527 Psocidae 297, 304 Psococerastis 304, 308 Psocomorpha 294, 297 Psocoptera 26, 35, 37, 291 Psocus 304, 307 Psorodonotus 215, 232 Psophus 259, 280 Psylla 462, 464 Psyllidae 442, 457 Psyllinae 459 Psyllinea 336, 437 Psyllipsocidae 295, 296 Psyllipsocus 296 Psylloj)sis 459, 463 ptarmicae, Microsiphum 616 Ptenothrix 99, 100 pteridis, Bryocoris 713 pteridis, Empoasca 387 Pterocallis 531, 535 Pterochloroides 521, 525 Pterocomma 545, 566 Pterocommatinae 545, 566 Pteronemobius 237, 239 pterostlcha; Heteracris 265 Pterotmetus 790, 808 Pterygota 25, 30 ptilioides, Plinthisus 800 puberulus, Scolopostethus 802 pubescens, Geocoris 797 pubesceas, Lygus 720 pubis, Phthirus 329 pudicus, Carpocoris 841 puella, Coenagrion 147, 148 pujoli, Aphidura 597 pulchella, Eurhadina 387 pulchella, Psylla 465 pulchella, Scoloposcelis 696 pulchellum, Coenagrion 147, 148 pulchellus, Delphax 348 pulchellus, Trigonotylus 733 pulcher, Actinonotus 725 pulcher, Dialeurolobus 487 pulcher, Neoaliturus 399 pulchra, Orchesella 87 pulchra, Psylla 469 puhcaris, Deltocephalus 401 pulicarius, Chlamydatus 762 pullicariae, Dactynotus 613 t pullula, Calligypona 350 pullus, Chlamydatus 762 pullus, Chorthippus 271 pulmonariae, Amphorophora 606 pulsatorium, Trogium 295

purp^atus,

Chorthippus

macrocel

purpureipennis, Carpocoris 840 purpureolineatus, Odontotarsus 828 purpurescens, Hypogastrura 67 pusilla sp. n., Achaetica 398 pusilla, Armene 172 pusilla Leucaspis 647 pusilla Micronecta 675, 676 pusill, Miramiola 233 pusilla, Neottiglossa 838 pusilla, Tingis 771 pusillimum, Cryptostemma 689 pusillus, Halticus 739 pusillus, Hebrus 680 pusillus, Pilophorus 746 pusillus, Plinthisus 800 pusillus, Stagonomus 838 pusillus, Temnostethus 697 pusio, Antheminia 839 pustulifera, Haploprocta 813 pustulipes, Philidoptera 232 putom, Blissus 797 putoni, Diaphorina 463 putoni, Dictyla 772 Pycnopterna 725

f [puHcatiae. Dactynotus]

1201

Pycnoscelus

quereus, Stomaphis 524 querceus, Tuberculatus 5o4 quercus, Typhlocyba 390 quercus, Zyginella 390

169

Pygidicranidae 286

pygmaea, Capnia 193 pygmaea, Micranurida 59

pygmaea, Microvelia 681

Phyllodromica 167, pygmaea; pygmaeus, Acompocoria 699

168

pygmaeus, Arrhopalites 94 pygmaeus, Pleargus 430

guisquiliarum, Kolbea 299

pygmaeus, Stygnocoris 801 pygmaeus, Tytfchus 754 Pygolampis 775, 777 pylnovi, Metrioptera 231

raddei, Sigara 671

radiata, Alloeoneura 464

radicicola, Heliococcus 631 radicicola, Stomaphis 524 radicis, Trama 525 radicola, Dysaphis 581 Raglius 791, 805 ragusana, Tingis 770 Ballicola 319 ramburi, Psyllipsocus 296

Pyraphis 567 pyrarius, Longiunguis 567 pyrenaicus, Neopsocopsis 305

pyrenea, Isophya 218

pyrethri, Oncotylus 748

Pyrgodera 259, 280 Pvreomorpha 252

Pyrgomorphidae 246, 252 pyri, Dysaphis 582 pyri, Psylla 467

Quadraspidiotus 652 pyri, Stephanitis 769 pyricola, Psylla 467 pyriformis, Pemphigus bursanus 515 pyrilaseri, Anuraphis 579 pyrina, Longiunguis 567 pyrisuga, Psylla 472

pyri,

.

pyrrhocondae 664. 810 Pyrrhocoris 810, 811

Pyrrhosoma 145, 149

Quadraceps 319

Quadraspidiotus 646, 652

quadratum, Peisma 782 quadratus, Xanthochilus 805

quadrlcornis, Cantacader 767 quadricornis, Mocuellus 437 quadriguttatus, Omphalonotus 74t> quadrilineatus, Macrotylus 748

quadrimaculata, Euclismia 305 quadrimaculata, Libellula 157 quadrimaculata, Physatocheila 773 quadrimaculatus, Criocoris 759 quadrimaculatus, Ectomocons 77b quadrinotata, Cicadula 410 quadrioculata, Folsomia 71

madripunetata, Phaneroptera 216 guadrlpitnctntus, Adelphocons 728

quadripunctatus, Beosus 804 quadripunctatus, Calocoris 726 quadripunctatus, Sonronius 401 quadripunetulatus, Macrosteles 400 quadrituherculata, Betulaphis 534 quadrituberculatus, Schoettellodes bl quadrivirgatus, Miridius 731 quadrum, Athysanus 414 quaestionis, Allocotaphis 585 quercicola, Asterodiaspis 635 quercus Acanthochermes 507 quercus Kermococcus 634 quercus Lacuesilla 300 quercus Pealius 488 --is

Psallus 756

querquedulae, Trmoton 31o querula, Cicadatra 359 quinquecostatus, Oliarus 345 quinquelineata, Entomohrya 85 quinquenotata, Cicadula 412

Ramburiella 257, 276 ramicola, Chaitophorus 541 Bamitrichophorus 615 Bamulus 204 Kanatra 679 Banatrinae 679 Ranissus 341, 342 ranunculi, Dysaphis 582 ranunculi, Trama 526 ranunculina, Tubaphis 601 rapax, Hemiberlesia 652 Raphidioptera 26, 35 rara, Trama 526 rasinae, Eriopeltis 639 reaumuri. Dysaphis 582 Recilia 368, 403 reclairei, Agnocons 723 reclinata, Polyplax 332 recta, Diura 194 recticornis, Megaloceraea 7^ rectidens, Podops 835 Rectinasus 512, 519 rectopapillatus, Onychiuros 54 redelei, Phloeomyzus 527 Reduviidae 658, 659, 663, 774 Beduviinae 775 reduvinus, Ectemnus 697 Reduvlolus 691

Reduvius 775, 777 reicheli, Adelphocoris 728 religiosa, Mantis 170, 172 remota, Trioza 475

repanda, Deuterosminthums 9» repletus, Jassargus 430 repugnans, Asterodiaspis 635 resedae, Kleidocerys 796 reticulata, Dybowskyla 8.J5 reticulata, Microvelia 681 reticulata, Ptenothrix 101 reticulata, Tingis 770 reticulata, Ulopa 372 reticulatum, Lygaeosoma 794 reticulatus, Dryodurgades 374 reticulatus, Lepinotus 295 Beticulitermes 176

retovskii, Plagiognathus 761 retowskii, Anadrymadusa 226 retowskii, Phyllodromica 168 retowskii, Podops 836 Retrocorixa 672 Rcuterella 302 reuteri, Auehenocrepis 764 reuteri, Bathysmatophorus 381 reuteri, Camptotylus 765 reuteri, Drepahothrips 858 reuteri, Haptothrips 872 reuteri, Notonecta 678 reuteri, Saldula 686 reuteri, Trioza 482 reuteri, Xanthochilus 805 Rhabdiopteryx 181 Rhacocleis 216, 233 Rhacognathus 834, 845 chamtti. Aphis 574, 576 rhamni, Neanuraphis 597 rhamni, Trioza 479 rhamnieola. Aphis 574 rhamaicola, Psylla 464 Rhaphidophoridae 209, 210 Rhaphidothrips 855, 862 Rhaphigaster 833, 844 rhenana, Oligoneuriella 120 rhinanthi, Hyperomyzus 605 Rhinocola 445, 447 Rhinotermitidae 175, 176 Rhipidothrips 851, 852 Rhithrogena 130, 133 Rhizaspidiotus 646, 653 Rhizococcus 632 Rhizoecus 625, 627 Rhizopulvinaria 636, 640 Rhoananus 369, 434 rhodani, Atractotomus 758 rhodani, Baetis 126 Rhodania 625, 626 Rfaodochlanis gen. n. 447, 457 Rhodococcus 638, 642 rhododeudri, Psylla 469 rhodopa, Angaracris 282 rhois, Calophya 463 Rhombaphalara gen. n. 447, 456 rhomheus, Syromastus 813 Rhopalandrothrips 855, 856, 865 Rhopalidae 658, 664, 816 Rhopalini 816 Rhopalomyzus 564, 607 Rhopalopyx 410 Rhopalosiphoninus 504, 606 Rhopalosiphum 546, 567 Rhopaloiomus 716 Rhopalus 817 Rhynchothrips 869, 870 Rhynocoris 775, 776 Rhyparochrominae 788, 800 Rhyparochromini 804 Rhyparochromus 791, 805 Rhyparochromu.s 807 rhyparopus, Orthocephalus 738

ribauti, Kelisia 347 Ribautiana 372, 392 Ribautomiris 729 ribesiae, Pulvinaria 639 ribesinus, Rhopalosiphoninus 606 ribtcoia, Nasonovia 604 ribis, Cryptomyzus 608 ribisnigri, Nasonovia 604 Ricinus 317 riehmi, Therioaphis 538 ringdahli, Ptsroeomma 567 riparia, Labidura 288 ripicola, Proisotoma 75 risi, Brachyptera 181 riveti, Stictopleurus 819 rivulorum, Isoperia 196 rjaboyi sp. n., Phytocoris 731 roboris, Acanthococcus 632 roboris, Kermococcus 635 roboris, Lachnus 525 robusta, Anadrymadusa 227 robusta, Caenis 136 robustus, Kakothrips 861 robustus, Odontotarsus 828 Roepkea 552, 588 roeseli, Arocatus 794 roeseli, Metrioptera 230 rogenhoferi, Cymatia 674 rolandri, Aphanus 809 rorida, Zygiaa 394 roridus, Oliarus 345 rosae, Aulacaspis 649 rosae, Bulgariafeurodes 486 rosae, Macrosiphum 612 rosae, Maculolachnus 525 rosae, Typhlocyba 390 rosarum, Myzaphis 588 rosea, Balclutha 400 Rosenus 369, 434 roseomaculatus, Calocoris 727 roseri, Salicarus 760 roseus, Conostethus 750 roseus, Psallus 757 rosinae, Leuctra 190 rosophilus, Rhodococcus 642 rossi, Lipaphis 591 rossica, Bactericera 475 rossica, Isophya 217 rossica, Locusta migratoria 279 rossicus, Orthonotus 754 rostrata, Aelia 838 rostratulus, Mycterodus 355 rostratus, Platymetopius 406 rotermundi, Sthenarus 758 rotundata, Octacysta 773 rotundatus, Trochiscocoris 843 rotundiceps, Paralimnus 423 rotundicollis, Tingis 770 ruber, Deraeocoris 715 ruber, Lepidooyrtus 82 rubescens, Sphingonotus 283 rubi, Aleyrodes 489 rubi, Amphorophora 606 rubi, Ribautiana 392 Rubiconia 832, 839 rubicunda, Leucorrliinia 161

riabovi, Isoimon 222 ribauti, Agallia 375 ribauti, Helionidia 394 1203

rubicunda sp. n., Symphypyga 375 rubicundus, Agnocoris 723 rubioundus, Stenobothrus 267 rubida, Pseudacaudella 595 rubidus, Orthotylus 745 rubioides, Myzus 598 ruborum. Aphis 573 rubri, Lepidosaphes 649 rubricatus, Myrmecoris gracilis 736 rubricatus, Orthops 723 rubripes, Asiotmetbis muricatus 249, 250 rubripes, Nocaracris 251 rubripes, Odontopodisma scbmidti 262 rubrogularis, Rhynocoris 777 rubrovittata; Erythroneura 394 ruderalis, Lipaphis 591 rufescens, Cryptostemma 689 rufescens, Hallodapus 746 rufescens, Isoperia 195 rufescens, Kybos 385 rufescens, Metafcropis 785 rufiabdominalis, Rhopalosipbum 568 ruficeps, Hebrus 680 ruficeps, Loricula 693 ruficornis, Trigonotylus 733 rufifrons, Orthonotus 754 rufinervis, Saceulifer 758 rufipennis, Dichrooscytus 724 rufipes, Acompus 801 rufipes, Caucasippus 276 rufipes, Pentatoma 844 rufomaculata, Coloradoa 596 rufoscutellatus, Limnoporus 683 rufula. Aphis 573 rufulum, Parthenoleeanium 642 rufum, Aulacorthum 601 rufus, Aptinothrips 858 rufus, Atractotomus 758 rufus, Gomphocerippus 275 rugicollis, Anapus 737 rugicollis, Odontotarsus 828 rugicollis, Plesiocoris 718 rugosus, Aethus 825 rugosus, Nabis 693 rugulipennis, Lygus 720 rugulosus, Goniognathus 396 rumicicolens, Brachycaudus 587 rumicis, Aphis 571 runzids. Aphis 571 Rungsia 540, 544 ruperti, Myzocallis 535 rusaevi, Doratura 404 rusticus, Stygnocoris 801 nUhenicus, Mocuellus 437 rutila, Cavariella 590 rutilans, Lygus 721 rutilus, Deraeocoris 716 ryei, Drymus 804 rysakovi, Nymphorgerms 341

sabuleti, Ischnodemus 796 sabulicola var., Megalonotus chiragra 807 Sacchiphantes 502, 504 Sacculifer 712. 758 Saemundssonia 320 Saga 207, 213, 224

Sagatus 365, 401 Saginae 224 sahlbergi Corixa 667 sahlbergi Hypogastrura 67 sahlbergi Labops 736 sahlbergi Nemoura 188 sahlbergi Salda 685 sahlbergi Somatochlora 156 Saissetia 637, 640 Salda 685 Saldidae 658, 664, 684 Saldinae 684, 685 Saldula 685, 686 Salicarus 712, 759 salicellus, Coniortodes 752 saliceti. Aphis 573 saliceti, Psylla 469 saliceti, Psylla 472 salicicola, Globiceps 740 salicicola, Idiocerus 376 salicina, Aphrophora 360 salicinae, Brachycaudus 587 salicis, Chionaspis 649 salicis, Phylloxerina 506 salicis, Pterocomma 567 salicis, Taeniothrips 863 salicivora, Trioza 482 salicivorus, Chaitophorus 542 salicorniae, Rhodochlanis 457 salictaria sp. n., Trioza 479 salicti, Chaitophorus 542 salignus, Tuberolachnus 525 salina, Doratura 404 salinus, Conostethus 750 salinus, Engistus 797 salinus, Sphingonotus 284 salsae sp. n., Tarisa 834 salsolae. Aphis 573 salsolae, Macrosteles 400 salsolae, Orthotylus 745 salsolae, Piesma 782 salsuginosus, Psammotettix 424 saltans, Isotoma 77 saltans, Tinocallis 534 saltator, Dendrothrips 859 saltator, Halticus 739 saltator, Orthocephalus 738 SaltaioTia 205 saltatoria, Saldula 687 Salticidae 339 saltitans, Chlamvdatus 763 Saltusaphis 533,’538 salviae. Aphis 573 salviae, Platyplax 798 sambuci, Aphis 570 sambuci, Tbrips 866, 867 samojedorum, Calocoris 726 sanborni, Macrosiphoniella 615 sanguinea, Cercopis 359 sanguineum, Prostemma 690 sanguineum, Sympetrum 160 sanguinipes, Pinthaeus 844 sanguinisparsus, Goniognathus 396 sanguinolenta, Cercopis 359 sardea, Anisops 679 sareptana, Biskria 768

sareptanus, Halonabis 691

scirpus, Saltusaphis 538 Scirtetellus 705, 736 Scirthothrips 848 scitulum, Coenagrion 147, 149 scitulus, Phytocoris 726 scitulus, Phytocoris seitulus 729 sciuri, Neohaematopinus 331 Scleroracus 366, 418 Scoloposcelis 695, 696 Scolopostethus 792, 802 Scolothrips 855. 861 scorzonerae, Protaphis 578 scotioa, Saldula 687 scotti, Sigara 672 scripta, Sigara 669 scriptus, Brachycoleus 724 scurrilis, Aphelonema 354 scutellaris, Deraeocoris 716 scutellaris, Jassus 379 scutollaris, Zygina 395 ScnteLlata, Macropsis 374 scutellatum, Coptosoma 820 Scutelleridao 655, 66^, 826 scytha, Ranissus 342 Scythia 636, 639 scythicus, Poecilimon 222 secreta, Odonaspis 650 secundaria, Mogangella 428 sedakovi, Gampsociois 227 sedi, Aphis 576 scgregis, Sacchiphanfccs 505 Schirinae 823 Sehirus 823, 826 Seira 81 scjuncta, Macrosiphoniclla 615 seladonious, Placoohilus 760 selecta, Elasmotropis 770 selecta, Sigara 669 Selenocephalus 365, 407 Selenodcra 834 Selysiothemis 157, 158 Semenovitcs 233 Semenovium 380 Semiaphis 556, 593 semicaecus, Hoplothrips 870 semicolorata, Rhithrogena 133 semiflavus var., Capsus ater 716 semipunctata, Eupteryx 388 semipunctatum, Graphosoma 835 semistriata, Sigara 672 semisubterranea, Brachycaudus 586 senecionis, Nysius 795 senegalensis, Ischnura 145 sensibilis, Folsomia 72 sensibilis, Pscudisotoma 74 senilis, Agnetina 198 separandus var., Alloeonotus fulvipes 724 Sepiana 215, 230 septum, Sepiana 230 septemnotatus, Macrosteles 400 septentrionalis, Fieberiella 405 septentrionis, Diura 194 Serenthia 773 Serentbiella 774 Serenthiinae 773 serenus, Deraeocoris 715

sarmatica, Bianchiella 799 sarmatica, Psylla 469 satunini, Podisma 263 saturata, Cicadula 410 saturejae, Holcocranum 798 saturnius, Xanthochilus 805 saulii, Velia 681 saundersi, Teratocoris 734 savignyi, Sphingonotus 284 savignyi, Tridactylus 243 saxatilis, Lygaeus 793 Sayetus 430 scabiosae, Acaudinum 588 scabiosae. Aphis 576 scabricornis, Coriomeris 815 scalaris, Ribautiana 392 scalaris, Stauroderus 272 scambus, Baetis 125 scanicus, Megophthalmus 372 Scantius 810 scapha, Enoplops 814 Scaphytopiini 364 scapularis, Oncochila 772 scarabaeoides, Thyreocoris 823 scariolae, Acyrfchosiphon 603 Sceodamia 748

schach, Deraeocoris 716 schaeferi, PsyUa 472 schaefferi, Hydroisotoma 71 Schaelteria 62, 64 schenki, Euscclidius 419 schillei, Xenylla 64 schilleri, Capnopsi? 193 schillingi, Chorosoma 820 schimitscheki, Cinara 523 Schizaphis 547, 568 Schizodryobius 525 Schizolachnus 520, 524 Schizonotinus 215, 232 Schizophthirus 329, 330 Schizorgerius 342 schmidtgeni, Recilia 403 schmidti, Calocoris 726 schmidti, Odontopodisma 262 sohmidti, Poecilimon 220 schmutzi, Limothrips 858 schneideri, Aphis 574 schneideri, Dreyfusia nordmannianae schneideri, Isophya 217 schneideri, Smiela 592 schoberiae, Orthotylus 745 scbochi, Oedipoda 281 Schoettella 62, 64 Schoettellodcs 60, 61 schoetti, Ballistura 74 schoetti, Ofaychiurus 53 schoetti, Sminthurides 94 scholtzi, Psallus 758 schrankiana, Glyphina 528 schusteri, Volutaphis 603 schwartzi, Brachycaudus 588 Sciocorini 831 Sciocoris 831, 836 scirpi, Balanococcus 627 scirpi, Schisaphis 569 1205

signatus, Actitocoris 734 signatus, Chlamydatus 763 sii, Ammiaphis 590 silenes, Piesma 782 silvarum, Anaphothrips 859 silvarum, Liposcelis 297 silvatica, Bemisia 487 Silvestrichilus 107 sllvestrti, Eosentomon 41 silvicola, Zygina 395 similis, Capitophorus 610 similis, Cixius 343 similis, Japaneyrodes 488 similis, Poecilimon 221 serricomis, Isoptena 200 similis, Psammotettix 426 544 Atheroides serrulatus, simillima, Campylomma 763 servillei, Onconotus 226 stmilllmus, Psailus 756 seselii, Debilisiphon 577 simplex, Cixius 343 seselei, Semiaphis dauci 593 simplex, Eremippus 273 seticornis, Adelphocoris 728 simplex, Haplothrips 872 seticornis, Brachyptera 181 simplex, Oncochila 772 setifeia, Urelia 71 simplex, Paranurophorus 72 setiger, Caulococcus 629 simulans, Piezocranum 739 setiger, Haplothrips 873 simulans, Psylla 467 setinodis, Liothrips 870 simulans, Tetrix 248 180 179, Sctipalpia 177. 178, Sinella 83 setosa, Craspedolepta 452 sinensis, Ceroplastes 643 537 Ctcnocallis setosa, singularis, Excentricoris 759 setosa, Ptenothrix 100 singularis, Uhlmannia 595 setosus, Labops 736 sinuata, Peragallia 375 setosus, Linognathus 333 sinuaticollis, Tingis 770 setosus, Pealius 488 sinuatus, Galeatus 769 518 setulosa, Geoica Sipha 540, 544 setulosa, Jakowlefiia 799 Siphlomiridae 114, 118 setulosus, Dicranocephalus 812 Siphlonurus 118, 119 setulosus, Oncotylus 748 Siphonaphis 567 severtsovi, Typhlocyba 392 Siphoninus 484, 487 726 sexguttatus, Calocoris Siphanculala 324 sexmaculatus, Tritomegas 825 Sitobion 611 sexnotatus, Macrosteles 401 Celes 280 skalozubovi, sexoculata, Folsomia 71 skorkini, Forda 519 sexoculata, Pseudosinella 81 569 Mordvilkoiella skorkini, 390 sexpunctata, Linnavuoriana slavae, Brachycolus 594 sexpunctatum, Trichadenotecnum 306 slavonicus, Heliococcus 631 shaposhnikovi, Brachyunguis zygophylli slavonicus, Quadraspidiotus 652 578 slovaca, Pholidoptera aptera 232 shaposhnikovi, Chaitophorus 542 smaragdinus sp. n., Opsius 398 Shaposhnikoviella 552, 588 smaragdula, Chloriona 349 schelkovnikovae, Gampsocleis 227 smaragdula, Kybos 385 568 Aresha shelkovnikovi, Smiela 556, 592 sibirica, Aelia 838 Sminthuridae 45, 89, 90 sibirica, Macromia 156 Sminthurides 46, 47, 90, 92 sibirica, Macropsis 374 Sminthurinus 90, 94 sibiricum, Miccolophium 602 Sminthurus 92, 98 737 sibiricus, Anapus smreczynskii, Physatocheila 772 sibiricus, Gomphocerus 275 Smynthurodes 510, 519 sibiricus, Mongolojassus 430 smyrnensis, Forficula 289 sibiricus, Onus 699 socialis, Hypogastrura 66 sibiricus, Onychiurus 53 socialis, Turrutus 429 80 sibiricus, Tomocerus solani, Aulacorthum 601 Sigara 666,668 solani/olli, Macrosiphum 612 65 Ceratophysella sigillata. Solenopotes 332 signata, Odontoscelis 828 Solenoxyphus 710, 751 signata, Xenapbalara 454 solidaginis,Dactynotus 614 signaticornis, Aradus 781 cnl,^; Ha’ploembia 202 solieri, Manlnftmbifl siguatipennis, Eupteryx 388 solitarius, Macrotylus 750 signatum, Brachynema 839

sericans, Stenodema 732

sericeum, Eulecanium 642

Sericothripinae 855 Sericothrips 848, 855, 858 seriphidii, Euscelis 419 seriohidii, Psammotettix 426 serpentinus, Ophiogomphus 151 serpylli, Aphis 575 serrata, Aeschna 152, 154 sonata, Polyplax 331 senatotuberculatus, Onychiurus 53 serratulae, Gueriniella 624 serricaudus, Barbitistes 220

1206

solskyi, Asaroticus 835 Somatochlora 156 somcheticus, Aradus 780 sonchi, Craspedolepta 450 sonchi, Dactynotus 614 Sonronius 365, 401 Sorbaphis 551, 584 sorbi, Dysaphis 582 sorbi, Psylla 472 Sorbobion 584 sordida, Paradrymadusa 227 sordida, Tettigometra 357 sordidipennis, Macrosteles 404 sordidma, Calligypona 350 sordidulus, Kybos 385 sordidus, Dasyscytus 738 sordidus, Globiceps 740 sordidus, Streptanus 421 Sorhoanus 369, 434 Spanioneura 462, 464 Spathocera 812, 814 spathulata, Erythroneura 394 Spatulophorus 556, 592 speciosa, Camarotoscena 448 speciosa, Euidella 348 speciosa, Nahalennia 145 spcctabilis, Alloeonotus 725 spectabilis, Eurydema 842 spectabilis. Orchesella 88, 89 specularis, Psorodonotus 233 Speudotettix 365, 412 speyeri, Aulacorthum 601 sphacellatus, Holcostethus 841 Sphaeridia 46, 90, 94 Sphaerista 765, 767 Sphaerolecanium 638, 641 sphagneticola, Orchesella 85, 89 sphagneticus sp. n., Limotettix 418 sphagnetorum, Gerris 683 sphagni, Ceratophysella 65 sphegiformis, Globiceps 740 Sphingoderus 261, 284 Sphingonotus 260, 282 Sphingonotus 284 sphondylii, Dysaphis 582 sphondylii, Semiaphis 593 Sphragisticus 791, 806 Spliyrotheca 91, 98 spilotum, Plagiognathus 760 spinifrons, Galeatus 769 spiniger, Centrocoris 814 spinigera, Polyplax 331 spinipes, Ulmicola 814 Spinococcus 625, 628 spinolai, Dimorphopterus 796 spinolai, Lygocoris 720 spinolai var. fraudatrix, Coriomeris 815 spinosa, Folsomia 72 spinosa, Phaneroptera 216 spinosus, Aspidiotus 651 spinulosa, Polyplax 331 spiraeae, Brachycaudus 587 spiraeae sp. n., Handianus 416 spiraeae, Psylla 469 spiraeae, Rhodococcus 642 spirothecae, Pemphigus 516

splendens, Calopteryx 142 sponsa, Lestes 144 spumarius, Phiiaenus 361 spurcatus, Quadraspidiotus 652 spuria, Gossyparia 632 squalidus, Oncocephalus 778 squamiger, Mogoplistes 240 squamoornata, Seira 81 stachi, Frisea, 60 stachi, Lathriopyga 57 stachydearum, Eupteryx 390 stachydis, Aphis 575 stachydis, Dactynotus 614 stachydis, Dicyphus 714 stactogalus, Opsius 396 Staegeriella 557, 594 stagnalis, Sigara 669 stagnorum, Hydrometra 681 Stagona 514 Stagonomus 832, 838 Stalia 689, 690 standfussi, Amphinemura 186 staphyliniformis, Pterotmetus 80S staphylinus, Sericothrips 858 Staria 832, 839 statices, Haplothrips 872 staticcs, Helionidia 394 statices, Tuponia 764 Staticobium 566, 613 Stauroderus 356, 272

Stauronotus 275 staurus, Grypotes 396 stavropolensis, Clypeaphis 596 steganoides, Strongylocoris 739 Stegophylla 530, 534 stehliki, Mocuellus 437 steinbergi, Aphis 575 Steingelia 622, 623 steinheili, Pterocomma 567 stellariae, Brachycolus 594 stellatus, Chiloxanthus 685 stellulata, Eupteroidea 387 Stenacidia 46, 90, 92 Stenaphorura 51, 54 Stenobothrodes 267 Stenobothrus 255, 265 Stenocephala 811 Stenocephalidae 664, 811

Stenocranus 346, 347 Stenodema 704, 732 Stenodemini 704, 732

Stenometopiellus 366, 410 Stenopodinae 775 stenopsis, Linognathus 334 Stenopsocidae 297, 299 Stenopsocus 299 stenoptera, Chloriona 349 Stenothrips 856, 868 Stenotus 704, 724 Stephamtis 766, 769 Steppensis, Asiotmethis tauricus 2i stepposa, Isophya 219 Sternodontus 831, 835 Stethoconus 707, 714 steveni, Drepanosiphum 537 Sthenarus 709, 758

Stibaropus 823, 824 stichai, Euchorthippus declivus 272 Stictocephala 362 Stictocoris 365, 418 Stictophytocoris 728 Stictopleurus 817, 818 Stictosynechia 697 Stigmaphalarini 447 stigmatellus, Elatophilus 698 sfcigmaticalis, Idiocerus 376 stigmaticus, Cixius 343 stigmaticus, Stenobothrus 265 stigmaticus, Stenopsocus 299 stigmatipennis, Dikraneura 383 stipae, Chaitosiphella tschernavini 544 Stomaphis 521, 524

stolata, Bagrada 843 Stollia 838 Stolliiiii 832

straminea, Calligypona 350 straminea, Mogangella 428 stramineus, Eomenacanlhus 313 strandi, Isoperia 195 strepens, Aiolopus 279 Strepsiptera 26, 33, 339 Streptanus 365, 421 striata, Platycleis 230 striata, Sigara 672 striata, Thripsaphis 538 striatella, Calligypona 350 striatus, Chanithus 341 striatus, Miris 725 striatus, Psammotettix 428 strichnocera, Dictyonota 768 stricta, Platycleis 230 stridulus, Psophus 280 strigilifer, Kybos 385 Strigiphilus 321 striifrons, Arthaldeus 434 striola, Limotettix 418 striola, Trioza 479 striolatum, Sympetrum 160 strobi, Pineus 502 strobilobius, Adelges 504 Stroggylocephalus 363, 381 strongilisiphon, Staticobium 613 Strongylocoris 706, 739 Strophingia 445, 448 stschurowskyi, Promecocoris 829 Sturnidoecus 320 Stygnocorini 800 Stygnocoris 789, 801 stylata, Doratura 403 stylifer, Aptinothrips 858 stysi, Isophya 218 suaedae, Clypeaphis 595 subangulata, Oncopsis 372 subapterus, Goranus 776 subapterus, Tmetothrips 859 subarctica, Aeschna 152, 154 Subcallipterus 535 subcicoltis, Amphinemura 185, 186 subcrassus, Pseudachorutes 58 subtasciatus, Peripsocus 301 subfusculus, Speudotettix 412 Subisotoma 74 t [Symphypleona]

sublongicauda, Palingenia 115 submacnia, Maculolachnus 525 submarginata, Paraleptophlebia 127 subnigra, Orchesella 87 subnitida, Aphis 577 sulphurella, Elymana 410 subpunctata, Craspedolepta 450 subroslratus, Felicola 323 subrufus, Rbopalus 818 Subsigara 672 subterranea, Anuraphis 579 subterraneus, Cbortinaspis 651 subtilissimus, Haplothrips 871 subulata, Tctrix 248 succincta, Agonoscena 448 suis, Haematopinus 327 sukatus, Seiocoris 836 sulcicornis, Criocoris 759 sulcii, Chaetococcus 626 sulcii, Hcliococcus 631 sulphuraea, Tettigometra 357 sulphurea, Heptagenia 132 i’nlphurella, Hadropliyes 750 superba, Entomobrya 84 snperbus, Melanocoryphus 794 superciliosus var., Capsodes gothicus 725 surinamcnsis, Pycnoscelus 169 sursumnexus, Jassargus 430 suturalis, Hallodapus 746 suturalis, Odontoplatys 725 suturalis, Psylla 465 sviridenkoi, Podisma pedestris 262 Sylvadrymus 804 sylvaticus, Drymus 804 sylvcstris, Ectobius 167, 168 SylvestriS) Ligyrocoris 810 sylvpstris, Nemobius 240 sylvestris, Pcritrechus 806 Sympetrum 156, 157, 158 Sumphypleona 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 89 Symphypyga 370, 375 si/mptiyti, Dictyla 773

Sympvcna 142, 144 Symydobius 530, 533 Syngenaspis 644, 646 Synophropsis 364, 405 syreniae, Smiela 592 syriac.us, Melanocoryphus 794 syriacus, Psallus 756 Syromastus 812. 813 Syrrhaptoecus 318 Systelloitotini 746

Systellonotus 708, 746 tabaci, Thrips 865, 867 Tachycines 210

Tachycixius 343 taentata, Cinara 523 taeniatus, Paramesus 423 Taeniopterygidae 178, 179, 181 Taeniopteryx 181, 182 Taemothrips 855, 863 Tamaricades 396

tamariciarum, Brachyunguis 578 tamaricifoliae, Brachyunguis 578 tamaricina, Crastina 455

+

tamaricis, Helionidia 394 tamaricis, Hemitropis 344 iamaricivorit.m.

Brachvunguis 578 tamaricophila, Brachvunguis 578 tamiasis, Enderieinellus 330 tanacetaria, Macrosiphoniella 615 tanaceti, Dactynotus 613 lanaceti, Metopeurum 615 taiiQcfticola, Dactynotus 613

tanactina, Coloradoa 596 Taphropeltus 792, 803 tarandi, Solenopotes 333 taraxaci, Dactynotus 614 taraxaci, Thrips 866 taraxacicola, Aphis 577 tardoides, Adelges 504 tardus, Adelges 504 Targionia 646, 654 Tarisa 830, 834 Tarisini 830 Tartarogryllus 236, 238 tartarus, Dociostaurus 275 tartarus, Tartarogryllus 238 tartarus, Tridactylus 243 tatarica, Myrmecophilus 241 tataricae, Semiaphis 593 taurica, Ameles 173 taurica, Coloradoa 596 taurica, Ephedraphis ephedrae 577 faurica, Haploembia 202 taurica, Isophya 219 taurica, Lecanopsis 638 taurica. Luzulaspis 639 taurica, Neanura 57 taurica, Orchesella 89 taurica, Rungsia 544 tauricum, Hysteropterum 356 taurtcum, Staticobium 613 tauricus, Aeolothrips 853, 854 tauricus, Aradus 780 tauricus, Asiotmethis 251 tauricus, Dimorphocoris 736 tauricus, Macrocerococcus 631 tauricus, Nabis meridionalis 693 tauricus sp. n., Phytocoris 731 tauricus, Poecilimon 222 tauricus, Protolachnus 524 Taurotettix 366, 412 taurus, Bootheca 355 Taylorilygus 718 teberdina, Podisma 263 Teloleuca 685 Temnostethus 696, 697 tenax, Baetis 126 tendinosus, Issus 355 tenella, Myrmedobia 693 tenella, Proisotoma 75 tenellum, Ceriagrion 145 tenellus, Baetopus 123 t8nellus, Litoxenus 748 tenellus, Orthotylus 744 tenera, Therioaphis 538 tenerrima, Ribautiana 392 Tennusiphon 603 tenuicaudus, Chaitaphis 595 tenuicornis, FranMiniella 862

tenuicornis, Orthocephalus 738 tenuicornis, Tetrix 249 tenuis, Hardya 408 Teratocoris 704, 733

Teratoscopus

754

Terebrantia 846, 847, 848, 849, 850 tergestinus, Epacromius 278

teriolensis, Leuctra 189 Termitidae 174 terrestris, Lecanopsis 638 terrestris, Pulvinaria 640 tesquorum sp. n., Stenometopiellus 410 Tessellana 228 tesselata, Platycleis 228 tesselatus, Eucalymnatus 640

tesselata, Chlorita 386 testacea, Elasmotropis 770 testaceus, Amblytytus 752 testaceus, Reduvius 778 Testataphis 563, 606

testudinarius, Eurygaster 830 testudinatus, Periphyllus 543

Tetartostylini 364 Tetartostylus 364, 400 Tetracanthella 69, 71 Tetraleurodes 484, 485 Tetralicia 484, 485 Tetraneura 510, 518 Tetraphis 528, 529 Tetraphleps 696, 698

tetraphylfa, Lindenia 151 tetrarhodus, Chaetosiphon 607 Tetrigidae 243, 246, 247 Tetrix 247 Tetrodontophora 51,

52

Tetrodontophorinae 51, 52 Tettigometra 356 Tettigometridae 340, 356 Tettigonia 213, 225 Tettigoniidae 209, 211 Tettigonioidea 207, 208 teucrii, Aphis 575 teuorii, Copium 771 thalassina, Meconema 223 thalassinus. Aiolopus 279 thalictri, Aphis 577 Thalpomena 282 Thamnotettix 366, 414 Thaumanura 56, 57 Thaumastopus 792, 803 Thecabius 510, 515 Thelaxes 528, 529 Thelaxidae 498, 528 theobaldi, Cavariella 589 Therapha 817 Therioaphis 532, 537 Thermobia 108 Thermocoris 712, 748 thermophila, Isotomina 74 Thisoicetrinus 265 Thtsoicetrus 264 Tholagmus 831, 835 thomsoni, Scolopostethus 802 thomsoni, Xylocoris 697 thoracica, Harpocera 755 thoracicus, Gerris 683

Eyes or ocelli absent. Mouthparts biting, sunk into the head capsule. Only distal parts of mouthparts visible from the outside. Antennae long, multiarticu103 late. Legs of about the same size. Tarsi not segmented, with 2 claws. Abdomen consisting of 10 segments. Last abdominal segment with one pair of cerci which are long, multi articulate or short and form a rigid forceps. First 7 abdominal segments with short appendages, styli. Segments II-VII with eversible vesicles near styli. Genital aperture of male and female between abdominal segments VIII and IX. No external genitalia. Body and legs covered with numerous setae. The chaetotaxy is much used for generic and specific diagnoses. Postembryonal development epimorphic. Young specimens differ from adults in size, number of antennal segments and cerci when these are segmented, in the smaller number of setae on the body and undeveloped genital organs. Molting takes place not only during development but also in sexually mature specimens. Living in soil, forest bedding, decaying wood, under stones. Feeding on plant and animal food, including decaying plant remains, fragments of mushrooms, spores, algae, remains of insects and other animals in the soil. Species of Japygidae attack small soil arthropods. Divided into 3 families. One of them, Projapygidae, is not dealt with in this key. It occurs in southwestern Europe, in Africa and in America. LITERATURE. lonesco, M.A. Yapigidy (Japygidae, Diplura, Insecia-ApierygoEa) yugo-vosioka evropeiskoi chasti SSSR (Japygidae (Japygidae, Diplura, Insecia-Apterygoia) of the Southeast of ihe European U.S.S.R.) (Collected by M.S. Gilyarov).-Zoologiches!(ii Zhucnal, 38, 1959; Kuznetsov, N. Ya. Japyx solifugus Haliday (Thysanura, Japygidae) na Yuzhnom beregu Kryma(Ja pyx solifugus Haliday (Thysanura, Japygidae) on the southern coast of the Crimea).Russkii eniomotogichesku obzor, IV, 1904; Siach. J. Protuca, Diplura, Thysanura. Klucze oznaczania owad6w Polski, III-V. Warszawa, 1955.

Key to Families 1

(2).

Cerci long, multiarticulate. Last abdominal segment small, of the same color as the other segments (Figure 47,1) ...........

2

(1).

Cerci short, forming forceps. Last abdominal segment large, strongly sclerotized (Figure 47, 3) ......... 2. Japygidae (p. 113)

.....................................

1.

1. Campodeidae (p. 112)

Family CAMPODEIDAE

Antennae 20- to 30-segmented, moniliform.

Each antennal segment with a whorl of short setae in 3 or 4 rows, in addition to several longer setae. Head capsule dorsally with V-shaped suture. Styli of abdominal segment I cylindrical or clavate, clearly different from styli on abdominal sterna II-VI. Abdominal sterna II-VI each with a pair of eversible vesicles between styli. Body densely covered with fine setae. Longer setae (macrochaetae) present among them. Their number and distribution are used as diagnostic characters for genera and species. Thoracic and abdominal terga with anterior, lateral, posterolateral, anteromedianandposteromedian setae (Figure 47, 2). The insects have to be mounted in Canada balsam or Faure’s medium and examined under the microscope for identification. More than 20 genera and about 100 species, mainly in tropical and sub-

tropical regions.

1 genus.

transvittatum, Eulecanium 642

Thripidae 850, 854 Thripinae 855 Thrips 856, 865 R?? 538 Thri’""’"1"" 533, Thripsaphis thunbergi, Hoplomachus 754 Chlonta 387 n., thymi sp. thymi, Nysius 795 Thyreocoridae 822 Thyreocoris 823 Thysanoptera 26, 33, 846 Thysanura 25, 30, 105 Thysamirata 25 tibiale, Sympetrum 159 tibialis, Cicadetta 358 tibialis, Dericorys 261 tibialis, Macropsis 374 Tibicen 358 Tibicina 358 ticinensis, Adelphocons 728 Tigrahauda 341, 342 tigrinus, Brachycarenus 817 ligripes, Heterocapillus 758 tigripes, Opsius 398 tiliae, Dendrothrips 859 tiliae, Eucallipterus 535 tiliae, Eulecanium 642 tiliae, Pediopsis 372 tiliae, Phytocoris 729 Timema 204 Tineidae 655, 658, 659, 663, 765 Tinginae 765, 767 ’Tingis 766, 770 Tingitidae 765 Tinicephalus 711, 753 Tinocallis 531, 534 tipularius, Neides 783 Titanosiphon 563, 604 Tlja 603 Tmethts 249 Tmctothrips 855, 859 Todolachmis 522 tomentosus, Schizolachnus 524 tomis, Forficula 285, 286. 290 Tomoceridae 44, 46, 68, 79 Tomocerus 80 Torleya 129, 130 torneellus, Colladonus 408 torrentiiim, Chloroperia 199 Toxoptera 549, 579 Toxoptera 563 Toxopterella 551, 584 Toxopterina 570 Trabeculus 320 tracheli, Dactynotus 614 tragacanthae, Camptopus 816 iragopogonis, Brachycaudus 588 tragopogonis, Brachycaudus prunicoli Trama 521, 525

transcaucasica, Hierodula 173 transitorum, Eosentomon 41

transsilvanica, Chelidurella 290 transsilvanica, Pholidoptera 232 transversa, Parasigara 668 transversum, Leucopterum 750 transversus, Scleroracus 418

trapezoideus, Blaberus 169 Trapezonotus 791, 808 tremulae, Asiphum 513 tremulae, Chaitopborus 541

tremulae, Idiocerus 379 tremulae, Mezira 781 tremulae, Pachypappella 513 tremultnus, Chaitophorus 541 Trialeurodes 484, 487 triangularis, Ampninemura lo5, Trichadenotecnum 304, 306 trichechi, Antarctophthirus 326 Trichocallis 538 Trichocalocoris 726 Trichochermes 473 Trichodectes 323 Trichodectidae 317, 323 Trichopsocidae 297, 301 Trichopsocus 301 Trichoptera 26, 35 tricincta, Erythroneura 337 tricinctus, Aphrodes 381

tricolor, Baetis 126

Callipterinella 536 tricolor, Paracinema 278 tricornis, Diclyonota 769 tricuspis, Poeoilimon 221 Tridactylidae 242 Tridaetyloidea 207, 208, 242 Tridactylus 242 trifasciatus, Aphrodes 381 trifasciatus, Deraeocoris 716 Trilidaphts 519 trifolii, Therioaphis 537 Trigoniophtalmus 107 Trigonosoma 834 Trigonosomatini 831 Trigonotylus 704, 732 trigonus, Ventocoris 834 triguttatus, Systellonotus 747 Trilotaphis 553, 589 Trimenopon 316 ttinotatus, Sminthurinus 95 Trinoton 313 Trioza 473, 47B Triozidae 442, 473 Triphkps 699 tripunctata, Chloroperia 199 tripustulatus, Liocoris 723 trirhodus. Longicaudus 588 trispina, Silvestrichilus 107 trispinosum, Stenodema 732 tristis, Frankliniella 862 tristis, Oncopsis 372 tricolor,

i

tristrami, Melanocoryphus 793 tristriatus, Cyphostethus 822 tritici, Haplothrips 872, 873 tritici, Heterococcus 630 Tritomegas 823, 825 Tritomurus 79, 80

tritubulatus, Peliococcus 630 trivia,

Ulopa 372

trivialis, Forda 519 Trochiscocoris 833, 843 Trwtes 297

lo/

Troctomorpha 294. 296 Trogiidae 295 Trogiomorpha 294, 295 Trogium 295 troglodytes, Trama 526 Troilus 834, 845 Tropidocheila 771

Tropidophlebia gen. n. 786, 799 tropidoptera, Agramma 773 Tropidothorax 786, 793 Tropiduehidae 340, 353 Tropinysius 795 Tropistethus 790, 801 truncatus, Chaitophorus 542 truncatus, Goniodes 318 trybomi, Calacanthia 686 Trypetimorpha 353 tschernavini, Chaitosiphella 544 tscherskii, Mecostethus 278 Tubaphis 561, 601 Tuhercv-laphis 577 tuberculata, Callipterinella 536 tuberculata, Phimodera 828 tuberculata, Proisotoma 75

tuberculata, Spathocera 814 tuberculatura-artemisicola, Macrosiphoniella 615

tuberculatum, Bryodema 282 tuberculatum, Leprosoma 835 Tuberculatus 531, 534 tuberculatus, Aneurus 781 tuberculatus, Haematopinus 327 tuherculatus, Onychiurus 53 tuberculifer, Coranus 776 Tuberculoides 531, 534 Tuberocallis 534 Tuberolachnus 521, 524 Tubulifera 846-850, 868 tulipae, Dysaphis 584 tullbergi, Anurida 59 tullbergi, Hypogastrura 67 tullbergi, Xenylla 64 Tullbergiinae 51, 54 tumida, Caenis 136

tumidicorms, Heterocordylus 741 tunicatus, Pantilius 732 tunicafcus, Platythrips 868 Tuponia 710, 764 turanica, Nipponaclerda 643

turanicus, Parapleurus alliaceus 278 turanicus, Oecanthus 235 turanicus, Rhodococcus 642 turauicus, Xantnochilus 805 t Turanogryllus 237, 238 turcomana, Ramburiella 276 turkcstanicus, Pachypsylloides 462 turrita, Acrida 265 turritella, Lipaphis 591 turritus, Asiotmethis 251 Terrutus, 369, 428 tussilas>,ifiis, Chomaphis 570 Tyiopsis 212, 223 typhae, Chilacis 798 Typhocyba 372, 390 Typhlocybinae 370, 383 Typhlocybini 371 t [turanicus. Xanitiochilus]

Tytthus 711, 754 Uchida 313 ucrainensis, Para proci phi lus 514 Udamoselidae 483 Uhlmannia 557, 595 ukrainensis, Charimachilis 107 ultrainicus, Jassargus 430 ukrainicus, Poecilimon 221 ulicis, Livilla 464 ullrichi, Trapezonotus 808 ulmariae, Aphis 573 ulmeri, Behningia 116 ulmi, Eriosoma 517 ulmi, Hoplothrips 871 ulmi, Lepidosaphes 647 ulmi, Phytocoris 729 ulmi, Psylla 464 ulmi, Ribautiana 392 ulmi, Tetraneura 518 Ulmicola 813, 814 ulmifoliorum, Oxythrips 86u ulmifoliorum, Taeniothrips 863 ulin-iphila, Mimeuria 514 Ulopa 363, 372 Ulopinae 363, 372 ululans, Ectomocoris 776 Umbelliferaria subgen. n. 582 umbelliferarum, Debilisiphon 577 umbraculatus, Dyroderes 837 umbrella, Aphis 574 umbricola, Microvelia 681 umbrinus, Sciocoris 837 Unaspis 645, 649 uncatus, Lestes 144 undatus, PIatymetopius 405 undosa, Caenis 135 undulata, Tetrix 249 unicolor, Stictopleurus 819 unicostata, Monosteira 773 unifasciatus, Polymerus 718 unipunctatus, Mesopsocus 304 uniseriata, Acalypta 767 unispina, Gryllotalpa 241 ummguiculata, Schoettella 64 Upupicola 318 uralensis, Dysaphis 583 Urumelan 614 Urothripidae 868 urticae, Euptcryx 390 urticae, Heterogaster 798 urticae, Microlophium 602 urticae, Orthezia 612 urticae, Trioza 477 urticaria, Aphis 575 urticata, Aphis 575 usnus, Coulinus 421 usquertensis, Macrosiphoniella 615 ustulatus, Idiocerus 376 ustulatus, Phytocoris 731 utricularia, Geoica 518 uvaeursi, AcanthococcuS 632 uvarovi, Paratettix 249 uvarovi, Podisma 263 uvarovi, Rungsia 544 uvarovianus, Sphingonotus coerulipes 283 uzeli, Odontothrips 861

uzeli, Scolothrips 861 Uzelia 69, 71 .

vacca, Demalacantha 211 vaccinii, Asterobemisia 487

vaccinii, vaccinii, vaccinii, Vachiria

Aulacorthum 601 Paroudablis 629 Wahlgreniella 606 775, 776

vagabunda, Empicoris 775 vagans, Anoecia 527

vagans, Chorthippus 270 valdegranulatus, Onychiurus 53 valesianus, Dichrooscytus 724 validus, Graptopeltus 804 validus, Thrips 866, 867 vandalicus, Adelphocoris 728 vandergooti, Capitophorus 610 vandergooti, Chomaphis 570 vaporariorum, Trialeurodes 488 varia, Codophila 840 varia, Meconema 223 varia, Tettigometra 357 variabilis, Capnia 191 variabilis, Celes 280 variabilis, Onychiurus 54 variabilis, Piesma 782 variabilis, Psallus 756 variabilis, Rhizopulvinaria 640 variabilis, Saldufa 687 varians, Aphis 574 varians, Psallus 757 variata, Dikraneura 383 variatus, Macrosteles 400 varicornis, Antheminia 839 viridula, Trioza 482 variegata, Loensia 307 variegata, Nemoura 187 variegatus, Aeropedellus 273 variegatus, Cleptochiton 428 variegatus, Euscelidius 419 variegatus, Tridactylus 243 variolosa, Asterodiaspis 635 varipes, Phytocoris 730 varius, Idiocerus 376 varius, Pionosomus 808 varsoviensis, Asiphum 513 vasiljevi, Psylla 476 vastator, Nipaecoccus 630 vastatrix, Viteus 507 veidovskyi, Prosopothrips 859 vetata, Ervthroneura 394 "

Velia 681

Veliidae 661, 681 Veliinae 681 venosa, Agallia 375 venosa, Isoperia 195

venosus, Delphacodes 347 venosus, Ecdyonurus 133 venosus, Euscelis 419 venosus, Psorodonotus 232 Ventocoris 831, 834 ventralis, Deraeocoris 716 ventralis, Eurydema 842 ventralis, Graphocraerus 408 ventralis, Omoeestus 267

ventricosus, Haemodipsus 332 venustissimus, Eysarcoris 838 venustulus, Baetis 126 vera sp. n., Mamontova 589 uerae, Chomaphis 570 verbasci, Aphis 576 verbasci, Campylomma 763 verbasci, Emblethis 809 verbasci, Neoheegeria 873

verbasci,

ParafranklinieUa 862

Verdanus 432 Vermicorixa 669 vermiculata, Heliocorisa 668 verna, Campylosteira 767 vernalis, Holcostethus 841 vernalis, Hypogastrura 66 vernus, Baetis 126 veronicae,

Myzus 599

veronicae, Zinia 580 verrucivorus, Decticus 228 verrucosa, Morulina 56 versicolor, Aeolothrips 853 versicolor, Aradus 779 versicolor, Opsius 396 Vertagopus 71, 77 verticillatae, Aphis 575 vesicalis, Pachypappa 514 vesicarius, Pemphigus 516 vespertina, Leptophlebia 127 vestitus,

Arachnocephalus 240

viaduensis, Zygina 396 viatica, Hypogastrura 67

viburni. Aphis 570

viburni, Filippia 639 viciae, Megoura 606

vicina, Colposcenia 454 Vicinechaetella 859

vicinus, Calocoris 725

villosa, Orchesella 87

villosus, Periphyllus 543 Vilpianus 831, 834 viminalis, Thrips 866, 867 violacea, Isotoma 77 violacea, Stcnacidia 92 virens, Brachynema 839 virens, Isoperia 195 vireiis, Lcstcs 143 virens, Orthotylus 743 virens, Stenodema 732 virescens, Tarisa 834 viresccns, Tettigometra 356 virgata, Aelia 838 virgator, Kybos 385 virgatus sp. n., Brachycaudus 586 virginalis, Oxythrips 860 virgo, Calopteryx 142 virgo, Polymitarcys 116 virgula, Campyloneura 714 virgulatus, Fasciosminthurus 97 viridana, Brachycaudus 586 viridana, Cholodkovskya 504 viridegriseus, Macrosteles 401 viridescens, Bourletiella 97 viridiflavus, Oncotylus 748 viridilutea, Orchesella 86 viridinervis, Orthotylus 744

viridipunctatus, Orthotylus 745 viridis, Aeschna 152, 153 viridis, Agraphopus 820 viridis, Aspilaspis 691 viridis, Cicadella 381 viridis, Coloradoa 596 viridis, Isotoma 77 viridis, Lestes 143 viridis, Lygocoris 720 viridis, Notonecta 678 viridis, Rhizopulvinaria 640 viridis, Sacchiphantes 505 viridis, Sminthurus 98 viridis, Teratocoris 734 viridissima, Palomela 841 viridissima, Tcttigonia 225, 227 viridula, Chlorita 387

vulgatissimus, Taeniothrips 863, 864 vulgatum, Sympetrum 160 vulneratus, Polymerus 718 wagneri, Canthophorus 825 wagneri, Capsus 716 wagneri, Lygus 721

wagneri, Mioscirtus 281 wagneri, Psallus 756 Wagneripteryx 371, 388 wahlbergi, Alebra 383 wahlgreni, Microsiphum 615 wahlgreni, Pseudosinella 82 wahlgreni, Tetraeanthella 71 Wahlgreniella 563, 606 walkeri, Trichochermes 475 wallengreni, Caliscelis 354 waltii, Arenocoris 814 waltlj, Cryptostemma 689 wartensis, Baetopus 123 weberi, Macrosiphum 612 werneri, Paraleptophlebia 127 westerlundi, Vertagopus 78 westwoodi, Elipsocus 302 wilkinsoni, Chlamydatus 763 wollastoni, Sigara 671 Willemia 62, 63 Willowsia 80, 81 woronieckae, Microsiphum 615 wui alkani, Micronecta 675, 677

viridula, Cholodkovskya 504 viridula, Nezara 843 viridulum, Erythromma 150 viridulus, Batrachomorphus 379 viridulus, Omocestus 267 viridulus, Periphyllus 543 visei, Anthocoris 698 visci, Carulaspis 649 visci, Hypseloecus 745 viscicSIa, Orthops 723 vitellina, Tettigometra 357 vitellinae, Chaitophorus 542 vitellinus, Parapsaliup 760 Viteus 505, 507 viticola, Drepanothrips 858 vitifolii, Viteus 507 vitis, Pulvinaria 639 vitis, Rhizoecus 627 vitis, Targionia 654 vitiupn, Ephippiger 211 vitreus, Idiocerus 377 vitripennis, Marthamea 198 vitripennis, Paluda 410 vittata, Eupteryx 388 vittata, Euthystira japonica 277 vittata, Kyboasca 385 vittata, Platycleis 229 vittata. Saga 225 vltlata, Tetrix 249 vittatus, Aeolothrips 853 vitticeps, Oncotylus 748 vitticollis, Coriomeris 815 vittifrons, Alloscelis 355 vittifrons, Idiocerus 377 vittipennis, Kelisia 347 vittipennis, Orthocephalus 738 vittiventris, Ectobius 167 vituli, Linognathus 334 volgensis, Aconura 405 volgensis, Aeropedellus 274 volgensis, Kasachstanicus 430 Volutaphis 562, 603 vorobjevi, Agallia 375 vovae, Allococcus 628 vuilleli, Haplothrips 873 vulgata, Ephemera 116 vulgaris, Rhyparochromus 805 vulgaris, Tomocerus 80 vulgatissimus, Gomphus 151

xanthochila, Saldula 688 Xanthochilus 791, 805 xanthoneurus, Sorhoanus 434 Xenaphalara 447, 454 Xenaphalarini trib. n. 447 Xenomyzus 558, 597 Xenylla 62, 64 Xenyllodes 60, 61 xeranthemi, Macrosiphoniella 615 Xerobion 549, 578 Xerijphtlaphls 578 Xerophylla 505, 507 xerothermica, Orchesella 87 xilostei, Hyadaphis 591 Xtphtdtum 224

Xylaplothrips 869, 871 Xylococcus 622, 623 Xylocormae 695, 696 Xylocoris 695, 697 xylostei, Prociphilus 514 Arachnocephalus 240 Tezatwa 580 yuccae, Haplothrips 871, 872 yersini,

zacharjini, Asiotmethis 251 zacharovi, Polysarcus 223 zachvatkini, Condylotes 418 zachvatkini, Hoplochaetaphis 535 zachvatkini sp. n., Paralimnus 423 zaicevi, Capnia 193 zaicevi, Psylla 472 zaitzevi, Phlocerus 275 zamiae, Furehadiaspis 650 zarudnyi, Tigrahauda 342 1213

zetterstedti, Siphlonuros 119 zhadini, Pseudocentroptilum 123 Zicrona 834, 845 Zinia 551, 580 zimitzi, Anoecia 527 zirnitzi, Hyperomyzus 605 ziziphi, Parlatoria 646 zonata, Chloothea 434 zonatus, Quadraspidiotus 653 Zophocnemis 761

Zoraptera 25 Zubovskia 253, 261 zubovskit, Isophya 219 Zygentoma 106, 108

Zygimus 702, 718 Zygina 371, 394 Zyginella 371, 390 zygophylli, Btachyunguis 578 Zygoptera 140

343926913724555826 TRIGGER-1

Key to Species

of Family Campodeidae

1. Campodea Westw. Claws simple, without longitudinal striation. A simple seta without cilia, or a flattened seta, at the base of each claw. 2 species. 1

(2).

2

(1).

Meso- and metanotum with posterolateral seta (Figure 47, 2). Antennae 18" to 20-segmented; cerci 10- to 14-segmented. 4.0. Widely distributed in Europe ............... C. plusiochaeta Silv. Meso- and metanotum without posterolateral seta. Antennae 22 -segmented; cerci 9- or 10-segmented. 5.0. Carpathians ............................................ C. malpighii Silv. 2.

Family JAPYGIDAE

Antennae

-

much shorter than body. Head usually without V-shaped suture. Styli of abdominal segment I of the same structure as those of the next segments. Abdominal segment X 2 or 3 times longer than IX, 104 strongly sclerotized. Cerci short, forming forceps. More than 15 genera and 100 species, mainly in tropical and subtropical zones. 1 genus, 4 species.

>rTTr’>TTT4

FIGURE 48. Diplura (afler lonesco)

[

ff

/r

Key

to Species of Family Japygidae

1. Japyx Halid. Yellowish white. Posterior margin of abdominal tergum I with modified vesicles (coxal organs) forming lobes with filamentous processes at posterior margin (Figure 48). Posterior angles of terga VII and VIII drawn out posteriorly andpointed (Figure 48, 5-8). Southwest and South. 4 species. 1

(2).

Coxal organ with 4 to 20, usually 6 to 8 setae. All or some of these setae much longer than stylus (Figure 48,1). Corners of abdominal terga VI-VIII of varying shape (Figure 48, 5). 6-8.

Ciscaucasia, western Caucasus; southeastern Europe ........... J. confusus Silv. Coxal organ with more than 20 setae, all or most of them shorter than stylus. Setae on coxal organ of 2 types: 1) numerous short setae; 2) 4 or 5 long setae (Figure 48, 2). Posterior corners of abdominal tergum VI truncate (Figure 48, 6). 5.4-6. Crimea ........... J. ghilarovi Jon. Setae on coxal organ of the same type (Figure 48, 3, 4). Posterior corners of abdominal tergum VI not truncate (Figure 48, 7, 8). Only posterior corners of abdominal terga VII and VIII pointed posteriorly. Corners of tergum VII pointed, directed inwards (Figure 48,7). 6-7.6. Western Caucasus and southwestern Ciscaucasia ................................ J. caucasicus Jon. Posterior corners of abdominal terga IV-VIII pointed posteriorly; corners of tergum VII blunt, directed posteriorly (Figure 48, 8). 6.3-7. Western Caucasus (Gelendzhik) .......... J. arnoldii Jon.

.............................................

2

(1).

3

(4).

4

(3).

5

(6).

6

(5).

.............................................

4.

Order

THYSANURA

A. G. Sharov Body apterous, elongate, flexible, usually scaled; mouthparts biting, not withdrawn into head capsule. Antennae and compound eyes developed. Abdomen with styli. Females with well-developed ovipositor. Abdomen with 3 long, filiform appendages at the end. Metamorphosis incomplete, simplified.

Medium-sized insect (8 to 20mm). Body more or less spindle-shaped (Figure 49,1), usually scaled. Antennae long, filiform, multiarticulate.

Mouthparts biting, not withdrawn into head capsule.

Both compound eyes

and ocelli usually present. Thoracic segments articulated. Thorax not sharply differentiated from abdomen. Legs with large coxae. Tarsus 106 3- to 5-segmented, ending in 2 or 3 claws. Abdomen consisting of 10 visible segments; abdominal segment XI reduced and concealed by tergum of segment X. Venter of abdomen with 1 to 8 pairs of styli and sometimes also with eversible vesicles. Females with well-developed multiarticulate ovipositor formed by appendages of segments VIII and IX. Males with unpaired tubular organ erroneously called penis. Ape’x of abdomen usually with long multiarticulate cerci and an unpaired multiarticulate caudal filament of equal length or slightly longer. Metamorphosis protometabolous: young specimens of first instars larviform, differing from subsequent instars and from the adult in greater homonomy of segmentation, absence of scales, homonomous articulation of legs (tarsus

acting as a single segment), andintheabsenceofexternalgenitalia. Later instars are nymphs, which differ from the adult mainly in undeveloped genitalia. Sexually mature specimens molt many times. The number of imaginalecdyses not constant. Living in forest litter, in cracks in bark or beneath it, under stones and fallen trees, rarely in soil. Some species are synanthropic; myrmecophilous or termitophilous. Feeding on plant and animal debris, spores, mushrooms, and lichen. Several species are capable of cannibalism when kept in breeding chambers. Occasionally harmful to libraries, feeding on paper and glue. Divided into 2 suborders. About 100 genera and 400 species throughout the world, mainly in regions with warm and hot climates. The species in the U.S.S.R. are little known. 8 genera. 9 species. LITERATURE. Sharov, A.G. Razvilie shchetinokhvostok (Thysanura, Apterygoia) v svyazi s filogenii nasekomykn (The Evolution of Brisiletails (Thysanura, Apterygoia) in Conneciion with Insect Phylogeny).Trudy Insiiiuia Morfologii Zhivomykh, 8, 1953; Escherich, K. Das System der Lepismaiiden. Zoologica, 43, 1904; Janeischek. H. 0. przerzutkowatych z Krery i krajow balkinskich(Thysanura, Machilidae). Ada Zool. Ccacov.,’2, 1957 (with a hey of the orders of Machilidae family in Southeastern Europe); Stach, J. Protura, Diplura, Ttiysaniira. Klucze do oznaczania owad6w Polski, III-V, Warszawa, 1955; Stach, J. Dwa nowe garunki z rodzaju Chariniachilis Wyg. (Thysanuca, Machilidae). Acta Zool. Cracov., 3, 1958; Wygodzinsky, P. Notes and Descriptions of Machilidae and Lepismatidae (Thysanura). Proc. R. Eni. Soc. Lond., (B) 26, 1957. problemoi

Key to Suborders 1 (2).

2 (1).

Eyes large, adjacent,

in anterior part of head. Maxillary palps 7-segmented. Coxae of 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs usually with styli. Cerci less than half as long as caudal filament. Able to make short leaps .................... 1. Microcoryphia (p. 116) Eyes small, notadjacent, atsides of head, sometimes reduced. Maxillary palps 5-segmented. Coxae without styli. Cerci only little shorter than caudal filament. Not leaping ................. ....................................... 2. Zygentoma (p.118)

Suborder

MICROCORYPHIA

Body semicylindrical (Figure 49. 1). Lateral processes of thoracic segments directed downwards. Eyes large, contiguous, with hundreds of ommatidia. 3 ocelli always present. Mandible articulating with head

by one condyle. Maxillary palps 7-segmented, with process on basal segment. Labial palps 3-segmented. Pronotum shorter than mesonotum, with lateral paranotal lobes concealing base of head. Coxae cylindrical; coxae of 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs usually with styli. Styli rarely present only on coxae of 3rd pair of legs, or completely absent. Femur and tibia of about equal size. Tarsi 3-segmented, with 2 claws. Sterna of abdominal segments II-VII divided into sterna proper and paired coxosternites. Coxosternites of abdominal segments II-IX with movable styli. Coxosternites of abdominal segments I" VII with 1 or 2 pairs of eversible vesicles. Vesicles often absent on segment I, sometimes absent also on segments V-VII, or completely absent. No subgenital plate at base of ovipositor. Microcoryphia usually do not include symbionts of other insects or 107 synanthropic species. Occurring only in regions with warm or hot climate. In European Russia occurring in the South, not farther north than the Ukraine and the Rostov Region; in the West not farther east than Latvia and, appar-

ently, Lithuania. Divided into 2 families. One of them, Meinertellidae, is widely distributed in the southern hemisphere. In the northern hemisphere it is found in southwestern Europe and in North Africa. It is therefore not included in the Key.

Key to Families 1 (1).

Abdominal sterna II-VII in form of large triangles between coxosternites. Apices of triangles reaching beyond half the length of coxosternites. Basal part of antennae (scape and pedicel) always scaled 1. Machilidae (p. 117) ................................

1.

Family MACHILIDAE

Abdominal sterna II-VII large, their apex reaching beyond half the length of coxosternites. Abdominal segments II-VII with at least one pair of eversible vesicles, usually 2 pairs on segments II-V. Base of antennae, sometimes also flagellum, scaled. Coxae of 2nd legs and often those of 3rd legs with styli. Male always with gonapophyses. 5 genera.

Key 1 (4). 2 (3).

to

Genera

Abdominal segments with only 1 pair of eversible vesicles. Paired ocelli very elongate, with a median constriction, usually 1. Charimachilis. along anterior margins of eyes (Figure 49, 2) Paired ocelli small, oval, without median constriction, closer to outer margins of eyes .................... 2. Silvestrichilus. Some abdominal segments with 2 pairs of vesicles each. Paired ocelli almost triangular, close to each other (Figure 49, 4) ......................................... 3. Trigoniophtalmus. ...

3 (2). 4 (l).

5 (6). 6 (5). 7 (8).

Paired ocelli’ very elongate, with a median constriction. Mandibles without apical denticles. Flagellum of antenna without scales 4. Petrobius. Mandibles with 4 apical denticles. Flagellum of antenna scaled at least in its proximal part 5. Machilis. .........................................

8 (7).

.......................

Keys to Species of Family Machilidae 1. Charimachilis Wygod. Ocelli paired, constriction (Figure 49, 2). 1 species.

1 (1).

very elongate,

with median

Ovipositor not reaching beyond gonocoxites (coxites of gonopods) of abdominal segment IX. Gonapophyses of segment VIII 18segmented. Last segment of gonapophyses of segment IX beakshaped (Figure 49, 3). 11.0. Vicinity of Kiev ................... ........................................ Ch. ukrainensis Stach. Silvestrichilus

2.

part of 1 (1).

Wygod. Ocelli paired, small, oval. beneath lateral eyes. 3rd segment of labial palps flattened

anterior margin of

apically.

Tarsi with short, thick spines.

1 species.

Eyes

contiguous only for a short distance. Eyes more than 3 times as wide as the line of contiguity between them. Gonapophyses without stout spines or hooks, 9-11. Krasnodar Territory.

Rostov Region; Turkey, Israel

...............

S. trispina Wygod.

Trigoniophtalmus Verh. Ocelli paired, triangular, dark, close together (Figure 49, 4). Ovipositor without fossorial spines. Parameres only on abdominal segment IX. 1 species. 3.

1 (1).

Only abdominal segments II-IV with 2 pairs of eversible vesicles each. Ovipositor long, reaching beyond gonocoxites of segment IX. Paired ocelli close together or even touching. 10-12. Crimea, Krasnodar Territory; Mediterranean ........ T. banaticus Wygod,

4. Petrobius Leach. Ocelli paired, large, elongate. Mandibles without apical denticles. Flagellum not scaled. 1 species. 108

1 (1).

Parameres only on abdominal segment IX. Ovipositor slender, projecting beneath gonocoxites of segment IX. Each segment of ovipositor with 3 or 4 long setae. 9-10. Latvia, southern P. balticus Stach, coast of the Baltic Sea .......................

Machilis Latr. Mandibles with 4 apical denticles. Spines on legs pigmented. Abdominal sterna obtuse or right-angled. Ocelli reddish or light-colored. Cerci and caudal filament scaled. 1 species. 5.

1 (1).

Ovipositor without fossorial denticles. Maxillary palps with numerous setae which are uniformly distributed on 2nd to 7th segments. 12-14. Crimean steppe; southwestern Europe

.......

.............................................

Suborder

M. helleri Verh.

ZYGENTOMA

Body dorsoventrally depressed. Paranotal processes of thoracic segments directed laterally (Figure 49, 5). Eyes small, consisting of 10-40 ommatidia,on sides of head, far apart from each other, sometimes absent (family Nicoletiidae). Ocelli usually absent. Mandibles articulating with head by 2 condyles. Maxillary palps 5-segmented. Labial palps 4segmented. Pronotum as long as, or longer than, mesonotum. Coxae flattened. Legs without styli. Tarsi 3- to 5-segmented, ending in 3 claws;

LEPISMATIDAE

median claw, the pretarsus, smaller than lateral claws. Coxosternites usually fused with sterna; sterna rarely differentiated. Styli usually present on segments VIII and IX, rarely also on abdominal segment VII or II-VII. Eversible vesicles usually absent. Subgenital plate present between gonocbxites of abdominal segments VIII and IX. Mainly in warm and hot climates. Some species are myrmecophiles or termitophiles, some are synanthropic. The range of the synanthropic species reaches the temperate and cold zones. Divided into 3 families; family Lepidotrichidae relict, now represented only by one monotypic genus in California.

Key to Families 1 (2). 2 (1).

Eyes present. Body elongate Eyes absent. Body short, drop-shaped

...........

1.

Lepismatidae (p. 119) 2. Nicoletiidae (p. 120)

1.

...

Family LEPISMATIDAE

Eyes always present. Antennae, cerci and caudal filament long, filiform. Tarsi usually 3-segmented. Gonocoxites of segments VII-IX broad, covering base of ovipositor or gonapophyses. Free-living, myrmecophilous, termitophilous or synanthropic species. More than 20 genera with a great number of species, mainly in the south of the temperate zone and in the Tropics; little known in the Asian part of the U.S.S.R. 3 genera, 4 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

All setae bare, smooth or only bifurcate at the end. Posterior margin of abdominal terga with only 1 pair of lateral tufts of setae, in addition to single setae ../....................., 1. Lepisma.

2 (1).

Some macrochaetae pinnate or with fine denticles or spines. Posterior margin of abdominal terga with at least one pair of tufts of setae in addition to the pair of lateral tufts. Abdominal terga with not more than 2 pairs of tufts ............................................... 2. Thermobia. At least several abdominal terga with 3 pairs of tufts of setae 3. Ctenolepisma.

3 (4).

4 (3).

..............

............................................

.....

Keys to Species of Family Lepismatidae 1.

Lepisma L.

All macrochaetae bare, smooth, some of them bifid

or trifid. Posterior margin of abdominal segments with only a few macrochaetae or only one pair of lateral tufts of setae. 2 species.

109

1 (2).

Posterior margin of abdominal tergum X without notch. Cerci and caudal filament long, more than half as long as abdomen (Figure 49, 5). Silvery gray. 8-13. Cosmopolitan. Inhuman dwellings, libraries, and warehouses. May be injurious to books and pictures ........................ *L. saccharinum L.

Posterior margin of abdominal tergum X with notch. Cerci and caudal filament short, about 1/3 as long as abdomen. Yellow or yellowish. 8-10. Southern coast of the Crimea. Myrmecophilous. ............................................ L. wasmanni Mon.

2. Thermobia Bergr. Abdominal tergum X obtuse triangular. Ovipositor long, protruding markedly beyond gonocoxites of abdominal segment IX. Pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum with 1 pair of tufts of setae each; abdominal terga II-VIII with 2 pairs of tufts each. 1 species. 1 (1).

Antennae almost twice as long as body. Dark, with yellow spots. 8-10. Northwest, South. In warm places, occasionally injurious to stores *Th. domestica Pack. ................................

3. Ctenolepisma Esch. Posterior margin of pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum with one pair of tufts of setae each. Abdominal tergum I with 2 pairs of tufts, terga II-VIII with 3 pairs of tufts each. Claws shorter than last tarsal segment. 1 species. 1

(1).

Yellowish brown. Abdomen with dark and light longitudinal stripes. 10-12. Crimea ....................... C. lineatum F. 2.

Family NICOLETIIDAE

Basis of gonapophyses free, not covered by gonocoxites. Gonapophyses always large. Eyes always absent. Living in soil or myrmecophilous or termitophilous. Several genera, mainly in the tropics and subtropics. The genus Atelura possibly occurs in the European U.S.S.R.

Key to Species of Family Nicoletiidae 1. Atelura Heyd. Body scaled, oval. Abdomen as long as thorax. Cerci and caudal filament less than half as long as abdomen. Several species, mainly in the Tropics and Subtropics.

1 (1).

Abdominal tergum X short, with notch at posterior margin, with spines ventrally in male. No macrochetae on terga. Segments II-IX with styli. Segment VII with eversible vesicles. 8-10. Southern Europe. In ant nests, mainly under stones ............. .......................................... A. formicaria Heyd.

.

THYSANURA

2 (1).

HO

5-

Order EPHEMEROPTERA

Mayflies

O.A. Chernova Insects with elongate body, reduced mouthparts, slender legs, membranous wings not folded on the abdomen; anterior part of wings always much larger than posterior pair; abdomen with 2 or 3 long segmented filaments at the end; metamorphosis incomplete, nymphs aquatic. Body elongate (Figure 50, 1). Mouthparts reduced, functionless. Compound eyes of males large and often divided into the 2 parts as follows: 1) upper region, ampullaceous, mushroom-shaped or turban-shaped eyes; 2) lower part. Eyes of females small. 3 ocelli; median ocellus sometimes reduced. Antennae short, consisting of 2 segments and a terminal seta. Face divided by a longitudinal fold, overhanging the reduced mouthparts as a thin plate. Prothorax small, usually much shorter than wide, separated from mesothorax. Mesothorax very large, strongly convex, fused with short metathorax. Wings usually 2 pairs; hind wings rarely absent. Anterior wings always much larger than posterior wings, triangular, with distinct anal angle (tornus). When the posterior wings are much reduced, anterior wings oval. Venation of wings as a rule rich, reticulate (Figure 50, 1). Longitudinal veins usually connected by numerous cross veins. The first vein along the anterior margin of wing is the costa (C). The subcosta (Sc) runs parallel to it. The next longitudinal vein is the radius (R). This is followed by the radial sector (RS) which is divided into branches. The first media (M) lies in the middle of the wing, and branches into anterior and posterior veins (MA,, MAn). In the fork between them lies the intercalary media (IMA). The next 3 longitudinal veins are the posterior mediae (MPi, IMP, MPg). These are followed by the cubital veins (CuA and CuP). In the cubital field (between CuA and CuP) there are often a number of intercalary veins (ICuA) of variable position. At the base of the wing are the anal veins (A). Between the longitudinal veins at the posterior margin of the wing are intercalary veins which are connected with longitudinal veins or free. They are either single or paired. In the apical part of the costal field of the forewing is the pterostigma, i.e., a thickened, usually opaque or colored area of the field which sometimes contains cross veins. Venation of hind wings similar but reduced because of their smaller size. Legs consisting of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus. Forelegs of males especially long. 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs may be reduced. Tarsi 5-segmented. 1st tarsal segment sometimes little differentiated. In this case the tarsus is apparently 4-segmented. Tarsus sometimes 2-segmented or not segmented at all. Last tarsal segment bearing 2 claws which often differ from each other. Abdomen consisting of 10 similar segments. Male genitalia between segments IX and X. Sternum IX of male with a protruding genital plate (styliger) which bears

EPHEMEROPTERA

articulated claspers (forceps) laterally (Figure 50, 2). Paired genital lobes (penes) of varying structure usually present beneath genital plate. Paired genital apertures of female opening between sterna VII and VIII, covered by the protruding part of sternum VII (subgenital plate). Abdominal sternum IX of female projecting as postgenital plate. Apex of abdomen of both sexes with a pair of long articulated filaments (cerci) and a median caudal filament (paracercus) which may be very short.

FIGURE 50. Ephemeropiera (original)

Igeneral habitus of male ofSiphlonurus linnaeanus. mimesothorax;

ccoxa;

tftrochanter;

ffemur;

lateral (anantenna;

libcibia;

tartarsus;

filaments); 2geniialia of male of Ephemera vulgata, penpenes: stforceps, or segmented claspers). or caudal

ptprothorax;

elclaw;

ventral

cercerci

(ggenital plate;

Mayflies differ from all other insects in having 2 winged stages, the subimago and the imago. Winged mayflies of both stages do not feed, and live only for a short time (this is the meaning of their name; "ephemeron" in Greek means "lasting for a day"). The stage of subimago lasts a few seconds to several days, the imaginal stage several hours to 11.1 10 days. The subimago differs from the imago in its dull color, hazy wings with fringes of hairs at the posterior margin and shorter appendages. Some species flyinswarms: during a few hours or 2-3 days large swarms of insects emerge simultaneously on large parts of the water. Afterwards,

EPHEMEROPTERA

an immense number of dead mayflies covers the surface of the water and the margins of the water body. Some species lay thousands of eggs. The eggs are laid in the water. Metamorphosis incomplete, archimetabolous,

with an ecdysis during the winged

stage.

Nymphs are called naiads, young

stages campodeiform.

Development of nymphs prolonged, lasting 1 to 3 years, involving up Mouthparts of nymphs biting, complex. Body of diverse structure, with tracheal gills. Nymphs mainly feed on detritus and algae, on and small larvae of insects. They live in freshInfusoria very rarely water bodies, rapid mountain streams, rivers, brooks, lakes, marshes, and ponds. The nymphs are divided into the following morphologicalecological types, according to their different mode of life and shape: 1) thicket-inhabiting nymphs, with large gills; 2) nymphs living in silt bottoms, with gills protected by an operculum; 3) nymphs living on sandy bottoms, with long claws and "brushes" on the head; 4) nymphs inhabiting rapid streams, with fine gills, which swim actively; 5) flat-bodied inhabitants of rapids, with clasping legs; 6) bottom-inhabiting, burrowing nymphs to 25 ecdyses.

EPHEMEROPTERA

"tusks" (Figure 51, 1-3).

The ecological classification of the nymphs is important, because the morphological-ecological type of the nymph is adapted to ecological conditions. Nymphs of Ephemeroptera form an important part of the food of commercial fish (e.g., Salmonidae). 112 Ephemeroptera are one of the most ancient orders. They are found to have existed as early as the Carboniferous. They show a number of primitive characters, e.g., numerous larval ecdyses and ecdysis in the winged phase, paired genital ducts, etc. Larvae of mayflies give numerous examples of adaptive evolution, and reflect sharply the connection between organism arid environment. Fossil mayflies are important in stratigraphy. Seventeen families are known throughout the world, including about 1600 species. These are distributed from Novaya Zemlya in the north to Tasmania in the south. Most Ephemeroptera (75% of the fauna of Ephemeroptera throughout the world) belong to the families Baetidae, Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ephemerellidae, Siphlonuridae. Most species are known from the Holarctic Region. About 200 species of 15 families have been found in the U.S.S.R. with

LITERATURE.

Kazlauskas, R.S. and R.A. Sanvattiie.

LictHnki

podenok sistemy reki Gauya

(Mayfly Larvae-ofthe RiverGauja System). Laiv. eniom., 6, 1962; Cliernova, O.A. Podenki (Mayflies). In the book: Zhizn’ presnykh vod SSSR (Life in Freshwater Bodies of the U-S.S.R.). Vol. 1. Moscow-Leningrad, 1940; Chernova, 0. A. Fauna podenok Evcopeiskogo severa SSSR (The Fauna of Ephemeroptera of the North of the European U.S.S.R.)--Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 20(2). 1941: Chernova, O.A. Podenki basseina Amura i ikh rot’ v pitanii amurskikh ryb(The Mayflies of the Amur Basin and Their Role in the Nutrition of Amur Fish).Trudy Amucskoi ikhtiologicheskoi ekspediisii 1945-1949 godov. III 1952; Chernova, O.A. Podenki (Mayflies).In the book: Osnovy paleontologii. Trakheinye i khelitserovye (Principles of Paleontology. Tracheata and Chelicerata), Moscow, 1962; Schoeneniund. E. Eintagsfliegen oder Ephemeroptera. Die Tierwelt Deuischlands, 19, Jena, 1930.

Key to Families

113

1 (4). 2 (3).

Hind wings absent, or very small and with not more than 3 longitudinal veins. Both sexes with 2 caudal filaments. Wings narrow, with welldeveloped cross veins and free intercalary veins at margin of wing. Hind wings sometimes absent (Figure 55, 3)

...............

..........................................

3 (2).

4 (1).

9. Baetidae (p.135)

3 caudal filaments. Wings broad, with 1 row of cross veins. No intercalary veins at margin of wing. Posterior margin of wings with fringe of hairs. Hind wings always absent (Figure 61,1). ........................................ 14. Caenidae (p.153} Hind wings large. If hind wings are small, they always have numerous veins.

5 (8).

6 (7).

Longitudinal veins of anterior wings arranged in pairs from the base of the wing, forming 4 or 5 pairs. Broad cells between longitudinal veins, with hardly noticeable, thin cross veins, which are absent at the posterior margin of wings. Ocelli on anterior margin of head. Cross veins of fore wings present only in anterior half of wing, to MA, (Figure 55, 1).

Forceps 3-segmented, much longer than penes ...,..........8. Oligoneuriidae (p. 134) .....................................

124

EPHEMEROPTERA

114

.

Longitudinal veins not arranged in pairs, distributed at equal distances. Veins sometimes arranged in pairs only in posterior half of wing, forming usually not more than 3 pairs. Many cross

.

8 (5).

.

Ocelli on posterior margin of head. Cross veins present between all longitudinal veins (Figure 52, 5). Forceps not segmented, 2. Behningiidae (p. 127) almost half as long as the long penes .

7 (6).

veins present. 9(18). CuA of fore wings curved at the base and sharply diverging from

10 (13). 11 (12).

MP^. Fore and hind wings of imago hazy,

milk white or dirty brownish. Fore wings brownish, corrugated. Sc of anterior wings fused and of MA close together at the RS Branches with C apically. apex, forming 3 pairs of adjacent veins (Figure 52, 1)

.............

Palingeniidae (p. 126) 12 (11). Fore wings milk white, not corrugated. Sc of fore wings well to No of apex separated paired adjacent veins (Figure 53, 1) wing. 3. Polymitarcidae (p. 128) ......................................

....................................

1.

EPHEMEROPTERA

Wings transparent, with dark veins, sometimes with dark spots. branching into several (usually about 10) straight, parallel veins on posterior margin of wing. A, not bifurcate. Wings often with dark spots and dark spots near cross veins (Figure 53, 4). ...................................... 4. Ephemeridae (p. 129) 15 (14). A, branching into 2 cross veins or none towards posterior margin of wing. A almost always bifurcate (Figure 54, 1). Wings not

13 (10). 14 (15).

A^

spotted. Eyes of male close together; distance between eyes of male not more than half diameter of eye. Sides of abdominal segment IX without processes .................... 5. Potamanthidae (p. 129) 17 (16). Eyes of male widely apart, distance between them greater than diameter of eye. Sides of abdominal segment IX with long pro16 (17).

18 (9). 19 (22).

20 (21).

21 (20).

cesses which reach posterior margin of segment X in both sexes. ................................... 6. Neoephemeridae (p. 131) MP, and running almost parallel at base of fore wings, diverging slightly; CuA without sharp bend. hind of legs 4-segmented; if 5-segmented, 5th segment Tarsi little differentiated from tibia, and immovable. 2 intercalary veins between IMP and MPg and between MPg and CuA (Figure 58, 7), Forceps usually with a short terminal segment ........................... 11. Ephemerellidae (p. 145) No intercalary veins in cells mentioned above (Figure 57, 9). 10. Leptophlebiidae (p. 142) Forceps with 2 terminal segments. Tarsus of hind legs distinctly 5-segmented. numerous into undulating veins CuA of fo’re wings branching towards posterior margin; some of these veins are sometimes branched (Figure 50, 1) ............... 7. Siphlonuridae (p. 131) 4 or 2 long intercalary longitudinal veins connected by short cross veins in cubital cell (between CuA and CuP) of fore wings. 1 or 2 pairs of intercalary veins in cubital cell; if there are 2 pairs, shortest pair always near CuP (Figure 60, 7) ................................... 13. Ametropodidae (p. 152) 2 pairs of intercalary longitudinal veins in cubital cell; shorter 12. Heptageniidae (p. 147) pair close to CuA (Figure 59, 4)

CuA^

...

22 (19). 23 (24).

24 (23). 25 (26).

............

26 (25).

.......

1.

Family PALINGENIIDAE

of male not divided into 2 parts. Longitudinal and cross veins numerous. Sc of fore wings fused with C in fold and in apical part. Longitudinal veins usually not approximated along their whole length, but only in their apical part, forming not more than 3 pairs. The only exception is the genus Cheirogenesia from Madagascar, which possesses 5 pairs of approximated veins. In this genus, cross veins are also present in the posterior half of wings. IMA always present. CuA bifurcate. CuP always curved (Figure 52, 1). Hind wings well developed. Tarsi reduced, mainly in females. Nymphs burrowing, with fossorial legs and broad, flattened processes of mandibles. Mainly in the Palearctic and Oriental regions. 1 genus, 3 species in the European U.S.S.R. 2 genera, 6 species in the

Eyes

whole U.S.S.R.

PALINGENIIDAE

Key to Species of Family Palingeniidae 1. Palingenia Burm. M of fore wings branching beyond middle of wing. Forceps of male 6- or 7-segmented (Figure 52, 2). Larvae digging loop-shaped tunnels in the clay bottoms of rivers. 3 species.

1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

Abdomen without pattern, velvety black dorsally, with yellow lateral margins. Abdominal sterna lemon yellow. Wings smoky, brownish black. Males 22-24. Crimea and basins of the Kuban and Kura ................................ P. fuliginosa Georgi. Abdomen yellow or brown dorsally, spotted. Abdomen dark brown, with light yellowish articulations of terga and 2 small, light spots on anterior margin of each tergum (Figure 52,3). Wings brown. Male 28-34. Northwest; basin P. longicauda Oliv. of the Danube; Western Europe Abdomen light yellowish. Each tergum with W-shaped gray pattern (Figure 52,4). Wings light brownish yellow. Male 27-32, female 28-34. Basins of the Volga, Ural, Syr Darya and Irtysh. P. sublongicauda Tshern. ..............

4 (3).

......................................

EPHEMEROPTERA

2.

Family BEHNINGIIDAE

into 2 parts, very large. Ocelli on posterior Fore wings with 5 pairs of approximated longitudinal veins. Veins IMA and IMP present (Figure 52, 5). Hind wings with cross veins. Legs weak. reduced. Forceps not segmented. Anterior margin of head of nymphs with 2 protruding areas which are densely covered with setae. Burrowing in the sand of rivers. Palearctic Region, Southeast; North America. European U.S.S.R. 1 genus, 1 species; whole U.S.S.R. 2 genera, 3 species,

Eyes of male not divided

margin of head.

Key

to Species of Family

Behningiidae

Behningia Lest. Frons very narrow. Legs twisted, short, especially middle and hind legs. Tarsi of all legs not segmented. Inner side of apical half of penes with trough-shaped concavity (Figure 52. 6). 1.

Caudal filaments of male very long, 3,5 times longer than body. Median caudal filament short. Cerci 12 or 13 times longer than median filament. 116 Abdominal segments of nymphs broad and short. Hind legs long, almost reaching abdominal segment IX. All legs without claws. Coxae of hind legs about half as long as femora. Leaf-shaped gills on ventral side of abdomen. 1 species, known only from nymphs. 1 (1).

3rd segment of labial palp not more than twice as long as 2nd segment. Setae’on.sternum IX short, shorter than sternum. Volga ........................................ B. ulmeri Lest. 3.

Family POLYMITARCIDAE

Eyes

of male not divided into 2 parts, widely apart in both sexes. Wings milk white, especially in females. Sc of fore wings well marked to apex of wing. 1-9 long, straight, intercalary veins in cubital cell (between CuA and Cup). These intercalary veins converge slightly at the base, and are connected by cross veins (Figure 53, 1). Forceps 4segmented. Male with 2, female with 3 caudal filaments. Larvae burrowing, with long protruding mouthparts curving inwards at the end. Mainly in the Neotropical and Ethiopian regions. 1 genus, 2 species in the European U.S.S.R.; 1 genus. 3 species in whole U.S.S.R.

Key to Species 1. Polymitarcis Etn. Middle and hind legs short.

1 (2).

2(1).

of Family Polymitarcidae

Legs weak; forelegs of male

as

long as body.

2 species.

Thorax dorsally light brown. 3 to 5 straight intercalary veins connected by numerous cross veins in cubital cell of fore wings. Penes deeply divided, their base very short (Figure 53, 3). Rivers and lakes. Throughout Europe, Amur River .............

............................................... P. virgo Oliv. Meso- and metathorax brilliant black or brown. Not more than 2, usually 1, pair of intercalary veins in cubital cell. These intercalary veins branch into curved veins towards margin of wing.

128

EPHEMERIDAE, POTAMANTHIDAE

Penes not deeply divided, their base rather thick and long (Figure 53, 2). Large and medium-sized rivers and lakesinthe northern half of the U.S.S.R. P. nigridorsum Tshern. .............

4.

Family EPHEMERIDAE

Eyes of male not divided

into 2 parts. Longitudinal veins not arranged Intercalary veins obliquely running from CuA of fore wings to posterior margin of wings. A-, slightly curved, branching into a series of closely standing cross veins towards margin of wing (Figure 53, 4). Hind wings well developed. Forceps 4-segmented (Figure 50, 2). Larvae burrowing, their mandibles with slender, smooth, long processes which are bent outwards at the end (Figure 51, 3). Mainly in the Oriental and Palearctic regions.European U.S.S.R. 1 genus, 3 species. 1 genus, about 10 species in the whole U.S.S.R.

in pairs.

Key to Species of Family Ephemeridae

Ephemera L. Wings often spotted, with spots around cross veins. Both sexes with 3 caudal filaments of equal length. Nymphs with feathered gills curved dorsad. In slow-flowing rivers, lakes. 3 species. 1.

1 (2).

Anterior abdominal terga with a triangular, curved brown-black spot on each side. These spots extend into stripes on posterior abdominal terga. An additional pair of short lines between these stripes (Figure 53, 5). Fore wings dark, brownish, with numerous dark spots. Throughout Europe. Nymphs in clay-silt bottoms of slow rivers and lakes ......................... E. vulgata L.

2 (1).

Anterior abdominal terga light, with diffuse square spots and thin lines. Wings translucent, with few spots. Anterior abdominal terga, especially in female, ivory-colored with diffuse spots. Next 4 abdominal terga with or without short lines. Abdominal terga VI-IX with large, dark, wedge-shaped spots; 2 short lines between them (Figure 53, 6, 7), West, Northwest and North, In cold and pure, rapid streams. Central Europe, mainly in mountain and foothill rivers .................. .............................................. E. danica Mull. Anterior 2 abdominal terga with light, angular spots. Terga III-V with 4 lines, the outer very short.. Terga VI-IX with 6 dark longitudinal lines, the inner pair the shortest (Figure 53, 8). Europe. Nymphs in rivers, in parts with rapid current, in silt-sand bottoms ....................................... E. lineata Em.

3 (4).

117

4 (3).

5.

Family POTAMANTHIDAE

Eyes of male large, with a weak but perceptible line delimiting lower part of eye. Vertex narrow. Longitudinal veins not approximated in pairs. Ai of fore wings undulating and bifurcate near margin of wing. No cross and margin of wing (Figure 54, 1). Hind wings well veins between

A^

developed.

Forceps 3-segmented.

EPHEMEROPTERA

FIGURE 54. Ephemeroptera (after Schoenemund, Ulmer and original) 1Potamanthus

luieus, anterior and posterior

same; 6Parameleius

chelifer, same;

7P.

wings; 2Neoephemera

maxima, same;

minor, same.

Nymphs with biramous, pinnate gills on each side of abdomen. Mainly Oriental Region, but also in the Holarctic Region. European U.S.S.R. 1 genus, 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 genera, 2 species. Key to Species of Family Potamanthidae Potamanthus Pict. MPn of fore wings connected with MP^ at the base. Wings without dark spots. Both claws of foreleg blunt. Both sexes with 3 caudal filaments. Mandibles of nymphs without long processes. In rivers and brooks, among vegetation and on stones. 1 species. 1.

118

1 (1).

Mesonotum grayish yellow. Abdomen yellow, with dark brown dorsal longitudinal stripe flanked by a diffuse brownish dot at the posterior margin of terga. Anterior corner of each tergum with one black dot. Wings with dark longitudinal veins and yellowish anterior margin. Both wings of subimago yellow. Holarctic. In rivers ........................................ P. luteus L,

NEOEPHEMERIDAE. SIPHLONURIDAE

Family NEOEPHEMERIDAE

6.

Eyes of male not divided into 2 parts. Vertex broad. A, of fore wings of American species bifurcate. Not more than 2 or 3. not undulating. cross veins between Ai and wing margin. Cross veins well developed in both wings (Figure 54, 2). Hind wings well developed. Forceps 4-segmented. Gills of nymphs protected by operculum. Nymphs in rivers with slow and moderate current, among submerged roots and stems. In rapids in the Appalachian Mountains. Holarctic and Oriental regions.European U.S.S.R.. 1 genus, 1 species. 1 genus, 1 species in the whole U.S.S.R.

A^

Key to Species of Family Neoephemeridae Neoephemera McDunnough. A^ not bifurcate, with one cross vein towards posterior margin of wing. Sides of segment IX with backwards-directed processes reaching posterior end of segment X in both sexes. Median caudal filament of both sexes short. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

Mesonotum of male dark brown, that of female yellowish. Wings thin, with light veins. Legs white. Femora of anterior legs and claws dark brown in both sexes. Abdomen of male transparent. Terga VII-IX with diffuse brown spots. Sterna VII-IX with small, dark spots. All abdominal terga of female with large dark brown spots; abdominal sterna of female with small dark brown spots. Caudal filaments white. Only first 3 segments completely dark. West, France. Nymphs in rivers, on stones overgrown with vegetation and on roots of vegetation ............ N. maxima Joly. 7.

Family SIPHLONURIDAE

Eyes of male often with a light-colored line delimiting lower part of eye. Vertex of Palearctic genera narrow. Wings and venation well developed. Numerous undulating intercalary veins (not connected by cross veins) in fore wings from CuA to posterior margin of wings. Some of them may be branched, e.g.. in I sony c hia and related genera. Tarsi 5-segmented. Claws of different structure in various genera. Forceps 4-segmented. Penes of different structure. Both sexes with 2 caudal filaments. Median caudal filament rudimentary, exceptfor Dipte rom imus, in which the medial caudal filament is half as long as the cerci. Nymphs swimming, with cylindrical abdomen and pointed, backwards-directed lateral processes. Sides of segments with 7 pairs of laminate gills. In addition, some genera have oral and sternothoracic gills. Caudal filaments densely setose. Cerci setose only on inner side. Nymphs of 2 ecological types: 1) with broad gills, living in stagnant and slow-flowing water (Figure 51, 1); 2) with small gills, actively swimming, living in rapids. Most species in the Holarctic Region. Absent from the Ethiopian Region. 4 genera, 9 species. 6 genera, about 20 species in the whole U.S.S.R.

EPHEMEROPTERA

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4). 4 (3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

CuA reaching posterior margin of wing anterior to tornus, i.e., on terminal margin. Intercalary veins from CuA branched (Figure 54, 3) ................................... 1. Isonychia. CuA reaching posterior margin of wing almost at anal angle of wing. Intercalary veins issuing from CuA towards posterior margin of wing curved (Figure 50, 1). Tarsi of hind legs longer than tibia (Figure 50, 1). ................ .............................................. 2. Siphlonurus. Tarsi of hind legs shorter than, or as long as, tibia. Claws of all tarsi of different structure, one blunt and the other pointed. Genital plate between forceps with concave margin. MA of hind wings bifurcate ...................;... 3. Ameletus. Claws of all tarsi similar, pointed. Genital plate between forceps with straight margin or protruding in the middle. MA of hind wings, not branched .................... 4. Parameletus. Keys to Species of Family Siphlonuridae

119

Isonychia Etn. Forelegs of male shorter than body. Tarsus of hind leg slightly shorter than tibia. Claws of forelegs of male broad, club-shaped at tip. Claws of other legs narrow, hooked. 3 or 4 branching, intercalary veins in cubital cell of fore wings. MA of hind wings branching near posterior margin of wing. Genital plate with a deep notch which almost reaches base of plate; genital plate thus apparently consisting of 2 lateral plates (Figure 54, 4). Nymphs with 1 pair of gills on each segment to the 7th. Each gill consisting of one tuft of branchial filaments and one protective lamina. Tufts of branchial filaments also at base of forelegs and maxillae. In rapid streams. Northern hemisphere; mainly in the Nearctic Region. European U.S.S.R-, 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R., 1.

2 species.

1(1).

Tarsi of forelegs of male slightly longer than tibia, in female distinctly shorter. Forelegs brown. 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs yellow. Wings transparent. Thorax brownish. Abdomen reddish brown, in female light-colored. Everywhere, except in the Southeast; Western Europe. Nymphs in rapids, among plants and on sandbanks .................................... L. ignota Walk.

2. Siphlonurus Etn. Forelegs of male as long as body, or longer. Tarsus of foreleg of male almost twice as long as tibia. Tarsus of hind leg markedly longer than tibia. Claws of all legs identical, pointed. Wings very long, narrow. Hind wings well developed. MA branching in middle of wing. Nymphs with laminate gills on first 7 segments. Anterior 2 laminae double; sometimes all pairs double. Abdominal terga with pointed lateral processes (Figure 51,1). Holarctic Region. European U.S.S.R., 5 species. 8 species in the whole U.S.S.R. 1 (2).

Abdominal sterna III-VIII yellowish white, with well-marked pattern consisting of dark-brown dots and spots. Anterior abdominal terga of male light brownish yellow, posterior terga dark brown. Anterior abdominal terga of female light-colored,

SIPHLONURIDAE

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

often with 2 well-marked dark-brown spots near median line. Femora of all legs with dark bands. Cerci whitish, with distinct dark articulation. Common in the U.S.S.R. Nymphs occurring among aquatic vegetation in stagnant water, in lakes and quiet parts of rivers .............................. S. linnaeanus Etn, Abdominal sterna not spotted or punctate. Broad dark stripes form a U- or V-shaped pattern. Femora without dark bands, Posterior angles of tergum IX without pointed processes. Genitalplate between forceps with straight margin. Abdominal sterna III to VIII with broad, light median spots widening towards posterior margin. U-shaped pattern dark brown. Northwest, north. Nymphs in rapid streams ........... S. zetterstedti Bgtn. Posterior angles of tergum IX expanded, strongly elongated and pointed. Segment IX moderately expanded, its pointed process reaching only middle of genital plate. Margin of genital plate straight, Light median spots on abdominal sterna narrow. West, northwest, north, center, and east. Nymphs among aquatic vegetation in stagnant water, brooks and slow parts of rivers ................. ............................................. S. aestivalis Etn. Process of segment IX broad and long, almost reaching base of forceps. Margin of genital plate concave in middle. Light median spots on abdominal sterna strongly expanded towards posterior S. armatus Etn. margin of sterna. Northwest ...................

Ameletus Etn. Forelegs of male almost as long as body. Hind tarsi slightly shorter than tibia. Claws on all tarsi of both sexes different, one claw blunt and the other pointed. Fore wings long and narrow. Intercalary veins of cubital cell slightly curved. MA of hind wings branching in middle of wing. Penes widely apart, falcate. Nymphs with 7 pairs of single laminate gills. In cold and pure rapids. Northern hemisphere; mainly in the Nearctic Region. 1 species. 8 species in the whole U.S.S.R. 3.

1 (1).

Tarsus of foreleg of male more than twice as long as tibia, in female almost as long as tibia. Veins of wings brownish. Abdomen of male yellowish brown, of female light-colored. Legs and caudal filaments yellow-brown. Articulations of caudal filaments slightly darkened. Outer margin of genital plate deeply notched (Figure 54,5). Northwest, North; Western Europe. Nymphs in mountain and foothill rivers ...................................... A. inopinatus Etn.

4. Parameletus Bgtn. Forelegs of male as long as body. Tarsi of forelegs more than twice as long as tibia. Tarsi of hind legs slightly shorter than tibia. Claws of all legs similar, with pointed tips. MA of hind wings not branching. Abdominal segments without broad, flat processes. Nymphs with 7 pairs of identical, laminate gills. 2nd segment of labial palp with process. Holarctic Region. 2 species in the U.S.S.R. 120

1(2).

Whole body brown; only posterior margin of abdominal sterna yellow. Veins of wings thick, dark brown. Cerci brown. Genitalia as in Figure 54, 6. 10-13. Caudal filaments of male 16-18. North, and Kama River................. P. chelifer Bgtn.

EPHEMEROPTERA

2(1).

Head and thorax pitch-black, abdomen yellowish brown, with white articulations. Cerci yellow-brown, in female whitish. Genitalia as in Figure 54, 7. 7-9; caudal filaments 18.0. Only in the North, in mountain and foothill rivers P. minor Bgtn. .......

8.

Family OLIGONEURIIDAE

Eyes of male undivided. Longitudinal veins closely approximated in pairs throughout their length. Sc and R fused at apex. Cross veins few or absent (in American species). Veins IMA and IMP absent (Figure 55, 1). Hind wings large. Legs weak but not reduced. Most species in the Neotropical Region. European U.S.S.R., 2 genera, 2 species. Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Cross veins of fore wings only in anterior half of wing. Several cross veins in cubitalcell in hind wings (Figure 55, 1). Nymphs flat-bodied, abdomen 3 times as long as wide. .Posterolateral angles of abdominal segments elongate and pointed ............... ........................................ 1. Oligoneuriella Imh. Winged phase unknown. Nymphs with elongate body. Abdomen 5 times as long as wide. Sides of abdominal segments without pointed processes ....................... 2. Oligoneurisca Lest, Keys to Species of Family Oligoneuriidae

Oligoneuriella Imh, Frons broad. Ocelli on anterior margin of head. Middle legs of male longer than forelegs. Forceps 3-segmented, much longer than penes (Figure 55, 2). Femora of middle and hind legs of nymphs without long setae on margins, 3 times as long as wide; claws 1.

small and curved. Tufts of branchial filaments at base of maxillae and on first branchial lamina invisible from above. 1 Palearctic species.

1 (1).

Abdomen of male whitish, first segments translucent. First abdominal segments of female yellow-brown. Wings light gray. Caudal filaments white. Nymphs in rivers, in parts with rapid current, on stones. Everywhere, except in the Northwest ........ .............................................. 0. rhenana Imh.

2. Oligoneurisca Lest, Imago unknown. Femora of middle and hind legs of nymphs flattened, with long setae at the margin, twice as long as wide. Claws straight, long, almost as long as tibiae. Tufts of branchial filaments at base of maxillae and on first branchial lamina strongly developed, projecting beyond sides of body, 1 Palearctic species.

1 (1).

Margins of branchial laminae on segments II-VII with long, feathered setae. Length of not fully-grown nymph 14.0; length of caudal filaments 4.0. In rivers, in parts with rapid current, on sandy bottoms. Known only from the Dnieper River and the Warta River (Poland)................... 0. borysthenica Tshern.

134

9.

Family BAETIDAE

Fore wings oval, with few cross veins. MA not branched. Hind wings very small, with 2 or 3 longitudinal veins and few cross veins. Posterior wings may be absent (Figure 55, 3). Upper part of compound eye of male very large, mushroom-shaped or turban-shaped, light-colored. Forceps 4-segmented. 2 caudal filaments. Nymphs swimming, with cylindrical abdomen, without abdominal processes, with 7 pairs of laminate gills. Most species in the Holarctic Region. European XJ.S.S.R., 8 genera, 25 species.

Key to Genera 1 (6).

Hind wings absent. 1. Pseudocloeon. 2 (3). Marginal intercalary veins arranged in pairs 3 (2). Marginal intercalary veins single (Figure 55, 3). 1st segment of middle and hind tarsi long, as long as the 3 other 4 (5). segments together. First cross vein between R and anterior branch of RS almost above cross vein in next cell. 2nd segment of forceps short and wide (Figure 55, 5) 2. Procloeon. 1st segment of tarsus of middle- and hind legs only as long as 5 (4). 3rd and 4th segments together. First cross vein between R and RS closer to base of wing than cross vein posterior to it, in next cell. 2nd segment of forceps conical, longer than wide (Figure 55,6) ...................................... 3. Cloeon. 6 (1).’ Hind wings present, but sometimes very small, 7 (12). Marginal intercalary veins of fore wings single. Hind wings long and narrow, with pointed, curved process on costal margin (Figure 56, ....

121

............

2,3). Hind wings with 3 longitudinal veins and several cross veins ....................................... 4. pseudocentroptilum. Hind wings with 2 longitudinal veins;’ no cross veins. 9 (8). 10 (11). Terminal segment of forceps narrow at articulation and expanded at the end (Figure 56, 1). Body length 5-8 5. Centroptilum. 11 (10). Terminal segment of forceps long, digitiform, as thick as pre6. Baetopus. ceding joint. Body length 3-4.5. 12 (7). Marginal intercalary veins of fore wings in pairs. Hind wings with or without obtuse process on costal margin. 13 (14). Hind wings very small, narrow, without process on costal margin, with only 2 longitudinal, parallel veins (Figure 56, 6) ............ 8 (9).

.......

...................

................................................

7. Acentrella.

14 (13). Hind wings oval, usually with blunt, rarely with pointed process, or without any process and with 2 or 3 longitudinal veins; second longitudinal vein sometimes branched (Figure 56, 7, 11) ........... ................................................... 8. Baetis.

Keys to Species of Family Baetidae 1. Pseudocloeon Klap. Short intercalary veins on posterior margin of wing paired. Hind wings absent. Terminal segment of forceps rounded at the end, twice as long as wide (Figure 55, 4). 2 caudal filaments; median caudal filament rudimentary. Nymphs with 7 pairs of single laminate gills

EPHEMEROPTERA

and 2 caudal filaments. In rapid streams. 2 species in the U.S-S.R.

1 (1).

Cosmopolitan.5

species.

Eyes of male cup-shaped, elevated, yellow. Thorax dark brown. Legs whitish except the yellowish femora of the forelegs. Fore tibiae 1.5 times as long as femora; hind tibiae as long as femora. Wings with white veins. First 6 abdominal segments translucent. Distal abdominal segments dorsally light brown, ventrally yellow. Caudal filaments white. Male and female 4.0; caudal filaments of male 8.0. West, Northand Center. Nymphs in rapid streams or rivers ............. P. inexpectatum Tshern.

Procloeon Bgtn. Intercalary veins on posterior margin of wing First cross vein between R and upper branch of RS almost above cross vein of next cell, or slightly closer to apex of wing. Hind wings absent. 1st segment of middle- and hind tarsi long, as long as the 3 other segments together. 2nd segment of forceps short and wide, with projecting inner margin. Nymphs with single branchial laminae on all segments. Distal segment of labial palp expanded apically, with rounded inner angle. Holarctic Region. 1 species. 2.

single.

Eyes of male mushroom-shaped, strongly diverging anteriorly, greenish, 1.5 times as long as wide. Thorax light brown, ventrally lighter. Abdomen yellowish, first 6 segments with red stripes, 2 near midline, and the others lateral to them. Anterior margin with 1 stripe. Stripes of alcohol specimens lose color. Forceps yellowish white (Figure 55, 5). Caudal filaments white. Male and female 5-8. West, Northwest, North, Center, East. Nymphs in rivers, lakes and brooks, among aquatic vegetation .

..........................................

P. ornatum

.

1 (1).

Tshern,

3. Cloeon Leach. Intercalary veins on posterior margin of wings single. First cross vein between R and RS closer to base of wing than cross vein in next cell of RS. No hind wings. Basal segment of middleand hind tarsi as long as 3rd and 4th segments together. 2nd segment of forceps long and narrow, conical, longer than wide. Nymphs with double laminate gills on segments I-VI; segment VII with single gills. 3rd seg122 ment of labial palp with elongate, pointed outer angle. In stagnant water. Mainly in the Ethiopian Region. 4 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Apical part of costal cell transparent, with 6-9 cross veins, some of which are branched. Basal segments of forceps contiguous at the base. Plate between forceps short and broad, with straight posterior margin (Figure 55,6). Sides of cup-shaped eyesbrownish black. Thorax dorsally pitch-brown to pitch-black. Abdominal terga yellowish brown, almost not transparent; abdominal sterna yellowish. Caudal filaments white. 6-8 caudal filaments 13.0. Nymphs with 2-segmented maxillary palps and weak tracheation of asymmetrical gills. In rivers, brooks, and ponds, among aquatic vegetation. West, Northwest, Center, East, and Southeast ........... C. praetextum Bgtn. Apical part of costal cell of male with 3-5 simple cross veins. Basal segments of forceps not contiguous. Triangular process between base of forceps (Figure 55, 7, 8).

3 (4).

Anterior tibia of male 1.5 times as long as femur. Triangular process between forceps blunt, rounded at apex (Figure 55, 7). Cup-shaped eyes uniformly yellow, conical. Dorsal part of eyes twice as broad as black lateral eyes. Femora of forelegs with hardly noticeable darkening near apex. Abdomen of male dorsally of uniform color, brownish. Middle abdominal segments of male very slightly transparent; venter slightly lighter. Costal and subcostal cells of female grayish-brown. Abdominal terga of female (II-VIII) with dark-red, inwardly curved line on each side, these lines flanked laterally by thin, dark-red lines. Abdominal sterna of female with a straight, dark red-brown line on each side. Dark pattern of female sometimes absent. Male 7-8, female 8-9. Nymphs with 3segmented maxillary palp; gills with strongly developed tracheation; upper leaflet of 1st pair of gills half as broad as 2nd leaflet. In ponds and marshes ................... C. dipterum L.

’CuA

’MP

3

FIGURE 5S. Ephemeropiera. Family Ulmer, Bogoescit and original)

\%^ 7 Oligoneuriidae and Baetidae (after

<^=.:-==^,^.^ff Demoulain, Schoenemund,

EPHEMEROPTERA

4 (3).

Fore tibia of male twice as long as femur. Triangular process between forceps conical (Figure 55, 8). Cup-shaped eyes rich orange, almost cylindrical, slightly broader than lateral eyes. Femora of forelegs of both sexes distally with rich red spot. In male, abdominal segments II-VII whitish, transparent; segments VII to X rusty reddish brown; terga VI to VII with sharp red-brown oblique line on each side; traces of such lines also on terga II-V. Sides of all segments with reddish brown lines and spots. Posterior sterna with rust brown longitudinal lines. Color of female as that of C. dipterum, but the pattern is richer. Body smaller, male 5-6, female 6-7mm. Tracheationof gills of nymphs poorly developed. Upper leaflet of 1st pair of gills 1/3 the width of 2nd leaflet. In ponds and bayous. West, Northwest, Center, East, and Southeast ................. C. inscriptum Egtn.

4. Pseudocentroptilum Bogoescu. Anterior wings of female transparent, costal and subcostal cells opalescent; posterior margin of wings with single intercalary veins. Hind wings elongate as in C e ntroptilum, with digitiform process and 3 longitudinal veins; several cross veins between margin of wing and 1st longitudinal vein, also between 1st and 2nd longitudinal veins; traces of cross veins present in next cell (Figure 55, 9). Genus described from a species from Rumania; another species known only from nymphs. 1 (1).

Nymphs in Oka River, in parts with rapid current and on sand shingle bottoms .............................. P. zhadini Kazl.

5. Centroptilum Etn. Intercalary veins on posterior margin of fore wings single. Hind wings long and narrow, without cross veins, with 2 longitudinal veins. Costal margin of hind wings with pointed process (Figure 56, 2). Terminal segment of forceps slender, narrow at articulation and expanded at the end (Figure 56, 1). Nymphs with single gills and double, short dorsal veins. 3rd segment of labial palp truncate, its distal margin expanded. Cosmopolitan, except in the Australian and Neotropical regions. 3 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Hind wings pointed, anterior margin straight or slightly curved between denticle and apex (Figure 56, 2). Last segment of forceps straight and thick. Plate marginbetweehforceps triangular. Maleand female 5-7. West, Northwest, Center, East. Nymphs in rivers, brooks and lakes ............................ C. luteolum Mull. Hind wings rounded at apex, with convex anterior margin (Figure 56, 3). Last segment of forceps slender and curved. Plate margin between forceps semicircular (Figure 56,4). Body length of male 6.5-8. West, Northwest, North, Center, East. Nymphs in rivers .................................. C. pennulatum Etn.

6. Baetopus Kefferm. Intercalary veins on posterior margin of wings single. Hind wings as in Centroptilum. Terminal segment of forceps straight, long, rodlike, three times as long as thick (Figure 56, 5). Nymphs with single oval gills on 7 segments. Labial palp only 2-segmented, 2nd segment oval, with terminal process. 2 species in the Palearctic Region.

1 (1).

Thorax dark brown ventrally and dorsally. Femora of forelegs light brown, dark at articulation. Tibiae and tarsi white; tibia light brown only at articulation with tarsus. Abdomen dorsally light brown; abdominal sterna slightly transparent, yellowish. Plate between forceps forming a rounded process. Caudal filaments white. Male and female 3-4.5. West, Northwest, and Center. Nymphs in rivers, among aquatic vegetation .......................... .B, tenellus Albd. (wartensis Keff.). ............

7. Acentrella Bgtn. Short intercalary veins on posterior margin of fore wings paired. Hind wings very small and narrow, without process on costal margin and with only 2 parallel longitudinal veins (Figure 56, 6). Genitalia as in Pseudocloeon. Eurasia and Africa. Nymphs in rapid streams. 1 species. 124

1 (1).

with very low lateral margins and convex upper surface. Thorax of both sexes brown, with 3 narrow, rich-colored, light longitudinal stripes. A. lapponica Bgtn. Male and female 3-4. Arctic

Upper part of compound eye of male light yellow,

.................

Baetis Leach. Intercalary veins on posterior margin of fore wings double. Hind wings oblong-oval, with blunt, rarely pointed process, sometimes without process, with 2 or 3 longitudinal veins; 2nd longitudinal veins sometimes branched. Cross veins of hind wings single. 2nd and 3rd segment of forceps often fused; inner margin of basal segment of forceps of some species with tubercle or "callus"; last segment usually short and thick, rarely long and narrow. Nymphs with blunt head, body narrowing posteriorly. Labial palp 3-segmented, last segment rounded. Branchial laminae single on all segments, with poorly developed tracheation. In rivers, often in parts with rapid current. Everywhere, prevailing in the Holarctic Region. European U.S.S.R., 12 species. More than 30 species in the whole U.S.S.R. 8.

1 (4). 2 (3).

125

3 (2).

2nd longitudinal vein of hind wings bifurcate (Figure 56, 7, 9). Hind wings with 2 longitudinal veins (Figure 56, 7). Thorax dark brown or black. Legs whitish or yellow-green. Abdominal segments II-VII of male transparent. Terga VIII-X brownish or reddish brown; sterna VIII-X whitish, greenish gray or yellowbrown. Abdominal sterna of female clearly showing ramifications of tracheae; anterior margin of all sterna sometimes with 2 short diverging lines followed by a dot. Last segment of forceps almost 3 times as long as thick (Figure 56, 8). Caudal filaments of both sexes grayish white, often with pale reddish rings at base. West. Northwest, Center ............. B. rnger L, Hind wings with 3 longitudinal veins and 1 cross vein (Figure 56,9). Abdomen of male transparent in middle. Thorax of female orange, abdomen rust brown. Last segment of forceps short (Figure 56,10). Caudal filaments of male white, of female reddish gray. West,

Northwest, North, Center .................... B. pumilus Burm. 2nd longitudinal vein of hind wing not bifurcate. 4 (1). 5 (10). Hind wings with only 2 veins (Figure 56, 11, 15). Anterior margin of wings with process at base (Figure 56, 11). 6 (7). Femora yellowish; tibiae and tarsi white or light greenish white,

139

EPHEMEROPTERA

Abdominal segments II-VII of male transparent, yellowish or light yellowish green, with large, dark tufts of tracheae; other segments grayish brown, in female rust brown. Forceps white. Margin of genital plate convex (Figure 56, 12). West, Northwest .............................................. B. scambus Etn.

FIGURE 56.

Ephemeroptera. Family Baeiidae (afier Bogoescu, Kimmins, Ulmer. Schoenemund and

original) 1,2Centroplilum lutecium- 1geniialia of male. ventral; 2hind wing; 3,4C. p ennui a mm: 3hind wing; 4genUalia of male, ventral; 5Saetopus tenellum, same; 6Acentrella lapponica, hind wing; 7.8Baetis niger: 7same; 8geniialia of male, ventral; 9,10B. pumilu^ 9-hind wing; 10-geniialia of male, ventral; 11,12-8. EC am bus: 11-hind wing; 12-geniialia of male, ventral; 1S-B. airebaiinus, same; 14-B. tricolor, same; 15-B. bioculatus, hind wing; 16B. tenax, same; 17B. bioculatus, genitalia of male, ventral; 18B- tenax, same.

7 (6). 8 (9).

126

9 (8).

Anterior margin of hind wings without process. Abdominal segments II-VI of male transparent, sometimes with weak light brown diffuse spots, without distinct tufts of tracheae. Last segments light brown. Legs light yellowish gray, femora darker. 2nd segment of forceps with convex inner margin, narrowed at articulation with 3rd segment. Small pointed process in the middle, beneath genital plate (Figure 56, 13). Caudal filaments light gray, without dark rings. West......... B. atrebatinus Etn. Abdominal segments II-VI of male whitish, transparent, with distinct, black cross-shaped tracheae; last segments yellowish.

140

BAETIDAE

Hind legs and caudal filaments white. Inner distal end of 2nd segment of forceps with process. Process under genital plate B. tricolor Tshern. triangular (Figure 56, 14). Center ...........

FIGURE 5’7. Ephemeroptera. Family Baetidae and Lepiophlebiidae (after Ulmer, Schoenemund and original) venustulus, hind wing; 2B- rhodani, same; 3B. vernus, same; 4B. gemellus, 5B. venusiulus, genitalia of male, ventral; 6B, rhodani, same; ^B. vernus, same; 8B. gemelius. same; 9,10Lepiophlebia marginata: 9fore and hind wings; 10genitalia of male, ventral; llL, vespenina, same; 12Paralepiophlebia submarginaia, same;

1Baetis same;

10 (5). Hind wings with 3 veins. 11 (14). 3rd longitudinal vein of hind wings reaching beyond middle of

wing (Figure 56, 15, 16). 12 (13). 1st segment of forceps without "callus" or "wart" on inner angle (Figure 56, 17). Abdominal segments II-VI of male yellowish, transparent. Remaining abdominal segments dark brown. Abdomen of female yellowish brown. Legs of male whitish, of female light brown. Caudal filaments grayish white. West, Northwest, Center ............................. B. bioculatus L. 13 (12). Inner margin of 1st segment of forceps with "callus" (Figure 56, 18), All abdominal segments of male dull light brown or abdominal segments II-VI transparent. Legs light

EPHEMEROPTERA

14 (11). 15 (16).

16(15). 17 (18).

18 (17). 19 (20).

20 (19).

brown, femora darker; claws almost black. Caudal filaments light, with marked annulation, light gray at base. North ................................................. B. tenax Etn. 3rd longitudinal vein of hind wings reaching only middle of wing (Figure 57, 1-4). Very small, 4-5. Abdomen of male white in middle, transparent, last-abdominal segments brownish. Abdomen of female greenish brown. Inner angle of 1st segment of forceps pointed; last segment of forceps elongate, almost twice as long as broad. Margin of genital plate with notch in middle (Figure 57, 5). Caudal filaments white. Northwest ..................... B. venustulus Etn. Large species, 7-11. Caudal filaments gray with reddish or brown rings their whole length. Abdomen grayish brown, sometimes transparent in the middle. Legs light brown. Veins of fore wings thick, brownish, 1st segment of forceps without "callus"; 2nd segment of forceps without denticle on inner margin (Figure 57, 6). West, Northwest, Center. ....................................... B. rhodani Pict. Caudal filaments without distinct rings. Inner side of basal segment of forceps with distinct "callus" (Figure 57, 7). Abdomen brownish or greenish gray. Fore femora greenish gray; tibiae and tarsi light. West, Northwest, North, Center, East. and Southeast .............. B. vernus Curt. Inner side of basal segment of forceps without "callus" (Figure 57. 8). Abdomen reddish brown, sometimes transparent in male; abdominal sterna greenish gray; abdomen of female brown, ventrally lighter. Northwest ........... B. gemellus Etn. 10.

Family LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE

Wings with many cross veins. Hind wings usually present, sometimes small, very rarely absent. No intercalary veins between IMP and MPg. and between MPg and CuA (Figure 57, 9). Forceps with 2 terminal segments. 3 caudal filaments. Nymphs with 7 pairs of divided laminate or filiform homonomous gills on both sides of abdomen. Nymphs of Palearctic species in stagnant water, ponds, bayous, marshes in floodlands, lagoons, backwaters, quiet parts of rivers, and brooks. Mainly in the Neotropical Region. European U.S.S.R., 5 genera. 11 species. 5 genera, about 15 species in the whole U.S.S.R.

Key to Genera 1 (6).

2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (5).

Hind wings large, venation normally developed. Anterior margin of hind wings straight or slightly concave in the middle; costal cell narrow (Figure 57, 9). Penes without apical processes, with laterally directed process in middle ......................... 2. Paraleptophlebia (partly). Penes with 1 or 2 pairs of apical processes. Penes apically with 1 pair of ventral appendages directed towards base (Figure 57, 10, 11) ....................... l. Leptophlebia.

LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE

127

5 (4).

6

7

8

9

Penes with I pair of apical processes projecting laterally, and 1 pair of long processes directed towards the base (Figure 57, 12-14) ............................ 2. Paraleptophlebia (partly). (1). Hind wings weakly developed; venation reduced. Anterior margin of wings with process in the middle. Costal cell much wider at the base than at the apex (Figure 58, 3). (8). Sc of hind wings short, much shorter than R. not reaching apex of wing, but reaching margin of wing posterior to process ........ .............................................. 3. Choroterpes. (7). Sc of hind wings almost as long as R, reaching apex of wing. Costal cell becoming narrow only posterior to process. (10). Cross vein of costal cell originating from process as long as cross vein of subcostal cell, situated posterior to it (Figure 58,3) .

.

..................

4. Habroleptoides. Cross vein of costal cell of hind wings originating from process only half as long as cross vein of subcostal cell ............................................. 5. Habrophlebia. ...........................................

10 (9).

Keys to Species of Family Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia Westw. Costal cell of hind wings narrow throughout, without process, anterior margin of hind wings slightly concave in middle. Genital plate deeply divided. Penes apically with basally directed pair of processes. Nymphs with filamentous gills on segment I and with laminate, divided, asymmetrical gills with slender- tips on segments II-VII. In slow current and stagnant water. 2 species in the U.S.S.R. 1.

1 (2).

Wings darkened, brownish. Male abdomen dark brown, not transparent, but with lighter posterior margin of segments. Genitalia as in Figure 57, 10. Caudal filaments dark brown. Male 8-12, female 10-16. Nymphs in rivers in plains, in L. marginata L. moderate current and in ponds Wings transparent. Male abdomen with transparent middle segments. Genitalia as in Figure 57, 11. Caudal filaments light, with rich-colored rings. Males 7-9, females 7-12. West, Northwest, North, Center, and East. Nymphs in brooks, small rivers in plains and littoral of lakes L. vespertina L. .,,.....,...,.....

2 (1).

.......

Paraleptophlebia Lest. Costal cell of hind wings narrow throughout, without process. Anterior margin of hind wings concave in middle or straight. Penes with 2 pairs of apical processes. Nymphs with filamentous bifurcate gills on 7 segments. In lakes, brooks, rivulets and floodland marshes. 5 species. About 10 species in the whole U.S.S.R. 2.

1 (2).

2(1).

Abdomen brown, not transparent, with only narrow transparent stripes on posterior margin of segments in male. Caudal filaments brown. Penes apically with large laterally-projecting processes (Figure 57, 12). Male 9-10, female 10-11. West, Northwest, North. Nymphs in lakes and cold brooks and rivulets ........................................ P. submarginata Steph. Middle abdominal segments transparent.

EPHEMEROPTERA

3 (4).

Thorax light brown; first and last abdominal segments of male brownish yellow. Caudal filaments yellowish, without sharp articulations. Penes long and slender, with a ventrally-directed process in middle (Figure 57, 13). Male 6.5-7. female 6.0. Center. Nymphs in marshes in floodlands ........................................ P.longilobata Tshern. Thorax dark brown, almost black dorsally. Abdomen with 5 (II-VI) completely transparent segments. Legs light, with dark parts at articulation of tibiae with femora. Femur and tibia of forelegs yellowish. Caudal filaments white. Genitalia as in Figure 57, 14. Male 7-8. West, Northwest, Center. In cold brooks and rivulets ............................ P. cincta Retz. Abdomen with 4 transparent segments (III-VI). Legs brownish, tarsi lighter. Caudal filaments yellowish, with hardly noticeable articulations. Genitalia as in Figure 58, 1, Male 4.5-7, female 5.5-8. Throughout the European U.S.S.R., except in the Southwest. Meadow marshes, brooks afad small rivers ............... ............................................. P. werneri Ulm. ......................

4 (3). 5 (6).

6 (5).

3. Choroterpes Etn. Costal cell of hind wings broad, short, ending in a blunt process. Sc not reaching apex of wing, markedly shorter than R. Basal segment of forceps long, its basal third expanded (Figure 58, 2). Nymphs with a single, rudimentary 1st gill; the other 6 segments with divided, laminate, asymmetrical gills with deep notches. In rapid rivers.-

1 species.

128

1 (1).

Wings transparent, with brownish veins and brownish costal and subcostal cells. Abdomen brown, with light triangular spots on terga IV-VIII. Caudal filaments brown, with well-marked articulations. Male 10.0. female 9.0. Southwest and South. Nymphs on

stony bottoms

..............................

Ch. picteti Etn.

4. Habroleptoides Schoen. Sc of hind wings almost as long as R. Cross vein of costal cell originating from process almost as long as cross vein of subcostal cell, posterior to it (Figure 58, 3). Nymphs with branchial 1 species. laminae, as in Paraleptophlebia. In mountain brooks.

1 (1).

Thorax and abdomen dark brown; inter segmental spaces light. Basal segment of forceps with basal and middle processes (Figure 58, 4). Male 5.5-6.5, female 6.5. South. Nymphs on H. caucasicus Tshern. stony bottoms ...........................

5. Habrophlebia Etn. Sc of hind wings almost as long as R; costal cell posterior to process very narrow; cross vein of costal cell originating from process only half as long as cross vein of subcostal cell. Nymphs with divided gills; each part of gills consisting of several filaments. Mainly in brooks and small rivers. 2 species. 1 (2).

129

Thorax brown-black dorsally; all abdominal segments brown; only anterior margins of 5 middle segments transparent. Caudal filaments brownish gray, with marked articulations. Genital plate with triangular notch (Figure 58, 5). Male 6-7. West. Northwest, and Center. Nymphs in brooks and small rivers with slow current, on silt-sand bottoms ............... H. fusca Curt.

EPHEMERELLIDAE

2 (1).

Thorax and last abdominal segments light-brown, transparent from segment II to VII. Caudal filaments light. Genital plate with rounded notch (Figure 58, 6). Male 5-6.5, female 7.0. West, Northwest and North. Nymphs in rapid currents in brooks and small rivers, among stones overgrown with plants, and among dead plants .................................... H.lauta McL.

11.

Family EPHEMERELLIDAE

Wings with many cross veins. Hind wings present. In fore wings, 2 intercalary veins between IMP and MPg, and 2 similar intercalary veins between MPg and CuA. CuA and CuP approximated at the base (Figure 58,7). Forceps with 1 terminal segment. Caudal filaments 3. Nymphs with clasping legs, living in rapids, with 5 pairs of branchial laminae on dorsum of segments III-VII. Upper part of each gill forms a roof plate. Mainly in

EPHEMEROPTERA

the Holarctic Region; European U-S.S.R,, 4

absent from the Australian and Neotropical regions.

genera, 7 species. Key to Genera

1 (2).

Long segment of 1. Ephemerella. forceps tapering apically (Figure 58, 8, 9) Hind tibia less than twice as long as tarsus, or of same length. Long segment of forceps expanded at articulation with last segment (Figure 58, 10, 11). Ends of penes extended as long processes; a deep notch between them (Figure 58, 10, 11) ....................... 2. Chitonophora. Ends of penes without elongate processes. Long segment of forceps with well-marked constriction. Last segment of forceps with rounded apex, elongate, almost 3 times as long as wide (Figure 59, 2) ...................... 3. Torleya. Long segment of forceps without constriction at apex, with concave inner side. Last segment of forceps with angular tip, 4. Eurylophella. short, hardly longer than wide (Figure 59, 3) Hind tibia almost twice as long as tarsus.

.......

2 (I).

3 (4). 4 (3). 5 (6).

6 (5).

....

Keys

to Species of Family

Ephemerellidae

Ephemerella Walsh. Fore tibia of male twice as long as femur. Hind tibiae almost twice,as long as tarsi. Penes expanded at apex, with narrow median notch; long segment of forceps curved, tapering towards articulation with last segment, twisted on its axis. Last segment of forceps small, rounded. Nymphs with gills on segments III-VII; 4 gills visible. Dorsal spines present; lateral processes of abdomen of moderate size. Maxillary palp present. On banks of rivers and lakes, on various bottoms and among aquatic vegetation. 2 species. 1.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Whole abdomen reddish brown or dark brown. Penes with small apical notch (Figure 58, 8). Caudal filaments gray or reddish yellow, with dark articulations. Male 6-9, female 6-10. Everywhere except the Southwest and South ............. E. ignita Poda. Abdominal sterna light green or ash gray. Each sternum (I-VII) marked with 2 dark diverging lines; 2 dark dots between them. In addition, sides of segments with dark lines. Penes with deep notch (Figure 58, 9). Caudal filaments light brown, with reddish articulations. Males 8-9, females 12. West and Northwest. ...................................... E. notata Etn.

2. Chitonophora Bgtn. Fore tibia of male not more than 1.5 times as long as femur. Fore tibia of female almost as long as femur. Fore tarsus of male at least 1.3 times to twice as long as tibia. Penes deeply divided, their apices broadly diverging laterad. Long segment of forceps curved at the end, strongly swollen, with a process on inner side. Last segment of forceps twice as long as wide. Nymphs with gills on segments III-VII; 4 gills visible. Dorsal spines absent. Lateral processes of abdominal segments well developed. In mountain and foothill rivers, on stony bottoms with plant debris. 3 species.

HEPTAGEN1IDAE

1 (2).

130

2 (1). 3 (4).

4

(3).

Penes sharply pointed and deeply divided (Figure 58, 10). Male 8-10, female 8-9. Caudal filaments gray brown, with dark articulations at base. North ................. Ch. krieghoffi Ulm. Penes blunt at apex. Male 10-12, female 10-14. Penes long, with elongate tips, and with papillae on inner side (Figure 58, 11). Caudal filaments dirty brown, without well marked articulations. West, Northwest, North ..................................... Ch. aurivillii Bgtn. Male 6-8, female 5.5-7. Penes forming an X-shaped figure from apex to base (Figure 59, 1). Caudal filaments gray. with dark articulations. West, Northwest, North Ch. mucronata Bgtn. ......

Torleya Lest.

Anterior tibia of male twice as long as femur, that of female 1.3times as long as femur. Tarsus of foreleg at most 1.2 times as long as tibia. Penes narrower at apex than at the base, with ridges, almost without a notch; long segment of forceps expanded at articulation with last segment, constricted. Last segment of forceps almost 3 times as long as wide. Nymphs with setose body, with gills on segments III-VII; 3 or 4 pairs of gills visible. No dorsal spines. 1 species. 3.

1 (1).

4.

Penes as broad at apex as in the middle, with well-developed apical ridges (Figure 59, 2). Color yellowish brown. Caudal filaments whitish, of uniform color, with little marked dark rings. 8.0. Southwest; basin of the Tisza ........ T. major Klap.

Eurylophella

Tiensuu. Anterior tibia of male 1.5 times as long tarsus almost as long as tibia. In female, anterior tibia as long as femur; tarsus slightly shorter than tibia. Rudimentary nymphal gills persisting on abdominal segments IV-VII. Posterolateral processes well developed on segment IX. Penes narrower at apex than at the base, without ridges, with shallow apical notch. Long segment of forceps not twisted. Branchial laminae of nymphs only on segments IV-VII; lamina of segment IV covering all the others. Segment I with rudimentary gill. Lateral processes well developed. No maxillary palps. 1 species.

as femur;

1(1).

Abdomen of both sexes brownish, not transparent. Fore wings of male brownish at base. Hind wings of males and females wholly brownish. Both wings of female subimago dark; veins with colored borders. Last segment of forceps short, as long as wide (Figure 59, 3). Caudal filaments of both species light, with blackish brown rings. "West and Northwest. Nymphs in small, rapidly flowing streams, on various bottoms ............. ......................................... Eu. karelica Tiensuu. 12.

Family HEPTAGEN1IDAE

Eyes of male very large, not divided into 2 parts. Both wings, and venation well developed. Cubital cell of fore wings with 2 pairs of intercalary veins; the longest vein closer to base of wing (Figure 59, 4). Forceps 4-segmented, very rarely 5-segmented. Nymphs flat-bodied, with 7 pairs of gills. Gills at sides of body, consisting of a dorsal part (a plate) and a ventral part (a bundle of filaments). Mainly in rapidly-

EPHEMEROPTERA

flowing rivers, rarely in brooks and lakes, under stones. Mainly in the Holarctic Region. European U.S.S.R., 5 genera, 15 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 genera, about 60 species.

Key to Genera RS not branched on posterior wing

1 (2),

Posterior branch of

2 (1).

(Figure 59, 4). Forceps 5-segmented ............. 1. Arthroplea. Posterior branch of RS branched on posterior margin. Forceps

3 (4).

4-segmented (Figure 50, 1, 4-6). 1st and 2nd segments of tarsi of forelegs of male and female of equal length. Claws of forelegs of male similar, different on 2. Epeorus. other legs 1st segment of tarsi of forelegs of male and female shorter than 2nd segment. Claws of forelegs of male different. Penes of male deeply divided to margin of sternum. Tarsus of foreleg of female slightly more than half as long as tibia; tibia 5. Rhithrogena. 1.25 times as long as femur Penes of male only with terminal notch, with a common base. Anterior tarsus of female about 3/4 as long as tibia; tibia almost as long as femur, Penes slightly expanded. 1st segment of hind tarsi shorter than 2nd segment, rarely longer ................. 3. Heptagenia. Penes strongly expanded laterad at apex. 1st segment of hind 4, Ecdyonurus. tarsi always as long as 2nd segment, or longer ........................................

4 (3). 5 (6).

....................

6 (5).

7 (8).

8 (7).

...

131

Keys to Species of Family Heptageniidae Arthroplea Bgtn. Venation of fore wings typical of this family. Hind branch of RS of hind wings not bifurcate (Figure 59, 4). Anterior tarsus of male twice as long as tibia. Forceps 5-segmented- Nymphs with strongly developed, pinnate 2nd maxillary segments which are 4 times as long as maxilla. Nymphs with 7 pairs of single, strongly asymmetrical gills. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

Head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, brilliant. Penes short and broad (Figure 59, 5). Male 9-10, female 10.0. Northwest, North. Nymphs in brooks, lakes and rivers .... A. congener Bgtn.

2. Epeorus Etn. Anterior tarsi of male 1 1/6 times as long as tibiae; anterior tarsi of female about 3/4 as long as tibiae. 1st segment of anterior tarsi of male longest. Claws different, similar only on anterior legs of male, blunt- Genital plate of male with a deep and broad notch (Figure 59, 6). Nymphs with 2 caudal filaments. 1st pair of branchial laminae not contiguous on ventral side. 1 species. 1 (1).

Veins of fore wings black.

Abdomen not transparent. Abdominal sides. Abdominal sterna with triangular brown spots. Male 13-14, female 14-16. Southwest; basin of the Tisza. Nymphs under stones in mountain rivers....................................... E. assimilis Etn.

terga brown-black, with oblique lines on

HEPTAGENIIDAE

FIGURE 59. Ephemeropiera. Family Ephemerellidae and Heplageniidae (afier Baliazar. Schoenemund, and original)

3Eurylophella karelica, same; 4,5Anhroplea congener: 4fore and hind wings; 5geniialia of male, ventral; 6Epeorus assimilis, same; 7Hepiagenia fuscogrisea, same; 8H. longicauda. same; 9H. later a lis. same; 10H. flava, same; 11H. sulphuct same; 12H.coerulans,

132

same.

3. Heptagenia Walsh. 1st segment of hind tarsus usually shorter than 2nd segment. .1st segment of anterior tarsus of male 1/4 or 1/6 as long as 2nd segment. Claws of all legs different. Nymphs with 3 caudal filaments. Prothorax rectangular, without elongate angles. 1st pair of branchial laminae not contiguous on ventral side. In rivers, rarely near the shore of lakes, under stones, 6 species. 1 (6).

2 (5). 3 (4).

Femora, at least fore femora, with dark or reddish bands in middle and at apex. Penes of male angular at apex. 1st segment of hind tarsi longer than 2nd. Femora with dark brown rings. Legs of female lighter. Abdomen dorsally brownish, ventrally yellowish. Posterior margins of segments I-VIII blackish brown. Wings colorless. Male 12-14, female 13-14. Genitalia as in Figure 59, 7. Everywhere. Nymphs in slow H. fuscogrisea Retz. streams,’ among plants and on stones ........

EPHEMEROPTERA

4 (3).

1st

segment of hind tarsus shorter than 2nd segment.

Femora,

at least fore femora, with reddish rings in the middle and at the apex. Abdominal segments II-VII of male transparent, whitish yellow, reddish in female, with a narrow black border at the posterior margin. Fore wings weakly yellowish; anterior margin of wings with richer color. Male 12-14, female 12-15. Genitalia as in Figure 59, 8. West, Center

......................

...................... H. longicauda Steph. (flavipennis Duf.), Penes of male oval apically, without projecting angles. Veins in costal cell not branched. Abdomen brown; abdominal terga I-VII with 3 light lines and a transparent spot on the sides. Abdomen of female darker. Margin of genital plate of male slightly convex, with lateral processes (Figure 59, 9). Male 5-7, female 6-9. West, Northwest. Nymphs in rapidly-flowing rivers ............. ............................................ H. lateralis Curt. 6(1). Femora without dark rings. Abdomen of male and female with purple-brown median longitu7 (8). dinal stripe. Pronotum of male with 1 pair of large dark spots; pronotum of female with 1 pair of lilac spots. Legs yellow; anterior femora darker. Wings iridescent; anterior margin of wings yellowish; pterostigma dark. Genitalia as in Figure 59, 10. Male 9-11, female 10-13. Nymphs in slow watercourses, under stones and on submerged tree trunks. Everywhere, except in the Southwest ...................................... H. flava Rost. 8 (7). Abdomen without dark longitudinal stripe; pronotum without dark spots. 9 (10). Costal and subcostal cells of fore wings rich yellowish. Legs grayish yellow, with dark articulations. Male abdomen pale yellow, brownish along mediodorsal line. Posterior margins of abdominal terga with narrow dark brown stripe. Abdomen of female much lighter, grayish yellow. Genitalia as in Figure 59,11. Male 7-10, female 10-12. Everywhere, except in the South. Nymphs under stones, on submerged trunks in rivers, brooks and small streams in valleys \ ............... H. sulphurea Mull. Costal and subcostal cells of fore wings not yellowish, iridescent. 10 (9). Femora yellowish brown, with dark dot in the middle. Male abdomen brown dorsally. Abdomen of female yellowish, ventrally and laterally whitish yellow. Posterior margins of terga II-VII (especially in female) blackish brown. Genitalia as in Figure 59,12. Male 10, female 10-12. West, Northwest, North, Southwest, South. Nymphs in large rivers, on sandbanks ................... ........................................... H. coerulans Rost.

5 (2).

4. Ecdyonurus Etn. 1st segment of hind tarsus slightly longer than 2nd. In male, 1st segment of foreleg longer than 5th and about half as long as 2nd. In female, anterior tarsus about 3/4 as long as tibia which is almost as long as the femur. Penes usually expanded laterad at the apex, or apically thickened. In nymphs, posterior angles of prothorax produced. 1st pair of branchial laminae not larger than next pair. Caudal filaments 3. Mainly in rapid watercourses. 6 species.

HEPTAGENIIDAE

Abdominal segments II-VII transparent like glass. Only posterior margin of terga dark. Margin of genital plate convex, with 2 large angular processes laterally (Figure 60, 1). Penes without lateral projecting processes. Caudal filaments without well-marked rings. Male 11-12. North. Nymphs in cold, pure rivers. Arctic Urals and Pechora River ........................... E. peterseni Lest. Abdomen not transparent in the middle, with pattern. Abdominal sterna with pattern of small sharply defined dark spots, stripes and dots. Abdominal terga darker, with wedge-shaped, blackish brown oblique stripes from anterolateral angles to middle of posterior margin (Figure 60, 2). Genitalia as in Figure 60,3. Male 10-13, female 11-14. Southwest; basin of the Tisza ..................................... E.insignis Etn. Abdominal sterna without pattern.

EPHEMEROPTERA

5 (6).

-33

Cross veins in apical part of costal cell not forming network. Body oc her-ye How-brown. Each tergum with a large, rounded square, light spot in the middle. Genitalia as in Figure 60, 4. Male 6-7, female 6-8. North. Nymphs in cold, pure rivers of Arctic Urals and in the Pechora River E. joernensis Bgtn. Cross veins in apical part of costal cell branched, forming network. Abdomen dorsally reddish brown, laterally lighter, with dark oblique stripes. Posterior margins of abdominal terga broad, black-brown border. Genitalia as in Figure 60, 5. Male 11-15, female 12-18. Northwest, Center. Nymphs in rivers in plains; in Western Europe in mountain rivers E. venosus Fabr. ........

6 (5).

..

.

5.

Rhithrogena Etn. 1st segment of hind tarsi as long as 2nd segment. 1st tarsal segment of foreleg of male markedly shorter than 5th segment, 1/5 of length of 2nd segment. Anterior tarsus of female slightly more than half as long as tibia which is almost as long as the femur. Penes narrow, separated, sometimes slightly expanded apically. In nymphs, branchial laminae of 1st pair strongly expanded, contiguous on ventral side of abdomen. 3 caudal filaments. In mountain rivers. 1 species. 1 (1).

Basal part of fore wings yellowish brown or rust-brown. Abdomen dirty yellowish brown. Anterolateral parts of abdominal terga transparent, yellowish. Penes expanded apically (Figure 60, 6). Male 7-10, female 8-12. Southwest; basin of the Tisza Rh. semicolorata Curt.

.,...._........................

134

13.

Family AMETROPODIDAE

Eyes of male Metretopus not divided into 2 parts; eyes ofAmetropus divided into 2 parts. Both wings, and venation well developed. Cubital cell of fore wings with 1 or 2 pairs of intercalary veins the longest of which are closer to CuA. Forceps 4-segmented. Middle and hind legs of nymphs with long claws, as long as tibia or even longer; 7 segments with single laminate gills. Only in the Holarctic Region. European U.S.S.R. 2 genera, 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 genera, 3 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Cubital cell of fore wings with 2 pairs of intercalary veins (Figure 60, 7). Anterior tarsus of male almost 5 times as long as tibia; anterior tarsus of female 2.65 times as long as tibia .....

2 (1).

Cubital cell of fore wings with only 1 pair of intercalary veins (Figure 60, 9). Anterior tarsus of male almost 2.5 times as long as tibia; anterior tarsus of female 1.3 times as long as tibia 2. Metretopus.

-.............................,......

1.

Ametropus.

......................................... Keys to Species of Family Ametropodidae

1.

Ametropus Albda.

2nd segment.

1st segment of forceps long, 2/3 as long as 3 caudal filaments in both sexes. Nymphs on sandy bottoms,

with long claws: claws of middle and hind legs almost as long as tarsus and tibia together. Coxae of forelegs with large processes, 1 species.

1

(1).

Forelegs of male brownish; middle and hind legs yellowish. Thorax light yellowish green. Abdomen yellowish olive, not transparent. Posterior half of abdominal terga brownish; abdominal sterna yellowish. Genitalia as in Figure 60,8. Caudal filaments yellowish, without dark rings. West, North. Nymphs in rivers, on sandy bottoms ............... A. eatoni Br.

2. Metretopus Etn. 1st segment of forceps short (Figure 60, 10). Both sexes with 2 caudal filaments. Nymphs with large gills, living in thickets. Claws of middle and hind legs as long as tibia. Claws of forelegs bifid. 1 species.

1 (1).

Legs and thorax brown. Abdominal segments II-VII transparent. Posterior half of abdominal terga brownish. Caudal filaments grayish, with well-pronounced rings. Male 10-12. Northwest, North. Nymphs in mountain and foothill rivers .................. ........................................... M. norvegicus Etn. 14.

Family CAENIDAE

Cross veins only in 1 row. MA bifurcate. No hind wings (PigureSI, 1). Compound eyes of male not divided into 2 parts, widely separated. Forceps 1-segmented. Caudal filaments 3. Nymphs on silt bottoms, with cover-shaped gills; living in silt in rivers, lakes and slowly-flowing water bodies, crawling on the bottom. Most species in the Holarctic Region. European U.S.S.R., 2 genera, 13 species. In the whole U.S.S.R., 2 genera, more than 20 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Prothoracic sternum rectangular, broad, twice as wide as long. Coxae of forelegs broadly separated (Figure 61, 2) ............... 1. Brachycercus. Prothoracic sternum triangular, narrow. Coxae of forelegs close together (Figure 61, 3) ........................ 2. Caenis. ............................................

2 (1).

Keys to Species of Family Caenidae

Brachycercus Curt. Prothoracic sternum twice as wide as long, rectangular. Coxae of forelegs broadly separate. Nymphs with conical tubercles at base of eyes. Sides of III-VII with long appendages with fringed border. Maxillary and labial palps 2-segmented. 3 species. 1.

135

1 (2),

2nd antennal segment less than twice as long as 1st segment. Length of segment 1:2 = 3:5. Small species, 3.5-4, caudal filaments 12-15. Median spot on abdominal sternum IX prolonged in the middle (Figure 61, 4). Forceps twisted. 3 pairs of filamentous processes on sides of abdominal segments IV-VI; rarely 4 pairs of such processes on segments III-VI. West ........................................... B. minutus Tshern. .......

EPHEMEROPTERA

2(1).

2nd antennal segment long, more than twice as long as 1st segment. Larger species, male and female 4.5-6.5; caudal filaments 16-25. Abdominal sternum IX with dark median oval spot (Figure 61,5). Forceps not twisted. Filamentous lateral processes on segments III-VII; very short processes sometimes also on segment VIII. West, Northwest, North, Center. Nymphs in rivers, on silt bottoms ............................ B. harrisellus Curt.

» FIGURE 61.

?<--^\s

Ephemeroptera. Family Caenidae (after Schoenemund. KeffermuHer. and original) 5-B. ha]

same; 6Caenis

10C-

undosa. same; 7C. in laciea. s;

robusta, same; 11C.

12-C. horaci

2. Caenis Steph. Prothoracic sternum narrow, triangular. Coxae of forelegs close together. Nymphs without tubercles on head and without processes on abdomen. Maxillary and labial palps 3-segmented. 10 species.

1 (10).

2 (3).

Abdominal sternum IX of male with dark pattern consisting of a spot in the middle surrounded posteriorly by a large arch (Figure 61. 6-8). Arcuate median spot interrupted. Plate (penes) with dark wellmarked V-shaped pattern (Figure 61, 6). Forceps of uniform thickness from base to apex, with an incision on inner side. Thorax dorsally dark brown, ventrally whitish. Abdomen dorsally with brownish gray stripes. Center. Nymphs in rivulets C. undosa Tiens. in valleys, on sand-clay bottoms Arcuate spot not interrupted. Penis plate without well-defined ...............

136

3 (2). 4

(7).

V-shaped pattern. Median spot on sternum IX black, well marked,

in form of

maple

leaf.

5 (d).

Genitalia yellowish brown. Penis plate short and broad, tapering, with slightly concave margin and rounded posterior angles. Forceps thick, strongly constricted before the middle and extended into slightly curved, thick points, Thoracic terga pitchbrown; sides of thorax reddish brown. Abdomen yellowish. Posterior margin of terga III-VI blackish brown, margins of segments VII-IX brownish red. C, Sc and R gray. Forelegs grayish; middle and hind legs yellowish white. Male 3.0, female 3-4; caudal filaments of male 11-12, of female 2.5-3. C. tumi-da Bgtn. North Genitalia dirty green, similar to those of C. macrura Steph.j but penis plate slightly expanded, with blunt, rounded posterior angles, Thoracic terga pitch-black, thoracic sterna yellowish white. C. Sc and R black. Femora of forelegs blackish, tibiae and tarsi white; middle and hind legs white, coxae with distinct brownish-black spot. Male 4.0, female 5.0, caudal filaments of male 12-14, of female 3.0. Northwest.......... C. nocturna Bgtn. Median spot on sternum IX round or pyriform. Base of antennal setae light, much inflated. Prothorax narrowing anteriorly, with rounded angles. Median spot on abdominal sternum IX of male pyriform. Posterior angles of plate blunt, directed backwards (Figure 61, 7). Thorax and abdomen dorsally dull black. Middle of dorsum (on segments I-VII) and sides bluish white. Venter of abdomen bluish gray. Caudal filaments uniformly grayish white. Male 4.0, female 5-5.5, caudal filaments of male 12-14, of female 3.0. Northwest, North. ........................................

6 (5),

7 (4). 8 (9).

..........

9 (8).

.............................................. C. rnoesta Bgtn. Base of antennal setae dark, not inflated. Prothorax not narrowing anteriorly. Anterior angles of prothorax pointed, projecting outwards. Median spot on abdominal sternum IX of male more oval. Posterior angles of plate pointed, curved laterally (Figure 61. 8). Thorax dorsally pitch-black, ventrally slightly lighter. Abdomen dorsally uniformly gray. Caudal filaments grayish white, with well-marked rings. Male and female 3-3.5, caudal filaments of male 11-14, of female 2.0. Everywhere ...... ............................................ C. macrura Steph,

EPHEMEROPTERA

Abdominal sternum IX of male without dark arcuate marking. 10 (1). 11 (12). Penis plate strongly expanded apically, with 2 blunt lobes (Figure 61, 9). Posterior margin of penis plate curved.

12 (11). 13 (14).

Forceps very slender, long, projecting beyond margin of penis. First 3 veins of wing blackish in basal half. Thorax pale brownish yellow. Forelegs blackish gray; middle and hind legs, abdomen and caudal filaments uniformly snow white. Male 2.5-3.5, female 4.0. Caudal filaments of male 11.0, of female 1.0. Northwest, North .................... C. nivea Bgtn. Penis plate without large, blunt processes. Sternum IX of male with pale median spot (Figure 61, 10). Forceps short, only half as long as penis plate. Larger species, C. robusta Eth. male 4.5-5, caudal filaments 16.0. Center Sternum IX of male without spot. Penis plate mushroom-shaped, narrow, with convex posterior margin (Figure 61. 11). Abdomen whitish; last abdominal segments yellowish or light brown. Mesothorax yellowish brown. Forelegs, especially femora, grayish. Middle and hind legs ........

14 (13). 15 (16).

whitish. Male 3.0, female 4.0; caudal filaments of male 11.0, of female 3.0. Northwest ....................... C. lactea Pict. 16 (15). Penis plate anvil-shaped. Abdomen whitish, with gray or blackish gray pattern. 17 (18). Hind legs grayish white; femora always with black dot at articulation with tibia. Forelegs white or light gray. Mesothorax and metathorax pitch-brown. First 5 or 6 abdominal terga with black-gray pattern. All terga with gray dot above lateral line. Such a dot sometimes below lateral line in females. Forceps long. Penis plate anvil-shaped (Figure 61, 12). Posterior angles of sternum IX extended into long processes. Caudal filaments white. Male 3-5, female 5.0; caudal filaments of male 13-18, of female 3.0. Everywhere ................ C. horaria L. 18 (17). Hind femora always without black dot. Legs whitish. Femora, especially those of forelegs, light brown. Meso- and metathorax dorsally light pitch-brown; thoracic sterna yellowish white. Abdomen ventrally snow white; all abdominal terga blackish gray; posterior margin of segments black; posterior segments with black, longitudinal median stripe. Forceps short and thick, shorter than penis plate and slightly curved. Penis plate strongly expanded distally, anvil-shaped; middle part of penis plate and posterior margin slightly compressed. Color of female similar to that of male, but abdominal terga almost black. Male 4-5, female 5.0; caudal filaments of male 13-16, of female 5.0. Center ......................................... C. incus Bgtn.

6.

Order

ODONATOPTERA (Odonata)

Dragonflies

Z. D. Spuris

Large, usually richly-colored, well-flying predacious insects with large, movable head, very short setaceous antennae, large, typically modified thorax, 4 subequal, transparent, reticulate wings with rich venation and elongate, slender abdomen. Nymphs aquatic, hemimetabolous. Head (Figure 62, 1-3, 6-7) large, broader than thorax, movably articulated with prothorax. Eyes very large, separated or contiguous. Ocelli in triangle on the more or less swollen vertex. Vertex between eyes or anterior to them if eyes contiguous. Frons and clypeus anteriorly, beneath vertex. Clypeus consisting of upper and lower part. Clypeus ventrally followed by labrum. Small antennae on limit between vertex and frons. Frons occasionally with T-shaped pattern which serves to distinguish species. Mouthparts well developed, biting, consisting of a partly covered labrum, denticulate mandibles and maxillae, and unpaired labium. Labium covering mouthparts ventrally, consisting of 1 median and 2 lateral lobes. Occiput often marked with spots and lines. If eyes contiguous, occiput on dorsal side of head very narrow, forming occipital triangle. Thorax (Figure 62, 4) consisting of prothorax, mesothorax andmetathorax. Prothorax small, separated from mesothorax. Dorsal part of prothorax called pronotum. Meso- and metathorax well-developed, closely fused, in the following named "thorax". To the mesothorax also belongs a small mesostigmatical plate which connects mesothorax and prothorax. Dorsal side of thorax obliquely slanting backwards, so that wings seem to originate posterior to legs. Terga lie between wing bases. Sterna strongly reduced and pleura expanded. Each pleuron consists of the following 3 parts; episternum, epimeron, katepisternum. The episternum of the mesothorax is called mesepisternum; the metathoracic epimeron is called metepimeron, etc. Mesepisternum often with a-light or dark mesepi sternal, or prehumeral, stripe, which is of taxonomic importance. Mesepisterna of both sides meeting on anterior dorsal part of thorax, divided by a median fold. Thoracic sclerites separated from each other by sutures. Episterna divided from epimera by the pleural suture. The mesopleural suture of dragonflies is often called the humeral suture, the suture between the mesepimeron and metepisternum is called the first pleural suture, and the metapleural suture, the second pleural suture. Wings large, similar, usually almost completely transparent, with rich venation (Figures 63, 64), Wings with 6 principal longitudinal veins. Costal vein (C) forming anterior margin of wing. Subcosta (Sc) parallel to C, ending at thickened cross vein connecting C with radius (R), the nodus. and RS. RS further branching into R^, R3, ^4+5. R first branching into The following intercalary longitudinal veins occur between the branches of R; IRg (posterior to Rg), IR3 with 1 anterior and 1 posterior branch

R^

ODONATOPTERA

(posterior to

R3>

and an additional radial sector (RSpl) (posterior to

?3).

R4+ 5 is followed by the media (M) originating from the anterior angle of the quadrilateral cell (or the triangle). At the base of wing, R and M are fused (R+M) to the arculus. M posteriorly followed by intercalary medial sector (MSpl). A fifth principal longitudinal vein originates from 138 the posterior angle of the quadrilateral cell (or triangle), the cubitus (Cu). Cu followed by anal vein (A) with several branches. In zygopteran Odonatoptera, the principal section of A is that running from the margin of the wing to the cubito-anal vein, anterior to the latter. The wings contain the following cross veins: nodus, arculus, antenodals, postnodals, and cubitoanal veins. The arculus is a thick cross vein at the base of the wing, between R+M and Cu. Rs and M originate from the arculus. The antenodals are veins between C and R, the base of the wing and the nodus. The postnodal veins lie posterior to the nodus, between Ro4. o and the false origin of IRg anterior to the postnodal oblique vein. The latter is the true origin of IR3. Cubito-anal veins always few, located at base of wing, between Cu, A and quadrilateral cell (or triangle). At base of wing between M and Cu, distal to arculus there is a quadrilateral cell in Zygoptera and a triangular cell in Anisoptera. Proximal side of triangle sometimes flanked by inner triangle. The discoidal field is situated between M, Cu, the quadrilateral (or triangular) cell and the margin of the wing. When this field contains only one row of cells, they are named the discoidal cells. The anal cell is situated between A and the posterior margin of the wing. The anal triangle is sometimes divided from the anal cell. The anal loop is a cell delimited by A and its branches. An opaque membrane is contiguous to base of wing. A small, strongly chitinized dark spot, the pterostigma, lies at the anterior margin of the wing, near the apex. Abdomen slender, long, consisting of 11 segments. Last (anal) segment (telson) strongly reduced compared with the preceding segment. Terga 140 well developed. Each tergum almost completely covering the segment. Unlike all other insects, male dragonflies possess secondary copulatory organs on sternum II. The secondary copulatory organs are especially important for the identification of species of Libellulidae. Penis usually not visible from the side; only paired genital hooks and various processes are visible (Figure 62, 5). Genital hook consisting of inner and outer branches. The sides of abdominal segment II bear a pair of processes called auricles in the males of some species. The male gonopore opens on segment IX. The male has therefore to transfer semen to his secondary penis before copulation. This is done by bending segment IX towards segment II. The female gonopore opens between segments VIII and IX. Females possess ovipositors developed to a varying extent in some species. The shape of the valves of the ovipositor is sometimes important for the identification of species. There are usually 3 pairs of valves. The first pair belongs to segment VIII. the second and third pairs to segment IX. The third pair of valves is well developed in Lestidae, for example. In Libellulidae and Gomphidae the second and third pairs of valves are almost or completely absent, and the first pair is reduced or transformed into a divided genital plate. Apex of abdomen with the following anal appendages: in males, paired superior anal appendages and paired or unpaired inferior appendages; in females, only paired superior anal appendages. Females sometimes occur in several color forms. Females the color of which resembles that of males are called "homochromatic". Females the color of which differs from that of males are called "heterochromatic".

ODONATOPTERA

In. different environmental conditions, dragonflies may be useful or harmful. They should be generally considered as useful, because the adults kill many injurious insects, and they themselves (both adults and nymphs) are eaten by useful animals such as birds and fish. The chief harm caused by dragonflies is that they are carriers of diseases of domestic fowl (prosthogonimiasis).

Ihead of Zygoptera, dorsal (clclypeus, fcfrons, abbase of antennae, vvertex, ococellus, osoccipital spots, eeye); 2head of Aeschnidae. dorsal (otoccipital triangle; frons bearing T-shaped figure); 3head of Aeschnidae, anteriorly (useupper section of clypeus, Isclower section of clypeus, Ibrlabrum, Iblabium, mmandible); 4 diagram of structure of thorax of Ca lopteryx, lateral (protpcothorax, mspmesoscigmatical plate, medfmedial fold, mesepstmesepisternum, mesops mesopleural suture, rnesepmesepimeron, metepstmetepisiemum, meiapsmeiapleural suture, metep meiepimeron, metstmeiathoracicsiernum, kai^, kai^kaiepistemaofmeso-andmetathorax; cox., cox^, cox^coxaeofpro-, meso- and metathorax); 5diagram of secondary copulaiory organs of family Libellulidae, lateral (al-anterior lobe, p-penis, ib-inner branch of genital hook. ob-outer branch of genital hook, piposterior lobe); 6lateral view of head of CorduUidae (Cordulia); 7same of Libellulidae (Sympetrum).

Adult dragonflies in collections should be kept dry. Dragonflies should not be pinned, as they are easily broken. They should be kept in paper triangles, preferably of transparent material (cellophane, etc.). Before drying large species, it is advisable to remove the intestine. The abdomen is cut ventrally from segment III to VII, as well as the thorax. The color of many dragonflies (C a lopteryx, Lestidae, most Corduliidae and Libellulidae) persists without special treatment. To preserve the rich color pattern of other species, it is recommended to immerse the insects in acetone for 20-30 minutes to a few hours. Dragonflies are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Four thousand species are known, belonging to 24 families and almost 500 genera. 165 species have been found in the U S.S.R. About 100 species

ODONATOPTERA

J

<

"3

n

^*s

FIGURE 63, Odonaiopiera.

Wings of female Lesies dry as (original)

nnodus; ptpterosrigma; or intercalary radial veins.

q

quadrilateral cell; IRsupplementary

4mULLj f

FIGURE 64. Odonatoptera,

Wingsofmale

^

Aeschna juncea

longitudinal

\’3 "L

vein;

^

(original)

acarculus; tr triangle, consisting of 4 or 5 cells; mmembrane; at anal triangle; ananal loop; nnodus; I R supplementary longitudinal veins, or intercalary radial veins; RSpl, MSplsupplementary radial and median sectors.

ptpierostigma;

ODONATOPTERA

occur in the European U.S.S.R. This key deals only with the species which were found or are expected to be found in this territory. The measurements are taken from various sources. We give first the length of the abdomen, then the length of the hind wings. LITERATURE. Bartenev, A.N. Libetlultdae. Fauna Rossii i sopredel’nyith siran. Nasekornye lozhnoseichatokrylye (Libellulidae. The Fauna of Russia and Adjacent Countries. Pseud oneuroptera). Petersburg, 1915-1919; Banenev, A-N. 0 vidovykh gruppakh Aeschna juncea i Aeschna clepsydra v Palearktike (The Artenkreise Aeschna juncea and Aeschna clepsydra in the Palearctic Region).Trudy Severo-Kavkazskoi assotsiatsii nauchno-issledovaiel’skikh institinov, 54, 1929; Spuris. Z.D. Strekozy Latviiskoi SSR’(Dragonflies of Latvia).-Riga. 1956; Yakobson. G.G. and V. L. Bianki. Pryamokrylye i loahnoseichaiokrylye Rossiiskoi imperii i sopredel’nykh stran (Onhopiera and Pseudoneucoptera of the Russian Empire and Adjacent Countries). S an kt-Peters burg, 1905; Issue 1-2.

Conci.S.S. Nielsen. Odonaia. Fauna d’Halia, I 1956;- Schmidt, E. LibeHen. Odonata. Die Tierwelt Mineleuropas, IV. Leipzig. 1929; Valle, K.J. Maierialien zur Odonatenfauna Finnlands. II.Somaiocnlora sahlbergi Trybom. Notulae Eniomol., XI, 2. 1931.

Key to Families 1 (8).

141

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (7).

Form and venation of fore and hind wings identical (Figure 63). Except in the genus Lestes, the wings are held vertically above the abdomen in repose. Anal cell weakly developed or reduced. Quadrilateral cell present. Membrane at base of wing absent. Eyes hemispherical, bulging, separated; space between eyes greater than. diameter of an eye (Figure 62, 1). Male with two superior and two inferior anal appendages. Female always possessing ovipositor. (Suborder Zygoptera). Wings colored. Antenodal cross veins numerous (Figure 65, 1). Quadrilateral cell elongate, divided into many cells by cross veins. Anal cell weakly developed. Pterostigma of male absent, that of female replaced by a light spot ("false pterostigma"). First lateral suture completely developed ....................... ................................... 1. Calopterygidae (p.163). Wings colorless, transparent. Only 2 antenodal cross veins (Figure 63). Quadrilateral cell not divided by cross veins, consisting of one cell. Anal cell absent. Pterostigma always present. First lateral suture incomplete. Pterostigma long, at least as long as 2 cells. Intercalary longitudinal vein IR^ curved (Figure 63). Vertex with groove posterior to antennae. Body with metallic sheen. Superior anal appendages of male markedly longer than abdominal segment X, forcepsshaped ................................... 2. Lestidae (p.163). Pterostigma short, as long as one cell. Intercalary vein IRg straight (Figure 65, 3). No groove posterior to antennae. Body rarely with metallic sheen; if so, only in some places. Superior anal appendages usually shorter than abdominal segment X, not forceps-shaped. Quadrilateral cell rectilineal, anterior side about as long as posterior side (Figure 65, 2). 2 antenodal discoidal cells. In 3. Platycnemidae (p. 165). male, tibiae of posterior legs expanded Quadrilateral cell of irregular form, anterior side much shorter than posterior side (Figure 65, 3). At least 3 antenodal discoidal 4. Coenagrionidae (p. 166). cells. Tibiae not expanded ...

7 (6).

..........

ODONATOPTERA

8 (1).

142

9 (14).

10 (11).

11 (10).

12 (13).

Fore and hind wings dissimilar in form and venation (Figures 64; 65, 4), held horizontally in repose. Anal cell well developed, especially in hind wings. Hind wings therefore broader at the base than fore wings. Triangle present. Basal membrane usually present. Eyes contiguous; if eyes separated, space between them narrower than diameter of an eye. Males with two superior anal appendages and one single inferior anal appendage. Ovipositor present or absent. (Suborder Anisoptera). Triangles of all wings in the same position, extended longitudinally (Figure 64). Primary antenodal cross veins present, in form of 2 thickened veins. All labial lobes of about the same size; lateral lobes with terminal movable hooks. Eyes not contiguous, separated. No ovipositor .................. ........................................ 5. Gomphidae (p. 173). Eyes contiguous. Ovipositor present. Eyes contiguous at one point. Ovipositor large, much longer than anal appendages. Body black with yellow spots ................................. 7, Cordulegasteridae (p. 180). Eyes contiguous for some distance. Ovipositor not projecting .6. Aeschnidae (p. 175). beyond end of abdomen. Color different. Triangles of wings not in similar position: those of fore wings lying across wing, those of hind wings longitudinally (Figure 6 5, 4). No primary antenodal cross veins. Median lobe of labium much smaller than lateral lobes, lateral lobes without terminal movable hooks. .

14 (9).

.

..............

13 (12).

CALOPTERYGIDAE, LESTIDAE

15 (16). Posterior lateral margin of eyes strongly curved in the middle. Base of hind wings of male notched. Outer ventral side of male tibia with an elongate, lamellar keel. Abdominal segment II of male with auricles. Body usually with metallic sheen ............. 8. Corduliidae (p. 180). 16 (15). Posterolateral margin of eyes straight. Basis of male hind wings rounded. Male tibiae without keels. Male without auricles. 9. LibelluUdae (p. 182). Body without metallic sheen .......................................

.............

1.

Family CALOPTERYGIDAE (Agrionidae auct.)

Medium-sized. Venation dense. Antenodals numerous. Wings colored. No pterostigma. Eggs laid in plants unaided by male. European U.S.S.R., 1 genus, 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R., 2 genera, 5 species.

Key

to Species of Family

Calopteryx Leach. Nymphs 4 species in the whole U.S.S.R. 1.

1 (2).

in

Calopterygidae

running water.

2 species.

Male: median region of wings with metallic, blue stripe. Basis and apex of wings colorless, translucent. Females: wings more or less transparent, with metallic-green venation; only females of var. an cilia Hag. with a dark stripe on wings as the male. C. splendens Harr. 34-39, wings 30-25 Male: wings metallic-blue, only their apices lighter. Female: with venation. brown 33-40, wings 27-36 grayish wings smoky, .................................................. C. virgo L. .........................

2 (1).

2.

Family LESTIDAE

Minute. Groove on vertex present, posterior to antennae. Vein IRg curved. Coloration of body more or less metallic. Eggs laid in plants with the aid of the male, which holds the female at the pronotum, holding on to the substrate. 2 genera, 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R., 2 genera, 10 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Quadrilateral cells of all wings almost of the same size. Pterostigma of all wings at the same distance from apex (Figure 63). Dorsum of thorax and abdomen metallic-bronze-green, often brilliant. Wings held horizontally in repose .......... 1. Lestes. Quadrilateral cells of fore wings narrower than those of hind wings. Pterostigma of fore wings further distant from apex (by about length of pterostigma) than that of hind wings (cf. flexed wings). Thorax and abdomen dorsally bronae-brown, slightly brilliant. Wings flexed in repose .......... 2. Sympycna.

163

ODONATOPTERA

;

Keys to Species of Family Lestidae 1. Lestes Leach. Nymphs mainly in small stagnant water bodies. European U.S.S.R., 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species.

1 (4).

2 (3).

Yellow spots on posterior side of head. Male: inferior anal appendages short, not more than half as long as superior anal appendages. Pterostigma uniformly reddish brown. Male: inferior anal appendages straight, rounded (Figure 66, 1). Female: anal appendages yellow, black in some places. Basal plate of ovipositor with lateral spine (Figure 66, 9). 24-31, wings 17-23. North to the Baltic Region and Moscow .......... L. virens Charp.

FIGURH 66. Odonaioptera. Family Lesiidae. Anal of females (9-12) (after Schmidt, Conci and Nielsen) 1,9Lestes

6,12L.dryas;

3 (2).

4 (1). 5 (8).

appendages of males (1-8)

and end of abdomen

2L. barbacus! 3L. macrostigma; 4,10L. viridis; 5,11L. spons. 7Sympycna annulata; 8S.fusca.

virens;

Pterostigma two-colored, base reddish brown, apex white, Male: apex of inferior anal appendages diverging, pointed (Figure 66, 2). Female: anal appendages completely yellow; basal plates of ovipositor rounded, without spine. 27-35, wings 20-25. Southern and part of Central Belt.................. ............................................... L. barbarus F. No yellow spots on posterior side of head. Male: inferior anal appendages short, less than half as long as superior appendages. Female: basal plates of ovipositor rounded

PLATYCNEMIDAE

laterally or with a small spine; valves of ovipositor with larger denticles. 6 (7). Pterostigma black, large. Male: inner side of middle part of superior anal appendages bearing spines (Figure 66, 3). Female: valves of ovipositor with small denticles; basal plates of ovipositor angular laterally. 32-38, wings 24-27. Southern Belt, Central Urals ......................... L. macro stigma Eversm. 7 (6). Pterostigma light brownish-yellow, smaller than in preceding Species. Male: middle part of superior anal appendages without spines and denticles on inner side (Figure 66, 4). Female: valves of ovipositor with coarse denticles; basal plates of ovipositor .rounded laterally (Figure 66, 10). 30-39, wings 23-28. Southern and part of Central Belt .................. L. viridis V. d. Lind. 8 (5). Male: inferior anal appendages long, more than half as long as superior appendages. Female: basal plates of ovipositor with long, pointed spine; valves of ovipositor with minute denticles. 144 9 (10). Pterostigma narrow, less than 1/3 as broad as long. Male: inferior anal appendages straight (Figure 66, 5). Female: valves of ovipositor not projecting beyond end of abdominal segment X (Figure 67, 11). 25-33, wings 19-24 ............. L. sponsa Hans. 10 (9). Pterostigma broad, not less than 1/3 as broad as long. Male: apex of inferior appendages expanded and bent (Figure 66, 6). Female: valves of ovipositor markedly projecting beyond margin of abdominal segment X (Figure 66, 12). 26-33, wings 20-25.. .............................. L. dryas Kirby (u n c a t u s Kirby). .....

1 (2).

2 (1).

Lower posterior end of prehumeral stripe with a more or less rectangular process. Male: inferior anal appendages shorter. not reaching basal inner process of superior appendages (Figure 66, 7). Female: anal appendages shorter than abdominal segment X or of the same length. 27-29, wings 19-21. South, East; north to Latvia and Moscow ............................ ......................... S. annulata Selys (paedisca Brauer). Lower margin of prehumeral stripe almost straight, without process. Male: inferior anal appendages longer than basal process of superior anal appendages (Figure 66, 8). Female: anal appendages longer than abdominal segment X or of the same length, 27-30, wings 20-22. Except in the North and Northwest. ........................................... S. fusca V. d. Lind. .

3. Small.

IRg straight.

legs of male expanded.

Family PLATYCNEMIDAE Quadrilateral cell rectilineal.

Tibiae of posterior

Eggs laid in plants with aid of male who holds the pronotum of the female, standing free above female (not holding to substrate). 1 genus, 3 species. In the whole U S.S.R., 2 genera, 5 species.

.

2. Sympycna Burm. Nymphs in slow watercourses and stagnant water. Adults hibernating. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R., 3 species,

ODONATOPTERA

Key to Species of Family Plalycnemidae 1. Platycnemis Charp. Body white, whitish blue, greenish, light brown, with dark pattern. Nymphs in running water. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (4),

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1).

Male: superior anal appendages distinctly divided (Figure 67, 1). Female: lateral lobes of pronotum rounded, slightly elevated and bent forward. Male: tibiae moderately expanded, with outer black line- Female: legs of same color as those of male. 27-31, wings 19-23. Everywhere, except in the extreme North ....... P. pennipes Pall. Male: tibiae strongly expanded, without outer black line. Female: legs of same color as those of male. Mediterranean species. Ciscaucasia. The status of this species is often questioned, and it is sometimes united with the preceding species ..... ............................................ P. insularis Selys. Male: superior anal appendages not divided (Figure 67, 2); tibiae strongly expanded, without outer black line. Female: lateral lobes of prothorax rounded, not elevated and not bent forward. 26-30, wings 18-22. Mediterranean species. Dagestan .......... .......................... P. latipes Rambur (de alb at a Selys).

4.

Family COENAGRIONIDAE (Agrionidae auct.)

Small, IRg straight. Quadrilateral cell of irregular form. Oviposition as in platycnemidae except in Erythromma (as in Lestidae). European U.S.S.R., 6 (+1) genera, 17 (+4). species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 genera,

39 species.

Key to Genera

145

(4).

Frons with sharp transverse margin (in profile!). 2 (3). R3 situated 4 cells behind nodus in fore wing, 3 cells behind nodus in hind wing. Pterostigma (between C and Ri) followed posteriorly by only 2 cells. Posterodorsal margin of tergumX with 2 denticles in male and a short groove in female which does not reach middle of tergum X. Body without red color, generally metallic-green dorsally ........................ 1. Nehalennia. 3 (2). Rg situated 5 or 6 cells behind nodus in fore wing, 4 or 5 cells behind nodus in hind wing. More than 2 cells present posterior to pterostigma. Posterodorsal margin of tergum X of male without denticles, with a long groove in female which reaches tergum IX. Body rich-red ...................... 2. Ceriagrion. 4 (1). Frons rounded. 5(10). Occiput with 2 light spots. 6 (7). Occipital spots rounded. Male: pterostigma two-colored, part of pterostigma towards nodus black, the other part light; pterostigma of fore wing sometimes larger than that of hind wing. Posterior margin of abdominal tergum X elevated, with 2 processes or denticles. Female: a pointed spine on abdominal sternum VIII, anterior to ovipositor ................ 3. Ischnura. 1

COENAGRIONIDAE

7 (6).

8 (9).

9 (8).

Occipital spots wedge-shaped. Male: pterostigma uniformly colored, of the same size in fore and hind wings. Posterior margin of abdominal tergum X not elevated, straight or with small tubercles (in E nallagm a). Female: spine of abdominal sternum VIII anterior to ovipositor present or absent. Posterior margin of pronotum uniformly rounded. Light prehunieral stripe broader than black stripe ventral to it. Male: basal section of A longer than cubito-anal vein. Female: spine anterior to ovipositor present.................... 4. Enallagma. Posterior margin of pronotum either triangular or trilobed. Light prehumeral stripe, narrower than black stripe ventral to it. Male: basal section of A as long as, or shorter than, cubito-anal 5. Coenagrion. vein. Female: no spine anterior to ovipositor Occiput without light spots. Eyes dorsally more or less red or ....

10 (5).

brown. 1 cross vein posterior to pterostigma. Abdomen more or less rich-red ...................................... 6. Pyrrhosoma. 12 (11). Pterostigma not followed by a cross vein. Abdomen dorsally bronze-black, with light blue spots in male and light green spots in female ............................... 7. Erythrornma.

11 (12).

Keys to Species of Family Coenagrionidae

1.

Nehalennia Selys.

Nymphs in small, more or less marshy water.

1 species. 1 (1).

Smallest dragonfly in the Mainly in the Central region ..... ........................................... N. speciosa Charp.

Thorax and abdomen metallic-green.

U.S.S.R.; 19-22, wings 11.5-16.

2. Ceriagrion Selys. Nymphs in small ponds overgrown with vegetation. Not found so far in the U.S.S.R. 1 (1).

Body of male generally red. Females with 4 color forms, which differ in intensity of red color. 23-28, wings 15-20. Mediterranean species, possibly occurs in Moldavia .................... ........................................... C. tenellum de Vill.

3. Ischnura Charp. Nymphs in stagnant water and slow watercourses. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 10 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Pterostigma of fore wings larger than that of hind wings, especially in males. Posterior margin of pronotum elongated backwards, simple, not differentiated. Male: mesostigmatical plate with 2 ridges; posterior third of abdominal tergum VIII and whole tergum IX light blue; anal appendages as in Figure 67,3. Female: abdominal tergum VIII black; anal appendages white, sometimes blackish only at base. 21-25, wings 14-19. Central and Southern Belts, to north to Latvia ......................... ............................................ I. pumilio Charp. Pterostigma of all wings about of equal size. Posterior margin of pronotum with process or transverse ridges. Male: mesostigmatical plate with only one ridge; abdominal tergum VIII

ODONATOPTERA

3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6),

6 (5),

;

completely light blue. Female: abdominal tergum VIII usually light. Anal appendages of different color. Posterior margin of pronotum with weakly developed median lobe, Male: inferior anal appendages short, not more than 1/3 as long as abdominal segment X (Figure 67, 4). Female: abdominal tergum VIII light or black (in orange forms). Anal appendages white. 19-25, wings 14-16. Southern species. Dagestan ............... ......................................... I. fountainei Morton. Male: inferior anal appendages longer, more than half as long as abdominal segment X. Female: abdominal tergum VIII light. Anal appendages not white. Posterior margin of pronotum with large process. Male; inner part of superior anal appendages pointed (Figure 67, 5). Female: abdominal tergum II black. Anal appendages black. 22-29, wings 14-21 ................................... I. elegans V. d. Lind. Posterior margin of pronotum with transverse ridges. Male: inner branch of superior anal appendages blunt (Figure 67, 6). Female: anterior third of abdominal tergum II usually light. Anal appendages orange. 20-24, wings 13-16. Southern species. Dagestan ...................................... I. senegalensis Rambur.

4. Ennallagma Selys. Nymphs mainly in stagnant water. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

1 (1).

1 species.

Light parts of male body light blue (Figure 70, 1). Heterochromatic female forms greenish or reddish brown (Figure 70,11). 23-28, wings 18-21 ...................... E. cyathigerum Charp.

5. Coenagrion Kirby. Nymphs mainly in stagnant water. Light parts of male body generally light blue, rarely blue, green or yellowish green. Light areas of heterochromatic females generally green or brownish. 9 species; 2additionalspeciespossiblyoccur. Inthewhole U.S.S.R. 21 species.

FIGURH 67. Odonaioptera. Family Platycnemidae and Coenagrionidae. Anal appendages of male (after Conci, Nielsen and Barienev) 1Platycnemis pennipes; 2P. latipes; 3lschnura pumilio; 451. elegans; 61. senegalensis; 7Coenagrion armaium; 8Cnajas; 11E. viridulum. 9C- hasiulatum; 10Erythromma

168

COENAGRTONIDAE

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1).

Broad longitudinal dark stripe along sides of abdomen (at ventral margin of terga III-VII). Venter of thorax at least partly black. Occipital spots pyriform, light blue, connected by a stripe. Postnodal cross veins 10 or 11. Thorax ventrally black. 20-24, wings 15-19. North, reachingthe Baltic Region in the Southwest.... ............................................ C. concinnum Joh. Occipital spots almost round, blue, not connected with each other. Postnodals 13 or 14. Thorax ventrally light blue, with black stripes. 25-28, wings 20-23. Possibly occurs in the North ...................................... C. hylas Trybom. No stripe between occipital spots. Thorax not black ventrally.

5 (22). Males. 6 (17). Superior anal appendages more or less thick, shorter or slightly longer than inferior anal appendages (Figure 67, 7-9; 68, 1-3). 2-6 cells between origin of IRg and pterostigma. 7 (12). Posterior margin of pronotum elongated backwards in the middle. Face, eyes and prehumeral stripe green or yellowish green. Inferior anal appendages leaf-shaped or more or less rounded, sometimes (in C. lunulatum) with additional dorsal spine. Inferior anal appendages large, leaf-shaped, much longer than 8 (9). superior anal appendages and almost twice as long as abdominal segment X (Figure 67, 7). Process on posterior margin of pronotum rounded or rectangular, projecting far backwards and turned upwards (Figure 69, 1). Prehumeral stripe sometimes reduced. Dorsum of abdomen as in Figure 70, 2. 24-26, wings 17-19. Northern and Central Belts C. armatum Charp. 9 (8). Inferior anal appendages short, about as long as superior appendages, shorter than abdominal segment X. Median part of posterior margin of pronotum not turned upwards. 10 (11). Posterior margin of pronotum black, with a median, almost rectangular process (Figure 69, 2). Anal appendages as in Figure 67, 8. Abdomen as in Figure 70, 3. 23-26, wings 16-19. Northern and Central Belts ................ C. lunulatum Charp. 147 11 (10). Posterior margin of pronotum wholly or partly light, forming an obtuse angle, without median process (Figure 69, 3). Anal appendages as in Figure 67, 9. Abdomen as in Figure 70, 4. 22-26, wings 16-19. Northern and Central Belts ................ ..........

......................................... C. hastulatum Charp. 12 (7).

Posterior margin of pronotum with 3 lobes of about the same size. Face, eyes and prehumeral stripe light blue or blue. Inferior anal appendages pointed, 13 (14). Superior anal appendages close together, with terminal denticle (Figure 68, 1). Dark stripe on abdominal segments III-V with long median point (Figure 70, 5). 20-27, wings 18-20. South ............................................ C. ornatum Selys. 14 (13). Superior anal appendages different. Dark stripe on abdominal

....

15 (16).

segments IV-V with long lateral points. Superior anal appendages separated, with small terminal denticle; hook of inferior anal appendages thick, strongly narrowing distally, much longer than superior anal appendages (Figure 68, 2).

ODONATOPTERA

Posterior margin of pronotum with 3 weakly marked lobes (Figure 69, 4). Abdomen as in Figure 70, 7. Lighter species.

23-31, wings 16-22 ................................ C. puella L.

16 (15).

Superior anal appendages close together, without terminal denticle; hook of inferior anal appendages slender, not narrowing distally, not longer than superior anal appendages (Figure 68,3). Posterior margin of pronotum with 3 well-marked lobes (Figure 69, 5). Abdomen as in Figure 70, 6. Darker species. 25-30, wings 16-21. Everywhere, except in the extreme North ...................................... C. pulchellum V. d. Lind. Superior anal appendages longer than broad, curved and pointed, longer than inferior appendages or same length (Figure 68, 4-6). 2 or 3 cells between origin of IRg and pterostigma. Face and eyes light blue. Superior anal appendages about as long as abdominal segment X, with small pulvilli (Figure 68, 4). Occipital spots linear or absent. Prehumeral stripe very broad. Abdomen as in Figure 70,10. 24-29, wings 17-20. Mediterranean, Black Sea coast of Caucasus (Abrau)....................................... C. Undeni Selys. Superior anal appendages shorter than abdominal segment X, with large pulvilli. Occipital spots almost rounded. Prehumeral stripe narrow. Pterostigma large, longer than broad. Superior anal appendages longer than inferior appendages; pulvilli contiguous (Figure 68,5). Abdomen as in Figure 70,9. 22-26. wings 15-18. Southwest; Crimea................................... S. scitulum Rambur. Pterostigma small, slightly longer than broad. Superior and inferior anal appendages of same length; pulvilli diverging (Figure 68, 6). Abdomen as in Figure 70,8. 22-26, wings 15-18. Mediterranean species. Possibly occurs in the South............. ......................................... C. mercuriale Charp.

....

17 (6).

18 (19).

19 (18).

20 (21).

21 (20).

COENAGRIONIDAE

22 (5). Females. 23 (34). Posterior side of head with short, light stripe which does not reach occipital depression. Anal appendages black. Ptero" stigma usually dark gray, along R as long as broad, or slightly

longer. 148 24 (29). Posterior margin of pronotum projecting backwards in middle. 3-6 cells between origin of IR^ and pterostigma. 25 (26). Posterior margin of pronotum elevated in middle, with a narrow process (Figure 69, 6). Mesostigmatical plate with an oblique ridge. Pterostigma light gray. Abdomen as in Figure 70,12. 22-25, wings 18-20 ......................... C. armatum Charp. 26 (25). Posterior margin of pronotum different. Mesostigmatical plate without ridge. 27 (28). Posterior margin of pronotum with an almost rectangular process in the middle (Figure 69, 7). Abdomen as in Figure 70, 13. 22-26, wings 17-20 ............................... .C. lunulatum Charp.

FIGURE 69. Odoniitopiera. Family Coenagcionidae. Pro dorsal and lateral (6-13) (after Spuris and Schmidt)

of male dorsal (1-5) and of female

ODONATOPTERA

28 (27). Posterior margin of pronotum with obtuse angle, without median process (Figure 69, 8). Abdomen as in Figure 70, 14. 24-26, wings 19-22 ............................. C. hastulatum Charp.

^ i

2

3

<

s e

n

7

a

s a

11

»

is

ii,

e

«

17

a

s

za

FIGURE 70. Odonatoptera. Family Coenagrionidae. Abdomen of males (1-10) and of females (11-20)

(after SchmidI)

l.llEnallagma cyaihigerum; 2,12Coenagrion aril aEum; 3,13C.lunulatum; 4,14c. haslulaium; 5,15C. ornaium; 6,16c. pulche Hum; 7,nC. puella; 8,18-C. mercuriale; 9,19-C. scilulum; 10,20-C. linde

29 (24). 30 (31).

31(30).

32 (33).

33 (32).

34 (23).

Posterior margin of pronotum with 3 lobes of about the same size. 1-4 cells between origin of IRg and pterostigma. Posterior margin of pronotum with a notched lobe in the middle (Figure 69, 9). Body broad. Abdomen as in Figure 70,15. 23-26, wings 18-22 .......................... C. ornatum Selys. Posterior margin of pronotum different. Body slender. Posterior margin of pronotum with 3 weakly-marked lobes (Figure 69, 10). Abdomen as in Figure 70, 17. 25-29, wings 19-24 ............................................ C. puella L. Posterior margin of pronotum with 3 well-developed lobes (Figure 69, 11). Abdomen as in Figure 70, 16. 24-30, wings 18-23 ............................... ,c. pulchellum V. d. Lind. Posterior side of head and part of occipital depression lightcolored. Anal appendages white; tf they are black, pterostigma light gray, much longer than broad along R. 1-3 cells between origin of IRg and pterostigma.

172

GOMPHIDAE

149 35 (36). Anal appendages black.

Posterior margin of pronotum with small process (Figure 69, 12). Abdomen as in Figure 70,19. 22-25, wings 17-20 ........................ C. scitulum Rambur. 36 (35). Anal appendages more or less light-colored. 37 (38). Anal appendages light. Mesostigmatical plate large, with yellow lateral tubercles. Posterior margin of pronotum slightly twisted, trilobed. Occipital spots linear. Pterostigma light gray, large. Abdomen as in Figure 70, 20. 24-28, wings 18-21. .............................................. C. lindeni Selys. 38 (37), Anal appendages light, with black stripes dorsally. Mesostigmatical plate small, without lateral tubercles. Posterior margin of pterostigma almost as in C. scitulum (Figure 69,13). Occipital spots more or less rounded. Pterostigma dark gray, small. Abdomen as in Figure 70, 18. 23-26, wings 18-20. ............... ......................................... C. mercuriale Charp. median

.....,.,.,.....

6.

water. 1 (1).

7. 1 (2).

150

2 (1).

Pyrrhosoma Charp.

Nymphs in slow watercourses and stagnant

1 species.

Black areas on thorax more or less with metallic sheen; light regions red and yellow; abdomen more or less red. 25-29, wings 19-24. Except in the North ............. P. nymphula Sulz.

Erythromma Charp.

Nymphs in stagnant water. 2 species.

Usually 4 discoidal cells.

Superior anal appendages of male tapering, their inner margin-convex (Figure 67. 10). Abdomen of old males with light blue tinge on dorsum. Posterior margin of pronotum of female with large median, more or less light triangular lobe. 25-31, wings 19-24. Everywhere, but rare in the South ...................................... E. najas Hans. 3 discoidal cells. Superior anal appendages of male strongly narrowed at base, with concave inner margin (Figure 67, 11), Male abdomen without light blue tinge on dorsum. Posterior margin of pronotum of female with narrow median, slightly notched plate. 22-26, wings 16-20. Southern and part of Central Belt .............................. E. viridulum Charp. 5.

Family GOMPHIDAE

Moderate size. Eyes separated. No ovipositor. Oviposition unaided by male, carried out by touching water with tip of abdomen. Living in running watercourses. 4 genera, 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 genera, 25 species.

Key to Genera 1 (6). 2 (5).

3 (4).

Triangle undivided, without cross veins.

Abdominal segments VII and VIII not expanded. Anal loop consisting of 2 or 3 cells near A of hind wing, posterior to triangle (Figure 71, 2). Anal appendages of male longer than abdominal segment X, forming a tridentate forceps. Female: margin of occiput

173

ODONATOPTERA

without processes: posterior side of head dark posterior to eyes .................................... 2. Onychogomphus. Anal appendages of male not longer than abdominal segment X, Margin of occiput with 2 processes. Female: posterior side of head with light spots posterior to eyes ........ 3. Ophiogomphus. No anal loop in hind wing (Figure 71, 1). ............. 1. Gomphus. Triangle divided by cross veins into 2-4 cells. Abdominal segments VII and VIII with leaflike expansions ........... 4. Lindenia.

4 (3).

5 (2), 6 (1).

Keys to Species of Family Gomphidae

Gomphus Leach. Body yellow or greenish yellow, with black pattern; eyes light blue-green. 2 species. In the whole U-S.S.R., 1.

7 species. 151

1 (2).

2 (1).

Legs black. Prehumeral stripe close to humeral stripe, separated from median stripe. Median stripe covering medial fold. 33-37, wings 28-33. Everywhere, except in the North ........................................... G. vulgatissimus L. Legs mainly yellow. Prehumeral stripe in the middle between median and humeral stripes,

and Central Belts

37-40, wings 30-34. Southern G. flavipes Charp.

...........................

2. Onychogomphus Selys. Light parts of body generally yellow or light brown. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.

A-;\u FIGURE 71. Odonatopiera. Family Gomphidae and Aeschnidae (original)

1Gomphus vulgatissimus, male, base of hind wing; 2Onychogomphus forcipatus, male, same; 3Brachytron hafniense, male, apex of hind wing; 4Anax imperaior, male, hind wing (RSpl intercalary radial secloE).

AESCHNIDAE

1 (2).

Male;

inferior anal appendage divided to half its length. Female; posterior dorsal margin of eyes (along occiput) with small yellow tubercles; stripes on sides of thorax continuous or interrupted in the middle. 31-38, wings 25-35

................

0. torcipatus L. inferior anal appendage divided almost to the base. Female: stripes at sides of thorax interrupted, reaching only to half of thorax; posterior dorsal margin of eyes without yellow tubercles. 32-34, wings 26-29. Southern species. South; Krasnodar .................................. 0. flexuosus Schn. ..............................................

2 (1).

Male;

3.

green 1 (1).

or

Ophiogomphus Selys. Light parts of body (almost the whole thorax) yellow. I species. In the whole U.S.S.R- 2 species.

Male: inferior anal appendages deeply divided. Female; genital plate small, with 2 long. slender processes. 37-39, wings 30-35. Everywhere, except in the extreme South ........................................ 0. serpentinus Charp. .......................

4. Lindenia de Haan. Nymphs in large lakes and reservoirs, probably also in canals and brooks with slow current. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1(1).

Body yellow, with dark pattern; legs black. 47-54, wings 39-40. L. tetraphylla V. d. Lind. Mediterranean species. Dagestan .......

6.

Large.

Family AESCHNIDAE

Of variegated color.

of numerous

developed. near water.

Pattern on abdomen usually consisting

spots. Eyes contiguous for some distance. Ovipositor well Eggs laid in plants, without aid of male, rarely in humid soil 5 genera, 17 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 genera,

21 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2). 2 (1). 3 (6).

4 (5).

Several cross veins proximal to arculus 1. Caliaeschna. No cross veins proximal to arculus. divided into 2 branches Origin of RS closer to M than to Rp (Figure 71, 3). Base of male hind wing notched. Auricles present. Only 1 row of cells between lower branch of IRo and RSpl ..........

IR3

...-..-.

(Figure 71,3) 5 (4). 6 (3).

7 (8).

8 (7).

..................................

2. Brachytron.

3 or 4 rows of cells between lower branch of IRo and RSpl .................................................. 3. Aeschna. Origin of RS in the middle between R, and M. Lower branch of IRg indistinct, disappearing (Figure 71. 4). Base of male hind wing rounded. No auricles, At first 2, then one row of cells between A, and Cu. Middle abdominal segments usually with accessory lateral ridges ........ ..................................................... 4. Anax. A-, bending anteriad after separating from Ag, surrounding a field 3 or 4 cells broad. Middle abdominal segments without lateral accessory ridges 5. Hernianax. ..........................

ODONATOPTERA

Keys to Species of Family Aeschnidae 1.

1 U).

152

Caliaeschna Selys.

2. Brachytron Evans. water. 1 species. 1 (1)..

Nymphs in running water.

1 species.

Pterostigma very small, about 2.0 long, almost square. Frons with complete black T-shaped spot in male; spot incomplete in female. Body generally brown or black; sides of thorax with 2 broad, yellow or green stripes. 42.0, wings 38-40. Black Sea coast; Mediterranean ..................... C. micro stigma Schn.

Nymphs in stagnant and slowly-running

T-shaped spot on frons. Body densely setose. Light parts of body green, bluish, rarely yellow. 38-46, wings 34-37. Everywhere, except in the North .............. B. hafniense Miill.

3. Aeschna F. (Leach.). Nymphs mainly in stagnant water much overgrown with vegetation; northern species, mainly connected with marshy and dystrophic water bodies. 12 species. In the whole U.S-S.R. 13 species. 1 (22). Males. 2 (15). Anal triangle with 2 cells. 3 (12). Frons with distinct, black, T-shaped spot. 4 or 5 rows of cells between IRg and RSpl. Clypeo-frontal suture black. Line of contiguity of eyes about as long as occipital triangle. 4 (5). Fork of IRg indistinct, 2 rows of cells between its indistinct branches. 45-48, wings 38-39. North, south to Latvia .......

5 (4).

.......................................... Ae. coerulea Strom. Line of contiguity of eyes at least twice as long as occipital triangle. Fork of IRg distinct, 3 or 4 rows of cells between its branches.

6 (9). 7

8

9 10

t

Superior anal appendages with dorsal longitudinal denticulate ridge. (8). Superior anal appendages strongly curved dorsad posterior to middle, with ventral process at base (Figure 72, 1). Median denticle on abdominal tergum X less than twice as high as lateral denticles. 52-58, wings 4,9-52. North ......... Ae. serrata Hag. (7). Superior anal appendages not curved dorsad posterior to middle, without ventral process at base (Figure 72, 2). Median denticle of abdominal tergum X at least 3 times as high as lateral denticles. 51-55. wings 44-49. North.................... Ae. crenata Hag. (6). Superior anal appendages with smooth dorsal longitudinal ridge. Black transverse stripe between frons and clypeus narrowed (11). laterally. Posterior side of head usually with yellowish brown spots. Expansion of inner margin of superior anal appendages beginning with distinct angular bend in middle of appendage (in dorsal and lateral view) (Figure 72, 3). 53-59, wings 41-47. Everywhere, rarely in the South .................. Ae. juncea L. t

Ae. undulaia Bart.. which resembles Ae. juncea, wasdescribed from the Central Urals. It differs from A e. juncea in details of the secondary copulaiory organs and the superior anal appendages. The species is known only from one single male, and its status is not clear.

Possibly synonymous with

11 (10). Black transverse stripe between frons and clypeus laterally expanded. Posterior side of head completely black. Expansion of inner margin of superior anal appendages beginning gradually, closer to base of appendage (Figure 72, 4). 49-57, wings 41-45. North, rarely in the Central Belt ............................... ........................ Ae. subarctica Walk. (elisabethae Djak.). Frons without complete T-shaped spot. 3 or 4 rows of cells 12 (3), between IRg and RSpl. Clypeo-frontal suture not black. 13 (14), Upper part of thorax (me sepi sterna) with 2 broad, green stripes. Sides of thorax green, without stripes. Veins of wings blackish. 48-52, wings 38-41. Mainly in the Central Belt ................. ...............................................

Ae. viridis Ev.

14 (13). Mesepisterna without light stripes. Sides of thorax rust-brown, with yellow stripes on epimera. Veins of wings brown. 54-60, wings 45-49 .................................... Ae. grandis L. Anal triangle with 3 or more cells. 15 (2). 16 (21). Anal triangle consisting of 3 cells, colorless, Frons with complete T-shaped black spot. 17 (18). Mesepisterna brown, with 2 green prehumeral stripes. Sides of thorax green, with broad black stripes. Apex of superior anal appendages sharply curved ventrad, dorsal side without longitudinal ridge (Figure 72, 5). 51-60, wings 44-49. Except in the extreme North ............................... Ae. cyanea Mtill. 18 (17). Thorax of different color. Apex of superior anal appendages not curved ventrad, with dorsal longitudinal ridge. 19 (20). Thorax light gray-brown, with dorsal and lateral light greenish yellow stripes. Superior anal appendages without ventral process at base (Figure 72, 6), 44-49, wings 37-39. Southern and part of Central Belt, to Latvia in the Northwest ...................... .............................................. Ae. mixta Latr. 20 (19). Thorax dorsally light brown, with light blue or yellowish prehumeral stripes; sides of thorax light blue-green, with narrow black sutures. Superior anal appendages with ventral process at base (Figure 72,7). 47-48, wings 38-41, South, rarely in the 153 Central Belt, e.g., near Moscow ........... Ae. affinis V. d. Lind. 21 (16). Anal triangle consisting of 3-6 cells, with golden yellow spot. Frons without T-shaped spot. Superior anal appendages with ventral process near base. Body reddish brown; epimera with greenish yellow stripes. 47-51, wings 39-42. Southern and part of Central Belt. to Latvia in the Northwest ...................... ........................................... Ae. isosceles Mull. 22 (1). Females. 23 (42). Ovipositor with lateral plates; basal plate of ovipositor without deep posterior notch (Figure 72, 8, 10). 24 (29). Frons without complete black T-shaped spot. 25 (28). Body buff-colored. Sides of thorax with 2 light, mainly yellowish stripes. No prehumeral stripe or spots. 26 (27). Mesepisterna with small light blue spot at base of wing. Base of wings not yellow. Basal membrane whitish. 49-55, wings 46-48 ...............................................

Ae. grandis L.

ODONATOPTERA

27 (26). Mesepisterna without small light blue spot at base of wing. Base of wings yellow. Membrane dark. 50-54, wings 41-45 ........................................... Ae. isosceles Mull. ......

FIGURE 72. and

Odonatopiera. Family Aeschnidae. Anal appendages c

femate(ll,12); ovipositor (8-10) lateral and

arctic a;

5Ae.

atshischgho;

ventral

(after

Bariei

:iale(l-7, 13. 14) , Conct and Nietsen)

cyane 9Ae.

ju

28 (25). Body not buff-colored. Sides of thorax completely green. Prehumeral stripe present. 47-54, wings 41-45 Ae. viridis Ev. 29 (24). Frons with complete black T-shaped spot. 30 (33). Anal loop consisting of 2 rows of cells, without inner cells. 31 (32). Mesepisternum gray-brown; sides of thorax greenish, with black sutures. Anal appendages about 3.0, pterostigma 4,5. 45-47, wings 40-41 .............................. Ae. affinis V. d. Lind, 32 (31). Thorax light brown; sides of thorax with 2 broad, yellowish green stripes. Anal appendages about 5.0, pterostigma 3-3.5. 33 (30). 45-48. wings 39-40 ............................ Ae. mixta Latr. 33 (30). Anal loop with inner cells. 34 (35). Line of contiguity between eyes about as long as occipital triangle. Bifurcation of IRg indistinct; 2 rows of cells between its indistinct branches. First lateral stripe of thorax narrow, winding. 43-44, wings 38-41 ........................ Ae. coerulea Strom. 35 (34). Line of contiguity between eyes at least twice as long as occipital triangle. Bifurcation of IRg distinct; 3 or 4 rows of cells between its branches. First lateral stripe of thorax broad, straight. 36 (37). Sides of thorax completely green, with dark stripes. Vertical line of T-shaped spot narrow, nearly interrupted. 52-58, wings 43-51. ............................................. Ae. cyanea Mull. ..,

AESCHNIDAE

Sides of thorax with 2 light stripes. 38 (39). Posterior dorsal and lateral spots on middle abdominal terga not connected. Lateral plates of ovipositor narrow and long (Figure 72, 8). Anal appendages 4.5-4.75. Size of abdomen and hind wings unknown. Southern slopes of western Caucasus, Ae. juncea atshischgho Bart. possibly also on the northern slopes 39 (38). Posterior dorsal and lateral spots on central abdominal terga

37 (36).

.

40 (41).

41 (40).

42 (23).

43 (44).

44 (43).

.

always connected. Lateral plates of ovipositor short(Figure 72,10). Anal appendages 5-7. Anal appendages asymmetrical, with convex inner margin and straight or slightly concave outer margin, with pointed apex (Figure 72, 11). Vertical line of T-shaped spot on frons broad, only little longer than broad. Anal appendages 5-5.5. 48-52, wings 47-50 .................................. Ae. crenata Hag. Anal appendages more symmetrical, both margins convex, their apex rounded (Figure 72, 12). Vertical line of T-shaped spot on frons narrow, 3-4 times longer than broad. Anal appendages 6-7. 50-54, wings 50-53 ...................... Ae. serrata Hag. Ovipositor without lateral plates; basal plate of ovipositor with deep posterior notch (Figure 72, 9). Black transverse stripe between frons and clypeus laterally narrowed. 4-7 rows of cells between MSpl and posterior margin of fore wings. 50-55, wings 42-47 ................ Ae. juncea L. Black transverse stripe between frons and clypeus laterally expanded. 7 or 8 rows of cells between MSpl and posterior margin of fore wings. 51-52, wings 42-44 ...................... .......................................... Ae. subarctica Walk.

4. Anax Leach, Abdomen dorsally with dark longitudinal zigzag stripe. Nymphs in stagnant water. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species, 1 (2).

2 (1).

Thorax green. Base of membrane white, apex gray. Male: inferior anal appendages about 1/3 as long as superior appendages, longer than broad; apex of superior anal appendages rounded (Figure 72, 13). Female: occipital triangle without appendages. 49-61. wings 45-51. Southern and Central Belts, reaching Latvia and Moscow in the North. ................... A. imperator Leach. Thorax violet-brown. Membrane light gray. Male:- inferior anal

appendage 1/6 as long as superior anal appendages, broader than long; apex of superior anal appendages with small denticle on outer side (Figure 72, 14). Female: occipital triangle with an appendage on each side. 46-53, wings 44-51. South; Central Urals .................................... A. parthenope Selys, 5.

Hemianax Selys.

Nymphs apparently in stagnant water.

1 species.

1 (1).

Head yellow, thorax yellowish brown, abdomen yellowish brown, with dark pattern. 41-46, wings 45-50. Southern species. Has been found to enter Moldavia and eastern Ciscaucasia ........

.......................................... H. ephippiger

Eurm.

ODONATOPTERA

7.

Family CORDULEGASTERIDAE

Large. Eyes contiguous at one point. Ovipositor present, though not suitable for oviposition in plants. Eggs laid on the wing, superficially in the soil, unaided by male. 1 genus, 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 genera, 5 or 6 species. Key to Species of Family Cordulegasteridae

Cordulegaster Leach. Nymphs in running water; adults preferring shady habitats, 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 or 5 species. 1.

1 (2).

Occipital triangle yellow. Middle abdominal segments with 2 yellow transverse stripes. Male: superior anal appendages approximated at base (Figure 73, 1). Female: base of ovipositor yellow. 54-64, wings 41-46. European species. Except in the North, mainly on hills and mountains C. annulatus Latr.

2 (1).

Occipital triangle black. Middle abdominal segments with a yellow transverse stripe. Male: superior anal appendages widely separated at base (Figure 73, 2). Female: ovipositor completely black. 54-63, wings 42-48. South-European species. Kaliningrad Region (?), possibly found in Moldavia............... .......................................... C. bidentatus Selys. t

..........

8.

Family CORDULIIDAE

Eyes contiguous, their posterior margin strongly curved. No ovipositor. Oviposition unaided by male, carried out by touching the surface of water with tip of abdomen, rarely by touching humid soil near water. 3 (+1) genera, 7 (+1) species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 genera, 10 species. Medium sized, rarely large.

Key to Genera 1 (6).

2 (3).

1 or 2 cubito-anal veins. Anal loop long, at least 3 or 4 times as long as broad, with a distinct vein in the middle. Base of hind wing with large black spot. Body not metallic green 3. Epitheca. Base of hind wings without black spot, transparent. Body metallic green, partly bronze-colored. Hind wing with 1 cubito-anal cross vein. Inferior anal appendage of male deeply divided ............................. 1. Cordulia. Hind wing with 2 cubito-anal cross veins. Inferior anal appendage of male not divided ................ ........... 2. Somatochlora. Not less than 3 cubito-anal veins. Anal loop short, about as long as broad, without distinct median vein ..............4. Macromia. ,

..................................................

3 (2). 156

4 (5).

5 (4). 6 (1),

t One

or two species possibly occur in Ciscaucasia, but their systemaiics are not well known. They are not mentioned here (vide: A.N.Bartenev. 0 palearkticheskikh vidakh podroda CorduLeach (The Palearctic Species of the Subgenus Cordulegaster Leach).Raboty SeveroKavkazskoi gidrobiologicheskoi stantsii, 3 (1930)1.

therefore

legaster

180

.

CORDULIIDAE

FIGURE 73. Ocbnatopiera. Family Cord ulegaste rid ae and Corduliidae. Anal appendages of male (1-8) and genital plate of female (9-13) lateral and partly dorsalandventral(after Schmidt, Valle and D’yakonov)

metallica: 5,10S,flavomaculata; 7,12-S. arctica; 8,13-S . sahlbergi 1,9Somaiochlora

6,11S-alpesir

Keys to Species of Family Corduliidae

Cordulia Leach. Nymphs with vegetation. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

in

stagnant, silted water overgrown

Frons metallic green, without lateral yellow spots. Flying also in overcast weather and at dusk. 34-39, wings 31-36 ............ ..................................................

C- aenea L.

Somatochlora Selys. Nymphs mainly in small stagnant water bodies, rarely in slowly-running water. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species. 2.

1 (2).

Frons with transverse yellow stripe. Male: inferior anal appendage about 3/4 as long as superior appendages; basal denticles of superior anal appendages situated more or less laterally, visible in dorsal view (Figure 73, 4). Female: genital plate long, narrow, standing vertically (Figure 73, 9). 37-44, wings 34-36 ............................. S. metallica V. d. Lind.

181

ODONATOPTERA

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3). 5 (6).

6 (5).

7 (8).

8 (7).

3. 1 (1).

Frons without transverse yellow stripe, with yellow or brownish spots on sides. Male: inferior anal appendage about half as long as superior appendages. Female: genital plate short, more or less contiguous. Sides of abdomen with yellow spots. Male: superior anal appendages straight, their ends curved dorsally; basal denticles not visible in dorsal view (Figure 73, 5). Female: genital plate more or less rounded, slightly notched, about half as long as abdominal sternum IX (Figure 73, 10). 34-40. wings 32-38 ................. ................................... S. flavomaculata V. d. Lind, Sides of abdomen without yellow spots. Male: superior anal appendages more or less curved. Female: genital plate different. 2 cubito-anal cross veins in fore wings. Male: ends of superior anal appendages moderately curved inwards and upwards; basal denticles visible in dorsal view (Figure 73, 6), Female: genital plate more or less rectangular, slightly concave, half as long as abdominal sternum IX (Figure 73,11). 28-33, wings 28-34. North.......... ............................................S. alpestris Selys. Only 1 cubito-anal vein in fore wings. Male: basal denticles of superior anal appendages, if present at all, not visible in dorsal view. Female: subgenital plate more or less semicircular. Male: distal half of superior anal appendages uniformly curved, apex of superior anal appendages not curved dorsad, with 2 slanting ventral-denticles or tubercles (Figure 73, 7). Female: genital plate thicker, rounded, twisted in middle, almost as long as abdominal sternum IX (Figure 73,12). 35-37, wings 29-32. Northern and part of Central Belt ................ S. arctica Zett. Male: distal quarter of superior anal appendages sharply curved inwards and upwards; ventral side of superior anal appendages practically without denticles or tubercles (Figure 73, 8). Female: genital plate thinner, notched, slightly more than 1/3 as long as abdominal sternum IX (Figure 73, 13). 29-33, wings 30-33. North ................................... S. sahlbergi Trybom.

Epitheca Charp.

Nymphs in stagnant water.

1 species.

Body yellowish brown; head and thorax with weak green tinge. 39-43, wings 38-43. Mainly in the Central Belt ................ ......................................... E. bimaculata Charp.

.

4. Macromia Ramb. Nymphs in running or stagnant water. Not found so far in the European U.S.S.R. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species.

1 (1).

Thorax bronze green, with light stripes; abdomen black, with Anal appendages of male as in Figure 73, 3. 47-50, wings 41-43. Siberia; possibly occurs near Southern Urals ....................................... M. sibirica Djak.

yellow areas.

9.

Family LIBELLULIDAE

Medium-sized. Eyes contiguous; posterior marginof eyes straight. Noovipositor. Oviposition usually unaided by male (except in genus Sympetrum),

182

LIBELLULIDAE

carried out by touching surface of water (rarely the soil on the shore) with tip of abdomen. 5 (+ 1) genera, 25 (+ 1) species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 9 genera, 44 species,

Key to Genera

157 1 (4).

.

.

.

.

.

Not less than 11 or 12 antenodals in fore wings; last antenodal complete. R3 strongly curved twice (Figure 65, 4). 2 (3). Base of hind wings with large dark spot. Postnodals present. ................................................. 1. Libellula. Base of hind wings without dark spot. No postnodals 3 (2). 2. Orthetrum. 4 (1). Fore wings usually with not more than 8 or 9 antenodals; if fore wings have 10 or 11 antenodals, last antenodal incomplete (Figure 65, 5, 6). Rg weakly or simply curved. Base of triangle of hind wings proximal to arculus. Inner triangle 5 (6). of fore wings not divided into separate cells. Fore wings with 6 antenodals; last antenodal complete ........... 3. Selysiothemis. 6 (5). Base of triangle of hind wings at same level as arculus. Inner triangle consisting of several cells. 7 (8). Usually 7 antenodals in fore wing; last antenodal complete. Base of hind wings with small dark spot. Discoidal cell of fore wings 6. Leucorrhinia. expanded towards margin (Figure 65, 6) Last antenodal of fore wings incomplete. Base of hind wings 8 (7). without small dark spot, often yellow. 9 (10). Usually 10 or 11 antenodals in fore wings. Discoidal cell of fore wings widened towards margin. Posterior margin of pronotum with small process. Abdominal segment IX with lateral keel 4. Crocothemis. 10 (9). Usually 7 or 8 antenodals in fore wings. Discoidal cell of fore wings narrowing towards margin (Figure 65, 5). Posterior margin of pronotum with large process which projects upwards and has a notch in the middle. No lateral keel on abdominal segment IX .............

................................................

..........

...................................

...

...............................................

5. Sympetrum.

Keys to Species of Family Libellulidae Libellula L. 3 species. 1.

1 (2).

Nymphs in stagnant water and slow watercourses.

Abdomen very broad, flat; middle abdominal segments 3 times as broad as long. Male: abdominal segment I ventrally with notched process. 22-28, wings 33-37. -Except in the North. L. depressa L. Nymphs in running water Abdomen narrower; middle abdominal segments twice as broad as long. Male: abdominal segment I without ventral process. Small dark spot near nodus. Triangle of hind wings darkened. Abdomen of old males without dorsal light blue tinge. 27-32, wings 32-39. Often migrating in swarms. Nymphs in stagnant silted water overgrown with vegetation L. quadrimaculata L. No small dark spot near nodus. Triangle of hind wings not darkened. Abdomen of old males dorsally with light blue tinge. ........................

2 (1). 3 (4).

......

4 (3).

ODONATOPTERA

26-29, wings 35-38, running water

Except

in the North.

.....

Nymphs in slow......... L. fulva Mull.

2. Orthetrum Newm. Nymphs in stagnant and running water. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 species. 1 (6).

Prehumeral stripe light.

Pterostigma light, yellow or light Membrane white. Pterostigma shorter, 2-3 mm in fore wing. 5 or more rows of double cells between IRg and RSpl. Male: genital hook with welldeveloped branches; anterior lobe small, lower than genital hook

brown to reddish.

2(3).

(Figure 74,1).

3 (2).

4 (5).

29-31, wings 34-35. South...................... .......................................... 0. brunneum Fonsc. Pterostigma longer, 2.5-4 in fore wing. None to 4 rows of double cells between IRg and RSpl. Male; genital hook without branches, with truncate apex; anterior lobe larger, at least not lower than genital hook. Basal membrane white. Pterostigma 3-4. Male: thorax almost without light blue tinge. Anterior lobe of genitalia vertical, more or less expanded at apex. 26-31, wings 28-33. European species. Estonia .................................... 0. coerulescens F.

FIGURE 74. Odonatoptera. Family Libelliilidae. Secondary copulatory Nielsen, Banenev and Schmidt) 1Ortheiruni

bn

um;

20.

cancellatum; 80.

organ of male (after Conci,

albistylum; 4Sympetrun.e; 12S.

sanguineum; 13S. de-

LIBELLULIDAE

5 (4).

Basal membrane gray. Pterostigma 2.5-3.5. Male: thorax with light blue tinge. Anterior lobeofgenitalia standing more or less obliquely, not expanded at apex. 23-26, wings 26-28. Mediter0. a-nceps Sc’hn. ranean species. Ciscaucasia Prehumeral stripe black. Pterostigma dark, black or dark brown. Membrane gray. Anal appendages black. Pterostigma 2-3 mm. Male: anterior lobe of genital hook tapering, its apex with deep rounded notch (Figure 74, 2). Female: margin of abdominal tergum VIII not

8 (7).

+

.

.

.

.

.

.

in the North

.

Except

.

29-35, wings 35-41.

.

projecting.

.

7 (8).

.

6 (1).

.

...................

158

............................................ 0. cancellatum L,. Anal appendages white, at least partly. Pterostigma 3-4. Male: anterior lobe of genital hook (in dorsal and lateral view) strongly tapering apically; apical notch not deep, triangular (Figure 74, 3). Female: margin of abdominal tergum VIII projecting, denticulate. 31-34, wings 34-38. South .......................................... 0. albistylum Selys. ................

3. Selysiothemis Ris. Nymphs apparently in stagnant water. found so far in the European U.S.S.R. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

1 (1).

Not

Body of old males black, with whitish tinge ventrally; young males and females more or less brownish yellow, with black pattern. Veins and pterostigma colorless or yellowish. Veins delimiting pterostigma proximally and distally thickened, black. 18-23, wings 25-28. Southern species. Known in the U.S.S.R. from Transcaucasia and Soviet Central Asia; possibly occurs along the Caspian coast of Dagestan ................... S. nigra V. d. Lind.

4. Crecothemis Brauer. Nymphs in small stagnant or running water bodies. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

.

.

.

.

Body of male rich red; body of female more or less yellowish brown. 26-28, wings 29-32. Southern species. Ciscaucasia .......................................... C. erythraea Brulle. .

1 (1).

5. Sympetrum Newm. Nymphs mainly in small stagnant water bodies, and also in slow watercourses. 10 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 20

species. 159

1 (12).

2 (5).

3 (4).

Legs black, with yellow or yellowish brown longitudinal stripe on outer side. Base of hind wing with large yellow spot reaching beyond cubitoanal vein and apex of membrane; when this spot does not reach beyond cubito-anal vein, it is distinctly delimited. Male: inner branch of genital hook much smaller than outer branch. Female; genital plate not projecting, divided. Yellow spot on hind wing reaching beyond cubito-anal vein, often reaching posterior margin of wing; in female, yellow spot usually

ODONATOPTERA

All tibiae yellow on outer side. Genitalia of male and female as in Figures 74, 4 and 75, 1. 22-26, wings 25-29 ............................ S. flaveolum L."

present also near nodus.

’7 FIGURE 75.

v

\is

Odonatoptera.

\)u

i/,

Family Libellutidae.

v

V//

’

a

End of female abdomen (after Schmidt and Bacienev)

Sympeirum fla 5,6-S. vulgaium; 7,8-S. striola guineum; 12S- depressiusculu

4 (3).

Yellow spot of hind wings hardly reaching beyond cubito-anal vein, distinct. Hind tibiae not yellow on the outer side, rarely yellow in female. Male and female genitalia as in Figures 74, 5 and 75, 2. 24-26, wings 24-30. Southern Belt, Central Urals; found to be distributed to Latvia ................. S. fonscolombei Selys Base of hind wings with small, indistinct yellow spot not reaching beyond cubito-anal vein and apex of membrane. Male: inner branch of genital hook about as large as outer branch; if shorter, it is hardly thinner than outer branch. Female: genital plate elevated; if this plate is almost contiguous, it has a straight posterior margin. Sides of thorax without black stripes. Legs generally brown or yellow. Male; branches of genital hook equally long, slender (Figure 74, 6). Female: genital plate contiguous, with rounded posterior margin (Figure 75, 3). 24-25, wings 26-28. Southern S. meridionale Selys. and part of Central Belt with traces of

........................................

5 (2).

6 (7).

...................

186

7 (6).

Sides of thorax with black stripes dorsal to sutures. Legs black, yellow stripe on the outer side. Additional dark spot in male between humeral stripe and first lateral suture; female with dark prehumeral stripe. Male: inner branch of genital hook shorter and slightly more slender than outer branch (Figure 74, 7). Female: genital plate elevated or almost contiguous, with straight posterior margin (Figure 75, 4). 22-24, wings 25-27. Dagestan. ................... S. tibiale Ris. 9 (8). No such additional spots or stripes. Male: genital hooks different. Female: genital plate elevated, its posterior margin curved. 10 (11). Black transverse stripe between occiput and frons curving downwards along eyes. Male: inner branch of genital hook thick, as long as, or shorter than, outer branch (Figure 74, 8). Female: genital plate steeply elevated, more or less pointed (Figure 75, 5, 6). 24-28, wings 24-29. Everywhere, except in the extreme North.......................................... S. vulgatum L. with

8 (9).

FIGURE IS. Odonaropiera. Family Libellulidae. Secondary copula end of female abdomen (7-12) (after Schmidt and Banenev)

11 (10). Black stripe usually ending near eyes, not descending downward. Male: inner branch of genital hook slender, longer than outer branch (Figure 74, 9). Female: genital plate steeply elevated, rounded, slightly notched in the middle (Figure 75, 7, 8). 25-29, wings 27-30. Southernandpartof Central Belt ................... ..........................................

S. striolatum Charp.

ODONATOPTERA

12 (1), Legs completely black. 13 (14). Wings with brown band proximal to pterostigma. Male and female genitalia as in Figures 74, 10 and 75, 9. 18-23, wings 21-27. Southern and part of Central Belt ....... S. pedemontanum Allioni. 14 (13). Wings without a band. 15 (16), Sides of thorax with broad, black stripes, fused on metepisternum, enclosing 3 yellow spots. Male genitalia as in Figure 74, 11. Female: genital plate elevated (Figure 75, 10). 19-24, wings 22-26. Everywhere, except in the South ......... S. danae Sulzer. 16 (15). Sides of thorax with narrow, separate black stripes; metepisternum without yellow spots. Female: genital plate lying close to body.

17 (18). Thorax of normal width. Male: branches of genital hook about equal (Figure 74, 12). Female: genital plate triangular, slightly notched at the tip; abdominal sternum IX without median processes, with 2 tubercles at base (Figure 75, 11). 21-26, wings 24-29. Everywhere, except in the North ..... S. sanguineum Mull. 18 (17). Thorax markedly narrowed, slightly broader than abdomen. Male: inner branch of genital hook much smaller than outer branch (Figure 74, 13). Female: genital plate rounded, slightly protruding forward in the middle; abdominal sternum IX with 2 processes in the middle (Figure 75, 12). 20-23, wings 24-27. S. depressiusculum Selys. Southern and part of Central Belt ......

161

Leucorrhinia Britt. Nymphs in small stagnant, swampy and dystrophic or strongly overgrown water bodies. 5 (+ 1) species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species. 6.

1 (2).

Hind wings with 2 cubito-anal cross veins.

VI-VIII strongly expanded.

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3). 5 (8).

6 (7).

Abdominal segments Male pterostigma white anteriorly

and brown posteriorly; female pterostigma brownish black. Labium black; anal appendages at least partly white. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 76, 1,7. 23-24, wings 29-32. Mainly in the Central Belt .................... L. caudalis Charp. Hind wing usually with 1 cubito-anal cross vein. Abdominal segments VI-VIII not expanded. Pterostigma not white dorsally. Labium black in the middle, white laterally. Male: superior anal appendages white except at the base; inferior anal appendage black. Female: anal appendages white. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 76, 2, 8. 24-27, wings 28-31. Mainly in the Central Belt....................................... L. albifrons Burm.

Labium completely black. Anal appendages black. Male: inner branch of genital hook more or less slender; outer branch elongate (Figure 76, 3, 4), Female: genital plate with 2 straight lobes which are 1/4 as long as abdominal segment IX. Male: inner branch of genital hook vertical; outer branchpointed (Figure 76, 3). Female: apex of lobes of genital plate usually more or less rounded, rarely pointed, their inner margin more or less straight or tapering from the middle to the end(Figure 76,9). 21-27, wings 23-28. Everywhere, except in the South ............ ........................................... L. dubia V. d. Lind.

188

LIBELLLILIDAE

Male: inner branch of genital hook usually inclined anteriorly; outer branch more or less rounded, with additional, anteriorly directed process (Figure 76, 4). Female: apex of lobes of genital plate rounded, their inner margin usually narrowing from middle to the end (Figure 76,10). Measurements not known, probably as in preceding species. Hare species, described from the southern slopes of the western Caucasus; possibly also occurring on the northern slopes....................... L. circassica Bart. 8 (5). Male: inner branch of genital hook different, i.e., broader, short or more strongly curved; outer branch not elongate, broadly rounded (Figure 76, 5, 6). Female: genital plate of different shape. 9 (10). Male: Pterostigma rich red; spot on abdominal segment VII red, not reaching posterior margin of segment. Inner branch of genital hook small, strongly curved (Figure 76, 5). Female: genital plate with 2 small processes (Figure 76, 11). 23-28, ,L. rubicunda L. wings 27-31, Everywhere, except in the South Male: pterostigma black; spot on abdominal segment VII reach10 (9). Inner branch of rich of yellow. segment, ing posterior margin genital hook large, curved at the apex (Figure 76, 6). Female; genital plate with 2 bent lobes which are 1/3 as long as abdominal segment IX (Figure 76, 12). 24-27, wings 30-33. Everywhere, L. pectoralis Charp. except in the North ........................

.

.

.

7 (6).

7.

Order

BLATTOPTBRA (Blattodea, Blattaria) Cockroaches

G. Ya. Bei-Bienko

Body depressed, head hypognathous with biting mouthparts, legs cursorial, tarsi 5-segmented; fore wings modified into almost flat tegmina; hind wings delicate/ covered by tegmina in repose; tegmina and hind wings often partly or completely atrophied; pronotum large, almost fiat; abdomen with segmented or secondarily not, segmented cerci. Hemimetabolous. Body (Figures 77; 78,1) more or less oval, depressed; size medium to large, rarely small. Head triangular or heart-shaped, more or less flat, almost wholly covered by pronotum. Frons divided from vertex by the transverse frontal suture which is often well marked. Frontal suture posteriorly givingoff longitudinal coronal suture. Clypeus weakly developed, simple (Figure 78, 3); clypeus of family Polyphagidae separated from frons by a deep groove and distinctly divided into a usually lighter anterior part and a more convex posterior part which is often divided by a longitudinal groove (Figure 78, 2). Eyes large, usually kidney-shaped, anteriorly separated by the interocular space the breadth of which varies in different species. 2 ocelli near inner margin of eyes, dorsal to base of antennae; ocelli of apterous forms atrophied. Mouthparts biting, directed downward and backward. Maxillary palps 5-segmented; the relative length of the segments and their shape are often used for identification; labial palps 3-segmented. Antennae elongate, usually filiform, consisting of great number of minute segments. Pronotum large/ almost flat, more or less transverse, usually with transparent lateral margins. Tegmina slightly convex, almost flat, thicker than wings, with distinct venation. Wings membranous, covered by tegmina in repose. Venation of tegmina and wings (Figure 77) taxonomically important. Tegmina and wings often abbreviated or completely absent. Legs cursorial; femora flattened, ventrally with spines or not. Anterior ventral margin of fore femora with 3 types of armature (Figure 78, 4}: Aanterior ventral margin with strong spines which gradually decrease in size towards apex, replaced there by 2 or 3 longer spines; B strong spines present, but replaced \ by slender, short setiform spines in apical part; C anterior ventral margin with small, slender, setiform spines and 1-3 long spines at the apex. All tibiae with strong spines- Tarsi 5-segmented; apex of first 4 segments often with swollen, usually colorless callus. Claws of equal size (symmetrical) or dissimilar; inner margin of claws sometimes denticulate; arolium between claws often present (Figure 78, 5, 6). Abdomen flat (Figure 78,1), consisting of 8-10 terga and 8 or 9 sterna (male) or 7 sterna (female). Tergum I of male sometimes specialized, bearing a fascicle of agglutinated setae; terga VI-VIII of male often also

BLATTOPTBRA

-

apecialized, bearing a scent gland and accessory structures. Last tergum (anal plate) (Figure 78, 8) of varying shape, sometimes asymmetrical, widely used in taxonomy. Ventral to the plate are the paraprocts, i.e., the rudiments of sterna X-XI. The last visible sternum of male (IX) is the genital plate or hypandrium (Figure 78, 8), usually bearing 1 or 2styli. Hypandrium of varying shape, usually asymmetrical, often used in taxonomy. Last sternum of female (VII) large, without styli, often called genital plate. Inner genital apparatus of male opening between paraprocts and inner surface of genital plate, of diverse shape, asymmetrical, consisting of 3 163 protrusible or nonprotrusible phallomeres, which are of taxonomic importance. Cerci usually fusiform, segmented, not segmented only in family Panesthiidae (occurring in the U.S.S.R. only in the Far East), and in several apterous forms.

FIGURE 77.

Blauoptera.

General habitus of male, dorsal; left pair of wings

spread (after Bei-Bienko). hliead;

anantennae;

prnpronotum;

teglegmen;

h. tbliind

tibia;

Metamorphosis incomplete; nymphs closely resembling adults; nymphs apterous forms hardly distinguishable from adults. Mainly nocturnal, hiding during the day under fallen leaves, stones, etc. Winged forms occasionally attracted to light at night. Eggs usually laid in an ootheca of

which is sometimes carried by female, protruding from tip of abdomen. Structure of ootheca characteristic for many species and genera. Some species are viviparous. Development lasting 2 or 3 months, 3 or 4 years

BLATTOPTERA

in some species.

Nymphs with 5-8 ecdyses. In Russia, nymphs, imago or ootheca hibernating. Cockroaches have no food preferences and mav be regarded as omnivorous, feeding on various matter of plant or animal origin. Some feed on decaying wood, others are injurious to plants. Some species, such as the oriental cockroach and the common cockroach are troublesome to man (synanthropic) and are widely distributed throughout the world. Cockroaches are occasionally introduced into temperate countries with tropical goods, e.g., bananas. These often become acclimatized in heated places such as hothouses, bath houses, etc. The synanthropic species are sometimes harmful, soiling food reserves, damaging various materials (for instance, wallpaper, leather articles, book bindings, etc.), and injuring plants in hothouses. They feed on refuse including feces, and may act as vectors of pathogens. About 3000 species exist in the world, more than 50 in the U.S.S.R. The cockroaches were formerly regarded as a family or a suborder of the Orthoptera, This view is not accepted today. Cockroaches are either considered to form a separate order or are united with the Mantoptera as suborders of the order Dictyoptera. The classification into families has not yet been definitely decided. Some authors divide the Blattoptera into 164 a few families, others into a greater number of families. 4 families and 16 native (or long acclimatized) species occur in the U.S.S.R. There also occur several species and genera which are frequently introduced with goods. The body length is measured from head to tip of abdomen, i.e., without the projecting tegmina and cerci. LITERATURE- Bei-Bienko. G. Ya. Nasekomye tarakanovye. Fauna SSSR (Blaciopiera. Fauna of the U.S.S.R.), new series, 40, 1950; Yakobso.n, G.G. and V. L. Bianki. Pryamokrylye i lozhnoset" chaEokcylye Rossiiskoi imperil i sopretiel’nykh sEran (Onhopiera and Pseud oneuroptera of the Russian Empire and Adjacent Countries). -Santa-Petersburg, 1905 (BIanodea: 61-65. 116-137); Bazyluk, W. BIanodea, Maniodea, Klucze do oznaczania owad6w Polski. IX-X. Warszawa, 1956; Beier. M. Klassen und Ordnungen der Tierreich. Blailopieroidea, BIanodea. Leipzig, 1961; Chopard, L. Onliopteroides. BIanodea. Faune de France, 56. Paris, 1951; Princis. K. Zur Systemacik der Blaitarien. Eos. XXXVI. 4. 1960.

Key to Families 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (6). 165

4 (5).

Body or at least margins of pronotum and anterior margin of tegmina setose or pubescent. Clypeus distinctly separated from frons, divided into an anterior and a more convex posterior part (Figure 78, 2). Male winged, female often apterous .............. ..................................... 1. Polyphagidae (p.193) Body bare. Clypeus indistinctly separated from frons. without clear division into an anterior and posterior part, flat (Figure 78,3). Winged, brachypterous or apterous. Ventral surface of all femora or at least of middle and hind femora with numerous spines. Last abdominal sternum of female with a pair of apical valves

separated by a groove (Figure 79, 1). Genital plate of male symmetrical, bearing a pair of identical styles (Figure 78, 8). .......................................... 2. Blattidae (p. 194) Last abdominal sternum of female simple. Genital plate of male symmetrical, with or without 1 or 2 dissimilar styles (Figure 79,5) .....

5 (4).

.......................................

.3. BlatteUidae (p. 194)

POLYPHAGIDAE

FIGURE 78. Blauoptera (after Bei-Bienko)

-

1-bociy of Biatta orientalis. female, lateral; 2-head of Polyp liaga aegyptiaca, female, from view (clclypeus): 3sameofBlatta orienialis, female; 4types of armature of fore femora (A-Q; 5-symmetrical claws of tarsi (B lane 11 a): 6asymmetrical c laws (EC to bilis); 7claws with atrophied arolium (Blatia); 8end of abdomen of mate Blatta orientalis, plate; ccercus: g.pgenital plate; itstyle).

dorsal (a. panal

6 (3).

Middle and hind femora without ventral spines, sometimes with ..................... 4. Blaberidae (p. 198)

only one apical spine 1.

Family POLYPHAGIDAE

Antennae short, in female shorter than body. Hind wings (if present) not folded like a fan in repose, only their posterior part folded. Ventral side of femora without spines. Cerci of apterous females very short, unsegmented. Mainly in arid countries, especially in deserts. 1 genus, 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 genera, 12 species.

Key to Species of Family Polyphagidae

Polyphaga Brulle.

Fore femur with apical spine; middle and hind femora with a spine at the knee. Dark. Female apterous, strongly convex dorsally, almost naked, granulated. 1 species. Inthewhole U.S.S.R. 5 species. 1.

1 (1).

Body length of male (including tegmina) 25-32; hind wings except their posterior part more or less smoky-dark, their apex

Female uniformly dark, 25-34.

angular-rounded.

In loamy

soils- Ciscaucasia, Transcaucasia; Mediterranean countries. .... ................,...;......................... P. aegyptiaca L.

2.

Family BLATTIDAE

Hind wings (if present) folded like a fan beneath tegmina. Tarsi with identical claws (subfamily Blattinae). Cerci of apterous and brachypterous species segmented. 2 genera, 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 genera, 6 species.

Antennae not shorter than body.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2(1).

Arolium between claws well developed (Figure 79,3). Tegmina of male longer than abdomen; tegmina of female not lateral ............................................... 1. Periplaneta. Arolium between claws atrophied (Figure 79, 4). Male tegmina slightly shorter than abdomen; those of female lateral, lobeshaped (Figure 78, 1; 80,1) ........................... 2. Blatta.

Keys to Species of Family Blattidae Periplaneta Burm. Large. Tegmina leathery, with distinct venation. Many species in the Tropics and in subtropical regions. Some species are distributed with goods such as bananas, and become acclimatized in heated places. The most common 2 species. 1.

1 (2).

Tegmina of uniform color. A pair of large spots on pronotum and its posterior margin chestnut brown. Anal plate with deep triangular notch; anal plate of male transparent, that of female

large (Figure 79, 2).

2(1).

27-34. In bathhouses, ships, hothouses, etc. ................... ^American cockroach P. americana L. Tegmina with light stripe at base of anterior margin. A pair of large spots on pronotum and its posterior margin black. Anal plate of male opaque, posteriorly transverse; anal plate of female very small, with a small notch. 23.5-29. Distribution and importance as in the preceding species .......... *P. australasiae F.

2. Blatta L. Anal plate opaque, transverse in male (Figure 78, 8), in female triangular with notch. 1 species, occurring throughout the world.

1(1).

Pitch-or blackish brown,, brilliant, of uniform color. 18-30 In houses. Also occurring in open areas in the Southern Crimea ......... * Oriental cockroach B. orientalis L.

(Figure 80, 1).

166

3.

Family

BLATTELLIDAE

Body of moderate or small size, often delicate. Antennae longer than body. Cerci always segmented. The largest family. 4 genera. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 genera.

BLATTELLIDAE

Key to Genera 1 (4),

2 (3).

Tarsal claws identical (Figure 78, 5). Fore femora of type A (Figure 78, 4,A); other femora with numerous, strong spines. (Subfamily Blattellinae). Tegmina and wings completely developed. Pronotum with 2 dark I. Blattella. longitudinal stripes (Figure 80, 2). ...................

FIGURE 79. 1-3:

Blanoptera (after Bei-Bienko. Hebard and

Periplaneia americana; 1

Chopard)

end of female abdomen.

germanica. male; 5geni .al plate, ventral; 6end and pronotum, dorsal.

3 (2).

4 (1).

5 (6).

itral

(v valves of last

ste

of abdomen, dorsal: 7Panclilora

Tegmina much abbreviated, forming lateral lobes; wings absent (Figure 80, 3). Pronotum and abdomen black, with light lateral

margin ......................................... 2. Loboptera. Tarsal claws dissimilar (Figure 78, 6). Armature of fore femora of types B, C (Figure 78. 4, B, C). Other femora ventrally with a few weak spines. (Subfamily Ectobiinae). Tegmina very delicate, with distinct anal groove (Figure 80, 4-6) like that of the wings; tegmina completely developed or moderately shortened in female (Figure 80, 5). Tegmina of female sometimes lateral, lobe-shaped (Figure 80, 7). In this case, outer tarsal claws not longer than arolium, and inner claw hardly longer than arolium ......................................... 3. Ectobius. Tegmina leathery or horny, anal groove not developed (Figure 80, 8, 10), or tegmina completely lateral, lobe-shaped (Figure 80, 9). In this case. outer tarsal claw longer than arolium and inner claw twice as long as arolium (Figure 78, 6). Wings absent or shortened ....................................... 4. Phyllodromica.

Keys to Species of Family Blattellidae Blattella Caud. (Phyllodromia Serv.). Anal plate apically semitransparent, very long in male (Figure 79, 6), angular in female. A number of species in southern Asia. One widely distributed species. 1.

BLATTOPTERA

1 (1).

Brownish rust colored, with 2 dark stripes on pronotum. Sides of abdominal tergum VIII of male rounded-convex. 10-13 *B. germanica L. (Figure 80, 2). In houses ......................

2.

Loboptera Br. Anal plate of male short, transverse; anal plate of female triangular, projecting. Genital plate of male without styles. A number of species in Mediterranean countries. 1 species. 1 (1).

Oblong-oval, black, with light marginal border; apparently completely apterous (Figure 80, 3). 8-11. Southern Crimea, Black Sea coast of Caucasus. ................. L. decipiens Gene.

3. Ectobius Steph. Tegmina and wings of male always completely developed; tegmina and wings of female fully developed or abbreviated, or tegmina of female lateral, lobe-shaped and wings absent. About 50 species in Europe, Soviet Central Asia and Africa, mostly near forests. 4 species.

FIGURE 80. 1Blatta

In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 species.

Blaiioptera, dorsal view (after Bei-Bienko)

orieniatis, female; 2Blattella

ceri

5-E. sylvescr is, female; 6, 7-E. duskei: 6-male eclei, female; 9Pli. pygmaea, male; 10Ph.kirit-

nale;

7-female; 8-Phyllodro

1 (6).

Pronotum without black, arcuate stripe, dark in the middle (black, rust colored; Figure 80, 4, 5) or light yellow.

196

BLATTELLIDAE

2 (3).

Pronotum light, without dark spot. Tegmina light, pale yellow, uniformly or almost uniformly colored, reaching beyond apex of abdomen in female. Legs, face and greater part of venter of abdomen light. Tegmina of male 9.5-12, of female 8.3-9.2. Western Caucasus, Transcaucasia; Mediterranean ......................................... E. vlttiventris Costa. Pronotum with dark spot or pattern at least in male (Figure 80, 4, 5). Tegmina often with numerous dark spots, in female not longer than abdomen. Abdomen black at least ventrally, or at least with black median stripe. If pronotum bears a black spot, its margins are not sharp (Figure 80, 4). Genital plate of male with large, well developed style. Female tegmina reaching tip of abdomen, 6-7.1; male tegmina7.8-10.6- Forest, forest-steppe, along the Volga to Volgograd; a small subspecies (subsp. balcani Ramme) occurs in the Caucasus ............................... E. lapponicus L. If pronotum has a black spot. its margins are sharp (Figure 80,5). Genital plate of male with a small, little developed style. Male tegmina 9.8-11.3, female tegmina usually not reaching apex of abdomen. 4.2-6 (Figure 80, 5). Forest zone. E. sylvestris Poda. Pronotum light, with black arcuate stripe (Figure 80, 6, 7). Face with black longitudinal stripe. Venter of abdomen with black longitudinal stripes or often (in female) with black spots. Female tegmina very short, lateral, little developed, 1.5-1.6 (Figure 80, 7); male tegmina 6.1-7.2 (Figure 80, 6). Steppe .................................... E. (Ectobiola) duskei Adel. ..............

3 (2).

4 (5).

5 (4).

.

168 6 (1).

.

4. Phyllodromica Fieb. (Aphlebia Br., Hololamp ra Sauss.). Tegmina (if present) always without anal groove, or tegmina lateral, lobeshaped. Wings always rudimentary. Up to 50 species in southern and central Europe, in the Caucasus, in Soviet Central Asia and North Africa.9 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 17 species.

1 (16). 2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

Tegmina fully developed or shortened to one half, but not lateral (Figure 80. 8,10). Inner margins of apical parts of male and female tegmina not contiguous; tegmina of male and female black, with white outer margin and partly white on the inside, not abbreviated in female. If pronotum black, its light margin does not reach anterior margin. Legs black. Male 6-7.5, female 7.8-9.1. Southern Crimea, Odessa ................................... Ph.marginata Schr. Inner margins of male tegmina contiguous (Figure 80, 10); female tegmina shortened to one half (Figure 80, 8). Venation of tegmina very dense, irregular and reticular; tegmina with numerous minute dots (Figure 80, 8). Head of male completely black; in female frons black and vertex orange. Pronotum black, with light margin. 6-7. Forest-steppe in the Ukraine, Moldavia ............... Ph. megerlei Fieb. (punctata Charp.). Tegmina with distinct, regular oblique veins behind anterior margins, without dark dots (Figure 80, 10). Head of male at least with light vertex.

197

BLATTOPTERA

6 (9).

Legs black; if female legs brownish yellow, abdomen dorsally and ventrally black, only posterior margin of segments may have

7 (8).

Male: costal cell of tegmina with very thin cross veins (Figure 80, 10). Both halves of abdominal tergum VII widely separate. Female: posterior margin of abdominal segments with broad light border. Pronotum rust colored to brownish black. 6-8. Southern Ukraine, including Crimea, western Ph. kiritshenkoi B. -Bien. Caucasus Male: costal cell of tegmina without cross veins. Inner margins of both halves of tergum VII contiguous. Female: posterior margin of abdominal segments with narrow light border or without any border. Pronotum black. 6.5-7.5. Southwestern Ukraine Ph. maculata Schr. Legs yellow. Dorsum of abdomen often with black longitudinal

a whitish border.

............................

8 (7).

...........................................

9 (6).

stripes or black spots. 10 (15). Cerci normal, slender, 3.5-4.5 times longer than thick. 11 (14). Female abdomen ventrally black or with broad, black stripes. Pronotum black at least in male (except the light border). 12(13). Male tegmina black, brilliant, with whitish border, rarely dark brown, apically rounded. Male abdomen without projecting lateral lobes on segment VIII. 7.1-8.8. In the Caucasus to the Ph. polita Kr. northern slopes and Transcaucasia 13 (12). Male tegmina yellow, with brown spots apically; inner margin of male tegmen rectangular at apex. Male abdomen with projecting lateral lobes on segment VIII- 7-9.5. Southern Crimea, ................

Ph. adusta F.-W. western Caucasus Female abdomen ventrally and dorsally light. Pronotum of both sexes rust colored. Anal plate of male with straight posterior margin. 6.7-7.5. Crimea, western Caucasus ............ Ph. euxina B.-Bien. 15 (10). Cerci broad, leaf-shaped in male, 2.5 times longer than broad, in female only 3 to 3.5 times longer than broad. Abdomen ventrally black in male, light in female. Pronotum rust brown in male, ............................

14 (11).

..........................................

rust colored in female.

7.3-9.3.

Southern Crimea Ph. retowskii Kr. ..............

.............................................

16 (1).

Tegmina very short, lateral, lobe-shaped; body apparently apterous (Figure 80, 9). Dorsum with 3 dark longitudinal stripes. Abdominal tergum VI of male with posterior triangular notch (Figure 80,9). 3.4-5.3. Kazakhstan, east to the Mugodzhar Hills; eastern Transcaucasia. Sands. (Should not be confused with the female of Ectobius duskei Adel.). Ph. (Dziriblatta) pygmaea B.-Bien. ................

.............................

4.

Family BLABERIDAE

Medium sized to very large. Cerci of apterous species often without segmentation. Almost exclusively in the Tropics. Some species are introduced into temperate countries with goods. 3 genera. The species are frequently introduced into the U.S.S.R. or adjacent countries.

198

Key to Genera

169 1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

4

(1).

Tarsi slender, elongate; arolium between claws present, well developed. Posterior margin of pronotum forming an obtuse

angle (Figure 79,7). (Subfamily Panchlorinae). 1st tarsal segment with rounded, short callus at apex. Body delicate, distinctly flattened, light greenish or yellowish, with translucent integument ........................... 1. Panchlora. 1st tarsal segment with long callus reaching almost to base of segment. Body convex, thick; pronotum brilliant, black or brown ........................................ 2. Pycnoscelus. Tarsi short, thick, with very large calluses on segments; arolium between claws weakly developed, almost imperceptible. (Subfamily Blaberinae). Pronotum not angular laterally; posterior margin convex. Body very large, with broad tegmina ............. ................................................. 3. Blaberus.

Keys to Species of Family Blaberidae Panchlora Burm. Tegmina and wings fully developed, reaching far beyond apex of abdomen. CuA of wings posteriorly giving off 12-16 straight branches. Cerci short and broad. Up to 50 species in the tropical and subtropical regions of America. Some species are introduced into countries with temperate climate with bananas and other goods. The most common species isP.niveaL. (=cubensis Sauss.), which was introduced in Leningrad. 1.

2. Pycnoscelus Scudd. Tegmina and wings fully developed. CuA of wings posteriorly giving off about 10 branches. Cerci apically narrow. Several species occur mainly in southeastern Asia; 1 species widely propagated with goods.

1 (1).

Pronotum brilliant, usually black, with yellow anterior margin. Tegmina dirty yellow to brown. 16.5-23. Mainly in the maritime regions of the warm regions of the world; occasionally in hothouses in Europe and North America; possibly introduced into the U.S.S.R. In some places reproducing parthenogenetically. Injurious to plants ......................... *P. surinamensis L.

3. Blaberus Serv. Very large (36-64). Tegmina and wings fully developed. Femora with an apical spine on one margin. Pronotum often with large, black square spot. More than 20 species, mainly in Central and South America; some species are introduced to Europe with bananas, tobacco, etc. The following species were introduced into the U.S.S.R. B. c raniifer Burm. (Central America, Mexico, southern Florida) in Leningrad, B. trapezoideus Burm. (South America) in Riga.

8.

Order

MANTOPTERA (Mantodea, Mantoidea) G. Ya. Bei-Bienko

Body usually very elongate, head free, movable, with biting mouthparts; prothorax strongly developed; forelegs very strong, raptorial; fore wings covering hind wings in repose; hind wings broader, folding like a fan; both pairs of wings with distinct venation or shortened; abdomen with segmented cerci;

hemimetabolous.

FIGURE 81. Mantopiera. General habitus of Main male, dorsal; left pair of wings spread (original) hhead; tbtibia;

eeyes; cxcoxa;

anantennas; trtarsus;

pm^pronoiurn;

tgcegmen;

ffemur; ccercus;

wwing;

scstyle,

Usually large, elongate insects (Figure 81). Head triangular, completely free, very movable. Eyes large, convex, lateral. Ocelli 3, dorsal to base of antennae. Antennae multi-articulate, usually filiform, rarely plumose or pectinate. Mouthparts directed ventrad and partly

200

MANTOPTERA

Pronotum usually elongate, often expanded above base of forelegs, with or without longitudinal median dorsal carina; margins of pronotum often denticulate. Fore wings narrower and slightly thicker than hind wings; fore wings covering hind wings in repose, transformed into tegmina. Venation of tegmina usually distinct, similar to that of Blattoptera; however, Sc long, almost reaching apex of tegmina; no depressed anal groove; stigma (opaque spot) often present at base of tegmina, between M and Cu. Wings of some species with dark pattern or richly colored. Tegmina and wings often more or less shortened, usually more in the female than in the male. Forelegs (Figure 82, 1) strongly developed, raptorial; coxae of forelegs very long, almost as long as femora. Fore femora ventrally with 3 rows of strong spines; an outer and inner row 171 along the margins and a median row closer to base of femur. Fore tibiae with 2 rows of spines ventrally and a very strong apical spine. Middle and hind legs ordinary, cursorial- All tarsi usually 5-segmented; no arolium between claws. Abdomen elongate, soft, more or less flattened. Terga 10; sterna 9 in male and 7 in female; structure of end of abdomen (Figure 82, 3, 4) similar to that of Blattoptera. Last tergum forming anal plate. Last (IX) sternum of male called genital plate (hypandrium), bearing a pair of unsegmented styles. The last (VII) sternum of female is often called genital plate; the female genital plate bears no styles, is greatly expanded, posteriorly narrowing, often with a posterior longitudinal notch, and usually bears projecting paired structures, viz.. the gonapophyses, which form the ovipositor. The inner genital apparatus of the male is located in a genital chamber, but is often partly exposed, asymmetrical, subdivided into 3 phallomeres, lobes provided with muscles and with sclerotized external part (Figure 82, 3). Cerci multi articulate, ’usually long. Metamorphosis incomplete. Eggs laid in groups in oothecae. Oothecae attached to plants, stones, etc. Oothecae of species in the U.S.S.R. hibernating. Nymphs emerge in late spring, molt 5-10 times and reach the adult stage during the summer of the same year. The species in the U.S.S.R. have therefore only one generation per year. Mantids are diurnal termophilic insects which are especially numerous in the Tropics. They are represented by only a few species in the south in the U.S.S.R. They are predators, waiting motionlessly in ambush with upraised prothorax and forelegs, waitingfor prey. They feed mainly on insects. The nymphs attack aphids and other minute insects. Adults attack larger insects, e.g., locusts, butterflies, etc. They are useful to man, killing harmful insects. On the other hand they also prey upon bees, ichneumonids and other useful insects. On the whole it is little known to what extent they are beneficial to man. Attempts have been made to use mantids for biological control. Mantids have been regarded for a long time as a family of the order Orthoptera. They were later considered as a suborder together with Blattoptera and united with these in one order. Some authors now consider them as a separate order divided into several families. About 2000 species exist. In the U.S.S.R. occur little more than 20 species.

posteriorly, biting.

LITERATURE. Yakobson, G.G. and V.L. Bianki. Pryamokrylye i lozhnosetchatokrylye Rossii" skoi imperil i sopredel’nykh stran (Onhoptera and Pseudoneuroptera of The Russian Empire and Adjacent 1905; Beier, M. Onhoptera, Mantidae Genera Inseciocum, 203, Bcuxelles, 1935; Chopard, L. Orthopieroides. Mantodea. Faune de France, 56, Paris, 1951; GigUo-Tos, E. Mantidae. Das Tierreich, 50, Berlin-Leipzig, 192’7.

Countries).-Sankl-Peiersburg,

201

MANTOPTERA

Key to Families 1 (2).

2 (1).

Head without conical process (Figure 82, 5). Antennae filiform. Middle and hind femora simple, without lobe-shaped process near apex .............................. 1. Manteidae (p. 202) Head with strong, anteriorly projecting conical process which is sometimes bifid (Figure 82, 13). Middle and hind femora with lobe-shaped appendages proximal to knee ................... ........................................

1.

2. Empusidae (p. 205)

Family MANTEIDAE (Mantidae)

Inner spines of fore femora equal or subequal. Sides of abdominal segments without lobes. Pronotum expanded above base of anterior coxae. Common. 6 genera. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 10 species.

Key to Genera 1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1). 5 (8). 172

6 (7).

Pronotum short, not longer than anterior coxae (Figure 82, 5). Body small. Eyes rounded. 1st segment of hind tarsi long, longer than the other segments together. Tegmina and wings of male and female fully developed .................................... 1. Armene. Eyes conical (Figure 82, 5). 1st segment of hind tarsi not longer than each of the following segments. Tegmina and wings of female much abbreviated-.................................. 2. Ameles. Pronotum longer than fore coxae (Figure 81; 82, 2). Anal plate short, rounded (Figure 82, 3, 4). Male and female tegmina fully developed. Wings transparent, without dark pattern. Middle and hind femora without slender apical spine. Color of stigma of tegmina similar to that of tegmina, indistinct. Pronotum with distinct median carina posteriorly (Figure 82, 2). ...

................................................... 3. Mantis. Middle and hind femora with slender apical spine. Tegmina with well marked white stigma. Male pronotum without median carina, or with a little developed carina .......... 4. Hierodula. Anal plate oblong (Figure 82, 6). Tegmina abbreviated at least 8 (5). in female. Wings with dark spots or pattern. 9 (10). 1st segment of hind tarsi shorter than the other segments together. Tegmina and wings of male fully developed, in females just short of reaching apex of abdomen. ........ 5. Iris. 1st segment of hind tarsi longer than all the others together. 10 (9). Tegmina and wings of male and female not reaching beyond middle of abdomen................................ 6. Bolivaria. 7 (6).

.

Keys to Species of Family Manteidae 1. carina.

Armene St. Very small- Pronotum smooth, without median Monotypic genus.

202

Drab colored, with small brown spots. Male tegmina longer Female more broadly built, its tegmina not longer than abdomen. 14-16, Kazakhstan, reaching the Urals in the East, Soviet Central Asia. In deserts .................... ................................. A. pusilla Ev. (alata Sauss.). than abdomen.

FIGURE 82. Mantopiera. Families M; nteidae and Empusidae (after Bazylyuk, Morales 1-4Mantis

religiosa:

1ouier

tarsus); 2pronotum, dorsal; 3end ststyle); 4same of female; 5Ai polysiictica, anal place; IMan religiosa beybienkoi, male, sa bienkoi, male, same; 11Empus fasciata, female, head with proces:

173

side of foreleg (excoxa, trtrochanter, ffemur, tbtibia, is of male abdomen, dorsal (apanal plate, c cercus, phphallomere, neles heldreichi, female, head and pronoiuni, dorsal; 6Iris tis religiosa polonica, male, left upper pha Home re; 8M. ne; 9~M. religiosa, female, ocelli; 10-M. religiosa beyi

fasciaia, middle coxa; 12-E. pennicornis, same; 13-E.

2. Ameles Burm, (Parameles Sauss). Eyes sharply projecting laterad and anteriad, often with smooth apical tubercle (Figure 82, 5). A number of species in the Mediterranean region. 1 species in the U.S.S.R.

1 (I).

Brownish-gray, with minute, dark spots. Male tegmina reaching apex of abdomen, those of female as long as pronotum. Male wings projecting from beneath tegmina. colorless. Female wings very small, with black-violet spot. 22-27. Southern Ukraine, including Crimea, Moldavia; eastern Mediterranean .... .............................. A. heldreichi Br. (t a uric a Jak.).

203

MANTOPTERA

3. Mantis L. Pronotum long; margins of pronotum of male usually smooth, those of female denticulate. Up to 12 species, mainly in the Tropics. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (1).

Green or brownish yellow.

Inner spines of fore femora alter-

nately black and light. Base of fore coxae with black spot on inner side, and often with light stigma in this spot. 40-76 (Figure 81). Throughout the south, reaching 50-54 in the north. Subspecies polonica Baz. (lateralmarginsoffemalepronotum almost smooth; ocelli as in nominate subspecies, small; both apical spines of left male phallomere small; Figure 82, 7, 9) occurs along the northern boundary of the European U.S.S.R. to the Volga. In Kazakhstan and South Siberia to the Far East occurs subspecies beybienkoi Baz. (ocelli of female large; terminal spine of left male phallomere more than twice as long as subapical spine; Figure 82, 8, 10)................. M. religiosa L. 4. Hierodula Burm. Closely resembling preceding species, but tegmina with distinct, white stigma. Middle and hind femora with slender apical spine. Many species in southern Asia and Africa. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (1).

Green. Pronotum with constriction posterior to expanded part; lateral margins of pronotum of male smooth, those of female denticulate. Hind femora ventrally brownish purple. 52-65. Black Sea coast of Caucasus, Transcaucasia ..................... ......................................... H. transcaucasica Br.

5. Iris Sauss. Small. 1st spine of median row on fore femora displaced to inner margin. 10 species in Asia, southern Europe, and Africa. Only 1 species has been reliably recorded from the U.S.S.R. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Anterior part of wing rust colored, with transparent little "windows" in rectangular cells. Violet-blue spot at base of wing which is preceded by a series of dark concentric lines. 28-47. Mediterranean countries. All or part of the preceding data for the U.S.S.R. apply to the following species ............... ................................................ I. oratoria L. Anterior part of wings not transparent, without "windows", greenish orange in male and ocher in female. The rest of the wing colored as in the preceding species. 28-48. Crimea, the Southeast; South Siberia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia, Transcaucasia ............................ I. polystictica F.-W,

6. Bolivaria St. Lateral margins of pronotum denticulate in male and female. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (1).

Brownish gray, Tegmina with whitish anterior margin, with indistinct dark ring near middle and dark band proximal to apex. Wings smoky, with black-violet border. 35-46. Southern steppes, Crimea, semideserts ...................... B. brachyptera Pall.

204

EMPUSIDAE

2.

Family EMPUSIDAE

Male antennae plumose. Inner spines on fore femora dissimilar/ i.e., a row of minute spines between large spines. Posterior margin of abdominal segments with lobes. Several genera occur in southern Asia and Africa. 1 genus entering the U.S.S.R,. and Southern Europe.

Key to Species of Family Empusidae 1. Empusa III. Pronotum very long; narrow part.of pronotum about three times as long as anterior expanded section. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Head of male and female with a process which is slightly expanded apically; in male, apical part of process slightly bifid; sides of process in male and female without denticle in the middle. Middle coxae with narrow laminate lobe on outer ventral side (Figure 82/12); posterior coxae without such lobe. 55-60. Southeast; South Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia, Transcaucasia- Deserts ........ .......................................... E. pennicornis Pall. Apical part of process on head clearly expanded, markedly bifid;

sides of process in female with a denticle in the middle (Figure 82, 13). Middle and hind coxae with broad laminate lobe and with dark spots (Figure 82, 11). 47-64. Southern Crimea ...........................................

E. fasciata Brulle.

174

9.

Order

ISOPTERA

Termites

G. Ya. Bei-Bienko Polymorphic insects, with biting mouthparts, prognathous head, walking legs with 4- or 5-segmented tarsi, 2 pairs of similar wings or apterous; abdomen with small 1- to 8-segmented cerci; living in communities; metamorphosis incomplete, Body (Figure 83, 2, 3, 6) small to large, moderately long, with smooth integument, light-colored in apterous forms. Head large, free; frons sometimes with rounded, opening of frontal gland (fontanelle); in this case, the frons forms a tubercle or is slightly extended anteriorly at frontal pore. Clypeus simple or divided by a transverse groove into a flat anterior part and a convex posterior part. Mouthparts biting, directed anteriorly. Mandibles denticulate or not, strongly developed in soldiers. The structure of the head and mouthparts differs in various castes and constitutes an important taxonomic character. Eyes small, convex, always present in winged forms, usually absent in soldiers and workers of family Termitidae. One pair of ocelli, absent or present. Antennae short, moniliform, 8-to 32-segmented. Thorax flattened, with clearly separated similar segments. Pronotum small, usually not smaller, or even slightly larger than mesonotum or metanotum. Wings (Figure 83, 7, 8) large, 2 pairs, developed only in male and female, reaching far beyond apex of abdomen when folded; both pairs of wings of similar texture, membranous, usually of similar shape; hind wings without differentiated vannus which is present only in the Australian family Mastotermitidae. After swarming and copulation, the wings break off at the base, along the humeral suture, and only a short stump is left (the basal scale) (Figure 83, 1). Wings either with well developed R which gives off oblique branches towards the costal margin (family Kalotermitidae, Figure 83, 7; Hodotermitidae), or more costalized as a result of displacement of R towards costal margin (family Rhinotermitidae, Figure 83, 8; Termitidae). Legs short; tarsi 4-segmented, 5-segmented only in Mastotermitidae; basal segments of tarsi short; apical segment the longest, with a pair of identical claws and with or without arolium between the claws. Abdomen with broad base. consisting of 10 terga and 9 sterna in male and 7 sterna in female; sternum I of female reduced. Last (IX) sternum of adults (except females) and nymphs bearing a pair of styli, forming the genital plate. In female, last (VII) sternum large, sometimes also termed the genital plate; no ovipositor. Cerci small. 1- to 8-segmented, Metamorphosis incomplete. Living in large families in the soil or in wood; some species build termitaries above the ground. Polymorphic, i.e., divided into the following castes: a) winged reproductive males and females which shed their wings after swarming; b) apterous sterile workers, resembling nymphs, comprising the majority of the population,

206

KALOTERMITIDAE

usually also differing from each other in size; c) sterile soldiers with very large head and powerful mandibles. In lower groups, for instance, in the family Kalotermitidae, true workers are absent, being replaced by pseudergates (sexually immature nymphs). If the sexually mature individuals die or are otherwise lost, they are replaced by apterous neotenic males and females which are capable of reproduction. Polyphagous, feeding on wood, dry grass, etc. Very harmful to wooden structures and products, as well as to trees, especially to old trees, and also to grape vines, as they bore galleries in them. Mainly found in the Tropics. More than 1700 species exist. Divided into 6 or 7 families. Four 175 families occur in the U-S.S.R.: Kalotermitidae (1 genus, 1 species); Hodotermitidae (several species of genus Anacanthotermes Jac., in Soviet Central Asia); Rhinotermitidae (1 genus, 1 species); and Termitidae (genera Microcerotermes Silv. and Amitermes Silv., 1 species of each in Soviet Central Asia). Only 2 species of the families Kalotermitidae and Rhinotermitidae are described below. LITERATURE. Luppova, A.M. Termity

Turkmenistana (Termites of Turkmenistan).

Tiudy

Institma

Z,oologii i Parazitologii Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR, II, 1958; Yakobson, G.G. Termity (Termites). Trudy Byuro po eniomologii. X, 1913; Chopard, L. Onhoptecoides, Isoptera. Faune de France, 56. Paris, 1951; Holmgren, N. Termitenstudien. 1-4, Kungl. Svsnska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Stockholm, 1909-1912.

Key to Families 1 (2).

Head without frontal gland. Posterior part of clypeus not convex. Mandibles of soldiers not denticulate (Figure 83,4). Winged castes with few longitudinal and oblique veins near costal margin 1. Kalotermitidae (p. 207) (Figure 83,7) Head usually with frontal gland. Clypeus of winged castes and workers with inflated posterior part. Mandibles of soldiers without denticles (Figure 83. 5). Winged castes with only 1 pair of veins along costal margin, without oblique veins (Figure 83, 8) ................................... 2. Rhinotermitidae (p. 208) .......................

2 (1).

176

1.

Family KALOTERMITIDAE

Antennae of winged castes 13- to 23-segmented; those of soldiers 10- to 20-segmented. Head without frontal gland; ocelli present or absent. Pronotum large, broader or not narrower than head. Tarsi of winged castes with arolium between claws. Cerci 2-segmented. No caste of workers. Living in wood. Up to 10 genera in the Tropics. In the U.S.S.R. 1 genus, 1 species.

Key to Species of Family Kalotermitidae Kalotermes Hag. Pronotum rectangular, not narrowed posteriorly. Eyes of winged castes large, absent in soldiers. Soldiers with rectangular, elongate head with parallel margins (Figure 83, 2). A number of species in the tropical and subtropical zones. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species, 1.

Termites. Families Rhinotermitidae and Kaloterniitidae

(after Chopard)

1Reticuliiermes lucifugus, anterior pan of female with shed wings; 2Kalotermes flavicollis, soldier; 3Reiiculiterrnes lucifugus, same; 4Kalotermes flavico mandibles of soldier; 5,6Reticulilermes lucifugus: 5same; 6worker; 7KaIotet flavicollis, wings;’ 8Reiiculiterrnes lucifugus. same.

1 (1).

Winged castes with dark, smoky wings; antennae and body yellow; body 6-7, wings 10.0. Soldiers with long, cylindrical head (Figure 83, 2), rust colored, 5-10 long. Black Sea coast of Caucasus; Mediterranean. No caste of workers; workers replaced by older nymphs; very harmful to wooden structures and aged trees ..................... *K. flavicollis F. 2.

Family RHINOTERMITIDAE

Antennae 14- to 22-segmented. Head often with frontal gland; eyes present in winged castes; soldiers without eyes. Pronotum small, narrower than head in soldiers and workers. Cerci 2-segmented. Mostly living in the soil. Divided into a number of subfamilies with many species, which occur in the tropical and subtropical zones. In the U.S.S.R, 1 genus, 1 species.

Key to Species of Family Rhinotermitidae Reticulitermes Holmgr. (Leucoterm e s auct.). Pronotumof workers and soldiers narrowing posteriorly (Figure 83, 3, 6), with rounded sides in winged castes (Figure 83, 1). Antennae of winged castes 15- to 1.

RHINOTERMITIDAE

17-segmented, in soldiers 13- to 17-segmented, in workers 15- to 16-segmented, Soldiers with rectangular, elongate head (Figure 83, 3). Up to 16 species, including southern Europe, North America and other countries. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. I (1).

Winged castes pitch-black, with dark wings and light ends of legs; 6-8, wings 9.0. Soldiers and workers whitish yellow; 5-6; sides of head of soldiers slightly convex (Figure 83, 3). Moldavia, southern Ukraine, Transcaucasia; Mediterranean. Very harmful to wooden structures, tree plantations, grape vines ^R. lucifugus Rossi.

....................

177

10.

Order

PLECOPTERA

Stoneflies

L. A. Zhil’tsova

Body elongate, moderately sclerotized; antennae long, multi articulate; mouthparts biting; thoracic segments of about equal size; wings reticulate, 2 pairs, lying flat on abdomen in repose; hind wings usually with large anal lobe; wings sometimes shortened; all 3 pairs of legs similar; tarsi 3-segmented; cerci filiform, multiarticulate, rarely very short, 1-segmented and modified; metamorphosis incomplete; nymphs aquatic. Medium sized or small insects. Head (Figure 84) prognathous, flattened and longitudinally elongated in Setipalpia, rounded and shorter in Filipalpia. Antennae long, multi articulate (with 50-100 segments), usually filiform or moniliform; antennal segments rarely denticulate. Mouthparts strongly reduced, biting; mandibles of Filipalpia sclerotized, denticulate, functioning; mandibles of Setipalpia rudimentary. Maxillae consisting of denticulate lacinia, unsegmented galea and a 5-segmented palp. Labium consisting of unsegmented basal part, a gula and a pair of paraglossae and glossae; these structures are rudimentary in Setipalpia. Labial palps 3-segmented. Labrum in form of broad rounded plate. Clypeus divided from frons by a so-called M-shaped line in form of a dark, transversely curved callous thickening. Frons separated from occiput by a more or less distinct transverse suture. Eyes on sides of head, posterior to origin of antennae; 3 ocelli present between eyes, forming a triangle. Frontal calluses present lateral to anterior ocellus. All 3 thoracic segments of approximately the same size (Figure 84). Pronotum undivided, oval, with ventrally curved lateral margins; the pronotum therefore appears rectangular or trapezoidal in dorsal view with a median longitudinal line. Mesothorax and metathorax with a pair of wings each, which are markedly separated. Legs similar, with 3-segmented tarsi and 2 claws (Figure 85, 1-3), Length of tarsal segments taxonomically important. Wings (Figure 84) as a rule well developed; however, many species show a tendency to brachypterous condition. Wings sometimes absent. Some species are constantly brachypterous in males. Venation of both pairs of wings similar, but the hind wings usually have strongly developed anal lobe, and are folded in repose. Venation primitive, consisting of the whole complement of the principal longitudinal veins; almost all are branched. Number of cross veins variable. Wings usually, show anastomosis, i.e.. a system of cross veins forming a zigzag line from C to Cu. Space between C and R near apex of wing forming pterostigma. Venation may considerably vary in the same species. Even the same specimen may have a different venation in the left and right wings. Venation differs in different families and genera, sometimes even in species of one genus and is very important for the classification of the order. Abdomen of adults (Figure 84) and nymphs consisting of 10 segments divided into tergum and sternum.

PLECOPTERA

Abdominal segment I consists only of tergum; in most species of Setipalpia the sternum of abdominal segment I is fused with the metathorax. Abdominal sternum X also often reduced (in most species of Filipalpia). Cerci and 3 terminal sclerites present posterior to segment X, belonging to segment XI, i.e., 1 epiproct and 2 paraprocts, which are transformed into subanal valves.

FIGURE

84.

Plecoptera. General habitus, Peria sp.. dorsal, female

(after lilies)

Sexual modifications of last abdominal segments of male extremely diverse in different families and genera. Terga I-V and sterna I-VI not 178 modified with rare exceptions. The posterior terga may be abbreviated or overlapping; as a result, the apex of the abdomen is curved upwards. In Leuctridae (Figure 90, 1-12) middle terga more or less reduced, with processes from segment VI onwards. In Capniidae (Figure 92, 6-10) processes and denticles appear on terga VI- IX. Tergum IX of male either slightly modified or with various processes or setae, especially in species with dorsal copulatory organs; posterior margin of tergum IX sometimes notched. Tergum X of male either modified and its posterior margin everted, curved or notched, or divided into 2 halves with different processes or ridges (in species with supra-anal organ);, the halves are sometimes transformed into fingerlike lobes (Figure 85, 9, 11). Modified sterna begin from segment VII. In Isoperia (Figure 94, 5,6) sternum VIII of male bears amedianlobe. Anumberofgenera(Nemoura, Leuctra, etc.)

possess a peculiar appendage (vesicle) at base of sternum IX (Figure 89,1). Sternum IX usually elongate, forming the genital plate which covers the genital opening; this is located near the posterior margin of segment IX. The subanal valves show a great diversity of shape, they are especially complicated in the family Nemouridae. Subanal valves of Protonemura divided into 2 parts: a subanal valve and an intermediate appendage (Figure 87, 3-13). Paraprocts sometimes reduced or asymmetrical. Form of epiproct very variable; epiproct sometimes fused with posterior margin of tergumX (in males of Setipalpia), or sometimes forming a small process or plate connected with margin of tergum X. Epiproct of Nemouridae and Capniidae transformed into a dorsal supra-anal organ conveying the sperm (Figures 87, 14; 88, 12; 92, 5). In other cases supra-anal lobe separated from tergum X and transformed into a number of sclerites inside a membranous depression (Isogeninae, Arcynopte ryx, etc.). Male cerci simple or modified (Nemoura; Figure 89, 1), sometimes with basal appendage (Figure 86, 8). Last abdominal segments of female little modified. The posterior margin of the segment bearing the genital aperture (VIII, sometimes VII) is usually transformed into the genital plate. The genital aperture is surrounded by the vaginal valves or by a median sclerotization (in Taeniopterygidae; Figure 86, 10, 14). A pair of processes sometimes posterior to the genital aperture (Perlidae, Perlodidae). Vagina sometimes ending in a sclerotized spermatheca (Leuctridae; Figure 91, 10-13). In the Taeniopterygidae, 179 sternum IX of female forming postgenital plate (Figure 86, 10-12), and sternum X reduced. Female paraprocts transformed into subanal valves. and epiproct forming supra-anal plate. Cerci not modified. Genitalia of both sexes, especially of male, important for identification. On the other hand. the external characters of Plecoptera are very variable. Metamorphosis incomplete; nymphs develop in water. They closely resemble the adults, but differ from them in the absence of wings and external genitalia, and also by their functional mouthparts. Gills are frequently present (on the "neck", thorax, legs, and end of abdomen). Most species occur in running water. The biotopes of species are usually narrowly delimited. Only 2 species are common everywhere in freshwater, Nemoura cinerea Retz. and Nemurella picteti Klap. The development of nymphs lasts from 1 to 3 years in different species. The nymph undergoes 20 to 30 ecdyses. Stonefliesare on the wing during the day along water or hide on plants and under stones. Imagines of the suborder Setipalpia do not feed, but their nymphs are predacious. Imagines of Filipalpia feed on algae, hyphae of fungi and lichens. Their nymphs are also phytophagous, feeding on algae and detritus. Nymphs of Plecoptera, together with nymphs of mayflies and caddis flies are among the most common inhabitants of bottoms of running water. In mountain brooks these 3 groups often constitute the majority of the population on the bottom. Stonefly nymphs may be important as food of fish, e.g., salmon and trout, especially in mountain waters. Imagines of Plecoptera are also eaten by fish during the swarming period. Both imagines and nymphs are used as bait in fishing. Plecoptera are divided into 3 suborders: Pilipalpia (with filiform palps); Setipalpia (with setaceous palps), and Archiperlaria (with lateral abdominal gills in nymphs). The last occur in South America and Australia and are

not dealt with in this key. The first suborder consists of 9 families and the second of 3. lilies (1955) ascribes 5 families to the Setipalpia. In the Russian fauna occur representatives of 4 families of the Pilipalpia and 3 families of Setipalpia. There exist about 2000 species, mainly distributed in the Holarctic Region. However, this order has been less studied in the Tropics. The stonefly fauna of the U.S.S.R. has not been fully studied. 170 species have been found so far. In the European U.S.S.R. about 70 species are known so far. Only the length of wings has been given. Wingspan is given only when so stated. LITERATURE. Yakobson, G.G- and V.L. Bianki. Pryamokrylye i lozhnoseichatokrylye sopredel’nykh stran (Onhoptera and Pseudoneuroptera of the Russian Empire and Sankt-Peierburg. 1905; Brinck, P. Backslandor. Plecopiera.-Svensk insektfauna, Bd. 15, Stockholm, 1952! Despa x, R. Plecopieres.-faune de France-. Vol. 55, Paris. 1951; Hynes, H. B. N. A Key to the Adults and Nymphs of the British Sloneflies (Plecoptera).Freshwater Biological Association, Scientific Publication, No. 11, 1958; lilies, J. Steinfliegen oder Plecoptera, Die Tierwelt Deiitschlands, Bd.43. Jena, 1955; Klapaiek, Fr. Plecoptera, SieinfUegenDie Susswasserfauna Demschlands, H.8.II. Jena, 1909; Schoe-nemund. E. Sieinfliegen, UferfUegen, Plecop:era.Die Tierweli. Mitteleuropas, IV (2), Leipzig, 1927. Rossiiskoi imperil i

Adjacent Countries).

Key to Families 1 (8).

2 (3). 3 (2). 4 (5).

segment long, about as long as third segment (Figure 85, 1, 2). Cerci not segmented or short, sometimes multiarticulate (Filipalpia). All 3 tarsal segments of about equal length (Figure 85, 1). Cerci with not more than 10 segments ..... 1. Taeniopterygidae (p. 215). 2nd tarsal segment shortest, less than half as long as 1st or 3rd segment; 1st and 3rd tarsal segments about equal (Figure 85,2). Wings always fully developed, lying flat on abdomen; cross veins forming X-shaped figure in apical third of wings (Figure 85, 4). 2. Nemouridae (p. 217). Cerci not segmented, often modified Wings without X-shaped figure near apex (Figures 85, 5; 92. 1, 4). Cerci multi articulate or not segmented, not modified. Cerci not segmented. "Wings fully developed (Figure 85,5), folded convexly over abdomen in repose (folded like a tube and 3. Leuctridae (p. 225). enveloping body) 1st tarsal

......

5 (4). 6 (7).

.........................

180

Cerci multiarticulate, filiform. Wings lying flat on abdomen in repose, sometimes shortened ........... 4. Capniidae (p. 229). 8 (1). 1st and 2nd tarsal segments short (Figure 85, 3); 3rd tarsal segment much longer than 1st and 2nd segments together. Cerci long (Setipalpia). 9 (14). Wings of normal length, reaching end of abdomen or beyond it. 10 (13), Hind wings with large, well-developed anal lobe, with numerous (4-10) anal veins or their branches (Figures 85, 8; 93, 1). 11 (12). Fore wings with an irregular archedictyon near apex (Figure 85,6) orwithnotmore than.2 cross veins between C and R^ (Figure 85, 8). or with dark spot in the area of the cross vein connecting R and RS (Figure 85, 7). ........................ 5. Perlodidae (p. 232). 7 (6).

12 (11), Fore wings without archedictyon at apex, with more than 2 cross veins between C and R^; no dark spot (Figure 84)................ .......................................... 6. Perlidae (p.236).

FIGURE 85. Plecopiera (after lilies, Despax, Mosley and Brinck) Itarsus of Taeniopteryx; 2same

of Nemurella; 3same of Peria; 4wings of Nemoura of Leuccra hippopus; 6foie wing of Arcynopteryx; 7same of Diura; difformis; 9 end of abdomen of male Perl& marginaia; 10wings of Cliloroperia burmeisieri; 11end of abdomen of male Arcynopieryx compacta; 12same of Diura bicaudata (svsubanal valve^. cinerea; 5same

8wingsoflsopecla

13 (10). Hind wings with weakly developed small anal lobe with not more than 3 simple anal veins (Figure 85, 10) ......................... ..................................... 7. Chloroperiidae (p. 239). 14 (9). Wings short, not reaching apex of abdomen, often covering only first 4 or 5 terga (brachypterous males). 181 15 (16). Tergum X divided in the middle, its lateral parts produced into hook-shaped processes curved dorsally and touching tergum IX with their apices (Figure 85, 9)........ 6. Perlidae, males (p. 236).

TAENIOPTERYGIDAE

16 (15).

Tergum X not modified, undivided (Figures 85, 12; 93, 11) or divided longitudinally, but forming only short processes which are not curved dorsally. (Figure 85,11) ......................... .................................. 5. Perlodidae, males (p. 232). 1.

Family TAENIOPTERYGIDAE

Medium sized (8-12), dark-colored, without distinct pattern, sometimes with transverse stripes on wings. Fore wings with numerous cross veins in cubital cell (Figure 86, 1-3); Cu\ with 1-4 branches; RS branching twice, males of some species brachypterous. Abdominal sternum IX of male usually bearing vesicle (Figure 86, 17). Subanal valves complex; basal segment of cerci often expanded and modified (Figure 86, 6, 8). Genital plate of female lacking; genital pore opening on sternum VIII; sternum IX produced into postgenital plate (except in Taeni opte ryx) (Figure 86, 10, 11, 12). 3 genera, 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2). 2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

Cuj of fore wings

(rarely 2) parallel branches towards outer margin (Figure 86, 1) ..................... 1. Brachyptera. Cui of fore wings with only one (rarely 2) lateral branch towards outer margin (Figure 86, 2, 3). Sc connected with anterior margin of wing by 2-4 (or more) cross veins (Figurje 86, 3) .................... 2. Bhabdiopteryx. Sc connected with C only by one cross vein (humeral vein) (Figure 86,2) ................................ 3. Taeniopteryx. with 3 or 4

Keys to Species of Family Taeniopterygidae Brachyptera Newp. Body dark, often reddish brown. Wings with transverse stripes. Sternum IX of male abdomen very elongate, with vesicle at base. Supra-anal appendage expanded in form of vesicle at the base. Distal part of supra-anal appendage with apical plate the shape of which gives good characters for identification (Figure 86, 7, 9). Base of 1st segment of male cerci modified; 2nd segment of cerci rudimentary (Figure 86, 6, 8); female cerci not more than 4- or 5-segmented. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. 1.

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

Segments of basal part of antennae (5th to 10th segment) cylindrical, longer than broad (Figure 86, 4). Basal appendage of male cerci broad and rounded (Figure 86, 6). Genital plate of male very large, strongly curved dorsad at the end. Terminal plate of male supra-anal appendage elongate, narrowing anteriorly (Figure 86, 7). Postgenital plate of female narrow, with dark lateral spots (Figure 86, 10). Male 8-11; female 8-14; wings of male 9.5-11.2; of female 11-14. Baltic Region. March-June ............................ B. risi Mort. Genital plate of male shorter, almost not curved. Terminal plate with parallel sides, straight anterior margin and deep posterior notch (Figure 86, 13). Postgenital plate of female

4(1).

broad and large, withoutspots (Figure 86, 11). Male 7-13, female 8-16, wings of male 11-12.5, of female 11-15. Carpathians. July-August................... B. seticornis Klap. Segments of basal part of antennae spherical, not longer than broad (Figure 86, 5). Basal appendage of male cerci long and narrow (Figure 86, 8). Terminal plate broad, with two posterior points (Figure 86, 9). Male 7-10, female 9-13; wings of male 8-10, of female 12-13.5. Baltic Region; East; Crimea. March-July; in large rivers in plains and foothills ............... ............................................. B. braueri Klap.

FIGURE 86. Plecopiera.

Family Taeniopierygidae (after lilies, Kimmins, 0!>er)

1Brachyptera, fore wing; 2Taenioptery>;, same: 3Rhabdiopieryx acuminaia, wings; 4Brachyptera risi, basal third of antennae; 5B. braueri. same; 6.7B-risi, male: 6right cercus (ccercus, babasal appendage of ceccus); 7supra-anal appendage (tpterminal plate of supra-anal appendage); 8,9B. braueri, male: 8right cercus; 9supra-anal appendage; 10B. risi, female, end of abdomen ventrally(pgppostgenital plate); 11B. seiicornis, female, same; 12Rhabdiopteryx acuminata, female, same; 13B. seticornis, male, supra-anal appendage, dorsal; 14Taeniopteryx nebulosa, female, end of abdomen, ventral; 15,16Rhabdiopteryx acuminata, male: 15same dorsal (sapsupra-anal appendage, svsubanal valve, gp genital plate); 16supra-anal appendage of tergum X posteriorly; 17,18Taeniopieryx nebulo; male; 17end of abdomen, lateral (avabdominal vesicle); 18same dorsal (ccerus, sapsupraanal

appendage,

svsubanal

valve).

216

NEMOURIDAE

Rhabdiopteryx Klap. Habitus and measurements as in 33rachyp tei-a. Fore wings with one stripe and 2-4 cross veins between C and Sc. Sternum IX of male abdomen without vesicle; tergum X divided into 2 pointed lobes; subanal valves asymmetrical; supra-anal appendage almost as in Brachyptera (Figure 86, 15). Female with long postgenital plate. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (1).

182

-

2.

Anterior branch of RS simple. Cerci 6-segmented. Processes of tergum X of male very pointed (Figure 86, 15). Supra-anal appendage of male (Figure 86, 15, 16) consisting of 2 weakly curved processes; dorsal process with apical notch. Genital plate long, in male dorsally curved and pointed in profile, in female triangular, with pointed apex (Figure 86. 12). Male 9.0, female 9.5; wings of male 10.0, of female 11.0. Baltic Region.

April.................... R. acuminata Klap. (anglic a Kimm.).

Taeniopteryx Pict. Color dull; wings without transverse stripes. Male cerci not segmented, female cerci 4- to 9-segmented (Figure 86, 14, 18). Coxae with scar of nymphal gills. Male genital plate short, with vesicle (Figure 86, 17). Supra-anal appendage simple, with bean-shaped terminal plate; subanal valves symmetrical, hook-shaped (Figure 86, 18). Genital valves on each side of female genital pore; no postgenital plate, 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 3.

1 (1).

Wings not shortened. Hind tibia without denticle. Male cerci dorsally spherical, not larger than terminal plate of supra-anal

appendage (Figure 86, 18). Female cerci 8- or 9-segmented. Female without well-marked genital valves; posterior margin of sternum IX rounded (Figure 86, 14), Male and female 8-13; wings of male 10.5-11.5, female 12-16. Throughout northern and central Europe, Siberia. February-April. Mostly in large, T. nebulosa L. muddy rivers; emergence from under the ice .....

183

2.

Family NEMOURIDAE

Minute (4-10), dark-colored, with transparent wings lying flat on abdomen. Fore and hind wings with X-shaped figure in distal third (Figure 85, 4). Cu not branched; many cross veins in cubital cell; few cross veins in costal cell. Pronotum with or without gills (Figures 87, 2; 88, 1), Cerci one-segmented. Sternum IX of male with tongue-shaped, elongate genital plate with abdominal vesicle (Figure 87, 7). Subanal valves of male of different structure, sometimes very complex; intermediate appendages usually membranous, sometimes with supporting sclerite (Figure 87, 6, 8). Supra-anal appendage of male directed dorsad and anteriad, usually complex. Sternum VIII of female (sometimes VII) forming genital plate (Figures 87, 19; 89, 12). 4 genera, 18 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 genera, about 50 species.

Key to Genera 1 (4).

2 (3).

Prothorax with gills in form of 6 filaments or 4 fascicles. Prothorax ventrally with 6 digitiform gills in 2 groups (Figure 87, 2). Hind wings with large anal lobe. Intermediate

3 (2).

appendages of male well developed (Figure 87, 3, 5). Sternum VII of female not extended posteriorly ............... 1. Protonemura. Gills of nymphs small, numerous, forming 4 fascicles arranged in pairs (Figure 88, 1). Hind wings with narrow anal lobe. Intermediate appendages of male reduced. Posterior margin of sternum VII of female extended posteriorly (Figure 88, 18, 21) ............................................. 2. Amphinemura, Ventral side of pro thorax without gills. Male cerci short, as long as, or slightly longer than, sternum IX, modified into copulatory hooks; intermediate appendages reduced; subanal valves broad (Figure 89, 1). Sternum VIII of female simple; anterior margin of sternum IX elongated triangular (Figure 89, 7). .. ................................................. 3. Nemoura. Male cerci more than twice as long as sternum IX, without hooks; intermediate appendages membranous, digitiform; subanal valves narrow, leaf-shaped (Figure 89, 13). Sternum VIII of female with .

4 (1). 5 (6).

6 (5).

..

2 lateral ridges; anterior margin of sternum IX straight (Figure 89, 12). .................................. 4. Nemurella.

Keys to Species

of Family Nemouridae

1. Protonemura Kemp. Larger than other genera; wings often spotted. Prothorax with 6 gills (Figure 87, 2). Male and female cerci short, cylindrical. Subanal valves of male usually with apical process in form of rigid, narrow plate (Figure 87, 8); intermediate appendages of male simple or bilobed, with supporting sclerite which is sometimes spinulose (Figure 87, 4, 8); supra-anal appendage of male of varying form (Figure 87, 14-17). Sternum VIII of female with genital plate which covers vaginal valves partly (Figure 87,19). 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 20 species. 1 (12). Males. 2 (7), Subanal valve of male without well-marked outer horn

(Figure 87,4). 3 (6).

4 (5).

5

(4).

Process of subanal valve long, sharply set off from valve at base (Figure 87, 4, 6). Supporting sclerite of intermediate appendage long, reaching its apex. End of RS, M and Cu in fore wings curved (Figure 87,1). Supra-anal appendage ventrally with dark, spinulose tubercle in profile; (Figure 87, 14). Intermediate appendages moderately long; their supporting sclerite blunt at apex (Figure 87, 3, 4). Male 6-7.5, female 7-10; wings of male 8-9, of female 8.5-11. Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Lithuania. April-June ................. .............................................. P. meyeri Pict, Branches of Rs, M and Cu of fore wings straight. Supra-anal

appendage ventrally with several spinules, without well-marked tubercle (Figure 87, 15). Intermediate appendages very long, digitiform, their supporting sclerite angularly bent near apex (Figure 87, 5, 6). Male 5-5.5, female 6-7; wings 6,5-8. Southwest. August-September .............. P. nimborella Mosl.

vesicle); 8subanal valve and intermediate appendage, lateral; 9,10P. intricata, male: 9end of abdomen, ventral; 10 subanal valve and intermediate appendage, lateral; 11,12P.hrabei, male; 11end of abdomen, veniral; 12subanai valve and intermediate appendage, lateral: 13P, brevistyla, male, supra-anal appendage, lateral; 15P.nimmale, end of abdomen, ventral; 14P.meyeri, borella. male, same; 16P. intricata, male, same: 17,18P. brevistyla, male: 17same; 18 siibanal valve and intermediate appendage, lateral; 19P. intricaca, female, abdominal segments VII and VIII, ventral (gpgenital plaie. vag vaginal valve); 20,21P-auberti: 20supra-anal appendage of male. lateral; 21genical plate of female; 22P.brevisiyla, female, genital plate; 23P. nimborella, female, end of abdomen, ventral; 24P. meyeri, female, same (svsubanal valve); 25,26P.hrabei, female: 25same; 26same, lateral. nal

Process of subanal valve short, gradually passing into subanal valve (Figure 87, 7, 8); supporting sclerite of intermediate appendage very short, pointed (Figure 87,8). Supra-anal appendage sharply bent at the end (Figure 87, 20). Male 5-7, female 6-10; wingspan of male 15-18,5, of female 16.5-22. Southwest. July-October ......................... P. auberti 111. Posterior-outer angle of subanal valve elongate and forming a well-marked outer horn (Figure 87, 18). Supporting sclerite of intermediate appendage spherical at apex (Figure 87, 10). Processes of subanal valves pointed, curved backward and outward (Figure 87, 9); supra-anal appendage

straight, with dorsal, subapical process (Figure 87, 16). Male 5-6.5, female 6-8.5; wingspan of male 13.5-15, of female 17-19. Kola Peninsula, Lithuania, Southwest. April-July .................................... P. intricata Ris. 9 (10). Apex of intermediate appendage not spherical. Processes of subanal valves directed backwards (Figure 87, 11. 13). Supraanal appendage without dorsal, subapical process (Figure 87, 17). 10 (11). Outer horn of subanal valve clearly shorter than median process; supporting sclerite narrowing at the end, with one spine (Figure 87, 12). Male 6.9-7.3, female 6.5-8.5; wings of male 8.2-9.8, of female 9.1-10.8. Southwest. August-September ...... ............................................ P. hrabei Rauser. 11 (10). Outer horn of subanal valve as long as median process. Supporting sclerite strongly expanded at the end, with several spines (Figure 87, 18). Male 4-5. female 7-8; wingspan of male 13-15, female 17-22. Southwest. July-October........................ 185 ............................................ P. brevistyla Ris. 12 (1). Females. Sternum 13 (14). VII convex in middle, dark, strongly extended posteriorly and covering base of genital plate; posterior margin of genital plate straight or slightly concave, its posterior angles rounded. P. intricata Ris. Vaginal valves small (Figure 87, 19) 14 (13). Posterior margin of sternum VII straight or slightly rounded, but not extended posteriorly. 15 (16). Genital plate very short, not more than half the length of sternum. Vaginal valves unusually large, contiguous (Figure 87, 21) ................................................ P. auberti 111. 16 (15). Genital plate normally long, reaching posterior margin of segment VIII, sometimes beyond it. Vaginal valves small, widely separated, sometimes covered by genital plate. 17 (18). Genital plate with 2 well-marked swellings contiguous in midline (Figure 87, 25). Posterior margin of genital plate almost completely covering vaginal valves and reaching a little beyond sternum IX (Figure 87, 25, 26)................. P. hrabei Rauser. 18 (17). Surface of genital plate more or less smooth, without wellmarked tubercles. Vaginal valves protruding beyond posterior .............

........

margin of genital plate. 19 (20). Subanal valves blunt. Posterior margin of genital plate rounded or angular. Genital plate depressed in middle (Figure 87, 22) ............................................ P. brevistyla Ris. 20 (19). Subanal valves pointed. Posterior margin of genital plate straight or slightly concave; surface of genital plate smooth (Figure 87,

.....

23,24). Genital plate narrow, little widened posteriorly, with sharply projecting dark lateral parts; posterior angles of genital plate blunt; small vaginal valves visible lateral to posterior angles of genital plate. Subanal valves elongate and pointed at the end (Figure 87, 23). ................... .......................................... P. nimborella Mosl. 22 (21). Head dorsally with light stripe between eyes posterior to hind ocelli. Genital plate shorter and broader, markedly widened 21 (22). Head dark dorsally.

NEMOURIDAE

posteriorly. Posterior angles of genital plate pointed. Vaginal valves posterior to hind margin of genital plate, reaching its posterior angles (Figure 87, 24). Subanal valves elongate and sharply pointed at the end ...................... P. meyeri Pict. 2. Amphinemura Ris. Small, slender, dark species. Prothorax with 4 tufts of gills. Male and female cerci simple, short. Subanal valves of male and intermediate appendages of complex structure, of varying shape (Figure 88, 13-16). The supra-anal appendages of the male give good specific characters for identification (Figure 88, 6, 8, 10, 17). Female with more or less developed genital plate on sternum VIII; posterior margin of sternum VII more or less rounded and convex in the middle. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 species. 1 (8). 2 (3).

Males.

Supra-analappendage wing-shaped in dorsal view and twice or more as wide at the apex as at the base (Figure 88,6), ventrally with dark spines (Figure 88, 7). Subanal valve consisting of 3 lobes (3rd lobe curved around base of cercus and not visible ventrally (Figure 88, 2. 13). Male 4-6, female 5-6; wingspan of male 12-14, of female 13-17. Baltic Region, Carpathians. June. ........................................... A. triangularis Ris. Supra-anal appendage not widened at apex in dorsal view. Supra-anal appendage beak-shaped in profile, without spines ventrally, smooth dorsally (Figure 88. 8,9). Outer lobe of subanal valve bilobed, dark,, fingerlike, without spines, sharply curved dorsad (Figure 88, 3,14). Male 4-6, female 5-8; wings of male 5.7-7, of female 7-8.6. Kola Peninsula. June-September ........................... A. sulcicoHis Steph. Supra-anal appendage not beak-shaped in profile, ventrally spinose (Figure 88, 11,12). Subanal valve trilobed; median lobe the largest, spinulose or denticulate at the end; the outer lobe forms a small sclerite curved around cercus (Figure 88, 15, 16). Supra-anal appendage smooth both dorsally and laterally, blunt at the apex (Figure 88, 10,11). Inner lobe of subanal valve very small; median lobe elongate, with 4 strong ventrally-directed denticles at the end (Figure 88. 4, 15). Male 4-5, female 5-7; wings of male 6-7, of female 7.5-9. North, Northwest, West A. borealis Mort. (Lithuania), East. May-August. Base of supra-anal appendage widened dorsally, with rounded lateral margins, widened in the middle in profile (Figure 88, 12, 17). Inner lobe of subanal valve distinct, dark; median lobe curved dorsally, with spinose membranous end and with a group of ventrally directed, adpressed subapical spinules (Figure 88, 5, 16). Male 4-6, female 6-8; wings of male 3.56.5, of female 3.8-7.2. Northwest, Northand West (Lithuania). June-October ............................... A. standfussi Ris. ......

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (7).

................

7 (6). 186

Females. 8 (1). 9 (10). Genital plate strongly sclerotized, shining, with distinctly

limited, rounded or slightly angular posterior margin, with a median notch (Figure 88, 20). Vaginal valves distinctly delimited, A. borealis Mort. brownish ....................................

PLECOPTERA

10 (9).

Genital plate moderately or weakly sclerotized, with median notch on posterior margin. Vaginal valves indistinct,

FIGURE 88, Plecopiera. Family Nemouridae (after lilies, Brinck and original)

1Amp h in emu r a sp., prothorax of nymph (ggills); 2 A. triangular is, male, end of abdomen, ventral (savsubanal valve); 3A. sulcicollis. male, same; 4A. borealis, male. same; 5A. standfussi, male;same; 6.7A.triangularis, male: 6supra-anal appendage, dorsal; 7same, lateral; 8,9A. sulcicollis. male: 8same, dorsal; 9same lateral; 10.11-A. borealis. male: 10-same, dorsal; 11-same, lateral; 12-A. stand fus male. same, lateral; 13A.triangularis. male. subanal valve and cercus, lateral; 14 A. s

borealis, male, same; 16-18 A. standfussi: 16male, 17supra-anal appendage of male, dorsal; 18end of female abdomen, ventral; 19A. suici collis, female, same; 20A. borealis, female, same; 21A.triangularis, female, sar cicollis, male, same; 15A.

11 (12). Genital plate colorless, not distinct, with 3 notches which divide the posterior margin into 4 rounded lobes; median lobes more A. standfussi Ris. rounded and prominent (Figure 88, 18) 12 (11). Genital plate more distinct, brownish, with a median notch. 13 (14). Posterior margin of genital plate almost straight, with shallow median notch. Genital plate sometimes apparently divided along median line. Posterior margin of segment VII slightly protruding posteriad (Figure 88,19).......... A. sulcicollis Steph. .........

222

187 14 (13).

Posterior margin of genital plate rounded, divided by a broad, rounded notch into 2 prominent, transverse, brownish lobes. Posterior margin of segment VII strongly protruding backwards

(Figure 88, 21)............................. A. triangularis Ris.

/ 3. Nemoura Pict. Body larger thanin Amphi nemur a; coloroften grayish brown.

Prothorax without gills. Cerci of female simple, those of male modified and often armed with hooks and spines at the end (Figure 89, 1). Subanal valves of male more or less forming obtuse triangle, without terminal process (Figure 89, 1); intermediate appendages reduced; supra-anal appendage forming a flat sclerotized disc (Figure 89, 11). Sternum VII forming genital plate of female (Figure 89,7). The following key is based only on the characters of the males.- 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 16 species.

female, same: 8N. erratica, male, cercus, lateral: 9N. arctica, male, end of abdomen, ventral; 10N.sahlbergi, male, same; 11--N. avicularis, male, supra-anal appendage, dorsal; 12,13Nemurella picteti: 12end of abdomen of female, ventral (gpgenital plate); 13same of male (i a pintermediate appendage, savsubanal valve, ccercus).

Cerciwith 2hook-shaped spinesat the apex (Figure 89, 1). Subanal valves with subapical notch on outer side (Figure 89,1). Several cross veins between M and Cu of hind wings (Figure 85,4). Male 5-9, female 6.5-11; wings of male 4.5-8.5, female 5.5-9.7. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. April-September, very common, in all types of waters ................................ .......................... .N. cinerea Retz. (variegata Oliv.). 2 (1). Apex of cerci with or without an outward-directed spine. Hind wings with one cross vein between M and Cu. 3 (4). Cerci straight, without hooks, rounded at apex (Figure 89, 3). Inner margin of subanal valves with distinct apical process. Male 5-7.5, female 6-9; wings of male 7,2-8.3, of female 8.1-9.4. West and Southwest. April-May. ..... N. dubitans Mort. 4 (3). Cerci curved outwards at apex, ending in point or spine. Subanal valves narrow or broad at the end, with notch on posterior margin. 5 (12). Subanal valve elongate, more or less narrowing at the end. 6 (7). Apex of cerci with rudiment of 2nd segment in form of a dark wart on light background; outer side of apex of cerci with a strong beak-shaped hook (Figure 89, 2). Male 6-8, female 7-9.5; wings of male 6-8, of female 9-10.3. North, Northwest, West.

1 (2).

188

April-June 7 (6). 8 (9).

.................................

N. avicularis Mort.

Cerci without dark rudiment of 2nd segment. Cerci foot-shaped at apex: inner margin of apex of cerci ("heel") rounded, convex.; outer margin pointed, setose posteriorly and angular subapically (Figure 89, 4). Subanal valves much narrower distally. Male 5-6. female 6-8; wingspan of male 15-17, of female 18-20.5. Transcarpathia. April-July ...................

........................................... N. cambrica Steph. 9 (8).

Cerci not foot-shaped and without setae at apex. Subanal valves not narrowing distally, rounded at apex. 10 (11). Inner margin of subanal valve straight (Figure 89, 5). Male 4-7, female 5-8; wingspan of male 13-19, of female 17-25. Western Europe, possibly occurs in the U.S.S.R. April-September

........

...........................................

N. marginata Pict.

11 (10). Inner margin of subanal valve with notch at about the middle (Figure 89, 6). Base of cercus much broader than apex in profile (Figure 89, 8). Male 5.8, female 5-10; wings of male 6.8, of female 9-10.3. Baltic Region, Northwest, totheKola Peninsula. March-June ................................. N. erratica Claas. 12 (5). Subanal valve short, with broad tip. 13 (14). Posterior margin of subanal valve with distinct notch, forming 2 rounded lobes (Figure 89, 9). Outer spine on apex of cercus blunt, its base with 2 spines directed towards the middle, curved round membranous apex (Figure 89, 9). Male 5.5-6.5, female 6.5-7.5; wings of male 4.9-7.1, of female 6-8.5. North, including Arctic Urals and Novaya Zemlya. June-August.................. .......................................... N. arctica Esb.-Pet. 14 (13). Subanal valve with broad, blunt tip or with shallow notch at posterior margin (Figure 89, 10). Outer spine at apex of cercus pointed, curved dorsally, with 2 less distinct spines, ventral

spine directed towards middle and dorsal spine directed towards base of cercus. Male 6.5, wings of male 6.5. Arctic Urals ...... ............................................

N. sahlbergi Mort.

4. Nemurella Kempny. Imagines and nymphs without thoracic gills. Cerci of female simple, those of male very elongate, cylindrical. Genital appendages of male very elongate, large. Monotypic genus.

1 (1).

Male genital plate consisting of basal part and narrower distal part; intermediate appendages narrow; membranous appendages pointed; subanal valves elongate, rodlike (Figure 89, 13). Supra-anal organ consisting of 3 parts; female with narrow, triangular plate on sternum VII and 2 convex, rounded areas on sternum VIII (Figure 89, 12). Male 5-7, female 6-10; wingspan of male 14-17, of female 18-25. Polytopic species, living in quite different water bodies (stagnant or running) throughout

Europe. April-September ...................... N. picteti Klap. 3.

Family LEUCTRIDAE

Small (5-14), dark, with elongate body and transparent wings; wings enveloping body in repose. Costal cell without cross veins; Cui not branched; RS with 2 simple branches; cubital cell with numerous cross veins (Figure 85, 5). Cerci one-segmented. Abdominal sternum IX of male usually with vesicle at base. Flying at various seasons. 1 genus, 12 species. In the U.S.S.R. 27 species.

Keys to Species of Family Leuctridae Leuctra Steph. Subanal valves of male triangular, produced into elongate, falcate plates and falcate paired titillators between them; terga VI-VIII of male with paired or unpaired processes, membranous in the middle; tergum IX with 1 or 2 dark spots at posterior margin; tergum X with elongate appendage, the supra-anal lobe (Figure 90, 1-12). Sternum VIII of female forming genital plate; spermatheca characteristic for each species beneath sternum VII (Figure 91, 1-14). 12 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 27 species. 189 Sternum IX of male without abdominal vesicle; paired processes 1 (2). on terga VI and VII (Figure 90, 8). Lobes of posterior margin of genital plate of female short, broad, rounded (Figure 91, 1). Male 5-7, female 6-8. Southwest. August-October .............. ............................................ L. mortom Kemp. 2 (1). Sternum IX of male with abdominal vesicle. 3 (6). Terga of male without processes (group ine rm i s). Dark lateral margins of terga delimit a median membranous 4 (5). field which is blunt and rounded at anterior margin of tergum VIII and pointed at anterior margin of tergum IX (Figure 90, 1). Genital plate of female without prominent median lobe, its posterior margin divided into 2 lobes which are rounded at the outside and produced into short papillae in the middle (Figure 91, 2, 3). Male 4-6, female 5-7; wingspan of male 11-13-5, of female .L. inermis Kemp. 12.5-14.5. Southwest. April-July 1.

............

5 (4).

Lateral margins of tergum VIII pointed; lateral margins of tergum IX rounded (Figure 90, 2). Genital plate of female with vesicle at base (Figure 91, 4, 5). Male 4-5, female 5-8; wingspan of male 11-12, of female 13-14. Southwest. AprilAugust .................................. L. teriolensis Kemp.

6 (3). One or several abdominal terga of male with processes. 7 (12). Only abdominal tergum VIII of male with processes. Lobes of female genital plate well marked and separated by a deep

notch. Process on abdominal tergum VIII of male double; plate on tergum IX very large (Figure 90, 3). Dark lateral margins of female genital plate produced posteriorly into 2 rounded lobes separated by a deep notch; ends of lobes turned towards each other (Figure 91,7). Male 5-7, female 6-9; wingspan of male 13-17, of female 14-19. Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Baltic Region, Leningrad Region, East. March-June L. hippopus Kemp. 9 (8). Tergum VIII of male with a plate-shaped process. 10 (11). Process on tergum VIII of male with smooth surface, without sclerotized stripes. Paired median plates on tergum IX very short, triangular (Figure 90, 4). Genital plate of male with 2 long, digitiform lobes and a bulge in the middle (Figure 91, 8). Male 4-7, female 6-7; wingspan of male 11-12, of female 12-14. Southwest, Alpine species. April-August ....... L. armata Kemp.

8(9).

.........

226

LEUCTRIDAE

11 (10).

12 (7).

Process on tergum VIII of male with curved, sclerotized stripe forming inverted V; paired plates on tergum IX elongate (Figure 90, 5). Posterior margin of female genital plate broad, slightly rounded, divided by median slit into 2 broad, almost contiguous lobes; genital plate with a broad lobe proximal to slit (Figure 91. 9). Male 6-7, female 8-9; wingspan of male 12-13, of female 16-18. Southwest. May-August. ............... ............................................. L. rosinae Kemp. 2 abdominal terga of male with processes. Lobes of genital plate of female short, less distinct.

popus; 8L. armata; 9-L; : 13-L. fusca; 14-L.albida.

.inae;

10L.

nigra! 11L.

major, 12L.

digitata:

Abdominal terga VI and VIII of male with paired processes; subanal valves shorter than titillators (Figure 90, 6), Female genital plate with small triangular notch and short, rounded lobes; dark rhomboidal area near notch in middle beneath genital plate (Figure 91, 10). Male 4.5-6, female 6-9; wingspan of male 10-14, of female 14-19. Baltic Kegion, Leningrad Region, Southwest. April-July ................. L. nigra Kemp. 14 (13). Terga VI and VII with paired processes. No rhomboidal spot on female subgenital plate. 13 (14).

15 (16).

Very large species. Pronotum much longer than broad. Processes on abdominal tergum VI of male short, -widely separate; processes on tergum VII small, hook-shaped, directed inwards (Figure 90, 7). Female genital plate with broad,

almost rectangular or rounded notch; lobes of posterior margin of genital plate almost rectangular, the median angles pointing towards the middle (Figure 91, 11). Male 8-10, female 9-13; wingspan of male 20-22, of female 23-26. Southwest. AugustSeptember ................ L. major Brinck (cylindrica Deg.). 16 (15). Small species. Pronotum square or little broader than long. Processes on abdominal tergum VI of male longer and closer to each other, or broader (Figure 90, 9-12). Female genital plate with small notch. 17 (18). Processes on abdominal tergum VII of male narrow, directed towards middle of tergum; processes on tergum VI long, close together, directed backwards (Figure 90, 9). Lateral parts of female genital plate dark, produced into 2 short, oblique lobes

191

dividedbyashallowandwide notch (Figure 91, 12). Male 5-7, female 6-8; wingspan of male and female 14-16. North (Kola Peninsula), Northwest, West, Southwest. July-September, in the North September-November ............... L. digitata Kemp. 18 (17). Processes on abdominal tergum VII of male thick, obliquely directed backwards and inwards; subanal valves of male much shorter than titillators. 19 (20). Processes on abdominal tergum VII of male square, hardly reaching middle of segment; processes on tergum VI broad, square; plate on tergum IX in form of pair of small triangles; subanal valves of male very short (Figure 90, 10). Posterior margin of female genital plate rounded, with shallow notch (Figure 91, 14). Male 4.5-7.5, female 4.5-8; wingspan of male 12-14, of female 15-17. Southwest. July-September ............ .............................................. L. albida Kemp. 20 (19). Processes on abdominal tergum VII of male reaching posterior margin of segment. 21 (22). Processes on tergum VI broad, short, connected by a narrow ridge; processes on tergum VII with broad, blunt apex; plate of tergum IX transversely elongate, often with rounded anterior angles. Lateral parts of tergum VIII connected by a dark stripe which is sometimes interrupted in the middle (Figure 90, 11). Female genital plate with broad, rounded lobes (Figure 91, 6). Male 5-6, female 6-7; wings of male 6-7, of female 7-8. Southwest. July-September ................... L. moselyi Mort. 22 (21). Processes of tergum VI narrower, connected by a broad ridge; processes on tergum VII thicker, more elongate, appearing pointed in dorsal view as their apices are twisted (Figure 90, 12). Female genital plate with short, blunt lobes separated by a shallow notch (Figure 91, 13). Male 6-8, female 7-9; wingspan of male 13-16, of female 16-19. Widely distributed in rivers in valleys and mountain regions. North, Northwest, West, East. AugustNovember ........................................ L* fusca L.

228

4.

Family CAPNIIDAE

Minute (4-9) species with dark body and translucent wings lying flat on abdomen; brachypterous forms occur frequently; subcostal cell without cross veins or with 1 or 2 cross veins (not counting the humeral vein; (Figure 92, 1, 4); cubital cell of fore wings with 1 or 2 cross veins; not branched; anal lobe of hind wings not developed or well developed; if present, it has 3 anal veins. Cerci long or short, or one-segmented. Genital plate of sternum IX of male elongate; supra-anal appendage thick, sclerotized, curved dorsad (Figure 92, 5-10). Sternum VIII of female with simple genital plate (Figure 92, 11-17). 2 genera, 7 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 genera, about 20 species.

Cu^

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Cerci long. Subcostal cell of fore wings with several cross veins; anal lobe of hind wings developed, with anal veins (Figure 92, 1). Wings sometimes very short......................... 1. Capnia. Cerci short, 7- or 8-segmented. Fore wings without cross veins in subcostal cell; hind wings without anal lobe and anal veins

(Figure 92,4)

...................................

2. Capnopsis.

Keys to Species of Family Capniidae 1. Capnia Pict. Body dark; wings more or less smoky. In subcostal cell of fore wings, ’1 or 2 cross veins between C and Sc (in addition to humeral vein); an additional oblique cross vein between C and R; 2 cross veins between M and Cu,; brachypterous forms occur. In male, one or several posterior abdominal terga usually with tubercles of various shape (Figure 92, 6-10); supra-anal appendage of male well developed, anteriorly curved over abdomen, of specific structure for each species. Sternum VIII of female more or less modified, sometimes forming genital plate (Figure 92, 12-17). Cerci multiarticulate. Flying mostly in winter and spring. 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 16 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4). 192

Abdominal terga VI-IX of male not modified, without tubercles or processes. Supra-anal appendage of male slender, long, with rounded swelling at about half its length and with slender apical process (Figure 92, 5). Wings normal, sometimes shortened in female. Female genital plate with obtuse posterior margin (Figure 92, 12). Male 4-4.5, female 5.5-6.5; wings of female 6.5-7, wings of brachypterous female 4-5.2, wings of male 5-5.7. Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach. July-August .................. ........................................... C. variabilis Klap. One or 2 last abdominal terga of male with tubercle or process. Supra-anal appendage of male of different form, divided by a longitudinal slit. Abdominal tergum IX of male with dorsally projecting posterior margin (Figure 92, 6); abdominal sternum IX of male with vesicle at base. Wings of male very short; cell between Cu, and Cug of fore wings of female square, narrowing at the base (Figure 92,2).

229

Sternum VIII of female not modified (Figure 92, 13). Male 5-6, female 6.5-9; wings of male 0.4-0.7, of female 7-8- Baltic Region, Leningrad Region. Crimea, February-June, in large rivers in valleys ............................. C. bifrons Newm.

FIGURE 92. Plecoptera. Family Capniidae (after Brinck, lilies, Hynes and original) I-Capnia atca, wings (cu-cubital cell); 2-C. bifrons. cubital cell of fore wing; 3,4-Capnopsis schilleri: 3male abdomen, lateral; 4wings; 5Capnia variabilis. male, end of abdomen, lateral (sapsupra-anal appendage); 6C. bifrons, male, same; ^C. atra, male, same; 8C.zaicevi. male, same; 9C. pygmaea, male, same; 10C. nigra, male, same; IICapnopsis schilleri, female, same, ventral; 12Capnia vaciabilis, female, same; 13-C. bifrons, female, same; 14-C. acra, female, same; 15-C. zaicevi. female, same; IGC- pygmaea, female, same; 17C. nigra, female, same.

4

(3).

Abdominal tergum IX of male without process; tergum VII with large, rounded, black protuberance (Figure 92, 7-10). Sternum IX of male without abdominal vesicle. Cubital cell of fore wings

5 (6).

193 6 (5).

triangular (Figure 92, 1). Sternum VIII of female more or less differentiated. Abdominal tergum VII of male with large protuberance at posterior margin and 2 small, pointed processes at anterior margin; supra-anal appendage of male with strongly projecting posterior part (Figure 92, 7). Posterior margin of sternum VIII of female variable, flanked by 2 small, usually triangular sclerites (Figure 92, 14). Male 5-6, female 6-8.5; wings of male 2.5-6.5, of female 2.8-9.5; (brachypterous form occurs in the mountains). North (including Urals), Leningrad and Moscow regions. AprilAugust ......................................... C. atra Mort. Abdominal tergum VII of male without processes at anterior margin, only with a large protuberance at posterior margin (Figure 92, 8-10). Genital plate of female with 1 or 2 longitudinal sclerites.

7 (8).

.

Supra-anal appendage of male conical, pointed, with projecting posterior part (Figure 92, 10). Genital plate of female with straight median sclerotized stripe (Figure 92, 17). Male 5-5.5, female 5-8; wings of male 6-6.6, of female 6.5-8. Caucasus. March-June ...................... C. nigra Pict. (coni ca Klap.). 8 (7). Supra-anal appendage of male of different shape, not conical, with subapical notch on ventral side (Figure 92, 8, 9). Genital plate of female with 5 vaginal valves, which are sclerotized and with curved stripes projecting from under posterior margin of plate (Figure 92, 15,16). 9 (10). Dorsal part of supra-anal appendage of male narrow, almost straight, as long as ventral part; subapical notch of supra-anal appendage not deep, with rounded posterior margin (Figure 92, 8). Vaginal valves of female long, with rounded and outward-directed ends; distal part of female genital plate colorless, membranous; its rounded posterior margin appears therefore indistinct (Figure 92, 15). Male 5.5, female 7.5-8; wings of male 4,5, of female 7-8, North (Kola Peninsula to Novaya Zemlya and C. zaicevi Klap. (oklandi Mort.). Arctic Urals). June-August Dorsal part of male supra-anal appendage broader, convex, 10 (9). with small dorsal notch, markedly shorter than ventral part. Subapical notch of supra-anal appendage deep, rounded, with pointed posterior margin (Figure 92, 9). Vaginal valves of female forming short rods with rounded tip, projecting from under margin of genital plate (Figure 92, 16). Male 3.5-5, female 5-6.5; wings of male 4.8-6.2, female 5.9-7.5. North, including Urals. May-July ............................. C. pygmaea Zett. .

.

2. Capnopsis Mort, Subcostal cell of fore wings without cross veins; one cross vein between M and Cu-i; one anal vein in fore wings; hind wings without anal lobe (Figure 92, 4). Cerci less than 10-segmented. Abdominal sternum IX of male forming well-developed genital plate. Sternum VIII of female not modified (Figure 92, 11). Labial palps unusually long, Mono-

typic genus.

PLECOPTERA

1 (1).

Black, shining. Sternum IX of male without abdominal vesicle. Posterior margin of genital plate strongly sclerotized; subanal, valves connected by median sclerite; male supra-anal appendage forming dorsally curved, open tube of almost uniform width, with strong inner seta (Figure 92, 3). Male 3.5-4.5, female 4.5-5.3; wings of male 4.9-5.6, of female 5.3-6.3. Northwest; West; Caucasus. End of April-July. .................. C. schilleri Rost. 5.

Family PERLODIDAE

Medium-sized or large (10-20); usually dark, with distinct yellow pattern on head and pronotum; hind wings with large anal lobe and more than 2 anal veins; apex of fore wings often with network of cross veins; RS divided into 2-4 branches; branches of RS sometimes numbering as many as 6; subcostal and cubital cells of fore wings with cross veins (Figure 93, 1); male of several species brachypterous. Cerci multiarticulate. Genital appendages of male of various shape; subanal valves more or less modified; penis membranous, often spinulose (Figure 94, 4). Female with genital plate on sternum VIII (Figure 93, 3). 5 genera, 9 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 genera, 36 species.

Key

194

to

Genera (including brachypterous forms)

1 (10). Wings normally long. reaching beyond apex of abdomen. 2 (5). Branches of RS and cross veins forming multicellular archedictyon in apical part of fore wings (Figures 85, 6; 93, 1). Few cross veins in middle of fore wings between M and Cu^ 3 (4). (Figure 85, 6). Posterior margin of female genital plate with 2 projecting angles (Figure 93, 3, 4). ............ I. Arcynopteryx. 4 (3), Many cross veins between M and Cu^ of fore wings (Figure 93,1). Genital plate of female bluntly rounded or with shallow notch on posterior margin (Figure 93, 12). ........... 3. Perlodes (partly). 5 (2). No polygonal archedictyon in apical part of fore wings

(Figure 85, 7,8). 6 (9).

Fore wings with brown (sometimes weakly marked) spot in the region of cross vein R-RS; RS with 3 (often more) branches

(Figures 85,7; 93, 10). 7 (8).

8

9

10 11

Tergum X of male not divided longitudinally; subanal valves elongate, directed backwards and contiguous (Figures 85, 12; 93, 9). Female genital plate short, covering less than half the length of sternum IX (Figure 93, 5). .................... 2. Diura. (7). Tergum X of male divided to base; subanal valves not modified (Figure 93, 13). Female genital plate large, covering more than half the length of sternum IX (Figure 93, 14) ......... 4. Isogenus. (6). Fore wings without brown spot in region of cross vein R-RS; RS with only 2 branches; anterior branch of RS sometimes bifurcate (Figure 85, 8). Sternum VIII of male with process at the posterior margin (Figure 94. 5, 6)............... 5. Isoperla. (1). Wings shortened, venation indistinct (brachypterous males). (12). Posterior margin of sternum VIII with process .................. ....................................... Isoperla difformis Klap. 232

PERLODIDAE

12 (11), Posterior margin of sternum VIII without process. 13 (14). A dorsally-directed seta between base of cerci; abdominal tergum X of male divided longitudinally (Figures 85, 11; 93, 2) .................................. Arcynopteryx compacta McL. Seta absent; abdominal tergum X of male not divided. Subanal valves of male elongate, contiguous and directed backwards (Figure 85, 12) .............................. Diura bicaudata L. 16 (15). Subanal valves short, less closely contiguous (Figure 93, 11) ......................................... 3. Perlodes (partly).

14 (13). 15 (16).

......

Keys to Species of Family Perlodidae

Arcynopteryx Klap. Large, dark,

with yellow spots. Archedictyon present near apex of wings (Figure 85, 6). Abdominal tergum X of male divided longitudinally; lateral parts of tergum X transformed into 2 processes directed towards the middle, with a vertical, apical process; a seta on supra-anal lobe, i.e., a titillator (Figures 85, 11; 93, 2). Female genital plate short, modified. 1 European species, in the Boreal-Alpine Region. In the U.S.S.R. 5 species.

1.

1 (1).

Vertex and posterior part of head with light spot; pronotum with broad, yellow line; abdominal sternum IX of female with a pair of dark spots (Figure 93, 3, 4). In the European U.S.S.R. males brachypterous and females long-winged or with slightly shortened wings. Penis membranous, cross-shaped when everted, spinose at the end. Male 11-18, female 12-20; wings of male 2.7-4.5. of female 6.2-18.5. Size, color and length of wings variable. North (including Urals), Carpathians, Transcarpathia. May" September .................................. A. compacta McL. (dovrensis Mort., dichroa Mcl., norwegica Kenip.).

2. Diura Bill (Dictyopterygella Klap.). Medium sized, dark with yellow spots; wings brownish, with darkveinsand spotoncrossveinR-RS of fore wings. Subanal valves of male elongate posteriorly, closely approximated. Penis membranous. Female genital plate as in Arcynopteryx. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2),

2 (1).

Male brachypterous. Subanal valves of male simple, digitiform (Figure 85, 12). Female genital plate short and broad (Figure 93, 5,6). Male 12-15, female 14-19; wingsof male 2.7-4.2. of female 7.8-17.4. Northwest and North. May-August. ...... D. bicaudata L.

(recta Kemp., majuscula Klap., septentrionis Klap.). Male long-winged. Subanal valves of male swollen in the middle and covered with setae (Figure 93, 9). Female genital plate narrower and more elongate (Figure 93, 7, 8). Male 10-12.5, female 12-15.5; wings of male 9.6-11.7, of female 10.9-23.7. North, June-August .......................... D. nanseni Kemp.

3. Perlodes Banks. Large, with yellow, cross-shaped pattern on head and pronotum. Female always with normal wings, male sometimes brachypterous; end of wings with archedictyon of several cells; their number varies. (Figure 93, 1). Genitalia of male simple; subanal valves of male and membranous penis without specific differences, making identification very difficult. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species.

1 (1).

Dark brown; no light spot on head anterior to anterior ocellus. Wings of female normal, wings of male shortened, not reaching end of abdomen. Subanal valves of male cylindrical, attached to inner side of basal segment of cerci, membranous ventrally and in the middle, swelling during copulation (Figure 93, 11). Female genital plate large, its posterior margin rounded, with shallow notch (Figure 93. 12). Male 11-17, female 15-20; wings of male 4-4.7, of female 14.6-19. Northwest, West, East. March-June. In slow rivers in plains and foothills to an altitude of 800 m ............................................. P. dispar Ramb.

.......

4. Isogenus Newm. Dark, with yellow pattern. Both sexes with normal wings. End of fore wings without network of cross veins, with dark, more or less distinct spot on cross vein R-RS; RS with 4-6 branches (Figure 93, 10). Abdominal tergumX of male divided to base (Figure 93, 13). In Europe only 1 species. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

lPerlodes dispar, wings; 2,4Arcynopteryx compacts: 2end of male abdomen, lateral; 3,4same of female, venual; 5.6Diura bicaudaia, female, same; 7,9D.nan: 7,8same of female; 9same of male, dorsal (svsubanal valves); 10Isogenus nubecula, end of fore wing; 11,12Perlodes dispac: 11end of male abdomen, dorsal (svsubanal valves); 12-same of female, ventral; 13.14-Isogenus nubecula: 13-same of male, dorsal; 14-female genital plaie.

1 (1).

Head with narrow yellow spot between ocelli and light stripe on

occiput; pronotum with yellow median stripe. Female genital plate very broad and long, covering almost the whole sternum IX (Figure 93,14). Male 14-19, female 15-20; wings of male

14.6-15.8, of female 15.2-16.1. European U.S.S. R., Urals. rivers at altitudes below 700m .......... I. nubecula Newm.

Large

5. Isoperia Banks. Medium-sized (7-15); color yellow to greenish black, usually with distinct dark pattern on head (Figure 94, 1, 2). Wings usually normally developed, without network of cross veins at apex; RS with only 2 branches; anterior branch of RS sometimes with an additional branch (Figure 85, 8). Sternum VIII of male abdomen with an appendage at posterior margin (Figure 94, 5,6). Subanal valves of male pointed and curved dorsad. Penis membranous, lying inside segment IX in repose, with armature of denticles or spinules characteristic for each species (Figure 94, 4), Posterior margin of sternum VIII of female with more or less developed genital plate (Figure 94, 13-15). 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 13 species.

IS FIGURE 94. Plecoptera

lily Perlodidae (after lilies.

BrincK,

77

Despax and Klapaiek)

obscura, same; 31. difformis, s i, head, dorsal; 21. 4Isoperia sp., male, end of abdomen with evened penis, lai end of abdomen, ventral; 6I. obscura, male, same; 71. difformis, male, armatu 9same at high magnification; 10I. rivuloi 8, 9I. grammaiica, male: 8same; 12same at low magnification; 131, dit same; 11,121- obscura, male: 11same; female, genital plate; 14I. obscura, female, same; 15--I-grammatica, female, s of 16.1’?I- rivulorum, male, armature penis (aprincipal armature; baccessory arm cdenticles on surface of penis).

1 (2}.

Head with distinct horseshoe pattern (Figure 94, 1). Penis cylindrical, elongate, densely covered with denticles (Figure 94, 8,9). Female genital plate with rounded, little-projecting pos-

235

PLECOPTERA

(Figure 94, 15). Wings of male 8.2-11.2, of female 9.4-13.2. Everywhere, except in the South. May-August; eurythermal species; occurs in various types of rivers .............. I. grammatica Poda (rufesc ensSteph,, veno saSteph., strandiKemp., virens Zett.). Head darker, without horseshoe pattern (Figure 94, 2,3). Penis of different shape or absent. Denticles on penis forming a flat, triangular or heart-shaped area (290 y. long, 280 (i broad) without apical notch, and with 2 small additional spinulose areas at the sides (Figure 94, 10,16, 17). Male 10-13, female 11-15; wings of male 10-11.5, of female 12-13. Southwest. May-September I. rivulorum Pict. No denticulate area on penis, or penis with a row of several small denticles (Figure 94, 7,12). No denticulate area on penis; surface of penis densely verrucose, except at place of armature; warts passing into denticles towards base of penis (Figure 94, 7). Body brown. Wings of male very short. Female genital plate elongate, with blunt, rounded posterior margin (Figure 94,13). Male 6-8.5, female 9-13.5; wings of male 1.7-2.7, of female 9.4-13. Baltic Region; Leningrad, Arkhangelsk regions. April-May ............. I. difformis Klap. Penis with a V-shaped row of several broad pointed denticles; surface of penis near denticles without warts (Figure 94, 11,12); denticles light, hardly visible. Process at posterior margin of abdominal sternum VIII of male longer than broad (Figure 94, 6). Female genital plate with pointed posterior margin (Figure 94, 14). Male 8-11, female 9-12.5; wings of male 8-9, of female 9.6-11.8. Everywhere except in the South. May-August; mainly in large rivers ................. I. obscura Zett. (griseipennis Pict.). terior margin

196

..........................................

2 (1).

3 (4).

4

(3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

197

...........

6. Family PERLIDAE Large (15-30), usually dark-colored; pronotum with distinct sculpture; costal and cubital cells with numerous cross veins; RS usually

divided into 3 branches, sometimes into more; 2nd and 3rd anal veins of hind wings with many branches (Figure 84). Males of some species brachypterous. Cerci long. Abdominal tergum X of male interrupted in the middle and transformed into 2 hook-shaped processes directed anteriad (Figure 85, 9). Penis with denticles of various shape (Figure 95, 6-9). Sternum VIII of female transformed into genital plate or with only 2 short, angular processes at posterior margin (Figure 95, 12-14). 3 genera, 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 genera, more than 30 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Abdominal tergum V of male normal. Anal lobe of hind wings with a cross vein between anterior and median branches of An (Figure 84). Posterior margin of sternum VIII of female with only 2 short triangular processes (Figure 95, 12) ........ 1. Peria, Abdominal tergum V of male elongate (Figure 95, 11). Anal ^obe of hind wings without cross vein. Sternum VIII of female modified into a more or less elongate genital plate. 236

3 (4).

4 (3).

Processes on abdominal tergum X of male not bifid, curved, long, reaching process of tergum V (Figure 95, 11). Female genital plate trapezoidal, rarely parabolic (Figure 95, 13)......... ................................................. 2. Agnetina. Processes of abdominal tergum X of male bilobed, much shorter (Figure 95, 10,17). Sternum VIII of female slightly modified, its posterior margin convex. Sternum X sometimes strongly 3. Marthamea. produced posteriad (Figure 95, 14) ................

Keys to Species of Family PerMdae 1. peria Geoff. Large, usually dark; head sometimes light with dark spots; wings normally developed; hind wings usually without cross vein between M and Cu (Figure 84). Middle of abdominal tergum IX of male covered with sclerotized denticles which often form longitudinal crests, processes on abdominal terguin X of male of typical form in different species (Figures 85, 9; 95, 5). Basal part of penis (stem) covered with denticles or warts; membranous apex of penis with armature, i.e., a denticulate area on ventral side (Figure 95, 6-9). Sternum VIIIoffemale with 2 short angular processes (Figure 95, 12). 3-4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 10 species.

2 (3).

Head dark-brown between ocelli (Figure 95, 1,2). Denticulate field on abdominal tergum IX of male- short and broad (Figure 85,9). Penis narrower at the base and in the distal half (Figure 95, &,7). Head ventrally yellow in both sexes. Apical armature of penis occupying about 2/3 of the surface, consisting of short separate denticles (Figure 95, 6). Eggs (in abdomen of female) with smooth surface. Male 15-20, female 19-25; wingspan of male 35-45, of female 47-64. Size and color variable. Southwest, May-August .

.

1 (4).

P. marginata Panz. In both sexes head ventrally and dorsally dark with small light areas (Figure 95, 2); body dark. Apical armature of penis consisting of long denticles forming a narrow brush (Figure 95, 7). Eggs (in female abdomen) with coarsely granular surface (Figure 95,15). Male 17-20, female 23-28; wingspan of male 34-43, of female 46-61. Southwest. April-June ................. .............. P. burmeisteriana Claas. (abdominalis Burm.). Head yellow between ocelli; each ocellus surrounded by dark pigment. Denticulate field on abdominal tergum IX of male long and narrow (Figure 95, 5). Penis straight, not distinctly limited at the base; armature of penis forming a single area (Figure 95, ...........................................

3 (2).

4 (1).

8,9). 5 (6).

6 (5).

Dark pigment forming only a narrow stripe around ocelli; whole head light (Figure 95, 3). Armature of penis more than twice as long as broad (Figure 95, 8). Male 20-25, female 23-28; wingspan of male and female 45-57, Western Europe, possibly occurs in the U.S.S.R. May-July ....................... P. maxima Scop. Dark pigment forming a broad stripe around ocelli, especially around the 3 posterior ocelli; head darkened from M-shaped line to antennae (Figure 95, 4). Armature of penis as long as, or little

longer than, broad (Figure 95, 9). Male 18-22, female 23-28; wingspan of male 31-44, of female 58-67. Southwest. MayJuly ....................................... P. bipunctata Pict. 198

2.

Agnetina Klap.

Medium sized; color light, mainly ocher-yellow;

thoracic segments darker, brownish; color of head between ocelli reddish. Wings generally normally developed, rarely shortened. Abdominal tergum V of male much displaced posteriorly in the middle; processes of tergum X very long, their apex reaching process of tergum V; posterior margin of terga VI-IX membranous (Figure 95, 11). Posterior margin of female genital plate usually trapezoidal, rarely parabolic (Figure 95,13). 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

FIGURE 95. Plecopiera

mily Perlidae (after lilies. Klapaiek, Winklet and original)

marginata, head, dorsal; 2P. bucmeisieriana, same; 3P. maxima, same; bipunctata, same; 5P. maxima, male, end of abdomen, dorsal; 6P. marginata.

IPerla

4P.

male, penis; 7P. burmeisieriana, male, same; 8P. maxima, male, same; 9P. biviccipennis, male, end of abdomen, dorsal; punctata, male, same; lOManhamea IIAgnetina senilis. male, same; 12Pecla roarginata, female, same, ventral; 13Agnetina senilis, female, same; 14Manhamea vitripennis. female, same; 15Perla burmeisteEiana, egg; 16,17Marthamea vitripennis, male: 16end of penis, lateral; 17inner side of end of process on tergum X, lateral.

1 (1).

Male brachypterous, female with normal wings. Head reddish between ocelli, of richer color in female. Veins dark, very prominent. Male 11-12, female 15-18; wingspan of male 20,

238

CHLOROPERLIDAE

Rostov-on-Don, Crimea, Ciscaucasia. June-August .................................. A. senUis Klap. of female 38-46.

3. Marthamea Klap. Medium sized; color richer and lighter than Perla. Processes on abdominal tergum X of male bilobed (Figure 95, 10,17); terga VI-VIII membranous in the middle; posterior margin of tergum V thickened and convex posteriorly. Penis folded in repose, sleeve-shaped, verrucose or spinulose, its apex undifferentiated (Figure 95, 16). Sternum VIII of female convex posteriorly in the middle. Female always with normal wings, male sometimes brachypterous. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. in

1 (1).

Male with normal wings. Apex of penis curved ventrally (Figure 95, 16). Head blackish brown between ocelli. Sternum X of female strongly produced posteriorly in the middle (Figure 95, 14), Male 13-15, female 17-19; wingspan of male 29-83, of female 37-42. Lithuania. June; in large rivers of valleys ................................... M. vitripennis Pict. 7. Family CHLOBOPERLIDAE

199

Small or medium (7-11), delicate, greenish yellow. Last segment of labial palps very small (Figure 96, 1,2). Posterior margin of meso- and metanotum with black border (Figure 96, 3,4). Abdomen with dark dorsal stripe. Wings transparent; Sc reaching only middle of wing; anal lobe of hind wings strongly reduced; fore and hind wings are therefore about equally wide; costal cell with or without numerous cross veins; RS with 2 branches; cubital cell with few cross veins (Figure 85, 10). Cerci long. Abdominal tergum X of male with sclerotized hook directed dorsad and anteriad (Figure 96, 5,11). Penis usually with titillators (Figure 96, 8,14). Posterior margin of sternum VIII of female forming short genital plate (Figure 96, 6). 2 genera, 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 genera, 16 species.

Key to Genera 1

(2).

2 (1).

Fore wings with 2 anal veins (Figure 85, 10). Antennae and palps setaceous (Figure 96, 1). Meso- and metanotum with W-shaped dark pattern at posterior margin (Figure 96, 3). .................. .,........,’.......,................,........... 1. Chloroperla. Fore wings with 3 anal veins. Antennae and palps serrated (Figure 96. 2). Meso- and metanotum with arcuate or U-shaped pattern (Figure 96, 4) ............................. 2. Isoptena.

Keys to Species of Family Chloroperlidae 1. Chloroperla Newm. Pronotum usually with dark submarginal line which is especially distinct at anterior and posterior margins; median line of pronotum also usually dark; meso- and metanotum with dark W-shaped pattern. Penis of varying structure, at end of abdomen or very long; in this case, its base lies in abdominal segment I (Figure 96, 14); titillators

usually filiform, sometimes lamellar, of varying length (Figure 96, 7,18).

Females little differing in shape and pubescence of genital plate (Figure 96, 6). 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 13-14 species.

3 (8).

4

(7).

5 (6).

distinct dark spot between ocelli and on clypeus. Supra-anal hook slightly curved ventrad at apex (Figure 96, 11,12). Distinct dark spot between ocelli and on clypeus; meso- and metanotum brownish. Penis with a denticulate, bifid area ventrally and 2 smaller such areas dorsally (Figure 96, 7,8). Supraanal hook with blunt point (Figure 96, 9). Male 5-7, female 6-8; wings of male 6-7, of female 7-8. Genital plate of female broad, with a shallow notch and with a transparent sclerotized area in the middle (Figure 96, 15), West, Northwest. North, East. May-September .......................... Ch. burmeisteri Pict. Dark color of head and thorax less well marked (especially in male). Penis with a denticulate, pointed area ventrally and 2 such areas at the sides (Figure 96,17). Supra-anal hook sharply pointed (Figure 96,10), Posterior margin of female genital plate uniformly curved; genital plate without median sclerotization (Figure 96, 16). Male 7.0, female 7.5-8-5; wings of male 6.5-7. of female 7-9. Crimea. April-July Ch. acuminata Zhiltz., sp.n. Titillators forming 2 curved processes on a base with pointed and denticulate apex (Figure 96, 18). Head without spots; only ocelli bordered with dark pigment; supra-anal hook straight at the end (Figure 96. 13). Female genital plate with rounded posterior margin (Figure 96, 19). Male 7-8, female 8-10; wingspan of male 15-16, of female 17-20. Southwest. April-September .... .

6 (5).

Titillators present (Figure 96, 17,18). Titillators filiform (Figure 96, 7.17). Head with more or less

7 (4).

8 (3).

200

.

2 (1).

Supra-anal hook of male with subapical notch (Figure 96, 5). Base of penis in abdominal segment I. Titillators filiform, as long as abdomen (Figure 96, 14). Female genital plate with median group of setae (Figure 96,6). Male 5.5-7, female 6.5-8.5; wings of male 5.5-7, of female 7-8. Southwest. May-August ............. .......................................... Ch.torrentium Pict. Supra-anal hook of male without subapical notch in profile. Penis situated at end of abdomen (usually in segment IX). Titillators shorter than abdomen or absent. Supra-anal hook tapering in dorsal view. Pronotum with a dark line in the middle and at anterior and posterior margin.

.

1 (2).

.......................................... Ch. tripunctata Scop. Supra-anal hook broad at the end, with a notch (Figure 96, 21). Pronotum yellow, without dark lines. Titillators absent, replaced by pair of sclerotized rods (Figure 96, 20). Female genital plate narrow, small, with rounded posterior margin (Figure 96, 24). Male 5.5, female 6-8; wings of male 6.9, of female 6.8-7.9. North to Urals, Leningrad Region, Lithuania. June-August ............................... Ch. apicalis Newm.

2. Isoptena Enderl. Pronotum with broad, light median stripe; lateral parts of pronotum dark; mesonotum and metanotum with broad, U-shaped pattern. Anal lobe of fore wings with 3 veins. In male, posterior margin of abdominal tergum IX dark, thickened; supra-anal hook

240

CHLOROPERLIDAE

short and broad, with anteriorly curved apex, and blunt point (Figure 96, 22,23). Penis complex, consisting of many parts, lying inside segment IX, Titillators elongate, sclerotized. Female genital plate with rounded posterior margin. In Europe 1 species.

1 (1).

Yellow-green; ocelli with dark borders. Abdomen with broad dark stripe. First 8-10 antennal segments lighter than the others. Male 7-8.3, female 9-11; wings of male 9.5, of female 10-11.3. In large rivers in valleys and foothills; rare. North; Baltic Region; Leningrad Region. May-July ................. I. serricornis Pict.

201

ll.

Order

EMBIOPTERA

G.Ya. Bei-Bienko Insects with elongate, flexible body; mouthparts biting, legs ambulatory, with silk.glands in strongly inflated 1st tarsal segment of forelegs; 2 pairs of wings, membranous, similar, developed only in males, or both sexes apterous; abdomen with 2-segmented cerci; metamorphosis incomplete.

FIGURE 9"?. Embiopiera. Family Oligoiomidae Chopaid and original)

(after Beyer,

1-5Haploembia solieri: Igeneral habitus, female; 2mandibles of mate; 3same of female; 4hind tarsus, lateral; 5end of male abdomen, dorsal.

Body (Figure 97, 1) medium-sized (10-20 mm), with soft integument, elongate. Head large, free; mouthparts biting, porrect, different in male and female (Figure 97). Eyes compound, small; no ocelli. Antennae multiarticulate, monili-form, longer than head, Thoracic segments distinctly separated; pronotum not broader than head, smaller than mesonotum and metanotum, square or oblong, divided into an anterior and posterior part by a transverse groove. Wings present only in males, 2 pairs,

242

OLIGOTOMIDAE

similar, membranous, held flat over body in repose, with reduced venation; longitudinal veins and a few cross veins developed only in primitive forms; wings may be absent in both sexes. Legs short, ambulatory; hind femora thickened; all tarsi 3-segmentedj with a terminal pair of claws but without arolium. First tarsal segment of forelegs swollen, containing silk glands; first 2 segments of middle and hind tarsi with light ventral plantulae, Abdomen consisting of 10 segments, but sternum I of female may be reduced. Last segment (X) different in both sexes. Segment X of female symmetrical, its tergum complete and its sternum longitudinally divided into 2 similar plates. Segment X of adult male asymmetrical, its tergum divided into 2 dissimilar halves with hook-shaped processes; sternum X fused with sternum IX, forming an asymmetrical genital plate. Cerci 2-segmented, small but well developed, symmetrical in female but asymmetrical in male, i.e., right cercus normal (with similar cylindrical segments) and left cercus specialized, its first segment thickened and asymmetrical. 202 Metamorphosis incomplete, simplified in apterous forms. Nymphs resembling adults, closely resembling female in apterous forms, and their last abdominal segment similar to that of female. The silk.glands of the first tarsal segment of the fore tarsi are used to build tubular, often branching silken tunnels with numerous openings. The eggs are laid in the tunnels, and the females live there together with the nymphs, sometimes surviving until sexual maturity is reached by the young. Such nests with families often form colonies. In southern Europe the nymphs hibernate and the adults appear in April-May. There is one generation per year, but females may live half a year or longer. Phytophagous. Nests always contain reserves of chewed food. They occur mainly in the Tropics, mainly in forests, under bark of trees or in cracks in the bark. They do not occur in temperate countries except in the warmest regions; if the humidity is low, they live mainly in the soil, under stones, among plant debris, etc. About 200 species exist. They were formerly considered to belong to one family, but are divided today into 7 families. This classification has yet to be confirmed. In Southern Europe occur 5 species of 2 families. Embiidae (genera Embia Latr., Cleom ia Stef. and Monotylota R.-Kors.) and Oligotomidae. The latter is represented by a single species in the fauna of the European U.S.S.R- In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. LITERATURE. Kuznersov, N.Ya. Nablyudeniya nad Embia taurica na Yuzhnom beregu Kryma (Observations on Embia t a uric a on the Southern Coast of the Crimea).Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, Vol.37, 1904; Chopacd, L. Onhopteroides.-Faime de France, Vol.56, Paris. 1956; Davis, C. Family Classification of the Order Embioptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer,, Vol.33, 1940; Enderiein, E. Embiidinsn.-Catal. Coll. zool. Selys-Longchamps. 3/43, 1912; Krauss, H. Monographic der Embien.Zoologica, Vol. 60, 1911.

1.

Family OLIGOTOMIDAE

Mandibles of male denticulate at apex (Figure 97, 2). If wings present, RS without posterior branches. Basal segment of left cercus of male cylindrical, not granular. Abdominal sternum I of female reduced. Several genera occur in the Tropics, one in Mediterranean countries. 1 genus.

Key to Species of Family OUgotomidae

Haploembta Verh. Both sexes apterous. 1st segment of hind tarsi with 2 ventral plantulae (Figure 97, 4). Basal segment of male cerci slightly inflated, without denticles on inner side. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

Brownish, with indistinct light spots; almost of uniform color, Antennae almost filiform, 18- or 19-segmented. Pronotum elongate. Last abdominal tergum of male markedly asymmetrical, its right lobe large, triangular, its left lobe shorter, almost spinelike. Male 8-9, female 12-12.5 (Figure 97, 1). Southern Crimea, Western Caucasus; Mediterranean Region ............................ H. solieri Ramb. (t a uric a Kusn.).

203

12.

Order PHASMOPTERA (Phasmoidea, Cheleutoptera) Stick- and Leaf-Insects

G. Ya. Bei-Bienko

Insects with very elongate, slender, stick-shaped or with broad, leafshaped body; mouthparts biting, head prognathous; legs ambulatory, often very long; wings often absent or, if present, anterior wings shorter than posterior wings; abdomen with one-segmented cerci; metamorphosis incomplete. Body (Figure 98, 1) usually large or very large, very elongate (stick-insects) or leaf-shaped (family Phylliidae, leaf-insects). Head free, spherical, or ovoid; mouthparts biting, porrect. Eyes small, rounded; ocelli 2 or 3 (especially in male) or absent. Antennae long, filiform or setaceous, with few (not less than 8) or numerous segments. Thoracic segments distinctly separated, prothorax short, with well-developed pronotum; meso- and metathorax usually longer than prothorax. Wings (if present) always with shorter and thicker tegmina, often absent. Legs usually very long, ambulatory, sometimes with strong spines or lobeshaped processes; fore femora often S-shaped. All tarsi 5-segmented, 204 except those of genus Timema Sc. from California, whichare 3-segmented; tarsi with arolium between claws. Apex of middle and hind tibiae with ventral triangular area (suborder Pseudophasmoidea) or without such area (suborder Phasmoidea). Abdomen 10-segmented, with 10 terga but only 8 visible sterna in male and 7 in female, sternum I having been lost. Tergum I closely connected with metanotum and sometimes called median segment. Last tergum (X) well developed in both sexes; last sternum of male (IX) forming genital plate, without styli; last sternum of female (VIII) also called genital plate or operculum. Ovipositor usually well developed, consisting of three pairs of short valves at the apex of the abdomen ventrally, not projecting beyond abdomen. Cerci elongate, but generally small, unsegmented, usually more complex in male than in female.

Metamorphosis incomplete; nymphs closely resembling adults. Phytophagous, living among grass and on trees and bushes. Sluggish animals, capable of falling into a state of catalepsy which makes them invisible among the vegetation. Mainly tropical insects. About 2500 species exist. The classification of the order is not yet settled. Phasmoptera were considered in the past a family of Orthoptera. At present some authors divide the order into 2 families, others consider these "families" as suborders, dividing the order into 6 or 7 families. This key uses the latter division, although it is not definitive. In the U.S.S.R. occur only 8 species of the suborder Phasmoidea (middle and hind tibiae without triangular area at the apex) of the family Lonchodidae.

PHASMOPTERA

FIGURE 98. Phasmoptera.

Family Lonchodidae (original)

bHubeccu iaius, female; 2Carausius morosus. female, 1Ramulus anterior pan of body. dorsal ; 3,4Ramulus bituberculatus, female: 3same; 4apex of abdomen, venir. .1: 5Carausitis mocosus, female, same, lateral. LITERATURE.

Yakobson, G.G. and V. L- Bianki.

Pryamokrylye

i

lozhnoseichatokcylye

Rossiiskoi impecii i sopredel’nykh Stran (Octhoptera and Pseudoneucopiera of the Russian Empire and Adjacent Countries).-Sankt-Peterburg. 1905; Brunner- Watienwyl, K. and J. Redtenbacher. Die Insekienfamilie dec Phasmiden. Leipzig, 1908; Chopacd, L. Orihopteroides. Faune de France, Vol.56, Paris,

1951.

1.

Family LONCHODIDAE

Apterous. Abdominal tergum I (median segment) much shorter than metanotum, transverse or slightly elongate. The medioventral carina of middle and hind tibiae reaches the apex of the tibiae; apex of middle and hind tibiae without triangular area. Many genera occur in tropical and subtropical regions. In the U.S.S.R. 3 genera, one of them in the Par East.

Key to Genera Antennae shorter than fore tibiae (Figure 98, 1,3) Me so- and 1. Ramulus. metanotum with distinct longitudinal carina. Antennae longer than fore tibiae (Figure 98, 2). Meso- and metanotum without median longitudinal carina 2. Carausius. .

1 (2). 2 (1).

.

..

....

Keys to Species of Family Lonchodidae 1. Ramulus Sauss. (Gratidia St.). Antennae 15- to 21-segmented. Last abdominal sternum of female simple, almost flat (Figure 98, 4). Many species in Africa, some in Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia and Transcaucasia. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.

LONCHODIDAE

1 (1).

Gray, almost smooth. Head narrow posteriorly, with a pair of longitudinal tubercles or carinae between eyes dorsally (Figure 98, 3). Penultimate abdominal sternum of female with long posterior process (Figure 98, 4). Male 52-65, female 62-80.

Deserts of Kazakhstan, reaching Lake Inder in the west; ..................... R. bituberculatus Redt.

Soviet Central Asia

2. Carausius St. (Dixippus auct.). Antennae with more than 30 segments. Last abdominal sternum of female ventrally with strong keeled process, which reaches apex of abdomen (Figure 98,5). A number of species in Southern Asia; 1 species introduced into Europe and the U.S.S.R. 1 (1).

Greenish gray, covered with fine, partly dark granules. Head almost cylindrical, without dorsal carinae or tubercles (Figure 98,2). Female 70-85, parthenogenetic. Introduced from India; bred in laboratories C. morosus Br. ................

247

205

13. Order

ORTHOPTERA (Saltatoria) G.Ya. Bei-Bienko

Insects with elongate body, biting mouthparts, large laterally overhanging pronotum, saltatorial hind legs, leathery fore wings and hind wings folding fan-wise; sometimes tegmina and wings shortened to a varying extent or absent; abdomen 10-segmented, with usually unsegmented cerci and with ovipositor in female; metamorphosis incomplete. Large or medium-sized, rarely small. Body elongate, not flat (Figure 99). Head with vertical or backwards sloping frons, hypognathous, rarely progna thous (Gryllotalpidae, Oecanthidae and Tridactyloidea). Mouthparts biting. Vertex may be anteriorly differentiated as fastigium. Eyes large, usually oval; ocelli usually 3, rarely rudimentary. Antennae elongate, generally filiform or setaceous, but also ensiform or clavate, rarely of different shape; antennae in some cases shorter, 10- to 30segmented, not longer than half the body length (Acridoidea, Tridactyloidea), in other groups longer than body or slightly shorter (Tettigonioidea, Grylloidea). Thorax large, with strongly developed pronotum covering greater part of thorax; lateral parts of pronotum turned downwards, forming lateral lobes which cover prothorax. Meso- and metathorax fused, their pleural regions divided by oblique or vertical sutures into episterna (anteriorly) and epimera (posteriorly). Two pairs of wings. Fore wings thicker and narrower, in repose usually covering hind wings, transformed into tegmina and functioning in flight to a limited extent. Hind wings (or simply "wings") broad, membranous, actively functioning in flight (posterior propulsion); wings in repose folded fanwise beneath tegmina. Tegmina and wings often shortened to a varying extent; there is occasionally marked sexual dimorphism, that is, the wings of the male are more developed than those of the female. In brachypterous forms macropterous individuals appear rarely. Ignorance of this may result in wrong identification. Brachypterous species may be taken for nymphs, although in nymphs the pads of the tegmina (narrow lobules) are situated posterior to, and between the triangular wing pads. Tegmina and wings sometimes absent. Venation (Figure 101, 2) usually distinct and often Important for identification (see description of superfamilies for description of venation). Fore tibiae of many Tettigonioidea and Grylloidea with tympanal organs. Hind legs with thickened and elongate femora and elongate tibiae (hind legs saltatory). Forelegs ordinary, ambulatory, rarely fossorial (Gryllotalpidae and Tridactyloidea), Hind tibiae usually dorsally covered with numerous spines on both sides and with 4-6 strong movable spurs at the apex. Tarsi usually 3- or 4-segmented, but sometimes 1- or 2~ segmented; apical segment of tarsi with 2 claws and sometimes an arolium between the claws. Abdomen elongate, cylindrical, consisting of 10 terga and 8 or 9 sterna.

Sides of abdominal segment I of many Acridoidea with openings of tympanal auditory organs. Usually well developed, often more or less triangular anal plate (epiproct) present posterior to last tergum (X). The last sternum (IX in male, VII in female) is called the genital plate. Apex of abdomen with cerci and ovipositor in female. Cerci usually not segmented, 2-segmented only in Tridactyloidea and multi articulate in Myrmecophilidae. Ovipositor sometimes absent, e.g., in Gryllotalpidae, Tridactyloidea and some Tettigonioidea. 206 Metamorphosis incomplete; nymphs resembling adults, living in similar habitats. Eggs laid in groups or singly in the soil or in plants, sometimes in grass sward. In Russia the yearly life cycle is usually as follows: the eggs hibernate, the nymphs hatch in spring and complete their development in summer (reaching the adult stage); they then become sexually mature and lay eggs, which may lie dormant until autumn. A few species (some Acridoidea, all Grylloidea and Gryllotalpidae) hibernate as nymphs or adults. Most species emit sounds by stridulation after reaching sexual maturity. This is produced by different methods characteristic of different families, subfamilies and genera (see description of superfamilies and families). Copulation takes place by spermatophores. Spermatophores are of variable shape, often characteristic of families, subfamilies and genera, and their study may be useful for the classification of orders and other groups. Most Orthoptera are phytophagous, but some are carnivorous or omnivorous. Some Acridoidea and some Tettigonioidea and Grylloidea form a gregarious phase when they occur in large concentrations. This phase differs from the ordinary, solitary phase by living in swarms, in its different color and other morphological characters. When most of the gregarious specimens have died and have become dispersed, the gregarious phase again changes into the solitary phase. The difference between the two phases is so marked that they have often been considered as separate species. Most Orthoptera inhabit open biotopes; only a few species live in the forest. Many species are typical biotic elements of a certain landscape and keep to definite habitats. There are two main modes of life, phytophilous and geophilous. The former live on plants and the others live on the ground or in the soil. The phytophilous forms have a smooth, laterally compressed, streamlined, slender body, usually greenish or yellowish, They are divided into chortobionts, living on grass, and tamnobionts, living on shrubs and trees. Geophilous species are dorsoventrally depressed, usually more thickset, often with rugose body surface, and of dark, earthlike colors. They are divided into open geophiles, living in open areas on the surface, hidden geophiles, living on ground covered with dense vegetation, plant debris, etc., and fossorial geophiles, living in burrows. The ambushing insectivorous species form a separate category, represented in the Russian fauna only by the genus Saga; they are characterized by the strong armature of fore and middle legs. Many species are injurious to plants; some, especially Acridoidea, may cause great damage to agriculture, The Orthoptera are divided into 2 suborders, long-horned forms (Dolichocera = Ensifera), with the superfamilies Tettigonioidea and Grylloidea, and short-horned forms (Brachycera = Caelifera) with the superfamilies Tridactyloidea and Acridoidea. Some authors consider all the

frfrons: vvertex; ococciput; eeyes; anantennae; prn pronotum; lb~ lateral lobes; f. ffore femur; h. fhind femur; f.t~ fore tibia; h.thind tibia: lytympanal organ; f. tc fore tarsus; h.trhind tarsus; tegtegmina; ggenu; sspines; spspurs; plare; staylus,

FIGURE 100.

Ibllobules:

elclaws;

tXtergumX;

ccercus; gpgenital

Orthoptera (after Tacbinskii and original)

of Callipiamus italicus; 2Tridactylus variegaius/same; 3Locusta migratoria, end of abdomen of female, lateral (ccercus, u. vupper valve of ovipositor; 1. vlower valve of same); 4Decticus verrucivorus. female, same; 5C-ryllus burdiga lensis, female, same; 6Decticus verrucivorus. fore tibia and tarsus (tytympanal organ); 7Tridaciylus variegatus, end of female abdomen, dorsal.

Iforeleg

ORTHOPTERA

above 4 sup erfami lies as suborders, which is less acceptable. There are also other classifications of the order, which are now obsolete. There are more than 20,000 species. 120 genera. 300 species in the European U.S.S.R. and more than 700 species in the whole U.S.S.R. LITERATURE, Tarbinskii, S. P. Prygayustichie pryamokrylye Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR (Sanatoria (Orthoptera) of Azerbaijan SSR).-Moskva-Leningrad, 1940; Yakobson, G.G. and V.I. Bianhi. pryamohrylye i lozhnosetchatohrylye Rossiiskoi imperii i sopredel’nykh stran (Orthoptera and Pseudoneuropiera of the Russian Empire and Adjacent Countries). Sankt-Peterburg. 1905; Chopard, L. Onhopteroides. Faune de France, Vol.56. Paris, 1951: Harz. K. Die GeradflUgler MilteleuropaS. Jena, 1E)57; Kirby. W.F. ASynonymicCatalogueofOrthoprera.II.HI. London. II, 1906; 111. 1910; Ramme. W. Zur Systematic Faunistik und Biologie der Onhopteren von SO. Europa u. Vorderasien.Mitceil. Zool. Mus. Berlin, Bd,27, 1951.

Key to Superfamilies

208 1

(4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

4(1).

5 (6).

6 (5).

Antennae setaceous, usually longer than body, consisting of very many segments. Tympanal organ, if present, on fore tibiae (Figures 100. 6; 102, 1). Female abdomen usually with long, prominent ovipositor (Figure 100. 4,5). (Suborder Dolichocera). All tarsi 4-segmented (Figure 100, 6). Genital plate of male often with styli (Figure 101, 3). Female ovipositor laterally compressed, sickle- or sword-shaped (Figure 100, 4). Tegmina. if developed, held in a rooflike manner in repose ................ ..................................... 1. Tettigonioidea (p. 252). or 334. Tarsal formula: 333 Male genital plate without styli. Female ovipositor, if present, slender, usually lanceolate at the end (Figure 100, 5). Tegmina, if present, held flat over back ................................... 2. Grylloidea (p. 286). Antennae short, usually not longer than half the body length, filiform, sword-shaped or of a different form, but not setaceous, consisting of 10-30 segments. Tympanal organ, if present, on sides of abdominal segment I (Figure 1). Female ovipositor, if present, short, not prominent (Figure 100, 3), sometimes half concealed. (Suborder Brachycera). Forelegs fossorial (Figure 100, 2). Tarsal formula: 221. Antennae moniliform, 10- to 12-segmented. Abdomen with 4 slender terminal appendages, including 2-segmented cerci (Figure 100, 7); female abdomen without ovipositor. Small insects ............................. 3. Tridactyloidea (p. 297). Forelegs not fossorial (Figure 100, 1). All tarsi, or at least tarsi of hind legs, 3-segmented. Antennae filiform, sickleshaped, clavate or otherwise, usually more than 12-segmented. Abdomen with one pair of not segmented cerci which are sometimes little developed; female with short ovipositor which consists of 4 valves (Figure 100, 3). Large or medium-sized species, 4. Acridoidea (p. 299). sometimes small ........................

251

ORTHOPTERA

1.

Suborder 1.

DOLICHOCERA (Ensifera)

Superfamily TETTIGONIOIDEA

Anterior part of head usually with well-developed, laterally compressed fastigium which is usually separated from the anterior part of the tubercular apex of the frons by a transverse groove (Figure 101, 5). Pronotum with flat or convex dorsum called a disk, and with flat, downward directed lateral lobes; disk often with median carina (Figure 101, 1); lateral carinae, which delimit lateral lobes, usually absent or little developed; transverse grooves weakly developed, but posterior groove usually better marked. often U-shaped. Venter of prothorax often with a pair of spinelike processes between forelegs. Male tegmina with or without stridulatory organ at the base; this organ is sometimes also developed in the female. Venation of tegmina (Figure 101, 2) with well-developed RS, strongly modified in area of stridulatory organ: a brilliant, usually transparent circular area known as the "mirror" between base of M+CuA and A^+A^, which acts as a resonator; mirror anteriorly delimited by a thick stridulatory vein, the modified Cup which bears a row of teeth ventrally on the left legmen. Sounds are emitted by friction of the stridulatory vein against the margin of the mirror. Hind wings sometimes longer than tegmina. Tegmina and wings often shortened to a varying extent, losing their flying capacity, but preserving the organ of stridulation, often even better developed; tegmina and wings sometimes absent. Fore coxae with or without spine. Aperture of tympanal organ on fore tibiae oval, covered with a membrane (Figure 102, 1), or slitlike (Figure 100, 6). All tarsi 4-segmented; 3rd tarsal segment often heart-shaped (Figure 100. 6); 1st segment of hind tarsi often with a pair of ventral, plantar lobes (Figure 103, 3,4.6); no arolium between claws. Abdomen of male with 9 sterna, that of female with 8 sterna. Last tergum often specialized, with processes, especially in male. Anal plate often concealed beneath last tergum. Male genital plate usually with a pair of styli (Figure 101, 3); female genital plate covering base of ovipositor. Cerci not segmented; cerci of male often with a denticle on the inner side (Figure 101, 3). Ovipositor (Figure 100,4) laterally compressed, long, sickle-shaped, or sword-shaped, rarely absent; dorsal margin of ventral valve at base of ovipositor often with a process (lateral fold). Phytophagous, predatory or omnivorous, some harmful to plants. Divided into several families and a number of subfamilies. Some subfamilies are regarded as families by some authors. Three families occur in the U.S.S.R.

LITERATURE. Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, Pryamokrylye. Tom.II. vypusk 2. Kuznechikovye. podsemeiscvo Listovye kuznechiki (Phaneropterinae) (Orthoptera, Vol.2, No. 2. Teuigonioidea, Subfamily Phaneropterinae). Fauna SSSR, Novaya Seriya, Vol.59. 1954. See also bibliography after description of the order.

209

Key to Families 1 (2).

2(1).

Fore tibiae without aperture of tympanal organ. Tarsi laterally compressed, the 3rd segment not expanded. Apterous (Figure 105, 1) ................... 1. Rhaphidophoridae (p. 253). Fore tibiae with oval or slitlike apertures of tympanal organ (Figures 100,6; 102.1). Tarsi dorsoventraliy depressed, 3rd segment heart-shaped (Figure 100, 6).

RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE

3 (4).

Antennae ventral to eyes (Figure 101, 4) or at level of lower margin of eyes; in this case hind tibiae without apical outer spine. Tegmina very short, almost or completely covered by pronotum, stridulatory organ in male and female present; no wings ............................. 2. Bradyporidae (p.254).

verru c ivorus: 1head and pronotum. dorsal (fafastigium. dpronotal disk. l-3Decticus carmedian carina, Iblateral lobes); 2 male legmen (sp mirror); 3end of male abdomen, dorsal multituberculatus, head, anteriorly; st stylus): 4Bradyporus (lerg.XtergurnX, ccercus, verru c ivorus, head anteriorly (fafastigium, a. fr apex of frons. anantennal socket, 5Decticus clclypeus); 6Damalacantha vacca. female pronotum, dorsal; 7Ephippiger ephippiger, pronotum and tegmina of female, lateral; 8, 9 Sradyporus mulfituberculatus: 8rightcercus of male, dorsal; 9female genital plate, ventral; 10B. montandoni, same; HEpnippiger ephippiger, end of abdomen and male cerci, dorsal.

4

(1).

Antennae dorsal to lower margin of eyes (Figure 101, 5); if attached at level of lower margin of eyes, hind tibiae with an apical spine on outer side- Tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened, in female without stridulatory organ, sometimes absent.............................. 3. Tettigoniidae (p. 356). 1.

Family

KHAPHIDOPHORIDAE

Fore tibiae without apertures of tympanal organ. Apterous. Spurs on apex of hind tibiae long, especially the dorsal pair. Tarsi subcylindrical, laterally compressed; 3rd tarsal segment not heart-shaped. Cerci long,

soft, setose. Mainly in the Tropics; externally resembling crickets. 2 genera. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 genera.

Key to Genera

210 1

(2).

2 (1).

Hind tibiae dorsally with numerous minute spines arranged in groups; apical spine in each group longer than the others. Fore femora with a long apical spine on outer side; .middle femora with 2 apical spines ............................. 1. Tachycines. Hind tibiae dorsally with a few uniform spines. Femora without 2, Dolichopoda. spines or with very small spines apically ........

Keys to Species of Family Rhaphidophoridae

Apex of vertex with a pair of conical tubercles. Ventral surface of hind femora with a few small spines; dorsum of hind tibiae with 50-80 minute spines on each side. A number of species in the Far East and in tropical Asia. 1 introduced species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1.

Tachycines Ad.

2 species. 1 (1).

Brownish gray, with dark spots and silky sheen caused by very minute, densely standing hairs; legs with brown rings. Male genital plate without styles; female genital plate triangular, with apical notch. 13-18, ovipositor 11-14 (Figure 105, 1). In hothouses; sometimes harmful to plants........ .I’T. asynamorus Ad.

2. Dolichopoda Bol. Apex of vertex with a pair of blunt tubercles. Dorsum of hind tibiae with 25-30 marginal minute spines. About 15 species in Mediterranean countries; many inhabiting caves. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

1 (1).

Uniformly brownish yellow. Tubercles on frons separated by longitudinal groove, often black. Ovipositor not longer than middle femora, almost straight, only slightly curved dorsad and slightly narrowed at apex. 12-15. ovipositor 6-10. Black Sea coast of Caucasus; western Transcaucasia. In. caves and cellars D. euxina Sem.

.................... 2.

Family BRADYPORIDAE

Fore tibiae with slitlike apertures of tympanal organ. Head rounded convex; antennae ventral to eyes or at level of lower margin of eyes. Tegmina very short, often completely covered by pronotum; stridulatory organ present both in male and female; no wings. Body often large and thick. Mainly in dry regions of Eurasia and North Africa. 3 genera. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 genera.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Pronotum saddle-shaped, without lateral carinae. markedly elevated posteriorly (Figure 101,7). Tegmina slightly protruding from under pronotum, well developed ............. 1. Ephippiger.

254

BRADYPORIDAE

2 (1).

3 (4).

Pronotum not saddle-shaped, with prominent lateral carinae. Tegmina not protruding from under pronotum, completely covered or hardly visible. Body very large and thick. Lateral carinae of pronotum interrupted and with spines anteriorly. (Figure 101, 6). Hind tibiae dorsally with widely-separated minute spines. Tarsi ventrally with short, thick small spines ............................................ 2. Damalacantha. Lateral carinae of pronotum complete, without spines. Hind tibiae dorsally with densely standing, strong spines. Dorsum of abdomen with rows of oblong tubercles ........ 3. Bradyporus. ...........

4 (3).

Keys to Species of Family Bradyporidae Subfamily EPHIPPIGERINAE

Ephippiger Berth. Vertex anteriorly with well developed, acuteangled apex. Hind tibiae dorsally with a few, small spines, without outer spines at apex. A number of species, mainly in southern West Europe. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

2n

Posterior part of pronotum rugose. Middle of male anal plate narrowed; posterolateral angles of male anal plate protruding, pointed; male cerci with a small denticle near middle (Figure 101, 11). Ovipositor 2 to 2.5 times longer than pronotum. Color variable, occiput black. 19-30, ovipositor 19-25. Southwest. Forest clearings, forest borders, vineyards, on plants and on the ground; a minor pest ........................... *E. ephippiger Fbg. (vitium Serv.). ...............................

Subfamily DERACANTHINAE 2. Damalacajitha B.-Bien (Zichya auct.). Vertex without anterior process (fastigium); distance between antennae twice as long as 1st antennal segment. Posterior part of pronotum rugose; posterior margin of pronotum without strong denticles, notched or straight in female (Figure 101, 6). Deserts of Kazakhstan, western Mongolia and West China. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Pronotum with a pair of black tubercles near posterior margin (Figure 101,6). Male cerci very short, thick, with apical spine, Ovipositor 1.5 times longer than hind femur, moderately curved, dorsad. 24-25, ovipositor 22-25. Deserts of Kazakhstan; possibly occurs in the west in the area between the Emba and the Ural rivers. Occurs on stony solonchak areas with scattered halophytes. Runs rapidly on the ground ......... D. vacca P.-W.

Subfamily BRADYPODINAE

Bradyporus Ch. Pronotum with sharp lateral carinae, with 4 longitudinal ridges in posterior part. Dorsum of abdomen with rows of oblong tubercles. Very thickset and large. About 9 species in countries around the Black Sea, reaching northern Iran. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 3.

255

1 (2).

2 (1).

Dorsally bronze-black, with yellow color, usually with a pair of longitudinal, yellow stripes on abdomen, rarely uniformly bronze-black, but with rudimentary longitudinal stripes along tergum I. Female genital plate broadly triangular, with little notched apex and a small denticle on the sides near the base (Figure 101, 9). Denticle of male cerci pointed, almost spinelike (Figure 101,8). 40-55, ovipositor 14-18. Virgin steppes of Ciscaucasia, formerly also in the Ukraine and in the steppes of the Center........................ B. multituberculatus F.-W. DorsaUy uniformly bronze-black, sometimes only with a pair of yellowish spots at anterior margin of abdominal tergum I. Female genital plate transverse, posteriorly narrowing, with distinct but shallow rounded notch apically, without denticle at the sides (Figure 101, 10), Male cerci with shorter denticle, almost rectangular at the apex. 45-53, ovipositor 15. Moldavia; southern Rumania ......................... B. montandoni Burr. 3-

Family TETTIGONIIDAE

Fore tibiae with slitlike or oval openings of tympanal organ. Antennae usually dorsal to level of ventral margin of eyes. Tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened, rarely absent, female without stridulatory organ. Cerci thick, in male more complex than in female. A number of subfamilies, not separately dealt with in this key; some of them are sometimes considered as families. 32 genera. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 50 species.

Key to Genera 1 (18). Openings of tympanal organ on fore tibiae open, oval (Figure 102,1). 2 (17). Pore tibiae with delicate groove its whole length dorsally. ventrally without small spines or with weak spines. Male tegmina with

3(4).

4

(3).

5 (8).

6 (7).

stridulatory organ. Tegmina fully developed, wings long, reaching beyond tegmina (Figure 105, 2). Lateral lobes of pronotum with posterior shoulderlike notch (Figure 102, 2). .............. 1. Phaneroptera. Tegmina shortened, forming stridulatory organ in male, as long as or shorter than pronotum in female (Figure 102, 6); rudimentary tegmina sometimes completely covered by pronotum. Lateral lobes of pronotum without posterior shoulderlike notch. Ovipositor strongly compressed laterally, lamelliform, with straight or very finely serrated margins (Figure 102, 3). Fore tibiae 2 or 3 times longer than pronotum. Male cerci without conical process at base dorsally (Figure 102,4). Female genital plate triangular, not elongate (Figure 102, 10). .............................................. 2. Leptophyes. Male cerci with conical process at base dorsally (Figure 102, 5). Female genital plate oblong, sharply pointed, with narrow pointed apex (Figure 102, 9) ................... 3. Euconocercus. Ovipositor not lamelliform, strongly serrated apically (Figure 102, 8). Fore tibiae not more than 1.5 times longer than pronotum or shorter. .....

7 (6).

212

8 (5).

256

TETTIGONIIDAE

9 (16).

Fore femora as long as or longer than pronotum. Fore tibiae slender, markedly widened basally, narrower than. eyes in the middle. Fastigium not wider than 1st antennal segment. 10 (13). Transverse groove of pronotum in middle of pronotum or posterior to middle (Figure 102, 6). Rudimentary tegmina of female almost completely projecting from pronotum (Figure 102,6). Male tegmina completely free, with visible stridulatory organ. 11(12). Ventral margin of ovipositor curved (Figures 105,4; 108.1). Stridulatory organ of male with developed veins, sharply delimited by convex vein on the left side ...................... 4. Isophya.

2Phaneroptera falcaia: Ifore tibia (ttympanal opening); 2pronotum, lateral; punctaiissima, female, ovipositor; 4L. albovittata, male, right cercus; 5 Eu con o cercus caucasicus, same; 6 Isophya brunneri, female, pronoturn and tegmina; 7Poecilimon scythicus, female, pronotum; 8Barbit isles serricaudus, female, ovipositor; 9Euconocercus caucasicus, female; genital place, ventral: 10Leptophyes albovittata, 1,

3Leptophyes

12 (11). Ventral margin of ovipositor straight to the serrated part (Figures 102,8; 108,2). Male stridulatory organ with indistinct veins, not delimited on the left by well-marked, convex vein .............................................. 5, Barbitistes. 13 (10). Transverse groove anterior to middle of pronotum (Figure 10:L,7). Rudimentary female tegmina invisible or half-covered by pronotum. Stridulatory organ of male partly or completely covered by pronotum, 14 (15). Pronotum and tegmina of male and female dissimilar: female pronotum cylindrical (Figure 102, 7), that of male saddle shaped or posteriorly widened; female tegmina not inflated, invisible or slightly projecting from pronotum 6. Poecilimon. ......

.............

15 (14). Pronotum and visible part of male and female tegmina similar: pronotum strongly concave dorsally; tegmina partly projecting, inflated (Figure 102, 11) ............................ 7. Isoimon. Fore femora shorter than pronotum (Figure 110, 2). Fore tibiae 16 (9). thick, not widened at the base, not narrower than eyes in middle. 8. Polysarcus. Fastigium wider than 1st antennal segment Fore tibiae without dorsal groove, with 3-5 pairs of well-developed 17 (2). movable spines ventrally. Male tegmina without stridulatory 10. Meconema. organ 18 (1). Openings of tympanal organ on fore tibiae narrow, slitlike ........

........................................

(Figure 100,6). 19 (20). Fore tibiae with delicate dorsal groove its whole length. Eyes oblong-oval. Tegmina and wings as in Phaneroptera ............. ................................................. 9. Tyiopsis. 20 (19). Fore tibiae without dorsal longitudinal groove. Eyes rounded. 213 (22). Fore and middle femora with numerous strong ventral spines; hind femora long, slender, not saltatorial (Figure 111,3). Antennal sockets contiguous. Very large species, very elongate, almost or completely apterous ........................ 13. Saga. 22 (21). Fore and middle femora without ventral spines or with a few weak spines; hind femora much thickened basally, saltatorial. Antennal sockets separate. 23 (26). Fore tibiae without spines dorsally. Frons strongly slanting backwards (Figure 111, 1,2,4). 24 (25). Fastigium narrower and shorter than 1st antennal segment (Figure 103, 2), Hind femora ventrally without spines or with few weak spines ............................. 11. Conocephalus. 25 (24). Fastigium wider and longer than 1st antennal segment (Figure 103, 1). Hind femora ventrally with strong spines ..;...,.

^

.........................................

12. Homorocoryphus.

26 (23). Fore tibiae dorsally with 2-4 spines on the outside (Figure 100,6). Frons vertical or slightly slanting backwards. 27 (60). Ventral side of hind tibiae with 4 apical spurs; inner pair shorter (sometimes considerably shorter) than outer pair (Figure 103, 3). plantulae on ventral side of 1st segment of hind tarsi shorter than 1st segment (Figure 103, 6) or nearly absent. 28 (29). Fastigium much narrower than 1st antennal segment. Body green, tegmina without dark spots in middle. Tegmina and wings fully developed...................................... 14. Tettigonia. 29 (28). Fastigium wider than or as wide as, 1st antennal segment (Figure 104. 1); if slightly narrower than 1st antennal segment, body not green, Tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened to a varying extent. 30 (31). Inner side of hind tibiae with fewer and longer spines dorsally 214 than on outer side (Figure 103, 5). Pronotum dorsally with wellmarked transverse depression, wavy or serrated at posterior margin. Male tegmina strongly shortened, those of female rudimentary ................................... 15. Onconotus. 31 (30). Inner and outer spines on dorsal side of hind tibiae similar. Pronotum without dorsal transverse depression, its posterior margin smooth.

258

TETTIGONIIDAE

32 (39).

Fastigium not wider, or less than twice as wide as 1st antennal segment. 1st segment of hind tarsi ventrally with very short, sometimes little developed plantulae (Figure 103,6). Ovipositor ventrally curved.

FIGURE 103. and

Tettigonioidea. Family Tettigoniidae (after Bei-Bienko, Karabag, Tacbinskii, Chopard,

original) ephalus,

iryphus

.

!

end of hind tibia, ventral and base of tarsus (piplantulae); 4Rhacocleis gerlaxmanni, right hind tibia; 6Anadrymadusa retowskii,

; 5Onconotus

cercus, lateral; 8L

9Anadrymadusa

ithodusa daghestanica, last abdom retowskii, same; 10Paradryma’

.

.

33 (34). Tegmina and wings fully developed; wings smoky, dark. In male, cerci with 2 long denticles directed inwards (Figure 103,7); 16. Ceraeocercus. female cerci slightly curved inwards at apex. 34 (33). Tegmina much shorter than abdomen, in male forming stridulatory organ, in female rudimentary, sometimes almost covered

by pronotum. 35 (38). Frons with black stripe between eyes. Female tegmina not longer than pronotum and less developed than in male. 36 (37). Male cerci without denticle on inner side, straight or strongly curved. Last tergum of male abdomen often with (or without) pair of pointed processes posteriorly (Figure 103, 9). Female tegmina not covered by pronotum, not lateral. ................... 17. Anadrymadusa. ...........................................

259

37 (36). Male cerci with strong denticle on inner side (Figure 103, 10). Last abdominal tergum of male without pointed processes posteriorly. Female tegmina slightly projecting from pronotum or covered by it, often lateral .............. 18. Paradryroadusa. 38 (35). Frons without black stripe between eyes. Tegmina equally developed in both sexes, slightly longer than pronotum. End of male abdomen as in Figure 103, 8 .............. 19. Lithodusa. 39 (32). Fastigium 3 or 4 times wider than 1st antenna! segment (Figure 104, l); if only twice as wide, plantulae on 1st segment of hind tarsi well developed, almost half as long as 1st segment or longer (Figure 103, 3). 215 40 (41). Ovipositor slightly curved ventrad, obliquely slanting on dorsal side of apex (Figure 104, 8). Prothorax ventrally with 2 long, slender spines between forelegs. Pronotum without median carina...................................... 20. Gampsocleis. 41 (40). Ovipositor straight or curved dorsad (Figures 100,4; 114,7). Prothorax ventrally without spines. 42 (59). Pronotum at most 1.5 times longer than fore femora. Tegmina fully developed or shortened to a varying extent. 43 (46). Fore tibiae usually with 4 strong dorsal spines on the outside (Figure 100, 6). Large species; length of hind femora 28-43. Tegmina and wings developed, covering abdomen completely (Figure 99). 44 (45). Pronotum dorsally flat, with well-marked median carina (Figure 101,1). .................................. 21. Decticus.

FIGURE 104. Tettigonioidea. Subfamily Tettigoniinae (after Tarbinskii, Chopard and original) 1PlaEycleis affinis, head and pronotum, dorsal; 2Pholidoptera cineceii, pronotum of male, ’3orsal; 3ParapholidopEera noxia, same; 4Pholidoptera cinecea, fastigium, front view; 5 Pachytrachis gracilis, same: 6Sepiana sepium, end of female abdomen, ventral; 7Schizonotinus crassicercus. male, last abdominal tergum, dorsal; 8Garnpsotera cinerea, last

12Metrioptera

tergum and cerci of male. dorsal; 11Parapholidopiera bicolor, male. same.

oxia. male, sam

TETTIGONIIDAE

45 (46). 46 (43).

47 (52).

48 (49).

Pronotum dorsally convex, without a trace of a median longitudinal carina ................................. 22. Medecticus. Fore tibiae with only 3 (sometimes weak) dorsal spines on the outside. Smaller species (hind femora less than 28) or tegmina and wings much shortened. Pronotum with well-marked median carina in posterior part (Figure 104, 1). Tegmina fully developed or shortened; if shortened, female tegmina not lateral, i.e., contiguous on back, and projecting from pronotum; male tegmina with distinct longitudinal veins in apical part (Figure 101, 2). Tegmina fully developed or shortened, dark in middle, with distinct light spots on cross veins (Figure 104, 9). .............................................. 23. Platycleis. Tegmina usually shortened, not dark in middle and without light spots; cross veins almost of the same color as the rest of the tegmina. Lateral lobes of pronotum with very narrow border along the whole margin, posteriorly without shoulderlike notch. Last abdominal tergum of male only slightly notched in the middle with shallow, nonprojecting lobes. Abdominal sterna VI and VII of female with a pair of tubercles (Figure 104, 6) 24. Sepiana. Lateral lobes of pronotum with broad border along margin or without border, posteriorly often with a weak shoulderlike notch. Last abdominal tergum of male with deep median notch and triangular or pointed projecting lobes (Figure 104,12). Abdominal sterna VI and VII of female simple, without tubercle.s 25. Metrioptera. Pronotum without distinct median carina in posterior part, sometimes only with a weak, rudimentary carina (Figure 104, 2.3). Tegmina shortened, in female lateral (i.e., not contiguous on dorsum) or completely covered by pronotum; male tegmina with archedyction in apical part, sometimes also completely covered by pronotum. Fastigium with straight or slightly concave lateral margin in front view; if concave, fastigium wider than 1 st antennal segment at level of transverse groove (Figure 104, 4). Male cerci expanded basally, rarely cylindrical, always with denticle on inner side (Figure 104, 10,ll)t. Male abdomen normal dorsally; last tergum of male not straight posteriorly, at least with weak notch in the middle (Figure 104,10) or with a pair of denticles (Figure 104, 11). Female tegmina completely or almost completely covered by pronotum. Pronotum shorter, its posterior margin straight or slightly rounded (Figure 104, 2). Male tegmina projecting from pronotum. Last abdominal tergum of male posteriorly with small or moderately large notch, but without spines (Figure 104, 10) ................ ............................................ 26. Pholidoptera. Pronotum prolonged posteriorly, posterior margin rounded (Figure 104, 3). Male tegmina often completely covered by pronotum. Last abdominal tergum of male posteriorly with a pair of ventrally curved spines (Figure 104, 11) ........................................ 27. Parapholidoptera. ...............

49 (48).

50 (51).

.....

51 (50).

.,....,.,

52 (47).

53 (58).

54 (57).

55 (56).

56 (55).

..................

t

This denticle stands sometimes

very

near ihe base and

may be overlooked.

57 (54). Male abdomen dorsally with a soft median area at least anterior to apex; last tergum short and wide, with straight posterior margin {Figure 104, 7). Female tegmina half projecting from 28. Schizonotinus. pronotum, well marked on the outside 58 (53). Fastigium with concave lateral margins in front view, as wide as 1st antennal segment at level of transverse groove (Figure 104, 5). Male cerci slender, straight, not widened at the base, without 29. Pachytrachis. denticle on inner side 59 (42). Pronotum twice or 3 times longer than fore femora. Male tegmina shortened, with covered mirror; female tegmina 30. Psorodonotus. covered by pronotum, rudimentary 60 (27), Hind tibiae with only 2 apical spurs ventrally (Figure 103, 4). Plantulae of 1st segment of hind tarsi very long, almost as long as or as long as 1st segment of tarsus (Figure 103, 4). 216 61 (62). Fastigium very narrow ventrally in front view, not more than half as wide as 1st antennal segment at level of transverse groove. Hind femora with ventral spines. Ovipositor long, almost straight .............................................. 31. Rhacocleis. 62 (61). Fastigium very narrow ventrally in front view, about as wide as 1st antennal segment at level of transverse groove. Hind femora without spines ventrally. Ovipositor short, strongly curved dorsad .32. Miramiola. at an angle near the base. Very small species .........

........................

...........

.

.

.

Keys to Species of Family Tettigoniidae Subfamily PHANEROPTERINAE I. Phaneroptera Serv. Both openings of tympanal organ on fore tibiae open, oval. Tegmina fully developed; wings longer than tegmina. About 20 species in Asia and Africa; a few species in Europe. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

lTachycines asynamorus, female; 2Phaneroptera falcata, female; 3Leptophyes alboviicata, female; 4Isophya gracilis, female.

262

TETTIGONI1DAE

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

Lateral lobes of pronotum not higher than long (Figure 102, 2). Male cerci widened before apex (Figure 106, 1,2). Dorsal margin of ovipositor curved dorsally at an obtuse angle (Figure 106, 4,5). Genital plate of male broad, expanded like a fish tail at apex; apex of cerci widened like a blade (Figure 106, 1). Base of ventral valve of ovipositor with sinuous dorsal margin (Figure 106, 5). 14-20 (Figure 105, 2). In the north to 52-53, in Asia to 51-5140’; not found in the Crimea. Forest borders; sometimes slightly injurious ................................... *Ph. falcata Poda. Male genital plate not widened at apex; cerci with hastate apex (Figure 106, 2). Dorsal margin of ventral valve of ovipositor straight at base (Figure 106, 4). 15-19. Southeast; South Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Rumania. .Ph. spinosa B.-Bien. Lateral lobes of pronotum much higher than long (Figure 106, 8). Apex of male cerci tapering to a point (Figure 106, 3). Dorsal margin of ovipositor curved dorsad. 12-18. Southern Ukraine, Moldavia, western Ciscaucasia, western Caucasus. On shrubs, in vineyards and orchards; vector of fruit rot ................... ...................... #Ph. nana Fieb. (quadripunctata Br.). .

4 (1).

217

2. Leptophyes Fieb. Tegmina very short. its margins more or less straight. 7 species in 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (2).

Ovipositor lamelliform,

Europe and the Caucasus.

Tegmina short, partly covered by pronotum, in male shorter pronotum, in female not longer than third of pronotum. Male cerci almost straight, with black apical denticle (Figure 106,6). Ovipositor about 1.5 times longer than pronotum, dorsal margin straight posterior to base. 8-16 (Figure 105,3). Forest-steppe and steppe to the Ural River in the east............ ........................................... L. albovittata Koll. Tegmina completely free, in male slightly longer than pronotum, in female more than half as long as pronotum. Male cerci short, curved inwards posterior to middle (Figure 106, 7). Ovipositor twice as long as pronotum, with concave dorsal margin (Figure 102,3). 10-17. Center (?), possibly occurs in the Southwest.............................. .1^. punctatissima Bosc.

than

2(1).

3. Euconocercus E.-Bien. Very similar to Leptophyes andoften confused with it. 2 species in the Caucasus. 1 species, 1 (1).

Tegmina free, in male slightly longer than pronotum, in female rounded, not less than’half as long as pronotum. Male cerci as long as pronotum, almost straight. Ovipositor almost 3 times longer than pronotum. 15.5-18. Stavropol Plateau, the Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia (Figure 102, 5,9)

.....................

.......................................

Eu. caucasicus B.-Bien.

4. Isophya Br. Fore femora 1.5-2 times longer than pronotum. Male tegmina completely free, in female projecting from pronotum. Ovipositor strongly serrate. More than 50 species, mainly in southeastern Europe and the Caucasus. 15 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 20 species.

1 (4).

.

Male pronotum with a constriction, almost equally wide anteriorly and posteriorly (Figure 106, 11), strongly concave dorsally. Female tegmina more than half as long as pronotum (Figure 105,4). Ovipositor short, 6-7.5 (Figure 105,4). 2 (3). Male tegmina not more than 1.5 times longer than pronotum, in female shorter than pronotum. Male cerci more strongly curved inwards, with weak, hardly visible apical spine (Figure 107,4). 16.5-20, ovipositor 7-7.5 (Figure 105,4). Northern Caucasus, Injurious to trees and fruit trees. Occurs in 2 phases, gregarious and solitary (see below). .*!. gracilis Mir. a (b). Brilliant-black dorsally except tegmina, with light longitudinal stripe in middle of head; pronotum often with a light area (Figure 106,11). ............................... phasis gregaria. b (a). Almost or completely uniformly green phasis solitaria. 3 (2). Male tegmina twice as long as pronotum; female tegmina almost as long as pronotum. Male cerci slightly curved, with strong, inwards-curved terminal spine (Figure 107, 5). 13.5-17, ovipositor 6-6.5. Western Caucasus, Abkhazia, Svanetia. On shrubs and on forest borders. Occurs in 2 phases, gregarious and solitary, like the preceding species I. hemiptera B.-Bien. 4 (1). Male pronotum wider posteriorly than anteriorly (Figure 106,10), or dorsal side not concave, straight in profile. Female tegmina not longer than pronotum, often less than half as long as pronotum (Figure 102,6). Ovipositor 7.5-17. 5 (24). Hind femora ventrally without spines or with only 1 or 2 spines at apex. 6 (7), Ovipositor short, only 1.4-1.8 times longer than pronotum. Male tegmina much broader than pronotum, with sharp rightlateral angle (Figure 106, 10). Male cerci slender, curved apically (Figure 107,6). 16-24, ovipositor 7.5-10. Northeastern Caucasus, Transcaucasia. Injurious to grape vines, fruit trees and field crops, forest trees .*!. schneideri Br, 7 (6). Ovipositor twice or 3 times longer than pronotum. Male tegmina not broader or little broader than pronotum (Figures 106, 9; 107, 1). 8 (9). Posterior margin of pronotum notched also in female (Figure 107, 1,2). Female tegmina little projecting from pronotum, with slanting posterior margin, outer side of tegmina much shorter than inner side (Figure 107, 2). Male tegmina much shorter than pronotum (Figure 107, 1). 16.5-20, ovipositor 9-10. Donets Plateau ........................... I. doneciana B.-Bien. 9 (8). Posterior margin of pronotum straight or in male sometimes slightly concave (Figures 106,9; 107,3). Female tegmina with straight, sometimes rounded posterior margin, their outer margin not shorter than inner margin (Figure 102, 6). 10 (11). Male pronotum with straight dorsal margin, without constriction. Female tegmina not less than half as long as pronotum, with rounded posterior margin. Ventral side of hind femora with 2, rarely 1, subapical spines. Male cerci as in Figure 107,7. 23--28, ovipositor 14.5-16. Steppes of the Center, southeastern ..........

.....

........

Ukraine

...................................

I. rossica B.-Bien.

TETTIGONIIDAE

218 11 (10). Male pronotum with distinctly concave dorsal margin, sometimes saddle-shaped. Female tegmina with almost straight posterior margin, often less than half as long as pronotum. Hind femora usually without ventral spines. 12 (15). Posterior part of male pronotum with lateral shoulderlike process (Figure 107,3). Ovipositor 8.5-10. 13 (14). Male cerci with short point, their apical part curved inwards and markedly narrowed (Figure 107. 8). Male tegmina as long as pronotum. Fastigium narrow anteriorly, oblong-triangular. 18-22, ovipositor 8.5-10. Altai, Northeast Kazakhstan ............................................ I. altaica B.-Bien. ...........

a FIGURE 106.

^^-’w

Tenigonioide?. Subfamily Phaneropterinae (after Bei-Bienko).

14 (13). Male cerci rounded at apex, their apical part curved inwards and short, uniformly thick (Figure 107, 9). Male tegmina slightly shorter than pronotum. Fastigium with parallel sides. 18-26, ovipositor 8.5-9. Transcarpathian Ukraine;! mountains ..........

............................................ I. brevipennis Br. Male pronotum without shoulderlike process in posterior part (Figure 106, 9). Ovipositor 8.5-14. 16 (17). Anterior part of male tegmina much narrower than posterior part of pronotum; right margin of left legmen not reaching lateral margin of pronotum. Ovipositor 8.5-10, without pit 15 (12).

+

[Formerly Carpathian Ruthenia.]

ORTHOPTERA

Stridulatory vein and mirror of male tegmina not dark, 16-23. West, Southwest ....................... I, pyrenea Serv. 17 (16)’. Anterior part of male tegmina almost as broad, or broader than posterior part of pronotum (Figure 106. 9), Ovipositor at base.

11-14; if ovipositor shorter, a distinct deep pit at base above dorsal margin of ventral valve, 18 (19). Male tegmina as long as pronotum or slightly longer, mirror elongate, slightly darkened; anterior vein of mirror notlongerthan left lateral vein or shorter. Apical part of male cerci curved, almost cylindrical, slender, with rounded apex (Figure 107, 10). 21-29, ovipositor 10-11. Transcarpathian Ukraine. .............. ................................................ I. Stysi Ceich.

//.

<^7

^8 ^9 ^w

^

^n

FIGURE 10’?, Tettigonioidea. Subfamily Phaneropcerinae (after Bei-Bienko and original)

doneciana: 1pronouim and tegmina of male, dorsal; 2same of female; male pronotum, dorsal; 41. gracilis, right cercus of male, dorsal; 5I.hemipsame; 61. schneideri, same; 71. rossica, same; 81. altaica, same; 91. brevipennis. same; 10-L stysi, same; ll-l. zubovskii, same; 12-1. siepposa, same; 13-1. boldyrevi, female genhal plate, ventral.

1,2Isophya

3I.aliaica, tera,

19 (18).

219

Male tegmina as long as, or slightly shorter than, pronotum; mirror not elongate or transverse, its anterior vein much longer than its left lateral vein. Curved part of male cerci thick (Figure 107, 11) or tapering to a point (Figure 107, 12). 20 (21). Anterior part of male tegmina slightly narrower than posterior part of pronotum; right margin of tegmina rounded or obtuse. Male cerci curved inwards almost from middle, tapering to a point. 17-23, ovipositor 11.5-13.5. Steppes of the Center and the South, southern coast of Crimea ............. I. brunneri Ret. 21 (20). Male tegmina anteriorly not narrower than posterior part of pronotum or slightly broader; right margin of male tegmina almost

rectangular (Figure 106,9).

266

TETTIGONIFDAE

22 (23). Curved part of male cerci almost cylindrical, thick, obliquely pointed apically (Figure 107, 11). Stridulatory vein of male tegmina not dark. Ovipositor 2.7-3 times longer than pronotum. I. zubovskii B.-Bien. 18-24, ovipositor 12-14. Southwest 23 (22). Curved part of male cerci similar, but slightly more pointed. Stridulatory vein of male tegmina dark. Ovipositor only twice as long as pronotum. 22-24, ovipositor 9-10.5. Trans Carpathian Ukraine ..................................... I. pienensis Mar. Hind femora ventrally with several spines at least on inner 24 (5). margin. Ovipositor long, 12.5-17. 25 (28). Fastigium narrow, about half as wide as 1st antennal segment. Stridulatory vein of male tegmina thinner than 2nd antennal segment. Female hind femora 18-20. 26 (27), Posterior margin of male and female pronotum with indistinct, rounded notch. Anterior part of male tegmina not broader than posterior margin of pronotum. Female genital plate without notch at apex. Male cerci as in Figure 107, 12. 22-26, ovipositor 12.5-15 (Figure 108, 1). Steppes of the Center, eastern Ukraine .................................. I. stepposa B.-Bien. 27 (26). Posterior margin of pronotum straight. Anterior part of male tegmina broader than posterior margin of pronotum. Female genital plate with apical notch (Figure 107, 13). 20-25, ovipositor 13-13.5. The Volga Upland near Saratov ........ I. boldyrevi Mir. 28 (25). Fastigium more than half as wide as 1st antennal segment or almost as wide. Stridulatory vein of male tegmina thicker than 2nd antennal segment. Male cerci thick, with well marked terminal spine. Female hind femora 20-24 mm. 23-32, ovipositor 14-17. Southern Crimea. A serious pest of vineyards, tobacco, etc. Occurs in gregarious and solitary phase (see .........

below) 220

a (b).

b (a).

*I. taurica Br. pattern; head dorsally black, antennae black ......................... phasis gregaria. Uniformly green, without distinct pattern ....... phasis solitaria. ........................................

Dorsally

with distinct black and ocher

5. Barbitistes Ch. Closely related to Isophya, butmale cerci S-shaped; ventral margin of ovipositor straight to the serrated part. About 8 species in Europe. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1

(2).

2 (1).

Male cerci not longer than pronotum, sharply tapering apically (Figure 109, 1), Lateral slit at base of ovipositor short, not reaching posteriorly beyond valvifer (Figure 109, 3). Green or brownish with dark dots. 15-20 (Figure 108, 2). Center; West, to Estonia in the north. Injurious to pine trees .................. ........................................... #B. constrictus Br. Male cerci longer than pronotum, gradually tapering to a fine point (Figure 109, 2). Lateral slit at base of ovipositor longer, reaching beyond valvifer (Figure 109, 4). Color and measurements B. serricaudatus F. as in B. constrictus. Southwest ...........

Poecilimon Pisch. Similar to Barbitistes, but the transverse groove is in the middle of the pronotum or anterior to it. About 80 species, mainly in southeastern Europe, Caucasus, and Asia Minor. I? species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 22 species, 6.

1 (8). 2 (3).

3(2).

4

(7).

5 (6).

221 6 (5).

7 (4).

Hind femora ventrally with at least 2 or 3 spines. Pronotum short, in male distinctly saddle-shaped, with elevated posterior part; female pronotum slightly concave dorsally; transverse groove near middle of pronotum. Base of ovipositor with a small tubercle on outer side. 15-22, ovipositor 7-9 (Figure 108, 3). Southwest, Crimea, Stavropol Plateau, western Caucasus, western Transcaucasia. In open forests .............. ............................................. P. schmidti Fieb. Pronotum long; male pronotum markedly widened posteriorly, like a funnel in dorsal view; female pronotum with straight dorsal margin. Transverse groove anterior to middle of pronotum. Male cerci with 2 apical spines (Figure 109, 6,7). Fastigium wide, almost square, about as wide as 1st antennal segment. Female tegmina lateral, almost completely or completely covered by pronotum. Green, with black dots. Dorsal side of pronotum without black pattern resembling a pair of window shutters. Female genital plate triangular, forming an acute angle posteriorly. 19-27, ovipositor 11-12.5. (Figure 108,4). Steppes, Northern Caucasus. Sometimes injurious ...................... *P. heroicus Stshelk. Yellowish, with well-developed black color. Pronotum with black pattern like a pair of window shutters at least in male. Female genital plate transverse, forming obtuse angle posteriorly. 24-31, ovipositor 16..5. Western Caucasus ........ P. bifene stratus Mir. Fastigium elongate, in male much narrower than 1st antennal segment, in female slightly narrower. Female tegmina contiguous on back, distinctly projecting from pronotum. 20-25, ovipositor 13-14. North. In Ossetia to an altitude of 1300m ........

............................................. P.

tricuspis

Mir,

8 (1). Hind femora ventrally without spines. 9 (10). Posterior margin of female abdominal terga with small triangular process in the middle (Figure 109, 5). Female tegmina atrophied. Male very rare; male cerci as in Figure 109, 8. 12.5-17, ovipositor 7-8.5. Forest-steppe and adjacent areas to East Siberia. Parthenogenetic .......................... P. intermedius Fieb. 10 (9). Posterior margin of female abdominal terga without triangular

process.

.

268

.

I? (14). Male cerci pointed or with only one denticle (Figure 109, 8,9). Female tegmina contiguous on back, but almost completely or completely covered by pronotum. 12(13). Apex of male cerci with well-marked hook-shaped denticle (Figure 109, 8). Base of ovipositor with smooth conical tubercle at the sides (Figure 109, 14). Tegmina with distinct black longitudinal stripe. 13-18, ovipositor 6-6.5. Southwestern Ukraine, Moldavia ............................... P. ukrainicus B. -Bien. 13 (12). Apex of male cerci tapering to a blunt tip (Figure 109, 9). Base of ovipositor without conical tubercle on the outside. Tegmina with indistinct dark stripe or almost without stripe. 13-18, ovipositor 5-6. Southern Ukraine, Moldavia. P. brunneri Priv. 14 (11). Apex of male cerci finely serrated, usually black (Figure 109, 10-13, 16). Female tegmina lateral, rounded, not contiguous on back, covered by pronotum. .

.

TETTIGONIIDAE

Last abdominal tergum posteriorly with median bifid process; which is more developed in male (Figure 109, 15,16). Male cerci bent sharply at a right angle (Figure 109, 16). 15-20, ovipositor 7-8. Southern Crimea. Injurious to tobacco .................... ..........................................

^P. kuznetsovi Mir.

Last abdominal tergum with straight or rounded posterior margin, without bifid process or median notch. Male cerci sharply bent inwards at a right angle; tip of male cerci broad and blunt, with 4 or 5 denticles and with 16-20 denticles at posterior margin (Figure 109, 16). Southern coast of Crimea. Injurious to tobacco and other crops

.................

#P. beybienkoi Tarb. Male cerci bent inwards at an obtuse angle or curved, apex pointed or narrow, with 1-4 denticles, posterior margin with 2-12 denticles (Figure 109, 10-13). Apex of male cerci pointed, with well-marked terminal denticle, with 1-5 denticles at inner margin (Figure 109, 10,11). Inner margin of male cerci with 1 or 2, rarely 3, denticles; outer (posterior) margin with 2 or 3, rarely 4, denticles ..........................................

(Figure 109, 11).

FIGURE 108. 1

Teuigonioidea. Subfamily Phaneropterinae (after Bei-Bienko)

I s o p h y a stepposa, fe

schmidti, male; 4-P. he

Apical denticle of male cerci larger than outer denticles; inner margin of male cerci with only one large denticle (Figure 109, 11). Female genital plate broad, triangular. 14-19, ovipositor 6.5-8. Western Caucasus, Abkhazia, subalpine meadows P. djakonovi Mir.

................

.............................................

22 (21). Apical denticle of male cerci small, usually not larger than the other denticles; inner margin of male cerci with 1-3 fine denticles.

Femalegenital plate triangular, its posterior angle broadly rounded. 15-21, ovipositor 6-7. Western Caucasus to an altitude of 2,500-3,000m. .......................... P. oligacanthus Mir. 23 (20). Inner margin of male cerci with 3-5, rarely 2, denticles, outer (posterior) margin with 5-6, rarely 4, denticles (Figure 109, 10). 13.5-18, ovipositor 6-8.5. Eastern Ciscaucasia, Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia. Sometimes injurious ................. .............................................. *P. similis Ret. 24 (19). Apex of male cerci with 2-5 terminal denticles, inner margin without denticles (Figure 109, 12,13).

Male genital plate with deep apical, triangular notch separating pointed lobes. Denticulate posterior margin of male cerci straight, with 7-12 denticles (Figure 109, 13). 15-21, ovipositor 8.2-9. Southern Dagestan, eastern Transcaucasia. Sometimes injurious ...................................... *P. geoktshaicus Stshelk. 26 (25). Male genital plate with shallow apical notch or almost straight. 25 (26).

TETTIGONIIDAE

222 27 (28). Apex of male cerci flattened and widened; posterior margin of male cerci S-shaped, denticulate; cerci with a pair of small similar denticles at the end. 14-19, ovipositor 7-8. Mountains of Crimea ................................... P. pliginskii Mir. 28 (27). Apex of male cerci normal, posterior margin denticulate, straight or slightly concave (Figure 109, 12). 29 (30). Posterior margin of male cerci denticulate, slightly concave, with 4-12 fine denticles; cerci with 2-4 fine denticles at the tip (Figure 109, 12). 14-20. ovipositor 6.5-8 (Figure 110, 1). Center; South, to the northern Caucasus and western Caucasus. Sometimes injurious ........................... *P. scythicus Stshelk. 30 (29). Posterior margin of male cerci denticulate, straight. 31 (32). Apex of male cerci with 2-4 fine terminal denticles, posterior margin with 6-8 denticles (cerci similar to Figure 109. 12). 15-21, ovipositor 7.5-9. Southern Crimea. Injurious to tobacco and ears of cereals ........................... *P. tauricus Ret. 32 (31). Apex of male cerci short, with a pair of strong widely separated denticles (in posterior view); posterior margin of male cerci with 8-11 denticles. 16.5-19, ovipositor 8.5. Southern coast of Crimea

...................................

P. boldyrevi Mir.

Isoimon B.-Bien. As Poecilimon Fisch,, but both sexes similar in shape of pronotum and length of tegmina. One species in the Caucasus.

7.

I (1).

223

with dark markings. Male cerci long, slender, completely black or at least on the outside, curved inwards at apex and pointed. 20-26, ovipositor 12-13.5. Southern Dagestan, southeastern Azerbaijan. Humid forests; injurious to subtropical crops ............................ *I. riabovi Uv.

Integument shining, often

8. Polysarcus Fieb. (Orphania Fisch.). Large. Apexofvertex wider than 1st antennal segment. Transverse groove anterior to middle of pronotum. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (2).

Fastigium 1.3-2 times wider than 1st antennal segment, very base, dorsally with groove or elongated pit. Hind femora ventrally with strong spines. Tegmina (at least those of female) with dark stripe. 25-38, ovipositor 17-21 (Figure 110,2). Eastern Ciscaucasia, Caucasus. Sometimes injurious ........................................ *P. zacharovi Stshelk. Fastigium 2.2-3 times wider than 1st antennal segment, slightly narrowed at base, almost completely or completely smooth dorsally. Hind femora ventrally with or without weak spines. Tegmina without dark stripe. 24-42, ovipositor 16-27. Western Ukraine. Sometimes injurious. Solitary phase green, gregarious phase dark .................................^P. denticaudus Ch. narrow at the

............

2 (1).

9. Tyiopsis Fieb. Slender species. Tegmina fully developed, narrow; wings markedly longer than tegmina. All femora with pointed genicular lobes, A number of species in Africa. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Green or grayish yellow. Lateral lobes of pronotum longer than high, quadrangular. Male cerci with sinuous apex.

Female genital plate tridentate posteriorly. 13-22, ovipositor 4-4.5 (Figure 110,3). Southern Ukraine, western Ciscaucasia, western Caucasus, Transcaucasia. Causing little damage ............................................... *T. Ulifolia F. ........

FIGURE 110. Tettigonioidea (after Sei-Bienko and original) 1Poecilimon scythicus, male; 2Polysarcus thalassina. lilifolia, female; 4Meconema

zacharovi, male; 3Tylopsis

Subfamily MECONEMINAE 10. Meconema Serv. Pronotum much shorter than fore femora, almost not covering base of tegmina. Male cerci very long, slender, blunt at tip (Figure 112, 2). Ovipositor regularly curved dorsad, not denticulate. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1

(1).

Tegmina and wings fully developed, slightly longer than abdomen. Pronotum with median carina in posterior part. Female genital plate with lobe-shaped process posteriorly (Figure 112, 3). Light green; antennae very long, with a few dark rings. 12-14, ovipositor 8.5-9 (Figure 110, 4). Center, the West from Estonia to Moldavia, Crimean Mountains, Caucasus. On trees and shrubs ................................

M.

thalassina Deg.

(varia F.).

Subfamily CONOCEPHALINAE 224

11. Conocephalus Thnb. (Xiphidium Serv.). Small, slender species with,, very long antennae; green or yellowish. Male cerci of Russian species with strong denticle on the inside, posterior to middle. Near water, many species in the Tropics. 2 species. In the whole U. S. S. R. 6 species.

272

TETTIGONIIDAE

1 (2).

2 (1).

Ovipositor curved dorsad, shorter than hind femora (Figure 111,4). Male cerci slightly bent dorsad at apex (Figure 112,4). Tegmina and wings shorter than abdomen, rarely fully developed. Hind femora ventrally without spines. 12-19, ovipositor 8.5-10. From 56-58 N to Crimea and western Caucasus, southern West Siberia, Kazakhstan .................................. C. dorsalis Latr. Ovipositor almost straight, about as long as hind femora (Figure 111, 1). Male cerci not bent dorsad at apex. Tegmina longer than abdomen; wings longer than tegmina. Hind femora usually with spines ventrally. 11-24, ovipositor 9-19. From 54-56 N to southern Crimea and Transcaucasia, southeastern West Siberia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia .................. ................................ C. discolor Thnb. (fuscus F-).

Subfamily COPIPHORINAE

Homorocoryphus Karny (C onocephalus auct.). Slender species, with frons strongly sloping backwards. Fastigium wider than 1st anfennal segment. Ovipositor long, straight, not serrated. A number of species in the Tropics. In the U.S.S.H. 1 species. 12.

1 (1).

Green or brownish. Tegmina reaching markedly beyond hind genua. Male cerci bent at apex, with a pair of dissimilar, pointed denticles (Figure 112, 1). 18-33 (Figure 111, 2)........... ............................................. H. nitidulus Scop.

ORTHOPTERA

Subfamily SAGINAE 13. Saga Ch. Very large species; completely or almost apterous. Frons strongly sloping backwards. Predator. 11 species in Southwest Asia and southern Europe. 2 species. In the whole U. S. S. R. 3 species. 1 (2).

Ovipositor 3 times longer than pronotum. Posterior margin of female pronotum not elevated. Green or yellowish, with yellow stripe at the sides. Male very rare, with straight cerci which are not widened at base (Figure 112, 7). 60-78, ovipositor 32-39

S. pedo Pall. (Figure 111,3). Steppes. Parthenogenetic Ovipositor twice as long as pronotum. Posterior margin of pronotum markedly elevated, especially in male. Male cerci slightly curved, much widened near basal part (Figure 112, 8). Greenish or brownish, dull-colored, often with a dark stripe on dorsum of abdomen. 55-75, ovipositor 22-32. Moldavia, Balkans, southern Italy .................. S. italica Costa (vittata auct.). .........

2 (1).

FIGURE 112. Tettigonioidea. Family Tettigoniidae (after BazyIyuk,Ramme,Tarbinskii,Chopard and original)

1Homorocoryphus nitidulus, left cercus of male, dorsal; 2,3Meconema lhalassina2right male cercus, dorsal; 3female genital plate, ventral; 4ConocephaIus dorsalis. end of male abdomen, lateral (ccercus); 5Decticus verrucivorus, right male cercus, dorsal; 6D. albifrons, same; 7Saga pedo, male cerci, dorsal; 8S. italica, same; 9Tettigonia caudata, end of male abdomen, dorsal; 10T.viridissima. same; -llparadrymadusa sordida, right male cercus. dorsal; 12Anadrymadusa robusta, last tergum and cercE of male, dorsal; 13Decticus verrucivorus, female genital plate. ventral; 14D.

albifrons, same; 15Medecticus

274

assimilis, same.

TETTIGONIIDAE

Subfamily TETTIGONHNAE 14. Tettigonia L. (Locu sta auct., Pha sgonura Steph.). Prothorax ventrally with a pair of long, thin spines. Pronotum without longitudinal carina. Plantulae on ventral side of 1st segment of hind tarsi practically absent. More than 10 species in the Palearctic Region. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (4).

2 (3).

Tegmina reaching far beyond hind genua. Spines on ventral side of hind femora black, without black spot at base. Male cerci slightly curved dorsad, much longer than styli (Figure 112, 10). Ovipositor usually not reaching apex of tegmina. 27-42, ovipositor 22-32 (Figure 113, 1). Everywhere, ,*T. viridissima L. except in the North. Sometimes injurious Spines on hind femora black, with a black spot at base on surface of femur. Male cerci straight, not reaching beyond styli (Figure 112, 9). Ovipositor usually extending far beyond apex of tegmina. 22-37, ovipositor 29-41. South to West Siberia. Sometimes injurious ........................... .*T. caudata Ch. Tegmina only slightly projecting beyond hind genua; ovipositor almost not covered by tegmina, straight (Figure 113, 2). Ventral spines of hind femora fine and black. 23-33, ovipositor 22-31. Forest zone ................................. T. cantans Fuess. .....

3 (2). 226

4 (1).

15.

Onconotus F.-W. Broadly built species with rounded head. Pronotum large, 3 times longer than fore femora; lateral margins of pronotum keeled, prominent, rugose. Genus consisting of 2 species.

FIGURE 113. Tettigonioidea (after Bei-Bienko)

1Teiiigonia

1 (2),

viridissima, female; 2T.

cancans, female.

Pronotum broad, narrowing anteriorly, coarsely rugose, with sharp denticles at posterior margin; lateral margins of pronotum S-shaped in profile. 20-28, ovipositor 16-17.5. Steppes to 0. servillei F.-W. Kazakhstan and southeastern West Siberia. Pronotum narrow, of equal width anteriorly and posteriorly. finely rugose; posterior margin of pronotum with blunt denticles or finely sinuous; lateral margins of pronotum almost straight in profile. 18-28, ovipositor 15-16. Steppes to West Siberia and Kazakhstan .................................. 0, laxmanni Pall. .....

2 (1).

16. Ceraeocercus Uv. Prothorax with a pair of distinct spines on ventral side between forelegs. Head with black color around eyes and antennal base, but without black transverse stripes between eyes. Tegmina with dark and light

1 (1).

spots.

Monotypic genus.

Large, grayish yellow or brownish. All femora with dark spines ventrally. Dorsal denticle of male cerci shorter than ventral denticle, obliquely pointing dorsad (Figure 103,7). 32-40. East Kazakhstan to Lake Inder, Soviet Central Asia C. fuscipennis Uv. ............................................

Anadrymadusa Karbg. (Drymadusa auct., Paradrymadusa auct., part.). Prothorax ventrally with a pair of spines. Last abdominal tergum 17.

of male with or without a pair of pointed processes.

Tegmina shortened

(in Russian species) or more developed; alternating light and dark spots usually between longitudinal veins of tegmina (Sc, R, M). More than 20 species in dry mountains and foothills, especially in Southwest Asia. 4 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species.

2 (1).

3 (4).

227

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Last abdominal tergum of male with a pair of long spines which are slightly curved inwards (Figure 103, 9); female with small spines in this place. Male cerci long, slender, strongly curved dorsad and inwards, spinelike at tip (Figure 103, 9). Female genital plate with small obtuse-anglednotchposteriorly. 31-36, .A.retowskii Ad. ovipositor 25-27. Southern Crimea Last abdominal tergum without long spinelike processes, in male sometimes with short pointed processes (Figure 112, 12). Male cerci short, thick, almost straight, pointed, but not spinelike. Female genital plate with marked right-angled or acute-angled notch. (Subgenus Orodusa B.-Bien., nov.)-t Male tegmina 2/3 as long as pronotum; female tegmina only 1/3 as long as pronotum. Pronotum with black median longitudinal stripe and large angular dark spot on lateral lobes. Last abdominal tergum of male with a pair of distinct, pointed processes. 32-35, ovipositor 25-27. Mountains of Dagestan A.(0.) picta Uv. Male tegmina not shorter than pronotum; female tegmina notless than half as long as pronotum. tt Pronotum without black dorsal stripe and without dark spots on lateral lobes. Male tegmina 1-1.5mm longer than pronotum; female tegmina more than half as long as pronotum. Pronotum markedly widened posteriorly, especially in male. Last abdominal tergum of male with a pair of short, pointed processes (Figure 112, 12). 26-31, ovipositor 22. Northern Caucasus, North Ossetia to Dagestan .

1 (2).

5 (6).

.

.

.

.................

.........................................

4 (3).

.

....

A. <0.) robusta Mir. pronotum. Male pronotum slightly

..........................................

6 (5).

Male tegmina as long as Last abdominal tergum of male without pointed processes. 25. Female unknown. Northern Caucasus: A. (0.) beckeri Ad. Pyatigorsk widened posteriorly.

.................................

t Type of subgenus A. (0.) robusta Mir. +t Female of A. beckeri Ad. unknown.

TETTIGONIIDAE

18. Paradrymadusa Herm. Prothorax ventrally with or without pair of short spines. Last abdominal tergum of male without pointed processes posteriorly. Tegmina short, without alternating dark and light spots; male tegmina not less than half as long as pronotum; female tegmina almost completely or completely covered by pronotum, lateral. 2 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Hind femora ventrally with black spot at base of spines. Inner denticle of male cerci thicker and slightly longer than apical denticle. Male tegmina smoky, dark. 16-27, ovipositor 20-23. Southern Crimea, western Caucasus to Tuapse in the south. Sometimes injurious to tobacco ................................ ........................... *P. galitzini Ret. (p ont i c a Rmme.). Spines on hind femora light, without black spot at base. Inner denticle of male cerci not thicker and not longer than apical denticle (Figure 112, 11). Male tegmina almost of same color as body. 18-26, ovipositor 17-24. Mountains of Dagestan, Transcaucasia P. sordida Herm. ...............................

19. Lithodusa B.-Bien. Prothorax ventrally without spines. Fastigium almost twice as wide as 1st antennal segment. Hind femora ventrally with a few very small spines. Monotypic genus.

1 (1).

Marble-gray. -Last abdominal tergum of male with 3 short lobes posteriorly; median lobe broadly triangular; lateral lobes pointed (Figure 103,8). Male cerci short, straight, conical, with pointed process on inner side (Figure 103, 8). Female ovipositor little more than half as long as hind femora, strongly curved ventrad. 22-23, ovipositor 12-13. Mountains of Dagestan ....................... ...................................... jL. daghestanica B.-Bien.

Gampsocleis Fieb. Prothorax ventrally with a pair of slender Plantulae of 1st segment of hind tarsi present but shorter than the segment. About 10 species, mainly in the Par East.3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 20. spines.

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

Body yellowish gray or green; always with distinct dark spots on tegmina. Tegmina tapering to a narrowly rounded apex, usually less than 4 times longer than pronotum. Slender, yellowish gray or light green. Plantulae on ventral side of 1st segment of hind tarsi more than half as long as the segment. Tegmina with a row of rounded or quadrangular spots between longitudinal veins in middle. Posterior margin of male genital plate straight or slightly concave; female genital plate oblong. 22-29, ovipositor 15-25, Steppes to Kazakhstan and West Siberia ................................... G. glabra Hbst. More thickset, brown with green color. Plantulae of 1st segment of hind tarsi less than half as long as the segment. Middle of tegmina with brown spots at posterior margin of R. Posterior margin of male genital plate with triangular notch; female genital plate transverse. 24-29, ovipositor 18-22. Ural Region, foreststeppe of West Siberia and farther to the Pacific ................. ............................................ G. sedakovi F.-W.

4 (1).

Body green or yellowish, without dark spots on tegmina. Tegmina tapering to a broadly rounded apex, 4.5-5.6 times as long as pronotum. Male genital plate with triangular notch posteriorly. 30-37, ovipositor 27-29. Eastern Ciscaucasia, Lower Volga Region, Caucasus. Very similar to Tettigonia viridissima (vide p. 225) ..............G. shelkovnikovae Ad.

21. Decticus Serv. Prothorax ventrally without a pair of spines. Plantulae of 1 st segment of hind tarsi as in Gampsocleis. Tegmina usually with dark spots. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 228

1 (2).

2 (I).

Plantulae of 1st segment of hind tarsi slightly less than half as long as the segment (Figure 103, 3). Male cerci with denticle near middle (Figure 112, 5). Female genital plate narrowing at apex, with a pair of narrow apical lobes (Figure 112,13). Bodyusually with green color. Tegmina almost reaching hind genua. 28-39, ovipositor 18-26 (Figure 99). Everywhere except in the extreme North;

subspecies gracilis Uv. (bodywithoutgreencolor, tegmina reaching hind genua or longer) occurs in the Southeast and in the semideserts of Kazakhstan. Injurious in some places ................. .......................................... *D. verrucivorus L. Plantulae of 1st segment of hind tarsi slightly more than half as long as the segment. Male cerci with denticle at base (Figure 112, 6). Female genital plate transverse, with thickened posterior margin with small median notch (Figure 112, 14). Tegmina much longer than abdomen. Gray. 30-40, ovipositor 20-26. South, Southeast. Injurious to cereals, feeding on unripe grain in ears.................................. *D. albifrons F.

22. Medecticus Uv. Large, resembling Decticus. Aridregions. Southwest Asia. In the U. S. S. R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Male cerci with denticle at base. Female genital plate with broad notch posteriorly which is divided by a short median lobe (Figure 112,15). Brownish yellow; tegmina usually with dark

spots.

30-42, ovipositor 24-26. Ciscaucasia,

the Southeast......

............................................ M. assimilis Fieb. 23. Platycleis Fieb. Gray, rarely with green color. Pronotum with rudimentary lateral carinae. More than 50 species, mainly in dry parts of Europe and western Asia. Divided into a number of subgenera which are regarded by some authors as genera. 13 species. In the whole U.S.S-R. about 25 species. 1 (8).

2 (3).

Tegmina fully developed, reaching hind genua or beyond, with parallel sides near apex, broadly rounded at the end (Figure 104,9). Female genital plate with distinct longitudinal groove (Figure 114, 1.2). Male cerci with a denticle in the middle (Figure 114, 6). (Subgenus Platycleis s. str.). Abdominal sternum VII of female flat. Male epiphallus flattened, widened at the base (Figure 114, 3). Male cerci with a denticle in the middle (Figure 114, 6). 15-23, ovipositor 9-11. Latvia, the West, and the South to Crimea and Caucasus ................. .......................... -P. grisea F. (albopunctata auct.).

TETTIGONIIDAE

3 (2).

5

.

6

7

.

4

Abdominal sternum VII of female with tubercle or ridges (Figure 114, 1,2). Epiphallus narrower (Figure 114, 4,5). (5). Abdominal sternum VII of female much inflated, forming a tubercle, Epiphallus strongly bent at an obtuse angle apically and strongly serrated (Figure 114,4). 24-30, ovipositor 13-14. Southern Crimea, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia, the Balkans ................. P. escalerai Bol. (iphigeniae Adel.). (4). Abdominal sternum VII of female with 2 ridges (Figure 114, 1) or backwards-directedtubercle (Figure 114, 2). Apical half of epiphallus almost straight or slightly bent at the end, with weak denticles (Figure 114, 5). (7). Denticle on male cerci distinctly posterior to middle. Abdominal sternum VII of female with obtuse tubercle posteriorly and usually with little-developed transverse ridge anterior to middle (inprofile) (Figure 114, 1). 21-28, ovipositor 9-13. Steppes to Kazakhstan and southern West Siberia, Caucasus. Sometimes very injurious *P. intermedia Serv. to cereals, feeding on unripe grain in ears (6). Male cerci with denticle in the middle. Abdominal sternum VII of female with backwards-directed tubercle (Figure 114, 2). 15-29, ovipositor 12-16. South, steppes of the Center. Some*P. affinis Fieb. times injurious (1). Tegmina shortened or fully developed; if tegmina fully developed, they do not reach hind genua, or are very narrow at the apex, or female genital plate and male cerci of different form. (20). Tegmina fully developed, covering abdomen or moderately shortened; if shortened, tegmina more than twice as long as .

...............................

8

9

10 (13).

11 (12).

229 12(11).

13 (10).

14 (15).

pronotum. Ovipositor only a little longer than pronotum, bentatao obtuse angle at the base (Figure 114, 8). Last abdominal sternum of female with longitudinal carina (Figure 114, 8). Tegmina very narrow apically. (Subgenus Tessellana Znr.). Tegmina fully developed, narrowly rounded apically. Carina on last abdominal sternum of female vertically truncate posteriorly (Figure 114, 8). 13-19, ovipositor 4-5,5. Steppes in the North to the Center, West Kazakhstan ............ P. (T.) tessellata Ch. Tegmina shortened, not covering part of abdomen, pointed at apex; tegmina rarely fully developed, as in P. tessellata. Carina on last abdominal sternum of female projecting posteriorly dorsal of base of genital plate. Steppes in the North to the Center and in the East as far as West Siberia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia, Transcaucasia. Sometimes injurious to cereals and other crops ............................ *P. (T.) vittata Ch. Ovipositor not less than twice as long as pronotum, slightly and regularly curved (Figure 114,7). Last abdominal sternum of female without longitudinal carina. Tegmina slightly or strongly narrowed apically. (Subgenus Montana Znr.). Large and thickset species. Male cerci with subapical denticle (Figure 114, 10). Last abdominal sternum of female posteriorly with two small tubercles. 21-29, ovipositor 14-15. Dagestan, Azerbaijan; semi-deserts, dry foothills ........................ .................................. P. (M.) decticiformis Stshelk.

ORTHOPTERA

15 (14). Smaller and more slender. Male cerci with denticle at base or in the middle. Last abdominal sternum of female without tubercles at posterior margin.

16 (19).

Male cerci with denticle at base (Figure 114, 9). Female genital plate with almost straight or straight posterior margin (Figure 114, 11). 17 (18). Last abdominal tergum of male with small notch and rounded lobes (Figure 114,12). Female genital plate transverse, with smooth sides (Figure 114, 11). Tegmina shorter, in male 12-15, in female 15-16. Body often with green color, 14-19, ovipositor 10-12, Northwest to Luga, central steppes of the East, southern West Siberia, Kazakhstan ................. P. (M.) montana Kol. 18 (17). Last abdominal tergum of male with larger notch and pointed lobes (Figure 114, 13). Female genital plate square, laterally with bordered pit (Figure 114, 7). Tegmina longer, in male 230 17-20, in female 18-22. Body without green color. 18-23,

TETTIGONIIDAE

ovipositor 9-13.5. Steppes of the Center and South to West Siberia and Kazakhstan P. (M.) eversmanni Kitt. Male cerci with denticle in the middle. Male anal plate with Last abdominal notch tergum of male triangular posteriorly. deeply divided, with blunt lobes. 13-17, ovipositor 10-12. Recorded from the Ukraine and Central Volga Region, which should be confirmed; the Balkans; Italy ...... P. (M.) stricta Zeil. Tegmina very short, not longer than pronotum or little longer. Medium-sized. Tegmina not shorter than pronotum at least in female. Male cerci with denticle near middle or at base. Female genital plate without distinct notch posteriorly. Male cerci with denticle slightly posterior to middle (Figure 114,14). Last abdominal tergum of male posteriorly with two short triangular processes (Figure 114, 14). Female genital plate posteriorly narrowed, with turned in lateral margins. 16-22, ovipositor 10-14. Mountains of Dagestan. Subalpine meadows ..................... ...................................... P. (M.) daghestanica Uv. Male cerci with denticle at base, apparently without denticle. Last abdominal tergum of male posteriorly with two long, narrow pointed processes. Female genital plate transverse, its lateral margins not turned in. 14-17, ovipositor 10-11. Steppes from Moldavia to Kazakhstan and southern West Siberia ............... P. (M.) striata Kitt. (moldavica Uv.). Small species. Male tegmina not longer than pronotum; female Male cerci with subapical shorter than pronotum. tegmina denticle (Figure 114, 15). Last abdominal tergum of male with two narrow pointed processes posteriorly (Figure 114, 15). Female genital plate with obtuse notch posteriorly. Steppes from southern Ukraine to Kazakhstan ........................... ....................................... P. (M.) medvedevi Mir. ................

19 (16).

20 (9).

21 (24).

22 (23).

23 (22).

........................

24 (21).

24. Sepiana Znr. (Metriopteraauct.). Pronotum flat dorsally, without Hind femora very long, 4 times longer than pronotum. Ovipositor strongly but regularly curved. Monotypic genus. lateral carinae. 1 (1).

Tegmina slightly longer than pronotum, narrow apically. Male cerci with denticle behind the middle. Female genital plate transverse, short, with shallow median transverse notch posteriorly

Brownish to rust-colored. 20-25, ovipositor 11-15. Southern Crimea, western Caucasus; Mediterranean Region ....................................... S. sepium Yers.

(Figure 104,6).

25. Metrioptera Wesm. (Platyc Ie i s auct.). Brown or green color predominating. Last abdominal tergum of male with two lobes posteriorly (Figure 115, 6). Female genital plate with acute-angled notch and pointed lobes posteriorly. Divided into a number of subgenera which are sometimes considered as genera. About 30 species, mainly in forests and mountains in Europe and temperate Asia. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 10 species. 1 (2).

Ovipositor twice as long as pronotum, slightly and regularly curved. Male cerci with denticle in the middle. Inner side of hind femora more or less striated. Tegmina slightly longer

than pronotum, narrow apically, rarely fully developed and with parallel sides, usually of two colors, i.e., green or yellow, anteriorly and posteriorly, brown in middle. 12-18, ovipositor 8-10 (Figure 116,1). Forest zone and forest-steppe to the Far East ....................................... M. brachyptera L. 2 (1).

3 (6).

4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (3).

7 (8).

231

8 (7).

Ovipositor not more than 1.5 times longer than pronotum, its dorsal margin bent at an obtuse angle at the base and then straight to the apex (Figure 115, 11). Male cerci with denticle posterior to middle (Figure 115, 5). Inner side of hind femora without black color. (Subgenus Bicolorana Znr.). Uniformly green or partly yellowish; vertex dorsally of uniform color or only with a thin light median line. Female genital plate elongate, with a small notch apically (Figure 115, 3). Male cerci with subapical denticle (Figure 115, 5). Smaller. Male genital plate with triangular notch between styli. 15-17, ovipositor 5-6. Everywhere, except in the North .......................................... M.
.................................

M. (B.) fedtschenkoi Sauss. (pylnovi Uv.).

26. Pholidoptera Wesm. (Olyntho sceli s F.-W.). Male pronotum posteriorly slightly or much widened, slightly convex or flat posteriorly. About 20 species in forests and mountains in Europe and part of Southwest Asia. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 1 (2).

Light green, almost of uniform color; lateral lobes of pronotum of the same color as body, often without black color. Male tegmina much inflated, longer than pronotum. Covering more than half the abdomen. Female genital plate with pointed notch posteriorly. Ovipositor long, almost straight. 18-25, ovipositor 20-21. Steppes of the Center to southern Ukraine, the Southwest and West; in the West in the mountains ......... Ph. frivaldskyi Herm.

282

TETTIGONIIDAE

2 (I).

3 (4).

4 (3).

Brownish yellow or brown; lateral lobes of pronotum black at least posteriorly or dorsally. Male tegmina shorter than, or as

long as, pronotum. Lateral lobes of pronotum without light border but with a narrow light border at posterior margin. Ovipositor strongly curved, about half as long as posterior femur. Male cerci straight, with denticle at base (Figure 104, 10). 13-19, ovipositor 9-10. West to Estonia, Center, East, Crimean Mountains, the Northern Caucasus. Transcaucasia; West Europe. In open forests and on forest borders .......... Ph. cinerea L. (griseoaptera Deg.). Lateral lobes of pronotum usually with broad light border at least along their posterior margin. Ovipositor longer, slightly curved or straight.

FIGURE 115. Tettigonioidea. Subfamily Tettigoniinae (after Bei-Bienko, Ramme, Tarbinskii and Chopard) roeseli, male, left lobe of epiphallus; 2M- fedtschenkoi, male, same; bicolor, female, genital plate; 4 M, roeseli, female, same; 5,6M.bicolor, male: 5righl cercus; 6last abdominal rergum; 7Schizonotinus forficalis. male, right cere us; male, lasc tergum and cerci; 8Pholidoptera pustulipes, male, same; 9Ph.fallax,

1Metrioptera 3M.

10Miramiola

5 (6).

pusilla, male, same; 11Metrioptera

roeseli, female, ovipositor.

Ovipositor almost half as long as hind femora, curved. Male (Figure 115, 9). Male tegmina half as long as pronotum, 14-21, ovipositor 12-13. Erroneously recorded from the Kiev Region; central and southern cerci with a low denticle near middle

Europe 6 (5).

232

7 (8).

......................................

Ph. fallax Fisch,

Ovipositor long, as long as or almost as long as hind femora. Denticle on male cerci nearer to base or at the base. Female tegmina distinctly projecting from pronotum, contiguous on back; male tegmina as long as pronotum or slightly shorter. Male styli longer than distance between their bases. Female genital plate with deep and very narrow notch posteriorly. 22-26,

ovipositor 22-27.

Carpathians and Transcarpathia Ph. transsilvanica Fisch.

......................................

8 (7).

Female tegraina almost completely or completely covered by pronotum, usually not contiguous on back. Male tegmina much shorter than pronotum, 1/3 to 1/4 as long as pronotum, or styli

.

.

shorter than distance between their bases. 9 (10). Male tegmina more than half as long as pronotum, with dark anterior part, or uniformly-colored (subsp. slovaca Mar,). Male styli shorter than distance between them. Female genital plate with small notch posteriorly. 19-28, ovipositor 19-23. Transcarpathia (subsp. slovaca Mar.); central and southern Europe ......................................... Ph. aptera F. 10 (9). Male tegmina 1/4 to 1/3 as long as pronotum, uniformly colored. whitish. Male styli much longer than distance between them. Male cerci as in Figure 115, 8. Female genital plate with deep notch posteriorly. 24-31, ovipositor 21-27. Crimean Mountains, western Caucasus. Sometimes causing serious damage to plants ......................... *Ph. pustulipes F.~W. (pontica Ret.).

27. Parapholidoptera Rmme. (Pholidopte ra auct.). Dorsuroofpronotum convex; pronotum not widened posteriorly. More than 10 species, mainly in Southwest Asia. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1

(1).

Frons and labrum with several black dots. Male tegmina covered by pronotum, ^lardly visible. Cerci and last abdominal tergurn of male as in Figure 104, 11; denticles on last tergum black. Female genital plate oblong-triangular, with deep pointed notch; ovipositor straight. 22-30, ovipositor 19-24. Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia. Turkey. Sometimes causing great damage to cereals and other crops ......... *P. noxia Rmme. (indi stincta auct.).

28. Schizonotinus Rmme. Pronotum short, posteriorly widened, especially in male; posterior margin of pronotum almost straight; lateral lobes of pronotum almost of the same color as body, without light border at margins. Male tegmina free. as long as pronotum. Ovipositor slightly curved dorsad, slowly tapering to a pointed tip. 2 species in western Caucasus. 1

(2).

2 (1).

Male cerci short, thick, straight, with a strong denticle near middle, cylindrical posterior to denticle, with broadly rounded apex (Figure 104,7). Female cerci conical, pointed, without

long slender apical part. Light green or yellowish. 20-23, ovipositor 14-15. WesternCaucasus from the northern slopes to eastern Abkhazia. Subalpine and Alpine meadows ............. .......................................Sch. crassicercus Tarb. Male cerci very long, slender, curved, with denticle near base, conical immediately posterior to denticle, then of about the same thickness to the narrow blunt apex (Figure 115, 7). Female cerci conical, pointed, with elongate spinelike end. 18-22, ovipositor 13-13.5 (Figure 116, 2). WesternCaucasus from the northern slopes to Abkhazia. Subalpine and Alpine meadows .............. ....................................... Sch. forficalis B. -Bien.

TETTIGONIIDAE

29. Pachytrachis Uv. (Pac hytrachelus auct.). Fastigium about twice as wide as 1st antennal segment (Figure 104,5). Male tegmina much shorter than pronotum, with concealed mirror. 1 species. 1 (1).

Small, slender. Lateral lobes of pronotum with light border, which is broader at the ventral margin than at the posterior margin. Hind tibiae ventrally with black spots at base of spines. Ovipositor almost straight, slightly oblique at dorsal margin of apex. 15-20, ovipositor 14-16. Transcarpathia; central Europe, the Balkans. Forest borders ..... P. gracilis Br.

30. Psorodonotus Br. Fore femora usually with 4 spines on outer dorsal side. Male cerci with denticle at base. Ovipositor long, regularly curved or straight. More than 10 species in countries near the Black Sea. 2 species. 4 species in the Caucasus. 1 (2).

2 (1).

233

Pronotum strongly rugose dor.sally. much widened posteriorly, especially in male. Hind femora short, not longer than abdomen. Male cerci almost straight, bare, not or slightly projecting beyond genital plate. Male tegmina shorter than pronotum. Ovipositor narrow, distinctly curved, tapering at apex. 24-33, ovipositor 19-25. Western Caucasus, mountains of Dagestan. Mountain meadows; sometimes injurious to grasses ............... ............................................ *P. venosus F.-W. Pronotum smooth dorsally, with depressed dots only posteriorly. Hind femora longer than abdomen. Male cerci projecting beyond genital plate. Ovipositor broad, almost straight. Male tegmina little shorter than pronotum. Hind femora ventrally with black spines in the typical form or without spines (subsp. ine rm i s Rmme.). 24-26, ovipositor 22-31. Central Caucasus and the mountains of Dagestan (inermis Rmme.), Transcaucasia (nominate subspecies). Mountain meadows ............................. P. (Semenovites) specularis F.-W. ...............................

31. Rhacocleis Fieb. Prothorax ventrally with a pair of short spines. Pronotum elongate, without median carina or with weak median carina posteriorly. Tegmina very short, in female almost completely or completely covered by pronotum. About 10 species in Mediterranean countries. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1),

Male tegmina covering only abdominal tergum I; female tegmina hardly visible. Male cerci with very long slender spine at base, and with curved and spinelike apex. Body usually with light longitudinal stripe dorsally. 15-26, ovipositor 14-19. Moldavia; Mediterranean countries. Forest glades and borders ........................................ Rh. germanica H.-Sch. ...................

3 2. Miramiola Uv. (Metrioptera, Anterastes auct.). Prothorax ventrally without spines. Pronotum short, with longitudinal median carina posteriorly. Tegmina very short, with almost open stridulatory organ in male, distinctly visible in female; in some cases tegmina and wings fully developed. Monotypic genus.

ORTHOPTERA

FIGURE 11G.

Tettigonioidea (after Bei-Bienko)

1Metriopiera’brachyptera,

1 (1).

-

2

female; 2Schizonotinus

forficalis, male.

Very small species, brownish or brownish yellow, with broad black stripe above eyes; lateral lobes of pronotum black, with broad light border ventrally. Male cerci with subapical denticle (Figure 115,10). 9-11, ovipositor 5.0. Steppes from southern Ukraine to Kazakhstan .......................... M. pusilla Mir. 2.

Superfamily GRYLLOIDEA

Body usually covered with dense silky hair (easily rubbed off) and a few setae. Head (Figure 117, 1) without well-marked fastigium, smooth, often rounded. Frons usually divided from clypeus by a distinct suture, rarely by an indistinct suture; shape of suture sometimes characteristic for species. Pronotum without carinae, often with rounded or transverse wedge-shaped spots; lateral lobes little developed. Tegmina lying flat on back, with large stridulatory organ and strongly modified venation in male (Figure 117, 2); middle of stridulatory organ without reficulum of veins, brilliant, divided by diagonal vein; a number of sinuous oblique veins anterior to middle of stridulatory organ; mirror at posterior end of diagonal vein. Wings often projecting from tegmina in form of narrow flagella. Tegmina and wings often shortened or absent. Openings of tympanal organ on fore tibiae open (if present) (Figure 117, 4), covered with a light membrane, externally oval, internally usually smaller, rounded. In Gryllotalpidae only inner opening developed, slitlike. Hind tibiae with 5 or 6 terminal spurs: 3 spurs on the outside, 2 or 3 on the inside. All tarsi 3-segmented, except in Oecanthidae which have the tarsal 234 formula: 334; 2nd tarsal segment small, little developed; no arolium between claws. Male abdomen with 9 sterna, female abdomen with 8 sterna. Male genital plate without styli. Cerci long, flexible, covered with long hairs, not segmented, or shorter and many-segmented in Myrmecophilidae. Ovipositor long, slender, hastate terminally; no ovipositor in Gryllotalpidae. Phytophagous or saprophagous, sometimes predatory. Some species injurious to plants. Divided into several families.’- 13 genera, 27 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 17 genera, about 45 species.

286

GRYLLOIDEA

Key to Families 1 (8). 2 (7).

Forelegs normal, ambulatory (Figure 117,4). Ovipositor always present. Cerci long, soft, covered with irregularly distributed hairs (Figure 100, 5). Hind femora elongate, not less than twice as long as thick. Eyes fully developed.

FIGURE 117. Grylloidea (after Miram, Tarbinskii and Chopard)

1GryIIus domesticus, head anteriorly (ffrons, ococelli, clclypeus, Ibrlabrum); 2G. domesticus, right legmen of male (dg diagonal vein, oboblique veins, spmirror); 3G. canipestris, inner side of right posterior tibia and tarsus; 4G. desertus, outer side of anterior left leg (oopening oftympanal organ); 5Myrniecophilus acervorus, cercus; 6Gryliotalpa gryllotalpa. foreleg; 7Oecanthus pellucens, hind femur;

8Mogoplistes

3 (4).

squamiger, same.

Dorsal side of hind tibiae covered with fine spines interspersed larger spines (Figure 117,7). Head flattened, 1. Oecanthidae (p. 288). horizontal; mouthparts porrect Dorsal side of hind tibiae without fine spines between larger spines (Figure 117, 3), or all spines fine, of uniform size (Figure 117,8). Head rounded, frons vertical, mouthparts directed downward. Dorsal margin of hind tibia with large movable spines at least in apical half (Figure 117, 3). Body bare or Covered with fine hair, and with scattered setae 2. GryUidae (p. 289). Dorsal margin of hind tibiae without large spines, only finely serrated (Figure 117, 8). Body scaly; scales easily rubbed off. Head strongly inflated anteriorly between antennae ..................................... 3. Mogoplistidae (p. 295). with isolated

.........

4 (3).

5 (6).

............

6 (5).

................

7 (2),

’

Cerci short, thick, segmented (Figures 117,5; 119,13). Hind femora very short, oval, less than twice as long as broad. Eyes

rudimentary. Very small species, subspherical. apterous 4. Myrmecophilidae (p. 296). (Figure 120,3) Forelegs short, fossorial (Figure 117, 6). No ovipositor. Large species ............................. 5. Gryllotalpidae (p. 296). ...................

8 (1).

1.

Family OECANTHIDAE

Body flat, delicate. Pronotum elongate. Male tegmina flat, much broader than body, almost completely occupied by stridulatory organ. Hind femora long, slender. Tarsal formula: 334. Eggs laid in stems of plants. In the U.S.S.R. 1 genus. Key to Species of Family Oecanthidae Oecanthus Serv. Pale yellow or greenish. Male tegmina transparent, flat, opaque in female, folded on body. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1.

1

(2).

Male tegmina slightly widened posteriorly, little or not projecting beyond hind genua. Ovipositor shorter than hind femora. Pale yellow or greenish. 9-14, ovipositor 6-8. Steppes of the Center and the whole South to Crimea, the Northern Caucasus, Northwest Kazakhstan, and southern West Siberia, Transcaucasia. Oviposition in stems and shoots, causing necrosis above the eggs .......................................... *0e. pellucens Scop.

FIGURE 118. Glylloidea (after Bei-Bienko and Chopard) 1Oecanthus turanicus, male; 2Gryllus dalmatina, female.

desertus, female; 3Gryllomorpha

2 (1).

Male tegmina more widened posteriorly, markedly projecting beyond posterior genua (Figure 118, 1), iridescent. Ovipositor not shorter than hind femora. Buff-yellow or greenish yellow. 14-15.5, ovipositor 8.5-10.3. Lower reaches of the Volga and Ural rivers, deserts of Kazakhstan and Soviet Central Asia, eastern Transcaucasia. Like Oe. pellucens this species is *0e. turanicus Uv. injurious to plants

...........................

2.

Family GRYLLIDAE

Medium-sized or large, rarely small. Head rounded; mouthparts directed downwards. Pronotum square or transversely rectangular. Tegmina and wings fully developed, shortened or absent. Hind femora 2nd tarsal segment not widened. Cosmothick. Tarsal formula: 333; politan, many genera and species. Living on the ground and in burrows. 8 genera. In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 genera.

FIGURE 119. Grylloidea (after Medvedev, Miram, Tarbinskii and Chopard)

1Gryllus 3-Gryllu

burdigalensis, head? anteriorly; 2~Turanogryllus lateral is, rdigalensis, head and pronotum, lateral; male, outer side of hind tibia; 5GryUomorpha dalmatina, male. anal plate between bases of cerci, dorsal; 6G miramae,male, anal plate, dorsal, ’7G- dalmatina, pan of hind tibia, posteriorly; 8 Tanarogryllus tartarus, head and pronoium, lateral; ind pronotum, dorsal; lOMo ephalu squamige same; 11-Myr

ophilus h i

13-M. hirtica

s, male, cere

Key to Genera

236

1(12). Spines on hind tibiae short, thick, immovable, bare; 1st segment of hind tarsi with spines or denticles dorsally (Figure 117, 3). Large, rarely small species; body and legs without long black setae or with a few isolated setae. (Subfamily Gryllinae). 2 (9). Fore tibiae with opening of tympanal organ at least on outer side (Figure 117, 4), Spines on hind tibiae occupying more than half length of tibia; rest of tibia (near base) not denticulate (Figure 117, 3). Male tegmina longer than pronotum; if female tegmina shortened, they are more than half as long as pronotum. 3 (8). Head transverse in front view (Figure 117, 1) or as broad as high, dorsally without longitudinal stripes, but often with 1 or 2 transverse dark and light bands (Figure 119,1). Female tegmina 4 (7).

never lateral, lobe-shaped. Frons between antennae only 1.5-2.5 times wider than 1st antennal

segment (Figures 117,1; 119,1). Mirror of male tegmina slightly transverse or elongate, often irregularly quadrangular or rhomboidal(Figure 117,2). 5 (6). Anterior part of head rounded or rounded-obtuse in profile; dorsal part of head sloping, about as long as anterior, vertical 1. Gryllus. side of head (Figure 119, 3); clypeus slightly convex 6 (5). Head slightly flattened dorsally, in profile forming a rounded corner anteriorly; dorsal side of head sloping, longer than anterior sid6 (Figure 119, 8); clypeus strongly inflated ........... ........................................... 2. Tartarogryllus. Frons between antennae 4 times wider than 1st antennal segment 237 7 (4). or wider. Mirror of male tegmina markedly transverse, almost twice as wide as long, oval, rounded posteriorly. Clypeus strongly inflated .................................... 3. Gryllodinus. 8 (3). Head moderately elongate in front view, broadly oval,, dorsally with 4-6 light, narrow, longitudinal stripes alternating with broader dark stripes (Figure 119, 2). Female tegmina of the brachypterous form completely lateral, lobe-shaped ............. ............................................ 4. Turanogryllus. Fore tibiae without openings of tympanal organ. Only apical half 9 (2). of hind tibiae with spines; other part of hind tibia finely serrated at least on outer sidet (Figure 119. 7). No tegmina or wings, or tegmina reduced to very short lobules without veins. 10 (11). Apterous, without rudiments of tegmina. Frons between antennae not narrower, or slightly narrower, than 1st antennal segment ............................................ 5. Gryllomorpha. 11 (10). Rudiments of tegmina present: in male as rounded lobes, in female as very small lateral scales almost completely or completelycoveredbypronotum. Frons between antennae 0.5-0.66 as wide as 1st antennal segment................... 6. Discoptila. 12(1). Spines on hind tibiae long, slender, movable, often covered with fine hairs (Figure 119, 4). 1st segment of hind tarsi without spines dorsally. Small or very small species; body and legs covered with long scattered black setae (Figure 120, 2). (Subfamily Nemo...

....

biinae). t

In small forms ihis serration is weak and visible only

ai

290

high magnification.

13 (14). Tegmina covering the whole abdomen (Figure 120, 2) or moderately shortened; if shortened, not less than twice as long as pronotum also in female. Wings longer than tegmina or shortened. Hind tibiae with 4 spines on inner side, but 1st spine often very small, in male forming a tubercle (Figure 119, 4) ........... ........................................... 7. Pteronemobius. 14 (13). Tegmina very short, in male not covering half the abdomen, in female not longer than pronotum; no wings. Inner side of hind tibiae with 3 similar spines ....................... 8. Nemobius.

Keys to Species of Family Gryllidae Subfamily GRYLLINAE

Gryllus L. (Acheta F., Gryllulus Uv.). Frontoclypeal suture weakly or strongly curved, or obliterated in the middle. Metathoracic plate (between hind legs) with distinct notch posteriorly. Cosmopolitan. Many species, placed by some authors into a number of genera. 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 12 species. 1.

1 (6).

Head and body black, without light transverse stripes between

eyes. 2

(3).

Head inflated, broader than pronotum. Hind tibiae slightly widened near base, the dorsal inner spur usually longer than the ventral spur (Figure 117, 3), Tegmina almost as long as or as long as abdomen,- often with light spot at base; wings shorter than tegmina. 20-29, ovipositor 11-14. Center; West, to Latvia; the entire South to the Ural River (?); the Northern Caucasus; Transcaucasia. Dry meadows, in burrows; sometimes injurious ............................................ *G. campestris L. Head normal, not broader than pronotum. Hind tibiae uniformly thick, the dorsal inner spur as long as the ventral spur. Large species. Venter of abdomen and hind femora and tibiae almost bare, shining. Inner and ventral side of hind femora at base rust-colored. Tegmina fully developed, black, often with 2 light spots at base, or uniformly rust-brown. Wings usually longer than tegmina. 23-32, ovipositor 12-18. Southern Crimea, Dagestan, eastern Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia and Southwest *G. bimaculatus Deg. Asia, Africa. Sometimes injurious Medium-sized species. Abdomen venfrally, hind femora and tibiae covered with densely standing setae. Hind femora ventrally black, sometimes with brownish carina. Tegmina without light spots at base, fully developed (in this case wings longer than tegmina) or shortened to half the length (in this case no wings). 12-19, ovipositor 12-17 (Figure 118,2). Forest-steppe, steppes and deserts. Riparian. Sometimes very injurious ............... .,

3 (2), 4 (5),

.

........

5 (4).

.............................

6 (1).

238

7 (8).

#G. (Melanogryllus) desertus Pall.

Head light, dorsally with 1 or 2 dark transverse stripes, or black; if black, transverse stripes light (Figure 119, 1). Head black, with narrow transverse yellow stripe only dorsal to antennae and often with less distinct stripe on occiput posterior

to eyes.

Tegmina usually shortened, not reaching apex of abdomen; no wings; tegmina and wings rarely fully developed. Body black, rarely grayish yellow. 10-13, ovipositor 6.5-8. West, Center, East, steppes and deserts throughout the South. .............................. G. (Modicogryllus) frontalis Fieb. 8 (7). Head light or only partly black. Tegmina covering whole abdomen or slightly shortened. Body light or at least with light tegmina and legs. 9 (10). Small species. Frontoclypeal suture forming acute angle, obliterated in middle; frons usually with dark transverse spot between antennae (Figure 119, 1). Male tegmina with 2 oblique veins in stridulatory organ; costal cell of female tegmina overhanging ventrally, with 6-7 veins (including their branches). 10-15, ovipositor 6-9. Steppes, deserts; sometimes injurious ...-..--.............-...... *G. (Acheta) burdigalensis Latr. 10 (9). Large species. Frontoclypeal suture slightly curved, wellmarked throughout (Figure 117, 1); curved dark stripe usually present on frons between antennae. Male tegmina with 3-5 oblique veins in stridulatory organ(Figure 117, 2); overhanging costal cell of female tegmina widened posteriorly, with 9 or 10 veins (including their branches). 16-20, ovipositor 11-15. In houses, in open places in deserts. Sometimes injurious ...... *G. (Acheta) domesticus L. ....

...

2. Tartarogryllus Tarb. Frontoclypeal suture obliterated, present only ventral to antennae. Mirror of male tegmina irregularly rhomboidal, slightly transverse. Monotypic genus. 1 (1).

Outer side of hind tibiae with 7 spines. Male tegmina not covering end of abdomen, with 2 oblique veins; female tegmina usually covering half the abdomen, apically rounded or obtuse, rarely well developed. Yellowish buff; head dorsally with 3 brown transverse bands (typical form) or body brownish gray, head almost black, with yellow stripe dorsal to antennae and posterior toeyes (subsp. obscurior Uv.). 14-15, ovipositor 9-9.5. Crimea, theManych, the Southeast, eastern Ciscaucasia and eastern Transcaucasia (obscurior Uv.), Transcaucasia and Soviet Central Asia (typical form) ............................... T. tartarus Sauss.

3. Gryllodinus Bol, (Gryllodes, Eugryllode s auct.), Frontoclypeal suture obliterated, present only ventral to antennae. Pronotum markedly transverse. Male tegmina covering abdomen; female tegmina almost reaching apex of abdomen. Body light, yellowish buff or grayish. Genus

consisting of 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Head little wider than pronotum; occiput with dark transverse stripe. Frons ventral to antennal depressions almost as wide as dorsal margin of clypeus. Ovipositor not shorter than hind femora. Oblique field of male tegmina anteriorly twice as wide as at base. 13-16, ovipositor 8-9.5. Eastern Ciscaucasia, eastern Transcaucasia, deserts of Kazakhstan and Soviet Central Asia. On solonchak soils ........... G. odicus Uv. Head markedly wider than pronotum (especially in male); dark transverse stripe of occiput usually weakly developed, interrupted

in middle. Frons ventral to antennae almost as wide as dorsal margin of clypeus. Ovipositor much shorter than hind femora. Oblique field of male tegmina anteriorly only slightly wider than at base. 15-18, ovipositor 4-5. The Sivash, the Many ch. eastern Ciscaucasia, the Southeast, deserts of Soviet Central Asia; Spain, North Africa. On solonchak soils .......""...,............,-..... .................. G. macropterus Fuen. (kerkennensis Fin.).

Turanogryllus Tarb. Frontoclypeal suture distinct, forming an in the middle (Figure 119, 2). Metathoracic plate narrow posteriorly, without distinct notch. Mirror of male tegmina strongly transverse, oval. Southwest Asia and Soviet Central Asia to China. IntheU.S.S.R. 1 species. 4.

angle

1 (1),

Yellowish buff; male dorsally lighter. Tegmina fully developed, covering almost whole abdomen; female tegmina usually lateral, shorter than pronotum, rarely fully developed. Ovipositor not less than 1.5 times longer than pronotum. 11-15, ovipositor 8-14. Eastern Ciscaucasia, eastern Transcaucasia, deserts of Kazakhstan and Soviet Central Asia. On solonchak soils ................ ............................................. T. lateralis Fieb.

5. Gryllomorpha Fieb. Eyes ovoid, distinctly narrowed ventrally. Clypeus inflated, separated from frons by distinct, almost straight transverse groove. Basal half of hind tibiae with fine denticles (sometimes little developed) at least on outer side. About 20 species in Mediterranean countries. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

239

1 (2).

2 (1).

Large, yellowish, with numerous dark markings (Figure 118,3). Penultimate outer spine on hind tibiae slightly longer than apical spine. Male anal plate transverse, with thickened lateral parts of posterior margin (Figure 119, 5). 15-18, ovipositor 11-15. Southern Crimea, Black Sea coast of Abkhazia; Mediterranean Region .................................... G. dalmatina Ocsk. Small, dorsally with brown transverse bands on part of segments. Penultimate outer spine of hind tibiae small, much shorter than apical spine. Male anal plate posteriorly with large broad notch and triangular lateral lobes (Figure 119, 6). 7.4-9.6. ovipositor 5.5. Southern Ukraine (steppes of Askaniya-Nova). In burrows of spermophiles ............................. G. miramae Medv.

6. Discoptila Pant. As in Gryllomorpha, but clypeus slightly inflated; rudiments of tegmina present. Several species in Mediterranean countries. IntheU.S.S.R,. 2 species. 1 (2).

Frons between base of antennae half as wide as 1st antennal segment. Ovipositor little shorter than hind femora, undulating, forming a beak at apex in profile. Male anal plate transverse, with broad notch and short lateral lobes posteriorly. Brownish yellow or yellowish buff, 9-12.5. ovipositor 6.5-7.5. Southern D. fragasoi Bol. Crimea; Mediterranean countries Frons between bases of antennae only 2/3 as wide as 1st antennal segment. Ovipositor half as long as hind femora, not curved like a beak at apex. Yellowish buff. 9.0, ovipositor 3.5. Male unknown. Crimea (Sevastopol) ........... D. breviti B.-Bien., sp. n. ...............

2 (1).

ORTHOPTERA

Subfamily NEMOBIINAE 7. Pteronemobius Jac. Very small species. Fore tibiae with opening of tympanal organ’on inner side. Ovipositor shorter than hind femora. Near water. Numerous species in hot countries throughout the world. 2 species. In the U.S.S.R. 6 species.

FIGURE 120. Grylloidea (after Chopard)

1Arachnocephalus vestitus, female; 2Pteronemobius hMyrmecophilus acervorus, female.

1 (2).

240

2(1).

heideni. male;

Inner spur at apex of 1st segment of hind tarsi projecting beyond middle of 3rd segment. 1st spine on inner side of hind tibiae of male closer to next spine than to base of tibia (Figure 119, 4). Male tegmina reaching apex of abdomen. Wings absent (typical form) or fully developed, longer than tegmina (subsp. concolor Walk.). 5-7, ovipositor 2-2.5 (Figure 120,2). West; southern Ukraine, including Crimea (typical form), eastern Ciscaucasia, South Kazakhstan and Soviet Central Asia (concolor Walk.), Transcaucasia (both subspecies)................ P. heidem Fisch. Inner spur of 1st segment of hind tarsi short, not reaching middle of 3rd segment. 1st inner spine of hind tibiae of male whitish, equidistant from base of tibia and next spine. Male and female tegmina not covering part of abdomen; wings much longer than tegmina. 5-7, ovipositor 1.5-2.5. Southern Crimea, the Southeast to Transcaucasia and Soviet Central Asia. North Africa ...... .............................................. P. gracilis Jak.

8. Nemobius Serv. As Pteronemobius, but tegmina very short, with sloping inner margin in female; no wings. Ovipositor not shorter than hind femora. In the U.S.S.R. and West Europe 1 species.

294

MOGOPLISTIDAE

1(1).

Brown or black with light color, head black. Male tegmina almost black, covering half the abdomen, broad, with truncate apex, in female dorsally rust-brown. End of ovipositor not serrated dorsally. 7-10, ovipositor 5-7. West, Crimea (?); central and southern Europe, North Africa. In forests among fallen leaves and moss .................................. N. sylvestris Bosc. 3.

Family MOGOPLISTIDAE

Small species, covered with easily rubbed-off scales, apterous or with rudimentary tegmina. Head with strongly inflated clypeus; frontoclypeal suture straight, transverse. Dorsal side of hind tibiae finely denticulate on both sides, without long spines. 2nd segment of tarsi slightly or distinctly widened. On plants, under stones, fallen leaves, etc- Mainly in the Tropics. In the U.S.S.R. and Europe 2 genera.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Clypeus inflated, almost square in dorsal view, with distinct longitudinal groove (Figure 119, 9). Hind tarsus less than half as long as hind tibia ...................... 1. Arachnocephalus. Clypeus inflated, transverse in dorsal view, without longitudinal groove (Figure 119, 10). Hind tarsus more than half as long as hind tibia

.....................................

2.

Mogoplistes.

Keys to Species of Family Mogoplistidae

Arachnocephalus Costa. Apterous, elongate. Fore tibiae without openings of tympanal organ. 2nd tarsal segment moderately but distinctly widened. A number of species in tropical Asia and Africa. In the U.S.S.R. and southern Europe 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

Ocher-yellow, abdomen dark. Pronotum almost square. Ovipositor straight, as long as hind femora, with 6 or 7 denticles on each side ventrally at apex. 5-8.5, ovipositor 4.5-5. Crimea, coasts of the Black and Azov seas, Dagestan, Transcaucasia. On plants; male stridulating by tapping leaves with tip of abdomen A. vestitus Costa (yer sini Fin.). .............................

Mogoplistes Serv. Apterous. Fore tibiae without openings of tympanal organs. 2nd tarsal segment slightly widened. Inner spur of hind tibiae very long. Several species in southern Europe and Africa. 1 species recorded from the U.S.S.R. 2.

1 (1).

Grayish yellow, with silvery gray scales. Clypeus inflated, dorsally twice as wide as 1st antennal segment. Pronotum transverse, anterior and posterior margins concave. Ovipositor slightly curved, without denticles apically. 8-10, ovipositor 4.5-5.3. Southern Crimea (?); Mediterranean countries. On the sea shore, under stones or drifted algae ..................... ......................................... M. squamiger Fisch.

ORTHOPTERA

4. Family

MYRMECOPHILIDAE

Small, apterous species. Eyes small, rudimentary, consisting of a few ommatidia only. Hind femora very short, oval. Cerci short, segmented, covered with hairs in regular whorls. One genus, of cosmopolitan distribution. Living in ant nests.

Key to Species of Family MyrmecophOidae

241

1. Myrmecophilus Berth. Body broadly oval, strongly convex dorsally, covered with silly adpressed hairs. Pronotum large, narrow anteriorly. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species.

1 (4).

2(3).

Inner side of hind tibiae with 4 alternately dissimilar spines, 1st and 3rd spine very short, 2nd and 4th long (Figure 119,11). Cerci short (–1.0), thick, slightly tapering apically, terminal segment short, blunt (Figure 117, 5). 3rd inner spine of hind tibia shorter than 1st spine. Rust-brown, dull-colored, sometimes with light bands. 2.5-3, ovipositor 0.9 (Figure 120, 3). M. acervorus PanzCenter; South, to Crimea and Ciscaucasia Cerci long (1.4-1.9). slender, strongly narrowing apically, terminal segment long, pointed (Figure 119, 13). 3rd inner spine of hind tibiae about as long as 1st spine (Figure 119,11). Dark .....

3(2).

brown. 4 (1).

5 (6).

6 (5).

2.9-3.9, ovipositor 2.0.

Crimean Mountains

.............

......................................... M. hirticaudus F.-W. Inner side of hind tibiae with 3 or 5 spines of increasing length; subapical spine almost as long as apical spine, i.e., as long as 3rd or 5th spine (Figure 119,12). Cerci with pointed apex. Inner side of hind tibiae with 3 spines; inner apical spine not longer than dorsal spur; inner side of 1st segment of hind tarsi with 1 spine (Figure 119, 12). Cerci shorter (male 1.0). Light yellow. Male 2,8, female unknown. Crimea (Eupatoria). ................. ............................................. M. ponticus Mir. Inner side of hind tibiae with 5 spines; apical spine much longer than dorsal spur. Inner side of 1st segment of hind tarsus with 3 spines. Cerci longer (female 1,7). Yellowish brown. 4.5-4.7. Northern Caucasus (Teberda), southern Crimea ................. ..............................................M. tatarica Kar.

5.

Large,

Family GRYLLOTALPIDAE

developed tegmina and wings. Mouthparts porrect. Antennae short, only slightly longer than pronotum. Forelegs fossorial; hind legs not saltatorial. No ovipositor; male and female hardly distinguishable by venation of tegmina. Digging burrows in the ground. Family consisting of 2 genera; one of them distributed in Eurasia, Africa, and Australia. with

Key to Species of Family Gryllotalpidae 1. Gryilotalpa Latr, Fore tibiae with 4 digitiform denticles. Stridulatory region of male without mirror; base of posterior part of female tegmina with almost parallel longitudinal veins. 2 species. .In the U.S.S.R. 3 species. 296

TRIDACTYLIDAE

1 (2).

2 (1).

Inner side of hind tibiae dorsally with 4 or 5 more or less evenly spaced spines. Dirty brown, ventrally yellowish; tegmina with distinct, dark brown transverse veins. Large and thickset species. 35-50. Everywhere, exceptin the North: very injurious, occurring in hotbeds in the North and also on open areas in the South ....................................... #G. gryUotalpa L. Inner side of hind tibiae dorsally with 2 or 3 spines; a wide interval between 1st and next spine. Tegmina with weak, light cross veins. Smaller and slenderer species, 30-44. Southern Ukraine (coast of the Black Sea and banks of the Sivash), eastern Ciscaucasia, the Southeast, southern West Siberia, Kazakhstan, *G. unispina Sauss. eastern Transcaucasia. Very injurious .......

2.

1.

Suborder

BRACHYCERA (Caelifera)

Superfamily TRIDACTYLOIDEA

Small species (Figure 121, 1), body slightly depressed. Head without differentiated fastigium, surface of frons straight, prolonged; mouthparts porrect. Antennae 10-segmented. moniliform. Pronotum large, convex, without lateral carinae. Tegmina short, horny, with partly atrophied venation, without stridulatory organ. Wings longer or shorter than tegmina, with opaque anterior margin, and numerous radially diverging veins. Legs 242 short; forelegs fossorial, with strong coxae and short flattened tibiae, without tympanal organ (Figure 100, 2). Hind legs with broad, strongly flattened femora; inner side of hind femora ventrally with a longitudinal groove for the accommodation of the tibiae. Hind tibiae slender, curved, usually with spines dorsally on both sides; apical spines sometimes transformed into elongated flattened lobes. Apex of hind tibiae with not more than 4 spurs, all of them slightly hooked at the apex; dorsal pair of spurs short, ventral pair long. Fore- and middle tarsi 2- or 3-segmented, with well-developed, similar claws; hind tarsi partly or almost completely atrophied, consisting of only one segment, without claws; when partly atrophied this segment is elongate; when almost completely atrophied it is very small tubercle-shaped, hardly visible. Male and female abdomen consisting of 9 or 10 terga and 9 sterna, with 2 pairs of elongate appenddorsal the at ages apex; pair consisting of 2-segmented cerci and ventral pair of processes of the paraprocts (Figure 100, 7). No ovipositor in Russian forms or ovipositor developed. Male genital plate (sternum IX) without styli (Figure 121. 4); female genital plate with median longitudinal carina (Figure 121, 5). Riparian; digging burrows in humid soil. As they resemble mole crickets sup erfic tally, they have been erroneously considered to belong to the Grylloidea. Distributed throughout the world.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 family. 1.

Family TRIDACTYLIDAE

Apex of hind tibiae dorsally with several pairs of long movable lobes (Figure 121, 2,3). Fore and middle tarsi 2-segmented (Figure 100, 2). No ovipositor. Represented in the Russian fauna by a single genus.

FIGURE 121. Tridaciyloidea. Family Tridactylidae (after Tarbinskii and original

1Tridactylus variegatus, female; 2T. lartarus, hind tibia, dorsal; 3-5T.variegatus: 3apex of hind tibia; 4apex of male abdomen, veniral; 5same of female.

Key to Species

of Family Tridactylidae

1. Tridactylus 01. Mainly distributed in subtropical countries; numerous species are known. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 243

1 (4).

2 (3).

Apex of hind tibiae with 3 long appendages: 2 lateral (lower pair of spurs) and 1 median (the tarsus, often dorsally curved;. Figure 121,2). Hind tibiae dorsally with distinct denticles at the sides; median appendage of hind tibiae (tarsus) slightly longer than lateral appendages (Figure 121,2). Larger, brilliant-dark, light only Pronotum dark, only its lateral margins light. 7-9. Southern Ukraine, steppes along the Many ch, eastern Ciscaucasia, the Southeast, South Siberia, Kazakhstan. Soviet Central Asia. On saline soils. ................ T. tartarus Sauss Hind tibiae dorsally without denticles at the sides. Median appendage of hind tibiae slightly shorter than lateral appendages. Small, dark with light color, brilliant; pronotum with light posterior and lateral margins; dorsum of pronotum also light, in some parts.

3 (2).

ACRIDOIDEA

but with a pair of brown longitudinal spots. 4-5. Southern Ukraine (?) (possibly confused with T. tartarus), eastern T. savignyi Guer. Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia Apex of hind tibiae with only 2 long appendages, the ventral pair of spurs; median appendage (tarsus) very small, tubercleshaped, visible only at high magnification (Figure 121, 3). Penultimate abdominal sternum of female with small median notch (Figure 121, 5). Color almost as in T. savignyi. 5-7. Steppes "to West Siberia and Kazakhstan, the Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia. Sandy banks of water-bodies ...........

4 (1).

.

...........................................

4.

.

.

T. variegatus Latr.

Superfamily ACRIDOIDEA

Head (Figure 122. 1-3) oval, triangular, or conical. Frons in profile vertical or sloping, anteriorly with longitudinal elevated frontal ridge, often with a distinct groove. Vertex anteriorly with differentiated area, the fastigium. Depressions often present ventral to lateral margins of fastigium, called foveolae; foveolae sometimes triangular, square, rounded, etc. Ocelli 3; median ocellus situated on frontal ridge; both lateral ocelli at anterior margin of eyes. Antennae filiform, ensiform or clavate, 7- to

33-segmented, usually 19- to 27-segmented. Pronotum (Figure 122, 2) well-developed lateral lobes, sometimes posteriorly produced into a process which covers the abdomen (family Tetrigidae). Dorsum ofprowith

notum (disk) often with a median longitudinal carina which is sometimes much elevated, with lateral lobes, often also with lateral carinae. Disk with 1-3 transverse grooves; posterior (or basal) groove almost always present. The part of the pronotum anterior to the basal transverse groove is called "prozona"; the posterior part of the pronotum is called "metazona". Prosternum between forelegs smooth or with a small tubercle, or with strong conical or differently-formed process; sometimes anterior margin of prothorax elevated, forming a collar which covers the mouthparts posteriorly. Mesothorax and metathorax closely connected, forming the thoracic plate ventrally (Figure 122, 4); transverse groove of thoracic plate bent in the middle, separating the mesosternal lobes from the area between them; metasternum similarly separated from abdominal sternum I. Tegmina and wings fully developed, shortened or sometimes absent. Venation of tegmina as in Figure 123; a spurious (secondary) median vein is often present in the median cell (between base of M and CuA); this vein is without a base, often serrated, and forms part of the stridulatory apparatus of many species. Forelegs ambulatory; tarsi 3-segmented or with the (family Tetrigidae); arolium present or absent. following formula: 223 Inner side of hind femora ventrally with or without a papilla (Brunner’s organ). Inner side of hind femora often with small tubercles at the ventral carina, which form the stridulatory carina used in chirping. Hind tibiae with 4 spurs at apex, one pair of outer spurs and one pair of longer inner spurs; outer dorsal row of spines ending with outer apical spine at base of tarsus, or such a spine absent. Sides of abdominal segment I with tympanal organ of different form covered with a membrane; this organ is sometimes absent (family Tetrigidae and also some apterous forms). Epiproct on end of abdomen dorsally (Figure 124. 1-3), in male more

ORTHOPTERA

FIGURE 122.

Acridoidea. Stuciure of head, thorax and legs

and pronomni of

(after Bei-Bienko

and

Tarbins!(ii)

Paracrypteca microptera,

dorsal (vvertex, fovfoveolae, ococciput, eeye, anantenna, pzprozona, mzmeiazona, car median carina. Icar lateral carinae, grmedian iransverse groove); 2same, lateral (fafrons, loclateral Ihead

sgrsubocular groove, Iblateral lobe): 3headofParacryptera microptera, anteriorly (frfrontal ridge, mocmedian ocellus, Ifclateral facial carina, clclypeus, gegena, Ibrlabrum, mmandible); 4ihoracic plate of Calliptamus itaticus,

ocellus,

lobes of mesochoraif. cxcoxalpics, mtspmetathoracic space, loblateral lobes of meiathorax. st Iabdominal sternum I); 5outer side of hind leg of C. italicus (cxcoxa, ffemur, vlventral basal lobe of femur, dldorsal basal lobe of femur, dear dorse-external carina, vcarventro-externalcarina, dcdorsal carina, vcventral carina, gngenu, dldorsa genual lobe, vlventral genual lobe, tb tibia, spspines, sprspurs, tartarsus, clctaws). loblateral

ACRIDOIDEA

/

C SC

2_

t

FIGURE 128. Acridoidea.

R M J CUA CUP

Venation of

Rs

tegmina and wings (after

Bei-Bienko) ispurious median vein; cells; 1precosiai; 4-cubital;

FIGURE 124.

2costal;

3median;

5-anal.

Acridoidea.

End of abdomen of Locusta

migraioria

(after Bei-Bienko) 1-male, lateral (ep-epiproct, c-cercus, gp-genital plate, paraparaproci); 2-male, dorsal (hd-hood): 3- female, lateral (dv-dorsal

valve of ovipositor, vvventral valve of ovipositor); 4female, (plpulvilli).

ventral

variable than in female; a paired process of tergumX sometimes projects above the base of the epiproct, the furcula. Male abdomen ending in dorsally curved genital plate (Figure 124, 1-2); female abdomen ending in 4 short hook-shaped or serrated valves of the ovipositor, ventrally supported by the last (VIII) abdominal sternum which is often named genital plate (Figure 124, 4). Cerci always one-segmented, in male complex, in female sometimes very small, hardly visible. Inner copulatory apparatus of male (Figure 125, 1) situated in cavity of genital plate and dorsally covered by epiproct, of complex structure, consisting of an elongate intromittent organ (penis) and dorsally covered at the base by the strongly sclerotized epiphallus (Figure 125, 1,2,3). The eggs are usually laid into the soil in egg masses or pods. Phytophagous, many species very injurious to agriculture. Divided into several families. 4 families, 69 genera, 168 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 130 genera, about 485 species.

FIGURE 125. Acridoidea, Copulatory apparatus of male (after Boldyrev, Dirsh and

SnodgrasS)

1diagrammatic (epepiproct. ananus, recrectum, apdapodemeofphallobase, dpdorsalphallomere. vpvennalphallomere, hdhood. gpgeniialplate, cham genital chamber, bf basal fold, epepiphallus, enendophallus (or basal part of phallus), ejejaculatocy duct. sacejaculaiorysac, st IXsternum IX, tXiergumX); 2Locusta migratoria. epiphallus (pposterior process, lailateral plate, br bridge, am anterior processes); 3Callipiamus italicus. same.

-

LITERATURE. Bei-Bienko, G.Ya. and L. L. Mishchenko. Saranchovye fauny SSSR i sopredel’nykh si ran (Acridoidea of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries). Optedelitel’ po FauneSSSR. Nos.38.40. 1951; Berezhkov, R.P. Saranchovye Zapadnoi Sibiri (Acridoidea of West Siberia). Tomsk, 1956; Mishchenko, L.L. Pryamohrylye. Tom 4. Vypusk 2. Saranchovye (podsemeisivo Catantopinae) (Onhoptera, Vol. 4, No. 2. Acridoidea (Subfamily Catantopinae)).Fauna SSSR, Novaya Seriya, Vol. 54, 1952; Uvarov, B.P. Saranchovye evropeiskoi chasti SSSR i Zapadnoi Sibiri (Acridoidea of the European U.S.S.R. and West Siberia).-Moskva. 1925; .Uvarov. B.P. Saranchovye Srednei Azii (Acridoidea of Soviet Central Asia). Tashkent, 1927. cf. also ihe literature after the description of the order.

ACRIDOIDEA

Key to 1 (2).

Families

Pronotum posteriorly produced into a long process which covers the abdomen (Figure 126, 1). Tarsi always without arolium ....................................... 1. Tetrigidae (p.304). Pronoturo short, not covering abdomen. Tarsi with arolium between claws (Figure 126, 2), arolium sometimes small, little developed.

...,..,

2 (1).

FIGURE 126. 1Teirix

Acridoidea

(after Bei-Bienko, Chopard

and

original)

subulaia. female, head, pronotum and tegmina; 2Ca llipiamus italicus, (aarolium); 3Asioimethis, hind femur (dldorsal basal lobe, vlventral

end of tarsus basal lobe); 4Calliptamus, same; 5Nocaracris cyanipes, female, head and pronotum, dorsal: 6Pyrgomorpha conica deserti, female, same (apapical zone); 7P.conica

deserti, female, head, lateral.

3 (6).

4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (3).

Lower basal lobe of hind femora longer than upper lobe, outer surface of hind femora usually with irregular sculpture (Figure 126, 3). Vertex anteriorly notched (Figure 126, 5,6); the notch is sometimes not distinct, and always passes directly into the frontal groove. Head not conical, with vertical frons in Russian species. Vertex without paired apical area anteriorly (Figure 126, 5).............. ..................................... 2. Pamphagidae (p. 306). Head conical, with strongly slanting frons (Figure 126, 7). Vertex strongly protruding anteriorly, with paired apical area (Figure 126, 6), in profile forming an acute angle with frons....... .................................. 3. Pyrgomorphidae (p. 310). Ventral basal lobe of hind femora shorter than dorsal lobe (Figure 126, 4). rarely as long as dorsal lobe; outer side of hind femora usually with regular pinnate sculpture (Figure 126.4). Vertex anteriorly not notched ............. 4. Acrididae (p. 310).

1.

Family TETRIGIDAE

Small, earth-colored. Frontal ridge forming carina ventral to median ocellus, bifid near clypeus. Pronotum very long, its lateral lobes usually with 2 notches posteriorly (Figure 126, 1). Tegmina (if present) very short, lobe-shaped; wings longer than tegmina (Figure 127, 2). Tarsal formula: 1st segment of hind tarsi with 3 pointed pulvilli. Abdominal seg223; ment I without tympanal organ. Ovipositor with serrated margins. On humid meadows, along banks of waterbodies. near forests; nymphs or adults hibernating. Mainly in the Tropics. 2 genera, 9 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 genera, 14 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Vertex dorsally wider than eye, markedly protruding between anterior margins of eyes (Figure 127, 8,9). Frons in profile vertical above antennae, its anterior margin markedly distant 1. Tetrix. from anterior margin of eyes (Figure 127, 3). Vertex dorsally not wider than eye or little wider, not protruding beyond anterior margin of eyes (Figure 127, 10). Frons in pro. Lie vertical or slightly sloping backwards dorsal to antennae, its anterior margin very close to anterior margin of eyes or partly covered by eyes (Figure 127, 4). .................. 2. Paratettix. ..........

2 (1).

Keys to.Species of Family Tetrigidae 1. Tetrix Latr. (Acrydium auct.). Frons forming right angle with vertex above antennae, sometimes with small notch. Pronotum not reaching or reaching beyond hind genua. 7 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 9 species.

1 (12). Carina on pronotum regular, without depression near middle (Figures 126,1; 127,1); surface of pronotum smooth lateral to carina.

248

Middle femur narrower than visible part of tegmina. Pronotum usually produced posteriorly into long, slender process reaching markedly beyond hind genua (Figure 126, 1). Median carina low, almost straight in profile. Valves of ovipositor narrow (Figure 127,5), (4). Middle femora much narrower than visible part. of tegmina. Frontal ridge straight between eyes in profile (Figure 127, 3). T. subulata L. Body not black. 11" 17 t (3). Middle femora only slightly narrower than tegmina. Frontal ridge 14-17. North; in profile notched between eyes. Usually black. Arctic ...................................... T. fuliginosa Zett. Middle femur markedly wider than visible part of tegmina. (2). Pronotum usually not reaching beyond hind genua, or reaching a little beyond them (Figure 127, 1); median carina of pronotum curved in profile. (11). Antennae not less than 1.5 times longer than fore femora; middle antennal segments 3 to 4 times longer than broad (Figure 127, 12).

2 (5).

3

..........................

4

5

6

t The whole body length is given for all species of the family Tetrigidae, body to the tip of the tegmina or pronotum.

from [he anterior margin of the

TETRIGIDAE

7 (8).

Anterior margin of pronotum obtuse (Figure 127, carina of pronotum elevated, pointed, lamellar. broad, only 2.5 times longer than wide. 8.2-11. East .................................... T.

9); median Middle femora Siberia, Far simulans B. -Bien.

Anterior margin of pronotum truncate or very obtuse (Figure 127,8); median carina only little lamellar, moderately high. Middle femora narrower, 3 times longer than broad. 9 (10). Wings of normal (brachypterous) form with whole outer margin. Dorsal valves of ovipositor narrow, almost 4 times longer than broad. Middle segments of antennae only 3 times longer than broad. 9-12. Baltic Region; Western Europe .................. .............................. T. undulata Sow. (vittata Zett.). 10 (9). Wings of normal (brachypterous) form with scalloped outer margin (Figure 127, 2). Valves of ovipositor broader (Figure 127, 6). Middle antennal segments 4 times longer than broad (subsp. australis nov.) or only 3 times longer than broad (nominate

8 (7).

305

.

.

.

12 (1).

.

.

subspecies. Figure 127, 12). 8.5-12.5 (Figure 127, 1). North (nominate subspecies). South (australis). T. tenuicornis Sahib, Antennae little longer than fore femora, thick; middle antennal segments only 1.5-2 times longer than broad (Figure 127, 11). Anterior margin of pronotum slightly protruding, forming obtuse T, bipunctata L. angle (Figure 127, 9). 8.5-12. North, Center Median carina of pronotum higher in anterior half, rooflike, sharply depressed near the middle, farther back low; 2 depressions near depressed part of median carina. Margins of femora undulate. 7.8-10.2. Southern Crimea. .T. depressa Bris. .

11 (6).

........

Paratettix Bol. Pronotum long, reaching beyond hind genua, not rooflike. Most species in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 2.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Fore femora with straight ventral margin. Middle femora also with straight or indistinctly undulate ventral margin, markedly narrower than tegmina. Middle tibiae not narrowed apically. Middle antennal segments only 3 times longer than broad. 11-14. Throughout the South ......................... P. bolivari Saulcy. Fore, and especially middle, femora with markedly undulate ventral margin (Figure 127, 7); middle femora not narrower than tegmina. Middle tibiae markedly narrowed apically (Figure 127.7). Middle antennal segments 4 times longer than broad. 11.6-14. Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia, South Kazakhstan P. uvarovi Sem. .................

2.

Family PAMPHAGIDAE

Body often very rugose. Antennae 12- to 22-segmented. Sides of abdominal segment II ventrally with a rugose pla^e (Krauss’ organ) which is often absent in apterous forms. Epiphallus lamellar. Mainly in dry and desert areas or in mountains of southern Europe, Southwest Asia, Soviet Central Asia, Central Asia, and throughout Africa. 3 genera. In the U.S.S.R. 15 genera.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened to half the length

2 (1).

prozona and divided into 3 lobes (Figure 128, 1) 1. Asiotmethis. Apterous. Median carina of pronotum well marked throughout, not elevated or divided in prozona (Figure 128, 4,10).

in female

only.

Median carina of pronotum much elevated in ...

3 (4).

4 (3).

Hind femora with complete dorsal and ventral carinae (Figure 128, 2). Median carina of pronotum with longitudinal groove at least in anterior part (Figure 128, 4) ..... 2. Nocaracris. Hind femora with undulate dorsal carina and often with undulate ventral carina (Figure 128, 3). Median carina of pronotum without longitudinal groove (Figure 128, 10). ........... 3. Nocarodes.

306

PAMPHAGIDAE

Keys to Species of Family Pamphagidae Asiotmethis Uv. (Tmethis auct.). Veryrugose; venter andlegs Dorsum of middle tibiae with tubercles in a longitudinal row. Prothorax without pointed process between forelegs. Dry steppes and foothills; northern deserts. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species.

1.

densely hairy.

1 (4).

Inner side of hind tibiae blue or violet, rarely red. Tegmina and wings of female fully developed, reaching beyond hind genua.

2 (3).

250

3 (2).

Wings yellowish or greenish at the base; dark fascia on wings indistinct or incomplete (Figure 128, 5). Inner side of hind tibiae violet or dark blue, almost black (subspecies australis Tarb.); inner side of hind femora dark except for apical quarter; in some cases inner side of hind femora red in apical half (subspecies rub rip es Shum.). Male 23-28, female 30-38 (Figure 129, 1). Orenburg steppes, eastern Ciscaucasia, southern Transural Region, North Kazakhstan; subsp. australis Tarb.from eastern Ciscaucasia and southern Volga Region to Central and Central KazakhSouth Kazakhstan; subsp. rubripes Shum. stan ........................................ A. CTuricatus Pall. not at the base; dark fascia distinct, yellow or greenish Wings very wide at base of wing (Figure 128, 6). Inner side of hind tibiae blue or violet, often with red base, rarely completely red. Male 28-35, female 36-42. Kulunda Steppe in West Siberia, East Kazakhstan A.jubatus Uv. Inner side of hind femora red, rarely blue. Tegmina and wings of female either not reaching hind genua or fully developed. Wings greenish or yellowish at the base; dark fascia of wings incomplete; posterior region of wing not dark. Tegmina and wings of female not reaching hind genua or reaching beyond them (subspecies steppensis Shum.). Male 23-26, female 32-34 (steppensis larger). Crimea (nominate subspecies), southern steppes (steppensis) ....................... A. tauricus Tarb. Wings not greenish or yellowish at the base; dark fascia complete at least in male, distinct, reaching posterior region of wing (as in Figure 128,6). Pronotum moderately rugose; lateral carinae in metazona weakly developed or absent (Figure 128, 7). Female tegmina reaching beyond hind genua. Inner side of hind tibiae red, rarely blue. Male 27-29, female 30-37. Dry steppes on the left bank of the Irtysh in Northeast Kazakhstan; East Kazakhstan ........................................ A. zacharjini B.-Bien. .....................................

251

4 (1). 5 (6),

6 (5).

7 (8).

................

FIGURE 129. Acndoidea (after Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko)

308

PAMPHAG1DAE

8 (7).

Pronotum very rugose; lateral carinae in metazona distinct, serrated (Figure 128, 8). Female tegmina almost reaching hind genua. Inner side of hind tibiae always red. Male 28-33, female 36-46. Southern Dagestan, Transcaucasia ............... .............................. A. turritus F.-W. (bilobus St.).

2. Nocaracris Uv. Apterous. Vertex anteriorly with distinct notch. Prosternum with triangular tubercle between forelegs. Hind femora with finely serrated dorsal margin. No tympanal organ. Stony habitats in the mountains of Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Asia Minor and the northeastern Balkans. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

Median carina of pronotum with distinct longitudinal groove throughout (Figure 126. 5). Ventral and inner sides of hind femora and inner side of hind tibiae (including the spines) blackish blue. Male 17-23. female 28-37 (Figure 129, 2). Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia .............................. N.cyanipes F.-W. Longitudinal groove of median carina of pronotum anteriorly wider, posteriorly narrower (Figure 128,4) or sometimes disappearing in male. Inner side of hind tibiae (or in female at least the spines) red or reddish. Fastigium with straight lateral margins, forming a right angle anteriorly (Figure 128, 4). Inner side of hind tibiae and hind femora red in male, black or blackish blue in female, with red spines on tibiae. Hind femora of male longer (9.4-10.7), their ventral and dorsal carinae slightly and almost regularly curved. Male 20.5-25, female 29-45. North Ossetia, Transcaucasia

......

4 (3).

............................ N. (Paranocaracris) rubripes F.-W. Fastigium with concave lateral margins anteriorly, forming a pointed triangle (Figure 128, 9). Inner side of hind tibiae of male red, of female olive green with orange-red spines. Inner and ventral side of hind femora black, sometimes with red color; hind femora of male shorter (8.3-8.6), with more strongly curved ventral margin. Male 19.5-20, female 33.5-44. North Ossetia .

............................................ N. (P.) 252

.

.

latipes Uv.

3. Nocarodes F.-W. As Nocaracris, but hind femora with undulate dorsal margin; median carina of pronotum without groove or with a very indistinct groove. Stony habitats in the mountains of Caucasus, Transcaucasia and adjacent parts of Turkey and Iran. 3 species. In the whole

U.S.S.R. 7 species. 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

Inner side of hind tibiae dirty orange. Fastigium with straight sides, in female forming right angle anteriorly (Figure 128, 10). in male more pointed. Male 21-22, female 33-36. Mountains of eastern Dagestan (Levashi)............... N. daghestanicus Uv. Inner side of hind tibiae black or blackish blue. Female fastigium with slightly concave lateral margins, forming acute angle anteriorly (Figure 128, 11). Middle antennal segments of male slightly wider than long, in female square or slightly elongate. Female pronotum forming an angle anteriorly. Body very rugose. Male 16-17, female 31-32. Foothills of eastern Dagestan ................................... N. geniculatus Uv.

4 (3).

Female fastigium with straight margins, forming right angle anteriorly. Middle antennal segments of female distinctly elongate. Anterior part of female pronotum rounded in the middle. Body moderately rugose. Female 38.5-46, male unN. loripes Mistsh. known. Southern Dagestan (Salatau Range) .....

3.

Family PYRGOMORPHIDAE

Antennae 7- to 21-segmented; frons concave; vertex protruding anteriorly, with very narrow notch. Sides of abdominal segment II without rugose plate. Epiphallus with bridge. Mainly living on grass; common in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world..1 genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 genera.

Key to Species of Family Pyrgomorphidae 1.

Pyrgomorpha Serv. Antennae 13- to 17-segmented, ensiform,

Vertex much protruding anteriad like a duck bill (Figure 126, 6). Tegmina and wings fully developed or slightly shortened. More than 20 species, mainly in Africa. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

ventral to lateral ocelli.

1(1).

Green or gray. Tegmina and wings fully developed, reaching beyong hind genua. Prozona of pronotum not more than 1.5 times longer than metazona. Male 14.5-18, female 22-30 (Figure 129,3). Southeast; Kazakhstan, except North Kazakhstan; Soviet Central Asia; Transcaucasia. Semi-deserts and deserts .................................... P. conica deserti B. -Bien.

................

4.

Family ACRIDIDAE

Antennae usually 19- to 26-segmented, rarely with more or less segments. Head of various shape, without notch anteriorly. Sides of abdominal segment II without rugose plate. Epiphallus usually with developed bridge. Living in various habitats. The largest family, divided into a number of subfamilies. 63 genera, 148 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 104 genera, about 410 species. Key to Genera 1 (32). Prosternum with strong process or protuberance between forelegs (Figure 130, 1,2). (Subfamily Catantopinae). Median carina of pronotum sharply elevated, forming a crest in 2 (3). prozona, low in metazona (Figure 130. 4). Tegmina and wings fully developed .................................. 1. Dericorys. Median carina of pronotum low throughout or partly obliterated. 3 (2). 4 (23). Dorsal carina of hind femora complete, not serrated. Pronotum without sharp lateral carinae (Figure 130, 6,9). 5 (22). Tegmina and wings shortened (Figure 136, 1,2) or absent. 6(7). Process on prosternum broad, wedge-shaped, transversely truncate apically or slightly notched (Figure 130, 2). Tegmina 2. Pezotettix. lobe-shaped, moderately separated on back .......

7 (6).

8 (13).

253

9 (12). 10 (11).

11 (10).

Prosternal process conical or cylindrical (Figure 130, 1). Tegmina separate or contiguous on back, or tegmina and wings absent. Apterous. Sides of abdominal segmenti with or without tympanal organ; if tympanal organ present, prozona of pronotum 2-3 times longer than metazona. Sides of abdominal segmenti without tympanal organ. Antennae shorter than pronotum. Body earth-colored. Valves of ovipositor pointed at apex, without a pair of denticles 3. Pachypodisma. Antennae longer than pronotum. Body green or with green pattern. Valves of ovipositor with a pair of denticles at apex (Figure 130,3). 4. Zubovskia. Sides of abdominal segmenti with well-developed tympanal organ

............................................

..........

................................................

12 (9).

(Figure 130,5). Bodygreenorpartlygreenpattern ........................-....-.--...-.

................

5. Micropodisma.

us ital ventral; 3Zubovskia koeppeni, female, ovipositor, dorsal; 4Dericorys tibialis, head and pronotum in profile; 5 Micropod ism a koenigi, base of abdomen with tympanal organ; 6Odontopodisma decipiens, pronotum, dorsal; 7Miramella alpina, male, lip of abdomen, dorsal (lob lobes of last tergum); 8Pseudopodisma fieberi, male, same; 9Podisma pedestris, pronotum, dorsal; 10 Anacridium aegyptium, male. mesoihorax, ventral; 11Calliptamus plorans, female, italicus, male, end of abdomen, lateral (ccere us); 12Euprepocnemis

311

13 (8).

Body with shortened, often lateral tegmina; tegmina sometimes absent; in this case prozona of pronotum not more than 1.5 times longer than metazona (Figure 130, 9). Tympanal organ present on abdominal

segment!.

14 (19). Prozona of pronotum long, 2-3 times longer than metazona (Figure 130, 6). Ovipositor sometimes with a pair of denticles at apex. 15 (18), Last abdominal tergum of male with a pair of lobes posteriorly (Figure 130, 7). Ovipositor with a pair of denticles at apex, as in Figure 130,3. 16 (17). Pronotum with distinct notch posteriorly; prozona of pronotum 3 times longer than metazona (Figure 130, 6). Male genital plate without elongate process at apex ............. 6. Odontopodisma.

FIGURE 131. Acridoidea. and Choparti)

Subfamily Egnatiin

and Acridinae (after Bei-Bienko. Mishchenko, Tarbinskii

1Egnaiioides dessrtus, thoracic plate; 2Chorthippus biguitulus, same; 3Acrida oxycephala, head and pronotum, lateral; 4 Stenobothrus lineatus, same, dorsal; 5Omocestus haemorrhoidalis, same; 6 Dociostaurus maroccanus, male. cegmen; 7Sphingo 9Chorthippus

biguttulus, female,

same

(prlobe-shaped process); 10Stenoboihrus of female; 12male

meteoteitix

linea n

antenna:

254 17 (16), Prone-turn rounded posteriorly, without distinct notch; prozona of pronoturn only twice as long as metazona. Male genital plate with elongate point at apex (Figure 130, 7).......... 7. Miramella. 18 (15). Last abdominal tergum of male without a pair of lobes posteriorly (Figure 130, 8). Valves of ovipositor without a pair of denticles at apex .................................... 8. Pseudopodisma. 19 (14). Prozona of pronotum short, at most 1.5 times longer than metazona (Figure 130, 9). Apex of valves of ovipositor pointed, not divided into a pair of denticles. 20 (21). Posterior margin of pronotum rounded (Figure 130, 9). Tegmina very short, lateral, not contiguous on back (Figure 136,1), sometimes absent.. .................................... 9. Podisma. Posterior margin of pronotum forming an obtuse angle. Tegmina (20). 21 and wings moderately shortened, contiguous on back (Figure 136,2) .............................................. 10. Melanoplus. 22 (5). Tegmina and wings fully developed, reaching beyond hind genua. Pronotum with distinct, black, lateral stripe (Figure 136, 3). ...... ............................................ 11. Eirenephilus. Dorsal carina of hind femora finely serrated (Figure 126, 4; 23 (4). 130, 12). Pronotum with or without lateral carinae. 255 24 (25). Lobes of mesothorax longer than wide, with straight inner margin (Figure 130, 10). Pronotum rooflike. with dorsal hump in profile. Very large species ........................... 12. Anacridium. 25 (24). Lobes of mesothorax wider than long, with rounded inner margin 26 (31).

27 (28).

28 (27), 29 (30).

(Figure 122,4). Outer side of hind tibiae with not more than 10-12 spines. Pronotum with distinct lateral carinae. Tegmina very short, lateral. No wings. Pronotum strongly notched posteriorly ........................ 13. Paracaloptenus. Tegmina and wings fully developed or only little shortened. Hind femora short, broad, only 3-3.8 times longer than broad (Figure 126,4). Male cerci large, with 2 or 3 denticles apically 14. Calliptamus. (Figure 130, 11). Wings often pink Hind femora long, narrower, 4-5 times longer than broad (Figure 130, 12). Male cerci pointed at apex. Wings colorless .......................................... 15. Euprepocnemis. Outer side of hind tibiae with not less than 14 spines. Pronotum .............

30(29).

....

31 (26).

16. Heteraeris. with or without weak lateral carinae Prosternum between forelegs smooth, without strong process, sometimes with only a small protuberance. 33 (36). Transverse groove of mesothorax strongly curved posteriad in the middle (Figure 131. 1). Sides of male abdomen at least with weak vertical wrinkles. (Subfamily Egnatiinae), 34 (35), Male antennae not clavate, not more than 1.5 times longer than head and pronotum, in female little longer than head and pronotum. 17. Egnatioides. Lateral lobes of pronotum as long as wide 35 (34). Male antennae slightly clavate. twice longer than head and pronotum, in female 1.5 times longer than head and pronotum. Lateral lobes of pronotum wider than long .......... 18. Egnatius. 36 (33). Transverse groove of mesothorax straight (Figure 131, 2). Sides of male abdomen without vertical wrinkles. (Subfamily Acridinae). .............

32 (1).

.......

ORTHOPTERA

37 (38). Head very elongate anteriad, longer than pronotum. Eyes far removed from anterior margin of pronotum (Figure 131, 3). Outer side of hind femora smooth between carinae or with irregular sculpture; genual lobes of hind femora with spine .................................................. 19. Acrida. 38 (37). Head normal, not longer than pronotum; eyes close to pronotum (Figure 131, 4,5). Outer side of hind femora with pinnate sculpture; genual lobes without spine apically. 39 (74). Foveolae visible dorsally, square, with parallel sides (Figure 122,1); foveolae rarely plane, if so, covered with depressed dots. Mediancell of tegmina without spurious vein at least in male (Figure 131, 6). 40 (73), Tegmina fully developed or shortened; if tegmina shortened, they are contiguous on back at least in male, not lateral. Foveolae ........

oft.en markedly depressed. 41 (70). Cubital cell of tegmina not wider (or narrower) than median cell (Figure 131, 6,9), or not present at all (Figure 131, 8). 42 (65). Pronotum with only one distinct transverse groove; lateral carinae distinct throughout (Figures 131, 4,5; 138, 1-4), sometimes straight, parallel. Foveolae narrow, 2-4 times longer than wide. 43 (48). Anterior margin of tegmina almost straight, without lobe-shaped process in basal half (Figure 131, 8); precostal cell reaching far beyond middle of anterior margin. Tympanal organ on sides of abdominal segment I forming narrow slitlike opening. 44 (45). Valves of ovipositor with strong denticle on outer side (Figure 131,10). Lateral carinae of pronotum slightly concave, only little wider apart posteriorly than anteriorly (Figure 131, 4). 45 (44).

.

.

............................................ 20. Stenobothrus. Valves of ovipositor without denticles on outer side; ventral valves with blunt process (Figure 131, 11). Lateral carinae of pronotum strongly concave, or markedly wider apart posteriorly

than anteriorly (Figure 131, 5). 46 (47). Antennae filiform (Figure 131, 12) 21. Omocestus. 47 (46). Antennae clavate or at least slightly thickened apically (Figure 131, 13); apex of antennae often dark .................... ...............

22. Myrmeleotettix. 48 (43). Anterior margin of tegmina with lobe-shaped process near base (Figure 131, 9); precostal cell therefore of irregular width, usually not reaching beyond middle of anterior margin of tegmina. Opening of tympanal organ slitlike or widely open. 49 (64). Antennae filiform or clavate. 256 50(59). Antennae fiMform (as in Figure 131. 12). 51 (58). Margins of male epiproct without black border. Last abdominal sternum of female usually with triangular process posteriorly (Figure 132, 1). Pronotum with concave or parallel lateral carinae (Figure 138, 1-4). 52 (57). Dorsal part of frontal ridge (between bases of antennae) flat. Median cell of tegmina without spurious vein (Figure 131, 9). 53 (56). Anterior margin of hind wings straight; radius normal, not thickened near middle. Male tegmina without subapical notch ..........................................

on anterior margin (Figure 138, 5,10-12), or notch shallow or moderate (Figure 138, 6-9). Tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened to a varying extent.

FIGURE 132. Acridoidea. Subfamily Acridinae (after Mishchenko. Chopard and original) 2--same of female; 3end of male abdomen, dorsal: 4--Euchonhippus pulvinaius. female, head and pronotum, lateral; 5Stauroderus scalaris, male. anterior margin of hind wing; 6Gomphocerus sibiricus, male. foreleg; 7Phlocerus menetriesi. male, antenna;

roccanus, head and pronotum, dorsal: 9Notost. female, head, dor al; 10-Rambu 11Pararcypte

body, dorsal.

54 (55).

.

.

Sides of head without light longitudinal stripe on dark background posterior to eyes. Lateral carinae of pronotum concave or almost straight ..................................... 23. Chorthippus. 55 (54). Sides of head with light median stripe on dark background posterior to eyes (Figure 132, 4). Lateral carinae of pronotum straight, parallel ................................... 24. Euchorthippus. 56 (53). Anterior margin of hind wings curved; radius strongly thickened near the middle (Figure 132, 5). Male tegmina with distinct subapical notch on anterior margin (Figure 139, 2). 25. Stauroderus.

257 57 (52). Frontal ridge with distinct groove throughout (including area between bases of antennae, especially in male. Median cell of tegmina with spurious vein at least in female. Small, very 26. Eremippus. slender species 58 (51).. Margins of male epiproct with black border (Figure 132,3). Last abdominal sternum of female usually with median notch on posterior margin (Figure 132, 2). Pronotum with parallel lateral carinae at least in prozona .................... 27. Mesasippus. 59 (50), Antennae clavate, sometimes only slightly widened apically in female. Lateral carinae of pronotum strongly concave inwards. 60 (63). Posterior transverse groove of pronotum posterior to middle of pronotum. 61 (62). CuA and CuP of tegmina diverging. Fore tibiae of male not pearshaped. Male epiproct with black border or completely black ............................................ 38. Aeropedellus. 62 (61), CuA and CuP of tegmina very close together, almost fused. Fore tibiae of male markedly pear-shaped (Figure 132, 6). Male epiproct without black border .................... 29. Gomphocerus. 63 (60). Posterior transverse groove in middle of pronotum. Cubital veins of tegmina and fore tibiae of male as in Aeropedellus. ......................................... 30. Gomphocerippus. 64 (49). Male antennae markedly widened, narrowly leaf-shaped (Figure 132, 7). in female slightly widened from base ............. ............................................... 31. Phlocerus. 65 (42). Pronotum with 3 distinct transverse grooves; large part of lateral carinae obliterated, usually replaced by a white X-shaped figure (Figure 132, 8,10). Foveolae broad, not more than 1.5-2 times longer than broad. 66 (69). Head slightly shorter than pronotum. Foveolae very short and wide, at most 1.5 times longer than broad; margins of foveolae ...............................

..

.

.....

.

................................

red.

71 (72). Foveolae distinctly depressed, without dots. Hind wings colorless. Lateral carinae of pronotum usually strongly concave ...... ............................................ 35. Pararcyptera. 72 (71). Foveolae flat, covered with depressed dots. Hind wings dark. Lateral carinae of pronotum slightly concave, almost straight..... .............................................. 36. Arcyptera. 73 (40). Tegmina of male and female very short, lateral, lobe-shaped. Foveolae plane, covered with depressed dots. Median carina of pronotum intersected by 3 transverse grooves (Figure 132, 12). ............................................ 37. Caucasippus. ....

316

.

sharp. 67 (68). Occiput smooth, without median longitudinal carina (Figure 132,8). ............................................ 32. Dociostaurus. 68 (67). Occiput slightly rugose, with distinct longitudinal carina 33. Notostaurus. (Figure 132, 9) 69 (66). Head slightly longer than pronotum (Figure 132, 10) [sic!]. Foveolae about twice as long as wide, often weakly depressed or flattened, dotted ........................... 34. Ramburiella. 70 (41). Cubital cell of tegmina broader than median cell, because CuA lies more closely to M than to CuP (Figure 132, 11). Hind tibiae

74 (39).

Foveolae absent or ventral to lateral margins of vertex and not dorsally; if foveolae are present and visible dorsally, are irregular quadrangular. 75 (110). Median carina of pronotum distinct throughout, crossed by only one transverse groove or complete (Figure 133, 1-5,13,14); sometimes median carina strongly elevated; if so, pronotum rooflike (Figure 134, 3) or even lamellar (Figure 134, 2). 76 (105). Median carina of pronotum complete or only slightly intersected by transverse groove (Figure 133, 1-5,13,14). 77 (82). Tegmina not reaching beyond tip of abdomen or lateral, lobeshaped; wings rudimentary. Median cell of tegmina without spurious vein. Lateral carinae of pronotum distinct (Figure 133, 1-3). 78 (79). Antennae filiform. Lateral carinae of pronotum concave (at least in female); posterior margin of pronotum of female usually notched (Figure 133,1) ....................... 38. Podismopsis. 79 (78). Antennae ensiform or slightly widened and flattened basally. Lateral carinae of pronotum straight, parallel; posterior margin of pronotum without notch (Figure 133, 2,3). 80 (81). Female tegmina contiguous on back or close together (Figure 133,2); male tegmina rounded apically. Ovipositor with hook-shaped valves ..................................... 39. Chrysochraon. 81 (80). Female tegmina clearly lateral, widely separate on back (Figure 133, 3), ’in male truncate or notched at apex. Ovipositor with long, slender valves ....................... 40. Euthystira. 82 (77). Tegmina fully developed; wings not shorter than tegmina. Spurious median vein of tegmina fully developed at least in female (Figure 131,7). 258 83 (86). Antennae narrow, ensiform (Figure 133,7). Pronotum with distinct lateral carinae (Figure 133,4). 84 (85). Foveolae present, located ventrally (Figure 133, 6). Lateral carinae of pronotum straight, parallel or slightly divergent posteriorly ................................... 41. Ochrilidia. 85 (84). Foveolae absent. Lateral carinae of pronotum markedly diverging 42. Duroniella. posterior to transverse groove (Figure 133, 4) 86 (83). Antennae filiform. Pronotum without lateral carinae, or with only partly developed carinae. 87 (98). Pronotum with low median carina, not rooflike. Vertex in profile forming acute angle with frons at least in male (Figure 133, 8). 88(93). No foveolae, or foveolae very small, indistinct, not reaching end of fastigium anteriorly. Pronotum cylindrical or with rudimentary visible

they

l

|

’

{

....

lateral carinae. 89 (90).

Fastigium triangular, strongly protruding anteriad (Figure 133,5). Prozona of pronotum with distinct narrow lateral carinae (Figure 133,5). Hind tibae markedly widened apically .............. ............................................. 43. Paracinema. 90 (89). Fastigium rounded anteriorly. Pronotum without lateral carinae or with punctate carinae. Hind tibiae only slightly widened apically. 259 91 (92). Pronotum almost cylindrical, smooth, without lateral carinae which are replaced by distinct black stripe. Hind genua not black........................................ 44. Parapleurus.

92 (91). Pronotum flat dorsally, rugose, with rudimentary lateral carinae, but without black stripes at the sides. Hind genua (including base of hind tibiae) black ............. 45. Mecostethus.

FIGURE 133.

Acridoidea.

Subfamily Acridinae (after

Bei-Bienko,

Chopard and original)

1Podismopsis poppiusi, female, head and pronotum. dorsal; 2Chrysochraon dispar, female, same; 3Euthysiica brachyptera, female, same; 4DuronieIla kalmyka, female, same; 5Paracinema tricolor bisignata. female, same; 6, 7Ochrilid ia hebetata kazaka, female: 6same. lateral; 7antenna: 8,9Epacromius’tergestinus. male: 8head and pronotum, lateral; 9dorsun-iofhead, lateral (fovfoveola); 10,11Aiolopus thalassinus: 10 same, male; 11 meso- and metathorax of female, ventral; 12 Epacromius tergestinus, female, same; 13Aiolopus thalassinus, female, head and pronotum. dorsal; 14Placypygius crassus. female, same.

93 (88). Foveolae distinct, long, reaching fastigium anteriorly (Figure 133, 9,10). Pronotum slightly saddle-shaped, without lateral carinae (Figure 133, 13,14). 94 (95). Foveolae elongate, triangular (Figure 133,9). Space between lobes of mesothorax slightly longer than wide (Figure 133, 12) ............................................. 46. Epacromius.

.....

318

95 (94).

96 (97).

Foveolae truncate at apex (trapezoidal) (Figure 133, 10). Space between lobes of mesothorax at least slightly wider than long, slightly widened posteriorly (Figure 133, 11). Fastigium longer than wide (Figure 133, 13). Transverse groove of pronotum much anterior to middle (Figure 133, 13). Frons

markedly sloping .............................. 47. Aiolopus. Fastigium wider than long (Figure 133, 14). Prozona of pronotum not shorter than metazona, as the transverse groove lies near middle of pronotum (Figure 133, 14). Frons of female vertical or almost vertical ........................... 48. Platypygius. 98 (87). Pronotum with distinct median carina, which is often curved in profile or strongly elevated (Figure 134, 1-3). Vertex forming rounded right angle with frons in profile (Figure 134, 1-3,5). 99 (100). Thorax ventrally with dense pubescence. Mandibles blue. Wings colorless, without dark fascia .................... 49. Locusta. 100 (99). Thorax bare or with only a few hairs. Mandibles not blue. Wings 97 (96).

.with dark fascia or richly colored. 101 (104). Median carina of pronotum not very elevated or low, never sharply lamellar, its dorsal margin in profile straight or

slightly curved. 102 (103). Body greenish or yellowish, not earth-colored. Pronotum dorsally without depressions lateral to median carina, usually with light X-shaped figure (Figure 134. 7) 50. Oedaleus. 103 (102). Body earth-colored, in male black ventrally. Pronotum dorsally of uniform color, with depressions lateral to median .........

carina ........................................ 51. Psophus. 104 (101). Median carina of pronotum very elevated, lamellar, in profile strongly curved (Figure 134, 2). Wings with broad, dark fascia with a branch to base of wing .................. 52. Pyrgodera. 105 (76). Median carina of pronotum sharply interrupted by transverse groove; carina itself sharp (Figure 133, 3); rudiments of lateral carinae sometimes present in metazona. 106 (109). Pronotum rugose or with lateral carinae in metazona. Foveolae distinct, depressed. 107 (108). Hind femora normal, their dorsal carina complete, without ledge or depression posterior to middle. Foveolae oblong-triangular, reaching fastigium anteriorly (Figure 133, 9) ........ 53. Celes. 108 (107). Dorsal carina of hind femora forming a ledge or markedly lowered posteriorly (Figure 134, 14). Foveolae irregularly rounded or slightly elongate 54. Oedipoda. 109 (106). Pronotum without lateral carinae, not rugose. Foveolae not distinct, small. Body very slender ............ 55. Mioscirtus. 110 (75). Median carina of pronotum intersected by 2 or 3 transverse -...,,..,..........,

grooves, or obliterated in some places, or indistinct (Figure 134, 8,9). Pronotum often saddle-shaped or with flat metazona. Foveolae absent or small, not reaching fastigium anteriorly. 111 (112). Pronotum very short, rounded posteriorly; transverse groove near middle of pronotum. Frontal ridge grooved, broad, but very narrow near fastigium .................... 56. Acrotylus.

319

112 (111). Pronotum normal, forming an angle posteriorly; transverse groove much anterior to middle of pronotum (Figure 134, 8,9). Frontal ridge flat or only slightly depressed, its dorsal part hot narrow or slightly narrower than the other part.

FIGURE 134.

Acridoidea.

Subfamily

Acridin;

;r

Bei-Bienko. Mishchenko and original)

coerulescens, same; 4Sphi armaia, mate, same; 3Oedipoda maculatus. head and pronoti derus carinatus, pronocum, lateral; 5Sphingonotus oed ipodioides. same; 7Oedaleus decorus. pronotum laterai; 6Pseudoceles 8 Sphingonoius coerulans. head and pronolum. dorsal: 9Bryodema gebleri, rr head and pronotum. dorsal; 10 Angaracris barabensis. male, tegmina; 11,12Bryo gebleri: 11hind wing of male: 12baseofhindlibia. posteriorly; 13Angaracris b same; 14 Oedipoda coerulescens, hind femur, lateral; 15 Lepiopternis graci tip of hind leg. inner surface.

2Pyrgodera

i

,

a bens is,

female.

113 (116). Vertex in dorsal view markedly wider than eye (Figure 134. 9). Principal veins of male wings alternately thickened (Figure 134,11). 114 {115). Base of hind tibiae smooth or with a few dots (Figure 134, 12). Median cell of tegmina wide, not narrower than cubital cell, 57. Bryodema. with or without thin spurious vein 260 115 (114). Base of hind tibiae with thin transverse wrinkles(Figure 134,13). Median cell of tegmina narrower than cubital cell, but spurious 58. Angaracris. vein of median cell thick (Figure 134, 10). ..............

.......

116 (113). Vertex in dorsal view not wider than eye or narrower than eye (Figure 134, 8). Principal veins of male wings not or little thickened.

117 (122), Spurs of hind tibiae short, not more than half as long as 1st segment of hind tarsi. Middle femora short, only slightly

longer than fore tibiae. 118 (119). Head in profile not higher than pronotum (Figure 134. 6). Dark fascia of wings (if present) with a branch to base of wings. Last 59. Pseudoceles. abdominal sternum of female blue 119 (118). Head in profile at least slightly higher than pronotum (Figure 134, 5). Dark fascia of wings (if present) without branch along anterior margin of wing. Last abdominal sternum of female not blue. 120 (121). Anterior ventral corner of lateral lobes of pronotum blunt or right-angled, not forming pointed process (Figure 134,5). Prosternum between forelegs normal, only slightly convex

.............

.......

60. Sphingonotus. 261 121 (120). Anterior ventral corner of lateral lobes of pronotum forming pointed process (Figure 134, 4). Prosternum between forelegs forming a rounded tubercle, at least in female 61. Sphingoderus. 122 (117). Spurs of hind tibiae long; inner pair of spurs more than half as long as 1st segment of hind tarsus (Figure 134, 15). Middle femora slender, long, not less than 1.5 times as long as fore femora. 123 (124). Body sand-colored, covered with small spots (Figure 144, 2). Inner pair of spurs of hind tibiae longer than 1st segment of hind tarsi. 62. Hyalorrhipis. 124 (123). Body with indistinct pattern of spots and stripes. Inner pair of spurs of hind tibiae not longer than 1st segment of hind tarsi (Figure 134, 15) ............................ 63. Leptopternis. ...........................................

..................

..........................................

.................

Keys to Species of Family Acrididae Subfamily CATANTOPINAE 1. Dericorys Serv. Prozona of pronotum with sharply elevated median carina (Figure 130, 4). Prosternum with conical tubercle. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

1 (1).

Hind tibiae yellowish or light blue. Wings with broad, dark fascia. Space between lobes of mesothorax almost square. Male 20-25, female 26-39. Eastern Ciscaucasia. On solonchak soils (Figure 130, 4)

..........................

D. tibialis Pall.

2. Pezotettix Burrn. Tegmina very short, lateral; no wings. Pronotum with lateral carinae in anterior part. 8 species in Mediterranean countries. In the U.S.S-R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Small species, especially the male. Male cerci conical, pointed. Tegmina oval, covering tympanal organ. Male 9.2-15, female 12-18. Western Caucasus, Moldavia, southern West P. giornai Rossi. Ukraine, forest borders, on plants ...........

3.

Pachypodisma Dovn.

Apterous.

No tympanal organ.

Antennae

shorter than pronotum. Inner ventral side of hind femora and hind tibiae red. 2 species in the eastern Caucasus.

1 (2).

2(1).

Vertex between eyes narrow, only 1.5 times wider than frontal ridge between antennae. Hind femora long, in male reaching beyond tip of abdomen. Male 14.5-18, female 19.5-27. Southwest. Dagestan (basin of the Kara-Koisu) and northeastern Georgia. Screes ................ P. lezgina Uv. Smaller and more thickset. Vertex between eyes twice as wide as frontal ridge between antennae. Hind femora shorter, in male not reaching beyond tip of abdomen. Male 14-16.5, female 17.524. Southern Dagestan (Kurush District) and northern Azerbaijan ............................................ P. crassa Mistsh.

Larger and less thickset.

4. Zubovskia Dovn. Apterous. Tympanal organ hardly visible. Hind femora and tibiae without red color, 2 species in Siberia and the Far East.

Antennae longer than pronotum. 1 (1).

Dark green, with black stripe at the sides. Hind femora4.6-5.2 times as long as wide. Male antennae not reaching base of hind femora. Male 12.5-18.5, female 14.5-23. Altai and farther east .............................................

Z. koeppeni Zub.

Micropodisma Dovn. Apterous. Tympanal organ present (Figure 130, 5). 2 species in the Caucasus. 1 species. 5.

1 (1).

Green with black color; female with black stripe at sides. Frontal ridge between antennae slightly widened, not narrower or little narrower than vertex between eyes. Male 13.6-16, female 18.5-23.6. Northern and western Caucasus, Georgia M. koenigi Burr. ......

.............................................

6. Odontopodisma Dovn. Tegmina short, lateral, narrow, covering tympanal organ. Pronotum without lateral carinae, slightly notched posteriorly. 4 species in Europe. 1 in Japan. 2 species. 1 (2).

262

Female genital plate simple, without pointed lobes at the sides (Figure 135, 2). Male epiproct slightly narrowed anterior to middle, without longitudinal ridges at apex (Figure 135, 4). Tip of penis usually not protruding beyond epiproct. Green, with black stripe at sides of head and pronotum; the stripe passes also to the ventral margin of the tegmina. Hind tibiae green. Male 14-18, female 19-23. Moldavia, Podolia in western Ukraine; southern Central Europe, Balkans. Sometimes injurious in *0. decipiens Rmme. Western Europe Female genital plate with pointed lobe on both sides; each lobe Male a 1). black with epiproct without conspot (Figure 135, striction, with a pair of black, usually oblique ridges near middle of apex (Figure 135, 3). Tip of penis projecting beyond epiproct. Color as in 0. decipiens, or hind tibiae apically red (subsp. rubripes Rmme.). Male 13-5-18, female 17-23. Transcarpathian Ukraine, Rumania (in both areas partly subspecies rubripes), northern Balkans and Italy. Sometimes causing soroe damage ..................................... *0. schmidti Fieb. ..........................

2 <1).

1Odoncopodisma 30.

schmidti, female, genital plate; 20.decipiens, same; decipiens, same; 5Podisma uvarovi, male,

schmidti, male, epiproct: 40.

barbarus, male, same; 9.C. coelesyriensis carbonacius, male. same; 10C. ital cus, inner side of hind femur; 11C.barbarus, same; 12C. barbarus cephalotes, same. 8C.

7. Miramella Dovn. Tegmina shorter than abdomen or completely lateral. Posterior margin of pronotum rounded. Male genital plate with long apex. Ovipositor with 2 denticles at apex of valves. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species, one of them in the Far East. 1 (1).

Tegmina short, lateral or (in subspecies collina Br.) better developed, not lateral, reaching beyond middle of abdomen. Male 14-23, female 21-31. Mountains of western Ukraine; central Europe. Sometimes injurious to trees and agricultural crops (Figure 130, 7) ^M. alpina Koll.

Green, hind tibiae yellow.

..............................................

8. Pseudopodisma Mistsh. Tegmina lateral. Male genital plate blunt and not elongate at apex. Valves of ovipositor pointed. Monotypic

genus. 1 (1).

Yellowish green, with black stripe at sides of pronotum. Last abdominal tergum of male without lobes posteriorly (Figure 130,8). Male 17-23, female 23-30. Mountains of western Ukraine; mounP. fieberi Sc. tains of central Europe, northern Balkans ..........

Tegmina lateral or absent (rarely present together with wingsform macroptera). Hind tibiae light blue, blue to 10 than violet. More species from Western Europe to the Caucasus and the Far East. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species. 9.

Podisma Berth.

ORTHOPTHRA

1

(6).

2 (3).

263

3 (2). 4 (5).

Hind femora ventrally red or red-violet. Tegmina covering tympanal organ, not shorter than abdominal tergum lor (subspecies sviridenkoi Dovn. from the Northern Caucasus) reaching tergum III. Male 15-22, female 18.5-30 (subspecies sviridenkoi larger). Almost everywhere, except plains in the South. Sometimes injurious to agricultural crops and forests (Figure 136, 1)...................... *P. pedestris L. Tegmina very small, not covering tympanal organ, sometimes hardly visible (or broken). Tegmina broader, in male almost oval. Male genitalia: epiphallus with long anterior processes; dorsal margin of posterior oblique ridges slightly concave (Figure 135,5). Male 17-22, female 23-29.5. Western Caucasus: the northern slopes (south of Maikop) ............................................ P. uvarovi Rmme.

FIGURE 136. Acridoidea (after Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko) pedesiris, female; 2Melanoplus longipennis, male. 1Podisma

5 (4).

frigidus, male; 3Eirenephi

Male tegmina narrow, twice as long as wide. Male genitalia: epiphallus with shorter anterior processes; dorsal margin of posterior oblique ridges not concave (Figure 135,6). Male 17-18, female 21-24. Northern Caucasus: upper reaches of Teberda P. teberdina Rmme. River ................... Hind femora ventrally yellow or yellowish green. Tegmina very small, not covering tympanal organ, sometimes hardly visible (or broken). Male 18-22, female 21.5-28. Northern Caucasus: ................

6 (1).

upper reaches of Zeienchuk River; southern slopes of western Caucasus, Abkhazia; several not well characterized subspecies. . P. satunini Uv. .

...............................................

10. Melanoplus St. Tegmina shortened but not lateral. Prozona of pronotum 1.3-1.5 times longer than metazona. About 200 species in North

America.

1 (1).

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Hind tibiae red. Hind femora with two dark bands on outer side, red ventrally. Male 15-22, female 19.5-33 (Figure 136,2). Estonia, Karelian Isthmus, Arctic Region, in South Siberia and North Kazakhstan in mountains M. frigidus Boh. .................

11.

Eirenephilus Ikonn.

Tegmina and wings fully developed. Pronotum without lateral carinae, with sharply defined, black lateral stripe. 1 species in Siberia and in the Far East. 1 (1).

264

Light green or yellowish; hind tibiae yellow. Male genital plate pointed. Male 21-26, female 27-31.5 (Figure 136,3). Altai and farther east. Adults on trees................ .*E. longipermis Sh.

12. Anacridium Uv. .Large, with long tegmina and wings. Pronotum without lateral carinae but with thick median carina. About 10 species, mainly in the Tropics. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Pronotum sharply intersected by 3 transverse grooves.

Hind

tibiae light blue, spines yellow (except their black tip). Male 37-57, female 46-66. Southern U.S.S.R., north to the Crimea,

Dagestan, Astrakhan. negligible damage

13. Paracaloptenus Bol. Tegmina very short, lateral. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

1 (1),

Nymphs or imagines hibernating. Causing ^A. aegyptium L.

............................

Pronotum with sharp lateral carinae. Only 2 species in Mediterranean countries.

Posterior margin of pronotum notched. denticles at the apex. Hind tibiae red. Moldavia

Male cerci with 2 Male 14-17, female 20-28. P. caloptenoides Br.

.................................

14. Calliptamus Serv. Pronotum with sharp lateral carinae. Tegmina and wings fully developed or slightly shortened. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species in the steppes or farther south; some species very injurious. 4 species. 1 (2).

Hind wings colorless. Tegmina and wings slightly shortened, not reaching hind genua. Male 13-21, female 25-32. South Siberia and southern Far East, East Kazakhstan ......................................... C. abbreviatus Ikonn. Wings reddish pink at base, sometimes with orange or violet

.................

2 (1).

3 (6).

4 (5).

tinge. Inner side of hind femora pink or with orange tinge, or with 1-3 large black spots. Male cerci with 3 denticles at apex (Figures 130,11; 135, 7,8). Inner side of hind femora pink, with 2 incomplete dark bands (Figure 135, 10) which are sometimes almost absent. Ventral denticle of male cerci small, much shorter than median and

dorsal denticle (Figure 135,7). Male 14.5-24, female 24-41. Steppes and farther south. Very injurious. Occurs in 2 phases,

a (b).

b (a).

gregarious and solitary (see below)............... .*C. italicus L. Tegmina longer (in male 20.4-22.3, in female 27.2-29.4), projecting 3-6-4.4 beyond hind genua in male, 4.7-5.6 in female, Migrating in large swarms ..................... phasis gregaria. Tegmina shorter (in male 17.1-18.2, in female 25.4-26.2), projecting 1.2-1.9 beyond hind genua in male, 1.8-2.2 in female .............................................. phasis solitaria. Inner side of hind femora with 2 or 3 black bands at least one of which reaches the ventral inner cazina of femur (Figure 135,11), or inner side of hind femur with 1 large, black spot (Figure 135,12; subspecies cephalotes F.-W.). Ventral denticle of male cerci strong, almost as long as median denticle (Figure 135,8). Male 14-16, female 23-28 (subspecies cephalotes larger). Steppes and deserts (subspecies cephalotes in Kazakhstan, Soviet CentralAsia, southern East Siberia); injurious to meadows C. barbarus Costa. Inner side of hind femora usually violet. Male cerci with 2 denticles apically (Figure 135, 9). Body sometimes black. Male 15-20, female 23-32. Southeast; Kazakhstan; Soviet Central Asia; injurious to meadows ................................... ................ *C. (Metromerus) coelesyriensis carbonanus Uv. .

6 (3).

.

....

5 (4).

15. Euprepocnemis Fieb. Outer side of hind tibiae with 9-11 spines. Pronotum with sharp lateral carinae. About 25 species in the Tropics, southern Europe and Asia. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

1 (1).

Hind tibiae of two colors, i.e., bluish, light blue at base and red part. Lateral carinae of pronotum posteriorly obliterated. Male cerci pointed and slightly curved ventrad. Male 23-31, female 30-44. Northern Caucasus, eastern Ciscaucasia; riparian, sometimes slightly injurious ................ .............................................. *E. plorans Ch. in the other

16. Heteracris Walk. (Thi soi c etrus Br.). Outer side of hind tibiae Male cerci curved ventrad. More than 30 species in Africa, Asia and southern Europe. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

with 14-17 spines.

1 (2).

265

2 (1).

Greenish or grayish, dark-colored. Black stripe on pronotum not passing to tegmina and not reaching fastigium. Hind tibiae red only at apex. Male 15-23, female 24-36. Eastern Ciscaucasia. Sometimes slightly injurious ....... *H. adspersa Redt. Greenish, with several black dots and spots on tegmina. Head and pronotum to tegmina with black stripe dorsally. Hind tibiae uniformly red. Male 20-32, female 35-55. Ciscaucasia; Southeast. Riparian, sometimes slightly injurious ................... .......................... *H. (Thisoicetrinus) pterosticha F.-W.

Subfamily EGNATIINAE

Egnatioides Voss. Transverse groove of mesothorax strongly curved posteriorly in the middle (Figure 131, 1). Frontal ridge in profile 17.

326

slightly protruding between antennae. About 10 species in the deserts of Southwest Asia and North Africa. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Body gray; antennae without light apex. Foveolae small. Tegmina slightly projecting beyond hind genua. 12-15.5. to the delta of the Ural River in the West; Soviet Kazakhstan Central Asia .................................. E. desertus Uv.

18. Egnatius St. MesothoraxasinE gnatioi de s. Frontal ridge rounded profile, not protruding between antennae. Prosternum globularly inflated. Monotypic genus. in

1 (1).

Antennae apically black, usually with white tip. Tegmina not reaching beyond hind genua or reaching little beyond them. Male 10.5-12.5, female 12.5-16. Southeast; Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia. In gravel deserts and semideserts .......... E. apicalis St. Subfamily ACRIDINAE

19. Acrida L. Body very elongate, slender. Hind femora very long, narrow. More than 20 species, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. 2 species. A third species occurs in the Far East. 1 (2),

2 (1).

Lateral carinae of pronotum slightly diverging posteriorly (Figure 137, 1). Posterior margin of tegmina less curved in the apical quarter than anterior margin, almost straight. Arolium more than half as long as claws. Green to yellow-brown. Male 31-53, female 51-80. South, from 47-4730’N to southern Crimea and Caucasus; southern Europe to South Africa. Dry and moderately humid grass areas and wastelands. ........................ ............ A. bicolor Thnb. (turrita auct., anatolica Dirsh). Lateral carinae of pronotum parallel, straight or slightly curved (Figure 137, 2). Posterior margin of tegmina markedly curved towards anterior margin in apical quarter and almost symmetrical to anterior margin. Arolium only half as long as claw. Male 32-47, female 57-73 (Figure 139,1). Eastern Ciscaucasia, southeastern Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia. Deserts and semideserts, on grass areas ................. A. oxycephala Pall. (de se rti Uv.).

20. Stenobothrus Pisch. Frontal ridge flat or with slight depression Female foveolae in several species almost flat, dotted. Cubital veins of tegmina partly fused or approximated. More than 20 species from Siberia to North Africa. Steppes and grass areas. 11 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 18 species. near ocellus.

1 (2),

2 (1). 3 (6).

Tegmina very short, not reaching middle of hind femora; hind genua not dark. Small, resembling brachypterous species of Chorthippus. Male 11-12.5, female 13.5-16. Transcarpathia; central Europe, the Balkans .................... S. crassipes Ch. Tegmina and wings fully developed, reaching apex of abdomen or projecting beyond middle of hind femora. Cubital veins (CuA and CuP) of tegmina branching from base; median cell narrow

(Figure 137, 3,4).

ORTHOPTERA

4 (5).

Antennae short, in male little longer than head and pronotum, in female shorter than head and pronotum; middle antennal segments square or slightly oblong. Tegmina narrow, pointed, not reaching tip of abdomen in male; median cell with irregular cross’veins; precostal cell of male not narrower (or wider) than costal cell (Figure 137, 3). Hind genua not black. Male 11-15, female 15-20. West; steppes of the Center, Volga Region (?), S. stigmaticus Ramb. Crimea Male antennae 1.5 times as long as head and pronotum, those of female markedly longer than head and pronotum; middle antennal segments 1.5-3 times longer than wide. Tegmina not pointed; median cell with almost regular cross veins; precostal cell of male narrower than costal cell (Figure 137, 4). Hind genua black at least in male. Male 14-19, female 22.5-23.5. Crimea; Southeast; West Kazakhstan....................... S. miramae Dirsh, ...................................

5 (4).

FIGURE 137.

Acridoidea.

Subfamily Acridinae (after Bazylyuk. Dirsh, Mishchenko and Chopard)

stigmaiicus. male legmen; 4S. miramae. male, same: 5 S. nigromaculaius, fischeri, male, anterior part of hind wing: 7S. eurasius, male. same: 8S. carbonarius, male. tegmen; 9 S. fisclieri. male, same; 10Omocestus viridulus, head? dorsal; 11 Myrmeleotectix maculatus, male, end of antenna; 12M.aniennalis, male. same. same; 6S.

266

6 (3).

7 (12).

8 (9).

Cubital veins of tegmina very close together or fused -to a varying extent (Figure 137, 5,8,9). Median cell of hind wings narrow, delimited by not parallel veins; M always with 1 or 2 branches (Figure 137, 6). Tegmina apically narrowed, in male almost reaching hind genua, in female not reaching them by a greater distance, with dark spots in middle and an oblique light spot in apical quarter; R almost straight (Figure 137, 5). Male antennae slightly widened apically. Green or brownish yellow; hind tibiae dirty yellow or rustcolored. Male 13-18, female 18-24. Steppes to Transbaikalia. ..................................... S. nigrornaculatus H.-Sch. Tegmina reaching hind genua at least in male, or projecting beyond genua. R S-shaped (Figures 131,8; 137,9). Tegmina (Figure 137, 9) light, with or without dark spots, not broader than hind femora (in profile) when folded, in female not reaching hind genua. Brownish yellow, sometimes with green color; hind tibiae red, yellow before sexual maturity. Male 16-21, female 21-26. Steppes of the Center and of the whole S. fischeri Ev. South; Kazakhstan; Siberia to Transbaikalia Tegmina usually smoky, with oblique light spot posterior to middle, markedly wider than hind femora when folded, in female reaching or almost reaching hind genua. Dark brown or green; hind tibiae yellowish or rust-colored. Male 16-19, female 21-25. Southern forest zone and steppe zone to Kazakhstan and Siberia (including Transbaikalia), the Caucasus (Figure 131, 4,8) ......... ............................................. S. lineatus Panz. Median cell of hind wings wide, delimited by parallel straight veins, intersected by regular cross veins (Figure 137, 7). (Subgenus Stenobothro de s Tarb.). Cubital veins of tegmina not fused throughout or for a large part, but very close together (Figure 137, 8). Tegmina and wings moderately broad, black only in male, light in female; male wings without light stripe in median cell; male tegmina reaching beyond hind genua, narrowed in apical third (Figure 137, 8), in female reaching hind genua or slightly projecting beyond them. Hind tibiae yellowish, sometimes yellowish brown. Male 14-17, female 19-21. Lower Volga Region, dry steppes of Kazakhstan, southeastern West Siberia to Transbaikalia ............................. S. (Stenobothrodes) carbonarius Ev. Tegmina and wings very broad, dark in male and female; median cell of wings colorless, transparent; male tegmina not narrowed apically, reaching beyond hind genua, in female clearly not reaching hind genua. Hind tibiae red. Male 19-21, female 26-29. Southwest: southern Podolia; mountains of the Balkans and of southern Central Europe. Rattling during flight ............... S. (S.) rubicundus Germ. Cubital veins of tegmina fused throughout or at least in the middle. Tegmina and wings black or dark brown, without spots, sometimes female wings partly light. Wings broad, forming a quadrant of a circle; median cell with closely placed cross veins. Male antennae not thickened apically. Hind tibiae yellowish. .

9 (8). 10 (11).

......

267 11 (10).

12 (7).

13 (16). 14 (15).

15 (14).

......................................

16 (13).

17 (18).

.

.

On high mounS. (S.) newskii Zub. 18 (17). Tegmina light, usually with dark spots in middle; wings light or only apically smoky, markedly elongate; median cell with less cross veins. Male 17-19, female 19.5-23. Wings apically darkened (typical form) or light (subspecies hyalo superficies Vor., Steppes of the south and the Southeast), or large (male 21.5-22.5. female 22-26, subspecies caucasicus Dovn.), in Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia). Steppes to Kazakhstan and Southern Male 15.5-18, female 18-21.

tains

Southeastern Altai.

......................................

Siberia

.......................................S. eurasius Zub.

Omocestus Bol. Lateral carinae of pronotum little or strongly concave anteriorly, much more widely apart posteriorly than at anterior margin of pronotum (Figure 131, 5). Cubital veins of tegmina branching from base. Europe, Asia, North Africa. About 30 species, on grass areas. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 9 species. 21.

1 (2).

2(1).

3 (8). 4 (7).

Vertex with short median carina (Figure 137, 10). Eyes small, vertical diameter in male slightly longer than subocular groove, in female as long as subocular groove. Ovipositor with long valves. Body with green color at least in female; wings smoky, especially apically. Male 12.5-15, female 20-24. The whole forest zone, part of the steppe zone; on mountains in the South; humid meadows ................................ 0. virldulus L. Vertex without longitudinal carina. Eyes large, vertical diameter in male much longer than subocular groove (to twice as long), in female to 1.5 times longer than subocular groove. Valves of ovipositor short. Frontal ridge depressed only ventral to median ocellus. Foveolae markedly separated anteriorly Body darker, brown or with black color. Tip of male abdomen usually red ventrally. Foveolae narrow, 2.5-3 times longer than wide.

5 (6).

6 (5).

7 (4).

268

8 (3).

Large species (male 12-17, female 18-20). Male tegmina at least slightly projecting beyond hind genua. Wings smoky, darker apically. Transverse groove of pronotum anterior to middle. Male face black, hind tibiae of male red. Northwest; West; the Center to the Volga; eastern and southern limits not known ....................................... 0. ventralis Zett. Smaller species (male 11-14, female 16-19). Tegmina usually not projecting beyond hind genua. Wings colorless or slightly smoky apically. Transverse groove in the middle of pronotum (Figure 131, 5). Male face not black; hind tibiae yellowish or dirty brown. Everywhere, except in the extreme North; common. ....................................... 0. haemorrhoidalis Ch. Yellowish, with dark spots, without green color. Tip of abdomen not red ventrally. Foveolae broader, only twice as wide as long. Tegmina not reaching hind genua or barely reaching them. Male 11-13. female 13.5-17. Steppes, deserts, dry stony habitats in the mountains ................................ 0. petraeus Bris. Frontal ridge depressed throughout in male, in female only in middle. Foveolae anteriorly approximated, especially in, male.

Tegmina narrow, projecting beyond hind genua. Body without green color; abdomen ventrally not red also in male. Male 10-12.5, female 13-15.5. Southern Ukraine, Moldavia ........... 0. minutus Brulle. ............................................

Myrmeleotettix Bol. Small, Antennal club in female of some species very small. Sometimes considered as a sub genus of Omocestus. In the U.S.S.R. 4 species. 22.

1 (6).

2 (5). 3 (4).

Tegmina not reaching apex of hind femora or barely reaching it. Male antennae with moderate or small club (Figure 137, 11); female antennae with weak apical thickening. Frontal ridge flat or with shallow depression near median ocellus or ventral to it. Maxillary palps simple. Tegmina not shorter than abdomen, not pointed, in male slightly longer than abdomen. Frontal ridge covered with depressed dots. Male antennae only 1.5 times as long as head and pronotum. Brown with dark spots, sometimes with green color. Male 10.5-13, female 12-17. Everywhere, except in the extreme North; very sporadically distributed in the steppes. In sandy habitats M. maculatus Thnb. Tegmina not covering end of abdomen, pointed. Frontal ridge smooth, without depressed dots. Male antennae twice as long as head and pronotum. Usually yellowish (clay-colored). Male 10-12, female 12.5-14. Dry steppes of the Southeast, of Kazakhstan and of southern West Siberia ........................ M. pallidus Br. Frontal ridge with well-defined groove throughout, or with groove in female present mainly ventral to median ocellus. Apical segment of maxillary palps flat and strongly widened, especially in male. Tegmina not reaching apex of hind femora, rarely just reaching it. Antennae slightly thickened apically, in male slightly longer than head and pronotum, in female shorter than head and pronotum. Male 10.5-13, female 11.5-17,5. Altai. Northeast Kazakhstan. South Siberia ...................... M. palpalis Zub. Tegmina narrow, at least in male projecting beyond hind genua. Male antennae with large flat club (Figure 137, 12), twice as long as head and pronotum, in female with distinct club, longer than head and pronotum. Frontal ridge with groove throughout. Setose. Male 11.5-12.5, female 15-16.5, Southern steppe zone to North M. antennalis Fieb. Kazakhstan and the Irtysh Region. ........

..........................................

4 (3).

5 (2).

6 (1).

............

23. Chorthippus Fieb. Antennae filiform. Foveolae oblong-quadrangular, clearly visible dorsally. Tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened; tegmina always with lobe-shaped process on anterior margin near base which is sometimes narrow and sometimes hardly visible. Opening of tympanal organ varying from narrow slit to broad opening. Tarsal claws symmetrical. Male epiproct without black border. The commonest genus in the Russian fauna. About 90 species are known in Eurasia, and a few species in North Africa and North America. 20 species. In the whole

U.S.S.R. about 60. 1 (8).

Lateral carinae of pronotum almost straight or straight, well defined throughout, parallel or slightly concave anteriorly, also parallel or

slightly diverging in posterior part (Figure 138, 1,2). Female antennae markedly flattened and widened near base, segments 3-6 wider than middle segments. Tegmina and wings fully

developed.

4 (3).

middle of

5 (6).

269

in male not more than 1.5 times wider than

.

6 (5).

tegmen,

subcostal cell in this region. Hind tibiae ventrally not dark. Smaller (male 13.5-16, female 17-20.5). Tegmina broader, not projecting beyond hind genua or slightly projecting beyond them; anterior margin of male tegmina strongly curved; median cell reaching middle of tegraen or longer. Lateral carinae of pronotum usually markedly concave anteriorly (Figure 138, 2), Everywhere, except in the North and the South; Northern Caucasus ............ ............................................ Ch. dorsatus Zett. Large species (male 15-19, female 18-30). Tegmina narrow, reaching much beyond hind genua; anterior margin of male tegmina slightly curved; median cell not reaching middle of tegmen. Lateral carinae of pronotum almost straight or straight, parallel. Southern steppes to southern West Siberia; in deserts Ch, dichrous Ev. Lateral carinae of pronotum markedly diverging posteriorly, crossing black stripes if these are present. Tegmina very narrow, anterior margin slightly curved; subcostal cell not wider than radial cell. Foveolae broad, not more than 2.5 times longer than broad. Body without green color. Male 12-16, female 18-21. Southern Ukraine, western Ciscaucasia and Caucasus, .

3 (4).

Lateral carinae of pronotum parallel or little diverging posteriorly, without black stripes, or black stripes present at outer margin of carinae (Figure 138, 1,2). Tegmina broader, with curved anterior margin; subcostal cell usually narrower than radial cell (Figure 138, 5). Body often with green color. R of tegmina S-shaped; radial cell markedly widened distal to middle of tegmen, in male twice to 3 times wider than subcostal cell in the middle of the tegmen (Figure 138, 5). Hind tibiae dark ventrally. Female tegmina usually with white stripe in subcostal cell. Male 13-15, female 17-21, Everywhere, except in the extreme North. Very injurious in some places in Siberia; a larger form (subspecies karelini Uv.) occurs in deserts .............. ..................................... *Ch. albomarginatus Deg. R of tegmina straight; radial cell gradually widening distal to

.

2 (7).

.............................................

7 (2).

..............................

270

8(1).

Ch. loratus p.-W. Transcaucasia Lateral carinae of pronotum concave or forming an angle anteriorly, strongly diverging posteriorly (Figure 138,3,4); lateral carinae sometimes slightly concave, not sharp posteriorly in this case,

half obliterated. Female antennae not widened at base, segments 3-6 not broader or little broader than middle segments. Tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened. 9 (10). Tegmina very broad; wings black or in female smoky; tegmina and wings fully developed; male tegmina also black, Sc strongly curved towards anterior margin (Figure 138, 6). Hind genua usually dark. Male 17-19.5, female 22-26. Southeastern West

Siberia and Altai; to the Pacific in the east. Rattling during flight.................... Ch. (Megaulacobothrus) aethalinus Zub. Tegmina not very broad, in male with straight or slightly curved Sc (Figure 138, 7-12); wings not dark, or tegmina and wings shortened, not reaching hind genua. (Subgenus Glyptobothru s Chop.), Forelegs covered with numerous long hairs, especially in male. Body usually with dark, irregular spots and stripes, not green, rarely partly green.

333

.

12 (19). Tegmina and wings fully developed, reaching hind genua or longer. Tympanal organ on abdominal segment I forming a broad slit. 13 (18). Tegmina reaching markedly beyond hind genua, rarely just reaching genua in female. Lateral carinae ofpronotum strongly diverging posteriorly from middle of prozona (Figure 138, 3,4). 14 (15). Space between lateral lobes of mesothorax not wider than long. Posterior transverse groove of male pronotum markedly anterior to middle of pronotum (Figure 138, 3). Male tegmina with little widened, shining costal cell; anterior margin of male tegmina without subapical notch (Figure 138, 10). Spines on inner side of hind femora forming a regular row, sparse, in male 48-96, in female 40-65 (at high magnification). Male 13-18, female 16-24. Everywhere, except in the extreme North; more common in the South. Subspecies m i ram ae Rmme. (male with very narrow mesothoracical space) occurs in Crimea and the Caucasus. ............. .............. Ch. (Glyptobothrus) brunneus Thnb. (bicolor Ch.). 15 (14). Mesothoracal space usually wider than long (Figure 131, 2). Posterior transverse groove of male pronotum in the middle; if anterior to middle, then male tegmina with very wide shining costal cell (Figure 138, 8). Spines on inner side of hind femora more numerous (60-131), very close to each other, or.in male forming an irregular, sometimes double, row. 16 (17). Male tegmina broad, their anterior margin strongly convex and usually with sharp subapical notch; costal cell very wide, shining (Figure 138, 8); female tegmina with curved anterior margin; costal cell moderately wide, in middle 1.5-2 times wider than subcostal cell (Figure 131, 9). Spines on inner side of hind femora of male forming an irregular row of 60-126 spinules; row almost double in some places. Male 12-17.5, female 15-22. Everywhere; common ................................. Ch. (G.) biguttulus L, 17 (16). Tegmina narrow, in male with slightly curved anterior margin and hardly noticeable subapical notch; anterior margin of female tegmina almost straight; costal cell of male tegmina little widened (Figure 138, 9); middle of costal cell in female about as wide as subcostal cell. Spines on inner side of hind femora forming a regular row, in male with 100-131 spines. Males 12-17, female 16-21. Everywhere, except in the North; southern West Siberia Ch. (G.) mollis Ch. 18 (13). Male tegmina reaching a little beyond hind genua, in female almost reaching them; apical part of male tegmina short, not elongate. Lateral carinae of pronotum weakly diverging posteriorly in metazona. Space between lateral lobes of mesothorax, twice as wide as long. Male 13.5-18,5, female 17-23. Mountains of Dagestan; several subspecies in different mountain ranges ..... ............................................ Ch. (G.) hirtus Uv. 19 (12). Tegmina moderately shortened, almost reaching apex of hind femora, narrow and distinctly narrowed apically, especially in male (Figure 138, 12). Openings of tympanal organ forming a very narrow slit. Small species, male 12-15, female 13-20.

..;...........................,......

Steppes from the Manych and the Volga Region to Kazakhstan and Siberia. On areas with sparse grass and on saline soils .......... .......................................... Ch.(G.) dubius Zub. 20 (11).

-

Forelegs bare or covered with a few hairs. 21 (22). Tegmina and wings fully developed, also in female reaching apex of hind femora or beyond; CuA and CuP of tegmina branching from base. Opening of tympanal organ on abdominal segment I broad, oval. Body without green color; hind tibiae reddish at least in male. Male 13.5-15, female 16.5-22 (Figure 138,4). Steppes from Moldavia to West Kazakhstan; northern limit not exactly known ..................................... Ch. (G.) vagans Ev. 22 (21). Tegmina not reaching apex of hind femora, or cubital veins approximated, not or only little diverging (Figure 138, 7,11). 271 23 (24). Median cell of tegmina much wider than costal cell, in male with regular cross veins (Figure 138,7). Hind genua not black. CuA and CuP of tegmina at least partly fused; female tegmina almost reaching apex of hind femora. Male 13-16, female 16-22. Everywhere, except in the North; common. A larger subspecies occurs in the Caucasus. The tegmina of this subspecies reach beyond the hind genua also in the female, and the cubital veins are not fused (subspecies major Pyln,) .................... Ch.
Body green, or with greenish tones. Male tegmina more or less narrowing into a rounded or pointed apex (Figure 138, 11); wings not less than half as long as tegmina or a little less than half as long. Female tegmina markedly (1.5-3 times) longer than pronotum, contiguous on back or overlapping. 30 (31). CuA and CuP of tegmina closely approximated, parallel, fused in some places; median cell of male usually slightly wider than costal cell. Female tegmina almost reaching hind genua or reaching them. Wings only slightly shorter than tegmina. Hind legs 29 (36).

335

with black genua. Male 16-18, female 18-20. Altai, Siberia. *Ch. (G.) intermedius B.-Bien. Sometimes injurious 31 (30). Cubital veins of tegmina at least narrowly branching from base; median cell not wider (or narrower) than costal cell (Figure 138,11). 32 (35). Lateral carinae of pronotum strongly concave, often with dark and light stripes. Male tegmina broad, slightly narrowed and broadly rounded at the apex (Figure 138, 11). Hind genua usually black. 33 (34). Male tegmina not reaching hind genua, shining; Sc and R strongly curved posteriorly; female tegmina not reaching beyond middle of hind femora. Wings not more than half as long as tegmina. Transverse groove of pronotum posterior to middle. Southern West Ch. (G.) hammarstroemi Mir. Siberia, Altai, East Siberia 34 (33). Male tegmina reaching hind genua or even longer; Sc and R slightly curved (Figure 138, 11); female tegmina reaching beyond middle of hind femora. Wings more than half as long as tegmina. Transverse groove in middle of pronotum. Inner side of hind femora with 102-177 spines. Male 14-16, female 17-21. Forest zone and part of forest-steppe to the Pacific. In East Siberia injurious to oats in felling areas ................... #Ch. (G.) montanus Ch. 35 (32). Lateral carinae of pronotum slightly concave in prozona, sometimes almost parallel, usually without stripes. Male and female tegmina narrow, pointed apically, in male not reaching hind genua, in female not reaching middle of hind femora. Hind genua not black or only partly black. Inner side of hind femora with 75-130 spines (average 93). Male 13-16, female 17-23. Everywhere, on humid meadows. In some places injurious to meadows ................. ................. *Ch.(G.) parallelus Zett. (longicornis auct.) 36 (29). Male tegmina broadly oval, not narrowed but broadly rounded at the apex; wings rudimentary, less than half as long as tegmina. Female tegmina not longer or a little longer than pronotum, not contiguous on back. 37 (38). Arolium large, more than half as long as claws. Male tegmina shining; female tegmina with concave anterior margin near the apex. Male 10-15, female 15-21.5. Siberia, Altai. Sometimes injurious to meadows in Transbaikalia ....... *Ch. (G.) fallax Zub. 38 (37). Arolium not more than half as long as claws. Male tegmina dull; apex of female tegmina with oblique but straight anterior margin. Male 11.3-14.5, female 16-20.5. Northern Caucasus. High Ch. (G.) elbrusianus B.-Bien. mountains ..............

-

........

........................

272

24. Euchorthippus Tarb. Sides of mesothorax and metathorax at least slightly rugose. Arolium large, broad, not shorter than claws or slightly shorter; claws sometimes of different length. About 10 species from the Far East to North Africa. In steppes with feather grass and other grasses. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (2).

Tegmina reaching apex of hind femora or in male sometimes slightly longer. Male genital plate short, conical (Figure 140, 1). Foveolae depressed also in female. Male 12-20, female 20-30 (Figure 139,3). Feathergrass steppes in the East to southern West Siberia ............................. Eu. pulvinatus F.-W.

FIGURE 139. 1Acrida

idoidea (after Bei-Bienko)

)xyceph

a, male; 2Sta

female;

2 (1).

erus scalaris, male;

chorthippu

occanus, male.

Tegmina distinctly not reaching hind genua, especially in female, except in the rare form macroptera. Male genital plate long, pointed, conical (Figure 140. 2). Foveolae little developed, in female indistinct or absent. Male 14-15.5, female 18-22. Moldavia, western Ukraine: Podolia and the Trans Carpathians Eu. dectlvus stichai Mar. .....................................

Stauroderus Bol. Lateral carinae of pronotum markedly curved inwards. CuA and CuP of tegmina fused except at the base. Median cell oftegminabroad with parallel sides, partly with regular cross veins. Monotypic genus. 25.

1 (1),

Brown or dark green.

Tegmina and wings usually smoky dark, especially in male. Anterior margin of male tegmina with markedly convex costal cell and marked obtuse notch at the end of costal cell (Figure 139, 2). Male 18-22, female 22-29. Forest zone except in the North and Northwest; steppe zone; inmountains in the South; meadows with cereals and grass, forest borders. Very injurious; male rattling during flight...................... ............................. *S. scalaris F.-W. (morio auct.).

ORTHOPTERA

26. Eremippus Uv. Small, very slender species. Male head in 273 profile usually slightly higher than pronotum. Lateral carinae of pronotum often slightly displaced outwards at level of posterior transverse grooves About 30 species in deserts and dry steppes of Eurasia. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 17 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (6).

4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (3).

Tegmina reaching beyond apex of hind femora. Male fore legs ventrally with a few short hairs. Fastigium narrow, in male oblong (Figure 140, 3), in female not wider than long; foveolae of male almost invisible dorsally, in female only partly visible. Male 10.5-12.5, female 13.5-20. Southeast; Kazakhstan. Dry steppes and deserts............................. E. simplex Ev. Tegmina usually not reaching beyond apex of hind femora, rarely reaching beyond them; if longer, male fastigium not oblong and female fastigium wider than long. Male forelegs ventrally with long, closely standing hairs forming a small tuft. Transverse groove usually slightly posterior to middle of pronotum; lateral carinae less concave in prozona, not or little displaced outwards posterior to transverse groove (Figure 140,4). Midlegs of male almost bare or with a few short hairs. Male fastigium in profile almost horizontal. Valves of ovipositor elongate (Figure 140, 6); dorsal pair without sharp subapical process or denticle; ventral pair with elongate, almost smooth pulvilli and a small subapical process. Middle antennal segments of male about twice as long as broad. Bifid frontal ridge in male not visible in dorsal view (Figure 140,4). Male 11.2-14.5, female 13.5-21.5. Ciscaucasia, Southeast, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia..................... E. miramae Tarb. Valves of ovipositor short (Figure 140, 7); dorsal pair with strong subapical denticle or process; ventral valves with short, inflated pulvilli and strong subapical denticle. Middle antennal segments of male shorter, about 1.5, rarely almost 2, times longer than broad. Bifid frontal ridge visible in dorsal view (Figure 140, 5), Male 10-13.7. female 13-18.4. Southern Crimea, Ciscaucasia, Southeast;, Azerbaijan ........................ E. costatus Tarb. Transverse groove in middle of pronotum; lateral carinae in prozona more strongly concave, markedly displaced outwards posterior to transverse groove (Figure 140, 5), especially in male. Middle legs of male with closely standing, long hairs forming a tuft as on forelegs. Male fastigium in profile markedly sloping backwards. Male 10.8-13, female 12.8-15. Southeast; West Kazakhstan ................................ E. comatus Mistsh.

27. Mesasippus Tarb. Tegmina and wings shortened, especially in female. Prosternum with small tubercle. In sandy or clayey habitats with sparse grass. 9 species in Kazakhstan and adjacent regions. 2 species. 1 (2).

Lateral carinae of pronotum straight, parallel (Figure 140, 8). Female tegmina twice as long as pronotum, overlapping on back. Middle antennal segments of male 2-2.5 times longer than broad. Male 14-17, female 18-20.5. Southeastern West Siberia, East Kazakhstan. Sand hills ................... M. arenosus B.-Bien.

2(1).

Lateral carinae of pronotum markedly concave anterior to middle, diverging posteriorly (Figure 140, 9). Female tegmina little longer than pronotum, completely separated. Middle antennal segments of male only 1.5 times longer than broad. Male 12.5-14.5, female 17-19.5. Southwestern Altai. Clayey hills and slopes ............ ........................................ M. divergens B.-Bien.

28. Aeropedellus Heb. As Mesasippus, but antennae clavate at least in male; lateral carinae of pronotum distinctly curved inwards. 4 species in the U.S.S.R. 1 species in North America. 3 species.

More thickset and larger species. Male tegmina usually reaching beyond apex of abdomen, when folded, much broader than hind femora in profile. Male epiproct black. Female head large, with slightly slopingfrons. Ventral valves of ovipositor with small sub apical notch or without notch. Male 13-17, female 16-24. Kola Peninsula; Ciscaucasia (?); North Kazakhstan; Siberia; from area east of the Altai and adjacent steppes to Yakutia and Kamchatka

2 (1).

Male tegmina not reaching beyond apex of abdomen, when folded, about as broad as hind femora. Male epiproct light, with black border. Female head small, with strongly sloping, frons. Ventral valves of ovipositor with sharp subapical notch on ventral outer margin. Outer side of hind femora with distinct, dark oblique bands which pass to the inner side. Lateral carinae of pronotum markedly curved inwards in prozona; minimal width of pronotal disk in prozona between carinae equal to width of fastigium, at least in female (Figure 140, 10), Fore tibiae with a few short hairs ventrally or almost bare. Male 11.5-14, female 15-19. Central Kazakhstan, Kulunda Steppe in West Siberia. In steppes with Ae. baliolus Mistsh. Festuca ovina and Artemisia Hind femora without distinct dark bands. Lateral carinae of pronotum less concave in prozona; minimal width of pronotal disk in prozona markedly greater than width of fastigium, at least in female (Figure 140, 11). Ventral side of male fore tibiae often with dense long hair. Measurements as of Ae. baliolus. Southeast; Kazakhstan to the middle reaches of the SarySu River.

-

1 (2).

....

.........................................

274

3 (4).

Ae. variegatus F.-W.

Slender, small species.

.........

4 (3).

,.

..........................................

Ae. volgensis Predt. -

29. Gomphocerus Thnb. (Aeropus Gist.). Clubof male antennae distinct, of female antennae noticeable. Tegmina and wings not short 275 ened. Male pronotum inflated. 3 or 4 species in temperate Eurasia,

I species. 1 (1).

Frontal ridge with groove ventral to median ocellus, especially in male. Hind femora ventrally and hind tibiae yellow or rustcolored, or red in subspecies caucasicus Motsch. from mountains of the Caucasus. Male 18-23, female 19-25. East; Siberia; Caucasus. Very injurious to grain (Figure 132, 6). ...... ............................................. *G. sibiricus L.

339

FIGURE 140. Acridoidea. Subfamily Acridinae (after Tarbinskii, Chopard and original)

30.

Gomphocerippus Rob, (Gomphocerus auct.). Antennae of male Pronotum not inflated. 1 species.

and female with distinct club.

1 (1).

Antennal club with light tip. Hind tibiae reddish rust. Male 14-17, female 17-24. Everywhere, except in Crimea, semideserts of the Southeast and the Arctic. Near forests ............ .................................................. G. rufus L.

31. Phlocerus F.-W. Antennae short, in male leaf-shaped (Figure 132,7). Endemic in the Caucasus. 2 species. In the whole U. S. S.R. 4 species.

340

1 (2).

Smaller species. Ventral side of hind femora and hind -tibiae not red, but orange or pinkish. Male frontal ridge wider, markedly wider ventrally than distance to lateral facial carina. Female antennae not longer than pronotum, with parallel sides in apical half. Male 15-17.5, female 18-22, Southeastern Dagestan, northern Azerbaijan. Screes in high mountains (Figure 132, 7) ........................... Ph. menetriesi F.-W.

2 (1).

Larger species. Ventral side of hind femora and hind tibiae rich red. Frontal ridge of male narrower ventrally than distance to lateral facial carina. Antennae of female slightly longer than pronotum, spindle-shaped in apical half, i.e., tapering. Male 15.5-19. female 19-22. Southwestern Dagestan, eastern Georgia, On high mountains ......................... Ph. zaitzevi Mistsh.

32. Dociostaurus Fieb. (Stauronotus Fisch.). Pronotum usuallywith 2 or 3 distinct transverse grooves and light X-shaped figure. About 15 species in steppes and deserts. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 1

(6).

2 (3).

a (b).

Light stripes of X-shaped figure on pronotum slightly widened posterior to transverse groove (Figures 132,8; 140,12). Hind femora slender, about 4 times longer than broad; ventral outer carina without black dots. Tegmina and wings reaching markedly beyond hind genua. Eyes small, vertical diameter about as long as subocular groove. Male 20-28, female 28-38 (Figure 139,4). Hind tibiae usually red. South, Southwest. Virgin steppes and semideserts. Very injurious. Occurs in 2 phases, gregarious and solitary (see below) ........................................ *D. maroccanus Thnb. Wings longer; ratio of length of tegmina to length of hind femur = 1.5-1.9. Yellowish; hind femora without dark spots and bands on dorsal and outer side, or spots and bands indistinct or nearly absent(Figure 139, 4) phasis gregaria. Wings shorter; ratio of length of tegmina to length of hind femur = 1.3-1.55. Usually brownish gray; hind femora dorsally with .........................

b (a).

distinct dark spots which form bands on the outer side .............................................

3

(2).

4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (1).

............

phasis solitaria.

Tegmina and wings not or little reaching beyond hind genua. Eyes larger, their vertical diameter 1.5-2 times longer than subocular groove. Smaller species. Hind tibiae red.

Distance between

eyes on vertex 1.5-2 times

longer than width of frontal ridge between antennae. Male 12-18, female 16-25. Center, forest-steppe and steppe. Sometimes injurious (Figure 140, 12).................... *D, brevicollis Ev. Hind tibiae yellowish or grayish. Vertex narrower, not wider between eyes or little wider than frontal ridge between antennae. Male 12-17.5, female 20-26. Eastern Ciscaucasia, southern Volga Region. Clayey semideserts ............... D. tartarus Uv. Light stripes on pronotum forming triangles posterior to transverse groove (Figure 140, 13). Hind femora thicker, only 3.5 times longer than broad; ventral outer carina of hind femora usually with black dots. Hind tibiae red. Male 11-15, female 13-16. Ciscaucasia, southern Volga Region, Kazakhstan,

southeastern West Siberia; other subspecies occur in South Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia. Dry steppes and semideserts ........................................ D. kraussi Ing.

33. Notostaurus B.-Bien. As Docio staurus. but head with sharp 276 longitudinalcarinadorsallybetweeneyes (Figure 132,9). Drysteppes and semideserts. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Foveolae very narrow anteriorly. Light stripes on pronotum forming triangles posterior to transverse groove. Base of hind tibiae without black color. Male 11.5-15, female 15-22. Ciscaucasia, southern Volga Region, Kazakhstan, southeastern West Siberia; dry solonchak soils, semideserts ................. ............................................. N. albicornts Ev. Foveolae not or little narrowed anteriorly. Light stripes on pronotum (if present) not forming triangles posterior to transverse groove. Hind tibiae with black base at least in male. Male 18-21, female 23-31. Eastern Ciscaucasia. Dry steppes and semideserts ............................................. N. anatolicus Kr.

34. Ramburiella Bol. (Arcyptera auct.). Frons markedly sloping backwards. Pronotum usually with light X-shaped figure (Figure 132,10). Tegmina with secondary vein. Drysteppesand semideserts, in coarse grass. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

Tegmina with distinct black spots; wings apically dark.

Hind

tibiae with black band in the middle and black ring at the base.

Male 26-33, female 31-42.

2 (1).

Crimea; Southeast.................. .......................................... R. turcomana F.-W. Tegmina without sharp spots; wings apically light. Hind tibiae of uniform color, light blue. Male 16-18, female 24-26. Southeast ................................... R. bolivari Kuthy.

35. Pararcyptera Tarb, (Arcypte ra auct.). Frontal ridge without groove, convex in profile. Lateral carinae of pronotum sharp. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species, divided into a series of subspecies. 1 (1).

Hind femora red ventrally; base of hind tibiae light. Lateral carinae of pronotum distinctly concave or obtuse. Tegmina and wings reaching hind genua or even longer, or shorter (subsp. altaica Mistsh. in the Altai). Male 18-22, female 21-29. Steppes;

sometimes very injurious

36.

concave anterior to middle. 1 species.

1(1).

.................

*p.

microptera F.-W.

Arcyptera Serv. Large.

Lateral carinae of pronotum slightly Hind wings dark. In the whole U.S.S.R.

Hind femora red ventrally; base of hind tibiae black. Male tegmina reaching beyond hind genua, broad, with markedly convex anterior margin; female tegmina not reaching hind genua. Male 23-31, female 29-40. Steppes, forest-steppe and southern forest zone ......................... A. fusca Pall.

37. Caucasippus Uv. Tegmina very short, lateral. Posterior margin of pronotum with obtuse notch. 1 species in the Caucasus.

1 (1).

Lateral caririae of pronotum indistinct, concave anterior to middle, strongly diverging posteriorly (Figure 132, 12). Hind tibiae red at least on inner side. Male and female 21.5-23. C. rufipes F.-W. Northern Caucasus: Mount Kazbek .............

Podismopsis Zub. Male tegmina slanting or notched at the apex; female tegmina lateral, not contiguous. Frontal ridge at least in female without groove, flat. About 13 species, mainly in northern Eurasia. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 10 species. 38.

1 (2>.

2 (1).

Frons slightly sloping backwards; frontal ridge flat. Vertex markedly sloping forwards (Figure 140, 14), especially in female (in profile). Arolium small, not more than half as long as claw. Brown. Male 13.5-16, female 17-24. Altai, southern East Siberia ........................................ P. altaica Zub. Frons markedly sloping backwards; frontal ridge of male with groove; frontal ridge of female depressed ventral to median ocellus; vertex almost horizontal. Arolium almost as long as claw. Olive green. Male 15-18, female 22-28 (Figure 142, 1,2). P. poppiusi Mir. Arctic; Siberia ..............................

Chrysochraon Fisch. Arolium large, longer than claw; female much larger and unlike male, Monotypic genus. 39.

1 (1).

Male green, with pointed, long genital plate; female gray or brownish; female tegmina pointed, almost contiguous (Figure 133.2). Male 16-20, female 22-26 (subsp. major Uv. from eastern Ciscaucasia larger). Humid meadows and marshes ....... .............................................

277

Ch. dispar Germ.

Euthystira Fieb. (Chrysochraonauct.). Pastigium rounded. 4 species in temperate Eurasia. In the U-S.S.R.. 2 species. 40.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Antennae only slightly widened and flattened at the base. Green, with golden sheen when alive, without dark and light longitudinal stripes. Female tegmina widely separate (Figure 133, 3). Male 13-17, female 18-26. Humid meadows and marshes; in mountains in the South ........................ Eu. brachyptera Ocsk. Antennae more widened and flattened, in female ensiform, Brownish yellow, with dark and light longitudinal stripes; tegmina also with whitish stripe. Male 17-20, female 22-30. Siberia to the Minusinsk Depression in the East (the nominate subspecies occurs in the Far East) ............................. ......................... Eu. (Mongolotettix) japonica vittata Uv.

41. Ochrilidia St. (Platypterna Fieb-). Very slender species. Lobes of metathorax contiguous posteriorly. About 30 species in deserts in Asia and North Africa. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (I).

Yellowish or grayish yellow, with longitudinal stripes. Tegmina reaching far beyond hind genua. Hind tibiae light yellow, with 11-13 spines on each side. Male 16-18, female 24-28. Eastern

343

Ciscaucasia, southern Volga Region, Kazakhstan. Sand dunes in semideserts; occurs onbushes of Ari sti da pennata (Figure 133, 6,7) ...................... 0. hebetata kazaka Tarb.

FIGURE 141.

Acridoidea.

Subfamily Acridinae (after

Bei-Bienko and

original) is, female, same;

male, antenna; 4D. gracilis, male, claws; 6E. tergesEinus, male, samt ens, male, same; 9Locusia migratoria. pronoi toria, same of solitary phase; 11Oedaleus deco male, same; 13 Oe. infernalis amurensis, mal

3D.kalmyka,

of gregarious phase, lateral; 10L.

ame. dorsal; 14Celes

migra-

variabilis. female,

42. Duroniella Bol. Frons sloping. Tegmina usually with light stripe at anterior margin. About 15 species, mainly in the deserts of Asia and North Africa. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 1 (2).

2(1).

Tegmina usually not reaching apex of hind femora or hardly reaching it; when folded, tegmina much narrower than hind femora also in female (in profile). Antennae similar in both sexes, also in male widened in basal third (Figure 141, 3), distinctly shorter than head and pronotum. Male 12.5-16, female 21-26. Southeast; Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia. Solonchak meadows (Figure 133, 4)................ D. kalmyka Ad. Tegmina reaching beyond apex of hind femora or just reaching it; female tegmina not narrower (or broader) than hind femora

3 (4).

when folded (in profile). Antennae of both sexes different, those of male little widened in basal quarter (Figure 141, 4), not shorter than head and pronotum. Fastigium with sharp keeled margins, in female forming acute angle anteriorly (Figure 141, 1). Female antennae markedly widened basally, much thicker than in male; middle antennal segments as long as wide, at least in female, or slightly oblong. Male 15-17, female 21-24.5. Eastern Ciscaucasia, including D. carinata Mistsh. northern Dagestan, Volga Delta Fastigium at least in female with smooth, not keeled margins; fastigium usually rounded anteriorly in female (Figure 141. 2), in male often rounded. Female antennae little widened at the base, not or little thicker than antennae of male; middle antennal segments of both sexes distinctly oblong, about 1.5 times longer than broad (Figure 141,4). Male 16-22, female 22-28. Southern Dagestan (?), eastern Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia .......................................... D. gracilis Uv. ..............

4 (3).

Paracinema Fisch. Frons strongly sloping; fastigium with sharp Tegmina and wings reaching far beyond hind genua. Southern Europe and Southwest Asia to Africa. In the U. S. S.R. 1 species. 43.

margins. 1 (1).

Green; pronotum dorsally with black lateral stripes (Figure 133,5). Hind tibiae red. Male 23-28, female 30-42. Southern Moldavia, Transcaucasia. In dense grass near water ...................................... P. tricolor bisignata Ch. ......................

44.

genua. 1 (1).

Fastigium short, blunt anteriorly. Pronotum Tegmina and wings reaching a little beyond hind

Parapleurus Fisch.

with weak median carina.

Monotypic genus.

Light green; hind tibiae greenish. Antennae long; male antennae twice as long as head and pronotum; female antennae 1.5 times longer than head and pronotum. Male 17-23, female 24-32. South to Siberiaand North Kazakhstan; subspecies turanicus Tarb, which is larger and has longer wings occur sin the southern Asian P. aliiaceus Germ. partofthe U.S.S.R. In dense grass near water ...

45. Mecostethus Fieb. Pronotum with sharp median carina and with at least rudimentary lateral carinae. Tegmina and wings fully developed. Hind tibiae yellow. Temperate Eurasia and North America. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

2 (1).

.

.

Hind femora red ventrally; spines of hind tibiae black. Pronotum with distinct lateral carinae; transverse groove markedly anterior to middle of pronotum. Male 16-22, female 24-30. Northern and Central Belts, Caucasus, Siberia, Far East. Humid meadows and *M. grossus L. marshes. Sometimes injurious in the Far East. Hind femora not red ventrally; spines of hind tibiae light, with black tip. Pronotum with weak or little developed lateral carinae only in prozona; transverse groove near middle of pronotum. west Male 25-30, female 37-42. Far East and South Siberia to the Minusinsk Depression. ................ M. tscherskii Ikonn. .

1 (2).

46. Epacromius Uv. (Aiolopu s auct.). Tegmina with spurious vein. Male genital plate dor soventr ally depressed like a tongue. 2 species on saline soils and solonchak meadows.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Arolium large, not less than half as long as claw (Figure 141, 5). Antennae shorter and thicker, the middle segments less than twice as long as broad. Hind femora pink ventrally (except in green specimens). Male 14-17.5, female 21-29. Forest-steppe and steppes .................................. E. coerulipes Iv. Arolium very small (Figure 141, 6). Antennae slender, the middle segments 2-3 times longer than broad. Hind femora not pink ventrally. Male 17-22, female 25-32. Steppes, deserts. Some*E. tergestinus Ch. times injurious .............................

Foveolae anteriorly narrow, truncate or indistinct (Figure 133, 10). Male genital plate conical, blunt. About 20 species in tropical and subtropical regions. Banks of waterbodies, solonchak soils Adults hibernating. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 47.

1(2).

Aiolopus Fieb.

Hind femora long, slender, much narrower than tegmina (Figure 141, 7). Hind tibiae reddish in apical half. Pronotum saddle-shaped, i.e., with constriction in prozona (Figure 133, 13). Male 15-23, female 21-29. Variable. Black Sea coast. Steppes, A. thalassinus F. deserts Hind femora short and thick, as broad as tegmina (Figure 141, 8). Hind tibiae darker red basally than in apical half. Pronotum not constricted in prozona, slightly rooflike dorsally. Male 16-18, female 20-24. Southern Crimea, Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. ... A. strepens Latr. ......................................

2 (1).

.............................................

48. Platypygius Uv. Hind tibiae shorter than hind femora. Male genital plate dor soventr ally depressed like a tongue. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

1(1).

Pronotum with light X-shaped figure. Tegmina reaching only a beyond hind genua. Hind tibiae light, with dark base, dark apex and dark band anterior to middle. Male 15.5-17.5, female 20-23. South, Southeast. Saline shores; rare (Figure 133, 14). P. crassus Krny. .............................................

Locusta L. (Pachytylu s Fieb.). Large species. Frons vertical, its connection with vertex rounded. Monotypic genus, divided into a number 49.

of subspecies. 1 (1).

Distributed as far as the southern hemisphere.

Tegmina and wings reaching markedly beyond hind genua (Figure 142, 3). Dorsal carina of hind femora finely serrated. Often green or brown; median carina of pronotum sometimes concave. Male 35-50, female 45-55; male tegmina 43.5-56, female 49-61; (insubsp. rossica Uv. and Zol. from the podzolic zone, male 29-40, female 37-52; male tegmina 33-45, female 37-54). Southern U.S.S.R. Permanently breeding along banks of waterbodies in humid meadows with reeds, where it reproduces in large numbers. Very injurious, especially when emerging from breeding sites; individual specimens flying far north.

.

.

.

little

.

279

Subspecies rossica occurs on light soil, sometimes (after 2 or 3 hot summers) very injurious, but not making distant migrations. Occurs in 2 phases, gregarious and solitary (see below) *L. migratoria L. Pronotum saddle-shaped, with straight or concave median carina in profile (Figure 141, 10). Tegmina longer; ratio of length of tegmina to length of hind femora 2-2.17 in male. phasis gregaria. Pronotum without constriction, rooflike; median carina elevated, curved in profile (Figure 141, 9). Ratio of length of tegmina to length of hind femora 1.8-1.9 in male phasis solitaria.

..........

............................................

a (b).

.................

...............................

b (a).

.............

...........

50. Oedaleus Fieb. Hind wings with dark curved band, yellowish or greenish at the base. More than 20 species, mainly in the Tropics. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (4).

2 (3).

Pronotum with strong constriction and with projecting "shoulders" posteriorly; light stripes of X-shaped figure in metazona not wider than in prozona (Figure 134, 7). Dark band of wings distinct, not reaching posterior margin. Hind tibiae brownish yellow or reddish; if reddish, light base of tibiae without red color. Light stripes of X-shaped figure of pronotum crossing at right angles (Figure 134, 7); anterior stripe (in profile) directed obliquely ventrad (Figure 141, 11). Male 18-31, female 25-43. Steppes and farther south. Sometimes injurious .......................................... *0e. decorus Germ. Hind tibiae red, the light band at the base not distinct, always with a reddish tinge. Light stripes of X-shaped figure of pronotum crossing at an obtuse angle; anterior stripe in profile horizontal (Figure 141,12). Male 21-24, female 28-32. Altai, Minusinsk Oe. asiaUcus B.-Bien. .and Tuva depressions. East Siberia Pronotum without marked constriction and without projecting "shoulders"; light stripes of X-shaped figure wider in metazona than in prozona, forming triangles with apex posteriorly (Figure 141, 13). Dark band of wings reaching posterior margin, sometimes little developed. Male 18-23, female 30-35. Kulunda and Altai region steppes. East Siberia, Far East ................ Oe. infernalis amurensis Ikonn.

....

3 (2).

.......

4(1).

................................

Psophus Fieb. Tegmina leathery, opaque, genua. 1 species.

51.

280 hind

1 (1).

in female not reaching

Hind tibiae black or brown, with light ring at base. Hind wings vermilion. Male 23-25, female 30-40. Forest-steppe and part of the forest zone, Caucasus. Mainly in forest borders. Male P. stridulus L. rattling during flight ............................

52. Pyrgodera F.-W. Strongly compressed laterally, with very high lamellar median carina of pronotum (Figure 134, 2). Monotypic genus. 1 (1).

Clay yellow, rarely dark. Tegmina with a pair of dark bands near the base, semitransparent in apical third. Wings rich red. Male 25-30, female 35-40. Central and southern Volga Region, Kazakhstan and farther south. Dry steppes and deserts

..........

.............................................

P. armata F.-W.

FIGURE 142. Acridoidea (after Bei-Bienko) 1Podismopsis

53.

poppiusi. male; 2P.

poppiusi, female: 3Locusta

migratoria, female.

Celes Sauss.

in profile.

Earth-colored. Median carina of pronotum straight Wings with dark anterior margin. Genus consisting of 2 species.

1 (2).

Hind tibiae with 13-16 spines on each side, black at least in male. Metazona of pronotum with several irregular small ridges at the sides (Figure 141, 14). Wings pink or light blue at the base. Male 16-25, female 22-30. Steppes and forest- steppes ................

2 (1).

Hind tibiae with only 9-12 spines on each side, in male with light ring at the base, in female brownish yellow to a large extent, Metazona of pronotum smooth, only with lateral carinae (Figure 141,15). Wings pink at base. Male 19-22, female 28-34. Siberia, North Kazakhstan. Forest-steppe C. skalozubovi Adel. ..

C. variabilis Pall.

.

............................................

54. Oedipoda Latr. Dorsal carina of hind femora with indentation (Figure 134, 14). Hind wings richly colored or with dark band. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2).

Base of wings red or rich pink. Pronotum strongly rugose, with lateral carinae in metazona. Arolium very small, narrow, in male not more than 1/3 as long as claw. Dark band of wings shorter (Figure 143, 1). Male 16-21, female 21-27. Ciscaucasia, Southeast, Kazakhstan, southeastern West Siberia ................................ Oe. miniata Pall. Pronotum slightly rugose, without lateral carinae in metazona. Arolium larger and broad, in fore- and middle legs of male half as long as claw. Dark band of wings long, almost reaching base of wings (Figure 143, 2), Male 17-23, female 23-28. Crimea (?), central Europe ............................ Oe. germanica Latr.

348

4 (1).

5 (6).

Base of wings light blue or light greenish blue. Base of wings light blue. Hind tibiae light blue, spines light at base. Slender species; weakly rugose. Male 15-21, female 22-28 (Figure 144, 3). Southern forest zone and farther south. Sometimes injurious ...................... Oe. coerulescens L.

^3 FIGURE 143,

Acridoidea.

^-"^=»

Subfamily Acridinae (after Bei-Bienko, Mishchenko and original)

lOedipoda miniata, female, hind wing; 2 Oe. germanica, female, same: 3Bryodema holdereri occidentale, male, same; 4B. tuberculatum. male, same; 6 B. holdereri occidentale, male, apex of hind femur; 6B. cubercuiatum, male, same; 7Sphingonotus rubescens. male, hind femur, inner side; 8S. maculatus. male, same: 9 S, coerulans. female, base of ovipositor, ventral; 10S. coerulipes, female, same; 11S. rubescens, male, base of tegmen (ispurious median vein); 12S. nebulosus. hind wing; 13S. eurasius, pronotum, lateral.

Base of wings pale blue or light greenish blue. Hind tibiae blue, spines dark to base. Thickset, rugose. Male 22-27, female 29-33. Eastern Ciscaucasia, Transcaucasia. .Oe. schochi Sauss. .

6 (5).

55. Mioscirtus Sauss. Vertex narrow, with sharp lateral margins and longitudinal groove. Frons moderately sloping. 1 species.

1(1).

Tegmina anteriorly with a dark longitudinal spot which contains a small white spot. Wings with weakly marked dark band, yellow or pink at the base. Male 13-15, female 21-22. Maritime region of southern Ukraine, eastern Ciscaucasia, southeastern bare solonchak soils ................................ M. wagneri Kitt. 349

56. Acrotylus Fieb. Setose, especially in legs. Vertex with elevated lateral margins, longitudinally depressed. A large number of species in Africa. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 282

1 (2).

Wings reddish pink at the base, the dark band reaching anterior lobeofwingor (insubsp. inficitus Walk.) short and indistinct. Fore- and middle legs not very long. Male 14-19, female 19-25. South, from the Danube to the Volga. Adults usually hibernating. ........................................... A. insubricus Scop. Wings yellow or orange at base; dark band absent. Fore- and middle legs very long, slender. Male 14-18, female 19-24. Coast of the Black Sea from southern Crimea to the Danube. On sand ....................................... A.longipes Ch. .

2 (1),

.

57. Bryodema Fieb. Large, with moderately rugose pronotum; median pronotum narrow or partly obliterated. 13 species, mainly in Mongolia and China; male rattling during flight. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R, 6 species. carina of

1 (4).

2 (3).

Hind tibiae yellow.

Tegmina and wings of female and male fully

developed, reaching far beyond hind genua; both sexes flying well. Apex of hind femora markedly widened, rounded ventrally, (Figure 143, 5). Hind tibiae uniformly ocher-yellow. Hind wings without dark band (Figure 143,3). Male 29-30, female 33-34. Altai, Minusinsk and Tuva depressions; the nominate form occurs in East Siberia and Mongolia B. holdereri occidentale B.-Bien. Apex of hind femora moderately widened, its ventral margin almost straight (Figure 143, 6). Hind tibiae dirty yellow, dark at apex. Wings with dark band (Figure 143,4). Male 26-29, female 29-39 (subsp. dilutum Stollfromthe UralRegionand Siberia larger). Forest-steppe and steppe (except in the South); occurs sporadically in the North to 58-59. ........... B. tuberculatum F. Hind tibiae red or blue in subsp. mongolicum Zub. from the southeastern Altai. Body of female very thick; female tegmina and wings not or little reaching beyond hind genua; the female does not fly. Male 25-32, female 32-42. Southern Urals to southern Transbaikalia. Dry stony slopes............... B. gebleri F.-W. .

3 (2).

4 (1).

.

58. Angaracris B.-Bien. (Bryo dem a auct.). Median carina of pronotum sharp throughout; hind wings without darkband. Male rattling during flight. 2 species. 1 (2).

Wings greenish or yellowish at base. Greenish or grayish brown, spots. Hind tibiae with dense hair, red or yellow. Male 22-31, female 29-35. South Siberia, North Kazakhstan. ........................................... A. barabensis Pall. Wings pink at base, the thickened veins also pink at the base. Other characters as in A. barabensis Pall. Altai to southern Transbaikalia ............................... .A. rhodopa F.-W. with dark

.....

2(1).

59. Pseudoceles Bol’ (Thalpom ena auct.). Tympanal organ broadly open; female cerci subulate. On stony slopes and screes. About 10 species in Southwest Asia. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 or 4 species.

350

1 (2),

2 (1).

Blackish gray to almost black. Tegmina of uniform color, without dark spots; wings rich red. Base of hind tibiae black, especially on the inner side. Male 17-20, female 22-27. Greater Caucasus, at altitudes of not less than 1200m ............ .............................................. P. obscurus Uv. Color lighter, yellowish or brownish gray. Tegmina often with indistinct brown spots; wings less rich red. Base of hind tibiae light blue or blue. Male 16-19, female 23-27. Mountains near Anapa, Novorossiisk and farther south .......................... ......................................... P. oedipodioides Bol.

60. Sphingonotus Fieb. Pronotum saddle-shaped (Figure 134, 5,8). Tympanal organ partly covered, crescent-shaped. About 60 species, mainly in deserts of Asia and North Africa. 10 species. In the whole U.S.S.R.

23 species. 1 (18). Inner side of hind femora dark (Figure 143, 7) or at least with 2 dark bands (Figure 143, 8). Hind wings with or without dark

band. 2 (17). Hind wings not red. 3 (4). Hind tibiae 3/4 as long as hind femora. Wings broad, forming quadrant of a circle, colorless. Small species (male 13-15.5, female 18-21); female tegmina short (14-16.5); reaching little beyond hind genua. Southeast; Kazakhstan. Dry solonchak and takyr soils ............................... S. halophilus B-"Bien. 283 4 (3). Hind tibiae almost not shorter than hind femora. Wings oblongtriangular. Female tegmina longer (18.5-35). 5 (16). Median carina of pronotum low or partly obliterated. 6 (15). Wings without dark band, or with an indistinct, diffuse band which does not reach posterior margin. 7 (8). Small species (male 12.5-14, female 16.5-19). Posteroventral corner of lateral lobes of pronotum rounded or sometimes with a small process in female. Wings almost or completely colorless. Kazakhstan to the lower reaches of the Ural River; solonchak and takyr soils, often in bushes of Salsola and Halocnemum strobilaceum ......... S. halocnemi Uv. 8 (7). Larger species: malemore than 14, female more than 19. 9 (14). Spurious median vein of tegmina straight, not close to M at apex (Figure 131, 7). Space between lobes of mesothorax 1.5-2.2 times wider than long. 10 (11). Head in profile markedly higher than pronotum (Figure 134, 5). Inner side of hind femora mostly light or at least with 2 light bands (Figure 143, 8). Tegmina usually with 3 dark bands. Male 17-22.5, female 20-31. Southeast; Kazakhstan; Soviet Central Asia ........................................ S. maculatus Uv. 11 (10). Head in profile only little higher than pronotum. Inner side of hind femora dark, usually with only one light band (Figure 143, 7). 12 (13). Hind tibiae yellowish or whitish. Pulvilli at base of ventral valves of ovipositor smooth (Figure 143, 9). Wings without dark band or (subsp. cyanopterus Ch. from the Northwest) with diffuse band. Inner side of hind femora with one light band or with 2 light bands

ORTHOPTERA

ibsp. exornatusNed. on the Black Sea coast from the Crimea (subsp westward stward). Male 15-26, female 22-31........... S. coerulans L.

FIGURE 144. Acridoidea (afEer Bei-Bienko)

,

1Acrotylus coerulescens,

insubricus, male; 2Hyalorrhipis

clausi, female; 3Oedipoda

female.

13 (12). Hind tibiae dirty pale blue or light blue. Pulvilli at base of ventral valves of ovipositor covered with tubercles (Figure 143,10). Wings basally light blue, sometimes with indistinct dark band or dirty pale blue, with a greenish tinge, without band (subsp. uvarovianus B.-Bien. from the Orenburg Steppes to the Altai region Steppes and the Altai). Male 14.5-19, female 19.5-27. South, Southeast................. S. coerulipes djakonovi Mistsh. 14 (9). Spurious median vein of tegmina S-shaped, very close to M apically (Figure 143,11). Space of mesothorax narrower, only 1,2-1.5 times wider than long. Tegmina with scattered spots, without dark bands. Male 15.5-23, female 20-33. Southeast, Shingle areas on river banks................. S. rubescens Walk. 284 15 (6) Wings with distinct, broad band which reaches posterior margin (Figure 143, 12); base of wings light blue. Hind tibiae light blue or blue. Male 16-18, female 28-38. Orenburg Steppes to Altai. In stony areas and among rocks .............. S. nebulosus F.-W. 16 (5). Median carina of pronotum markedly compressed laterally and elevated anteriorly, low posteriorly (Figure 143, 13), but sharp and pointed. Wings with dark band, pale light blue basally. Male 13-17, female 17-25. Southeast; Soviet Central and Southwest Asia, Mediterranean ................... S. eurasius Mistsh. 17 (2). Hind wings red at base, farther distally with distinct dark band, with dark spot apically. Median carina of pronotum markedly

elevated anteriorly. Male 20-24, female 28-34. Southeast. S. salinus Pall. On dry solonchak and takyr soils Inner side of hind femora light, with a dark band. Spurious media of tegmina markedly S-shaped and finely serrated. Wings colorless at base, with dark band in distal part. Male 22-32, female 29-38. Southeast. Sandy and stony deserts S. savignyi Sauss. ................

18 (1).

..............

............................................

61. Sphingoderus B.-Bien. (Sphingonotu s auct.). Laterallobesof pronotum ventrally with projecting anterior corner; ventral margin of lobes markedly concave (Figure 134,4). Monotypic genus. 1 (1).

Inner side of hind femora light, with two dark bands. Wings pale blue, without distinct band. Space of mesothorax 2.6-3 times wider than long. Male 14.5-21, female 21-32. Southeast. Loess deserts and takyr soils S. carinatus Sauss. ......................

62. Hyalorrhipis Sauss. Inner pair of spurs on hind tibiae not shorter than first segment of hind tarsi. Body with numerous small dark spots. Sand dunes and sand deserts. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species,

1 (1).

Anteroventral corner of lateral lobes of pronotum blunt. Inner spurs of hind tibiae very long, almost as long as the whole hind tarsus. Male 14-18.5, female 19-23 (Figure 144,2). Southeast

...

................................................

H. clausi Kitt.

63. Leptopternis Sauss. Inner pair of spurs of hind tibiae not longer than 1st segment of hind tarsi (Figure 134, 15). Body with isolated dark spots and stripes, 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (1),

Body whitish, very slender. Hind tibiae and inner side of hind femora light. Male 14-17, female 24-27. Southeast. On light, saline soils of the desert L. gracilis Ev. ........................

285

14.

Order

DERMAPTERA

G.Ya. Bei-Bienko

Insects with elongate, flexible body, biting mouthparts, ambulatory legs, very short leathery tegmina without veins; wings longer than tegmina, in repose longitudinally and transversely folded, only slightly protruding from tegmina; tegmina and wings often partly or completely atrophied; cerci usually forming sclerotized. long forceps; metamorphosis incomplete. Body elongate (Figure 145, 1), flexible, slightly depressed. Head flat, free, heart-shaped; occiput separated from frons by transverse frontal suture and longitudinally divided by coronal suture. Mouthparts biting, porrect. Eyes small, slightly protruding; ocelli usually rudimentary. Antennae filiform, 8- to 50-segmented. Pronotum flat, more or less quadrangular. Meso- and metathorax dorsally covered by tegmina, in apterous forms free. Ventral side of thorax (Figure 145, 3) with 3 thoracic plates, pro-, meso- and metasternum; posterior part of each thoracic plate located between coxae of corresponding legs. Tegmina (if present) short, leathery, without veins, forming wing-covers. Wings (Figure 145,2) fully developed or atrophied; if developed, longer than tegmina, membranous in their greater part, only their anterior margin forming a thickened horny plate at the base. In repose wings folded in a fanlike manner along the veins and transversely, projecting from tegmina as short plates. In apterous or brachypterous species fully-winged specimens sometimes occur (form euptera). Legs more or less short, ambulatory; tarsi 3segmented; 2nd tarsal segment cylindrical (Figure 145, 5) or heart-shaped (Figure 145, 6); apical segment of tarsus with a pair of claws, but there is usually no arolium. Abdomen elongate, more or less thick, flexible, consisting of 10 terga and 9 sterna in male and 8 terga and 7 sterna in female; terga III and IV often with small lateral tubercles. Last tergum sometimes with various tubercles and processes; last sternum more or less triangular or quadrangular. End of abdomen with a pair of long, usually thick appendages the forceps (modified cerci). Male forceps more complex and more variable than female forceps; male forceps in the same species sometimes long (form roacrolabia; Figure 145,1) or short (form brachylabia; Figure 145,4). A small thick process (pygidium) of varying form between bases of forceps. Male genitalia in cavity between last sternum and tergum, consisting (Figure 146,l-4)ofapairofsclerotizedparameresand 1 or 2 elongated genital sacs which often contain a thin tube (virga); base of virga usually widened into a reniform vesicle. Male genitalia important for identification. Metamorphosis incomplete; nymphs closely resembling adults, hardly distinguishable from them in apterous forms. Mainly nocturnal, hiding during the day under stones, fallen leaves, under bark, in burrows, etc. Winged forms attracted to light at night; someforms (Labia minor) fly

during the day. They always live in more or less humid places; there are no xerophilous forms.

FIGURE 145.

Dermaptel

Igeneral habitus of male Forficula auricularia, dorsal (hhead, aantennae, prpronotun ttegmina, wpwing plate, ffemur, tbtibia, irtarsus. Itlateral tubercles, tXtergumX, pgpygidium, frforceps): 2 hind wing of F. auricularia (hp horny plate); 3thorax of F. auricularia, ventral (pro-, meso- and rnetasternum are visible); 4 male forceps of F. form brachylabia; 5 hind tarsus of Labidura riparia, dorsal; 6sameofForficu

.

Some species (Forficula tomis, F. auricularia) are sometimes synanthropic. Afew species (Ani solabi s maritima, Forficula auricularia, etc.) have entered many countries andhave become dis286 tributed throughout the world. Feeding on plant and animal remains. Some species feed on live cultivated plants, causing serious damage (Forficula auricularia, F. tomis. etc.). The Russian species have one generation per year. Eggs, nymphs or adults hibernate. Divided into 2 suborders, Dermaptera s. str., or Forficulina, distributed throughout the world except the Arctic regions, and Arixenina cave dwellers in Indonesia. The roost closely related order are the Hemimerida, (which are sometimes erroneously called Diploglossata and are considered by some authors as a suborder of Dermaptera. The Hemimerida are parasites of rodents in Africa. Dermaptera s. str. are divided into 4 families, of which the Pygidicranidae are almost exclusively restricted to the Tropics (not dealt with in this Key). More than 1000 species exist, most of them in tropical and subtropical In the whole U.S.S.R. 26 species. 8 genera and 17 species are regions. known in European Russia.

DERMAPTERA

The measurements are given separately for body and forceps. LITERATURE. Bei- Bienko, G.Ya, Nasekomye kozhistokrylye (Dermaptera), Fauna SSSR. Novaya Seriya, Vol,5. 1936; Yakobson, G.G. and V.L, Bianki. Pryamokrylye i lozhnosetchatokrylye Rossiiskoi imperii i sopredel’nykh Stran (Orthoptera and Pseudoneuroptera of the Russian Empire and Adjacent Countries). Sankt-Peierburg. 1905; Chopard, L. Orthopteroides. Faune de France, Vol. 56, Paris. 1951.

Key to Families 1 (4).

2nd segment of tarsi simple, cylindrical, not broader than 3rd

2 (3).

Pygidium forming vertical plate between bases of forceps, usually not visible dorsally. Male genitalia with pair of sacst (Figure 146, 1-3)................................. 1. Labiduridae (p.357).

segment (Figure 145, 5).

FIGURE 146.

Dermaptera (after Bei-Bienko, Chopard and original)

1Labidura riparia, male genitalia (parparameres, gsgenital sacs); 2Anisolabis maritima, same; 3A. annulipes, same; 4Foificula auricularia, same; 5Anisolabis moesta. thorax, dorsal; 6Labidura riparia, part of thorax, ventral (msimesothorax); 7Anisolabis maritima, minor, base of antenna; 9Marava arachidis, same; same; 8Labia 10 Labia minor, last abdominal sternum of male.

For examination of the genitalia of dry insects, the specimen is placed in a humid container. When the abdomen is softened the last sternum turns up. The genitalia are then exposed and are removed with a delicate forceps. They are then boiled in 10% KOH. To make permanent preparations the genitalia are dehydrated in 96% alcohol. They are cleared in oil of cloves (or other oil) until all whitish spots have disappeared (when examined against a black background). They are then mounted in Canada balsam and labelled.

287

3 (2).

4(1).

Pygidium not vertical, protruding, usually visible dorsally, Male genitalia with one sac (as in Figure 146, 4) ................. ......................................... 2. Labiidae (p.358). 2nd tarsal segment heart-shaped, broader than 3rd segment (Figure 145, 6). Male genitalia with one sac (Figure 146, 4) ....... ...................................... 3. Forficulidae (p. 359). 1.

Antennae 10-15

Family LABIDURIDAE

20-35-segmented; 4th and 5th antennal segments short, often spherical. Abdomen often without tubercles on terga III-IV. Pygidium completely vertical. Male genitalia with a pair of genital sacs (Figure 146, 1-3). Mainly in tropical and subtropical countries. 2 genera, 4 species. In the U.S.S.R. 5 species. to

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Tegmina fully developed. Posterior margin of mesosternum straight (Figure 146,6). Antennae 25- to 35-segmented. Male forceps symmetrical, separated at the base (Figure 147,1). ....... ................................................ 1. Labidura. Tegmina absent or vestigial, lateral. Posterior margin of mesosternum rounded (Figure 146. 7). Antennae 16- to 25-segroented. Male forceps asymmetrical (Figure 147, 2,3) ...... 2. Anisolabts.

Keys

288

to Species of Family Labiduridae

Labidura Leach. 4th to 6th antennal segments short, almost spherical. Tegmina with longitudinal carina on outer side. one very variable species. 1.

1

(1).

Yellow to brown. Wing plate sometimes covered by tegmina. Male cerci almost straight, with 1 or 2 denticles on inner side (Figure 147,1). 9-26, forceps 3-5. Except in the North. Banks of waterbodies. Introduced in all parts of the world .............. .............................................. L. riparia Pall.

2. Anisolabis Fieb. Tegmina usually absent or rudimentary, lateral. A large number of similar species, mainly in the Tropics. Distinguished mainly by the male genitalia. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (2),

Antennae 22- to 25-segmented.

Legs uniformly yellow. Abdomen Male genitalia with narrow, elongate parameres (Figure 146, 2). 15-23, forceps 3-5. South, Sea coasts. Introduced in many countries (Figure 147, 2) ............................................ A. roaritlma Gene, Antennae 16- to 18-segmented. Legs usually partly black, Abdomen almost smooth. Male genitalia with short parameres (Figure 146,3). Apterous (Figure 147, 3), very rarely winged. Legs usually with black rings. Male genitalia as in Figure 146, 3. 9-14, forceps 2-3.5. Crimea, the Caucasus. Introduced in many countries ..... ................................. A. (Euborellia) annulipes Luc.

with numerous, depressed dots.

.........

2 (1).

3 (4).

FIGURE 147.

Dermaptera. Males (after Bei- Bienko)

1Labidura ciparia; 2An 5Marava arachidis.

4 (3).

Sides of mesonotum with rudiments of tegrnina (Figure 146, 5). Legs without black rings. 11-15. forceps 2.2-3. Southern Crimea; Mediterranean .................. A. (Eu.) moesta Serv. 2.

Family LABIIDAE

Small or medium-sized species. Antennae 10- to 23-segmented. Male genitalia with one sac; parameres pointed apically. Mainly in tropical and subtropical countries. In the U.S.S.R. 2 genera, 2 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

4th and 5th antennal segments oblong, almost cylindrical, as long as 3rd antennal segment (Figure 146, 8)........... 1. Labia. 4th and 5th antennal segment shorter than 3rd segment, usually conical(Figure 146,9) ............................. 2. Marava.

Keys to Species of Family Labiidae 1. LabiaLeach. Small. Antennae 12-to 14-segmented. Tegmina without longitudinal carina at outer margin. About 50 species throughout the world. 1 species. 1 (1).

Yellowish brown, covered with short, thin hairs; head usually dark. Wing plates present, markedly projecting from tegmina. Male forceps long, slender, slightly curved, with fine denticles on inner side. Last abdominal sternum of male with long process (Figure 146,10). 4-6.5, forceps 0.8-2.5. Plies during the day and in the evening, often near dung heaps (Figure 147, 4).......... ...................,.............................

L. minor L.

.^

FORFICULIDAE

2. MaravaBurr. (Prolabia Burr.). Differsfrom Labia in structure of antennae and sometimes in its larger size. More than 15 species, mainly in the Tropics. 1 species. 1 (1).

Brown, bare. Tegmina fully developed; no wing plates (Figure 147,5). Male forceps slightly curved, with a denticle at the inner side. 7-10, forceps 1.8-2.8. Introduced in seaports of temperate countries (Leningrad) with goods from the Tropics ........................................... M, arachidis Yers. 3.

Family FORFICULIDAE

Antennae 10- to 15-segmented. 2nd tarsal segment heart-shaped (Figure 145, 6). Male genitalia with one sac; parameres with rounded or blunt apex, rarely moderately pointed (Figure 146, 4). A large number of genera and species in the southern part of the temperate zone and in the Tropics. 4 genera, 11 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 genera, 19 species.

Key to Genera 1 (6).

2 (3).

Tegmina fully developed (Figure 148, 1-4); if tegmina shortened, not leaving a free space posterior to pronotum. Sides of male abdomen almost parallel or parallel (Figure 148, 1-4). Male forceps widened at the base and close together or contiguous (Figure 148, 1,2). Tegmina .not shorter than pronotum ............................................... 1. Forficula. Male forceps widely separated at the base, not contiguous (Figure 148, 3,4). Tegmina not shorter than pronotum or shorter. Forceps and dorsum of abdomen bare or with a few hairs. Male forceps usually sinuous (Figure 148, 3). Mesosternurn wider than long or as long as wide ........................... 2. Anechura. Forceps and dorsum of abdomen covered with dense, long hairs. Male forceps slender, slightly curved (Figure 148,4), straight in profile. Mesosternum oblong.................... 3. Apterygida. Tegmina very short, their anterior margin not covering part of space posterior to pronotum (Figure 148, 5). Sides of male abdomen convex, narrower at the apex (Figure 148, 5) ............ .............................................. 4. Chelidurella. ...........

3 (2), 4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (1).

Keys to Species of Family ForficuUdae Forficula L. 1st antennal segment much shorter than head; 3rd segment almost as long as 1st segment. Pronotum square. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 species, 1.

1 (2),

4th antennal segment very short, hemispherical. Male forceps approximated and widened only at the base, with distinct denticle

(Figure 145, 1,4). Wing plates present (Figure 145, 1). 9.5-16, forceps 3.5-8. Common; sometimes injurious to vegetables, flowers and other crops ................. ........................................... ^F. auricularia L. on inner side

DERMAPTERA

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6).

290 6 (5).

7 (8).

8 (7).

4th antennal segment elongate, twice as long as broad or longer. Male forceps without denticle on inner margin of the thin part

(Figure 148, 1,2). Tegmina with rounded yellow spot anterior to middle. Wing plates present, projecting from tegmina. Male forceps widened and contiguous only at base, covered with coarse dots. 13-19. forceps 3.5-8. Southern Crimea, the Caucasus ................. .......................................... F. smyrnensis Serv. Tegmina without rounded yellow spot, sometimes only with light longitudinal stripe. Wing plates usually absent. Male forceps widened and contiguous in basal third or half (Figure 148, 1,2). Abdomen densely and coarsely punctate. Pronotum with 2 broad dark longitudinal stripes or completely dark, with light lateral margins. Wing plates sometimes present (form euptera); if present, tegmina with light longitudinal stripe. Male forceps as in Figure 148, 1. 11-17, forceps 3.5-9. Center, South, East. Sometimes injurious to tobacco, vegetables, flowers and other crops ......................................... *F. tomis Kol. Abdomen covered with fine or half-obliterated dots, Pronotum of uniform color. Small species. Almost or completely bare, yellowish. Tegmina almost twice as long as pronotum, with transverse posterior margin, Dorsum of abdomen finely dotted. Antennae 11- to 12-segmented. 6,2-9.5, male forceps 3.6-7. Southern Crimea ............ F. aetolica Br. Body (especially legs and forceps) covered with dense hair, brownish. Tegmina about 1.5 times longer than pronotum, with oblique posterior margin (Figure 148, 2). Dorsum of abdomen with a few dots. Antennae 13-segmented. 8.5-11.5, forceps 2.8-5. Stavropol Plateau, western Caucasus F. kaznakovi Sem. ...

l-Forficula tomis; 2-F. kaznakovi; 3-Anechura bipunctaia; media; 5-Chelidurella transsilvanica,

360

4-Apterygida

FORFICULIDAE

2. Anechura Scudd. Pronotum often wider than long. Mesosternum wider than long or as long as wide. Mainly in mountains; also in plains. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. 1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (1).

Tegmina longer than pronotum; each tegmen with distinct light spot. Wing plates present (Figure 148, 3). Male forceps markedly sinuous, with denticle on inner side (Figure 148, 3). Head rust-colored. Femora light, sometimes dark only at apex. 9-16, forceps 3.5-7. Donets Upland; the Caucasus; East (Figure 148, 3) ................................ A. bipunctata F. Head black. Femora usually black, with light tips. 10-16, forceps 3-7. Southeast ........................ A. asiatica Sem. Tegmina shorter than pronotum, of uniform color. No wing plates. Male forceps without denticle on inner side, sometimes straight in profile; in this case forceps short, widened near base (form brachylabia). 8.8-12, forceps 2.8-6. Stavropol Plateau, western Caucasus .................. A. (Borelliola) euxina Sem.

3. Apterygida Westw. Slender. 4th anterinal segment conical, barely twice as long as broad. Wings covered by tegmina. 1 species.

1 (1).

Yellowish; setose. Male forceps with 2 small denticles on inner side. Male pygidium protruding, well marked (Figure 148,4). 6-10, forceps 2.2-5. West, Southwest. ........... A. media Hag.

4. Chelidurella Verb. Thick-set. 4th antennal segment almost oval. Male forceps slender, straight in profile, widely separate at the base, without denticles on inner side. 2 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Male pygidium forming a long dorsally-curved hook; female pygidium slightly narrowing apically in ventral view. Male forceps gradually curved towards each other. 6.5-10, forceps 2-2.5 ................................... Ch. acanthopygi-a Gene. Male pygidium short, little protruding, not curved dorsad; female pygidium not narrowed apically in ventral view. Male forceps bent in the middle at an obtuse but distinct angle (Figure 148,5). 10-15.5, forceps 4-4.6. West (Podolia) .......................................

Ch. trains silvanica Ebn.

291

15.

Order

PSOCOPTERA (Copeognatha) V. N, Vishnyakova

Small insects with filiform antennae, convex clypeus, biting mouthparts, elongate and well-differentiated lacinia, two pairs of heteronomous membranous wings; wings folded over abdomen in a rooflike manner at rest; wings sometimes very short or absent; legs cursorial, with 2- or 3segmented tarsi; ovipositor of the reduced Orthopteroid type; hypandrium developed; metamorphosis incomplete; free-living.

Body weakly sclerotized, elongate, cylindrical (Figure 149, 2) or dor soventr ally flattened (Figure 149, 1). Head hypognathous or prognathous. Postclypeus large, convex, flattened in forms with prognathous head. Anteclypeus narrow, almost covered by postclypeus. Eyes large, many-faceted in winged forms, reduced to 2-6 ommatidia in some apterous forms. 2 or 3 ocelli in winged and brachypterous forms. Antennae filiform, 13- to 40-segmented, covered with setae of varying length. Mouthparts biting; mandibles massive, strongly sclerotized, asymmetrical; maxillae lacking 292 cardo; galea of maxillae thick and weakly sclerotized; lacinia of maxillae (Figure 154,18) with a chitinized, apically denticulate rod which is deeply

sunk into head. Maxillary palp 4-segmented (Figure 151,8); paraglossae reduced; glossae fused; labial palp 1- or 2-segroented. Hypopharynx strongly sclero-tized, forming (together with the epipharynx) the closing apparatus of the pharynx. Hypopharynx and labium contain the silksecreting apparatus. Thorax of winged forms heteronomous (Figure 149,2). Prothorax narrow, almost covered by mesothorax; meso- and metanotum clearly divided; sterna reduced; pleurites large. Thorax of apterous forms more or less homonomous; meso- and metathorax sometimes fused (Figure 149, 1); division of nota indistinct and incomplete; thoracic sterna large; pleurites small. Wings usually developed, heteronomous, folded over abdomen in rooflike manner at rest, sometimes more or less shortened or rudimentary, forming scales at the sides, or absent. Pterostigma (Figure 150, 1) of varying form, in most species sclerotized; Sc interrupted, its distal part (Scg) surrounding pterostigma, its proximal part (Sc-i) short, free or joining R. Ri delimiting pterostigma posteriorly, ending on anterior margin of wing. RS forked in most species directed towards apex of wing, sometimes connected with pterostigma by cross vein. M and CuA fused proximally. M usually 3- or 4-branched, directed towards posterior margin of wing, fused with RS for some distance or at one point, or connected with it by a cross vein. CuA directed towards posterior margin of wing, simple or branched; branches of unequal length, forming cell at posterior margin (ap); ap sometimes apically fused with M (Figure 150, 2) or connected with M by cross vein (Figure 150, 1), or free (Figure 150, 3), If CuA is simple, ap is absent (Figure 150. 6,7). CuP straight; one or two A; anal cell short; CuP and A converging to a point on posterior margin of wing, forming nodulus (Figure 150, 1). Venation of hind wings similar to that of fore wings, but less developed: pterostigma absent, M and CuA of most species not branched and ap absent as a rule. Margins of wings, veins and pterostigma sometimes setose. Legs cursorial, slender; femora markedly thickened in some species (Figure 149, 1). Tarsi 2- or 3-segmented, with 2 claws, each with a basal seta and pulvilli (Figure 151,-19). Ventral surface of tibiae and tarsi covered with rows of ctenidia, consisting of a long seta surrounded at the base by a chitinous pectinate ring (Figure 154, 19). Coxal organ (Figure 151, 14) consisting of "rasp" and "mirror", situated on inner surface of coxa, sometimes absent or rudimentary. Abdomen 9-segmented, weakly sclerotized; abdominal sternum I absent. Abdomen ending in 3 anal valves, epiproct and 2 paraprocts. Anal valves usually with processes or sculptured. The most constant structure on the paraprocts in both sexes is a group of trichobothria, longsetaeinadeepthecasurroundedby5or6 cells (Figure 154,24). These trichobothria are apparently tactile organs. Hypandrium usually formed by sternum IX, sometimes by sternum VIII and IX, simple, formingabroad valve or scoop-shaped, often asymmetrical (Figure 151, 25). Parameres fused (Figures 151, 20,24; 154, 4-10) or free (Figure 154, 16,17), sometimes with various processes and asymmetrical (Figure 151, 20). Ovipositor of the Orthopteran type, reduced to a varying extent. Segment VIII ventrally with a pair of stylet-shaped gonapophyses (Figure 153, 5); segment IX with 2 pairs of gonapophyses, of which the inner (dorsal) ones are broad and mainly membranous and the outer ones fleshy, sometimes bilobed. Female genital plate formed by sternum VII, of very variable shape (Figure 153, 1-8). Male and female genitalia are very important in identification.

For preparation of the genitalia, insects kept in 70% alcohol are slightly punctured in some places and placed for several hours in KOH. The genitalia are dissected out with fine needles, washed with distilled water, dehydrated in alcohol and cleared in oil of cloves. They are mounted in

Canada balsam and labelled.

FIGURE 150. Psocopiera.

Fore wings (after Badonnel and original)

immaculatus(plpierostigma, ap cell on posterior margin, nnodulus); 2Amphigerontia bifasciata (ddiscoidal cell); 3Caeciliu.s fuscopterus; 1S

lenopsocus

4Epipsocus gutiaius; 7P.

male; 5Psyllipsocus ramburi; 6Peripsocus albo" subfasciatus; 8Philoiarsus flaviceps; 9Graphopsocus

lucifugus,

cruciatus.

Fertilization is by spermatophores; parthenogenesis has been frequently observed. Metamorphosis incomplete, with up to 6 nymphal instars. Psocoptera are closely related to Mallophaga. Sexual dimorphism is manifested in the following characters: male antennae with denser and longer setae; male eyes larger, sometimes almost spherical; female brachypterous or apterous. Living solitarily or gregariously on trunks, branches and leaves of trees and bushes, in forest bedding, under stones, 293 in nests of insects and birds, in houses. Feeding on terrestrial

PSOCOPTERA

Chlorophyceae, lichens, molds, parasitic fungi and sometimes on higher plants. Injurious to stores, herbaria and insect collections; possibly transmitting phytoses. Eggs laid singly or in small groups on bark of trees or leaves, covered with rectal secretions or silk. Most species have several generations per year; eggs usually hibernating. Recent Psocoptera are divided into 3 suborders, Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha, Psocomorpha. The majority of the species live in tropical and subtropical countries. More than 1500 species of 250 genera are known. Thirty-two genera and about 60 species are known in the U.S.S.R. We give the length of the fore wings for winged forms, the length of the body for wingless forms. LITERATURE. Yakobson, G.G. and V.L.Bianki. Pryamokrylye i lozhnosetchaiokrylye Rossiiskoi imperil i sopredel’nykh siran (Otthoptera arid Pseud one nroptera of the Russian Empire and Adjacent Countries). Sankt-Peterburg, 1905; Badonnel, A, Psocopteres. Faune de France, Vol.42. Paris, 1943; Badonnel,A. Ordce des Psocopteres.Traite de Zoologie, X, faEC. 11, Paris, 1951; Enderlein.G. Copeognaiha.Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, IV (2). Leipzig, 192’7.

Key

294

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

to Suborders

Antennae 15- to 40-segmented. Labial palp 2-segmented. If wings present, pterostigma not sclerotized or absent. Tarsi of adults 3-segmented. Antennae more than 15-segmented. Chitinous filaments of hypopharynx divided along their whole length (Figure 151, 11) ........ .................................... 1. Trogiomorpha (p. 365). Antennae 15-segmented. Chitinous filament of hypopharynx 2. Troctomorpha (p. 368). bifid in distal part (Figure 151, 12) Antennae 13-segmented. Labial palp 1" or 2-segmented. Winged, sclerotized. Tarsi of adults 2- or rarely apterous. Pterostigma 3. Psocomorpha (p. 369). 3-segmented .....

4 (1).

.........................

295

1.

Suborder

TROGIOMORPHA

Antennae more than 15-segmented. Labial palp 2-segmented. Chitinous filaments of hypopharynx divided their whole length (Figure 151,11). Ocelli present or absent. Wings rudimentary, forming scales, short or normal; pterostigma not sclerotized; one or 2 anal veins. Meso- and metathorax not fused. Hind femora slender; tarsi of adults 3-segmented. 2 families.

Key to Families 1 (2). 2 (1).

Wings rudimentary, densely covered with setae. Ocelli absent.... ........................................ 1. Trogiidae (p.366). Wings normally developed or shortened, reaching only tip of abdomen; pubescence of wings sparse. A single, CuP and A of fore wings converging to a point on posterior margin ............. .................................... 2. Psyllipsocidae (p. 368).

FIGURE 151. Psocoptera (after Badonnel. Dansk, Pravdin and original ILiposcelis divinatorius, apex oflacinia; 2L. silvarum, same; 3Phi lo tarsus flaviceps, same; 4Ph. badonneli, same; 5Caecilius flavidus, same; 6Enderleiniella obsoleta, same; 7Lepinoius sp,, maxillary palp; 8Psyllipsocus ramburi, same; 9Elipsocus sp., same. part; 10Epipsocus lucifugus, claw (bsbasal seta); IILepinoius sp., hypopharynx (cfchitinous filament of hypopharynx); 12Lip os cell s divinaiorius. same; 13,14P so cocerastis gib bos us: 13same; 14coxal organ (r "rasp", m"mirror"); 15Liposcelis divinatorius. hind leg (ffemur, ttibia, trtarsus); 16Psocus 16Psocus bipunctaius, female, outer gonapophysis; 17Lachesilla pedicularia, female, same; 18-L. quercus, female, same; 19-Caecilius flavidus, claw (p-pulvillus, bsbasal seta); 20Copostigma contrarium, ma]e, penis frame; 21Holoneura laticeps, male. apex of penis frame; 22Mesopsocus immunis. male, same; 23M.unipunctatus. immaculatus, male, penis frame; 25Meiylophorus male, same; 24Stenopsocus nebulosus, male, hypandrium.

1.

Family TROGIIDAE

Antennae more than 20-segmented. Laciniae with 2-4 denticles; labial palp 2-segmented. Eyes pubescent; ocelli absent. Wings rudimentary. Meso- and metathorax not fused. Tarsi of adults 3-segmented; claws with pulvillus and basal seta. Hypandrium and female genital plate simple, forming valve. Outer gonapophyses of female reduced. Paraprocts without trichobothria. In houses, bird nests. Injurious to stores, insect col4 genera. lections. Cosmopolitan.

Key to Genera 1 (6),

2 (5).

3 (4).

Lacinia with 2 or 3 denticles. Rudiments of fore wings forming scales. Terminal segment of maxillary palp short, markedly expanded apically. Lacinia with 3 denticles. Mesothorax broad. Antennae 27- to 29-segmented. Rudiments of wings covered with hairs of uniform length 2. Trogium. Antennae 23-segmented. Rudiments of wings with several long setae in addition to hairs of uniform length 3. Myopsocnema. Last segment of maxillary palp elongate, rounded apically (Figure 151, 7). Lacinia with 2 or 3 denticles. Mesothorax narrow ......................................... 1. Lepinotus. Lacinia with 4 denticles. Rudiments of wings reduced to minute tubercles 4. Hyperetes. ......................

4 (3).

.....

5 (2).

6 (1).

.......................................

Keys to Species of Family Trogiidae 1. Lepinotus Heyd. Antennae 24- to 25-segmented. Lacinia with 2 or 3 denticles. Mesothorax narrow. No spurs on hind tibiae and tarsi.

Coxal organ without 1 (2).

"rasp",-2

species.

Rudiments of wings without cells, covered with long setae; setae on anterior margin short. Prothorax not narrower than head. Dark brown or black. 1.2-1.7. In houses, insect collections .......................................... *L. inquilinus Heyd. Rudiments of wings with cells, covered with long hairs of uniform length. Prothorax narrower than head. Reddish brown; abdomen and legs light. 1.3. In houses, herbaria .... *jL. reticulatus End. .....

2 (1),

2. Trogium 111. Antennae 27- to 29-segmented. Lacinia with 3 denticles. Rudiments of wings covered with hairs of uniform length. Eyes with several setae. 1st segment of hind tarsi with 4 spurs at the apex. Hind tibiae with 2 spurs distally. 1 species. 1 (1).

Light yellow; tip of abdomen brown. on frons simulating ocelli. Reddish

Eyes reddish; light spots spots on abdominal terga

forming longitudinal stripes. 2.0. In houses, libraries, insect collections .... *T* pulsatorium L. (Atropos pulsatoria L.). 3. Myopsocnema End. Antennae 23-segmented. Lacinia with 3 denticles. Eyes densely pubescent. Rudiments of wings with several long setae in additionto hairs. 1st segment of hind tarsi with 8 spurs arranged in pairs at apex. 1 species.

296

1 (1).

light brown, with reddish spots in 2 longitudinal stripes terga. Eyes brown. Legs with reddish rings. 1.8-2. ............................................. M. annulata Hag.

Whitish or

on abdominal

4. Hyperetes Kolbe. Antennae 23-segmented. Lacinia with 4 denticles. Rudiments of wings reduced to minute tubercles. Coxal organ with "rasp". Hind tibiae with 1 or 2 spurs at apex, 1st segment of hind tarsus with 6-8 short spurs. 1 species.

1(1).

Ocher to light brown, with numerous rust brown spots on abdomen and legs. Dark spot on frons forming an inverted "T", 2.0. .............................. H. guestfalicus Kolbe. 2.

Family PSYLLIPSOCIDAE

Antennae 22-to 25-segmented. Labial palp 2-segmented. Wings normally developed or shortened; A single, CuP and A of fore wings converging to form nodulus on posterior margin. M and A of hind wings 1 genus. branched. Tarsi of adults 3-segmented.

Key to Species of Family Psyllipsocidae 1. Psyllipsocus Sel. Lacinia with 3 denticles. Maxillary palp long and slender (Figure 151, 8). Polymorphic, wings either normally developed, shortened or rudimentary. In normally developed wings Sc short, pterostigma and cell ap triangular (Figure 150, 5). Claws elongate, with a small denticle apically and numerous short setae on ventral surface; no pulvillus or basal seta (Figure 154, 23). 1 species.

1 (1).

Polymorphic species, wings either normally developed, with reddish tinge, shortened or rudimentary. Ocelli red. Last segment of maxillary palp elongate, pointed (Figure 151, 8). Body brown. 2.5 .............................. P. ramburi Sel. 2.

Suborder

TROCTOMORPHA

Antennae 15-segmented; labial palp 2-segmented. Chitinous filament of hypopharynx branching distally (Figure 151, 12). Wings developed to a varying extent; pterostigma not sclerotized; two anal veins, free or fused distally. Wings often wanting. Tarsi of adults 3-segmented. Paraprocts without areas with trichobothria. I family.

Key to Families 1 (2).

2 (1).

Apterous

or wings much reduced, with reduced venation. Dorsoventrally depressed. Meso- and metathorax fused. Hind femora expanded ............................ 1. Liposcelidae (p.368). Wings normally developed, scaly or not. Meso- and metathorax Other families. not fused. Hind femora not thickened .............

1.

Family LIPOSCELIDAE

Antennae 15-segmented. Ocelli present or absent. Body dorsoventrally flattened. Apterous or wings reduced, with reduced venation. Meso- and metathorax of apterous species fused, sutures between nota indistinct. Hind femora of most species widened; trochanter of hind legs fused with femur. 1 genus.

368

LIPOSCELIDAE

Key to Species of Family Liposcelidae 1. Ltposcelts Motsch. Compound eyes consisting of 5 or 6 oromatidia and 2 prosommatidia; ocelli wanting. Apterous. Hind femora widened near base, triangular; hind tibiae without spines at apex. 2 species. 297

1 (2).

4th segment of maxillary palp not longer than segments 2 and 3 together, pointed. Lacinia with pointed denticles (Figure 151, 1). Whitish or pale brown. Abdomen rounded posteriorly. 1.0 (Figure 149, 1). In bird nests, libraries, herbaria, insect colL. divinatorius Mull. lections. Cosmopolitan *Book louse (Troctes divinatorius Miill.). 4th segment of maxillary palps as long as segments 2 and 3 together. Inner denticle of lacinia blunt (Figure 151, 2). Brown or dark brown. Abdomen pointed, 1.2, On bark of pine and spruce trees ..................................... L. silvarum Kolbe. ......

2 (1).

3.

Suborder

PSOCOMORPHA

Antennae 13-segmented; labial palp 1" or 2-segmented. Chitinous filament of hypopharynx branched distally (Figure 151, 13). Ocelli present as a rule. Winged, rarely apterous (female); pterostigma sclerotized; fork of CuA (if present) short; CuA^ much longer than CuAn; A single. Prothorax narrow, almost covered by mesothorax; meso- and metathorax not fused, articulation’of nota distinct. Tarsi of adults 2- or 3-segmented, 10 families.

Key to Families 1 (6). 2 (3).

3-segmented. Labial palp 1-segmented. Eyes large, spherical. Wings not cell pubescent, ap high (almost reaching M), or female with rudimentary wings .................. 9. Mesopsocidae (p. 378). 3 (2). Labial palp 2-segmented. Eyes not spherical. Wings pubescent, cell ap not high, or female apterous. 4 (5). Wings developed in both sexes; fore- and hind wings densely covered with long hairs. Female genital plate with more or less 8. Philotarsidae (p. 377). elongate median lobe 5 (4). Wings normally developed in both sexes, or female apterous. Pubescence of fore wings not dense, short; margin of hind wings pubescent only between branches of RS. Female genital plate simple, forming valve, or bilobed, with 4-10 long setae at margin ...................................... 7. Elipsocidae (p.375). 6 (1). Tarsi of adults 2-segmented. 7 (10). Cell ap connected with M. Cell ap fused with M for some distance or at one point; ptero8 (9). stigma not connected with RS by cross vein. Hypandrium scoopshaped, with protruding middle part, symmetrical or asymmetrical. Female with 3 pairs of gonapophyses; female genital plate 10. Psocidae (p. 379). with more or less elongate medial lobe 9 (8). Cell ap connected with M by cross vein; pterostigma connected with RS by cross vein (Figure 150, 1,9). Hypandrium and female genital plate forming a simple, broad valve. Female with 2 pairs of gonapophyses (outer pair absent)..... 3. Stenopsocidae (p. 372). Tarsi of adults

.................

....

369

PSOCOPTERA

i

Cell ap not connected with M or absent. 5. Peripsocidae. (p. 374). Cell ap absent (Figure 150, 6,7) Cell ap not connected with M, free (Figure 150, 3). Wings not pubescent. Hypandrium with 2 lateral hook-shaped processes. Dorsal and ventral gonapophyses of female reduced ..................................... 4. Lachesillidae: (p. 373). Wings pubescent, or female apterous. Hypandrium forming a simple valve. Dorsal and ventral gonapophyses of female present. Posterior margin of hind wings covered with regularly alternating short and long hairs. Wings normally developed in both sexes. Pterostigma uniformly broad throughout 6. Trichopsocidae’. (p.375). Pubescence of hind wings regular, or female apterous. Distal part of RS widened. RS and M of fore wings connected by cross vein; cell ap low, elongate (Figure 150, 4). Claws without pulvillus (Figure 151,10). Apex of lacinia widened, with numerous denticles (Figure 154,18).. ...................................... 1. Epipsocidae; (p.370). RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance; cell ap short, rounded. Claws with pulvillus. Apex of lacinia not widened, ; with a few denticles. RS and M of hind wings connected by cross vein. Female with 3 pairs of gonapophyses 7. Elipsocidae; (p. 375). RS and M of hind wings fused for some distance. Female with 2 pairs of gonapophyses (outer pair absent)...................... 2. Caeciliidae; (p. 371). :

........

.

14 (13). 15 (16).

.

(7). (12). (11). (14).

.

10 11 12 13

........................

...................................

16 (15).

17 (18).

18 (17).

19 (20).

................

20 (19).

.........-....-..........-....,.-...,--

298

1.

Family EPIPSOCIDAE

:

Antennae 13-segmented. Laciniae widened apically, RS and M of fore wings connected by cross vein; RS and M of hind wings fused for some distance; wings pubescent; cell ap free. Tarsi of adults 2-segmented; claws with denticle, without pulvillus. Hypandrium and female genital plate forming simple valve. Outer gonapophyses absent.- 1 genus. :

Key to Species of Family Epipsocidae

’.

Epipsocus Hag. Lacinia widened apically, with 8-10 denticles (Figure 154,18). Cell ap low, long. Apex of dorsal and ventral gonapo\ physes forming very long process (Figure 153, 7). 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

Male winged, yellow-brown, with transparent wings; pterostigma brown, elongate, with rounded posterior margin, sometimes with rudimentary cross vein. Cell ap sometimes present in hind wings. Female apterous, dark brown or black, brilliant, abdomen covered with long setae; dorsal gonapophyses broad proximally (Figure 153, 7). In forest bedding; rare. Center ............... E. lucifugus End. .............................................

2.

Family CAECIUIDAE

Antennae 13-segmented. Wings normally developed in both sexes, or female brachypterous or apterous. Pterostigma distally widened; cell ap free; RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance; veins and margin of wings pubescent (Figure 150, 3). Tarsi of adults 2-segmented; claws without denticle, with leaf-shaped pulvillus (Figure 151, 19). Hypandrium and female genital plate simple, forming valve. Parameres fused. Outer gonapophyses of female absent. Most species feeding on leaves; eggs laid on leaves and covered with silk. 3 genera.

Key to Genera 1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2).

Veins of fore wings with one row of hairs; wing rudiments of female without trace of venation. Wings normally developed in both sexes, or female brachypterous or apterous. Proxirnal part of RS curved. Ocelli on tubercles. Apex of lacinia rounded or with a shallow notch (Figure 151, 5)..... ................................................ 1. Caecilius. Wings normally developed in both sexes; proximal part of RS straight. Ocelli not on tubercles. Apex of lacinia pointed

(Figure 151, 6) 4 (1).

..............................

2. Enderleiniella.

Veins of fore wings with a double row of hairs; wing rudiments of female with traces of venation ..................... 3. Kolbea.

Keys to Species of Family Caeciliidae Caecilius Curt.

Wings normally developed in both sexes, or female brachypterous or apterous. Apex of lacinia rounded or with a shallow notch (Figure 151, 5). Proximal part of RS curved (Figure 150, 3). Epiproct and paraprocts covered with setae. Dorsal gonapophyses of female with well-developed basal sclerite with 1 or 2 setae. 6 species. 1.

1 (8). 2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (5). 299

Antennae not longer than fore wings, or female with shortened wings which reach end of abdomen. Fore wings with broad, longitudinal dark brown stripe which reaches apex of wings; costal margin from distal end of ptero" stigma to R4+5 and posterior margin from CuAg to Mg transparent (Figure 150, 3). Head and thorax dark, almost black, brilliant; abdomen reddish. 3,5, On deciduous trees, rarely on conifers. June-September. Forest zone; Transcarpathia; South .................................... C. fuscopterus Latr. Fore wings smoky or yellow. Fore wings smoky; head and thorax black, brilliant. CuP without pubescence. 2.3-2.6. Apparently polymorphic, as brachypterous females occur. On conifers. June-September. Forest zone; C. piceus Kolbe. Transcarpathia; South Fore wings yellow, CuP pubescent. Body yellow or reddish. Veins of fore wings except CuP bordered with brown. Body yellow; nota brown. 3.0. Brachypterous females occur. Male unknown. On deciduous trees in summer. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ................................ C. flavidus Steph. ........................

5 (4). 6 (7).

PSOCOPTERA

Veins of fore wings not bordered with brown. Body reddish.; 2.0, On conifers, rarely on deciduous trees. June-September. Latvia; South ............................ C. bwmeister,i Brau. Antennae longer than wings, or female with rudimentary wings. 8 (1). 9 (10). Wings developed in both sexes, dark brown; pterostigma sometimes pigmented posteriorly; cell ap short, semicircular. :2.6. In humid grass. June-August. Belorussia ...................... ........................................ C. atricornis McLach. Male winged; fore wings light brown; cell ap low, long. 3.2. 10 (9). Female with rudimentary wings forming scales at the sides.; Head and thorax dark brown, with transverse reddish stripes; venter of abdomen light. 3.0. On bilberries. July-September. C. gynapterys Tet. Latvia; Belorussia; Center

7 (6),

..................

2. EnderleinieUa Bad. Wings developed in both sexes; pterostigma long and narrow; proximal part of RS straight; RS and M fused for some : distance; cell ap small, semicircular. Apex of lacinia pointed (Figure 151, 6). Epiproct and paraprocts of male without areas covered ! with setae. Gonapophyses widened, membranous (Figure 153,6), 1 species. , 1 (1).

Wings smoky. Yellow; nota brown. Claws with dorsal process (Figure 154, 22). 2.6. On conifers. August-September. Latvia; Belorussia; Komi ASSR; South ............... E. obsoleta Steph.

3. Kolbea End. Male winged. Proximal part of RS straight. Cell ap high, almost semicircular. Veins and margins of wings with a double row of hairs. Female with rudimentary wings with traces of venation. Ocelli ! present. 1 species. 1 (1).

Eyes black. Body light yellow. Male wings transparent, light yellow; veins brown; 2.8-3. Rudiments of female wings with traces of venation. 3.5. On soil in dry grass and lichen. Rare. Latvia ................................ K. quisquiliaruro! Bertk. 3.

;

Family STENOPSOCIDAE

Antennae 13-segmented. RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance; pterostigma connected with RS by a cross vein (Figure 150, 1,9). Veins and margins of fore and hind wings pubescent. Tarsi of adults; 2-segmented; claws without denticles, with leaf-shaped pulvillus. Hypandrium and female genital plate simple, forming valve. Parameres fused with free outer lobes (Figure 151, 24). Outer gonapophyses reduced; ventral and dorsal gonapophyses membranous, shortened. On deciduous trees, rarely on conifers. Eggs laid on leaves in clusters and covered ; 2 genera. with silk. Key to Genera 1 (2).

Veins and margins of fore wings densely covered with long hairs. i Wings transparent, without pattern (Figure 150, 1). ........

..............................................

1.

......

Stenopsocus.

LACHES ILLIDAE

2 (1).

Veins and margins of fore and hind wings with sparse pubescence. Wings transparent, with brown spots (Figure 150, 9) .............. ............................................

2. Graphopsocus.

Keys to Species of Family Stenopsocidae 1. Stenopsocus Hag. Pubescence of fore wings dense; pterostigma narrow, its posterior angle weakly marked (Figure 150, 1). Wings transparent, without pattern. 3 species.

1 (2).

Pterostigma rich yellow, posteriorly bordered with brown. Body greenish or light yellow. 4.0. On deciduous trees. July-August. Belorussia; Latvia; Center S. stigmaticus Imh. et Labr. Pterostigma grayish, not bordered with brown posteriorly. Body yellow or white, with dark apex. Clypeus light, with brown longitudinal stripes. Head and thorax brownish. Wings transparent, with brownish tinge. Abdomen S. immaculatus Steph. yellow. 5-5.5 Postclypeus dark. Wings smoky. Head and thorax brown, brilliant; abdomen white. 5.0. On conifers. June-August. Forest zone ................................. S. lachlani Kolbe. .........

300

2 (1).

3 (4).

..........................

4 (3).

2. Graphopsocus Kolbe. Pubescence of fore wings sparse. Pterostigma with distinct posterior angle, wedge-shaped. Wings transparent, with brown spots. 1 species. 1 (1).

Wings transparent, with 4 large dark brown spots in proximal part and brownish stripes in distal part (Figure 150, 9). Thorax brown, brilliant; abdomen light yellow. Apparently polymorphic, as brachypterous females occur. 3.5-4. On deciduous trees or among fallen leaves. June-August. Forest zone; South ...............................................G. cruciatus L.

..........

4.

Family LACHESILLIDAE

Antennae 13-segmented. Wings normally developed in both sexes or shortened in female. Cell ap free. Tarsi of adults 2-segmented. Male paraprocts and hypandrium with hooklike processes. Apex of female genital plate rounded or with apical notch; gonapophyses much reduced. Small species. On dry leaves. Eggs laid singly. 1 genus.

Key to Species of Family Lachesillidae 1. Lachesilla Westw. Wings transparent; RS and M of fore wings fused at one point or connected by cross vein or fused for some distance. Claws with denticle and capitate pulvillus (Figure 154, 21). Male epiproct and paraprocts and hypandrium with hooklike processes. Female genital plate simple or bilobed; dorsal and ventral gonapophyses wanting. 2 species.

1 (2).

Hooklike processes of hypandrium bifid (Figure 154, 15); process on paraproct straight, with hair son inner surface (Figure 154.13). Outer gonapophyses of female rounded apically (Figure 151,18).

.

Body rust brown. Wings transparent, with reddish tinge. 2.3-2.5. L. quercus Kolbe. On dry leaves, in hay stacks. June-October Hooklike processes of hypandrium not bifid (Figure 154, 14); paraprocts without process. Outer gonapophyses of female: tapering apically (Figure 151, 17). Thorax dark brown; abdomen light, with brown terga. Wings transparent, colorless. Brachypterous females occur. 1.6-1.8. On dry leaves, in haystacks, bird nests, and houses. Cosmopolitan .............. L. pedicularia L.

2 (1).

5.

Family

..

PERIPSOCIDAE

:

Antennae 13-segmented, CuA not branched; cell ap absent. Wings pubescent or not. Tarsi of adults 2-segmented. Hypandrium simple, forming valve. Female genital plate simple or with elongate medial lobe. 2 genera. ; Key to Genera Pterostigma expanded distally (Figure 150, 6,7). RS and M of hind wings fused for some distance; veins and margins of wrings not pubescent. Claws with denticle .............. 1. Peripsocus. Pterostigma rectangular. RS and M of hind wings connected by cross vein; veins and margins of wings pubescent. Claws without denticle ...................................... 2. Ectopsocus.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Keys to Species of Family Peripsocidae

’

Peripsocus Hag. Pterostigma widened apically; RS and M of fore and hind wings fused for some distance; veins and margins of wings not pubescent (Figure 150, 6,7). Claws with denticle and setaceous pul301 villus. Parameres forming a plate of varying shape, located ventrally (Figure 154, 8-10). Female with 3 pairs of gonapophyses; genital plate with short median process. Parameres strongly sclerotized, asymmetrical. Eggs laid in clusters. Bark-eaters. 4 species. 1.

1 (4). 2 (3).

Wings normally developed or reaching apex of abdomen, smoky, : without spots. Wings developed in both sexes. Abdomen reddish. Parameres as in Figure 154, 9. Median lobe of female genital plate with wedge-shaped notch at apex (Figure 152, 6). 2.5-2.9. On decidP. phaeopterus Steph. uous and coniferous trees Male wings well developed; female wings shortened. Abdomen brown, with light median longitudinal stripe. Parameres as’in Figure 154, 8. Female genital plate with short, bilobed median part; its dorsal margin covered with setae (Figure 152, 5). ;2.2. P. parvulus^ Kolbe. Belorussia, Perm Region ! Wings transparent, with gray or brown spots. Spots on fore wings distinct (Figure 150, 6). Parameres as in Figure 154, 10. Female genital plate with short, rounded median lobe (Figure 152, 3). 2.5. On coniferous and deciduous trees. June-September .......................... P. alboguttatus Dalm. .................

3 (2).

J

....................

4 (1).

5 (6).

TRICHOPSOCIDAE, ELIPSOCIDAE

6 /5).

diffuse (Figure 150, 7). Apex of median lobe of genital plate with rounded notch (Figure 152, 4). 3.0. On coniP. subfasciatus Steph. fers. Male unknown

Spots on fore wings

.....................

2. Ectopsocus McLach. Pterostigma rectangular; RS and M of fore wings connected at one point or fused for some distance; RS and M of hind wings connected by cross vein; veins and margins of hind wings covered with sparse hairs. Claws without denticle; pulvillus widened apically. Hypandrium and female genital plate simple, forming valve. Parameres strongly sclerotized, asymmetrical. Ventral and dorsal gonapophyses of female shortened or absent. Eggs laid singly or in small clusters, not covered with silk. 2 species. 1 (2).

Ends of veins of fore wings with dark spots. Female with 3 pairs of gonapophyses. 2-2.4. On deciduous trees, in hothouses. E. briggsi McLach. September-October. South Ends of veins of fore wings without dark spots. Dorsal and ventral ..................

2 (1).

gonapophyses of female reduced. trees. South

1.5.

On dry leaves of palm

..............................

6.

E.lepnevae Danks.

Family TRICHOPSOCIDAE

Antennae 13-segmented. Wings developed in both sexes, pubescent; RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance; cell ap free. Posterior margin of hind wings with regularly alternating short and long hairs. Tarsi of adults 2-segmented. Claws without denticle; pulvilli widened apically. Hypandrium and female genital plate simple, forming valve. 1 genus.

Key to Species of Family Trichopsocidae Trichopsocus Kolbe. Pterostigma uniformly wide; cell ap elongate, low; CuP not pubescent; A with 2 rows of setae. Outer gonapophyses of female rounded; dorsal gonapophyses with conical process at apex. 1 species. In the whole U-S.S.R. 2 species. 1.

1 (1).

Cell ap low; Cu of hind wings dark apically. Pointed process on dorsal gonapophysis of female narrow at base, slightly curved. T. acuminatus Bad. 2-2.4. South ...............................

7.

Family ELIPSOCIDAE

Antennae 13-segmented; labial palp 2-segmented; lacinia with 2 denticles. Winged and apterous. Cell ap free; RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance; RS and M of hind wings fused for some distance or connected at one point, or connected by cross vein. Veins and margins of fore wings sparsely pubescent; margin of hind wings pubescent only between branches of RS. Male paraprocts with 2 long setae. Hypandrium simple, forming valve; parameres fused. Genital plate simple or bilobed, with 4-10 long setae at the margin." 3 genera,

Key to Genera

302 1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1).

.

. Tarsi of adults 3-segmented. Wings developed in both sexes. RS and M of hind wings fused at one point or for some distance. Last segment of maxillary palp elongate (Figure 151, 9). Female paraprocts with groups of trichobothria ................................... 3. Elipsocus. Male winged; RS and M of hind wings connected by cross vein; female apterous; female paraprocts without groups of trichobothria ........................................ 1. Leptodella. Tarsi of adults 2-segmented; male winged; RS and M of hind wings connected by cross vein. Female apterous, without! trichobothria on paraprocts ........................... 2. Reuterella.

Keys to Species of Family Elipsocidae

:

Leptodella Reut. Male winged; RS and M of hind wings connected by cross vein. Female apterous; ocelli, coxal organ and trichobothria 1.

absent. 1 (1).

Tarsi of adults 3-segmented.

1 species.

;

Cell ap of male wings low; female apterous, head brilliant black; thorax light brown, abdomen yellow. Female genital plate; forming valve with 4 long-setae at the margin. 1.7. Novgorod Region ............................................. L. fuscipes Reut. .....

2. Reuterella End. Male winged; RS and M of hind wings connected by cross vein. Female apterous, without ocelli or trichobothria. Tarsi of : adults 2-segmented. 1 species.

1 (1).

Male wings without spots, transparent. Head and thorax brown; abdomen light except at apex. 1.5. Female apterous, head brilliant black, thorax brown, abdomen reddish. 2.0. On branches under lichen. May-August. Forest zone R. helvimacula End. ....

3. Elipsocus Hag. Wings developed in both sexes. RS and M;of hind wings fused for some distance or at one point. CuP of fore wings pubescent. Male wings without pattern; female wings spotted. Tarsi of adults :3segmented. 3 species. \ 1 (2).

Apex of cell ap intensely colored; length

of fore wings less than 3.0. Abdomen light, dark apically. On deciduous trees. Northwest E. hyalinus Steph. Apex of cell ap not dark; fore wings more than 3.0 long. Thorax ’ brown; abdomen dark or maculate. Fore wings of female with distinct band near base; hirid wings of male brown; abdominal terga II-III light, the others dark. ;2.8-3.5. On conifers. West, Northwest............ E. westwoodi McLach. Fore wings of female with interrupted band near base. Hind wings of male light. Abdominal terga II-III and VII-VIII light, the others dark. 3-3.7. On conifers E. abietis Kolbe. .......................................

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3).

....................

PHILOTARSIDAE

8.

Family PHILOTARSIDAE

Antennae 13 segmented; labial palp 2-segmented. RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance; cell ap free; pterostigma, veins and margin of wings pubescent; posterior margin of fore wings with a double row of long setae. Tarsi of adults 3-segmented; claws with denticle and setaceous pulvillus. Nymphs with glandular hairs. 1 genus.

Key to Species of Family Philotarsidae Philotarsus Kolbe. cell ap high (Figure 150, 8).

Cells and ends of veins of fore wings spotted; Hypandrium with processes; parameres fused; oblong. Female with 3 pairs of gonapophyses; female genital plate with elongate median lobe, 2 species. 1.

areas of trichobothria 1 (2).

Lacinia slightly narrowed subapically (Figure 151, 3). Fore wings with dark brown spots (Figure 150, 8). Abdominal terga brownyellow, with 3 longitudinal light stripes. Dorsal gonapophyses of female with conical tubercle on outer side; genital plate with narrow rectangular median lobe (Figure 152, 1). 3-3.5. On conifers Ph. flaviceps Steph. Lacinia with deep subapical notch on outer side (Figure 151, 4). Fore wings with brown spots. Abdominal terga drab yellow, with sepia spots; tergum IX with greenish brown spots. Dorsal gonapophyses of female without conical tubercle on outer side; genital plate with broad, short, pointed medianlobe (Figure 152,2). 2.3-2.4. South ........................... Ph. badonneli Danks. .....................................

2 (1).

FIGURE 152. Psocoptera.

Female

genical place (after Badoni ulus; 6P.

phaeopierus; 7Mesopsocus

9.

Family MESOPSOCIDAE

!

Antennae 13-segmented; labial palp l-segmented; eyes spherical. Wings developed in both sexes or female with rudimentary wings. ’RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance or at one point, or connected by cross vein; cell ap free, high. Wings not pubescent. Tarsi of adults 3-segmented. Hypandrium simple, forming valve; parameres fused. Female genital plate with median lobe and 3 pairs of gonapophyses. Barkeaters. Eggs laid in small clusters or singly, covered with rectal secretions. 2 genera.

;

Key to Genera 1 (2). 2 (1).

Wings developed in both sexes. RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance .............................. 1. Holoneura. Male winged; female with rudimentary wings. RS and M^of fore wings fused at one point or connected by cross vein -.-..:.......-. .............................................. 2. Mesopsocus.

Keys to Species of Family Mesopsocidae

;

Holoneura Kolbe. Head and eyes much broader than thorax. Wings transparent, without pattern, normally developed in both sexes; RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance. Eggs laid singly. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

304

2 large dark spots on frons. Parameres narrow, long, with a shallow notch on outer margin (Figure 151, 21). Female genital plate with median part rounded at the sides and pointed tip (Figure 152, 8). 4.7. On deciduous trees. Forest zone J......... ............................................ H. laticeps Kolbe.

2. Mesopsocus Kolbe. Head and eyes slightly broader than thorax. Male with transparent wings; RS and M of fore wings fused at one:point or connected by cross vein. Female with rudimentary wings forming, scales at the sides; abdomen inflated. Eggs laid in pairs, in small clusters. : 2 species. In the whole U.S.S-R. 3 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

RS and M of fore wings of male connected by cross vein.

Parameres widened apically, with a broad notch at the anterior margin (Figure 151, 23). 4.5-5. Female apterous; wing rudiments without setae at the margin; abdomen gray, with dark transverse stripe on tergum IX; apex of median part of genital plate; rounded. 4.5. On deciduous and coniferous trees. June-August. Forest zone. South ............................... M. unipunctatus Miill. RS and M of fore wings of male connected at one point. Parameres narrowed apically, with a deep narrow notch on outer margin (Figure 151, 22). 5.0. Wing rudiments of female.with setae at the margin; apex of median lobe of genital plate pointed M. immunis Steph. (Figure 152, 7). 4.0. On conifers, Latvia ....

10.

Family PSOCIDAE

Antennae 13-segmented. Wings well developed in both sexes or shortened in female, not pubescent. RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance or at one point, or connected by cross vein; cell ap square or pentagonal, apex fused with M for some distance or at one point. Tarsi of adults 2-segmented. Claws with denticle and setaceous pulvillus. Hypandrium symmetrical or asymmetrical; parameres separate or fused. Female with 3 pairs of gonapophyses; genital plate with elongate median lobe. Bark eaters. Eggs laid in clusters or singly, covered with rectal secretions. 10 genera. Key to Genera 1
CuA^

.....................

...............

CuA^

PSOCOPTERA

17 (2).

305 18 (1).

RS and M connected by cross vein. Discoidal cell oblong, narrowed apically. Fore wings with indistinct spots and bands proximaUy................................. 5. Amphigerontia. Male with well-developed wings; female brachypterous. Adults with capitate glandular hairs on vertex. Parameres separate..... 4. Neopsocopsis.

............................................. Keys to Species of Family Psocidae

Clematostigma End. Posterior angle of pterostigma with rudimentary cross vein: RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance; apex of cell ap longer than, or as long as, proximal part of CuA^. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

Proximal part of fore wings dark; distal part transparent, without spots. Head and thorax black, brilliant. Female genital plate with short median lobe with rounded apex (Figure 153, 1). 2.8-3. Male unknown. West ........................... C. mono Latr.

2. Copostigma End. Posterior angle of pterostigma with rudimentary cross vein. RS and M connected at one point. Hypandrium formed by sterna VIII and IX, symmetrical; parameres fused.1 species. 1 (1).

Pterostigma brown; wings transparent, without spots (male) or spots in discoidal and anal cells (female). Hypandrium pointed; penis frame square, asymmetrical at apex (Figure 151, 20). Female genital plate with oblong, pointed median lobe and brown T-shaped sclerite. 4.0. On dry branches of deciduous trees. July-August. Center, and eastern forest zone ..................................... C. contrarlum Reut.

with 2 brown

3. Euclismia End. Fore wings transparent (male) or spotted (female). RS and M of fore wings either fused for some distance, or at one point, or connected by cross vein. Hypandrium formed by sterna VIII and IX, with rounded notch apically; parameres separate, hooklike. Female genital plate with short, truncate median lobe and Y-shaped sclerite. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Denticles of parameres widely apart; outer denticle broad, short, bifid (Figure 154,16). Apex of median lobe of female genital plate dark; branches, of Y-shaped sclerite widely apart. 2.7-3.4.!

Transcarpathia....................... Eu. quadrimaculata Latr. Denticles of parameres close together; outer denticle narrow, not bifid (Figure 154,17). Apex of median lobe of female genital plate light; branches of Y-shaped sclerite close together, 3.6-4. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ......... Eu. conspurcata Ramb.

4. Neopsocopsis Bad. Adults with capitate glandular hairs on vertex. Male winged; female with rudimentary wings. RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance or connected at one point. Hypandrium formed by sterna VIII and IX, trilobed, symmetrical; parameres separate. Median part of female genital plate oblong, rounded at apex. 2 species. 1 (2).

KS and M of tore wings fused for some distance. Ventral surface of hypandrium covered with long hairs. Female unknown..;....... ................................... N. hirtlcornis Reut.

380

2 (1), RS and M of fore wings fused at one point. Ventral surface of hypandrium without hairs. Apexofmedian lobe of female genital plate rounded (Figure 153,4); outer gonapophyses with process posteriorly (Figure 153, 5). 3.4. On coniferous and deciduous N. pyrenaicus Bad. trees. Center and East; rare. July .

.

.......

Fore wings transparent or with a few brown spots and indistinct bands. RS and M of fore wings connected by cross vein. Discoidal cell long. narrowed apically, Hypandrium formed by sterna VIII and IX, symmetrical, trilobed. Parameres separate. Female genital plate with small median lobe; outer gonapophyses bilobed; apex of dorsal and ventral gonapophyses forming serrated process, 3 species. 5.

306

Amphigerontia Kolbe,

1 (4). Fore wings of male and female with spots and bands. Female genital plate with T-shaped sclerite. 2 (3). Nota mat. Hypandrium with pointed median part (Figure 154, 1). 4.5-4.8. On dry branches of deciduous trees, rarely on conifers. June-September ............................. A. bifasciata Latr. 3 (2). Mesonotum brilliant. Hypandrium with wedge-shaped notch at apex (Figure 154, 2). 3.9. On conifers, rarely on deciduous trees. July-August .................................. A. intermedia Tet. 4 (1). Male wings without spots, transparent; female wings with a few diffuse spots. Hypandrium with rounded notch apically (Figure 154,3). Female genital plate with cross-shaped sclerite. 3.7-4 (Figure 149,2). On conifers. August-September. Northwestern and eastern forest zone ..................... A. contaminata Steph.

FIGURE 153. Psocoptera (after Badonnel and original)

unipunctatu 1Clematostigma rnorio, female, genital plate: 2Mesopsocus nebulosus, same; 4,5Neopsocopsis pyrenaicus, same; 3Metylophorus female: 4genital plate; 5gonapophyses (vventral, ddorsal, oouter gonapophysis); lucifugus. 6Enderleiniella obsoleta, female, genital plate: 7Epipsocus female, same.

6. Trichadenotecnum End. Fore wings transparent, with interrupted band at base; marginal cells with 6 distinct brown spots. RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance; cell ap triangular. Hypandriun? asymmetrical, with well-developed processes; parameres fused, forming frame with broad bilobed apex (Figure 154. 20). Genital plate with short, truncate median lobe. Nymphs with glandular hairs, hibernating. 3 species;

.

1 (2). Band on fore wings distinct; spots in marginal cells small. : Hypandrium with a straight process in the middle. Female genital plate with light median stripe. 3.9. West.. T. germanicum Roes. ; 2 (1). Band on fore wings interrupted. Hypandrium with several processes. Female genital plate without light median stripe.: 3 (4). Hooklike process on posterior margin of tergum IX of male directed dorsad (Figure 154,11). Sclerite of female genital plate Y-shaped 3.7-3.9. July-August ........................... T. majus Kolbe. 4 (3). Hooklike process on posterior margin of tergum IX of male directed ventrad (Figure 154, 12). Sclerite of female genital plate Y-shaped. 3.6-4.6. West, Southwest .................... T. sexpunctatum L. .

7. Loensia End. Pore wings of male and female covered with numerous brown dots or with brown bands; RS and M fused at one point; cell ap triangular. Hypandrium asymmetrical, with median processes; parameres 307 fused, forming frame with short truncate apex. Female genital plate with short median lobe; outer gonapophyses triangular, with a row of long setae on outer surface. 2 species. 1 (2). Fore wings with 3 distinct brown bands. Both distal bands fused on posterior margin; cells near outer margin with transparent spots. Basal process of median part of hypandrium long. Base of penis frame long, narrow, pointed (Figure 154, 5). 4.6. Northwest, West L.fasciata F. 2 (I), Pore wings covered with numerous dark brown dots, without .transparent areas near outer margin. Base of penis frame short. : 3 (4). Pore wings almost black, brilliant. Base of median part of hypandrium with hook on left side and tubercle on right side. Proximal part of penis frame broad (Figure 154, 7). 3.8. Baltic Region

......................................

.....

............................................. L.

variegata Latr. Base of median part of hypandrium with straight triangular process on the left and small denticle’ on the right. Proximal part of penis frame narrow (Figure 154, 6). 3.6. Baltic Region........................... L. picicornis Steph. 8. Psocus Latr. Pore wings transparent, with a few dark brown spots. RS and M of fore wings fused for some distance or at one point. Hypan308 ^rlum conical, asymmetrical; parameres fused. Female genital plate with oblong, pointed median lobe. 1 species, i 4 (3). Fore wings grayish brown.

1 (1). Fore wings transparent, with dark brown spots in pterostigma and at apex of CuP. Outer gonapophyses of female rounded (Figure l51;,16). Parameres forming frame with capitate, asymmetrical apex.! On fences and walls covered with lichen. Under stones. 4.0. Northwest .......................................... p. bipunctatus L.

382

fai. cami 5Loensia ale. same; ii-L.picicorn is, male, sami ?-L. var ’
male;, posterior margi

iches ilia quer

pr.

14-L.ped

ularia

paramere; 17Eu.

luci conspurcata, male, same; 18Epipsociis lacinia; 19Psococerasiis gibbosus, ctenidia on tibia; 20Tricha-

laia, male,

fugus,

n,

of tergi HX; 12-T.sex ial i,

rambun.same;

iSPsytlipsocus

9. Metylophorus Pearm. Antennae as long as wings or slightly longer. RS and M of fore wingslfused for some distance or at one point, or connected by short cross vein. Hypandrium asymmetrical, with denticles (Figure 151, 25), Parameres fused. Female genital plate with very long median lobe (Figure 153, 3).~ 1 species. 1 (1). Fore wings dark brown. Median lobe of hypandrium with denticles at the base. Female genital plate with very long. pointed median

lobe. 5.0. On conifers and deciduous trees... M. nebulosus Steph. .

10. Psococerastis Pearm. Antennae much longer than wings. RS and M fused for some distance. Hypandrium asymmetrical; parameres fused, 1 species. Female genitalplatewithshortmedianlobe.

PSOCOPTERA

1(1). Fore wings transparent (male) or with a few gray spots (female). Hypandrium scoop-shaped, trifid, asymmetrical. Outer gonapophyses transverse, weakly falcate; genital plate with short median lobe with rounded apex. 5.5-6.6. Mainly on deciduous P. gibbosus Sulz. trees. Forest zone. Transcarpathia ...........

16.

Order

MALLOPHAGA

-

309

Biting lice

D. I. Blagoveshchenskh

Apterous insects with flattened body, biting mouthparts. 3- to 5~ segmented antennae; thorax divided into 2 or 3 segments; legs ambulatory or prehensile; metamorphosis incomplete; permanent parasites of warmblooded animals, feeding on epidermal products or blood of the; host. Body of varying shape, narrow-oblong to broad-oval, dorsoventrally depressed, 1-11 mm long; male usually smaller than female; body rarely colorless. Head (Figures 155, 1,3,4; 156, 1,2) large, of varying shape, e.g., semilunar, triangular, trapezoidal, pentagonal, square or rectangular, rarely asymmetrical, sometimes with spinelike, denticle-shaped or hooklike processes, often with ventral oral groove (pulvinus) used to bring feathers or hair to the mouth, with sclerotized bands (carinae) in several places. Carina at anterior margin forming border of anterior half of head, often forming processes, interrupted at clypeal suture (Figure 155, 2), and thus divided into frontal and clypeal carinae. Orbital carinae anterior to eyes. Posterodorsal longitudinal carinae (vertical carinae) dividing postgenae from vertex; posteroventral longitudinal carinae (gular carinae) dividing genae from gula. Mouthparts ventral or terminal; pharynx usually with pharyngeal sclerite. Antennae (Figures 155, 1,3; 156, 1,2) short, capitate, clavate or filiform, 3- to 5-segmented, sometimes showing marked sexual dimorphism, in repose often concealed in the lateral or ventral antennal fossae. Lateral appendages (cones, sometimes trabeculae) often present anterior to antennae (Figure 156, 3). Eyes (Figures 155,1; 156,1) reduced, with 1 or 2 lenses, with a seta and as a rule with pigment spot; eyes at sides of head, anterior to postgenae or inside them, often in ocular pit; if the eye does not occupy the whole ocular pit, the remaining space is the preocular slit (Figure 156, 4); eyes sometimes absent. Prothorax distinct; meso- and metathorax often fused, forming the pterothorax (Figure 155, 1); no wings; usually one pair of mesothoracic spiracles. Legs ambulatory or prehensile, adapted to cling to the substrate or to grasp feathers or hairs; tarsi 1- or 2-segmented, with 1 or 2 claws. Abdomen consisting of 8-10 visible segments, its shape varying from narrow-oblong to broad-oval, almost always differing in female and male (especially structure of last segment), usually with 6 pairs of spiracles on segments II-VII or III-VIII. Terga and sterna usually with lateral, median or continuous plates or spots. Pleurites often clearly differentiated, with plates or spots and apodemes, sometimes with ventral wedge-shaped processes (Figure 156, 5). Last sterna often with unpaired (median) or paired (lateral) genital plates or spots (Figure 156, 5). Female genital plate rarely with lateral genital appendages (gonapophyses) (Figure 156, 6). Male copulatory apparatus (Figure 156, 7) normally consisting of basal plate, parameres, mesosome and preputial sac; the 3 latter parts are everted during copulation.

Body sparsely or densely covered with setae, sometimes with setae pn pale rounded tubercles (pustules). Hind femora and abdomen often with ventral groups or rows of setae. Nymphs generally resembling imagines. but differing from them in smaller size, chaetotaxy, pattern of ; abdominal plates or spots, absence of genital pore, gonapophyses or setae of and absence apparatus (female) them copulatory functionally replacing to Psocoptera 310 (male) and genital plates or spots. Mallophaga are related \ (free-living insects) and to Anoplura (parasites of mammals).

FIGURE 155.

Mallophaga (after Blagoveshchenskii and original)

;

deniatus, dorsal, female (pgposigena. eeye, cclypeus, cpclypeal plate, vc, fc, ccvertical, fronial and clypeal carina respectively, aantenna, pi pieroihorax, ip, pp lateral tergal and pleura] scleriies of abdomen respectively); 2anterior pan of head of Columbicola columbae, male, dorsal (cs clypeal suture, Islanceolate setae); 3headofEomenacanihus stramineus, female, ventral (Iflateral antennal fossa, pippostpalpat process, mpmaxillary palp); 4headofTrichodecies canis, female, ventral (ogoral groove, gcgular carina), 1Anatoecus

Mallophaga infest birds and mammals. Some species feed on feathers or hair, others on skin. Some bird parasites occur inside the shaft Of feathers and in the oral cavity of the hosts. Mainly feeding on particles of feathers or epidermis, epidermal secretions and blood.

Mallophaga

MALLOPHAGA

are normally distributed through contact of the hosts, which affords the best conditions for transfer. Reproduction normally bisexual. The eggs are cemented with a sticky secretion to feathers or between them, on the shaft or inside the quill and on hairs, either singly, in rows or in clusters. Eggs more or less oval or cigar-shaped, 0.5-2.5 mm long, with a cap which breaks off at a suture on hatching. The whole development from egg to imago takes 3 to 4 weeks. Metamorphosis incomplete, comprising 3 ec-

nii

dyses. The geographical distribution of Mallophaga, which are permanent parasites, depends on that of their hosts. The species are specific for a single species or groups of related species. Birds are frequently infested by several species of Mallophaga; mammals are usually infested by one, rarely 2 or 3 species. Heavy infestation of domestic animals is injurious, as the parasites weaken the host, lower its productivity and impair its resistance to diseases. Mallophaga infesting dogs and cats are intermediate hosts of Dipylidium caninum which sometimes occurs in man.

FIGURE 156.

Mallophaga (after Blagoveshchenskii

and

original)

of Goniodes dissimilis, male, dorsal (ancarina on anterior margin, pnp nodus, pg, oapostgenal and occipital angles, ap appendage of 3rd aniennal segment, os seta, phpharyngeal sclerite); 2head and thorax of Ricinus ivanovi, female, venn Ihead

shaped lobe of labrum, afventral antenna! fossa, gpgular plate, sipsternal plates); 3lateral r ofheadofPhilopiecus ocellatus, female, ventral (cocone, tirabecula); 4 same of EO] canthus stramineus, female, dorsal (pspceocular slit); 5posterior pan of abdomen of Ana 6endofabdoi deniaius, male, ventral (wp wedge-shaped process of pleurite, hhypandrium); 1 copulatory apparatus Sovicola bovis, female, ventral (gpgenital plate, ggonapophyse.s); Gyropus ova lis (bpbasai. plate, parpara meres, mmesosome, pseversible preputial sac).

MALLOPHAGA

|

Mallophaga are collected with a forceps. They are best storediin 70% alcohol. The specimens collected from each host are kept in separate test tubes with labels indicating place and time of collection, name of collector and species of host. Preparations of whole insects and separate 312 organs (treated or not treated with KOHt) are required for the study and | identification of Mallophaga. The world fauna of Mallophaga and their distribution according to hosts is insufficiently known. About 2200 species are known to infest birds and about 300 species to infest mammals. We describe here the genera found in the fauna of the European U.S.S.R. or likely to be found there; wealsoindicatethe’species parasitizing domestic animals. 83 genera (accepted by the author).!

-

LITERATURE. Blagoveshchenskii, D.I. Opredelitel’ pukhoedov (Mallophaga) domashnikh zhivoinykh (Key to the Bird Lice (Mallophaga) of Domestic Animals).-Fauna SSSR. Novaya Senya, Vol.27. ’1940i Blagoveshchenskii, D.I. Stroenie i sisiemaiicheskoe znachenie polovoi sisiemy pukhoedov (Mallophaga) (The Siructure of -he Genitalia of Mallophaga and Theic Systematic Importance). -Parazitologicheskii Sbornik Zoologicheskogo Instituia Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol.16, 1956; Blagoveshchensk! i, D.I, Pukhoedy (Mallophaga).-Fauna SSSR, Novaya Seriya, Vol.72. 1959; Clay.T. A Preliminary Key to the Genera of the Menoponidae (Mallophaga).-Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Vol.117, 1947; Giebel, C. Insecta Epizoa. Leipzig, 1874; Hopkins. G.H.E. and T.Clay. A Check List of the Genera and Species ofMalIophaga. London, 1952; Keler, S. Bibliographic der Mallophagen. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, : Bd.36(2). 1960; Piagei’.E. Les Pediculines. Leide, 1880, Supplement. 1885.

!

Key to Suborders

1 (2). Maxillary palps (Figure 155, 3) present. Antennae capitate; or clavate, 4- or 5-segmented, concealed in antennal fossae at rest. 1. Amblycera (p. 388). On birds and mammals 2 (1). Maxillary palps absent. Antennae usually filiform, 3- to 5segmented, projecting at sides of head. On birds and mammals ......................................... 2. Ischnocera (p.395). ...................

.....

1.

Suborder

\

AMBLYCERA

Maxillary palps 2- to 4-segmented. Antennae capitate or clavate, 4" or 5-segmented, without sexual dimorphism, concealed in lateral or ventral antennal fossae at rest. Meso- and metathorax usually not fused. \ On birds and mammals.

I ;

Key to Families

1 (4). All tarsi with 2 claws. Labial palps 1- or 2-segmented. ; 2 (3). Antennae lying in lateral antennal fossae. Meso- and metathorax not fused. Abdomen with lateral intersegmental indentations or 1. Menoponidae (p. 389). processes. On birds and mammals 3 (2). Antennae lying in ventral antennal fossae. Meso- and metathorax fused. Lateral contour of pterothorax and abdomen not interrupted. On birds ........................... 2. Laemobothriidae (p. 393). 4 (I). Tarsi of middle, hind, and usually of forelegs with one claw. 3. Gyropidae (p. 394). Labial palps 1-segmented. On mammals .......

,

..

make preparations without treatment with KOH, the specimen is passed through alcohols of increasing concentration, xylene, or oil of cloves, and embedded in Canada balsam. For preparations treated with KOH. the specimen is kept in cold or hot 5-10’7o KOH. washed in water and then treated as above. Chiiinous parts of internal organs (e. g.. the pharyngeal sclerite. copulatory apparatus, eic.) are often

t To

visible in total preparations, particularly in KOH-ireated specimens.

|

MENOPONIDAE

1.

Family MENOPONIDAE

Labial palps 1- or 2-segmented. Antennae 4- or 5-segmented, lying in lateral antennal fossae at rest. Meso- and metathorax not fused. Tarsi with 2 claws. Abdomen with lateral intersegmental indentations or processes, with 5 or 6 pairs of spiracles. On birds and mammals. 26 genera.

Key to Genera

313

Abdomen with 6 pairs of spiracles. 2 (3). Gular plate trilobed (Figure 157,1). Head semilunar, with narrow preocular slits. Hind femora and abdominal sterna HI-V or VI covered with small groups of setae. Pleura II-VI with ventral wedge-shaped processes. On rails (Ralli), grebes (Colymbi), etc. ................................. 1. Pseudomenopon Mjob. 3 (2). Gular plate of different form or absent. 4 (11). Head with ventral processes. 5 (10). Head with a pair of postpalpal processes (Figure 155, 3). 6 (7). Pharyngeal sclerite flask-shaped. Abdominal pleurites with anterior apodemes. Head trilobed, with narrow preocular slits; 1 (50).

7 (6). 8 (9).

antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Last antennal segment cylindrical. Hind femora and several abdominal sterna covered with small groups of fine setae. On Galliformes (Rasores). ....... ............................................... 2. UchidaEw. On domestic fowl U. pallidulus Neum. Combination of characters different. Female genital plate with transverse band divided in the middle. Last abdominal segment of male with dorsal marginal band. Head trilobed, with narrow preocular slits; antennal fossae half covered ventrally. 2nd antennal segment with small appendage; last antennal segment ovoid. Hind femora and abdominal sterna III-V covered with distinct groups of fine setae. On Galliformes ....................................... 3. Eomenacanthus Uch. On turkeys and domestic fowls E. stramineus N. Different combination of characters. Head semilunar or trilobed, with preocular slits. 2nd antennal segment with well-developed appendage. Hind femora with groups of setae or not. Abdominal sterna with groups of setae or with spinelike setae at posterior margin, or with both forms of setae. Abdominal pleurites sometimes with ventral wedge-shaped processes. Infesting Galliformes, pigeons (Columbae), hoopoes (Upupidae), woodpeckers (Picariae), Passeres, etc. ............’.............. 4. Menacanthus Neum. M. cornutus Schom. On domestic fowl Head with a pair of gular processes. Lateral margins of head (anterior to eyes) with a row of minute setae (Figure 157, 2). Antennal fossae covered ventrally in greater part. Prothorax large, broad, almost as large as head. Hind femora and abdomen without ventral groups of setae. On Procellariiformes (Tubinares) ........................................ 5. Ancistrona Westw. Head without ventral processes. .......

9 (8).

10 (5).

11 (4).

MALLOPHAGA

12 (13).

First 2 antennal segments with large appendages (Figure 157,3). Eyes with 2 hemispherical lenses. Head triangular, with convex anterolateral margins, antennal fossae half-covered ventrally. All 3 thoracic segments well developed; prothorax with lateral lobes. Hind femora and abdominal sterna IV-V or VI with dense or sparse groups of fine setae. On Anseriformes and flamingos (Phoenicopterus) ........................... 6. Trinoton N. On domestic goose T. anserinum F.; on domestic duck

T.querquedulae L. 13 (12).

Combination of characters different. 14 (15). Sides of abdominal sternum II with a group of long, thick or spinelike setae (Figure 157,4). Head trilobed, anteriorly rounded trapezoidal, without preocular slits. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Hind femora and middle abdominal sterna usually with groups of setae. Anterior abdominal terga (first or more) of female often modified. On woodpeckers and Passeriformes 7. Myrsidea Waters -.-........................-..... 15 (14). Abdominal sternum II without lateral groups of setae as in No. 14. 16 (21). Prosternum with whole or partly interrupted margin (Figure 157,5). Head without preocular slits. Prosternum with more than 2 median setae. 17 (20). Dorsal wall of antennal fossa with median transverse carina (Figure 157, 6). Prothorax with lateral processes. Hind femora and abdominal sterna V-VI or VII with dense groups of fine setae. 18 (19). Gular plate horseshoe-shaped (Figure 157, 7). Head much broader than long, with rounded postgenae. On swifts (Micropodes) 8. Eureum N. 19 (18), Gular plate of different shape. Head usually slightly broader than long, with angular postgenae. On swifts 9. Dennyus Neum. 20 (17). Dorsal wall of antennal fossa without median transverse carina. Prothorax without lateral processes. Hind femora and abdomen 314 without ventral groups of setae. Head much broader than long, with rounded postgenae. On Passeriformes ..................... -...----.-.............. 10. Machaerilaemus Har. 21 (16). Different combination of characters. 22 (27). Hind femora (Figure 157, 8) and abdominal segments (first or more) or only abdominal segments with ventral rows of short, thick setae. 23 (24). Last antennal segment with incomplete division into 2 parts (Figure 157, 9). Head almost semilunar, with narrow preocular slits. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Abdominal sterna III-IV of female and III-V of male with 2 or more rows of setae. Abdominal tergal plates sometimes with more strongly sclerotized lateral parts. On cuckoos (Cuculi) and diurnal birds of prey (Accipitres). ......................................... 11. Cuculiphilus Uch. 24 (23). Last antennal segment without traces of division. 25 (26). Large species (4-6). Prosternum with several median setae, Head almost semilunar, with narrow preocular slits; antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Hind femora with rows or sparse groups of setae. Male tibiae with distal process. Abdominal .......

.......

................................................ .......

MENOPONIDAE

sternum III with 2 or more rows of setae; abdominal sternum IV with or without rows of setae. Adults and nymphs occur in the oral cavity of hosts in addition to plumage. On Steganopodes ........................................ 12. Piagetiella Neum. 26 (25). Small species. Prosternum usually with 2 median setae. Head trilobed or almost semilunar, with broad or narrow preocular slits, with angular or rounded postgenae. Abdominal sterna III and partly IV with 1-2 or more rows of setae. On Galliformes, pigeons, Anseriformes, Steganopodes, Ciconiiformes (Gressores), 315 diurnal birds of prey, Strigiformes, woodpeckers, Passeriformes, etc. .................................... 13. Colpocephalum N. On domestic goose C. pectiniventre Har. ......

FIGURE 157. Mallophaga.

Family Menoponidae (after Blagoveshchensk!! and original)

lateral row of setae of female; STrinoion querquedulae, lateral part of head, male (etwo-lensed eye, anantenna); 4Myrsidea aegithali, group of lateral spinelike seiae on abdominal sternum II of female: 5,7Eureum cimicoides, female; 5 pro£i:ernum;

6lateral part of head (tr~ transverse carina of dorsal wall of antennal fossa); 7 gular plate; 8,9Cuculiphilus fasciatus, female; 8ventral rows of seiae on hind femur: 9antenna; 10Holomenopon tadornae, prosternum of female; 11Heleonomus macilenms, female, chaetocaxy ofhinci tibia.

27 (22). Hind femora and abdomen without rows of setae. 28 (29). Head semicircular, with narrow preocular slits; antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Last antennal segment capitate. Hind femora and abdomen without ventral groups of setae. On diurnal birds of prey ............................... 14. Nosopon Hopk.

MALLOPHAGA

29 (28). Combination of characters different. 30 (31). Posterior margin of prosternum serrated (Figure 157, 10). Head semilunar, without preocular slits; antennal fossae halfcovered ventrally. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Hind femora and abdominal sterna IV-V, partly also III and VI with more or less distinct groups of setae. On Anseriformes .... 15. Holomenopon Eichl. 31 (30). Posterior margin of prosternum not serrated. 32 (35). Last antennal segment with traces of division into 2 or more parts. 33 (34). Prosternum with 2 median setae. Head semilunar with narrow or wide preocular slits. Hind femora and abdominal sterna IV-V or VI with sparse groups of setae. Pleurites of several abdominal segments with ventralwedge-shapedprocesses. On Ciconiiformes ........... ....................................... 16. Plegadiphilus Bedf. 34 (33). Prosternum with more than 2 setae. Head semilunar, with narrow preocular slits. Hind femora and abdominal sterna IV-V with sparse 17. Eucolpocephalum Bedf. groups of setae. On Ciconiiformes 35 (32). Last antenna! segment without traces of division. 36 (37). Head trilobed. Prosternum with 2 median setae; mesosternum with more than 2 median setae. Middle and hind tibiae with outer marginal and submarginal setae arranged in groups, not in rows (Figure 157,11). Hind femora and abdominal sternum IV with dense groups of fine setae. On cranes (Gruidae)................. .................................... 18. Gruimenopon Cl. et M. 37 (36). Different combination of characters. 38 (41). Head semilunar. 39 (40). With narrow preocular slits. Prosternum with denticle-shaped posterior process. Antennal fossae half-covered ventrally. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Hind femora and abdominal sterna IV-VI with groups of setae. On Steganopodes ............. ........................................ 19. Eidmanniella Kel. 40 (39). Without preocular slits. Prosternum without denticle-shaped posterior process. Antennal fossae ventrally half-covered. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Hind femora and middle abdominal segments with or without ventral groups of setae. Infesting Charadriiformes (Limicolae), gulls (Lari), auks (Alcae), 20. Austromenopon Bedf. Procellariiformes, etc. 41 (38). Head trilobed. 42 (45). Eye occupying almost the whole ocular pit. Postgenae rounded. 43 (44). Pleura very narrow, without setae at posterior margin. Head with or without narrow preocular slits. Antennae distinctly clavate; antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Hind femora and abdominal sternum IV with dense groups of fine setae; sterna V-VI sometimes with sparse groups of 3-6 setae. Pleurites with apodemes. On Galliformes ..................... 21. Menopon N. On domestic fowl M. gallinae L. well developed, with a row of setae at posterior margin. Pleurites 44 (43). Head with narrow or broad preocular slits; antennae markedly clavate; antennal fossae half-covered ventrally. Hind femora and usually some of abdominal sterna III-VII with dense or sparse groups of setae. Pleurites with or without apodemes. On Galliformes ................................... 22. Amyrsidea Ew. .....

...............

LAEMOBOTHRIIDAE

45 (42). 46 (47).

Eye not occupying the whole ocular pit. Postgenae angular. Fore, middle and hind tibiae with a row of fine setae at outer margin (Figure 157, 11), Head with wide preocular slits. Last antennal segment oblong, cylindrical. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Hind femora and abdominal sternum IV with dense groups of setae; abdominal sterna II-III, V-VIII with sparse groups of setae. On Gruiformes ................. 23. Heleonomus Ferris.

47 (46). Tibiae without row of setae. 48 (49). Prosternum with median perforation. Mesothorax with 4 anterodorsal setae close together in the middle. Head with narrow preocular slits, square or rounded postgenae; antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Hind femora and abdominal sterna IV-V (also III in part) with dense or sparse groups of fine setae. Abdominal pleurites II-IV sometimes with 316

ventral

wedge-shaped processes. On bee-eaters (Meropidae) and rollers (Coraciidae) ............. ................................... 24. Meromenopon Cl. et M. 49 (48). Different combination of characters. Head with wide preocular slits, square or rounded postgenae; antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Prosternum with 2-4 median setae. Hind femora and abdominal sternum IV (also III and V in part) with dense or sparse groups of setae. On Charadriiformes, gulls, Procellariiformes ........................... 25. Actornithophilus Ferris. 50 (1). Abdomen with 5 pairs of spiracles. Head with distinct clypeal suture; antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Head without lateral hooklike processes or ventral spines. 1st tarsal segment with distinct pulvilli. On rodents (Cavia, etc.) ................. ........................................ 26. Trimenopon Cum. On the common guinea pig T. hispidum Burm. 2.

Family LAEMOBOTHRIIDAE

Antennae lying in ventral antennal fossae. Meso- and metathorax fused. Tarsi with 2 claws. Lateral contours of pterothorax and abdomen not interrupted. On birds. 3 genera.

Key to Genera 1 (4). 2 (3).

-

3 (2).

4 (1).

Head with anterolateral bulges. Labrum without suckershaped lobes. Anterior margin of head truncate or convex, without rodlike setae. Copulatory apparatus without parameres. On birds of prey .................................... 1. Laemobothrion NAnterior margin of head concave, with several rodlike setae (Figure 158, 1). Copulatory apparatus with free parameres. On aquatic birds ....................... 2, Eulaemobothrion Ew. Head without anterolateral bulges. Labrum with 2 sucker-shaped lobes (Figure 156, 2) which usually project beyond lateral margins of head. Head without deep lateral notches. Body oblong. On 3. Ricinus Deg. Passeriformes, etc. ...........................

393

MALLOPHAGA

FIGURE 158. Mallophaga (after Blagoveshchenskn and original) nate, anterior part of head; 2Gyropus

ovalis, fema

leg (bf basal bifurcation of fern r, II2nd tarsal segment, elclaw); SOiidoecus heierographus, male, abdotninal egment IV (itpiniectergal plate); 4Rallicola fuli’

hind

anterolaieral setae (as) of abdominal sternum VIII;

5Ibidoecus bisigi macrocephalus. same; 7Neophilop same, male; 8~ Saemundssonia siernae. male, anterior part of head.

clypeus; 6Craspedorrhynchus

3.

Family GYROPIDAE

Mouthparts terminal. Maxillary palps 2- to 4-segmented; labial palps 1-segmented. Antermae 4-segmented. Antermal fossae lateral. Eyes rudimentary or absent. Postgenae horn-shaped. Tarsi with 1 claw; fore tarsi rarely with 2 claws. Middle and, usually, hind legs adapted to cling to hair. Abdomen with 5 or 6 pairs of spiracles. On rodents, Artiodactyla and primates. 3 genera.

Key to Genera 1(2).

2 (1).

Middle and, usually, hind femora with basal bifurcation; 2nd tarsal segment oblong (Figure 158, 2). Abdomen with 6 pairs of spiracles. Maxillary palps 4-segmented. All tarsi with one claw. Body broad. On rodents (Caviidae, etc.) and primates (Cebidae)...................................... 1. Gyropus N. On the common guinea pig. G. ovalis N. Middle and hind femora without basal bifurcation; tarsi with welldeveloped sucker-shaped pulvillus on 2nd segment and reduced

PHILOPTERIDAE

Abdomen with 5 pairs of spiracles. Maxillary palps 2-segmented. Prothorax without ventral processes. Middle and hind -tibiae similar. Body narrow, covered with fine setae. On rodents (Caviidae, etc.) ............................. 2. Gliricola Mjob. On the common guinea pig G. porcelli Schr. Prothorax with a pair of spinelike ventral processes. Middle and hind tibiae dissimilar. Body broad, covered with long setae. On nutria (Myocastor coypus),.......... 3. Pitrufquenia Mar. claw.

3 (4).

4 (3).

2.

Suborder

ISCHNOCERA

Maxillary palps absent. Antennae usually filiform, 3- or 5-segmented, often with distinct sexual dimorphism, markedly projecting at sides. Mesothorax and metathorax usually fused. On birds and mammals.

Key to Families 1 (2).

Tarsi with 2 claws.

mammals 2 (1).

Antennae 5-segmented.

............................

On birds and 1. Philopteridae

(p. 395).

Antennae 3- (?-5) segmented. On mammals .................................... 2. Trichodectidae (p.403).

Tarsi with 1 claw.

1.

.

.

Family PHILOPTERIDAE

Antennae 5-segmented, filiform or rarely slightly clavate, often showing strong sexual dimorphism. On birds and mammals (lemurs), 47 genera. Key to Genera 1 (6),

2 (3).

318

3 (2), 4 (5).

Head rounded anteriorly, with sclerotized band at anterior margin, angular posteriorly, with well-marked postgenal and occipital angles, usually broad (Figure 156, 1). Abdomen oval or almost rounded, with normally developed 1st segment. In body plumage. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. Eyes slightly convex or flat. Female genital plate laterally with submarginal or marginal spinules and thick setae, pieurites of abdominal segment VIII of female without setose pulvilliform processes. On Galliformes and pigeons .............................. 1. Goniocotes BurmOn domestic fowl G. gallinae Deg.; on domestic fowl and G. maculatus Tasch.; on domestic pigeon. G. compar N. turkeys Different combination of characters. Abdominal segment I larger than II. Cones without marked sexual dimorphism. Male abdomen without ventral appendage. Antennae usually showing marked sexual dimorphism; in male; 1st antennal segment enlarged, sometimes both 1st and 2nd segments with process, 3rd segment often with process, sometimes 4th and 5th segments markedly reduced or 3rd to 5th segments modified, so that the anterior part of the antennae seems curved-clavate. Abdominal sternum VII of female often with lateral denticle-shaped appendages; pieurites of abdominal segment VIII of female ventrally with

MALLOPHAGA

well-developed pulvilliform setose processes. Female genital plate usually without lateral spines at angles. End of male abdomen rounded; end of female abdomen bilobed. Galliformes, pigeons........................................ 2. Goniodes N. G. dissimilis N,, G. gigas Tasch., G. truncatus On domestic fowl Gb- On domestic pigeon G. piageti John. et Har. 5 (4). Abdominal segment I smaller than II. Cones showing sharp sexual dimorphism, with thin transparent appendage in. male. Abdominal segment VII of male with ventral fingerlike appendage. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged; 1st and 3rd antennal segments of male with appendage. En<3 of male and female abdomen bilobed. On Galliformes ................................ 3. Chelopistes Kel, On turkeys Ch. meleagridis L. 6 (1). Combination of characters different. 7 (66), Pterothorax pentagonal or trapezoidal, with markedly diverging lateral margins. 8 (33). Body more or less slender, short or oblong, with narrow head

9 (10).

10 (9), 11 (22).

12 (17). 13 (14).

14 (13). 15 (16).

and usually narrow abdomen. Legs short, moderately massive. Antennae often without sexual dimorphism. Mainly body plumage, sometimes on neck and head. No spermatheca (its chitinous ring is not found in preparations of females). Male abdomen with intertergal plates between segments II-VII (Figure 158, 3); ejaculatory duct with appendage. Head with continuous carina at anterior margin, sometimes with distinct clypeal and postantennal sutures. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged, usually without appendage; 3rd segment with appendage. Abdominal tergal plates of female divided, lateral or continuous. Abdomen sometimes broad; last abdominal segment bilobed. On bustards (Otides), Charadriidae and Galliformes ................ ........................................... 4. Otidoecus Bedf. On domestic fowl 0. heterographus N, Different combination of characters. Carina at anterior margin entire dorsally, sometimes light and expanded on oral groove or narrowed in region of clypeal suture. Head without clypeal suture, Postgenae with one long seta. Head with distinct oral groove; carina at anterior margin of head weakly developed and often widened. .First antennal segment male sometimes enlarged. Abdomen with lateral tergal plates and median sternal plates. On Passeriformes, woodpeckers, bee-eaters, etc. .............. .............................................. 5. Briielia Kel. Postgenae with not less than 2 long setae. Abdominal pleurites with perforation anteriorly ("eyelet"). Head without sutures. 1st antennal segment of male sometimes enlarged; 3rd antennal segment with appendage. Abdominal segments usually with lateral tergal plates; male without intertergal 6, Syrrhaptoecus Waters plates. On sandgrouse (Pterocletes) Abdominal pleurites without perforation. Head rounded anteriorly, truncate or pointed, sometimes with transparent margin, rarely with postantennal suture. Antennae usually without sexual dimorphism. Abdomen sometimes broad, with continuous tergal plates ...

16 (15).

396

PHILOPTERIDAE

25 (24).

.

.

.

22 (11). 23 (26). 319 24 (25).

.

21 (18).

.

.........

26 (23). 27 (28).

28 (27). 29 (30).

.

.

20 (19).

.

17 (12). 18 (21). 19 (20).

and median sternal plates. Pleurites often with hooklike, reentrant head. On diurnal birds of prey, Coraciiformes, woodpeckers, etc. ........................... 7. Degeeriella Neum. Head with clypeal suture. Most abdominal segments with lateral tergal plates. Abdomen broad. Clypeal suture transverse; postantennal suture curved, often indistinct. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged; 3rd antennal segment with process. Male without intertergal plates. Pleurites with curved re-entrant head. On Galliformes ....................................... 8. Lagopoecus Waters Abdomen narrow. Clypeal suture transverse, concave. Carina at anterior margin narrow near clypeal suture- Abdominal sternal plates median. Pleurites with hooklike re-entrant head. On Cuculiforrnes .......................... 9. Cuculicola Cl. et M. Abdominal segments with continuous tergal plates. Clypeal suture forked. Carina at anterior margin narrow in region of clypeal suture. Abdominal sternal plates median. Pleurites with hooklike re-entrant head. On hoopoes ............ 10. Upupicola Cl. et M. Carina at anterior margin of head interrupted. Postgenae with one long seta. . Postgenal carinae distinct. Abdominal segment VIII of female ventrally without thick anterolateral setae. Head with forked clypeal suture. Clypeus rounded, with transparent anterior margin reaching carinae and with plate projecting beyond them. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged. Abdominal segments III-VI of female with lateral tergal and sternal plates; sternal 11. Aquanirmus Cl. et M. plates median in male. On grebes Different combination of characters. Head often with distinct clypeal suture. Clypeus usually with plate, often with narrow or broad transparent anterior margin. Antennae similar in both sexes, or in male 1st antennal segment enlarged, sometimes with appendage, and 3rd segment with appendage. Female genital plate with slender setae and spinules at the margin; abdominal segment VIII ventrally with 1-3 thick anterolateral setae 12. Rallicola John et Har. (Figure 158, 4). On rails, etc. Postgenae with not less than 2 long setae. Pleurites of abdominal segment I connected with lateral margins of 1st sternal plate. Segment VIII with laterodorsal groups of setae. Head with forked clypeal suture. Clypeus with plate, Antennae without sexual dimorphism. Abdominal segments I-VII of female, like segment I, I-II or I-III and VII, or VI-VII of male, with lateral tergal plates. On the avocet (Recurvirostra) ..... ...................................... 13. Cirrophthirius Tim. Combination of characters different. Clypeus with transparent anterior margin reaching carinae. Head with usually forked clypeal suture. Clypeus rounded, truncate or concave. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. Abdomen sometimes broad; tergal plates entire over greater part of segment, often longitudinally divided in middle or lateral. On Charadriiformes. auks, etc. ................... 14. Quadraceps Cl. et M.

MALLOPHAGA

30 (29). Clypeus with transparent anterior margin reaching clypeal suture. 31 (32). Frontal carina with posterior transverse part. Most tergal plates with posterior transverse, more heayily pigmented carina. Head with clypeal suture distinct at sides, with distinct vertical and gular carinae. Clypeus rounded, with large plate and characteristic carinae. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. Tergal plates of abdomen usually entire. On Charadriiformes ................. ...................................... 15. Carduiceps Cl. et M. 32 (31). Different combination of characters. Head with transverse clypeal suture, without distinct vertical carinae. Clypeus rounded, with small plate. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. Tergal plates of abdomen usually entire. On Charadriiformes .................. ....................................... 16. Lunaceps Cl. et M. 33 (8). Body broad, short, with broad head and oval or rounded abdomen. Legs relatively short and massive. Antennae usually without sexual dimorphism. Mainly on feathers of head and neck. 34 (35). Trabeculae present. Head with clypeal suture, with well-developed trabeculae and short cones (Figure 156, 3). Clypeus with transparent anterior part reaching carinae. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. Most tergal plates of abdomen lateral, with pustules at posterior margin. On Passeriformes, woodpeckers, etc. ........................................... 17. Philopterus N. 35 (34), Trabeculae absent. 36 (37). Head with clypeal suture and curved postantennaA suture, without distinct vertical carinae. Clypeus not modified, narrowed, with straight transparent anterior margin which reaches carinae, with pentagonal plate without processes. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. Tergal plates of abdomen usually distinct, lateral or continuous. Pleurites with re-entrant head. On Passeriformes and woodpeckers ..................... 18. Penenirmus Cl. et M. 37 (36). Different combination of characters. 38 (39). Abdominal pleurites with ventral wedge-shaped processes (Figure 156, 5). Clypeal suture forked. Clypeus (Figure 155,1) rounded, with transparent free lobe and with characteristic carinae; plate with posterior process. Most abdominal segments with lateral tergal plates; chitinous rod between first tergal plates reaching middle of abdomen. On Lamellirostres and flamingos .. .......................................... 19. Anatoecus Cum. On domestic gooseA, adustus N.; on domestic duckA, dentatus Scop. 39 (38). Abdominal pleurites without ventral processes. 40 (41). Clypeus with 2 plates (Figure 158, 5). Clypeal suture forked. Clypeus anteriorly straight or notched, sometimes forming closed forceps, with transparent free lobe; plate usually with denticle-shaped posterior process. Abdominal segments usually with lateral tergal plates and one row of tergal setae. On ibises (Plegadidae), etc. .......................... 20. Ibidoecus Cum. 41 (40). Clypeus with one plate. 42 (47). Abdominal segments with continuous tergal plates. .

......

PHILOPTERIDAE

320 43 (44).

transparent lateral lobes of pulvinus projecting beyond margins, with 3 pairs of dorsal pin-shaped spines. Clypeus with Head with

transparent anterior margin reaching carinae. Vertical carinae directed towards ocular carinae. Antennae similar in both sexes or in male 3rd antennal segment (or 1st and 3rd) with appendage. On Procellariiformes ...................... 21. Trabeculus Rud. 44 (43).

Combination of characters different. No postantennal suture. Clypeal suture forked. Clypeus with transparent anterior margin reaching carinae; plate without posterior process. Vertical carinae directed towards preantennal nodes. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. On Charadriidae ....................................... 22. Cummingsiella Ew. 46 (45). Postantennal suture present, transverse. Clypeal suture well marked at sides. Vertical carinae directed towards ocular carinae. Clypeus with transparent margin reaching suture. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. On loons (Gaviae) .

.

.

45 (46).

..........

.................................. 23. Craspedonirmus Thomp. 47 (42). Abdominal segments with lateral tergal plates. 48 (49). Head large, triangular, broader than long, with forked clypeal suture and little-projecting cones. Clypeus anteriorly narrow, truncate or slightly concave, with transparent free lobe. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. On diurnal birds of prey. ...................................... 24. Aegypoecus Cl. et M. 49 (48). Different combination of characters. 50 (55). Clypeus anteriorly expanded in form of wing (Figure 158, 6). 51 (54). Frontal and clypeal carinae separate. 52 (53). Vertical carinae fused with preantennal nodes. Abdominal tergal plates without pustules or with one half-open pustule. Head with forked clypeal suture and markedly projecting cones. Clypeus anteriorly concave or truncate, with 2 lateral setae, with transparent margin which almost reaches suture. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. On diurnal birds of prey. ............

...................

................................... 25. Craspedorrhynchus Kel. 53 (52). Combination of characters different. Head with forked clypeal suture and well-developed cones. Clypeus anteriorly concave, with 1-3 (or more) lateral setae, with transparent margin reaching suture. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. On Cuculiformes ................................... 26. Cuculoecus Ew. 54 (51). Frontal and clypeal stripes fused. Head with markedly projecting cones. Clypeus anteriorly concave, with transparent margin and 2 spinelike anterolateral setae. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. On bee-eaters 27. Meropoecus Eichl. 55 (50). Clypeus of different form. 56 (57). Clypeal plate posteriorly with 2 lateral denticle-shaped processes (Figure 158, 7). Clypeal suture transverse. Abdominal segments usually with 2 tergal rows of setae. On Ciconiidae ............... 28. Neophilopterus Cum. 57 (56). Clypeal plate with or without posterior median process. 58 (59). Frontal carinae posteriorly with transverse branch (Figure 158,8). Clypeal suture forked. Clypeus with transparent anterior margin ...................

......-...................

399

MALLOPHAGA

reaching carinae; plate with posterior process. Postantennal suture distinct at sides. Vertical carinae directed towards ocular carinae. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. On gulls, Charadriiformes, auks, Procellariiformes, Gruiformes, Steganopodes. ...................................... 29. Saemundssonia Tim. .

59 (58). Frontal carinae without transverse branch. 60 (61). Head with indistinct clypeal suture, with well-developed cones and one long postgenal seta. Clypeus anteriorly concave or almost truncate. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. Abdominal tergal plates tongue-shaped, without pustules at posterior margin. Female genital plate triangular. On Passeriformes ..................... ....................................... 30. Sturnidoecus Eichl. 61 (60). Different combination of characters. 62 (65). Abdominal sternal plates present except genital plate. 63 (64). Clypeal plate with posterior process. Head with forked clypeal suture, with markedly projecting cones and distinct vertical carinae. Clypeus forceps-shaped, with median notch anteriorly and with lateral transparent lobes which are usually joined, delimiting opening. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. On rails.. 31- Incidifrons Ew. 64 (63). Clypeal plate without posterior process. Clypeal suture forked. Clypeus anteriorly narrowed, with transparent lobe and median notch (lateral parts joined around opening), or concave. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. On kingfishers (Halcyones) ...................................... 32. Alcedoffula Cl. et M. 65 (62). Abdominal sternal plates absent. Head with distinct clypeal suture

............................................

..........

and

66 (7).

67 (68).

68 (67).

69 (74). 70 (71).

well-developed

cones,

Clypeus narrow anteriorly, shallowly

convex or truncate, with transparent margin which reaches carinae; plate sometimes with well-developed posterior process, 1st antennal segment of male rarely enlarged, 3rd segment with process. Abdominal tergal plates with pustules at posterior margin. On owls ................................... 33. Strigiphilus Mjob. Pterothorax longitudinally or transversely rectangular, with straight,- concave or weakly diverging lateral margins, sometimes with notches anteriorly, or pentagonal with angular-convex lateral margins. Antennae usually showing sexual dimorphism. Body oblong; legs relatively long, slender. Mainly on wing feathers. Anterior part of head forceps-shaped, with connected or unconnected lateral lobes (Figure 159, 1). Posterior half of head markedly longer than anterior half; antennae therefore seem displaced anteriad. Abdominal pleurites with 2 longitudinal carinae, which form a frame. On Anseriformea ............. 34. Ornithobius D. Anterior part of head different. Head with continuous carina at anterior margin. Anterior part of head with cuticular sculpture in form of processes or transverse line (Figure 159, 2). Head usually with transverse clypeal suture and indistinct postantennal sutures. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged, sometimes with appendage; 3rd segment with process. Male abdomen without intertergal plates, with ventral terminal process. On Galliformes ........................................ 35. Oxylipeurus Mjob. ..................

PHILOPTERIDAE

On turkeys

0. polytrapezius N. 71 (70). Anterior part of head without such cuticular sculpture. 72 (73). Carina at anterior margin with a pair of preantennal nodes. Head without sutures, its anterior part often broader in male. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged, usually with appendage; 3rd segment with appendage. Abdominal terga II-VII of female usually with median X-shaped pigmented pattern. Tergal plates of male usually continuous; intertergal plates absent. On Galliformes

....

..............................................

On domestic fowl

FIGURE 159.

36.

Lipeurus N.

L. caponis L.

Mallophaga. Family Philopteridae (after Blagovesticnenskii

and

original)

tetraonis, 1Ornithobius cygni, anterior pan of head, male; 2Oxylipeurus crassicornis, clypeus, female; sculpture of head, female; 3Anaticola 4Esthiopterum gruis, tergal and sternal plates, dotted lines of abdominal segment V, female; 5-Ardeicola ardeae, female, clypeus; 6-Fulicoffula lurida, same; 7pectinopygus excornis, female, seta with well-developed articulated tubercle; diversus, anterior part of head, female. 8Halipeurus

Carina at anterior margin with three pairs of nodes. Clypeal suture wanting. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged, sometimes with appendage; 3rd segment with appendage. Many abdominal segments, or only some, with lateral tergal plates, which are fused with median plate. On diurnal birds of prey ....................................... 37. Falcolipeurus Bedf. 74 (69). Head with interrupted carina at anterior margin. 75 (84). Clypeus anteriorly without cuticular sculpture.

322 73 (72).

......

MALLOPHAGA

76 (77).

Pterothorax with poste relate ral processes. Abdominal segments IV-V of male short. Clypeal suture forked. Clypeus with broad transparent anterior lobe. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged; 3rd segment with process. On Procellariiformes ................ .........................................

38. PhUoceanus Kell.

77 (76). Combination of characters different. 78 (79). Sternal plates of pterothorax and abdominal segment I connected by a chitinous rod. Chaetotaxy of anterior half of head characteristic; one lateral seta on clypeus usually thick (Figure 159, 3). Clypeus narrowly rounded; plate of female usually semilunar. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged; 3rd segment with appendage. On 39. Anaticola Cl. Lamellirostres and flamingos On the common goose A. anseris JL. 79 (78). Different combination of characters. 80 (81). Frontal carina posteriorly with transverse part (Figure 155, 2). Clypeus with a pair of anterior, often lanceolate setae, usually also a pair of posterior spines or setae. Clypeal suture transverse. Clypeus anteriorly rounded or concave, sometimes without plate. 1st antennal segment of male usually enlarged; 3rd segment with appendage. On pigeons ....... .40. Columbicola Ew. On the common pigeon C. columbae L. 81 (80). Different combination of characters. 82 (83). Head with forked clypeal suture, with distinct vertical carinae. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. Clypeus slightly convex anteriorly, with transparent anterior margin reaching carinae, with plate. Body dark. On Caprimulgi .41. Mulcticola Cl. et M. 83 (82). Head with transverse clypeal suture, without distinct vertical carinae. Antennae showing sexual dimorphism. Clypeus shallowly rounded or truncate. Body light, sometimes with characteristic abdominal plates (Figure 159, 4). On cranes ..................... ........................................ 42. Esthiopterum Har. 84 (75). Clypeus anteriorly with scalelike, reticular or longitudinallystriated

.

’

.

..................

sculpture.

85 (86). Part of clypeus with scalelike sculpture (Figure 159, 5). Clypeal suture forked. Clypeus anteriorly rounded, with typical plate, divided by suture. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged; 3rd 43. Ardeicola Cl. segment with appendage. On Ciconiiformes 86 (85). Part of clypeus with reticular (Figure 159, 6) or longitudinally....

87 (88).

striated sculpture. Clypeal plate longitudinally divided (Figure 159, 6). Clypeal suture forked. Clypeus rounded anteriorly. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged; 3rd segment with appendage. Last abdominal segment bilobed, in female partly covered by lateral, pointed lobes of segment VIII. On rails, etc. ........... 44. Fulicoffula Cl. et M.

88 (87). Clypeal plate entire or not distinct. 89 (90). Genital region of female with anterior and lateral rows of setae. Terminal segment of abdomen (in one or both sexes) also with setae on distinct articulated tubercle (Figure 159, 7). Clypeal suture and plate distinct. Antennae showing sexual dimorphism. Most abdominal pleurites with anterior appdemes. On Steganopodes ................................. 45. Pectinopygus Mjob.

TRICHODECTIDAE

90 (89).

Different combination of characters. 91 (92). Frontal carinae markedly curved posteriorly, reaching level of mandibles (Figure 159, 8). Anteroventral longitudinal carinae well developed. Clypeal suture forked. Clypeus with transparent anterior margin reaching stripes, with distinct plate. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged; 3rd segment with appendage. Male abdomen with separated shortened segments (Vt, III and IV or IV 46. Halipeurus Har. and V). On Procellariiformes 92 (91). Frontal carinae not curved posteriorly. Anteroventral longitudinal carinae not marked. Clypeal suture and plate not always distinct. Clypeus with light anterior margin. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged, sometimes with appendage; 3rd segment with appendage. On Procellariiformes and Stercorariidae ..............

.,............-

.......................................

2.

323

47. HarriEioniella Bedf.

Family TRICHODECTIDAE

Antennae 3-segmented in male, 3 (? -5)-segmented in female; Istantennal segment of male often markedly enlarged, 3rd segment with apical spines. Eyes normal, sometimes weakly developed. Tarsi with 1 claw; claws smooth, rarely serrated. Gonapophyses (Figure 156, 6) well developed. On mammals.- 4 genera.

Key to Genera 1 (4). 2 (3).

Abdominal segments usually with row of setae divided into groups. Head almost square, with straight or concave anterior margin. Carina at anterior margin narrowly interrupted in the middle. On dogs (Canidae). bears (Ursidae), Mustelidae, etc. ........................................... 1. Trichodectes N. T. canis Deg. On dogs Head pentagonal, triangular anteriorly, usually with narrow apical notch. Carina at anterior margin interrupted by notch, On cats (Felidae), etc. ......................... 2. Felicola Ew. F. subrostratus N. On rats Abdominal segments usually with a regular row of setae which is often preceded by one or several irregular rows of setae. Abdominal segments with one regular row of fine, slender setae and usually 1-3 irregular rows of such setae. Head regularly rounded anteriorly, truncate or concave, with entire carina or carina narrowly interrupted in the middle. On Bovidae. Cervidae, Equidae, etc. ................................ 3. Bovicola Ew. On cattle B. bovis L.; on goatsB. caprae Gurlt.; on sheep B. equi D. B. ovis Schr.; on horses Abdominal segments with a regular row of long setae and 2 or several irregular rows of short thick setae. Anterior part of head slightly convex, with entire carina at anterior margin. Anterior part of head shorter than posterior part. so that the antennae appear displaced anteriad. On Bovidae ............

3(2),

4 (1). 5 (6).

6 (5).

.................

..........................................

t [Probably

a

misprint for II.]

403

4. Holakartikos Kel.

324

Order

17.

ANOPLURA (Siphunculata) Sucking D.I. Blagoveshchenskii

licet

,

insects with dor soventr ally-flattened body; mouthparts piercing and sucking, retracted inside the head when not in use; antennae 3- to 5-segmented; thorax fused and not distinctly divided into segments;

Apterous

legs prehensile; metamorphosis incomplete; obligate blood-sucking parasites of mammals.

Body (Figure 160, 1) narrowly oblong or (with transitions) broadly oval, dor soventr ally flattened, 0.35-6.5 mm long, female usually larger, more or less covered with hairs, setae and spines of different form and length. Head narrow-oval to hexagonal, rarely very long; if the head is angular, it has anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral angles. Mouth terminal, eversible as a short rostrum with a crown of hooks with which the lice attach themselves to the skin of the host. Mouthparts piercing-sucking, lying inside the head in a special sac and they are everted or retracted by special muscles. Antennae short, 3-4 or usually 5-segmented; Srdantennal segment of male sometimes with appendage, 1st segment markedly larger than in female. Eyes reduced, with one lens, hemispherical or conical, with pigment spot or without pigment, or absent. Thorax consisting of 3 fused segments, without wing rudiments, with a pair of mesothoracic spiracles. Thorax with median dorsal pit, sternal plate (Figure 160,2) and sternal apophyseal pits. Legs (Figure 160, 3) short, prehensile; tibiae broadened distally, with appendages (spines or setae), usually with inner fingerlike process, sometimes with pulvilliform pretarsal appendage; tarsus 1-segmented or indistinctly 2-segmented, with 1 claw, often with tarsal pulvilli. The louse lives on hair, crawling by holding the hair with the claws. During crawling the claws are bent and reach between the distal appendages of the tibia, or are pressed against the tibial fingerlike process. Abdomen of varying form, narrow-oblong to broad-oval, divided into 9 segments, rarely with lateral segmental processes (Figure 160,4), posterior end of male abdomen rounded, in female bilobed. Abdomen usually with tergal plates, sternal plates (including the genital plates) (Figure 160, 5) and paratergal plates. Number of spiracles ranging from 6 pairs (at the sides of segments III-VIII) to 1 pair. Female genital plate (sternum VIII) often with gonapophyses (Figure 160, 6), which are sometimes well developed, Male copulatory apparatus as in Mallophaga (see p. 385). The nymphs resemble the adults, but differ from them in the absence of the genital pore, gonapophyses or setae which replace them functionally (female), copulatory apparatus (male), genital plates or spots; they have a different chaetotaxy on the abdomen and are smaller. The Anoplura are closely related to the Mallophaga. t The

Latin name

of

[he order was chosen

by the editorial board.

Sucking lice are parasites of various orders of mammals, but are not found on all groups. They live in the hair of the host (near its skin), feeding exclusively on blood. The body louse is also found on clothes. Transfer from one host to another is usually through bodily contact. They produce continuously by fertilized eggs. The eggs (or nits) resemble those of Mallophaga, they are 1-1.5mm long, and are cemented to the hair with a sticky secretion. The eggs of the body louse are cemented to fibers of the clothes. Metamorphosis incomplete, with 3 ecdyses. One or two, rarely 3 or 4 species of sucking lice occur on the same host species. Sucking lice are either strictly specific parasites or relatively specific. The geographical distribution of the sucking lice depends on that of their hosts. They cause direct damage by constantly sucking the blood of their host, and indirect damage by transmitting agents of diseases of man and animals.

FIGURE 160.

Anoplura

(after Blagoveshchenskii and Ferns)

suis, female, general habitus, dorsal (eeye, r rostrum, aantenna, 1Haematopinus dpdorsal pit, spthoracic spiracle, tp tergal plates, pppleural plates, asabdominal spiracles); 2H- suis, sternal plate of female thorax (apophyseal pits shown); 3H. suis, tibia and tarsus of foreleg of female (fpfingerlike process of tibia, prpretarsal appendage, ptarsal pulvilli); 4Phthirus pubis, female, general habitus (left half dorsal, right half ventral) (lateral segmenial processes of abdomen shown); H. suis, terminal pan of abdomen ofmale, ventral (gpgenital plate); 6same of female (gpgenital plate, ggonapophyses).

Collecting of lice and making of preparations are the same as for Mallophaga (see p. 385). The world fauna of sucking lice and their distribution on hosts are still little known. There are about 300 species. The following keys include well-known species and those most likely to occur in the fauna of the European U.S.S.R. (41 species of 15 genera). LITERATURE. Blagov’eshchenskii, D.I. Vshi (Siphunculata) domashnikh miehopitayushchikh (Sucking Lice (Siphunculara) of Domestic Mammals).Opredelitel’ po faune SSSR. Vol.73. Izdanie Zoologicheskogo instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1960; Pavlovskii, E.N. Rukovodstvo po parazitotogii cheloveka s ucheniem o perenoschikakh transmissivnykh boleznei (A Handbook of Human Parasitology. with to Vectors of Transmissible Diseases). Vol.11. Moskva-Leningrad. 1948; Ferris, G, F. Contributions Toward a Monograph of the Sucking Lice, I- VIII. -Stanford Univ. Publ., California, 1919, 1921-1923. 1932-1935; Ferris. G.F. The Sucking Lice. -Mem. Pac. Coast Ent. Soc., I. San Francisco, 1951; Freund, L. A Bibliography of the Anoplura or Sucking Lice.Acta Ent. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Vol.26

Special Reference

(367).

326

1948.

Key to Families

,

1 (2). 2 (1). 3 (8). 4 (7).

5 (6).

Abdominal spiracles tubelike distally (Figure 161, 1). On aquatic mammals....................... 1. Echinophthiriidae (p. 406). Abdominal spiracles different. On terrestrial mammals. Paratergal plates of abdomen normally well developed. Paratergal plates of abdomen forming rounded prominences (Figure 160, 1), covering lateral segmental lobes or processes, not free or only slightly free apically. Thorax with well-marked mediodorsal pit. Eyes usually without pigment. Fore-, middle and hind legs of about equal size, usually with pretarsal appendage (Figure 160, 3). On Artiodactyla and

Perissodactyla 6 (5).

7 (4).

8 (3).

.....................

2. Haematopinidae (p. 407).

Thorax with indistinct dorsal pit or without pit. Eyes with pigment spot. All legs of about the same size, or forelegs markedly thinner than the others. On primates ..... 3. Pediculidae (p. 408). Paratergal plates of abdomen not convex and not covering lateral segmental lobes, at least partly free apicaily. On rodents, insectivores, Perissodactyla and primates.... 4. Hoplopleuridae (p. 410). Paratergal plates of abdomen absent. On Artiodactyla, Hyra5. Unognathidae (p. 415). coidea, Carnivora ....................

1.

Family ECHINOPHTHIRIIDAE

Antennae 4- or 5-segmented. Forelegs usually short and slender; middle and hind legs longer and strong. Abdominal segments usually without tergal and sternal plates. Paratergal plates absent. Spiracles tubelike distally (Figure 161,1). Body densely covered with setae which are usually scalelike (Figure 161, 2) or flattened. On Carnivora, Pinnipedia. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 genera.

Key 1 (2).

Antennae 5-segmented.

to Genera

Forelegs short, with slender claws. On Otariidae, Phocidae and walruses

Body with scalelike setae.

..........................................l.

406

Antarctophthirus.

HAEMATOPINIDAE

2 (1).

Antennae 4-segmented, Forelegs massive, almost as large as the others, with strong claw. Body without scalelike setae. On Phocidae.................................. 2. Echinophthirius.

Keys to Species of Family Echinophthiriidae 1. Antarctophthirus End. Antennae 5-segmented. Thorax without sternal plate. Forelegs short, with slender claws; middle and hind legs much larger, massive, with strong claws. Body covered with flattened and scalelike setae. On Otariidae and Phocidae, Odobaenidae. In the whole U..S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (1).

Head dorsally and ventrally in posterior part with a group of long setae. Thorax ventrally with numerous scalelike setae, without long setae at posterior margin. Abdomen densely covered with scalelike setae. End of male abdomen with brush of setae. Female 3-4, male 2.6-2.9. On seals (Odobaenus rosmarus).................................A. trichechi Boh.

Echinophthirius Gb. Antennae 4-segmented. Thorax with sternal Fore-, middle and hind legs massive, of about equal size and form, with strong claws. Body densely covered with flattened setae. On Phocidae. 1 species. 2.

plate.

1 (1).

Abdominal terga and sterna usually with a stripe of short flat setae and a row of longer setae at posterior margin. Sternum IX of female with 2 longitudinal stripes of long setae. Male genital plate lyre-shaped. Female 3-3.5, male 2.5-3. On Phoca vitulina; also on Ph. groenlandica. Ph. hispid a, Halichoerus grypus, Cystophora cristata, etc. .............................................. E. horridus Olf.

.......

2.

Family HAEMATOPINIDAE

Antennae 5-segmented.

Eyes without pigment or with pigment spot. Thorax with distinct mediodorsal pit and a pair of sternal apophyseal pits. Fore-, middle and hind legs of about equal size, with claws of similar size and shape, usually with pretarsal appendage. Pleurites of abdomen forming rounded prominences (Figure 160, 1), covering lateral segmental lobes or processes, without free parts. Gonapophyses well developed. On Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 genus.

Key to Species of Family Haematopinidae Haematopinus Leach, Eyes not pigmented, situated on mediolateral angles of head (Figure 160, 1). Tibiae with pretarsal appendage (Figure 160, 3). On Suidae, Bovidae, Cervidae. Equidae. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. 1.

1 (6).

2 (5). 3 (4).

Head long and narrow, 2-3 times longer than broad. Abdomen without conical lateral processes. Body broad, with well-marked intersegmental indentation (Figure 160,1). Abdomen broad-oval, with large paratergal

4 (3).

5 (2).

6 (1). 7 (8),

8 (7).

plates and tergal plates. Female 4.2-5, male 3.6-4.2. On the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus). Transmitting swine fever, swine plague and anthrax ................ ^H. suis L. Body more slender, with or without indistinct inter segmental indentations. Abdomen narrower, with small paratergal plates, with or without tergal plates. -Female 4.3-5.5, male 4-4.4. On the wild boar (Sus scrofa). ..................... H. apri Gour. Abdomen with conical lateral processes. Sternal plate of thorax pitcher-shaped. Female 2.7-3.5, male 2.6-3.2. On donkeys (Equus asinus) and horses (Equus caballus). Transmitting infectious anemia of horses.................. *H. asini L.. Head short and broad, less than twice as long as broad. Sternal plate of thorax with median subapical process. Paratergal plates of abdomen with isolated setae at posterior margin (not more than 3). Gonapophyses short. Female 2.6-3.4, male 2.1-2.5. On domestic cattle (Bos taurus)............ *H. eurysternus N. Sternal plate of thorax without median subapical process. Paratergal plates of abdomen usually with several setae at posterior margin (not less than 4-8). Gonapophyses elongate. Female 3.5-5,1, male 3-3.8. On the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) .......,;.....................,-........ *H. tuberculatus Burm. 3.

Family PEDICUUDAE

Antennae 5-segmented. Eyes with pigment spot. All legs of about the same size and shape, or forelegs slender and middle and hind legs large and massive. Abdomen sometimes with lateral tubercle-shaped processes (Figure 160, 4). Female abdomen dorsally membranous except a plate on tergum IX, or with weakly-developed plates; male usually with tergal plates; sternal plates (except genital plate) absent. Paratergal plates of several abdominal segments forming rounded prominences covering lateral lobes, not free or little free apically. Gonapophyses well-developed. Onprimates. 2 genera.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

All legs of about equal size.

tubercle-shaped processes.

Abdominal segments without lateral On man and monkeys................

................................................

2 (1).

1. Pediculus.

Forelegs markedly thinner than the others. Abdominal segments with lateral tubercle-shaped processes (Figure 160, 4). On man and anthropoid apes ............................... 2. Phthirus. Keys to Species of Family Pediculidae

1. Pediculus L. Thorax with dorsal pit and sternal plate. All legs of about the same size and shape, with slender claw. Abdomen with well-

developed intersegmental indentations; female abdomen dorsally mem328 branous or with weakly-developed plates; male abdomen usually withplates, Abdominal segments without lateral tubercle-shaped processes. Spiracles in their normal place. On man, chimpanzee (Pan), gibbons (Hylobates), Cebidae. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

PEDICULIDAE

1 (1).

Paratergal plates of abdomen without lateral lobes; dorsal, ventral plates and paratergal plates of segments III-V not ringlike. Female 2.2-4.7, male 2-3,7. On man; transmitting relapsing fever and epidemic typhus ...................... #P. huroanus L.

lale: Ispiracle; 2scalelike setae on abdomen; is, paratergal plates on abdominal segments V and VI, female; huroanus, same; 5Enderleinellus nitzschi, female, paired plates of abdominal sternum II; 6Hoplopleura acanthopus, female, abdominal sterna II and III; 7Polypla spinulosa. paratergal plates of abdomen, female; 8Haemod ipsus ventricosus. same; 9Polyplax spinulosa, sternal plaie of thorax, female; 10P.spinigera, same; 4P.h.

11P.serrata,

a

(b).

same; 12P.borealis,

same;

13Haemodipsus

same,

Antennae short. Paratergal plates of abdominal segments V-VIII well developed, reaching inter segmental indentations (Figure 161,3). Female genital plate small, with shallow notch at anterior margin. Gonapophyses broader. Ventral longitudinal muscles of female abdomen reaching only to segment V. Female 2.4-4, male 2-3. ^head louse P. humanus capitis Deg. On hair of the head Antennae longer. Paratergal plates of abdominal segments V-VIII less well developed, not reaching inter segmental indentations (Figure 161, 4). Female genital plate larger, with deeper notch on anterior margin. Gonapophyses narrower. Ventral longitudinal ..........

b (a).

ventricosus.

muscles of female abdomen normally also in segment IV. Female 2.2-4.7, male 2.1-3.7. On clothing. ............................ P. humanus humanus L. .......................... *Body louse

2. Phthirus Leach. Thorax very broad (Figure 160, 4), without dorsal pit and sternal plate. Forelegs much thinner than the others, with slender 329 claw; middle and hind legs large and massive, with strong claw. Abdominal segments V-VIII with lateral tubercle-shaped processes. Spiracles on segments III-V close together. On man, chimpanzee (Pan), Gorilla. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Head with sclerotized tubercle and lobe-shaped process on each side ventrally, near anterior margin. Antennae relatively long and slender. Coxae of all legs with lobe-shaped process (Figure 160, 4). Body short and broad, legs stretched out laterally. Female 1.5-2, male 1-1.3. On man, usually in the pubic P. pubis L. region............................... *Crab Louse

4. Family HOPLOPLEURIDAE

Antennae normally 5-segmented, sometimes with last 2 or 3 segments fused, oftenshowing sexual dimorphism. Eyes usually absent. Sternal plate of thorax usually developed, often with free posterior end. Abdomen almost always with paratergal plates (at least on one segment); paratergal plates of abdomen at least partly free apically, not rounded convex and not covering lateral lobes of segments. Tergal and sternal plates usually present and well developed. On rodents (Glires), Insectivora, Perissodactyla and Primates. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 or 8 genera. Key to Genera 1 (14).

to claw. Fore- and middle legs of similar size, small and slender, with slender claw. Abdominal sternum II usually with a pair of small plates, each of which bears a process (Figure 161,5). On Sciuridae. (Subfamily Enderleinellinae) .................. 1. Enderleinellus. Forelegs smallest; middle legs at least slightly larger than forelegs, with stronger claw. Abdominal sternum II without a pair of

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (7).

5 (6).

.

6 (5).

7

(4).

Eyes absent. Forelegs without claw-shaped process contiguous

plates. Sternal plate of abdominal segment II elongate so that it articulates with the paratergal plates (Figure 161, 6), sometimes longitudinally divided. On some groups of rodents and Insectivora. (Subfamily Hoplopleurinae). Sternal plate of abdominal segment II broad, divided into 2 large plates. On dormice ......................... 2. Schizophthirus. Sternal plate of abdominal segment II narrow, transverse (Figure 161, 6). On rodents (Sciuridae, Muridae, Cricetidae, Ochotonidae, etc.) ............................. 3. Hoplopleura. Sternal plate of abdominal segment II not elongate, not articulating with paratergal plates. On various groups of rodents, Insectivora, Perissodactyla. (Subfamily Polyplacinae).

HOPLOPLEURIDAE

8 (11). Not more than 7 pairs of paratergal plates, always developed on abdominal segments II-VIII. 9 (10). Paratergal plates of abdominal segment II not divided. Second plate of abdominal tergum II of male at least slightly modified, with concave posterior margin and radially-placed lateral setae. Mainly on flying squirrels and Sciuridae .... 4. Neohaematopinus. 10 (9). Paratergal plates of abdominal segment II with traces of longitudinal division (Figure 161, 7). 2nd plate of abdominal tergum II of male.not modified. On Muridae, Cricetidae, Soricidae. ................................................. 5. Polyplax. 6 pairs of abdominal paratergal plates or less (on segments II-VI, 11 (8). III-VI, II-VH) or absent. 12 (13). Paratergal plates of abdomen forming fine denticles (Figure 161,8), ........

On hares and rabbits. 6. Haemodipsus. 13 (12). Paratergal plates of abdomen different, 4-6 pairs on segments II-VI, III-VI or II-VII. On several groups of rodents, including Dipodidae ................................... 7. Eulinognathus. 14 (1). Eyes present, with pigment spot. On monkeys. (Subfamily present on segments III-VI or absent.

......

.............................................

Pedicininae).

....................................

8. Pedicinus.

Keys to Species of Family Hoplopleuridae

Antennae without denticle-shaped appendages. Abdominal segment II usually with a pair of small sclerotized ventral plates, each with a posteriorly directed process (Figure 161, 5). Paratergal plates 2 species. In the whole not connected with sternal plates. On Sciuridae. U.S.S.R. 6 species. 1.

330

1 (2).

2(1).

Enderleinellus Fahr.

Sternal plate of thorax flask-shaped, with narrow anterior part between 1st coxae. Paratergal plates of third pair with 2 short setae at posterior margin. Female 0.6-1, male 0.7-1. On the squirrel (Sciurus vulgar! s) ...............E. nitzschi Fahr. Sternal plate of thorax different, almost flask-shaped. Paratergal plates of 3rd pair with long dorsal seta and short ventral seta at posterior margin. Female 0.6-0.7, male 0.6-0.7. On the E. tamiasis Fahr. chipmunk (Eutamias sibiricus) ..........

Schizophthirus Ferris. Antennae 5-segmented. Hind femora and tibiae without vesicle-shaped membranous appendages. Sternal plates of abdominal segment II longitudinally divided into 2 broad plates, which articulate by a process with the paratergal plate, with 2 or 3 spinelike setae at posterior margin. Paratergal plates of abdominal segment II without long protruding lobe-shaped processes. On Myoxidae. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species. 2.

I (1).

Paratergal plates of 3rd to 6th pair divided by a deep notch into 2 irregular lobes, the dorsal lobe markedly narrower than the ventral. Female 1.3-1.5, male 1. On dormice (Dyromys nitedula, Eliomys quercinus, Muscardinus avellanarius)........................... Sch. pleurophaeus Burm.

ANOPLURA

3. Hoplopleura End. Antennae 5-segmented. Hind femora and tibiae without vesicle-shaped membranous appendages. Sternal plates of abdominal segment II and usually 1st sternal plate of segment III elongate articulating with paratergal plates, narrow and transverse, 1st sternal plate of segmentIII often with 2 groups of 2-4 thick setae (Figure 161, 6). Paratergal plates without traces of division; plates of abdominal segment II without lobe-shaped processes. On some groups of rodents, especially

Pteromyidae, Sciuridae, Muridae, Cricetidae and Lagomyidae. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 species. 1 (8). 2 (5). 3 (4).

Sternal plate of thorax hastate or rocket-shaped, with rodlike narrow posterior part. Paratergal plates of 6th pair with 2 dissimilar lobes, one dorsal rectangular and one ventral wedge-shaped lobe. Paratergal plates of 3rd pair with broad lobes divided by a narrow notch; plates of 7th pair without lobes. Female abdomen without lateral tergal setae, with one lateral seta between 1st or 2nd sternal plates and paratergal plates of segments V-VIII; male abdomen without lateral setae. Female 1.1-1.4, male 1.0. On H. longula Neum. the harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) Paratergal plates of 3rd pair with narrow lobes divided by abroad notch; plates of 7th pair with wedge-shaped dorsal lobe. Female abdomen with 1 lateral seta between 1st tergal plate and paratergal plates of segments V-VII and with several (6) lateral sternal setae. Male abdomen with 4 lateral tergal setae on segments IV-VII and several (4) lateral sternal setae. Female 0.9-1.4, male 0.8-1. On Apodemus agrarius and A. sylvaticus ...H. affinis Burm. Paratergal plates of 6th pair with 2 similar wedge-shaped or rectangular lobes. Paratergal plates of 6th pair with wedge-shaped lobes; plates of 7th and 8th pair without lobes. Abdominal segments IV-VIII of female with 1-3 lateral setae between each tergal plate and paratergal plate; segments IV-VII with 1 or 2 lateral sternal setae. Abdominal segments IV-VII of male with 1-4 lateral tergal setae and one lateral sternal seta. Female 0.9-1.2, male 0,7-0.9. On the common vole (Microtus arvalis); also on the dark vole (M. agrestis), the water vole (Arvicola terre’stris), the common red-backed vole (C lethrionomy s glareolus), the house mouse (Mus musculus), etc. Transmitting tularemia... ......................................... H. acanthopus Burm. Paratergal plates of 6th pair with rectangular lobes; plates of 7th pair with wedge-shaped lobes; in female plates of 8th pair usually with dorsal lobe. Abdomen with several (5-7) lateral sternal setae. Female 1-1.3, male 0.7-0.9. On the house mouse (Mus musculus)..........-................H. captiosa John. Sternal plate of thorax shield-shaped; posterior part of sternal plate of thorax not narrowed in form of rod. Head elongate, pointed, with weakly projecting mediolateral angles and almost parallel posterolateral margins. Paratergal plates of 3rd to 6th pairs divided into 2 lobes by a deep curved notch, with 2 short median setae at posterior margin. Female 1.1. On Meriones meridianus ...........................H. merionidia Ferris. -..,

4 (3).

5 (2). 6 (7).

7 (6).

8 (1).

HOPLOPLEURIDAE

Neohaematopinus Mjob. Head usually with distinct mediolateral angles. Antennae 5-segmented, often showing sexual dimorphism. Forelegs small, with slender claws; middle and hind legs larger, with massive claws, often of about equal size. 2nd plate of abdominal tergum II of male at least slightly modified, with concave posterior margin and radially arranged lateral setae, paratergal plates always developed on segments II-VIII; plates of segment II not divided. Mainly on flying squirrels (Pteromyidae) and squirrels (Sciuridae). 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4.

6 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

1st antennal segment with short thick spine at posterior margin; this spine not standing on a process. Sternal plate of thorax with notch on posterior margin. In female, abdominal terga IV-VII with 1,2, 3, 3 long lateral setae respectively; terga IV-V of male and sterna III-VI with one long lateral seta. Female 2.0, male 1.5. On the common squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)....N. sciuri Jan. 1st antennal segment without spine at posterior margin. Sternal

plate of thorax roughly oval. Most abdominal segments of female without tergal and sternal plates, with continuous rows of up to 30 setae. 3rd antennal segment of male not modified. Male abdomen with groups of median setae (about 15-16 dorsally and 4-5 ventrally) and lateral setae (3 or 4). Female 1.6-1.7, male 1.1-1.3. On Citellus undulatus; also found on Citellus pygmaeus, C.fulvus, etc.; transmitting tularemia............... ........................................... N. laeviusculus Gr. 5. Polyplax End. Head usually with distinct mediolateral angles. Antennae 5-segmented, often showing sexual dimorphism. Forelegs small, with slender claw; hind legs largest, with the strongest claw. In male, 2nd plate of abdominal tergum II not modified. Paratergal plates always developed on segments II-VIII; (Figure 161, 7); plates of abdominal segment II longitudinally divided. On Muridae, Cricetidae and Soricidae. 8 species. In the U.S.S.R. 11 species.

.

.

.

.

5 (4).

.

3 (2). 4 (5),

Sternal plate of thorax irregularly hexagonal, with almost parallel lateral margins. Anterior margin of thoracic sternal plate slightly angular (Figure 161, 9). Paratergal plates of 2nd to 5th pairs with posterodorsal denticle (Figure 161,7). Female 0.9-1.7, male 0.8-0.9. On the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), also on the black rat (R. rattus), etc. Transmitting murine typhus, infectious anemia and murine trypanosomiasis .......... P. spinulosa Burm. Anterior margin of thoracic sternal plate, with pointed process in the middle (Figure 161, 10). Paratergal plates of 2nd to 4th pairs with ventral and dorsal denticles posteriorly; plates of 5thpair only with dorsal denticle; plates of 6th pair without denticles; setae on posterior margin of 2nd to 5th pairs shorter than plates. Female 1.2, male 0.8, On the P. spinigera Burm. water vole (Arvicola terrestris). Paratergal plates of 2nd to 6th pairs with dorsal and ventral denticles posteriorly; dorsal setae on posterior margin of 2nd to 5th pair markedly longer than plates. Female 1.4-1.8, male 1-1.4, .

1 (6). 2 (3).

.

331

ANOPLURA

6 (1). 7 (14). 8 (11).

9 (10).

10 (9).

11 (8).

12 (13).

13 (12).

332 14 (7).

On the common mole- vole (Ellobius talpinus). .............................................. P. ellobii Sosn. Thoracic sternal plate different. Thoracic sternal plate heart-shaped (Figure 161, 11). Paratergal plates of 2nd to 5th pairs with 2 short setae at the posterior margin. Sternal plate of thorax with distinct median process at anterior margin. Paratergal plates of 6th pair with a short and a markedly longer seta at the posterior margin. Female 1-1.3, male 0.7. On the harvest mouse (Micromys minutus)... P. gracilis Fahr. Thoracic sternal plate with small median process at anterior margin (Figure 161, 12). Paratergal plates of 6th pair with 2 long setae. 1st sternal plate of abdomen arcuate. Female 1.2-1.6, male 1.0. On the red-gray vole (Clethrionomys rufocanus); also on the common red-backed vole (C. glareolus), etc........ ........................................... P. borealis Ferris. Paratergal plates of 2nd to 5th pairs wilh different chaetotaxy. Paratergal plates of 2nd, 4th and 5th pairs with 2 short setae at posterior margin; plates of 3rd pair with a short and a markedly longer seta. Female 1-1.2, male 0.6-0.8. On the house mouse (Mus musculu s); also found on Apodemus sylvaticus, A. agrarius, A. flavicollis, Microtus arvalis, Clethrionomys glareolus, etc. Transmitting murine tularemia .....P. serrata Burm. Paratergal plates of 2nd pair with 2 short setae at posterior margin; plates of 3rd to 5th pairs with a short and a much longer seta. Female 0.6-0.9, male 0.7-0.8. On Sorex araneus, Crocidura suave o 1 e n s, etc. ................................. p. reclinata N. Thoracic sternal plate elongate, triangular, with a small anterior process. Paratergal plates of 2nd pair longitudinally divided; dorsal seta at posterior margin much longer than the ventral seta on plates of 2nd and 3rd pairs. Female 1.4, male 1.1. On Meriones meridianus ......................P. chinensis Ferris.

6. Haemodipsus End. Antennae 5-segmented. Thorax with sternal plate. Forelegs small, with slender claw; middle and hind legs larger, with strong claw, of about equal size. Abdominal terga and sterna with row of setae. Abdominal segments usually without tergal and sternalplates. Paratergal plates small, with denticle (Figure 161, 8) on segments III-VI or wanting. Abdominal spiracles on segments III-VIII. On hares and rabbits (Leporidae). In the U.S.S.R. 3 species.

1 (2).

Head narrow. Abdomen without paratergal plates. Female 1.92.5, male 1.5-1.9- On Lepus timidus and L. europaeus ....................................... H. lyriocephalus Burm. Head markedly widened in posterior half. Abdomen with paratergal plates (Figure 161, 8). Thoracic sternal plate rectangular, narrow, transverse (Figure 161, 13). Female 1.3-1.5, male 1-1.2. On the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and domestic rabbits. Transmitting tularemia ............... H. ventricosus D. ...

2 (l).

7. Eulinognathus Cum. Head with or without sclerotized denticleshaped processes or tubercles. Antennae 5-segmented, usually without sexual dimorphism. Forelegs small or large, like the others; middle legs

LINOGNATHIDAE

hind legs; hind legs always large. Most abdomi nal segments of female with 1 or 2 rows of tergal and sternal setae; male abdominal segments with 1 row of setae, without distinct tergal and sternal

usually almost as large as

Paratergal plates present on segments II-VI, III-VI or II-VII. Abdominal spiracles 5 or 6 pairs, located on segments III-VII or III-VIII. On some groups of rodents, especially Dipodidae. 1 species. In the whole U-S.S.R. 3 species. plates.

1 (1).

Head with a pair of ventral, sublateral denticle-shaped processes at the sides. Basal segment of antennae without ventral processes. Female 1.2, male 1.0. On the three-toed jerboa (Dipus sagitt a)................................ Eu. biuncatus Ferris.

8. Pedicinus Gerv. Antennae 5-segmented, sometimes last 3 segments fused, showing sexual dimorphism. Eyes with pigment spot. All legs similar and relatively slender, or forelegs slender and the others larger. Most abdominal segments without tergal and sternal plates. Paratergal plates present on segments IV-VI or V-VI. Abdominal spiracles on segments III-VIII. Gonapophyses rudimentary, their location marked by a row of setae. On Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea). About 7 species throughout the world.

5.

Family LINOGNATHIDAE

Antennae normally 5-segmented, last 2 segments sometimes fused. Eyes presenter absent. Thorax usually without sternal plate, rarely with weakly developed plate. Forelegs markedly smaller than middle and hind legs; middle and hind legs almost always of about the same size. Abdomenwithoutplates except on tergum IX, the genital plate and rarely tergal plates in the male. On Artiodactyla, Hyracoidea, Carnivora. In the whole U.S.S.R. ?, genera.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Abdominal segments with 1 rowof setae. Abdominal spiracles opening 1. Solenopotes. onprojectingtubercles. OnBovidae and Cervidae Abdominal segments with more than one row of setae. Abdominal On not situated on tubercles. spiracles Bovidae, Giraffidae and ...

2 (1).

Canidae

......................................

2.

Linognathus.

Keys to Species of Family Linognathidae

Solenopotes End. Antennae 5-segmented. Eyes absent. Thorax with sternal plate not free at margin or apex. Forelegs slender, with slender claw; middle and hind legs thick, with strong claw. Abdomen without plates except on tergum IX and the genital plate. Segments with 1 row of 333 tergal and sternal setae. Abdominal spiracles opening on marked lateral 1.

tubercles. Ventral terminal lobes of female abdomen sometimes with setaceous or spinelike process. On Bovidae and Cervidae. About 8 species 4 species. in the genus. 1 (4). 2 (3).

Abdominal segments with more than 2 median setae. Abdomen dorsally without lateral spots. Abdominal spiracles on markedly projecting tubercles (Figure 162, 1). Gonapophyses small, rounded, with thin setae at the margin, with apical spinules.

Ventral terminal lobes of female abdomen forming plate with setaceous process. End of male abdomen trilobed (Figure 162,2); median lobe large, rounded; lateral lobes small, slightly hooked. Female 1.4-1.6, male 1.2-1.4. On domestic cattle (Bos taurus) ............................................ *S. capillatus End.

FIGURE 162. Anoplura. Family Linognaihidae (after Blagoveshchenskii and Friend)

1.2Solenopotes male; 3S.

capillatus:

1terminal minal

of female abdomen, ventral; p part

burmeisteri, same, female; 4s. capreolt, same; 5Linogn 6head of female, dorsal; 7gonapophyses.

pedalis, same; 6,7L.vituli:

3 (2).

Dorsum of abdomen with lateral rows of irregular spots. Female 2.5, male 2.0. On reindeer (Rangifer tar andu s)............

4 (1).

Abdominal segments with a pair of median setae. Head with parallel lateral margins. Thoracic sternal plate with narrowed posterior margin. Gonapophyses small, widely separated (Figure 162,3). Female 1.7-2.1, male 1.5-1.8. On red deer (Cervus elaphus). ............. S. burmeisteri Fahr. Head anteriorly with concave lateral margins. Thoracic sternal plate equally wide at anterior and posterior margin. Gonapophyses large, close together (Figure 162, 4). Female 2.5. On roe deer

.............................................. S. tarandi Mjob. 5 (6).

6 (5).

(Capreolus capreolus)..................... S. capreoli Fr. 2. Linognathus End. Antennae 5-segmented. Eyes absent. Thoracic sternal plate absent or weakly developed. Most abdominal terga and sterna with more than one row of setae. Ventral terminal lobes of female abdomen without processes. Spiracles not located on tubercles. On Bovidae. Giraffidae and Canidae.- 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 species.

LINOGNATHIDAE

1 (10). Posterolateral margins of head not angular, 2 (5). Head 3 (4). Anterior part of head almost trapezoidal. Antennae in middle of lateral margin of head. Abdominal spiracles large. Gonapophyses broadly rounded. Female 1.8-2.4, male 1.6-1.7. On the domestic dog (C ani s familiaris)..................... *L. setosus Olf. 4 (3). Anterior part of head broadly conical. Antennae situated nearer to anterior margin. Abdominal spiracles of moderate size. Gonapophyses with angular serrated inner margin (Figure 162, 5). Female 1.8-2.4, male 1.7. On sheep (Ovis aries}.............

short.’

..............................................*L. pedalis Osb. 5 (2). 6 (9).

Head elongate. Abdominal spiracles large.

FIGURE 163. Anoplura. Family Linogiiathidae (after Blagoveshchensk ii)

1,2Linognaitius 3, 4L.

7 (8).

8 (7).

sienopsis: Ihead of female, dorsal; 2gonapophyse of female, dorsal; 4 gonapophyses.

africanus: 3head

part of head short and broad, conical. Gonapophyses broadly rounded. Female 2.8, male 2.1. On sheep (Ovis aries)............-........................ ,*L. ovillus Neum. Anterior part of head elongate and narrow, conical (Figure 162,6). Gonapophyses with concave posterior margin (Figure 162, 7). Female 1.8-2.6, male 1.5-1.9. On domestic cattle (Bo s taurus) ................................................. .#L. vituli L. Anterior

9 (6).

Abdominal spiracles small.

Posterolateral margins of head Gonapophyses truncate, with inner denticle-shaped process on posterior margin (Figure 163, 2). Female 2.2-3. male 1.7-2.1. On goats (Capra hi rcus)........ .......................................... *L. stenopsis Burm. Posterolateral margins of head angular (Figure 163, 3). Gonapophyses converging, narrow, rounded (Figure 163,4). Female 1.8-2.3, male 1.5-1.6. On sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hir cu s)..................... .*L. afrxcanus Kelt. et P.

convex (Figure 163, 1).

10 (1).

18.

Order HOMOPTERA

E.M. Dantsig, A. F. Emel’yanov, M. M. Loginova and G.Kh. Shaposhnikov Head not very mobile, hypognathous; mouthparts sucking, without maxillary and labial palps- Mouthparts forming an articulated proboscis originating at posterior part of head; wings normally 2 pairs, in repose usually folded in rooflike manner; fore wings as a rule of uniform texture; wings often absent, or sometimes only anterior pair present; metamorphosis incomplete, sometimes complex; feeding on plant juices; often forming colonies on plants. Homoptera are of diverse form, usually small (aphids, Psyllidae, Coccoidea, Aleyrodidae and partly Cicadidae), but some are large (Cicadidae). Head usually with slanting frons and usually well-developed eyes; eyes sometimes reduced to 3-faceted ocular tubercles (in some aphids) or absent (part of Coccoidea). Ocelli 2 or 3 or absent, in nymphs always absent. Clypeus usually large, divided into anterior anteclypeus and larger postclypeus. Proboscis usually 3-segmented, recurved beneath body and directed backwards, its base situated on posterior margin of head, near base of forelegs; base of proboscis therefore located between forelegs or directly anterior to them. Articulated proboscis comprising the labium which forms a sheath in which lie 2 pairs of slender bristlelike stylets (strongly modified mandibles and maxillae). Sometimes proboscis reduced or absent (male coccidea, some female coccoidea and some male and female aphids). Maxillary and labial palps absent. Antennae consisting of few segments, usually 3- to 10-segmented, often shorter than body. Pronotum often small, collarlike, rarely large, with processes (Cicadidae, family Membracidae). Mesothorax larger than the other thoracic segments, in winged forms usually with well-developed triangular scutellum. Wings (if present) 2 pairs, in male Coccoidea only fore wings present. Both pairs of wings usually membranous; fore wings as a rule of uniform consistency, but sometimes thicker than hind wings, leathery (part of Cicadidae); hind wings often smaller than fore wings. Venation distinct, usually reduced to a varying degree, only in Cicadidae with cross veins. Legs ambulatory; hind legs of Psyllidae and most Cicadidae saltatorial, with saltatorial musculature in coxae; some aphids with saltatorial forelegs. Legs sometimes much shortened (nymphs of Aleyrodidae, part of aphids and Coccoidea) or rudimentary (some female Coccoidea, some aphids). Abdomen normally with distinct segmentation; abdominal segmentation weakly marked or lost only in some aphids and female Coccoidea. Body often covered with waxy secretions forming a powdery layer, filaments or plates, in Coccoidea often covered by scutellum. Metamorphosis incomplete, sometimes complicated by the appearance of temporary organs (Cicadidae) or diapause in nymphs (male Coccoidea);

on the other hand, development of apterous forms simplified, epimorphicAphids are characterized by polymorphism, by alternation of parthenogenetic and sexual generations, and partly by viviparity. All Homoptera are phytophagous, feeding on plant juices; many species are serious pests of agricultural crops and trees. The damage caused by Homoptera is 336 aggravated by the fact that many species excrete sweet feces on the leaves and other parts of the plant (honey dew). Honey dew is favorable for the development of fungi which form a black film on the plants. Some species transmit viral or other plant diseases. The order has long been considered (even at present) as a suborder of the order Hemiptera (true bugs). It is divided into 3 groups: Coleorrhyncha (a few species from the Southern Hemisphere with almost free proboscis and almost flat wings in repose), Auchenorrhyncha (Cicadinea) and Sternorrhyncha (Psyllinea, Aleyrodinea, Aphidinea and Coccinea). Some authors consider these groups as suborders; the main groups of the suborder Sternorrhyncha (Psyllinea, etc.) are therefore considered as superfamilies. Other taxonomists raise the above 3 groups to the rank of "series", an intermediate taxon between suborder and order; the groups of the series Sternorrhyncha become then suborders: Psyllinea, Aleyrodinea, Aphidinea and Coccinea; the series Auchenorrhyncha then contains one suborder only; the Cicadinea. This classification is adopted in the present Key. LITERATURE. Oshanin, 8. Verzeichnis der palaearkiischen Hemiptecen, Bd.Il. Sankt-Peierburg, 1908 (Supplement 10 "Ezhegodnik Zoo logic heskogo muzeya AkactemU nauk"); Oshanin. B. Vade mecum destine a faciliter la determination des Hemipieres.Tmdy Russkogo Eniomologicheskogo Obshchestva, Vol. 42, No. 2. 1916. See also the literature at the end of the description of the suborders.

Key to Suborders 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (8).

4 (5).

3-segmented. Base of proboscis apparently not originating from prothorax, but displaced anteriad. Antennae very short, 3-segmented (Figure 165, 1-3); 3rd antennal segment forming a slender seta, sometimes segmented. Wings with longitudinal veins and cross veins (Figure 164,1); fore wings often thicker Tarsi

than hind wings, sometimes with indistinct venation .............. ....................................... 1. Cicadinea (p.421). Tarsi 1- or 2-segmented or absent. Base of proboscis near

prothorax; proboscis therefore apparently originating between bases of forelegs. Antennae 1- to 15-segmented; if antennae 3-segmented, apical segment not setiform (Figure 200, 6-8; 229). Wings (if present) without cross veins; fore wings not thicker than hind wings (Figures 199, 1; 223,1). Tarsi usually 2-segmented, always with a pair of claws (Figures 200,4; 222,2; 249,4); if tarsi absent, body covered with a white waxy layer, or abdomen with small cauda or a pair of tubules (Figure 225, 8), or with a cup-shaped depression dorsally, covered by the anal apparatus (Figure 221, 4,6). 2 pairs of wings or wings absent. Winged species with proboscis. Legs short, with thickened femora, saltatorial (Figure 200,4). Antennae of winged adults 10-segmented, very rarely 8- to 9segmented, ending in a pair of setae (Figure 200. 6-8), Fore wings with ambient vein (Figure 199, 1,4)... 2. Psyllinea (p. 437).

5 (4).

6 (7).

7 (6).

8 (3).

337

Legs usually long, with slender femora; usually not saltatorial. Antennae 3- to 7-segmented, ending in a hair or fine spinules. Fore wings (if present) without ambient vein (Figures 221, 3; 223,1). Antennae of winged species 7-segmented, ending in spinelike seta (Figure 221, 1); antennae of apterous forms (nymphs) onesegmented (Figure 221. 10). Both pairs of wings covered with a white layer, of similar size and venation (Figure 221,1). Apterous forms (nymphs) with cup-shaped depression on dorsum of abdomen covered by the anal apparatus (Figure 221, 4.6) .................. ...................................... 3. Aleyrodinea (p. 608). Antennae 3- to 6-segmented, apical segment ending in short or long point (P’igure 229). Wings without white layer; hind wings smaller than fore wings, with different venation (Figure 223, 1). Apterous forms (adults and nymphs) without cup-shaped depression on dorsum of abdomen ......................... 4. Aphidinea (p. 616). Tarsi with one claw, usually one-segmented (Figure 268, 8,12); if tarsi or legs absent, body without waxy cover and abdomen without tubules and small cauda, without cup-shaped depression on dorsum. One pair of wings (Figure 267, 2) or wings lacking. Winged forms without proboscis. Body sometimes covered by scutellum (Figure 271, 13-17).............. 5. Coccinea (p. 800).

I.

Suborder

CICADINEA (Auchenorrhyncha) A. F. Emel’yanov

Medium-sized or small, rarely large. Generally with moderately elongate body (Figure 164). Head immovably attached to prothorax, with large compound eyes and 2 or 3 simple ocelli; ocelli rarely absent. The dorsal part of the head is called the vertex (Figure 165, 1,2,4,5) and the ventral part the face (Figure 165, 1-3). The greater part of the face is occupied by the strongly-developed clypeus (Figure 165, 1-3) which is divided by a transverse suture into the ventral, smaller anteclypeus and the dorsal, larger postclypeus. Postclypeus of many Cicadoidea fused with frons, forming fr onto clypeus; in this case the frons is often displaced to the vertical surface of the head (Figure 165, 4,5), where it often forms a small area distinctly delimited by sutures, the frontal plate (Figure 165,4). 338 The clypeus is flanked by the mandibuiar plates or lorae (Figure 165, 1-3). The spaces ventral to the eyes, lateral to the clypeus and lorae are the genae; the area between the eyes and the frons or clypeus is the tempora (Figure 165, 3). Antennae 3-segmented; 3rd antennal segment with long, often articulated arista. Antennae situated ventral to eyes (in most Fulgoroidea) or on the postgenae, medially to the eyes. Fore wings membranous or thickened (hemelytra), sometimes shortened, divided by an oblique longitudinal fold (the claval vein) into corium and clavus (Figure 164), as in the Hemiptera (Heteroptera); the part of the corium distal to the clavus is called membrane. Hind wings membranous, sometimes rudimentary. Fore- and middle legs usually cursorial; hind legs saltatorial,

long and slender tibiae and femora and broad coxae in which the saltatorial musculature is situated; all legs are ambulatory only in All tarsi 3-segmented. Base of abdomen ventrally with sound-producing organ which is very well developed and externally visible in male Cicadidae. The abdomen consists of 9 dorsally visible segments (II-X) (segment IX is the genital segment, the pygophore (Figure 166, 2)), bearing the anal tube (Figure 166, 2); segment X large, the others rudimentary. The male pygophore bears the intromittent organ (penis) and paired sclerotized appendages (styli) (Figure 166, 1, 2); the end (apex) of the styli projects outwards, the basis of the styli articulates with with

Cicadidae,

FIGURE 164. Cicadinea. Body s

luce

and wing venation,

(after Oman

and

Ribam)

IChlorotetiix sp., general habitus (vvertex, eeye, prpronotum, scscutellum, sclclaval vein, ccosial cell, ddiscoidal, aaanieapical, aapical and brbrachial cell, apappendage of fore

wing, nnodulus); 2Eupieryx atropunciara, fore wing; 3E rythroneura parvula, same; 4-Dikraneura mollicula. apex of fore wing; 5-Kyboasca vittata, same; 6-Alebra albostriella, same; TTyphlocyba quercus, hind wing; 8Eupteryx atropunctata, same; 9-Zyginelta pulchra, same; 10-Kybos smaragdulus, same (vm-ambient vein); II-Dikraneura mollicula, same; 12-Alebra albostriella. same; 12-E rythroneura tricincta. same.

the penis by means of a chitinized joint (connective) (Figure 166, 2, 4-8). The penis usually lies in a depression of the posterior wall of the pygophore (genital chamber) and is dorsally covered by the anal tube; the genital chamber of many Fulgoroidea is laterally and ventrally covered by the widened styli. The pygophore of the Cicadoidea bears ventrally the genital valve (Figure 166, 2,3); paired genital plates (sometimes fused) are attached to the genital valve, and cover the genital chamber ventrally (Figure 166. 2,3); the genital chamber is laterally protected by the lobes of the pygophore (Figure 166, 2,3); the styli lie on the inner surface of the genital valve and plates. The penis (Figure 166,9) consists of phallobase and aedeagus with the ejaculatory duct opening in a gonopore. The gonopore lies sometimes at the apex of the aedeagus, subapical or dorsal (further from the apex). ventral or lateral; sometimes the gonopore lies at the base of the aedeagus.

FIGURE 165. Cicadinea. Structure of head (afte

and original)

eeye, ococellus pcposiclypeus, ac ggena, cgcarinaofgena, anteclypeus, I--lora, Iblabrum, pr proboscis); Ianterior and ventral view; 2lateral; 3SuperfaniiIy Cicadoidea, face, anterior and ventral view (fcfrontoclypeus, sasupra-aniennal carina); 4Family Aphrophoridae. vertex (fpfrontal plate); 5Family Cicadellidae, same(pcpostclypeus). 1,2Superfamj.ly Fulgoroidea, head (vvertex, rtempus,

firons

aantenna,

Cicadinea are widely distributed in various habitats. They are especially numerous in grass associations. They are almost exclusively phyto339 phagous. Only the Achilidae are possibly saprophagous. Many are polyphagous, but oligophagous forms predominate. Plants which are numerous and common are usually fed upon by specific cicadas. Most Cicadinea suck the fluid in vessels of the leaves and the stem of plants. Species of subfamily Typhlocybinae suck juices directly from the cells. The eggs are usually laid in the stems of the plants, which are pierced by the ovipositor. Nymphs pass through 5 instars. There are usually 1 or 2 generations per year, but there may be more in the south and in smaller forms (e.g., Typhlocybinae). Cicadidae have usually one generation every several years.

The mode of life of the nymphs of most species resembles that of the adults. In the families Cixiidae, Cicadidae and Cercopidae the nymphs live underground. Nymphs of the family Aphrophoridae live on plants, in a mass of especially-produced froth. Nymphs of some Tettigometridae live in ant nests. The eggs generally hibernate, adults and old nymphs

rarely,

FIGURE 166. Cicadinea. Family Cicadeltidae. Structure of male genitalia (after Unnavuori and original)

l,2genitalia(lp-~lobesofpygophore, atanal gpgenital plaies, mmacrochaeiae,

tube, gvgenital valve.

stsiyli,

cconnective,

ppenis, phphragma); Ilateral; 2ventral; 3lateral view of penis (pbphallobase, ap anterior part of phallobase, ppposterior partofphallobase. aeaedeagus, dsdorsal side of aedeagus, vs ventral side of aedeagus, gpgonopore); 4stylus (ip--inner process of base, bbase, asapex of style, adapical denticle, sdsubapical denticle); 5forked connective with diverging branches (bebranches of connective); 6iorked connective with parallel branches; 7connective with approximated apex of branches; 8connective with fused apex of branches and short base; 9same, with long base.

Cicadinea are preyed upon by spiders (Salticidae, etc.) and by some fossorial wasps (Gorytes, Bembicinus, etc.). They are parasitized by some Strepsiptera, Hymenoptera of the family Dryinidae, flies of the family Dorylaidae. The eggs are parasitized by some species of Encyrtidae. The Cicadinea include a number of agricultural pests, especially in southern regions. They cause damage in three ways: 1) by sucking; this damage is usually not severe, except in the case of shoots or if the insects

340 occur in large numbers; 2) transmission of viral diseases; some species are specific vectors of virus. (Hyalesthes obsoletus transmits the virus of large bud of Solanaceae; Calligypona marginata transmits the "zakuklevanie" virus t) of cereals; Psammotettix, group striatus transmits the mosaic virus of winter wheat, etc.); 3) piercing young shoots with the ovipositor while laying eggs (on fruit trees and other plants in the south); this damage is caused by Cicadidae and the green leaf hopper; it results in desiccation of the branches above the injured place. About 660 species of 215 genera. -

LITERATURE. Diabola. J. Kcm-Homoptera (Auchenorchyncha). Fauna CSR. Sr.l. Praha, 1954; Le Quesne, J. W. Hemiptera (Fulgoroj)iorpha).In: Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. London, 1960; Ossiannilsson. F, Halvvingar. Hemiptera. I. Svensk Bisektfauna. Bd.7, H.36. 1946; Ossiannilsson, F.

Halvvingar. Hemiptera, n. Svensk Insektfauna,

Bd,

7, H.37. ie47; Ribaui,H.

Homopteres Auchenorhynches, I(TypnIocybidae), Fame de France, Vol.31. Paris, 1936; Ribaul, H. Homopteres Auchenorhynches, II(Jassidae),Faune de France, Vol.57. Paris. 1952.

Key to Families 1 (16).

Longitudinal carinae usually present on head. Tegulae almost always present (Figure 165, 1,2). Antennae almost always originating ventral to eyes. (Superfamily Fulgoroidea). 2 (3). A movable spur at apex of hind tibia, about as long as the tarsal segments ............................. 5. Delphacidae (p. 432). No such spur. 3 (2). 4 (11). 2nd segment of hind tarsi ventrally with a row of small apical spines. 5 (6). Frons with 3 longitudinal carinae in addition to the carinae dividing the frons from the tempora; head often markedly elongated in front ............................. 1. Dyctyopharidae (p.426). 6 (5). Frons with (sometimes without) a longitudinal carina in addition to carinae dividing tempora from frons. Fore wings always membranous. Membranes of fore wings mardedly overlapping when wings are folded .................................. 2. Achilidae (p. 428). 8 (7). Membranes not overlapping. 9 (10). Last segment of proboscis short, not more than twice as long as broad. Fore wings folded in rooflike manner .................... ......................................... 3. Derbidae (p.428). Last segment of proboscis long. Fore wings kept flat when folded. 10 (9). 7 (8).

......................................... 4. Cixiidae (p.428). 2nd segment of hind tarsi with only 2 apical spines laterally. 12 (13). Apex of scutellum separated from the rest of scutellum by a distinct transverse groove ............ 6. Tropiduchidae (p. 442). 13 (12). Scutellum entire, without transverse groove. 14 (15). Head with at least carinae separating frons from tempora. Compact, often slightly compressed laterally, Lorae forming angle with clypeus .......................... 7. Isisidae (p. 443). 11 (4).

t [Literal translation: pupation

disease. The

meaning in the present

context

could not be del

15 (14). Longitudinal carinae on head indistinct. Body dorsoventrally flattened. Lorae large, inside area’of face .................................. 8. Tettigometridae (p. 447). Head usually without longitudinal carinae. Tegulae always 16 (1). absent. Antennae always originating between eyes. (Superfamily

.....................

Cicadoidea). 17 (18). Hind legs ambulatory. Vertex with 3 ocelli...................... ........................................ 9. Cicadidae (p.449). 18 (17). Hind legs saltatorial. Vertex with 2 ocelli. 19 (24). Vertex with distinctly delimited frontal plate (Figure 165,4). 20 (23). Vertex and pronotum horizontal. 21 (22). Pronotum broader than head and eyes, with posteriorly diverging lateral margins ....................... 10. Cercopidae (p. 451). 22 (21). Pronotum about as broad as head and eyes; sides of pronotum more or less parallel ............... 11. Aphrophoridae (p. 451). 23 (20). Vertex and anterior part of pronotum vertical; pronotum with at least one process posteriorly ......... 12. Membracidae (p. 455). 24 (19). Frontal plate not clearly delimited ..... 13, Cicadellidae (p. 456).

1.

Family DICTYOPHARIDAE

Of varying habitus. 2 subfamilies. Species of the subfamily Dictyopharinae relatively large and slightly flattened dorsoventrally. Pore and hind wings well developed, membranous, with rich venation. Head usually 341 much prolonged anteriorly. Distributed mainly in countries with hot and humid climate. Species of the subfamily Orgeriinae almost spherical, with porrect head, long legs; running and jumping well, with shortened and thickened hemelytra. In the U.S.S.R. occur only species of the tribe Orgeriini, which is common in the deserts of Soviet Central Asia and in the southern steppes. Mode of life of nymphs similar to that of adults. Eggs hibernating. 6 genera; not less than 10 species.

Key to Genera 1 (4).

2 (3). 3 (2).

4(1).

5 (6).

Hemelytra membranous, thick, well developed. Forelegs and middle legs of about equal length (subfamily Dictyopharinae). Clavus without cross veins (tribe Dictyopharini). Process of head conical, short, with pointed apex................ .............................................. 1. Dictyophara. Process of head cylindrical, long, with broadly rounded apex ................................................ 2. Chanithus. Hemelytra very thick, leathery. Forelegs usually longer than middle legs (subfamily Orgeriinae). Hemelytra much shorter than abdomen, their posterior margin truncate (tribe Orgeriini). Vertex, pronotum and scutellum without median carina. Vertex convex

6 (5). 7 (8).

......................................

5. Haumavarga.

Pronotum with median carina. Lateral margins of vertex expanded in form of leaves, rising dorsad at an angle; vertex therefore trough-shaped .............. ............................................... 6. Tigrahauda.

DICTYOPHARIDAE

8 (7). Lateral margins of vertex keel-shaped, not leaf-shaped. 9 (10). Eyes posteriorly delimited by keel-shaped occipital margin, not contiguous with pronotum. Carina present between eye and antenna. Face transversely convex 3. Nymphorgerius. 10 (9). Eyes posteriorly not delimited by keel-shaped occipital margin, directly contiguous with pronotum. No carina between eye and antenna. Face flat............................... 4. Ranissus. ..........

Keys to Species of Family Dictyopharidae 1. Dictyophara Germ, red. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

2. 1 (2).

2 (1).

3.

1 (2).

2 (1).

4. 1 (1).

342

5. 1 (1).

Green; some specimens orange-yellow or

Vertex more than 3 times longer than broad at base, its lateral margins slightly converging apically. 9.5-13. South. Injurious to irrigated crops................................ *D. europaea L. Vertex slightly more than twice as long as broad at base, its lateral margins sharply converging apically. 11-14. South. On oak ................................ D. multireticulata M. R. Chanithus Kol.

2 species.

Pronotum with 2 longitudinal carinae. Process of head thick, often slightly inflated apically. Uniformly green, rarely yellow or red. 12-15. South. Polyphagous ....... Ch. pannonicus Germ. Pronotum with one longitudinal carina. Process of head shorter and thinner, slightly tapering apically. Brownish; face, pronotum, prothorax and mesonotum orange, with green carinae; hemelytra transparent, with brown veins and pterostigma. 11.5-14. Volga Delta, Dagestan .............................. Ch. striatus Osh.

Nymphorgerius Osh. Not less than 3 species in the Southeast. Vertex with longitudinal carina. Grayish; face and sides of prothorax with black band; margins of vertex with black spots; scutellum and hemelytra of male black-brown, with light band. Hemelytra smooth. 4-7. Deserts of the Southeast............... .................................... N. (s. str.) grigorievi Osh. Vertex without longitudinal carina. Gray; hemelytra often darker, with dark brown reticulate pattern. 4.7-6. Southern Urals ......................... N. (Mesorgerius) rysakovi Kuzn. Ranissus Fieb.

1 species.

Head short; hemelytra smooth. Vertex with double median carina. Dirty-gray; dorsum of abdomen with indistinct longitudinal stripes. 4.5-9. Steppes of the South and Southwest ........ ................................. R. (Schizorgerius) scytha Osh.

Haumavarga Osh. Monotypic genus. Brown or yellowish pale brown. Hemelytra smooth. 4-5.2. Southeast ................................. H. fedtschenkoi Osh.

flOMOPTERA

1 (1).

Genus consisting of 2 species. 1 species.

Tigrahauda Osh.

6.

Vertex with longitudinal carina. Brownish gray. Hemelytra with prominent venation and longitudinal carina along suture. 4.4-5.4. Deserts of the Southeast .............. T. zarudnyi Osh. 2.

Family ACHILIDAE

A large, mainly tropical family. 1 genus, 2 species. Key to Species of Family Achilidae

Elidiptera Am. S. Slightly flattened dor soventr ally, resembling Cixiidae. Vertex half projecting beyond eyes anteriorly, eyes projecting posteriorly beyond margin of vertex. Mesonotum with 3 longitudinal 1,

carinae.

2 species.

1 (2).

Carina on posterior margin of vertex almost straight. Dorsum and venter dark brown; hemelytra with light speckles. Dark brown band across dorsal part of frons and genae, eyes and sides of pronoturo. Genae ventral to eyes and ventral part of frons light. 8.5-9.5. Northwest. Rare. Nymphs on dead tree trunks .........

2 (1).

Carina on posterior margin of vertex markedly concave. Dorsum dark brown; hemelytra with light speckles; venter brown. Whole frons and genae ventral to eyes light; genae anterior to eyes dark ,E. marginicollis Spin. brown. 7.5-8.5. Moldavia. On oak, etc.

............................................ E.lapponica Zett.

..

2 (1). 3.

Family DERBIDAE

A large, mainly tropical family. 1 genus, 1 species.

Key to Species

of Family Derbidae

1. Malenia Hpt. Head narrow; vertex very short; face narrow and long; lateral carinae of frons projecting anteriorly, leaf-shaped; transverse carinae laterally prolonged in form of ears present on genae ventral to antennae. Pronotum short, markedly transverse, with posterior margin concave, forming an obtuse angle. Mesonotum convex, with traces of 3 longitudinal carinae. Hemelytra membranous, long, folded in rooflike manner. 1 species. 1 (1).

Dark brown to black; carinae on face lighter. 4-5. Crimea, Caucasus .................................... M. bosnica Horv.

4.

Family CIXIIDAE

Medium-sized, moderately flattened dor soventr ally; fore wings membranous, flatly folded. Head short; frons with only 3 carinae. Pronotum broad and short, with markedly concave posterior margin. Mesonotum large, with 3 or 5 carinae. Nymphs live in the soil, on roots of plants; adults generally on trees and shrubs; nymphs hibernate. 6 genera, more than 32 species.

Key to Genera Mesonotum with 3 longitudinal carinae. 2 (3). Median longitudinal carina of frons present only in apical half ............................................... 4. Hemitropis. 343 3 (2). Median longitudinal carina of frons present across the whole frons. 4 (5). Hind tibiae without spines .......................... 1, Myndus. 5 (4). Hind tibiae with 3 spines onthe outside. Hemelytra broadest posterior to stigma. Outer half of apical margin of hemelytron steeply rounded as much as inner half. 6 (7). Apical margin of hemelytra not granulated............. 2. Cixius. 7 (6). Apical margin of hemelytra granulated throughout................ .............................................. 3. Tachycixius. Mesonotum with 5 longitudinal carinae. 8 (1). 9 (10). Median longitudinal carina of frons forked apically .... 5. Oliarus. 10 (9). Frontal carina apically simple, not forked 6. Hyalesthes. 1 (8).

.....

........

Keys to Species of Family Cixiidae 1. 1 (1).

2. 1 (6). 2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

Myndus Stal.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Head black; carinae white; pronotum white, darkened posterior to eyes; mesonotum black; hemelytra white, with brown stripes and spots. 5-6 ............................. M. musivus Germ.

Cixius Latr. More than 8 species. Distal end of penis sheath with 3 movable spines (Figure 167, 2,3). Lateral spines of penis sheath with 2 or several points. Brown; carinae light; hemelytra brownish, with indistinct spots. 4.5-6. Northwest (Figure 167, 1)....................... C. similis Kbm. Spines of penis sheath with one point. Apex of anal tube with 2 long lateroventral processes which are visible dorsally. Brown; hemelytra transparent, with one narrow median band. 6-6.5. South .................... C. heydeni Kbm. Apex of anal tube without processes. Brown; hemelytra transparent, sometimes with indistinct band. 5-6. (Figure 167, 2,3).... .........................................

6 (I).

C. stigmaticus Germ.

Distal end of penis sheath with 2 movable denticles (Figure 167,

4-10). 7 (8).

Ventral margin of penis sheath with one or several denticles (Figure 167, 4,5). Brown; hemelytra slightly darkened, with distinct band anterior to middle. 6.5-7... C. distinguendus Kbm. 8 (7). Ventral margin of penis sheath without denticles (Figure 167, 6-10). 9 (10). Movable spines of penis sheath very large; right spine slightly curved, lying along penis sheath; left spine strongly curved. Brown; hemelytra yellowish, without pattern. 6. (Figure 167, 6,7) ......................................... C. simplex H.-S. 10 (9). Spines less differing in their curvature. Right spine smaller

(Figure 167,8-10). 11 (12).

Apex

of anal tube with large processes directed ventrally and Brown; hemelytra with brown base, a brown band in the middle and spots at the apex. 6.5-8.5 (Figure 167, 8) .......

anteriorly.

............................................... C. nervosus L.

12 (11). Apex of anal tube with vertically-descending dilatation. 13 (14). Appendage of anal tube in profile with pointed apex, curved slightly anteriad. Brown; hemelytra with band posterior to middle; hemelytra often dark from base to band. 6-8. (Figure 167, 9)............................... C. cunicularius L. 14 (13). Appendage of anal tube in profile broadly rounded apically. Brown; hemelytra whitish, with brown band and spots apically. 6-8. South (Figure 167, 10)................. C. intermedius Scott. 3. 1 (2).

2 (1).

344

4. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Tachyclxius W. Wgn.

2 species.

Lateral denticles nearmiddle of ventral side ofpenis sheath which are visible dorsally at the sides. Denticles of penis sheath not smaller than movable denticles at its apex. Brown; carinae lighter; hemelytra whitish, transparent, with several bands diverging like a fan from apex of clavus. 4.5-5. South. On Artemisia pauciflora, etc. (Figure 167, 11,12)....... T. desertorum Fieb. Denticles of penis sheath markedly smaller than movable denticles at its apex, not visible dorsally. Brown, of variable color; hemelytra smoky, with brown spots which may fuse into bands. 5-6. South (Figure 167.13)..................... T. pilosus Oliv.

Hemitropis Fieb. 3 species. Veins of hemelytra without dark granules. Body bluish green; hemelytra semitransparent. 3-4. Southeast. On tamarisk....... ........................................... H. tamaricis Leth. Veins of hemelytra with dark granules. Body pale; raesonoturo orange; hemelytra with 2 brown bands and fused brown spots apically. 3-3.5. Dagestan. On tamarisk (Figure 167, 14) ........ ............................................ H. fasciatus Horv.

5. Oliarus Stal.-- About 15 species. 1 (12). Anal tube of male without median process on posterior margin. 2 (11). Styli without recurrent processes on inner margin. 3 (8). Posterior margin of anal tube of male without angular notch and 4 (7). 5 (6).

345

6 (5).

7 (4).

without denticles. Lateral margins of male anal tube uniformly curved, not projecting

at an angle. Apex of penis with one denticle; one long denticle on left side, at base of distal part of penis. Brown to black; carinae on head light brown; pronotum light; hemelytra transparent, often milkysmoky; veins brownish apically, especially the cross veins. 5-9. Usually on reeds ......................... 0. leporinus L. Apex of penis with 2 denticles; 2 long denticles on left side of base of distal part of penis. Resembling 0. leporinus L. ...... 3.7-4.1. South ....................................0. nanus Iv. Posterior half of lateral margins of anal tube rounded, projecting. Light brown to black. Carinae on head, pro- and mesonotum light brown; hemelytra transparent, often with brown spots in middle and at apex; veins with brown granules, light, apically darkened. 4-5. South .................................. 0. obscurus Sign.

8 (3).

Posterior margin of anal tube with notch flanked by denticles formed by carinae of anal tube. 9 (10). Styli similar. Black; carinae light brown; hemelytra transparent, with dark brown veins and a few spots; apex of hemelytra darkened. 8-10. Dagestan. ....................0. roridus Fieb. 10 (9). Styli dissimilar, left stylus markedly projecting posteriorly, forming a process. Resembling 0. roridus Fieb. 8-10. Crimea........................................ Q. major Kbm. 11 (2). Styli with long projecting posterior inner angle of leaf-shaped lobe of dorsal side of apex of stylus. Orange-brown to black; carinae on head light brown; pronotum light; carinae on mesonotum brown; hemelytra transparent; veins granulated, light, apically brownish. 5-6.6. Crimea, Caucasus, Southeast......... (Figure 167, 15)...............................0. bitinctus Diab. 12 (1). Anal tube with median process on posterior margin.

FIGURE 167. Cicadinea.’ Family Cixiidae, Details of male genitalia (after

Wagner

and original)

-Cixius similis. penis, anal tube and styli, right side (at-anal tube, ps-penis sheaih, s-distal part of penis, st-siylus); 2,3-C. stigmaticus, penis: 2-rightside; 3-leftside;

,5C. distinguendus, same: 4left side; 5 right side; 6,7C. simplex, same; 6left de; 7right side; 8C-nervosus, same, right side; 9C. cunicularius, same, leftside; 0-C. iniermedius, same, right side; 11,12-Tachycixius desertorum, same: 11-left side; 12ventral; 13T.pilosus, same, leftside; 14Hemiiropis 15Oliarus bitinctus, same, dorsal,

fasciatus, same;

13 (14). Process of anal tube more or less straight. Black; head and pronoturn with brown carinae. Hemelytra transparent; veins brownish, granulated. : 6-9. South ........... 0. panzeri P. Low. 14 (13). Process of anal tube curved to the left. 15 (16). Styli identical. Left process on posterior margin of anal tube broadly rounded; right process pointed. Black; carinae on head light brown; pronotum light, with black sides; hemelytra transparent; veins with brown granules, light, apically brown. 5-6.5. South.................................. 0. quinquecostatus Duf. 16 (15). Styli not identical; right stylus with more marked inner angle at the apex. 17 (18). Posterior margin of anal tube with pointed denticles on each side of process. Black; carinae on head light-brown; sides of pronotum black; carinae and disc light; hemelytra transparent, usually with dark brown spots in the middle and at apex; veins 0. rnelanochaetus Fieb. light, with black granules. 5-8. South 18 (17). Posterior margin of anal tube without denticles on each side of process. Black; carinae on head and pronotum light brownish; hemelytra transparent, with brown veins and darker brown granules with light hairs; apex of hemelytra dark brown. 5-6. South.. .. ........................................... 0. cuspidatus Fieb. ...

6. Hyalesthes Sign. 3 species. 1 (2).

Dorsal part of clypeus with carina which is a continuation of the median carina of the irons. Median ocellus absent. Black; carinae of vertex, lateral margins of frons and apex of head brownish yellow; pronotum white; legs yellowish brown; hemelytra transparent, with dark veins. 3.5-4.5. Southwest............ H.luteipes Fieb.

2 (1). 3 (4).

Clypeus without carina. Median ocellus distinct.

.............................................

4 (3).

Black; lateral margins of vertex and frons white; pronotum white; hemelytra transparent, milky-smoky, with light veins, 4.5-5.5. South. Nymphs usually on roots of Convolvulus arvensis; adults polyphagous. Transmitting the virus of large bud disease of Solanaceae ................... ,*H. obsoletus Sign. Black; margins of vertex white; margins of frons black, with pair of white spots ventrally; pronotum white; hemelytra transparent, milky- or brownish-smoky. 5-7. Ciscaucasia, Caucasus. Transmitting the virus causing large bud disease of Solanaceae .... ........................................ *H. miokosevlczi Sign. 5. Family

DELPHACIDAE

Small, rarely medium-sized. Head usually short; carinae on head sometimes indistinct. Wings folded in rooflike manner, often shortened. Apex of hind tibiae with large movable spur. Living only on grasses, mainly on Gramineae and Cyperaceae in humid habitats. Mode of life of nymphs like that of adults. Older nymphs usually hibernating, rarely adults or eggs. 20 genera, more than 90 species.

DELPHACIDAE

346

Key to Genera t 1 (2).

2(1).

Spur on hind tibiae rounded, without carinae or denticles. (Subfamily Asiracinae). Fore femora and tibiae leaf-shaped; antennae flattened in form of leaves ................ 1. Asiraca. Spur on hind tibiae with longitudinal carinae, its ventral side broad, concave, often with denticles at inner margin. (Subfamily Delphacinae).

3 (12). Lateral carinae of pronotum reaching its posterior margin. 4 (5). Lateral carinae of pronotum becoming more indistinct before reaching its posterior margin, curved inwards. Lateral carinae of face angularly bent at passage to vertex (in profile), projecting anteriorly in form of denticle ................. 10. Chlorionidea. Lateral carinae of pronotum straight, diverging until they reach 5 (4). its posterior margin. Lateral carinae of face passing to vertex in a uniform curve, Lateral carinae of pronotum markedly diverging posteriorly, at 6 (7). an angle of about 45 to longitudinal axis of body. ................. .............................................. 5. Delphacodes. 7 (6). Lateral carinae of pronotum slightly diverging. 8 (11). 1st antennal segment short, about as broad as long; 2nd antennal segment about 3 times longer than 1st segment. 9 (10). Vertex narrow, prolonged anteriorly, 3 times longer than broad. .............................................. 2. Stenocranus. Vertex not more than twice as long as broad .......... 3. Kelisia. 10 (9). 1st antennal segment twice as long as broad; 2nd antennal segment 11 (8). only 1.5-2 times longer than 1st segment......... .4. Megamelus. Lateral carinae of pronotum not reaching posterior margin, their 12 (3). posterior end curved outwards. 13 (14). 1st antennal segment longer than 2nd segment, flattened in form of leaf ........................................... 6. Delphax. 14 (13). 1st antennal segment shorter than 2nd segment, not flattened. 15 (22). Frons without median carinae or with one not branching carina. 16 (19). Vertex pentagonal, with markedly projecting fastigium. 17 (18). Frons with a distinct carina which disappears apically............ .

18 (17).

.

............................................. 18. Delphacinus. Frons without carina ............................. 19. Metropis.

19 (16). Vertex quadrangular, with slightly convex anterior margin. 20 (21). Antennae long; 1st antennal segment 3 times longer than broad.... .................................................

21 (20). Antennae short;

1st antennal

segment as long

20. Kormus.

as broad ...........

................................................. 13. 22 (15). 23 (28). 24 (25). 25 (24).

26 (27).

............................................

t

Eurysa.

Frons with 2 median carinae (often little developed) or with one carina branched at least at passage to vertex. Frons with 2 median carinae fused throughout their length. Frons and pronotum with small pits .............. 16. Achorotile. Head and pronotum smooth, without pits. Vertex quadrangular, with slightly convex anterior margin. .......

A more detailed and natural classification of the genera is given in the W. Wagner: Mitl. Hamburg. Zool. Mus. Inst., 60: 111-180. 1962.

15. Criomorphus.

following recent publication;

27 (26). Vertex pentagonal; fastigiuro markedly projecting anteriorly .............................................. 17. Jassidaeus. 28 (23). Frons with 2 carinae fused in ventral part, or with one carina forked at least at passage to vertex. 29 (30). Frons with 2 fused carinae or with one carina forked in dorsal third and delimiting a cell with parallel sides almost from point of bifurcation ............................... 14. Dicranotropis. 30 (29), Frons with a carina forked at passage to vertex or in dorsal third of face; cell formed as result of bifurcation, triangular, with 31 (34).

32 (33). 33 (32). 34 (31). 35 (36).

36 (35).

37 (38). 347 38 <37).

straight diverging sides. hemelytra with protuberant granules, 1st antennal segment keel-shaped, three-edged, strongly dilated apically ...................................... 11. Conomelus. 1st antennal segment cylindrical. .............. 12. Euconomelus. Veins of hemelytra smooth. Frons broadest ventral to middle; ventral part of face markedly broader than apical part. Vertex much longer than broad at base, narrower apically ............................... 8. Chloriona. Frons with almost parallel sides, usually broadest dorsal to middle; vertex not longer than broad or slightly longer, not narrowing apically. Antennae long, reaching middle or ventral margin of clypeus .................................................. 7. Euides. Antennae short, not reaching dorsal margin of clypeus or nearly reaching it.................................... 9. Calligypona. Veins of

......

Keys to Species 1.

1 (1).

2. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Asiraca Latr.

of Family Delphacidae

In the whole U.S.S.R. t species.

covered with sparse coarse hair. Vertex and dorsal part of face light; pronotum light brown; hemelytra light, with indistinct brown spots and dark oblique band apically; veins brown with granules which bear thick setae. 4.5-5.5. South........................................ A, clavicornis F. Dark brown,

Stenocranus Fieb.

2 or 3 species.

Inner margin of styli anterior to middle with deep notch ventrally delimited by a rectangular process; styli thus gradually tapering. Pale; brownish yellow, with orange and light stripes; face usually without black pigment; hemelytra often with brownish longitudinal stripe. 5.5-5.7. Center, South................... S. minutus F. Inner margin of styli with rounded notch anterior to middle; notch ventrally delimited by weak obtuse process; apex of styli pointed and curved. Resembling S. minutus F., but darker brown, face black between carinae, stripe on hemelytra present more frequently. 5.5-6. Northwest, Baltic Region .............. .........................................

3. 1 (2).

Kelisia Fieb.

S.fuscovittatus Stal.

On Cyperaceae. More than 7 species.

Appendage of anal tube asymmetrical, only the right process present. Whitish; sides of scutellum black; hemelytra

DELPHACIDAE

2(1). 3 (4).

4 (3). 5 (6).

transparent, with dark brown longitudinal stripe. 3-3.5. South (Figure 168, 1).............................. ,K. monoceros Rib. Appendage of anal tube with two processes (Figure 168,2,4,10). Appendages of anal tube very long, asymmetrical at apex and curved like a loop. Pale, without pattern. 3.5-4.5 (Figure 168, 2,3) ......................................... K. pallidula Boh. Appendages of anal tube not very long, straight or only slightly curved (Figure 168, 4,10). Appendages of anal tube S-shaped, their apex converging. Apical half of penis slightly arcuate. Sides of pronotum and scutellum dark; vertex, middle of pronotum and of scutellum white; hemelytra with brown longitudinal stripe in anterior part. 2.7-4. On Carex arenarius (Figure 168, 4,5) ........ K. ribauti W. Wgn.

6 (5). 7 (8),

Appendages of anal tube straight. Left side of aedeagus with subapical denticle directed backward and curved in semicircle. Aedeagus S-shaped in profile. Light; sides of pronotum and of scutellum and stripe on both hemelytra brown. 3-4. South (Figure 168. 6).............. -K. brucki Fieb. No backward-directed denticle. Basal half of aedeagus uniformly 8 (7), curved; apical half of aedeagus straight (J-shaped). 9 (10). Lateral margin of pygophore with angular process in dorsal half. Left side of aedeagus with serrated dilatation in the middle. Light-colored; vertex and middle of pronotum and scutellum sides of pronotum, scutellum, and stripes on hemelytra brown. 3.5--4.5 (Figure 168, 7)............. K. vittipennis J. Shib. Lateral margin of pygophore more or less straight. Left side of aedeagus with angular notch in the middle. Light-colored; sides of pronotum, scutellum, and longitudinal stripe on hemelytra brown. 3-3.7 (Figure 168, 8-10) ............... K, guttula Germ. white;

10 (9).

4. 1 (1).

5. 1 (2).

2 (1).

348

6. 1 (2).

Megamelus Fieb.

2 species.

Dark brown; vertex and the whole mediodorsal region light; male darker; female lighter. Usually brachypterous; apex of hemelytra rounded-truncate; hemelytra of specimens with normal wings transparent, more or less without pattern. 3-4.5. Marshes; on Cyperaceae................................. M. notula Germ.

Delphacodes Fieb.3

or 4 species.

Aedeagus in form of rounded block, strongly compressed laterally. Dark brown; hemelytra brownish, transparent. 1.8-2,5 .......... ............................................ D. venosus Germ. Aedeagus long and slender. Resembling Delphacodes venosus Germ. 2-2.7. Baltic Region ....... D. capnodes Scott.

Delphax F. On Phragmites communis.

2

species.

Brown; sides of pronotum and scutellum and inner angles of clavus dark brown. Hemelytra of specimens with normal wings with 2 bands fused with stripes on costal margin, first band fused with longitudinal stripe beginning at base of heroelytron, 2nd band fused with stripe at inner margin of apex of hemelytra. Hemelytra of brachypterous specimens with dark longitudinal stripe. 5.5-6 without

hemelytra

.......................

D. crassicornis Panz.

2(1).

FIGURE 168.

Brown. Pattern similar, but bands on hemelytra little developed and always separated; hemelytra of brachypterous specimens without pattern. 5.5-6 (not including hemelytra) ................. ............................................ D. pulchella Curt.

Cicadinea.

Family Delphacidae (after

Wagner,

Ribaut and

original)

1Kelisia monoceros, anal tube with appendage, ventral; 2,3K.pallidula: 2same. ventral; 3apex of penis; 4.5K. ribauti: 4appendages of anal lube; 5penis; 6K. bcucki, of middle; apex penis; 7K. vittipennis, K. guttula: 8apex of penis; part ofaedeagus; 810: 9same, lateral; 10anal lube with appendages; 1113Criomorphus porcus: 11penis, lateral; 12same. posterior aspect; 13anal tube; 14-16C. nigrolineatus: 14stylus: 15penis; 16anal tube; 17-20 C. albomarginatus; ITpenis, lateral; 18same, posterior aspect; 19anal lube; 20siylus.

7. 1 (2).

Euides Fieb.

On Phragmites communis.

4 species.

Appendages of anal tube separated. Brown; pronotum and scutellum lighter in the middle; hemelytra of specimens with normal wings with dark longitudinal stripe in anterior half and band posterior to middle fusing with stripe at inner margin of apex of hemelytra; brachypterous specimens without pattern.

5.5-6.5 (not including hemelytra) 2 (1).

..............

Both processes of anal tube on a common base.

Eu. Speciosa Boh.

DELPHACIDAE

3 (4). 349

Left denticle very small, located on right denticle (near its middle). Resembling Eu. speciosa; hem elytra of brachypterous specimens darkened. 3.6-5.3 (not including hemelytra). South Eu. alpina W. Wgn. Left denticle small, situated on base of right denticle. Resem5.3-6.5, Dagestan bling E. speciosa. With normal wings. ............................................ Eu. caspiana Diab. .......................................

4 (3).

....

8. terous.

Chloriona Fieb. Green or bluish green. Females often brachypOn Phragmites communis. 6 or 7 species.

1 (6). 2 (3).

2 pairs of denticles on ventral side of anal tube. Posterior denticles of anal tube longer than anterior ones. 4.5-5.

Baltic Region ............................... Ch. stenoptera Fl. Posterior denticles of anal tube shorter than anterior ones. Anterior denticles of anal tube parallel or diverging. Stylus more or less straight, with simple apex. 3.5-5. ......................................... Ch. glaucescens Fieb. 5 (4). Anterior denticles of anal tube with converging, approximated apices. Stylus S-shaped, with apex dilated in form of T. 4-5. Northwest ..................................... Ch. chinai Oss. 6 (1). Posterior pair of denticles absent. 7 (10). Anterior denticles of anal tube curved posteriorly. Styli forming 3 (2). 4 (5).

.................

an

8 (9).

9 (8).

10 (7).

9.

acute angle.

Posterior margin of anal tube ventrally with large rounded dilatation. Styli short, thick at apex, slightly T-shaped. 4-5 ..........

......................................... Ch. smaragdula Stal. Anal tube with small rounded process on posterior margin. Styli slender, their apex curved and thickened, foot-shaped, with denticle on "heel". 4-5. South ............ Ch. clavata Diab. Anterior denticles of anal tube curved anteriad. Styli forming an obtuse angle, S-shaped, with small backward-directed denticle at apex. 3.8-4. South ................... Ch. canariensis Lindb.

Calligypona J. Shib. About 40 species.

1 (16). Processes of anal tube separated at the base. 2 (15). Styli long, tapering, slightly S-shaped, diverging at an obtuse

angle. 3 (14). Penis symmetrical; styli parallel to ventral margins of pygophore. Denticles of anal tube pointing in the same direction. 4 (11). Gonopore ventral t, apical or subapical. Dorsal wall of pygophore very narrow in the middle, without longitudinal suture. 5 (10). Aedeagus with strongly developed dorsal process; this process is sometimes

6 (7),

7 (6). t

longer than the aedeagus.

Lateral margins of dorsal notch of pygophore uniformly joining lateral margin (without process). Dorsal process at base of aedeagus thick, long; aedeagus short. Usually brachypterous; dark brown to black; tegmina brownish; margins of sclerites and carinae light. 2.2-4. North .......................... C. discolor Boh. Posterior angles of dorsal notch of pygophore clearly marked. Dorsal process of penis not longer or slightly longer than aedeagus.

The ventral side of [he penis is the lower side when its apex is directed posteriorly.

8 (9).

Dorsal process of penis relatively short, situated distal to middle of aedeagus. Hemelytra usually slightly shorter than abdomen, C. obscurella Boh. Color as in C. discolor. North Dorsal process of penis long, situated at base of aedeagus. Usually with normal wings. Color as in C- discolor; hemelytra transparent, brownish. North .................... C. dubia Kbm. Aedeagus without processes. Posterior wall of pygophore with vertical carina dorsal to base of styli. Dorsal groove deep, its posterior angles almost contiguous. Usually brachypterous. Dark brown to black; carinae lighter. 2-4. North, Center ............ ,........,-..

9 (8).

10 (5).

.............................................

11 (4).

C.forcipata Boh.

Gonopore dorsal, subapical. Dorsal wall of pygophore broader, with marked longitudinal suture.

12 (13). Aedeagus uniformly curved ventrad. Usually brachypterous. Head, pronotum and scufellum pale, orange; hemelytra brownishchestnut-brown, with white posterior margin; abdomen light to dark. 2.2-4. North .......................... C. bohemani Stal. 13 (12). Aedeagus straight in basal half, strongly curved ventrad in apical 350 half. Wings normal. Brown to black; carinae light; hemelytra transparent. 2.5-5 ............................ *C. pellucida F. 14 (3). Penis asymmetrical. Apex of styli diverging from edge of pygophore. Denticles of anal tube diverging from base. Resembling C. bohemani. 2.5-5.5. North ............... C. lugubrina Boh. 15 (2). Styli small, with forked apex. Pygophore much narrower than high. Usually brachypterous. Dark brown; vertex, pronotum, and scutellum light; posterior margin of hemelytra white. 1.7-4. North ......................................... C. pullula Boh. Sclerite of anal tube entire ventrally, not interrupted by suture. 16 (1). 17 (38). Anal tube only ventrally with a sclerotized transverse band at posterior margin. 18 (25). Anal tube ventrally without denticles or with an unpaired process with rounded apex. 19 (24). Posterior margin of pygophore concave ventral to base of styli, notched. Anal tube ventrally withoutprocess. Penis asymmetrical. 20 (23). Gonopore symmetrically situated; aedeagus with long processes. .Styli without basal process on inner margin. 21 (22). Processes of aedeagus more or less parallel to it. Hemelytra usually slightly shorter than abdomen. Brown; vertex and middle of pronotum and scutellum light. 2.5-4.8. North ................ ........................................... C. brevipennis Boh. 22 (21). Processes of penis perpendicular to aedeagus. Resembling C. brevipennis Boh. 2.5-4.8 .............C. tairmairei Perr. 23 (20). Gonopore subapical. not symmetrical, directed towards right side. Styli with angular basal process on inner margin. Hemelytra often shortened. Yellowish brown; abdomen often dark brown, with light longitudinal stripes. 2-4. South ........ C. aubei Perr. 24 (19), Posterior margin of pygophore with ventral denticle. Penis slightly asymmetrical. Anal tube with rounded mediovenfral process. Hemelytra usually shortened. Pale, yellowish brown; male abdomen dark brown to black. 2-4. North, Center ............................................ C. denticauda Boh. .........

DELPHACIDAE

.

.

.

25 (18). Anal tube with a pair of ventral denticles. 26 (27). Styli with very thick basal process on inner margin. Dorsal wall of pygophore very long. Anal tube long, with long diverging processes. Usually brachypterous. Head black, with white carinae; pronotum white, with black spots posterior to eyes; scutellum black; hemelytra transparent; abdomen black, with brown dorsal spot. 2-4 .................................. C. elegantula Boh. 27 (26). Styli with or without basal denticle on inner margin. Dorsal wall of pygophore short. 28 (31). Penis symmetrical, Gonopore not displaced laterally. 29 (30). Anal tube small, with narrowly-separated ventral denticles; distance between styli larger than width of anal tube. Styli small, with broad basis and capitate apex. Wings normal. Male black; carinae, vertex, pronotuni, and middle of scutellum white; tegmina transparent, with dark spot along median suture; female orangeyellow. 1.7-4. Injurious to cereals, mainly as specific vector of the virus causing "zakuklevanie" virustof cereals .............. .......................... *C. striatella Fall. (marginata P.). 30 (29). Anal tube very large, much wider than distance between styli; anal tube with broadly separated beak-shaped ventral denticles, Styli small, almost parallel, with pointed apex and basal denticle on inner margin. Usually brachypterous. Pale, orange. 2-4. North ....................................... C. straminea Stal. 31 (28), Penis asymmetrical; gonapore at least slightly asymmetrical, displaced toward right side. 32 (33). Gonopore at least slightly displaced toward right side, ventral. Processes of anal tube not crossed. Usually with normal wings. Dark brown; vertex, pronotum and carinae on face light; hemelytra transparent. 4-5.3 .............................C. adela Fl. 33 (32). Gonopore lateral (directed toward right side). 34 (35). Denticles of anal tube not crossed. Often brachypterous. Pale; orange, with traces of brown pattern; carinae white; facial C. excisa Mel. carinae with brown borders. 2.2-4. Northwest. 35 (34). Denticles of anal tube crossed. 36 (37). Margin of pygophore with a pair of ventral denticles ventral to styli. Resembling C. excisa Mel. 2-3.5 ...... C. collina Boh. 37 (36). Margin of pygophore without ventral denticles ventral to styli. C. pallens Stal. Resembling C. collina Boh. 38 (17). Anal tube with 2 ventral sclerotized transverse bands. 39 (40). Aedeagus nearly straight in profile, without ventral denticle. Stylus with simple, pointed apex. Resembling C. pallens Stal. 2-4. North .................................... C. distincta Fl. 351 40 (39). Aedeagus markedly S-shaped in profile, with subapical denticle on ventral side. Apex of styli capitate-rounded. 3-5. North C. sordidula Stal. ...................

.,

.

.,

.............................................

10. 1 (1),

Chlorionidea P. Low.

1 species.

Orange-brown; carinae of head lighter, on dark background. Usually brachypterous; hemelytra truncate-rounded at apex, much shorter than abdomen. 3-4.5. South. Ch. flava P. Low. ....

t [See

note

on p. 425.]

.

11. 1 (1).

Conomelus Fieb.

hemelytra). 12.

1 (1).

13.

1 (1).

Monotypic genus.

vertex, pronotum, tegmina transparent; with truncate apex, with of hemelytra of specimens 2.5-3 (not including On Juncus spp.................. C. anceps Germ.

Dark brown; abdomen with light spots; scutellum and dorsal part of face light; hemelytra of brachypterous specimens brown bands at base and at apex; apex with normal wings with C-shaped spot. Euconoroelus Hpt,

Monotypic genus.

Dark brown; head with light spots. Hemelytra of brachypterous specimens semi transparent, dark brown in apical third. Posterior margin with several white spots. Hemelytra of specimens with normal wings transparent, with brown pattern. 2-2.5 (not Including hemelytra). On Cyperaceae ............ Eu. lepidus Boh.

Eurysa

Fieb.

Probably

a composite

genus. 1 species.

Brown; dorsum lighter; pronotum and scutellum with 4 dark longitudinal stripes; hemelytra semitransparent; abdomen with lighter and dark indistinct longitudinal stripes. Usually brachypterous; hemelytra truncate posteriorly. 3-4. South ............. Eu. Uneata Fieb.

..............................................

14.

1 (2).

Dicranotropis Fieb. 4 species. Styli strongly curved, converging apically. Brilliant, dark brown; light; frontal carina bifurcating near middle of frons. 2-3 ................................... D. flavipes Sign. Styli less strongly curved, diverging, their apices widely separated. Genital segment of male with well-developed lateral processes on posterior margin. Dark brown; facial carinae, vertex, pronotum and scutellum light; hemelytra shortened, transparent, with brown spot on apex of clavus; abdomen of male with light apical spot dorsally; abdomen of female light, with dark spots laterally. 2.5-3.5. ............................................... D. hamata Boh. Genital segment with little lateral processes posteriorly. Styli obliquely directed dorsad along posterior wall of pygophore. Brownish black; face velvety-black; pronotum, scutellum and carinae of head light; hemelytra shortened, transparent; dorsum of male abdomen with light spots; abdomen of female light, with dark spots and stripes. 2.7-3.5. Crimea, Southeast. D. beckeri Pieb. Styli directed posteriad, almost perpendicular to posterior wall of pygophore. Pale orange; facial carinae with dark-brown borders; hemelytra transparent, with whitish veins; abdomen of male black. 2.5-2.7. Transcarpathian Region, Caucasus ...... ............................................ D. divergens Kbm. carinae on head

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3). 5 (6).

6 (5).

15.

1 (2).

..............................................

............

Criomorphus Scott. 8 species.

Anal tube high and narrow, ventrally with a pair of denticles which converge like a forceps. Resembling C. nigrolineatus. 2.7-3.4. Leningrad Region, Kazakhstan (Figure 168, 11-13)....... ......................................... C. porcus Em., sp. n.

DELPHACIDAE

2 (1). 3 (8).

Anal tube rounded in posterior view (Figures 168, 16,19; 169, 3,7). Frontal carinae little developed, projecting only slightly, ofthesame color as the frons. Processes of anal tube widely separated, short. Whitish; dorsum with dark brown longitudinal stripes; frons with 2 longitudinal spots; vertex with 3 spots in a triangle. 3-5. Center, South.

4 (5).

On Agropyron rep ens (Figure 168, 14-16) .................. ........................................ C. nxgrolineatus Scott. 5 (4). 352 6 (7).

Processes of anal tube close together, long, with diverging apices, Stylus with pointed subapical process. Pale brown, with 2 dark spots on ventral part of frons; pronotum with 2 spots laterally; sides of abdomen often dark. 3.5-4. .............. C. affinis Fieb. 7 (6). Stylus with single pointed apex. Resembling C. affinis Fieb. 3.5-4 ..................................... C. bicarinatus H.-S. 8 (3). Frontal carinae markedly projecting, light on darker background; female brown; male reddish brown; posterior margin of pronotum and scutellum light; posterior margin of hemelytra white. 9 (10). Processes of anal tube short, with converging apices, strongly curved anteriad beneath anal tube. 2-3 (Figure 168, 17-20)........ ....................................... C. albomarginatus Curt.

10

i

w/-^

12

^^y

^^ff

FIGURE 169. Cicadinea. Family Delphacidae and and original)

Issidae,

ft

~\^i5 ^^^yie

Details of male geniialia (after

Wagner

borcalis: Ipenis, posteriorly; 2same, lateral; 3anal tube; 4stylus; 5penis, lateral; 6same, posteriorly; 7anal tube: 8stylus; 9,10Metropis lateral; 10stylus; 11,12M. inermis: 11stylus; 12penis, lateral; 13Mycterodus rosiratulus, same. lateral; 14M. orthocepha lus. same; 15M. intricaius. same; 16M-immaculatus, same.

1-4Criomorphns 5-8C.

moesius;

mayri: 9penis,

10 (9). 11 (12).

Processes of anal tube long, not converging (Figure 169, 3,7). Processes of anal tube straight, directed ventrad. 2-3 (Figure 169, 1-4)........................... .C. borealis J. Shib.

441

12

(11).’ Processes

of anal tube with apices strongly curved anteriad, with thick base and pointed apex. 2-3 (Figure 169, 5-8) .......... .............................................. C. moestus Boh.

16. 1 (1).

17. 1 (1).

18.

1 (1).

353

19.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Achorotile Fieb. 2 species. Dark brown to black; dorsal part of face, vertex, middle of pronotum and scutellum light brown; hemelytra brown, transparent; posterior margin of abdominal terga III and III [sic] light. 2.7-3. North, Center ...................... A. albosignata Dhlb.

Jassidaeus Fieb.

Delphacinus Fieb.

Monotypic genus.

Hemelytra usually markedly shortened, truncate posteriorly. Female pale, orange; male white, thorax and legs black; abdomen black with white band on tergum VIII. 2-2.8. Northwest, Center, South ........................ D. mesomelus Boh.

Metropis Fieb.

Male black; female light brown.

2 or 3 species.

Anal tubes ventrally with 2 blunt angular processes. Anterior margin of vertex rounded, projecting only slightly. 2.7-3. Crimea (Figure 169, 11,12).................. M. inermis W. Wgn. Anal tubes ventrally with 2 pointed processes, curved anteriad. Vertex pentagonal, with anteriorly projecting, rounded apex. 2.5-3.5. Crimea (Figure 169, 9,10).............. M. mayri Fieb.

20. Kormus Fieb.

1 (1).

Monotypic genus.

Hemelytra usually markedly shortened, truncate posteriorly. Female brownish yellow; sides of last 3 abdominal terga with black spots; male black, legs and antennae brownish. 2-2.3. South ....................................... J.lugubris Sign.

Monotypic genus.

Red-brown, shiny; heinelytra with white bands at base and apex. shortened, truncate posteriorly. 2-3. Southeast. Monophagous. On Limonium gmelini................. K. artemisiae Fieb. 6.

Family TROPIDUCHIDAE

A large family, mainly distributed

in the Tropics.

1 genus, 1 species.

Key to Species of Family Tropiduchidae Trypetimorpha Costa. Head with sharp carinae; vertex pentagonal; frons with anteriorly-projecting longitudinal carina in the middle; clypeus convex, without carinae. Pronotum and mesonotum with 3 longitudinal carinae. Posterior margin of pronotum with shallow, obtuse, notch. Hemelytra shortened, slightly longer than abdomen, thickened, reticulate, diverging at clavus. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

Light, yellowish, with some black spots; hemelytra dark brown, Alternating light and dark brown stripes radially arranged at margin of hemelytra except at clavus. 3-3.6. Lower with light spots.

reaches of the Dnieper; the Caucasus;

Southeast T. fenestrata Costa.

...............

..........................................

7.

Family ISSIDAE

Medium-sized or small. Body thickset, often high. Head sometimes with processes; face often vertical. Pronotum transverse, with convex anterior margin in the middle and straight posterior margin. Hemelytra thick, leathery, in subfamily Caliscelinae shortened, frequently not covering part of abdomen; specimens with normal wings and membranous hemelytra occur rarely. Hemelytra in subfamily Issinae always normal,’ convex, covering body laterally. On trees and grass. Mode of life of nymphs similar to that of adults. 9 genera, about 25 species.

Key to Genera 1 (6),

2

(3).

3 (2), 4 (5).

Anterior margin of pronotum always strongly convex; carina at anterior margin of pronotum passing at an angle ventral to eyes, reaching posterior margin of pronotum, dividing sides of pronotum from its median part. Hemelytra shortened, often shorter than abdomen. (Subfamily Caliscelinae). Fore tibiae and femora leaf-shaped 1. Caliscelis. Forelegs simple, not leaf-shaped. Lateral lobes of frons. pronotum and scutellum with rounded pits. Anterior margin of vertex angularly rounded. Hemelytra much 2. Aphelonema. shorter than abdomen Head, pronotum and scutellum without pits. Vertex angularly not shorter abdomen. anteriad. than Hemelytra projecting ................

..........................

5 (4),

........

3. Oromnatidiotus. Carina at anterior margin of pronotum posterior to eyes, uniformly curved and continuing parallel to posterior margin of pronotum so that its sides are not divided from the middle part. Hemelytra always normal. (Subfamily Issinae). Vertex not transverse or little broader than long. Anterior margin of vertex either markedly projecting anteriad or with weak but distinct obtuse apex. Wings well-developed, slightly shorter than hemelytra. Anterior margin of-vertex with distinctly obtuse apex ............ 4. Issus. Wings lacking. Anterior margin of vertex more or less projecting anteriad, with rounded apex. Lateral carinae of frons dorsally connected with each other and with median carina, not reaching anterior margin of vertex ....... .............................................. 6. Mycterodus. Lateral carinae of frons dorsally fused with anterior margin of vertex, usually not connected with median carina of frons ............................................... 5. Conosimus. Vertex transverse, separated from face by a straight carina. All veins of hemelytra projecting only slightly; venation reticulate, irregular. Frons anteriorly produced into 2 hornlike processes ...................................... 9. Bootheca Em., gen. n. ............................................

6 (1).

7 (12).

8 (9). 9 (8). 10 (11).

354 11 (10).

12 (7). 13 (18). 14 (15),

-,..-........

15 (14). Frons flat, without processes. 16 (17). Prons forming an obtuse angle with vertex, distinctly visible dorsally. Subapical denticle of hind tibiae closer to apex of tibia than to the base ................................. 8. Alloscelis. 17 (16). Frons vertical, forming right angle with vertex. Subapical denticle on hind tibia closer to base of tibia than to the apex....... .............................................. 7. Falcidiopsis. 18 (13). Longitudinal veins of hemelytra and several cross veins in apical part projecting like carinae .................. 10. Hysteropterum.

Keys to Species of Family Issidae Caliscelis Lap. Hemelytra not covering whole abdomen, truncate posteriorly. Males of Russian species red-brown, with white stripe along claval suture and white basis of terga; females with dense black speckles, gray, with lighter dorsal longitudinal stripe. On Phragmites communis, 2 species. 1.

1

(2).

2(1).

Distance between inner carinae of frons (near dorsal margin of frons) equal to their distance from outer carinae. Sides of male without white spots; hind tibiae of female not leaf-shaped. Male 2.5-3.5, female 4-4.5. South ................... C. affinis Fieb. Inner carinae of frons (near dorsal margin of frons) farther distant from each other than from outer carinae. Sides of male abdomen with white longitudinal spots; hind tibiae of male slightly leafshaped. Male 3.5-4.5, female 5.5-6.5. South ................... .......................................... C. wallengreni Stal.

2. Aphelonema Uhl. Hemelytra covering only basal tergum of abdomen, truncate posteriorly. 2 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Vertex projecting only’slightly anteriad; frons strongly convex, vertical. Sides of abdominal terga with irregular pits. Vertex with 2 black spots; frons bordered with black, with a pair of round black spots in the middle. Dorsum of body with 4 black longitudinal stripes. 2-3. South ............ A. punctifrons Horv. Vertex markedly angularly projecting anteriad; frons slightly convex, inclined downward. Sides of abdominal terga with pits arranged in one row. Gray; frons bordered with black, with black spot in form of inverted heart in the middle. 2-3. South ......... ............................................. A. scurrilis Stal.

3.

Ommatidiotus Spin.

Hemelytra shortened, longer than abdomen, flat, with parallel sides. On Cyperaceae. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Vertex, pronotum and Scutellum

with red longitudinal stripe; dorsurn of male light yellow; hemelytra with broad black stripe at costal margin; dorsum of female grayish yellow; hemelytra with ocher longitudinal stripes. 3-5.5. In humid habitats. ........ ............................................ 0. dissimilis Fall. Vertex, pronotum and scutellum with black longitudinal stripe; dorsum of male light yellowish; hemelytra with broad black longitudinal stripe along median line; costal margins light;

dorsum of female yellowish brown, with indistinct brown stripes. 2,5-5. South; steppes .................... .0. inconspicuus Stal.

4. 1 (4).

Issus F. On shrubs. 4 species, Vertex about as wide as long in the middle. Carinae on dorsal part of frons branching from longitudinal carina at right angle forming a transverse carina, which passes far from dorsal margin of frons.

2 (3).

355

3 (2).

An area with finer network of irregular veins (among which the longitudinal veins are dissolved) present in apical part of hemelytra near costal margin. Hemelytra elongate. Brown; middle of hemelytra with brown spot; veins darker; sides of prothorax, dorsal and lateral part of frons dark brown, with light spots. 7-8. Center, South ...................... I. coleoptratus Geoffr. Hemelytra without such an area; longitudinal veins distinct along costal margin. Hemelytra shorter. Brown; hemelytra with darker veins and 2 indistinct dark brown bands; face and sides of pronotum dark brown; ventral part of face and genae with light band continuing to ventral part of sides of pronoturo. 6-7.5. Crimea,

4 (1).

5 (6).

6 (5).

5. 1 (1).

Caucasus .............................. I. muscaeformis Schrk. Vertex about twice as broad as long in the middle. Carinae on dorsal part of frons branching from longitudinal carina at an acute angle on dorsal margin of frons. Face much longer than broad; median carina of frons distinct throughout. Brown; hemelytra with lighter veins and dark spots, with indistinct dark brown band in the middle. 6-6.5. Caucasus. .. ............................................ I. caucasicus Mel. Face not longer than broad. Median carina of frons weak. Brown; hemelytra with lighter veins and dark spots. 4.4-5.5. Crimea .... ............................................ I. tendinosus Spin.

Conosimus M.R.

6. Mycterodus Spin. shrubs. 5 species. 1 (6). 2 (5).

3 (4).

4 (3).

On shrubs.

1 species.

Vertex 1.5 times as long as broad, its anterior margin forming an acute angle. Brown, with fine dark brown speckles. 5-6.5. Caucasus ................................. C. kobachidzei Diab.

Brown, with

fine dark brown

Lobes of apex of penis large and broad.

speckles.

On

Lobes of penis sheath not

reaching gonopore (Figure 169, 13-15). Apex of lobes of penis sheath lying between apical lobes of penis. Apex of dorsal processes of penis lying on sides of penis. (Figure 169. 13,15). Lobes on sides of gonopore markedly projecting. Apex of dorsal processes of penis slender, slightly curved. Vertex about 1.5 times as long as broad. 5.5. Caucasus (Figure 169, 13)........... .................................... M. rostratulus Em., sp. n. Lobes on sides of gonopore moderately projecting. Apex of dorsal processes strongly curved, tapering in the form of beaks. Vertex pentagonal, with rounded apex, as long as broad. 5.5-7. Crimea, Caucasus (Figure 169, 15) ............ M. intricatus Stal.

5 (2).

6 (1),

7. 1 (1).

8. 1

(1).

Lobes of penis sheath lying on sides of aedeagus, dorsal to apical lobes of penis. Apex of dorsal processes of penis lying on its dorsal side. Vertex pentagonal, 1.5 times as long as broad. 5.5-6.8. Southwest, Crimea (Figure 169, 14) ................... ....................................... M. orthocephahis Ferr. Apical lobes of penis very small. Penis sheath reaching gonopore. Vertex parabolic, 1.5 times as long as broad. 6-7. Center, South (Figure 169, 16) ....................... M. immaculatus F.

Falci-diopsis Kuzn.

Monotypic genus.

Dirty-brown; head and dorsum with dense black speckles which are fused on head, pronotum and scutellum; venter and legs black. 2.5-3.5. South..................... F. kirgizorum Kuzn.

AUoscelis Kuzn.

Monotypic genus.

Pale yellow; face with broad longitudinal black stripe in the middle; 2 narrow black stripes at margin of frons and 2 stripes on genae, prothorax and at margin of genae; pronotum and mesonotum often with indistinct spots; cells of hemelytra with dark borders. 4-5.5. South ........................ A. vittifrons Iv.

9. BoothecaEm., gen.n.; type species: Lusanda taurus Osh. 1 species. 1 (1).

Head, pronotum and scutellum with black spots; outer sides of processes and face between them black. Hemelytra with dark brown veins; venter light. 4-5, Southwest ............ Dirty-brown.

............................................... B.taurus Osh. 10.

Hysteropterum Am.S.

9 species.

1 (2).

356

Clavus with sharply projecting cross veins. Posterior margin of pronotum with distinct shallow notch in the middle. Hemelytra with network of sharply projecting cross veins; ambient vein absent. Yellowish brown, with traces of diffuse dark spots. 3-3.5. Southeast ........................... H. ergenense Fieb. 2 (1). Clavus without cross veins or with weakly-developed cross veins. Posterior margin of pronotum straight. 3 (12). Ambient vein consisting of cross veins at posterior margin of hemelytra, at a distance from its margin. Anterior margin of pronotum with a low carina indistinctly interrupted in the middle. Pronotum without pits. 4 (5). Dorsal margin of frohs strongly concave. Heroelytra with network of sharply-projecting cross veins. Dirty-gray, with brown pattern. 3-4. Crimea ............................... H. tauricum Kuzn. 5 (4). Dorsal margin of frons straight. Hemelytra with a few weakly6 (9).

7 (8).

8 (7).

marked cross veins. Pronotum with longitudinal carina in the middle, pace not longer than broad, Dorsum plae, buff-yellow; face, legs and venter dark brown to black. 3.5-4.5. Crimea .....................H. discolor Germ. Dorsum pale, buff-yellow; face and venter light; legs often with black longitudinal stripes; abdomen brownish. 3.5-4.5. South.

Male unknown

..............................

H. montanum Pieb.

TETTIGOMETRIDAE

9 (6).

Pronotum without longitudinal carina in the middle. Face markedly longer than broad. 10 (11). Anal tube of male simple, with parabolic-rounded apex. Pale, yellowish or brownish. 4-6.5. Crimea .......... H. grylloides F. 11 (10). Anal tube of male with rounded lateral lobes at apex. Pale, yellowish. 5-5.5. Crimea ................... H. orientale Kuzn. 12 (3). Only longitudinal veins on hemelytra well developed; ambient vein at posterior margin of hemelytra lacking. Pronotum with high carina which is interrupted in the middle, with deep pits. Pale, straw yellow. 2.7-3. Crimea .......... H. eugeniae Kuzn. 8,

Family TETTIGOMETRIDAE

Dorsoventrally flattened, moderately small, with markedly thickened hemelytra. Sometimes brachypterous. Mode of life of nymphs similar to that of adults, or nymphs myrmecophilous. 4 genera, about 20 species. Key to Genera 1

(2).

2(1).

3 (4).

4 (3). 5 (6).

6 (5).

Vertex as long as broad at base; vertex 1.5 times as long as pronotum; anterior margin of vertex parabolic-convex. Scutellum markedly shorter than pronotum and vertex together. ............. .............;.............................. I. Mitricephalus. Vertex shorter than broad at base, or vertex projecting, forming an acute angle; vertex at most slightly longer than pronotum. Scutellum markedly longer than pronotum and vertex together. Anterior margin of vertex straight or obtuse-rounded. Vertex much longer in the middle than near the eyes. Frons in profile concave, rarely straight .or convex ............. 2. Tettigometra. Anterior margin of vertex arcuately rounded. Vertex in middle little longer than near eyes. Frons in profile convex. Costal margins of hemelytra not expanded and not curved backward ..................................... 3. Brachycephalus. Costal margins of hemelytra leaf-shaped and curved. ............. ........................................... 4. Micrometrina.

Keys to Species of Family Tettigometridae 1.

1(1).

2.

Monotypic genus,

Dor sum brown, dull, with black dots; hemelytra often darker; frons light, with 2 black bands; clypeus and lora darkened. 5.5-6. South .......................... M. macrocephalus Fieb.

Tettigometra Latr.

17 or 18 species.

1 (4).

Frons convex.

2 (3).

Dorsum yellow or orange-yellow. Venter yellow, sometimes with brownish spots. 4.5. South ............. T. virescens Panz. Head, pronotum, Scutellum and tegulae brown; hemelytra yellow. Venter with brown spots. 4.4. Crimea......... T. beckeri Horv. Frons concave or straight.

3 (2). 357

Mitricephalus Sign.

4 (1).

5 (6).

6 (5).

7 (8).

8 (7).

Vertex much shorter than pronotum, its anterior margin obtuse. Yellowish gray, dull, with brown speckles. Hemelytra with traces of brown spots and bands which are better marked near costal margin. 3-4. South ................... T. costulata Fieb. Vertex about as long as pronotum. Dorsum covered with coarse black hairs. Hemelytra with 3 smooth brown callus-shaped protuberances at level of apex of clavus. Yellowish gray; scutellum with a pair of brown spots; hemelytra brownish in apical three-quarters, with large light spot on claval vein and with some shiny silvery patches. 4.5. Crimea; Ciscaucasia ..................................... T. hexaspina Kol. Dorsum without hairs or with thinner, light hairs. No callusshaped protuberances on hemelytra.

9 (14). Yellow or greenish.

10 (13). Yellow. 11 (12). Venter reddish brown. 5.2-6. South ......... T. sulphuraea M. R. 12 (11). Venter of the same color as dorsura. 5.0. South

............................................. T. vitellina Fieb. 13 (10). Pale green. Anterior margin of vertex rounded. 4.5. Southeast. On Chenopodiaceae ............................. T. varia Fieb. 14 (9). Brown or gray. 15 (22). Frons approximately straight. 16 (21). Costal margins of hemelytra converging at apex. Brownish gray or

yellowish gray.

17 (18). Hemelytra with projecting veins forming carinae. Dorsum dull; veins of hemelytra with some smooth granules. Generally brownish gray with more or less marked bands; color variable. 18 (17).

19 (20). 20 (19). 21 (16).

22 (15).

5.2. Center; South........................... T. obliqua Panz. Hemelytra with veins not markedly projecting. Dorsum slightly shiny; veins of hemelytra without smooth granules. Brownish gray or yellowish gray. without pattern. Punctation of hemelytra forming longitudinal rows in some places, Center, South ............................... T. depressa Fieb. Punctation of heroelytra completely irregular ...... T. atrata Fieb. Costal margins of hemelytra parallel. Dark; reddish brown. 3.5-4.2. Northwest, Center, South................. T. atra Hgb. Frons markedly concave.

23 (26).

Grayish brown. 24 (25). Punctation of hemelytra darker than hemelytra.

25

4.1.

South

............:.............................. T. griseola Fieb. (24). Punctation of hemelytra not darker than hemelytra. 4.4. South....

..............................................

T. sordida Fieb. reddish brown; smooth. 27 (28). Anterior margin of vertex almost rectangular, markedly projecting. Veins of hemelytra sharply projecting. 5.0. Southeast........... 26 (23). Dark;

............................................ T. angulata 28 (27). Anterior margin of vertex rounded.

4-5.

Lindb.

Veins of hemelytra not sharp. South ..................................... T.fusca Fieb.

448

CICADIDAE

3. 1 (1).

4. 1 (1).

Brachycephalus Sign. 1 species. Smooth, shiny. Hemelytra without marked veins. Reddish brown; hemelytra yellow. 4.0. Crimea ................. B. laetus H.-S. Micrometrina Lindb.

1 species.

Smooth, shiny. Hemelytra without marked veins. Reddish brown to black. 3.5. Crimea, Ciscaucasia ............ M. barani Sign. 9.

Family CICADIDAE

Fore and hind wings of similar consistency, transparent, membranous. Fore femora inflated, with 2 or 3 denticles ventrally; hind legs ambulatory. Well-developed sound-producing organ at base of male abdomen. Eggs are laid into slender branches of trees by piercing with the ovipositor. As a result, the branches dry up above the incision, which injures fruit trees in the south. Nymphs with fossorial forelegs, living underground for several years, sucking roots. A large family, mainly distributed in the Tropics. 5 genera, 12-15 species.

Large.

Key to Genera

358 1 (6). 2 (5).

3 (4).

4 (3).

Fore femora ventrally with 2 large denticles and sometimes an additional very small denticle at apex. Styli fused. Frontoclypeus without longitudinal groove in the middle. Penis simple, symmetrical, without processes, with thick aedeagus. Head narrower than pronotum. Proboscis reaching posterior margin of metathorax. Ventral margin of fused styli with deep notch ............................................. I. Cicada. Head broader than pronotum. Proboscis reaching only posterior margin of mesothorax. Ventral margin of fused styli convex .................................................. 2. Tibicen. Frontoclypeus with deep longitudinal groove in the middle. Aedeagus slender with asymmetrical processes at apex........... ................................................. 3. Tibicina. Fore femora with 3 large denticles. Styli not fused. Sides of pronotum almost parallel in middle. Basal cell of fore wings quadrangular, as branches of M and Cu originate at one point or from a common stem. Penis symmetrical, with pair of processes lying more or less parallel to the aedeagus ............ ................................................ 4. Cicadetta. Sides of pronotum diverging, almost without traces of carina. Basal cell pentagonal, as branches of M and Cu originate separately ...................................... 5. Cicadatra.

......

5 (2).

6 (1). 7 (8).

8 (7).

Keys to Species of Family Cicadidae 1. 1 (1).

Cicada L.

1 species.

Pale brown, with ocher-yellow pattern, and silvery-white pubescence. Fore wings with diffuse brown spots. 25-28, with wings 35-37. Extreme South ........................ C. orni. L.

449

2. 1 (1).

Tibicen Latr.

I species.

Black; vertex and pronotum with yellow pattern. 30-36, with wings 45-50. South. ........................... L. plebeja Scop.

3. Tibicina Kol. Black, with weak orange pattern. orange-red. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

4. 1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2).

Veins of wings

Anterior half of mesonotum

usually with 2 orange longitudinal stripes; posterior part of mesonotum without spots. Fused styli orange, their posterior margin longitudinally convex. 26-28, with wings 37-45. South .................. *T. haematodes Scop. Anterior part of mesonotum without pattern; posterior part of mesonotum with 2 orange spots in pits; posterior margin of pronotum always with orange border. Fused styli black, their posterior margin straight. Size as in T. haema’todes Scop. Ciscaucasia, Caucasus ..................... *T. intermedia Fieb. Cicadetta Kol.

5-8 species.

Penis short; processes of penis parallel to aedeagus, broad, diverging at apex. Apex of processes pointed, aedeagus relatively broad apically. Green, with black pattern, with silvery-white hairs. 18-24. Southeast ..................................... C. prasina Pall. Apex of processes rounded; aedeagus slender at apex. Black, with weak orange pattern and black veins on fore wings. 11-13.

South ......................................... C. tibialis Panz. 4 (l)v

Penis slender, long; processes of penis with converging or

5 (8).

Processes longer than; aedeagus, with converging tips. Black, with weak orange pattern. Processes of penis separated; aedeagus and processes shorter. Fore wings with some diffuse dark spots. 18-21. South..........

straight tips.

6 (7).

7 (6).

359

8 (5).

5. 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4). 4 (3).

............................................... C. adusta Hag. processes adpressed to aedeagus; aedeagus and processes very slender. Wings without pattern. 16-20. Center, South .......... ............................................. C. montana Scop. Processes of penis not longer than aedeagus, very slender, adpressed to aedeagus. Orange-white, with black pattern and with silvery-white hair. 20-23. Southeast......... C. albeola Ev.

Cicadatra Kol.

Black, with yellow-orange pattern. 3 species.

Dark diffuse spots on fore and hind wings, on cross veins in distal part of fore wings. Apex of penis only with small needleshaped denticles. 29-40. Southeast............. C. querula Pall. Wings without pattern. Apex of penis with large leaf-shaped denticles in addition to small ones. Apex of penis with large laterally-displaced denticle on left side. Whole penis slightly curved. 23-32. South ......... C. atra Oliv. No such denticle on left side of penis near apex; penis strongly curved before the apex, 20-26. South ............. C. hyalina F.

CERCOP1DAE, APHROPHORIDAE

10. Family CERCOP1DAE Medium-sized; usually richly colored. A large family, mainly distributed in the Tropics. 1 genus, 4 species.

Key to Species of Family Cercopidae Cercopis F.

Black, with bluish metallic sheen. Hemelytra with red pattern; basal half of clavus, spots in middle of corium and subapical band red. 4 species. 1.

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (6). 4 (5). 5 (4). 6 (3).

Ocelli connected by a smooth transverse elevation in the form of a scar. Thickset; total width of hemelytra equal to their length at the inner margin. Median spot of hemelytra not touching claval vein; subapical band slightly curved- 6-8. Center. Rare ....... .............................................. C, arcuata Fieb. Ocelli not connected by scar. Slender; hemelytra much longer along clavus. Subapical band of hemelytra slightly convex posteriorly. Anterior pair of processes on apex of penis half as long as posterior pair. Process at apex of genital plate with two angles. Apex of femora

black. 8-10, Carpathians ............... C. sanguinoleata Scop. Process at apex of genital plate with one angle. Apex of femora red. 8-10. Crimea, Caucasus .............. C. intermedia Kbm. Band strongly curved, nearly parallel to apical margin of hemelytra. Anterior pair of processes of penis two thirds the length of posterior pair. 9.5-11. Center, South ......................... .......................................... C. sanguinea Geoffr. 11.

Family APHROPHORIDAE

Medium-sized. Dorsum often covered with sparse hair. Vertex with frontal plate which is frequently bordered by a carina, Hemelytra very thick, leathery. Tibiae rounded, with several soft denticles on outer margin and a double crown of spines on the ventral side at the apex. Hind legs saltatory, but hind coxae narrow. Nymphs developing and molting into adults in a mass of froth produced by special glands. Eggs hibernating. 7 genera, not less than 15 species.

Key to Genera 1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (1).

360

Frontoclypeus and pronotum with longitudinal carina in the middle. Frontal plate transverse; distance between ocelli much less than width of frontal plate. Frontal plate with carinae at the margin. Apex of frontoclypeus without any special structures. Dorsum bare ........................................ 1. Peuceptyelus. Apex of frontoclypeus with 2 parallel carinae on each side. Dorsurn usually covered with short hairs ......... 2. Aphrophora. Pronotum without carina; frontoclypeus with broad and shallow longitudinal groove in the middle which interrupts a series of transverse grooves. Frontal plate narrower; distance between

ocelli equal to width of frontal plate or slightly shorter. Carinae at margin of frontal plate passing inside of its anterior angles.

5 (6).

Supra-antennal carina simple. Hemelytra short, -spherically convex. Anterior margin of vertex arcuately rounded ............ ............................................... 3. Lepyronia. 6 (5). Supra-antennal carina double. Hemelytra rooflike. Anterior margin of vertex usually angular. Frontal plate without longitudinal carina, relatively broad ........ 7 (8). ................................................ 4. Philaenus. Frontal plate with longitudinal carina in the middle, which is 8 (7). sometimes visible with difficulty because of the hair. Frontal plate narrower, often longitudinally oblong. 9 (12). Distance between ocelli about equal to width of frontal plate or very little shorter. Frontoclypeus anterior to frontal plate not visible dorsally. 10 (H). Vertex and frontal plate very long. Penis dorsoventrally flattened, with denticle-shaped processes at apex (Figure 170, 7,8). Apex of genital plate with denticle at margin of suture. Lobes of pygophore with process, obliquely directed ventrad ....... 6. Paraphilaenus. 11 (10). Vertex and frontal plate not very long; frontal plate often as broad as long. Aedeagus rounded or slightly flattened laterally, with leaf-shaped processes at apex (Figure 170, 10,11,14,16-21). Sutural margin of genital plate without denticles. ................. ............................................. 7. Neophilaenus. 12 (9). Distance between ocelli markedly shorter than width of frontal plate. Frontoclypeus visible dorsally anterior to frontal plate. .... ............................................. 5. Lepyroniella. Keys to Species of Family Aphrophoridae 1. Peuceptyelus J. Shib. narrower at apex. 1 species.

1 (1).

Shiny, slender; hemelytra markedly

Yellowish gray, with dark marble pattern; scutelluro pitch brown. 5.5-6.5. North. On conifers ................. P. coriaceus Fall.

2. Aphrophora Germ. Slender; hemelytra markedly tapering apically. Mainly on trees and shrubs. 4 species.

1 (2).

2(1). 3 (4).

Dorsum without hairs:, bare. Scutellum strongly concave. Apex of styli Y-shaped. Rust-brown, dull, with light and dark brown markings. Male 6-9, female 7-11. Ukraine. Very rare ......... ............................................A. corticea Germ. Dorsum covered with short hairs. Scutellum flat or slightly convex.

Apex of styli more or less triangular. Outer margin of styli slightly concave. Penis slender. Genital plate with pointed, fused rectangular apices. Costal margin of hemelytra markedly convex. Hemelytra grayish brown, on outer side with oblique light spot anterior to middle and a similar subapical spot. Male 8-8.5, female 9-10.(Figure 170, 3)............. ................................................. A. aini Fall.

APHROPHORIDAE

4

(3),

5 (6).

6 (5).

3. 1

(1).

4. 1 (1).

361

Outer margin of styli deeply or angularly concave. Penis thick, Genital plates broadly rounded at apex or obliquely truncate (Figure 170, 1,2). Outer margin of styli with rounded process; inner margin convex before apex. Apex of genital plates broadly rounded. Dark, greenish brown, with dark brown spots forming an indistinct oblique band in middle of hemelytra. 11-12. North, Center (Figure 170,2) .................................. A. alpina Mel. Outer margin of styli with pointed denticle; inner margin straight before the apex. Genital plates tapering into obliquely truncate apex. Vertex markedly projecting anteriad. Yellowish brown to brown, hemelytra with indistinct orange-yellow spot in basal half near costal margin and dark brown spots in the middle. 9-11. On willow (Figure 170, 1) ..................... A. salicina Goeze.

Lepyronia Am. S-

1 species.

Philaenus Stal.

1 species.

Thickset; vertex with blunt anterior margin; hemelytra with convex costal margin. Pattern very variable; color pale to black with light bands or longitudinal stripes. 5-6. Mainly in humid and shady habitats ...................................... ........................

5. 1 (1).

6. 1 (1).

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Hemelytra more or less spherically convex. Dorsum grayish brown; hemelytra usually with oblique black bands forming a rhombus. Venter black. 5,5-7 ................ L. coleoptrata L.

Common froghopper

Ph. spumarius L.

Lepyroniella Mel. Monotypic genus. Yellowish or greenish, with more or less marked brown pattern. Usually stripes at sides of pronotum and hemelytra or whole dorsum dark. with light spots, mainly at apex of heraelytra. 4.5-6.3. Ciscaucasia, Caucasus (Figure 170,4-6), ............... .............................................. ’L. petrovi Grig.

Paraphilaenus Vilb. 1 species. Light; dorsum with dark longitudinal stripe in the middle and at these stripes become Steppes. On cereals (Figure 170,7-9),.............................. P. notatus M. R.

the sides from eyes to apex of hemelytra; indistinct on the hemelytra. 7-8. South.

7. 1 (4).

362

2

(3).

Neophilaenus Hpt. 6 species. Frontal plate markedly longer than broad; vertex flat. Notch on inner side of apex of styli very wide (Figure 170, 12,13) subgenus Neophilaenus s. str.). Vertex less projecting anteriad. Outer denticle on apex of stylus closer to basal inner denticle. Light, with dark longitudinal stripes on sides of dorsum posterior to eyes and with dark spots on apex of clavus or even entirely dark with light subapical band, 5-7. In marshes, etc. (Figure 170, 13,14).......... N. lineatus L,

3 (2).

K

Vertex more elongate. Outer denticle at apex of stylus equidistant from inner denticles. Light, with dark longitudinal stripes on sides of dorsum posterior to eyes and dark spot on apex of clavus. 4.5-5.5. Crimea (Figure 170,10-12). ............. N. minor Kbm.

^^IB \^n

\Jl8

L^J^/19

FIGURE 170. Cicadinea. Family Aphrophoridae. Details of male

\f20

genitalia (original)

lAphrophora

salicina, stylus; 2~A.alpina, same; 3A.alni, same; 4-6Lepyroniella peirovi: 4penis, dorsal; 5same, lateral; 6stylus; 7-9Pacaphilaenus noiaius: 7penis, dorsal; 8same, lateral; 9stylus; 10-12Neophllaenus minor: 10penis, dorsal; 11same, lateral; 12stylus; 13,14N. Uneatus: 13stylus; 14penis, dorsal; 15-17 N. albipennis: 15stylus; 16penis, dorsal; 17--same. lateral; 18,19 N. exclamationis: ISpenis, dorsal; 19-same, lateral; 20.21-N. campestris: 20-penis. dorsal; 21-same. lateral.

4 (1).

5 (6).

6 (5).

Frontal plate about as broad as long; vertex slightly or markedly convex. Notch on inner margin of styli very narrow (Figure 170,15). subgenus Neophilaenulus Em., subgen.n.; subgenotype Cicada exclamationis Thnb.). Lateral margins of lobes at apex of penis more or less parallel, their posterior angles curved ventrad. Dorsum dirty-brown; hemelytra with indistinct light spots on costal margin in the middle and apically. 3.5-6. Center, South. In dry habitats (Figure 170, 20,21). ........................ N. campestris Fall. Lateral margins of lobes diverging, their posterior angles curved dorsad (Figure 170, 16,18).

MEMBRACtDAE

7 (8).

8 (7).

Posterior margin of apical lobes of penis concave. Dorsum bare; hemelytra with light band in the middle; apex of hemelytra with light spots on outer margin. 4.5-6.5. Center, South (Figure 170, 15-17)........................................ VI. albipennis F. Posterior margin of apical lobes of penis convex. Vertex convex. Dorsum dark brown to black. Costal margin and basal half of heroelytra light. Hemelytra with light transverse subapical spots on costal margin. 3.5-5. North, Center. Dry habitats (Figure 170, 18,19)...................... N. exclamation! s Thnb. 12,

Family MEMBRACIDAE

Vertex with frontal plate, vertical; frontoclypeus ventrally projecting in the form of a cone. Pronotum with processes of and Both pairs of wings membranous. Mode of life size. varying shape of nymphs similar to that of adults. A large family, mainly distributed in the Tropics. 3 genera, 3 species. Medium-sized.

Key to Genera 1 (4). 3 (3).

3 (2).

Posterior process of pronotum narrow, not covering sides of scutellum, Sides of pronotum with processes in the form of laterallydirected horns; pronotum with high longitudinal carina continued on sinuous posterior process ..................... 1. Centrotus. Sides of pronotum without processes; pronotum with weaklymarked longitudinal carina and flat posterior process. ............

................................................. 2. Gargara. 4 (1).

Posterior process of pronotum with broad base, covering

scutellum completely.

.........................

3. Stictocephala.

Keys to Species of Family Membracidae 1. 1 (1).

2. 1 (1).

Centrotus F-

1 species.

Black, with adpressed golden hairs. Hemelytra transparent, with thick brownish veins. 7-8 ....................... .C. cornutus L.

Gargara A. S.

1 species.

Black (male) or dark brown (female), covered with adpressed goldenhairs. Hemelytra with brown spots. 3-4. Center, South. On Cytisus, Glycyrrhiza, Caragana and other Leguminosae ........................................ G. genistae F.

3. Stictocephala Stal. (Ceres a A.S.). Sides of pronotum with trihedral processes; dorsal carinae on these processes fused into Y-shaped figures, forming a high, sharp carina on posterior process of pronotum. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

363

Whole insect delicate-grass-green; hemelytra transparent, 8-11. Moldavia, Caucasus. A common, serious pest of fruit trees, alfalfa, etc. One generation per year. Eggs hibernating;

HOMOPTERA

hatching in April; maturity reached in July-September. Introduced into Europe from North America ..................... S. bubalus F. ............................. *Buffalo treehopper 13.

Family CICADELLEDAE

Small or medium-sized. Frontoclypeus completely or almost completely covering facial side of head, its dorsal limit usually not visible. Carinae often present dorsal to antennae. Hind coxae of almost all Cicadellidae broad, transverse; hind tibiae flat, tetrahedral, with setae at outer margin. Hemelytra often much thickened; brachypterous specimens frequent. Generally very active, jumping well. Mode of life of nymphs similar to that of adults. At least one generation per year. Eggs hibernating in most species, more rarely adults, sometimes nymphs of the 5th instar. Some species are specific vectors of viral diseases of plants. The largest family of the Cicadinea. 155 genera, more than 490 species. Inthewhole U.S.S.R. more than 200 genera.

Key to Genera Outer edges of hind tibiae without spines. Apex of femora without spines. (Subfamily Ulopinae). Penis with 2 aedeagi and gonopores ................................................... 1. Ulopa. (1). Outer edges of hind tibiae with spines. Apex of femora with spines. (4). Spines on outer edges ofhind tibiae not numerous (not more than5), sparse. Frontoclypeal suture replaced by carina dorsal to antennae. (Figure 171, 3). (Subfamily Megophthalminae) ................... ........................................... 2. Megophthalmus. (3). Spines on outer edges numerous, always more than 10. Frontoclypeal sutures never replaced by carina. (10). Supra-antennal carinae of face entering frons. (Subfamily

1 (2).

2 3

4

5

(7).

Jassinae). Face in profile convex. Appendage of hemelytra narrow. (Tribe Jassini). Anal tube with appendage. Styli small, reduced. Genital plates short, little developed ............................. 16. Jassus. Anal tube without appendage. Styli large, well developed.

9 (6).

Genital plates long....................... 17. Batrachomorphus. Face in profile concave. Appendage of hemelytra broad. (Tribe

6 (9).

7 (8). 8

Penthimiini).................................... 18. Penthimia. 10 (5). Supra-antennal carinae of face not reaching frons or absent. 11 (26). Ocelli on vertex far from its anterior margin; if close to the anterior margin, frontoclypeal suture passing transversely near ocelli. Vertex always well developed. 12 (13). Head spatulate. strongly flattened, with sharp anterior margin. (Subfamily Ledrinae). Pronotum with a pair of ear-shaped processes.......................................... 3. Ledra. 13 (12). Head not spatulate, not flattened. 14 (17). Anteclypeus with parallel sides, flat; frontoclypeus flat, on the same plane as the genae. (Subfamily Aphroduiae). 15 (16). Vertex smooth or with more or less longitudinal grooves, with narrow longitudinal carina in the middle ............ 24. Aphrodes.

CICADELLIDAE

16 (15).

Anterior part of vertex covered with transverse grooves. Vertex without longitudinal carina in the middle. .. 25. Stroggylocephalus. 17 (14). Anteclypeus convex or strongly convex, narrower apically and often projecting beyond ventral margin of genae. Frontoclypeus .

usually inflated and markedly projecting. (Subfamily Cicadellinae). 18 (25). Ocelli closer to anterior margin of vertex than to its posterior margin. 19 (20).

Frontoclypeus with longitudinal carina,

(Tribe Euacanthini).......

.............................................. 28. Euacanthus. 20 (19). Frontoclypeus without longitudinal carina. 21 (24). Large sharp carinae present dorsal to antennae. Distance between ocelli about one half or two thirds the width of frontoclypeus. (Tribe Errhomenini). 22 (23). Frontoclypeus more or less flat, with depression in dorsal part. Margin of genae projecting in the form of an obtuse angle. Anterior margin of vertex sharp, projecting in a right angle. .............................................. 27. Errhomenus. 23 (22). Frontoclypeus strongly convex, without depression. Margin of genae more or less straight. Anterior margin of vertex less sharp, projecting a little in the form of an arc ................... ....................................... 26. Bathysmatophorus. 24 (21). Supra-antennal carinae not marked. Distance between ocelli only slightly shorter than width of frontoclypeus. (Tribe Anoterostemmatini)............................... 30. Anoterostemma. 25 (18). Ocelli nearer to posterior margin of vertex than to anterior margin. (Tribe Cicadellini) ..................... 29. Cicadella. 364 26 (11). Ocelli on face; vertex in this case little developed; in. other cases ocelli on border between face and vertex: vertex in these cases always well developed; ocelli exceptionally on vertex (near its anterior margin); in this case the frontoclypeal suture reaches ......

the ocelli obliquely.

27 (36). Antennae anterior to eyes. Vertex elongate, projecting anteriad, with sharp anterior margin. 28 (33). Longitudinal carinae present on vertex, face and pronotum. Surface of body wrinkled or pitted, rugose. Veins of hemelytra

forming carinae.

(Subfamily Dorycephalinae).

29 (30). Anterior margin of vertex projecting above eyes in the form of a carina (Figure 173, 1). (Tribe Eupelicini) .......... 9. Eupelix. 30 (29). 31 (32).

Eyes without carina. Frontoclypeus without carina. Process of head dorsoventrally flattened. (Tribe Dorycephalini) ............. 20. Dorycephalus. 32 (31). Frontoclypeus with longitudinal carina. Process of head narrow, tetrahedral (Figure 173, 2). (Tribe Paradorydiini) ................ ........................................... 21. Paradorydium. 33 (28). Vertex, face and pronotum without carinae. Surface of body more smooth. Veins of hemelytra less markedly projecting. (Subfamily Hecalinae). 34 (35). Ocelli of male closely approximated to eyes; distance of ocelli from eyes in female not more than 1-2 diameters of ocellus....... ................................................. 22. Hecalus.

35 (34). Distance of male ocelli from eyes 2 or more diameters of ocellus; distance of female ocelli from eyes markedly more than 2 diameters, about equal to diameter of eyes ..... 23. Glossocratus. 36 (27). Antennae closer to ventral margin of eyes than to dorsal margin. 37 (242). Ocelli very close to eyes; distance between them many times greater than their distance from eyes; in this case there are no traces of carinae dorsal to antennae and venation is not reduced. (Subfamily Euscelinae). 38 (39). Margin of genae without notch ventral to eyes. Genae visible dorsally posterior to eyes. (Tribe Scaphytopiini). 2 gonopores and aedeagi .................................... 71. Japananus. 39 (38). Margin of genae with notch ventral to eyes. Genae not visible in dorsal view. 40 (47). 2 gonopores, 2 aedeagi or one aedeagus divided in two. (Tribe Opsiini). 41 (44). Genital plates with macrochaetae; genital valve normally

developed. 42 (43). Two completely separate aedeagi; 2 processes branching from phallobase or from basis of aedeagi (Figure 180, 19-30)........... .................................................. 57. Opsius. 43 (42). -One aedeagus bifurcating in T-shape (Figure 181, 15,17,19-21) .... ............................................. 60. Neoaliturus. 44 (41). Genital plates without macrochaetae. Genital valve strongly

developed. 45 (46). Genital plates short, with long hairs. Anterior margin of vertex sharp. Macropterous ..................... 58. Pseudophlepsius. 46 (45). Genital plates moderately long, narrow, bare; their apices may be crossed. Anterior margin of vertex entering face. Brachypterous (Figure 181, 3,4,7,10,13).................. 59. Achaetica. 47 (40). 1 gonopore, I aedeagus. 48 (51). Genital plates more or less fused. 49 (50). Genital plates fused only at base. Connective free, with appendages. (Tribe Tetartostylini).................. 61. Tetartostylus.

50 (49). Genital plates and genital valve completely fused. Connective closely attached to phallobase (Figure 180, 5-18). (Tribe Goniognathini)...................................... 56. Goniognathus. 51 (48). Genital plates free. 52 (159). Connective forked, its branches diverging or parallel, their apices not approximated (Figure 166, 5,6). 53 (54). Ocelli equidistant from eyes and median line of head. Penis asymmetrical (Figure 180, 1-4). (Tribe Grypotini)... 5. Grypotes. 54 (53). Ocelli closer to eyes. 55 (60). Styli with very small processes articulating with connective. Branches of connective strongly diverging, forming a deep or shallow arch (Figure l84, 3,4). (Tribe Fieberiellini). 56 (57). Anterior margin of vertex sharp, with 2 carinae. Anal tube with a pair of processes ............................ 77. Pieberiella. 57 (56). Anterior margin of vertex rounded, not sharp. Anal tube without appendages. 58 (59). Base of connective longer than its branches. Aedeagus with apical processes (Figure 184, 4-6)................... 78. Synophropsis.

CICAOELLIDAE

59 (58), Base of connective very short; branches of connective much longer than base. Aedeagus with dorsal processes in middle

(Figure 184, 7,8) ............................ 79. Phlogotettix. 365 60 (55). Styli with well-developed apophyses. Branches of connective diverging at an acute angle or parallel. 61 (62). Genital plates with a row of short, thick macrochaetae with truncate apex (Figure 182, 1,2), (Tribe Coryphaeini). ............ ............................................. 62. Coryphaeus. 62 (61). Genital plates with ordinary, pointed macrochaetae or without

macrochaetae. 63 (72). Hemelytra with 2 subapical cells. Apex of genital plates produced into long weakly sclerotized appendages. (Tribe Macrostelini). 64 (65). Penis without processes, with simple apex. Vertex short, markedly transverse (Figure 182, 3) .............. 63. Balclutha. 65 (64). penis with a pair of apical processes (Figure 182, 4-5). 66 (71). Gonopore dorsal, subapical. Aedeagus straight, relatively short (Figure 182,4-39,44,45). 67 (68). Arrangement of macrochaetae on genital plates irregular. ................................................. 67. Sagatus. 68 (67). Genital plates with a marginal row of macrochaetae. 69 (70). Head not narrower than pronotum. Sides of pronotum short, parallel. ...................................... 64. Macrosteles. 70 (69). Head narrower than pronotum. Sides of pronotum long, diverging ................................................ 65. Erotettix. 71(66). Gonopore ventral, subapical. Aedeagus long, arcuate (Figure 182, 40-43)......................................... 66. Sonronius. 72 (63). Hemelytra with 3 subapical cells (Figure 164, 1). Apex of genital plates not produced into soft processes. (Tribe Euscelini). 73 (82). Penis asymmetrical. 74 (75). Macrochaetae on genital plates irregular ....... 104. Pithyotettix. 75 (74). Macrochaetae on genital plates arranged in one row. 76 (81). Aedeagus more or less rounded. Dorsal side of anal tube membranous. 77 (80). Gonopore on left side of aedeagus, far from its apex. Penis strongly curved ventraily; anterior part of phallobase well developed. 78 (79), Apex of penis simple, pointed (Figure 188, 3,4).................. ............................................ 101. Speudotettix. 79 (78). Apex of penis with 2 closely standing processes.. .105. Macustus. 80 (77). Gonopore subapical, on right side of aedeagus. Aedeagus slightly curved dorsally; phallobase poorly developed (Figure 189, 16,17). ............................................. 109. Stictocoris. 81 (76). Aedeagus dorsoventrally flattened. Anal tube with sclerotized dorsal wall (Figure 191, 1-10).................. 116. Streptanus. 82 (73), Penis symmetrical. 83 (88). Genital plates without macrochaetae. 84 (87). Gonopore apical or subapical. Outer margins of genital plates convex. 85 (86). Aedeagus short, more or less straight (Figure 185,7-15). Macropterous ................................ 84. Anoplotettix. 86 (85). Aedeagus long, strongly arcuate (Figure 191, 13). Hemelytra slightly shorter than abdomen, with rounded apex; claval suture indistinct ................................... 118. Chroocacus. .........

.

.

.

87 (84). Gonopore ventral, in middle of aedeagus (Figure 191, 21,22). Genital plates with narrow apex and concave inner margins. Brachypterous .............................. 121. Bobacella. 88 (83). Genital plates with macrochaetae. 89 (10 4). Arrangement of macrochaetae on genital plates irregular. 90 (91). Head with several narrow grooves at anterior margin of vertex. Anal tube with ventral hooklike appendage ... 83. Selenocephalus. 91 (90). Head without such grooves. Anal tube without appendages. 102. Hesium. 92 (93). Pygophore without macrochaetae ............... 93 (92). Pygophore with macrochaetae, 94 (95). Genital plates with denticle on inner margin in front of apex of styli. Anal tube very long, reaching far beyond pygophore. Lobes of pygophore produced into pointed processes. (Figures 186, 20.25,26; 187, 1,2)............................... 94. Paluda. 95 (94). Genital plates without denticles. Anal tube of normal length, not reaching beyond lobes of pygophore. 96 (99). Lobes of pygophore with long posteroventral processes. Styli reaching almost to apex of genital plates or projecting. 97 (98). Brown, with marbled pattern .................. 89. Allygidius. 98 (97). Green; black spots near anterior margin of vertex.............. ........................................ 91. Graphocraerus. 99 (96). Lobes of pygophore without processes. Styli far short of apex 366 of genital plates. 100 (101). Aedeagus slender, its cross section more or less round (Figure 188,19-22). Broad, large forms ....... 107. Athysanus. 101 (100). Aedeagus thick, often dorsoventrally flattened. 102 (103). Dorsal notch of pygophore deep, almost reaching its anterior margin. Macrochaetae present near inner margin of genital plates. Aedeagus forming a thick block; anterior side of

phallobase movably’articulated with appendage (Figure 190,1-5)

.

.

............................................ 111. Umotettix. 103 (102). Dorsal notch of pygophore shallower. Macrochaetae present only near outer margin of genital plates. Aedeagus dorsoventrally flattened, originating from posterior margin of phallobase. Appendage closely attached to anterior margin of phallobase (Figure 189, 18-33)............. 110. Scleroracus. 104 (89). Genital plates with one row of macrochaetae. 105 (108). Genital plates diverging, not joined, with notch or incision on outer margin or angle. Penis simple, hooklike. 106 (107). Genital plates with incision at outer angle (apex). Styli with thick transverse triangular apices. Lobes of pygophore with comb of denticles on posterior margin (Figure 186, 12-14)....... ................................................ 92. Hardya. 107 (106). Genital plates with notch on outer margin. Styli of ordinary form. Apex of lobes of pygophore pointed, with ventral lobe-

shaped process (Figure 186,15-19)....... 93, Stenometopiellus. 108 (105). Inner margin of genital plates joined throughout or almost so; outer margins of genital plates without notch. 109 (116). One row of macrochaetae at least partly crossing genital plates. Styli often projecting beyond margin of genital plates (Figure 187,

7,25,27). 460

CICADELLIDAE

110 (111). One complete transverse marginal row of macrochaetae present. Lobes of pygophore forming thick forked process (Figure 186, 3,6,7) ........................................ 89. Allygidius. 111 (110). Macrochaetae in one transverse row, not marginal. Apex of genital plates with long hairs, 112 (113). A transverse row of macrochaetae near posterior margin of genital valve and parallel to it. Apex of stylus bent outward at a right angle, projecting. (Figure 187, 24,25) ... .97. Taurotettix. 113 (112). Row of macrochaetae bent at an angle, its basal half longitudinal and marginal, its apical half transverse114 (115). Gonopore dorsal, in middle of aedeagus. Stylus with clavate and flattened apex (Figure 187, 26,27)......... 98. CaUistrophia. 115 (114). Gonopore dorsal, subapical, Styli pointed (Figure 187, 7-23)..... ............................................... 96. Cicadula. 116 (109). Row of macrochaetae marginal, more or less longitudinal. 117 (158). Anal tube more or less cylindrical. 118 (123). Gonopore on ventral side of aedeagus (Figures 185, 19; 190,6; 191,22). 119 (120). Apex of aedeagus without processes (Figure 191, 21,22). ......... ............................................. 121. BobaceUa. 120 (119). Apex of aedeagus with a pair of processes. 121 (122). Apex of processes of aedeagus directed anteriorly and laterally (Figure 190, 6). Hemelytra with supplementary veins. ........... ............................................ 112. Condylotes. 122 (121). Apical processes of aedeagus recurrent, crossed. Hemelytra without supplementary veins (Figure 185, 18,19),................ ............................................. 86. CoUadonus. 123 (118). Gonopore apical or dorsal. 124 (157). Genital plates triangular, with rounded or pointed apex, longer at inner margin than genital valve. Macrochaetae numerous. 125 (126). Gonopore forming transverse slit on T- or Y-shaped aedeagus (Figures 188,23-28; 189,1-15)................ 108. Handianus. 126 (125). Gonopore not forming transverse slit, more or less rounded. 127 (128). Gonopore dorsal, in middle of aedeagus or forming a process in middle of dorsal side (Figure 188, 7-11). Genital plates long, their outer margin about parallel in basal half .................. ..........................................

103. Thamnotettix.

128 (127). Gonopore dorsal, subapical or apical. 129 (130). Genital plates transversely, broadly truncate at apex. Phallo" base with a pair of flat triangular combs (Figure 186, 8,9). ....... ............................................ 90. Phlepsidius. 130 (129). Genital plates with narrow, pointed, narrowly rounded or obliquely truncate apex. Phallobase without combs. 131 (144). Anal tube completely sclerotized dorsally, without basal notch. 367 132 (135). Apex of hemelytra narrow and more or less rounded. 133 (134). Anal tube with comb of pointed processes ventrally. Processes of penis directed anteriorly along aedeagus (Figure 187, 28,29). Apex of hemelytra very narrow .................. 99. Mocydia. 134 (133). Anal tube without accessory structures. Processes of aedeagus transverse (Figure 188, 1,2). Apex of hemelytra moderately narrow ....................................100. Mocydiopsis.

135 (132). Apex of hemelytra broadly rounded, as usual. 136 (137). Lobes of pygophore ending in denticle. Anal tube very long. Gonopore apical (Figure 187, 3-6) ................ 95. Elymana. 137 (136). Lobes of pygophore broadly rounded at apex. Anal tube not more than 1-i times as long as broad. Gonopore dorsal, subapical.

138 (141). Aedeagus dorsoventrally flattened. 139 (140). Penis with processes only at apex (Figure 190,18-32)............

.

.............................................. 115. Euscelis. 140 (139). Penis with a pair of long processes at base of aedeagus. (Figure 191, 11,12) ............................ 117. CouUnus. 141 (138). Aedeagus more or less rounded. 142 (143). Head not broader than pronoturo. Sides of pronotum diverging times as long as broad ............ posteriad. Frontoclypeus

1-^

...........................................

114. Euscelidius.

143 (142). Head broader than pronotum. Sides of pronoturn parallel. Frontoclypeus broader than long ............... 113. Laburrus. 144 (131). Anal tube not sclerotized dorsally or with deep basal notch. 145 (146). Anal tube almost completely unsclerotized, small............... .............................................. 82. Phlepsius. 146 (145). Anal Tube at least with well-sclerotized sides. (150). Lobes of pygophore with processes. 147 148 (149). Penis without processes. Gonopore dorsal, subapical (Figure 188, 17,18). Vertex entering smoothly into face. Thickset ................................... 106. DoUotettix. 149 (148). Penis with processes. Gonopore apical (Figure 184,13-27). Slender forms with more or less sharp anterior margin of vertex and often anteriorly prolonged head. 80. Platymetopius. 150 (147). Lobes of pygophore without processes, usually rounded. 151 (156). Genital plates with acute-angled or narrowly-rounded apex. Anal tube narrowing apically, its dorsal wall almost completely unsclerotized. Anterior margin of head rounded. 152 (153). Penis without processes, broad, short, with large gonopore (Figure 185, 22-26). Hemelytra with accessory veins ........... ................................................ 88. Allygus. 153 (152). Penis with processes, slenderer. Gonopore small. 154 (155). Penis with a pair of basal processes parallel to aedeagus (Figure 185, 16,17). Gonopore apical ........... 85. Idiodonus. 155 (154). penis with a pair of recurrent processes at apex. Gonopore dorsal, subapical (Figure 185, 20, 21)......... 87. Lanaprotettix. 156 (151). Apex of genital plates narrow, obliquely-truncate. Anal tube long, cylindrical, its dorsal wall sclerotized in apical half. Head strongly projecting anteriad, conical... 81. Proceps. 157 (124). Apex of genital plates broad, obliquely truncate; genital plates at inner margin much shorter than valve. Two or three macrochaetae on each genital plate (Figure 191,14)..... 119. Arttanus. 158 (117). Dorsal wall of anal tube sclerotized in form of triangular shield. Hemelytra much shortened ..................... 120. Dudanus. 159 (52). Apex of branches of connective fused or close together (Figure 166,7-9). 160 (169). Aedeagus movably articulated with phallobase, short, with large subapical gonopore (Figure 183. 9,10,15-25). Apex of branches .

462

.

CICADELUDAE

of connective close together. Connective long, with long base. (Tribe Doraturini). 161 (162). Ocelli on vertex, at some distance from its anterior margin. Formula of spines on apex of hind femora: 1+2............... ............................................. 72. Chiasmus. 162 (161). Ocelli at anterior margin of vertex. Formula of spines at apex of hind femora: 1+2+2. 163 (166). Anterior margin of vertex sharp, carinate. 164 (165). Sides of pronotum with carina. Genital plates with numerous irregularly arranged macrochaetae ......... 73. Doraturopsis. 165 (164). Sides of pronotum without carinae. Genital plates with isolated macrochaetae .................................. 74. Doratura. 166 (163). Vertex smoothly passing into face. 368 167 (168). Penis without processes. Lobes of pygophore with comb of denticles (Figure 183, 25) ..................... 75. Aconurella. 168 (167). Penis with ventral processes. Lobes of pygophore without denticles (Figure 183, 22-24) .................... 76. Aconura. 169 (160). Aedeagus forming a unit with phallobase; if not, gonopore basal. 170 (175). Connective closely attached to phallobase, narrow; apex of branches of connective close together but not fused (Figure 183, 1-8). Sides of pronotum with carina. (Tribe Deltocephalini). 171 (172). Apex of penis without denticles (Figure 183, 1).................. .......................................... 68. Deltocephalus. 172 (171). Apex of penis pointed or with a pair of denticles (Figure 183,2-8), 173 (174). Apex of penis pointed (Figure 183, 2-6). ............ 69. Recilia. 174 (173). Apex of penis with a pair of denticles (Figure 183, 7,8) .......... ................................................ 70. Endria. 175 (170). Connective almost always free. Apex of branches of connective fused (Figure 166, 8,9). Sides of pronotum very rarely with carinae. (Tribe Jassargini). 176 (177). Formula of spines at apex of hind femora; 1+1+2+2 ...........

............................................... 122. Aglena. 177 (176). Formula of spines at apex of hind femora: 1+2+2. 178 (241). Genital plates with entire outer margin, without incision. 179 (238). Macrochaetae on genital plates arranged in one marginal row. (Figures 192, 7,8; 194, 3.12,16,27; 197,10). 180 (193). Connective rocket-shaped, its base not broader than its branches, elongate, longitudinal (Figure 106,9). 181 (182). Pygophore with a regular vertical row of short macrochaetae in addition to long ones. Anal tube well sclerotized dorsally ........................................... 125. MetaUmnus. 182 (181). Pygophore with more or less irregularly arranged setae of similar length. Anal tube dorsally membranous in a large part. 183 (192). Aedeagus symmetrical; styli small, with narrow, rounded apex. 184 (191). Genital plates either very short or fused along inner margin; the row of macrochaetae occupies not less than half the length of the outer margin of the genital plates (Figure 194, 3). 185 (188). Suture of genital plates markedly shorter than genital valve .

...

.

(Figure 194,3). 186 (187). Genital plates rectangular-truncate at apex, their outer margin markedly concave in the middle ................ 127. Pantallus.

187 (186). Genital plates obliquely truncate at apex, their outer margin almost straight. Suture of genital plates usually very short (Figures 193, 194,3)...................... 130. Psammotettix. 188 (185). Suture of genital plates not shorter than genital valve, usually

markedly longer. 189 (190). Aedeagus without

processes, slightly flattened dorsoventrally ......................... .128. Mogangina.

(Figure 192, 13.14).

190 (189). Sides of aedeagus with long processes at apex; aedeagus often laterally compressed (Figure. 192, 15-20)...... 129. Arocephalus. 191 (184). Genital plates long, divided almost from genital valve, their outer margin markedly concave in the middle. Row of macrochaetae at base ofoutermarginofgenitalplateslessthanhalfas long as outer margin (Figure 194.12) ............. 131. Cleptochiton. 192 (183). Penis asymmetrical; dorsal side of aedeagus turned to the left (Figure 194. 13,14), Styli with thick ax-shaped apex with denticulated inner margin,....................... 132. Mogangella. 193 (180). Connective without base or with broad short base, always broader than long, markedly broader than branches (Figure 166, 8). 194 (195). Base of connective jagged; connective V-shaped. Phallobase complex, horseshoe-shaped, its horns directed towards base of connective (Figure 192, 9).................. 126. Chelidinus. 195 (194). Base of connective entire; phallobase whole or horseshoeshaped, its horns directed away from connective. 196 (197). Vertex 2-2^ times broader than long........... 123. Paramesus. 197 (196). Vertex not more than 1-| times as broad as long. 198 (199). Branches of connective close together at base .................. ........................................... 124. Paralimnus. 199 (198). Branches of connective separated from base to apex. 200 (201). Penis asymmetrical. Genital plates triangular, with separate rounded apex. Styli with thickened apex (Figure 194,15,16) ...... ............................................. 133. Ebarrius. 201 (200). Penis symmetrical. 202 (203). Sides of aedeagus serrate-denticulate; aedeagus dorsoventrally flattened (Figure 194, 25-28).............. 137. Kasachstanicus. 203 (202). Sides of aedeagus not serrate. 369 204 (215). Apex of genital plates broad, obliquely or rectangularly truncate (Figure 195,21). 205 (214). Connective free. 206 (207). Penis with a pair of long slender processes branching from phallobase parallel to aedeagua (Figure 195, 3.4). Styli with truncate apex ...................... 139. Pleargus Em., gen. n. 207 (206). Penis without process branching from phallobase. 208 (211). Styli flattened at apex, their posterior inner margin serrated

(Figure 195, 20.21.26). 209 (210). Posterior margin of lobes of pygophore with denticles. With brown pigmentation ........................... 140; Jassargus. 210 (209). Lobes of pygophore without denticles. Pale. Aedeagus short. with 2 anteriorly-directed denticles at apex (Figure 195, 24,25) ........................................... 141. Mendrausus. 211 (208). Styli with smooth, not thickened apex. Apex of genital plates truncate.

464

CICADELLIDAE

212 (213). Ventral margin of lobes of pygophore with process. Aedeagus thick, with subapical leaf-shaped process which forms a collar (Figure 194, 21,22)............................ 135. Turrutus. 213 (212). Lobes of pygophore without processes. Sides of aedeagus 146. Rosenus. irregularly serrate at apex (Figure 197, 8,9). 214 (205). Connective closely attached to phallobase. Pygophore without dorsal notch; lobes of pygophore without denticles. Aedeagus slender, with a pair of apical processes (Figure 195, 1,2). ........................................ 138. Mongolojassus. 215 (204). Apex of genital plates broadly rounded together or narrowly rounded separately. 216 (217). Aedeagus clearly distinct from phallobase, divided into right and left lobes almost to the base; gonopore at the base, between lobes of aedeagus (Figure 195, 27,28). .......... 142. Pinumius, 217 (216). Aedeagus entire; gonopore not basal. 218 (227). Outer margin of genital plates convex, often angular (Figure 197, ....

.......

1,10). 219 (222). Abroad, transverse sclerotized plate laterally covering phallobase between phallobase and anal tube (Figure 197, 25-29). 220 (221). Anal tube without appendages; process of lobe of pygophore (if present) ventral ................................. 151. Palus. 221 (220). Base of anal tube with ventral appendage; process on lobe of pygophore posterodorsal .................... 150. Coelestinus. 222 (219). No such plate, or plate not broader than phallobase. 223 (226). Lobes of pygophore with processes. Aedeagus slender. 224 (225). Lobes of pygophore irregularly covered with setae; process originating at margin of lobe of pygophore ...... 147. Sorhoanus. 225 (224). Lobes of pygophore with 2 pairs of dense brushes of long setae. Process on lobes of pygophore originating on inner wall, some distance from margin......................... 148. Chloothea. 226 (223). Lobes of pygophore without processes. Aedeagus relatively short, and thick (Figure 197, 19,20) ........... 149. Rhoananus. 227 (218). Genital plates with concave outer margin. 228 (229). Gonopore dorsal, in middle of aedeagus. Middle part of aedeagus sinuous (Figure 197, 1,2). Vertex much prolonged anteriad, 153. Enantiocephalus. about twice as long as pronotum 229 (228). Gonopore apical or subapical. Aedeagus not sinuous. Vertex usually not longer than pronotum. 230 (235). Styli of ordinary shape (Figures 195,31; 197,30). 231 (232). Apex of styli curved inward (Figure 197, 31). Hemelytra with supplementary veins .......................... 143. Parargus. 232 (231). Apex of styli curved outward, as usual. Hemelytra without .........

supplementary veins. 233 (234). Genital plates short, their outer margin strongly concave. Penis thick, without denticles. Gonopore dorsal, subapical, forming a longitudinal slit (Figure 194, 23,24) ............. 136. Philaia. 234 (233). Genital plates slender, along their outer margin weakly concave. Penis slender, with a pair of apical processes. Gonopore oval, apical (Figure 197, 30-32)....... 152. Praganus. 235 (230). Styli forming right angle, their outer arm prolonged in form of denticle (Figure 198, 15,16,20).

236 (237). Aedeagus with processes (Figure 198, 1-14,17). Pygophore with deep dorsal notch ........................ 154. Mocuellus. 370 237 (236). Aedeagus simple, without processes (Figure 198, 18,19). Pygophore without dorsal notch ................. 155. Henschia. 238 (179). Macrochaetae on genital plates irregular (Figures 196. 1,6;

197.1).

pygophore with very long crossed processes (Figure 197. 2-4)........................................ 145. Arthaldeus. Lobes of pygophore without processes. Apex of genital plates often crossed ................................. 134. Adarrus. Outer or posterior margin of genital plates with notch (Figure 196, 1,6)...................................... 144. Diplocolenus. Distance between ocelli not more than twice as long as distance of ocelli from eyes. Carinae present dorsal to antennae, or venation of hemelytra reduced. Venation complete. Vertex usually little marked. Oblique carinae present dorsal to antennae. Appendage of wings broad, membranous (Figure 172, 8,9). 15. Idiocerus. Always macropterous. (Subfamily Idiocerinae). Appendage of wings narrow, leathery; sometimes brachypterous. Pronotum projecting angularly anteriorly. Carinae dorsal to antennae, sharp; antennae lying in deep fossae. (Subfamily Macropsinae). Grooves on pronotum parallel to posterior margin, present at least in posterior half of pronotum ................ 4. Oncopsis. Grooves on pronotum oblique, forming an angle with posterior margin of pronotum. Anal tube with appendage. Pronotum markedly projecting anteriad; middle of vertex completely covered by pronotum in dorsal view.................................. 5. Pediopsis. Anal tube without appendage. Pronotum not so strongly projecting anteriad; vertex completely visible dorsally. Lobes of pygophore ;with long processes at their posterior margin directed toward base ................... 6. Macropsis. Lobes of pygophore with or without short process. Grooves on pronotum slightly oblique, almost transverse in the middle ........................................ 7. Hephathus. Grooves on pronotum strongly oblique ......... 8. Macropsidius. Pronotum anteriorly uniformly arcuate-convex or straight. Supra-antennal carinae weakly developed. (Subfamily Agalliinae).

239 (240). Lobes of 240 (239).

241 (178). 242 (37).

243 (266). 244 (245).

..

245 (244). 246 (255),

247 (248).

248 (247). 249 (250).

250 (249).

251 (252). 252 (251),

253 (254). 254 (253). 255 (246).

256 (261). Hemelytra without supplementary veins; if supplementary veins are present, process on posterior margin of vertex near inner margin of eyes small, and notch at anterior margin of pronotum in front of process not marked. (Tribe Agalliini). 257 (258). Penis asymmetrical (Figure 171, 23,24) 10. Peragallia. 258 (257). Penis symmetrical. 259 (260). Penis with long branched processes at apex (Figure 171, 21,22). ........

...........................................

9. Dryodurgades.

260 (259). Penis without processes (Figure 171, 25-32)........ 11. Agallia. 261 (256). Hemelytra with network of supplementary veins. Posterior margin of vertex always with process near inner margins of

466

CICADELUDAE

eyes; anterior margin of pronotum always with angular concavity posterior to this process. (Tribe MeUcharellini). 262 (263). Posterior margin of vertex thickened in form of cylinder. Apex of hemelytra angular. Head and pronotum bare ............ ........................................... 12. Melicharella. 263 (262). Posterior margin of vertex narrow. Vertex and pronotum forming a single convex surface. Apex of hemeiytra rounded. Head and pronotum covered with hair. 264 (265). Pronotum less than twice as broad as long. Eyes projecting slightly on sides of pronotuin ................ 13. platyproctus. 265 (264). pronotum more than twice as broad as long. Eyes markedly projecting at sides of pronotum ............... 14. Symphypyga. 266 (243). Venation reduced; cross veins present only in apical part of hemelytra. Supra-antennal carinae lacking. (Subfamily Typhlo-

cybinae). 267 (268). Fore wings with appendage (Figure 164, 6).

(Tribe Alebrini) ..... 31. Alebra.

................................................

268 (267). Fore wings without appendage (Figure 164, 2-5). 269 (276). Hind wings with ambient vein extending beyond apex of 270 271 272 273

(275). (272). (271). (274).

274 (273).

275 (270). 371 276 (269).

277 (284).

278 (279).

279 (278). 280 (283).

281 (282). 282 (281). 283 (280).

R+M-

(Figure 164, 11). (Tribe Dikraneurini). penis with one aedeagus and one gonopore. Genital plates divided at apex ................ 33. Dicranoneura. Genital plates with simple apex. Apical cells of fore wings together broader than long. Thickset species. ....................................... 35. Erythria. Apical cells of fore wings together longer than broad (Figure 164,4). Slender species ............... 34. Dikraneura. Penis with 2 aedeagi and 2 gonopores (Figure 174, 5,6) .......... ................................................. 32. Notus. Hind wings without ambient vein apically or with ambient vein not reaching beyond apex of posterior branch of R or R+M (if they are fused) (Figure 164,7-10). Anal vein simple (Figure 164, 13). Stylus bidenticulate at apex, with subapical process (Figures 178,28; 179, 4,7,9,11,12,17). (Tribe Erythroneurini). Lobes of pygophore with dorsal and ventral processes. Posterior part of phallobase longer than aedeagus (Figure 178, 27). ......... ............................................. 51. Ainetoidia. Lobes of pygophore with or without processes. Posterior part of phallobase shorter than aedeagus. Apex of stylus expanded in the form of an ax, more or less symmetrical. No subapical denticle on inner margin of stylus. (Figure 179, 12,17). Lobes of pygophore with simple straight or forked process ....... ................................................ 54. Zygina. Process of lobes of pygophore markedly hooked (Figure 179, 1,2). ............................................. 52. Helionidia. Apex of stylus usually bidenticulate and asymmetrical; inner margin of stylus with sharp subapical denticle (Figure 179, 7,9,11).................................... 53. Erythroneura.

284 (277). Anal vein forked (Figure 164,7-10). Stylus without distinct subapical lobe and without apical process. (Tribe Typhio-

cybini). 285 (292). Hind wings with ambient vein (Figure 164,10). 286 (287). Anterior margin of vertex parallel to posterior margin or only slightly more curved. Genital plates curved dorsad, with numerous long macrochaetae ...................... 36. Kybos. 287 (286). Vertex in the middle markedly longer than near eyes; anterior margin of vertex not parallel to posterior margin. Genital plates not strongly curved dorsad, often almost straight, without or with a few macrochaetae.

:

288 (289). Apical veins of hemelytra all originating in distal part of median cell (Figure 164, 5). Anal tube and pygophore with processes..... .............................................. 37. Kyboasca. 289 (288). Venation of hemelytra normal. 290 (291). Lobes of pygophore without processes. Costal cell shorter than brachial cell................................... 38. Chlorita. 291 (290). Pygophore with long appendages. Costal cell as long as brachial cell. Penis simple, without appendages (Figure 175, 22)......... ............................................. 39. Empoasca. 292 (285). Hind wings without ambient vein (Figure 164, 7-9). 293 (302). Hind wings with 3 apical cells (Figure 164, 8). 294 (295). Apex of hemelytra obliquely, concavely truncate (Figure 176, 1). Lobes of pygophore with ventrally-directed denticles ............ ............................................ 40. Eupteroidea. 295 (294). Apex of hemelytra rounded, without notch (Figure 164, 2). 296 (301). Penis symmetrical. 297 (298). Apical cells forming the broadest part of the hemelytra. Apex of styli pointed and curved. ..................... 42. Eurhadina. 298 (297). Hemelytra broadest in middle (Figure 164, 2). Inner side of styli with subapical denticle (Figure 176, 16). 299 (300). Apical lobes of genital plates directed obliquely dorsad ......... ......................................... 43. Wagneripteryx. 300 (299). Genital plates uniformly curved, without such lobes ............................................... 44. Eupteryx. 301 (296). Penis asymmetrical (Figure 176. 3)...... 41. Asymmetropteryx. 302 (293). Hind wings with 1 or 2 apical cells (Figure 164, 7,9). 303 (304). Ambient vein of hind wings uniformly arcuate before joining Cu, not branched (Figure 164. 9) .................... 45. Zyginella. 304 (303). Ambient vein of hind wings sharply bent at an angle before joining Cu, with a short branch at the bend (Figure 164, 7). 305 (306), Stylus with subapical, perpendicular denticle (Figure 177, 17). Genital plates without setae or hairs ........ 46. Linnavuoriana. 306 (305). Styli without perpendicular denticle. Genital plates often with .............

one or several macrochaetae. 307 (310). Genital plates without macrochaetae. 308 (309). Penis with rudimentary aedeagus; phallobase with a pair of processes at sides of gonopore (Figure 177, 23,24). Lobes of pygophore without ventrally-directed process ................... ...................................... 47. Ossiannilssonola.

C1CADELLIDAE

309 (308), Penis with small straight

(Figure 177, 20,21). directed

process

aedeagus, without processes Lobes of pygophore with ventrally-

..............................

48. Fagocyba.

310 (307). Genital plates with one or several macrochaetae. 372 311 (312). Genital plates with only one macrochaeta at the base. Styli simple, pointed (Figure 177, 26). ............... 49. Typhlocyba. 312 (311). Genital plates with several macrochaetae in the middle and at the base.

Styli with angular subapical process

.................

............................................. 50. Ribautiana.

Keys to Species of Family Cicadellidae Subfamily ULOPINAE 1.

Ulopa Fall. Genus comprising

2 species.

Vertex in the middle only 1^ times as long as near eyes. Anterior margin of vertex uniformly curved, only slightly more strongly curved near eyes. Male light, whitish; vertex with 2 dark brown spots; pronotum with 4 dark spots; hemelytra with dark brown longitudinal stripes and veins apically; female brown. 3-4. South. On E c hium vulgar e ... U. trivia Germ. Vertex in the middle twice as long as near eyes. Anterior margin of vertex straight in the middle, strongly convex near eyes. Brown; vertex with 2 dark spots; hemelytra with 3 oblique dark bands and between them 2 light bands. 3-4. North, Center. On Calluna vulgar i s ...... U. reticulata F.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Subfamily MEGOPHTHALMINAE 2.

1 (1).

Megoph-thalmus Curt. 1

or 2 species.

Vertex short, its anterior margin carinate; from the middle of the anterior margin of the vertex diverge frontal carinae which converge slightly ventral to the antennae; transverse carinae passing dorsal to antennae, which abut on the frontal carinae. Brown; face with dark spots; vertex with 3 dark spots; hemelytra with darker veins. 2.5-4 (Figure 171. 1-3)..... ............................................M. scanicus Fall.

Subfamily LEDRINAE 3. Ledra F.

Pronotum with

shaped longitudinal combs. 1 species. 1

(1).

a pair of markedly projecting, earOn bark of various broad-leaved trees.-

Dorsum dirty-brown, rough, with depressed dark spots, and with some reddish granules; hemelytra semitransparent at apex, with network of brownish veins; venter yellowish. 13-17. South .......................................... L. aurita L.

FIGURE ni.

Cicadinea.

Family Cicadellidae.

Details of male

geniialia and other charade

(after Vilbast[7], Diabola. Ribauc and original) 6anal tube and iis appendages; 70. tristis, penis, lateral; 5,60. aini: 5same; subangulaia, same; 90. f.lavicollis, same; 10Pediopris tiliae, penis, lateral; [1,12Macropsis eleagni; 11same; 12apex of stylus; 13,14M. sibirica: 13penis, lateral; .4apex of stylus; 15Hephathus nanus, penis, lateral; 16,17Maciopsidius dispar, penis: .6dorsal; 17lateral; 18-20M. abrotani: 18same, dorsal; 19same, lateral; 20stylus;

same: 80.

22lateral; 23,24Peragallia sinuata, reticulatus, penis: 21dorsal; ame: 23-dorsal; 24-laieral; 25-Agallia venosa. same, lateral; 26-A. ribauti. same: laevis, same; 28A. consobrina, same; 29A. vorobjevi, same; 30.S1A. brachyptera, same; 30-dorsal; 31-lateral; 32-A. estonica. same.

il.22Dryodurgades

27A.

CICADELLIDAE

Subfamily MACROPSINAE 4. Oncopsis Burrn. Brown, with dark brown pattern; hernelytra brownish, with dark brown veins. Color very variable. Mainly on trees of the family Betulaceae. More than 4 species. 1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1).

Dorsal margin of penis convex or slightly concave (Figure 171, 5). Dorsal branch of appendage of anal tube slightly curved dorsad, sometimes straight. 5-6.15. On alder (Figure 171, 5,6) ......... ................................................ 0. aim Schrk. Dorsal branch of appendage of anal tube curved ventrad. 3.75-4.55. On birch (Figure 171, 7). .............. 0. tristis Zett. Dorsal margin of penis saddle-shaped, markedly concave

(Figure 171,4). 5 (6).

6 (5).

5.

I (1).

Branches of appendage of anal tube very similar, shorter than base of fork. 4.7-5.5. On birch and alder (Figure 171, 8). ........ ........................................ 0. subangulata J. Shib. Dorsal branch of appendage of anal tube much longer than ventral branch; base of fork shorter than branches. 4.45-5.4, On birch, hazelnut, alder, linden (Figure 171, 4,9).........0. flavicollis L.

Pediopsis Burm.

1 species.

Pronotum and head greenish yellow; scutellum and hemelytra brown. 5.1-5.85. On linden (Figure 171, 10) P. tiliae Germ. .....

374

6. 1 (14). 2 (5). 3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (2). 6 (7).

7 (6). 8 (9).

Macropsis Lew. On trees and shrubs. More than 17 species.

Apex

of styli truncate. Prothoracic episternum with pointed posterior angle. Clavus with transverse vein closely in front of inner angle of clavus. Head, pronoturn and scutellum yellow or greenish brown; scutellum with dark triangles in the lateral corners; hemelytra reddish brown, in female often with light border at

costal margin. 3.9-4.6. South. On Ulm u s spp. ............... ............................................. M.mendax Fieb. Transverse vein of clavus markedly anterior to inner angle of clavus. Resembling M.mendax Pieb. 4.4-5.5. On Ulmus spp. ...................................... M. glandacea Fieb. Prothoracic episterna with broadly-rounded posterior corner. Middle part of penis in profile markedly dilated. Apex of styli markedly prolonged. Thickset. Grayish yellow; face with 3 black spots near dorsal margin, one pair of black spots near ocelli and one pair of large oblong black spots on ventral part of frontoclypeus. Pronotum with 3 spots near anterior margin. Scutellura with black triangles on lateral angles and 4 additional spots in the middle. Hemelytra grayish, semitransparent, with brown veins. 3-3.6. Southeast. On Spiraea hypericifolia. (Figure 171, 13,14) ........................... M. sibirica Kuzn. Penis narrow. Apex of styli not prolonged. Styli with marked subapical dilatation. Slender. Pale, bluish green; hemelytra semitransparent. 3.2-4.4. South, On Eleagnus angustifolia (Figure 171, 11,12). ................ ..............................................

M. elaeagni Em.

9 (8). Styli without subapical dilatation. 10 (11). Outer margin of lorae markedly converging ventrad. Supraantennal carina usually with black spot ventral to basis of antennae ..................................... M. tibialis Scott. 11 (10). Outer margins of lorae parallel, Supra-antennal carina without spot or rarely with spot at level of basis of antennae. 12 (13). Claval suture light; lorae usually with spot on ventral margin. Yellowish gray; face with 2 dark spots near dorsal margin, 2 dark spots near ocelli, one dark spot in the middle and 2 oblong dark spots on ventral part of frontoclypeus; pronotum with a pair of irregular spots near anterior margin; scutellum with 3 spots near anterior margin and 2 small spots anterior to groove; hemelytra often with brown veins. 4.1-5.2. On raspberry (Rubus idaeus)....................... M. fuscula Zett. 13 (12). Claval suture dark; lorae completely light. Resembling M.fuscula Zett. 4.3-5.4. On willow ........ M. scutellata Boh. 14 (1). Apex of styli not truncate, pointed or bluntly rounded. Penis in profile usually broader in the middle than at the base. Other species on willow and poplar.

7. Hephathus Rib. 1 (1).

8. 1 (2).

2 (1).

1 species.

Head, pronotum and scutellum with well-marked black pattern; hemelytra transparent, dove-gray; veins black. 3-4.2. On Compositae (Figure 171, 15)...................... H. nanus H.-S. Macropsidius Rib.

OnArtemisia.4

species.

Aedeagus dorsoventrally flattened and widened. Gray, with black spots on head, pronotum and scutellum; hemelytra with indistinct longitudinal stripes. 3.3-4.1. South. On Artemisia spp. (Figure 171, 16,17) ............................ M. dispar Fieb. Aedeagus not dorsoventrally flattened, widened at apex. Resembling M. dispar Fieb.. but with stronger pigmentation. 2.9-3.8. Center, South. On Artemisia abrotanum (Figure 171. 18-20)...................... M. abrotani Em., sp.n. Subfamily AGALLIINAE

9.

I (1).

375

10.

1 (1).

11.

1 (10).

Dryodurgades Zachv. 1 species. Grayish brown, with black pattern, mainly on head and scutellum. Hemelytra grayish, with brown veins and a network of supplementary veins. 3.9-4.4. South. On trees (Figure 171, 21,22)........ ........................................... D. reticulatus H.-S.

Peragallia Rib.

1 species.

Slender, whitish, dull. Vertex and posterior margin of pronotum with a pair of black round spots. 2.9-3.9. South (Figure 171, 23,24) ....................................... *p. sinuata M.R.

Agallia Curt. Not less than 8 species.

Apex of penis thick; gonopore dorsal, subapical, markedly distant from apex (Figure 171, 25-27, 29, 32). Light brown, with more or

CICADELLIDAE

pattern; a pair of black spots always well as a pair of black spots near anterior margin of pronotum and triangular spots on scutellum; hemelytra less marked dark brown

present on vertex,

2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (9). 5 (6).

6 (5).

7 (8).

8 (7), 9 (4). 10 (1).

11 (14). 12 (13).

13 (12).

14 (11).

as

with dark veins. Process of anal tube with forked apex. Aedeagus with ventral subapical denticle. 3.2-3,8. Ciscaucasia (Figure 171, 29). ....... ............................................ A. vorobjevi Diab. process of anal tube with a single apex, its margins irregular, Aedeagus without apical denticles. Dorsal wall of aedeagus with denticles. Dorsum of aedeagus with a high rasp-shaped comb. 2.5-3.3. (Figure 171,25) ................................ A. venosa Fall. Aedeagus without comb; denticles standing directly on dorsal wall of aedeagus. Aedeagus with denticles from gonopore to connective. Apex of appendage of anal tube broad, obliquely truncate. 2.5-4.1. Estonia (Figure 171, 32) ....................... A. estonica Vilb. Only basal half of aedeagus with denticles. Appendage of anal tube forked at apex. 2.5-3.3 (Figure 171, 26) ..... A. ribauti Oss. Dorsal wall of aedeagus completely smooth. 2.5-3.3. South (Figure 171,27).................................. A.laevis Rib. Gonopore apical or subapical (near the apex); apex narrow and pointed (Figure 171, 28-31). Process of anal tube simple, pointed. Gonopore apical. Macropterous. Gray; vertex with a pair of black spots; lateral corners of scutellum with triangular spots; cells of clavus of hemelytra and part of those of corium darkened. 3.3-3.9. On nettle (Figure 171, 28) .......... A. consobrina Curt. Gonopore subapical, dorsal. Hemelytra markedly shortened, truncate. Gray, with black pattern; hemelytra with longitudinal stripes; abdomen with transverse stripes. 2.5-3.3. (Figure 171, 30,31) .................................... A. bracliyptera Boh. Process of anal tube with truncate apex, withpointed corners. Vertex and pronotum transverse, more or less rectangular. Hemelytra markedly shortened and truncate. Male with black pattern; hemelytra with longitudinal stripes; pronotum and abdomen almost completely black; female brown, with traces of dark pattern. 3.5-4.3. Carpathians............... .A. carpathica Met.

12. Melicharella Sem. In deserts, on various species of Calligonum.l species.

Face brownish; vertex light, with 3 brown spots. Pronotum light, with interrupted brown band. Hemelytra with brown transverse triangular spot in anterior third (near costal margin) and light veins in anterior half of hemelytra on the outside of spots. Posterior half of hemelytra with brown spots and brown veins. 4.8-6. Deserts in the Caspian area...... M. planifrons Mel.

13. Platyproctus Lindb. gonum. 1 species.

In deserts, on various species of Calli

-

1 (1).

1 (1),

Without pattern; pale, dull, yellowish or with brown or black 4.5-5.5. Caspian region and Dagestan

marbled pattern,

..........

...........................................

14.

1 (2).

2(1).

Symphypyga Hpt,

P. flaveolus Lindb.

In deserts. 1 species.

Pale, pinkish, without pattern. 6.5-7. Sands in southern TransVolga region (Urda, Dosang), On species of Calligonum........ ....................................... S. rubicunda Em., sp. n. Pale, yellowish green, without pattern. 6.3-7.2. Deserts of Soviet Central Asia. On Eremosparton aphyllurn ......... .............................................. S. obsoleta Hpt. Subfamily IDIOCERINAE

376

Idiocerus Lew. On trees and shrubs, mainly on willow and poplar- About 30 species.

15.

(2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3). 5 (8).

6 (7).

7 (6).

Aedeagus without processes. Face markedly convex, almost vertical. Venter and head light brown, with brown pattern; vertex with a pair of black spots on the sides; pronotum and scutellum brownish black, with yellowish spots; hemelytra with brownish black veins and brown cells (especially on clavus). M and apex of A with white spots. 4-4.55. Crimea. On Prunus spino sa (Figure l72, 1,2) ....................... I. notatus F. Aedeagus with a pair of processes. Face slanting, more or less flat. Vertex dotted. Genital plates reduced, shortened, completely covered by pregenital sternum. Brownish; face with brown spots, ventrally with large dark spot; pronotum with dark spots near anterior margin; scutellum with dark pattern; hemelytra grayish; veins dark; apex of A-^ with white spot. 5.0. On willow I. salicicola Fl. Vertex covered with transverse grooves. Genital plates well developed. Pronotum with coarse transverse grooves. Processes of aedeagus curved dorsad in profile (Figure 172, 3). Processes of aedeagus converging. Apex of styli with 3 short thick setae. Dorsal margin of vertex with dark band. Male yellowish; pronotum with brown reticulate pattern; hemelytra transparent, with some brown spots; veins yellowish; female orange-yellow; dorsum reddish brown. 5.5-7.5, On Populus niger, willow, etc. (Figure 172, 3.4)... I. dectmusquartus Schrk. Apex of processes of aedeagus diverging. Styli without thick setae. Dorsal margin of vertex with black band; male yellowish green; pronotum dark brown, with light speckles; hemelytra dark brown, with 3 bands consisting of fused light spots; female ventrally yellowish, dorsally reddish brown, often with traces of bands like those of the male. 5.7-6.5. South. On black poplar ................................................ I. nobilis FiebPronotum shagreened, without transverse grooves. Processes of aedeagus not curved dorsad in profile (Figure 172, 7,11,13,14, 17,19,21,23).

.......................

..........

.

8 (5).

.

1

.

C1CADELLIDAE

Margin of male genae markedly concave and broadly -truncate near apex of anteclypeus. Rich-green, with brown spots on scutellum and at inner margin of hemelytra. 4.15-4.8. On various species of Populus (Figure 172, 5) ............................................. I. ustulatus M.R. 10 (9). Margin of genae convex, straight or slightly concave, not broadly truncate near apex of anteclypeus. 11 (38). Styli with 1-10 thick subapical setae which are markedly longer than the other setae. Male antennae with lamellar dilatation at 9 (10).

...................

apex. 12 (13). Styli with 8-10 thick setae. Processes on aedeagus markedly arcuate. Vertex with a pair of round black spots; scutellum with a pair of spots in the lateral corners; hemelytra dark, with light veins; apical vein and R brown. 4-4.1. On Populus I. ocularis M.R. alba, etc. (Figure 172, 6,7) 13 (12). Styli with not more than 3 thick setae. Processes of aedeagus almost straight (Figure 172, 10-24). 14 (21). Apex of styli with only one thick seta. 15 (16). Epipleura of hemelytra step-like denticulate. Anterior ends of 3 outer apical cells almost on the same level. Head and venter yellowish; pronotum with dark brown fused spots; scutellum with black spots; hemelytra with brown veins; basal cells of hemelytra dark; apical cells transparent. 6.1-7.2. Mainly on willow (Figure 172, 9-11) ......................... I. stigmaticalis Lew. 16 (15). Epipleura smooth or almost smooth. Anterior end of outer apical cell markedly anterior to anterior end of the next apical cell ...................

(Figure 172,8). 17 (18). R dark brown, with light spots. Grayish yellow; some black spots on face, sides of vertex, anterior margin of pronotum and scutellum; hemelytra transparent, veins brown, with some white spots. 6.15-6.4. On willow (Figure 172, 12,13)............ ............................................. I. herrichi Kbm. 18 (17). R completely brown. 19 (20). Outer subapical cell markedly widened before posterior end (in area of contact with costal margin). Anterior end of outer apical cell well posterior to level of apex of clavus. Resembling I. stigmaticalis. 5.3-6. On willow. ............. 377 20(19).

.................................................. I. varius F. Outer subapical cell not markedly widened posteriorly, completely separated from costal margin by subcostal cell. Anterior end of outer apical cell only slightly posterior to level of apex of

clavus; venter and face yellowish; vertex of male with interrupted dark brown band, Pronotum dark brown, with some light spots; scutellum with black spots; hemelytra transparent, with dark brown veins. Apex of A, with white spot; traces of brown band sometimes present anterior to apex of clavus, near inner margin of wing; female lighter. 5.35-6.6. On willow (Figure 172, 8)

.....

............................................. I. lituratus Fall. 21 (14). Styli with 2 or 3 thick apical setae. 22 (31). Apex of aedeagus cylindrical, obliquely cut by opening of gonopore. Processes of aedeagus long, markedly diverging (Figure 172, 16-19).

23 (28). Styli with 2 thick apical setae, 24 (27). Scutellum without dark spots in lateral corners. 25 (26). Ventral margin of genital plates straight or convex before apex. Yellowish green; clavus often darkened, with light spot on apex of Ai. 5.1-6.75. On willow and Populus alba................ ............................................... I. confusus Fl. 26 (25). Ventral margin of genital plates slightly concave before apex. Resembling I. contusus Fl. 5.1-6.75. Crimea, Transcarpathian Region. On Populus nigra, sometimes on willow (Figure 172, 16,17) ............................... I. fulgidus F. 27 (24). Scutellum with dark triangular spots in lateral corners. Ventral margin of genital plates markedly concave before apex. Venter, head and anterior margin of pronotum yellowish green. Hemelytra dark brown, with light spot on apex of and light band posterior to apex of clavus. 5.55-6.55. On aspen and willow............... .............................................. I. laminatus Fl. 28 (23). Styli with 3 thick apical setae. Ventral margin of genital plates always straight. 29 (30). Hemelytra dull, grayish or greenish, whitish; anterior part of body of the same color as the hemelytra; posterior part of

A^

pronotum and clavus,; except apex of Ap sometimes brownish in male. 5.2-6.65. On white poplar ............ I. albicans Kbm. Hemelytra shiny. Venter and head yellowish; pronotum and hemelytra brown. Apex of A, with light spot, 4.8-6.3. On aspen, white poplar, etc. (Figure 172, 18,19) ............... I. populi L. 31 (22). Apex of aedeagus more or less flattened; gonopore markedly distant from apex of aedeagus; processes of aedeagus short, diverging a little (Figure 172, 20-24). 32 (35). Processes of aedeagus situated anterior to gonopore (Figure 172, 20,21). Margin of frontoclypeus strongly convex ventral to 30 (29).

antennae. 33 (34). Anterior margin of vertex markedly more convex in the middle than at the sides. Vertex with oblique dark stripes near eyes; dorsal part of face with black longitudinal spot; vertex and pronotum with brown speckled pattern. Veins of hemelytra brown, with white speckles; cells transparent; apex of A^ with white spot. 6.15-6.45. On maple ........... I. heydeni Kbm. 34 (33). Anterior margin of vertex uniformly convex. No stripes on vertex near eyes. Resembling I. heydeni Kbm. 5.1-5.8. On maple (Figure 172, 20,21) .................. I. vittifrons Kbm. 35 (32). Processes of aedeagus situated posterior to gonopore (Figure 172, 22-24). Margin of frontoclypeus ventral to antennae almost straight. 36 (37). Distance of ocelli from each other about equal to their distance from antennae. R completely brown; venter and head yellowish; in male black spot at border between face and vertex; pronotum brown, its anterior margin black in the male; hemelytra brown, with dark brown veins; apex of with light spot; an indistinct light band present beyond apex of clavus. 5.35-5.85. On willow. (Figure 172, 22.23) .............................. I. elegans Fl.

A^

CICADELLIDAE

FIGURE 172. Ribaut and

Cicadinea,

Family Cicadellidae. Details of male genitalia and head (after Zakhvalkin,

original)

1,2Idiocerus notatus, penis: Idorsal; 2lateral; 3,4I.decimusquartus, same: 3lateral; 4apex of penis, dorsal; 51. ustulaius, face; 6,71. ocular is. penis: 6dorsal; 7-lateral; 8-I.liiuratus.apexofhemelycra; 9-11-I. stigmacicalis: 9-same; 10-apexof 13apex, lateral; penis, dorsal; 11same, lateral; 12.131, herrichi, penis: 12dorsal;

dorsal; 17-laieral; 18,19-1. populi, same; 18-apex, dorsal; 19-apex, lateral; 20,21-I. vittifrons, same: 20apex, dorsal; 21apex, lateral; 22.231. elegans, same; 22apex, dorsal; 23lateral; 24 - I. distinguendus, apex of penis, dorsal; 25Jassus lanio, penis, lateral; 26 J. scutellaris, same; 27.28Batrachomorphus prasinus, penis: 27dorsal; 28lateral; 29,30B. irroratus, same: 29dorsal; 30lateral; 31 Selenocephalus griseus, same, lateral; 32,33-S-pallidus, same: 32-dorsal; SS-laieral.

37 (36). Ocelli much further from each other than from antennae. R with some white spots; yellowish gray, with brown pattern; veins of hemelytra dark brown, -with white spots; basal 2/3 of hemelytra brownish; white spots at apex of A-i and on cerium at apex of clavus. 4.8-5.2. On black poplar and willow ..... I. poecilus H.-S. 38 (II), Styli without thick setae. Male antennae without dilatation. 39 (40). Segmented, thickened part of antennal flagellum dark brown, Male scutellum with a pair of black triangular spots in lateral corners. Greenish yellow; hemelytra often with brown band. brownish. 4.55-5.35. On black poplar, etc. Crimea. ............ ................................................. I. vitreus F. 40 (39). Antennae completely light. Scutellum of male without black triangular spots in lateral corners. 41 (44). M in apical part of hemelytra almost completely white. Veins of hemelytra clearly marked. 42 (43). Sides of vertex without a pair of dark round spots. Subapical band of clavus reaching costal margin of hemelytra. Brownish; anterior part of body with brown spots; hemelytra transparent, with brown veins and brown band in the middle. 4.6-5.25. On I. tremulae Estl. aspen, black poplar, etc. 379 43 (42). Sides of vertex with a pair of black or dark brown round spots. Band in middle of hemelytra not reaching costal margin. Resembling I. tremulae Estl. 4.35-5.1. On white poplar, etc (Figure 172, 24). .......................... I. distinguendus Kbm. 44 (41). M of hemelytra yellow or light brown throughout hemelytra. Veins of hemelytra usually weakly marked, especially near outer margin. 45 (46). Sides of vertex without a pair of dark spots. Proximal corner of clavus white, of the same color as apex of Ai. R distinct. Brownish; hemelytra with several light spots sometimes fused into a band. 4.55-5.35. On black poplar I. mesopyrrhus Kbm. 46 (45). Sides of vertex with a pair of black spots. Proximal corner of clavus and without white spots. R almost unrecognizable. Brownish, without pattern; apex of sometimes whitish. 4.8-5.3- Crimea. On poplar (Figure 172, 14,15). ................. .............................................. I. cupreus Kbm. ,

.....................

....

A^

Subfamily JASSINAE

-

A^

16. Jassus F. On broadleaved trees. 2 species. U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (2),

2 (1).

In the whole

Lateral margins of aedeagus subapically concave. Vertex as long in the middle as near the eyes. Green; vertex, pronotum and scutelluro or whole dorsum with brown spots. 7-8.5. Center, South. On oak (Figure 172, 25)....................... J. lanio L. Lateral margins of aedeagus subapically convex. Vertex slightly longer in the middle than near the eyes. Green; vertex, pronotum and scutellum with red speckles. 7-8. South. On species of Ulmus (Figure 172, 26).................... .J. scuteUaris Fieb.

CICADELLIDAE

17. Batrachomorphus Lew. reddish.- 3 or 4 species. 1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2),

4 (1).

18. 1 (1).

Green or dove gray-green, sometimes

Hemelytra without black dots, usually with a dark spot at apex of clavus. Denticles on ventral margin of styli fine, straight. Styli scarcely dilated at apex. Penis not very slender. 6-7. West (Figure 172, 27,28).......................................... B. prasinus F. Denticles on ventral margins of styli large, irregular. Styli markedly dilated at apex. Penis slenderer. 6-7. Center, South. On Artemisia abrotanum, etc. .................... ............................................. B. viridulus Mel. Hemelytra with black dots, without spot at apex of clavus. 5-6. South. On Artemisia and soroe Leguminosae (Astragalus arbuscula, etc.), on some Chenopodiaceae (Kochia prostrata, Camphorosma monspeliac um), etc. (Figure 172, 29,30) ...................................... B. irroratus Lew. Penthimia Germ.

On shrubs and trees.

1 species.

Shiny, black; pronotum frequently with 2 orange spots, or whole pronotum reddish or brownish. 5-5.5. West, South ............. .............................................. P. nigra Goeze. Subfamily DORYCEPHALINAE

19. 1 (1).

EupelixGerm.

Monotypic genus.

Brownish gray to dark gray, often with brown speckles which are more numerous on head, pronotum and scutellum. Indistinct dark fused spots and bands on head. 5-8. On Gramineae (Figure 173,1).

380

21.

Two species in the Old World

.

1 species.

Light, yellowish gray or greenish gray. Sides of pronotum and hemelytra sometimes with a pair of dark brown longitudinal stripes; male macropterous; hemelytra longer than abdomen, with narrow apex; female usually brachypterous; hemelytra shorter than abdomen, with broadly rounded apex; female sometimes macropterous, and in this case hemelytra longer than abdomen, with narrow apex, and head apically narrower, as in male. 6-10. Southeast. On species of Slip a ................ D. baeri Kouch.

Paradorydium Kirk.

On Gramineae.

~

1 (1).

Dorycephalus Kouch.

-

............................................. Eu. cuspidata F. 20.

2 species.

1 (2).

Apex of process of head dor soventr ally flattened; dorsal and ventral carinae not present at apex. Macropterous; hemelytra apically narrowed. (Subgenus Paradorydium s. str.). Pale, yellowish or greenish. 6-8, South. On Gramineae, generally on feathergrass and Festuca sulcata (Figure 173, 2) .........

2 (1).

Apex of process of head tetrahedral, as all carinae reach the apex. Usually brachypterous; hemelytra slightly shorter than abdomen,

........................................

P. lanceolatum Burm.

,

HOMOPTERA

with broadly rounded iapex. (Subgenus Sem enovium Kuzn,). Pale. 4-7.5. Deserts of the Southeast. On Aristida pennata ........................................... P. aristidae Zachv.

Subfamily HECALINAE

22. Hecalus Stal. 1 species. 1 (1).

Green, ventrally yellowish. South

23. 1 (1).

Usually macropterous. 6-10. H. glaucescens Fieb.

....................................

Glossocratus Fieb.

1 species.

Hemelytra usually shorter than abdomen. Brownish gray; sides of pronotum and hemelytra often with a pair of dark longitudinal stripes. 6.8-10. Southeast. Living close to the ground, among Elymus angustus, E. multicauli s and other Gramineae. (Figure 173, 3,4) ........................... G. foveolatus Fieb.

Subfamily APHKODINAE 24. 1 (2).

Aphrodes Curt. 14 species. Gonopore situated distal to all processes of aedeagus. Anterior

margin of vertex sharp. Male dark brown; vertex and anterior margin of pronotum with white bands; hemelytra with white longitudinal veins; female brown, without pattern. 4.5-8 (Figure 173. 5.6) ........................... A. bicinctus Schrk. 2(1). Posterior margin of gonopore posterior to apical pair of processes of aedeagus or at the; same level (Figure 173, 7-28). 3 (14). Aedeagus with only 2 pairs of processes (Figure 173,7-18). 4 (7). Both pairs of processes situated at apex of aedeagus (Figure 173, 7-10). Processes of penis slender. Posterior margin of gonopore well 5 (6). posterior to apex of processes. Anterior margin of vertex not sharp. Dorsum of male brown, with broad light bands on pronotum and 2 bands on hemelytra; female brown, without pattern. 3.3-4.6. South (Figure 173, 7,;8)................. A. fuscofasciatus Goeze. 6 (5). Outer processes of penis stout, flattened. Posterior margin of gonopore at level of basis of inner pair of processes. Anterior margin of vertex sharp. Gray, with pattern of black and white speckles. 4-4.2. Southeast (Figure 173, 9,10) .................. ................................... A. astrachanicus Em., sp. n. 7 (4). 2nd pair of processes always distant from apex of penis (Figure 173, 11-18). Anterior margin of vertex not sharp. 8 (9). Both pairs of processes of penis of about equal length. Apical pair of processes distant from apex. Brown or dark brown; apex of hemelytra of male and 2 bands light. 3-5 (Figure 173, 11,12) ......................................... A. albifrons L. 9 (8). Processes of posterior pair much longer than those of anterior pair (Figure 173, 13-18). 10 (11), Apical processes of penis in profile slightly curved dorsad and basal processes curved ventrad. Anterior part of body of male

CICADELLIDAE

11 (10). 12 (13).

13 (12).

381

14 (3).

15 (22). 16 (21).

17 (18).

18 (17). 19 (20).

20 (19).

21 (16).

black, vertex with white spots, pronotum with 2 white bands. Hemelytra transparent, with dark brown longitudinal veins and subapical band; female grayish brown. 3.1-4.9. Center, South (Figure 173, 13,14) .......................... A. histrionicus F. Apical processes of penis in profile curved ventrad and basal processes curved dorsad (Figure 173, 15-18). Posterior processes of penis in dorsal view diverging at apex, straight or slightly arcuate. Dorsum dark brown; male: vertex with light band, pronotum with 2 light bands, longitudinal veins of hemelytra light; female without pattern. 2.6-4.5. (Figure 173, 15,16) ................................... A. flavostrigatus Don. Posterior processes of penis in dorsal view sinuous, converging at apex. Brown; male: hemelytra with 2 bands consisting of white spots (anterior band usually consisting of 3 spots); female without pattern- 3-5. Center, South (Figure 173, 17,18).......... ............................................ A. albiger Germ. Penis with at least 3 pairs of processes (Figure 173, 19-28). Anterior margin of vertex sharp. Apex of penis with a pair of denticles (Figure 173,19-26). Penis with only 2 pairs of denticles in addition to apical denticles (Figure 173. 19-24). Posterior pair of processes of penis fused in a large part. Dark brown to black; male pronotum with white band, hemelytra with 2 bands, apex of hemelytra white; female brown, without pattern. 3,5-4.8 (Figure 173, 19,20)....... A. trifasciatus Geoffr. Posterior pair of processes of penis free, their bases close together (Figure 173,21-24). Apical denticles of penis curved dorsad. Penis less slender. Male black, hemelytra with 2 bands in profile consisting of white spots; apex of hemelytra white. Female brown, without pattern. 4.5-5.2. Southwest (Figure 173, 21,22)......................... .................................... A. angulaticeps Em., sp. n. Apical denticles of penis in profile slightly curved ventrad. Penis slender. Resembling A. angulaticeps Em. 4.7-5.7. South (Figure 173, 23,24) ......................... A. elongatus Leth. Penis with 3 pairs of denticles in addition to apical denticles. Resembling A. trifas c iatus. 4-5.9. Trans Carpathian Region (Figure 173, 25,26) ......................... .A. tricinctus Curt. Apex of penis without denticles. Male dark brown, hemelytra with 2 white bands; female brown, without pattern. 3.6-5 (Figure 173. 27,28) ........................... A. bifasciatus L. .

22 (15).

25. 1 (2).

Stroggylocephalus Fl. Genus comprising 2 species. Dorsal side of styli with stout subapical denticles. Lobes of pygophore with a ventral process. Brown, with dark brown speckled pattern. 5-6. North, Baltic Region (Figure 173, 29,30). ............................................... S. livens Zett. Dorsal side of styli smooth. Lobes of pygophore with 2 ventral processes. Resembling S. livens Zett. 4.7-7 (Figure 173, 31,32) ........................................S. agrestis Fall.

-,

2 (1).

481

FIGURE nS, Cicadinea. Family Cicadellidae. Details of male geniialia and head (after Diabola, Linnavuori, Ribaut and original) lanceolatum, same; 1Eupeli^ cuspidaca, anterior part of body; 2Paradorydium 3,4Glossocratus foveolatus. penis: 3dorsal; 4lateral; 5,6~Aphrodes bicinctus, same: 5-dorsal; 6-lateral; 7,S~A, fuscofasciatus. same: 7-dorsal; 8-lateral; 9,10-A.astrachanicus, same: adorsal; 10lateral; 11,1.2A. albifrons, same: 11dorsal; 12lateral; 13,14A. histrionicus, same: 13 dorsal; 14lateral; 15.16A. flavostrigatus, same: 15-dorsal; 16-IateraI; n,18-A. albiger, same: IT-dorsal; 18-lateral; 19,20-A. trifasciatus, same: 19dorsal; 20lateral; 21,22 A. angulaticsps, same: 21dorsal; 22lateral; 23,24A. elongaius, same: 23dorsal; 24lateral; 25,26A. tticincius, same: 25dorsal; 26lateral; 27,28 A. bifasclatua, same: 27dorsal; 28lateral; 29.30Stroggylocephalus 31,32S. agrestis. same: 81dorsal; 32lateral; livens, same: 29dorsal; 30lateral; 33 Bathysmatophoius reuie-ri. Eamft. lateral; 34,35 Euacanthus inierruptus. same: 34-dorsal; 35-laietal; 36,3’7-Eu. acuminatus. same: 36-dorsal; 37-lateral; 38-Cicadella viridis, same, lateral; 39Anoterosiemma terus: 40same, dorsal; 41same. lateral.

ivanovi, same;

482

40.41Errhomenus

brachyp-

CICADELLIDAE

Subfamily CICADELLINAE 26. Bathysmatophorus J. Shib. markedly shortened. 1 species.

1 (1).

27. 1 (1).

Male macropterous; female hemelytra

Dirty-brown; pronotum and vertex with black spots; anterior margin of vertex with black band. Male: face black with white band at dorsal margin; female; face with dark pattern, hemelytra often dark brown, with light brown stripe at costal and posterior margin; sides of abdomen dark brown. 6-8. North, Center (Figure 173,33). ............................. B. reuteri J. Shib. Errhomenus Fieb.

Both sexes brachypterous.

Monotypic genus.

Integument rough; pronotum transversely striated; hemelytra pitted-punctate. Reddish brown. 5.2-7.5. Transcarpathian Region, In moss and under stones (Figure 173, 40,4:1)............ ........................................ E, brachypterus Fieb.

28.

On succulent plants.

Polyphagous. 2 species.

1 (2).

Orange-yellow; sides of vertex with 3 black spots; pronotum with 2 black spots; lateral corners of scutellum black; hemelytra black; costal margins, suture and stripe along clavus orange. 5-7 (Figure 173, 34,35) ..................... Eu. interruptus L.

(1).

Dirty-gray; head and dorsum dark brown; fastigium, area near eyes, middle of pronotum and veins of hemelytra light. 5-6.5 (Figure 173, 36,37) .......................... JSu. acuroinatus F.

2

29. 1 (1).

383

Euacanthus Lep. S.

30. 1 (1).

Cicadella Latr-

1 species.

Head and venter orange-yellow; face with brownish pattern; vertex with 2 black spots; pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra green or dove-gray to black; costal margin light; apical cells transparent. 5.9. In humid and marshy habitats. Polyphagous. Injurious to fruit trees and other crops in subtropical countries (Figure 173, 38), .................................^C. viridis L.

Anoterostemma P. Low. Monotypic genus. Brown to black; head, pronotum and scutellum with more or less developed black spots. Hemelytra usually markedly shortened, without claval vein, often dark, with light costal and posterior margin. 3.5-4.5. South. On species of Juncus, mainly on solonchak soils (Figure 173, 39) ................ A. tvanovi Leth.

Subfamily TYPHLOCYBINAE 31. 1 (4).

2 (3).

Alebra Fieb.

On deciduous trees. 3 species.

Gonopore apical (Figure 174, 1). Dorsal corner of lobes of pygophore not more strongly sclerotized than the other part of lobes. Brown dots at base of spines on exterodorsal carina of hind tibiae. Apical cells of hemelytra, apex of cubital cells and middle of hemelytra

3 (2).

4 (1).

32.

1 (1). 33.

1 (2).

2 (1). 34. 1

(2).

usually markedly darkened. Ratio of body length to breadth of head 4.25-4.65. If there is a brown band on the hemelytra, posterior margin of band at level of 2/3 the clavus. 3.2-4.5. On oak (Figure 174, 1,2).................... A. albostrieUa Fall. Posterior tibiae without dots. Apical cells of hemelytra not or only slightly darkened. Ratio of body length to breadth of head 4.8-5.1. If the hemelytra bears a brown band, its posterior margin lies at level of apex of clavus. 3.6-4.5. On linden, elm, alder and other broad-leaved trees ............ A. wahlbergi Boh. Gonopore ventral, in apical quarter of aedeagus. Dorsal corner of lobes of pygophore strongly sclerotized. Apex of styli markedly hooked. Yellow. 3.65-3.8. Center. On bird cherry and dog rose (Figure 174, 3,4) .......................... A. dvtgubskii Zachv.

Notus Fieb. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species. Yellow; apex of hemelytra dark. 3.8-4. On sedge (Figure 174, 5,6) ....................................... N, flavipennis Zett. Dicranoneura Dgl.

2 species.

Apex

of aedeagus not widened. Genital plates long. Yellowish; anterior part of body and apices of hemelytra sometimes brownish. 3.2-3.7 (Figure 174, 7.8) ..................... D. citrinella Zett. Apex of aedeagus widened. Genital plates shorter. 3.2-4. Northwest (Figure 174, 9,10).................... D. forcipata Fl.

Dikraneura Hardy.

On grass. At least 5 species.

Penis simple, without processes. Greenish, with pale spots in anterior part of body. Hemelytra transparent, with yelloworange stripes along; veins; each hemelytron with 4 dark brown Spots on membrane. 3.25-3.75. On the lower side of leaves of species of Verbascum (Figure 174, 17,18). ................... D. stigmatipennis M.R. Penis with processes (Figure 174,19-24). Aedeagus small, short, with stout process with 2 points at the base. Golden yellow; apex of hemelytra transparent. 3.2-3.6. Mainly on various Labiatae (Figure 174, 19,20) .................. ..........;........-......................... D. mollicula Boh. Aedeagus long, well developed, with apical processes (Figure 174,

........................................

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3).

21-24). 5 (6).

6

(5). 35.

1 (2).

Median processes of penis long. Anterior part of body yellowish brown; pronotum and vertex with diffuse light band. Hemelytra yellowish green or orange-yellow; apex of hemelytra transparent. 3-3-5. Northwest (Figure 174, 21,22) ........ D. aridella J. Shib. Median processes of penis not very long. Resembling D. aridella J. Shib. 3.2-3.8 (Figure 174, 23,24). ...........D. variata Hardy.

Erythria Fieb. 3 species. Penis with a pair of apical, recurrent, forked processes. Green; male darker; head reddish; vertex and anterior margin ofpronoium with weak brown spots; legs red. 2.3-2.9. On Calluna

vulgaris (Figure 174, 11,12) ..................E. aureola Fall.

CICADELLIDAE

FIGURE 174. Cicadinea. Family Cicadellidae. Details of male geniialia Ossiannilsson and Ribaut)

(after Zakhvaikin,

Le Quesne,

1,2 A Ie bra albostriella: 1 penis, lateral; 2apex of Stylus; 3,4A. dvigubshyi: 3apex of stylus; 4penis, lateral; 5,6Noius flavipennis. penis: 5lateral; 6dorsal; 7,8Dicranoneura citrinella, same: 7dorsal; 8lateral; 9,10D. forcipata, same: 9dorsal; 10lateral; 13.,12 Erythria aureola, same; 11dorsal; 12lateral; 13.3.4 E. manderstjernai, same: 13dorsal; 14lateral; 15,16E. montandoni, same: 15 dorsal; 16 lateral; 17,18 Dikraneura stigmatipennis. same: 17dorsal; 18lateral; 19,20D. mollicula, same: 19ventral; 20-lateral; 21,22-D. aridella. same: 21-apex, dorsal; 22-lateral; 23.24-D. variaia. same: 23-dorsal; 24-lateral; 25-27-Kybos smaragdula: 25-anal tube with appendage; 26-penis, lateral; 27 apodeme of 2nd abdominal segment; 28K.lindbergi, same; 29.30 K. strigilifer. penis: 29dorsal; 30lateral; 31-33 K. mucronaius; 31anal tube with appendage; 32penis. dorsal; 33same, lateral; 34-36K. virgator; 34anal tube with appendage; 35penis, lateral; 36same, dorsal.

385

2 (1). 3 (4).

Penis with a single process (Figure 174, 13-16). Process of aedeagus; dorsal. Grayish brown; head yellowish, with brown spots; pronotum with light and dark spots at anterior

scutellum with black spots. 3-3.35. Transcarpathian Region (Figure 174, 13,14)......:....... .E. manderstjernai Kbm. Process of aedeagus ventral. Head and pronotum yellowish, with indistinct pattern; face of male dark brown; hemelytra grayish green, with traces of reddish color; brown spot on membrane near apex of clavus. 2.75-3, Transcarpathian E. montandoni Put. Region (Figure 174, 15,16)

margin;

4 (3).

..................

36. Kybos Fieb. species.

On Betulaceae and Salicaceae. Not less than 10

1 (10). Phallobase with a pair of long processes (Figure 174, 26-36). Claval suture usually dark. Processes of phallobase more or less parallel to aedeagus. Apodeme of abdominal segment II markedly transverse, its posterior margin slightly concave. Green; dorsum of body with brown longitudinal stripe. 3.8-4.6. On alder (Ainus incana, A. glutinosa) {Figure 174, 25-27)....................

2 (5). 3 (4).

.......................................... K. smaragdula Fall. Apodeme of abdominal segment II less markedly transverse, its posterior margin divided into 2 convex lobes by a sharp notch. Processes of phallQbase closer together. Resembling K. smaragdula Fall. 4-4l3, North, Center. On birch (Betula pubescens, B.verrucosa) (Figure 174, 28).................. ............................................. K. lindbergi Lnv. 5 (2). Processes of phallobase markedly diverging (Figure 174, 29,32,36). 6 (7). Apical part of aedeagus with irregularly arranged denticles. Resembling K. smaragdula. 4.3. Northwest. On willow (Salix caprea, S. c inere a) (Figure 174, 29,30).............. ............................................ K. strigilifer Oss. 7 (6). Apex of aedeagus smooth, without denticles (Figure 174. 32,33, 35,36). 8 (9). Processes of phallobase broad in profile, with truncate apex. Processes of anal tube thick, with long slender apex, resembling K. smaragdula. 4.6-4.7. Center. On Salix acutifolia (Figure 174, 31-33). ......................... K. mucronatus Rib. 9 (8). Processes of phallobase narrow in profile, tapering to a pointed apex. Processes of anal tube slender, long. 4-4.65. On willows (Salix fragilis, S. alba, S. pentandr a) (Figure 174. 34-36).. .............................................. K. virgator RibPhaliobase without processes. Claval vein usually not dark 10 (1). (Figure 175, 1.3,4). 11 (14). Penis narrow in sagittal section, flattened laterally. 12 (13). Process of lobes of pygophore with thick, obliquely truncate apex. Light green, without brown pattern. 3.8-4.7. On poplar and aspen (Populus niger, P. trem ula) (Figure 175, 1,2),... ............................................... K. populi Edw. 13 (12). Process of lobes of pygophore gradually tapering to pointed apex. Green; dorsum with brown longitudinal stripe. 3.8-4.9. On willow (Salix purpurea), etc. ............. K. rufescens Mel.

4

(3).

CICADELLIDAE

14 (11). Penis thick in sagittal section. 4-4.7. Center. On Sa lix c ap re a (Figure 175, 3,4).................... K. sordidulus Oss.

37. 1 (3).

2 (1).

38. sitae. 1 (8).

2 (3).

386

3 (2). 4

(7).

5 (6).

Kyboasca

Zachv,

2 or 3 species.

Aedeagus branching from phallobase almost at right angle, smooth. Green; anterior part of body with light spots; hemelytra with yellow stripes along cells, dark at apex. 3-3.4. On Arte misia (Figure 175, 5,6)........................K, vittata Leth. Aedeagus branching from phallobase at a very obtuse angle, with irregular longitudinal combs. Anterior part of body brownish, with pale spots. Hemelytra greenish, with brown spot at apex of cubital cell. 3.2-3.4. South. Polyphagous (Figure 175, 7,8) ........................................ K. bipimctata Osh. Chlorita Fieb. Most species on Artemisia and other CompoMore than 10 species. Penis without processes (Figure 175,

9,10,12,13,15). (Subgenus

Eremochlorita Zachv.). Appendages of anal tube almoststraight, slightly S-shaped. Penis long, with clavate, flattened apex. Green; hemelytra with pattern of pale and green speckles. 1.8-3.4. Southeast ...... ........................................ Ch. akdzhusani Zachv. Appendage of anal tube bent at a right angle. Penis rather short, not inflated at apex.

Appendages of anal tube symmetrical. Aedeagus without constriction. Green; hemelytra with pattern pale and green speckles. 2.3-2.4. Southeast. (Figure 179, 9-11) .......................................... Ch. tessellata Leth. Aedeagus with constriction in the middle. Resembling Ch. tessellata Leth. Southern Transvolga Region. On Artemisia arenaria and A. scoparia (Figure 175,12-14)............... .......................................... Ch. arenicola Zachv. Appendages of anal tube asymmetrical, right appendage shorter, with more strongly curved apex. Resembling C h. tessellata. 1.9-2.9. Dagestan (Figure 175, 15,16)....... Ch. orientalis Diab. Penis with processes (Figure 175, 17,18,20,21), (Subgenus Chlorita s. str.). Green; apex of hemelytra darkened. Phallobase without processes. Penis with a pair of apical denticles which are directed away from the ventral margin of the gonopore; dorsal margin of aedeagus angularly projecting. 1.9-2.5. Southeast ................. Ch. krascheninnikovi Zachv. Phallobase with processes. Aedeagus thick, with a pair of apical denticles. Processes of phallobase not longer than aedeagus (Figure 175, 17,18,20,21). Phallobase with a pair of forked processes (Figure 175, 17-20). Phallobase with a pair of simple processes in addition to a pair of forked ones. 2.3-2.6. Trans Carpathian Region. On Thymus sp. (Figure 175, 17,18)........................ Ch. dumosa Rib. Phallobase with only one pair of forked processes. 2.6-3.1. South (Figure 175, 20,21)...................... Ch. prasina Fieb. of

6 (5),

387

7 (4).

8(1). 9 (10).

10 (9). 11 (16).

12 (15). 13 (14).

.

14 (13).

HOMOPTERA

15 (12). Both pairs of

processes of penis not bifurcate. 2-2.2. Southeast.

On Thymus sp. (Figure 175, 26,27).

FIGURE 175.

Cicadinea.

Ossiannilsson, Ribaut and

......

Ch. thyroi Em., sp.n.

Family Cicadellldae. Details of male geniialia (after Zakhvatkin, Diabola,

original)

16 (11).

Aedeagus slender, without processes. Processes of phallobase .markedly longer than aedeagus. 2.7-3. On Achillea mille

-

-

1,2Kybos populi: Ipenis, lateral; 2lobeofpygophore, inner view; 3,4K.sordidulus, penis: 3lateral; 4dorsal; 5,6 Kybo:asca vittata, same: 5dorsal; 6lateral; I.SK.bipunctata; 7apex ofpygophore lobe process; 8penis, lateral; 9-H Chlorita tessellata: 9same, dorsal; 10apex of penis, vennal; 11appendage of anal lube; 12-14Ch. arenicola: 12penis, dorsal; 13apex of penis, ventral; 14appendage of anal tube; 15.16 Ch. orienialis: ISapex of penis, dorsal; 16appendages of anal tube; 17-19Ch. dumosa: penis: 17lateral; 18same, dorsal; 19anal tube with appendage; 20.21Ch. prasina, penis; 20dorsal; 21lateral; flavescens: 22appendages of anal lube; 23penis, lateral; 24E.pieridis. 22i23Empoasca anal tube with appendage; 25E. declpiens, same; 26,27Chlorita thymi: 26 penis, lateral; 27process of anal tube,

folium .................................... Ch. viridula Fieb.

CICADELLIDAE

39. 1 (2).

2

(1).

3 (4).

Empoasca Walsh. Polyphagous. Not less than 4 species.

Appendage of anal tube without sharp posterior process at base. Pale green; cubital vein usually darkened. 3.1-3.7 (Figure 175, 22,23).......................................*E. flavescens F. Appendage of anal tube with sharp posterior process at base (Figure 175, 24,25). Process of lobes of pygophore with large pointed process in middle 3.1-3.5 (Figure 175, 24).......... *E. pteridis Dhlb. Process of lobes of pygophore without any processes. Pale green. 3.2-4 (Figure 175, 25)...................... *E. decipiens Paoli.

of dorsal margin.

Pale green.

............................................

4

(3). 40.

1 (1).

41.

1 (1).

Eupteroidea Yng.~ 1 species. Milky-white; hemelytra with pale blue tinge. Apex of hemelytra with dark brown spot; brown stripes diverging like a fan from spot beyond apex of clavus. 3.9-4.4. Mainly on Tilia spp, (Figure 176, 1,2) .......................... Eu. stellulata Burm.

Asyrnmetropteryx Diab. Monotypic genus. Anterior margin of vertex white; anterior margin of vertex and sides of pronotum with brown stripe. Hemelytra with weak brownish longitudinal stripes in basal half and the same radial

patternapicallyasinEupteroidea stellulata. 3.3-3.6. North. On Vaccinium myrtillus (Figure 176, 3).... .A. pictilis Stal, 42.

1 (6). 2 (5). 3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (2).

388

6 (1).

Eurhadina Hpt.

On broad-leaved trees. 4 species.

Apical pair of processes of aedeagus bifurcate (Figure 176, 4-9). Branches of apical pair of processes unequal, inner branches a quarter the length of outer ones (Figure 176, 4-7). Subapical pair of processes much shorter than apical pair, White; hemelytra brownish in apical part; an oblique brown stripe at posterior margin of waxy spot; cross vein dark at outer and inner margin of hemelytra. 3.3-4. On oak (Figure 176, 4,5)....................................... Eu. concinna Germ. Subapical pair of processes as long as apical pair. Yellow; hemelytra brownish in apical part. Oblique brown stripe along posterior margin of waxy spot, continuing along R to cross vein; cross vein dark from R to costal margin; membrane with brown spot. 3.6-4.2. On oak (Figure 176, 6,7). ..... Eu. pulchella FallBranches of apical pair of processes almost equal; inner branch more than three-quarters the length of the outer one; Brown band usually posterior to waxy spot of hemelytra, continuing along clavus almost to base of hemelytra. 3.85-4.5. Trans Carpathian Region. On maple (Figure 176, 8,9) ..................... Eu- loewi Then. Apical pair of processes of aedeagus simple, not bifurcate. Resembling Eu. concinna. 3.6-4. On Ulmus laevis Eu. kirschbaumi W. Wgn. (Figure 176, 10,11) ....................

43. 1 (1).

Wagneripteryx Diab.

Monotypic genus.

Yellowish green; hemelytra darker. 3.9-4.7. OnPinus silvestris (Figure 176, 12,13)...................... W. germari Zett.

44. Eupteryx Curt. More than 17 species. 1 (24). Lobes of pygophore with’long process on inner side (Figure 176,

17,18,21,22). 2 (11). Process on lobes of pygophore forked (Figure 176, 17,18,21,22). Greenish yellow, with black spots and brown pattern on hemelytra. 3 (6). Apex of posterior branch of process of pygophore strongly curved ventrad (Figure 176, 17). 4 (5). Ground color yellowish orange. Black spots on vertex markedly extending anteriad, their anterior margin irregular. Lorae usually light. 3,4-3.95. On various grasses (Figure 176, 14-17). .. ................................................ Eu. aurata L. 5 (4). Ground color yellowish green. Black spots on vertex extending slightly anteriad, their anterior margin regular. Straight or rounded. Lorae always black. 3.15-3.75,. ...................... ...................................... Eu. atropunctata Goeze, 6 (3). Posterior branch of process of pygophore slightly curved, its apex directed dorsad or poster! ad (Figure 176, 18,21.22). 7 (10), Branches of process of pygophore of about equal thickness, one not more than twice as long as the other. 8 (9). Posterior branch of process of pygophore shorter than anterior one. 3.7-4.2 (Figure 176,18-20) ............... Eu. ornata Leth. 9 (8). Posterior branch of process of pygophore longer than anterior one. 3.35-3.8 (Figure 176, 21)............ Eu. signatipennis Boh. 10 (7). Posterior branch of process of pygophore stout, with slender process on the anterior margin. 3.3-3.5. Center- on Origanum vulgar e (Figure 176, 22-24)........... Eu. origani Zachv. 11 (2). Process of lobes of pygophore simple. 12 (21). Process of lobes of pygophore not projecting beyond dorsal margin of pygophore posteriorly. Dorsal margin of pygophore without denticles posteriorly; anal tube without processes. 13 (18). Processes on apex of aedeagus simple, almost straight, directed posteriorly and parallel to aedeagus (Figure 176, 25-30). Greenish yellow; hemelytra with some brown spots; veins in apical part of hemelytra with brown borders. 14 (17). Dorsal side of aedeagus convex in profile; apex of processes of penis reaching to half the length of the aedeagus or beyond. 15 (16). Processes of aedeagus reaching half the length of aedeagus, straight, their apex slightly curved inward, 2.8-3.5. On Artemisia (Figure i76, 25,26). ........... Eu. artemisiae Kbm. 16 (15). Processes of aedeagus longer, reaching beyond middle of aedeagus, their apex markedly curved outward. 3-3.5. Center, South. On Artemisia abrotanum (Figure 176, 29,30)....... Eu. semipunctata Fieb....-........-.......-.....-....... 17 (14). Dorsal side of aedeagus concave in the middle in profile. Processes of penis less than half as long as aedeagus. not reaching middle of aedeagus. 2.55-2.95. On Ar tern i sia (Figure 176, 27,28) ....................................Eu. gallica W. Wgn. 18 (13). Processes of aedeagus not parallel to aedeagus. 19 (20). Processes of aedeagus crossed, simple. Vertex with 3 black spots; scutellum with 4 black spots; cells of hemelytra

CICADELLIDAE

bordered with brown.

(Figure 177, 1,2)

2.65-3.2.

Transcarpathian Region

........................... Eu.

FIGURE 176. Cicadinea. Family Cicadellidae,

Details of male

melissae Curt.

genitalia and wing (after

Zakhvaikin

and Ribaut)

13lateral; 14-17Eupieryx auraia: 14apex of penis, dorsal; 17lobeofpygophore, inner aspect; 18-20Eu. ornsia: 18lobe 19apex of penis, ventral; 20same. lateral; 21Eu. signatipennis, lobeofpygophore, inner aspect; 22-24 Eu. origani: 22same; 23apex of penis, ventral; 24penis. lateral; 25,26 Eu. artemisiae: 25apex of penis, dorsal; 26 penis, lateral; 27,28En. gallic a: 27apex of penis, dorsal; 28penis, lateral; 29,SO Eu. semipunccaca: 29apex of penis, dorsal; 30penis, lateral.

germani, same: 12dorsal; 15same,

lateral;

ofpygophore,

16stylus;

inner aspect;

20 (19). Processes of aedeagus diverging, branched. Head, pronotum and scutellum with black pattern consisting of fused spots; cells of hemelytra with brown border; hemelytra with dark spot near posterior margin of waxy spot. 2.7-3.25. Northwest (Figure 177, 3,4) ......................................... Eu. alticola Rib. 21 (12). Posterodorsal angle of pygophore with 1 or 2 denticles. 22 (23). Anal tube with processes; ventral margin of lobes of pygophore without processes. Dbrsum dark brown; anterior part of vertex light; hemelytra with several large light spots near margin. 3.05-3-55. In humid habitats (Figure 177, 13,14).... Eu. -vittata L. 23 (22). Anal tube without processes. Ventral margin of lobes of pygophore with long process directed dorsad along inner wall. Resembling

Eu. vittata L-

390 24 (l). 25 (28). 26 (27).

27 (26).

28 (25). 29 (30).

30 (29).

2.15-2.7. In dry habitats (Figure 177, 15,16) . .............................................. Eu. notata Curt. Lobes of pygophore without processes. Posterior margin of lobes of pygophore with denticles. Processes at apex of aedeagus forked; two branches of fork equally long. Head, pronotum and scutellum with black pattern consisting of fused spots; cells of hemelytra with brown border; hemelytra with dark spot at posterior margin of waxy area. 2.7-3.6 (Figure 177, 5,6). .............. .Eu. stachydearum HardyProcesses at apex of aedeagus with denticle on posterior margin (near base). Resembling Eu. stachydearum Hardy. 2.7-3.55. (Figure 177, 7,8) ............................... Eu. collina PI. Posterior margin of lobes of pygophore without denticles. Processes at apex of^aedeagus smooth, without denticles. Head, pronotum and scutellum with black fused spots; heroelytra with large dark to black fused spots. 2.9-3.6 (Figure 177, 9,10)....... ............................................... Eu. urticae F. Processes at apex of aedeagus with denticles. Resembling Eu. urticae F. 3.3-3.7 (Figure 177, 11,12). ................. ..

.

45. 1 (1).

............................................ Eu. (syclops Mats. Zyginella P. Low. 1 species. Green; clavus red; membrane of hemelytra with 2 transverse brown stripes at outer margin, a brown stripe at the inner margin and a brown spot in the middle. 3.0. Crimea. On oak...........

............................................. Z. quercus Kuzn. 46. Linnavuoriana Diab. 1 (2).

2 (1).

2 species.

Lamellar processes at base of aedeagus obtuse, projecting slightly. Pale, yellowish green; face pale; vertex with 2 spots; pronotum with 4 spots often fused in pairs; scutellum with 2 spots which are sometimes fused; hemelytra with 2 oblique brownish bands in basal part and brownish distal part. 3.25-3.75. On willow (Salix spp.) (Figure 177, 17,18)..... L. sexpunctata Fall. Lamellar processes at base of aedeagus long and slender, with more or’less rounded apex. Reddish; sides of fronto- and anteclypeus dark; pattern on dorsum as in L. sexpunctata Fall., but pronotum with one additional pair of spots posterior to eyes.

.

CICADELLIDAE

and bands on hemelytra often partly fused. 3.5-3.7. On birch (Betula spp.) (Figure 177, 19)............ L. decempunctata Fall.

47. 1 (1).

Ossiannilssonola Christ.

1 species.

Pale yellow; margins of clavus more or less brown; apex of cubital, medial cell and usually also of radial cell brownish; apex of hemelytra dark. 4-4.8. Transcarpathian Region, On 0. callosa Then. maple (Figure 177, 23-25). .....................

48. 1 (1).

49. 1 (2).

Fagocyba Diab.

1 species.

Yellow to reddish brown; apex of hemelytra and subcostal cell transparent. 3.5-4. Transcarpathian Region. On beech (F agus sp.) (Figure 177, 20-22). ................ F. cruenta H.-S.

Typhlocyba Germ. On

(Figure 177. 26,27) 2 (1).

3 (4).

trees and shrubs.

Not less than 12 species.

Lobes of pygophore with apical denticle. Genital plates with subapical denticle. Penis with basal processes. (Subgenus Typhlocyba s. str.). Pale, yellowish, dorsum with red spots. 3-3.3 ..............................

T. quercus F.

Lobes of pygophore without denticle. Genital plates without denticle. Penis with apical processes (Figure 177, 28-31; 178,1-14). (Subgenus Edwardsiana Zachv,). Apex of penis with one pair of processes. Yellow; head and

pronotum light. 3.35-3.8. Transcarpathian Region. On hazel .T. avellanae Edw. (Corylus avellana) (Figure 177, 28,29) 4 (3). Apex of penis with 2 pairs of processes which are often bifurcate (Figures 177, 30.31; 178.1-14). 5 (6). Both pairs of processes of penis not bifurcate. Light, sometimes yellowish. 3.4-3.85. On various trees and shrubs (Figure 177, T. rosae L. 30,31) ......................... *Rose Leafhopper 6 (5). Ventral pair of processes of penis forked (Figure 178,1-14). 7 (10). Dorsal pair of processes of penis longer than ventral pair (Figure 178,1-4). All apical processes of penis straight. Whitish yellow. 3.4-3.8. 392 8 (9). T. severtsovi .Zachv. Center. On dog rose (Figure 178, 1,2). 9 (8). All apical processes of penis curved. Head, pronotum and scutellum pale; hemelytra yellow, with darker veins. 3.5-3.65. Transcarpathian Region. On white beech (Carpinus betulus) (Figure 178, 3,4). .......................... T. fraterculus Edw. Dorsal pair of processes of penis shorter than ventral pair 10 (7). (Figure 178,5-14), 11 (12). Basal branch of ventral pair of processes of penis very long, markedly recurrent. Yellow; scutellum, base of hemelytra, and stripe along outer margin of clavus and apex of hemelytra brown. 3.75-4. On alder (Figure 178, 5,6) ..................... ......................................... T. geometrica Schrk. 12 (11), Basal branch of ventral pair of processes of penis moderately long, not longer than ventral branch, slightly curved (Figure 178, ....

.....

8-14).

HOMOPTERA

13 (14). Apical branch of ventral pair of processes of-penis longer than basal branch, strongly curved. Yellow; head and pronotum pinkish; costal margins of hemelytra orange. 3.9. Center, (Figure 178, 7,8) .......................... T. menzbieri Zachv.

Z7 FIGURE 117. Cicadinea. Family

28

"-

Cicadellidae,

30 Details of male

^--^

’1

3f

geniialia (after RibauQ

1.2Eupteryx melissae: Iapex of penis, dorsal; 2penis, lateral; 3.4Eu.alticola: 3apex of penis, dorsal; 4penis, lateral; 5,6Eu.stachydearum: 5~same, dorsal; 6same, lateral; 7,8Eu. collina: 7same. dorsal; 8same. lateral; 9,10Eu. urticae: 9same, dorsal; 10same. lateral; 11,12Eu. Cyclops: 11same, dorsal; 12same. lateral; 13,14Eu. v it tat a: 13same, dorsal; 14same.: lateral; 15,16Eu. notaia: 15apex of penis, dorsal; 16same, lateral; 17,18~-Linnavuoriana sexpunciata: ITstylus; 18penis, lateral; 19L.decempunctata,same; 20-22Fagocyba cruenta: 20same; 21same, dorsal; 22stylus; 23-25Ossiannilssonola callosa: 23penis, dorsal; 24same. lateral; 25stylus; 26,27Typhlocyba quercus; 26penis, dorsal; connective and stylus; 27penis, lateral; 28,29T. avellanae: 28penis, lateral; 29apex of penis, dorsal; 30,31T. rosae; SOpenis, lateral; 31 apex of penis, anterior aspect.

CICADELLIDAE

14 (13). Apical branch of ventral pair of processes of penis not longer than basal branch and slightly curved (Figure 178, 9-14). 15 (18). Branches of basal pair of processes of penis more or less longitudinal, their apex widely separated (Figure 178, ].0,12). 16 (17). Processes of apical pair of branches of penis about as long as basis of processes of basal pair. Pale yellow. 3,1-3.4. Transcarpathian Region (Figure 178, 9,10) .... T. frustrator Edw. 17 (16). Processes of apical pair of branches of penis much longer than basis of processes of basal pair. Resembling T- frustrator Edw. 3.5-3.7. Center, South (Figure 178, 11,12) ............... .......................................... T. ampliata W. Wgn. 18 (15). Branches of basal pair of processes of penis more or less transverse, their inner branches converging. Pale yellow; scutellum anterior to groove, stripe at scutellar margin of clavus, apical half of clavus and spot on corium at apex of clavus brown. 3.15-3.6. On alder (Figure 178, 13,14).......... T. gratiosa Boh. 50. 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (8). 4 (7).

5 (6).

6 (5).

7 (4).

8 (3).

Ribautiana Zachv.

5 species.

Processes of phallobase situated ventral to aedeagus in profile, their apex strongly curved outward. Aedeagus curved ventrally. Yellow; apical veins and cells dark. Apex of scutellum usually black; a spot at anterior margin of pronotum; 2 additional spots at anterior margin of vertex of female. 3.65-4.05. Usually on elm (Figure 178, 15-17)............................. R. ulmi L. Processes of phallobase situated dorsal to aedeagus in profile, their apex sometimes slightly curved outward. Aedeagus almost straight (Figure 178, 18-26). Aedeagus straight or slightly curved ventrally (Figure 178, 18-23). Apex of aedeagus forming process, with only one pair of short processes. Aedeagus with small processes in the middle of the dorsal side (Figure 178,18-21). Dorsal side of aedeagus with one forked process. Yellow; a dark diffuse spot on cross veins; apex of apical veins dark. 2.7-3.5. Dagestan. Polyphagous (Figure 178, 18,19)... R. tenerrima H.-S, Dorsal side of aedeagus with a pair of processes, each with a separate base. Resembling R. tenerrima H.-S. 3.1-3.45. Center. On raspberry and blackberry (Rubus idaeus, R. caesius) (Figure 178, 20,21). ................ R. rubi Hardy. Apex of aedeagus with 2 pairs of long processes, apex not forming process. Dorsal side of penis without processes in the middle. Yellow; hemelytra pale, with yellow longitudinal stripes; apex of hernelytra dark. 3.25-3.65. Crimea. On oak. (Figure 178, 22,23)........................................ R. scalaris Rib. Aedeagus curved dorsally. phallobase with a process of varying form near aedeagus; dorsal side of aedeagus sometimes; also with a basal process. Pale, whitish. Fastigium with 2 spoti;; apex of scutellum black. 3.2-3-6. Center. On elm (Ulmus laevis) (Figure 178,24-26). ........................... R. ognevi Zachv.

HOMOPTERA

51. 1 (1).

Ainetoidia Diab.

1 species.

Anterior part of body pale, yellowish; hemelytra lemon-yellow. 3.9-4.3. On alder and elm (Figure 178, 27,28) .... A. aineti Dhlb.

FIGURE 178. Cicadinea. Family Cicadellidae. Details of male geniialia (after Zakhvaikin, Ribaut and original)

1,2Typhlocyba sevensovi: Ipenis, lateral; 2apex of penis, dorsal; 3,4~T- fraterculus: 3apex of penis, dorsal; 4penis, lateral; 5.6T. geometrica; 5same; 6apex of penis, anterior aspect; 7,8T. menzbieri: 7same; 8penis, lateral; 9,10T. frustrator: 9apex of penis. lateral; 10same, anterior aspect; 11,12-~T. ampliata: 11penis, lateral; 12apex of penis, anterior aspect; 13,14T. graiiosa: 13penis, lateral; 14apex of penis, anterior aspect; 15-17R ibautiana ulmi: 15stylus; 16 penis, lateral; 17same. dorsal; 18.19 R. lenertima: 18same, lateral: 19same, dorsal; 20.21R. rubi: 20same, lateral; 21same. dorsal; R. ognevi. 24,25same. lateral 22,23R. scalaris: 22same, lateral; 23same, dorsal; 24-26 (different specimens); 26same, dorsal; 27,28Aineioidia aineti: 27same. lateral; 28stylus; 29,30-Helionidia staiices: 29-penis, dorsal; 30-same, lateral; 31.32-H. ribauti: 31-sam&, dorsal; 32same, lateral; 33,34H. tamaricis: 33same, dorsal; 34same, lateral.

CICADELLIDAE

394

52.

Helionidia Zachv.

At least 5 species.

1 (2).

Apex of processes of lobes of pygophore straight. Processes of penis in profile curved ventrally. Thickset; yellowish green; vertex with a pair of black spots. 2.1-2.4. Southeast. On Limonium suffruticosum (Figure 178, 29,30) .............

2 (1).

Apex of processes of lobes of pygophore curved. Processes of penis in profile curved dorsally (Figure 178,31-34).

3 (4).

Apex

............................................

4 (3).

53. 1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

H. statices Zachv.

of process of lobes of pygophore curved inward. Yellowish green; dark spots ventral to sockets of antennae; vertex with a pair of black spots. 2-2.5, Southwest. On Tarn art x spp. (Figures 178, 31,32; 179,2).................... H. ribauti Zachv. Apex of process of lobes of pygophore curved outward. Green; resembling H. ribauti Zachv. Anterior margin of pronotum with brown spots; scutellum with black spots in lateral corners; apex of hemelytra dark. 2.3-2.6. Transcarpathian Region. On tamarisk (Figures 178, 33.34; 179, 1).......... .H. tamaricis Put.

Erythroneura

Fitch.

On trees and shrubs. More than 8 species.

Penis without processes. Apex of styli right-angled-geniculate, with 2 angles (Figure 179, 3,4). (Subgenus Flam m igeroi dia

Diab.). Hemelytra with sinuous longitudinal stripe at inner margin; this stripe delimits 2 light spots near the claval vein. Yellowish; dorsal part of face with red band; vertex and pronotum with red longitudinal stripe in the middle; scutellum brownish. 2.9-3.3. On various trees (Figure 179, 3,4) ........ E. flammigera Geoffr. Hemelytra with continuous red longitudinal stripe on claval vein; outer margin of this stripe serrated. Yellowish; vertex and pronotum with red longitudinal stripe in the middle; scutellum red. 2.3-2.6. On heather (Calluna vulgaris).... ... .. .. ......................................... E. rubrovittata Leth. Phallobase with a pair of processes. Apex of styli Z-shaped, its 3 corners forming denticles (Figure 179, 5-11). (Subgenus Erythroneura s.str.). Processes of phallobase far from aedeagus. Greenish yellow; vertex with a pair of black spots; fastigium reddish; pronotum reddish brown in the middle; scutellum with a pair of black spots in lateral angles; hemelytra each with 2 reddish longitudinal Stripes. 2.65-3,05. (Figure 179, 5-7). ............ E. parvula Boh, Processes of phallobase close to aedeagus (Figure 179, 8,10). Dorsum of aedeagus protruding in form of lobe; apex of aedeagus with 2 curved lobules. Resembling E. parvula Boh. 3.1-3.3. Transcarpathian Region. On oak (Figure 179, 8,9). ................................................ E. velata Rib. Aedeagus without dorsal protuberance; apex of aedeagus without lobules. Resembling E. parvula. 2.95-3.4. Transcarpathian Region. On oak (Figure 179, 10,11)........... E. spathulata Rib..

4 (1).

5 (6).

6 (5).

7 (8).

..

..............

8 (7).

54. 1 (8).

2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

Zygtna Fieb.About 10

species.

Phallobase without processes (Figure 179, 13,14-16,18). Apex of penis with a pair of long dorsal recurrent processes. Greenish; face brown; fastigium with a pair of black triangles; pronotum yellow anteriorly and laterally; hemelytra dark. 2.35-2.7. South (Figure 179, 12,13)........... Z. bisignata M.R. Apex of penis without dorsal processes, with lateral or ventral processes (Figure 179,14-16,18). Inner margin of genital plates with angular subapical process which is curved dorsad. Males yellow, with dark spot at apex of scutellum; females more richly colored; scutellum and middle of vertex and pronotum with dark longitudinal spot with red border; claval vein of hemelytra usually red. 2.45-2.6. On Hypericum perforatum (Figure 179, 14,15) ............. Z. hyperici H.-S. Genital plates without such process.

FIGURE 119. Cicadinea. Family CicadelUdae. Details of male geniialia (after Zakhvaikin, Ossiannilsson and Ribam) lamaricis, appendage of lobe of pygophore; 2H. ribauti, same; 3,4Erythroflammigera; 3penis, lateral; 4-stylus; 5-7-E. parvula: 5-penis, dorsal; 6-penis, lateral; 7-stylus; 8,9-E. velata: 8-penis, lateral; 9-stylus; 10,11-E. spathulata: 10-penis, lateral; 11stylus; 12,13 Z-y gin a bisignara: 12same; 13penis, lateral; 14,15Z. hyperici: 14same, dorsal; 15same, lateral; 16.1’7Z.. rorida: 16same, lateral; 17stylus; 18Z. nivea, penis, lateral; 19-Z. scutellaris, same, lateral; 20-Z.. sllvicola, same; 21,22-2. moczaryi; 21-same. dorsal; 22-same. lateral; 23.24- Z. viaduensis: 23-same, lateral; 24-same. dorsal.

1Helionidia neiira

498

CICADELLIDAE

6 (7).

7 (6).

395

8 (1). 9 (14). 10 (11).

11 (10).

12 (13).

13 (12).

396 14 (9).

Aedeagus strongly curved in basal half. Light, with red and orange spots which are sometimes fused. 2.45-2.9. South. On oak (Figure 179, 16,17) ...................... Z. rorida M.R. Aedeagus straight in basal half, more strongly curved in apical part. White or slightly yellowish, sometimes with red spots on vertex, scutellum, etc. 3.3-3.7. South. On poplar and willow (Figure 179, 18). ................................. 2. nivea M.RPhallobase with a pair of processes (Figure 179, 19-24). Processes of phallobase long, slightly longer or shorter than aedeagus (Figure 179, 19-22). Phallobase with 4 processes. Apex of aedeagus without a pair of processes. Greenish yellow; anteclypeus dark; frontoclypeus and vertex brownish; posterior margin of vertex and anterior margin of pronotum yellowish; the other part of the pronotum brownish; scutellum with a pair of black spots in lateral corners and with an apical spot; veins of hemelytra dark apically; cells dark. 2.55-3.2. (Figure 179, 19) .............. Z. scutellaris H.-S. Phallobase with 2 processes (Figure 179, 20-24). Apex of aedeagus with a pair of processes. Resembling Z. scutellaris. 3.4-3.6. Baltic Region (Figure 179, 20)....... ............................................. Z. silvi-cola Oss. Middle of aedeagus with one or two processes. Processes of phallobase slightly shorter than aedeagus. Resembling Z. scutellaris. 2.5-3,2. Ciscaucasia and Caucasus. On Dactylis glomerata and corn (Figure 179, 21,22). ....... ........................................... *Z. moczaryi Horv. Processes of phallobase short. Resembling Z. scutellaris, but darker. 2.2-2.7. Center. On Koeleria glauca (Figure 179, 23,24) ...................... Z. viaduensis W. Wgn.

Subfamily EUSCELINAE 55. Grypotes Fieb. 1 (2).

2(1).

On pines.

Genus comprising 2 species.

Apex of penis with arrow-shaped processes, pale, greenish gray; a pair of black spots on vertex near eyes; black sinuous bands on junction of vertex with face; face with black pattern. 4-4.8. North, Center (Figure 180, 3,4),...., G. puncticoUis H.-S. Apex of penis without processes. Pale, yellowish green. Vertex with a pair of black spots near eyes and band bent posteriad at an angle; 4 spots on junction of vertex with face, face with black G. staurus Iv. pattern. 3.6-4.3. South (Figure 180, 1,2). ...-,....

56. 1

(2).

Goniognathus Fieb.6

species.

Apex of styli slender, with triangular dilatation. (Subgenus Tarnaricades Em.). Smooth, shiny, yellowish; vertex with black pattern; hemelytra with reddish veins; cells of hemelytra with brown border; costal margin of hemelytra with 2 parts without pattern. 6-7. Southeast. On tamarisk (Figure 180, 5,6) .................... G. decoratus Hpt. Aedeagus markedly arcuate.

499

Aedeagus more or less straight. Apex of styli thick. Rugose. (Figure 180, 7-18). (Subgenus Goniognathus s.str.). 3 (8). Penis simple; phallobase and aedeagus without processes (Figure 180,7-10,12, l3). 4 (5). Apex of aedeagus dor soventr ally flattened, spatulate. Reddish brown to black; hernelytra, face and venter with some light spots. 4.5-5.5. South (Figure 180, 7,8)................. G. brevis H.-S. 5 (4). Apex of aedeagus not dor soventr ally flattened (Figure 180, 9,10, 12,13). 6 (7). Apex of aedeagus with ventral lobe-shaped carina. Gray, with dark angular spots and speckles. Face with black pattern. 4-6. South. On Artemisia (Figure 180, 9-11)...................... ............................................. Q. rugulosus Hpt. 7 (6). Apex of aedeagus simple, pointed. Resembling G. rugulosus Hpt., but lighter. 5-5.7. On annual halophytes. (Figure 180, 12-14)................................. G. sanguinisparsus Hpt. 8 (3). Phallobase with long processes (Figure 180,15-18). 9 (10). Processes of phallobase separate, more or less parallel. Aedeagus without processes. Brownish gray; hemelytra, pronotum and scutellum with some angular fused spots; face with black pattern. 4.7-5. South (Figure 180, 15,16) ............ .............;........................... G. guttulmervis Kbm. 10 (9). Processes of phaU.oba.se on a common stem. Aedeagua with recurrent denticle. The whole insect has fine dark brown to black speckles; hemelytra dark brown, with light spots. 3.5-4,5. South (Figure 180, 17.18)....................... G. bolivari Mel. 2 (1).

57. Opsius Fieb. 1 (4).

On tamarisk.

7 or 8 species.

Basis of aedeagus and process widely separated on each side; processes of aedeagus close together at the base (Figure 180,

19,20,29.30). 2 (3).

Processes about twice as long as aedeagi. Pale yellow, only slightly greenish, with numerous black speckles which do not cover some free round areas. 4.1-4.9. Southeast (Figure 180, 19,20) ........................................ 0. pallasi Leth. 3 (2). Processes about as long as aedeagi. Yellow, without speckles; hemelytra brownish; costal margin of hemelytra with 2 light spots. 3.5-4.7. Southeast (Figure 180, 29,30) .................. ........................................... 0. versicolor Dist. 4 (1). Base of aedeagus and processes converging on both sides; basis of processes of aedeagus distant from each other (Figure 180, 21-28). 5 (10). Aedeagus and process more or less parallel on each side, slender, long (Figure 180,21-24). 6 (9). Phallobase markedly inflated (Figure 180, 21,22). 7 (8). Phallobase without any accessory processes. Green, without speckles; apex of hemelytra dark brown, with 2 transparent spots near costal margin. 3-8-5. South (Figure 180, 21,22)...... .......................................... 0. stactogalus Fieb.

CtCADELLIDAE

398

8 (7).

Phallobase inflated, with a pair of small, slender processes crossed at the apex. Resembling 0. stactogalus Fieb. 3.8-4,1. Crimea .......................... 0. cypriacus Lindb.

FIGURE 180. Cicadinea. Family Cicadellidae. Details of male genitalia (after Vilbast. Diabola. Ribaut and original)

1,2Grypotes staurus: Ipenis, dorsal; 2same and connective, lateral; 3,4G.puncticollis: 3penis, dorsal; 4same and connective, lateral; 5, 6Goniognathus decoratus: ;ipenis; 6same, lateral; 7,8G. brevis: 7same, dorsal; 8same, lateral; 9-11G. rugulosus: 9same, dorsal; 10same, lateral; 11genital plates and styli; 12-14G. sanguinisparsus: 12penis, dorsal; ISsame, lateral; 14 genital plates and styli; 15,16G. guttulinervis: 15penis, lateral; 16sam( bolivari: 17same, lateral; 18same, doisal; 19,20Opsius pallasi: 19same lateral; 21,320. siactogalus: 21same, dorsal; 22same, lateral; dorsal; 24same, lateral; 25,260. discessus: 25same, dorsal; 26same, lateral; 27,280. smaragdinus: 27same, dorsal; 28same, lateral; 29,300. versicolor: 29-same, dorsal; 30-same. lateral; 31,32-Pseudophlepsius binotaius; 31-same, dorsal; 32same, lateral.

dorsal; 17,18G. dorsal; 20same,

23,240.

tigripes: 23same,

HOMOPTERA

9 (6).

Phallobase not inflated’. Yellowish green, densely covered with black speckles which are absent on some rounded areas. 3.2- 3.8. Southeast (Figure 180,; 23,24}.................. 0. tigripes Leth. 10 (5). Aedeagus and process on each side diverging (Figure 180, 25-28). 11 (12). Aedeagi more or less parallel; distance between apex of aedeagi about equal to breadth of phallobase. Resembling 0. stactogalus, but with some black speckles. 3,7-4.3. Crimea (Figure 180, 27,28) .............................. 0. smaragdinus Em., sp.n. 12 (11). Aedeagi diverging; distance between their apex twice as much as breadth of phallobase. Bluish green, with whitish spots on cells. Hemelytra sometimes with speckles. 4-5. Southeast (Figure 180, 25,26) ..................................... 0. discessus Horv, 58. 1 (1).

Pseudophlepsius Zachv.

1 species.

Slender, brownish; face and dorsum with fine brown reticular pattern. Anterior margin of vertex with 2 dark spots. 5.2-7. South, East. On some Leguminosae such as Cytisus, Glycyrrhyza, Alhagi, etc. (Figure 180, 31,32) .................. ............................................ P. binotatus Sign.

59. Achaetica Em. ceae). 5 species,

Oligophagous,

on various

halophytes (Chenopodia-

1 (4).

Lobes of penis without denticle in middle of ventral margin, which gradually tapers to a pointed apex. Outer margin of genital plates with a rounded process with a sharp edge in basal half (Figure 181,

2 (3).

Apex of styli thick, rounded. Apex of lobes of penis thicker. Dark brown to black; vertex and face usually with well-marked pattern; hemelytra often with reticular pattern. 2.5-3.5. South-

1-4).

3 (2).

4 (1).

5 (6).

6 (5). 7 (8).

8 (7).

east. On Camphorosma monspeliacum and Kochia pro strata (Figure 181,1-3)........... A. camphorosmatis Em. Apex of styli pointed, slender. Apex of lobes of penis slenderer. Grayish, with dark pattern mainly on abdomen and venter; vertex sometimes with pattern. 2.3-3.6. Southeast. On annual halophytes (Petrosim onia monandra and P. oppo sitifolia)

(Figure 181, 4). ........................... A. pusilla Em., sp.n. Lobes of penis with denticle in middle of ventral margin, with broadly rounded apex and with denticle near ventral margin (Figure 181,5-13). Apex of styli elongate, markedly obliquely truncate. Grayish. with dark pattern, 2.5-3.7. Southeast. On Halocnemum strobilaceum (Figure 181,5-7) ...... A. halocnemi Em., sp.n. Apex of styli short, almost rectangularly truncate (Figure 181, 10,13). Reddish brown, with brown pattern. Dorsal membrane of aedeagus reaching apex of lobes of penis. Apex of genital plates always acute-angled. 2.6-3.5. Southeast. On Anabasis aphylla and A. truncata (Figure 181, 8-10)... .......................................... A. caspia Em., sp. n. Dorsal membrane of aedeagus ending halfway between apex of lobes of penis and the ventral denticles. 2.4-3-6. Southeast. On Anabasis salsa and Nanophyton erinaceum (Figure 181,11-13)........................... A. anabasidis Em.

CICADELLIDAE

60.

1 (2).

Neoaliturus Dist.

Branches of aedeagus forming almost a full circle. Genital plates with obtuse outer margin. (Subgenus Circulifer Zachv.). Yellow, often reddish or with traces of brown pattern. 2.5-3.8. South (Figure 181, 14,15) .................. N. haematoceps M.R.

FIGURE 181. and

Not less than 4 species.

Cicadinea.

Family Cicadellidae. Details of male gen

rDlabola, Ribaul

original)

lateral; 3genital pis I-3Achaetica camphorosmatis: Ipenis, ventral; 2saB A. halocnemi: and stylus, dorsal; 4A. pusilla, genital place and stylus, dorsal; 8-10 A. caspia; and dorsal; 1 ventral; lateral; 6--same, plate stylus, 5penis, genital 8penis, ventral; 9same, lateral; 10genital plate and stylus, dorsal; 11-13A. anabasidis: dorsal; and 14,15Neoaliturus lateral; 13 12same, plate stylus, ventral; IIpenis, genital haemaioceps: 14genital plates, valve and styli, dorsal; 15penis, lateral; 16,17N, guttufenestratus: lobe 18,19N. dorsal; of latus: 16process 18process ofpygophore; 17penis, of lobe of pygophore; 19penis, dorsal; 20,21 N. pulcher: 20same. dorsal; 21same, lateral.

2 (1).

Branches of aedeagus forming a semicircle (Figure 181, 17,19,20). Genital plates triangular, their outer margin more or less straight. (Subgenus Neoalitu;rus s. str.). Aedeagus without denticles (Figure 181, 17,19). Process on inner wall of lobes of pygophore sharply tapering subapically. Black; hemelytra with several rounded transparent areas, mainly on the membrane. 2,8-3.4. South (Figure 181, 18,19) ..................................... N. fenestratus H.-S. Process on inner wall of lobes of pygophore uniformly tapering at apex. The whole body has brown fused spots; hemelytra with transparent areas as in N.fenestratus H.-S. 2.8-3.4. South (Figure 181, 16,17) .......................... N, guttulatus Kbm. Base of aedeagus with pointed lateral denticles. Pale, yellowish; cells of hemelytra with brownish border. 3-3.4. Extreme Southeast (Figure 181, 20,21). ........................ N. pulcherHpt.

3(6). 4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (3).

400

Tetartostylus W. Wgn.

61. 1 (1).

62. 1 (1).

63. 1 (2).

2 (1).

.

1 species.

Slender; vertex as long in the middle as at the sides. Pale, greenish; face with weakbrownishpattern. 4.5-6. South. On beardgrass (Andropogon). ...................... T. pellucidus Mel.

Coryphaeus Fieb. Monotypic genus. Orange-yellow; head with black pattern; pronotum with 2 black bands; hemelytra with dark brown cells. 5.3-6.7. On bulrushes (Scirpus lacustris) (Figure 182, 1,2). ..... C. gyllenhali Fall. Balclutha Kirk. 2 or 3 species. Lobes of pygophore without processes. Slender, green or brownish; dorsum often with brown spots. 3.2-4.2 (Figure 182, 3) ...... ............................................ B. punctata Thunb. Lobes of pygophore with apical process ventrally. Yellowish red. 2 indistinct bands on junction of face and vertex; pronotum with traces of longitudinal stripes. 3.5-3.9. South.. B. rosea Scott. .

64. 1 (8).

2 (5). 3 (4).

4 (3).

Macrosteles Fieb.

.

.

399

17 species.

Penis with short apical processes which are markedly less than half as long as aedeagus (Figure 182,4-11). Processes of penis curved, crossed, their apex directed towards base of aedeagus (Figure 182,4-7). Processes of penis curved backwards at base, on the same plane as the aedeagus in profile. Yellow; a pair of black spots at anterior margin of vertex; an additional pair of black spots often present posterior to the above spots; ventral part of frontoclypeus with dark spot; apex of hemelytra dark. 3.1-4. On Filipendula ulmaria and Sanguisorba officinal is (Figure 182, 4,5)................. .M. septemnotatus Fall. Processes of penis curved in anterior part, ventral to aedeagus in profile and at an angle with aedeagus. Greenish yellow, without pattern. 3-3.6. Center, South (Figure 182, 6,7)........... -.-..--...................-.....,........ M. oshantni Razv.

CICADELLIDAE

5 (2). 6 (7).

7 (6).

8 (1).

Processes of penis not crossed, diverging (Figure 182, 8-11). Processes of penis forming a posteriorly-directed semicircle. Greenish; vertex with 2 pairs of black spots and one band between them; this band is often interrupted; hemelytra usually dark, with several light spots. 3.6-4,5. On horsetail (Equisetum palustre) (Figure 182, 8,9). ................... M. frontalis Scott. Processes of penis very short, hooked, obliquely directed anteriad and ventrad. Pale, pinkish, with traces of brownish spots. 3-4. South. On Salicornia europaea (Figure 182, 10,11) ....................................... .M. salsolae Put, Penis with long processes which are at least half as long as the

aedeagus (Figure 182,12-37). 9 (12). 10 (11).

11 (10).

Processes of penis curved at the base, directed posteriad parallel to aedeagus (Figure 182,12-15). Apex of aedeagus with a pair of lateral denticles; processes of penis crossed near the middle. Greenish; vertex with 2 pairs of black spots; hemelytra often dark, brown, with several light spots. 3.8-4.8 (Figure 182, 12,13)............. M. variatus Fall. Dorsal side of aedeagus with a pair of denticles in the middle; processes of penis crossed at base. Pattern as in M. sexnotatus, but dorsum often very dark. 2.7-4, On Juncus spp. M. horvathi W. Wgn. (Figure 182, 14.15) Processes of penis directed anteriad (Figure 182,16-37). Processes of penis branched. Yellowish green; vertex with 4 black spots. 2.7-4 (Figure 182, 16.17) .......................... .................................... M. quadripunctulatus Kbm. Processes of penis not branched (Figure 182, 18-37). Apex of aedeagus with a pair of lateral denticles (Figure 182, 18-21). Processes of penis converging, slightly crossed. Apical denticles of aedeagus curved dorsad. Pale, hemelytra with brown spots. 3-4. Trans Carpathian Region (Figure 182, 18-19) ................ ........................

12 (9). 13 (14).

14 (13). 15 (18). 16 (17).

.......................................... M. maculosus Then, 17 (16). Processes of penis diverging. Apical denticles of aedeagus ventrally curved. 3-4. North, On Empetrum nigrum

(Figure 182, 20,21) ............................ M. empetri Oss. 18 (15). Aedeagus without apical denticles (Figure 182, 22-37). Processes of penis diverging (Figure 182, 22-31). 20 (21). Processes of penis slender, parallel in apical part. Resembling M. sexnotatus. 2.7-4 (Figure 182, 22,23) .................... ........................................ M. viridegriseus Edw. 21 (20). Processes of penis broad, flattened, diverging (Figure 182, 24-31). 22 (23). Aedeagus in profile markedly bent at an obtuse angle posterior to middle, directed towards the phallobase at an angle to the base. Resembling M. sexnotatus. 3.2-4 (Figure 182, 24,25). ....................... *Six-pointed Leafhopper M. laevis Rib. 23 (22). Aedeagus straight, more or less parallel to phallobase 26-31). (Figure 182, 24 (25). Processes of aedeagus curved ventrally (at an obtuse angle to aedeagus), also curved in the middle. Yellowish green; a pair of black spots on junction of face and vertex; a band which is

401 19 (28).

........

25 (24). 26 (27).

27 (26).

28 (19). 29 (32). 30 (31).

31 (30).

32 (29).

65. 1 (1).

66. 1 (2).

2 (1).

67. 1 (I).

interrupted in the middle in anterior part of vertex; a pair of spots in posterior part of vertex; spots sometimes fused; lateral corners of scutellum with triangular spots. 2.7-4. Not injurious (Figure 182, 26,27). ............ M. sexnotatus Fall. Processes of penis uniformly arcuate, conjugate to axis of aedeagus (Figure 182, 28-31). Ventral side of aedeagus with a lamellar process with irregular margin; this process is well marked in profile. Resembling M. sexnotatus. 3.3-4.2 (Figure 182, 28,29) .................. ............................................. M. cristatus Rib. Ventral side of aedeagus without such a process, regular and straight in profile. Resembling M. sexnotatus. 2.7-4 (Figure 182, 30,31) ............................ M. alpinus Zett. Processes of penis crossed at apex (Figure 182, 32-37). Aedeagus with lamellar processes with irregular margin at the sides (Figure 182,32-35). Aedeagus diverging at an acute angle from phallobase. with a dilatation with irregular margin only in the middle, where it is therefore markedly broader. Resembling M. variatus. 3.5-4.5 (Figure 18:2, 32,33)..................... M, Uvidus Edw. Aedeagus parallel to phallobase, with irregular margin throughout. Resembling M. sexnotatus. 3.3-3.9 (Figure 182, 34.35).. .............................................. M. fieberi Edw. Aedeagus smooth, ;without such dilatations. Processes of penis crossed near middle. Yellowish green; vertex with 2 pairs of spots and interrupted band between them; pattern variable, spots often fused. 3-3-6. On Puccinellia sp. (Figure 182, 36,37)... ......................................... M. sordidipennis Stal. Erotettix Hpt.

Monotypic genus.

Dirty-yellow with black pattern and black veins of hemelytra to completely black with a bluish tinge. 3.8-5. On floating leaves of water lilies and pond weeds (Nymphaea, Nuphar, Retain ogeton (Figure 182, 38.39).................... E. cyanfi Boh. Sonronius Dorst.

Genus comprising 2 species.

Apical processes of penis curved, converging. Frontoclypeus with black spots between antennae; 2 black spots on junction of face and vertex; vertex more or less dark; veins more or less black. 4.7-5.3. On Filipendula ulmaria (Figure 182, 40,41) ................................. S. quadripunctatus Fall. Processes straight, parallel. Frontoclypeus dark brown between antennae. Junction of face and vertex without spots. Veins yellow. 3.6-4.4 (Figure 182, 42,43).................. S. binotatus J. Shib.

Sagatus Rib.

Monotypic genus.

Slender, yellow; frontoclypeus brownish; vertex with a pair of round black spots; diffuse brownish spots on pronotum and near clavus of hemelytra. 4-6. On willow (Figure 182, 44,45) ........ ........................................... S. punctitrons Fall.

CICADELLIDAE

dorsal; 5same,

lateral; 6.1 same, dorsal; 7same. lateral; 8,9M. fro M. oshanini: 6 8same, dorsal; 9same, lateral; 10,11 M. salsolae: 10same. dorsal: 11same, lateral; 12,13 M. variatus: 12~ same, dorsal; 13same, lateral; 14.15 M. horvachi: dorsal; 15same, lateral; 16,17M.quadripunctulatus: 14same, 16same, dorsal: 17same, lateral: 18,19 M. maculosus: 18-same, dorsal; 19same, lateral: 20, 21 M. empetri: 20same, dorsal; 21same, lateral; 22, 23 M. viridegrj.seus: M, laevis; 24same, dorsal; 25same, lateral: 22same, dorsal; 23same, lateral; 24. 25 26,2’? M. sexnotatus: 26same, dorsal; 27same, lateral; 28,29 M. crisiatus: 28-same dorsal; 29same, lateral; 30, 31 M. alpinus: 30same, dorsal; 31same, lateral; 32, 33-M. lividus; 32 same, dorsal; 33-same, lateral; 34.35M. fieberi: 34-same, dorsal; 35same, lateral; 36,37M. sordidipennis: 36same, dorsal; 37same, lateral; 38, 39Eroiettix cyane: 38same, dorsal; 39same, lateral; 40,41Sonronius quadripunctatus: 40same, dorsal; 41same, lateral; 42.43S. binotatus: 42same, dorsal; 13same, lateral; 44,45 Sagatus punctifrons: 44same. dorsal; 45same. lateral. -

tali-s:

Deltocephalus Burm.

1 or 2 species.

Apex of aedeagus simple,

without processes,. Venter black; face with traces of light pattern; vertex brownish, sometimes with 2 irregular dark spots; the other part of the dorsum more D. pulicaris Fall. or less dark brown. 2.15-3.2 (Figure 183, 1). ,

403

69. 1 (2),

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3).

70.

1 (1).

71.

1 (1).

Recilia

Edw,

.

68. 1 (1).

.

.

3 species.

Aedeagus strongly curved. Styli thick, their apex reaching margin of genital plates. Brown; face with dark pattern; anterior margin of vertex with;dark band, its dorsal margin interrupted by round spots which form T-shaped denticles; cells of hemelytra with brown border. 3.15-3.8. Carpathians (Figure 183, 2) ....... .......................................... R. coronifer Marsh. Aedeagus slightly curved (Figure 183, 3-6). Styli small, their apex far from margin of genital plates. Aedeagus broader, its lateral margins with a row of denticles in the middle. Resembling R. coronifer Marsh. 2.75-3.5. Crimea (Figure 183, 5,6). ..................... R. horvathi Then. Aedeagus narrower, its lateral margins smooth. Resembling D. coronifer. 2.8-3.25. South (Figure 183, 3.4).............. ....................................... R. schmidtgeni W. Wgn. Endria Om.

One species in the Palearctic Region.

Slender; grayish, with brown pattern; anterior margin of vertex with 4 black spots; a band interrupted in the middle posterior to these spots; posterior margin of vertex with 4 brown spots; pronotum with longitudinal stripes; hemelytra transparent; some cells of hemelytra with brown border. Macropterous. 3.9-4. Kursk Region, On reed (Calamagrostis epigeios) (Figure 183, 7,8) ............................. E. nebulosa Ball.

Japananus Ball. Slender; resembling species of Platym etopius. Head, pronotum and scutellum dirty-yellowish green; hemelytra transparent, with dull broyrn bands and reddish veins. 4,5-6. Occurs possibly in the South. Mainly on maple .......... J. hyalinus Osb.

72. Chiasmus M-R. This genus was possibly erroneously recorded from the European U.S.S.R. 1 (1).

73. 1 (1).

Hemelytra markedly shortened. Gray, dull. Vertex only a little longer than pronotum. with indistinct spots; pronotum with a transverse row of dark spots; dorsum of abdomen dark gray. 2.7-3.2. South ......................... Ch. conspurcatus Perr.

Doraturopsis Undb.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Pale, gray. Head, dorsum of body and whole abdomen with black speckles resembling warts. Dorsal part of face often dark. 5.5-9. South. On low and sparsely standing reeds (Phragmites communis) on solonchak soils (Figure 183, 9,10)............... ................................................D. heros Mel.

74. Doratura J. Shib. Gray, often greenish opalescent when alive; vertex usually with 3 black spots at anterior margin; face with black bands; abdomen with longitudinal stripes consisting of spots. On Gramineae.

12 species. 1 (8). 2 (7). 3 (4). 4 (3).

5 (6).

Dorsal side of aedeagus without denticles. Apical part of styli long, curved. (Subgenus Doralura s. str.). Apex of styli slightly curved, tapering (Figure 183, 12-14). Dorsal side of aedeagus with indistinct papillae in basal part. 3.5-4.3.(Figure 183, 14-16). ...................... D. stylata Boh. Dorsal side of aedeagus completely smooth. Apical part of styli not very long, less than 1.5 times as long as basal part. 2.7-4. South (Figure 183, 13). ........ D. exilis Horv.

FIGURE 183.

Cicadinea. Family CicadelHdae. Details of male geniialia (after Bern, Wagner,

Ribaut, Horvath and originalj

same; 3,4

R.

schmidtgeni:

3same,

ventral; 4same,

lateral; 5,6R.horvathi:

5same, dorsal; 6penis, lateral; ’7.8Endria nebulosa: 7penis and connective, dorsal; 8same. lateral; 9,10 Doraturopsis heros: 9penis, dorsal; 10penis, lateral; D. exilis, same; 11 Doratura heterophyla, stylus; 12 D. impudica. same; 13 D. homophyla, 14-16D. stylaia: 14Stylus; 15 penis, dorsal; 16same. lateral; n same: 18D.salina, same; 19D, concors, same; 20D. rusaevi, same; 21 D. medvedevi. same; 22 Aconura fasciata, same; 23 A. jakovlevi, same; 24 A. volgenAconurella proiixa: 25same; sis, same: 25. 26 26stylus.

509

6 (5).

7 (2).

8 (1).

9 (12). 10 (11). 11 (10).

404 12 (9). 13 (14).

14 (13). 15 (16). 16 (15).

75. 1 (1).

Apical part of styli long, 1.5 times as long as basal part. 4-5.8. Center, South. On Agropyron sibiricum, etc. (Figure 183,12). ............................. D. impudica Horv. Apex of stylus strongly curved and obliquely truncate. 4-5.5. South (Figure 183, 11)...................... D. heterophyla Horv. Dorsal side of aedeagus with stout denticles. Apical part of styli short, straight. (Subgenus Doraturina, subgenus novum; type of subgenus: Jassus homophylus Fl.). Penis with short denticles arranged in 2 regular rows (Figure 183. 17-18). Denticles present only in apical part of aedeagus. 3.2-4.8 (Figure 183,17) .............................. D. homophyla Fl. Denticles on the whole dorsal side of aedeagus. 3.2-4.8. South (Figure 183,18). ............................... .D. salina Horv. Penis with long processes (spines) which are not regularly arranged in 2 rows (Figure 183,19-21). Whole dorsal side of penis covered with similar spines; distal spines shorter. 3-4.5 (Figure 183, 19). ......... D. concors Horv. Spinesonbasalhalfofaedeaguslong, in apical half of aedeagus short or absent. Apex of aedeagus forked. 2.7-3.4. South. On alkali grass (Puccinellia spp.) (Figure 183,21) ........ .D. medvedevi Logv. Apex of aedeagus simple- Southeast. On Agropyron ramosum (Figure 183, 20) ................... D. rusaevi Kuzn. Aconurella Rib. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. Green; face with black fused spots; vertex usually with 3 spots at anterior margin. 2.1-3.4, Southeast (Figure 183, 25,26) ...... A. prolixa Leth.

..............................................

76. Aconura Leth. 3 species. 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3).

Aedeagus several times longer than phallobase. Hemelytra shorter than abdomen, with rounded apex. Yellowish green, sometimes brownish; a pair of black spots on junction of face andvertex. 2.8-5.6. South. (Figure 183, 23). ..... A. jakovlevi Leth. Aedeagus not more than 1.5 times as long as phallobase (Figure 183, 22,24). Processes on ventral side of aedeagus short. Hemelytra markedly shortened, truncate posteriorly. Light gray; vertex with narrow black band which is interrupted in the middle; junction of face and vertex with a pair of black spots; male abdomen dorsally black, with a light band on tergum VIII. 2.6-5.4. Southeast (Figure 183, 24) .................... A. volgensis Leth. Processes on ventral side of aedeagus long. Resembling A. volgensis Leth,, but abdomen black dorsally; posterior margin of abdominal terga light. 2.2-3.5. Southeast

(Figure 183, 22). 77. 1 (2).

Most species live on Aeluropus litoralis.

......................... A.

fasciata Em., sp. n.

Fieberiella Sign. (Figure 184, 1,3)- 2 species. Processes of anal tube and of lobes of pygophore with a single Slender. Body covered with fine black speckles. Dorsum

apex.

CICADELLIDAE

pale brown; hemelytra slightly darker; face pale, with black On various trees and shrubs F. septentrional! s W. Wgn. Process of anal tube forked; process of pygophore with a single apex. Resembling F. septentrionalis W. Wgn. Western Caucasus ............................... f. lugubris Em., sp- n. dorsal band.

6.5-7.5.

South.

..,...,

....................................

2 (1).

78. 1 (1).

79. 1 (1).

80. 1 (10).

2 (9). 3 (4).

4 (3). 5 (6).

Synophropsis Hpt.

Monotypic genus.

Slender, pale, brownish; apical cells of hemelytra with brown border. 6-6.7. Crimea. On Laurus nobili s (Figure 184. 4-6)............................................ S.lauri Horv.

Phlogotettix Rib.

Monotypic genus.

Slender; pale, brownish; a round black spot at posterior margin of vertex; black spots ventral to antennae. 4.5-5.5. Carpathians (Figure 184, 7,8) ............................. Ph. Cyclops M.R.

Platymetopius Burm. Usually polyphagous.- 10 species, Lobes of pygophore with long, geniculate process forming an acute angle (Figure 184,9-12). Hemelytra with longitudinal stripe with serrated margin along clavus. Apical processes of aedeagus projecting only a little beyond margin of gonopore (Figure 184. 14,15). Lobe on process of pygophore not present ventrally. Yellowish orange; vertex, pronotum, scutellum and stripe on hemelytra brown. 4.6-6.9. South. On trees and shrubs (Figure 184, 10,13,14). ...................................... P. major Kbm. Lobe of process of pygophore present ventrally (Figure 184, 9,11,12). Lateral margin of lobe on process of pygophore angularly pro-

Resembling P. major. 4,3-5.4 (Figure 184, 9,15) ............................. P. undatus Deg. Lateral margin of lobe on process of pygophore rounded in the middle, but projecting (Figure 184, 11,12). Yellowish orange; vertex, pronotum, scutellum and stripe on hemelytra brownish, as in P. major. 4.2-6.3. Chechen-Ingush A.S.S.R. (Figure 184, 11) .................... P. henribauti Diab. Greenish yellow; vertex, pronotum, scutellum and stripe on hemelytra grayish brown. 4.3-6.6. Southwest (Figure 184, 12). ..................................... P. dor sofene stratus Diab. Apical processes of aedeagus long, diverging, projecting far beyond margin of gonopore. Resembling P. do r sofene stratus. 5.4-6. South (Figure 184, 16-18).......... P. ponticus Em., sp. n. Processes on lobes of pygophore not geniculate. Penis with 2 pairs of processes (Figure 184, 19-25). Processes of lobes of pygophore with serrated, irregular posterior margin (Figure 184.22). Aedeagus strongly curved before apex. Apical processes of aedeagus not projecting beyond mar gin of gonopore. Yellow or greenish yellow. 4.9-6.3. Southeast (Figure 184,19)............ P. chloroticus Put, Aedeagus almost straight before apex. Apical processes of aedeagus very long, projecting far beyond margin of gonopore. Pale; vertex, pronotum, scutellum and longitudinal stripe on

truding in the middle.

6 (5).

7 (8).

8 (7),

..

9 (2).

10 (1). 11 (18). 12 (15).

13 (14).

14 (13).

.

hemelytra brownish, ;with light speckles. Outer margin of stripe on hemelytra brokeniin a steplike manner. 3.6-4.7. Southeast (Figure 184,20-22) ............................. P. minor Vilb. 406 15 (12). Posterior margin of processes of lobes of pygophore straight.

FIGURE 184. Cicadinea. Family Cicadellidae. Details of male geniialia (after Diabola, Ribaul original)

and

Ipenis, dorsal; 2-same. lateral: 3-connective: 4-6 ~ Syno5~ penis, dorsal; 6same, lateral; 7.8Phlogoteitix cyclops: 7 genital plates and genital valve; 8penis, lateral; 9Plaiymetopius und a tus, process of lobe of pygophore. lateral; 10 P. major, same; 11 P. henribauii. same; 12P.dorsofenestraius, same; 13,14P. major: 13penis, dorsal; 14same, lateral; 15P. undaius, same; 16-18 ~P. ponticus: 16 same; nsame, dorsal; 18apex of penis, anterior view; 19P. chloroiicus, penis, lateral; 20-22 P. minor: 20same. dorsal: 21-same, lateral; 22process of lobe of pygophore; 23.24 P. rostratus; 23-penis, lateral; 84same. dorsal; 25,26P. gutiatus: 25same, lateral: 26same, dorsal; 27P. obsoleius. same, laieral, 1-3Fieberiella flori: phropsis lauri: 4same;

512

CICADELLIDAE

16 (17).

Apical processes of aedeagus sharply bent at base, recurrent, crossing basal process on their side. Vertex twice or 3 times longer than pronotum. Brownish. Dorsal part of face with V-shaped black pattern; vertex with double longitudinal brown stripe. Cells of hemelytra with brown borders, 4-5. South (Figure 184, 23,24) ........................... P. rostratus H.-S. 407 17 (16). Apical and basal processes on sides of penis parallel, ventrally curved and crossing processes of the opposite side. Vertex slightly shorter than pronotum. Brownish; face sometimes with brown line at dorsal margin; cells of hemelytra with brown border. 5-6. South (Figure 184, 25,26)........ P. guttatus Fieb. 18 (11). Penis with one pair of processes. Vertex markedly shorter than pronotum, with 2 apical black spots; pale, brownish; cells of hemelytra with brown border, 4.7-5,5. South (Figure 1.84, 27).... ............................................ P. obsoletus Sign. 81. 1 (1).

Proceps M.R.

Monotypic genus.

Head markedly prolonged into conical process. Dorsum dark brown to black; vertex, dorsal part of face, pronotum and scutellum with light longitudinal stripes; pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra with light speckles; cells at costal margin of hemelytra transparent; venter light. 4-4.4. South (Figure 185, 1,2) ....................................... .P. acicularis M.R.

Slender.

82. Phlepsius Fieb. With dense brown pattern consisting of fused spots; hemelytra with reticulate pattern. Polyphagous. In the whole U-S.S.R. 2 species, 1 (2).

2 (1).

Dorsal side of aedeagus concave. Thickset; anterior margin of vertex sharp. Hemelytra darker than the body, with some light spots. 4.9-5.7, South (Figure 185, 5,6)...... Ph. intricatus H.-S. Dorsal side of penis convex. Slenderer; anterior margin of vertex rounded, Hemelytra not darker than the body; reticulate pattern of hemelytra well marked. 5.4-5.8, Southeast (Figure 185, 3,4) ........................................ Ph. ornatus Perr.

83. Selenocephalus Germ. Brown; dorsum with marbled pattern of dark brown speckles; veins of hemelytra marked by a dotted line. Dorsal part of face with narrow dark band. 2 species. 1 (2).

Aedeagus originating in middle of phallobase, with only 2 apical denticles. Color lighter. 7-8.5. Crimea, Ciscausia (Figure 172, 32,33) ..S. paUidus Kbm. Aedeagus originating on ventral part of phallobase, with denticles in its middle part in addition to apical denticles. Color darker. 7-9. South (Figure 172,31). .......................S. ^riseuS F. ......................................

2 (1).

84. 1 (2).

Anoplotettix Rib.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

4 species.

Aedeagus branching from ventral margin of phallobase. Apical process of lobes of pygophore elongate, rounded. Head, pronotum and scutellum reddish; 4 black spots on sides of vertex and at dorsal margin of frontoclypeus; pronotum with dark brown band; hemelytra transparent, with brown veins and apex. 6-7. Crimea. (Figure 185, 7,8) ............................... A. loewi Horv.

2 (1).

Aedeagus branching from dorsal margin of phallobase.

3 (4).

process of lobes of pygophore short, sometimes pointed (Figure 185, 9-12,14,15). Aedeagus long and slender; posterodorsal margin of genital

Apical

with denticle. Color as in A. loewi, but spots on face and vertex transverse, lying on brown bands. 6-7.1. Ciscaucasia

plates 4 (3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

85. 1 (1).

408

86. 1 (1).

87. 1 (1),

88.

1 (2).

2 (1).

(Figure 185, 9/10) .......................... .A. magnificus Em. Aedeagus short, stocky. Genital plates without denticles (Figure 182, 11,12,14,15), Processes on lobes of pygophore hatchet-shaped, dorsally and ventrally delimited by a denticle. Gonopore slightly dorsal, flanked by lobes. Yellowish brown; hemelytra transparent, with brown apex and veins. Head usually without spots. 5-6. Moldavia (Figure 185, 11-13)................... A. horvathi Mete. Processes on lobes of pygophore simple, pointed, without dorsal denticle. Gonopore apical. Color as in A. horvathi; a pair of black spots usually present on dorsal part of frontoclypeus and at anterior margin of vertex. 5.3-6. Carpathians (Figure 185, 14,15).................................. A,fuscovenosus Ferr. Idiodonus Ball.

1 species in the Old World.

Light, yellowish; dorsal part of face usually with a pair of black spots. Face and dorsum with fused red speckles; venter with black spots. 4.3-5,5. North, Center. Polyphagous (Figure 185, 16,17) ..................................... I. cruentatus Panz. Colladonus Ball.

1 species in the Old World.

Brownish; vertex with black band; frontoclypeus with a pair of black spots dorsally and a serrated pattern laterally; hemelytra semitransparent, with light veins; venter with black spots. 4.4-4.9. (Figure 185, 18,19)................... C. torneeUus Zett. Lamprotettix Rib.

Monotypic genus.

Head and scutellum pale yellow; pronotum brownish green; face with black pattern and 2 spots dorsally; vertex with interrupted band; scutellum with black spots in lateral corners; hemelytra brown, with dark brown spots and some greenish cross veins. 5.1-5.7. Northwest, Southwest. Polyphagous (Figure 185, 20,21).. ....................................... L. octopunctatus Schrk.

Allygus

Fieb.

On trees and shrubs.

Polyphagous. 2 species.

Penis slightly curved; a row of macrochaetae at outer margin of genital plates; posterior angles of pregenital sternum of female rounded-rectangular; face with black pattern; dorsum with brown pattern on light ground; hemelytra with pattern of fused transverse stripes; cross veins sometimes light. 6-7 (Figure 185, 22,23) ............................... A. mixtus F. Penis strongly curved; the row of macrochaetae at a small distance from margin of genital plates; posterior angles of pregenital sternum markedly projecting, prolonged posteriad.

CICADELUDAE

Face with black pattern; dorsum with brownish pattern on light ground; hemelytra brownish, with light veins and some brown spots. 6.5-7.5 (Figure 185, 24-26). ........... A. modestus Scott. 89. AUygidius Rib. Brownish species with brown pattern; hemelytra with brown spots and light veins. Mainly on trees and shrubs. Polyphagous. 4 species. 1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1).

5 (6).

6 (5).

90. 1 (1).

91. 1

(1).

92. 1 (1).

410

93.

1 (2).

Appendages of lobes of pygophore not forked. Macrochaetae of genital plates irregularly arranged (Figure 185, 27,33). (Subgenus Allygidius s.str.). Styli projecting beyond genital plates. Processes of genital plates not crossed, directed ventrad, 6.5-7.5 (Figure 185, 27-29) ........ .......................................... A. com.mutatus Scott. Styli not projecting beyond genital plates. Processes crossed, more or less on a horizontal plane. 8-9, South. (Figure 185, 30-32)........................................ A. atomarius F. Appendages of lobes of pygophore with forked apex. Macrochaetae on genital plates in one row (Figure 186, 3,6,7). (Subgenus Dicrallygus Rib.). Apex of styli pointed, projecting beyond genital plates. Fork at apex of processes of pygophore small. 6-7. South (Figure 186, 1-3)........................................... A. mayri Kbm. Styli clavate, their apex not projecting beyond genital plates. Fork of processes of pygophore large. 6.5-7.5. South (Figure 186, 4-7)........................................ .A. furcatus Ferr.

Phlepsidius Em.

1 species.

Dorsum brown; hemelytra with brown veins; cells of hemelytra in some places dark brown at a distance from veins; venter pale. 4,4-4.7. Southeast. On shrubs and undershrub of Family Chenopodiaceae (Figure 186, 8,9). ................ Ph. desertorum Em.

Graphocraerus Thms.

Monotypic genus.

Green; vertex with 6 black spots; pronotum with 4 spots in a transverse row; hemelytra with prominent veins; male hemelytra slightly longer, female hemelytra slightly shorter than abdomen. 5-6.5. On Gramineae (Figure 186, 10,11). ...... G. ventralis Fall. Hardya Edw.

Brown,

1 species.

with dark brown

pattern; anterior margin of vertex with 6 black spots followed by a sinuous line forming a fanlike pattern consisting of 4 longitudinally-prolonged loops; face with black pattern; scutellum with orange spots; hemelytra with several dark brown spots- 2.7-4 (Figure 186, 12-14)..... H. tenuis Germ.

Stenometopiellus Hpt.~ Not less than 3 species. Ventral side of lobes of pygophore with broad apical, downwardcurved lobe. Apex of genital plates more or less flat, short. Grayish, with dark brown pattern; pattern of vertex consisting of longitudinal lines in posterior part and transverse lines in anterior part; pronotum and scutellum spotted; some cells of

515

FIGURE 185. Cicadinea. Family Cicadellidae. Details of original)

male

genitalia (after Zakhvaikin, Ribaut

and

1,2Proceps 3same,

acicularis: Ipenis, dorsal; 2same. lateral; 3,4Phlepsius ornatus: dorsal; 4same. lateral; 5,6Ph. intricatus; 5same, lateral: 6same, dorsal; loewi: 1same, dorsal; 8same, lateral; 9,10A. magnificus: dorsal; 10same, lateral; 11-13A. horvathi: 11same, dorsal; 12same,

7.8Anoplotettix 9same,

13apexoflobeofpygophore; 14,15 A. fuscovenosus: 14--penis, anterior aspect; same, lateral; 16.17 Idiodonus criienEaius: 16 same. dorsal; 17 same, lateral; 18,19 Colladonus lorneellus: 18same. dorsal; 19same. lateral; 20,21Lamproiettix occopunctatus! 20sanie, dorsal; 21same, laietal; 22.23Allygus mixtus; 22same, dorsal; 23same. lateral: 24-26A, modestus: 24genital plates, valve and styli, dorsal; 25penis, dorsal; 26same, lateral; 27-29 Allygidius con-imutaius: 27genital plates, lateral; 30-32 valve and styli, ventral; 28penis, dorsal; 29same. A. atomarius: 30same, dorsal; 31same, lateral; 32genital plates, valve and stylus, ventral. lateral; 15

516

CICADELLIDAE

hemelytra with brown border. 2.8-3.2. Steppes of the East; S. tesquorum Em,, sp.n. Kazakhstan (Figure 186, 15-17). Lobe of pygophore little developed, not curved downward. Apex of genital plates longer, strongly curved dorsad. Grayish, almost without pattern. 2.8-3-2. South. On Festuca sulcata (Figure 186, 18,19) ........................ S. festucarius Logv. ....,.,..

2 (1).

94.

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

4

(1).

Paluda DeL. On Gramineae.

6 species.

Gonopore apical; sides of aedeagus with carinate processes. Processes of lobes of pygophore longer, their apex directed posteriad or dorsad; ventral margin of lobes membranous in the middle (Figure 186,20-24). (Subgenus Paluda s. str.). Process of pygophore straight, sword-shaped, its apex directed posteriad. Pale. yellowish. 4.2-5. East. On Agropyron repens, etc. (Figure 186, 20-22)............... P. agropyri Em. Process of pygophore curved dorsad at apex. Yellow. 4-4.5. On Calam agro sti s epigeios (Figure 186,23-25) ........... .............................................. P. flaveola Boh.

Gonopore ventral, subapical; aedeagus simple, rounded.

Processes of lobes of pygophore shorter, their apex directed obliquely ventrad; lobes without membranous part (Figure 186, 25-28). (Subgenus Rhop alopyx Rib.). 5 (8). Apex of aedeagus bidentate; outer subapical corner of styli well developed, prominent. Pale; vertex with 3 black spots at anterior margin and one black spot in middle of posterior margin; pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra with black longitudinal stripes. 6 (7). Lobe of pygophore uniformly tapering. 3.6-3.9. In dry meadows (Figure 186, 26-28). ......................... P. preyssleri H.-S. Lobe of pygophore with rounded apex, with denticle (approxi7 (6). mately as in Figure 187, 2). 3.6-3.9. In marshy meadows ........ ......................................... P. adumbrata C. Shib. 8 (5). Apex of aedeagus rounded, slightly notched; outer subapical corner of styli little developed. Without pattern. 9 (10). Apical denticle of lobes of pygophore long; setae of pygophore not reaching its apex; ventral margin of lobe uniformly concave anterior to denticle. Pale; greenish, 3-4 (Figure 187, 1)..,.,... ............................................ P. vitrlpennis Fl. 10 (9). Apical denticle of lobes of pygophore short; setae of pygophore reaching beyond apex; ventral margin of lobes angularly concave anterior to denticle. Pale; greenish. 3-4. South (Figure 187,2).. ........................................

95. 1 (2).

2 (1).

P. parvispina W.Wgn.

Elymana DeL. On Grarnineae. 2 species, Lobes of pygophore with a row of fine denticles dorsally. Apical processes of penis not curved dorsad. Greenish yellow. 4-5,4 (Figure 187, 5,6) .......................... .E. sulphurella Zett. Lobes of pygophore with stout denticle dorsally. Apical processes of penis curved dorsad. Resembling E. sulphurella. 5-5.5. North, Center. In humid, shady forests (Figure 187, 3,4) ........ ......................................... E. kozhevnikov Zachv.

FIGURE 186. Cicadinea. Family Cicadellidae. Details of male genilalia (after Diabola. Ribaut and original)

1-2Allygidius mayri: Ipenis, dorsal: 2same, oblique-lateral; 3--process of lobe of pygophore; 4-7 A. furcatus: 4penis, dorsal; 5same. lateral; 6genital plate, valve and stylus, oblique-ventral; 7 lobe of pygophore; 8,9 Phlepsidius desertorum- 8penis, dorsal; 9same, lateral; 10,11 Graphocraerus ventralis: 10genital plates, valve and stylus, oblique-ventral; 11penis, lateral; 12-14Hardya tenuis; 12same; 13lobeof ~

~

pygophore: 14Stylus; 15-17Sten’ometopiellus tesquorum: 15genital plate; 16apex pygophore; 17penis, lateral; 18,19S.festucarius: ISsame; 19apex of lobe of pygophore; 20-22 Paluda agropyri; 20process of lobe of pygophore; 21penis, dorsal;

of lobe of

22same,

lateral: 23-25P.flaveola: 23same, dorsal; 24same, lateral; 25genitalia, preyssleri: 26genitalia, lateral; 27penis, lateral; 28 apex of penis, dorsa

lateral; 26-28P.

518

CICADELUDAE

96. Cicadula Zett. 9 species. 1 (10). 2 (3).

3 (2). 4

(5).

5 (4).

In humid and marshy habitats on sedge.

Lobes of pygophore with toothlike processes. (Subgenus C ic adula s. str.). of penis simple, without any appendages. Greenish yellow; pattern as in C. quadrinotata. 4.4-5. Northwest (Figure 187, 8,9) ......................................... C. saturata Edw. Apex of penis with slender processes (Figure 187, 10-17). Apex of penis with 4 processes. Male orange-yellow; female greenish yellow; pattern as in C. quinquenotata, but often completely or partly absent. 4.7-5.5. On sedge (Figure 187, 10,11) ........................................ C. flori J. Shib. Apex of penis with 3 processes; median process forked

Apex

(Figure 187,12-17). 6 (7).

412

7 (6).

Phallobase markedly inflated ventrally in the form of a cone. Median process at apex of penis much shorter than lateral processes. Greenish yellow; vertex with black spots lateral to ocelli; dorsal part of frontoclypeus with two transverse black spots; frontoclypeus often with dark spots ventral to antennae; dark spots at base of antennae. 3.9-5.2 (Figure 187, 12,13).....,., ............................................ C. quadrinotata F. Phallobase not inflated ventrally, gradually passing into aedeagus. Median process not less than half as long as lateral processes

(Figure 187,14-17). Penis uniformly curved; phallobase slightly thickened. Lateral in profile on a line with apex of aedeagus. Apical process of lobes of pygophore almost as large as basal process. Yellow; frontoclypeus with 2 oblong spots ventral to antennae and 2 transverse spots at dorsal margin; vertex with 2 round spots lateral to ocelli. 4.5-5.5. Northwest. On sedge (Figure 187, 14,15) .............. C. quinquenotata Boh. 9 (8). Aedeagus angularly curved, strongly dilated at base. Lateral processes of apex of aedeagus in profile forming an angle with apex of aedeagus. Apical process of lobes of pygophore much smaller than basal process. Habitus and size as in C. quadri notata (Figure 187, 7,16,17). ............... C. persimilis Edw. 10 (1). Lobes of pygophore without processes. 11 (14). Aedeagus without processes. Gonopore dorsal, subapical. (Subgenus Cyp erana DeL.). 12 (13). Apex of lobes of pygophore not curved dorsad, their dorsal margin convex. Styli with narrow apex. Yellow or orangeyellow; transverse black spots at dorsal margin of face, 2 spots on frontoclypeus and 2 spots on tempora. 4-5.8, North (Figure 187, 18,19) ......................... C. intermedia Boh. 13 (12). Apex of lobes of pygophore slightly curved dorsad, their dorsal margin concave. Styli thickened at apex- Resembling C- inter8 (9).

processes of apex of aedeagus

media.

5-6.8.

Northwest.

...................................

C. ornata Mel. (straminea S. DeL.). 14 (11). Aedeagus with a pair of anteriorly-directed median processes. Gonopore apical (Figure 187,20-23). (Subgenus HenrianaEm., subgen.n.; type of subgenus: Jassus frontalis H.-S.). ..........................

15 (16). Processes closer to apex of aedeagus than to the base. Aedeagus in profile not tapering. Yellow, with orange spots; tempora black at base Of antennae; fastigium with 2 dark spots. 4.5-6. South (Figure 187, 20,21). C. frontalis H.-S, 16 (15). Processes closer to base of aedeagus than to the apex. at Aedeagus in profile broader base than at apex. Greenish yellow, with orange spots; frontoclypeus often dark; 2 black dots on fastigium, 4.2-5.3. Moldavia. On Baldingera arundinacea (Figure 187, 22,23)............. C. placida Horv. ..............

97. 1 (1).

98. 1 (1).

99.

1(1).

100.

,

1 (1).

101. 1 (1).

414

102. 1 (1),

103. 1 (2).

Taurotettix Hpt.

Monotypic genus.

Vertex flat, its anterior margin angular. Greenish yellow; hemelytra of female reaching apex of pygophore; ovipositor projecting beyond pygophore; hemelytra of male slightly longer than. abdomen. 4-5. South. On Agropyron cristatum,A. desertorum (Figure 187, 24, 25)..............T* beckeri Fieb. Callistrophia Em.

Monotypic genus.

Rich-yellow; hemelytra with a brown longitudinal stripe; this stripe is often present only in apical part of hemelytra. 5-6. Southeast. On Agropyron spp., Hordeum spp. In solonchak meadows (Figure 187, 26,27) ................... C. elegans Mel.

Mocydia Edw. Monotypic genus. Light; anterior margin of vertex with a pair of black oblique lines; dorsum with brownish longitudinal stripes. 4.2-5.4, Crimea (Figure 187, 28,29). .................... M. crocea H.-S.

Mocydiopsis Rib.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

1 species.

Brownish; dorsum with traces of reddish longitudinal stripes. Median apical cell of hemelytra dark brown. 3.7-4.6. South (Figure 188, 1,2) ........................... M. attenuata Germ,

Pseudotettix Rib.l

species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Brown to dark brown; venter black; frontoclypeus usually with dark transverse pattern; vertex with indistinct band; anterior margin of pronotum with spots; hemelytra sometimes darker than remainder of dorsum, with light veins. 5-5.8. In forests. (Figure 188, 3,4) ........................... S. subfusculus Fall. Hesium Rib.

Monotypic genus.

Brownish-chestnut; venter black; vertex usually with black band; frontoclypeus black; anterior margin of pronotum and scutellum with black spots; apex of A with white spots. 5.9-6.55. (Figure 188. 5,6) ........................... H. biguttatum Fall.

Thamnotettix Zett. 3 species.

Gonopore directly on dorsal side of aedeagus.

(Subgenus

Loepotettix Rib.). Pale brown. 5,9-6.7. Crimea (Figure 188, 7,8) ............................ Th. dilutior Kbm.

520

CICADELUDAE

FIGURE 187. Cicadine; Ribaut and original)

nily Cicadellidae.

Details of male

P. Paluda vitripennis, apex of lobe of pygophoce; 2 ispina, same: 3,4Elyma kozhevniEtovi: 3penis, lateral; 4lobeofpygophore; 5,6E, ; 7Cicadula persimilis, genital plates, v. ilve and styli; 8,9C. satu 8penis, dorsal; 9same, lateral; 10,11C. flori: 10apex of penis, dorsal; 11penis, lateral ,13 C. quadrinotata: 12apex of penis, dorsal; 13penis, lateral; 14,15C, quinquenc apex of penis, dorsal; 15same, lateral; 16,17 C. persimilis: 16apex of penis, dorsal; same. lateral: 18,19C. intermedia: 18penis, dorsal: 19same, lateral; 20,21 C, fr< li’s: 20same, dorsal; 21same, lateral; 22. 23C.placida; 23same. dorsal; 23same, ceral; 24,25 TauroEettix beckeri: 24same, lateral; 25genital plate and Stylus, vencral; 26,27Callistrophia elegans: 26same, lateral; 27genital plate and Stylus, ventral: 28,29 Mocydia crocea: 28penis, dorsal; 29same, lateral. 1

6lobeofpygophore;

2

(1).

.

3 (4).

Gonopore at apex of long process on dorsal side of aedeagus (Figure 188,9-11). (Subgenus Thamnotettix s. str.). Dorsal side of aedeagus with apical denticle. Pale brown, sometimes with red speckles. 7-7.5. Southwest (Figure 188,9). ........................................ Th. exemptus P. Low. Dorsal side of aedeagus without apical denticle. Green or pale brown, sometimes with red speckles, 5.6-7.7 (Figure 188, 10,11) ...................................... .Th. confinis Zett.

4 (3).

104. 1 (2).

Pithyotettix Rib.

On conifers.

.

2 species.

Pygophore symmetrical. Penis with processes. (Subgenus Pithyotettix s.str.). Head, pronotum and scutellum yellowish green, sometimes red; frontoclypeus with brown pattern; hemelytra brown; apex of veins of clavus and corium white; basal third of corium and spot posterior to middle whitish; venter more or less black. 5.4-5.9. On spruce (Picea able s) (Figure 188,12) P. abietinus Fall. Pygophore asymmetrical. Penis without processes. (Subgenus Perotettix Rib.). Head and pronotum pale brown; lora, anteand frontoclypeus brown; anterior margin and middle line of pronotum brown; scutellum brown, with a pair of dark spots; hemelytra brown, some veins light. 5.1-5.5. Western Belorussia. On spruce. Rare (Figure 188, 13-15)..... P. pictus Leth. ............................................

2 (1).

105. 1 (1).

Macustus Rib.

4.2-5.6. 106. 1 (1).

Monotypic genus.

Hemelytra of female slightly shorter than abdomen. Brown; vertex with 2 indistinct brown bands; anterior band projecting anteriorly in the form of an obtuse angle. Frontoclypeus with brown pattern. Pronotum and scutellum with indistinct spots. Marshes and other humid habitats.

...........................

Doliotettix Rib.

Monotypic genus.

Males narrower cind slenderer than female. Yellowish green; venter black; frontoclypeus with brown pattern. 4-4.8. North,

Center (Figure 188, 17,18) 107.

1 (2).

2 (1).

On Gramineae .M. grisescens Zett.

(Figure 188, 16).

Athysanus F.

.....................

D. pallens Zett.

Polyphagous; in humid habitats. 2 species.

Processes at apex of aedeagus.

Head very broad; insect light, silvery; vertex with black band; dorsum with black longitudinal Stripes. 6.5-8. Generally on sedge (Figure 188, 19,20). ........ .............................................. A. argentatus F. Processes of aedeagus subapical. Gray, with black fused pattern; vertex with transverse band; pronotum with longitudinal stripes. Hemelytra with V-shaped bands; hemelytra of female slightly shorter than abdomen. 4.8-5.6. In humid vegetation consisting of Geranium, Geum, etc. (Figure 188, 21,22) ....................................... A. quadrum Boh.

CtCADELLIDAE

FIGURE 18S.

1. 2

Cicadinea.

Family Cicadellidae.

Mocydiopsis attenuata: Ipenis,

Details of male genitalia (after Ribaut and

dorsal; 2same,

original)

lateral; 3,4Pseudotett

ix

Thamnotettix diluEior: 7same, dorsal; 8 same. lateral; dorsal; 6same, lateral: 7, 8 9Th. exemptus same, lateral; 10.11 Th. con finis: 10 same. dorsal; 11 same, lateral; 12 Pithyolettix abietinus, same, lateral; 13-15 P. p ictus: 13 genital plates, valve and stylus, ventral; 14penis, lateral: 15same. dorsal; 16Macustus grisescens, same, lateral; Dolioteitix pallens: 17same, dorsal; 18same, lateral; 19.20 If, 18 Athysanus

lateral: 23-Handianus flavovarius, same, dorsal; 24, 25 H. beybienkoi: 26same, lateral; 25same, dorsal; 26, 27 dorsal; 28H. ignoscus, same.

22same.

24same,

H. ephedrae: lateral; 27same,

108. 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (24.). 4 (21).

5 (6).

Handianus Rib.

13 species.

Lobes of pygophore not visible ventrally, shorter than genital plates. Penis Y-shaped. Aedeagus short, its branches directed posteriad and ventrad. Yellow; face and vertex with pattern of black spots; hemelytra of male usually with black longitudinal stripes. 5-7. South. On Gramineae (Figure 188, 23) ................ .......................................... H. flavovarius H.-S. Lobes of pygophore visible ventrally at apex of sides of genital

plates. Aedeagus T-shaped; macropterous (Figure 188. 25,27,28). Lobes of pygophore without subapical denticle. Lobes of pygophore (Figure 188, 25,27,28) in ventral aspect without subapical notch on outer margin, with simple pointed apex. Branches of penis without processes, their apex curved anteriad. Dove-gray; anterior margin of vertex with black pattern; legs with brown pattern. 4.8-5.5. Southeast; Kazakhstan. On Ephedra distachya (Figure 188, 24,25). ....................................... H. ephedrae Em.. sp.n. Branches of penis ending in 2 different processes, often with a denticle at sides of gonopore (Figures 188,26-28; 189,1-11). Posterior margin of gonopore with deep, sharp notch in the middle. Pale yellow, without pattern. 5.2-6. Extreme South. On halophytes (Figure 188, 26,27) ............ H. beybienkoi Dlab, Posterior margin of gonopore without sharp notch (Figures 188,28; 189,1-11). Outer process of branches of penis longer than inner process. Brownish gray, with dark pattern. 5.4-6. South. On broom (Cytisus ruthenicus) and other Leguminosae.(Figures 188,28; 189,1) ....................................... H. ignoscus Mel. Outer process of branches of penis shorter than inner process (Figure 189,2-11). Denticles at margin of gonopore large, distinctly separated from posterior margin of gonopore in profile. Posterior margin of gonopore slightly convex, distinctly brokenly curved, with 2 apices (Figure 189, 2-5). Outer processes of branches of penis little developed. Resembling H. ignoscus. 4.5-5.5. Southeast. On Artemisia (Figure 189, 2,3) .................................. H. pellucidus Em., sp. n. Outer processes of branches of penis strong. Resembling H. pellucidus. 4.3-5.8. Southeast; Kazakhstan. On Artemisia and Pyrethrum sp. (Figure 189, 4,5) ................. ........................................ H. arnoldii Em., sp.n. Denticles at margin of gonopore not developed or only slightly so, and indistinctly delimited from posterior margin of gonopore in profile. Posterior margin of gonopore concave or sinuous. (Figure 189.6-11). Denticles at margin of gonopore little further apart than apices of inner processes of branches of penis. Margin of gonopore straight, slightly sinuous. Pale reddish brown, with slightly marked pattern. 4.7-5.5. Southeast; Kazakhstan. On

....................

416

6 (5). 7 (8).

8 (7). 9 (10).

10 (9).

11 (14).

12 (13).

13 (12).

14 (11).

15 (16).

CICADELLIDAE

Limonium gmelini and L. suffrutic o sum) (Figure 189,

6,7) ..................................... H. Umonii Em., sp. n. 16 (15). Denticles at margin of gonopore much closer together than apex of inner processes of branches of penis (Figure 189, 9,11). 17 (20), Posterior margin of gonopore markedly sinuous, but usually straight (Figure 189, 9). 18 (19). Brownish, with reddish brown pattern, 5.9-6.6. South. On Cerasus fruticosus (Figure 189, 8,9)...................... .......................................... H. cerasi Em., sp. n. 19(18). Grayish, with blackish pattern. 5-6.1. Center, South. On Cytisus ruthenicus ......................-H. cytisi Zachv. 20 (17). Posterior’ margin of gonopore distinctly concave. Resembling H. cytisi. 4.6-5.2. Southeast; Kazakhstan. On Spiraea hypericifolia (Figure 189, 10,11)..... .H. spiraeae Em., sp.n. 21 (4). Lobes of pygophore with ventral subapical notch on outer margin, their apex rounded. 22 (23). Apex of genital plates slightly prolonged and curved outward. pale yellow; vertex with 6 black spots. 6-7. South. On some Compositae (Senecio spp., Echinops ritro, etc.) (Figure 189, 12.13) ...................................... .H. procerus H.-S. 23 (22). Apex of genital plates not prolonged and connected. Hemelytra usually reaching apex of abdomen. Pale, yellowish or dove-gray. 4.6-5.6. Southeast; Kazakhstan. On Eurotia ceratoides (Figure 189, 14,15) ..................... H. eurotiae Em., sp.n. 24 (3). Lobes of pygophore with subapical denticle on outer side. Yellow, with 4 black spots at anterior margin of vertex. 5-6. Southeast. Polyphagous; developing on ephemeral plants.

...................

...........................................

418

109. 1 (1).

Stictocoris Thms.

H. imperator Diab.

Monotypic genus.

Moderately thickset. Light; vertex with 2 round black spots; frontoclypeus with a pair of spots dorsally and one spot in the middle; genae with a pair of spots ventral to antennae; pronotum with large spot in middle of posterior margin, a pair of small spots at anterior margin and a pair of small spots at sides of posterior margin; hemelytra with dark longitudinal stripes. 4-4.8 (Figure 189, 16,17)......................... S. lineatus F.

FIGURE 189. Cicadinea. Ribaut and original)

Family Cicadellidae.

Details of male

genitalia (after LeQuesne, Ossiannilsson,

lHandianus ignoscus. penis, lateral; 2. 3H. pellucidus: 2same; 3same. dorsal; H, arnoldii: 4same, lateral; 5same, dorsal; 6.1 H. 1 imonii: 6same. dorsal; H. cerasi; 8-same, lateral: 9same, dorsal; 10.11 lateral; 8, 9 H . spiraeae: lateral; 11same, dorsal; 12.13 10same, H. procerus; 12same, lateral; 13sameand H. eurotiae: 14penis, lateral; 15same, dorsal; 16.17 Scictoconnective, dorsal; 14,15

4,5

7same.

S. corniculus; 19same, dorsal; 20same, lateral; 21lobe of ventral and lateral; 19-21 pygophore; 22-24 S, decumanus; 22penis, dorsal; 23same, lateral; 24lobe of pygophore; S. pliKonius: 25penis, dorsal; 26same, lateral; 27lobe of pygophore; 28-30 S. rus25-2f S. cransversus: seolus: 28penis, dorsal; 29same, lateral; 30lobe of pygophore: 31-33 31penis, dorsal; 32same, lateral; 33lobe of pygophore.

HOMOPTERA

FIGURE 189. For legend,

526

see

page

525.

CICADELLIDAE

..........................................

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

5 (8). 6 (7).

.

4 (3).

.

3 (4).

Dorsal wall of anal tube not sclerotized. (Subgenus Ophiolix Rib.). Yellowish, with black, speckled pattern; vertex with black band followed by an additional band which is interrupted-in the middle; hemelytra with dark longitudinal stripes. 4-4.8. North (Figure 189,18). ........................S. paludosus Boh. Dorsal wall of anal tube sclerotized in a large part. (Subgenus Scleroracus s.str.). Sides of aedeagus with pointed, anteriorly-directed denticles. Black; head with pattern of light transverse lines; pronotum and scutellum with fused black spots; cells of hemelytra with dark borders. 4.1-5 (Figure 189, 19-21)..... S. corniculus Marsh. Sides of aedeagus without processes or with blunt processes. Sides of aedeagus with blunt processes (Figure 189, 22,25). Dorsal process of lobes of pygophore pointed, directed posteriorly. Resembling S. corniculus (Figure 189, 22-24). .

2 (1).

6 species.

.

1 (2).

Scleroracus V.D.

.

110.

S. decumanus Kontk.

7 (6).

Dorsal process of lobes of pygophore short, blunt. Resembling S. decuroanus (Figure 189, 25-27)............ S. plutonius Uhl. Sides of aedeagus completely smooth. 8 (5). 9 (10). Dorsal process of lobes of pygophore directed posteriorly at apex. Apical processes of aedeagus slightly curved outward. Resembling S. plutonius, but paler (Figure 189, 28-30)......... ............................................ S. russeolus Fall. 10 (9). Dorsal process of lobes of pygophore directed dorsally at apex. Apical processes of aedeagus strongly curved outward. Venter black; face with black fused spots on yellowish ground; vertex with black band; pronotum black, with light spots which form an indistinct band; veins of hemelytra light; cells of hemelytra dark. 2.9-3.7. On Compositae (Figure 189, 31-33) .. .......................................... S. transversus Fall. .

111.

Limotettix J. Shib.

vertex with band anteriorly.

Greenish yellow;

..

face with black pattern;

4 species.

1 (2).

Apex

2 (1). 3 (6). 4 (5).

Apex of styli right-angled geniculate (Figure 190, 1).

of styli slightly dilated and sharply truncate. 4-4.7 (Figure 190,2-5). ............................... L. Striola Fall.

Carinae on dorsal side of penis gradually disappearing posteriorly. Ventral margin of penis concave. Pattern on face little developed. 4.4-5.3. Dagestan, Azerbaijan (Figure 198, 25) L. aviger Em., sp. n. Ventral margin of penis convex. 4.5-5.5. Center, Northwest L. sphagneticus Em., sp.n. (Figure 198, 26). Carinae on dorsal side of aedeagus ending suddenly posteriorly. 4-5.4. North (Figures 190,1; 198,27).......... L. atricapilla Boh.

..................

5 (4).

.

..........................................

.....................

6 (3). 112.

1 (1).

Condylotes Em.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Hemelytra slightly shorter than abdomen. Face with dark brown pattern and a pair of black spots dorsally; vertex with brown spots; pronotum and scutellum with brown speckled pattern;

HOMOPTERA

with light network of veins. 3-4.4. South. Compositae such as Tanacetum achilleifolium,

hemelytra brown,

On Linosyris tatarica, etc. (Figure 190, 6).

...................

...........................................

C. zachvatkini Em.

113. Laburrus Rib. On Arteinisia and other Compositae. whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 1 (2).

In the

Apex of styli markedly thickened. (Subgenus Esolanus Rib.). Aedeagus shorter (Figure 190, 7,8). Broad; hemelytra slightly

shorter than abdomen. Yellow. 3.5-4.6. South. On various Compositae such as Centaurea spp., Serratula spp., Lino syri s spp.. etc. (Figure 190, 7,8). ......... L. pellax Horv. 2 (1). Apex of styli slender (Figure 190, 9). (Subgenus Laburrus s. str.). 3 (10). Lobes of pygophore markedly projecting beyond dorsal margin of pygophore. 419 4 (5). Reddish brown to black; very shiny, sometimes with waxy film; hemelytra slightly shorter than abdomen. 3.1-3.8. Southeast. On Artemisia pauciflora. Males rare (Figure 190.10)..... ............................................... L. amazon Em. 5 (4). Bluish gray or green. Green. 6 (9). 7(8). Green, with brown spots on hemelytra. 3.7-4.2. Center, South. On Artemisia abrotanum (Figure 190, 11). ................. .............................................. L. abrotani Em. Greenish yellow, slender; hemelytra longer than abdomen, 8 (7). sometimes black at apex. 3.9-5.2. Center, South. On Artemisia and various other Compositae (Figure 190, 9,12).......... .......................................... L. impictifrons Boh. 9 (6). Bluish gray, sometimes with brown spots on hemelytra. 3.4-4.7. On Artemisia austriaca, A. incana, etc. (Figure 190, 13).. South. .................................... L. handlirschi Mats. 10 (3). Lobes of pygophore truncate posteriorly. Bluish gray,, sometimes with brown spots as L. handlirschi. 3.3-3.5. South; Crimea. .

............................................ L. kuznetsovi. Em. 114. Euscelidius Rib. With brown speckled pattern; vertex posterior to ocelli with a pair of transverse triangular spots, their apex directed outward. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Apex of penis with 2 downward-curved denticles. Aedeagus uniformly curved. Ocelli small, their distance from eyes larger than diameter of ocellus. Apex of face with 2 dark spots. 3.3-5.2 (Figure 190, 14,15)................. Eu. variegatus Kbm. Apex of penis widened transversely, its lateral angles pointed and curved posteriad. Aedeagus sharply bent at base, straight in basal half, then arcuate. Ocelli large, their distance from eyes about equal to diameter of ocellus. 4.5-5.4 (Figure 190, 16,17).......................................Eu, schenki Kbm.

CICADELUDAE

FIGURE 190. Cicadinea. Family Cicadeilidae. Derails of male geniialia (after Miiller. Ossiannilsson, Ribaut and original) ILimoreitix

atricapilla, genital plates, valve and stylus; 2-5L.

scrioia:

2genital plaies,

zachvaikini, same lateral, and apex of penis, vential; 7,8Laburrus pellax: 7penis, lateral; 8genital plates and stylus, dorsal; 9L. impiccifrons, same; 10L.amazon, penis, lateral; IIL. abroiani, same; 12L. impictifrons, same; 13-L- handlirschi, same; 14,15Euscelidius variegatus: 14penis, dorsal; 15same, lateral; 16,n-Eu. schenki: 16penis,dorsal; 17same.laieral; 18,19-Euscelis obsoleius; 18-same, dorsal: 19-same. lateral; 20.21-Eu. plebejus, variations of apex of penis; 22-24Eu. lineolatus, same; 25 Eu. distinguendus, apex of penis; 26 Eu. venosus, same; 27,28Eu. ser iphid ii: 27penis, dorsal; 28same, lateral: 29,30Eu.<3iscolor:29same; 30-same. dorsal; 31,32-Eu. luieus: 31-same; 32-same. lateral.

115. 1 (12).

2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4). 6 (9).

7 (8).

Euscelis Brulle.

8 species.

Brown or gray. Outer margin of genital plates straight or slightly concave in the middle. (Subgenus Euscelis s.str.). Aedeagus with long apical processes directed anteriad. Heroelytra not longer than abdomen. Pale gray; vertex with black spots; face with black pattern. 4.3-5.6. South (Figure 190, 18,19) ...... ........................................... Eu. obsoletus Kbm, Aedeagus without processes or with recurrent or laterallydirected processes (Figure 190,20-32). Base of notch at apex of aedeagus much closer to base of aedeagus than apex of processes. Macropterous, with marked brownish gray pigmentation. 3.1-4 (Figure 190, 25)....................... ....................................... Eu. distinguendus Kbm. Base of notch at level of apex of branches or closer to apex of aedeagus, or branches absent (Figure 190, 20-27). Notch of aedeagus narrow distally (Figure 190, 26,27). Hemelytra not longer than abdomen. Margin of notch of aedeagus slightly serrate distally. Processes of aedeagus slightly S-shaped, about parallel. Brown, often very dark, almost black. 3.2-4.5 (Figure 190, 26). . Eu. venosus Kbm. Margin of notch smooth distally. Processes of aedeagus more or less straight, converging. Gray or brown. 3.4-4.1. Southeast. On Artemisia pauciflora, etc. (Figure 190, 27.28)... ............................................ Eu. seriphidii Em. Notch of aedeagus widening distally, often very shallow .

8 (7).

9 (6).

.

(Figure 190,20-24). 10 (11).

If the branches at the apex of the aedeagus are absent, apex with 4 processes; if branches are present, the distal processes of the penis are uniformly and broadly rounded. Macropterous; reddish brown. 3.5-5 (Figure 190, 20,21). ..... Eu. plebejus Fall. 11 (10). If branches are absent, apex with 2 processes; if branches present, distal processes of penis with a denticle or denticulate, 3.1-5. South (Figure 190, 22-24)........... Eu. lineolatus Brulle. 12 (1). Pale yellow, with black pattern mainly on head and pronotum. Outer margin of genital plates convex. (Subgenus Ederranus Rib.). 13 (14). Slenderer; genital plates markedly elongate. Face usually black; vertex and pronotum sometimes with black band; cells of hemelytra dark. Hemelytra of female slightly shorter than abdomen. 4.7-6. On Glyceria aquatica (Figure 190, 29,30) ........... .......................................... Eu. discolor J. Shib. 421 14 (13). Thickset. Genital plates short. Face with black spots dorsal to antennae; vertex and pronotum each with a pair of black spots. Hemelytra usually shorter than abdomen. 5-6.5. North. On C alam agro sti s lanceolata in marshy forests (Figure 190, 31,32) ..................................... .Eu. luteus C. Shib. 116. Streptanus Rib. 6 species.

1 (8).

Hemelytra usually shorter than abdomen.

Apical dilatation of penis (spatula) not broader than long. Aedeagus markedly tapering (Figure 191, 1-6). Anterior part

CICADELLIDAE

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (7).

of vertex with 2 interrupted bands; posterior angles of vertex with 2 spots. Dorsum with longitudinal stripes and spots. Pattern often indistinct. Spatula markedly longer than broad; distance of posterior margin of gonopore from posterior margin of spatula about twice the length of the spatula. Usually pale. 3.2-5 (Figure 191, 1,2)...... ............................................. S. sordidus Zett. Spatula at most slightly longer than broad. Distance of posterior margin of gonopore from posterior margin of spatula more than 3-4 times the length of spatula (Figure 191, 3,5). An angular dilatation on the left side or on both sides of base of

aedeagus (Figure 191, 4,5). An angular dilatation on both sides of base of aedeagus. Spatula symmetrical; aedeagus markedly tapering anterior to spatula. Dark-colored specimens predominating. 4.5-5.6 (Figure 191, 3,4) ........................................ S. aemulans Kbm. 6 (5). Angular dilatation present only on left side of base of aedeagus. Spatula slightly asymmetrical. Hemelytra of male slightly longer than abdomen, 4.5-5.5. Northeast and Center. In marshy parts of forests (Figure 191,5).....................S. okaensis Zachv. 7 (4). Dilatations at base of aedeagus absent. Usually pale, without pattern. 3.2-5. North. In humid meadows (Figure 191, 6) ..............................................S. confinis Reut. 8 (1). Spatula short, markedly transverse. Aedeagus broad, with parallel sides (Figure 191,7-10). 9 (10). Aedeagus without dilatations at base, its sides parallel. Pale brown, without pattern. Hemelytra markedly shortened. 3.2-4. North, Center. In forests and marshes (Figure 191, 7,8) ......... ........................................... S. marginatus Kbm. 10 (9). Aedeagus with obtuse dilatations at base, very broad, slightly tapering. Hemelytra almost reaching apex of abdomen. Strongly pigmented. 3.7-4.1. Northeast; Taimyr (Figure 191, 9,10) ...... ......................................... S. arctous Em., sp.n. 5 (6).

.......

117. 1 (1).

1

Coulinus Beir.

1 species.

Venter black, with traces of brown; dorsum with indistinct pattern, brown, with reddish tinge. 3.5-4. Arctic Urals (Figure 191, 11,12).......... ............................................... C. usnus Beir.

Hemelytra slightly longer than abdomen.

118.

Chroocacus Em. Monotypic genus.

(1).

Male: venter and face black; dorsum dirty-yellow, with black pattern; female dirty-yellow, with traces of brown pattern. 4.2-4.5. Caucasus Range (Figure 191, 13)..... Ch. psittaceus Em.

119.

Artianus Rib.

Broad, light, silvery-gray. Vertex with dark band; with dark longitudinal stripes. Genus

pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra comprising 2 species. 1 (2).

Apical processes of aedeagus markedly diverging. 4.2-6.2. South. On Agropyron cristatum, A.desertorum and onBromus inermis (Figure 191, 14-16).. .A. interstitiaUsKbm.

531

FIGURE 191. Cicadinea. Family Cicadellidae. Details of male Zakhvatkin, Ossiannilsson. Ribaut and original)

genitalia (after Sum,

Diabola,

1,2Strepianus sordidus: Iapex of penis, dorsal; 2penis. lateral; 3,4S. aemulans: of penis, dorsal; 4penis? lateral; 5 ~S-okaensis, penis, lateral, and apex of penis. 6S. confinis, penis, lateral; 7.8S. marginaEus: 7same, oblique-dorsal; 8same, 9,10S.arctous: 9same, dorsal; 10same, lateral: 11,12Coulinus usnus: 11sami 12same, lateral; 13Chroocacus psiliaceus, same, lateral; 14-16Anian us interstiiialis: 14-genital plates, valve and styli, ventral; 15-penis, dorsal; 16-same, lateral: 17,18-A manderstjernai: n-same, dorsal; 18-same. lateral; 19, 20-Dudanus patlidus; 19same, dorsal; 20same, lateral; 21,22Bobacella corvina: 21same, dorsal; 22same, dorsal; 24same. lateral; 25,26Paramesus ornaia; 23same, lateral; 23,24Aglena 27same, dorsal; nervosus; 25same, dorsal; 26same, lateral; 27,28P.reiiculatus:

3apex dorsat; lateral; dorsal;

CICADELLIDAE

2 (1). 120.

1 (1).

Apical processes of aedeagus parallel. 4.2-6.2. Southwest (Figure 191, 17,18) .................... ,A. manderstjernai Kbm.

Dudanus Diab.

Genus comprising 2 species.

1 species.

Hemelytra markedly shortened, their posterior margin truncate. Pale; dorsal part of face with black band continuing posterior to eyes at sides of pronotum and on hernelytra; dorsum of abdomen sometimes with 4 longitudinal rows of black spots. 3.3-4, In steppes of the Southeast. On Slip a spp. (Figure 191, 19,20) ............................................. D. pallidus Diab. .....

423

121. 1 (1).

122.

1(1).

123. 1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1).

Bobacella Kurn,

1 species.

Cylindrical, with markedly shortened hemelytra. Completely black, shiny; a pair of light spots sometimes on frontoclypeus and on dorsal angles of lora. 2.5-3. South. Polyphagous (Figure 191, 21.22) ........................... B. corvina Horv.

Aglena Am.S.

Monotypic genus.

Males pale yellow; face with black pattern; vertex with band; pronotum with 4 spots in posterior half; scutellum black; hemelytra with broad black bands in the middle and at the apex; female greenish yellow; pronotum with 2-4 dots; hemelytra without pattern. 8-10. On Bolboschoenus maritimus (Figure 191, 23,24) ............................. A. ornata H.-S.

Paramesus Fieb. 3 species. Junction of vertex and face sharp, with 2 straight and parallel lines dorsal and ventral of ocelli. Dorsum with vermilion-red longitudinal stripes. Pale; dorsal part of face with red band; 2 red longitudinal stripes on vertex, pronotum and scutellum; 2 additional stripes lateral to these stripes on pronotum; hemelytra with red longitudinal stripes. 5-6. Southwest ............................. p. taeniatus Horv. No red pigment. Grayish; vertex with brownish band; pronotum brownish; cells of hemelytra with brown border. 4.7-6.5. On Bolboschoenus maritimus (Figure 191, 25,26).....-...... ............................................. P. nervosus Fall. Junction of vertex and face gradual. Face with dark brown pattern, with a band which is interrupted in the middle between ocelli; vertex with broad band interrupted in the middle. Pronotum and scutellum with dark brown spots; hemelytra dark brown, with light and white spots on cross veins. 4.3-6.7. South. On

Bolboschoenus maritimus (Figure 191, 27,28) ............ .......................................... P. reticulatus Horv. 124. Paralimnus Mats. species, 1 (4).

On Phragmites communis.

5 or 6

Apex of penis with long dorsal denticle (Figure 192, 1). (Subgenus Paragygrus, subgenus novum; type of subgenus: Paralimnus

major, sp. n.).

2 (3).

3 (2).

Dorsal denticle at apex of penis more than twice as long as ventral denticle. Pale green; dorsal part of face with dark band; a black line at anterior margin of vertex; brown spots in apical part of hemelytra. 4.2-5. South; possibly erroneously recorded from the European U.S.S.R........... P. rotundiceps Leth. Dorsal denticle at apex of penis only slightly longer than ventral denticle. Resembling P. rotundiceps. Hemelytra without pattern or with faintly-bordered cells. 4.5-5,6. Southeast; Kazakhstan and Transbaikalia (Figure 192, 1) .................... ..........................................

4 (1). 5 (8).

Apex of penis with only (Figure 192,2-5).

P. major Em., sp. n.

short denticles or without denticles

Apex of aedeagus (Subgenus Paralimnus s. str.), of middle in Aedeagus short, originating phallobase. Pale; Phallobase large, its anterior part developed.

with short denticles.

6 (7).

2 narrow brown bands on border between face and vertex;

7 (6).

8 (5).

vertex, pronotum and scutellum with orange spots; hemelytra with light veins and cells with brown borders. 3.8-5 (Figure 192, 2,3) ....................................... P. phragmitis Boh. Aedeagus longer, originating at posterior margin of phallobase. Resembling P. phragm iti s. 3.8-4.2. Volga Delta (Figure 198, 21.22} ............................... P. zachvatkini Em., sp. n. Anterior part of phallobase not developed. Apex of penis without process. (Subgenus Anthocallis, subgen.n.; type of subgenus:

Paralimnus minor Kuzn.). Pale; color very variable; dorsal part of face brown; vertex with brown spots; anterior margin of vertex often with 2 narrow bands; hemelytra brown, with light veins and white spots on cross veins. 9 (10). Aedeagus thicker, uniformly curved. 3-4.5. South, east to the Volga (Figure 192, 5) ................... P. picturatus 10 (9). Aedeagus slenderer, more sharply curved at base. 3.7-5.

Hpt.

Southern Transvolga region (Figure 192. 4)...................... ........................................ P. angusticeps Zachv. 125.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Metalimnus Rib.

Genus comprising 2 species.

Genital plates truncate at apex, their outer margin slightly concave. Vertex, pronotum and scutellum with red or brown spots on pale ground; hemelytra with dark brown pattern; anterior margin of vertex rounded. 3.3-4.5. On sedge

(Figure 192, 6,7) ............................ M. formosus Boh. Genital plates with rounded apex, their outer margin slightly convex. Vertex, pronotum and scutellum with red longitudinal stripes on light ground; hemelytra with dark brown pattern; anterior margin of vertex sharp. 3-3.8 (Figure 192, 8)........... ........................................... M. marmoratus Fl.

126. 1 (1).

Cheltdinus Em.

Monotypic genus.

Pale, whitish pale blue. Dorsal part of face with dark brown band; anterior margin of vertex with dark line interrupted in the middle; pronotum with 4 brown longitudinal stripes; apex of hemelytra with brown and white spots diverging like a fan;

CICADELLIDAE

hemelytra light. spp. (Figure 192, 9,10).

veins of

127. 1 (1).

128. 1 (1).

Pantallus Em.

3.6-4.7.

Southeast.

--..,............,..

On Artemisia Ch. cinerascens Em.

Monotypic genus.

With a rich brown to black pattern on light ground; anterior half of vertex with 4 fused dark spots; hemelytra slightly shorter than abdomen, with 2 irregular oblique light bands. 2.6-3.4. South. On Gramineae (Figure 192, 11,12). ............ P. alboniger Leth.

Mogangina Em.

Monotypic genus.

Hemelytra slightly longer than abdomen. Gray; face with black fused spots; vertex with 4 black spots at anterior margin; pronotum with longitudinal stripes; hemelytra with lighter veins; apical cells of hemelytra with brown border. 2.9-3.2. South. On Bromus inermis (Figure 192, 13,14) M. brorni Em. .......

129. 1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1).

130. 1 (8). 2 (7).

3 (4).

Arocephalus Rib. On Gramineae. 3 species. Gonopore closer to apex of aedeagus than to base (Figure 192, 15-18). Male pygophore with dorsal notch. (Subgenus Arocephalus s. str.). Aedeagus markedly flattened laterally, with 2 pairs of processes. Hemelytra longer than abdomen. Brownish gray; 2 black stripes at sides of anterior margin of vertex; cells of hemelytra with brown border. 3.4-4.2. South (Figure 192, 15,16). .............. ............................................ A. longiceps Kbm. Aedeagus not flattened laterally, with only one apical pair of processes. Hemelytra of female slightly shorter than abdomen; hemelytra of male slightly longer than abdomen. Pale, yellowish; hemelytra brownish, with brownish borders apically. 2.2-2.9. South (Figure 192, 17,18)....................... A. languidus Fl. Gonopore closer to base of aedeagus than to apex. Pygophore of male without dorsal notch. (Subgenus Ariellus Rib.). Aedeagus very long and slender. Hemelytra shorter than abdomen. Gray; 2 black stripes at sides of anterior margin of vertex; a black spot at inner margin of apex of hemelytra. 2.5-3.1. Northwest (Figure 192, 19,20) ............................. A. punctum Fl. Psammotettix Hpt.

Not less than 23 species.

Apex

of penis with 2 denticles (Figures 192, 21-26; 193, 1). Denticles of penis stout, curved dorsad (Figure 192, 21-26). Phallobase with a pair of long processes. Slender. Brownish, with dark brown pattern; cells of hemelytra with brown border; the borders interrupted by 2 light apical bands and spots. 3.2-3.4.

On Aeluropus litoralis (Figure 192, 21,22)......... pictipennis Kbm. Phallobase without processes or with only small processes (Figure 192,23-26). Lobes around gonopore (spatula) close together. Phallobase without processes. Thickset; vertex markedly prolonged. Yellow, sometimes with traces of pattern. 3.5-4. South. On Aeluropus litoralis (Figure 192, 23,24) ................... ......................................... P. salsuginosus Logv. South.

........................................... P.

4 (3).

5 (6).

HOMOPTERA

FIGURE 192.

Cicadinea. Ossiannilsson, Ribam and

1Paralimnus

lateral; 4p.

Family Cicadellidae. Derails of male genitalia (after Logvinenko,

original)

major,

penis, lateral; 2,3P.ptiragmitis: 2same, dorsal; 3same, lateral; 5 P. piciuraius, same; 6,’7Meialimnus

angusiiceps, same,

plates, valve and stylus; 9,10Chelidinus plates and stylus, dorsal; 11,12Pantaltus

cinecascens: 9penis

alboniger: Upenis,

and connective; 10genital lateral; 12same, dorsal;

13.14Mogangina bromi: 13same; 14same, lateral; 15,16 Arocephalus longiceps: 15-same. tlorsal; 16-same. lateral; 17,18-A. languidus; 17-same, dorsal; 18-same, lateral;

19.20-A.

20-same, lateral; 21.22-Psammoiettix pictipuncium: 19-same, dorsal; pennis: 21same, dorsal; 22same, lateral; 23,24p.salsuginosus: 23same, dorsal; 24same, lateral; 25,26P. narsikulovi: 25same. dorsal; 26same, lateral.

536

CICADELLIDAE

6 (5).

Lobes around

gonopore laterally separated.

Phallobase with

process. Resembling P. sal sugino sus. 2.8-4. Southeast. On Aeluropus litoralis (Figure 192, 25,26) P. narsikulovi DlabDenticles on penis small, straight. Phallobase with process. Thickset. Brownish, with dark brown pattern; cells of hemelytra with brown border; some veins of hemelytra white, forming 3 indistinct bands. 3.1-3.7. Southeast. On species of Artemisia of the subgenus Seriphidium (Figure 193, 1,2). P. seriphidii Em. Apex of penis without denticles (Figures 193, 3-26; 194, 1-9). Apex of penis prolonged into a long fingerlike process. The whole penis curved ventrad, less slender. Brownish, with dark brown pattern; cells of hemelytra with brown interrupted borders, 3-3.4. South (Figure 193, 3,4). .......................................... P. ornaticeps Horv. Apex of penis slightly curved dorsad, penis slenderer. Resembling P. ornaticeps. 2.9-3.4. South. On Artemisia (Figure 193, 5, 6)................................... P. comitans Em., sp.n. Apex of penis not prolonged into process (Figure 193, 3-6). Aedeagus very broad, dorsoventrally flattened; spatula large. Resembling P. striatus. 3,2-4 (Figure 193, 7,8).............. P. confinis Dhlb. Aedeagus relatively slender, not flattened (Figures 193,9-26; 194,1-9). Spatula very broad, disk-shaped, more than half the length of the aedeagus. Slender, Pale, with traces of brown pattern. 3.9-4.1. Center, South (Figure 193, 9,10).............. P. makarovi Mor. Spatula not disk-shaped, moderately broad or narrow. (Figures 193,11-26; 194,1-9), Spatula not broader than aedeagus, very long (Figure 193, 15-20). Ventral side of aedeagus with slight subapical convexity. Apex of aedeagus more or less rounded (Figure 193, 15-18). Aedeagus strongly curved at base, then almost straight. Rather thickset. Pale, with slight brown pattern. 3.6-3.9. South P. similis W. Wgn. (Figure 193, 15,16) Aedeagus uniformly curved almost to apex. Thickset. Greenish yellow. 2.4-3. Center. On Koeleria glauca, K.gracilis P. koeleriae Zachv. (Figure 193, 17,18) Dorsal side of aedeagus with subapical convexity; ventral side with in middle. the Pale, with traces of.aedeagus slight convexity of brown pattern; hemelytra with several brown spots. 2.9-3.2. South. On Puccinellia spp. (Figure 193, 19,20) ............................................. P. atropidis Em. Spatula broader than aedeagus, moderately elongate (Figures 193, 11,12,21-26; 194, 1-9). Spatula large, about half the length of the aedeagus (Figure 193, 11,12). Apical margin of spatula uniformly convex. With rich brown pattern; cells of hemelytra with brown border; some cross ................

..........................................

7 (2). 426

...............

............................................

8 (1). 9 (12). 10 (11).

............

11 (10).

12 (9). 13 (14).

.............................................

14 (13), 15 (16).

16 (15).

17 (22). 18 (21).

19 (20).

.........................

20 (19).

.........................

21 (18).

..............

22 (17). 23 (26). 24 (25).

veins of hemelytra white.

25 (24).

26 (23). 27 (28).

28 (27).

29 (36).

.

.

... 3.2-3.4. South (Figure 193, 11,12). .............................................. P. nodosus Rib. Apical margin of spatula with a rounded process in the middle. Pale, yellowish, with faint brownpattern. Cells of hemelytra often bordered. 2.7. Baltic Region ........... .P. exilis W. Wgn. Spatula small, less than half the length of the aedeagus (Figures 193,21-26; 194,1-9). Spatula strongly curved dorsad; apical part of aedeagus slightly curved dorsad. Brownish, with brown pattern; cells of hemelytra with brown border. 3-3.5. (Figure 193, 13,14) .................. ............................................. P. poectlus Fieb. Lobes of spatula not curved dorsad, apical part of aedeagus not curved dorsad (Figures 193,21-26; 194,1-9). Apex of aedeagus in profile pointed and curved like a beak (Figures 193,21-26; 194, 1,2). Apical half of aedeagus in profile almost parallel to branches of

30 (33). phallobase (Figure 193,21-24). 31 (32). Branches of phallobase almost parallel, only very slightly diverging. Apical half of aedeagus slightly curved ventrally. Thickset. Green, with traces of brown pattern. 2.5-3. North (Figure 193, 21,22) ............................ P. frigidus Boh. 32 (31). Branches of phallobase diverging. Apical half of aedeagus straight. Resembling P. frigidus. 2.5-2.8. North (Figure 193, 23,24) ................................... p. pallidinervis Dhlb. 33 (30). Apical half of aedeagus in profile forming an acute angle with branches of phallobase (Figures 193, 25,26; 194, 1.2). 428 34 (35). Aedeagus shorter; spatula broader, about 1/3 of length of aedeagus. Slender, yellowish green. 2.7-3.5 (Figure 193,

25,26) ..................................... p. cephalotes H.-S, 35 (34). Aedeagus longer; spatula narrower, about ^/4 the length of the aedeagus. Slender, pale, greenish. 3.1-3.6. Southeast. On Puccinellia sp. (Figure 194, 1.2)........, P. atropidicola Em. 36 (29). Apex of aedeagus in profile rounded or truncate (Figure 194, 3-9). 37 (38). Ventral margin of aedeagus in profile smooth, straight. Apical margin of spatula not notched. Slender. Brownish, with indistinct brown pattern; vertex usually with 2 interrupted bands and spots at posterior margin; pronotum with longitudinal stripes; cells of hemelytra with brown borders; hind tarsi light. 3.3-4.3. South (Figure 194,3-5)................................ *P. striatus L. 38 (37). Ventral margin of aedeagus not smooth in profile. Spatula with apical notch (Figure 194, 6-9). 39 (40). Margin of apical notch of spatula not sharp. Spatula in profile slightly curved dorsad. Ventral margin of aedeagus with bend approximately in the middle. Resembling P. striatus; hind tarsi dark. 3.7-4.3. (Figure 194, 6,7) ....... *P. provincialis Rib. 40 (39). Margin of apical notch of spatula sharp. Spatula in profile not curved dorsad. Bend on ventral margin of aedeagus markedly closer to apex of aedeagus than to its base. Resembling P. striatus; hind tarsi light. 3.9-4.4. Transmits the

CICADELLIDAR

FIGURE 193.

Family Cicadellidae. Details of male genitalia (after

Cicadinea.

Wagner,

Zakhvaftin

Moravskaya. Ossiannilsson, Ribaut and original) 1.2Psammoteitix

10same, 13same,

seriphidii; Ipenis,

lateral; 11,12P.

dorsal; 2~same, lateral;

nodosus- 11same,

dorsal; 12same,

3,4P.ornaticeps:

lateral;

13,14P.poecilu

dorsal; 14same, lateral; 15,16 P. similis: 15same, dorsal; 16same, lateral; 17,18-P. koeleriae: 17-same, dorsal; 18-same, lateral; 19,20-P. atropid is: 19-same.

21.22-P- frigidus: 21-same, dorsal; 22-same, lateral; pallidinervis: 23same, dorsal; 24same, lateral; 25,26 P. cephalotes:

dorsal; 20-same, lateral;

23,24P. 25same,

dorsal; 26same,

lateral.

539

"zakuklevanie" virus t of oats and other cereals (Figure 194, 8.9) ..........................................*P. alienus Mel. 131. Cleptochiton Em. 1 (1).

132. 1 (2).

2 (1).

133. 1 (1).

134. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Monotypic genus.

Pale, with brown pattern. Vertex with 4 large spots; fastigium with 2 additional small spots; cells of hemelytra with interrupted brown borders. 3.2-3.4. Southeast. On Agropyron ramosum (Figure 194, 10-12) ...................... C. variegatus Em. Mogangella Diab.

Genus comprising 2 species.

Aedeagus more or less uniformly curved. Slender, Pale, with brown pattern; vertex with 2 brown longitudinal stripes divided posteriorly and with 4 dark brown spots at anterior margin; cells of hemelytra with brown borders. 3-3.7. South. On Agropyron cristatum, A. desertorum and A. repens (Figure 194, 13,14)......................... M. straminea Diab. Apical half of aedeagus straight. 3,1-3.3. South ................ .......................................... M. secundaria Diab. Ebarrius Rib.

Genus apparently monotypic.

Slender. Brownish; face with black pattern; vertex with 2 dark brown spots apically and 2 spots posterior to eyes fused with outer ends of a band which is interrupted in the middle; pronotum with dark longitudinal stripes; cells of hemelytra with brown borders. 3-4.15. (Figure 194, 15,16) ................... .E. cognatus Fieb.

Adarrus.Rib.

2 species.

Gonopore apical; aedeagus slender. Hemelytra with supplementary veins. (Subgenus E rrastunus Rib.). Venter black; face with fused black pattern; vertex, pronotum and scutellum usually orange-yellow, with indistinct spots; hemelytra dark brown, with light veins. 2.7-3.4 (Figure 194. 17,18)........ A. oceUaris Fall. Gonopore dorsal; aedeagus broad. No supplementary veins. (Subgenus Adarrus s. str.). Vertex long, its anterior margin acute-angled. Brownish; vertex with 3 pairs of black spots, the apical spots triangular and contiguous; hemelytra with brown spots. 2.6-3.5. Transcarpathian Region (Figure 194, 19,20),.... ...-....-..,;...................,......... A. multinotatus Boh.

1

135.

Turrutus Rib.

(1).

Thickset; hemelytra slightly shorter than abdomen. Brownish; face with brown pattern; vertex with 2 longitudinal stripes and a pair of small dark brown spots at apex; pronotum with dark stripes; cells of hemelytra with indistinct borders. 2.7-3,2 (Figure 194, 21,22) ......................................... T. socialis Fl.

136.

Philaia Diab.

429

1 (1).

t

Monotypic genus.

Monotypic genus.

Pale, grayish. Face with brown pattern; vertex with 2 indistinct gray longitudinal stripes and 4 small brown spots at anterior margin; cells of hemelytra with faint brown borders. 2.6-3.1. Southwest

[See note on p. 425.]

540

CICADELUDAE

and Southeast. On Diplachne squarrosa (Figure 194, 23,24) ....................................... Ph. blanda Kuzn.

FIGURE 194. Cicadinea. RibauE and original)

Family CicadelUdae.

Deiail$

of male gsnitalia

(after Diabola,

Ossiannilsson,

lateral; S-5 P. siriatus: a [ropidicola: Ipenis, dorsal; 2same, 3,2Psammocettix 3genual plaifes. valve and stylus, vemral; 4penis, dorsal; 5sanie, lateral; 6,’?P. proviRcialis: 6same, dorsal; 7same. lateral; 8,9P. alienus: 8same. dorsal; 9same, lateral; 10-12-ClepEochiton variegatus: 10-same; It-same, dorsal: 12-genitalia, ventral;

dorsal; 15,16 Ebarrius lateral; 14same, strarninea; 13penis, lateral; 16geniralplaies, valve and stylus, dorsal; 17,18 Adarrus ocellaris: 17-same; 18-penis, dorsal; 19,20-A. multinotatus: 19-same, lateral: 20same. dorsal; 21,22 Turrutus socialis: 21same, dorsal; 22same, lateral; 23,24-Philaia falanda; 23-same, dorsal; 24-&anie. lateral; 25,26-Kasachslanicus jnargaritae: 25same, dorsal; 26genital valve and stylus, dorsal; 27.28K. volgensts; -27same; 28penis, dorsal.

13,14Mogangella

cognatus; 15same,

541

HOMOPTERA

430

137.

1 <2).

2 (1),

138. 1 (1).

Kasachstanicus Diab. Genus comprising 2 species.

parallel, with a few denticles. Brownish, with dark brown pattern; cells of hemelytra with brown borders. 2.5-3. South. On Agropyron cristatum, A. de sertorum, etc. (Figure 194, 27,28) ..................... K. volgensis Fieb. Aedeagus tapering; denticles at sides of aedeagus more numerous. Resembling K. volgensis, 2.5-3. South (Figure 194, 25,26)... .......................................... K. margaritae Diab. Sides of aedeagus

Mongolojassus Zachv.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R- S species.

Brownish, with dark brown pattern. Hemelytra with 2 indistinct light bands; cells outside the bands with brown borders, 2.7-3.4. Steppes of the Southeast. On Stipa spp., etc. (Figure 195, 1,2) ............................................ M. sibiricus Horv. ..

139.

Pleargus Em,, gen.n.; type

maeus Horv.

1 (1).

species:

Deltocephalus pyg-

I species.

Brown; with dark brown pattern; vertex with 3 pairs of dark spots; cells of hemelytra with brown borders. 1.9-2.7. South (Figure 195, 3,4)........................... P. pygmaeus Horv.

140. Jassargus Zachv. With distinct dark brown pattern; vertex with 3 pairs of dark spots; cells of hemelytra with broad brown borders. On 9 or 10 species. Gramineae.

1(4).

Aedeagus originating in ventral part of phallobase, slender, with apical processes forming an arrow (Figure 195, 6-9). Posterior margin of anal tube with ventral denticle. (Subgenus Sayetus Rib.).

2 (3).

Aedeagus in profile uniformly curved. Apical processes with angular bend in the middle. 2.7-3.2. North, Center (Figure 195, 8,9) ....................................... J. allobrogicus Rib. 3 (2). Aedeagus in profile straight. Apical processes straight. 2,7-3.2. (Figure 195, 5-7)......................... J. sursumflexus Then. 4 (1). Aedeagus originating in dorsal part of phallobase, more or less short, thickset, without processes (Figure 195.10-19,22,23). 5 (10). Gonopore on ventral side of aedeagus at base (Figure 195,10-15). (Subgenus Jassargus s.str.), 6 (9). Phallobase with a pair of stout denticles in addition to aedeagus

(Figure 195.10-13). Aedeagus divided into 2 processes down to phallobase; apices of processes crossed. 3.0. South (Figure 195, 10,11) ........... .............................................. J. hmaris Logv. 8 (7). Aedeagus not divided, with only 2 denticles at apex. 2.7-3.2 (Figure 195, 12,13) ........................ J. obtusivalvis Kbm. 9(6). Phallobase without processes; aedeagus simple, pointed. 2.7-3.2 (Figure 195. 14,15) ....................... .J. pseudocellaris Fl. 10 (5). Gonopore apical or dorsal (Figure 195,16-19, 22, 23). 11 (16). Gonopore apical, forming a longitudinal slit on dorsal and ventral sides of aedeagus. or on dorsal side only (Figure 195, 16-19). (Subgenus Arrailus Rib.). 7 (8).

542

CICADELLTDAE

FIGURE 195. and original)

Cicadinea. Family Cicadellidae. Details of male genitalia (after Logvinenko, Ribaut

1,2Mongolojassus sibiricus; Ipenis, dorsal; 2same, lateral; 3,4Pleargus pygmaeus: 8same, dorsal; 4same, lateral; 5-7Jassargus sursumfiexus: 5apex of stylus; 6penis, dorsal; ’7same, lateral; 8.9J. allobrogicus: 8same. dorsal; 9same, lateral; 10,11 J. lunaris: 10same, dorsal; 11same, lateral; 12.13 J- obtusivalvis: 12same, dorsal; ISsame, oblique-lateral; 14,15i. pseudocellaris; 14same. lateral; 15same, dorsal; 16.17J, flori: 16same, dorsal; nsame, lateral! 18-20J. ukrainicus: 18same, dorsal; 19same. lateral; 20apex of stylus; 21-23J. repletus: 21genital plate, valve and styli. dorsal; 22penis, anterior aspect; 23same, lateral; 24-26Mendraiisus chyzeri: 24-same, dorsal; 25-same, lateral; 26-apex of stylus; 27,28-Pinumius areatus; 27-penis. dorsal; 28same,

lateral;

29-31Parargus

kerzhneri;

31apex of stylus.

543

29same,

dorsal; 30same,

lateral;

12 (13). Aedeagus short; lateral lobes near gonopore pointed. 2.7-3.2. (Figure 195, 16,17) ...............................J.flori. Fieb. 13 (12). Aedeagus longer, with rounded apex. 14 (15). Aedeagus with 2 rounded processes in the middle. 3.2. South (Figure 195, 18-20). ......................... J. ukrainicus Logv. 15 (14). Aedeagus without processes. 2.7-3.2 J. neglectus Then. 16 (11). Gonopore basal, on dorsal side of aedeagus. Apex of styli slender. (Subgenus Aurkius Rib.). 2.7-3.2 (Figure 195,21-23).. ............................................. J. repletus Fieb. ..........

141. 1 (1).

142. 1 (1).

143. 1 (1).

144. 1 (4).

Pinumius Rib.

Genus comprising 2 species. 1 species.

Dorsum yellowish; venter black; face with fused pattern; vertex with 2 brown apical small spots, a brown band interrupted in the middle and 2 brown spots posterior to them; pronotum and scutellum with brown pattern; cells of hemelytra with brown borders, 3-3.5. On Gramineae, especially on sandy soil (Figure 195, 27,28)....... .............................................. P. areatus Stal.

Parargus Em.

1 species.

Brownish; venter with black pattern; dorsum dark brown; hemelytra with supplementary cross veins; cells of hernelytra with dark brown borders. 2.6-2.9. Steppes of the Southeast. On Agropyron repens and other related Gramineae (Figure 195,29-31).... ........................P. kerzhneri Em.

Diplocolenus Rib.

On Gramineae.-

12 species.

A

toothlike process in front of notch on dorsal side of genital plates. Gonopore dorsal, distant from apex of aedeagus (Figure 196, 1-6). (Subgenus Diplocolenus s. str.). (3). Notch on genital plates closer to apex than to base. Denticle on posterior margin of lobes of pygophore directed posteriadHemelytra reaching apex of abdomen. Brown; vertex with a pair of brown triangular spots at apex and 2 pairs of square brown spots posterior to triangular spots; pronotum with indistinct longitudinal stripes; cells of hemelytra with brown borders. 3.7-5.1. South (Figure 196, 1-3).. D. frauenfeldi Fieb, (2). Notch on genital plates closer to base than to apex. Denticle on posterior margin of lobes of pygophore directed ventrad. Hemelytra shorter than abdomen. Brown; pattern on vertex weakly marked. 3.7-5.1. On Calamagrostis arundinacea, etc. (Figure 196, 4-6) ........................ D. bohemani Zett. (1). No denticles in front of notch on genital plates. Gonopore dorsal, subapical. (Subgenus Verdanus Om.). (22). Notch of genital plates at lateral margin. -

2

Monotypic genus.

Thickset; hemelytra slightly shorter than abdomen. Pale whitish; pygophore of male with dorsal blackspot. 2-3. South. On Festuca sulcata (Figure 195, 24-26)........ M. chyzeri, Horv.

3

4

5 6 (7).

-

432

Mendrausus Rib.

Aedeagus dorsoventrally flattened, its processes leaf-shaped. Dorsum green, often with black spots; venter black. 3-4.5. North (Figure 196, 7,8) ..................... D. limbateUus Zett.

CICADELLIDAE

8 (11). 9 (10).

Aedeagus slender, rounded. Processes of penis not leaf-shaped. (Figure 196,9-25). Aedeagus with a pair of small processes at the apex (Figure 196, 9-11). Aedeagus short, S-shaped in profile (as in Figure 196, 9), but its processes twice as long, Dorsum green or yellow, venter pale to black. 3.5-5. South; Kazakhstan. D. logvinenkoae Em., sp.n. Aedeagus long, its apical half straight. Habitus and size as in D. logvinenkoae, Caucasus and Ciscaucasia (Figure 196, 10,11) ...................................... D. caucasicus Em. Aedeagus with 2 pairs of processes or one pair of bifurcate processes at apex (Figure 196, 12-25). Apex of penis with long T-shaped processes. Dorsum green, sometimes brownish orange; venter pale to black, 3.3-5. The commonest species of the genus (Figure 196, 14,15) ............................................ D. abdominalis F. Apex of penis not T-shaped, with 2 pairs of processes close together at base or with common base on each side (Figure 196, 12,13, 15-25). Ventral pair of processes of penis directed anteriad. Dorsum green, often with black spots and stripes on hemelytra, 3.8-4.6. Carpathians (Figure 196. 12,13)................ D. nasti W. Wgn, Both pairs of processes of penis directed posteriad (Figure 196,16-25). Habitus and size as in D. abdominalis. Both processes of penis with a common base on each side. .

10 (9).

11 (8).

12 (13).

.

7 (6).

,.,..,..,.....

13 (12).

14 (15).

15 (14). 16 (21).

Carina on ventral margin of dorsal process continuing into dorsal margin of ventral process (Figure 196, 15-23). 17 (20), Two pairs of processes of penis of about equal length (Figure 196. 18-21). 18 (19). Basis of dorsal pair of processes wide apart. Processes on each side fused only at base. Dagestan (Figure 196. 18,19),....-...,.. ................................... D. daghestanicus Em., sp. n. 19 (18). Bases of dorsal pair of processes close together. Processes on each side fused for half their length. Ciscaucasia (Figure 196, 20,21) ............................. D. ciscaucasicus Em., sp.n. 20 (17). Ventral pair of processes about twice as long as dorsal pair. Western part of the Greater Caucasus (Figure 196, 22,23). ........ ..................................... D. interniedius Em., sp. n. 21 (16). Processes of penis on each side completely separated; dorsal processes short, parallel. Ossetia (Figure 196, 24,25)........... ........................................ D. oseticus Em., sp. n. 434 22 (5). Notch of genital plates on their posterior margin. Aedeagus short and thick. Dorsum green, venter pale to black. 2.6-3.2. Steppes. On Festuca sulcata (Figure 196, 26-28)........... ........................................... D,, nigrifrons Kbm.

145. known. 1 (2).

Arthaldeus

Rib,

On Gramineae.

Three species of the genus are

Processes of lobes of pygophore with subapical recurrent denticle. Dorsum green or yellow; venter browri to black. 2.9-4.1 (Figure 197. 1-4). .................... A. pascuellus Fall.

HOMOPTERA

FIGURE 196. Cicadinea. Family Cicadellidae. Details of male geniialia (after Ribaut and original) 1-3Diplocolenus frauenfeldi: Igenital plates, valve and scyli, dorsal; 2penis, dorsal; 3same, lateral; 4-6D. bohemani: 4same, dorsal; 5same, lateral; 6genital plates, valve and styli. dorsal; 7,8D.limbaiellus; 7penis, dorsal; 8same, lateral; 9D. oriental is Rib., same; 10,11 D. caucasicus: IDsame, dorsal; 11same. lateral; 12,13D. nasli 12same, dorsal; ISsame, lateral; 14,15D. abdominalis- 14same, dorsal; 15same, lateral; 16.17 D. meUchari: 16same. dorsal; 17same, lateral; 18,19D. daghestanicus: 18same,-dorsal; 19same, laieial; 20,21 D. ciscaucasiciis; 20same, dorsal; 21same, lateral; 22,23 D. intermedius: 22same, dorsal; 23same, lateral; 24,25D. oseticus: 24same, dorsal; 25same. lateral; 26-28P. nigrifrons: 26same. dorsal; 27same, lateral; 28apex of penis.

CICADELLIDAE

2 (I).-

3 (4).

Processes of lobes of pygophore without subapical denticle (Figure 197, 5,6). Dorsum green or yellow; venter brown to black; face with light longitudinal stripe tapering towards apex of head. Processes of lobes of pygophore without subapical dilatation. Darker and thickset. 3-4.4 (Figure 197, 6,7). ............................................ A. striifrons Kbm. Processes of lobes of pygophore subapically lanceolate. Pigmentation weaker; slenderer. 3.7-4.4. Southeast. On Calam a grostis epigeios (Figure 197,S) ......... .A. arenarius Rem. -...-.........,-...

-

4 (3).

146.

1 (1).

147.

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

1481 (1).

149.

1 (1).

150. 1 (1).

Roaenus Om,

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Pale, with brown pattern. Frontoclypeus with transverse stripes; vertex with 3 pairs of spots; pronotum with indistinct longitudinal stripes; some cells of hemelytra with brown borders. 2.6-3.2. Arctic Urals (Figure 197, 8,9)................ R. cruciatus O.B. Sorhoanus Rib.

On Gramineae

or

sedge.

3 species.

Denticle on lobes of pygophore ventral, stout. Aedeagus slightly flattened laterally; both pairs of processes similar. Yellow; 2 black longitudinal spots on fastigium. 3.7-4.2. South. On Bromus inermis (Figure 197, 15,16)......... S. medius M. R. Denticle on lobes of pygophore on posterior side, directed posteriad, not very large. Aedeagus not flattened; basal pair of processes larger (Figure 197, 11-14). Yellow; cells of hemelytra sometimes with brown borders. On sedge. Aedeagus straight in profile; apical pair of denticles curved dorsad; basal denticles fused at base. 3,5-3.7. In marshy areas (Figure 197, 11,12) ................. S. xanthoneurus Fieb. Aedeagus S-shaped; apical denticles not curved dorsad; basal denticles not fused at base. 4.2-4.8. In marshy areas (Figure 197. 13.14) ...................................... ;S. assimilis pall.

Chloothea Em.

Genus comprising 2 species.

1 species.

Hemelytra much shorter than abdomen, their posterior margin obliquely truncate. Dorsum greenish yellow, shiny; a black line at anterior margin of vertex; apex of hemelytra with a narrow black zone; face. venter and abdomen black; abdomen of male with white ring anterior to pygophore. 2.6-3-3, Southeast.. On Stipa lessingiana, S. sareptana, etc. (Figure 197, 17,18) ............................. Ch. zonata Em. Rhoananus Diab.

Monotypic genus.

Slender. Yellow; hemelytra yellowish green, in female slightly shorter than abdomen. 3.1-4.5. South. On Agropyron re pens (Figure 197, 19, 20).............. Rh. hypochlorus Fieb.

Coelestinus Em.

Genus comprising 2 species.

Slender. Dorsum bluish gray, with traces of brownish pattern; venter black; face with white band. 2.9-3.4. Southeast; Kazakhstan. On steppe sedge (Figure 198, 23,24) ...................... ..................................

C. kasakhstanicus Em., sp- n.

FIGURE 197. Cicadinea. Family Cicadellidae. Details of male genitalia Reman, Ribaut and original)

(after

Ossiannilsson,

1-4Anhaldeus pascuellus; Igenital plates, genital valve and stylus; 2penis, dorsal, 3same, lateral; 4pygophore, ventral; 5A.arenarius, same; 6,7D-striifrons: 6! 7penis, lateral; 8,9Rosenus cruciatus: 8same; 9same, dorsal; 10-12 Sorhoan xanthoneurus: 10 genital plates, genital valve and stylus; 11penis, dorsal; 12same, laie 13,14 S. assimilis: 13apex of penis, dorsal; 14same, lateral; 15,16 S. medius; 15 dorsal; 16same, lateral; 17.18Chloothea zonaia: 17same, dorsal; 18same, laiera 19.20^Rhoananus hypochlorus: 19same, dorsal; 20same, lateral; 21.22^Palus a 22same, dorsal; 23,24p.caudaius: tiacus: 21same; 23same; 24same, lateral; lalis: 28same, dorsal; 29same, lat of stylus; 32penis, lateral; 33,34En

lateral.

30-32-Prag iocephalus

nus

hofferi: 30same,

ornutus;

33same,

dorsal; dorsal; 34-

C1CADELLIDAE

Palus DeL. et Sl. On sedge.

151. 1 (8). 2 (7).

3 (6). 436

5 species.

Lobes of pygophore without denticle. Processes of aedeagus subapical, long (Figure 197,23-27). (Subgenus Palus s.str.). Aedeagus laterally flattened; apical processes slightly diverging,

Head with pattern. Apical processes of penis short, blunt. Ventral margin of aedeagus markedly convex before apex. Yellow; anterior margin of vertex with 2 bands interrupted in the middle; inner ends of half bands of each side fused. 3,7-4.4 (Figure 197, 23,24) ............................................... P. caudatus Fl.

4 (5).

........

FIGURE 198. Ribaut and

Cicadinea.

Family Cicadellidae. Details of male geniialia (after Vilbast, Diabola,

original)

lingi: Ipenis, dorsal; 2same, lateral; 3,4M.longicornis: 3same, dorsal; 4same, lateral; 5’,6 M, rinhenicus: 5same, dorsal; 6same, lateral; 7,8M.elymorarn; 7same, dorsal; 8same, lateral; 8,10 M. stehliki: 9same, dorsal; 10same, lateral; 11.12 -M. quadricornis: 11-same, dorsal; 12-same. lateral: 18-15-M. collinus: 13same, dorsal; 14same, lateral; ISapex of stylus; 16,17 M. mecrius: 16same; npenis, dorsal; 18-20Henschia acuia; 18same; 19same, lateral: 20apex of stylus; 21,22Paralimnus zachvaikini, sp.n.: 21ape?; of penis, dorsal; 22penis, lateral; 23.24 Coelestinus kasakhscanicus. sp.n.: 28same, doisal; 24same, lateral; 25Limotettix aviger, sp.n., penis, lateral; 26 L. sphagnei icus. sp.n., same; 27 L. atricapilla, same. 1.2Mocuellus

549

5.(4).

6 (3).

Apical processes of penis longer, pointed; ventral margin of aedeagus without marked convexity. Orange-yellow; dorsum with darker longitudinal stripes; anterior margin of vertex with 4 black spots. 3.1-4.2. Northwest (Figure 197, 25) ............... ........................................... P. edwardsi Lindb. Aedeagus not flattened, its apical processes not diverging. Head without pattern. Brownish; cells of hemelytra with brown border. 3.2-4. On Eriophorum sp. (Figure 197, 26,27) ................................................ P. panzeri Fl. Processes of aedeagus at its base, short. (Subgenus Agapelus Em.). Slender. Orange-yellow; hemelytra with dark subapical spot at outer and inner margin. 3-4. Center (Figure 197, 21,22) ......................................... P. aurantiacus Forel. Lobes of pygophore with ventral denticle. (Subgenus Airosus Rib.). Yellow; margin of membrane with brown spots. 3-3.6 .P. costalis Fall. (Figure 198, 28,29) .

437 8 (1).

.

................

7 (2).

...........................

152. 1 (1).

praganus

Diab.

Monotypic genus.

Hemelytra of male slightly longer than abdomen; hemelytra of female slightly shorter than abdomen. Pale, whitish; head and pronotum with faint brownish pattern. 2.4-3.3. South. On Gramineae (Stipa spp., etc.). In the steppe (Figure 197. 30-32) .............................................. P. hofferi Diab. .

153.

1 (1).

154.

Enantiocephalus Hpt.

.

.

Monotypic genus.

Pale; dorsal part of face with brownish gray stripes from eyes to apex of face; apex of face with 2 black small spots; vertex gray, with light longitudinal stripe; pronotum with gray longitudinal stripes; hemelytra slightly shorter than abdomen, with several brown small spots. 4.8-5. Center, South. OnAgropyron repens (Figure 197, 33,34) ........................... E. cornutus H.-S.

MocueUus Rib- 8 species.

1 (2).

Aedeagus slender, with slender bifurcate recurrent processes at apex; gonopore small. (Subgenus E rzaleus Rib.). Hemelytra longer than abdomen. Yellowish green. 3.7-4.6. On Ali sm a plantago. Baldingera arundinacea, etc. (Figure 198, 16,17) .........................................M. metrius Fl. 2 (1). Aedeagus thick; gonopore broad; denticles not bifurcate (Figure 198, 1-14). (Subgenus Mocuellus s.str.). Hemelytra usually much shorter than abdomen, with rounded apex. Usually yellowish green. 3-4.7. On Gramineae. 3 (4). Penis relatively slender; a very thick recurrent denticle at posterior margin of gonopore. South (Figure 198, 9,10) M. stehliki Diab. 4 (3). Penis with only a small denticle at posterior margin of gonopore or without denticle (Figure 198, 1-8, 11-14). 5 (12), Apex of penis without anteriorly-directed denticles (Figure 198, 1,2,7-14). 6 (7). Apex of penis with 2 pairs of posteriorly-directed denticles. South (Figure 198, 11.12)................. M. quadricornis Diab.

..............................................

...........

Apex of penis with a pair of posteriorly-directed denticles (Figure 198, 1,2,7-10,13,14). 8 (11). Lateral margins of aedeagus convex before apex. 9 (10). Posterior margin of gonopore without denticle. Inner margin of styli straight or convex. Center, South. On Gramineae (A g ropy r on spp., Elyra us spp., etc.) (Figure 198, 13-15) ..............................................M. collinus Boh. 10 (9). Posterior margin of gonopore with a small denticle. Inner margin of styli markedly concave anterior to denticle. Southeast M. lingi Vilb. (Figure 198. 1,2) Lateral margins of aedeagus concave before apex; posterior 11 (8). margin of gonopore with a small denticle. Southeast (Figure 198, 7,8) ........................................ M. elymorum Em. 12 (5). Apex of penis with a pair of anteriorly-directed denticles (Figure 198, 3,5). 13 (14). Apical denticles of penis not reaching beyond apex; apex of penis well developed, flattened laterally. Southeast (Figure 198, 5,6) . ........................................... M. ruthenicus Em. 14 (13). Denticles long, projecting far beyond apex of penis which is smalland M. longicornis Vilb. denticle-shaped. South (Figure 198, 3,4).. 7 (6).

.............

................................

.

..

155. Henschia Leth. 1 (1).

.

.

Monotypic genus.

Hemelytra much shorter than abdomen, widening along claval vein, with rounded apex. Whitish; dorsal part of face with black band continuing behind eyes on sides of pronotum and hemelytra; dorsum of abdomen sometimes with black longitudinal stripes. ’ 3-4. South. On Stipa spp. (Figure 198,18-20)................. ............................................. H. acuta P. Low.

2.

Suborder PSYLLINEA

Jumping plant lice

M.M. Loginova Small sucking insects (1.5-5.5), resembling Cicadellidae and aphids. They differ from Cicadellidae in the straight anterior margin of the head (in dorsal view), in the structure of the antennae and in reduced longitudinal venation of the wings. They differ from aphids in the thicker fore wings with an ambient vein at the margin, and in the possession of saltatorial 438 hind legs. Head more or less distinctly separated from thorax, usually slanting ventrally, in the Liviidae porrect. Vertex triangular or rectangular, divided by the coronal suture into halves. The ratio of length of vertex to its breadth is used as a diagnostic character. Two ocelli in the posterior angles of the vertex or at the sides; a 3rd unpaired ocellus at the apex of the coronal suture dorsal to the small frontal sclerite or on the sclerite, which lies between the genae or is covered completely by the anterior processes of the genae, the genal cones. The degree" of development of the genal cones, their size and form are important diagnostic characters. The compound eyes are usually convex, often spherical; the compound

,

more or less flat, not projecting laterally beyond the margin of the postorbital ridges which border them posteriorly and ventrally (Figure 199, 2). Antennae 10-segmented (very rarely 8- or 9" segmented); first 2 segments always thicker than the others, including the flagellum; the 10th antennal segment bears 2 setae of different size; 3rd segment usually the longest (2nd segment the longest only in Liviidae); apex of several segments (4th to 9th) with olfactory pits (rhinaria) (Figure 200, 6-8). Clypeus containing the suctorial musculature, welldeveloped, more or less inflated, sometimes produced anteriorly into a conical or clavate process (in Aphala r a, Xenaphalara, Eurotica). Proboscis 3-segmented, at rest lying between fore femora. Mesothorax well developed. The following characters are of great diagnostic importance: form of pronotum, structure of propleurites (epimera and episterna of prothorax), structure of mesonotum, size and shape of parapteron and tegula, and development of axillary sclerites of fore wings (Figure 200, 1,2). All 3 pairs of legs of similar structure, but the hind legs are saltatorial, better developed, and their structure is of great diagnostic importance (Figure 200, 4,5). The hind coxae usually bear a small posterior process the meracanthasupporting the insect during leaps. Basis of tibiae sometimes provided with genual process; apex of tibiae widened, usually with saltatorial spines. The number, formula and arrangement of the saltatorial spines are used for the diagnosis of genera. Tarsi 2-segmented; apex of 1st tarsal segment often with 2 saltatorial spines (in Arytainini only one such spine); the 2nd tarsal segment ends in a pair of claws with pulvilli and bears a setaceous empodium and a broad arolium (Figure 200, 5). Venation of fore and hind wings similar; fore wings markedly better developed than hind wings; fore and hind wings are folded at rest in a rooflike manner over the body (Figure 199, 1). Fore wings with pattern of different form and richness of color, leathery, thick or more frequently membranous, their margin surrounded by the ambient vein. Venation reduced, longitudinal; R+M+Cu fused into a common stem, branching into 2 veins, R+RS and M+Cu; M branching from M+Cu (Psyliid type of venation); in Triozidae one point of the above common stem gives off 3 veins (Triozid type of venation) or 2 veins, but M is not connected with Cu (genus Eutrioza). The name of the cells is derived from the veins forming their anterior margin; cell cu^ is divided by the anal suture; A, with a gap at end of anal suture; in Liviidae and Aphalaridae this gap is very close to the apex of Cug; the gap is at a slight distance from the apex of Cug in Psyllidae; the gap is almost in the middle of the anal vein in Triozidae. The costal vein (C+Sc) also often shows a gap before the pterostigma. Pterostigma not always present, sometimes indicated by a thickening of veins at the costal margin and R (Figure 199, 5,7), sometimes consisting of a very leathery, thick membrane (Figure 199, 8), or, on the other hand, it may be membranous (Figure 199, 9,10). Dorsal and ventral side of membrane of fore wings often covered with minute spinules rarely visible to the naked eye; groups of marginal spinules present at apex of cells at the apical margin of the fore wings (Figure 211, 15). The density and arrangement of surface and marginal spinules are very important diagnostic characters of species of Psyllidae. Venation of hind wings similar, but veins faintly marked, M not branched (Figure 199, 1). During flight both pairs of wings are coupled by means of 4-14 hooklike setae on C+Sc of.

eyes of Liviidae are

hind wings locking with the ventrally folded margin of the clavus of fore wings. Psyilids as a rule do not fly well, but use their wings for soaring and gliding. The segmentation of the abdomen and the homology of parts of the genitalia have given rise to much controversy. We adopt here the system of Vondracek (1957). Abdominal sclerites I and II markedly or completely reduced. Terga III-VIIIand sterna III-VI are well developed in the female; terga X and XI form the anal segment; sternum VII forms the genital segment; the anus is usually surrounded by a ring consisting of 2 rows of pores of wax glands (Figure 199, 11). Terga II-VIII and abdominal sterna III-VIII are well developed in the male; tergum IX forms the genital segment (called hypandrium by some authors); terga X and XI form the anal tube (proctiger) which bears the anus at the apex (Figure 199, 12). The genital segment of the male bears the genital forceps (parameres) of varying form and structure and a 2- segmented penis; apex of penis widened, with specific structure in different species, usually with a tubular process dorsally; the ejaculatory duct opens at the apex of this process (Figure 209,

16,17).

Ill

FIGURE 199.

IPsylla

IV

V

VI

Psyllinea (after Vondracek, Haupt and original) pyricola, female (an anal suture, ptpierostigma);

head and pronotuni: 2dorsal;

Slaieral;

4Colposcenia

2,3Livia juncorum. aliena, fore wing (clclavus

10Euphyilura olivina; alpina: 8 P. colorata; 9P.pruni; IIAryiaina genistae, female abdomen, lateral (aoanus with perianai ring of pores of wax glands); 12A. genistae, male, same (atanal tube, ppenis, parpaiameres, fusca; 7P.

FIGURE 200. Psyllinea (after Vondracek and original) 1Arytaina genisiae, head and thorax, lateral (gcgenal cones. asantennal socket, vvertex, ecompound eye, ococellus, clclypeus, pbproboscis, ppronoiurn, peprothocacic epistemurn. pm protlioracic epimeron, cicoxa of forelegs, spiprothoracic spiracle, psmesothoracic prescutum, mscmesothoracic scutum. mescmesoinoracicscuteHum, pptpaiapteron. tetegula, metasmetascutellum, c middle coxa, Cghind coxa, mer meracantha); 2same, dorsal (cs coronal suuire, prpostorbital ridges, axaxillary scleriies); 3Trioza agrophila, measurements of parts of head (Igclength of genal cones, lvlength

of vertex, bhv- breadth of half mali, hind

leg (ccoxa,

vertex,

bv-breadth of vertex,

mermeracantha,

trirochanter,

sssanatoria 1 spines, elclaws, pulpulvilli, ararolium); rhois; 7Amblyrhina maculata; 8 Bactericera

bh-’breadthofnead); 4,5-Psylla ffemur,

tbtibia,

6-8antennae;

perrisi.

gsgenual spine 6Calophya

FIGURE 201.

Psytlinea. Types of nymphs of the 5th instar, dorsal and ventral (original)

1Agonoscena 4Trioza

succincta; 2Psyllopsis discrepans; 3Spanioneura bu alacris; 5Calophya rhois; 6Psylla craiaegi; 7Homotom

Reproduction is always bisexual. The larvae possess wingpads and compound eyes already from the 1st instar. It is therefore more correct to call them nymphs. The nymphs do not resemble the imagines, their body is flattened; body size increases at each instar, the wing pads project further beyond the margin of the body, the number of antennal segments increases; the tarsal segments become differentiated in the 4th or 5th instar. There are 5 nymphal instars. The systematics of the nymphal stages have not been worked out. However, different genera are known to have nymphs of specific structure (Figure 201, 1-7). All Psyllinea are phytophagous, usually closely connected with one foodplant (monophagous) or narrowly oliphagous. They reproduce in large numbers, often living in colonies during the nymphal stage. Many species form galls on the stems and leaves of the host plant. Some Psyllinea transmit viral diseases. The biology of the Psyllinea is little known. The harm they cause in agriculture and forestry is not sufficiently known. The only well-known pests of fruit trees are the pear psylla, the apple psylla and Homotoma ficus L. .The cabbage psylla and the carrot psylla are injurious to 441 vegetables. Recent investigations show that Psyllinea cause severe damage to a number of useful plants, e.g., Laurus in the Crimea, saxauland poplar in Kazakhstan and Soviet Central Asia, plantations of cork oak in the Far East and some forest trees in the European U.S.S.R. (ash and buckthorn). The systematics of the group are little known. Old and also recent classifications of the group (including the classification of He slop-Harris on 442 (1958) for the world fauna should be critically examined. The most modern and well-founded classification is that ofVondracek (1957), but it is restricted to the fauna of Czechoslovakia. There exist 1300-1350 species; about 300 species occur in the U.S.S.R. Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia and Siberia have the richest fauna, but the investigation of these regions has just begun. 35 genera (only 3 of them not yet found), 160 species. The present key is based mainly on characters recognizable with the binocular microscope. However, a higher magnification is often necessary, requiring the making of preparations. For this purpose the specimens are kept in a 10% solution of KOH until the internal tissues are dissolved; they are then rinsed 2 or 3 times in distilled water, passed through 4fl%, 75% and 96% alcohol and cleared in oil of cloves or another oil. The material is then mounted in Canada balsam on a slide and covered with a cover glass. LITERATURE. Loginova, M. M. Reviziya vidov rodov Aphalara Frst. and C raspedoleptfl Enderl. (Psylloidea, Homoptera) iauny SSSR (A Revision of the Species of Genera Aphalara Frst. and Craspedolepia Enderl, (Psylloidea. Homoptera) of the Fauna of the U.S.S.R.).-Vols.I.II. Entomologicheskoe obozzenie, XL, 3; 1961; XLII. 3, 1963; Heslop- Harrison, G Subfamily Separation in ihe Homopterous Psyllidae, III(a-c).-Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (13).I. 9. 1958; Pflugfelder. 0. Psyllina. In: H.G. Sronn. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Bd.5. Arthropoda. Abt.3. Insecta. Buch 8, Teil.6. Jena, 1941; Schaefer, H.A. Beitrsge zur Kenntnis der Psylliden der Schweiz.-Mitt. Schweiz. Ent.Ges., XXII. 1, 1949; Vondracek, K, Mecy-Psylloidea.-Fauna CSR. 9, Praha, 1957.

Key to Families 1 (2).

Vertex markedly longer than broad at posterior margin; a wart-shaped sensory organ present anterior to each eye; eyes

2 (1).

3 (4).

4

(3).

5 (8).

6 (7).

7 (6).

8 (5).

flattened, small, not projecting beyond lateral margins of postorbital ridges; 2nd antennal segment thickest and longest (Figure 199, 2,3). Tegula large, in the form of a flattened pentagon; no axillary sclerites in fore wings (Figures 199, 2,3; 202,1)............................,...... 1. Liviidae (p. 557). Vertex shorter than broad at posterior margin; no sensory organ anterior to eyes; eyes convex, more or. less spherical, projecting beyond lateral margins of postorbital ridges; 2nd antennal segment narrower than 1st and shorter than 3rd segment (Figures 200, 2; 202, 4,10,14,18). Tegula usually in the form of a small rounded tubercle; axillary sclerites present (Figure 200, 1,2). Genal cones absent. Frons in form of small sclerite, usually at anterior or ventral surface of head; unpaired ocellus on apex of frons. not always visible in dorsal view (except in Euphyllura). Antennae usually little longer than breadth of head, not filiform .............................. 2. Aphalaridae (p. 559). Genae forming anteriorly inflated ridges or usually produced into 2 conical processes (genal cones), projecting anteriorly or ventrally slanting; frons enclosed between the genal cones, usually not visible (Figures 200,3; 209, 1,4,9). Only two veins (R and MCu) branching from base of fore wings; M has a common stem with Cu, branching from this (Psyllid type of venation). Costal vein usually with gap; gap in anal vein slightly before apex of Cun. Cross section of antennae round, antennae without long setae. Apex of fore wings broadly rounded or slightly tapering, but not angular; inner veins of wings without setae ...................... ........................................ 3. Psyllidae (p. 575). Antennae laterally flattened, broad, densely covered with long dark setae (Figure 216, 1). Fore wings with angular apex; veins with 2 rows of setae (Figure 216, 2)..... 4. Carsidaridae (p. 595). All 3 veins (R, M and Cu) usually begin at one point at the base of fore wings (Triozid type of venation), or M branches from R, and is not connected with Cu. Pore wings with acute-angled apex, without pterostigma; costal vein without gap; gap of anal vein in its middle

444

..............................

1.

Family

5. Triozidae

(p. 595).

LIVIIDAE

Slender, with more or less flat body and porrect head. Vertex little depressed, protruding anteriorly in 2 lobes, with a deep, acute-angled notch in the middle; vertex longer than broad at posterior margin. Eyes small, flattened; a sensory organ in the form of a small tubercle anterior to each eye. Second antennal segment longer and broader than the other segments. Fore wings thick, leathery, usually with coral-like pattern. In humid habitats, on Juncus and C a r ex.- One subfamily, Liviinae, with 2 genera, 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 or 7 species t.

Heslop-Harrison, G. The subfamily Liviinae L6w of the Homopierous family Psyllidae.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12). I, 4, 1948; II, 16, 1949,

FIGURE 202.

PsylHnea. Family Liviidae and Aphalaridae (after Haupt and original)

1,2Di rap hi a crefeldensis; Ihead and thorax, dorsal; 2 fore wing; 3-D. limbata, aceris: 4head and thorax, dorsal; 5same, lateral; 6head, same; 4-8 Rhinocola olivina: 9fore wing; ventral; 7fore wing of female; 8male genitalia; 9-12EuphylIura 10head and thorax, dorsal; 11same, lateral; 12head, ventral; 13Camaroioscena succincta: 14head and thorax, dorsal; 15sarni speciosa, fore wing; 14-16Agonoscena lateral; 16-forewing; 17-A. pegani, same; 18-20-Strophingia ericae: 18-head and thorax, dorsal; 19same, laieral; 20fore wing; 21-25structure of pleurites of prothorax: speciosa; 23 Agonoscena succincta 21Rhinocola aceris; 22Camarotoscena 24-A. pegani,’ 25-Strophingia ericae.

APHALAIDAE

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Anterior margin of vertex with deep notch; anterior lobes of vertex narrowly rounded and only partly covering the 1st (basal) segment of antennae. 2nd antennal segment convex-cylindrical, almost twice as long as 1st segment, 2/3 the length of segments 3-10 together (Figure 199, 2). Fore wings more or less oval, narrower at apex than at the base, broadest in the middle; pterostigma formed by markedly thickened C+Sc and R ...... 1. Livia. Anterior margin of vertex with shallow notch; anterior lobes of vertex broadly rounded, their lateral margin partly or completely covering basal segments of antennae. 2nd antennal segment slightly longer than 1st segment, less than one-third the length of segments 3-10 together (Figure 202, 1). Fore wings oblong-oval, broadest in proximal part of the apical third; pterostigma rudimentary, very short .............................. 2. Diraphia.

Keys to Species of Family Liviidae 1. Livia Latr. Widely distributed; rises high in the mountains. Producing galls on stems of Juncus spp. 1 species. 1 (1).

Reddish brown.

2.5-3.2

Fore wings yellow, almost opaque, with pattern. L. juncorum Latr.

.....................................

2. Diraphia Waga. Resembling In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 or 6 species. 1 (2).

Livia.

On C a rex.2

species.

yellow. Fore wings with broad brown border at widened D. limbata Waga. apical margin (Figure 202, 3). 3.0. South Buff-yellow. Apical margin of fore wings not widened; pattern of fore wings consisting of a few, sometimes little-marked spots (Figure 202, 2). 3.2-4. Baltic Region, Caucasus .......................................... D. crefeldensis Mink. Reddish

......

2 (1).

................

2.

Family APHALARIDAE

Thickset; head short, adpressed to thick, usually broader thorax; pronotum broad, flat, forming level passage between head and thorax, Genal cones absent; genae more or less rounded toward anterior margin of vertex, smoothly passing into it. Antennae short, not filiform; segments of flagellurn broader at apex than at base. Fore wings frequently thick, leathery, usually with pattern; gap on costal vein present; gap on anal vein at apex of Cun. Apex of tibiae of hind legs with 5-14 saltatorial spines; 1st tarsal segment with 2 spines (except in tribe Xenaphalarini and genus Camarotoscena). In the subfamily Aphalarinae posterior margin of anal tube with long horizontal processes. On trees and herbs, generally of desert or steppe origin. 16 genera, 53 species (2 additional genera included).

Key to Genera 1 (10). Posterior margin of anal tube without processes, only widened in the form of a lobe. Pterostigma in fore wings always present.

(Subfamily Pauropsyllinae). 445

2 (5).

Vertex flat, its anterior half depressed; anterior margin of vertex narrowed in the form of a rib; postorbital ridges flat, broad at ventral margin of eyes. Fore wings very leathery, transversely wrinkled, more or less rhomboidal. Body broad, thickset.

3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (2).

6 (7).

7 (6).

8 (9).

9 (8).

10 (1).

Vertex rectangular, almost straight anteriorly and posteriorly; unpaired ocellus on ventral side of head, not visible dorsally (Figure 202, 4-6), Fore wings of female much more elongaterhomboidal than those of male; pterostigma without cross veins (Figure 202, 7). Female genitalia as long as body, elongate wedge-shaped. Meracanthae on hind coxae in the form of low tubercles ....................................... 1. Rhinocola. Vertex polygonal, with 2 broad anterior lobes which enclose the dorsal unpaired ocellus (Figure 202, 10-12). Eyes markedly displaced posteriad. Fore wings broadly rhomboidal, similar in both sexes, with denser and darker pattern in male; pterostigma usually with cross veins (Figure 202, 9). Meracanthae on hind coxae forming small papillae .................... 2. Euphyllura. Anterior half of vertex convex, broadly arcuate ventrally, more or less indistinctly passing into genae; postorbital ridges more or less convex, almost reaching ventral side of eyes (Figure 202, 14,15,18,19). Fore wings membranous or thicker, oblong-oval, their apical margin slanting posteriad. Body slenderer. Body at least 2.0 long. Veins of fore wings straight, longitudinal, more or less parallel; Cui very long; cell cui at ambient vein always longer than cell mi (Figure 202, 13). Meracanthae on hind coxae well developed; apex of tibiae strongly dilated, bearing a crown of 9-12 saltatorial spines; 1st tarsal segment without saltatorial spines ........................... 3. Camarotoscena. Body not longer than 1.8. Veins not parallel; Cu, always arcuate; cell cu., as long as cell m^ or shorter. Meracanthae on hind coxae not always well developed; apex of tibiae little dilated, bearing a crown of 6-8 (usually 7) saltatorial spines; 1st tarsal segment with 2 saltatorial spines. Fore wings membranous, transparent, with strongly inflated, uneven and more or less sinuous veins which are banded on the whole wing; end of Cui strongly curved towards base of wing so that cell cu, is much broader at apex than at base (Figure 202, 16,17). Meracanthae on hind coxae very small, forming small tubercles which are distinctly spinulose .......... 4. Agonoscena. Fore wings thick, yellowish, semitransparent; veins not thick and not banded, almost straight; Cu-i strongly curved; cell cui small, triangular, as long as cell m^ (Figure 202, 20). Meracanthae well developed, long ................ 5. Strophingia. Anal tube of male with long horizontal processes at posterior margin. Fore wings only thickened at pterostigma which is rarely fully developed.

(Subfamily Aphalarinae). 560

11 (24). Vertex usually more than half as long as broad, with straight or acute-angled notch in the middle, protruding anteriorly in triangular lobes (Figure 203, 1,3,6,9,12,15,19). 12 (21). Propleurites divided by longitudinal suture into almost equal parts. Transverse fold of fore wings not marked. 13 (18). Propleurites not higher than broad. Eyes markedly convex, far posterior to anterior margin of vertex. (Tribe Aphalarini). 14 (17). Clypeus markedly projecting from genae in profile; head flat.

Pronotum convex, yoke-shaped. 15 (16). Clypeus long, conically inflated anteriorly, reaching anterior margin of head (Figure 203, 2). Vertex distinctly angular anteriorly, divided from genae by narrow grooves; genae forming tubercles ventral to antennal sockets ........................ 6. Aphalara. 16(15). Clypeus short, pillow-shaped, not markedly projecting from genae (Figure 203, 4). Vertex with little-developed anterior lobes, passing imperceptibly into the uniformly convex genae ..... ............................................ 7. Craspedolepta. 17 (14). Clypeus covered by genae; sides of head curved venfrally (Figure 203, 16). Pronotum more or less flat, posteriorly straight. Costal margin of fore wings concave in region of cell r; RS sinuous; Cug curved toward base of wing; pattern consisting of yellowish brown spots (Figure 203, 18) .............. .................................. 8. Brachystetha Log., gen. n. 18 (13). Proepimera at least longer than width of both propleurites. Eyes displaced to the outside of anterior corners of vertex, reaching level of its anterior margin, then slanting posteriad and inward in dorsal view, with broad postorbital ridges, Anterior lobes of vertex little developed; antennal sockets distoward longitudinal axis, close to frons; clypeus anteriorplaced 44^ ly prolonged, markedly projecting from genae. (Tribe Xenaphalarini Log., trib.n.). 19 (20). Head narrower than thorax, directed anteriad; body thick, cylindrical. Clypeus with narrowly rounded apex, covered with minute spinules (Figure 203, 7). Fore wings without pterostigma. R.S short, reaching costal margin (Figure 203,11). ....... ............................................. 9. Xenaphalara. 20 (19). Head as broad as thorax, slanting ventrad; body slender. Clypeus forming cone (Figure 203, 10). Pterostigma of fore wings long; RS reaching apical margin (Figure 203, 8)............ ................................................. 10. Eurotica. 21 (12). Propleurites divided into unequal parts by a diagonal suture which begins at anterior margin of pronotum; episterna shorter, more or less rectangular. Transverse fold of fore wings marked; Cug curved towards base of wings so that the angle between Cui and Cug is always obtuse (Figure 199, 4). (Tribe Stigmaphalarini). 22 (23). Anterior lobes of vertex well developed; junction of vertex and genae riblike; unpaired ocellus visible in dorsal view. Head almost as broad as thorax; sides of head ventrally curved, forming a dome covering clypeus completely (Figure 203,12-14). Pterostigma of fore wings broad at base, usually more than half as long as cell r; RS short, sinuous, reaching costal margin

HOMOPTERA

25

26

27

FIGURE 203. PsylUnea. Family Aphalaridae (original)

1,2Aphalara maculipennis: Ihead and thorax, dorsal; 2same, lateral; 3-5Craspedolepta innoxia: 3-head and thorax, dorsali 4-same, lateral; 5-head, ventral; 6,7Xenaphalara signata: 6head and thorax, dorsal; 7same, lateral; 8-10Eurotica distincta; 8-forewing; 9-head and thorax, dorsal; 10-saine. lateral; 11-Xenaphalara signata, fore wing; 12-14-Colposcenia albomaculata: 12-head and thorax, dorsal; 13-same, lateral; 14-head, ventral; 15-18 -Brachystetha nitrariae: 15-head and thorax, dorsal; 16-same, lateral; 17-head, ventral; 18-forewing; 19-22-Crastina myricariae, same; 23-29 arrangement of spinules on membrane of fore wings in cell rs anterior to branching of M; 23-Aphalara calthae; 24-A. longicaudaia; 25-A- maculipennis; 26 -A. polygoni; 27-A. borealis; 28-A. affinis; 29-A.exilis.

APHALAIDAE

23 (22).

24 (11).

25 (26).

26 (25).

27 (28).

28 (27).

(Figure 207, 1-5). Horizontal processes of anal tube of male without processes on ventral margin ............ 11. Colposcenia. Anterior lobes of vertex small; vertex anteriorly pressed between antennal sockets; junction of vertex and genae convex, rounded; unpaired ocellus not visible dorsally (Figure 203, 19-21). Head narrower than thorax, straight; clypeus projecting from genae, Pterostigma indicated by thickening of costal margin and R or membranous; RS long, reaching apical margin (Figure (Figure 203, 22). Horizontal processes of anal tube of male usually with hooklike processes ventrally ....................... ..................................... 12. Crastina Log., gen.n. Vertex half as long as broad or less, slightly curved ventrad. passing into genae without sharp border, with weak obtuse notch in the middle (Figure 208, 1-6). Clypeus spherical in anterior view, displaced towards anterior margin of head and usually visible in dorsal view; unpaired ocellus visible in dorsal view. Eyes hemispherical, with narrow postorbital ridges. Fore wings not membranous. (Tribe Caillardiini Log., trib.n.). Margin of antennal sockets not raised around frons; facial surface of head flat; unpaired ocellus and clypeus not visible in dorsal view. Fore wings thick, whitish; veins with brown markings at forks and at the apex; pterostigma absent (Figure 208, 7) ......... ............................................. 13. Eumetoecus. Margin of antennal sockets raised around frons, projecting from anterior margin of vertex; clypeus also projecting from anterior margin of vertex; facial surface of head concave; unpaired ocellus visible dorsally. Parameres of male with pointed process at posterior margin; shape of process resembling a beak with a crest. Fore wings rhomboidal or oblong-oval, leathery, hyaline; pterostigma short; thorax strongly inflated; body thick ............. 14. Caillardia. Parameres of male without process at posterior margin, mittenshaped, with a process at the inner anterior margin (Figure 208,

8,11,19). 29 (30). Fore wings twice as long as broad, rhomboidal, leathery, opaque, white, with pattern consisting of brownish spots; pterostigma absent (Figure 208, 18) ......... 15. Rhombaphalara Log.. gen.n. 30 (29). Fore wings oblong, with posterior margin slanting near apex, finely granular, semitransparent, without pattern; pterostigma long; R not reaching costal margin, reaching only base of pterostigma (Figure 208, 10,13). ........ 16. Rhodochlanis Log.. gen. n.

Keys to Species of Family Aphalaridae Rhinocola Frst. Pronotum overhanging sides of prothorax; propleurites displaced almost to venter of body, short, divided by diagonal suture (Figure 202, 21). 1 species. 1 (1).

Yellowish green; fore wings with a few brown spots. Male genitalia as in Figure 202, 8. 2-2.5. On maple (Acer cam

-

1.

pestre, A.tatarica, rarely on A. platanoides and A. pseudoplatanus) .......................... Rh. aceris L.

2. Euphyllura Costa. Head markedly projecting over pronotum, almost covering propleurites. Mesonotum markedly inflated. Very specislized morphologically; its position in the subfamily is not quite clear. 1 species. 448

1 (1).

Dirty yellow; fore wings with brown pattern. 2.5-2,8. Crimea, Caucasus. On Olea europaea and on Phyllirea media, Ph. angustifolia, Osmantus flagrans, 0. ilicifolius; injurious especially as nymphs in May-June ........................................... *Eu. olivina Costa.

.....................

3. Camarotoscena Haupt. Propleurites almost twice as high as broad, divided by a longitudinal suture; ventral part of suture curved anteriad (Figure 202, 22). Transverse fold of fore wings marked (Figure 202, 13). On poplar; often occurs in large numbers. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. 1 (1).

Orange,

with brown pattern on body and fore wings. 2-2.5. Estonia; South and Southeast; Caucasus. On Populus nigra, P. alb a, P.pyramidalis. The margin of infested leaves roll into friable, wrinkled galls ................... *C. speciosa Flor.

4. Agonoscena Enderl. Costal vein of fore wings usually concave; transverse fold faintly marked. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Propleurites divided by a straight longitudinal suture into equal

parts (Figure 202, 23). Pterostigma of fore wings distinct, extending along almost the whole cell r (Figure 202, 16). 1.3-1.6. Crimea. On Pistacia mutica and Ruta graveolens...... ............................................ A. succincta Heeg. Propleurites divided by a curved longitudinal suture into unequal parts (Figure 202, 24). Pterostigma of fore wings faintly marked, very short (Figure 202,17). 1.2-1.65. Steppes of the South and Southeast. On Peganum harmala............ A. pegani Log.

5. Strophingia Enderl. Sides of pronotum convex, projecting far on the sides; propleurites pressed between head and thorax, small (Figure 202,25). 1 species. 1 (1).

yellow. 1-1.3. Baltic Region, Leningrad Region. On Calluna vulgaris .......................S. ericae Curt. Greenish

6. Aphalara Frst. Genitalia of female short, wedge-shaped; posterior end of perianal ring of pores of wax glands usually expanded forming an apron. On Caltha, Polygonum and Rum ex.7 species. In the whole

U.S.S-R. 8 species. 1 (2).

Anal segment of female longer than the 3 preceding abdominal sterna (in dried specimens). 3-3,4. Center, Southwest .......................................... A. longicaudata Log. 2 (1). Anal segment of female shorter than the 2 preceding abdominal sterna or as long as these. 3 (10). Fore wings without pattern, sometimes very slightly smoky. 4 (9). Orange or reddish orange, with brown abdomen.

..........

564

FIGURE 204.

Psyllinea. Family Aphalaridae (original)

1,2Aphalara borealis; Imale genicalia; 2male pa ram ere s, inner view; 3,4A- polygoni; 3-male genitalia; 4male parameres, inner view: 5 A. maculipennis, fore wing; 6 A. exilis, same; 7,8Craspedolepia subpunctata: ’7male genitalia; 8same, female; 9-11 C. flavipennis; 9male geniialia; 10male parameres, inner view; 11 male genitalia: 12,13C. sonchi, male: 12 genitalia; 13paiameres, inner view; 14,15C- omissa: 14male genitalia; 15same, female; 16,17C. innoxia: 16male genitalia; 17same, female; 20female geniialia; 21male 18 C. lineolaia, fore wing; 19-21 C. intricata: 19same; parameres, dorsal; 22-25 C, brevicauda: 22fore wing; 23male genitalia; 24male parameres, inner view; 25female genitalia.

5 (6).

Fore wings amber-colored; spinules of membrane densely standing, forming regular transverse or curved rows in cells (Figure 203,23). 3-3.4. Northwest, Center, Southwest. On Caltha ........................................ A. calthae L.

Fore wings light, at least at base; spinules less numerous covering membrane uniformly (Figure 203, 25-27). 7 (8). Subapical process of male parameres long, separated by a deep notch, directed anteriad and inward (Figure 204, 1,2). 2.5-3.1. South and Southwest. On Polygonum tomentosum, P. lapathifolium.......... .......... A. borealis Hesl.-Harr. 8 (7). Subapical process of parameres short, very slightly separated, almost at level of straight apical margin (Figure 204, 3,4). 2.5-3.2. On Polygonum tomentosum, P. p e r sic aria, P. amphibium, etc. ........................ A. polygon! Frst. 9 (4). Brown to pitch-black; 3rd to 8th antennal segments, tibiae and tarsi yellow. Fore wings yellow; spinules of wing membrane as in Figure 203. 28. 2.8-3.2. Northwest, West, Southwest ............................................... A. affinis Zett. 10 (3). Pore wings with definite pattern. 11 (12). Membrane of fore wings transparent, yellowish, sometimes colorless at base; a dirty-yellow to brownish pattern of diffuse spots bordering veins, often fused into an oblique band in apical third of wings; end of veins brown (Figure 204, 5). Spinules of wing membrane as in Figure 203, 25. 2.5-3.1. South and Southwest. On Polygonum aviculare, P. lapathifolium...... ......................................... A. maculipennis Low. 12 (11). Membrane of fore wings whitish, almost opaque; pattern of fore wings consisting of scattered brown spots (Figure 204, 6). Spinules stout, more or less arranged in transverse rows (Figure 203,29). 2.4-3.1. West and Northwest. On Rumex A. exilis W.-M. acetosella, R.acetosa, R.scutatus 6 (5).

......

......

450

7.

Craspedolepta Enderl. The genus

steppes and desert-steppes, living on various Compositae; especially numerous on Artemisia; only 2 species occur on Chamaenerium angustifolium. 24 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 38 species. is distributed in

1 (18). Fore wings without distinct pattern; barely noticeable spots rarely in apical third of fore wings (see bracket No. 9). Membrane of fore wings transparent. All veins of fore wings with brown bands of different length

2 (7). 3 (4).

(Figure 204,18).

2.5-3.1. Southeast. On Artemisia.......... ............................................. C.lineolata Log. 4 (3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

Veins of fore wings not banded. Veins light or brownish at apex of fore wings; membrane transversely wrinkled. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 204, 14,15. 2.4-2.9. Center, Southwest, South. On Artemisia vulgaris................... C. omissa W. Wagn. Veins light, usually brownish where they reach the ambient vein; membrane smooth. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 204, 7,8. 3.3-3.6. Northwest, West, Center, Southwest. On Chamaenerium angusfifolium.... ................ ........ ....... C. subpunctata Frst. (Aphalara chamaenerii Andr.). ..

.

7 (2). Membrane of fore wings yellow or smoky. 8 (11). Large? 3.3. 9 (10). Membrane of fore wings yellow, often with faintly marked brownish spots in apical third. Veins of same color as membrane or lighter. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 204, 9-11. 3.8-4.8. On Leucanthemum vulgar e, etc. .......................................... C. flavipennis Frst. 10 (9). Membrane transparent at base of fore wings, usually yellowish apically, with raised brownish spots; veins brownish to dark brown, strongly convex. Male genitalia as in Figure 204, 12,13. 3.3-4.4. On Sonchus (?), etc.................. C. sonchi Frst. 11 (8). Smaller, 3.2. Postorbital ridges broad. Membrane of fore wings slightly leathery; veins strong, convex. Processes of anal tube of male projecting beyond genital segment. 12 (15). Female genitalia longer than the other abdominal segments together (in dried specimens). 13 (14). Fore wings broadest in apical third. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 204, 16,17. 2.4-2.9. Moldavia, Ukraine, Caucasus .............................................. C. innoxia Frst. 14 (13). Fore wings narrowed at apex (Figure 204, 19). Female genitalia as in Figure 204, 20; male parameres in dorsal view as in Figure 204, 21. 2.5-3.1. South ................ C. intricata Log. 15 (12). Female genitalia shorter than the other abdominal segments together. A large or small part of the dorsal margin of the anal segment of the female convex. Spinules on fore wings dense, hardly visible at a magnification of 200. 16 (17). Female and male genitalia as in Figure 204,23-25. 2.1-2.7. South, Southeast............................ C. brevicauda Log. 17 (16). Female and male genitalia as in Figure 205, 2-4. 2.3-3. South.

...,..-...,,....

.

............................................

.

.

C.medvedevi Log.

Fore wings with pattern, 18 (1). 19 (26). Pattern consisting of yellow-brown stripes or diffuse spots along veins in apical half of wings. 20 (23). Pattern of fore wings consisting of narrow stripes bordering veins. 21 (22). Antennae 8-segmented. Membrane of fore wings whitish, coarsely granular (Figure 205,5). Female genitalia very large (Figure 205,7); male genitalia as in Figure 205, 6. 2.1-3. On Achillea C. nervosa Frst. millefolium, A. ge rbe ri 22 (21). Antennae 9-segmented. Membrane of fore wings shiny, yellowish, less granular; stripes of pattern broader, diffuse (Figure 205, 8). Female and male genitalia as in Figure 205, 9, 10. 2.2-3.2. Ciscaucasia, Caucasus. On Achillea ........................ ................ Cr. pontica Dobr. et Man. (inarticulata Log.). 23 (30). Pattern on fore wings consisting of yellowish or brownish diffuse spots usually fused into transverse bands. 24 (25). Fore wings with 2 transverse bands (Figure 205, 15). Male and female genitalia as in Figure 205, 16,17). 2.6-2.8. North, Northwest, West. On C ham aene rium angustifolium ........... ............................................. C. nebulosa Zett. 25 (24). Fore wings with one transverse band; membrane of fore wings yellowish, with indistinct wrinkles, shiny (Figure 205, 18). ..................

567

FIGURE 205, Psyllinea, Family Aphalaridae (after Klimashevskii and original)

1-4c rasped o’lept a medvedevi: Ifore wing; 2male genitalia; 3male parameres, inner view; 4female gemialia; 5-7C. nervosa: 5fore wing; 6male genitalia; 7same, female; 8-10 C. pontica: 8fore wing; 9male genitalia; 10same, female; 11-14c. aberrantis: 11fore wing: 12male genitalia; 13male parameres, inner view; 14female genitalia; 15-n C. nebulosa: 15fore wing; 16male genitalia; nsame, female; 18,-19C. bulgarica: 18fore wing; 19male genitalia; 20-23 C. gloriosa: 20fore wing; 21male geniialia; 22male parameres, inner view; 23female geniialia.

568

Male genitalia as in Figure 205, 19. 2.2-3.1. South, Caucasus. On A c h i 11 e a ............................. C. bulgarica Klim. 26 (19). Pattern of fore wings consisting of fine speckles usually forming rounded brown spots. 27 (28). Membrane of fore wings yellow; pattern consisting of yellowbrown spots close together or fused and of a rich yellow border at the apical margin (Figure 205, 11). Male and female genitalia as in Figure 205, 12-14. 2.2-3.3. Southeast. On Artemisia dracunculus, A.arenaria, A. m ar s challiana). .......... ........................................... C. aberrantis Log. 453 28 (27). Pattern on fore wings distinct, consisting of isolated brown round

spots. 29 (40). Body bare. 30 (33). Pattern sparse, absent in basal half of fore wings. 31 (32). Fore wings slanting towards Cug at apex; spots of pattern forming small groups only at end of cells rs and m,; spinules absent (Figure 206, 8). Male genitalia as in Figure 206, 9, 10. 1,7-2.2. Southeast, Ciscaucasia. On Artemisia schrenkiana, A. lercheana .............................. C. laevigata Log. 32 (31). Pattern denser; spots present in all cells near the uniformly rounded apical margin; spinules absent (Figure 205, 20). Male and female genitalia as in Figure 205, 21-23. 2.2-2.8. Center, South, Southeast. On Artemisia abrotanum ...............

............................................. C. gloriosa Log. 33 (30). Pattern present in all cells of fore wings. Spinules densely and more or less uniformly covering membrane of fore wings, also present on spots. 35 (36). Pattern pale brown, consisting of very minute spots on white background of membrane of fore wings (Figure 206,11); spinules as in Figure 206, 2. Male genitalia as in Figure 206, 12,13. Apical posterior angle of parameres curved inward and dorsad; inner processes of parameres with 2 denticles at apex. 2-2.6.

34 (37).

On Artemisia austriaca. C. punctulata Log. Pattern dark brown, spots twice as large, densest at apex of fore wings (Figure 206, 14); spinules as in Figure 206, 1. Male genitalia as in Figure 206, 15,16; parameres broadest at apical margin; inner processes of parameres short, with apical steplike notch. 2.4-2.8. On Artemisia campestris, A. marschalliana.................................... C. artemisiae Prst. 37 (34). Spinules of fore wings forming a network of rounded cells; each cell delimited by 2 rows of spinules; cells as large as spots (Figure 206, 3,4). 38 (39). Horizontal processes of anal tube of male very little projecting beyond genital segment (Figure 206, 20); inner view of parameres as in Figure 206, 21, 2.2-3.1. On Artemisia vulgaris...... ............................................ C. latior W. Wagn. 39 (38). Horizontal processes of anal tube of male markedly projecting beyond genital segment (Figure 206, 22); inner aspect of parameres as in Figure 206, 23, 2.2-3. On Artemisia absinth i u m .................................. C. malachitica Dahlb. Southeast,

36 (35),

..

..

.

HOMOPTERA

1-7 arrangement of spinules on membrane of fore wings in cell rs proximal to fork of M: ICraspedoleptaartemisiae; 2C.punctulata; 3 C.latter; 4C.mala7c. seiosa; 8-10C.laevigaia: chitica; 5C. araneosa; 6C.pilosa; 8fore wing; 9male genitalia; 10male parameres, innec vi&w; 11-13C. punctulaia; IIfore wing: 12male genitalia; 12male parameres, inner view; 14-16C. artemisias: 14lore wing; 15male genitalia; 16male parameres, inner view; n-19C. alevtinae; nfore wing; ISmale genitalia; 19male parameres, inner view; 20,21 C. laiior; 20male genitalia; 21male parameres, inner view; 22.23 C. malachitica: 22male geniialia; 23male parameres, inner view; 24-26 C. araneosa: 24fore wing; 25male genitalia; 2Gmale parameres, inner view; 27,28C. setosa: 27fore wing; 28male

genitalia; 29,30C. pilosa: 29fore wing; 30male genitalia.

40 (29). Body covered with light setae. 41 (44). Membrane of fore wings without setae. 42 (43). Fore wings without spinules; pattern sparse, scarcely entering cells c and r (Figure 206, 17). Male genitalia as in Figure 206, 18,19, 1.7-3. Center,, South, Southeast, On Artemisia abrotanum ...............................C. alevtinae Andr. 43 (42). Spinules of fore wings as in Figure 206, 5; spots of pattern forming groups and chains at end of veins (Figure 206, 24). Male genitalia as in Figure 206. 25,26. 1.7-2,5. Southeast. On Artemisia lercheana, A. schrenkiana, etc. .......... C. araneosa Log. 44 (41), Membrane of fore wings with rows of light setae, which are not shorter than 0.02-0.03. 45 (46). Setae on fore wings 0,06-0.13 long; spinules sparsely and uniformly distributed on wings; pattern sparse, brown; larger spots at end of veins and at forks (Figure 206, 7,27). Male genitalia as in Figure 206, 28. 1.8-2.1. Southwest, South, Southeast. On Arten-iisia lercheana, A. schrenkiana, A. sublesC. setosa W. Wagn. singiana, etc. 46 (45). Setae of fore wings 0.02-0.03 long; spinules sparse; wings slanting at apex; pattern sparse, consisting of uniform spots (Figure 206, 6,29). Male genitalia as in Figure 206, 30. 1.8-2.4. South, Southeast. On Artemisia maritima, A. nitrosa,......... ............................................... C. pilosa Osh. ............................

8. Brachystetha Log., gen. n. Clypeus in profile covered by genae. Eyes markedly convex; head laterally curved ventrad. Fore wings without pterostigma. Type species; B. nitrariae Log., sp.n., occurring in Central Kazakhstan, possibly also in the steppes of the Southeast. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

1 (1).

Rich-colored, yellowish brown, with distinctly colored fore.wings (Figure 203, 18). Antennae almost 1.5 times as long as breadth of head; rhinaria present on 4th, 6th, 8th and 9th antenna! segments. Apex of hind tibiae with 7 saltatorial spines, separated from each other; 1st tarsal segment with 2 saltatorial spines. Male genitalia as in Figure 207, 16. 2.3-2.7. Center, Kazakhstan. On Nitra.ria schoberi; not forming galls; imagines appearing in June-July ....................................... B. nitrariae Log., sp.n. .

..

9. Xenaphalara Log. On Chenopodiaceae; not forming galls; imagines appearing in June. Monotypic genus. 1 (1).

Brown; fore wings white, with brown stripes at end of veins (Figure 203,11). Male and female genitalia as in Figure 207, 14,15. 1.9-2.32, Steppes of the Southeast. On Ceratocarpus arenarius .................................. X. signata Low.

10. Eurotica Log. The 2 known species of the genus were found in the desert-steppe of Kazakhstan onEurotia ceratoides; forming conical galls at tip of shoots; Eu. distincta Log, possibly occurs in the steppes in the Southeast.

11. Colposcenia Enderl. On Tamarix in the southeastern part of the Palearctic Region; some species form conical galls on shoots. 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 10 species. 1 (10). Yellow-green or yellow; pattern of fore wings consisting of brownish spots usually on yellow background; membrane of wings whitish. 2 (7). Horizontal processes of anal tube of male wedge-shaped, with apex curved upward. 3 (6). Parameres shoe-shaped; "heel" of shoe forming a small posteriorly slanting anterior lobe at the apical margin; "tip" of shoe forming a broad rounded lobe at posterior angle of apex

(Figure 207, 7,8). 4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (3).

7 (2). 8 (9).

9 (8).

10

,(1).

Yellowish green; pattern near apical margin of fore wings on rich yellow background (Figure 207,1). Male genitalia as in Figure 207,7. 1.9-2.4. South ................... C. vicina Log. Buff-yellow, with brown spots and stripes on dorsum and frequently on abdominal terga. Pattern on fore wings coral-like, on pale yellowish background (Figure 207, 2). Male genitalia as in Figure 207, 8. 2.2-2.6. South ................... C. araxis Log. Parameres low, with clavate apex (Figure 207, 11). pattern of fore wings consisting of fine speckles, without background, which are fused into larger spots near apex (Figure 207, 3). 1.9-2.3. South ..................................... C. conspurcata Log, Horizontal processes of anal tube of male markedly broader at apex than at base. Fore wings with a light spot without pattern extending from base of cell m^ through mg into cell cui, reaching ambient vein; end of veins at apical margin brown (Figure 199, 4). Male genitalia as in Figure 207, 6. 2-2.2. South, Southeast, Caucasus............. ............................................... C. aliena Low. Light spot not entering cell cui, only reaching cui; end of veins light; pattern faint on yellow background (Figure 207, 5). 2.4-2.9. Crimea; South; Caucasus ................... C. osmanica Vondr. Reddish orange, with brown spots on thorax; abdominal sclerites brown; head, thorax and legs with white rounded spots, pattern on forelegs brown, consisting of large and small spots; pterostigma also often brown; if the light spot reaches cell cu^, then only its anterior part; end of veins not brown (Figure 207, 4). Male genitalia as in Figure 207, 10. 2.4-3. Crimea to the Volga, Caucasus ................................ C. kiritschenkoi Log.

12. Crastina Log., gen. n. On Tamaricaceae, especially on Myricaria. Type species: C. myricariae Log., sp.n.; several additional new species have been recorded from the mountains of Soviet Central Asia; C. tamaricina Log. also belongs to this genus. This species was formerly considered to belong to the genus Rhinocola.2 species. In the whole U.S.S-R. 3 or 4 as yet undescribed species. 1 (2).

Vertex convex anteriorly; foveolae close together and close to posterior margin, deep, connected by a weak constriction; clypeus not displaced toward anterior surface of head, markedly

.

projecting between genae in anterior view. Fore wings thick, with or without brown spots; pterostigma narrow, formed by thickened veins; RS reaching apical margin. Antennae longer than breadth of head including eyes; rhinaria present on 4th to 9th segments of antennae. 2.4-2.7. Caucasus. On Myricaria ..................................... C. myricariae Log., sp. n. Vertex straight; foveolae not close together, fine; clypeus ending at level of anterior surface of head, between genae in anterior view. Fore wings without pattern, leathery; pterostigina broad at base, membranous; RS reaching end of costal margin; apex of wings more strongly slanting towards Cug. 2.2-2.7. South, Southeast. On Tamarix.... C. tamaricina Log.

2 (1). 455

13. Eumetoecus Log. Dry steppes of the Southeast. Monotypic genus; forming conical galls mainly on branches near the ground.

.

1 (1).

Yellowish green to yellow, with brown spots on dorsum and abdominal terga. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 208, 8,9, 1.72-2.32. Steppes of the Southeast. On Kochia prost r a t a and Camphorosma................. Eu. kochiae Horv.

14. Caillardia Bergev. Mainly on saxaul (Haloxylon) and Anabasis (family Chenopodiaceae); all known species produce galls. Sexual dimorphism common, i.e., head and thorax of male of dark color; pattern of fore wings sometimes also different. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 5 species, mainly in Soviet Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

FIGURE 208. PsylUnea. Family Aphalaridae (original) 1-6head

and thorax, dorsal and lateral

chlanis halimocnemis;

kochiae:

views;

1,2Eumetoecus kochiae, 3,4R halocnemi; 7-9Eumetoe

5,6Rhombaphalara

7forfiwing; 8male genitalia; 9same, female; 10-12 Rhodochlanis halimocnemis: 10fore wing; 11male genitalia; 12same, female: 13-15 Rh. salicorniae: 13-forewing; 14-male genitalia; 15-same. female; 16.17-Caillardia anabasidis: 16-forewing; 17-female geniialia: 18-20-Rhombaphalaia halocnemi: 18fore wing; 19male genitalia; SOsame, female.

1 (1).

Green; head and thorax of male blackish brown; fore wings without pattern (Figure 208,16). Female genitalia as in Figure 208,17. 2.4-3.5. Steppes of the Southeast. On Anabasis aphylla, A. sals a, A.truncata.-.C. anabasidis Log.

15. Rhombaphalara Log., gen.n. On Halocnemum strobilaceum (Chenopodiaceae); not forming galls. Type species and only species: Rh. halocnemi Log., sp.n.

1 (1).

457

Head and thorax greenish yellow, with brown spots; abdomen usually green; genitalia yellowish brown, shiny in female; fore wings with brownish speckles (Figure 208, 18). Antennae longer than breadth of head; rhinaria present on 4th to 9th segments. Apex of hind tibiae widened, with a crown of 10 saltatorial spines standing close together; 2 saltatorial spines on 1st tarsal segment. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 208, 19,20. 1.8-2.3. Steppes of the Southeast. Adults appearing from middle of May onward .............................. Rh. halocnemi Log., sp. n.

16. Rhodochlanis Log., gen.n. On species of Chenopodiaceae, usually on annual species; not forming galls. Adults appearing from June onward. Type species: Rh. halimocnemis Beck. 2 species. In the whole

U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Brownish pink; abdomen usually yellow-green; fore wings without pattern, whitish. Male parameres with slightly dilated apex on a thick stem (Figure 208, 11). Anal segment of female tapering apically and curved downward; much longer than genital segment; apex of genital segment with 2 denticles (Figure 208,12). 2-2.6. Steppes of the Southeast. On annual species of Salsola, Suaeda, Petrosimonia ............ Rh. halimocnemis Beck. Head and thorax dorsally brownish black or dorsally and ventrally yellowish pink; abdomen green; fore wings yellowish. Parameres slenderer (Figure 208, 14). Anal segment of female wedgeshaped in profile, little longer than genital segment; apex of genital segment not divided (Figure 208, 15). 1.8-2.3. Steppes of the Southeast. On annual species of S a 1 s o I a, S.u a e d a .. ..................-.......’..........,.... Rh. salicorniae Klim. .

3.

Relatively slender.

...

.

Family PSY.LLIDAE

Head usually as broad as thorax, distinctly separated from thorax; pronotum more or less strongly curved, arcuate. Thorax dorsally strongly curved-inflated. Antennae (with some exceptions, e.g., Pachypsylloides, Diaphorina, Calophya) filiform, slender, much longer than breadth of head. Posterior margin of anal tube of male without processes. Venation of fore wings similar to that of the precedingfamilies: 2 veins (RRS and MCu) branch from the root of the wing and M has a common stem with Cu, branching from it. Fore wings usually membranous; gap of costal vein absent only in tribe Arytainini, in which the pterostigma is rudimentary or absent; gap of anal vein always at a small distance from apex of Cuo except in Pachypsyllinae. Almost all species of the family feed on various trees and shrubs; Psylla is the commonest genus in the European U.S.S.R. 12genera, 59 species. (1 additional genus included).

HOMOPTERA

FIGURE 209. Psyllinea. Family Psyllidae (original) 1-3

Eremopsylloides amirabilis: Ihead

and thorax, dorsal; 2same,

lateral;

head. ventral; 4-6 Pachypsylloides eiireus: 4head and thorax, dorsal; 5same. lateral; 6head, ventral; 1 Ecemopsylloides amirabilis, antenna; 8Pachypsylloides eiireus, same; 9,10 Calophya rhois: 9- head and thorax.

3

dorsal; 10 same, lateral; 11-15 propleurines: 11 Eremopsylloides amirabilis; 12E.fedtschenkoi; 13Pachysylloides citreus; 14P.turkesianicus; 15Calophya rhois; 16Eremopsylloides fedtschenkoi, apex of penis, lateral; 17Pachypsytloides turkestanicus, same; 18-20P. citreus: 18 fore wing; 19-male geniialia; 20-same. female; 21-23-P. turkestanicus: 21-forewing;

22malegeniialia; 23same, female; 24-26Eremopsylloides amirabilis: 24foce wing; 25malegenitalia; 26same, female; 27-29E. fedtschenkoi; 27fore wing; 28malegeniialia; 29same, female; 30,81Calophya rhois: 30fore wing; 31male

genitalia.

Key to Genera 1 (6). 2 (5).

3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (2).

True genal cones absent; genae anteriorly inflated in the form of ridges, or of different shape. Genae forming broad inflated genal ridges which bear the antennal sockets, usually contiguous in the middle, pressed against the frontal sclerite (Figure 209, 1-6). Antennae shorter or little longer than breadth of head including eyes. Lateral margin of pronotum straight; propleurites divided into distinctly unequal parts; epimera usually markedly smaller than episterna; dorsal part of suture reaching anterior margin of pronotum (Figure 209, 11-14). Fore wings more or less rhomboidal, slightly leathery, with pterostigma; costal vein with gap. Apex of hind tibia widened, with 5-8 saltatorial spines; 1st segment of hind tarsi with 2 saltatorial spines. (Subfamily Pachypsyllinae, tribe Pachypsylloidini

Log., trib.n.). Antennae shorter than width of head including eyes; 3rd to 10th antennal segments thickened (Figure 209, 8). Proepimera markedly smaller than proepisterna, narrow, their ventral part curved toward head (Figure 209, 13,14). Pterostigma of fore wings very broad, its base as broad as, or broader than, adjacent part of cell r (Figure 209, 18,21). Process bearing gonopore at apex of penis short, slender, not curved anteriad (Figure 209, 17)......... .......................................... 1. Pachypsylloides. Antennae longer than width of head including eyes; segments of flagellum not thickened (Figure 209, 7). Proepimera widened ventrally, not curved toward head (Figure 209, 11,12). Base of pterostigma of fore wings much narrower than adjacent part of cell r (Figure 209, 24,27). Process bearing gonopore about half as long as widened apex of penis, more or less S-shaped, thicker (Figure 209, 16). ............... 2. Eremopsylloides Log., gen. n. Genae inflated anteriorly, forming triangular lobes, their apex directed laterally to axis of body; frontal sclerite not visible; vertex broadly rounded anteriorly and ventrally (Figure 209, 9,10). Antennae as long as width of head; segments of flagellum widened from segment I to the penultimate segment (Figure 200, 6). Fore wings membranous, broadestdistal to middle. Cu, very long, sothat cell cu^ is more than 3 times longer than cell m^ (Figure 209, 30). Apex of hind tibiae very slightly widened, with 1+3 saltatorial spines

459

and a crown of thick setae; 1st segment of hind tarsi without saltatorial spines. Propleurites as in Figure 209, 15. (Subfamily Calophyinae, tribe Calophyini Log., trib. n.)......... 3. Calophya. Genae anteriorly produced into genal cones, directed anteriad or 6 (1). more or less curved downward. Gap of anal vein at a distance from apex of Cun. (Subfamily Psyllinae). 7 (10). Tibiae of hind legs smooth at base, without spine or tubercle, with 6-10 saltatorial spines at apex. Anal tube of male straight anteriorly, its posterior margin markedly lobate. (Tribe 8 (9).

Diaphorinini). Genal cones shorter than vertex, almost spherical in dorsal view, separated from vertex and genae by a deep constriction; anterior

margin of vertex broadly arcuate (Figure 210, 1-3). Antennae short, not filiform; 5th and 7th antennal segments are the narrowest. Fore wings with markedly widened apical part, broadest in apical third; veins inflated, thickened in pterostigma; R3 curved towards costal margin. Middle of ventral margin of genital segment of female usually angularly inflated. Male parameres simple, high. Apex of hind tibiae with 6 equidistant saltatorial spines. Integument finely granular. Body covered with hairs ............. ............................................... 4. Diaphorina. 9 (8). Genal cones conical, not more than half as long as vertex, without basal constriction; vertex triangular anteriorly, curved downward so that it appears narrowly rounded in dorsal view (Figure 210, 4,5). Antennae filiform, longer than width of head. Fore wings oval, with broad membranous pterostigma and slightly sinuous RS (Figure 210, 12,14). Genital segment of female with deep basal incision, densely covered with long setae ventrally, and with 2 denticles at apex. Parameres of male complex and of peculiar shape, with thick setae of varying thickness on inner side (Figure 210, 13,15-17). Apex of hind tibiae with a crown of 9 or 10 saltatorial spines ........................ 5. Psyllopsis. 10 (7). Tibiae of hind legs with genual spine or tubercle at the base, with 5 (rarely 6) saltatorial spines at apex (1+3 (sometimes 4) +1). Anal tube of male convex anteriorly, its posterior margin usually concave, without sharp dilatations. 11 (20). 1st segment of hind tarsi with one outer saltatorial spine. Anterior margin of antennal sockets at level of unpaired ocellus or anterior to it in dorsal view; genal cones more or less on the same plane as vertex, sometimes a little lower. (Figure 210, 6-11). Thorax slightly convex; propleural suture reaching apex of triangular lateral margins of pronotum. Antennae twice as long as width of head, filiform. Costal vein of fore wings without gap; pterostigma rudimentary or absent. (Tribe Arytainini). t 12 (15). Genal cones shorter than vertex; vertex anteriorly overhanging unpaired ocellus in the form of 2 inflated papillae; genal cones separated in steplike manner from vertex. 13 (14). Inner side ofbasesof genal cones not contiguous (Figure 210, 6,7). Fore wings elliptical; stripes on fore wings occupy cells rs and cug almost completely, forming sheaflike spots around marginal spinules of cells m,, m» and cu^ (Figure 210,18)...............

................................................. 6. Aryt&tna. 14(13). Inner side of bases of genal cones contiguous (Figure 210, 8,9). Fore wings oval, broader basally; pattern similar to that of Arytaina but shorter (Figure 210, 19).......... 7. Amblyrhina. 15 (12). Genai cones longer than vertex; vertex slanting anteriorly .

toward unpaired ocellus, not forming papillae. Genal cones distinctly separated from vertex only near coronal suture, more or less on the same plane as vertex, inner side of their bases not

contiguous (Figures 210. 10.11; 211.1-4). t HesIop-Harrison. G. The Aryiainini of the Subfamily Psyllinas, HemipteraHomopiera. Family Psyllidae, I-II.-Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,, (12). IV, 1951; (13),m, 1960.

578

FIGURE 210. Psyllinea. Family Psyllidae (original) sp.; 1,2head and thorax, dorsal and lateral; 3head, ventral; proprius, head and thorax, dorsal and lateral; 6, 7A rytaina 8,9-Amblychina maculata, same; 10,11-Floria horvathi, same; 12,18-Psyllopsis discrepans: 12-forewing; 13-male parameres, inner view; 14,15P. proprius: 14fore wing; 15male parameres, inner view; 16P. fraxini, male parameres. inner view; n-P. fraxinic ola, same; 18-Arytaina genistae, fore wing; 19-21 -Amblyrtiina maculata: 19-forewing; 30-male genitalia; 21-same 1-8Diaphorina

4,5Psyllopsis

genisiae,

same;

female; 22-24-Floria horvathi: 22-forewing; 23-male

genicalia;

24-same, female.

HOMOPTERA

FIGURE 211. Psyllinea. Family Psyllidae (after VondraSek,

Sulc and original)

radiata, head and thorax, dorsal and lateral; 3,4Livilla ulicis, same; 5,6Psylla 8male mali, same; 7,8A lloeoneura radiaia; 7forewing; 9-11Livilla ulicis: 9fore wing; 10male geniialia; 11same, female; geniialia; 12-14Spanioneura buxi: 12foiewing; 13malegenitalia; 14same, female; 15-17Psyi la rhamnicola: 15fore wing; 16male geniralia; 17same, female; 18-20P. ulmi: 18fore wing; 19male genitalia; 20same, female; 21,22P. horvathi: 21fore wing; 22male genitalia,

1,2Alloeoneura

16(19). Fore wings flat, membranous, transparent, their pattern consisting of yellow or brown stripes (Figure 210, 22; 211, 7). Paired ocelli in posterior corners of vertex. Body not shiny; head densely covered with hairs. 17 (18). Fore wings oblong-oval, almost 3 times longer than their maximal breadth in the middle, with yellow or dirty-yellow pattern; RS long, reaching the beginning of apical margin (Figure 210, 22) ..... ................................................... 8. Floria. 18 (17). Fore wings oval, broader at apex than at base, broadest in apical third; RS short, curved toward costal margin at the end; brown spots at end of veins (Figure 211, 7).............. 9. Alloeoneura. 19(16). Fore wings strongly convex, leathery, oval, broadest proximal to middle, uniformly brown; ambient vein curved outward forming a rim; veins more or less parallel; branches of M and Cu-i long (Figure 211, 9). Genal cones cylindrical, blackish brown, like the whole body, very shiny, with few setae; paired ocelli displaced to sides of vertex; vertex usually strongly depressed in the middle of each half (Figure 211, 3,4) ....................... 10. Livilla. 462 20 (11). 1st segment of hind tarsi with 2 saltatorial spines. Anterior margin of antennal sockets usually not reaching level of anterior margin of vertex; genal cones more or less curved ventrad, usually not on the same plane as vertex (Figure 211, 5,6). Thorax strongly arched-convex. Dorsal part of propleural suture reaching posterolateral corner of pronotum. Antennae usually less than twice as long as width of head, filiform. Costal vein with gap; pterostigma usually present. Base of hind tibiae with genual spine or tubercle, (Tribe Psyllini). 21(22). Eyes displaced posteriad; postorbital ridges forming an angle with posterior margin of vertex. Propleurites narrow, more or less similar; mesonotum overhanging sides, almost completely covering propleurites or only proepimera, fused with posterior margin of pronotum. Fore wings slanting towards Cu^ in apical part; RS reaching apex of wings; branches of M and Cu, long. Female genitalia very long with a few very short setae; anal segment broad, arcuate-convex dorsally. Apical widened part of penis not curved ventrad (Figure 211, 13.14). 11. Spanioneura. 22 (21). Eyes not displaced posteriad; postorbital ridges forming a continuation of the curvature of the posterior margin of the vertex (Figure 211, 5). Propleurites not covered by mesonotum, of different form. Fore wings usually uniformly rounded in apical part, their apex usually lying in cell rs; branches of M short. If female genitalia long, then always covered with long setae. Apex of penis curved ventrad ................ 12. Psylla. ....

Keys to Species of Family Psyllidae 1. Pachypsylloides Bergev. On Calligonum; type species: P. dumonti Bergev. Forming galls on nodes of stems of Calligonum comosum in North Africa. Distributed from Soviet Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the dry steppes of the Southeast, to North Africa. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. at least 5 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Lemon-yellow, especially dorsum of head and thorax; abdominal terga usually with reddish-orange spots. Fore wings with rounded apex, transparent, sometimes very slightly yellowish at apex, with transverse wrinkles (Figure 209, 18). Head strongly inclined downward; genal ridges distinct, slightly convex, almost contiguous ventral to small rhomboidal frons in anterior view. Female genitalia shorter than the abdomen, wedge-shaped; apices of genital segment curved inward (Figure 209, 20). Posterior margin of anal tube of male not widened; parameres broad, their inner margin with thick brown setae at the apex (Figure 209, 19). 2-3.4. South. On Calligonum ................ P. citreus Log-, sp.n. Orange-yellow; abdominal terga and anal segment of female usually brown. Fore wings rhomboidal, yellowish, with transverse wrinkles (Figure 209, 21). Head less inclined ventrad. Genal ridges very slightly developed, not contiguous in middle so that the trapezoidal frons is ventrally free in anterior view. Female genitalia longer than the abdomen; anal segment slightly convex anterior to the tapering end (Figure 209, 23). Posterior margin of anal tube of male broadly lobate; only the anterior apical corner of inner side of parameres with thick brown setae (Figure 209,22). 1.4-1.9. South; Caucasus. On Calligonum.. ........................................ P. turkestanicus Low.

2. Ereoiopsylloides Log., gen.n. Differing from Pachyp sylloide s in longer antennae, narrow pterostigma of fore wings, etc. On Calligonum. Type species: E. amirabilis Log., sp. n. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. at least 4 species. 1

(2).

Buff-yellow, with orange to reddish brown spots on head, thorax and abdominal terga; vertex orange-brownish, brown anteriorly; eyes brown-crimson, their inner and posterior margins reddish; genal ridges broad, inflated, light; anal segment and apex of genital segment of female and end of male parameres brownish. Fore wings uniformly yellowish, elliptical, branches of M and Cu, curved towards M3+4 at the end (Figure 209,24). long; Female and male genitalia as in Figure 209, 25,26. Apex of male parameres angular, slanting anteriorly and inward; inner side of parameres with a longitudinal crest in the middle. 2.5-3.3. South; Caucasus ............................. E. amirabilis Log., sp. n. Orange-brown or reddish brown. Fore wings more or less rhomboidal, with slanting apical margin, whitish, with dense coral-like branching brown pattern; Cu, strongly curved, not curved toward Mg.4; cell cui shorter (Figure 209, 27). Genal ridges narrow, not convex, lighter than vertex. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 209, 28,29. Male parameres with rounded apex, their ventral inner side with longitudinal pectinate process; dorsal side of parameres densely covered with thick setae. 1.4-2. South. On Calligonum ................. E. fedtschenkoi Low.

Cu^

2 (1).

3. Calophya Low. Known from southern Europe, the Far East, Japan and America; all species except the European ones have typical genal cones. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

582

1 (1).

Yellow-orange; vertex, dorsum, 2nd tarsal segment and frequently abdomen brown; fore wings transparent, with brownish spot at apex of clavus. Mal,e genitalia as in Figure 209,31. 1.7-1.8. Southwest, South, Caucasus. On Cotinus coggygria .........................C. rhois Low. veins and a brownish

4. Diaphorina Low. Recorded from Soviet Central Asia, India, Taiwan, Africa, and southern Europe. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (1).

Reddish-or orange-brown, with blackish spots and stripes on dorsum, often covered with white dust, dorsally with dense setae; genal cones dorsally always lighter than ground color, usually yellow as abdominal sterna, brownish ventrally. Fore wings opaque, white, with brownish spots; veins orange or reddish. 2.3-2.8. Crimea ....................... D. putoni Low.

5. Psyllopsis Low. All species feeding on Fraxinus, most of them occur in the Mediterranean Region,; the range of P. fraxini and P. distinguenda Edw. extends to northern Europe. Females little differentiated; the species are mainly distinguished by the structure of the male parameres. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species. 1 (2).

Light green, sometimes yellowish green, without pattern on fore wings. Parameres resembling a poleax with a triangular lobate dilatation at the anterior margin, their inner side covered with long setae (Figure 210,17). 2.8-3. Throughout the South. On excels! o’r^ and its variety monophylla. ........................................... P.fraxinicola Frst. or less marked blackish brown spots on vertex, mesothorax and abdominal sclerites; fore wings with brown pattern. Pattern of fore wings rarely forming a continuous border at apical margin, usually forming diffuse spots at ends of veins (Figure 210,12). Parameres resembling a right-angled hammer with slender "handle", their inner side anteriorly and posteriorly covered with numerous, blunt brown spines; a triangular process at the end of the "handle" (Figure 210, 13). Ground color often orange. 2.3-3.2. Throughout the South. On Fraxinus excelsior and its variety roonophylla .............. P. discrepans Flor. A broad continuous dark brown stripe at the apical margin of tore wings and at their posterior margin; inner margin of this stripe diffuse (Figure 210, 14), Parameres irregularly triangular. Lobe at posterior margin of anal tube of male turned downward; parameres not dilated anteriorly, narrowly triangular-lobate posteriorly, their inner side densely covered with blunt brown spines and light pointed setae (Figure 210,16). 3.5-3.9. Northwest, West, Center, Southwest. On Fraxinus excelsior, F.ornus, F. oxyphylla, F. hete rophylla, F.angustifolia...........................................p. fraxini L. Lobe at posterior margin of anal tube of male anterior to middle of its height; anterior and posterior margin of parameres dilated at apex; posterior lobe triangular, with truncate apex, its inner Fraxinus

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

,5

(6).

6 (5),

Yellow, with more

...

...

..

.

densely covered with blunt brown spines which pass also to the dorsal margin of the posterior lobe; stalk of parameres with a sclerotized triangular process at the end (Figure 210, 15). 3-3.9. Southwest, South. On Fraxinus excelsior, F. oxycarpa ............................................. P. proprius Log. side with a ridgelike inflation in the middle which is

6. Arytaina Frst. Central and southern Europe and North Africa. A. genistae Latr. is the commonest species in Europe; its northern limit is southern Scandinavia, and it lives on Sarothamnus scoparius, Ulex europaeus and species of Cytisus. The genus has not yet been recorded from the U.S.S.R-

7. Amblyrhina Low. A Palearctic genus; its range extends to the Mediterranean; closely related to Arytaina.~ 1 species. 1 (1).

4g4

Greenish yellow; fore wings transparent or slightly whitish, with yellowish brown spots in apical half and brown ends of veins covered with spinules which do not reach veins and occupy only the apical part of cell r (Figure 210, 19). Male and female genitalia as in Figure 210, 20,21. 2.8-3.2. Center, South. On species of Cytisus ...................... A. maculata Low.

8. Floria Low. Palearctic genus; distribution similar to that of Amblyrhina. 1 species. 1 (I).

9.

Yellow, with more or less marked brown spots on body; fore wings whitish. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 210, 23,24. 3-3.5. Southwest, South. On Cytisus austriacus, etc. ......................................... F. horvathi Scott. Alloeoneura Low. 1 species.

Distribution similar to that of Amblyrhina

and Floria.

1 (1).

Ivory-colored or greenish yellow; dorsum with yellowish orange pattern; inner sides of genal cones, femora, abdominal sclerites and genitalia and also pattern on fore wings brown. Male genitalia as in Figure 211,8. 2.5-3.7. South. On species of Cytisus .... ..............................................

A. radiata Low.

Livilla Curt. Distinguished by the peculiar structure of head and especially by the structure of fore wings, but it belongs to the tribe Arytainini according to its combination of characters. 1 species. 10.

1 (1).

Orange-brown, dark; body shiny, bare, with a few setae only on genal cones. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 211, 10,11. 2.3-3. Transcarpathian Region. On Ononis spinosa, Ulex europaeus, Calluna vulgaris.......L. ulicis Curt.

11. Spanioaeura Frst. Closely related to Psylla, but 4th antennal segment only 2/3 to 3/4 as long as 3rd segment. Pronotum twice as long in the middle as at level of eyes, sharply tapering like a comma laterally. Genual tubercle on hind tibiae well marked. Mainly distributed in the Mediterranean Region. 1 species. In the whole U-S.S.R. 3 species, on Buxus.

1 (1),

Green; vertex and thorax with orange-brown to black spots; female genitalia brown; fore wings yellow; veins often green. Fore wings with rounded-slanting apex; cell cu, broad (Figure 211, 12). Male and female genitalia as in Figure 211, 13,14. 3.5-4.7. Trans Carpathian Region, Crimea. On Buxus sempervirens ...S. buxi L., comb. nov. (=Psylla buxi L.).

12. Psylla Geoffr. One of the most widely distributed Palearctic genera, mainly living on trees, with very few gall-producing species; some species are injurious. The species are very similar and it is usually impossible to identify them from the female.. 43 species. In the whole U-S.S.R. more than 70 species. 1 (4).

Fore wings with spinules only in cell cu«. Female genitalia thick, longer than the abdominal segments together; anal segment anterior to constriction inflated on dorsal side in the form of a tubercle curved upward at the end. Fore wings oblong-oval, without constant pattern; only area of marginal spinules and apex of clavus sometimes brownish (Figure 211, 15). Male genitalia as in Figure 211, 16. 3.1-4. Center, Southwest, South. On Rhamnus cathartic a, etc....................... ......................................... P. rhamnlcola Scott. Female genitalia broadly wedge-shaped, shorter than the other 3 (2). abdominal segments together. Fore wings with brown spot at apex of anal vein and clavus (Figure 211, 21). Male genitalia as in Figure 211, 22. 3.0. Crimea. On Pyrus (?) ............................................. P. horvathi Sulc. 4 (1). Surface spinules always present in cells of apical half of fore wings. 5 (16). Generally markedly larger than 3.5 (3.5-5.6). Antennae 2-2.8 times longer than width of head. Female genitalia shorter than the other abdominal segments to6 (7). gether, wedge-shaped (Figure 211, 20). Male parameres narrowed at apex, with a denticle at apex (Figure 211,19). Fore wings colorless, slanting toward Cug (Figure 211, 18). 3.6-4.3. Center, Southwest. South, On Ulmus montana, U. effusa, U, 1 ae vi s...................................... P. ulmi Frst. 7 (6). Female genitalia very long, longer than the other abdominal segments together. Male parameres capitate, with 2 denticles at apical margin. Genal cones longer than vertex in the middle. Fore wings oval, 8 (9). with rudimentary pterostigma, broadest in the middle; spinules not reaching brown veins (Figure 212, 1). Male genitalia as in Figure 212, 2. 4.6-5.2. Northwest, West, Southwest and Center. On Ainus glutinosa, A,incana....,.........P. fusca Zett. 465 9 (8). Genal cones as long as vertex or shorter. Pterostigma of fore wings well marked. 10 (11). Fore wings yellow, broadest in apical third, slanting in apical part; veins greenish yellow (Figure 212, 3). Narrow part of anal segment of female with denticles dorsally. Male genitalia as in Figure 212, 4. Vertex less than half as long as broad, but longer than genal cones, 4.1-5.2. On Ainus glutinosa ............. ............................................ P. foersteri Flor. 2 (3).

...............

HOMOPTERA

11 (10).

12 (13).

13 (12).

-

14 (15).

Fore wings colorless, with broadly rounded apex. Anal segment of female without denticles dorsally. Spinules covering all cells of fore wings; only narrow stripes along veins free of spinules (Figure 212, 5). Anal segment of female broad, dorsally inflated in the form of a tubercle at the base of its narrow part (Figure 212, 6). Vertex almost half as long as broad and as long as genal cones. 3.2-4. Southwest. On Ainus viridis ........................... P. alpina Frst. Spinules of fore wings leave broad stripes free of spinules along veins, and do not reach the bases of cells r, rs and mg; spinules forming only a small spot in the middle of cell c. Anal segment of female narrowly wedge-shaped, gradually tapering. Vertex markedly less than half as long as broad, longer than genal cones. Fore wings colorless, broadest in the middle; veins brown except costal margin which is green (Figure 212,7). Male genitalia as in Figure 212,8. 4.8-5-6. On Ainus gluti nosa, A. incana.................................. P. aini L. Vertex as long as genal cones and half as long as broad. Fore wings yellowish, broadest in apical third; veins brownish (Figure 212,9), Male genitalia as in Figure 212, 10. 3.7-4.5. North, Northwest, Center, and mountains of the Trans Carpathian Region. On Betula verrucosa ............... P. betulae L, Not longer than 3.5-3,7. Antennae markedly less than twice as long as width of head. Pattern consisting of several spots or of border at apical margin of fore wings, Pore wings without spinules; yellow stripe at apical margin reaching Cu^, leaving colorless areas around brown triangles of marginal spinules in cells nip mo and cui (Figure 212, 11). Male genitalia as in Figure 212, 12. 2.7-3.5. Center; widely distributed throughout the South. On. Glycyrrhiza spp......... ........................................ P. glycyrrhizae Beck. Spinules present on fore wings; pattern brown. Vertex markedly more than half as long as broad. Spinules densely covering all cells of fore wings, reaching veins; pattern consisting of a broad border with diffuse inner margin and yellow rounded spots on the background (Figure 213. 1). Male genital segment with a round bulge posteriorly (Figure 213, 2). Female genitalia sharply tapering to a slender compressed beak (Figure 213, 3). 2.5-2.9. Caucasus. On Sorbus aria,....... ....................................... P. breviantennata Flor. Vertex half or almost half as long as broad. Spinules of fore wings only in middle of cells, not reaching their base. Antennae more than 1.5 times as long as breadth of head. Genal cones triangular-conical, equilateral, diverging, their outer and inner sides straight. Fore wings broadest in apical third; RS strongly convex toward costal margin in the middle; pattern consisting of yellow-brown spots near Cun, at end of veins and around groups of marginal spinules (Figure 212, 13). Male genitalia as in Figure 212, 14. 3.5-3.7. Center, throughout the South. On Crataegus oxyacantha ..............P. crataegi Schrnk.

15 (14).

16 (5).

17 (26). 18 (19).

19 (18). 20 (21).

21 (20). 22 (23).

23 (22). Antennae little longer than breadth of head.

Genal cones broadly triangular. (25). Genal cones slightly more than half as long as vertex, divided, inflated at the apex. Head as broad as mesothorax. Fore wings broadest distal to middle; cell cu^ high; pattern forming a brown subapical border from end of RS to Cua or also entering cell cu; colorless rectangular areas around end of veins (Figure 212, 15). Female anal segment curved ventrad (Figure 212, 17). Male genitalia as in Figure 212, 16. 2.2-2.6. Caucasus. On Rham n u s........................................ P. suturalis Horv. (24). Genal cones almost as long as vertex, slightly diverging. Head slightly broader than mesothorax. Fore wings broadest in apical third; cell cu, not high; pattern consisting of small bands around end of veins and an oblique interrupted band from end of pterostigma to cu (Figure 212, 18). Male genitalia as in Figure 212, 19. 2.8-3.1. Crimea. On Cercis siliquastrum................ .......................... .P. pulchella Low. (concinna Edw.). (17). No constant pattern at apex of fore wings. (30). Fore wings with 2 distinct brown spots: one around Cug and the other at apex of anal vein and clavus. (29). Genal cones shorter than vertex, narrowly conical, their outer side concave, their inner side straight; genal cones scarcely diverging (Figure 213, 5). Spinules occupy all cells of fore wings, leaving only narrow stripes free of spinules along veins (Figure 213, 4). Male genitalia as in Figure 213, 6. 3-3.5. -

24

25

26 27 467 28

North, Center, mountains of the Transcarpathian Region. On S a 1 i x spp................................. P. nigrita Zett. 29 (28). Genal cones as long as vertex, triangular, diverging from base, their outer and inner sides almost straight. Spinules of fore wings leaving broad free stripes along veins, occupying middle of cell c (Figure 213,7). Male parameres with a thick apical process anteriorly bent at a right angle (Figure 213, 8). 2.8-3.2. Crimea ....................................... P. albipes Flor. 30 (27). No spot at Cug of fore wings. 31 (38). Spinules of fore wings pale, reaching veins, densely covering all cells; the membrane therefore appears semitransparent, dull. Vertex half as long as broad. 32 (33). Fore wings whitish, broadest distal to middle; veins light (Figure 213, 9). Genal cones thick, with blunt apex, almost as long as vertex, close together, their outer side markedly concave. Male genitalia as in Figure 213, 10. 3-3.3. Throughout the West, Center. On Salix spp........................ P. ambigua Frst. 33 (32). Fore wings more or less smoky yellow; veins brown or reddish. 34 (35). Fore wings yellow only in apical half, broadest in the middle; veins brownish (Figure 213, 11). Genal cones cylindrical, with inflated and blunt apex, scarcely diverging, little shorter than vertex. Male genitalia as in Figure 213, 12. 2-2.5- North to the Moscow Region. On Salix rosmarinifolia .......................................... P. parvipennis Low. 35 (34). Fore wings completely yellow, usually more intensely colored at apex, broadest in apical third; veins brown or reddish. Genal cones triangular, diverging, markedly shorter than vertex. .............

587

FIGURE 212. Psyllinea. Family Psyllidae. Fore wing and male geniralia (1-5. P-IG.IS.IS) and female genitalia (6,17) (after Vondracek, §ulc and original)

I,2-Psylla fusca, male; 3,4-P. foersteri; 5,6-P. alpina: 7.8-P.alni; 9,10-p. betulae; II,12 P. gtycyrrhtzae: 13,14P.craiaegi; 15-17 P. sum rails; 18,19P.pulchella.

36 (37). Head narrower than mesothorax. Fore wings (Figure 213, 13) rich yellow. Female genitalia longer than the other abdominal segments together; anal segment curved ventrad (Figure 213, 15). Male genitalia as in Figure 213, 14. 2.5-3. Everywhere, except in the South. On Betula verrucosa P. hartigi Flor. 37 (36). Head as broad as mesothorax. Apical third of fore wings someas a broad yellowish brown times intensely colored, appearing border (Figure 213, 16); veins usually reddish. Female genitalia shorter than the other abdominal segments together; anal segment narrow, concave dorsally. Male genitalia as in Figure 213, 17, 2.3-2.9. Southwest. On Prunus spinosa and on Prunus domestica....................................P. pruni Scop. 38 (31). Spinules of fore wings usually brownish, not reaching veins, leaving broad free stripes, much less densely distributed; the membrane therefore remains transparent. 39 (46). Fore wings with distinct brown spot at apex of anal suture and clavus; gray shadows sometimes present in middle of cells; wings broadest in apical third (Figure 213, 18). Genal cones always shorter than vertex, triangular-conical; vertex half as long as broad. Colored specimens usually chestnut-brown. 40 (41). Male parameres falcate (Figure 213, 19). Female anal segment passing into tapering part in a steplike manner; genital segment with small lobes at dorsal margin (Figure 213, 20). 2.5-3, Throughout the South to the Orel and Kursk Region. Injurious to pears. P. pyri L. *Pear Psylla ............

.....................................

4g9

41 (40). Male parameres simple, tapering. Female genitalia wedgeshaped; anal segment more or less straight; genital segment without processes. 42 (43). Summer specimens yellow; vertex and mesothoracic prescutum rich brown. Apex of male parameres with 2 denticles; anterior denticle inclined anteriorly (Figure 213, 27,28). 2.5-3. Moldavia, Crimea ..................................... *P. vasiljevi. Sulc. 43 (42), Summer and winter specimens more or less chestnut-brown. Apex of male parameres different. 44 (45). Parameres ending in angle directed inward (Figure 213, 23). Female genitalia as in Figure 213, 24, 2-2.6. Kursk, Kherson and Transcarpathian regions. On pear ......... P. pyricola Frst. 45 (44). Apex of male parameres shoe-shaped; pointed tip of "shoe" directed anteriorly (Figure 213, 26). 2.6-3.1. Crimea. On wild pear ................................... P. simulans Frst. 46 (39). No distinct spot at apex of anal suture and clavus of fore wings; only apex of clavus sometimes dark. Specimens green, yellow or multicolored, rarely chestnut-brown. 47 (48). Spinules of fore wings absent in cell c, not reaching veins in cell cu2. present in the middle of the other cells; cell cu^ high (Figure 214, 1). Male and female genitalia as in Figure 214, 2,3). 2.4-2.8. Transcarpathian Region, Crimea. On Rhamnus alaternu s ................................. P. alaterni Frst. 48 (47). Spinules occupy all cells of fore wings, but leave broad free stripes along veins.

nily Psyllidae (aft&r Vondca£ek, §ulc and original) 3Psylla brevianiennaia; 1 fore wing; 2 male genitalia; 3 female genitalia; 4-6 P. nigrita: 4fore wing; 5head, dorsal; 6 male genitalia; 7,8P.albipes: 7fore wing; 8 male geniialia; 9,10 P ambigua: 9 fore wing; 10mate genitalia; 11,12P. parvipennis: 11 fore wing; 12male genitatia; 13-15P. hartigi; 13 fore wing; 14male genitalia; 15-same, female; 16.17 -P. pruni: 16-forewing; 17-maie genitalia; 18-20-P. pyri: 18-forewing; 19-male genitalia; 20-same, female; 21-24-P. pyricola: 21-fore wing; 22-male genitalia; 23apex of male paramerea, dorsal; 24female genitalia; 25,26 P. simulans: 25male genitalia: 26-apex of male parameres, dorsal; 27,28-P. vasiljevi: 27-male genitalia; 28-apex of male parameres. dorsal.

49 (58). Fore wings uniformly yellowish, sometimes lighter at base. 50 (51). Vertex more than half as long as broad; genal cones broad, blunt, only slightly diverging, half as long as vertex. Fore wings narrowly oval, slanting toward Cun from apex (Figure 214, 4), their color more intense near apex. Male parameres with marked apical process directed anteriad (Figure 214,5). 2.5-3.2. Volgograd Region. On Spiraea P. sarmatica Low (spiraeae Beck.). hypericifolia, etc. 51 (50). Vertex up to half as long as broad; genal cones as long as vertex or slightly shorter, slender, diverging. Fore wings with broadly rounded apex. 52 (53). Posterior margin of male parameres dilated, male parameres with transverse sclerotized band in proximal third (Figure 214,14). Genal cones as long as vertex, narrowly conical, their outer side markedly concave. Fore wings broadest in apical third (Figure 214, 13). Female genitalia long, anal segment projecting far beyond genital segment. 3.5-4. Extreme North. On Salix spp. .................................... P. brunneipennis Edw, 53 (52). Male parameres simple, tapering. Female genitalia not long, wedge-shaped. Fore wings broadest in the middle. 54 (55). Head slightly broader than mesothorax; genal cones markedly shorter than vertex, strongly tapering and widely diverging (Figure 214, 7). Spinules of fore wings almost reach veins (Figure 214,6). Male genitalia as in Figure 214,8. 2.5-2.8. North, East, mountains of the Transcarpathian Region. On Vaccinium royrtillus................ P. myrtilli W. Wagn. 55 (54). Head as broad as mesothorax; genal cones thicker, conical, slightly divided. Spinules not reaching veins. 56 (57). Genal cones as long as vertex. Spinules leave broad free stripes along veins of fore wings (Figure 214, 9). Male genitalia as in Figure 214, 11,12. 2.9-3.1. North, East. On Ledum ....P. ledi Flor. palustre. .................... 57 (56). Genal cones shorter than vertex. Spinules extending closer to veins of fore wings (Figure 215, 12). Male genitalia as in Figure 215, 13. 2-2.3. North. On Rhododendron ferrugineum ..................................... P. rhododendri Put. 58 (49). Fore wings not yellow, transparent, rarely with gray shadows in middle of cells in apical half. 59 (74). Fore wings oblong-oval, gradually widening from base, broadest in apical third, with uniformly rounded apex (Figure 214, 18). 60 (61). Parameres short, rectangular, corners of their apical margin prolonged into 2 long slender processes (Figure 214, 16). Fore wings as in Figure 214, 15. Female genitalia as in Figure 214,17. 2.7-3.1. Transcarpathian Region. On apple trees, often in large populations .................................. P. costalis Flor. 61 (60). Parameres different. 62 (69). Parameres simple, lamellar, usually dilated at base or at posterior margin, tapering. 63 (64). Parameres uniformly broad, tapering and S-shaped anteriad (Figure 214, 19). Female genitalia as in Figure 214, 20. 3.4-3.7. ....

..............

26

<^/2!,

^-^il

FIGURE 214. Psyllinea, Family Psyllidae (after Wagner, Vondra^ek, Sulc and original)

1-3Psylla alaterni: Ifore wing; 2malegenitalia; 3same. female; 4,5P. sarmaiica: 4fore wing; 5male genitalia; 6-8 P. myEtilli: 6fore wing; 7head, dorsal; 8male geniialia; 9-12P. ledi: 9fore wing; 10 head, dorsal; 11 male genitalia; 12apex of male parameres, dorsal; 13,14p.brunneipennis; 13fore wing; 14male geniialia; 15-17 P. costatis: 15fore wing; 16male geniialia; 17same. female; 18-20P. mali: 18fore wing; 19male genitalia; 20same, female; 21-23P. pulchra: 21fore wing; 22male genitalia; 23apex of parameres, doisal; 24,25 P. abdominalis: 24fore wing; 25male genitalia; 26.27p. melanoneura: 26fore wing; 27male genitalia.

Everywhere except in the extreme North and the Crimea. *Apple Psylla P. mali Schmdbg. Injurious to apple trees Posterior margin of parameres dilated. Parameres broad; dilated part of their posterior margin bent inward (Figure 214, 22,23). 3.4-3.6. Northwest. On Salix spp. .............................................. P. pulchra Zett. Parameres markedly tapering. Parameres as in Figure 214, 25. Apical half of fore wings usually yellowish (Figure 214, 24). 2.8-3.3. On Salix spp. P. abdominalis M.-D. Parameres as in Figure 214, 27. Fore wings colorless (Figure 214,26). 3.5. Transcarpathian Region. On Crataegus sp....................................... P. melanoneura Frst. Form of parameres complicated by presence of additional processes (Figure 215, 2,3,5,6,15). Parameres slender, curved posteriad, withlarge roundprocessat baseof posterior margin; inner side of process densely covered with thicksetae (Figure 215,15). Forewings as in Figure 215,14. 3.2-3.8. Kola Peninsula. On Salix spp. .P. elegantula Zett. Parameres of different shape, more or less straight (Figure 215, ........

64 (63).

65 (66).

66 (65). 67 (68).

.............

.........................................

68 (67).

69 (62). 70 (71).

..............

71 (70).

2,3,5,6). 472 72 (73). Parameres as in Figure 215, 2,3. Fore wings as in Figure 215,1. Genal cones as long as vertex. 3.3-3.6. Southwest, in the mountains of the Transcarpathian Region and of the Crimea. On Salix spp.................................... .P. saliceti Frst. 73 (72). Parameres as in Figure 215, 5,6. Fore wings as in Figure 215, 4. Genal cones longer than vertex. 3.0. North, Northwest, Center, to the Volgograd Region. On Salix cinerea, etc.............. P. moscovita Andr. (schaeferi Vondr., saliceti Oss.). 74 (59). Fore wings oval, broadest in the middle or immediately distal to middle (Figure 215, 9). 75 (76). Vertex more than half as long as broad, convex anteriorly, forming a shallow curve with genal cones in profile. Fore wings slanting towards Cug from apex (Figure 215, 16). Male and female genitalia as in Figure 215. 17,18. 2.8-3.4. Throughout the South. On Crataegus oxyacantha, C.monogyna)...... ............................................ P. peregrina Frst. 76 (75). Vertex up to half as long as broad, straight. Fore wings with rounded apex. 77 (78). Genal cones very thick, scarcely diverging, slightly more than half as long as vertex. Spinules of fore wings dark brown, projecting in relief on membrane (Figure 215, 19). Male genitalia as in Figure 215, 20. 3.2-3.7. Throughout the South. Injurious P. pyrisuga Frst. to pears ................... *Big Pear Psylla 78 (77). Genal cones conical, slender, diverging, as long as vertex or shorter. of fore lighter. wings slightly Spinules 79 (82). Antennae more than 1.5 times’ as long as broad. Parameres simple, tapering at apex (Figure 215, 8,22). 80 (81). Fore wings broadest distal to middle, with more or less marked brownish shadows around veins or grayish yellow in apical half (Figure 215,21). Male genitalia as in Figure 215, 22. 2.5-3.2. P. palmeni Low. North. On Salix spp. ........

..........................

593

FIGURE 215. Psyllinea. Family Psyllidae (after Vondracek and original)

1-3PsylIa s a licet i: 1 fore wing; 2male genitalia; 3apex of male parameres, dorsal; 4-6 p. ’mo sco vita: 4fore wing; 5male genitalia; 6apex of male parameres, dorsal; 7,8 P. sorbi: 7fore wing; 8male genitalia; 9-11 P. zaicevi: 9fore wing; 10male genitalia; 11male parameres. inner view: 12,13P. rhododendri: 12fore wing; 13male genitalia; 14,15 P.elegantula: 14fore wing; 15male genitalia; 16-18 P. peregrin a: 16-fore wing; n-male genitalia; 18-same. female; 19,20-P. pyrisuga: 19-forewing; 20male genitalia; 21,22p.palmeni: 21fore wing; 22male genitalia; 23-25 P. propi nqu a; 23fore wing; 24male geniialia; 25ape^of male parameres, dorsal.

CARSIDARIDAE, TRIOZ.IDAE

81 (80).

Fore wings colorless, transparent, broadest in the middle (Figure 215. 7). Male genitalia as in Figure 215, 8. 2.9-3.3. On Sorbus aucuparia) .......................P. sorbi Edw. 82 (79). Antennae markedly less than 1.5 times as long as breadth of head. Form of parameres more complex by presence of processes (Figure 215, 10,11,24,25). 83 (84). Parameres short, rectangular, with rounded apex, with bifid apical sclerotized processes on inner side (Figure 215, 10,11). Genal cones shorter than vertex; vertex less than half as long as broad. 2.5-2.8. On Salix spp. P. zaicevi Sulc. 84 (83). Outer side of parameres with a small apical lobe; posterior margin of parameres slightly dilated (Figure 215, 24,25). Genal cones shorter than vertex; -vertex half as long as broad. Fore wings as in Figure 215, 23. 2.6-3. North. On Salix spp. .......................................... P. propinqua Schaef. .............

.......

Family CARSIDAKIDAE

4,

genus with one species in the fauna of the European U.S.S.R. (Homotoma ficus L.); this species is injurious to fig trees on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea and the Caucasus. The family is represented by one

Key to Species of Family Carsidaridae 1. Homotoma Guer. Distinctly differing from other genera in the following characters: body (including fore wings) covered with hairs, laterally compressed; antennae long, densely covered with setae; male genitalia of peculiar structure. Fore wings with angular apex; gap of’anal vein at a distance from apex of Cu^. Several species occur in tropical Asia, 2 species in the Mediterranean Region. 1 species. 1 (1).

473

Yellowish green to greenish brown; yellowish spots at end of veins in apical third of fore wings. Genal cones displaced toward thorax, very short, bent anteriorly at an angle; unpaired ocellus dorsal to genal cones in middle of frons, not visible in dorsal view; frons small, rhomboidal. Fore wings membranous; veins with 2 rows of long setae; ambient vein with short setae. Anal tube of male with rectangular process at posterior margin; ventral angle of these processes markedly produced into thick, inward-directed horns (Figure 216, 1-6). 4.3-5.2. Crimea, Caucasus. On Ficus carica ................... *H. ficus L.

5.

Family TRIOZIDAE

Slender insects; head distinctly separated; mesothorax little inflated, elongate, with semiconical prescutum; apex of prescutum rounded, overhanging pronotum to some extent. Propleurites turned up dorsad, visible as a small area on sides of pronotum. Fore wings membranous, usually without pattern, with more or less convex costal margin, angularly and gradually tapering toward apex; pterostigma and gap of costal vein anterior to R absent; gap of anal vein far from apex of Cug; 3 principal veins

originating at one point at base of wing; only in Eutrioza M branching from RRS, not connected with Cu. Hind tibiae with 3 or 4 (1+2, 1+3) saltatorial spines at apex; tarsi without Saltatorial spines. Widely distributed, occurring high in the mountains; on grasses, herbs and trees. The fauna of the U.S.S.R. (especially that of the Asiatic part of the U.S.S.R.) is little known, and there are many unknown forms. 4 genera, 43 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 60 species.

Key to Genera Cu is the first vein to branch from base of fore wings; M has a common short stem with RRS, but is not connected with Cu; fore wings typically Triozid in their other characters (Figure 216, 17). Genal cones as long as vertex, thick, with constriction at base, on plane of vertex. Vertex anteriorly with longitudinal acuteangled notch which divides the vertex into 2 triangular lobes (Figure 216, 15,16) .................... 1. Eutrioza Log., gen. n. All principal veins of fore wings originating at one point at base of wings. Body (especially head and thorax) dorsally covered with light hairs. Genal cones more or less clavate, divided from vertex and genae by a slight constriction, below the vertex but on the same plane. Vertex markedly narrower between posterior angles than between anterior angles, little notched anteriorly, broadly rounded (Figure 216, 10-12) ......................... 2. Trichochermes, Body without hairs. 3rd antennal segment much thicker than other segments of flagellum, about 1/3 as long as flagellum. Head short, with little-developed genal cones and very large antennal sockets at the anteroventral plane. Vertex broadly rounded anteriorly and ventrally, with raised lateral margins and coronal suture; foveolae displaced toward posterior margin, forming diagonal grooves to anterior corners of vertex (Figure 216, 19-21) .............................................. 3. Bactericera. 3rd antennal segment not thickened. Genal cones usually well developed and more or less curved downward, conical (Figure 217, 1-3).............................................. 4. Trioza.

1 (2).

2(1). 3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6).

.........

6 (5).

Keys to Species of Family Triozidae Eutrioza Log., gen. n. Distinguished by the very peculiar venation for a species of Psyllinea (a common stem for RM); closely related to Trichochermes according to its combination of characters, especially in the structure of the head. It is justifiable to consider this genus as a separate tribe Eutriozini Log., trib.n. 1 species. 1.

.

Reddish orange; margins of vertex, foveolae and narrow stripes on dorsum covered with white dust; female abdomen pale yellow, terga pinkish. Fore wings yellow, opaque, whitish only in proximal part of costal margin, which is brown throughout the wing. at its base as well as at MMi , Antennae little longer than n

596

.

1 (I).

breadth of head. Genal cones as long as vertex, oblongclavate, with a slight constriction at base. Male genitalia as in Figure 216, 18. 3-3.2. Crimea; On Pinus pallasiana ........................................ Eu. opima Log., sp.n. 2. Trichochermes Kirk, Large, all species apparently feeding on Rhamnus. T.walkeri is a gall-producing species; the other species are new and their biology is not known. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Bactericera Put.

3.

In steppes and semideserts.

Apparently feeding

on Artemisia, but this has been established with certainty only for 2 species. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

2 (1).

.

Brownish orange; abdominal tergaand sometimespatternon dorsum brown; antennae, forelegs andmiddle legs blackish brown; hind legs dirtyyellow. Fore wings as in Figure 216,22; male andfemale genitalia as in Figure 216, 23,24. 2.5-2.8. South. Southeast. OnArtemB. perrisi Put. isia marschalliana, A.arenaria. Brownish black; sides of thorax and abdomen yellowish; vertex and dorsum of female with yellowish pattern. Fore wings as in B. perrisi. 3-3.5. South .................... B. rossi-ca Horv.

1 (2).

.

475

Yellowish brown, often reddish on sides; pattern on dorsum, 1st, 2nd, 9th and 10th antennal segments brown. Genal cones much Shorter than vertex; antennae 1.6 times as long as breadth of head. Fore wings with rich brown pattern, broadest in apical third; costal margin concave before apex; spinules covering all cells (Figure 216, 7). Male genitalia as in Figure 216, 8. 4.4-4.8. West, Center, South. On Rhamnus alaternus, R. cathartic a, etc.; gall-producing .................... *T. walkeri Frst. Pale yellow; abdominal terga and pattern on dorsum (if present) brownish; 1st, 2nd, 9th and 10th antennal segments, hind coxae and sides of metascutellum brown. Genal cones as long as vertex; antennae only 1.4 times as long as breadth of head. Fore wings broadest in the middle, with convex costal margin, without spinules and pattern; only end of veins, groups of marginal spinules and middle of clavus brown (Figure 216, 9). Male and female genitalia as in Figure 216, 13,14. 4.6-4.8. South........................ ......................................... T. certus Log., sp. n.

4. Trioza Frst. One of the most widely distributed Palearctic genera; feeding on trees and shrubs and also on grasses and herbs; a number of species are injurious; many are gall-producing. 37 species, t 1 (6).

Fore wings broadest in the middle, dull, yellowish or whitish; or both clavus and adjoining part of cell cun to anal suture brown; spinules densely covering all cells, reaching veins. 3rd antennal segment more than 4.5 times longer than 4th segment. Formula of saltatorial spines of hind tibiae: 1 + (1+2).

usually clavus

+ §ulc, No.l’?;

Monographia generis Trioza FSrster.Sitziingsber, bahm. Ges. Wiss., marh.-nat. Cl., 1910, 1911, No. 5; 1912. No. 16; 1913, No.l.

K.

FIGURE 216. Psyllinea. Family Carsidaridae and Triozidae (after Haupiand original) ficus: Iantenna; 2fore wing; 3head and thorax, dorsal; 4same, 1-6 Homotoma lateral; 5head, anterior view; 6male geniialia; 7,8Trichochernies walker i: 7fore wing; 8male geniialia; 9-14T. cenus: 9fore wing; 10head and thorax, dorsal; 11head, ventral; 12-head and thorax, lateral; 13-male genitalia; 14-same, female; 15-18-Eutrioza opima: 15head and thorax, dorsal; 16same, lateral; 17fore wing; 18male genitalia; 19-24Bactericera perrisi: 19headandihotax, dorsal; 20head, anterior view; 21same, ventral; 22fore wing; 23male geniialia; 24same. female.

2 (3).

3 (2).

Fore wings broad, only 2.5 times longer than broad, with angular apex, whitish; middle of clavus brown; RS straight, short, ending proximal to fork of M (Figure 217, 4). Antennae twice as long as breadth of head; 3rd antennal segment 8.5 times longer than 4th segment; vertex 1.7 times as long as genal cones; genal cones inclined almost at right angle ventrally. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 217, 5,6. Blackish brown; genal cones, sides of body and spaces between stripes of pattern on dorsum orange; antennae black; only 3rd antennal segment whitish yellow. 2.9-3.07. Crimea (Babugan-Yaila)................. T. babugani Log., sp. n. Fore wings narrower, with more or less rounded apex, whitish or yellowish (especially toward apex); clavus and adjoining part of cell cug brown; RS usually ending at level of, or distal to, fork of M.

4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (1).

Fore wings with rounded apex, only 2.1 times as long as broad; RS ending distal to fork of M (Figure 217, 7). 3rd antennal segment 5 times longer than 4th segment; vertex 1.3 times as long as genal cones. 2.3-2.6. Moldavia ........... T. diabolai Vondr. Fore wings with slightly angular apex, almost 2.5 times longer than broad; RS usually ending at level of fork of M (Figure 217,10). 3rd antennal segment only 4.7 times longer than 4th segment; vertex 1.1 times as long as genal cones. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 217, 11,12. 2.37-3.07. South. On Eryngium p lanum ................. T. mesomela Flor. var. loewiana Sulc. Fore wings transparent, hyaline; clavus (and also cell cue) not dark; only small or large part of A sometimes brown. 3rd antennal segment usually markedly less than 4.5 times longer than 4th segment. different.

Formula of saltatorial spines of hind tibiae

7 (22). RS of fore wings short, usually curved away from convex costal margin, ending proximal to, or at level of, fork of M. 8 (9). Fore wings broadest in apical third; Cu-i almost twice as long as 3; cell cui high, its area more than twice as large as that of cell m^; spinules only in middle of cells, leaving broad free stripes along veins; RS ending proximal to fork of M (Figure 217, 13). Male and female genitalia as in Figure 217, 14,15. 3.5-4.01. Throughout the West, South. On Quercus robur, Q.pedunculata, Q.sessiflora, etc.) .............. .............................................. T. remota Frst. 9 (8). Fore wings broadest in the middle, with markedly angular apex. RS ending proximal to or at level of fork of M. 10 (17). Fore wings without spinules. 477 11 (14). 3rd antennal segment not more than 2.5 times longer than 4th segment. 12 (13). Fore wings narrow, almost 3 times longer than broad (Figure 217, 16). Antennae yellow, only 9th and 10th segments brown. 3rd antennal segment 1.5 times as long as 4th segment. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 217, 17,18. 3.3-3.9. Crimea. On Laurus nobilis............... *T. alacris Flor. 13 (12). Fore wings broad, with convex costal margin, 2.3 times longer than broad (Figure 217,19). Antennae brown; only third antennal

M^ ^

FIGURE 2n. Psyllinea. Family Triozidae (after Vondracek, §ulc and original) calcaraia: Ihead and thorax, dorsal; 2head, anterior view; 3head and babugani: 4fore wing; 5~male geniialia; 6same, female; diabolai: 7fore wing; 8male genitalia; 9same, female; 10 -12 ~T. me some la var. loewiana: 10fore wing; 11male genitalia; 12same. female; 13-15 T. re mot a: 13-forewing; 14-male geniialia; 15-same, female; 1G-18-T. alacris: 16-fore wing; 17-male genitalia; 18same, female; 19-21T. galii: 19fore wing; 20male genitalia; 21same, female; 22-24T. obionae: 22fore wing; 23male genitalia; 24same, female. 1-3Trioza

thorax, lateral; 4-6T.

7-9T.

segment light; 3rd antennal segment 2.5

times longer than 4th Male and female genitalia as in Figure 217, 20,21. Variable species. 2.2-3.05. Everywhere, except the North and East ........................................... T. galii Frst. 3rd antennal segment more than 3 times longer than 4th segment, RS of fore wings strongly curved, ending proximal to fork of M (Figure 217, 22). Hind tibiae with 1+3 saltatorial spines. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 217, 23,24. Female yellowish brown to cinnamon-brown; male blackish brown; antennae yellow; 1st, 2nd, 9th and 10th antennal segments and apex of 8th segment brownish; legs yellow except hind coxae. 2.12-2,8. Crimea, southern Volga Region. On Atriplex verrucifera ........................................ T. obionae Log., sp.n. RS of fore wings almost straight, ending at level of fork of M, rarely distal to it (Figure 218, 1). Hind tibiae with 1+2 saltatorial spines. Male genitalia as in Figure 218, 2. Dirty-yellow to yellowish brown; male darker; only 2nd and 3rd antennal segments lighter; 4th to 8th segments brownish; 1st, 9th and 10th segments brown. 1.65-1.75. Sevastopol. On Atriplex tatarica(?)-............,...........T. atriplicina Log., sp. n. Spinules of fore wings present in all cells or at least in cell cun; RS slightly curved away from convex costal margin; cell r broad. Hind tibiae with 1+2 saltatorial spines. On annual Atriplex

16 (15).

17 (10).

.

..

.

,

.

.

.

.

14 (11). 15 (16).

.

segment.

and Chenopodium. 18 (19). Spinules covering cells of fore wings, reaching veins; RS ending at level of fork of M (Figure 218,4). Genal cones 2/3 as long as vertex; 3rd antennal segment 3 times as long as 4th segment. Male genitalia as in Figure 218, 5. 1.9-2.3. Moldavia ........................................... T. chenopodii Reut. 19 (18). Spinules present only in basal half of fore wings, usually only in cell cug. Sexual dimorphism expressed only in the following characters: color of male darker; head and thorax of male

...........

brown; female usually completely green. Antennae more than twice as long as width of head; 3rd antennal segment almost 4.3 times longer than 4th segment. Male parameres angularly tapering (Figure 218, 6,7). 2.65-3. Transcarpathian Region. On Atriplex spp. ........................ ........................... T. obliqua Thorns, (ho rvathi Low-). 21 (20). Antennae less than twice as long as breadth of head; 3rd antennal segment only 4 times longer than 4th segment. Male parameres with widened apex (Figure 218, 8,9). 2-3.42, Center, South, Southeast. On Atriplex spp. ..................... T. dichroa Scott. 22 (7). RS of fore wings more or less sinuous, concave toward costal margin, long, ending distal to fork of M, rarely at its level; fore wings broadest in apical third, rarely distal to middle. 23 (26), Fore wings with broadly rounded apex, not angularly tapering; RS ending distal to fork of M. 24 (25). Spinules in all cells of fore wings and reaching veins (Figure 218,10). Male parameres with narrowed apex and rounded anteriorly, in the form of a bird’s head (Figure 218, 11). Orange-red, with brown pattern; fore wings yellowish. 2.0. West, Northwest. On Hieratium pilosella, H.pratense.-.-T. proxiroa Flor20 (21).

601

25 (24). Spinules of fore wings leaving free stripes along veins (Figure 218, 12). Male parameres mitten-shaped, broad (Figure 218,13). Green to yellow-green, without distinct pattern; fore wings slightly yellowish. 2,3-2.9. North;

throughout the West.

On Cerastium semidecandrum, C. triviale) .............................. T. cerastii H. Low26 (23). Fore wings with markedly angular apex. 27 (38). Hind tibiae with 1+3 saltatorial spines. RS of fore wings ending distal to fork of M. 28 (29). Spinules of fore wings present only at base of cell cun. Antennae almost 1.7 times as long as width of head. Genal cones narrow, triangular, widely divided and laterally curved. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 218, 14,15. 2.9-3.75. On Urtica dioica, U. u r e n s ...................................... T. urticae L. 29 (28). Spinules covering all cells of fore wings. Antennae less than 1.5 times as long as width of head. 30 (33). Surface spinules reaching close to veins; fore wings yellow. 31 (32). MI + 2 half as long as Cu^; cell m^ very small (Figure 218, 16). Male genitalia as in Figure 218, 17. 2.7-3.2. West. Northwest. On Aegopodium podagrari a).......... T. flavipennis Frst. 479 32 (31), M^^.2 slightly shorter than Cu,; cell mi not very small (Figure 218, 18). Male genitalia as in Figure 218, 19. 2.7-3.05. West, Southwest. On Taraxacum officinale. Leontodon hastilis ..................................... T. dispar Low. 33 (30). Spinules leaving freestripes along veins; fore wings transparent, hyaline. 34 (35). Spinules leaving broad free stripes along veins, not reaching ambient vein in cell at apical margin (Figure 218, 20). Male genitalia as in Figure 218, 21. 3.45-3.8. Throughout the South. On Rhamnus cathartica................. T. rhamni Schrnk. 35 (34). Spinules leaving narrow free stripes along veins, reaching or almost reaching apical margin of fore wings. 36 (37). Spinules reaching ambient vein in all apical cells; cell mi larger than cell cu^ (Figure 218, 22). Male genitalia as in Figure 218, 23. 2.9-3,2. North, Northwest, Southwest. .......... .......................................... T. abdominalis Flor. 37 (36). Spinules in fore wings reaching ambient vein only at groups of marginal spinules; cell m^ not larger than cell cu, (Figure 218,24). Male genitalia as in Figure 218, 25. 2.67-3.25. West, Southwest. On Cirsium arvense .................... T. agrophila Low. 38 (27). Hind tibiae with 1+2 saltatorial spines. RS usually ending distal to fork of M, rarely beyond its level. 39 (56). Fore wings without spinules. 40 (43). Cell m, of fore wings very high, its area markedly larger than that of cell cu^; M^ 4. g ending at apex of wing (Figure 219, 1). Anal tube of male without processes at posterior margin. 41 (42). Antennae only 1.3 times as long as breadth of head; 3rd antennal segment 3 times longer than 4th segment; genal cones 1.7 times as long as vertex. Anal tube scarcely widened at posterior margin (Figure 219,2). 3.05-3.62. Caucasus. On Elaeagnus .. .T. elaeagni Scott (fur cat a Low.). angustifolium ..... .. .

.-

602

FIGURE 218. Psyllinea. Family Triozidae (after

?ulc

and

original)

atriplicina: Ifore wing; 2malegeniialia; 3female genitalia; 4,5T.chenopod i i; 4fore wing; 5male genitalia; 6,7 T. obliqua: 6male genitalia; 7male parameres, inner view; 8,9-T dichroa: 8-male genitalia; 9- male parameres, inner view; 10-11-T. pro xim 10fore wing; 11male genitalia; 12,13 T. cerastii: 12fore wing; 13male geniialia; 14,15-T. unicae: 14-roale genicalia; 15-same, female: 16,17-T flavipennis: 16-forewing; 17- male genitalia; 18,19-T. dispar: 18-fonewing; 19-male genitalia; 20,21 -T. rhamni: 20-forewing; 21-male genitalia; 22,23-T. abdominalis: 22-fore wing; 23-male genitalia; 24,25T. agrophila: 24fore wing; 25male genitalia. 1-8Trioza

42 (41). Antennae more than 1.5 times as long as width of head; 4th antennal segment half as long as 3rd segment; genal cones little shorter than vertex. Posterior margin of anal tube of male forming a broad rounded lobe (Figure 219, 3). Female genitalia as in Figure 219,4. 4.4-4.9. South. On Elaeagnus angustifolium ............................................ .......... T. magnisetosa Log., sp. n. (elae agni Dobr- et Man.). 43 (40). If area of cell m^ larger than that of cui, then only slightly so. Posterior margin of anal tube of male with more or less triangular

processes.

.

.

.

44 (47). Fore wings broadest distal to middle (Figure 219, 5,9). Body with orange-yellowish-green tones. 45 (46). Antennae twice as long as breadth of head; genal cones light, 3/4 as long as vertex. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 219, 6-8, 3.7-4.25. South. On Salix sp. T. salictaria Log.. sp.n. 46 (45). Antennae only 1.3 times as long as width of head; genal cones brown, 2/3 as long as vertex. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 219, 10-12. 2.9-3.3. Throughout the South. On Salix spp. ............................... T. melanoparia Log., sp. n. 47 (44). Fore wings broadest in apical third. Body dark, often with multicolored pattern on head and thorax. 48 (51). Antennae completely brown. 49 (50). Genal cones as long as vertex; vertex pitch-black like the whole body. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 219, 13,14. 3-5-3.75. Northwest ................................ T. calcarata Schaef. 50 (49). Genal cones very short, less than half as long as vertex; vertex brown, usually with light border anteriorly and laterally. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 219, 15,16. 3-3.4. West, Southwest, South ............................... T. nigricornis Frst. 51 (48). 3rd antennal segment light, 52 (53), Genal cones brown, light at apex, less than half as long as vertex. Antennae more than twice as long as width of head. 2.65-3.4. South. On Cruciferae (Brassica sp.). ...... T. brassicae Wass. 53 (52). Genal cones yellow, sometimes brownish only at apex, not shorter than vertex. Antennae less than twice as long as width of head. 54 (55). Genal cones longer than vertex; 4th antennal segment half as long as 3rd segment. Processes on posterior margin of anal tube of male narrowly triangular. 3.37-3.75. Northwest, West, Southwest. On Salix spp. .................... T. curvatinervis Frst. 55 (54). Genal cones shorter than vertex; 3rd antennal segment 2.2 times as long as 4th segment. Processes on posterior margin of anal tube of male broadly triangular (Figure 219,17). 3.42-3.74. West, Northwest, Center, Southwest. On Salix spp............. .............................................. T. striola Flor. 56 (39). Fore wings with spinules. 57 (64). Anal tube of male without processes at posterior margin. 482 58 (59). Vertex angularly indented posteriorly, Spinules in cells c and r of fore wings forming small basal spots (Figure 220, 19). Male genitalia as in Figure 220, 20. 3.2-3.6. On Salix spp- .......... ........................................... T. albiventris Frst.

FIGURE 219. Psyllinea. Family Triozidae (after Sulc and original) elaeagni: Ifore wing! 2malegenitalia; 3,4T, magnisetosa: 3male genitalia; 4same. female; 5-8T. salicia ria: 5forewing; 6male genitalia; 7male view; 8female genitalia; 9-12T. melanoparia: 9fore wing; 10male inner parameres; genitalia; 11male parameres, inner view; 12female genitalia; 13,14T. calcaraia: 13male genitalia; 14same. female; 15,16T. nigricornis: 15male genitalia; 16same, female; 17-T. siriola. male genitalia; 18,19-T cirsii: 18-same; 19-same. female; 20-22-T. pa llida 20fore wing; 21male genitalia; 22same, female; 23T.acutipennis, male genitalia; 24,25T. viridula: 24fore wing; .25malegenitatia. 1,2Trioza

HOMOPTERA

FIGURE 220.

Psyllinea,

Family Triozidae (after Sulc)

femora Us: Ifore wing; 2male genitalia; 3,4T. acutipennis: 3fore dorsal; 5-7T. maura: 5fore wing; 6male genitalia; 7same, female; 8-10 T. salicivora: ^fore wing; 9male genitalia; 10same, female: 11-13 T. bohemic .Ifore wing; 12male geniialia; ISsame, female; 14,15 T. curvaiinervis: 14fore wing; .5male geniialia; 16-18 T. reuteri: 16fore wing; 17male geniialia; 18same, female; ;0-T. albiveniris: 19-forewing; 20-male genitalia. 1,2Trioza

wing; 4head,

59 (58). 60 (61).

Vertex straight posteriorly. Spinules of fore wings completely covering all cells including cells c and r. Genal cones brown, more than half as long as vertex, directed anteriad. Antennae brown, only 3rd antennal segment dirtyyellow. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 219, 18,19. 2.8. North. On Cirsium erisithales. C.oleraceum ................................................ T. cirsii Low. Genal cones light. Antennae yellow; only 9th and 10th antennal segments and apex of 8th segment brown; clypeus brown. Spinules almost reaching veins of fore wings (Figure 219, 20). Genal cones 2/3 as long as vertex. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 219, 21,22. 2.7-3.05. Northwest; mountainous T. pallida Haupt. part of the Transcarpathian Region Spinules leaving free stripes along veins (Figure 219, 24). Genal cones more than half as long as vertex. Male genitalia as in Figure 219,25. 2.7-3’. Northwest, Transcarpathian Region. On Cirsium oleraceum ...................T. viridula Zett. Posterior margin of anal tube of male with more or less triangular processes. Spinules of fore wings reaching veins. Outer apical angle of 4th and 6th antennal segments dilated. Fore wings yellowish to light; costal margin strongly convex (Figure 220, 1). Outer angles of 4th and 6th antennal segments projecting like the teeth of a saw. Male genitalia as in Figure 220,2. 3.1-3.52. Everywhere, except in the North and East, On Alchemilla vulgaris ..........................T. femoralis Frst. Fore wings amber-yellow; costal margin slightly convex (Figure 220, 3). 4th and 6th antennal segments dilated only where there are rhinaria. Male genitalia as in Figure 219, 23. Head as in Figure 220, 4. 3.1-3.5. North, Northwest, Transcarpathian Region .................................... T. acutipennis Zett. Spinules leaving free stripes along veins of fore wings or forming spots in middle of cells. 4th and 6th antennal segments not dilated. 1st and 2nd antennal segments and part of 3rd segment light; other part of antennae brown; genal cones slightly shorter than vertex, brown. Spinules absent in cells r, nii and cui, forming spots in the other cells (Figure 220, 5). Male and female genitalia as in Figure 220, 6,7. The largest species of the genus (4.2-5.07). T. maura Frst. Southwest, South. On Salix spp. Color of antennae different; genal cones also brown. Spinules of fore wings present in all cells, not reaching veins. Only 3rd antennal segment light; genal cones as long as vertex. Processes of anal tube of male with broadly rounded apex (Figure 220, 9). Male genitalia as in Figure 220, 10. Head and thorax brick-red; pattern on head, thorax and abdominal sclerites brown; fore wings yellowish (Figure 220, 8). 3.45-4.15. Northwest, Transcarpathian Region. On Salix spp. ................. ........................................... T. salicivora Reut. 3rd to 7th antennal segments light; genal cones shorter than vertex. Processes of anal tube of male dorsally straight, with .........

61 (60).

62 (63).

.............

63 (62).

64 (57). 65 (68).

66 (67).

67 (66).

68 (65).

69 (70).

,........,.,,..

70 (69).

71 (72).

72 (71).

narrower

apex.

73 (74). Spinules in cells c and r of fore wings present only in small spots (Figure 220, 11). Genal cones shorter than vertex. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 220, 12,13. Blackish brown; sides of vertex and coronal suture usually with light border. 3.17-3.5. Northwest ................................. T. bohemica Sulc. 74 (73). Spinules of fore wings covering all cells (Figure 220, 16). Genal cones more than half as long as vertex. Male and female genitalia as in Figure 220,17. 18. Pitch-black, dull. 3.15-3.3. Center .............................................. T. reuteri Sulc.

....

3.

Suborder

ALEYRODINEA

Whiteflies

E.M. Dantsig

Very small

(European species less than 2.0 long); resembling minute moths; wings and body covered with white mealy dust. Body (Figure 221,1) yellow, sometimes with dark pattern. Antennae 7-segmented; first 2 segments spherical; other segments long and slender, last segment ending in a spinelike seta (Figure 222, 1). Rhinaria rounded, 483 small, surrounded by a crown of hair, singly or in groups, usually on the 3rd, 5th and 7th antennal segments. Compound eyes with a transverse constriction or completely divided into a dorsal and ventral part; ocelli 2, at the anterior margin of each compound eye. Legs long and slender; tarsi bisegmented; 2nd tarsal segment with 2 claws and an unpaired process (paronychium)t (Figure 222, 2). Two pairs of wings, white, sometimes with 1 or 2 dark spots, at rest flatly folded over abdomen (Figure 221, 1); both pairs of wings almost equally long and with similar, much reduced venation. Anus of adults and nymphs dorsal, situated at end of abdomen in a cupinsects

shaped depression which is covered by a special anal apparatus consisting of an operculum and a lingula (Figure 222, 4). Last abdominal sternum of male with 2 processes (valves +t) between which originates the penis. Ovipositor as in Psyllinea, consisting of 3 pairs of processes. Four pairs of spiracles, 3 thoracic pairs and one abdominal pair. The modern classification of Aleyrodinea is exclusively based on characters of the puparium (see below). Only higher categories (families) are differentiated by the structure of the adults (wing venation and legs). Puparium oval, dark or light, surrounded by a waxy band which separates its dorsal and ventral sides (Figure 221, 5) or without such band (Figure 221, 2-4); dorsal side of puparium sometimes with waxy lamellar formations (Figure 221,2), flocculent curls (Figure 221, 3,6) or thick covering (Figure 221, 4); inotherforms dorsum of puparium bare or covered with waxy powder. Microscopic preparations have to be made for identification of the puparia by the method described for Coccinea (p, 800); light puparia are stained with fuchsin. Puparia show the following sutures (Figure 222,6): 1) a submarginal suture separating the submarginal region from the dorsal disk; 2) a transverse suture separating thorax from abdomen; 3) a longitudinal suture dividing the thoracic part into a left and right half. The most important character is the structure of the anal apparatus and the form of t [called also arolium by other authors.] tt [parameres.]

ALEYRODINEA

the anus. A caudal groove passes in some forms from the anus to the posterior margin of the puparium (Figure 222, 10). The dorsal disk shows oval, rounded or branched depressions recognized by their light color in preparations; there are also several pairs of setae or thick spines on the dorsal disk (Figure 222, 6). The puparia of some forms bear wax-secreting tubules (Figure 222, 11,12,14) or papilliform glands. The ventral side of the puparium bears the reduced mouthparts, antennae, legs and spiracles (Figure 222, 10). Antennae usually single-segmented, with a long or short seta. Legs short, thick, curved, forming stumps, Spiracular grooves are present in some species, 2 thoracic grooves (right and left) and one abdominal groove (Figure 222,8); margin of puparium at end of groove sometimes with sclerotized denticles (tracheal comb) or with a semicircular notch

(Figure 222, 6,8). The eggs have a pedicel by means of which they are attached to the substrate. They are laid in circles, in clusters, or singly. Oval, flat, active larvae hatch from the eggs (Figure 222, 5). They possess 3 pairs of legs, antennae, eyespots and hairs at the margin of the body; these larvae crawl about for several hours; then they attach themselves by suction. Later instars (2nd to 4th) are inactive, with rudimentary antennae and legs. In the 4th instar the body of the larva becomes convex, attaches itself closely to

’

the substrate and its dorsal side becomes decorated with waxy formations. Under this cover (the so-called puparium) the larva ceases to feed and undergoes important changes. As a result the larva, which showed no differentiation of body regions, and which had rudimentary antennae and legs and frequently no eyes, becomes a winged imago with long antennae and legs and with well-developed eyes in a single ecdysis, The larvae and imagines live on the lower surface of leaves of various plants, preferring humid and shaded habitats. The puparia hibernate on old and fallen leaves; in some species the imagines hibernate together with the puparia. The best period to collect specimens is the second half of summer and fall, as well as spring. The method of collection is as follows: some puparia found on leaves are kept dry in envelopes or boxes to preserve the waxy integument; others, imagines and larvae, are kept in 70% alcohol. Some species are serious pests of plants. They feed on plant juices, causing yellow leaf disease. Their sugary excretions become infested with smut fungi which block the stomata, reducing assimilation. The greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)is injurious to cucumbers, tomatoes and various hothouse flowers, the citrus whitefly (Dialeurodes citri) has recently caused severe damage to citrus on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; it is now subjected to quarantine. The suborder includes the following 3 families: Aleyrodidae, Aleurodicidae and Udamoselidae. Only the family Aleyrodidae is represented in Europe; the other two families contain only tropical forms.

-

LITERATURE. Quaintance, A.L. and A.C. Baker. Classification of the Aleyrodidae, III. U.S. Dept. Agric., Techn. Ser., 21, 19131914; Sampson, W.W- and E. A. Drews. Keys to the Genera of the Aleyrodinae and Notes on Certain Genera- (Homoptera. Aleyrodinea).Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 9 (Ser.12), 1956; Trehan. K.N. Studies on the British Whiteflies (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae).-Trans. Enr. Soc. Lond., 90(22), 1940; Visnija, A. Vorarbeiten zur Kenntnis der Aleurodiden-Fauna von Ungam nfibst systematischen Bemerkungen iiber die Gattungen Aleurochicon, Pealius und Bemisia.Fragm. faun. Hung., 4(suppl.). 1941; Zahradnik, J. Aleyrodina-Mottenlause. Tierwelt Mineleuropas, IV(3), Xd. Leipzig, 1963.

Family ALEYRODIDAE Wings with only one longitudinal vein, R, which is sometimes bifurcate; in some forms Cu is also present (Figure 222, 3). Tarsi with broad spatulate paronychium (Figure 222, 2). Puparium without complex pores. The species in the U.S.S.R. and their biology are little known; 24 species and 15 genera are known from the European U.S.S.R. and the Caucasus; the other territories have not yet been investigated. 13 genera, 20 species; 2 additional genera and several species are included, as they possibly occur in the European U.S.S.R. or are important pests.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (6).

4 (5). 5 (4).

Lateral margin of puparium turned in; dorsum of puparium markedly broader than the venter; puparium dark, narrow, without waxy covering. On heather ................ I. Tetralicia. Lateral margins of puparium not turned in; dorsal side of puparium not broader than the venter. Dorsal disk separated from submarginal region by the sub-

marginal suture (Figure 222,6). Anus almost round. Puparium light-colored, its dorsum covered with a mass of flocculent wax ................. 2. Tetraleurodes. Anus triangular,- surrounded by a trilobed frame (Figure 222, 6). Puparium black, with white transparent plates (Figure 221, 2) 3. Aleurolobus. Dorsal disk not separated from submarginal region by a suture, sometimes separated by a thick row of submarginal pores. Dorsal disk separated from submarginal region by a thick row of pores. Puparium light, with white waxy curls like petals of chrysanthemum (Figure 221, 6)............. 4. Bulgarialeurodes. Dorsal disk not separated from submarginal region by thick row of pores. Dorsal disk with 4 pairs of thick spines. Anus trapezoidal, almost completely covered by operculum. Puparium black, with white flocculent waxy curls (Figure 221, 3).......... 5. Frauenfeldiella. Dorsal disk without thick spines, often with slender setae. Anus different. Anus triangular. Anus completely covered by operculum; lingula not visible. Puparium black, shiny, with white transparent plates ............ ....................................... 6, Dialeurolobus Danz. Operculum covering not more than half of anus, leaving the long lingula uncovered. Puparium light, without waxy covering. Transverse suture curved, directed anteriorly, joined at the anterior end of body to form a closed figure. Caudal groove not present (Figure 222, 7)................... 7. Asterobemisia. Transverse suture not forming closed figure. Caudal groove more or less marked ............................. 8. Bemisia. Anus round or heart-shaped. Dorsuro of pupariuro with numerous long tubules (Figure 222, 11,12,14). Pupariuro light, with dark median stripe .............. ............................................... 9. Siphoninus. .....

..............................................

6 (3).

7 (8).

8 (7). 9 (10).

10 (9). 11 (16).

12 (13).

13 (12),

14 (15).

15 (14).

16 (11). 17 (18).

610

ALEYRODIDAE

18 (17).

19 (20).

20 (19). 21 (24). 485 22 (23).

Puparium without numerous tubules, sometimes with only a few pairs of thick spines. Margin of puparium with a row of papilliform glands. Anus heart-shaped. Species in the European U.S.S.R. on laurel, on hothouse and indoor plants .................... 10. Trialeurodes. Margin of puparium without papilliform glands. Anal apparatus situated in the rugose anal depression with sclerotized sides (Figure 222, 13). Anal depression elongate or short, open posteriorly. Transverse suture reaching margin of puparium. Puparia larger (up to 2.0), of two types: 1) dark brown with a thick white waxy covering which sometimes covers the whole dorsum (Figure 221, 4); 2) yellowish white, without waxy covering. On maple ............................................ 11. Aleurochiton. ............

,^y%^

FIGURE 221. Aleyrodinea. Family Aleyrodidae (after Weber, Dob General habitus of various species.

feldiella jelineki, sat 5Trialeurodes vapo leurodes cotesii. pupa

;;

4Aleurochilon

complanatus, hibernating puparium; emergence of imago: 6Bulgaria-

.riorum, puparium after

23 (22). Anal depression broad, closed posteriorly (Figure 222, 13). Transverse suture not reaching margin of puparium. Puparia less than 1.0 long, light ........................... 12. Pealius 24 (21). Anal apparatus on surface of puparium. 25 (28). Margin of puparium with 3 semicircular spiracular pits (2 on thorax and one at posterior end of abdomen; Figure 222, 8); anus rounded, passing into caudal groove.

Puparia large (up to 2.0); thoracic spiracular grooves present (Figure 222, 8). On citrus and other subtropical plants ........... ............................................. 13. Dialeurodes. 27 (26). Puparium small (up to 1.0); thoracic spiracular grooves absent. On cowberry................................ 14. Japaneyrodes. 28 (25). Margin of puparium with semicircular spiracular pits; anus heart-shaped, broadly rounded posteriorly (Figure 222, 4) 26 (27).

..,,....

..............................................

15. Aleyrodes.

Keys to Species of Family Aleyrodidae 1.

1 (1).

Tetralicia Harr.

Monotypic genus.

Puparium dark, narrow. On heather. Not yet found in the U.S.S.R. Recorded from northern and central Europe ............ .............................................. T. ericae Harr.

2. Tetraleurodes Ckll. 1 species.

1 (1).

486

Numerous species in the Tropics; in Europe

Puparium light, its dorsum with a mass of white floeculent wax, Southern Crimea, Abkhazia. On ivy ............ T. hederae Goux.

3. Aleurolobus Quaint, et Bak. Asia; in Europe 1 species. 1

(I).

4. 1 (1).

5.

487

1 (1).

6.

1

t

(l).

Numerous species in tropical eastern

Puparium flat, black, shiny, with a row of transparent waxy plates on dorsum; similar plates also present at margin of body (Figure 221, 2). Adults rich yellow; wings without spots. Northwest. On Asarum europeum. Spiraea, Lonicera. One generation per year; puparia hibernating ..... A. asari Wunn.

Bulgarialeurodes Corb.

Monotypic genus.

Puparium light brown, oval, with white floeculent curls consisting of waxy filaments; curls arranged like chrysanthemum petals (Figure 221.6). South. On rose ............................... .............................. *B. cotesi Mask (rosae Corb.).

Frauenfeldiella Gom.-Men.

Monotypic genus.

Puparium black, shiny, with white floeculent waxy curls which sometimes cover the whole surface of the puparium and with white marginal waxy border. Southern Crimea. On Viburnum tinus and Arbutus unedo................... *F. jeUneki Frauenf. t

Dialeurolobus Danz.

1 species.

Puparium black, shiny, flat. with a row of transparent plates at margin of body and a vertical column of transparent wax in middle of dorsum. Imago rich yellow, with dark pattern on head, thorax and abdomen; wings with light brown spots which form transverse bands. Moldavia, Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Living on Crataegus and Pyr ac antha ............... D. pulcher Danz.

Mentioned in Russian literature under the erroneous name

of A leyrodes chinendenni For.

ALEYRODIDAE

FIGURE 222. Aleyrodinea. Family A ley rod id ae (after Grasse and original).

Morphology.

(r-rhinarium); 2-iarsus of imago (c-claw, p-paronychium); 3- A leurochiioi 5Triwings; 4-Aleyrodes lonicerae, anus of puparium (o-operculum, 1-lingula);

1-antenna of imago aceris,

ss-sub marginal suture, tc-uacheal comb, ds-dorsal setae. sr-submarginal region, dd-dorsal avellanae, puparium; 8 Dia leurodes citri. same 7Asierobemisia (sgspiracular groove); 9A leyrodes proleiella, anus of pupacium; 10A. lonicerae, pupariur (mp-mouthparcs, a-amenna, 1-legs, cg-caudal groove); 11-Siphoninus immaculatus, waxanus of puparium; secreting tubule of puparium; 12-S, phillyreae, same! 13-Pealius quercus, 14- Siphoninus phillyreae, puparium. suture,

disc, ananus);

7. Asterobemlsia Trehan. 1 specie! 1 (1).

Genus comprising 2 species; in Europe

Puparium flat, white, with 2 pairs of light brown spots, without waxy covering. Thoracic tracheal combs consisting of 33-38 denticles (Figure 222,7). Ukraine, Moldavia, Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. On various deciduous trees and shrubs. One generation per year; puparia hibernating ...................... .......... A. avellanae Sign. (carpini Koch, vaccinii Kunow).

8. Bemisia Quaint et Bak. Numerous species in Southeast Asia. 3 species. 1 (4). Puparia large (more than 1.0), slightly convex. Thoracic and caudal tracheal combs distinct, consisting of 7-28 denticles. On trees and shrubs.

2 (3).

Tracheal combs narrow, consisting of 7-14 denticles; tracheal

grooves at margin of puparium as broad as those on submarginal region. Antennae with spinules at base. Southern Crimea, Black Sea coast of Caucasus, On various trees (mainly evergreen trees); shrubs and lianas ............................... B. ovata Goux. Tracheal combs broad, consisting of 24-28 denticles; tracheal grooves at margin of puparium broad, harrow in submarginal region. Antennae without spinules at base. Southern Crimea, Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. On hazelnut, oak, hornbean, etc. (mainly on deciduous trees and shrubs) B. silvatica Danz. Puparium small (up to 1.0), markedly convex. Thoracic tracheal combs weakly developed; caudal comb always absent. Southern Crimea, Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. On herbs, rarely on shrubs with pubescent lower surface of leaves, mainly on Labiatae and Compositae .............................. B. minima Danz.

3 (2).

....

4 (1).

9. Siphoninus Silv. Puparium with numerous long tubules. shrubs and ivy. In Europe 2 species. 1 (2).

On trees,

Puparium dark yellow, with broad longitudinal dark brown stripe in the middle. Tubules with notched apex (Figure 222, 11); marginal hair short. Adults yellow; wings without spots. Transcarpathian Ukraine, Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. On ivy .................. S. immaculatus Heeg. (h e e g e r i Haupt). Puparium white, with broad longitudinal dark brown stripe in the middle. Tubules with rounded apex; marginal hairs long (Figure 222, 12,14). Imago as in S. immaculatus. Southern Crimea, Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. On ash, hawthorn and pear. ..................... S. phillyreae Hal. (dubiosus Haupt).

2 (1).

10. Trialeurodes Ckll. Mainly tropical species; in the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species, of which only one occurs in closed buildings. 488

1(2).

2 (1).

Puparium light, without surrounding waxy band, flat, with transparent waxy covering and long marginal plates consisting of waxy filaments. Papilliform glands present only at margin of puparium. Crimea. On laurel. Infesting the host plant in large numbers. Very injurious ................................. #T. lauri Sign. Puparium greenish white, with surrounding waxy band, with 5-8 long waxy filaments dorsally (Figure 221, 5), Papilliform glands present at margin. In addition, dorsum also with several pairs of large tubercles. On various hothouse and indoor plants ........ ^Greenhouse Whitefly T. vaporariorum Westw. ..---......

11. Aleurochiton Tullgr. without seasonal dimorphism.

Two generations per year; puparia with or In Europe 3 species, all on various species

of maple. 1 (4).

Puparium showing seasonal dimorphism.

Hibernating puparia

without surrounding waxy band, dark brown, often with thick white waxy covering which sometimes covers the whole dorsum; summer puparia with waxy band, yellowish white, without waxy

covering.

Median depressions branched.

AIEYRODIDAE

2 (3).

3 (2).

Posterior part of puparium not broader than anterior part, uniformly rounded. Puparia of summer generation with numerous long setae at margin; anterior and posterior parts of hibernating puparia with submarginal skin fold separating dorsal disk from submarginal region. On Acer campestre; very common in the range of the food-plant.................... A. acerinus Haupt. Posterior part of puparium markedly broader than anterior part; posterior margin slightly concave in the middle. Puparium of summer generation without setae at margin; hibernating puparia without submarginal skin fold (Figure 221, 4). Summer generation absent in the northern part of the range. On Acer platanoides very common throughout the range of the food-plant .............. A. complanatus Baer. (ac e ri s Geoffr.). Puparium without seasonal dimorphism, surrounding waxy band present, yellowish white, without waxy covering. Median depressions rounded. On Acer pseudoplatanus .................. ........................................ A. pseudoplatani Visn. ........................

4 (1).

12. Pealius Quaint, et Bak. one of them introduced. 1 (2).

Distributed in Southeast Asia.

3 species;

Puparium posteriorly widened, with 2 longitudinal rows of tubercles on dorsum of abdomen. Imago greenish yellow; wings without spots. Northwest; Caucasus. On oak, elm and hazelnut. One generation per year; puparia hibernating .............................................. P. quercus Sign. Puparium posteriorly not widened, without longitudinal rows of tubercles on dorsum of abdomen. On various plants. Submarginal region of puparium scaly. Puparium with only several pairs of long setae or setae short and hardly,noticeable. Imagines yellow, without spots. Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; introduced. On Azalea, sometimes on Spiraea.............. *P. azaleae Bak. et Moles. Submarginal region of puparium smooth. Puparium usually with their setae. wings without spots. numerous long Imagines white, P. setosus Danz. Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, On Rubus

.......,.,

2 (1).

3 (4).

....................................

4

(3).

...

13. Dialeurodes Ckll. Tropical species; in the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species introduced with citrus from Southeast Asia. 1 (1).

Puparium yellow, broadly oval (Figure 222, 8), slightly convex,

waxy covering. Imagines light yellow; wings without Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. On citrus and a number of other evergreen and deciduous plants; very injurious to citrus; subjected to quarantine. Two or three generations per year ...... ^Citrus Whitefly D. citri Riley et How.

without

spots.

.......................

14. 1 (1).

Japaneyrodes Zahr.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Puparium light yellow, slightly convex, with lateral depressions in

posterior part, without waxy covering.

Imagines light yellow;

wings without spots. Northwest. On Vaccinium vitis idaea; 1 generation per year; puparia hibernating ...................... .................................... J. similis europaeus Zahr.

HOMOPTERA

15. Aleyrodes Latr. A large number of species distributed throughout the world. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (2),

489

Puparia yellow, part of them becoming dark brown in fall; dorsum of puparia without tubercles; dorsal setae very short; lateral margin of anus thickened, smooth, without folds (Figure 222, 9). Imago lemon-yellow, with dark pattern on head, thorax and abdomen; wings with 2 dark spots. On Chelidonium, Euphorbia, Lactuca, etc.; also infesting cabbage, to which it causes damage; forming dense colonies. Several generations per year; eggs laid in groups ............... .^Cabbage Whitefly A. proletella L. (brassicae Wlk.). Puparia white, part of them becoming greenish yellow in fall; a row of round tubercles in midline of abdomen; these tubercles are sometimes faintly marked, but in some populations brown; 4-7 pairs of dorsal setae, their length very variable; lateral margin of anus plicated (Figure 222, 4). Imagines as in A. p ro ........

-

2 (1).

letella, but with a dark spot on wings. Very polyphagous; on honeysuckle, spirea, strawberry, currant, various Umbelliferae and many other herbs and shrubs; not usually forming dense colonies. Several generations per year; eggs irregularly scattered. Everywhere; very common in forests and parks, and near roads and fences ...............

4.

.........................................

A. lonicerae Wlk. (rubi Sign., fragariae Wlk.).

Suborder

APHIDINEA

Plant lice

G.Kh. Shaposhnikov t Small insects. 0,5 to 3.5-7.5 (Figures 223, 226, 227).

Body elliptical, spindle-shaped, rarely oblong or hemispherical, convex dorsally, flattened

ventrally. Usually of the same color as the substrate. Integument smooth. Cuticle with minute spinules (Figure 251, 2); dorsal cuticle usually very modified (Figure 251, 1), reticulate, rugose, scaly, shagreened or smooth. Dorsal cuticle often more or less thickened and sclerotized, usually in dark stripes or spots (sclerites)tt (Figures 227, 264). Head, thorax and abdomen sometimes with groups of glands of various structure which secrete a white waxy bloom (Figure 226, 2); these groups of glands are arranged in 6 longitudinal rows, 2 marginal rows, 2 median rows and 2 premarginal rows between the marginal and the median rows (Figure 232); only the marginal and median rows are usually present (Figure 226, 1), but not on all terga. The groups are often replaced by tubercles which do not secrete wax and do not bear hairs or spinules (Figures 224, 1; 230, 3). There are rarely various processes with one or several hairs at the apex, often with minute spinules (Figures 225, 2,9; 235,2-4), Hairs sometimes setalike, spinelike, rodlike, capitate, spatulate, fan-shaped, forked or mushroom-shaped (Figures 244, 3-6; 245, 8,9,16; 260, 1,14); arrangement, number, form and size of hairs are of great systematic importance. t t+

keys to genus Aphis L. were written by A. G. Davletshina, "Sclerotized cuticle" refers to thicker and darker areas of the cuticle containing melanin insoluble in KOH.

The

Head trapezoidal. Antennae 5- or 6-segmented, rarely 3- or 4segmented (Figures 229; 236, 1-3, 9-12), equal in length to the head, or to the body, or longer. Last antennal segment with pointed terminal process with several spinelike hairs at the apex. Antennae with sensory organs (rhinaria). Adults and nymphs of all instars always possess one rhinarium anterior to the apex of the penultimate antennal segment and one subapical rhinarium on the last segment. Near the primary rhinarium of the last segment there are 3-6 (0-9) smaller accessory rhinaria. If the antennae are 3-segmented, both primary rhinaria are situated on the 3rd segment. Secondary rhinaria occur only in adults, usually in alate specimens and sometimes in apterous specimens on the 3rd antennal segment and also on the 4th, 5th and sometimes the 6th segment. The compound eyes bear a laterally projecting 3-faceted tubercle posteriorly (Figures 243, 1; 254. 5-7). This tubercle is sometimes displaced to the ventral surface or absent (Figures 243, 2; 254, 8). These tubercles are sometimes the only persisting part of the eyes in apterous specimens (Figure 230, 1,2). Simple ocelli are usually present only in alate specimens: 2 on the vertex near the eyes and one on the frons (Figure 223, 1). Proboscis 4-segmented (Figure 223, 2), short or long, sometimes longer than the body; last segment of proboscis short and blunt (e.g., in aphids living on Gramineae; Figure 247, 5), or long and pointed (e.g., aphids living on Helichrysum or A-rtemisia; Figure 263, 4,5); apex of last segment sometimes differentiated as a separate segment (Figure 231. 2,3); apex of last segment of proboscis with microsensilla (Figure 247); 3 pairs of hairs are constantly present before the apex of the last segment and a 491 varying number of supplementary hairs nearer to its base. In normal females and males of some groups of aphids the mouthparts are completely

atrophied.

1alate paithenogenetic female, diagrammatic (pt pterostigma, ffemur, ttibia, trtarsus, cor cornicle, mt marginal tubercles, c cauda): 2 head of above, lateral (cl clypeus, Ib labrum, 1 labium or proboscis, pr pronotum); 3end of abdomen, lateral (ccauda, ananus,

sasubanal plate, ggonapophysis,

gpgonopore,

spsubgenital place).

491

Thorax, particularly the mesothorax, of varying structure, depending

on the presence or absence of wings. Two pairs of wings present or absent, at rest held rooflike (Figure 230, 4) or more rarely flat (Figure 230, 5). Fore wings with dark pterostigma from which RS runs toward apex of wing (Figures 223, 1; 225, 4,6,7,9); RS absent in Adelgoidea (Figure 225, 1,3). The next vein (M) is simple (Figure 225, 1,3) or branches once (Figure 225, 4,7) or twice (Figure 225, 6,9). Both Cu veins branch separately from R, 492 only very rarely they are fused at the base. Hind wings smaller than fore wings, with more reduced venation, with only two, one or no oblique veins

(Cu) (Figure 225, 1,3,9). Legs long and slender, ambulatory; forelegs sometimes saltatorial, with enlarged coxae (Figure 243, 6) or femora. In many groups of aphids the hind tibiae of normal females and rarely those of parthenogenetic females bear peculiar structures called "pseudosensilla" of unknown function (Figure 224, 6). Tarsi 2-segmented (Figures 236, 6; 249, 4), rarely single-segmented (Figure 236, 7) or completely atrophied (Figure 225, 8); ventral side of distal margin of 1st tar sal segment with 2-7 setae of uniform or different length and form (Figures 231, 8,9; 252. 7,8; 255,1-3); ventral side of base of claws of 2nd tarsal segment with hairs of varying structure (Figures 245,1; 246, 6,7).

igement of spiracles and tubercles on body of aphid (pr pronotum, mn mesonotum. prepremarginal tubercles, marmarginal tubercles, medmedian tubercles, corcornicles, ccauda. apanal plate); 2diagram of arrangement of spiracles on sterna (s[er)and marginal tubercles on terga (ter) of normal segments; 3same on reduced segment I; 4 female genitalia (ccauda, apanal plate, gongonapophysis, gpgonopore. spsubgenitalplaiel: metmetanoium,

spspiracles,

5same,

male; 6hind

tibia of normal female.

Abdomen consisting of 9 segments, t Spiracles on the first 7 sterna, rarely on the first 6. 5 or only on the 1st sternum, normally at the anterior authors (Bomer) the abdol

onststs of

10

segments.

corner of

sterna, usually surrounded by a dark plate (Figure 251, 7-10).

Marginal tubercles situated closer to posterior angle of terga, i.e., posterior and dorsal to spiracles (Figures 224, 2; 257, 7). Segment I often reduced; the spiracle of segment I is therefore situated further dorsad, close to the spiracle of segment II, and the marginal tubercles of segment I lie near the first spiracle (Figures 224. 3; 257, 7). Terga IV or V often with cornicles in form of pores (Figures 225, 5; 243, 4; 249, 1,5,6), cones (Figure 241, 1) or in form of tubes (Figures 231, 6,7; 261); the function of cornicles is excretory and often also defensive.

FIGURE 225.

Aphidinea (after Grassi, Mordviiko, Nevskii, Pasek. Patch)

Viteus vitifolii, alate and apterous; 3 family Adelgidae, Sacchiphantes abietis (ptpteroscigma); 4, 5 family Mindaridae, Mindarus abietinus: 4fore wing; 5 dorsum of abdomen; 6family Lachnidae, Cinara grossa, fore wing; 7family

1,2

family Phylloxeridae,

specimen, ventral; 9family

Callaphididae, Tinoca’llis saltans.

HOMOPTERA

FIGURE 227. lalate;

Aphidinea.

Brevicocyne brassicae (after Mordviiko and Essig)

2~ apterous female; 3

cauda of apterous female; 4colony on cabbage.

620

The last tergum (IX) is produced posteriorly in form of a cauda (Figure 228,4-11) or broadly rounded (Figure 228,1-3). In the latter case we speak of a broadly rounded ca-uda for convenience, although it would be more correct to say that the cauda is absent in some species. Cauda fully developed only in adults. Last (IX) sternum (anal plate) rounded (Figure 231, 5), rarely indented (Figure 231, 4). Anus opening dorsal to anal plate; gonopore opening ventral to anal plate on sternum VIII; gonapophyses present posterior to gonopore, usually rudimentary in females; a subgenital plate present anterior to gonopore (Figures 223, 3; 224, 4,5; 228,2).

FIGURE 228,

Aphidinea. Types of cauda (after Mordvilko. Nevskii,

Pinter, Shaposhnikov and

Shelegevich)

I-3broadly rounded: 1 Tuberolachnus;

2Forda

hirsuia rnordvilkoi, lateral

(ccau<3a, aanas, ap~ anal plate, gp gonopore, sgpsubgenital plate); 3Acaudinum; rounded, Anuraphis; 5,6 helmet-shaped, Dysaphis: 5 dorsal; 6 lateral; 7 triangular, Semiaphls; 8, 9digiciform: 8Aphis; 9 Staticobium; 10ensiform.Maccosiphum: IIflask-shaped, Chaitophorus.

4

Measurements are made with an ocular micrometer, as follows: length of insect: from anterior margin of frons to apex of cauda; breadth: maximal breadth of the insect; length of terminal process of last antennal segment: from distal margin of principal rhinarium to the apex; diameter of 3rd antennal segment: maximal diameter or (when specified) diameter of narrowed base of segment; length of last segment of proboscis; along its grooved surface (not including the roicrosensilla) (Figures 247, 4; 249, 3);

length of 2nd segment of hind tarsi: from base of segment to rounded part 493 anterior to base of claws (Figure 249, 4); length of cauda: from base to apex (Figure 249, 7); length of hair including base of hair (Figure 244, 3- 5), but not the process (Figure 244, 6). Aphids are always polymorphic and heterogonous. Their life cycle comprises males and normal females which lay the overwintering eggs and 1 to 10-20 or more generations of viviparous or rarely oviparous parthenogenetic females. Aphids of the first spring generation are usually apterous, called fundatrices. Subsequent generations may consist only of winged parthenogenetic females, of apterous t females, or both forms together; these forms are the commonest from spring to end of summer and are used as the basis for the keys. The life cycles of aphids are adapted to seasonal changes in climate and mainly to changes in the physiology of the food-plants, in particular phy sic o chemical changes connected with the maturation of tissues used as food. Populations of aphids are greatest on young actively growing parts of the host plant. The life cycles of aphids are annual, rarely biennial, ending in autumn in normal cycles or in summer in shortened cycles, taking place on one or two host plants. In the latter case the primary host is always a treett, the migrants fly from it to the secondary host and the remigrantesflyback to the primary host. When aphids live in a uniformly hot climate (subtropical, or in the soil), 494 or when the primary or secondary host is lost, the bisexual generation is suppressed and the cycle becomes incomplete. Eggs usually overwintering, rarely nymphs or adult apterous specimens. Aphids live in dense or scattered colonies, rarely singly on various parts of the host; they occur on Dicotyledonae, Monocotyledonae, Gymnospermae, rarely Pteridophyta, Equisetales and Bryophyta. They frequently produce specific deformations of plants (Figures 226, 233, 237-239, 242, 250, 253). Many species are attended by ants. Many species are injurious themselves or as vectors of pathogenic viruses, Viteus vitiifolii is, for example, a most serious pest. Aphids should be collected with a thin paint brush moistened in 70-80% alcohol. Collections should include apterous and alate adults, also the smallest larvae and galls formed by the insects. Collectors should also note the amount of waxy dust, sheen and color of the aphids, the species of the host plant, the habitat and the nature of the injury caused. Preparations are necessary for the identification of aphids. They are made as follows; the specimens are placed for 5-20 minutes in a watery solution of chloral-phenol (a 1:1 mixture of chloral-hydrate and phenol crystals heated to 40-50) and then left in this solution until they are cleared. Dark wrinkled aphids or specimens which have been kept in alcohol for many years should be pricked on the ventral side of the abdomen and kept in 40% alcohol (2-24 hours), in water (2-24 hours), in hot 5% KOH (10-15 minutes) or in hot 10-20% KOH (3-5 minutes) or in KOH without heating (6-12 hours), in water (24 hours) changing the water twice or 3 times, in40%alcohol(2-3hours) and in chloral-phenol without heating, until they are cleared. One, two or four aphids are mounted on a slide in Faure’s medium which is prepared as follows: 24 g of gum arable are heated to

+

There occur also forms with rudimentary wings.

resembling alate forms. tt Aphis craccivora Koch

These are either nymphs (young alates) or apterous forms

is an exception as its primacy host is alfalfa.

dissolved in 40ml distilled water, filtered through glass wool, mixed with 16ml glycerol and 160 g chloral-hydrate, not cooled until it ’ is dissolved, then filtered again and kept in the dark. The preparations are dried at 50 for 2 or 3 weeks and then kept in a dry and dark place. To facilitate identification we frequently give in the keys data on foodplants before data on the distribution. There are more than 400 genera and more than 2500 species belonging to 12 families; only the family Greenideidae with more than 40 species is not represented in the European U.S.S.R. There are about 200 genera and more than 800 species in the whole U.S.S.R. 184 genera, more than 670

40-50,

species. LITERATURE. A i 2 e n b e r g, E. E. Novye dannye po sistematike tlei (Aphidoidea, Homoptera ) (New Data on the Taxonomy of Aphids (Aphidoidea, Homoptera)). Trudy Vsesoyuznogo entomologicheskogo obshchesrva, 45, 1956; Bozhko, M. P. K faune tlei Odesskoi oblasti (The Aphid Fauna of the Odessa

-

Region). Trudy Nauchno-Issledovatel’skogo Insiituia biologii Khar’kovshogo gosudarscvennogo universiteta, 1950 (see also a number of other papers on the Aphid fauna of the Ukraine in the same publication in the years 19501957); Dmitriev, G. V. Khermesy (Homoptera, Phylloxeridae) v iskusstvennykh nasazhdeniyakh Ukrainy (Phylloxeridae (Homoptera) in Plantations in the Ukraine). Eniomologicheskoe obozrenie, XXXIX, 3, 1960; Ivanovskaya, O.I. 1960. Kserobionty podtriby Aphidina (Homoptera) Soveiskogo Soyuza (Xerobionis of the Subtribe Aphidina (Homoptera) of the Soviet Union) Trudy biologicheskogo insiituta Sibirskogo otdeleniya Akaderoii Nauk SSSR. 6. 1960; Mamontova, V. A. 1) Tli sel’skokhozyaistvennykh kul’tur pravoberezhnoi lesostepi USSR (Aphids of Agricultural Crops in the Forest-Steppe on the Right Bank of the Dnieper (Ukraine)). Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk UkrSSR, Kiev, 1953; 2) Dendrofil’nye tli Ukcainy (Dendcophilous Aphids of the Ukraine). Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk UkrSSR, Kiev, 1955: 3) Zlakovi popelytsi Ukrainy (Gramineae of the Left Bank Ukraine). Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk UkrSSR, Kiev, 1955; Mordviiko, A. K. Fauna Rossii i sopredel’nykh stran. Nasekomye poluzhestokrylye. I. Aphidoidea. 1,2 (Fauna of Russia and Adjacent Countries. Hemiptera. I. Aphidoidea. l,2).Sank[ PeEerbucg, 1914, 1919; Mordwiiko, A. K. Die Blattlause mil unvollstandigem Generationzyklus und ihre Entstehung.Erg. Fortschr. ZooL, VIII, 1935; Nevskii. V.P. 1929. Tli Srednei Azii (Aphids of Soviet Central Asia).Uzbekisianskaya opytnaya StanESiya zashchity rasienii, 16.1929; Kholodkovskii, N. A. Khermesy, vredyashchie khvoinym derev’yam (Adelgidae Injurious to Coniferous Trees). Petrograd, 1915; Borner, C. 1952, Die Blattlause Mitteleuropas. Mitt. Thiiring. Botan. Ges.. Beiheft 3, 1952; Heinze.K, 1) Systematik der mitteleuropaischen Myzinae, Beitr. z. Ent.. 10, Nos.78, 1960; 11, Nos.12. 1961; 2) DiemilteleuropaischenPierocominatinae.Zeitschr.f.angew.Zool.,48, 1961; Hille Ris Lambers,D. Contribution to a Monograph of the Aphididae of Europe. Temminckia, III, 1938; IV, 1939; VII, 1947; VIII, 1949; IX, 1953; Holman, J. K izucheniyu fauny tlei sem’i Aphididae yuzhnogo i gornogo Kryma (The Fauna of the Family Aphididae in the Southern and Mountainous Crimea). Acta Faun. Entom. Mus. Nat. Pragae. I. 1961; Pasek, V. Voiky nasich lesnych drevin. Bratislava, 1954.

Key to Families 1 (4).

2 (3).

Fore wings with 3 oblique veins (RS absent) (Figure 225, 1, 3). In apterous specimens antennae 3-segmented (Figure 229, 3), often indistinctly segmented. Cauda broadly rounded (Figure 225, 1-3). Cornicles absent. Abdominal spiracles present on segments I-VI, I-V or only on segment I. Eyes of larvae and apterous specimens 3-faceted. Head + thorax of greater volume than abdomen in apterous specimens. All forms of females oviparous (Figures 234; 225, 1); eggs visible in preparations through body wall. (Superfamily Adelgoidea). Antennae of apterous specimens and larvae with 2 rhinaria; those of alate specimens with 3 or 4 rhinaria (Figure 229, 1). Cu, and Cu^ of fore wings separate; hind wings with one oblique vein (Figure 225,3). Wings folded rooflike at rest. On conifers .......

........................................

1. Adelgidae

(p.628).

Antennae of apterous specimens and larvae with one rhinarium, those of alate specimens with 2 rhinaria (Figure 229, 2,3). Fore wings with Cu., and Cun on a common base; hind wings without oblique veins (Figure 225, 1). Wings folded flat at rest. On deciduous trees and grapevine ......... 2. PhyUoxeridae (p. 636).

3 (2).

"O^^^ssg^s^

^^a?sfis3a^ y

i

<^

FIGURE 229. Aphidinea. Am

2

(after Grassi, Mordviiko, Pasek and Kholodkovskii)

alate; 2,3 family Phylloxeridae, Viteus vitifolii: 2alate; 3apterous; 4family Mindaridae, Mindarus abietinus, alate; 5-7 last antennal segment: 5family Pemphigidae, Forda hirsuta mordvilkoi; Gfamily Lachnidae, Cinara grossa: 7family Callaphididae, Symydobius oblongus; 8family Aphididae. antenna of alate

1family Adelgidae, Dreyfusia piceae,

form,

4 (1).

5 (6).

Fore wings with 4 oblique veins (Figure 225, 4,6,7,9). Antennae of apterous specimens 4- to 6-segmented; if antennae 3-segmented, cauda flask-shaped (Figure 225, 8). Cornicles present or absent. Abdominal spiracles present on segments I-VII or II-V. Eyes 3- or many-faceted in larvae and apterous forms. In apterous forms volume of head + thorax not greater than volume of abdomen. Parthenogenetic females viviparous; developing embryos visible through body wall of female in preparations; normal oviparous females appear usually only in autumn. (Superfamily Aphidoidea), Terminal process of last antennal segment less than half as long as base of segment (Figure 229, 4). Cauda triangular-digitiform

496 6 (5).

(Figure 225, 5). Pterostigma of fore wings reaching apex of wings; RS originating at base of pterostigma (Figure 225, 4). On conifers ........................... 5. Mindaridae (p. 667). Terminal process of last antennal segment more than half as long as base of segment; if less than half as long as base, cauda broadly rounded (Figure 228, 1,2) or flask-shaped (Figure 228, 11). Pterostigma of fore wings distant from apex of wing; RS branching from apical part of pterostigma (Figure 225, 6,7,9).

7 (16). Terminal process of last antennal segment less than half as long as base of segment (Figure 229, 5,6). Cauda broadly rounded, without constriction (Figures 228, 1,2; 226,1; 230, 6,7); if cauda flask-shaped (Figure 225, 8) antennae not more than 5-segmented. 8 (13). In apterous forms and larvae head separated from prothorax (pronotum) and eyes situated at sides of posterior part of head (Figure 230, 1,3). Wings folded rooflike at rest; anterior part of mesonotum wedge-shaped, dividing median part of mesonotum into 2 parts (Figure 230, 4); if wings are folded flat at rest (Aploneura), groups of glands present at sides and in middle of all terga. 9 (10). Tip of last segment of proboscis not differentiated (Figure 231, 1). Eyes 3-faceted in apterous forms (Figure 230, 1); if eyes manyfaceted (in some Fordinae), cornicles absent. Secondary rhinaria 3 or 4 (Figure 229, 5). Tarsi of all legs more or less similar. Marginal tubercles absent, but groups of glands sometimes present, secreting a white pubescence (Figure 226, 1-3). M of fore wings simple or branched once, branched twice only in some specimens and only on one wing ...................................... 3. Pemphigidae (p. 640). 497 10 (9). Tip of last segment of proboscis more or less differentiated

........................

13 (8).

.

.

.

.

(Figure 231, 2,3). Eyes of apterous forms many-faceted (Figure 230, 3); if eyes 3-faceted (in some species of T ram a. Anoecia), hind tarsi twice as long as fore- and middle tarsi or marginal tubercles present (Figure 230, 3). Secondary rhinaria 6 (Figure 229,6); if less, (A no ec i a), marginal tubercles present. Cornicles conical or in form of pores; if cornicles absent (Tram a), hind tarsi twice as long as fore and middle tarsi. No groups of glands. M of fore wings branched twice or once, rarely simple. 11 (12). Marginal tubercles absent. Pterostigma of fore wings 4-20 times as long as broad (Figure 225, 6). On various plants but 4. Lachnidae (p. 657). not on Cornaceae, Gramineae or sedge 12 (11). Marginal tubercles present on prothorax and on abdominal terga I-VII or I-V and VII, slightly convex (Figure 230, 3). Pterostigma 2-3.8 times longer than broad (Figure 225, 7). On Cornaceae and roots of Gramineae and sedge ................. ....................................... 6. Anoeciidae (p.667). Head fused with pronotum in apterous forms and larvae; the eyes therefore appear to be situated in middle of sides of head (Figure 230, 2); eyes 3-faceted. Wings at rest folded flat; anterior part of mesonotum rounded posteriorly, narrow,

625

not dividing median part of mesonotum (Figure 230, 5). If groups of glands are present, only on abdominal tergum VII (Figure 230, 6,7) or forming a fringe on margin of body (Figure 225, 8), 14 (15). Glands present only on abdominal tergum VII, forming two large groups (Figure 230, 6,7). Antennae of alate forms 6-segmented, 498 without secondary rhinaria; antennae of apterous forms 5- and 6-segmented. Antennae, tarsi and tibiae without spinules; only small scales sometimes present, or antennae of apterous forms with cells formed by spinules. Cauda broadly rounded. Normal females and males alate. On poplar .7. Phloeomyzidae (p. 669). ..

family Pemphigidae, For da tiirsui.a, head and pronotum of apterous form: 2 family Ttielaxidae, Thelaxes dryophila, same: 3family Anoeciidae, Anoecia corn i (the marginal tubercles are visible on the left side); 4 family Pemphigidae. Eriosoma lanigerum, mesonotum of winged form; 5family Thelaxidae. Thelaxes dryophila, same; 6,’7 family Phloeomyzidae. Phloeomyzus passerinii: 6abdomen of apterous form; 7same of alate form. 1

15(14). If glands present, not only on abdominal tergum VII, but also on margin of body (Figure 225, 8). Antennae of alate forms 5segmented, with secondary rhinaria; antennae of apterous forms 3-, 4- or 5-segmented. Antennae or tarsi and apex of tibiae with rows of fine spinules which are sometimes partly fused, or tarsi absent. Cauda flask-shaped or rounded. Normal females and males apterous. European species on Fagales or Orchidaceae ........................... 8. Thelaxidae (p.669).

16 (7).

Terminal process of last antennal segment more than half as long as base (Figure 229, 7,8); if process less than half as long as base, cauda flask-shaped (Figures 228,11; 231,4) and antennae 6-segmented.

i

(after Aizenberg, Mordvilko. Pasek,

Pinter,

Shelegevich)

last 2 segments of proboscis: 1 2family Lachnidae, Cinara nuda;

family Pemphigidae, Eriosoma lanigerum; 3family Lachnidae. Schizolachnus pineti; 4family Callaphididae, Callaphis juglandis, cauda (c) and anal plate (ap); 5family Aphididae, Brachycaudus prunicola, same; 6family Callaphididae, Hoplochaitophorus zachvatkini, cornicle; ’] family Chaitophoridae, Chaitophorus populeti, same; 8family Callaphididae, Stegophylla mordvilkoi, tarsus; 9family Chaito1-3

Cauda flask-shaped (Figure 228, 11); if cauda broadly rounded (Figure 245, 4,10), cornicles either with reticulate sculpture and stumplike (Figure 231,7) or antennae 5-segmented and marginal tubercles absent, or secondary rhinaria narrowly transverse (Figure 243, 8); if cauda short-triangular, anal plate with deep notch (Figure 231, 4). 18 (19). Cornicles without reticulate sculpture (Figure 231,6). Antennae 6-segmented. Tarsi with or without spinules (Figure 231, 8). Anal plate with notch (Figure 231, 4) or rounded ..................................... 9. Callaphididae (p. 671). 19 (18). Cornicles with reticulate sculpture more distinctly marked in their dorsal part (Figure 231,7); if reticulate sculpture absent antennae 5-segmented, Tarsi without spinules, sometimes only with smooth scales (Figure 231, 9). Anal plate rounded 17 (20).

or rounded

..................

...........

...................................

10. Chaitophoridae

(p, 686).

20 (17). Cauda fingerlike, ensiform, long- or short-triangular (Figure 228, 7-10); if cauda rounded, helmet-shaped or broadly rounded (Figures 228, 3-6; 259, 1,2), cornicles without reticulate sculpture, not stumplike and antennae 4- or 6-segmented; if antennae 5-segmented, prothorax and several terga with large marginal

HOMOPTERA

tubercles. Secondary rhinaria (if present) more or less round (Figure 229, 8). Anal plate without notch (Figure 231, 5) .......... ....................................... 11. Aphididae (p.694). 499

1.

Superfamily ADELGOIDEA 1. Family

ADELGIDAE

Antennae

of apterous forms and larvae 3-segrnented, with 2 rhinaria; antennae of normal females 4-segmented, those of alate forms 5-segmented, with 3 or 4 rhinaria. Fore wings with 3 oblique veins; hind wings with one oblique vein. Abdomen with 5 or 6 pairs of spiracles. Normal females and males larviform but with proboscis. Parthenogenetic females oviparous (Figure 234), with short conical ovipositor consisting of 3 valves. Life cycle involving 2 host plants (dioecous) (the whole 2nd generation migrating). Life cycle biennial or incomplete. Two or three generations per year, rarely four. Monophagous; on conifers of family Pinaceae. Forming galls on the buds of spruce (the primary host) which resemble small spruce cones. The winter is passed by larvae of the first instar, rarely by larvae of the 2nd instar; larvae usually with 6 rows of sclerites which are often partly fused; these sclerites often bear wax-secreting glands. Distribution usually focal or sporadic. The key to the genera is mainly based on overwintering larvae of the 1st instar or their exuviae (Figures 225, 3; 229,1; 232-234). There are 8 genera and about 40 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. at least 20 species. 7 genera, 18 or 19 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2

(1).

t [Exsules =

In overwintering nymphs of the 1st instar (on spruce) glands on head and thorax consisting of dense polygonal facets, usually with double contours; abdominal terga IX and usually VIII without glands (Figure 232, 1,2). In overwintering nymphs of the 1st instar of exsules t sclerites are absent or very indistinct; glands with one contour; only the marginal glands are frequently marked (Figure 232, 7). Spiracles present on abdominal segments I-V; those of segment I without plate, therefore faintly marked; spiracles of nymphs generally not well marked. Oblique vein of hind wings indistinct, branching at an acute angle. Galls with one chamber, spindle-shaped, 3-4 times as long as thick (Figure 233, 5). Exsules living on Pinus or Pinus sibirica, rarely on spruce (Picea). (Tribe Pineini) ........... 1. Pineus. In overwintering nymphs of the 1st instar (on spruce) glands on head and thorax at least partly without polygonal facets; facets always single-contoured (Figure 232, 3-5). In overwintering nymphs of the 1st instar of exsules sclerites distinct; if sclerites not very distinct, glands on them with double contour (Figure 232, 6, 8-14). Spiracles present on abdominal segments I-VI; spiracles on segment I without plate, therefore faintly marked; spiracles of nymphs generally not well marked. Oblique vein of hind wings alienicolae

=

secondary virginoparae. Offspring of migrances on the secondary host,]

ADELGIDAE

distinct, branching at right or acute angle (Figure 225, 3). Galls with many chambers because part of the scales, or all, are fused; galls more or less rounded, 1.1-1.8 times as long as thick (Figure 233, 1-4).t Exsules on different conifers. 3 (6). In overwintering nymphs of the 1st instar (on spruce) glands with single contour (Figure 232, 3,4), secreting waxy threads. In overwintering nymphs of 1st instar of exsules glands on thorax and abdominal terga I-IV arranged in 4 longitudinal rows (Figure 232, 10,12). Galls without shoots, not bearing normal needles, without hair or waxy bloom, nymphs not crawling on surface of galls (Figure 233, 1,4). Exsules on Abies or Tsuga. (Tribe Dreyfusiini), 4 (5). Terga of head and thorax with ordinary hairs in all nymphs of the 1st instar (Figure 232, 3,8-10); in overwintering and summer nymphs of the first instar of exsules sclerites not fused (Figure 232,10). ................................. 2. Dreyfusia. 5 (4). Terga of head and thorax without hairs in all nymphs of 1st instar, only with terga of head and thorax without "pore-canals" (Figure 232, 4,12). In overwintering and summer nymphs of the 1st instar of exsules median and premarginal sclerites fused (Figure 232, 12)............................... 3. Aphrastasia. 6 (3). In overwintering nymphs of 1st instar (on spruce) glands with double contour (Figure 232, 5), secreting wax tubules. In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs of exsules glands on thorax and abdominal terga I-IV arranged in 6 longitudinal rows (Figure 232, 6,11,14) or absent (Figure 232, 13). Galls either bearing shoot (Figure 233, 2), or a bundle of normal needles (Figure 233, 2,3, on the left), or (and) hairs, or (and) waxy bloom, or (and) with crawling nymphs on their surface. Exsules on Larix or Pseudotsuga. (Tribe Adelgini). 501 7 (10). In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs on spruce each sclerite with one large round gland surrounded by several small indistinct glands of irregular shape (Figure 232, 5). In overwintering Istinstar nymphs of exsules glands absent or with a single contour (Figure 232, 11,13). In adults sclerites of head and thorax not fused. Galls rounded, with waxy bloom, without hairs, their size from that of a pea to that of a small hazelnut, light green, yellowish or whitish, sometimes with pink tone, often with nymphs on their surface (Figure 233, 3). Exsules on larch. 8 (9). In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs of exsules sclerites on head and thorax not fused; glands present, arranged in 6 longitudinal rows (Figure 232, 11). Only on larch; generations of the insect were not found on spruce .................... 4. Cholodkovshya 9 (8). In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs of exsules sclerites on head and prothorax fused into a contiguous scutum; in these nymphs as well as in summer nymphs of the 1st instar of exsules glands are absent (Figure 232, 13). On larch or spruce ..... 5. Adelges. 10 (7). In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs on spruce each sclerite with 2-6 similar glands (Figure 232, 14). In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs of exsules glands present, with double contour

^

Oblong galls occur rarely

in

parks

in

Europe on

exotic species of

spruce (see bracket 11).

FIGURE 232. Aphidinea. Family Adelgidae. Diagram of arrangement of sclerites and glands in overwintering 1st instar nymphs (3-14anterior pare of left side of body: 1-5on spruce, fundatrices; 6-14living on secondary hosts, pseudofundatrices) (after Borner, Kholodkovskii and Schneider-Orelli)

cembrae (mmarginal groups of glands, ppremarginal groups of glands, medmedian 2 P. orientalis: 3, 9, 10 Drey fusia nord mann ianae; 4,12 Aphrast asia pectinatae; 5,13Adelges laricis; 6G illetteella cooleyi; 7Pineus pineoides; 8Dreyfusia piceae; 11 Cholodkovskya viridula; 14 Sacchiphantes viridis, 1Pineus

groups of glands);

(Figure 232, 6,14). In adults, sclerites on head and thorax more or less fused, boundaries between them indistinct. Galls rounded, without waxy bloom, with hairs at margin of scales, their size from that of a hazelnut to that of a walnut, green or dark green; scales of galls -with crimson margin; surface of galls without nymphs or galls oblong. Exsules on larch or Pseudotsuga.

FIGURE 233.

Aphidinea.

Family Adelgidae. Galls

on

spruce (after Marshal and Kholodkovskii)

Aphrasiasia pectinatae; 2 Sacch iphances viridis; 3Adelges 4Dreyfusia nordmannianae; 5Pineus cembrae, 1

laricis;

In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs on spruce each sclerite with 8-30 glands. In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs of exsules all glands contiguous, only marginal groups separate (Figure 232,6). In alate forms glands on head and thorax with facets and hairs. Galls oblong. Rarely on exotic species of spruce in parks of Europe (Picea pugens, P. engelm anni, P. sitche nsi s); 502 unknown in the U.S.S.R. Exsules living on Pseudotsuga....... ............................................... 6. GilletteeUa. 12 (11). In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs on spruce each sclerite with 2-6 glands. In overwintering nymphs of the 1st instar of exsules all glands or most of them not contiguous and all 6 rows of glands distinct (Figure 232, 14). In alate forms glands on head and thorax without facets and hairs. Galls rounded. On various species of spruce. Exsules on larch .................... 7. Sacchiphantes. 11 (12).

HOMOPTERA

Apterous exsules among eggs laid by them

FIGURE 234. Aphidinea. Family Adelgidae. (after Kholodkovskii and Schneider-Orelli)

1Dreyfusia

nordmannianae on fir;

2Adelges

laricis on larch.

Keys of Species of Family Adelgidae Tribe PINEINI 1. Pineus Schim. Migrating from spruce to pine or Pinus sibirica, or life cycle incomplete on these trees. Only 14 species. 5 species.

1 (8). 2 (7).

3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

7 (2).

On spruce (Pice a), in galls or on the bark. Rare. Infesting tips of shoots, in galls or near buds. In overwintering Ist-mstar nymphs median sclerites not contiguous (Figure 232, 1). Galls distorted; needles situated on one side of the gall (Figure 233, 5). On Picea excels a, also on P. obovata, P. glehni. Migrating to Pinus sibirica and some species of pine. North, Northwest, Northeast, Southwest; Siberia, Kazakhstan, Sakhalin, Kurile Islands; the Alps, Japan, parks in western Europe. (See also bracket 10) ................. ............................................. P. cembrae Chol. In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs median sclerites contiguous or fused (Figure 232, 2). Galls straight; needles distributed more or less uniformly around gall. Migrating to pine. On Picea oriental! s, P.polita. In parks in the Northwest, Center, South; occurs in nature in the Caucasus; Western Europe, Asia Minor, Japan, Korea. (See also bracket 13) ................ ........................................... P. orientalis Dreyf. On Picea excelsa. Very rare. (See bracket 14) ............. ............................................ P. pini L. (Macq.). On bark of stems and on lignified branches, often under scales and in cracks. On Picea excelsa, P. obovata, P.rubens; usually on trees in the shade. Two generations of apterous forms; life cycle incomplete. North, including the Kola Peninsula, Northwest, Center, Siberia; Western Europe, Japan, North America P. pineoides Chol.

............................................

1674

632

....

On pine or pinus sibirica; on bark, sometimes partly on 8 (1), the needles, under white pubescence. Common. 9 (12). In apterous forms facets of glands on head and pronotum fused into a continuous network. OnPinus sibirica or Pinus strobus. 10 (11). On Pinus sibirica. Exsules from spruce, (See bracket 3). ............................................. P. cembrae Chol. 11 (10). .Living on Pinus strobus. Life cycle incomplete. In parks, almost throughout the range of Pinus strobus. Very injurious .............................................. *P. strobi Hart. 503 12 (9). In apterous forms facets of glands on head and pronotum not fused. Living on different species of pine. 13 (14). In apterous forms premarginal glands on abdominal terga III-VI present in most specimens. Exsules from spruce. On Pinus montana, P. silve stri s, P. densiflor a, P.tunbergii, P. sosnowskyi. (See bracket 5) .......... P. orientalis Dreyf. 14 (13), In apterous forms premarginal glands on abdominal terga III-VI not present in most specimens. Life cycle incomplete; very rarely migrating from spruce. On Pinus silvestris, very rarely on P. montana; a special form occurs on P. halepensi s. Very injurious in the forest-steppe, especially to young plantations. Everywhere, intheNorthatleasttoKhibinyMountains, Siberia; Western Europe, NorthAfrica, SouthwestAsia, Australia. New Zealand, Japan. (See also bracket 6)....... *P. pini L. (Macq.) .

.

.,

Tribe

DREYFUS IINI

Migrating from spruce to fir, or with incomplete life cycle on fir. Only 7 or 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 or 3 species. 2 or 3 species. 2.

1 (4),

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1).

5 (6).

’

Dreyfusia C.B.

On Picea orientalis, in galls on shoots. Young galls carmine red, resembling a strawberry, later green, with red color at base and apex of scales. Caucasus; in parks in the Northwest, Center, South; Western Europe, Asia Minor, North America. (See also bracket 5) ........................... .................... *D. nordmannianae Eckst. (nusslini C.B.). Galls bluish green. Found so far only in a few localities in Western Europe; apparently of Caucasian origin. (See also bracket 7)................................... *D. prelli Grosm. On bark or needles of Abi e s. In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs mesonotum and metanotum and abdominal terga I-III with numerous minute round glands on median sclerites (Figure 23 2, 9). On Abies nordmanniana, A. pectinata, rarely on other species of fir. Mainly on young trees, well-illuminated young shoots, branches and needles, rarely on stems. With incomplete life cycle or exsules from spruce. Often injurious to fir freest. (See bracket 2). ........... ..................................... *D. nordmannianae Eckst.

The following closely related species are distinguished in Western Europe on Abies alba: D. nordmannianae schneideriC. B. on Stems of old trees, with incomplete life cycle and D. merkeii Eichh. on stems and shoots of young and old trees, with incomplete life cycle or as exsules.

6 (5).

7 (8).

In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs mesonotum and metanotum and abdominal terga I-III with a few large polygonal or round glands on median sclerites (Figure 232. 8). In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs groups of glands divided into more or less rounded areas.

8 (7).

On Abies nordmanniana, rarely on A. cephalonica. Exsules from spruce. (See bracket 3)................................... *D. prelli Grosm. In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs groups of glands divided into angular (usually triangular) areas (Figure 232, 8). On Abie s pectinata, A. sibirica, in parks and on various other species of fir. Mainly on stems of old trees. Life cycle incomplete. Injurious in Europe (morpha typica); especially injurious in North America (morpha canadensis) to A.balsamea. In *D. piceae Ratz. parks in the Southwest; Western Europe .........

3. Aphrastasia C.B. Only 2 species, one of them in Japan, in Taiwan and in North America. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Migrating from galls on spruce (Picea excels a, P.obovata) to fir (Abies sibirica, A.balsamea, A.fraseri.A.alba,

A.concolor, A.pectinata, A.arizonica, A.veitchii, A. lasiocarpa) or sometimes with incomplete life cycle on fir. Very injurious to fir in Latvia and the Ukraine. Everywhere, in Siberia and Kazakhstan; northern Europe. Another subspecies occurs in Japan on Picea canadensis, P.glehni, P.jezoensis, P. sitchensis and Abies sachallnensis, A.mayriana ................................... *A. pectinatae Chol. Tribe ADELGINI

4.

Cholodkovskya C.B.

Life cycle incomplete; on Larix. Overwintering in cracks and under scales of bark. Only 3 species, one of them occurs in North America. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 2 species. 1 (2).

Overwintering Ist-instar nymphs without pubescence, green, sclerites on head and thorax fused. Found only in spring on bark ->f stems and branches; larvae, nymphs, alate forms and sometimes apterous forms occur in summer on green bark of young shoots and on needles. On Larix sibirica, L.decidua, L. leptolepis, L. sukaczewi, and also on L. kaempferi, L. gmelini, L. koraiensis. Everywhere, throughout the rp.nge of larch, Kazakhstan; Western Europe, Japan, Korea ........................................... *Ch. viridana Chol. Overwintering Ist-instar nymphs pubescent, yellowish green; sclerites on head and thorax not fused. Occurs both in spring and summer on bark of stems and branches; alate forms unknown. On Larix sibirica. Very rare. Northwest, South............ ............................................ Ch. viridula Chol. ......

2 (1).

5. Adelges Vail. In galls on Picea; life cycle incomplete or migrating to needles and bark of Larix. Alate gallicolae brownish red. Only 6 species. In the whole U.S.S-R. 5 species. 4 species.

1 (4).

-

2 (3).

Galls opening in the North in June, in the South from late June to the first half of July. In alate gallicolae 3rd antennal segment shorter than 4th segment, glands little developed, premarginal glands absent, pubescence not formed. In overwintering 1stinstar nymphs on larch thoracic sclerites and abdominal terga I-III or I-VI fused in midline. Alate gallicolae (migrantes) migrating to larch. On Pice a excels a, P.obovata; in parks sometimes on P. canadensis, P. pungens, P. alb a, P.nigra, P.sitchensis, P. oriental! s, etc.; exsules on Larix decidua, L. sibirica, L.sukaczewi, very rarely on L. lep tolepi s. Everywhere in parks, throughout the range of spruce and larch, Kazakhstan; Western Europe, North America. A subspecies occurs in Sakhalin, Japan and Korea on Picea jezoensis, P. sitchensis, P. ex celsa and Larix kaempferi, L. gmelini, L. koraiensis) .......................*A. laricis Vall. (strobilobius Kalt.). Alate gallicolae (migrantes) remain where born or migrate to other spruce trees. On Picea excelsa, rarely on P. obovata. Life cycle incomplete; 2 generations per year. North, Northwest, South ..................... A. lapponicus Chol. (p r a e c o x Chol.). Galls opening in the North from late July to August, in the South in August-September. In alate gallicolae 3rd antennal segment longer than 4th segment, glands developed (including the premarginal glands); abundant pubescence formed. In overwintering Ist-instar nymphs on larch, sclerites on mesonotum and metanotum and on abdominal terga not fused. Alate gallicolae (migrantes) migrating to larch. On Picea excelsa, migrating to Larix sibirica. Very injurious in parks of the right bank of Ukraine. Northeast, in parks throughout the range of spruce and Larix sibi ^J, c a ..................... ........................................... *A. tardoides Chol. Alate gallicolae (migrantes) remain where born or migrate to other spruce trees. On Pice a excelsa, P.obovata, in parks also on P. c anadensi s, P. pungens, etc. Life cycle incomplete; 2 generations per year. Very injurious, especially to young trees, often transforming most growth buds into galls. Everywhere, in the North at least to Khibiny Mountains; Western Europe ...................................... *A.tardus Dreyf.

3 (2).

4 (1).

5 (6).

6 (5).

6.

1 (1).

GiUetteella C.B.

Only 1 species.

Aphids and eggs brown, covered with abundant white pubescence. On Pseudotsuga taxifolia on the lower surface of needles. Life cycle incomplete. In their native country (North America) and rarely in Western Europe migrating from galls on Picea pungens, P.engelmanni, P.sitchensis, P.parryana to P seudotsuga taxifolia. In some localities very injurious. Southwest, Carpathians; Western Europe, North America ..............................................*G. cooleyi Gill.

........

7. Sacchiphantes Curt. Migrating from spruce to larch or with incomplete life cycle (on spruce). Only 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 3 species.

I (4).

505

2 (3).

3 (2).

On spruce in galls or near buds. On Picea excels a, sometimes on other species of spruce (P. tianschanic a, P.canadensi s, P.pungens, P. alba, P. nigra, P. o ri e ntali s, P. sitchenais, P. morinda, P. engelm anrii). Overwintering Ist-instar nymphs green, about 1.7 times as long as greatest breadth. Adult fundatrices dark green, laying green eggs. Galls opening in the North (Leningrad) in July, in the South from late July to the first half of August. Alate forms reddish yellow to brown, migrating to larch. Everywhere in parks, throughout the range of spruce and larch; Western Europe ........ ..............................................*S. viridis Ratz. Overwintering Ist-instar nymphs dirty yellow, about 2.5 times longer than greatest breadth. Adult fundatrices yellow or greenish yellow, laying yellow or greenish yellow eggs. Galls opening in the North (Leningrad) in August, in the South in late August, early September. Alate forms yellow, remaining where born or migrating to other spruce trees. Life cycle incomplete; 2 generations per year. Very injurious. Everywhere in forests and parks, in the North atleast reaching Khibiny Mountains, Kazakhstan; Western Europe, North Africa, Southwest Asia and Asia Minor, North *S. abietis L. (flavus Filiptsch.). America On Larix europaea, rarely on L. sib ir ica, on needles and on the bark of shoots, branches and stems. Alate remigrantes fly to spruce where they lay eggs from which hatch normal females and males. (See also bracket 2)...,--...... ..,.,....,.,-........

4 (1). 5 (6).

...............................................S. viridis Ratz. 6 (5).

Alate migrantes remain where born or migrate to other larch trees where they lay eggs from which hatch overwintering nymphs. Life cycle incomplete; 2 generations per year. Found so far only in the Alps. probably also in the Carpathians S. segregis Steff. .

2.

,

..

Family PHYLLOXERIDAE

Antennae short, 3-segmented, rarely 4-segmented; antennae of alate forms with 2 primary rhinaria, of apterous forms with one primary rhina" rium; antennae with or without very short terminal process. Venation reduced; fore wings with 3 simple oblique veins; hind wings without oblique veins. Wings folded flat at rest. Hairs on body short, usually hardly noticeable. Cornicles absent; cauda broadly rounded. Anus absent as they do not excrete liquid excrements. All female forms oviparous. Only A c antho c he r m e s possesses a rudimentary ovipositor. Normal females and males without proboscis, larviform. Life cycle monoecous, sometimes dioecous; life cycle sometimes incomplete. Monophagous; on deciduous trees, mainly oak and pecan tree (in America); also on grapevine (Figures 225, 1,2; 229. 2,3; 235). Only 12 genera, about 60 species, about 40 of which occur in North America. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 genera, 9 species,7 genera, 8 species.

PHYLLOXERIDAE

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Groups of glands present (Figure 235, 1). Live aphids covered with white waxy pubescence. On Salicales. (Tribe Phylloxerinini). 1. Phylloxerina. Groups of glands absent. No pubescence. On other plants. (Tribe Phylloxerini). No terminal process on antenna; rhinaria at apex of 3rd antennal segment (Figure 235, 5). All abdominal spiracles without plates, indistinct. No alate forms. On pear trees 2. Aphanostigraa. Terminal process present; rhinaria at side of apex of 3rd antennal segment (Figures 229, 2,3; 235,6-8). Spiracles present on abdominal segments II-V, situated on distinct dark plates or absent. On other plants. Antennae of alate forms distinctly 4-segmented. Both rhinaria prolonged along 3rd and 4th antennal segments. On pecan tree ............................................... 3. Xerophylla. Antennae of alate forms 3-segmented, rarely indistinctly 4-segmented. Only terminal rhinarium prolonged along antennal segment (Figures 229, 2; 235, 6). On different plants. Rhinarium at end of 3rd antennal segment of alate and apterous forms rounded, its distal margin not protruding (Figure 229, 2.3). Apterous forms and nymphs without marginal processes or nymphs sometimes with processes which form slightly convex tubercles which are much lower than wide (Figure 235, 2). On grapevine (Figure 225, 1,2) ................................... 4. Viteus. Terminal rhinarium of 3rd antennal segment of alate forms prolonged along segment; rhinarium of apterous forms round -.-.................................,

2 (1). 3 (4).

6 (5).

7 (8).

8 (7).

.

.

.

5 (6).

.

.....

4 (3).

but its distal margin or the whole rhinarium protruding in form of a pointed denticle (Figure 235, 6-8). Apterous forms with marginal digitiform processes (Figure 235, 4) which are higher than wide or stellate (Figure 235, 3). On oak. 506 9 (10). Processes of nymphs of the 3rd and 4th instars (young fundatrices) stellate, with 6-11 rays (Figure 235, 3); processes of adult fundatrices digitiform. In adults and nymphs the whole rhinarium protruding, situated almost at level of apex of segment; the segment seems therefore to have 2 apices (Figure 235. 8). Galls on leaves minute, in form of a light rounded cushion often with brown borders, slightly convex on upper surface of leaves and opening on lower side of leaves. No alate forms 5. Acanthochermes. 10 (9). Processes always digitiform (Figure 235, ^.. In adults and nymphs only distal margin of rhinarium protruding; rhinarium subapical ........

(Figure 235,7). 11(12). Processes cylindrical, often narrower at base; the longest processes are much shorter than the hind tarsi. Spiracles present on abdominal terga II-V. Leaves show light yellowish or reddish spots caused by the progeny of the fundatrices, or some parts of the leaves (usually near the lateral indentations) bent into small folds; young leaves are often curved and shriveled (caused by fundatrices). Adults apterous or alate ............ 6, Phylloxera.

1 Phylloxerina salicis, groups of glands; 2-4 marginal processes; 2--VUeus vitifoiii, nymph; 3AcanEhochermes quercus, 4ch-instar nymph: 4Phylloxera coccinea. piri. last antennal segment; 6-8antennae: 6Phylloxera apterous form; 5 Aphanostigma coccinea, alate form; 7same, apterous form; 8Acanthochermes quercus, 4th-instar nymph.

12 (11). Processes more or less conical, tapering; the longest processes are much longer than the hind tarsi. Abdominal terga II-V without spiracles. On bark ............................ 7. Moritziella.

Keys to Species of Family Phylloxeridae 1.

Phylloxerina C.B. Only 6 or 7 species

in the

genus.

In the whole

U.S-S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Lives in cracks in bark and on shoots of Salix alba, rarely S. babylonica. Northwest, Center, Southwest, southern Maritime Territory; Western Europe, Southwest Asia .............................................

Ei07

2.

Aphanostigma C.B.

Ph. salicis Licht.

Only 2 species, one of them in Japan.

In the

U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1

(1).

Lives in cracks in bark, on buds and fruits of pear tree (Pyrus communis). Crimea and apparently Northern Caucasus; southern Europe, Southwest Asia......... A. piri Chol. et Mokrz.

3. Xerophylla Walsh. duced into the U.S.S.R.

24 species in North America;

1 of them intro-

PHYLLOXERIDAE

1 (1).

Orange-yellow, with smoky-transparent wings. On pecan tree (Carya pecan); galls on leaves spherical, about as large as a pea, smooth, covered with minute white hairs.

Black Sea coast of Caucasus; North America

4. 1 (1).

Viteus Shim. (Dactylo sphae ra Shim.).

...

Monoecous. X. notabilis Perg.

Only 1 species.

Aphids usually sitting in shallow hollows of swellings of roots. Greenish or brownish yellow, with 6 rows of dark spots (Figure 225, 2). Leaves with dirty yellow galls without spots, containing aphids. Alate forms ocher-yellow. Life cycle sometimes complete. On American vines (Vitis rupestris, V.riparia, V.berlandieri) and on European hybrids, migrating from galls on the leaves to galls on the roots. Life cycle incomplete on the roots of European vines (V. vinifera). There exist a number of biotypes (2 races) specific for some species and varieties of grapevine. This is the most serious pest of grapevine. Southwest, Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia; the native country of the species is North America, from where it was introduced into all countries

.............................

......................... .V. vitifolii Fitch (vastatrix Planch.). 5. 1 (1).

Acanthochermes Koll.

Only

1 species.

Dirty green. In galls on leaves of oak (Quercus robur). Only 2 generations per year, Fundatrices-sexuparae and a bisexual generation. Sometimes injurious. Along the Volga; Western Europe ..............................*A. quercus Koll.

6. Phylloxera B.d.F- On the lower surface of leaves of Quercus. Monoecous. 12 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Hind tarsi of nymphs 1.75-2 times as long as median processes of abdominal tergum III. In apterous forms processes with constriction near base, only a few of them cylindrical. On Que rcus p etr ea, rarely on Q. robur, possibly also on Q. pubescens. South; Western Europe .......................... Ph. foae C.B. Hind tarsi of nymphs 2.5-3.25 times as long as median processes of abdominal tergum III. In apterous forms processes cylindrical, only rarely with a shallow constriction near base. On Quercus robur, Q.petrea and possibly Q. pubescens. Sometimes injurious in some localities. Everywhere; distribution sporadic; West Kazakhstan; Western Europe *Ph. coccinea Heyd. ..........

7. Moritziella C.B. America. ~1 species. 1

(1).

6 species in the

genus, 5 of them

in North

On bark of stems and branches, on lignified branches and surface roots of Quercus robur, Q.petrea. Life cycle incomplete, Nymphs of Ist-instar overwintering. South; Western Europe .................... M. corticalis Kalt. (iberica Staroselsky?).

.....

639

HOMOPTERA

2.

Superfamily APHIDOIDEA

3.

Family PEMPHIGIDAE (Eriosomatidae)

True Aphids

Terminal process of last antennal segment short; secondary rhinaria 3 or 4, rounded or ring-shaped; eyes of apterous forms 3-faceted, rarely many-faceted; groups of glands usually present, secreting a white waxy pubescence; cornicles in form of pores or low cones, or absent; cauda broadly rounded. On trees or shrubs, in galls or on leaves with different deformations, rarely on the roots; on grasses and herbs mainly on the roots. Life cycle dioecous or incomplete, rarely monoecous (Figures 226; 228,2; 229.5; 230, 1,4; 231,1; 236-239). 24 genera, more than 110 species; in the whole U.S.S.R. 19 genera, more than 60 species.JL8 genera, 48 species.

Key to Genera

508

1 (32). On trees or shrubs. 2 (29). In galls on leaves or shoots, or on leaves with other deformations

(Figures 237-239). On elm, poplar, honeysuckle, ash, maple, hawthorn,and Pistacea. (Description based on alate migrantes, with some data from other forms). 3 (24). Secondary rhinaria of antennae in form of transverse arcs or half-rings (Figure 236,1). M of fore wings branched once or not branched. Cornicles in form of pores or small truncate cones, or absent. Galls opening in summer. Not living on Pi stac ea.

FIGURE 237. Aphidinea. Subfamily Pemphiginae. Galls

on

poplar (after Borner, Lichtenstein

and Tullgren) 1

Pachypappella Iremulae; 2Pachypappa

grand is:

3

Pemphigus borealis;

P. spirothecae; 6 P. bursarius; 5 P. filaginis; 7P,populi; 9-Thecabius affinis; 10Th. lysimachiae.

4

8

P. vesicariu

4 (17).

5 (10). 6 (7). 509

7 (6).

8 (9).

9 (8).

10 (5). 11 (14),

510 12(13).

13 (12).

14 (11).

Basis of both oblique veins (Cu) of hind wings close together; longitudinal vein (RS) of hind wings curved anteriad, so that the 3 veins of the hind wings diverge in form of a bush (Figure 236,4). Groups of glands forming contiguous groups of cells (Figure 236,5). On poplar, honeysuckle, ash. maple and hawthorn. (Subfamily Pemphiginae), M of fore wings branched once, only exceptionally not branched in some specimens. On poplar. Cornicles absent. Leaves not deformed, but petioles and sometimes shoots crumpled, so that the leaves become folded like a nest. Aphids living on leaves, petioles and bark of shoots ........ ................................................. 1. Asiphum. In alate and apterous parthenogenetic forms cornicles present in form of pores; cornicles absent in fundatrices. Leaves deformed, but petioles and shoots normal. Only on the lower surface of leaves Fundatrices with groups of glands on head. Leaves not much deformed, their margins curved so that the leaves form cones (Figure 237,1)............................... 2. PachypappeUa. Fundatrices without groups of glands on head. Upper side of leaves bulging like bladders, forming a broadly open pitcher (Figure 237,2) ................................ 3. Pachypappa. M of fore wings.not branched (Figure 236, 4). In alate forms groups of glands present on head; groups of glands on mesonoturo large; if groups of glands absent, permanent rhinaria large, of irregular shape. Not on poplar. Permanent rhinaria of antennae of irregular shape, ringlike or stellate, large. On maple or sometimes on alder ................ .......................................... 4. Paraprociphilus. Permanent rhinaria of antennae ordinary, rounded. On ash, honeysuckle and hawthorn ...................... 5. Prociphilus. In alate forms groups of glands on head absent, small or absent

on mesonotum. Permanent rhinaria on antennae ordinary, rounded or transverse-oval. On poplar. 15 (16). Mesonotum of alate forms with groups of glands. Cornicles absent. Leaves folded in half, their upper side turned outward, more or less inflated, often reddened (caused by progeny of fundatrices), or their lateral margin folded in form of bag, its upper side turned outward (fundatrices; Figure 237, 9,10)

........

................................................

6. Thecabius.

16 (15). Groups of glands on mesonotum of alate forms absent or very small, rudimentary. Cornicles absent or present in form of 7. Pemphigus. pores. Producing closed galls (Figure 237,3-8). Basis of both oblique veins of hind wings (Cu) separated or Cu 17 (4). ..

single and longitudinal vein (RS) straight (Figure 226, 4). Groups of glands with contiguous groups of cells or forming rings of cells (Figure 226, 3). On elm leaves. (Subfamily Eriosomatinae). 18 (19). M of fore wings branched once (Figure 226. 4). Hind wings with 2 oblique veins. Tarsi of apterous parthenogenetic females (at least adults) bisegmented (Figure 236, 6). Whole leaf, or the part of the leaf which does not form part of the gall twisted and shriveled, or margin of leaf rolled into a tube (Figure 238, 1-4) ................................................ 8. Eriosoma.

........

PEMPHIGIDAE

19 (18). M of fore wings not branched; if M of fore wings branches once, hind wings with only one oblique vein. In adult and young parthenogenetic forms at least tarsi of fore- and middle legs singlesegmented (Figure 236, 7). The part of the leaf which does not form part of the gall not deformed (Figure 238, 5-8). 20 (23). Last antennal segment of alate forms with 2-10 secondary rhinaria. Galls not stalked, situated directly on surface of leaf near midrib. 21 (22). M of fore wings branched once. Galls compressed laterally, narrowed dorsally and with irregular margin like a cock’s comb; yellow or red; galls not pressing leaf down (Figure 238, 5). In addition to apterous fundatrices and alate migrantes there are also apterous parthenogenetic females of the 2nd generation. ...... .................................................. 9. Colopha. 22 (21), M of fore wings not branched. Galls spherical or elliptical, smooth; pale green, covered with dense long white hair; pressing part of the leaf down (Figure 238, 6). No other forms except apterous fundatrices and alate migrantes ................. .......................................... 10. Kaltenbachiella. 23 (20). Last antennal segment of alate forms without secondary rhinaria. Galls stalked, leaf with short, flat, gall-bearing stalks (Figure 238,

7,8) ..........................................11. Tetraneura. Secondary rhinaria of antennae round or transverse-oval, rarely forming transverse arcs, sometimes arranged in 2 or 3 longitudinal rows (Figure 236, 9-12). M of fore wings not branched. Cornicles absent. Galls opening in autumn. On Pistacia mutica. (Subfamily Fordinae). 25 (26). Permanent and secondary rhinaria of antennae with a crown of hairs. Abdominal segments I-V with marginal groups of glands. 24 (3).

26 (25).

27 (28).

28 (27).

511 29(2). 30 (31).

Galls consisting of evaginations of the leaf, situated on lower side of leaf at base of midrib; galls on short stalks, more or less spherical(Figure 239,1). ........................... 13. Geoica. Permanent and secondary rhinaria of antennae without crown of hairs. Abdominal segments I-V without marginal groups of glands. Galls formed by folding of leaf margin on upper side of leaf; if galls form evaginations on lower side of leaf, they are present in apical part of leaf; galls not stalked, usually more or less oblong (Figure 239, 2-4). Rhinaria on antennae with a sclerotized margin. Mesotergite of mesonotum without light spot. Galls oblong-spindle-shaped, situated at base of leaves, singly on one or both margins of the leaf, formed by folding of the margin (Figure 239, 2). ............. ........................................... 16. Smynthurodes. Rhinaria without sclerotized margin, Mesotergite of mesonotum with light spot. Galls bladderlike, usually several in each row at sides of leaf, formed by folding of leaf margin (alate and apterous parthenogenetic females) or single, formed by evagination of apical part of leaf (fundatrices; Figure 239, 3,4)...... 18. Forda. On bark of shoots, stems or roots. On apple tree, pear tree, quince, grapevine and currant. Groups of glands of apterous forms forming rings of cells, 4 groups on each tergum (Figure 226, 1,3); antennae 6 "segmented;

cornicles in form of small truncate cones (Figure 236, 8). Secondary rhinaria on antennae of alate forms forming transverse arcs, several on each segment (Figure 236, 1); wings folded rooflike; anterior lobe of mesonotum projecting posteriorly at an acute angle (Figure 230, 4); M branched once. (Subfamily Eriosomatinae)........................ 8. Eriosoma.

FIGURE 238. Aphidinea. Subfamily Eriosomatinae. Galls on elm (after Mordvilko. Ross and Shaposhnikov) 1,2Eriosoma

lanuginosum:

4E.patchae; 5Colopha 7Tetraneura ulmi; 8T,

1younggall;

compressa; 6

2almost mature gall; 3E.ulmi: Kalrenbachiella pallida;

coerulescens.

31 (30). Groups of glands of apterous forms forming contiguous groups of cells (Figure 236, 5), 6 groups on each tergum; antennae 5-segmented. Cornicles absent. Secondary rhinaria on antennae of alate forms rounded, one on each segment (Figure 236, 9);

644

wings folded flat; anterior lobe of mesonotum rounded posteriorly (as in Figure 230, 5); M simple. (Subfamily Fordinae)...................................... 12. Aploneura. On herbs and grasses. (Description based on apterous partheno32 (1). genetic secondary viviparae, partly on other forms). 512 33 (50). Groups of glands forming contiguous groups of cells (Figure 236,5). or absent. All tarsi 2- segmented (Figure 236, 6). Cornicles absent.

34 (37). Groups of glands present on abdominal terga III-VII or IV" VII, 2-4 on each segment. Posterior part of body covered with white pubescence. On Dicotyledonae or Gramineae. (Subfamily Pemphi-

ginae).

FIGURE 239.

Aphidinea,

Subfamily Fordinae. Galls on

Pisiacia mutica

(after

Mordviiko) 1Geoica

Smynthurodes betae; 3,4Focda hirsuta galls produced by aphids of 2nd generation; 4 galls produced by

utricularia; 2

mordvilkot: 3 fundatrices.

35 (36). Groups of glands of more or less equal size, largest on abdominal tergum III, equaling, or greater than, distance between median and marginal groups of glands. Gonapophyses more or less sclerotized, 0.006-0.02 high. In Ist-instar larvae last antennal segment indistinctly differentiated. On Ranunculaceae (Ranun.6. Thecabius. culus) or Primulaceae (Lysimachia). ... 36 (35). Groups of glands of different size; groups on abdominal tergum III small, their greatest diameter much less than distance between median and marginal groups of glands. Gonapophyses not sclerotized, 0.005 high. In Ist-instar larvae last antennal segment distinctly differentiated. On Compositae, Umbelliferae, Chenopodiaceae, Rosaceae, Papilionaceae, Gramineae... 7. Pemphigus. 37 (34). Groups of glands absent or present on all segments (6 on terga of most segments). Aphids not covered with white pubescence, or slightly dusted, or whole dorsum covered with powder. On Gramineae or Dicotyledonae. (Subfamily Fordinae). 38 (39). Groups of glands present on all segments, 4 or 6 on each tergum. Aphids covered with white pubescence. Permanent rhinaria of 12. Aploneura. antennae with crown of hairs. On roots of elm 39 (38). Groups of glands absent. Aphids not covered with white bloom. 40 (41). Permanent rhinaria of antennae with crown of hairs. Hairs on body and legs of one or two types: 1) ordinary setae; 2) spatulate, 13. Geoica. curvedhairs (Figure 236,10). On roots of Gramineae .

..

.

..

....

...

HOMOPTERA

.

41 (40). Permanent rhinaria of antennae without crown of hairs. Legs and body without spatulate hairs. 42 (43). Rhinaria of antennae forming narrow transverse lines (Figure 236, 11). Hairs of 2 types: 1) long and thick; 2) short and thin. Anus displaced to dorsum. Antennae of adults 5-segmented, those of Ist-instar larvae 4-segmented. On roots of Compositae, cotton and 0 robanche 14. Rectinasus. 43 (42). Rhinaria of antennae rounded or transverse-oval (Figure 236,12). Hairs of more or less the same type. Anus not displaced to dorsum. Antennae of adults 5- or 6-segmented, those of Istinstar larvae 4- or 5-segmented. 44 (45). Legs thick; femora less than 6 tiroes longer than broad. Cuticle with cellular pattern. Antennae 5- or 6-segmented. Eyes manyfaceted, rarely 3-facefed. On roots of Gramineae .............. .

.

.

.............................................. 15. Paracletus. than broad. of head and thorax sometimes with reticulate pattern. Antennae 5-segmented. Eyes 3-faceted, rarely many-faceted. 46 (47). Rhinaria of antennae with sclerotized margin. 2nd antennal segment 1.5-2 times as long as 1st segment, as long as 3rd segment or shorter. Antennae of Ist-instar larvae 4-segmented. 513 Aphids thinly covered with white pubescence. On roots of Dicotyiedonae ................................... 16. Smynthurodes. 47 (46). Rhinaria of antennae without sclerotized margin. 2nd antennal segment as long as 1st segment; if 2nd antennal segment longer than 1st segment, then not more than 1.5 times; 2nd segment half as long as 3rd. Antennae of Ist-instar larvae 5-segmented. Aphids not covered with powder. On roots of Gramineae. 48 (49). Hind legs long, about 3/4 as long as body; hind tarsi 0.33-0.36. more than half as long as 3rd antennal segment. Rhinarium of last antennal segment occupies the whole circumference of segment, almost as long as broad. In alate forms secondary rhinaria 17. Hemitrama. present only on 3rd antennal segment 49 (48). Hind legs short, not more than half as long as body; hind tarsi less half as long as 3rd antennal segment. Rhinarium than 0,20, of last antennal segment occupies not more than half the circumference of segment; if it occupies the whole circumference, it has the form of a narrow transverse arc. Secondary rhinaria of alate forms present on 3rd-5th antennal segments 18. Forda. 50 (33). Groups of glands forming rings of cells or rosettes (Figure 226,3), present on all segments of the body. All tarsi (or at least fore tarsi) single-segmented. Cornicles present, forming low truncate cones (Figure 236, 8), or absent. On Graroineae, sedge, or Labiatae. (Subfamily Eriosomatinae). 51 (52). Hind tarsi 2- segmented (Figure 236, 6). Antennae always 4-segmented. On Labiatae ................. 10. KaltenbachieUa. 52(51). All tarsi single-segmented (Figure 236, 7). Antennae 3-, 4-, 5or 6-segmented. On Gramineae or sedge. 53 (54). Hair surrounding anus short (0.03). Groups of glands arranged in 6 distinct rows. Antennae of adults 4- or 5-segmented; those of Ist-instar larvae 4-segmented ................... 9. Colopha. 45

(44). Legs slender; femora more than 6 times longer Cuticle with fine spinules or smooth, but cuticle

.,.,.,......

.....

PEMPHIGIDAE

54 (53).

Hair surrounding anus long (0.10-0.15). Groups of glands usually arranged in 4 rows (premarginal groups absent), rarely in 6 rows. Antennae of adults 5- or 6-segmented, but sometimes 4- or 3-segmented; antennae of Ist-instar larvae usually 5-segmented.. ........’....-.-...,,......,.,.................11. Tetraneura.

Keys to Species of Family Pemphigidae

.

Subfamily PEMPHIGINAE Asiphum Koch. Fundatrices and one generation of alate migrantes develop on poplar in spring and summer. Brick-yellow; alate forms with brown thorax, sometimes almost completely brown; fundatrices large (about 4.0), spherically inflated, brown or chestnut. Only 4 species, 2 of them in North America. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 2 species. 1.

1 (2).

Hairs of fundatrices dense and long, up to 0,10-0.15 on frons and on sides of body. In alate forms terminal process of last antennal segment 1/8-1/6 as long as base of segment. On

2 (1).

Hair of fundatrices sparse and short, less than 0.05 long, on frons and sides of body. In alate forms terminal process of last antennal segment 1/12-1/9 as long as base of segment. On Populus alba, P. canescens and P. hybrida. Possibly migrating to roots of spruce (this should be confirmed). A. varsoviensis Mordv. Transcaucasia, West Siberia; Poland.

Populus tremula. Migrating to roots ofPicea excels a. A. tremulae L. Forest zone; Western Europe ...................

....

(Gootiella Tullgr.). On "white" poplar. Only 4 species, one of them in North America. In the whole U.S-S.R3 species. 3 species.

2.

1 (2).

2 (1),

3 (4).

4 (3). 514

Pachypapella Baker.

Colonies of aphids consisting of larvae and apterous parthenogenetic forms. Aphids white. Lateral margin of basal part of leaves slightly rolled, forming cones. Leaves straight. On Populus alba. Probably not migrating. Rare. East; West Kazakhstan ..................................... P. alba Shap. Colonies of aphids consisting of larvae and alate forms. Aphids not white. Margins of fully-developed leaves joined and leaves slightly inflated. On Populus tremula. Migrating from second generation. Mesonotum of alate forms without groups of glands, 3rd antennal segment with 12-14 secondary rhinaria. Reddish yellow, with brown tone. Damaged leaves pale green; neighboring leaves of normal color. Secondary host unknown. Sweden; probably also occurs in the U.S.S.R. ...................... P. tremulae Tullgr. Mesonotum of alate forms with 2 small groups of glands. 5-10 secondary rhinaria on 3rd antennal segment. Grayish brown, with chestnut tone. Damaged leaves (frequently also the neighboring leaves) yellow or red. Secondary host unknown, possibly roots of aspen (this should be confirmed). Sometimes injurious in drought years. Baltic Region; northern and central Europe ................................ *P. populi L. (lactea Tullgr.). ......

3. Pachypappa Koch. Fundatrices and first generation of alate migrantes develop on poplar in spring and summer. Only 4 or 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 3 species.

1 (2).

Mesonotum of alate forms with 2 small groups of glands. Third antennal segment of alate forms with 5-10 secondary rhinaria. Aphids green, with brown tone. Fundatrices covered with white pubescence. On Populus nigra. Possibly migrating to roots of spruce (this should be confirmed). Estonia; central Europe ......................................... P. marsupialis Koch. Mesonotum of alate forms without groups of glands. 3rd antennal segment of alate forms with 9-14 secondary rhinaria. Aphids yellowish pink. Not on black poplar. Fundatrices, nymphs and alate forms yellowish or orange-red. On Populus alba and P. canescens. Migrating to roots of spruce (P i c e a e x c e I s a, P. alba) and possibly to roots of pine (Pinus silvestris). Northwest, Southwest; Western Europe ..................................... P. vesicalis Koch. Fundatrices dark dorsally, almost black, with bluish tinge caused by numerous hairs; dirty pink ventrally, not covered with powder. Nymphs dirty yellowish pink, with spots of white powder; alate forms dirty yellowish pink, olive-brown dorsally, with white powder on end of abdomen. Damaged part of leaves more or less colorless or slightly reddish; venation of leaves therefore very prominent (Figure 237, 2). Aphids sometimes attended by ants. Migrating to an unknown host from early summer to early autumn. On Populus tremula. Northwest, P. grandis Tullgr. Center; northern Europe ....

2 (1).

3 (4).

4(3).

.....................

4. Paraprociphilus Mordv. Only 4 species, 2 of them in North America on sugar maple. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species, one of them in the taiga of Siberia on aspen.

1 (1).

Olive- or yellowish green, covered with white powder; covered with white pubescence of long waxy curved filaments in posterior part of abdomen. Feeding of aphids causes petioles to be twisted so that the leaves are turned at an angle of 180, contiguous to petiole; shoots twisted and shortened; leaves sometimes crumpled at the base; bark of young and last year’s shoots not deformed. On Acer campestre and A. platanoi de s. Sometimes attended by ants. Migrating from 2nd generation onward, apparently to roots of elm (this should be confirmed). Forest-steppe and steppe ................................................... P. ucrainensis Mam. (Mimeuria ulmiphila Guerc.?). ........

5. Prociphilus Koch. Aphids covered with white pubescence. 13-15 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species. 4 species. 1 (4).

Alate forms large, 4-5, their antennae more than 1.5. On Oleaceae: ash, sometimes also on lilac or Ligustrum.

2 (3).

In alate forms anterior pair of groups of glands on head (dorsal to anterior single ocellus) much more marked than posterior

(Subgenus Prociphilus Koch, s.str.).

PEMPHIGIDAE

pair which is sometimes absent. 3rd antennal segment 3-5 times as long as 2nd segment. On Fraxinus excelsior. On petioles and lower side of leaves which fold into "nests". Sometimes also found on shoots. Migrating to roots of Abies pectinata, A.balsamea, A.fraseri. Northwest, Southwest, Crimea, Caucasus; central and southern Europe ............................... P. fraxini F. (nidificus Low.). In alate forms anterior pair of groups of glands on head much less marked than posterior pair or absent. 3rd antennal segment 6-7 times as long as 2nd segment. On Fraxinus excelsior, sometimes also on lilac (Syringa vulgaris) and privet (Li gu strum vulgar e). On bark of shoots, sometimes in cracks in the bark of stems and branches, rarely on fallen trees in "nests" of leaves. Migrating to roots of fir. Everywhere, except in the North, Caucasus; Western Europe ........................................... P. bumeliae Schrk. Alate forms small, 2-3, their antennae less than 1.5. On hawthorn or honeysuckle. (Subgenus Stagona Koch.) Head of alate forms only with posterior pair of groups of glands. Secondary rhinaria on 5th antennal segment absent. On honeysuckle (Lonicera xylosteum, L. tatarica, L. edulis, L.maackii, L.marrovii, etc.) on twisted leaves and partly on bark of young shoots. Migrating to Pice.a excelsa, P.obovata where it reproduces on thin roots. Everywhere; in the North at least reaching the Khibiny Mountains; Caucasus; Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe #P. xylostei Deg. Head of alate forms with anterior pair of groups of glands, sometimes also with a less-developed posterior pair. Secondary rhinaria on 5th antennal segment present. On hawthorn (C r a t a e gus oxyacantha, C. monogyna), on slightly twisted leaves, rarely also on flowers. Migrating to unknown host. Northwest, P. crataegi Tullgr. Center, Crimea; Western Europe ................

3 (2).

.................

4 (1). 5 (6).

.................

-

6 (5).

...........

Thecabius Koch. 2 species. 2 species. 6.

1 (4).

2 (3).

Only 3 species in the genus.

In the U.S.S.R.

In galls

on poplar. Leaves folded in half, only slightly and uniformly inflated and covered with whitish or red spots (Figure 237, 9). Aphids grayish green, with brown tone. On Populus nigra and P. pyramidalis. Migrating to Ranunculus repens, etc. Everywhere; Palearctic Region #Th. affinis Kalt. Leaves folded in half, strongly inflated between veins; surface of leaves therefore covered with irregular ridges and leaves appear crumpled (Figure 237, 10). Nymphs greenish yellow; alate forms dark, dirty-green, almost black. On Populus nigra. Migrating on creeping stems and roots of Lysimachia nummularia. Center, forest-steppe zone.; Western Europe .................................. Th. lysimachiae C.B. Living on herbs and grasses. Terminal segment of proboscis with 12-14 hairs. Antennae of adults 6-segmented; those of Ist-instar larvae 5-segmented. ...........

3 (2).

4 (1). 5 (6).

On roots and base of stem of Ranunculus repens, etc. Life cycle incomplete. At least reaching the Khibiny Mountains Th. affinis Kalt, In the North. (See bracket 2) Terminal segment of proboscis with 8 hairs. Antennae of adults 5- or 6-segmented, those of Ist-instar larvae 4-segrnented. On roots and creeping stems of Lysimachia nummularia. (See bracket 3) ........................... Th. lysimachiae C.B. ...................

6 (5).

7. Pemphigus Hart. Living in galls on Populus nigra and other species of the subgenus Eupopulus. All species except one or two migrating from 2nd generation onward to herbs and grasses. More than 20 species. In the whole U.S.S.R- 14 species. 9 species. 1 (16). Living in galls on poplar. 2 (5). Galls on shoots, not stalked; size of mature galls from that of a hazelnut to that of a walnut (Figure 237, 3). 3 (4). Secondary rhinaria in alate forms present only on 3rd to 4th antennal segments. On Populus nigra and P. pyramidal! s. Galls more or less spherical, with thick walls, usually single, with irregular cracked surface; shoots with galls slightly thickened. Aphids grayish green, with brown tone. Migrating to unknown host. Everywhere, except in the North, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia ..................... *P. lichtensteini Tullgr. 4 (3). Secondary rhinaria in alate forms present on 3rd to 6th antennal segments. On poplar in the Far East on Populus suaveolens and P. laurifolia, apparently also on P. tri c ho carp a. Galls elliptical, frequently 2 or 3 (even 10) galls fused; however, the cavities of the galls remain separate, not connected (Figure 237, 3). Aphids grayish green, covered with whitish powder and pubescence. Possibly migrating. Everywhere; originating in the Far East, from where they were introduced into Europe .................... 5 (2).

........................................... P. borealis Tullgr. Galls on leaves or on their petioles; sometimes the whole leaf formsgalls (in Pemphigus ve sic arius Pass.), apparently in this case attached to shoot by a short stalk.

6 (11). Galls on petioles of leaves. 7 (8). Galls formed by inflation of petioles, more or less spherical or pear-shaped, green, greenish yellow, often partly or completely reddish (Figure 237, 4). Alate forms green, with brown or black tones. On Populus nigra, P. pyram i dali s, P.balsamifera, P.tadshikistanica and P. berolinensis. Everywhere, but the range of various forms is not exactly known. West Siberia, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia ............................................. *P. bursarius L. a (b). Larvae and nymphs yellow or ocher-yellow. Migrating from 2nd generation onward to roots of Compositae P. bursarius bursarius L. (lactucarius Pass.). b (a). Larvae and nymphs olive- or grayish green. Migrating from 2nd generation to an unknown host (but not to Compositae or Chenopodiaceae)................. P. bursarius pyriformis Licht.

............

...................

...............

650

PEMPHIGIDAE

5^g

Galls formed by spiral twisting of petioles (Figure 237, 5). 8 (7). 9 (10). Gallicolous, except larvae, nymphs, alate forms and light green apterous fundatrices; antennae of latter 4-segmented; there also occur smaller light yellow apterous partheno genetic females of the 2nd generation with 6-segmented antennae. Secondary rhinaria of alate forms present only on 3rd and 4th antennal segments. Galls opening in late summer or in early autumn. On Populus nigra and P. pyramidalis. Life cycle monoecous. Everywhere, except in the North and East; Western Europe, North Africa (?), Asia Minor (?) and Southwest Asia (?)................ .......................................... P. spirothecae Pass. Galls containing only larvae, nymphs, alate forms and light green 10 (9). apterous fundatrices; antennae of latter 4-seginented. Secondary rhinaria of alate forms present on 3rd to 6th antennal segments. Galls opening in the beginning or middle of summer. On Populus nigra. P. pyram i dali s, P. so snovskii, P.tadshikistanica. Migrating to unknown host, possibly to roots of carrot (Daucus c a rot a) (this should be confirmed). Everywhere, except inthe Northwest, West Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia (?); Western Europe, Asia Minor (?) and Southwest Asia (?) .................. ......................................... P. protospirae Licht. Galls on upper side of leaves. 11 (6). 12 (13). Gall oblong, situated along midrib, slightly compressed laterally, with small tubercles, usually red, rarely green, not larger than a hazelnut. Lower side of leaves with a slit through which the aphids hatch when the galls mature (Figure 237, 6). Last antennal segment of alate forms with 6-10 secondary rhinaria. On Populus nigra, P. pyram i dali s, P. c anade nsi s, P.tadshi-P. filaginis B.d.F. kistanica, P. balsamifera All instars and forms of aphids dark olive. Migrating from 2nd a (b). generation onward to Filago and Gnaphalium. Everywhere, throughout the range of black poplar and P. pyramidalis. .................................. P, filaginis filaginis B.d.F. b (a). Young fundatrices reddish; adult fundatrices and their progeny light olive-green. Migrating from 2nd generation onward to roots of Daucus carota. Found so far only in Western Europe ....................................... P. filaginis dauci Gour. 13 (12). Galls vertical, with widened end, with more or less rounded cross section, smooth, often with large tubercles or processes, green or greenish white. No slit on lower side of leaves; the aphids fly out through cracks at apex of gall or its outgrowths when the galls mature (Figure 237, 7,8). Last antennal segment of alate forms without secondary rhinaria. 14 (15). Galls always without outgrowths, sometimes with tubercles, not larger than a hazelnut. Apex bursts when the galls mature (Figure 237,7). Fifth antennal segment of alate forms with 2 or 3 secondary rhinaria. On Populus nigra, P.pyramidalis and P. tadshikistanica. Migrating from 2nd generation onward to unknown host. South, forest-steppe and steppe zones, Transcaucasia, Southwest Siberia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia ................. ............................................. P. populi Courch. ............

..

.

.

.

.

......

15 (14). Galls with many outgrowths at least at end of maturation (Figure 237, 8), their size from that of a hazelnut to that of a goose egg. Apex of outgrowths bursts upon maturation. The whole leaf is often used to build the gall; in this case the petiole is much thickened and shortened, giving the impression that the gall is attached to the shoot. Fifth antennal segment of alate forms without secondary rhinaria. On Populus nigra, P. pyram idali s, P. suaveolens and P. tad shikstanica. Migrating from 2nd generation onward to unknown host. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; southern Europe, Asia Minor, and Southwest Asia ........................ *P. vesicarius Pass. 16 (1). On herbs and grasses. 17 (20). On Compositae. 18 (19). On roots of Lactuca and also of Lampsana, Crepis, Cichorium, Sonchus, Hieracium (see bracket 7).......... ..................................... P. bursarius bursarius L. 19(18). On stems and between flowers of Gnaphalium and Filago. (See bracket 12).................... .P. filaginis filaginis B.d.F. 20 (17). On different plants. (22). P. filaginis dauci Gour. 21 On roots of carrots. (See bracket 12) 22(21). On roots of Chenopodiaceae, Beta vulgaris, Chenopodium album. Life cycle incomplete; the remigrantes in autumn are apparently a biological rudiment. Injurious to beets in fields or in storehouses. South, except the Southeast, Transcaucasia; Western Europe .......................... *P. fuscicornis Koch. ....

Subfamily ERIOSOMATINAE 8.

Eriosoma Leach. About 12 species in the genus. U.S.S.R. 7-9 species.4 species. 1 (6).

517

2 (5). 3 (4).

In the whole

On bark of shoots, stems, branches or roots of Pomaceae or currant and gooseberry On Pomaceae. Third antennal segment of adults longer than 4th and 5th segments together. Hind tibia almost 1.5 times as long as femur. Tarsi of adults and larvae of all instars bisegmented. Claws shorter than 1st tarsal segment. Aphids brown, covered with dense white pubescence (Figure 226, 2,6). The bark of young shoots, injuries on branches and stems and bark of roots of apple trees which are thickened and deformed form excrescences (Figure 226, 5). Rarely on quince where it does not form excrescences; also on pear trees, Sorbus aucuparia, Cotoneaster and June berry. Very injurious. Western Baltic region (introduced). Southwest, Crimea, Caucasus, Soviet CentralAsia. Inthe U.S.S.R. and Western Europe the range of the species is limited by the 3, -4 Januaryisotherm. A.cosmopoli*E. lanigerum Hausm. tan species originating in North America ~

....

4 (3).

Third antennal segment of adults (except alates in autumn) shorter than 4th and 5th segments together. Hind tibia 1.2 times as long as femur. Tarsi of adults and larvae of older instars 2- segmented;

tarsi of larvae of younger instars single-segmented. Claws (at least of adults) up to 1.5 times as long as 1st tarsal segment. Aphids whitish yellow or reddish yellow, covered with sparse white pubescence. On thin roots, rarely on shoots of pear tree, often on thin roots of quince (Cydonia vulgar! s) and possibly on roots of apple tree. Not forming excrescences. South of the forest zone and further south, Crimea, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia, North America. (See also bracket 8)...................... ........................................ *E. lanuginosum Hart. 5 (2). On roots of currants (Ribes nigrum, R.rubrum.R.alpinum) and gooseberry (Grossularia reclinata). Aphids copper- or reddish yellow, covered with sparse white pubescence. Everywhere. Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia, America. (See also bracket 9)................................ *E. ulmi L. On leaves of Ulmus, in galls or other deformations. 6 (1). 7 (10). Only on lower side of leaves or in large closed galls. Margin (or whole half) of leaf rolled into a tube with the upper side turned outward, or almost the whole leaf transformed into gall. Aphids olive- or dark green. Fifth antennal segment of alate forms with 5-16 secondary rhinaria, 8 (9). 6th segment with 1-6 secondary rhinaria. A small, more or less thickened part in the middle of leaf tubes is covered with dense soft white hair, and appears lighter; leaf slightly crumpled and often spirally twisted (young galls; Figure 238,1) or almost the whole leaf transformed into a pale green, closed gall from the size of a walnut to that of a goose egg, with irregular walls covered with soft white hair (mature galls; Figure 238, 2). On Ulmus foliacea, U. suberosa, U. dens a, rarely on U. scabra. 2nd and 3rd generations migrating to pear trees. (See bracket 4) .......................... *E. lanuginosum Hart. 5th and 6th antennal segments of alate forms without secondary 9 (8). rhinaria, only with one permanent rhinarium. Leaf tubes without thickened part covered with hair; leaf transversely crumpled, not spirally twisted and not transformed into gall (Figure 238, 3). On Ulmus foliacea, U. scabra, rarely also on U.laevia and on U. celtidea, U. dens a. U. suberosa. Migrating from 2nd generation onward to currants and gooseberry. (See bracket 5) .................................................. *E. ulmi L. On tip of shoots, petioles and partly on lower side of leaves. 10 (7). Shoots shortened, leaves markedly crumpled, their margin slightly folded downward (Figure 238, 4). Aphids brown. Several generations of apterous and alate parthenogenetic females develop on elms (Ulmus foliacea, U. scabra, U. densa, U. suberosa) in addition to fundatrices. Life cycle not clear. West, Southwest, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe; distribution sporadic ........................... E. patchae C.B.

653

HOMOPTERA

9.

Colopha MoneU. Three species

America.

1 (1).

genus, 2 of thero

in North

Apterous

forms yellow; alate forms greenish yellow, with brown color. On Ulmus laevis, sometimes also on U.celtidea, U. foliacea and U. scabra. 2nd and 3rd generations migrating to roots of sedge, rarely of Gramineae. Everywhere, introduced into the towns of Siberia; Western Europe, Asia Minor ........... .......................................... C. compressa Koch.

10. Kaltenbachiella Sellout. U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 species.

1 (1).

in the

In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Four species in the genus.

In the whole

Fundatrices yellowish white; alate forms green, with brown color. On Ulmus foliacea, U. scabra and U. densa. 2nd generation migrating to roots of Labiatae (Mentha, Thymus,

Origanum, Galeopsis, Stachys). Everywhere. Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia ........................................ K. paUida Halid. 11. Tetraneura Hart. (Byrsocrypta Hall.). 2nd generation migrating from galls on leaves of elm (Ulmus) to roots of Gramineae. About 10 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 3 species. 1 (4). 2 (3).

In galls on leaves of elm. Galls (examined with magnifying glass) without hairs and spinules, smooth, shiny; young galls green; mature galls yellowish green or yellow (Figure 238, 7). Aphids olive-green or ocher-yellow, with brown color. Each leaf with 1-10 galls (up to 40 galls in strong infestations); leaves fall off prematurely (already in July) in large numbers. On Ulmus foliacea, U. scabra, U. su berosa, U-dens a. U. japonic a, U. laevis and U.celtidea. Migrating to Gramineae. Everywhere, reaching Leningrad in the North, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia, Siberia, Maritime Territory, the whole Palearctic Region; introduced into North America .................................................. *T. ulmi L. Galls (examined with magnifying glass) covered with dense, short, white hairs and red spinules, dull, red, rarely yellow or green (Figure 238, 8). Aphids olive-green with brown color or yellow. On Ulmus foliacea, U. suberosa, U. densa and U. scabra. Migrating to corn and other Gramineae. Forest-steppe and steppe zones. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; southern Europe, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia ....................................... *T. coerulescens Pass. On roots of Gramineae. Penultimate antennal segment of apterous parthenogenetic females 1.6-1.8 times as long as last antennal segment. Three hairs (0.11-0.13 long) on each side of anal sternum. Marginal groups of glands on abdominal terga VI and VII small, rounded, forming rings of cells. On wheat, barley, rye, oats, millet, corn and many wild Gramineae. A form with incomplete life cycle is distributed in the Ural Region and Siberia; distribution of form with complete life cycle given in bracket 2 ........... .................................................. *T. ulmi L. -

518

3 (2).

...

4 (1). 5 (8).

6 (7).

654

7 (6),

Marginal groups of glands on abdominal terga VI and VII of apterous forms transverse-oval, forming contiguous groups On Gramineae (Cynodon dactylon, also Calamagrostis, Andropogon). Only the form with incomplete life cycle is known. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; southern Europe, North Africa, Southwest Asia .................. ........................ T. africana Goot (cynodontis Theob.). Penultimate antennal segment of apterous forms about as long as last segment. Two hairs (0.7-0.08 long) on each side of anal sternum. Aphids yellow, with brown head. On corn, millet, Setaria, Echinochloa, Saccharum, (See bracket 3)....... ....................................... ^T. coerulescens Pass. of cells.

8 (5).

Subfamily FORDINAE 12.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Aploneura Pass.

2 species in the genus,

2 species.

Rhinarium on last segment of alate forms rounded. Hairs on anal segment of apterous forms 0.07-0.12. On roots of grapevine, pear tree, apple tree, quince, medlar and possibly Arum, Primary host unknown. Life cycle incomplete. Crimea, Northern Caucasus .......................................... A. ampelina Mokrz. Rhinarium on last antennal segment of alate forms oblong, twice as long as broad. Hairs on anal segment of apterous forms 0.0200.026. On roots of Gramineae (Hordeum sati vum, H. m u r i num. Bromus mollis, Poa). Migrating from galls on Pistacia lentiscus. The form with incomplete life cycle occurs in the Southwest, Crimea, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia .

.

............................................. A.lentisci Pass. 13.

Geoica Hart. 4 species in the genus. 1 or 2 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 or

3 species.

1 (2).

In galls on leaves of Pistacia mutica. Apterous forms orange. Migrating to roots of Gramineae. Southern coast of Crimea. Caucasus ................ G. utricularia muticae Mordv.

2 (1). 3 (4).

On roots of Gramineae. Hairs on anal segment of adult apterous forms not longer than 0.04. Permanent rhinaria of antennae rounded or slightly transverse-oval. On corn, wheat, millet, Agropyron, Setaria, Agrostis, etc. Form with complete life cycle described in bracket 1. The form with incomplete life cycle occurs everywhere, in Soviet Central Asia, Siberia; Western Europe, Africa, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia ........ G. utricularia Pass., s. lat. Hairs on anal segment of adult apterous forms at least 0.06 long. Permanent rhinaria of antennae narrowly transverse-arcuate. On roots of Poa annua and Hordeum murinum. Migrating from galls on Pistacia khinjuk (Iran). Form with incomplete life cycle occurs in Western Europe, particularly in Poland; probably occurs in the U.S.S.R. ................................ ....................... .G. setulosa Pass. (herculana Mordv.).

4

(3).

519

14. 1 (1).

15. 1 (1).

16. 1 (1).

17. 1 (1).

Rectinasus Theob.

Only 1 species.

Form with complete life cycle migrating from galls on leaves of Pistacia khinjuk (Iran). Form with incomplete life cycle on roots of Compositae (Artemisia, Chondrilla, Scorzonera tau-saghiz, Xanthium), Gossipium, Pelargonium, Orobanche, always together with ants. Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; southern Europe, North Africa, Southwest Asia ........................ R. buxtoni Theob.

Paracletus Heyd.

4 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Form with complete life cycle migrating from galls on leaves of Pistacia terebinthus (Southern Europe) and P. khinjuk (Iran) to roots of Gramineae. Form with incomplete life cycle on roots of Gramineae (wheat, barley, Agropyrum, Agrostis, Pestuca, Poa, Lolium, etc.). Adults yellowish white; young specimens greenish white. Attended by ants. Everywhere, Urals, Siberia, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia ... *P. cimiciformis Heyd.

Smynthurodes Westw, (Trifidaphis Guerc.). Only 1 or 2 species. Form with incomplete life cycle migrating from galls on leaves of Pistacia mutica (south coast of Crimea, Caucasus, Iran) and P. atlantica (Algeria, Palestine) to roots of various Dicotyiedones. Form with incomplete life cycle on roots of Leguroinosae, Chenopodiaceae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Compositae, Umbelliferae, Amaranthaceae, Papaveraceae. Plantaginaceae, Cruciferae. Polygonaceae. accidentally on Gramineae (Festuca rubra), and probably on many other plants. Apterous forms yellowish white, almost spherical, covered with white powder. Sometimes injurious to cotton and potatoes. Center, South; Western Europe, Africa, Asia, North America .................. ........................... *S. betae Westw. (phaseoli Pass.). Hemitrama Mordv.

Only

1 species.

Large, yellowish white, rather active. On roots of Gramineae (Hordeum, Poa, Setaria, Calamogrostis). Form with complete life cycle unknown. South, Transcaucasia; Western Europe ......................................H. bykovi Mordv.

18. Forda Heyd. 6 or 7 species. In galls on leaves of various species of Pistacia, migrating to Gramineae. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species or subspecies. Often with incomplete life cycle on roots of Gramineae, still little known. Only a list of species is therefore given. 10-16 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 or 8 species. 1 (2).

In galls on leaves of Pistacia mutica (Figure 239, 3,4). Apterous forms orange. Migrating to roots of wheat, barley, Bromus, Festuca, Agropyrum. etc. The form with complete life cycle occurs on the south coast of the Crimea, the Caucasus; Iran; the form with incomplete life cycle occurs

656

South, the Caucasus, possibly in Siberia. (Subgenus Pentaphis Horv.) .......................................... F. hirsutamordvilkoi C.B. (follicularia Mordv., nee pass.), t in the ..

2(1). 3 (4),

4 (3).

On roots of Gramineae or sedge. Rhinarium of last antennal segment forming arc more than half as long as diameter of segment. 3rd antennal segment longer than last 2 segments together. (Subgenus For da, s. str.). The following species have been recorded from the U.S.S.R.: F. formicaria (widely distributed on various Gramineae) and F. meridionalis Mordv. (in the South on Agropyrum). Rhinarium of last antennal segment rounded or oval, not more than half as long as diameter of segment. 3rd antennal segment not longer than last 2 segments together. (Subgenus Pentaphis Horv.). The following species have been recorded from the U.S.S.R. in addition to F. hirsuta Mordv. (see thesis I): F.trivialis Pass., F. marginata Koch, F. dactylidis C. B. (widely distributed on various Gramineae), F. skorkini Mordv. (on barley) and F. proximalis Mordv. (on Agropyrum).

4.

Family LACHNIDAE

Antennae 6-segmented. Terminal process of last antennal segment short; proboscis 4-segmented; tip of last segment of proboscis differentiated into an apparent 5th segment. Cornicles in form of pores or truncate cones or domes, sometimes absent; cauda broadly rounded. Life cycle monoecous; On trees or herbs and grasses; life cycle exceptionally incomplete (Figures 225, 6; 228,1; 229,6; 231, 2,3; 240, 241). 11 genera in the family, more than 150 species, rn the whole U.S.S.R. about 50 species.9 genera, 41 species. 520

Key to Genera 1 (6).

Proboscis slightly hairy: ratio of number of supplementary hairs on the last segment to length of segment (in mm) not more than 30. RS of fore wings short and straight; pterostigma narrow, long (Figures 225, 6; 240, 1). M very thin, much less marked than the other veins. Hind tarsi ordinary, more or less like fore and middle tarsi (Figure 240, 4). On conifers. Attended by ants.

2 (3).

Tip of last segment of proboscis wedge-shaped, 2-5 times longer than broad (Figure 231, 2). Terminal process of last antennal segment with 3 apical setae; the other setae more proximal (Figure 240, 5). On bark. (Subtribe Cinarina),..,..,. 1, Cinara. Tip of last segment of proboscis knob-shaped, 0.6-1.2 times as long as broad (Figure 231, 3). All setae on terminal process of last antennal segment in a group at the apex which is apparently divided into 2 or 3 processes (Figure 240, 6). On conifers.

(Tribe Cinarini).

3 (2).

(Subtribe Schizolachnina). t

F.h.hirsuta Mordv. lives in galls of leaves of Pi St a ci a vera in Sovier Central Asia and Iran.

4 (5),

process of last antennal segment of adults with 5 setae. segment of hind tarsi less than 1/3 as long as 2nd segment, 4 setae in Ist-instar larvae. Body oval, densely covered with with powder. Aphids sluggish ................ 2. Schizolachnus Terminal 1st

lCinara

grossa, wings; 2Maculolachnus

submacula, same; 3Tram

last antennal hyperophila, same; 5-10 6 Schizolachnus; 7Stomaphis; 8Lachnus; 10Maculolachnus; 11Cinara 9Tuberolachnus; (Cinara) pinea; 1st segment of hind larsus; 12C. (Cinaria)pini, same; 13C.pini, mesothorax;

troglodytes, hind

tarsus; 4Cinara

segment; 5 Cinara;

14C.

cembrae, same.

5 (4).

Terminal process of last antennal segment of adults with 6 setae. 1st segment of hind tarsi more than half as long as 2nd segment, with 2 setae in Ist-instar larvae. Body oblong-elliptical, thinly covered with powder or bare. Aphids agile . 3. Protolachnus 6 (1). Proboscis densely covered withhairs: ratio of number of suppleon its last of to hairs length in mm segment proboscis mentary at least 35. RS of fore wings more or less curved, long; pterostigma more or less broad and short (Figure 240, 2). M of fore wings as strong as other veins; if less well marked, hind tarsi twice as long as fore- and middle legs. On various plants, 7 (16). Hind tarsi ordinary, similar to fore and middle tarsi (Figure 240, 4). M of fore wings marked as other veins. On bark of deciduous trees and shrubs. (Tribe Lachnini). 8 (9). Proboscis twice to 3 times longer than body. At least 20 hairs on terminal process of last antennal segment, all or most of ..,.

658

them similar to -those at base of segment (Figure 240, 7). (Subtribe Stomaphidina)........................... 4. Stomaphis. Proboscis not longer than body. Hairs on terminal process of last antenna! segment not more than 12, different (shorter) from those at base of segment (Figure 240, 8-10). (Subtribe Lachnina). 10 (11). An isolated black conical tubercle (best developed in apterous forms) on dorsum anterior to cornicles. Accessory rhinaria on last antennal segment of adults and larvae (except one anterior rhinarium) fused into a longitudinal stripe (Figure 240, 9). On willows ..................................... 5. Tuberolachnus. 11 (10). No isolated tubercle on dorsum of abdomen, but sometimes several paired tubercles. Accessory rhinaria of last antennal segment scattered, not fused into a longitudinal stripe (Figure 240, 9 (8).

8,10). 12 (13). Mesonotum and metanotum and first 6 abdominal terga with a pair of black conical tubercles in the middle, best developed in apterous forms. Last segment of proboscis with 8-11 supplementary hairs. On Pruneae .................... 6. Pterochloroides. 13 (12). Dorsum of thorax and abdomen smooth, without tubercles. Last segment of proboscis with 14-40 supplementary hairs. 14 (15). Fore wings not pigmented, with brown pterostigma and a small spot posterior to it (Figure 240, 2). Legs short; posterior tibiae shorter than body (0.7-0.8 as long as body). Principal rhinarium of last antennal segment without sclerotized margin (Figure 240,10). On rose ................................... 7. Maculolachnus. 15 (14). More than half of fore wings colored brown. Legs long; hind tibiae longer than body (1.05-1.2 as long as body). Principal rhinarium of last antennal segment with sclerotized margin (Figure 240, 8). On Fagales ....................... 8. Lachnus. 16 (7). Hind tarsi twice to 3 times longer than fore and middle tarsi, their 1st segment markedly reduced, their 2nd segment long (Figure 240, 3). M of fore wings indistinct, much less marked than other veins. On roots of herbaceous Dicotyledones. (Tribe Tramini) .......................................... 9. Trama.

Keys to Species of Family Lachnidae Tribe

CINARINI

Cinara Curt. Large, thick, pear-shaped, densely covered with hair, brownish gray or blackish brown. Monophagous. More than 100 species in the genus. In the U.S.S.R. about 30 species. 23 species. 1.

1 (38). Living on Pinaceae; spruce, pine, stone pine, fir, larch. 2(11,14,33). On spruce (Picea). 3 (10). M of fore wings branched twice. Wings without pattern. Last 3 antennal segments of apterous forms of different length. 1st

segment of tarsi of Ist-instar larvae with 4 setae.

(Subgenus

Cinaria C.B.).

4 (5).

Terminal process of last antennal segment with 9-15 setae. Aphids blackish brown, shiny, 5-6. Penultimate antennal

-

segment 1.9-2 times as long as last segment. Stems, 8-15 cm thick, usually with large colonies at various heights. Colonies consisting of nymphs and alate forms. On picea excels a, P. tianschanica and probably on P. fennica and P. ob o vata. Living together with ants. North, Center, South, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ............... ....................... C. grossa Kalt.(piceae auct., necpanz.). Terminal process of last antennal segment with 7 setae, Aphids of lighter color, dull- Penultimate antennal segment 1.1-1,5 times as long as last segment. Cornicles large, higher than diameter of eye. 1st abdominal tergum of apterous forms with a sclerotized stripe (Figure 241,1). Penultimate antennal segment 1.4-1.5 times as long as last segment. Aphids grayish brown or grayish green. Appearing from spring onward on shoots, branches and stems, later on roots of Picea excelsa, P. alba, P. tianschanica. Northwest, West, South, Siberia, Kazakhstan; Western Europe.............. .......................................... C. bogdanovi Mordv. Cornicles small, lower than diameter of eye. 1st abdominal tergum of apterous forms only with sclerotized spots (Figure 241,2). Penultimate antennal segment 1.1-1.2 times as long as last

5 (4).

6 (7).

7 (6).

segment. 522

8 (9).

Hairs on 3rd antennal

segment 2.5-3 times as long as diameter

Apterous forms light brick-red to yellowish green, thinly covered with white powder. Forming colonies on young shoots of the same year or on young spruce trees between the needles. On Picea excels a, P. oriental! s, P. tianschanica. Everywhere, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Asia Minor ............................ of segment.

C. pilicornis Hart. (pinicola Kalt., hyalina Koch.). segment 1-1.5 times as long as diameter Apterous forms yellowish or greenish gray, without powder. On last years shoots or older shoots, or on stems of young spruce trees, also on the roots. On Picea excels a, P. obovata. Northwest, South, Kazakhstan; Western Europe, Japan ..................... C. cistata Buckt. (piceicola Chol.). 10 (3). M of fore wings branched once. Wings with dark pattern. Last 3 antennal segments of apterous forms more or less of the same length. Ist-instar larvae with 2 setae on 1st segment of tarsi. Aphids shiny brown, densely covered with grayish white powder. On last year’s shoots or older shoots, usually between needles. On Picea excelsa, P. tianschani ca- Northwest, Kazakhstan; Western Europe. Japan. (Subgenus L’achniella Guerc.) .............................................. C. costata Zett 11(2,14,33). Onfir (Abies). 12 (13). Aphids rounded, 5-7, blackish brown. Cornicles large; conical, longer than diameter of eye. 1st segment of hind tarsi of Istinstar larvae with 2 setae. On thick shoots, stems and thick roots of Abies alba, A.nordmanhiana, A.sibirica, etc. Northwest, Western Europe, Asia Minor. (Subgenus Todolachnus Mats.)..... .C. piceae panz. (abieticola Chol.). ...........

9 (8).

Hairs on 3rd antennal

of segment.

660

13(12). Aphids smaller, about 4.0, olive-green, with 2 light longitudinal stripes on dorsum. Cornicles small, conical, shorter than diameter of eye. 1st segment of hind tarsi of Is-t-instar larvae Living on 2- to 4-year-old shoots of Abies alba (between needles). Western Europe, Carpathians, Asia Minor. (Subgenus BuchneriaC.B.)...................... C. pectinatae Nordl. (pichtae Mordv.). (2,11,33). On pine or Pinus sibirica. (26). In adults, dorsal margin of 1st segment of hind tarsi at least 0.7 times as long as ventral margin, much longer than margin of oblique part (Figure 240, 11). 1st segment of hind tarsi of Ist-instar larvae with 6-8 setae. (Subgenus Cinara Curt., s. str,). (19). On Pinus nigra and P. pallasiana. (18). Broadly pear-shaped, almost round. 4.5-5. Cornicles conical, longer than diameter of eye. On shoots between needles. Crimea; Western Europe ......................... C. schimitscheki C.B. with at least 10 setae.

........................

14 15

523 16 17

18 (17).

Family Lachnidae. Apterous parthenogenetic females

FIGURE 241. (after Pasek)

Aphidinea.

1Cinara

bogdanovi; 2C.cistata.

Narrowly pear-shaped, 3-3.5. Cornicles conical, shorter than diameter of eyes. On young shoots. Sometimes injurious to young pine trees. South except the Southeast: Western Europe, Asia Minor ................................... *C. brauni C.B.

19 (16). On different species of pine. 20 (21). On Pinus mughus P.montana, pnl-to 2-year-old shoots, between needles. Carpathians. Alps ........... C. neubergi Arnh.

661

21 (20), On different species of pine (Pinus silvestris, etc.). 22 (23). Hairs on body and legs of apterous forms long, more or less straight, on 3rd antennal segment twice to 3 times longer than diameter of segment. Aphids pitch-brown, with dust on venter and sides of thorax; only midline and intersegmental sutures on dorsum covered with powder. Length 4-5. On young shoots of the same year, rarely on last year’s shoots. Everywhere, at least reaching the KhibinyMountains in the North, Transcaucasia, Siberia, Western Europe, North Africa, Japan .................. .......................... *C. pinea Mordv. (pini auct., nee L.). (22), 23 Hairs on body and legs of apterous forms short, more or less adpressed, on 3rd antennal segment not longer than diameter of segment. Head and first 2 thoracic segments covered with powder. 24 (25). Hairs on dorsum standing on sclerotized plates. 2nd segment of hind tarsi 1.75 times as long as 1st segment. Middle and posterior part of abdomen dull or slightly shiny; body grayish brown. 3-4. C. piniphila Ratz. On young shoots. South; Western Europe 25 (24). Hairs standing directly on the integument. 2nd segment of hind tarsi 2.25 times longer than 1st segment. Very shiny; rust-brown, with 2 longitudinal black stripes which converge anteriorly and posteriorly. 2.5-3. On 2- to 3-year-old shoots. Center, South; Western Europe ........................... C. hyperophila Koch. 26 (15), In adults dorsal margin of 1st segment of hind tarsus not more than half as long as ventral margin or (and) shorter than oblique part of segment (Figure 240, 12). 1st segment of hind tarsi of Ist-instar larvae with 4 setae. (Subgenus Cinaria C.B.). 27 (32). Mesothorax with tubercle (Figure 240, 13). 28 (29). Hairs on body and legs of apterous forms long, more or less straight, 0.12-0.13; hairs on 3rd antennal segment 2.5-3 times longer than diameter of segment. Aphids rust-brown; venter, sides of thorax, median line of abdomen and intersegmental spaces covered with powder. 3.5-4. On 2- to 8-year-old stunted shoots of P. silvestris. Center, South, West Siberia; Western C. pinihabitans Mordv. (taeniata (?) Koch). Europe 29 (28). Hairs on body and legs of apterous forms short, more or less adpressed, 0.02-0.05; hairs on 3rd antennal segment not longer .......

.

.............

than diameter of

segment.

30(31). Pitch-brown, with weak bronze sheen; venter, sides of thorax, midline of abdomen and intersegmental spaces covered with powder. 2-3.5. On tip of young shoots, on branches and sometimes on stems of Pinus silvestris and P. sibirica. In the forest and forest-steppe; Western Europe ................. ................... *C. pint L. ("nuda Mordv." of many authors). 31(30). Rust-colored, very shiny, without powder. 3.5-4.2. On stems of young Pinus silvestris. West, South; Western Europe ..........................*C. nuda Mordv. (escherichi C.B.). 32 (27). Mesothorax flat, without tubercle (Figure 240, 14). On Pinus sibirica. Aphids large, 4,5-5, brown; dorsum of abdomen shiny; venter of abdomen dusted. On 2-year-old or older shoots. North, Northwest; Alps ....................... C. cembrae Chol. ...

33(2,11.14). On larch (Larix). 34 (35). Terminal process of last antennal segment of adults with 11-13 setae, with 7 setae in Ist-instar larvae. Adults 5-6. Aphids black-brown, marbled gray, dusted with white powder. On stems of young trees. Southwest; Western Europe, Japan .............. ................... C. kochiana C.B. (laricis Koch, nee Walk.). 35 (34). Terminal process of last antennal segment of adults with 7 or 8 setae, in Ist-instar larvae with 5 setae. Adults less than 5.0. On shoots. 36 (37). Dorsal surface of abdomen with numerous dark brown spots, 10-30 spots on each tergum. Aphids marbled gray, covered with white powder. Northwest; Western Europe, Japan .......... .......................... C. laricis Walk. (maculosus Chol.). 37 (36). Dorsal surface of abdomen with few spots, 4-6 on each tergum. Aphids without powder. Kazakhstan; Western Europe; probably also occurs in the European U.S.S.R. ........................... ...................... C. boerneri H.R.L. (laricicolaC.B.). On Cupressaceae (juniper, thuja). Apterous forms with 2 dark 524 38 (1). longitudinal stripes without powder from head to cornicles and beyond them, on lighter powdered background. (Subgenus Cupressobium C.B.). 39 (42). Last segment of proboscis shorter than 6th antennal segment. On Juniperus-communis, J. nan a, J. depress a. 40 (41). Apterous forms gray and with white powder on the whole body; they therefore appear pinkish, and only slightly shiny. Aphids reddish brown or greenish brown when the powder is removed. 5th antennal segment 0.83-0.87 of length of 6th antennal segment. North, Northwest, Center, South, Transcaucasia; Western Europe ....................................... C. juniperi Deg. 41 (40). Apterous forms densely covered with powder; posterior part of body without powder, very shiny. Aphids reddish yellow or brown; 5th antennal segment as long as 6th segment. Center; Western Europe .............................................. .............. C. mordvilkoi Pasek (juniperina Mordv., part.). 42 (39). Last segment of proboscis longer than 6th antennal segment. On Thuja occidentalis. Apterous forms brown, gray, covered with white powder. Center. Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe .............. C. juniperina Mordv. 2.

Schizolachnus Mordv.

4 or 5

species

in the

genus.

In the whole

U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Aphids oblong-oval, densely covered

with hairs,

gray, covered

.

.

.

.

Siberia; Western Europe

.

with white powder. Forming rows on needles of Pinus silvest r i s, P. montana, P. nigra. Everywhere, Kazakhstan, West

S. pineti P. (tonientosus Mordv.).

3. Protolachnus Theob. Aphids specialized to species of Pinus. More than 10 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 3 species.

1 (4).

Hairs on body and legs long; hairs on 3rd antennal segment long as diameter of segment. On pine. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1/4-1/3 as long as base of segment. Aphids dove-gray-green. On Pinus silvestris, P.mughus. Everywhere, West Siberia; twice as

2 (3).

Western Europe 3 (2).

4 (1).

P. agilis Kalt.

.................................

Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1/7-1/5 as long as base of segment. Aphids dark brown. On Pinus pallasiana. Crimea ...................................... P. tauricus Bozh. Hairs on body and legs short; hairs on 3rd antennal segment much shorter than diameter of segment. On Pinus sibirica. Carpathians, Alps ............................ P. cembrae C.B. Tribe LACHNINI

Stonoaphis Walk. Large aphids. In cracks in bark of stems and roots of trees. Always occurring together with ants of genus Lasius. 10 species in the.genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 3 species 4.

1 (4).

6th antennal segment 1.1-1.6 times as long as 5th Third antennal segment of apterous forms without

segment. secondary rhinaria, rarely with 1 or 2; 4th segment with 0-5 secondary rhinaria.

2 (3).

Abdominal terga I-VI with a pair of dark sclerotized spots usually divided into groups of minute spots. Aphids shiny, without powder, dark brown, 5.5-7.5. Venter of abdomen of apterous forms with a pair of blunt processes on sides of segment VIII. In alate forms M of fore wings branched twice. On stems of Quercus robur, Q. petrea, etc. and birch. Occurring together with ants (Lasius fuligino su s). Center, South; Western Europe S. quercus L. No sclerotized spots on abdominal terga I-VI. Covered with gray powder. 4.5-6mm. On roots of birch. Western Europe ......... ......................................... S. radicicola H.R.L. 6th antennal segment shorter than 5th segment. In apterous forms, 3rd antennal segment with 1-12 secondary rhinaria; 4th segment with 4-10 secondary rhinaria. Processes on sides of abdominal tergum VIII small or absent. M branched once. Aphids covered with powder. Base of 6th antennal segment 4-6.2 times as long as the terminal process. On stems of Populus nigra, P.tremula and Salix alba. Living together with ants (Lasius brunneus). West Siberia; Western Europe; probably also occurs in the European U.S.S.R. ............................................. ...................... .3. longirostris F. (bobretzkyi Mordv.). Base of 6th antennal segment 3-3.9 times longer than the terminal process. On stems of Acer campestre, A. tataricum, A. pseudoplatanus (a separate subspecies, S g acer inus Mam. according to Mamontova), A. velutinum. Occurring together with ants (Lasius brunneus). South, Transcaucasia, Western Europe ........................ S. graffil Chol. ...

3 (2).

4

(1).

5 (6).

6 (5).

.

.

LACHNIDAE

,

5. 1

(I).

525

-

6. 1 (1).

Tuberolachnus Mordv.

Only one species.

Aphids brownish gray, with black conical cornicles and a tubercle between them. 4-5. On bark of branches of willow; usually forming large colonies. Life cycle incomplete. Sporadically distributed in the Center, South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia, Maritime Territory; Western Europe, North Africa, Southeast Asia, North and South America ...... T. salignus Gmel. Pterochloroides Mordv,

Only one species.

Aphids broad, oval, dull gray, with black spots and black shiny median tubercles and cornicles. 3.5-4. On bark of branches and stems of peach, apricot, almond, myrobalan, prune, accidentally (temporarily) also on blackthorn, cherry, quince, apple and orange trees. Very injurious to peach; in Armenia also injurious to almonds; in Georgia injurious to myrobalan, in Soviet Central Asia to apricot. Crimea (introduced). Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Asia Minor, *P. persicae Chol. Palestine, Iran, India, Egypt .................

7. 1

(1).

Maculolachnus Gaum.

Only one species.

Aphids chestnut-brown, slightly shiny, with dark brown cornicles and 6 rows of dots. 3-4. On bark of branches, stems and surface roots of wild and cultivated rose. Occurring together with ants (Lasius fuliginosus). Sporadically distributed in the South, Soviet Central Asia, West Siberia, Kamchatka; Western Europe, Southwest Asia, North America ................................ ............................. M. submacula Walk (r o s a e Chol.).

8. Lachmis Burm. Wings multicolored. Large, brown, agile aphids with long legs, moving like spiders. On bark of Quercus, Fagus, Castanea and Eleagnus. About 15 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 or 5 species. 2 or 3 species. 1 (2).

Cornicles small, conical, their base smaller than diameter of eye; cornicles of same color as body, with whitish border. Hairs on hind tibiae of 2 types; 1) shorter, dense, uniformly distributed, similar to those on fore and middle tibiae; 2) longer, more sparse, denser towards end of tibiae. Aphids without powdered parts. Brown, shiny; head and pronotum reddish brown. On shoots and sometimes on roots of Quercus robur, Q.petrea and Fagus silvatica. Center. South; Western Europe. (Subgenus Sc hi zo dryobius Goot)................... *L, pallipes Hart. (exciccator Alt., longirostris Mordv.). Cornicles large, conical, their basis much longer than diameter of eye; cornicles black, shiny, prominent on lighter background, with black border. Hairs on hind tibiae more or less uniform, and uniformly distributed, similar to those on fore and middle tibiae. Metathorax and sides of abdominal sterna I-III covered with white powder. (Subgenus Lachnus, s, str.). ............... ............................................... *L. roboris L. .

2 (1).

,

.

665

a
Hairs on 3rd antennal segment pointed. In apterous forms pronotum and mesonotum black and more shiny than abdomen. Legs bicolored, reddish or yellowish brown, with black color. On bark of 1- to 3-year-old shoots, sometimes on stalks and cups of acorns (Quercus robur, Q.petrea. Q.pubesc e n s). Northwest, West, Center; Western Europe ............. fundatrices). ......... *L. roborts roboris L. (boerneri Pasek Almost all hairs on 3rd antennal segment of apterous forms blunt, only part of them blunt in alate forms. In apterous forms pronotum and roesonotum less dark and less shiny than abdomen. Legs more or less of uniform color, red- or chestnut-brown. " On young and older shoots, also on stalks of acorns (Quercus robur, Q.petrea) and chestnuts (Castanea saliva).

^

b (a).

Center, South, East; Western Europe .......................... ...................*L. roboris longipes Duf. (croaticus Koch), tt Tribe TRAMINI

Trama Heyd. On roots or root collar of Compositae or Ranunculaceae; always occurring together with ants. Life cycle monoecous, sometimes incomplete. About 20 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 9 species. 6 species. 9.

1 (6).

Principal rhinarium of last antennal segment much shorter than terminal process of segment. 3rd antennal segment of alate forms with 25-50 secondary rhinaria. Cornicles present, forming

pores on slightly-protruding cones. (Subgenus Protrama 2 (3).

Baker). Hind tarsus 0.72-0.9 of length of hind tibia. Hind tibia 5.1-6.4 longer than 4th antennal segment. On Compositae (Arctium, Cirsium, Carduus, Centaurea, Cichorium. Cynara, Hieracium). Everywhere; Western Europe ......... .............................................. T. radicis Kalt. Hind tarsus 0.5-0.7 of length of hind tibia. Hind tibia 6.7-8.2 longer than 4th antennal segment. Hind tibia 2.7-3.3 times longer than 3rd antennal segment. On Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus repens). North, Northwest, Center; Western Europe .................... T. ranunculi Guerc. Hind tibia 2.2-2.6 times longer than 3rd antennal segment. On Compositae (Artemisia, Centaurea, Chrysanthemum, Lactuca). South; Western Europe ......... T. flavescens Koch. Principal rhinarium on last antennal segment longer than terminal process of segment; 3rd antennal segment of alate forms with 0-5 secondary rhinaria. Cornicles (if present) on markedly protruding cones. Cornicles in form of pores. On Compositae (Lactuca sativa, Sonchus asper, Cichorium endiva, Picris echioides). South; Western Europe. (Subgenus Neotram a Bak.) ..................................... T. caudata maritiroa East. Cornicles absent at least in apterous forms. (Subgenus Trama Heyd., s.str.). times

526

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (1).

7 (8).

.-

8 (7).

666

,1

MINDARIDAE, ANOECIIDAE

9 (10).

^ 10 (9).

,.<

Hind tarsus of apterous forms 0.84-0.92 of length of hind tibia, that of alate forms 0.77-0.85 of length of hind tibia. Eyes of apterous forms many-faceted. On Compositae (Taraxacum officinale and possibly Sonchus, Helianthus, Cichorium and Centaurea). Center, South, West Siberia; Western Europe, North America ........................ T. rara Mordv. Hind tarsus of apterous forms 0.65-0.82 of length of hind tibia, that of alate forms 0.60-0.73 of length of hind tibia. Eyes of apterous forms 3-faceted. On Compositae (Achillea, Artemisia, Sonchus, Cichorium and many other genera). South, West Siberia, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Japan, North America ............. T. troglodytes Heyd. 5.

V

4,5; 229,4).

Only 1 genus. Key to Species of Family Mindaridae

1. Mindarus Koch. Aphids greenish, covered with white pubescence. Three species in the genus, one of them in Japan. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 2 species. 1 (2).

Alate forms small, 1-1.5. 3rd antennal segment with 7-12, rarely 13 secondary rhinaria. Abdomen of nulliparae containing 2-8 embryos. In parks ofPicea alba; sometimes in small numbers on neighboring trees of other species of spruce (P. ex c e 1 s a, P. nigra). Needles not deformed. Northwest, Caucasus; Western Europe, Asia Minor .................. M. obliquus Chol. Alate forms large, 1.5-2.7. 3rd antennal segment with 12-19 secondary rhinaria, rarely only 11. Abdomen of nulliparae containing 18-40 embryos- On Abies pectinata, A. nord" manniana, A.sibirica, A.balsamea. Needles twisted in heavy infestations. Sometimes injurious. Everywhere, Caucasus, Siberia, Maritime Territory. Western Europe, Southwest Asia and Asia Minor, Japan, North America *M. abietinus Koch. -

-=’

Family MINDARIDAE

Principal rhinaria with hairs; both rhinaria on 6th antennal segment of nymphs (in alate forms only one rhinarium) surrounded by 4 accessory rhinaria; terminal process of 6th antennal segment much shorter than base of segment; ptero stigma of fore wings reaching apex of wing; RS branches from beginning of pterostigma; apterous forms (fundatrices) and alate forms (sexuparae) with 6 complete or incomplete longitudinal rows of groups of glands; cornicles forming small indistinct pores; cauda short, triangular-fingerlike; anal plate rounded. On conifers (Figures 225,

2 (1).

.......

6.

Family ANOECIIDAE

Antennae 5- or 6-segmented; terminal process of antennae short; last segment of proboscis with differentiated tip; prothorax and all or nearly all abdominal terga with broad flat marginal tubercles. Cornicles forming low truncate cones, covered with hairs; cauda broadly rounded

HOMOPTERA

2 genera in the family, one of them consisting of 5 species, distributed in Southeast Asia. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 genus.

(Figures 225, 7; 230, 3).

Key to Species of Family Anoeciidae 1. Anoecia Koch. Migrating from Cornaceae to roots of Gramineae, or living only on roots of Gramineae with complete or incomplete life cycle. About 16 species in the genus. 6 species are known from the U.S.S.R., particularly from the European U.S.S.R,. However, more species probably occur in the U.S-S.R. 527

1 (6).

2 (5).

3 (4).

On Cornaceae. On tips of shoots, parts of flowers, lower side and petioles of leaves. (Subgenus Anoecia Koch, s.str.). (Description based on alate forms). Abdomen grayish or brownish ash-colored, with large discoidal dark spot on dorsum. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment longer than diameter of segment, more than 10 in number. 5th antennal segment with 2-4 secondary rhinaria. Dark spot distinct, persisting in preparations. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment less than 1.5 times as long as diameter of segment, 10-12 in number. On Thelycrania sanguine a; Th. alba. Thelycrania spp-). Everywhere. Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe. (See also bracket 9) *A. corni F. Dark spot indistinct, not persisting in preparations. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment 1.5-2 times as long as diameter of segment. at least "20 in number. On Cornus mas. Life cycle not known. Ciscaucasia.............................. A. corni-maris Bozh. Abdomen yellowish green, without spot. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment not longer than diameter of segment, 7 or 8 in number. 5th antennal segment without or with one very small secondary rhinarium. On Thelycrania sanguinea, Thelycrania spp. Everywhere; Western Europe, North Africa. (See also bracket 10)............. *A. vagans Koch (part. A. cor nip. auct.). On Gramineae or sedges. On roots. (Described from apterous

^ (^

,

^ ^

........

4 (3).

5 (2).

6 (I).

forms). 7 (12). Eyes with more than 30 facets; 3-faceted tubercle smaller than many-faceted part of eyes. 5 or 6 accessory rhinaria near principal rhinarium on last antennal segment. Migrating from Thelycrania. (Subgenus Anoecia Koch, s.str.). 8 (11). Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-VII. 9 (10). Spatulate hairs present only on abdominal terga V-VII, VI-VII. Aphids yellowish brown, with olive-green tinge. On Gramineae (Dactylis, Agrostis, Holcus, etc.). (See bracket 3)........ 10 (9).

11 (8).

.................................................. A. corni P. Spatulate hairs present on whole dorsum of body, Aphids buffyellow. On wheat, barley (Hordeum sativum, H.murinum), Agropyron repens, Eragrostis and other Gramineae. (See bracket 5) ............................... *A. vagans Koch. Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-IV and VII. On wheat, Poa, Phleum, Festuca and other Gramineae. A, nemoralis C.B. Southwest; Western Europe .................

^

PHLOEOMYZIDAE, THELAXIDAE

).

12 (7).

-?

,

Eyes consisting

of 3-28 facets; 3-faceted tubercle larger than many-faceted part of eye. No more than 4 accessory rhinaria near principal rhinarium on last antennal segment. With complete life cycle on roots of grasses. (Subgenus Neanoecia C.B.). 13 (14). 3rd antennal segment shorter than segments 5+6. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1/4 to 1/3 of length of base of segment. Secondary rhinaria absent. On Gramineae (Festuca, Agrostis, B rac hypo diun-i, etc.). Northwest, West, Center, South; Western Europe ...................... A. zirnitsi Mordv.

14 (13). 3rd antennal segment longer than segments 5+6. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1/9 to 1/5 of length of base of segment. At least isolated secondary rhinaria present. On sedges (Carex hirta, Eriophorum). Northwest, Center; Western Europe ............................ A. pskovica Mordv. 7.

Family

PHLOEOMYZIDAE

Head of apterous forms and larvae not separated from prothorax; eyes 3-faceted, Antennae of apterous forms 5- or 6-segmented, those of alate forms 6-segmented, without secondary rhinaria, with short terminal process; abdominal tergum VII with 2 large groups of glands; abdominal terga VI and VII with rounded marginal processes; cornicles pore-shaped; cauda broadly rounded. Normal females and males alate (Figure 230, 6,7). Only 1 genus.

r;

Key to Species of Family Phloeomyzidae 1. Phloeomyzus Pass. Covered with white on bark of Populus. Only 2 species.

1 (2).

pubescence.

Monoecous

On Populus alba, P. suaveolens, P. canadensis, etc., in cracks in the bark. Sometimes injurious. North at least to Arkhangelsk, Northwest, South, Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Southwest Asia and Asia Minor, China, North Arnerica

....................

*Ph. passerinii Sign. On Populus nigra, P. pyramidal! s, in cancroid galls produced by mites. Life cycle and harm caused little known. South; Western Europe ..................... Ph. redelei H.R.L. ..........................................

2(1).

528

8.

Family

THELAXIDAE

Body flattened; head of apterous forms and larvae not separated from prothorax; eyes 3-faceted; antennae of apterous forms and larvae 3- to 5-segmented, those of alate forms 5-segmented; secondary rhinaria on antennae of alate forms rounded or ringlike; cornicles in form of pores; cauda flask-shaped or broadly rounded; anal plate rounded or bilobed. All native species monoecous, with complete or incomplete life cycle, monophagous on Fagales (Figures 225, 8; 230, 2,5; 242). More than 30 genera in the family, more than 70 species; mainly distributed in Southeast Asia. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 genera, 8 species. 5 genera, 6 species.

669

Key to Genera 1 (4).

Anal plate complete, rounded. Secondary rhinaria on antennae of alate forms round or broadly oval (as in Figure 236, 12), not numerous. Apterous forms with well-developed legs and antennae. active. (Subfamily Thelaxinae). 2 (3). Cauda without constriction, broadly rounded. All hairs more or less similar, needle-

shaped.

Marginal tubercles

absent.

Tarsi without spin-

ules............ I. Glyphina. 3 (2).

Cauda with constriction,

flask-shaped. Hairs of two types: 1) thick, needlelike; 2) slender, setalike. Marginal FIGURE 242. Aphidinea. Family Thelaxidae papilliform tubercles present Tetraphis beiulinus. Galis on birch on all thoracic terga and ableaves (af r Mordviiko) dominal terga I-VII. Tarsi with spinules ... 2. Thelaxes. 4 (1). Anal plate bilobed (as in Figure 231, 4). Secondary rhinaria on antennae of alate forms ringlike (as in Figure 236, 1), numerous. Apterous forms with little-developed legs and antennae concealed beneath body, little active, resembling scale insects (Figure 225, 8). (Subfamily Hormaphidinae). 5 (6). Frons of apterous forms and larvae with 2 pointed processes. Antennae of apterous forms 5-segmented; tarsi normal, with claws. M of fore wings of alate forms branched once. On Orchidaceae and palms. (Tribe Oregmini) ........ 3. Cerataphis. Frons of apterous forms and larvae without processes. Antennae 6 (5). of apterous forms 3~ or 4-segmented, sometimes rudimentary, indistinct; tarsi rudimentary, without claws. M of fore wings of alate forms simple. On birches (Tribe Hormaphidini). 7 (8). Hind wings with 2 oblique veins separately branching from longitudinal vein. Antennae of Ist-instar larvae 4-segmented, those of nymphs 5-segmented. Two white flakes of waxy filaments on sides of body of apterous forms in posterior part. Aphids forming convex swellings of various size on leaves (Figure 242)........ ................................................. 4. Tetraphis. 8 (7). Hind wing with one oblique vein; if there are 2 oblique veins, they branch from the longitudinal vein, forming a common stalk. Antennae of Ist-instar larvae and nymphs 3-segmented. Body of apterous forms surrounded by a border of waxy filaments. Leaves not deformed......................... 5. Hormaphidula. .

Keys to Species of Family Thelaxidae Glyphina Koch. Small, oval- Forming colonies at tip of shoots and onthe lower side of leaves. Monoecous. 4-7 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 2 species. 1.

,

CALLAPHIDIDAE

1 (2).

-T

2 (1).

529

Cuticle with a few large tubercles 1/6 to 1/4 as wide as tergum. Aphids green, with brown or black pattern, sometimes without pattern, sometimes also with 4 white dots. On birch (Betula

alba, B. verrucosa). Sometimes injurious. Everywhere, West Kazakhstan, West Siberia. Maritime Territory; Soviet Central Asia, Western Europe ................. *G. betulae Kalt. Cuticle coarsely rugose, with a few small tubercles 1/12-1/8 as wide as tergum. Aphids brown or green with pinkish tone, with a whitish longitudinal stripe and 4 indistinct spots. On Ainus glutinosa, A.incana. Sometimes injurious. Everywhere, Transcaucasia; Western Europe ........................ ........................... *G. schrankiana C.B. (aini Schrk.).

2. Thelaxes Westw. Only 6 species, distributed in the Mediterranean Region. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

3.

1 (1).

Aphids oval, 2.0/ greenish, yellowish, pinkish or brownish, with 2 broad longitudinal brown stripes consisting of small transverse stripes which are partly fused; young specimens lighter, with dark green stripes. Thinly covered with white powder. On young shoots, on petioles and lower side of young leaves, on stalks and cups of acorns ofQuercus robur, Q.petrea, Q.pubescens. Often injurious to young plantations. Everywhere, West Kazakhstan, Caucasus; Western Europe .......... *Th. dryophila Schrk.

Cerataphis Licht.

4 species in the

genus.

1 species.

Aphids having the form of brown disks with a light margin. On Orchidaceae and Palms. Only in closed buildings. Imported from abroad into Leningrad, Moscow and many other towns of C. orchidearum Westw. Western Europe and North America ......

4. Tetraphis Horv. 1 species. 1 (1).

5.

(Ham am eli ste s auct., nee Shim.).

Only

Aphids brown, with white waxy pubescence on sides of abdomen posteriorly. Living beneath yellowish or reddish swellings on leaves of Betula alba, B. verrucosa, B.alpestrisSporadically distributed. North, Northwest, West, Center, East Siberia; Western Europe ................. T. betulina Horv.

Hormaphidula C.B. (Horm aphi s auct., nee Ost.-Sack).

Only

1 species. 1 (1).

Greenish or yellowish, with light border. On lower side of leaves of Betula alba, B. verrucosa. Distribution sporadic. North,

Northwest, West, Center, Kazakhstan, East Siberia; Western Europe ..................................... H. betulae Mordv. 9.

Family CALLAPHIDIDAE (Subfamily Phyllaphidinae of Russian authors)

Principal rhinariurn of 6th antennal segment usually with hairs; tarsi and tibiae of all legs, often also cauda, anal plate and antennae usually with minute spinules between setae; hairs ventral to claws spatulate, rarely

setalike; cornicles short, stump-shaped, rarely cylindrical, sometimes in form of pores, rarely long; cauda flask-shaped, rarely broadly rounded or triangular; anal plate notched, rarely rounded. Monoecous. Monophagous or narrowly oliphagous on deciduous trees and shrubs or on Monocotyledones or Papilionaceae (Figures 225, 9; 229,7; 231, 4,6,8; 243,244). More than 50 genera, more than 100 species in the family. In the whole U.S.S.R. 33 genera, more than 60 species. 28 genera, 54 species.

^

Key to Genera 1 (48). Eyes with distinct 3-faceted tubercle in posterior part (Figure 243, 1); if the tubercle is indistinct (in Stegophylla) dorsum of body with groups of glands with double margin (Figure 243, 4). Fore femora not thicker than middle and hind femora. Some species are able to make small leaps. On various trees and Papilionaceae. (Tribe Callaphidini). 2 (47). All coxae more or less similar (Figure 243, 5). On trees or shrubs. 3 (46). Cornicles short; if cornicles longer than thick at the base, not more than 2.5 times longer, stump-shaped (Figures 225, 9; 231,6; 243, 7), rarely cylindrical or pore-shaped. 4 (45). If the terminal process of 6th antennal segment is longer than base of segment, not more than 3 times longer. If cornicles are poreshaped, groups of glands present (Figure 243, 4),

FIGURE 243. Aphidine; and

original)

Icompound eye with 3-faceted tubercle; 2same without tubercle; 3Euceraphis punctipennis, group of glands; 4Phyllaphis fagi. same (with cornicle on th& left); 5Calaphis, ventral; 6Thecioaphis, same; 7,8 Tinocallis platani: 7abdomen (arrow indicating processes on abdominal ferga I and II); 83rd antennal tuberculaia, same. segment; 9Callipterinella

^

i

CALLAPHIDIDAE

5

(43). No rectangular T-shaped processes on frons between

6 (44). T

(8).

530

7

<(-

8 (7).

antennae,

Cuticle without deep pits. Sides of body without posteriorly-curved processes. No fingerlike processes on frons between antennae which are longer than thick, but sometimes there are tubercles which are wider than high. Cuticle smooth, sometimes slightly rugose. Cauda broadly rounded, without constriction. Anal plate broadly rounded, without notch. On bark of birch shoots

.................

9 (16).

10 (13).

11 (12). »

12 (11).

.............................................. 1. Symydobius. Cauda flask-shaped or triangular (Figure 231, 4); if cauda more or less rounded, anal plate with deep notch (Figure 231, 4). Dorsum of body and sometimes dorsal side of head and thorax with groups of glands which secrete a delicate white waxy pubescence covering the body of live aphids. No processes in middle of abdominal terga, Glands with single contour (Figure 243, 3), in form of light dots. Cornicles stump-shaped (as in Figures 225,9; 231,6; 243,7). On Betulaceae. Abdominal tergum VIII with 16-18 hairs and without groups of glands. Hair on 3rd antennal segment 1.5-2 times as long as diameter of segment. Frons almost without groove .............. ............................................... 2. Betacallis. Abdominal tergum VIII with 8 hairs and 6 groups of glands. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment shorter than diameter of segment. Frons with deep groove 3. Euceraphis. Glands with double contour, forming light rings (Figure 243, 4). Cornicles pore-shaped (Figure 243, 4). On Fagaceae. Anal plate with deep notch (as in Figure 231, 4). On beech ........ ..............................

13 (10).

14 (15).

...............................................

15 (14).

16 (9).

4. phyllaphis.

Anal plate rounded, without notch. On oak 5. Stegophylla. Dorsum of body without groups of glands. Aphids not covered with pubescence. If rudimentary groups of glands present, they do not secrete pubescence (Tinocallis platani Kalt.); if there is pubescence, it is not secreted by glands (Tub e r culatus Mordv.); in both cases mentioned above first two abdominal terga or abdominal tergum II with processes in the middle (Figures 225,9; ........

243,7). 17 (24). Paired or single median processes present on abdominal tergum II or also on I and III, sometimes also on thorax; these processes are dark. well marked, or light and indistinct in dorsal view (Figures 225, 9; 243,7). 18 (23). Median processes paired, fingerlike (Figures 225, 9; 243, 7) or one bifid process present. Only alate adults. 531 19 (20). Secondary rhinaria on 3rd antennal segment narrowly transverse (Figure 243, 8). Dorsum of abdomen with dark sclerotized spots or stripes in addition to marginal spots (Figure 243, 7). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment shorter than base of segment. On elms ........................................ 6. Tinocallis. 20 (19). Secondary rhinaria on 3rd antennal segment round or broadly oval (Figure 243, 9), Dorsum of abdomen without dark spots in addition to marginal spots. Terminal process of 6th antennal segmentnotshorterthanbaseof segment. On oaks.

c

HOMOPTERA

21 (22). Abdominal terga I-III with a pair of light median fingerlike processes. Secondary rhinaria only in basal half of 3rd antennal segment. Aphids not covered with powder .............. ............................................ 7. Tuberculoides. 22 (21). Abdominal tergum II with a dark single bifid process. Secondary rhinaria along the whole 3rd antennal segment. Aphids covered with white powder or pubescence 8. Tuberculatus. 23 (18). Median process single, in form of a low rounded tubercle, present on terga I, II and sometimes also on III. Pronotum and abdominal terga I-VII with 1-4 small marginal tubercles. Adults apterous (see bracket 32) or alate. On alder.............. .............................................. 12. Pterocallis. 24 (17). Dorsum of body without median processes, sometimes with small marginal processes, particularly on abdominal tergum IV. 25 (26). Hairs on body long; marginal hairs 10-12 times longer than diameter of 3rd antennal segment. Sclerites in form of faintly or intensely colored spots grouped in five places, on sides in middle of body, around cornicles and at end of abdomen. Aphids red. On oak ............................. 11. Hoplochaetaphis. 26 (25). Hair son body not more than 5 times longer than diameter of 3rd antennal segment. If sclerites present, they are differently distributed. Aphids yellowish, greenish or whitish. 27 (38). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment shorter than base of segment. 28 (29). All abdominal terga with broad sclerotized dark transverse stripes partly interrupted on terga I, II and VIII; in addition, marginal spots on abdominal terga I-VII. Cornicles with 3 or 4 hairs. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment more than 3 times longer than diameter of segment. On walnut............. 10. Callaphis. 29 (28). Abdominal terga without sclerotized dark stripes but sometimes with spots. Cornicles without hairs; if cornicles with 1-3 hairs, those on 3rd antennal segment less than half as long as diameter of segment. 30 (31). Cauda without constriction, broadly triangular in apterous forms, rounded in alate forms. Cuticle smooth, without spinules. On birch........................................... 9. Betulaphis. 31 (30). Cauda with constriction, flask-shaped. Cuticle with spinules on tarsi, end of tibiae, sometimes also on cauda, anal plate and some other places. 32 (33). Hairs on third antennal segment twice as long as diameter of segment. Marginal hairs with minute denticles, 4-5 times longer than diameter of 3rd antennal segment. Pronotum and abdominal terga VI-VII with 1-4 small marginal tubercles. Adults alate (see bracket 23) or apterous. On alder .......... 12. Pterocallis. 33 (32). Hairs on 3rd antennal segment less than half as long as diameter of segment. Marginal hairs without denticles, not more than twice as long as diameter of 3rd antennal segment or shorter, Marginal tubercles absent. Only alate adults. On other plants. 34 (37). Median ocellus ventral to median frontal tubercle. Cornicles

^

...,.,..,..-...

stump-shaped, wider than long.

»

^

4

CALLAPHIDIDAE

35 (36), Distal part of veins of wings with dark borders. Sides of head and thorax black- Dorsum of cauda with tubercle. On linden ..... ............................................

13. Eucallipterus.

36 (35). Veins of wings without dark border. Head and thorax completely light. Cauda without tubercle. On walnut....... 14. Chromaphis. 37 (34). Median ocellus situated on median tubercle of frons. Cornicles cylindrical, twice as long as thick. On oak ..................... 15. Myzocallis (subgenus Hoplocallis). 38 (27). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment longer than base of ......................

segment.. 39 (42). Marginal and median tubercles absent, sometimes only single marginal tubercles present. Spinules present on tarsi and end of tibiae, absent on cornicles. Hairs on dorsum of body capitate. 40 (41). Frons straight .or convex. RS of fore wings more or less uniformly marked throughout. Only alate adults. Not on birch ........... .............................................. 15. Myzocallis. 41 (40). Frons with groove; a small tubercle present at base of groove. If RS of fore wings present, it is very faintly marked and onlyin its distal part. Adults alate or apterous. On birch............ ................................................ n. Calaphis. 42 (39). One or two marginal tubercles present on prothorax and abdominal terga I-VII; median tubercles present on frons. Blunt rounded spinules on cornicles, absent on tarsi and tibiae. Hairs setalike. or needlelike, rarely slightly capitate. Adults alate or apterous, On birch.................................. 16. Callipterinella. 43 (5). A pair of rectangular T-shaped processes (due to two dilated hairs projecting dorsolaterally) present on frons between antennae (Figure 244, 1). Cuticle of dorsum with deep round pits. On alder ......................................... 18. Boernerina. 44 (6). Sides of thoracic and abdominal terga with posteriorly curved processes (Figure 244, 2). A pair of fingerlike processes on frons of apterous forms between antennae; processes longer than broad. Cuticle sometimes coarsely rugose. On Papilionaceae (bushes), ................................. 19. Ctenocallis. 45 (4). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment about 10 times longer than base of segment. Cornicles pore-shaped. Groups of glands absent. On birch ............................... 20. Monaphis. 46 (3). Cornicles long, cylindrical, slightly inflated, 6-8 times longer than thick. On maple ....................... 21. Drepano siphon. 47 (2). Fore coxae much enlarged, 2-3 times larger than middle and hind coxae (Figure 243, 6). On papilionaceous herbs and bushes, also on cotton and poppy ....................... 22. Therioapnis. 48 (1). Eyes without 3-faceted tubercle (Figure 243,2) or tubercle ventrally andlaterally, infrontof middle of eye. If groups of glands present, the glands have a single contour. Fore femora and basis of fore tibiae sometimes much thicker than those of middle and hind legs. Many species leap well. Living on monocotyledonous plants, sedge, rarely Juncaceae and Gramineae. (Tribe Saltusaphidini). 49 (50). Eyes with 3-faceted tubercle ventrally in the middle of eye. Dorsum of body with 6 longitudinal rows of large cylindrical

tubercles with apical group of glands and with smaller tubercles without group of glands between them. Fore femora very much enlarged, longer than hind femora and twice as thick. Clypeus inflated and separated from frons by a deep groove, (Subtribe

Macropodaphidina)..........................23. Macropodaphis. 50 (49). Eyes without 3-faceted tubercle. Dorsum of body without 533 51 (54).

cylindrical tubercles with glands. Fore femora shorter than hind femora; if fore femora thicker than hind femora, then less than 1.5 times thicker. Clypeus not inflated and not separated from frons. (Subtribe Saltusaphidina). Body oval, inflated. Cornicles at border between abdominal

.

terga V and VI. Saltatorial. 52 (53). Body of adult apterous forms with pattern consisting of large stripes which are often interrupted; pattern as follows: 2 longitudinal stripes crossing head, thorax and first 2 abdominal terga, a transverse stripe between cornicles and covering them, and a stripe at end of abdomen. Ist-instar larvae without premarginal hairs, with a pair of marginal hairs on each thoracic tergum. On sedge (Carex) and Gramineae (Cynodon). 24. Iziphya. 53 (52). Body with different, much leas distinct pattern. Ist-instar larvae with premarginal hairs and 2 pairs of marginal hairs on each thoracic tergum. On Juncus ............ 25. Juncobia. 54 (51), Body oblong, more or less flat. Cornicles on abdominal ..

..

tergum VI. 55 (56). Abdominal tergum VIII rounded-triangular.

Cornicles poreshaped. All hairs pointed (as in Figure 244, 3,4); only a few marginal hairs with slightly widened apex. Antennae of live aphids directed more or less parallel anteriad ................... ............................................. 26. Thripsaphis.

FIGURE 244. Aphidinea. Family Callaphididae (after Bomer and Pinter) 1Boernerina depressa. head; 2 Clenocatlis dobrowljanskyi. end of abdomen; 3-6hair: 3seulike, Drepanosiphum; 4spinelike, Myzo-

caltis;

5mushroom-shaped,

Bacillaphis; 6capitate,

676

Therioaphis.

l-

CALLAPHIDIDAE

Abdominal tergum VIII posteriorly with a notch or with 2 tubercles. Cornicles stump-shaped. Hairs of two types: 1) fan-shaped; 2) mushroom-shaped (Figure 244,5 or as in Figure 245,16). Antennae of live aphids converging or directed posteriad at an angle. 57 (58). Abdominal tergum VIII with 2 tubercles posteriorly. Frons straight. Hairs on dorsum of body fan-shaped, standing on dark sclerites ................................ 27, Saltusaphis. 58 (57). Abdominal tergum VIII with a notch posteriorly. Frons projecting anteriad. Hairs on dorsum of body mushroom-shaped, not standing on sclerites ....................... 28. Bacillaphis. 56 (55).

Keys to Species of Family Callaphididae 1. Symydobius Mordv. Antennae long, with short terminal process, with transverse secondary rhinaria and short thin hairs; cornicles short and stump-shaped; groups of glands absent; all abdominal terga with transverse sclerotized stripes. Only 1 species. 1 (1).

Brown, with black transverse stripes. Adults apterous and alate. On bark of shoots of B etui a alba, B.verrucosa, B. subarctic a, B.pendula. Living together with ants. Everywhere, in the North at least to the Khibiny Mountains, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia. Siberia, Maritime Territory; Western Europe, North America ............................... S. oblongus Heyd.

(Clethrobius Mordv.). Antennae long, with process, with transverse secondary rhinaria and with very long hairs; cauda wart-shaped; groups of glands on abdominal terga I-VII.

2.

Betacallis Mats.

short terminal

3 species in the genus.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Brown, shiny, with green cornicles; stripes covered with white powder on abdominal terga I-VII; abdominal terga I-VI with white-powdered spots. Only alate adults. On bark of shoots of Betula alba and alder (Ainus incana, rarely A. glutinosa). Living together with ants. Everywhere, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia, Siberia, Maritime Territory; Western Europe ..... .B. comes Walk. (giganteus Chol., betulae Mordv.).

1 (1).

..........

Euceraphis Walk. Antennae long, with short terminal process, with transverse secondary rhinaria, with short hairs; cauda wart-shaped; cornicles stump-shaped; 6 groups of glands on abdominal terga. 2 species in the genus, one of them in North America. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species. 3.

.

Light green, covered with bluish white waxy pubescence; mesothorax and mesonotum brown; head with 1 or 3 longitudinal brown stripes; transverse brown stripes often present on all or several abdominal terga. Only alate adults. On lower side of apical leaves and ends of young shoots, sometimes on inflorescence of birch (Betula alba, B.verrucosa, B.tortuosa, B. nana, B. pendula). Not living together with ants. Sometimes injurious. Everywhere, in the North at least reaching the Khibiny Mountains, Caucasus, Siberia, Maritime Territory; Western Europe, Japan, North America ................................. *Eu. punctipennis Zett. (nigritarsis Heyd.). ^

_

1 (1).

................

HOMOPTERA /.

4. 1 (1).

534

5.

Phyllaphis Koch.

Only 1 or 2 species.

Pale yellow-green with brown transverse stripes or spots, covered with delicate white or bluish white pubescence. Adults apterous or alate. On lower side of leaves and end of young shoots of Fagus silvatica, F. o rientali s; leaves rolled into longitudinal tubes in heavy infestations. Throughout the range of beech. Northwest, West, South except Southeast, Caucasus; Western Europe, Asia Minor, Japan, North America, New Zealand ...................................... *Ph. fagi L,

Stegophylla Oestl.

1 (1).

genus, 2 of them in In the whole U.S.S.R.

Three species in the

North America and southern 1 species.

Europe (on oak).

Apterous; pale green, covered with long delicate white pubescence. On lower side of leaves of Quercus sp.; leaves usually rolled into transverse tubes and often drying up from the apex. Crimea, Caucasus

...................................

S. mordvilkoi

Aiz.

Tinocallis Mats. On lower side of leaves of elms (Ulmus, Zeikova); sporadically distributed. 6 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 2 species. 6.

1 (2).

2 (1).

7.

Pronotum and mesonotum of alate forms without fingerlike processes. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1/6 to 1/5 as long as base of segment. Hairs of nymphs ending in a short furca, black, standing on white tubercles. Greenish yellow or greenish white (Figure 243,7). On Ulmus laevis, rarely on U. foliacea. Sometimes injurious. Everywhere, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, West Siberia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe. (Subgenus Tinocallis Mats.. s. sir.)........... *T. platani Kalt. Pronotum in alate forms with 2 pairs of light fingerlike processes, mesonotum with one pair of dark processes (Figure 225, 9). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment only slightly shorter than base of segment. Hairs of nymphs capitate, white, standing on black tubercles. On Ulmus foliacea, U.pinnatoramosa, U.scabra, U-suberosa. Sometimes injurious. Center, East and South except Southwest, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia. (Subgenus Tuberocallis Nevs.).......... .............................................#T. saltans Nevs. Tuberculoides Goot.

4 or 5 species in the genus.

In the whole

U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 species. 1 (1).

Aphids pale greenish yellow, sometimes orange-yellow or dark green. Antennae bicolored, whitish with black apex of segments. Only alate adults. On lower side of leaves of oak (Quercus robur, Q.petrea, Q.pubescens, Q. c astaneifolia, Q. pontica, etc.). Sometimes injurious. Everywhere, Caucasus, West Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western *T. annulatus Hart. Europe, Australia ..........................

c

CALLAPHIDIDAE

"

8.

1 (1). fy

Tuberculatus Mordv.

Only 1 species.

Pale or yellowish green, covered with white waxy bloom in form of powder or pubescence giving a light gray or colored appearance. Only alate adults. Living singly on lower side of leaves of oak (Quercus robur, Q.petrea, Q.pubescens, Q.pontica, Q. ibericus and Q. dschorochensis). West, Center, South, Caucasus; Western Europe .................... T. querceus Kalt.

9. Betulaphis Glend. On lower side of leaves of birch. 8 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 3 species. The following forms possibly are not species but are transitional (this should be confirmed).

1 (2). *

Marginal hairs on thoracic terga and abdominal terga I-IV of apterous forms capitate, 0.06-0.08, similar to those on abdominal terga V-VII. Median and premarginal hairs similar to the above (usually in large specimens) or shorter (usually in small specimens). All rhinaria on 3rd antennal segment of alate forms similar, transverse-oval, arranged in a row. On Betula verrucosa, B. alba, B. pendula, B. litwinowii. Northwest, Center, East. Southwest, Transcaucasia, West Siberia; Western Europe B. quadrituberculata Kalt. Marginal hairs on thoracic terga and abdominal terga I-IV of apterous forms rodlike, only partly capitate, 0.01-0.03, 1/6 to half as long as those on abdominal terga V-VII. Median and premarginal hairs on thorax and abdominal terga I-IV always ......................

2 (1).

3 (4).

short. Frons of apterous forms with 6 conical tubercles, 2 ventral and 4 dorsal tubercles, each with one capitate hair. Rhinaria on 3rd antennal segment of alate forms transverse-oval, with constriction at base of segment or divided into 2 round rhinaria arranged in 2 rows. On Betula nana. North (Khibiny Mountains);

Greenland 4 (3).

....................................

Western Europe 535

10.

I (1).

B. pelei H.R.L.

Frons of apterous forms with 4 tubercles, 2 ventral with one hair each and 2 dorsal tubercles with two hairs or rarely one hair. On Betula alba, B. verrucosa. Northwest; Iceland,

Callaphis Walk.

............................

B. Helvetica H-R.L.

Only one species.

Pale yellowish green, with greenish brown thorax. Abdominal terga I-VIII with blackish brown transverse stripes which are faintly marked on terga I, II and VIII; terga I-VII with marginal spots. Veins of wings with brown borders. Only alate adults. On upper side of leaves of walnut (Juglans regia, J.fallax), along the midrib. South, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia; central and southern Europe, Southwest Asia and Asia Minor, North America ................................... C. juglandis Goeze.

11.

1 (1).

Hoplochaetaphis Aiz.

Only 1 species.

Pinkish red, rich red or orange, with blackish brown pattern; pattern of apterous forms consisting of groups of spots on sides of metathorax and abdominal tergum I, around cornicles and at

end of abdomen; pattern of alate forms consisting of interrupted transverse stripes, Aphids sometimes with thin mealy pubescence, resembling excrements of caterpillars. On oak leaves (Quercus roboris, Q.pubescens) rolled by caterpillars of leafrollers, pyralids and moths. South, Caucasus .......................... ................................ H. zachvatkini Aiz. et Moravsk.

^

12. Pterocallis Pass. Apterous or alate. Russian species occur on lower side of leaves of Ainus. 4 species in the genus. 3 species. (Description based on apterous forms).

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

4(1).

13. 1 (1).

Hair distinctly capitate, without spinules. Antennae 0.7-0.8 of length of body. Whitish or greenish yellow, without hairs. Not living together with ants. (Subgenus Pteroc alii s Pass., s.str.)Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 0.2-0,3 oflengthofbase of

segment. Antennae without black rings. White, without spots. On Ainus incana. Western Europe; distribution in the U.S.S.R. not known .............................. P. albida C.B. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 0.5-0.7 of length of base of segment. Antennal segments with black apical rings. Whitish or yellowish green, sometimes with darker spots. On Ainus glutinosa, A. incana. Center, South; Western Europe ........................................... P. aini Deg. Hairs with blunt or slightly thickened apex, with 2 or 3 spinules or denticles, completely covered with spinules. Antennae 0.4-0.6 of length of body, with black rings. Whitish or yellowish green, with broad, diffuse green or brown transverse stripes on pronotum, mesonotum, abdominal terga II-III and VI-VH or VI" VIII. Always living together with ants. On Ainus glutinosa. Everywhere. Transcaucasia; Western Europe. (Subgenus Subcallipterus Mordv.)................... P. maculata Heyd. Eucallipterus Shout.

¥

*

^

"

Only one species.

Yellow, with blackish brown premarginal half-rings or spots on abdominal terga II-V, II-VII. Distal part of veins of fore wings with brown border. End of antennal segments blackish brown. Cornicles and cauda light. Only alate adults. On lower side of leaves of linden (Tilia cordata, T.caucasica, T.ulmifolia). Not living together with ants. Everywhere, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North America

............

................................................ 14. 1 (1),

Chromaphis Walk.

*Eu. ttliae L.

Only one species.

Pale yellowish green, with reddish eyes. On lower side of leaves of walnut (Juglans regia, J. fallax); sporadically distributed. Sometimes injurious. South, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia; central and southern Europe, Southwest Asia, North America ........................................ *Ch. juglandicola Kalt. .....

15. Myzocallis Pass. Only alate adults. Not living together with ants. At least 12 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. 4 species.

680

’

CALLAPHIDIDAE

1 (8).

2 (7).

3 (4).

AH abdominal terga with 4 brown sclerotized spots (plates). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment not more than 1.9 times as long as base of segment, if longer at all. Secondary rhinaria in basal half of 3rd antennal segment. On lower side of leaves of oak or chestnut, rarely on upper side of leaves. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment shorter than base of segment. Median ocellus situated on median frontal tubercle. Only a few hairs on dorsum of body of larvae capitate. Aphids greenish or yellowish white. On Quercus cerris, Q. robur. Turkmenistan; Czechoslovakia. Possibly occurs in the south of

European U.S.S.R.

(Subgenus Hoplocallis pint.)........... M. ruperti Pint. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment longer than base of segment. Median ocellus markedly ventral to median frontal tubercle. All hairs on dorsum of body of larvae capitate. Aphids yellow to orange, (Subgenus Myzocallis, s. sir.). In adults, hairs on median plates pointed or blunt, not capitate. On Quercus robur, Q.petrea, Quercus spp. and on Castanea saliva. Northwest, Center, South, Caucasus; Western Europe, North America ............. M. castanicola Bak. In adults, all or most hairs on median plates (at least on anterior terga) capitate. On Quercus robur, Q.petrea, Q.pubesc e n s, Q. c e r r i s; usually found in nests of caterpillars. Posthe

..............................................

4 (3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

7 (2).

8 (1).

sibly not a separate species, but only a form ofM. castanicola (this should be confirmed). South ............ M. komareki Pasek (subgen. P as ekia Aiz., Tuberculoides petreaeBozh,), Secondary rhinaria along the whole 3rd antennal segment. On lower side of leaves of Myrica gale. Northwest; Western Europe ...................................... M. myricae Kalt. Abdomen without brown sclerotized spots. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment at least twice as long as base of segment. Pale greenish yellow. On lower side of leaves M. coryli Goeze. Terminal segment of proboscis longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsi (1.1-1.4). Pale green-yellow. On hazelnut (Corylus avellana, C. maxima). Everywhere, Caucasus; Western Europe, Asia Minor, North America ..... M. coryli coryli Goeze. Terminal segment of proboscis as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi or shorter (0.8-1). Pale green-yellow; larger specimens more yellow. On hornbeam (Carpinus betulus, C. oriental! s). South, Caucasus; Western Europe ..................... ........................................ C. coryli carpini Koch. .

536

a

(b).

b (a).

.

.

16. Callipterinella Goot (procalaphis Qued.). On lower and upper side of leaves of birch (B etui a alba, B.verrucosa, B.pendula), often in different positions. 2 or 3 species in the genus. 2 species.

1 (2).

Dark sclerotized stripes well marked in apterous forms, present on prothorax, mesothorax and abdominal terga IV-VIII, more or less fused into a contiguous square spot on abdominal terga IV-VI. In fore wings of alate forms, area delimited by RS smaller than area delimited by second bifurcation of M. Yellowish green,

2 (1).

sometimes reddish, with brown pattern. Everywhere, West Kazakhstan, West Siberia, Maritime Territory; Western Europe .................... C. betularia Kalt. (tricolor Koch.). In apterous forms, dark sclerotized stripes present on all thoracic and abdominal terga, not fused, some or all of them faintly marked or absent. In fore wings of alate forms, area delimited by RS larger than area delimited by second bifurcation of M. Grayish yellow or dirty red, with brown stripes. Everywhere, West Kazakhstan. West Siberia, Caucasus; Western Europe ................................... C. tuberculata Heyd. (nee C.B.) (callipterus Hart., annulata Koch).

17. Calaphis Walsh (Kallistaphi s Kirk.). Green or yellowish green, 2.0. Adults alate or apterous. On lower side of leaves of birch (Betula alba, B.verrucosa, Betulaspp,). Only 4 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 or 3 species. 2 species.

1 <2).

2 (1).

Secondary rninaria of 3rd antennal segment in basal half of segment. Cornicles usually light. North at least to the Khibiny Mountains, Northwest, West, Center, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe .............. C. flava Mordv. (basalis Stroy?). Secondary rhinaria of 3rd antennal segment in the middle part. Cornicles usually dark in the middle. Northwest, Southwest; Western Europe ............................. C. betulicola Kalt.

’

/

18. Boernenna Bramst. 3 species in the genus, one in North America and one in Japan. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Aphids markedly flattened, white. On lower side of leaves of Ainus viridis. Carpathians, Alps ....... B. depressa Bram st.

19. Ctenocallis Klodn. 3 species in the genus, one of them in Southwest Asia. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (2).

537

2(1).

Dorsum of body without fingerlike processes, sometimes only with small tubercles. Usually on upper side of apical leaves and on lower side of lower leaves of broom (Cytisus biflorus, C-ruthenicus, C.nigricans, C.pilosus). West, South, East, West Kazakhstan; Western Europe ....................... ...................................... C. dobrowljanskyi Klodn. Dorsum of body with long fingerlike processes. On Sarothamnus scoparius. Western Europe, North America; probably occurs in the U.S.S.R............................ C. setosa Kalt.

20. Monaphis Walk. Cauda obtuse-triangular; anal plate notched; antennae setalike. Only 1 species. 1

(I).

Aphids light or olive-green, with long, almost black antennae. Only alate adults. On lower side (sometimes on upper side) of birch leaves. Northwest, Center, Southwest, southern Maritime Territory; Western Europe .................. M. antennata Kalt.

21. Drepanosiphum Koch. Frons with groove; terminal process of 6th antennal segment 6-11 times longer than base of segment; cauda wartshaped; anal plate with a very shallow notch. On lower side of leaves of

682

,

CALLAPHIDIDAE

maple. About 10 species in the genus. 3 species.

3 (2).

4

(5).

5 (4),

6 (1).

3rd antennal segment with 20-25 rhinaria; if number of rhinaria less, abdomen yellow, with brown stripes. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 6-7 times longer than base of segment. Abdomen greenish, often with several dark green transverse stripes. On Acer platanoides, A.pseudoplatanus, rarely on A.campestre, A.regelei, A.turkestanica, A. trautvetteri. Sometimes injurious. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Asia Minor, North America .............. *D. platanoidis Schrk. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 7-5-12 times longer than base of segment. Abdomen light yellow, with 2 brown transverse stripes between cornicles. Cornicles whitish-transparent. Wings without spots. On Acer trautvetteri. Transcaucasia and most probably in Northern Caucasus ............................... D. caucasicum Dzhibl. Cornicles dark. Fore wings with apical spot. On Acer cam pestre, A.tataricum, rarely A. platanoi de s. Northwest, Center, South, Transcaucasia; Western Europe ................. ........................................... D. acerinum Walk. 3rd antennal segment with about 13 rhinaria. Abdomen green, without stripes and spots. On Acer steveni. Crimea ........ .............................................. D. steveni Bozh. -

1 (6). 2 (3).

In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

22. Therioaphis Walk. Hair capitate, standing on tubercles (Figure 244, 6); antennae about as long as body; terminal process of 6th antennal segment about as long as base of segment; cauda flask-shaped; anal plate with deep notch. Yellow, sometimes pale greenish yellow. Mainly feeding on lower side of leaves. 10-12 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 6 species. 1 (4). 2 (3).

Hair-bearing processes arranged on most thoracic and abdominal terga in 6 more or less regular longitudinal rows. Processes conical, in both alate and apterous forms dark, standing on sclerotized plates; plates completely brown or only with brown ringlike margin (as in Figure 244, 6), sometimes fused. Secondary rhinaria of 3rd antennal segment closer to base of segment than to the apex. On alfalfa (Medicago saliva, M.falcata), clover (Trifolium arvense, T.repens, T.hybridum, T.pratense), sometimes migrating to cotton and poppy. In some places injurious to alfalfa.

3 (2).

Colonies of the subspecies albae Bozh. occur in the South on sweet clover (Me lilotu s albus). Everywhere, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Southwest Asia and Asia Minor, India, North Africa, North America ...... *Th. trifolii Mon. (ononi di s auct., nee Kalt., m aculatum Buckt.). Processes hemispherical, dark in alate forms, light in apterous forms, not standing on plates. Secondary rhinaria of 3rd antennal segment distributed more or less uniformly on the segment. On Trifolium pratense. West, Center, Southwest; Western

Europe ....................................... Th. luteola C.B.

4 (1).

5 (6).

Processes arranged in 4 irregular longitudinal rows, median processes on abdominal terga III, V and VII more widely apart than on the other terga. Processes large, distinctly conical, dark, standing on dark sclerites (Figure 244, 6). Median processes on abdominal tergum III more widely apart than those on tergum VII. Adult parthenogenetic females alate or apterous. On Ononis spinosa, 0. austriaca. Western Europe. Distribution in

the U.S.S.R, not clear, as other species have been recorded under this name ............................. Th. ononidis Kalt. Processes (especially median processes) little developed, almost hemispherical, light or slightly dark, standing on faintly pigmented sclerites. Median processes of abdominal tergum III less widely apart than those of tergum VII. Only alate adult parthenogenetic females. 538 7 (10). Cornicles, processes and sclerites completely pigmented. Median hairs little noticeable, short. On herbs and grasses. 8 (9), Median sclerites of irregular shape, of the same color as processes, some of them larger than the eyes. On Leguminosae (Dorycnium pentaphyllum, D. herbaceum). Transcarpathian Region; Western Europe ........... Th. dorycnii Pint. 9 (8). Median sclerites rounded, darker than processes, all smaller than the eyes. On Leguminosae (Meliotus albus. M.officinalis, M.italicus, M.volgicus, Trigonella foenumgraecum). South; Western Europe ............ Th. riehmi C.B. 10 (7). Cornicles, processes and sclerites light, only some processes partly pigmented. Hairs distinct, long. OnCaragana arborescens. In the South, on Caragana frutex, occurs subsp. frutexBozh. Center, South, East; West Kazakhstan, West Siberia, southern Maritime Territory.......... ............................................... Th.tenera Aiz.

6 (5).

23.

Macropodaphis Rem. et Dav. Very saltatorial, resembling fleas. genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 species.

3 species in the

1 (1).

Oval, markedly inflated. On sedge (Carex duriuscula) (this should be confirmed). Life cycle unknown. In steppes in Siberia. The same species or a closely related species occurs in West Kazakhstan, and probably in the East and Southeast ....... .................................... M. paradoxa Zachv. et Aiz.

24. Iziphya Nevs. Hairs of 2 types: 1) pointed; 2) fan-shaped. Saltatorial. About 10 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species. The genus was named in honor of the Leningrad Institute of Applied Zoology and Phytopathology (IZIF).

1 (1).

Greenish yellow with black color, and with diffuse pattern. Agile, reminiscent of rabbits. Living singly on stalks and leaves of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon)in humid habitats. South, Soviet Central Asia; North America (?) ............................................

I. maculata Nevs.

CALLAPHIDIDAE

25.

1(1).

Juncobia Qued.

Saltatorial.

Only 1 species.

On Juncus gerardi, J.compressus, J.bufonius. South; Western Europe .......................... J. leegei C.B.

26. Thripsaphis Gill. On leaves of Carex. More than 10 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 4 species.

Western Europe. 2

(1).

3 (6).

4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (3).

2(1). 28. 1 (2). 539

2 (1).

..

.

..

.

..

.

..

.

............................................. Th. cyperi Walk. Groups of glands absent (sometimes rudimentary groups of glands

present on sides of body). Without waxy bloom or with thin bloom at end of body. All hairs on body pointed. Anal plate with a very shallow triangular notch. If not light yellowish green,, 3rd antennal segment without hairs. (Subgenus Allaphis Mordv.). Frons more or less quadrangular, almost reaching end of 1st antennal segment. Light yellowish green. On Carex leporina, C. vulpina, C. goodenoughii. South; Western Europe ....... ........................................... Th.leporinae C.B. Frons more or less triangular, not reaching end of 1st antennal segment. 3rd antennal segment without hairs. On many species of sedge. In the North and probably in many other localities; Western Europe .......................... Th. caricicola Mordv. Some marginal hairs with a small apical spatulate dilatation. Anal plate with deep notch. 3rd antennal segment with 5-7 hairs. Orange, with 2 broad longitudinal stripes consisting of brown transverse stripes. On Carex distans. Ciscaucasia. (Subgenus Thripsaphis Gill., s. str.)......... Th. striata Bozh.

27. Saltusaphis Theob. 2 species. 1 (2).

(Subgenus Trichocallis C.B.)

.

Groups of glands present on most terga to tergum VI, groups often fused. Anal plate with deep quadrangular notch. Aphids covered with waxy bloom which forms pubescence and powder. Green, with black spots on sides of body. On Carex vesicaria, C.rostrata, Carexspp. West, Northwest, North; .

1 (2).

Saltatorial.

3-5 species in the genus.

On rush (Sci rpus) and Cyperus longus, C.rigidifolius, Cyperus sp. Green, with dark pattern consisting of longitudinal and transverse stripes; covered with gray powder. South; North Africa .......................................S. scirpus Theob. On sedge (Carex hirta). South; Western Europe ............. ............................................... S. iberica C.B.

Bacillaphis Qued.

10 species in the genus.

4 species.

with transverse-oval pores or rings without spinules. Notch on posterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII deeper than that on anal plate. Pale yellow, without pattern. On

Terga

sedge (Carex gracilis, Carex sp.) and Juncus sp. Crimea; Western Europe ..................... B. pallida H.R.L. Terga without pores or rings or with spinules (best seen in lateral view). Notch on posterior margin of abdominal

3 (4).

4 (3). 5 (6).

tergum VIII smaller than that of anal plate. Pattern consisting of brown longitudinal stripes or spots. 3rd antennal segment about as long as 6th segment. Bluish gray, with 5 longitudinal stripes. On sedge (Carex riparia, C. padulosa). South; Western Europe ......... B. cinerea C.B. 3rd antennal segment about 1.5 times as long as 6th segment. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment about as long as base of segment. Yellow or green, with 2 broad longitudinal stripes. On sedge (Carex riparia, C. acutiform is, C.vulpina) and Scirpus silvaticus. Southwest; Western Europe ............................................. B. ornata Theob. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment not more than 0.8 of the length of base of segment. Yellowish white, with brown spots. On sedge (Carex gracilis). South; Western Europe ......... ............................................... B. picta H.R.L. .......

6 (5),

10.

Family CHAITOPHORIDAE

Frons convex or straight, without antennal tubercles. Antennae 5- or 6-segmented, rarely 4-segmented; terminal process of last antennal segment longer than base of segment; rhinaria without hairs at least in apterous forms. Cauda flask-shaped or broadly rounded. Cornicles stumpshaped or pore-shaped, with reticulate sculpture, spinose or smooth. Body and legs with long hairs; hairs sometimes divided at apex or flat and dilated. Monoecous. Monophagous or oligophagous on Salicales, Aceraceae or Gramineae and some other monocotyledones (Figures 231, 7,9; 245). 12 genera in the family, about 100 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 9genera, at least 40 species. 8 genera, 35 species.

Key to Genera 1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

Antennae of adult parthenogenetic females 6-segmented. Cornicles with reticulate sculpture which is more marked dorsally, longer than broad in the middle, stump-shaped (Figure 231, 7). Hind tibiae of normal females (sometimes also of parthenogenetic females) with round pseudosensoria. On trees and shrubs. (Subfamily Chaitophorinae). Hairs under claws setalike or rodlike (Figure 231, 9). In apterous forms, cuticle of terga thickened; if the cuticle of terga is sclerotized, then completely or in form of a pattern, so that the hairs do not stand on separate sclerites. Pseudosensoria of normal females or of parthenogenetic females (if present) without central pore. Small, 0,8-2.8. On Salicales. (Tribe Chaitophorinii)......................... 1. Chaitophorus. Hair under claws with widened apex (Figure 245, 1). In apterous forms, tergal cuticle not thickened; if sclerotized, then in form of small separate spots which bear hairs. Pseudosensoria of normal females with small central pore. Large, 1.3-5. On

maple.

(Tribe PeriphyUini)

....................

686

2. Periphyllus.

CHAITOPHORIDAE

4 (1).

Antennae of adult parthenogenetic females 5-segmented. Cornicles without reticulate sculpture, shorter than broad in middle. Hind tibiae of normal females with pseudosensoria which form a figure "8". On herbs and grasses. (Subfamily Atheroidinae).

5 (14).

6 (7).

Eyes normal, sessile. Head free; if head partly fused with prothorax, cauda without constriction. Oblong or oval. Cornicles in middle of abdominal tergum VI. Abdominal terga not fused. Cuticle of dorsum of body with scattered spinules. 3. Laingia Body oblong. Not living together with ants ...........

llus a ceris. 2nd segment of hind tarsus; 2-5Rungsia maydis: 2apteroi form; 3cornicle of same; 4cauda; 5part of cuticle; 6,7Sipha glyceriae; 6cau< ofculicle; 8Chaitophorus capreae, head of apterous form: 9Ch. albus, hair; Periphy llus minutus: 10cauda; 116th antennal segment; 12P. obscurus,

1Periphy 7pan 10.11

7 (6).

Cornicles in the middle of abdominal tergum V or on the border with abdominal terga IV or VI. Abdominal terga II-V or II-VI fused. Cuticle on dorsum of body smooth, rugose or spinose. 8 (13). Cauda without constriction, rounded, twice as broad at the base as long (Figure 245, 4,15). Cuticle of dorsum of body smooth or slightly rugose; if spinules are present on the dorsal cuticle, only in some places, or spinules very minute and arranged in rows (Figure 245,5). 9 (12). Last segment of proboscis shorter than 2nd tarsal segment, also shorter than 3rd antennal segment, blunt; if last segment of proboscis pointed, hairs on body pointed (Figure 245, 15). 540 10 (11). Antennae 1/6 to 1/4 of length of body, shorter or only slightly longer than head and prothorax. Body oblong, 3-4.5 times longer than its greatest breadth. Cornicles pore-shaped

................

............;.......................,.....,.... 4. Atheroides.

11 (10).

12 (9).

13 (8).

541 14 (5).

Body 1.8-3.4 times longer than antennae; antennae much longer than head and prothorax. Body elliptical ovoid, 1.5-2.4 times longer than greatest breadth (Figure 245, 2), Cornicles stumpshaped (Figure 245, 3)............................. 5. Rungsia. Last segment of proboscis longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsus and also longer than 3rd antennal segment, stilet-shaped. Hairs on dorsum of body (in specimens in the U.S.S.R.) fan-shaped (Figure 245, 16). ............................. 6. ChaitosipheUa. Cauda with constriction in middle, more or less flask-shaped. less than 1.5 times as broad at the base as long (Figure 245, 6). Cuticle on dorsum of body covered throughout with stout, irregularly arranged spinules (Figure 245, 7)................. 7. Sipha. Eyes stalked. Head completely fused with prothorax. Cauda with constriction in the middle, more or less flask-shaped. Body broadly pear-shaped, flattened 8. Caricosipha. ..................

Keys to Species of Family Chaitophoridae Subfamily CHAITOPHORINAE Tribe

CHAITOPHORINI

1.

Chaitophorus Koch. Cauda flask-shaped, sometimes broadly rounded. On shoots and leaves of Salicales. More than 50 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 15 species. 13 species. (Description based mainly on apterous forms)^ 1 (12). On Populus niger, P. pyramidal! s, P.tremula, P. alba and P. canescens. 2 (9). Abdominal tergum I fused with tergum II (no space between the terga); if abdominal tergum I is not fused with II, then hind tibia of parthenogenetic females with pseudosensoria. Dorsum black or almost black, with small pale spots. 3 (6). Hind tibiae of parthenogenetic females with pseudosensoria. Dorsum of body with light spots. Colonies on shoots, also passing to leaves.

CHAITOPHORIDAE

4 (5).

Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1-1.3 times as long as base of segment. Hairs on dorsum of body pointed. Dark brown, with a light stripe in the midline which widens into a spot on abdominal terga II-III. Cornicles greenish white. On Populus niger and P. pyram i dali s. Everywhere, West Kazakhstan;

Western Europe ......................... *Ch. nassonowi Mordv. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1.8-2.5 times longer than base of segment. Hairs on dorsum of body (at least some hairs) blunt or bifid (as in Figure 245, 8). Dirty-green, dorsally brownish black, with pale areas on sides of thorax, base of abdomen and sides of abdomen. Cornicles black, with light apical margin. On Populus tremula, P. alba, P. bachobenii. Everywhere, West Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Southwest Asia and Asia Minor .............. *Ch. populeti Panz. (populi auct., nee L.). 6 (3). Hind tibia of parthenogenetic females without pseudosensoria. Dorsum of body without light spot. On lower side of leaves, passing to shoots only in heavy infestations. 7 (8). Hairs on 3rd antennal segment longer than diameter of segment. Last segment of proboscis shorter than 2nd segment of hind tarsi. with 4-6 supplementary hairs. 1st tarsal segment with 7 setae. Black, sometimes with light longitudinal stripe. On Populus tremula. North at least to the Khibiny Mountains, Northwest, Center, South, East, Transcaucasia, West Kazakhstan, West Siberia; Western Europe Ch, tremulae Koch. 8 (7). Hairs on 3rd antennal segment shorter than diameter of segment. Last segment of proboscis not shorter than 2nd segment of hind tarsi, with 6-8 supplementary hairs. 1st tarsal segment with 5 setae. Completely black. On Populus alba. Southwest; Poland ................................. Ch. longisetosus Szel. 9 (2). Abdominal tergum I free; a space present between abdominal terga I and II. Hind tibia of parthenogenetic females without pseudosensoria. Whitish or green, sometimes with indistinct pattern. 10 (11). Hair on dorsum of body pointed. Light green; from spring onward of uniform color; later with green transverse stripes on thorax and abdominal tergum I and semicircles near cornicles; this pattern is sometimes marked to a varying extent with black transverse lines which form 2 longitudinal stripes. On Populus nigra, P. pyram i dali s, P.serotina, on shoots, leafpetioles and lower side of leaves. Everywhere, West Kazakhstan, West Siberia, Transcaucasia. Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Asia Minor and Central Asia ............... Ch. leucomelas Koch. 11 (10). Hairs on dorsum of body (at least some hairs) with divided apex, with denticles or bifid (Figure 245, 8,9). Whitish or pale green, usually with minute green spots arranged as follows: one in the middle, 2 posteriorly. On Populus alba, P.canescens, rarely on P. tremula; on lower side of leaves. Everywhere, West Kazakhstan. West Siberia, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Southwest Asia .... Ch. albus Mordv. (Populialbae B. d. F. part, tremulinus Mam.). 5 (4).

.

....................

12 (1). On Salix. 13 {14). No abdominal terga fused. Whitish, with diffuse velvety black spots. On Salix caprea, S.cinerea and lignified shoots. Southwest; Western Europe .................. Ch. ramicola C.B. 542 14(13). Abdominal terga I-VII or II-VI fused. Color different. 15 (24). All hair’s pointed or some of them blunt. Black, green, brown; if whitish, then with green or brown stripes. 16 (19). Spinules (tubercles) on dorsum of body thick, scattered, in short rows or fused into angular scales, only rarely forming cells. 1st tarsal segment always with 7 setae. Green, brown or whitish with green stripes. 17 (18). Last segment of proboscis with at least 5 supplementary hairs. In spring green with light green median stripe. Veins of alate forms with brown border. On Salix alba, S.fragilis, S.viminalis, S. vitel.lina, S, am ygdalina, S.micans, on young shoots, leaf petioles, passing to leaves. Center, East, South; West Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia; Western Europe ........ ............................

18 (17).

Ch. vitellinae Schrk, (latus Mam.).

Last segment of proboscis with 2 supplementary hairs. Yellowish green, with 2 brown or black, narrow longitudinal stripes which converge on thorax and at end of abdomen; sometimes white, with short green stripes. In alate forms veins of wings without border. On Salix amygdalina. S.alba, S.purpurea, S. baby-

Ionic a, S.triandra, S.pentandra. Center, East, South; West Kazakhstan; Western Europe ........ Ch, truncatus Hausm. 19 (16). Spinules (tubercles) on dorsum minute, forming groups or fused into long rows (lines), often forming cells, or a continuous reticular sculpture on the whole body or on its greater part. 1st tarsal segmentwith5,6or7setae. Black or whitish, with brown stripes. 20 (21). Last segment of proboscis longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsi, with 4 or 5 supplementary hairs. 1st tarsal segment with 5 setae. In spring black, in summer whitish, with brown oblong spots, one in middle of thorax, 2 arcuate spots on abdomen. On Salix caprea, S.cinerea, S.aurita, S.viminalis. Center, South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe. Asia Minor.. Ch. salicti Schrk. (c ap re ae Koch, cine re aeMam.). 21 (20). Last segment of proboscis shorter than 2nd segment of hind tarsus, with 2 or 4 supplementary hairs. 1st tarsal segment with 5, 6 or 7 setae. Black. 22 (23). Black, with light longitudinal median stripe. Cornicles yellowish. 1st segment of all tarsi with 7 setae, or 1st segment of fore and middle tarsi with 6 setae. On Salix purpurea, on leaves, passing to shoots. Center, Southwest, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia, Western Europe ..................... Ch. mordvilkoi Mam. 23 (22). Completely velvety black, tubercles brown. 1st segment of all tarsi with 5 setae or 1st segment of all tarsi with 6 setae. On Salix alba, S. fragilis, S. babylonica, S. amygdalina, S.purpurea, S.laurina, in leaves, inflorescences, sometimes passing to shoots. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, West Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia, Maritime Territory; Western Europe ...................................... Ch. niger Mordv. 24 (15). Hairs on dorsum (at least some hairs) with divided apex .

CHAITOPHORIDAE

(Figure 245, 8). Whitish, with or without 5 green spots. 25 (26), Abdominal terga II-VI fused. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 0.9-1.5 times as long as base of segment. 5 green spots, 2 anteriorly, one in the middle and 2 posteriorly. On Salix sp. East; West Kazakhstan ....................................... Ch. shaposhnikovi Mam. (salicivorus Shap.j nee Walk.). 26 (25). Abdominal terga.I-VII fused. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1.5-2 times as long as base of segment. Without spots. On Salix caprea, S. cinerea, S. lapponum, S. aurita. Southwest; Western Europe ................................... Ch. capreae Mosl. (salicivorus Walk., m ar iae Mam.). .

.

.

.

.

.

.

........

Tribe

PERIPHYLLINI

2. Periphyllus Hoev. Cauda broadly rounded, with transitions to flask shape. On leaves and shoots of Aceraceae (Acer, Negundo). Life cycle of some species with larval diapause in summer. More than 20 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 9 species. 7 species. 1 (12).

Cauda without subapical constriction, rounded (Figure 245, 10). Yellow, green; if brown, then with pattern or lighter median

2 (5).

Cauda at base not more than 1.5 times as broad as long. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment of apterous forms 4-6 times as long as base of segment. Long hairs at the base of 6th antennal segment, longer than the base. Larvae without summer diapause. 3rd to 5th antennal segment without brown apical rings. Marginal hairs on abdomen longer than 1st antennal segment. Yellow to brown, with dark margin of abdomen or with lyre-shaped pattern. On lower side of leaves of Acer platanoides, A. campestre, A. tataricum. Everywhere, Transcaucasia; Western Europe P,lyropictus Kessl. 3rd to 5th antennal segments with brown apical rings. Marginal hairs of abdomen not longer than 1st antennal segment. Green, dark green, sometimes with brown color on sides of abdomen. On shoots and leaf petioles of Acer platanoides. Center,

area.

3 (4).

,

.

.

..........................................

4 (3).

South; Western Europe

.......................................

P. viridulus Mam. (coracinus Koch?). Cauda at base more than twice as broad as long (Figure 245, 10). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment of apterae not more than 3 times longer than base of segment. Long hairs at base of 6th antennal segment, shorter than base of segment (Figure 245,11). Larvae sometimes with diapause in summer. 6 (11). 1st tarsal segment of adults with 7 setae. Hairs on dorsum of apterae not standing on sclerites. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 3-16 rhinaria, Diapausing larvae light yellow, with long pointed hairs (Figure 245, 13); forming rounded groups on lower ........................

5 (2).

7

(8).

side of leaves. Cauda with more than 20 hairs. Cornicles with 5-7 transverse rows of cells. On A c e r platanoides, A. velutinum, A. laetum, A. ibericum, A. tr autve tte r i; onlower sideof leaves. Everywhere, Transcaucasia; Western Europe ............. P. aceris L.

8 (7). 9 (10).

10 (9).

11 (6).

Cauda with less than 20 hairs. Cornicles with 1-4 transverse rows of cells. On different species of maple. Cornicles with 3 or 4 rows of cells. Apterous, green, with 2 longitudinal brown stripes. On Acer pseudoplatanuson lower side of leaves. South; Western Europe ................... ............................................ P. acericola Walk. Cornicles with 1 or 2 rows of cells. Apterae brown or greenish yellow, with black longitudinal rhomboidal stripe or with brown transverse stripes. On Acer tataricum, on shoots, petioles and lower side of leaves, on fruit stalks and fruits. Center, South, East; West Kazakhstan ................. P. minutus Shap. 1st tarsal segment of adults with 5 setae. Hairs on dorsum of body of apterae standing on dark sclerites. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 14-32 rhinaria. Diapausing larvae light green, with leaf-shaped hairs (Figure 245, 14); on upper side of leaves (along veins). On many (probably all) species of maple (Acer, Negundo), also on American chestnut (Aesculus); on leaves, petioles, shoots. Northwest, Center, South, Transcaucasia; Western P. villosus Hart. (testudinatus Thorn.). Europe Cauda narrow before apex, more or less flask-shaped (Figure 245, 12). Completely dark brown or blackish green. On Acer campestre, A.platanoideson apex of shoots, on leaf petioles, flowers and fruits. Center, South, TransP. obscurus Mam. (granulatus C.B., nee Koch.). caucasia ..............

12 (1).

-...-.

Subfamily ATHEROIDINAE 3. 1 (1).

4.

Laingia

Theob,

Only one species.

Gramineae (Calam agrostis epigeios, C.arundinaceae, C.villosa, Psamma arenaria, sometimes also on Deschampsia caespitosa, Agropyrum repens, Koeleria gracilis, Triticum vulgar e, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, in leaf sheaths and on cobs. South; Western Europe ................... ........................................... L. psammae Theob.

Green, with yellowish head. On

Atheroides Hal. 4 species.

6 species in the genus.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

4 species.

1 (2).

All hairs on dorsum thin and pointed. Antennae reaching anterior margin of pronotum. Dark brown. On Juncus spp. and Gramineae (Deschampsia caespitosa); on upper side of leaves, Western Europe; distribution in the U.S.S.R. not clear .............................................. A. hirteUus Hal. At least many hairs on dorsum with widened apex, serrated. Antennae not reaching beyond posterior margin of pronotum, Antennae 5-segmented, reaching or almost reaching posterior margin of pronotum. Hairs pointed and narrowly or broadly

...........

2 (1).

3 (6).

4 (5).

fan-shaped. Cuticle light. Abdominal tergum VIII with 14-18 long, mostly pointed hairs on posterior margin and with 18-24 shorter, broadly fan-shaped hairs.

CHA1TOPHORIDAE

Cuticle more or less smooth. On Lasiagrostis splendens, in grooves of leaf blades. Eastern Ciscaucasia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia ........................................... A. karakumi Mordv. (lasiagrostidis Juchn.). Abdominal tergum VIII without hairs, except 14-20 long hairs at the posterior margin. Cuticle rugose. Yellow or reddish yellow. On various Gramineae (P o a, Alapecurus, Agrostis, Loliurn, Calamagrostis, Dactylis, Deschampsia, Festuca, Psamnia, Phalaris) and sedge (Carex), on leaves and inflorescences. Everywhere, Southern Urals; Western Europe ..................................... A. serrulatus Hal. Antennae of most specimens 4-segmented, in a few specimens 5-segmented, reaching only middle of pronotum. Hair pointed and bottle-shaped. Cuticle dark. Brown or black. On Gramineae (Festuca thalassica, F. distans, F. rubra, Atropis d i s tan s), on leaves, Crimea; Western Europe ................. ......................................... A. brevicornis Laing. ................

5 (4).

544

6 (3).

5.

Rungsia Mim. species.

About 10 species in the

genus. In

the whole

U.S.S.R.

8 species.7

1 (6). 2 (5).

3 (4). ,

4 (3).

5 (2).

6 (1).

7 (8).

8 (7).

Length of body less than twice greatest breadth. Brown or green to dark green. Brown. 4th antennal segment of apterae 1-1.2 times as long as base of 5th segment. Apterae shiny brown. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 7-9 rhinaria. On corn, wheat, oats, barley, sorghum, rye and many wild Gramineae, on upper side of leaves, rarely on lower side. Infested leaves become yellow or brown, rolled into tubes and dried up. Aphids also occur on stalks and inflorescences. Injurious, especially to corn. Everywhere, in the North at least to Minsk, West Siberia, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Southwest Asia and Asia Minor ................. .............................................*R. maydis Pass. reddish brown, with light median longitudinal stripe. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with about 12 rhinaria. On Aegilops cylindrica, on upper side of leaves. Southwest.... ............................................ R. aegilopis Bozh. Green to dark green; 4th antennal segment 0.7-0.8 times the length of base of 5th segment. On wheat and possibly on other Gramineae. South............................ R. uvarovi Mord. Length of body more than twice greatest breadth. Light green, yellow, yellowish brown, with or without pattern. Last segment of proboscis less than twice as long as broad at base. Green or yellow, with 2 longitudinal stripes consisting of short transverse dark green or brown stripes. On wheat, barley, oats and other Gramineae (Agropyrum, Festuca, Arrhenatherum, Elymus. Psamma), on upper side of leaves. South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ............ ........................................ *R. kurdjumovi Mordv. Last segment of proboscis twice as long as broad at base,

Apterae

693

9 (10). 4th antennal segment not longer than 5th segment. Lemon-yellow. On lower side of leaves ofElymus giganteus; infested leaves become yellow. Crimea ....................... R, taurica Mam. 10 (9). 4th antennal segment 1.25-1.4 times as long as 5th segment. 11 (12). Last segment of proboscis about as long as penultimate segment. Greenish yellow to brown, with light median longitudinal stripes. 2-2.4. On Gramineae (Elymus arenarius, Agropyrum intermedium). Northwest, Center, East. South; West Kazakhstan, West Siberia .......................... R. arenarii Mordv12 (11). Last segment of proboscis about 1.5 times as long as penultimate segment. Green, without light stripes. 0.75-1.65. On Juncus lamprocarpus and Gramineae (Alopecurus, Agrostis). South; southern Europe ....................... R. italica Guerc. 6.

Chaitosiphella H.R.L.

2 species in the genus.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

1 species.

a

(b).

Hairs on dor-sum of body (except marginal hairs on anterior part of head and posterior part of abdominal terga VII and VIII) thick. straight, with widened apex. On leaves ......................... ...................................... Ch. tschernavini Mordv. Hair with single apex. Blackish gray. On Corynephorus

..........................

South; Western Europe Ch. tschernavini tschernavini Mordv.t Hair with split or serrated apex. Blackish brown. On Stipa West capillata. South; Siberia; western Europe ................................. Ch. tschernavini stipae H.R.L. canescens.

.

1 (1).

..........................

b (a).

..............

7. Sipha Pass. 1 species. 1

545

(1).

8. 1 (1).

2 species in the genus.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

Light green, dull. On Gramineae (rice, barley, corn, Glyceria. Agrostis, Holcus, Poa. C alam agro sti s, Festuca, Agropyrum, Phalaris, etc.), rush (Juncus), sedge (Scirpus, Carex), reed (Typha) and Alismataceae (Sagittaria), on leaves. Occurs usually near water. Sometimes injurious to rice. Everywhere, West Siberia, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ......... *S. glyceriae Kalt.

Caricosipha C.B.

Only one species.

Yellow with brown spots to completely blackish brown; hairs long, black. On sedge (Carex paniculata, C-vulpina, C. disticha, C. flava and many other species); on upper side of leaves. Southwest; Western Europe ..................... ........................................... C. paniculatae C.B.

[11.] Family APHIDIDAE Antennae 6-segmented, very rarely 5- or 4-segmented; all rhinaria round, rarely elliptical; eyes always many-faceted. M of fore wings branched once or twice; marginal tubercles often present. Groups of t These subspecies are usually regarded

as

species, but iheir status should be confirmed.

glands absent; if powder or pubescence is secreted, then by the whole surface of the cuticle; cornicles long, cylindrical, sometimes inflated, rarely conical, very rarely pore-shaped. Cauda fingerlike, ensiform, triangular, helmet-shaped, rounded, rarely broadly rounded. Anal plate more or less rounded. On very different plants: trees, shrubs and especially on flowering herbs and grasses, rarely also on Angiospermae, Pteridophyta and mosses. Life cycle monoecous, dioecous, sometimes incomplete. Many generations per year (usually more than 10) (Figures 227; 228,3-10; 229,8; 231,5; 246-266). Family consisting of 2 subfamilies, 2 tribes and 5 subtribes. Probably more than 1500 species in the family. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 500 species. 98 genera, more than 450 species.

Key to Genera 1 (6).

2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (1).

Cauda of adults rounded, with 20-50 hairs, in Ist-instar larvae with at least 10 hairs. 1st tarsal segment with 5, 5, 5 or 5, 5, 4 setae. Large, 2-4.5, On bark of willow and poplar. (Subfamily Pterocommatinae). Cornicles not longer than their diameter at the base (Figure 246,1). Spiracles in center of plate (Figure 246, 4). Primary rhinaria without crown of hairs. Median tubercles present ............... .......................................... 1. Neopterocomma. Cornicles longer than diameter at base (Figure 246, 2,3). Spiracles in posterior part of plate (Figure 240, 5). Primary rhinaria with crown of hairs. No median tubercles. Hairs at base of claw much shorter than breadth of base of claw (Figure 246, 6). Cornicles without apical rim, shorter or longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsus (Figure 246, 2). Marginal tubercles present. Third antennal segment of apterae with rhinaria ..................................... 2. Plocamaphis. Hairs at base of claws longer than breadth of base (Figure 246, 7). Cornicles with apical rim, which is not always very distinct, longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsus (Figure 246, 3). Marginal tubercles present or absent. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with or without rhinaria ....................... 3. Pterocomma. Cauda of adults fingerlike, ensiform, triangular, helmet-shaped or rounded; if rounded and with more than 20 hairs, 1st tarsal segment with not more than 4 setae. Cauda of Ist-instar larvae with not more than 8 hairs. Of varying size, often less than 2.0. On very many species of plants, but not on bark of willowt and

poplar.

(Subfamily Aphidinae).

7 (36). Distance between center of spiracles of abdominal segments II and III not more than twice the distance between spiracles of segments I and II (should be confirmed in a number of specimens;) (Figure 249,1). Spiracles ordinary, bean-shaped, as in Figure 257,7. Marginal tubercles (if present) larger on abdominal terga I and VII, not smaller than those on abdominal terga II to V on which they may be absent. Marginal tubercles on abdominal tergum VII sometimes dorsal or ventral to spiracle. (Tribe Aphidini). t

The bark of young shoots of willow is infested by Aphis farinosa Gmel. and sometimes by species

695

8 (19). Marginal tubercles on abdominal tergum VII (if present) dorsal to spiracle or at the same level (Figure 247, 1); if the tubercles are absent, frons grooved {median part of frons posterior to lateral parts), or antennae 1/6 to 1/5 of length of body. On Gramineae, sedge or aquatic plants; the only trees on which the insect has been found are Resales. (Subtribe Rhopalosiphina). 9 <18). Antennae at least 1/3 of length of body. Cauda fingerlike (Figure 247, 3). Cornicles not pore-shaped. Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-VII or I and VII. Tip of last segment of proboscis not prolonged; microsensilla at its apex (Figure 247,5).

FIGURE 246. Aphidinea. Subfamily Ptecocommatinae (after Heinz) 1-3cornicles: 1 Neopteroc omma asiphum; 2Plocamaphis goemitzi; 3Pterocomma pilosum: 4Neoptecocomnia, spiracle; 5Pi.eEOcomma, same; 6Plocamaphis, claw; 1 Pierocomma. same; 8Pietocomma populeum, abdomen of winged femalft; 9Pierocomma salicis, apterous female without legs,

546 10(17). Cornicles apically truncate, with rim, at least broader at the apex than subapically (Figure 248, 1-5), at least 0.8 times as long as cauda and at least half as thick as cauda. Last segment of proboscis 0.65-1.50 times the length of 2nd segment of hind tarsi. 11 (12). Cauda of aphids living on trees with 16-18 hairs in fundatrices, 11-14 in apterae and alatae; cauda of aphids living on herbs and grasses with 8-14 hairs. Dark sclerotized transverse (often

696

interrupted) stripes on all abdominal terga of alatae and also of apterae living on trees, in which the stripes are fused into a contiguous spot on abdominal terga I-V. Cornicles shorter than cauda ........................................ 4. Longiunguis. 12 (11). Cauda of aphids living on trees with 8-13 hairs (fundatrices), or with 4-9 hairs (apterae and alatae); cauda of aphids living on herbs and grasses with 4-7 hairs. Dark sclerotized transverse stripes (at least in aphids living on trees) only on abdominal tergum VIII or also on VII. Cornicles longer, rarely shorter than cauda. 13 (16). Microsensilla at tip of last segment of proboscis ordinary, short, slender, straight. Frons of apterae with median tubercle; cuticle of thoracic and abdominal terga reticulate. M of fore wings of alatae branched once; if branched twice, then not deeply, part of M from 2nd fork to margin of wing not more than half as long as part from 1st to 2nd fork. 14 (15). Contour of cells on cuticle of thoracic and abdominal terga of apterae formed by thick, more or less straight lines or dotted lines formed by rounded spinules. M of fore wings of alatae branched twice; if branched once, abdominal tergum VIII with 4-8 hairs. Cornicles not exactly cylindrical, but inflated in apical half and (or) narrowed before apex (Figure 248, 1-3). If they occur on trees, upper surface of leaves twisted outward.... ........................................... 5. Rhopalosiphum. 15 (14). Contour of cells on cuticle of thoracic terga and abdominal 547 terga I-V consisting of a thin, irregular, apparently serrated line. M of fore wings of alatae branched once. Abdominal tergum VIII with 2 hairs. Cornicles exactly cylindrical, not inflated and usually without constriction (Figure 248, 4,5). If living on trees, upper side of leaves twisted inward ............ ............................................... 6. Schizaphis. 16 (13). Microsensilla at tip of last segment of proboscis long, thick, curved, Frons of apterae without median tubercle; cuticle of thoracic and abdominal terga more or less smooth. M of fore wings of alatae deeply branched twice, part of M from 1st to 2nd fork only 1.1-1.4 times as long as part from 2nd fork to margin of wing ................................. 7. Melanaphis. 17 (10).’ Cornicles with rounded apex, without rim, narrower at apex than subapically, 0.15 (fundatrices) -0.85 times as long as cauda; cauda 1.3-4 times thicker than cornicle (Figure 248,6). Last segment of proboscis 0.45-0.65 of the length of 2nd segment of hind tarsus ........................................ 8. Hyalopterus. 18 (9). Body 5-6 times longer than antennae. Cauda helmet-shapedtriangular. Cornicles very short, pore-shaped. Abdomen without marginal tubercles. Tip of last segment of proboscis oblong, beak-shaped; microsensilla at sides of tip of last segment of proboscis (Figure 249).... 9. Mordvilkoiella Snap.. gen. n. ! 19 (8). Marginal tubercles of abdominal tergum VII (if present) ventral ;:., to spiracle (Figure 247, 2); if marginal tubercles absent, frons j.’’ without groove (median part of frons anterior to lateral parts),

.

,

’

’

HOMOPTERA

and body at least three times longer than antennae. Living on a large number of species of plants except Gramineaet or sedge.

(Subtribe Aphidina).

Aphidinea. Family Aphididae. Tribe Aphidini (after Istap. Shaposhnikov and original) FIGURE 247.

1R

hopalosiphon, abdominal end, lateral; 2Aphis, same; 3Schizaphis pyri, apterous, tail; 4-6last aniennal segment: 4Aphis fabae; 5Hyalopterus arundinis; 6Ephedraphis ephedrae.

20 (35). No sound-producing apparatus, cuticle at sides of abdominal sterna V-VI similar to that on the whole ventral surface of abdomen and hairs on hind tibiae more or less uniformly long (Figure 248, 12). Antennal tubercles slightly marked or absent. 548 21 (28). Terminal process of last antennal segment at least 1.5 times as

long as base of segment, sometimes shorter in fundatrices. Cornicles not pore-shaped. Frons slightly convex or flat; antennal tubercles slightly marked. 22 (23). Terminal process of last antennal segment 4.7-6 times longer than base of segment. Diameter of marginal tubercle of pronotum 0.7-2.1 times diameter of eye. Cornicles without apical rim (Figure 248, 7). M of fore wings branched once, rarely twice on one wing. On roots of Compositae ............ 10. Chomaphis. 23 (22). Terminal process of last antennal segment not more than 4 times longer than base of segment. Diameter of marginal tubercle of pronotum not more than diameter of eye. Cornicles witt^apical rim, rarely without. M of fore wings branched twice. .^ t

The only exception is the

polyphagous species Aphis evonymi F.

which occurs on corn.

24 (27). Breadth of cauda anterior to base not more than 2.5 times greatest diameter of cornicles, Cauda fingerlike, triangular or rounded. Cornicles longer or shorter than cauda or 2nd segment of hind tarsi. 25 (26). Tip of last segment of proboscis ordinary, not prolonged; microsensilla at apex of tip of last segment of proboscis directed anteriorly (Figure 247,4). Cauda fingerlike, triangular or rounded (Figure 250). On many species of flowering plants ................................................... 11. Aphis ......

FIGURE 248. Aphidinea. Family Aphididae, tribe Aphidini (after Goidanich. Rogers, Stroyan, Shaposhnikov and original)

Ivanovskaya,

1-7cornicles: 1R hopalosiphum maydis, apterous; 2Rh.padi, winged; 3R h. insertum, winged; 4Schizaphis pyri, apterous; 5Sch.pyri,

winged; 6Hyalopterus siphon

arundinis; 7Chomaphis

mira;

8,9Crypto-

8apterous female, dorsal; 9 last antennal segment; aurantii: 10part of veuier of abdomen; 11hind tibia; gossypii, same.

anemisiae;

10,11 Toxoptera

12Aphis

26 (25).

Tip of last segment of proboscis beak-shaped, prolonged; microsensilla not only at apex of tip of last segment of proboscis but also on its sides, where they are directed laterally (Figure 247, 6). Cauda rounded. On Gymnospermae (Ephedra) ................. ............................................. 12. Ephedraphis. 27 (24). Breadth of cauda anterior to base 3-3.5 times greatest diameter of cornicles. Cauda short-triangular. Cornicles much shorter than cauda or 2nd segment of hind tarsus. On Umbelliferae ....... ............................................. 13. Debilisiphon.

549 28 (21).

Terminal process of last antennal segment shorter or longer than base of segment, but not more than 1.2 times as long (Figure 248, 8,9); if terminal process of last antennal segment is 1.5 times as long as base of segment (in alatae), cornicles pore-shaped. Frons convex, rarely flat; antennal tubercles usually absent. Mainly in steppes and deserts. 29 (34). Cornicles not shorter than wide distally. Cauda triangular, fingerlike or rounded. Frons convex. Apex of terminal process of last antennal segment with 4 setae. 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 2 setae. Not gallicolous.

FIGURE 249. Aphidinea. skorkini (original)

Family Aphididae,

tribe

Aphidini.

1 apterous parlhegonetic female; Sanrennaofsame; 5. 6cornicles; 7end of abdomen.

Mord v i1 ko ie

3proboscis;

4hind

tarsus:

30 (31). Dark sclerotized spots or stripes (sometimes partly fused) on lateral parts of dorsum and also in middle of terga. If cauda longer than terminal process of last antennal segment, not more than 1.5 times longer. Body covered with dove-gray waxy bloom. European species on Compositae ................. 14. Protaphis. 31 (30). Dorsum of body without dark sclerotized spots and stripes. Cauda at least 1.6 times as long as terminal process of last antennal segment; if cauda shorter than terminal process, body covered with white waxy pubescence. On different plants. 32 (33). Cauda fingerlike or pointed-triangular, at least 1.6 tiroes as long as terminal process of last antennal segment. Body covered with waxy powder. European species on Tamaricaceae or Zygophyllaceae ....................................... 15. Brachyunguis.

33 (32). Cauda rounded or blunt-triangular, 0.9-1.1 as long as terminal process of last antennal segment. Body covered with waxy 16. Xerobion. pubescence. On Chenopodiaceae 34 (29). Cornicles less than half as long as thick, usually in form of littlemarked pores. Cauda broadly rounded. Frons flat. Apex of terminal process of last antennal segment with 3 setae; if with 4 setae (in normal females), 1st tarsal segment with 2, 2, 2 setae (Figure 248, 8,9). In galls on leaves of Artemisia ............................................ 17. Crypto siphon. ..,..,...,.,.....,

............

FIGURE 250. Aphidinea. Family Aphididae. iribe Aphidini. Ouainlance and Baker. Nevsldi, Heinz)

Iapterous female; 2damaged

leaves;

Aphis po

3hibernaiing eggs.

35 (20). Sound-producing apparatus present, cuticle at sides of abdominal sterna V and VI with transversely narrow cells with serrated and much thicker and darker margin than the other surface of the abdomen (Figure 248, 10); hind tibia with a longitudinal row of short hairs (spinules) in addition to ordinary long hairs (Figure 248, 11). Antennal tubercles strongly marked. On sub18. Toxoptera. tropical plants 36 (7). Distance between center of spiracles on abdominal segments II and III 2.2 times that between centers of spiracles on segments I and II (this should be examined in a number of specimens’.) (Figure 257, 7); if distance between spiracles on abdominal segments II and III less than 2.2 times distance between spiracles on segments I and II, spiracles larger and more rounded (Figure 251, 8). If marginal tubercles present, those on abdominal terga II-V larger than those on terga I and VII on which they are sometimes absent. If marginal tubercles present on abdominal tergum VII, they are dorsal to spiracle. (Tribe Macrosiphini), 37 (58). Cauda rounded or helmet-shaped, flattened (Figure 228,4-6); if cauda triangular, median tubercles present on abdominal tergum VIII (or also VII) and usually also on the occiput, and .................................

the inner sides of the antennal tubercles diverging (Figure 252,1); if cauda broadly rounded (Figures 228, 3; 252, 6). spiracles rounded, large (Figure 251, 8). If cornicles with hairs, they also have an apical rim. Abdominal tergum VII with or without marginal tubercles. Body elliptical or short-ovoid. Always causing deformations of leaves of trees (Figure 253), rarely of herbs and grasses. (Subtribe Anuraphidina).

38 (57). Antennae of apterae and alate parthenogenetic females 6-segmented; antennae of fundatrices 5- or 6-segmented. Secondary rhinaria not contiguous, in apterae often absent. 39 (56). Spiracles not covered with plate, clearly visible in lateral aspect (Figure 251, 7,8). Cuticle at least on dorsum of thorax and first 5 abdominal terga without spinules or spinules very few and

marginal and median tubercles present.

-^y

7

-^S^-

8

sf

’

10

^sas^n

FIGURE 251. Aphidinea. Family Aphididae, subtribe Anuraphidina (after Shaposhnikov)

1,2pans of cuticle from dorsum of apterae: 1Anuraphis subterranea (aocciput. bprortotum and mesonotum, c--abdominal terga I-IV: 2Roepkea marchali; 3-6cornicles: Ceruraphis eriophori; 4Anuraphis subterranea; 5Acaudinum dolichosiphon; 6Brachycaudus cardui; 7-10spiracles: 1 bean-shaped (An ur aphis subterranea; 8 rounded (Srachycaudus prunicola); 9 concealed (R oepkea marchali); 10same. lateral; 11,12marginal tubercles of same segments as spiracles (for comparison).

40 (53). Spiracles small, bean-shaped, posterior to plate (more clearly visible from lateral aspect; Figure 251,7). Cuticle of apterae dull or with very faint sheen, not sclerotized; if sclerotized,

then throughout with plates forming a pattern (Figure 251, or sclerites not fused. On Pomaceae and Caprifoliaceae.

1),

Cauda not longer than broad at base. Cornicles usually not inflated (Figure 251,4-6). On Pomaceae. 42 (47). Marginal and, usually, median tubercles present; if marginal and median tubercles absent (in fundatrices of Anuraphis catonii), cornicles only slightly longer than cauda. Cornicles without hairs. 43 (46). Cuticle on dorsum of thorax and abdomen with distinct plates forming a pattern, most of which form cells (Figure 251, 1, b,c). Cauda with 10-23 hairs. Aphids not covered with powder. 44 (45). Body 10 or more times longer than cornicles; cornicles with transverse rows of separate round granules (spinules) (Figure 251,4). If abdominal sclerites of apterae present. they are not fused. On pear trees. Umbelliferae and Compositae .......................................... 19- Anuraphis. 551 45 (44). Body less than 5 times longer than cornicles; cornicles with indistinct scales formed by simple spinules (as in Figure 251, 6). Abdominal sclerites of apterae present, fused into a contiguous plate. On Scrophulariaceae .......................... 20. Zinia, 46 (43). Cuticle without plates forming pattern, but with reticulate sculpture (as in Figure 251, l,a) which is often little marked; inside of cells sometimes with indistinct rudimentary plates. Cauda with 5-11 hairs. Aphids usually covered with powder. On various Pomaceae, herbs and grasses..................... 21. Dysaphis 47 (42). No marginal and median tubercles. Cornicles 4-5 times longer than cauda, sometimes with hairs. 41 (52).

/

7

\

’

8

FIGURE 252. Aphidinea. Family Aphid id

subiribe Anuraphidina (aftei

ler,

Istop and original)

1Brachycaudus divacicatae, frons; 2 B. napelli, same; 3Dysaphis anthrisci anthrisci. pconotum (premacginal hairs indicated by arrows); 4,5Srachycaudus helichcysi: 4abdomen of apterous female; 5same ofalate female; 6 8. amygdalinus. tip of abdomen of apterous female; 7 B. cardui. 1st tarsal segment; 8B.prunicola, same.

HOMOPTERA

48 (49).

Proximal part of 3rd antennal segment of migrantes with small toothlike process; secondary rhinaria transversely elliptical. Antennae of fundatrices 6-segmented; cuticle covered with 22. Toxopterella. tubercles. On mountain ash 3rd antennal segment of migrantes without toothlike process; secondary rhinaria round. Antennae of fundatrices 5-segmented. Cuticle smooth or slightly reticulate. Cornicles with 2-16 hairs. 1st tarsal segment of migrantes with 4, 4, 2 setae. On mountain ash .................. 23. Sorbaphis. Cornicles without hairs. 1st tarsal segment of migrantes with 24. Allocotaphis. 3, 3, 2 setae. On apple trees and Compositae Cauda triangular, almost 1.5 times as long as broad at base. Apical half of cornicles usually inflated (Figure 251, 3). On 25, Ceruraphis. leaves of Viburnum and on Monocotyledonae Spiracles large, round, situated in posterior part of plates (Figure 251, 8). Cuticle very shiny, on dorsum usually sclerotized (sclerites usually fused)(Figure 252, 5); plates forming a pattern which is sometimes rudimentary on unsclerotized areas. On Pruneae and Spiraeae. Spiracles on abdominal segments I and II widely separated. Cornicles with distinct rim near operculum (Figure 251, 6). Abdominal terga sclerotized; if not sclerotized (in apterae), aphids green. Frons slightly convex. On Prunoidea, Spiraeae and various grasses and herbs ............... 26. Brachycaudus. Spiracles on abdominal segments I and II forming a row. Cornicles without rim near operculum (Figure 251, 5). Abdominal terga not sclerotized; aphids black. Frons slightly convex. On Compositae ......................................... 27. Acaudinum. Spiracles covered with overhanging rugose plates, not visible from lateral aspect (Figure 251, 9,10). Cuticle of all terga densely covered with scattered, simple spinules (Figure 251,2). No marginal and median tubercles. On Prunoidea (Cerasus mahaleb) ..................................... 28. Roepkea. Antennae of apterous and alate parthenogenetic females 4-segmented. Secondary rhinaria contiguous, forming a chain along the segment. On Cruciferae (S i s y m b r i u m) ............. ........................................ 29. Shapeshnikoviella. Cauda fingerlike, ensiform or triangular (Figure 228,7-10); if the cauda is triangular and bears median tubercles (apterous Myzus cerasi), inner sides of antennal tubercles converging (Figure 265); if cauda broadly rounded, spiracles bean-shaped, small (as in Figure 251,7); if cauda helmet-shaped (Figure 259.2), cornicles covered with hairs, without apical rim (Figure 261, 1). Marginal tubercles of abdominal tergum VII absent (in Am m i aphis sii not always present). Body spindle-shaped, oblongoval, oblong-elliptical, rarely short-ovoid. Anterior margin of prothorax in the middle with a pair of rounded processes covered with spinules. Middle of frons slightly posterior to lateral parts ................. 55. Aphidura. Mesothorax without processes. ...................

49 (48).

50 (51). 51 (50).

.

552 52 (41).

..

..

53(40).

54 (55).

55 (54).

56 (39).

57 (38).

-

58 (37).

.

59 (60).

60 (59).

61 (110). Frons without groove or with a small groove, ratio of length in the middle to distance between basis of antennae not more than O.OSt (Figure 254). Antennae 0.30 to 0.85 of length of body. Cornicles without reticulate sculpture; opening of cornicles situated at apex or laterally. Abdominal tergum VIII (or VII) sometimes with posteriorly-directed process or hood-shaped (Figure 255, 4-6). If marginal tubercles are present on abdominal tergum V, tubercles on abdominal terga II-IV present or absent. Often deforming leaves of trees and grasses. (Subtribe Liosoma-

phidina). 62 (65).

1st tarsal segment with 5 or 6 setae (Figure 255, 1,2). Cornicles shorter than cauda; if cornicles longer than cauda, middle of frons anterior to lateral parts. On Resales and Ranunculaceae.

FIGURE 253. Aphidinea. Family Aphididae, subtribe Anuraphidina. Damaged leaves

(according

to

Shaposhnikov)

Ipear, Anuraptlis pyrilaseri: 2apple, Dysaphis anthrisci majkopica; 3-pear, D, reaumuci; 4peach, Brachycaudus amygdalinus.

63 (64).

Frons more or less straight. Cornicles shorter than cauda, shorter than their diameter at the base. Last segment of proboscis shorter than its diameter at the base 30. Longicaudus. Frons markedly projecting anteriorly in the middle (Figure 254, 2,3). Cornicles longer than cauda, longer than thick. Last segment of proboscis longer than thick at the base 31. Myzaphis. 1st tarsal segment with 2, 3 or 4 setae; if with 5 setae, cornicles than cauda and middle of frons posterior to lateral parts. longer 1st tarsal segment with 4, 4, 3 setae (Figure 257, 5). Pronotum with about 20 hairs (Figure 257, 4). On Papilionaceae 32. Mamontova Shap., gen. n. 1st tarsal segment with 2, 3 or 5 setae. Pronotum with 4-8 hairs.

..................

............................................

64 (63).

....

65 (62). 66 (67).

............

..................................

67 (66).

On different plants. them and apterae; also in alale forms.

68 (69). Frons with 3 large rounded tubercles; lateral tubercles well dorsal to median tubercle; antennae not dorsal to above tubercles (Figure 254, 4). Cornicles markedly scaly, their apex turned outward. Body oblong, about 2.5 times longer than broad. On 33. Trilobaphis. sedge 69 (68). If small tubercles are present on frons, they stand at about the same level and the antennae stand on the lateral tubercles (Figure 254, 1,2,6). If cornicles are markedly scaly and their apex turned outward, body not oblong, about 1.5 times as long as broad. On different plants. 70 (73). Pronotum with 2 pairs of hairs in the middle, one pair anterior to the other, without premarginal hairs. Femora smooth. Base of last segment of proboscis of Ist-instar larvae without hairs. 71 (72). Abdominal tergum VIII without process. Cuticle thin, smooth, delicately rugose or slightly scaly. On conifers or Berberis ............................................ 34. Liosomaphis. .......................................

FIGURE 254. Aphidinea. Family Aphididae, subtribe Lioson-i aphid in of head of apterae (after Muelter. Heinz) berberidis; 2Myzaphis cosarum; 3M. buckioni; 4-Trilobaphis caricis; 5-Galiobium langei; 6-Lipaphis maichL

1Liosomaphis

72 (71), Abdominal tergum VIII with posteriorly directed process with 2 hairs at the apex ^Figure 255, 4). Cuticle markedly thickened, coarsely rugose or covered with tubercles. On willows and Umbelliferae .................................. 35. Cavariella. 554 73 (70). Pronotum of apterae with one pair of hairs in the middle, with or without premarginal hairs. Femora with well-marked or indistinct scales. Hairs present on base of last segment of proboscis of Ist-instar larvae. 74 (77). Apex of cornicles curved outward (Figure 256, 1), markedly or indistinctly scaly. If a small median process is present, it is situated on abdominal tergum VII (in Galiobium). If median tubercles are present, they are situated on the occiput and abdominal terga VI-VIII. Cuticle thickened, pitted or with sinuous lines. Ist-instar larvae with 6-10 rostral or similar setae (as in Figure 265, 8); 1 or 2 dorsal and ventral setae of these setae stand separately.

75 (76).

1st tarsal segment of adults with 3, 3, 3 or 5, 5, 5 setae. Marginal and median tubercles present. Cuticle with sinuous lines. Cornicles not markedly scaly, not very narrowed at apex. Cauda with 5-7 hairs. On Empetraceae, Vacciniaceae or Ericaceae .....

76 (75).

1st tarsal segment of adults with 3, 3. 2 setae. Marginal and median tubercles absent. Cuticle pitted. Cornicles markedly scaly, very narrowed at apex (Figure 256, 1). Cauda with 4

...............................................

(rarely 5)

hairs.

36. Ericaphis.

On Rubiaceae .................. 37. Galiobium.

FIGURE 255. Aphid] Pinter,

1-3

Heinz) 1st tarsal

segment; lLongicaudus; 2Myzaptus; 3Hydaphias; aegopodii; 5Uhlmannia singu-

4-6end of abdomen: 4Cavariella laris; 6Aspidaphis polygon!.

77 (74). If cornicles apically curved, then inward, rugose or indistinctly scaly. If median process present, then on abdominal tergum VIII. If median tubercles present, then on pronotum and irregularly distributed on abdominal terga I-VI. Cuticle not pitted. 1stinstar larvae without rostral setae. 78 (107). Length and thickness of median part of cauda frequently different from that of cornicles; cauda 1.2-3.8 times as long as thick in 555 the middle. Secondary rhinaria present in alatae and sometimes in apterae.

79 (108). Clypeus not projecting anterior to frons, ordinary. Not on Salsola. 80 (109). 3-faceted tubercles present near eyes, usually directed slightly dorsally and visible posteriorly and laterally (Figure 254, 5-7) or absent. Pronotum without premarginal hairs. Not on Compositae,

81 (103). Abdominal tergum VIII of ordinary form, with or without process, bluntly truncate posteriorly, not covering cauda. Opening of cornicles more or less at the apex; if the opening is situated laterally, then on outer side of cornicles. Antennae 5- or 6segmented. Not living on Polygonaceae. 82 (104). Apex of cauda not differentiated from its basal part. Opening of cornicles more or less at the apex. Terminal process of last antennal segment completely scaly and with several hairs at the apex. Cuticle not much thickened; cuticle on sides of body not

covered with tubercles.

On higher flowering plants.

83 (84). Median tubercles present on pronotum and irregularly distributed on abdominal terga I-VI. 3rd and 4th antennal segments of apterae with secondary rhinaria. Cornicles at least 1.5 tiroes as long as cauda. On Umbelliferae .....;................. 38. Ammiaphis. 84 (83). No median tubercles. Apterae without secondary rhinaria; if secondary rhinaria are present, cornicles shorter than cauda or not more than 1.2 times as long as cauda. 85 (98). 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 2 or 3, 3, 3 setae; if with 2,2, 2 setae, cornicles broadly conical, about as long as broad at the base (Figure 258, 2). Not on Rubiaceae. 86 (97). 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 3 or 3, 3, 2 setae. Cornicles more or less cylindrical or inflated (Figures 227; 256, 2); if cornicles broadly conical (Figure 256, 3), apterae without secondary rhinaria. 87 (94). Cornicles at least 0.9 of length of cauda. Body elliptical or ovoid,

not oblong (Figure 227). Cauda fingerlike or triangular-fingerlike, its margins sometimes slightly concave between bas"e and middle (Figure 256, 7). Secondary rhinaria on 3rd and 4th or 3rd to 5th antennal segments of aiatae, absent in apterae. 89 (90). Cornicles markedly inflated, rugose; if the cornicles are little inflated, ventral surface of posterior margin of prothorax with a dark sclerotized spot. No minute dark spots between terga of Cauda with 6-10 hairs (Figure 256, 7). On Lonicera body. 55g and Urobelliferae ............................... 39. Hyadaphis. 88 (93).

90(89).

91 (92).

Cornicles cylindrical, scaly, rarely little inflated. Posterior margin of prothorax without dark spot. Minute dark spots between terga of body. Cauda with 4-7 hairs. On Cruciferae. Hair setalike or fingerlike, not dilated or little dilated at apex. (Figure 254, 6). Antennal tubercles not situated more ventral than median frontal tubercle (Figure 254, 6). Cauda with 4-6 hairs (Figure 256,8)............................ 40. Lipaphis

lGaliobium langei; helvetica; 5 Staegeriella

aphis n

laiaricae;

2 S.

tonicerina; 4Hydaphias

copinata; 6Aspidaphis polygoni; 7Hyadaphis hofmanni; 10Aspidaphium

passerini; 8Lipaphis erysin i; 9Hydaphias nuicaudus, cuspidati; 11 Chaiiaph

92 (91).

93 (88).

94 (87).

95 (96).

Hairs at least on dorsum and partly on legs distinctly capitate or spatulate (Figure 254, 7). Antennal tubercles situated well ventral to median frontal tubercle (Figure 254, 7). Cauda with 5-7 hairs ................................. 41. Spatulophorus. Cauda triangular, its margins sometimes slightly concave between middle and apex (Figure 227, 3). Secondary rhinaria of alatae present only on 3rd antennal segment; if also present on 4th antennal segment, then usually also in apterae. On Cruciferae or Resedaceae .................... 42. Brevicoryne. Cornicles not more than 0.75 of length of cauda. Body elliptical or spindle-shaped, often oblong (Figure 258, 1). Cornicles 1.5-3 times their greatest diameter; if not longer than diameter, 1st tarsal segment with 3. 3. 3 setae. In alatae 3rd antennal segment with 9-50 secondary rhinaria, 4th segment

segment with 0-6 rhinaria. On Lonicera, Umbe llife rae, Chenopodiaceae or on Silene (Caryophyllaceae) ................................... 44. Semiaphis Cornicles not longer than their greatest diameter. 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 2 setae. In alatae, 3rd antennal segment with 3-8 secondary rhinaria, 4th and 5th segment with none; 4th segment of some specimens exceptionally bears 1 or 2 secondary rhinaria. On Gramineae, Liliaceae or on Stellaria or Cerastium (Caryophyllaceae)............ 45. Brachycolus with 0-13 and 5th

96 (95).

FIGURE 25’?. Aphidinea.

(original). 1frons;

5fore

97 (86).

557 98 (85).

99 (102).

2part of 3rd antennal segment; 3last segment of proboscis; 4pronotum; 6wings; 7abdomen; 8part of abdomen; 9cauda.

tarsus;

1st tarsal segment with 2, 2, 2 setae. Cornicles broadly rounded (Figure 258, 2). 3rd antennal segment (often also 4th segment) of apterae often with secondary rhinaria. On Cruciferae ...................................... 43. Smiela. 1st tarsal segment with 2, 2, 2 or 3, 2, 2 setae (Figure 255. 3). Cornicles more or less cylindrical or narrowly conical, 2-5 times their greatest diameter (Figure 256, 4,5). On Rubiaceae. Abdominal tergum VHI without process, sometimes with only a small protuberance. Cauda fingerlike, with blunt apex (Figure 256, 9). Opening of cornicles more or less at the apex.

100 (101). Cauda with 5-7 hairs. Cornicles with apical rim, with ordinary broad opening (Figure 256, 5), 3rd antennal segment of apterae without secondary rhinaria 46. Staegeriella. 101 (100). Cauda with 12-22 hairs (Figure 256, 9). Cornicles without apical rim, with a small pore-shaped opening (Figure 256, 4), In apterae. 3rd antennal segment with secondary rhinaria which are absent only in a few specimens .............. 47. Hydaphias. 102 (99). Abdominal tergum VIII with fingerlike process (Figure 255, 5). Cauda triangular, pointed (Figure 255, 5). Openings of cornicles 48. Uhlmanoia. not at the apex but slightly laterally 103 (81). Abdominal terguro VIII markedly prolonged posteriorly, forming a hood which covers the cauda (Figure 255, 6). Opening of cornicles situated laterally on the inner side (Figure 256, 6). Antennae ...................

............

5-segmented. 104 (82).

On Polygonaceae ....:.......... 49. Aspidaphis.

Apex

of cauda differentiated from the rest of the cauda by a constriction (Figure 256, 10). Opening of cornicles situated laterally on the outer side-, if at the apex, terminal process of last antennal segment without scales at apex, with 0-2 hairs. Cuticle markedly thickened, covered with tubercles on sides of

body. On moss. 105 (106). Opening of cornicles at the apex. Antennae of apterae 6-segmented; terminal process of antennae about twice as long as base, without scales at apex ........................... 50. Pseudacaudella. 558 106 (105). Opening of cornicles situated laterally on the outer side. Antennae of apterae 5-segmented; terminal process of antennae about as long as base, completely covered with scales ................... 51. Aspidaphium, Length and breadth of cauda in the middle about equal to that of cornicles; cauda 5-6 times longer than broad in the middle (Figure 256, 11). Secondary rhinaria absent both in apterae and alatae. On Salsola ..................... 52. Chaitaphis. Clypeus projecting anterior to frons, large, spherically inflated (Figure 258, 3), On Sals ola ................. 53. Clypeaphis. 3-faceted tubercles near eyes directed ventrally, not visible from the side (Figure 254, 8). Premarginal hairs present on pronotum. On Compositae ..................... 54. Coloradoa. Frons grooved; ratio of depth of groove to distance between bases of antennae at least 0.10 t (Figure 260). Antennae 0.541.7 times length of body. Apex of cornicles with or without reticulate sculpture (Figure 261, 10-13). Opening of cornicles at apex. Abdominal terga VIII and VII without process, broadly rounded posteriorly. If marginal tubercle present on abdominal tergum V, abdominal terga II to IV with tubercles. Sometimes deforming leaves of trees (rarely of herbs and grasses). (Subtribe Macrosiphina). Cornicles at least twice as long as their greatest diameter. Cornicles without reticulate sculpture, sometimes with only a few transverse cells near the apical rim (Figure 261, 1-9); if 2-4 rows of more or less regular hexagonal cells present, inner sides of antennal tubercles parallel. ...........................................

107 (78).

108 (79). 109 (80).

110 (61).

111 (194).

112 (177).

t

Sometimes 0.04-0,06 in

Hyalopieroide

711

HOMOPTERA

113 (114). Cauda broadly rounded, not more than half as long as broad at base (Figure 259, 1). Abdomen of European species with papilliform tubercles: marginal tubercles on abdominal terga II and III and median tubercles on abdominal tergum VIII. On Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus) or possibly also on Polygonaceae (Polygonum) ............................ 56. Neanuraphis.

.

FIGURE 258, Aphidinea. Family Aphididae, subtribe Liosomaphidina. Aplerae (after Eisenberg, Soliman and Hille Ris Lambecs)

1Semiaphis

lataricae; 2Smiela

schneideri; 3Clypeaphis

suaedae.

114 (113). Cauda ensiform, fingerlike, triangular or helmet-shaped, length at least 0.9 of width at base (Figure 259, 2-5). Tubercles on abdomen (it present) not papilliform or arranged differently. Not on Rharonaceae. 115 (116). Cauda helmet-shaped, 1.9-1.1 times as long as broad at base (Figure 259, 2). Cornicles with long, slender setae (Figure 261,1). On Lonicera .............................. 57. Xenomyzus. 116 (115). Cauda ensitorm, fingerlike or triangular (Figures 259, 3-5; 228, 9,10). Hairs on cornicles absent or thick, capitate (Figure 261, 14). 117 (120). Cauda 2.5-3 times longer than cornicles. 118 (119). Inner sides of antennal tubercles diverging; frons with distinct tubercle in the middle. Hairs on dorsum of body rodlike. Body S59 at least 2.5 times its greatest breadth. On Gramineae .......... ......................................... 58. Hyalopteroides. 119 (118). Inner sides of antennal tubercles parallel dorsally; frons without distinct median tubercle. Hairs on dorsum of body fan-shaped. Body not more than 2.25 times greatest breadth. On Compositae ---.-..........-...........,.59. Chondrillobium. 120 (117). Cornicles longer than cauda. 121 (140). Inner sides of antennal tubercles (or processes on them) converging anteriorly or parallel (Figure 260, 1-4). Cornicles cylindrical or only slightly inflated; diameter of inflated part of cornicles not more than 1.5 times their smallest diameter in basal half. Cauda with 4-9 hairs. .

.

122 (127). Antennal tubercles with processes (Figure 260, 1-3). Secondary rhinaria absent in apterae, present on 3rd and 4th or 3rd to 5th antennal segments of alatae.

FIGURE 259. Aphidinea. Family Aphididae, iubiribe Macrosiphina.

Caudae

(after Eisenberg,

Nevshii and Heinz)

1 -Ne 4-Ne

123 (126). Antennae of apterae longer than body. 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 3 setae. Hairs on body and antennae clavate or slightly capitate; hairs on 3rd antennal segment 0.2-0.3 of its greatest diameter. On Pomoideae, Labiatae or Compositae. 124 (125). Median frontal tubercle absent (Figure 260, 1). Cuticle on frons covered with small tubercles. Last segment of proboscis with 2-4 supplementary hairs. On Pomoideae or Labiatae

...........

60. Ovatus. Median frontal tubercle markedly developed (Figure 260, 2). Cuticle on frons rugose. Last segment of proboscis with at least 10 supplementary hairs. On Compositae 61. Ovatoides. Antennae of apterae shorter than body. 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 2 setae. Hairs on body and antennae setalike or spatulate; if the hairs are capitate, then hairs on 3rd antennal segment 0.4-0.9times as long as its greatest diameter. On Prunoideae or Connabinaceae .............................. 62. Phorodon. Antenna! tubercles without processes (Figures 260, 4; 264, 1; 265, 2,7). Secondary rhinaria present or absent in apterae, in alatae present only on 3rd antennal segment or also on 4th and 5th segments. Base of last antennal segment2.5-7times longer than thick in the middle. Antennae of apterae not longer than body, without secondary rhinaria. Antennal tubercles more or less

125 (124).

..

126 (123).

127 (122).

128 (133).

.

................................................

spherically inflated, usually converging anteriorly (Figure 265, 2,7). Cauda more or less triangular. Often found in rolled leaves which are sometimes inflated in form of galls.

FIGURE 260,

Aphidinea. Family Aphididae, subtribe Macrosiphina. Head of apterai (after Mordvilko. Heinz and Hille Ris Lambers) 1Ovaius

insitus; 2Ovatoides

inulae; 3Phorodon

pisum; 7Microlophium evansi; 8Metopolophium 9Rhopalosiphoninus ribesinus.

humuli;

dirhodum;

560 129 (130). Subgenital plate markedly inflated, ventrally and posteriorly projecting in form of dome, reaching beyond anal plate. Base of last antennal segment of apterae 2.5-3 times longer than thick in the middle. Marginal and median tubercles absent. In alatae, 6-8 secondary rhinaria on 4th antennal segment/ 1-2 on 5th segment. In Ist-instar larvae premarginal hairs present only on

tergum I. On Pomoideae (Chaenomeles). ............................................ 63. Hyalomyzus. Subgenital plate ordinary, more or less flat. Base of last antennal segment of apterae 3.5-7 times longer than broad in the middle. Marginal (sometimes also median) tubercles present or absent. Alatae with 0-4 secondary rhinaria on 4th antennal segment and with none on 5th segment; if more secondary rhinaria present, marginal tubercles always present. Premarginal hair of Ist-instar larvae present on abdominal terga I-IV or I-V. On Prunoideae and many other plants. Base of last antennal segment of apterae 3.5-5 times longer than thick in the middle. Cornicles not inflated, densely and distinctly scaly, with straight or more frequently outwardcurved apex, dark or light (Figures 261, 2; 265, 7). 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 3 setae, sometimes with 3, 3, 2 setae in some specimens. Hind tibiae of Ist-instar larvae with 6 or 7 rostral t setae, the dorsal and ventral setae standing separate (Figure 265, 8). If leaves of infested plants are deformed, they are more or less transversely rolled or inflated in form of galls ......................................... 64. Myzus. Base of last antennal segment of apterae 4.6-7 times longer than thick in the middle. Cornicles slightly inflated, rarely not inflated, slightly and sparsely scaly, with straight apex, light, sometimes with dark apex (Figure 265, 3-6). 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 2 setae. Hind tibiae of Ist-instar larvae without rostral setae or with 5 rostral setae at more or less equal distance from each other. If infested leaves are deformed, they are rolled more or less longitudinally 65. Myzodes. Base of last antennal segment 8-12 times longer than thick in the middle; if 5-8 times longer than thick in the middle, 3rd antennal segment of apterae with secondary rhinaria and antennae much longer than body. Antennal tubercles more or less rectangular and parallel (Figures 260, 4; 264, 1). Cauda fingerlike or triangular-fingerlike. Leaves not twisted, but sometimes deformed into galls. Cornicles not inflated. If antennae of apterae with secondary rhinaria. cauda with 6-8 hairs. Cauda with 4 hairs, with well-marked constriction near base (Figure 259, 3). Antennae of apterae without secondary rhinaria, only slightly longer than body or as long as body. On species of Ranunculaceae ............................... 66. Tubaphis. Cauda with 6-8 hairs, without constriction or with a shallow constriction (Figure 259, 4). Antennae of apterae with secondary abdominal

130 (129).

^^

131 (132).

132 (131).

..

........

133 (128),

134 (139). 135 (136).

136 (135).

t [The

term

"rostral" refers

10

hairs at the anterior side of the tibia

715

(Figure 265, 8)].

..

..

..

.

rhinaria; exceptionally one or both antennae of some specimens antennae of apterae much longer than body.

without rhinaria;

Apterae 1.5-3.2. 137 (138). Last segment of proboscis with 2 supplementary hairs. 4th antennal segment of alatae with 2-8 rhinaria. Cornicles of apterae completely light; dorsum of abdomen of apterae with

black horseshoe-shaped pattern (Figure 264. 1). Hind tibiae of Ist-instar larvae with rostral setae (as in Figure 265, 8); abdominal tergum VIII of Ist-instar larvae with 2 hairs ......... ............................................. 67. Neomyzus. 138 (137). Last segment of proboscis with 4-8 supplementary hairs. 4th antennal segment of alatae without rhinarium, rarely with one. Apex of cornicles of apterae dark; dorsum of abdomen of apterae without dark pattern; if dark pattern present, basis of cornicles also dark. In Ist-instar larvae, hind tibiae without rostral setae, abdominal tergum VIII with 4 hairs 68. Aulacorthum. 139 (134). Cornicles distinctly inflated. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 5-8 secondary rhinaria. Cauda with 4 or 5 hairs. On Umbelliferae (Heracleum).................. 69. Paramyzus. 140 (121). Inner sides of antennal tubercles diverging anteriorly (Figure 260, 5-8); if inner sides parallel or only slightly converging (Figure 260, 9), cornicles markedly inflated; diameter of the inflated part 2-5 times the smallest diameter in basal half (Figure 261, 7-9), or cauda with more than 9 hairs. 141 (168). Hairs on body and legs blunt (Figure 260, 6-8) or pointed (Figure 260, 9); if hairs are slightly capitate (Figure 260, 5), dorsum of abdomen of apterae with dark sclerotized stripes and spots, or frontal groove deep, 0.26-0.38 as long as distance between bases of antennae (Figure 260, 5). 142 (155). Cornicles not inflated; if slightly inflated (in Volutaphis C.B.), diameter of their inflated part not more than 1.2 times the smallest diameter of the basal half (Figure 261, 6) and cornicles about 1.3 times as long as cauda. 143 (153). Hairs in the middle not standing on separate sclerites. Cornicles with distinct apical rim, of various length. Not on Artemisia. 144 (154). Dorsum of abdomen of apterae either completely unsclerotized or completely sclerotized. Hairs on body and legs blunt or pointed (Figure 260, 6-8). 562 145 (152). Dorsum of abdomen of apterae not sclerotized; sometimes only isolated minute sclerites present. Not on Balsaminaceae. 146 (151). Secondary rhinaria present only on 3rd antennal segment, in apterae more numerous in basal half of segment. Cornicles not inflated (Figure 261, 5) or slightly inflated in apical part (Figure 261, 3,4). Not on Caryophyllaceae. 147 (148). Antenna! tubercles slightly diverging, almost parallel (Figure 260, 7). Cornicles slightly dilated in apical half and narrower before apex (Figure 261, 3.4). Apterae 3.4-4.4. On Urticaceae (U r t i c a)................... 70. Microlophium. 148 (147). Antennal tubercles markedly diverging (Figure 260. 6,8). Cornicles not inflated (Figure 261, 5). On various plants. ....

149 (150). Frons with median tubercle; inner side of antennal tubercles convex (Figure 260, 8). Apterae 1.3-3.2. On roses and Gramineae ..................................... 71. Metopolophium,

[CURE 261.

Aphidinea. Family Aphididae. subuibe Macrosiphina. Cornicles of apter Golman, Mordvilko. Mueller, Nevskii. Heinz and original)

(after Eisenberg.

3Microlophium

Xenomyzus

borealis;

same,

caraganae; 6Voluiaphis

cocticalis; 2Myzus apical part: 5 Acyrthosiphon

RhoDalosiDhoninnsribesinus: 8Rh.calthae:

LO Mac

rosiphum

eva cent,

9Rh.laivsiphon;

ro;

L3-D. (Paczoskia) pa

150 (149). Frons without median tubercle;

almost straight (Figure 260, 6).

inner side of antennal tubercles On various plants ..............

72. Acyrthosiphon. 151 (146)- Secondary rhinaria present on 3rd, 4th, and sometimes on 5th antennal segment; if present only on 3rd segment, they are more numerous in the apical half of the segment and the cornicles are slightly inflated in the middle (Figure 261, 6). On Caryophyllaceae ................................... 73. Volutaphis. 152 (145). Dorsum of abdomen of apterae completely sclerotized, black. On Balsaminaceae ......................... 74. Impatientinum. ..........................................

563 153 (143). Hairs in the middle (at least some hairs) standing on separate minute sclerites, on large sclerites on tergum VII. Cornicles without distinct apical rim, at least 1/3 of length of body. On Artemisia .............................. 75. Titanosiphon. 154 (144). Dorsum of abdomen with large dark sclerotized spots and stripes which are often fused (Figure 264, 2,3). Hairs on dorsum of at least first 5 abdominal terga capitate (Figure 262,2). On Grossu76. Nasonovia. lariaceae, Compositae and Scrophulariaceae 155 (142). Cornicles inflated, diameter of the inflated part at least 1.3times the smallest diameter of basal half (Figure 261, 7-9); if diameter of inflated part less than 1.3 times the smallest diameter, cornicles not longer than cauda (Figure 264, 6). .....

FIGURE 262, Aphidinea. Family Aphididae, subtribe Macrosiphina (after Heinz and Essig)

1Idiopterus

nephrolepidis, fore wing: 2N terga III and IV.

a son o via pilo-

sellae, hairs on abdominal

156 (166), Inner sides of antennal tubercles diverging anteriorly (Figure 260, 5); if inner Sides almost parallel, diameter of inflated part of cornicles less than twice the smallest diameter

of basal half. Cauda fingerlike or triangular. 157 (167). 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 3 or 4, 4, 4 setae. Secondary rhinaria of apterae present on 3rd and sometimes 4th antennal segment (sometimes also on 5th segment); if secondary rhinaria absent, antennal tubercles almost parallel. Cauda fingerlike or triangular. Not on Lonicera or Gramineae. 158 (165). Cornicles longer than cauda. Dorsum of abdomen of apterae not sclerotized; if sclerotized, then in several spots or stripes which are sometimes fused. Cauda and cornicles light or dark. Not on Papilionaceae. 159 (160). In alatae, secondary rhinaria present on 3rd, 4th and often 5th antennal segments. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with at least 6 rhinaria. Dorsum of abdomen of alatae with dark median sclerotized stripes which are more or less fused into a contiguous spot (Figure 264, 4,5). On Grossulariaceae, Compositae and Scrophulariaceae 77. Hyperomyzus. 160 (159). In alatae, secondary rhinaria present only on 3rd antennal 3rd antennal segment. In apterae, segment with 0-4 rhinaria; if rhinaria more numerous, alatae without sclerotized stripes. On various plants. .......................

718

161 (162). 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 1-50 rhinaria (Figure 260,5). Cornicles more or less symmetrically inflated. Cauda with 7-18 hairs. Cornicles smooth. On Resales, Boraginaceae and Filicinae ................................... 78. 162 (161). 3rd antennal segment of apterae without rhinaria; are present on 3rd segment, cornicles inflated on cauda). Cauda with 5-7 hairs. Cornicles scaly.

Amphorophora. if 1-4 rhinaria one side (toward On Ericaceae

and Vacciniaceae, 163 (164). Antennae 0.54-0.7 of

164 (163).

564 165 (158).

166 (156).

length of body; terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1.6-2.5 times longer than base of segment. Median frontal tubercle more than half as high as depth of frontal groove. Cuticle of dorsum of body covered with large rugose tubercles; cuticle of thoracic terga and abdominal terga sclerotized in dark stripes and spots. No marginal and median tubercles. Last segment of proboscis with 2-4 supplementary hairs ...................................... 79. Testataphis. Antennae 1-1.5 times as long as body; terminal process of 6th antennal segment 4-6.6 times longer than base of segment. Median frontal tubercle (if present) less than half as high as depth of frontal groove. Cuticle of dorsum of body more or less smooth or with faintly marked serrated cells, not sclerotized. Marginal tubercles (sometimes also median tubercles) present, flat. Last segment of proboscis with 6-11 supplementary hairs ................................ 80. Wahlgreniella. Cornicles shorter than cauda or not longer than cauda. Dorsum of abdomen of apterae with a spot anterior to each cornicle (Figure 264, 6). Cauda and cornicles dark. On Papilionaceae ............................................... 81. Megoura. Inner sides of antennal tubercles parallel or slightly converging anteriorly (Figure 260, 9). Diameter of inflated part of cornicles 2-5 times smallest diameter of basal half (Figure 261, 7-9). Cauda triangular (Figure 259, 5). 82. Rhopalosiphoninus. 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 2 setae. Apterae without secondary rhinaria. Antennal tubercles distinctly diverging. Cauda tri83. Rhopalomyzus. angular. On Lonicera and Gramineae Hairs at least on dorsum of body, head, and first 2 antennal segments distinctly capitate or fan-shaped (Figures 266; 261, 14). Cuticle of dorsum of apterae without dark sclerotized stripes and spots. Frontal groove shallow, 0.10-0.24 as long as distance between bases of antennae. Hairs on dorsum of body fan-shaped. Cauda with 4 hairs. RS of fore wings of alatae contiguous with M, faintly marked; veins with brown border (Figure 262, 1). On Filicinae ................ ............................................. 84. Idiopterus. Hair on dorsum of body capitate. Cauda with 5-11 hairs. Venation of alatae ordinary, RS of fore wings not contiguous with with M, distinct, and veins without border (e.g. Figure 257, 6). ........

167 (157).

....

168 (141).

169 (170).

170 (169).

On Dicotyledoneae. 171 (172). 1st tarsal segment with 5, 5, 5 setae. Cuticle of dorsum of body thickened, covered with tubercles. 3rd antennal segment of apterae without rhinaria. On Resales .................. 85. Chaetosiphon.

172 (171). Firsttarsalsegmentwith3, 3, 3 or 3. 3, 2 setae. Cuticle on dorsum of body not thickened, more or less smooth. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with or without rhinaria. On various plants. 173 (174). Last segment of proboscis ordinary, with blunt apex (Figure 263, 1,2). 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 2-23 rhinaria. Middle of dorsum of abdomen of alatae sclerotized. On Grossulariaceae and Labiatae ...... 86. Cryptomyzus.

FIGURE 263. Aphidinea. Family Aphididae, subtnbe Macrosiphina. (after Hille Ris Lambers)

Last segment of proboscis

1Cryptomyzus baUotae; 2C. galeopsidis; 3 Capttophorus 4Pleotrichophocus glandutosus; 5P. persimilis.

vandergooti;

174 (173). Last segment of proboscis pointed (Figure 263, 3-5). 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 0-3 rhinaria, rarely with up to 8. Middle of dorsum of abdomen of alatae sclerotized or not sclerotized. 175 (176).

On various plants. Apex of last segment of proboscis forming beak (Figure 263, 3), with 2 supplementary hairs. 3rd antennal segment of apterae Middle of dorsum of abdomen of alatae scleroOn Elaeagnaceae, Compositae and Polygonaceae ......... ........................................... 87. Capitophorus. Last segment of proboscis stilet- shaped, with 4-10 supplementary hairs (Figure 263, 4,5). 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 1-3 rhinaria, rarely with 0-8. Middle of dorsum of abdomen of alatae not sclerotized. On Compositae ...................... ....................................... 88. Pleotrichophorus. Cornicles with reticulate sculpture of several rows of more or less hexagonal cells on the distal part (Figure 261, 10-13). Inner sides of antennal tubercles diverging, as in Figure 260, 5-8. Cuticle pitted, thick. Hairs on dorsuro of apterae standing on tubercles, more or less capitate. On Betulaceae (C o rylu s). ............................................ 89. Corylobium. Cuticle more or less smooth, rarely slightly rugose. Hairs on dorsum of body of apterae usually not standing on tubercles, pointed, blunt or capitate. On various plants. Largest transverse row in reticulate part of cornicles consisting of 3-5 cells; the cornicles are more slender in this part, at least not thicker than immediately posterior to this part (Figure 261. 10,11). Most hairs on dorsum of body not standing on sclerites. Not on Compositae, Campanulaceae or Plumbaginaceae. without rhinaria.

176 (175).

565 177 (112).

.

178 (179).

179 (178).

180 (187).

566

.

tized.

.

APHEDIDAE

181 (182). Scales on 2nd tarsal segment consisting of separate spinules; if scales contiguous, 1st tarsal segment with 4 or 5 setae. Cuticle on dorsum of abdomen slightly rugose. On Ericaceae (Rhododendron).......................... 90. Masonaphis

182 (181). Scales on 2nd tarsal segment contiguous, smooth. 1st tarsal segment with 3 setae. Cuticle usually more or less smooth.

On various plants.

HOMOPTERA

183 (186). In apterae, 3rd segment of at least one antenna with secondary rhinaria. Not on Rubiaceae. 184 (185). Cauda light colored. Spiracles on mesothorax and metathorax ordinary, bean-shaped, narrower than diameter of 3rd antennal 91. Macrosiphum. segment at base. Not on Ranunculaceae 185 (184). Cauda dark to black. Spiracles on meso- and metathorax round, broader than diameter of 3rd antennal segment,at base. On Ranunculaceae ............................ 93. Delphiniobium. 186 (183). 3rd antennal segment of apterae without rhinaria. On Rubiaceae ............................................. 92. Unosiphon. 187 (180). Largest transverse row in reticulate part of cornicles consisting of 6-10 cells; if only 5 cells, cornicles in this part thicker than immediately posterior to rt (Figure 261, 12,13). Most hairs on dorsum of body may stand on sclerites (Figure 264, 7,8). On Compositae, Campanulaceae or Plumbaginaceae. 188 (189). Median part of frons convex, forming a broad tubercle. Abdominal tergum VIII with 2, rarely 4 hairs (5 or 6 hairs in some specimens). 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 1-4 rhinaria. Last segment of proboscis blunt. On Plumbaginaceae ........... ............................................ 94. Staticobium. 189 (188). Median part of frons concave, at any rate not convex. Abdominal tergum VIII with at least 4 hairs. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with at least 3 rhinaria. Last segment of proboscis blunt or pointed. On Compositae or Campanulaceae. 190 (193). Hairs on dorsum of body more or less uniform, often capitate. Sclerites on abdominal terga I-VII present (Figure 264, 7,8,10), rarely absent, 191 (192). 1st tarsal segment with 5, 5, 5 setae; if with 3, 3, 3 setae, the reticulate sculpture of cornicles occupies not more than 0.33 of their length. Sclerites usually present posterior to cornicles; sclerites anterior to cornicles absent or smaller than posterior tubercles (Figure 264, 7). Cornicles longer than cauda. Aphids dark, mainly brown, black, dark-brownish red, often with metallic sheen, without powder ................... 95. Dactynotus. 192 (191). 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 3 setae. Sculpture on cornicles occupying at least 0.4 of their length. Sclerites usually present anterior to cornicles, absent posterior to cornicles or smaller than anterior sclerites (Figure 264, 8). Cornicles longer or shorter than cauda. Aphids light, rarely dark, often with pattern caused by powder ...................... .96. Macrosiphoniella. 193 (190). Hairs on dorsum of body of two types: 1) long. pointed (on 1st and 2nd antennal segments and on last 2 or 3 abdominal terga); 2) short, blunt (on occiput and other terga). Abdominal terga I-VII without sclerites (Figure 264, 9). Attended by ants. On Compositae (Tanac etum) .................. 97. Metopeurum. 194 (111). If cornicles longer than their greatest diameter, then not more than 1.2 times longer. On Coropositae ....... 98. Microsiphum. ......

.

722

.

APHID IDAE

Keys

to Species of Family

Aphididae

Subfamily PTEROCOMMATINAE 1. in the

Neopterocoroma H.R.L.

genus.

1(1).

Monoecous (willows In the whole U.S.S.R. one species.

Reddish, with yellowish cornicles, legs and antennae. On Salix alba, S.fragilis, On lower part of stems. South; Western Europe ..................................... N. asiphum H.R.L.

2. Plocamaphis Oestl. Monoecous (Salix). In the whole U.S.S.R, 2 species, 2 species. 1 (2).

Salix). 2 species

3 species in the genus.

Cornicles much shorter than 2nd segment of hind tarsi, not inflated. Grayish green to brown. On Salix viminalis, on young shoots. Northwest; Western Europe P. amerinae Hart. Cornicles longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsi, inflated. Yellowish gray, with orange cornicles. On Salix caprea, S. viminalis, S. cinerea, on last year’s shoots. South; Western Europe, North America P. flocculosa Weed, s. lat.

...................

............................................

2 (1).

.......

Pterocomma Buckt. Monoecous (Salix, Populus). species in the genus. In the U.S.S.R. 6 species. 6 species. 3.

567

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

About 15

Terminal process of 6th antennal segment shorter than base of segment or of equal length. Cornicles markedly inflated, the inflated part 2.5-4 times broader than the apex (Figure 246, 9). Blackish green, ventrally covered with white powder. On Salix caprea, S-fragilis, S. viminalis, S. cinerea, S. purpure a, on last year’s shoots and also older shoots- Everywhere, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ............... P. salicis L. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment longer than base of segment. If cornicles inflated, then only slightly, their inflated part less than 2.5 times broader than the apex. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 1-6 rhinaria. Cornicles inflated. Last segment of proboscis longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Reddish brown to brownish black. On Salix triandra, S.repens, S.caprea, S.cinerea, S.aurita. P. jacksoni Theob. Southwest, Southeast; Western Europe 3rd antennal segment of apterae without rhinaria. If cornicles 2nd inflated, last segment of proboscis shorter than segment of ........

4 (3).

hind tarsi.

5 (8).

Cornicles slightly inflated. than 2nd

6 (7),

Last segment of proboscis shorter

segment of

hind tarsi. Cornicles about 1.3 times as long as 2nd

segment of hind tarsi. Gray, with waxy spots. On Salix amygdalina, S.purpurea. Center, South; Western Europe P. steinheili Mordv. Cornicles about twice as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Brown, ventrally ash-gray; cornicles yellow in basal third, brown in the other part. On Salix triandra, S. cinerea, S. lapponuin, S. lanata, S. hastata, S, stipulifera, S. glauca, .............

7 (6).

HOMOPTERA

S. caprea, S. reticulata; on last year’s shoots, rarely also on older or younger shoots. Khibiny Mountains, Carpathians; mountains inSweden. This is possibly not a separate species but a mountain form of steinheili........ P. ringdahli Wahlgr. 8 (5). Cornicles not inflated (Figure 246, 3,8). Last segment of proboscis not shorter than 2nd segment of hind tarsi. 9 (10). Marginal tubercles large, markedly convex (Figure 246, 8). Yellowish gray to brown; venter and space between terga covered with white powder. On poplar (Populus nigra, Populus pyramidal! s). on last year’s shoots (rarely older shoots); usually infesting nourishing shoots (suckers); possibly also occurs on willow. Center, South, West Siberia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Asia Minor

.....................

............................................

10 (9).

Marginal tubercles small,

P. populeum Kalt.

flat.

indistinct or absent. Cornicles sometimes covered with hairs. Dark gray to brown, with white powder. On Salix viminalis, S. fragilis, S. alba and many other species, on young lignified shoots. Northwest, South-

west, East; West Kazakhstan; Western Europe ............................................

.................

P. pilosum

Buckt,

Subfamily APHIDINAE Tribe APHIDINI Subtribe RHOPALOSIPHINA

4.

Longiunguis Goot (Geoktapia Mordv., PyraphisC.B.). genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 or 3 species.

3 or 4 species in the

1 species. 1 (1).

On pear (Pyrus communis), on lower side of leaves; infested leaves irregularly (usually transversely) rolled; chestnut-brown withblackcolor; antennae 6-segmented. Migrating in 2nd to 4th generation to Grarnineae (Poa annua, Brachypodium sp.). On lower side of leaves; yellow, with5-segmentedantennae. South, Transcaucasia; central and southern Europe, Southwest Asia....... L. pyrartus Pass. (pyrina Ferr, areshensis Mordv.?). .......

5. Rhopalosiphum Koch (Siphonaphis Goot). Migrating from Resales to Gramineae or aquatic plants, or roonoecous on Gramineae or Juncaceae. About 20 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 or 7 species. 5 species. 1 (14), Abdominal tergum VIII with 2 hairs, rarely with 4. M of fore wings branched twice; M of fore wings rarely branched once in some specimens, but only on one wing. If the longest hairs on 3rd antennal segment of apterae are longer than diameter of the narrowed base of the segment, thennotmore than twice as long. 2 (13), Body elliptical, green. Cornicles not more than twice as long as cauda. On Pomoideae, Prunus p a du s , Gramineae or

Juncaceae.

3 (6), 4 (5).

568

On woody Rosales. Grayish green, rust-red around cornicles; covered with white waxy powder. Antennae of fundatrices 6-segmented. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 19-33 rhinaria. On Padus racemosa, on lower side of leaves; infested leaves yellowing, their margins longitudinally rolled; the leaves later dry up; the aphids are rarely found on tips of young shoots. Also occurs onPrunus domestica. Migrating from 3rd generation. Life cycle incomplete on Gramineae where Prunus padus does not occur. Injurious to Prunus padus and Gramineae (rye, oats. wheat, barley, corn), especially to winter crops, but also often to spring crops; vector of viruses. Everywhere; in the North at least to the Khibiny Mountains, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Maritime Territory, Soviet Central Asia; almost cosmopolitan. (See bracket 8). ................................................. *Rh. padi L. Yellowish green, with 3 longitudinal, green, serrated stripes on dorsum, without rust color and without powder; only nymphs sometimes slightly powdered. Antennae of fundatrices 5-segmented. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 13-21 rhinaria. On various Pomoideae, on lower side of young transversely-twisted leaves, rarely on flowers or ends of shoots. Migrating from 2nd generation (only partly from 3rd generation). Injurious to apple trees and other pip fruits. Everywhere, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Maritime Territory, Transcaucasia; Western Europe. (See bracket 11) .......................................... *Rh. insertum Walk. .

5 (4).

....

6 (3). On Gramineae or Juncaceae, 7 (10), Antennae 6-segmented. On various aerial parts of plants.

Grayish

green. 8 (9).

9 (8).

Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 3.5-5.5 times longer than base of segment. Last segment of proboscis 1.05-1.20 times longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsi. On rye, wheat, barley. oats, corn, rice, sorghum and many other wild Gramineae, rarely also on Juncaceae (Juncus). (See also bracket 4)... *Rn. padi L. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1.7-2.5 times longer than base of segment. Last segment of proboscis 0.75-0.95 of length of 2nd segment of hind tarsi. On sorghum, corn, barley, millet, white durra, wheat, rye, oats, rice, sugarcane and wild Gramineae. Life cycle apparently incomplete in most of its range. Injurious to sorghum, barley, corn; vector of viruses. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; distributed throughout the Tropics .................................... *Rh. maidis Fitch.

Antennae 5-segmented. On upper part of roots and on rootcollars; if at base of stem, then covered with earth by ants. Yellowish or dark green. 11 (12). Terminal process of 5th antennal segment 4-6 times longer than base of segment. Cornicles 1.7-2 times as.long as cauda. Yellowish green. On Gramineae (Or yz a, Poa, Festuca, Glyceria, Agrostis, Phalaris, Alopecurus) and Juncaceae (Juncus). (See also bracket 5). Rh. insertum Walk. 12 (11). Terminal process of 5th antennal segment 2-3 times longer than base of segment. Cornicles 1.2-1.5 as long as cauda. Dark green, 10 (7).

...

13 (2).

14 (1).

almost blackish green. On Juncaceae (Luzula multiflora, Luzula silvatica, L.campestris). Monoecous. Southwest; Western Europe ..................... Rh. luzulella H.R-L. Body oval, chestnut-brown. Cornicles at least twice as long as cauda. On Prunoideae (Prunus domestica, P.spinosa, P. divaricata, Armeniaca vulgaris, A.mume, Persica vulgaris, Amygdalinus communi s); accidentally also on Cerasus mahaleb, on bark of young shoots, passing to lower side of leaves. Migrating to various aquatic plants. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, introduced to almost all countries of the world ........... ........................................... *Rh. nymphaeae L. Abdominal tergum VIII with 4-8 hairs. M of fore wings branched once. Longest hairs on 3rd antennal segment of apterae 4-5 times diameter of narrow base of 3rd segment. Antennae 5-, rarely 6-segmented. Olive-green, greenish black or brown, usually reddish around cornicles. On rice, wheat, barley, oats, sugarcane, and also on wild Gramineae; accidentally also on some Dicotyledonae, on roots. Life cycle incomplete, but in their native country (Japan) migrating from apricot (Armeniaca mume) to Gramineae. Transcaucasia and possibly the South; throughout the Tropics ........................................ Rh. rufiabdominalis Sas. (Aresha shelkovnikovi Mordv. ?). .

.

.

Schizaphis C.B. (Toxopte ra auct., nee Koch). Monoecous on Gramineae or some other Monocotyledonae), rarely migrating from pear. About 20 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 6 species. 6.

Abdominal tergum VIII with 6-10 hairs. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment longer than diameter of segment. Brown, shiny. (Subgenus Para schi zaphi s H.R.L.). 2 (3). Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment of apterae about 3 times diameter of narrow base of 3rd segment. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 8-16 rhinaria; 4th segment with 0-4 rhinaria; 5th segment with none. On sedge (Carex, Scirpus) and Typhaceae (Typha), accidentally also on Iridaceae, at base of leaves. Monoecous. South, Transcaucasia; Western Europe ............. .............................................. Sch. scirpi Kitt. 3 (2). Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment of apterae about twice diameter of 3rd segment. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 12-20 rhinaria; 4th segment with 6-12 rhinaria; 5th with 0-4 rhinaria. On sedge (Carex hirta); occurs under earth shelters. Southwest; Western Europe ........Sch. caricis Schout. Abdominal tergum VIII with 2 hairs. Hairs on 3rd antennal 4 (1). segment shorter than diameter of segment. Green. 5 (10). At least abdominal terga I and VII with marginal tubercles. Cuticle not thickened, with delicate markings. Light green. (Subgenus Schizaphis C.B., s. str.). Abdominal terga I-VII with marginal tubercles. In alatae, 3rd 6 (7). to 5th antennal segments with secondary rhinaria. On pear (Pyrus communis), on upper side of leaves which become longitudinally folded in half, their lower side turned outward; 1 (4).

569

726

7 (6).

8 (9).

9 (8).

infested leaves slightly inflated, pod-shaped. Migrating during the 2nd and 3rd generations, apparently to Gramineae (this should be confirmed). Southwest, Southeast, West Kazakhstan, southern Maritime Territory............................ Sch. pyri Schap. Only abdominal terga I and VII with marginal tubercles. In alatae, only 3rd antennal segment with secondary rhinaria, sometimes 4th segment also with 1-3 secondary rhinaria. Monoecous on Gramineae. Cornicles 1,7-2 times as long as cauda. Males winged. On barley, oats, wheat, millet, rice, sorghum, sudan grass, corn, white durra, rye and many wild Gramineae. Injurious, especially during deficiency of moisture. Steppe and forest-steppe zone, in the North to Moscow, Transcaucasia, South Siberia, Soviet Central Asia, southern Maritime Territory; southern Europe, Africa, Southwest Asia, Asia Minor and Central Asia, North and South America.................................. *Sch. gramina Rond. Cornicles 1.1-1.4 times as long as cauda. Males apterous. On Calaroagrostis epigeios and Phleum alpinurn.

Northwest, Center

........................

Sch. jaroslavi Mordv.

Abdomen without marginal tubercles. Cuticle thickened, with coarse rugose sculpture. Dark green. On Juncaceae (Juncus), Juncaginaceae (Triglochin) and Gramineae (Poa), on leaves and panicles. Southwest; Western Europe. (Sub genus E u s c hi

-

10 (5).

zaphis H.R.L.).......................... Sch. palustris Theob. 7.

genus. 1 (1).

Melanaphis Goot (Masraphis Solim). In the whole U-S.S.R. 1 species.

1 or 2 species in the

Minute (slightly more than 1.0); black, with grayish white pubescence. Cauda with constriction in middle, with 5 symmetrically arranged hairs. Cornicles dark, markedly dilated at base. On Phyllo stachy s bambusoides, Ph. mytis, Bambusa nana, B. steno stachi a, Phragmites narka, Phragmites sp., Arundinaria sp., on lower side of leaves. Life cycle not clear. Black Sea coast of Caucasus; North Africa, Southeast Asia, Havana ....................................... M. bambusae Full. (phyllostachia Solim ?). ..................

8.

Hyalopterus Koch.

from Prunoideae to reeds. 1 (1).

M of fore wings branched twice. Only 1 species.

Migrating

Oblong, green, covered with shortwhite waxy pubescence orpowder. On various Prunoideae, forming dense colonies on lower side of leaves; margins of heavily infested leaves become folded downward and infested leaves become discolored along veins. Young fruit infested by aphids remains underdeveloped. Migrating to reeds (Phragmites communis) during several generations. Several as yet not studied biological and geographical forms exist; the distinction between pruni Geoffr. and amygdali Blanch. is not yet confirmed. Injurious everywhere, often seriously. Vector of viruses. Everywhere; cosmopolitan *H. pruni Geoffr. (arundinis F.). ..................

............................

9. Mordvilkoiella Shap., gen. n. Body oblong, almost twice as long as wide. Antennae 5-segmented, 1/6 to 1/5 of length of body; terminal process of last antennal segment 1.6-2 times as long as base. Tip of last

segment of proboscis forming beak; microsensilla on beak obliquely directed anteriorly and laterally. Marginal tubercles present only on pronotum, forming groups of round granules. Legs short; 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 2 setae. Hind tibiae of normal females not inflated, with pseudosensoria. Distance between spiracles on abdominal segments I and H half that between spiracles on segments II and III. Cornicles very short, pore-shaped. Cauda helmet-shaped triangular, with 6-8 hairs on long apex. Abdominal tergum VIII with 5-8 hairs (Figure 249). 1 species in the genus. 1 (1).

On Phragmites communis, under sheaths of leaves. Monoecous. Southwest, Transcaucasia ....... M. skorkini Mordv.

570

Subtribe APHIDINA

10.

Chomaphis Mordv. Oligophagous, on roots of Compositae. Monoecous. The genus is very closely related to Aphi s L., the species of which (subgenus Papillaphis C.B.) are gradually transitional to the genus Chomaphis Mordv. 2 species in the genus. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

1st tarsal segment with 4, 4, 3 setae. Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I to V, frequently more or less small on tergum VII. Cauda rounded, helmet-shaped, shorter than broad at base. Antennae always 5-segmented, often with secondary rhinaria on 3rd segment. Cornicles with 2-8 hairs in almost all specimens. On Tussilago farfara and Petasites tomentosus, Petasitessp. Northwest, South, East, Southern Urals, West Kazakhstan. (Subgenus Chomaphis Mordv., s. str.)- ...... ...................... Ch. mira Mordv. (tussilaginis Mordv,). 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 2 setae. Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-IV. always large on abdominal tergum VII. Cauda almost triangular, forming steps from middle to apex; cauda longer than broad at base. Antennae 5-segmented or often 6-segmented, usually without secondary rhinaria. Cornicles with 1 or 2 hairs only in some specimens. On Achillea millefolium, Achillea nobilis, Tanacetum vulgare and also on Chrysanthemum vulgare, Ch. leucanthemum, Ch. maximum, Matricaria chamomilla, Anthemis cotula. Northwest. Center, South; Western Europe. (Subgenus Toxopterina C.B.)....... Ch. vandergooti C.B. (ve rae Shap.).

11. Aphis L. t (Doralis Leach.). Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I and VII ventral to spiracles; marginal tubercles frequently also occur on other terga. Monoecous or dioecous. Life cycle sometimes incomplete. Monophagous, oligophagous or polyphagous. On dicotyledonous plants and shrubs, rarely on trees. About 200 species in the genus. About 100 species; only 64 species are included because the genus is not sufficiently known.

+

The

keys to genus Aphis

were written

by A.G Davletshina.

1 (118). Antennae standing on flat or slightly convex frons. Antenna! tubercles absent. 2 (51). Aphids dark, chestnut-brown, blackish green, black. 3 (34). Abdomen of apterae without dark sclerotized stripes; if such stripes are present, aphids not covered with powder and cornicles less than 1.5 times as long as cauda. On Polygonaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Araliaceae, Unibelliferae, etc. (Subgenus Aphis L., s. str.). 4 (15), On woody plants and shrubs. 5 (6). Cornicles 3.5-4 times longer than cauda. On young shoots of elder (Sambucus ebulus, S. nigra). Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-IV and VII, large, conical. Dark brownish green to black with bluish tinge. Facultatively migrating to subterranean parts of Rum ex, Lychnis and several other plants. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North America ...................... A. sarobuci L. 6 (5). Cornicles less than 3 times longer than cauda. On Evonymus europaeus. Viburnum opulus and Philadelphus c oronariu s. 7 (10). Marginal tubercles constantly present on abdominal terga I-IV and VII, I-V and VII. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present on 3rd and 4th antennal segments. 8 (9). Cornicles short, 0.8-1.1 times as long as cauda. Coffee-brown to black. Nymphs densely covered with powder. Males apterous. On Viburnum opulus, V.lentago, on markedly twisted leaves,

Monoecous. Injurious in parks. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, West Kazakhstan; Western Europe, North America ............................................. #A. viburni Scop. Cornicles long, 1.5-2 times as long as cauda. Olive-brown to black. Nymphs not covered with powder. Males alate. Living on Viburnum lantana, on lower side of leaves. Monoecous. South; Western Europe ....................... A. lantanae Koch. Marginal tubercles permanently present only on abdominal terga I and VII. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present on 3rd antennal .....

9 (8).

10 (7).

segment. 11 (14). Marginal hair on abdominal tergum I much longer than height of marginal tubercle on the tergum. Hairs on body long and slender, 1.8-2 times as long as height of marginal tubercle on abdominal

tergurn I. 12 (13). Hairs on 3rd antennal segment 1.5-2 times greatest diameter of segment. Cornicles 1.3-1.5 times as long as cauda. Apterae 571 brick-brown, with waxy bloom. Nymphs without white waxy spots on sides of abdominal terga. Hind tibiae of normal females not thickened. On lower side of leaves of Evonymus europaeus, E. m a a c k i. Monoecous. South; Western Europe .............. ..........................................

13 (12).

A. cognatella Jones.

Hairs on 3rd antennal segment as long as diameter of segment. Cornicles 1.4-1.8 times as long as cauda. Apterae dark brown, dull black, with very delicate waxy bloom. Nymphs with white waxy spots on sides of abdominal terga. Hind tibiae of normal

females thickened.

On Evonymus europaeus, 729

E. maacki,

E.verrucosa, Viburnum opulus, V.lantana, V. lentago, Philadelphus coronarius, at end of young shoots, on flowers, and on markedly twisted leaves. Migrating to many herbs and grasses. Very injurious to sugar beet, Evonymus europaeus, viburnum, beans, and some other crops. Everywhere, Transcaucasia,, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North America. (See also brackets 22 and 27).. .............................................. *A. fabae Scop. 14 (11). Marginal hair on abdominal tergum I not longer than height of marginal tubercle on the tergum. Hairs on body short, setalike, length 0.9 to 1.0 of height of marginal tubercle on abdominal tergum I. On ends of shoots and on twisted leaves of Evonymus europaeus, E, verrucosa. Migrating to various herbs and grasses. Injurious to spindle tree, buckwheat, corn. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan; Western Europe. (See also bracket 33) ................................ *A. evonymi F. 15 (4). On herbs, grasses and lianas. 16 (23). On sorrel. 17 (20)* Marginal tubercles constantly present on abdominal terga I-IV .

and

VII

or I-V and VII.

18 (19), Cornicles 3.5-4 times longer than cauda. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 30-36 rhinaria. Dark brown, almost black, with bluish tinge. Migrating from elder (Sambucus nigra). On subterranean parts of R u rn e x and Lychnis......A. sambuci L. 19 (18). Cornicles 1.9-2.2 times as long as cauda. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 4 or 5 rhinaria. Greenish brown, shiny. On roots and leaves near the roots of Rumex acetosa. Monoecous. South; Western Europe, North America .......... A. acetosae L. 20 (17). Marginal tubercles constantly present only on abdominal terga I and VII. 21 (22). Marginal hair on abdominal tergum I as long as height of marginal tubercle on the tergum. Abdominal terga II-IV with 3 or 4 marginal hairs on each side. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with not more than 10 rhinaria. Hind tibiae of normal females not thickened. On stems and leaves near the roots of Rumex obtusifolius, R. maritimus. Infested leaves become very twisted and wrinkled. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Maritime Territory; Western Europe, North America .................................. A. rumicis L. 22 (21). Marginal hair on abdominal tergum I much longer than height of marginal tubercle on the segment. Abdominal terga II--IV with 2 marginal hairs on each side. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with more than 10 rhinaria. Hind tibiae of normal females thickened. Migrating from viburnum, jasmine, spindle tree. Occurs on apex of stems and lower side of leaves of Rumex. (Cf. brackets 13 and 27)....................................... ....................... *A. fabae Scop. (rumicis auct., nee L.). 23 (16). On different plants. 24 (29). Marginal hair on abdominal tergum I much longer than height of marginal tubercle on segment. Hairs on body and legs longer, 1.5-2.2 times greatest diameter of 3rd antennal segment.

730

.

Marginal tubercles present only on abdominal terga I and VII. Nymphs with white waxy spots on sides of abdominal terga. 26 (27). Cornicles 1.8-2 times as long as cauda. Marginal hair on abdominal tergum I more than twice as long as marginal tubercle. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with not more than 11 rhinaria. On Aegopodium podagraria; infested leaves markedly twisted. Monoecous. South, West Kazakhstan; Western Europe

.

25 (28).

......................................... A. podagrariae Schrk. Cornicles 1.4-1,8 times as long as cauda. Marginal hair on abdominal tergum I less than twice as long as marginal tubercle. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with more than 11 rhinaria. Migrating from viburnum, jasmine, spindle tree. On sugar beet, kidney bean, beans, vetch, nightshade, poppy, goosefoot, purslane, fennel, etc. (Cf. brackets 13 and 22)............. *A. fabae Scop. 28 (25). Marginal tubercles present not only on abdominal terga I and VII but also on terga II-IV. Nymphs without white waxy spots on sides of abdomen. Coffee-brown. On Antriscus silvestris, on leaves and plant organs near the roots. Life cycle not clear.

27 (26).

South; Western Europe ....................... A. brohmeri C.B. Marginal hair on abdominal tergum I not longer than height of marginal tubercle on the tergum. Hairs on body and legs short, 1-1.5 times greatest diameter of 3rd antennal segment. 572 30 (31). 3rd and 4th antennal segments of apterae with secondary rhinaria. Cornicles 1-2.3 times as long as cauda. Dark green to black. On lower side of leaves and stems of Senecio jacobaea. Monoecous. Center, South; Western Europe ........................................... A.jacobaeae Schrk. 31 (30). Antennae of apterae without secondary rhinaria. Cornicles 1.4-2 times length of cauda. 32 (33). Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-IV and VII, I-V and VII. Cornicles 1.7-2 times as long as cauda. Coffee-brown. On young shoots and leaves ofHedera helix. Monoecous. Northwest, South, Transcaucasia; Western Europe .............. 29 (24).

....................

.............................................. A. hederae Kalt. 33 (32). Marginal tubercles present only on abdominal terga I and VII. Cornicles 1.4 to 1,8 times as long as cauda. Dark brown. Migrating from spindle tree. On corn, buckwheat, sunflower, goosefoot, common thistle, black nightshade. (Cf. bracket 14) ............................................... *A. evonymi F. Abdomen of apterae with dark sclerotized stripes and spots which 34 (3). are sometimes fused into a contiguous spot. Body more or less densely covered with waxy bloom; if this is removed, body remains shiny. If aphids not covered with powder, cornicles more than 1.5 times as long as cauda. On Papilionaceae, Labiatae, Compositae, Euphorbiaceae, etc. (Subgenus Pergandeidea Schout.). 35 (42), Cornicles 0.6-1 tiroes length of cauda. 36 (37). Marginal tubercles constantly present on abdominal terga I-IV and VII. Cornicles 0.9 to 1 times length of cauda. Black, thinly covered with powder. The sclerotized stripes on abdominal terga I-IV become gradually wider posteriorly. Cauda with

10-16 hair s. On beans and Vicia cracca, V.pillosum, at apex of stems and on leaves. Monoecous. Injurious to beans and vetch. Everywhere, in the North at least to the Khibiny Mountains; Western Europe .......................... *A. craccae L. 37 (36). Marginal tubercles constantly present only on abdominal terga I and VII, also but not constantly on terga II, III or IV, where they are usually small and occur only on one side. 38 (39). Terminal process of last antennal segment more than twice as long as base of segment. Cornicles 0.7-0.8 of length of cauda. Dark brown, densely covered with powder giving a bluish color to the insect. Cauda with 7-9 hairs. On shoots of Genista tinctoria. Monoecous. Center, West, South; Western Europe

............................................. A. genistae Scop. 39 (38). Terminal process of last antennal segment 1.2-1.3 times as long as base of same segment. On Euphorbiacaeae. 40 (41). Cornicles 0.8-0.9 of length of cauda. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present on 3rd and 4th antennal segments. Light brown, with fine waxy bloom. On flowers and leaves ofEuphorbia cypariss i a s. Monoecous. Center, South; Western Europe ............. ........................................... A. euphorbiae Kalt. 41 (40). Cornicles 0.6-0.7 times as long as cauda. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present only on 3rd antennal segment. Dark brown, covered with white powder. On flowers and leaves of Euphorbia gerardiana. South. ................... A. gerardianae Mordv. 42 (35). Cornicles 1.2-2.5 times as long as cauda. 43(46). On Papilionaceae. 44 (45). Adult apterae dark brown, shiny, not covered with powder; transverse sclerotized stripes on abdominal terga I-VI of apterae fused into a contiguous spot. All abdominal terga of alatae with broad transverse stripes. Cornicles of apterae twice as long as cauda or more. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment half as long as diameter of segment. On Robinia pseudoacacia, Caragana,Gleditschia triacanthos,Amorpha fruticosa, alfalfa, pea, kidney bean. soya bean, alhagi, licorice. cotton plant, saplings of oak, maple, apple tree, chestnut, tamarisk. In Europe hibernating on alfalfa, from where it migrates to other plants. Severely injurious to cotton plant, alfalfa, beans, Robinia. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia, Far East; cosmopolitan...... *A. craccivora Koch. (m e dicagini s auct., nee Koch, laburni auct.. nee Kalt.). 45 (44). Adult apterae dark brown, dull, covered with gray powder. Abdominal terga I-VI without transverse sclerotized stripes, only with isolated spots. Abdominal terga I-VI of alatae with isolated spots; abdominal terga VII-VIII with narrow transverse stripes. Cornicles of apterae 1.4-2 times as long as cauda. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment 1-1.2 times as long as diameter of segment. On Cytisus laburnum, on ends of young shoots 573 and on lower side of leaves. Monoecous. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia.................................. ......................... *A. cytisorum Hartg. (laburni Kalt.).

46(43). On different plants. 47 (48). Secondary rhinaria of apterae present on 3rd antennal segment. Large, velvety-black, dull, thinly-covered with powder. On apex of stem sand low leaves ofSalvia pratensis. Life cycle not clear. South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ....... A- salviae Walk. 48 (47). Antennae of apterae without secondary rhinaria, 49 (50). Transverse sclerotized stripes on abdominal terga II-VI not fused into a contiguous spot. Cornicles 2-2.5 times as long as cauda. Black, dull, with dove-gray waxy bloom. On Cichorium intybus, at apex of stems, on leaves and inflorescences. Monoecous. Everywhere, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ............................................... A. intybi Koch. 50 (49). Transverse sclerotized stripes on abdominal terga II-VI fused into a contiguous spot. Cornicles 1.2-1.4 times as long as cauda. Dark brown, dull, slightly covered with powder. On Chenopodiaceae (Salsola kali, Kochia scoparia). Life cycle unknown. A. rufula Walk. (s als olae C.E.). South; Western Europe 51 (2). Aphids light; yellow, yellowish green, green, dark green, 52 (83). Cornicles and cauda light-colored; if cornicles dark, marginal .

.

.,..-..

tubercles on abdominal terga II-IV or II-V present, cornicles more than 1.5 times as long as cauda, and body covered with waxy powder. On Resales. Saxifragaceae, Malvaceae, Rhamnaceae, Onagraceae, etc. (Subgenus Medoralis C.B.). 53 (74). On trees. 54 (55). Cornicles 3-3.5 times longer than cauda. Light green, green, orange-brick-colored. On ends of young shoots and on lower side of leaves of Salix caprea, S.cinerea. S.viminalis. Monoecous. Life cycle shortened: the bisexual generation appears in summer- Sometimes injurious. Everywhere, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, China, Japan, North America............ .......................... .*A. farinosa Gmel. (s a licet i Kalt,). 55 (54). Cornicles less than 3 times longer than cauda, 56 (63). On Rosaceae. 57 (60). Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-IV and VII or I-V and VII. Cornicles dark. 58 (59). Cornicles 1.5-2.5 times longer than cauda. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment of apterae 1-1.6 times as long as greatest diameter of segment. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present only on 3rd antennal segment. Uniformly green, with yellowish or brownish yellow head. On ends of young shoots, buds, apical leaves and petioles, of the following Pomoideae; apple tree, European mountain ash, pear, quince, hawthorn, medlar, Juneberry, cotoneaster, etc. Infested leaves roll up and shoots become twisted. Monoecous. Severely injurious to apple tree (Figure 250). Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ........................................ #A. pomi Deg. 59 (58). Cornicles 1.3-1.5 times as long as cauda. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment of apterae 0.7-0.8 of greatest diameter of segment. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present on 3rd and 4th antennal segments. Dark green. On Ulmaria palustris, Spiraea sp., Filipendula ulmaria. Life cycle not known. North, West, Center, South; Western Europe ......... A. uhnariae Schrk.

733

60 (57). Marginal tubercles present only on abdominal terga I and VII. Cornicles light or with slightly darker apex; cauda light. On raspberry arid European dewberry (Rubus). 61 (62). Cornicles 2.5-3 times longer than cauda, long and slender, with dilated base and narrow apex. Terminal process of last antennal segment 2-2.7 times as long as base of segment. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present only on 3rd segment. On ends of twisted shoots and on lower side of rolled leaves of raspberry (Rub us idaeus); rarely on European dewberry. Monoecous. Injurious to raspberry. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia, West Kazakhstan, Siberia; Western Europe ........ ........................ *A. idaei Goot (mordvilkiana Dobr.). 62 (61). Cornicles 1.4-1.8 as long as cauda, short and thick. Terminal process of last antennal segment 2.7-3.5 times longer than base of segment. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present on 3rd and 4th antennal segments. On ends of shoots and on twisted leaves of European dewberry (Rubus caesius). Monoecous. Injurious to European dewberry. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe .......... *A. ruborum C.B. 63 (56). On different plants. 64 (73). Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-IV and VII, I-V and VII. 65 (68). On Rhamnaceae, (Rhamnus cathartic a.) 66 (67). Hairs on 3rd antennal segment half as long as diameter of segment. 574 Marginal hairs on abdominal terga U-IV as long as height of marginal tubercle on abdominal tergum I or shorter. Cauda with 10-12 hairs. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present on 3rd and 4th antennal segments. Light green or yellowish green. At apex of shoots and lower side of leaves. Migrating to various herbs and grasses. Injurious to potato, tomato, buckwheat. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe. (Cf. bracket 80) ......... *A. nasturtii Kalt. (rhamni Koch, necB.d.F., necKalt.). 67 (66). Hairs on 3rd antennal segment 1-1.2 times as long as diameter of segment. Marginal hairs on abdominal terga II-IV twice as long as height of marginal tubercle on abdominal tergum I. Cauda with 6-8 hairs. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present only on 3rd antennal segment. Dirty yellowish green and light brown. At apex of shoots and petioles, and on leaves and fruits. Monoecous. South, West Kazakhstan .................... A. rhamnicola Mam. 68(65). On Saxifragaceae (Ribes, Gro s s-ularia). 69 (72). Terminal process of last antennal segment 1.7-2.5 times as long as base of segment. Last segment of proboscis shorter than 2nd

..

segment of hind tarsi. 70 (71). Marginal tubercles on abdomen conical, higher than thick. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment needle-shaped, 0.8-1 tiroes length of diameter of segment. Terminal process of last antennal segment 1.2-1.5 times as long as 3rd antennal segment. On twisted ends of shoots, petioles and leaves of gooseberry (Grossularia reclinata), blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum), red currant (R.vulgare), golden currant (R. aureum) and other currant

734

species. Monoecous. Very injurious. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ........................................ *A. grossulariae Kalt. Marginal tubercles round or spherical, usually broader than high. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment setalike, 1.4-1.8 times as long as diameter of segment. Terminal process of last antennal segment 1,1-1.3 tiroes as long as 3rd antennal segment. On black currant and gooseberry, on ends of shoots, on leaves and fruits. Monoecous. South; West Kazakhstan; Western Europe ................ *A. schneideri C.B. (octotuberculata Mam.). Terminal process of last antennal segment 1.2-1.3 times as long as base of segment. Last segment of proboscis as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment 0.6-1 times as long as diameter of segment. On lower side of leaves of black currant (Ribes nigrum). Southwest; North America ............................................. A. varians Patch. Marginal tubercles present only on abdominal terga I and VII. Light green, green. On young shoots, lower side of leaves, flowers and young fruits of pomegranate (Punica granatum) and Bignonia radicans. Monoecous. Injurious to pomegranate. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; southern Europe, North Africa ........................ *A. purricae Pass. On herbs and grasses. On Malvaceae (Malva. Althaea). Marginal tubercles present only on abdominal terga I and VII. Antennae of apterae 5-segmented. Terminal process of last antennal segment 0.8-0.9 of length of 3rd antennal segment. Light green. On Althaea officinalis, A.pallida, on lower side of leaves. Monoecous. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia ................................. A. althaeae Nevs. Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-V and VII. Antennae of apterae 6-segmented. Terminal process of last antennal segment 1.1-1.2 times as long as 3rd antennal segment. Green, with dark indistinct spots. On Malva neglect a, M. rotundifolia, Althaea officinalis, on lower side of leaves; infestation results in wrinkled and twisted margins of leaves. Monoecous. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North America.. ........................ .................. A. umbrella C.B. (m alvae Koch, nee Mosley). On different plants. Cornicle-s 1.3-1.7 times as long as cauda. Terminal process of last antennal segment 2.2-2,8 times longer than base of segment. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present on 3rd and 4th antennal ......

71 (70).

................

72 (69).

.........

73 (64).

74 (53).

75(78). 76 (77).

77 (76).

78 (75). 79 (82).

segments. 80 (81).

Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-IV and VII. 3rd antennal segment 1.1-1.2 times as long as terminal process of last antennal segment. Rich yellow, yellow-green. Migrating from common buckthorn. On potato, buckwheat, tomatoes and various herbs and grasses. (Cf. bracket 66). *A. nasturtii Kalt. .

.

.

81 (80). Marginal tubercles present only on abdominal terga I and VII. 3rd antennal segment 0.9-1 times length of terminal process of last antennal segment. Dark green, covered with gray powder.

On Onagraceae (Epilobium montanum, E.parviflorum, E. angustifolium). Monoecous. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ........................... ............................A. praetrita Walk. (epilobii Kalt.). 82 (79). Cornicles 1.8-2.2 times as long as cauda. Terminal process of last antennal segment 2.8-3 times longer than base of segment. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present only on 3rd antennal segment. 575 Green, light yellow. On lower side of leaves and on apex of stems of nettle (Urtica dioica). Monoecous. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia, Kazakhstan; Western Europe ...... ............................. -A. urticata F. (urticaria Kalt.). 83 (52). Cornicles and usually also cauda dark. Marginal tubercles on abdominal terga II-V absent; if present, cornicles less than 1.5 times as long as cauda, and body without waxy powder. On Labiatae, Cucurbitaceae, Rhamnaceae, Compositae, Polygonaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Dipsacaceae, etc. (Subgenus Cerosipha Goot). 84 (97). On Labiatae. 85 (86). Cornicles 1.7-2,2 times as long as cauda. Antennae 6-segmented. 3rd antennal segment 1.6-1.7 times as long as terminal process of last antennal segment. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment half as long as greatest diameter of segment. On Mentha silvestris, M.viridis, Mentha sp., on apex of stems and in rolled leaves. Monoecous. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe. North America ............................... ................. *A. affinis Guerc. (m enthae auct., nee Walk.). 86 (85). Cornicles less than 1.7 times as long as cauda. Antennae 5- and

6-segmented. 87 (90).

Cornicles 0.8-1.1 times as

long as cauda. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment less than half as long as greatest diameter of segment. 88 (89). Terminal process of last antennal segment 2.5-3.5 times longer than base of segment. Last segment of proboscis 1.2-1.7 times longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Cornicles 0.8-0-9 as long as cauda. Light yellow. On Brunella vulgaris, on apex of stems and on lower side of leaves. Monoecous. South, Moldavia; Western Europe; a rare species A. brunellae Schout. 89 (88). Terminal process of last antennal segment 2-2.5 times longer than base of segment. Last segment of proboscis 1.5-2 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Cornicles 1-1.1 times as long as cauda. Aphids dark green. On Thym.us serpylluro, T. chamaedrys. Monoecous. South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ........................ A. serpylli Koch. 90 (87). Cornicles 1.2-1.6 as long as cauda. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment longer than greatest diameter of segment. 91 (94). 3rd antennal segment 0.8-0.9 of length of terminal process of last antennal segment. Last segment of proboscis 1.40-1.45 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Cauda light. ............

736

92 (93).

Antennae 5- or 6-segmented. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 3 or 4 secondary rhinaria. Cauda with 2 pairs of hairs. Light green; cornicles and cauda light. OnOriganum vulgare, on apex of stems, leaves and flowers, Monoecous. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ............................................. A. origani Kalt. Antennae 6-segmented. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 7 or 8 secondary rhinaria; 4th segment without secondary rhinar" ium, or with one. Cauda with 3 pairs of hairs. Green; cornicles dark. On Lamium album, L. amplexicaule, L. purpureum ). Monoecous. South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe .................................... A. lamiorum C.B. 3rd antennal segment 1-1.2 times as long as terminal process of last antennal segment. Last segment of proboscis 1-1.25 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Cauda light or dark. Cauda light. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 5-7 rhinaria. Yellowish green. On rolled leaves of Stachys sp. Monoecous. South, Transcaucasia; Western Europe .A. stachydis Mordv. Cauda dark. 3rd antennal segment with a different number of rhinaria. On other species of Labiatae: On Nepeta cataria. Green, small. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 3 or 4 rhinaria. Crimea; Western Europe ............................................ A. nepetae Kalt. On Ballota vulgaris and Marrubium nigrum. Dark green, small. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 6 or 7 rhinaria. Apex of infested stems and leaves rolled. Monoecous. Crimea A. ballotae Pass. On Salvia verticillata. Yellowish green, small. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 3-5 rhinaria. On apex of stems and on leaves; infested plant organs not rolled. Crimea; Western Europe .......................... A. verticillatae C.B. On Teucrium chamaedrys, Sc o ro doni a sp. Light green. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 4-6 large rhinaria.

...........

93 (92).

94 (91).

95 (96).

...

96 (95).

-

~

........

....................................

Crimea; 97 (84).

Western Europe

.....................

A. teucrii ’Licht.

On different plants.

98 (105). 99 (102).

Cornicles 0.8-1.2 times as long as cauda. 3rd antennal segment as long as terminal process of last antennal segment, or shorter. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present only on 3rd antennal segment. 100 (101). Cornicles 0,8-0.9 times as long as cauda. Hairs on antennae not longer than diameter of 3rd antennal segment. Antennae 5- or 6-segmented. Dirty green, covered with gray powder; cornicles and cauda round. On Rhamnus cathartic a, on upper side of leaves which are rolled into tubes. Monoecous. South, East; West Kazakhstan; Western Europe .................. A. steinbergi Shap. (commensalis Stroy.). 576 101 (100). Cornicles 1-1.2 times as long as cauda. Hairs on antennae long, 1.2-1.3 times as long as diameter of 3rd antennal segment. Lemon-yellow, yellowish green, not covered with powder, cornicles black; cauda light. On Hypericum perforatum, on stems, flower stalks, flowers. Monoecous. South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe A. chloris Koch.

................

...............

102 (99).

3rd antennal segment 1.2-1.3 times as long as terminal process of last antennal segment. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present on 3rd and 4th antennal segments. 103 (104). Marginal tubercles present only on abdominal terga I and VII. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 4-8 rhinaria; 4th segment with 0-2 rhinaria. Dark green; cornicles black; cauda light.

On flower organs ofSedum spurium, S. album, S.reflexum. Monoecous. Center, South, Transcaucasia; Western Europe .................................... A. sedi Kalt. 104 (103). Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-IV and VII. 3rd and 4th antennal segments of alatae with 3 or 4 rhinaria. Yellowish green; cornicles and cauda dark. On Nerium oleander. South; Western Europe ............ A. nerii B.d.F. 105 (98). Cornicles 1.3-2.5 times as long as cauda. 106 (109). Last segment of proboscis 1 45-1.65 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Terminal process of last antennal segment 2-2.3 times longer than base of segment, 107 (108). Marginal tubercles present only on abdominal terga I and VII. 3rd antennal segment 1-1.1 times as long as terminal process of last antennal segment. Grass green; cornicles and cauda brown. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present on 3rd and 4th antennal segments. On Dipsacaceae (Knautia arvensis, Dipsacus Silvester), on stems, flower stalks, flowers and leaves. Monoecous. South, West; Western Europe ......... ....................... A. confusa Walk. (scabiosae Schrk.). 108 (107). Marginal tubercles present not only on abdominal terga I and VII, but usually also on I-IV. 3rd antennal segment 1.2-1.3 times as long as terminal process of last antennal segment. Lemon-yellow and yellowish green; cornicles black; cauda brown. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present only on 3rd antennal segment. On Verbascum phlomoides, Verbascum sp,, on apex of stems, on flowers and lower side of leaves. Monoecous. South. East, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ............................ A. verbasci Schrk. 109 (106). Last segment of proboscis less than 1.45 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Terminal process of last antennal segment 3-3.5 tiroes as long as base of segment. 110 (111). Cornicles 1.1-1.3 times as long as cauda. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment half as long as greatest diameter of segment. Secondary rhinaria of alatae on 3rd and 4th antennal segment. Rich yellow and yellowish green, with a dark green spot on abdomen. Basal half of cornicles light; apical part of cornicles dark; cauda light. On Catalpa bignonioides, C.speciosa, on lower side of leaves and on petioles; infestation results in strong wrinkling of leaves. Facultatively migrating to herbs and grasses. South, Soviet Central Asia; apparently also in North America ............................. *A. catalpae Mam. 111 (110). Cornicles more than 1.3 times as long as cauda, 112 (115). Marginal tubercles present only on abdominal terga I and VII. 113 (114). 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 9-13 secondary rhinaria; 4th segment with 1-4, 5th segment with 0-2 secondary rhinaria.

3rd antennal segment of apterae 1-1.2 times as long as terminal process of last antennal segment; abdominal terga 3-5 sometimes with marginal tubercles. Green, dark green. On Frangula ainus, rarely on R ham nu s cathartic a, on end of shoots and on lower side of leaves; infested organs not wrinkled. Monoecous. South, Transcaucasia, southern Urals; West Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe .............. A. frangulae Kalt. (rhamni Kalt.. nee B.d.F., nee Koch). 114 (113). 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 6-8 secondary rhinaria; 4th and 5th segments without secondary rhinaria. 3rd antennal segment of apterae 0.7-0.8 times as long as terminal process of last antennal segment; abdominal terga III-V without marginal tubercles. Yellow, green, dark green. On Cucurbitaceae, cotton, citrus and many other plants, on lower side of strongly wrinkled leaves, on stems and flowers. Life cycle incomplete. Hibernating on leaves near the roots. Very injurious to cotton, melon crops and also plants in greenhouses or under glass. Everywhere, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia, Siberia; Western Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia, China, Japan, North America ....................................... *A. gossypii Glov. (frangulae auct., nee Kalt.). 115 (112). Marginal tubercles present not only on abdominal terga I and VII but also on terga 1MV or II-V. 116 (117). Antennae 5-segmented. Green; cauda black. On Rubiaceae, Galium aparine, on leaves and apex of stalks. South; Western Europe .......................... A. galiiscabri Schrk. 117 (116). Antennae 6-segmented. Green; cauda light. On the following .......

..............

-

-

Compositae: On Hieracium boreale, H. sabaudum. Monoecous. South; Western Europe ..................... A. hieracii Schrk. On Helianthemum obscurum, on flowers and apex of 577 stalks. Life cycle unknown. South ................................ A. helianthemi-obscura Bozh. Antennae (1). 118 standing on little-marked antennal tubercles. Frons slightly trough-shaped. 119 (120). Median projecting part of frons 0.3-0.4 times as high as distance between bases of antennae. Cornicles always curved; concave side of cornicles directed away from body. Chestnut-brown; covered with waxy bloom. On Cornaceae (Cornus alba, C. sanguinea), on lower side of rolled leaves, rarely on inflorescences. Migrating to Onagraceae (Epilobium angustifolium). Northwest, Center; Western Europe. (Subgenus Comaphis C.B.).............. A. corniella H.R.L. 120 (119). Median projecting part of frons 0.45-0.7 times as high as -

,.,.,.................,.,.-

distance between bases of antennae. Cornicles more or less straight, sometimes curved only in some specimens. 121 (122). Cornicles of apterae 0.7-1.5 times as long as their greatest diameter, shorter than cauda, without apical rim. Marginal tubercles present only on abdominal terga I and VII. Aphids greenish brown, gray, covered with white powder. On

122 (121).

123 (124).

Ranunculaceae. Monoecous. South; Western Europe. Subgenus Brachysiphum Coot) ........... A. thalictri Koch. Cornicles of apterae at least 1-5 times as long as their greatest diameter, longer than cauda, with apical rim. Marginal tubercles present not only on abdominal terga I and VII but also on terga II-V. On Compositae, Polygonaceae, Umbelliferae, etc. (Subgenus Papillaphi s C.B. (Tuber culaphi s C.B.)). Cornicles 2-2.5 times as long as cauda. 3rd antennal segment as long as terminal process of last antennal segment or slightly longer. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present only on 3rd antennal segment. Green, dark green, with black cornicles and cauda. On leaves near the roots of Plantago spp. NorthA. plantaginis Goetze (Schrk.). west, South; Western Europe Cornicles less than twice as long as cauda. On different plants. Secondary rhinaria of apterae present on antennal segments 3-5. Greenish brown, almost black, shiny. On Umbelliferae (Pirn pinella saxifraga). South; Western Europe ........................................... A. subnitida C.B. Antennae of apterae without secondary rhinaria. On different plants. Antennae,of apterae 6-segmented. Hairs on 3rd antennal seg....

-

124 (123). 125 (126).

..............

126 (125).

127 (128).

ment at least half as long as greatest diameter of 3rd antennal segment. Green, dull. Cornicles black; cauda light. On Gentianaceae (Gentiana cruciata), on leaves and flowers. Life cycle unknown. Northwest; Europe..............

A. gentianae C.B. 128 (127). Antennae of apterae 5-segmented. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment 0.3-0.4 times as long as greatest diameter of 3rd antennal segment. On Compositae. Monoecous. 129 (130). Cornicles 2.7-3.5 times longer than hind tarsus. Dark green; cornicles dark; cauda light. On Taraxacum sp., on lower side of leaves, on flowers and apex of stalks. Monoecous. South, South Kazakhstan; Western Europe .................... ........................................ .A. taraxacicola C.B. 130 (131). Cornicles as long as hind tarsus. Dark green; cornicles and cauda black. On Carduus acanthoides, on leaves near the roots. Monoecous. South; Western Europe ............... ......................................... A. acanthoides C.B. ...........................................

12. 1 (1).

Ephedraphis H.R.L.

Only 1 species.

Brown or brown-black; dorsum with 4 longitudinal rows of white convex spots of waxy bloom which are fused on abdominal terga I, IV and VII into transverse stripes; bloom forming transverse stripes on venter. On end of shoots of Ephedra distachia, E.foliata, E.equisetina, Ephedra sp. Life cycle unknown. Crimea (subspecies taurica Mam.), Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia .......... A. ephedrae Nevs.

13. Debilisiphon Shap. On Umbelliferae. The life cycles of the species of this genus have not been investigated; apparently monoecous. In the whole U.S.S-R. 3 species. 3 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

Marginal tubercles constantly present on abdominal terga I-V and VIII. Dark green, almost blackish green, slightly shiny, thinly covered with powder. On various Umbelliferae (Libanotis, Hippomarathrum, Peucedanum, Cenolophium), at base of stalks and on leaves near the roots, rarely in fork of stalks. South, East; West Kazakhstan ......................... ...................................... D. umbelliferarum Shap. Marginal tubercles not present on abdomen or inconstantly present only on a few abdominal terga. Cornicles at least twice as long as their diameter in the middle. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 5-12 rhinaria; 4th antenna! segment with 2-4 rhinaria. Green or dark green. On lower part of stalks of Seseli tortuosum. South D. seselii Bozh. Cornicles not more than 1.5 times as long as their diameter in the middle. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 0-2 rhinaria; 4th segment without rhinaria. Dull green. At apex of stalks of Peucedanum carvifolia. South ................................. D. peucedani-carvifoliae Bozh. .......

578

4 (3).

..........................

are

14. Protaphis C.B. (Xerophilaphis Nevs., part.). All species apparently monoecous; on grasses and herbs but mainly on Compositae. In the whole U.S.S.R. 14-16 species.

About 20 species in the genus. 6 species. 1 (2).

On Taraxacum koksaghyz, Scorzonera tausaghyz, on roots and in plant injuries; ants. with living together South, Kazakhstan ........................................ P. scorzonerae Mordv. Cuticle of head reticulate. On different plants. Cornicles conical. Cauda with 7 or 8 hairs. On Arteraisia campestris, A. fe rgane ns i s, Artemisiasp., on stalks and leaf petioles, sometimes on lower side of leaves which in this case are slightly wrinkled. South (except Southwest), Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia P. artemisiae Narz. Cornicles cylindrical. Cauda with at least 12 hairs, Cauda light. Cells on cuticle of abdomen without processes. Cuticle of head not reticulate.

....................

2 (1). 3 (4).

............

4 (3).

5 (6).

On Carthamus tinctorius, Karelina caspica, Cirsium arvense, Carduus, Cousinia, Xeranthemum annuum, on stalks, leaves, flowers and roots. South, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Southwest Asia ........................................ P. anuraphoides Nevs. (5). Cauda dark. (3). Cells on cuticle of abdomen with processes. On Centaurea cyanescens, C.diffusa, C.maculosa, C. sol stitiali s, C. squarrosa, on stalks and inflorescences. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe .......................................... P. alexandrae Nevs. (7). Cells on cuticle of abdomen without processes. On different plants. (10). Cauda 1.1-1.3 times as long as cornicles. Dark green, with black eyes. On Artemisia annua, A.absinthium, .......

6 7

.................

8 9

Xanthium strumarium, Xeranthemum annuum, Inula germanica, on roots, sometimes also on stalks and leaves. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia

..............

10 (9).

.............................................. P. elatior Nevs. Cauda 1.5-1.7 times as long as cornicles. Dove-gray, with red eyes. On Artemisia annua, Artem i sia sp., Xanthium strumarium, Cirsiumsp. South, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia ........................................ P. elongata Nevs.

15. Brachyunguis Das (Xerophilaphis Nevs., part.). U.S.S.R. about 20 species. 4 species. 1 (6).

2 (5). 3 (4).

4 (3).

In the whole

Cauda with 6-9 (rarely 10) hairs. On Tamarix. Cauda fingerlike, 3-4 times longer than terminal process of 6th antennal segment. Cornicles 2-4 times longer than diameter. Cornicles at least 3 times longer than terminal process of 6th antennal segment. Cells of cuticle of abdomen with processes. On Tamarix ramosissima, T. karakalensi s. T.mejeri, T.pallasii, Tamarix sp., on young shoots, leaves and flowers. Monoecous. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia ............................ B. tamaricophila Nevs. Cornicles not more than twice as long as terminal process of last antennal segment. Cells on cuticle of abdomen without processes. On Tamarix ramosissima, Tamarix sp., on shoots and leaves. Life cycle unknown. The status of this species should be confirmed. Southeast, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia .................................................. B. tamariciarum Rus. (tarn ari c ivorum Narz.). Cauda triangular, 1.6-2 times as long as terminal process of 6th antennal segment. Cornicles 1.2-1.4 times as long as their diameter. On Tamarix karakalensi s, T.mejeri, T.pallasi, Tamarixspp. South, West Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia .......................... B. tamaricifoliae Hall. Cauda with 12-14 hairs. Not covered with powder. Light green. On Zygophyllum fabago, on stalks, branches and fruit stalks. Southeast, West Kazakhstan, B. z. zygophylli Nevs. occurs on the same plant in Soviet Central Asia.................. ................................. B. zygophylli shaposhnikovi Iv. ...............

5 (2).

6 (1).

16.

1 (1).

Xerobion Nevs.

Only 1 species.

Inflated, dark brown, with a pattern caused by white waxy pubescence as follows: 3 dark spots on white background on abdominal terga II-III and dark half-rings near cornicles. On Kochia prostrata and Camphorosma roonspeliacum, on stalks, lower and upper side of leaves. Life cycle unknown. South; West Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia ................. ....................................... X. eriosomatinum Nevs.

17. Cryptosiphon Buckt. Last segment of proboscis stilet-shaped, pointed. Only 6 species have been described. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species, the status of some of which should be confirmed. 5 species.

1 (1).

Monoecous on Artemisia: On A. vulgaris. A, absinthium, A. dracunculus, in rounded, yellowish or reddish galls. Center, South, Kazakhstan, West Siberia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ............. C. artemisiae Buckt. (gallarum Kalt., nee Gmel.). On A.canipestris, in similar galls as C. artemisiae. South; Western Europe .................... C. brevipilosus C.B. On Artemisia sp., in oblong galls. Southern Urals ............ ............................................. C. mordvilkoi Iv. On A. astrachanica. Type of injury to plants unknown. Southeast ................................. C. astrachanicae Iv. On A. maritima. Type of injury to plants unknown. Crimea ............................................ C. caspicae Bozh. ..............

.

18.

Toxoptera

and tropical plants.

1 (1).

,

.

Koch. M of fore wings branched once. On subtropical 3 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Adults brownish black, shiny; young specimens light brown. Very injurious to tea, infestation resulting in rolled leaves, twisted shoots and making tea shoots unsuitable for processing. Injurious to citrus (mandarine, lemon and orange trees), especially to young saplings, also to camelia, loquat, laurel, etc. Life cycle incomplete; more than 20 generations per year. Black Sea coast of Caucasus; in tropical and subtropical zones of all countries ...................................... #T. aurantii B.d.F.

Tribe MACROSIPHINI Subtribe ANURAPHIDINA

19. Anuraphis Guerc. Migrating from pear (Pyrus communis) to herbs and grasses. Only 4 species described. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (8).

2 (5).

3 (4).

4 species.

On pear. Leaves folded in half, inflated and discolored, inhabited by fundatrices and migrantes (Figure 253, 1). In migrantes, marginal and median tubercles present on abdominal terga I-VII; head with 2 pairs of tubercles, one on occiput and one on frons. Fundatrices with brown marginal sclerotized spots; terminal process of last antennal segment longer than base of segment. Young and adults brown. Fundatrices with large marginal tubercles and usually also with median tubercles. Cornicles of migrantes with 25-35 rows of spinules. Everywhere, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe. (Cf. bracket 10).. *A. subterranea Walk. Fundatrices without marginal and median tubercles. Cornicles of migrantes with 18-27 rows of spinules. Crimea, Southwest; Western Europe. (Cf. bracket 11) ............. #A. catonii H.R.L. Marginal and median tubercles of migrantes present on abdominal terga I-V; head with one pair of tubercles on occiput. Fundatrices without marginal sclerotized spots; terminal process of last antennal segment shorter than base of segment. Young specimens green. Abdomen of adult migrantes green. .

579

4 (3).

5 (2).

!

6 (7).

HOMOPTERA

Median tubercles of fundatrices inconstantly present on head, thorax and abdominal terga I-V; abdominal tergum VI usually with marginal tubercle. Terminal process of last antennal segment of migrantes 3.5-4.5 times longer than base of segment.

Everywhere, Caucasus; Western Europe, Asia Minor. (Cf. bracket ............................. *A. farfarae Koch. Abdominal tergum VI of fundatrices without median and marginal Terminal process of last antennal segment of migrantes tubercles. 5-6 times longer than base of segment. Crimea, Northern Caucasus. (Cf. bracket 14)................. *A. pyrilaseri Snap. On herbs and grasses, at base of stalks, onleaves near the roots and on roots of herbs and grasses. Secondary viviparae apterous, rarely alate. Living together with ants. (Description based on apterae). Marginal and median tubercles present on abdominal terga I-VII; head with 2 palirs of tubercles, one on occiput and one on frons. Abdominal terga without transverse green stripes. Cornicles with 27-39 rows of spinules (Figure 251,4). Cuticle of first 5 abdominal terga with plates forming a pattern of cells, not fused (Figure 251, 1, c). Adults 2.4-3.4. On Pastinaca spp., Heracleum spp. and several other Umbelliferae, (Cf. bracket 3)............................ A. subterranea Walk. Cornicles with 14-23 rows of spinules. Cuticle of first 5 abdominal terga withiplates forming a pattern of cells, fused. Adults 1.8-2.1. On Pimpinella spp. (Cf. bracket 4)................. ............................................. A. catonii H.K.L. Marginal and median tubercles present on abdominal terga I-V; head with one pair of tubercles on occiput. Well marked transverse green stripes which are interrupted in the middle usually present on all ithoracic terga and first 6 abdominal terga. Cornicles with} 40-45 rows of spinules which are rarely fused into scales. Cells; on cuticle few and faintly marked; almost all pattern-forming plates not fused. Aphids dark, brick- or yellowish brown, with dark transverse stripes; posterolateralhalf of abdomen green. On Tussilago farfara and Petaistes spp. (Cf. bracket 6); ............................... A. farfarae Koch. Cornicles with’ 30-35 rows of spinules, most of which are fused into scales. Cells present on greater part of cuticle on dorsum; pattern-forming plates of cells usually fused. Aphids light, ocheryellow, with light green transverse stripes. On Laser trilobum, Hippom arathrum crispum. Las e rpicium hispidum, rarely on several other Umbelliferae. (Cf. bracket 7). .........,...’...............,.............. A. pyrilaseri. Shap.

1\3)

7 (6).

8 (1).

9 (12).

10 (11).

580 11 (10).

12 (9).

13 (14).

14 (13).

...

20. Zinia Shap. Only one species. Genus named in honor of the Zoological Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences (ZIN). 1 (1).

Aphids broadly elliptical, dull, pale green; dark sclerotized parts of body with dull sheen. On roots of Veronica longifolia. East; |West Kazakhstan............... Z. veronicae Shap.

21. Dysaphis C.B. ;(Dentatu s Coot, Yezabura auct,, nee Mats.). Migrating from Pomoideae to herbs and grasses, rarely monoecous.

Narrowly oligophagous or monophagous. About 60 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 40 species. 33 species.

-

1 (66). Cornicles 2.5-12 times longer than their diameter in the middle. Median tubercles present on abdominal tergum VIII; one or both median tubercles sometimes absent only in a few specimens, but in this case the branches of the furca of mesothorax of apterae are separate. Not on cotoneaster or mint. 2 (29). On Pornoideae. Infested leaves deformed. 3 (22. 23, 26). On apple tree (Malus). 4 (21). Antennae of apterae not reaching cornicles; antennae of alatae not reaching end of body. Cauda helmet-shaped or rounded. Infested leaves with red, yellowish or pale green tuberculate open galls which form longitudinal folds or tubes (Figure 253, 2). (Subgenus Dy saphi s C.B., s. str.). 5 (8). If apterae are much more numerous than alatae and nymphs in colonies, description is made from apterae. 6 (7). Hairs on 3rd antennal segment much longer than diameter of segment. Premarginal hairs present on pronotum (as in Figure 252, 3). (Cf. bracket 14)................ D. devecta Walk. (6). on 3rd antennal segment much shorter than diameter of Hairs 7 segment. Pronotum without premarginal hairs. (Cf. bracket 20).. ............................................ *D. affinis Mordv. 8 (5). Description based on alatae. 9 (18). Premarginal hairs usually present on sides of pronotum (Figure 252, 3). Secondary rhinaria not very numerous on antennae; 3rd antennal segment with 20-55, 4th segment with 0-21, 5th segment with 0-5 secondary rhinaria. 10(11). Abdominal tergum VIII with 7-lOhairs. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.042-0.064, 1.6-2.7 times longer than diameter of narrow base of segment. Cauda with 6-9 hairs. Migrating during 2nd generation from Malus domestica to Chaerophyllum aromaticum, Ch.temulum. 11

Southwest, Western Europe ................. D. chaerophylli C.B. (10). Abdominal tergum VIII with 4 (rarely 5) hairs. Longest hair on 3rd abdominal segment 0.039, not more than 1.7 times as long

as diameter of narrow base of segment. 12 (13). Cauda with 6-9 hairs. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.013-0.018 (rarely to 0.023), 0.6-0.9 (rarely 1.1) times as long as diameter of narrow base of segment; all hairs pointed; only 3rd antennal segment sometimes with slightly blunt hairs. Nymphs pale yellow. Migrating during 2nd generation from Malus domestica to unknown host. Northwest, Southeast. West, Central and East Kazakhstan...................... D. flava Shap. 581 13 (12). Cauda with 5 hairs, with 4 or 6 in some specimens, very rarely with 7 hairs. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.021-0.039, 1.0-1.7 times as long as diameter of narrow base of segment; if hairs are shorter, they are very blunt or the apex is dilated. Nymphs olive-green or dirty-yellowish green, sometimes pinkish ,

gr-ay.

14(15).

segment of hind tarsi with 3 setae; in some isolated populaup to 50% of hind tarsi with 2 setae. Alate par the no genetic females (gviioparae) occur in small numbers among a large number 1st

tions

of intermediates between apterae and alatae, and also among apterous parthenogenetic or normal apterous females and alate males. Not migrating. Life cycle ending in early summer, rarely in midsummer. On Malus domestica, M. silvestris. Injurious, sometimes ’seriously. Everywhere; Western Europe .*D. devecta Walk. (communis Mordv., longipilosus Mordv.). 15 (14) 1st segment of hind tarsi with 2 setae, but sometimes with 3 setae (in 23% of tarsi on the average). Alate parthenogenetic females (migrantes) occur alone or accompanied by a few apterae, but not accompanied by intermediate parthenogenetic females. 16 (17). Marginal tubercles present on each side of abdominal tergum VI or only on one side in some specimens. During the 2nd generation migrating frcm Malus domesticaand M.orientalisto Rumex, Galls of fundatrices consist of a longitudinal fold near the midrib of leaves in the apical part, rarely of a transverse fold in the apical part of leaves .................. D. radicola Mordv. a (b). Hairs on body and antennae of all forms pointed. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.021-0.029, 1.0-1.3 times as long as diameter of narrow base of segment. Marginal hair on abdominal tergum III 0,026-0.039, 1.2-1.6 times as long as diameter of segment. Northwest, West, Center, Crimea (?)..... D. radicola radicola Mordv. b (a). Hairs on body and antennae of all forms blunt and partly with dilated apex. | Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment and marginal hairs on ab’dominal tergum III 0.009-0.013, 0.4-0.7 times as long as diameter of narrow base of segment, Crimea, Northern Caucasus .D. radicola meridialis Shap., subsp. n. 17 (16). Marginal tubercles of abdominal tergum VI absent; if sometimes present, then only in a few specimens and only on one side. Migrating to Umbelliferae. Galls of fundatrices consist of transverse fold at apex of leaves .................... D. anthrisci C.B. a (b). Cornicles 4,7-6 times longer than broad in the middle, in some specimens^ times longer than broad. Marginal tubercles on abdominal tergum VII present on each side in 43-60% of specimens, on one side in 40-43%, absent in 0"14%. Migrating during 2nd gene ration .from Malus orientalis and M. domestica to .

............

....;...............

Anthriscus nemorosa.

b (a).

Crimea, Northern Caucasus ..........;....-.................... D. anthrisci majkopica Shap. Cornicles 3,3-4.7 times longer than broad in the middle, in some to 5 times as long as broad. Marginal tubercles on specimens abdominal ^segment VII present on both sides in 63-100% of specimens, on one side in 0-37% of specimens. .......

[up

c

(d).

Longest hair on abdominal tergum VIII 0.053-0.067; longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.021-0,039. Cornicles 0.16-0.23. 3rd antennal segment with 33-35 secondary rhinaria; 4th segment with 7-21 secondary rhinaria; 5th segment with 0~5secondary rhinaria. During2ndigeneration migratingfromMalus domestica and M. silvestr;is to Anthriscus silvestris. Northwest, Center; Western Europe ..................... D. anthrisci anthrisci C.B.

746

d (c).

Longest hair on abdominal tergum VIII 0.047-0.055; longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.018-0.026. Cornicles 0.14-0.18. 3rd

antennal segment with 18-44 secondary rhinaria, 4th antennal segment with 0-17 rhinaria, 5th segment with none. During 2nd generation (and partly during 3rd generation) migrating from Malus orientalis and M. domestica to Chaerophyllum maculatum. Northern Caucasus; possibly also occurs in Western Europe (on Ch. temulum, Ch. hirsutum and C h. bulbosum) D. anthrisci chaerophyllina Shap. Pronotum without premarginal hairs; if these are present (rarely), 18 (9). then only on one side, and in this case secondary rhinaria of antennae numerous, 74-129 on 3rd antennal segment, 31-67 on 4th segment and 5-21 on 5th segment. 19 (20). 3rd antennal segment with 74-129 secondary rhinaria, 4th segment with 31 -67, 5th segment with 5-21 secondary rhinaria. Caudawith 7-11 hairs Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-VII. inconstantly on abdominal tergum VI. Migrating during 2nd and 3rd generations from Malus domestica and apparently from M. orientalis and M. silvestris to Valeriana officinalis, V. sambucifolia. South, East; West Kazakhstan; Western Europe. (Cf. bracket 59). .............. D. brancoi C.B. (pomaria Shap.). 20 (19). 3rd antennal segment with 42-70 secondary rhinaria, 4th segment with 8-47 secondary rhinaria, 5th segment without secondary rhinaria, or with only one. Cauda with 5, rarely 6 or 7 hairs. Marginal tubercles present on abdominal terga I-V or I-V and VII. Monoecous (Malus orientalis). Injurious to tree nurseries. South, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; accidentally found in Latvia, West Siberia (probably introduced with seedlings) *D. affinis Mordv. (incertus Mordv.). Antennae of apterae reaching cornicles; antennae of alatae reach582 21 (4). ing end of body. Cauda helmet-shaped-triangular or triangular. Leaves become transversely rolled in form of a cone or irregularly. Adults grayish brown-green or light brown; young (especially nymphs) pinkish. Between 2nd to 6th generation, migrating from Malus domestica, M. orientalis, M. silvestris to Plantago. South. Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia, North America. (Subgenus Pomaphis C-B-). (Cf. brackets 46, 49)........................ .*D. mali Ferr. (malicola Mordv.). 22 (3, 23, 26). On Crataegus. Infested leaves with red or pale yellow convexities. During 2nd generation migrating to herbs and grasses. (Subgenus Crataegaria Shap., subgen.n,; type of subgenus: D.crataegi Kalt.). (Cf. brackets 44 and 65)...... D. crataegi Kalt., D. angelicae Koch, D. apiifolia Theob., D. lauberti C.B., D, ranunculi Kalt. 23(3,22,26). On pear trees (Pyrus communis). (Subgenus Pomaphis C.B.). 24 (25). Cornicles dark. Cauda rounded. Marginal and median tubercles hemispherical. Adults brown, with violet tinge caused by dense white powder; young pinkish brown. Leaves slightly rolled, often discolored along veins. During 2nd generation and later ..................

...........

generations migrating to Galium. Injurious, sometiroes seriously. South, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, *D. pyri B.d.F. (mala Nevs.). Asia Minor 25 (24). Cornicles [light, Cauda helmet-shaped-triangular. Marginal and-median tubercles conical or papilliform. Aphids green, sometimes with brownish or reddish shade. Leaves and petioles become strongly rolled (Figure 253, 3). Not migrating. Also on Pyrus s’ali cifolia, P. syriaca. Often severely injurious. South, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia; southern Europe, Central Asia .................................... *D. reaumuri Mordv. 26(3,22,23). On Sorbus. (Subgenus Pom aphi s C.B.). 27 (28). Marginal -tubercles of apterae present on abdominal terga I-VII, rarely on terga I-V and VII. Cauda with 6-12 hairs. On Sorbus aucuparlia, S.domestica, S. cauca sigena, S. hybrida. Leaves rolled into loose spheres. Facultatively migrating to Campanulaceae (Campanula spp. and apparently to Jasione montana’), Injurious in parks. Everywhere, Caucasus, Urals; Western Europe ................................ #D. sorbi Kalt. 28 (27). Marginal tubercles of apterae present on abdominal terga I-IV or I-V. Cauda with 5 (rarely 6) hairs. On Sorbus torminalis. Part of leaf becomes rolled into a tube, yellow. Migrating to Plantago lanceolata. Crimea, Northern Caucasus. Trans caucasia; ! Western Europe D. aucupariae Buckt. 29 (2). On herbs and grasses. 30 (45). On Umbelliferae. on roots, at base of stems and on leaves near the roots, ! sometimes in leaf axils. 31 (38). Marginal tubercles present on all terga of body from pronotum to abdominall tergum VII. Monoecous. Males (knownin D. bonomii, D. aizenbergi, D. newskyi s. str. and D. hirsutissima) apterous. | (Subgenus Umbellife raria Shap., subgen.n.; type D. aizenbergi Shap.). of subgenus 32 (37). Secondary! rhinaria of apterae present on 3rd and 4th antennal tarsal segment with 3, 3, 2 setae. 1st segments.! 33 (34). Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment and marginal hairs on abdominal; terga IV-V more than 0.65 of greatest diameter of 3rd antennal segment. On Aegopodium podagraria. Southwest L....................... D. newskyi mamontovae Shap. t 34 (33). Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment and marginal hairs on abdominal! terga IV-V not more than 0.37 of greatest diameter of 3rd antennal segment. 35 (36). Last segment of proboscis 1.41-1.51 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarfsi with 4-7 (usually 6) supplementary hairs. Sclerotized stripes present only on pronotum. on sides of meso- and metanotum -

......................

................

and on abdominal terga VI-VII or V-VHI. Basal half of 3rd antennal segment thickened. On Heracleum sibiricum. Northwest, Center............................... D. aizenbergi Shap. t The following Western European subspecies live on the following plants: D. newskyi C.B.. s.str. (sphondylii Stroy.) on Heracleum austriacum. H.sptiondylium (last segment of proboscis with 2 supplementary hairs); D.n. ossiannilssoni Stcoy.on Angelica archangelica and

Last segment of proboscis 1.22-1.34 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi, with 2 supplementary hairs. Sclerotized stripes usually also present on mesonotum and metanotum and on all or most abdominal terga. 3rd antennal segment more or less uniformly thick throughout. On Pastinaca sativa, P. silvestris. Western Europe; possibly also present in the U.S.S.R, ............................................ D. bonomii H.R.L. 583 37 (32). Alatae (not to be confused with intermediates’) without secondary rhinaria. 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 3 setae. Hairs on body dense and long. On Anthriscus silvestris. Northwest, Center, South; Western Europe D. hirsutissima C.B. 38 (31). Meso- and metanotum, and usually abdominal tergum VI (often VII) without marginal tubercles. Migrating from apple tree or haw36 (35).

....

.............

thorn.

Males alate.

39 (44). Pronotum with premarginal hairs (Figure 252, 3). Abdominal tergum VII (sometimes also VI) with marginal tubercles. Migrating from apple trees. (Subgenus Dysaphis C.B. s. str.). 40 (43). Abdominal tergum VII with 8-13 hairs; if less hairs, abdominal tergum VI with marginal tubercles on both sides (rarely on one side); abdominal tubercles only sometimes absent (in only 12% of the specimens). 41 (42). Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.047-0.067, 2.1-3.1 times as long as diameter of narrowed base of segment. Abdominal tergurn VI without marginal tubercles. Life cycle ending in autumn. On Chaerophyllum aromaticum, Ch. temulum, Ch. hirsutum. South; Western Europe. (Cf. bracket 10) .......... .......................................... D. chaerophylli C.B. 42 (41). Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.026-0.042, 1.2-1.9 as long as narrow base of segment. Marginal tubercles present on both sides or only one side of abdominal tergum VI, rarely absent (only 12% of specimens). Life cycle ending in summer. On Chaerophyllum bulbosum. Center, South ................ ........................................ D. brachycyclica Shap. 43 (40). Abdominal tergum VIII with 4-6 (very rarely 7) hairs. Marginal tubercles on abdominal tergum VI absent, rarely present on both sides or only on one side in some specimens. The following subspecies are distinguished; D. a. anthrisci C.B. on Anthriscus silvestris (Northwest, Center; Western Europe); D. a. majkopica Shap. on A. nemorosa (Crimea, Northern Caucasus); D.a. chaerophyllina Shap. On Chaerophyllum maculatum (Northern Caucasus); D.a. bunii Shap. on Bunium sp. (Turkmenistan). (Cf. bracket 17).................. ...................................... D. anthrisci C.B., s.lat. 44 (39). Pronotum without premarginal hairs. Marginal tubercles on abdominal tergum VI (or also on VII) absent. Migrating from hawthorn or closely related species; life cycle not clear. (Subgenus Cr atae gar ia Shap.. subgen.n.). (Cf. bracket 22). On Angelica silvestris. Northwest, South; Western

Europe

.....................................

D. angelicae Koch.

On Conium maculatum, Anethum graveolens, Petroselinum sativum. Center, South, Transcaucasia;

49 (50).

Western Europe; like the form with incomplete life cycle on Apium graveolens also occurring in North Africa and North America. ’. .......................... *D. apiifolia Theob., s. lat. On Daucus c a rot a. South, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe. Biological forms also live on other plants, particularly on Pastinaca saliva, P. pimp inellifolia *D. crataegi Kalt. (D.c. kun^zei C.B-).. On Foeniculum vulgare and Eryngium campestre, E. m aritlimum, E, bungei, Crimea, Soviet Central Asia; D. foeniculae Theob. North Africa, Southwest Asia On Heracleum spp. East, South; Western Europe ......... i .................................... D.lauberti C-B. On Libahotis montanum. Northern Caucasus D. libanotidis Shap. L On Peucedanum alsaticum. East; West Kazakhstan D. uralensis Shap. i On different plants. On Plantiago lanceolata, rarely P. m edia, rarely on P. major, on aerial parts of plants. Cornicles i 2.5-3.5 times longer than their diameter in the middle. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment of apterae 0.020-0.030. On Plantago sp. Life cycle not clear. Recorded so far only from Soviet Central Asia D. pulverinus Nevs. Cornicles !6-12 times longer than their diameter in the middle. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment of apterae 0.004-0.006. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment of apterae longer than

50 (49).

cornicles.i Flagellum of antenna of alatae more than 0.95 of length of body. Migrating from apple trees. (Cf.bracket21). .D.maliFerr. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment of apterae shorter than

........................

...............

............

..............

.........

.................................

.........

..................................

.......

45 (30).

46(53). 47 (48).

....................

.

48 (47).

Plagellum of antennae of alatae less than 0.85 of length Migrating from Sorbus. |o.28-0.38, 5.7-9.2 times longer than thick in the middle. 3rd antennal segment 1.2-1.5 times as long as terminal process of D. aucupariae Buckt. 6th antennal segment. (Cf. bracket 28) 52(51). Cornicles 0.39-0.50 long. 10-12 times longer than thick in the middle. 3rd antennal segment 0.95-1.05 times as long as terminal process of 6th antennal segment. Crimea; Western Europe .........;...........................,.,. D. plantaginis Pasek. 584 53 (46). On different plants, on roots, on base of stem and on leaves near the roots; ; rarely on aerial organs of plants.

cornicles.! of body.

51 (52). Cornicles

.....

Rume’x.

54 (57). On 55 (56). Median

tubercles

present on all terga of body or at least on most Monoecous. On Rumexspp. East, South, Transcaucasia, West Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia, southern Maritime Territory; Western Europe, North Africa, Japan..................... !........... D. emicis Mim. (albocinerea H.R.L.). 56 (55). Median tubercles present on head, pronotum and abdominal terga and VIII. Migrating from apple trees. On Rumex crispus, VII R. c onglom eratus, R. obtu sifolius, R. equinus, R, acetosa, etc. ; (Cf. bracket 16) .................. D. radicola Mordv. terga.

.........

57 (54). On different plants. 58 (61). On Valeriana. 59 (60). Hairs on abdominal tergum VIII pointed, much longer than on abdominal terga I-VII. More than half the cornicles dark. D. brancoi C,B. Migrating from apple trees. (Cf. bracket 19) 60 (59). Hairs on abdominal tergum VIII blunt, as long as hairs on abdominal terga I-VII. Only apex of cornicles dark. Monoecous. Western Europe; probably also occurs in the U.S.S.R. ............... .....

.......................................... D.leefmansi H.R.L61(58), On different plants. 62 (65). On Compositae, on roots and on organs near the roots. Monoecous. 63 (64). On Arctium lappa, A. minus, A. torn ento sum. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe .............................................. D.lappae Koch. 64 (63). On Centaurea phrygia, C. maculosa, C, scabiosa, etc, Southwest; Western Europe ................. D. centaureae C.B. 65(62). On different plants: On Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus repens, R.acer, R.muricatus, R. bulbosus). Migrating from hawthorn. Northwest, North. Center, South; Western Europe. (Cf. bracket 22)......... .....

-

-

............................................ D. ranunculi Kalt. On Liliaceae (Tulipa, Lilium, etc.) and Iridaceae (Iris, Crocus, Gladiolus), on bulbs; from spring onward on shoots. Life cycle apparently incomplete. Northwest, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Southwest Asia and Asia Minor, North Africa, North and South America ..................... *D. tulipae B.d.FOn Cruciferae (Capsella bur sa pastori s), on roots and at base of stem. Life cycle not clear. South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ........................... D. capsellae Mordv. On Dipsacaceae (Cephalaria uralensis), on leaves. Life cycle not clear. Southwest .............. D. cephalarioides Shap. On Rubiaceae (Galium mollugo, G. aparine, G. silvaticum) and on Linaceae (Linum sp., at base of stem and on shoots near the roots. Migrating from pear trees. (Cf. bracket 24) ............................................... D. pyri B.d.F. On Campanulaceae (Campanula persicifolia, C.patula, C.rotundifolia), on leaves near the roots. Migrating from Sorbus. (Cf. bracket 27). ....................... D. sorbi Kalt. Cornicles less than twice as long as their diameter in the middle. Abdominal tergum VIII without median tubercles. In apterae, branches of furca of mesothorax connected by bridge. On C o t o n easier saxatilis, C. num m ularia, C.insignis, Cotoneaster sp., on slightly rolled leaves. Migrating to roots of Mentha silvestris. Crimea, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia. (Subgenus Cotoneasteria Shap., subgenus n.)................. ......................................... D. microsiphon Nevs.

66 (1).

22. Toxopterella H.R.L. Hind tibiae of fundatrices and young migrantes (of 1st to 4th instar) with very short blunt hairs (as in Figure 248,11), in addition to ordinary long hairs. Fundatrices with 4 gonapophyses. 3 species in the genus (in North America). One of them occurs in the U.S.S.R.

:

1 (I).

............

23. 1 (1).

HOMOPTERA

Aphids brown, with black head, cornicles and cauda. On lower side of slightly rolled young leaves of Sorbus aucuparia. M of fore wings of migrantes branched once, rarely twice. Fully migrating froni 2nd generation; secondary host unknown. Northwest. (Subgenus Sorbobion Mac Gill. et Bradl.)............... T. drepanosiphoides irae + Shap. \. ..................

Sorbaphis Shap.

Only one species.

On rolled leaves of Sorbus. Apparently migrating from 2nd generation; secondary host unknown. Southern Urals, lower S. chaetosiphon Shap. reaches of the Amur ......................

585

24. 1 (1).

Allocataphis C.B. (Malaphis Shap.).

Only one species.

Fundatrices green, with green transverse stripes and with waxy bloom. Alatae green, with rust-brown thorax and black spot on abdomen. Ori rolled leaves of apple tree (Malus domestic a, M. s ilve struts, M. or ientalis); usually on stem shoots. Fully migratingdunngthe 2nd generation to Se ne cio doronicum and possibly to related species. Onmountains and foothills of the Carpa.A. quaestionis C.B. (m agna Shap.). thians, Caucasus and Alps ....

25.

Ceruraphis C’.B.

Only

one

species.

On rolled leaves of Viburnum opulus, V- lantana, V.lentago, etc. Migrating from 2nd generation to aerial organs of Cyperaceae (Carex, Eriophorum, Scirpus), Juncaceae (Luzula) and Typhaceae (Typha). Northwest, South; Western L C. eriophori Walk. Europe 26. BrachycauduS Goot. Migrating from Prunoideae to herbs and

1(1).

.....

...............................

grasses, or rnonoecous. About 30 species in the genus. U.S.,S.R. 23 species.! 19 species. 1 (2).

In the whole

Marginal tubercles present on all thoracic terga and abdominal terga I-VII, tubercles usually broad, flat, larger than spiracles. Aphids yellowish pink, rarely greenish with black color. On root

collars and at base of leaves near the roots of Boraginaceae (Lindelofia, Cerinthe, Cynoglossum, Anchusa, Myosotis) and Compositae (Codocephalum). South, Caucasus, Soyiet Central Asia; Western Europe. (Subgenus ,B. bicolor Nevs. Nevskyaphis Shap.) 2 (1). Marginal tube’rcles absent on abdominal terga VI and VII, usually also absent on abdominal tergum I and on mesonotum and metanotum, frequently absent also on abdominal tergum V; marginal tubercles sometimes occur inconstantly or are absent altogether, usually smaller than spiracles. 3 (38). 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 2 or 3, 3, 3 setae (Figure 252, 7). 4 (27). Cornicles 1/9’to 1/6 of length of body, 2.4-4.3 times longer than their diameter at base; if cornicles shorter (1/15 to 1/11 and 2.2-2.6 respectively), larvae brown, adults ventrally brown, dorsally black and cauda with 11-17, rarely 10 hairs. Last segment of proboscis with 6-14 supplementary hairs. Aphids ovoid. Cuticle smooth or delicately rugose. ........................

t T.d. drepanosiphoides

MacGill et Bradl. occurs in Canada.

5 (16). Cauda with 10-17 hairs. Last segment of proboscis 1.1-1.35 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. 6 (11). Cornicles of apterae and alatae 1/3-1/2 as long as 3rd antennal segment. Antennal tubercles and median frontal tubercle high (Figure 252, 1). Mesosternum with a pair of semicircular tubercles. (Subgenus Acaudus Goot). 7 (8). Largest abdominal spiracles of apterae and alatae 0.030-0.048 wide, 1.10-1.75 times breadth of 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Margin of contiguous spot on abdomen of fundatrices not reaching plate of spiracles; terminal process of last (5th) antennal segment less than twice as long as base of segment. On rolled leaves of Prunus divaricata, sometimes also of plum trees (P. domestic a). Facultatively migrating to Melandrium album. South, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Iran............. 8 (7).

......................................... *B. divaricatae Shap. Largest abdominal spiracles of apterae and alatae 0.018-0.036 wide, 0.17-1.23 times greatest breadth of 2nd segment of hind

tarsi. Margins of contiguous spot on abdomen of fundatrices fused with plates of spiracles on all abdominal segments or at least on segments IV-VIII; terminal process of last antennal segment more than twice as long as base of segment. Monoecous. on Caryophyllaceae. 9 (10). Margin of contiguous spot on abdomen and abdominal segments I-III or I-IV of apterae and fundatrices not fused with plates of spiracles; longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 1.2-2.5 times diameter of narrow base of segment. Antennae of fundatrices 6-segmented. Living on Melandrium album (rarely M. rubrum), Cucubalis baccifer, Silene inflata, S. latifolia, S. repens, S. multiflora. Everywhere (except possibly the South); Western Europe ............................... B.lychnidis L. t 10 (9), Margin of contiguous spot on all abdominal segments of apterae and fundatrices fused with plates of spiracles, surrounding them. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.5-1.1 times as long as diameter of narrow base of segment. Antennae of fundatrices 5-segmented. On Melandrium rubrum, rarely M. album. Western Europe; probably also occurs in the U.S.S.R. ............ ............................................

588 11 (6).

B. klugkisti C.B.t

3rd antennal segment of apterae and alatae at least 1.7 times as long as cornicles or shorter. Antennal tubercles and median frontal tubercle lower (Figure 252, 2). (Subgenus Brachycau dina C.B-). 12 (13), Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.025-0.050, 0.8-1.2 times greatest diameter of same segment. 3rd antennal segment with 0-8 rhinaria, 1-1.7 times as long as cornicles, 3rd antennal segment of the Western European subspecies (B. n. napelli Schrk. Iwith 10-25 rhinaria, 2-3 times longer than cornicles. OnAconitum napellus, A. ba rbatum, A. sept e ntr ionale A. lycoctonum, A. rogovichi. Delphinium elatum,

t

We used material of a collection from Berlin

(Deutsh.

Ent. Inst. zu Berlin).

13 (12). 14 (15).

15 (14).

16 (5).

17 (18).

D. cuneatum, on stems, leaf-petioles, rarely on lower side of leaves. \ Monoecous. Center, South, Caucasus, Siberia........ ...................................... B. napelli aconiti Mordv. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.005-0.008, 0.13-0.17 times greatest diameter of segment. Cornicles of apterae longer than 3rd antennal segment. On Scrophulariaceae (Linaria vulgaris). Life cycle not clear. Western Europe; probably also occurs in the U-S.S.R............. .......... |.................................. B. linariae Stroy. Cornicles of apterae shorter than 3rd antennal segment. On Labiatae (Ballota nigra). Life cycle not clear. Western Europe; probably also occurs in the U.S.S.R..................... ..........;. ................................. B. ballotae Pass. t Cauda with|6-8 hairs. Last segment of proboscis 1,4-1.8 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi; last segment of proboscis of B.persicaecola Boisd. 1.25-1.5 times as long as 2nd segment ofihind tarsi. (Subgenus Prunaphis Shap., subgen.n., type of subgenus: B. cardui L.). Secondary rhinaria of alatae present on 3rd to 4th or 3rd to 5th antennal segments. Larvae brown; adults black with brown color. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.005-0.008; longest hair on abdominal tergum VIII 0.050-0.090. In spring on bark of shoots, on flowers and slightly rolled leaves; in summer on roots and at base of stems. On peach, plum, royrobalan, blackthorn, almond and apricot!. Life cycle incomplete; hibernating on roots. Severely injurious in tree nurseries, especially to peach seedlings. Crimea, Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; distributed by!man throughout the world *B. persicaecola Boisd. (s em i sub;te rranea C. B., p er sicae ni ger Smith, pruni-

.....

auct.^

nee Kalt.). 18 (17). Secondary rhinaria of alatae only on 3rd antennal segment. Larvae green; adults green or brownish or pinkish green, usually with black pattern. If longest hair on 3rd antennal segment less than 0.008, longjest hair on abdominal tergum VIII less than 0.026. 19 (20). Hairs on tergum VIII 0,070-0.105; hairs on 3rd antennal segment 0.008-0.038. Marginal tubercles inconstantly present on abdominal terga II-IV, small, markedly convex. Cornicles usually lighter than contiguous spot on abdomen. Antennae of apterae without secondary rhinaria. On rolled leaves of plum, myrobalan, blackthorn,; apricot (Cerasus microcarpa) and accidentally on cherry. : Migrating to many Compositae and Boraginaceae, on stems, flower stalks, sometimes on upper part of roots. Sometimes overwintering in hothouses, etc. Injurious to plum trees. Everywhere, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia, Japan, North America ...............................................

cola

abdominal

......... .’...*B. cardui L. (lateralis Walk.. viridana Nevs.). abdominal tergum VIII 0.010-0.025; hairs on 3rd antennal segment 0.005-0.008. Marginal tubercles either absent or slightly convex. Cornicles darker than spot or stripes on abdomen. 3rd antennal segment of apterae sometimes with secondary rhinaria.

20 (19). Hairs on

t

This species was found and described in Czechoslovakia

by

Ya, Holmann.

21 (22). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 4.7-7 times longer than base of segment. On Plantago lanceolata, on roots, in spring also at base of stem and lower side of leaves. MonoeB. lucifugus Mull. cous. Southwest; Western Europe 22 (21). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 2-4.5 times longer than base of segment. On different plants. 23 (24). Transverse sclerotized stripes not fused, interrupted in the middle on abdominal terga I-IV, present on abdominal terga II-VIII or I-VIII, sometimes present on mesonotum, rarely on metanotum. Marginal tubercles present on pronotum and abdominal terga II-IV, usually also on abdominal terga I or V, slightly convex, often lobate. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 2.8-3.5 times longer than base of segment. On Boraginaceae (Anchusa gmelini, Symphytum) and on Compositae (Senecio fluviatilis), on stems and leaves near the roots. Life cycle not clear. South (left bank of Ukraine) .............. B. virgatus Shap., sp. n. 24 (23). Transverse sclerotized stripes not interrupted, fused into a contiguous spot on abdominal terga I-V or on metanotum and abdominal terga I-V. 25 (26). Marginal tubercles slightly convex, present on pronotum and abdominal terga II-IV, usually also on abdominal terga I or V. 587 Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 2-3 times longer than base of segment. Contiguous spot on abdomen reaching or not reaching beyond cornicles laterally. On Malva plebaea, Malva sp. Life cycle not clear. South (Odessa, Crimea, Northern Caucasus)..................... B. malvae Shap., sp. n. 26 (25). Marginal tubercles absent. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 3.5-4.5 times longer than base of segment. Contiguous spot on abdomen reaching beyond cornicles laterally. On Boraginaceae (Echium vulgare, E. italicum, Nonnea pulla). Life cycle not clear. South, Western Europe ......................................... B. mordvilkoi H.R.L. 27 (4). Body 10-45 times longer than cornicles; cornicles 1-2.8 times as long as diameter at base. Larvae yellowish green; adults green or yellow, sometimes brown dorsally. Cauda with 6-9, rarely 10 hairs. Last segment of proboscis with 4-8 supplementary hairs. Aphids elliptical. Cuticle covered with small tubercles. 28 (33). Last segment of proboscis as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi or longer. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present on 3rd, 4th, sometimes also on 5th antennal segment. Cauda of apterae 0.8-1 times as long as broad near base (Figure 252,4). (Subgenus Brachycaudus Goot, s. str.). 29 (30). Apterae with brown transverse stripes on all or nearly all terga of body; stripes often more or less fused on abdominal terga I-V. On Compositae (Inula britannica, I.salicina, I.ensifolia, I.hirta, I. oculus christi), on lower side of leaves; infested leaves become rolled laterally into a narrow tube. Monoecous. South, Turkmenistan; Western Europe ............. ............................................. IS. salicinae C.B. 30 (29). Apterae without stripes (Figure 252, 4). If on Compositae, leaves do not become rolled into tubes. ............

....................

755

31 (32).

On Prunoideae (Prunus domestica, P. spinosa, P. divaric’ata, Armeniaca, Persica, Amygdalus, Cerasus avium); usually in leaves rolled into tubes. Migrating to! many Compositae and to other plants; feeding on

flowers and apical leaves, sometimes causing yellowing and wrinkling. Sometimes overwintering in hothouses, etc. Especially injurious to plums; vector of viruses. Everywhere, Caucasus, Soviet Central Asia; cosmopolitan ................... ........... I............................... *B. helichrysi Kalt32(31). On Spiraea salic ifolia, S. hype r icifolia. Spiraea sp.; usually in leaves rolled into tubes. Monoecous. Injurious in parks and squares. Northwest, Center, Southwest, East, Kazakhstan, West Siberia, Transcaucasia; Western Europe ............. ........... i................................ *B. spiraeae C.B. 33 (28). Last segment of proboscis much shorter than 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Secondary rhinaria of alatae only on 3rd antennal segment. Cauda of apterae less than 0.7 as long as broad near base

(Figure

252,’6).

(Subgenus Brevicaudus Snap.).

34 (35). Apterae with; transverse stripes on all abdominal terga; stripes not fused. On Boraginaceae (Cerinthe minor), on stems, flower stalks and bracts; deforming flower buds. South; Czechoslovakia .................................... B. cerinthis Bozh. 35 (34). Apterae with! transverse stripes only on a few terga; stripes usually fused into a small spot. On Prunoideae or polygonaceae. 36 (37). Spiracles 0.018-0.026 wide. Abdominal tergum VIII of apterae with 10-13 hairs. Cauda of apterae broadly rounded (Figure 252, 6). On Prunoideae (Amygdalus communis, A. nan a, A.bucharica, piersica vulgaris, Armeniaca’vulgaris, Prunus di|varicata, P. domestica, Cerasus microcarpa), on leaves rolled into tubes (Figure 253, 4). Migrating to Polygonum equi setifo rm i s, under leaf sheaths (involucres). Injurious to almond, peach and sometimes to other stone fruits. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; southern Europe, Southwest Asia and Asia Minor *B. amygdalinus Schout. 37 (36). Spiracles wide. Abdominal tergum VIII of apterae with 6-8 hairs. Cauda of apterae semicircular. On Rum ex acetosella, R.acetosa. R. alpinum, R.crispus, on flowers and flower stalks. Center, Southwest, South, Transcaucasia, probably Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Central Asia, North America .................... B. rumicicolens Patch. 38 (3). 1st tarsal segment with 4, 4, 4 setae (Figure 252, 8). Aphids yellowish pink or dirty green, with transverse brown stripes interrupted in the middle in anterior part of body and fused on abdominal terga III-IV or III-V. (Subgenus Appelia C.B.)....... ............ ............................... B. prunicola Kalt. a (b). On the following Prunoideae: Prunus spinosa, P. divaricata, P. domestic a, Persica vulgaris, Amygdalus nana, A. communis. On markedly rolled and wrinkled apical leaves. Monoecous or sometimes facultatively migrating to Compositae (Tragopogon. Senecio, Sonchus, etc.) (this should be confirmed). Several forms are specialized to various ...........

0.0^10-0.016

^

756

(probably subspecies). Sometimes severely injurious. Center, Southwest, South, East, Southeast, Transcaucasia, Prunoideae

588

Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia;

Western Europe

................

*B. prunicola Kalt., s. lat. (tragopo go ni s auct., nee Kalt., persicae B. d. F-; nee Sulz., prunifex Theob., schwartzi C.B., distinctus Mordv.). On Tragopogon longirostris, T.pratense, T. major, T. o ri entali s, etc., on leaves near the roots. Monoecous. Center, Southwest, South, East, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Southwest Asia ............ ................................ B. prunicola tragopogonis Kalt. ......................................

b (a).

27. Acaudinum C.B. At base of stems and on root collars of Centaurea. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species; another species in Iran. This genus was provisionally placed in the subtribe Anuraphidina. It is possibly more correct to consider it as belonging to the Macrosiphina. 1 (2).

2 (1).

28.

1 (1).

Cornicles 9-11 times longer than broad near to base. Cuticle smooth, with some hardly visible cells. On Centaurea scabi-

osa, C.jacea, C.nigra, C.orientalis, C.ruthenica. C. arenaria. Monoecous. Northwest (?), Center, South; Western Europe ....... A. scabiosae H.R.L. (centaureae Koch). Cornicles 6-8 times longer than broad near to base. Cuticle of the whole dorsum distinctly reticulate. On Centaurea sp. Northwest ............................ A. dolychosiphon Mordv. Roepkea H.R.L,

Only one species.

Dirty yellowish green, often with dark transverse stripes which may be fused, sometimes giving a black color to nearly the whole aphid. On Cerasus mahalebj on lower side of leaves; infested leaves which are rolled info broad tubes, inflated and yellowing. Monoecous or sometimes facultatively migrating to generative organs of Labiatae (Stachys cretica, S. annua), Caryophyllaceae (Silene) or Primulales (Primula) (this should be experimentally confirmed). Severely injurious. South, Transcaucasia; central and southern Europe, Asia Minor .............. ............................................ *R. marchali C.B.

29. Shaposhnikoviella Mam. 7-9 secondary rhinaria; marginal tubercles large, flat, present on abdominal terga I-VII; M of fore wings branched once; cauda helmet-shaped with about 20 hairs. Only one species. 1 (1),

Pale greenish. On Sisymbrium polyino rphum, on roots. South ...................................... Sh. paradoxa Mam.

Subtribe

LIOSOMAPHIDINA

30. Longicaudus Goot. Cauda 3 times longer than cornicles, with 14-17 hairs. Only one species.

1 (1).

Yellowish white. On rose and Rosa canina, R. rubigino s a, Rosa spp., on young leaves. Migrating to Ranunculaceae (Aquilegia vulgaris, A. chrysantha, Aquile gia spp.,

Thalictrum minus, Th. aquilegiifolium, on leaves, flower stalks and fruit. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, West Siberia; Western Europe, introduced into North America ......... ......... .^.. .............................. L. trirhodus Walk. 31. Myzaphis Ctoot. Green. Monoecous. On rose, wild rose (Rosa) and Potentilla, on lower and upper side of leaves. Only 3 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R, 2 species. 2 species.

1 (2).

Anterior margin of frons with 2-4hairs; length of hairs less than diam eter of’narrow part of base of 3rd antennal segment. Median frontal tubercle of apterae rectangular (Figure 254,2). Third antennal segment ofalataewithmorethanl4rhinaria. OnRosa canina, R.centrifolia, R. gallica, etc., and on Potentilla fruticosa. South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Northwest, Asia Minor, North America ................... M. rosarum Kalt. Anterior margin of frons with 6 hairs which are longer than diameter of, narrow part of base of 3rd antennal segment. Median frontal tubercle of apterae rounded (Figure 254, 3). 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 10-14 rhinaria. On Rosa villosa, R.tomentosa, R. canina. Northwest, Center, South, West Kazakhstan; Western Europe ................ M. bucktoni Jacob.

^Center.

2(1).

’

32. Mamontova Shap., gen.n. Frons slightly convex, with littledeveloped antennal tubercles. Antennae 6-segmented; terminal process of 6th antennal segmsnt longer than base of segment. Spiracles on abdominal terga I and II close together. Marginal tubercles on prothorax and abdominal terga I-V papilliform or lobed, conical; largest marginal tubercles present on; abdominal tergum V. Hairs on body and legs long, slender, soft. 1st tarsal segment with 4, 4, 3 setae. Cornicles narrowly conical, with apical rim. with rows of spinules which are partly fused into scales. Cauda triangular, with 4 hairs, about as long as cornicle, shorter than 2nd segment of hind tarsi (Figure 257). Only one species.

1(1).

Dirty green; with black sclerotized marginal spots on abdominal terga II-VI and with transverse stripes on abdominal terga II-VIII. Cuticle of venter, abdominal tergum VIII, sclerotized stripes on abdominal terga Vl-VIII and on marginal spots with rows of minute spinules; other cuticle of abdomen with thin wrinkles consisting of fused spinules. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.06-0.07, 2.4-2.6 times diameter of narrow base of segment. Pronotum with 21 hairs; abdominal tergum VIII with 5 hairs; 3rd antennal segment with 26-29 hairs. Secondary rhinaria markedly convex, depressed in the center; 3rd antennal segment with 42-44 secondary rhinaria; 4th segment with 25-27, 5th segment with 10-13 rhinaria. Proboscis reaching middle coxae. Last segment of proboscis 0.18, with 4 supplementary hairs. Body 2.7(?)X1.1; antennae 1.38; 3rd antennal segment 0.45; 4th segment 0.28; 5th segment|0.21; 6th segment 0.11+0.24; cornicles 0.08X0.06 (at base); cauda 0.09X0.12 (at base); 2nd segment of hind tarsi 0.12. prem;arginal hairs of Ist-instar larvae present on all thoracic terga and on abdominal terga I-IV and VII. On Oxytropis sordid a. ’Life cycle not clear. Khibiny Mountains. (One alate and one larva found on 29 July 1962) .........M. vera Shap., sp.n.

758

33.

1(1),

34.

genus. 1 (4).

2 (3).

Trilobaphis Theob.

Only one species.

Yellowish green. On C a rex remota, C.stellulata, C.muricata, C.vulpina, C.paniculata, C.leporina, on upper side of leaves, rarely on lower side. Center, Southwest; Western Europe ........................ T. caricis Theob.

Llosomaphis Walk. Monoecous, monophagous. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 2 species.

6 species in the

Cornicles wrinkled throughout; if cornicles inflated, then only slightly, their greatest diameter at the apex not more than 1,3 times greatest diameter at base. Cauda with 7-9 hairs. On conifers. (Subgenus Elatobium Mordv.). Cornicles cylindrical, not inflated. Cauda without constriction. On needles of spruce (P i c e a excelsa, P. tian schanica, P. alba, P. nigra, P.orientali s. etc.). Severely injurious in Western Europe, North America, New Zealand. Everywhere, Siberia, Kazakhstan; Western Europe, North America, also *L. abietinum Walk. introduced to other countries Distal half of cornicles slightly inflated. Cauda with constriction at base. On needles ofJuniperus communis. Recorded so far only from Western Europe; possibly also occurs in the U.S.S.R. ............................................. L. indecisa Walk. Cornicles smooth, with only a few wrinkles, markedly inflated; their greatest diameter in apical half at least 1.7 times smallest diameter at base. Cauda with 5 or 6 hairs. On Herberts vulgaris, B. thunbergii, sometimes also on M ahoni a, on leaves and young shoots. Everywhere, Transcaucasia; Western Europe. (Subgenus Liosomaphis Walk., s. str.) ........................................... L. berberidis Kalt. ...............

3 (2).

4 (1).

..........

35. Cavariella Guerc. Oligophagous on Salix spp., on leaves and young shoots; heavily infested leaves become rolled. Migrating to Umbelliferae (on which they are also oligophagous), where they are found on umbels, stems and leaves. Of the same color as the infested plant part. About 20 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species." 6 species. 1 (12).

590

Cornicles with apical rim, and with normally developed broad opening. Cauda fingerlike, with 4-6 hairs. 2 (3). Cornicles not inflated. Antennae of apterae reaching half the length of the body. Center, South; Western Europe .............. ..................................... C. theobaldi Gill. et Brag. 3 (2). Apical half of cornicles markedly inflated. Antennae of apterae not reaching half the length of the body. 4 (11). Cornicles at least twice as long as process on abdominal tergum VIII and not less than twice as long as cauda. Process on abdominal tergum VIII of apterae shorter and narrower than cauda. 5 (8). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment at least 1.5 times as long as base of segment. Last segment of proboscis with 2 supplementary hairs. Cornicles of apterae more than twice as long as cauda.

Terminal process of 6th antennal segment not more than twice as long as base of segment. Cornicles of alatae completely dark. Center, South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ............. C. archangelicae Scop. ........ Terminal process of 6th antennal segment at least 3 times longer 7 (6). than base of segment. Only apical half of cornicles of alatae dark. Center, South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ...................................... C. pastinacae L. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment not more than 1.25 8 (5). times as long as base of segment. Last segment of proboscis without supplementary hairs. Cornicles of apterae not more than twice as long as cauda. 9 (10). Cauda with 5 hairs, 4 on the sides and one dorsally. 4th antennal segment of alatae with 0-2 secondary rhinaria, 5th segment with none. Center, South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia ....... C. aegopodii Scop. Cauda with 4, rarely 5 hairs (all on the sides). 4th antennal 10 (9). segment of alatae with 5-9 secondary rhinaria, 5th segment with 3-4 rhinaria. South ............................ C. rutila Mam. Cornicles not more than 1.5 times as long as process on abdominal 11 (4). tergum VIII and not more than 1.9 times as long as cauda. Process on abdominal tergum VIII longer and broader than cauda. South, Western Europe .............................. C. cicutae Koch. 12 (1). CornicleS without apical rim, with rudimentary, almost poreshaped opening. Cauda pointed, with 8-11 hairs. Probably in Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe; probably also occurs in the European U-S.S.R................... C. nillerislambersi Oss. 6 (7).

I................................

........;...............,............,......

36. JEricaphis; C.B. Closely related to the group Myzodes-Myzus (Macrosiphina) in a number of characters. On bushes. 4 species in the genus, the status of which should be confirmed. 1 species. 1

(2).

2 (1).

segment with 5, 5, 5 setae. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment as long as diameter of segment. On Calluna vulgar is, Erica g;racilis, E.caffra, on young shoots. Life cycle incomplete.; Western Europe; probably also introduced into the U.S.S.R. ;(Subgenus E ricaphi s C.B., s.str.)..... E. ericae C-B. 1st tarsal; segment with 3, 3, 3 setae. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment 0^.3-0.5 times as long as diameter of segment. On 1st tarsal|

Empetraceae or Vacciniaceae. Alatae have the following characters; dark sclerotized marginal spots; short interrupted stripes on abdominal terga I-V; inter segmental sclerites. Secondary rhinaria present only on 3rd antennal segment; in alatae 13-17 in one row, in normal females 2-4, in apterous parthenogenetic females 0 ’(or 1-4, usually together with 1-3 other characters of normal females). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment of apterae 1.8-2 times as long as base of segment, in normal females and ala.ta.e 2.7-3-3 times longer than the segment. Hind tibiae of normal females with 25-42 pseudosensoria which are sometimes present inilarge numbers also in viviparae. Last segment of proboscis with 5-8 supplementary hairs. Yellowish green,

slightly shiny. On Empetrum hermaphroditum, E. nigrum, Vaccinium uli gi n o s urn, accidentally also on V.vitis idaea, on young shoots and lower side of leaves. Monoecous; life cycle in the North ending in July-August. North (Khibiny Mountains); Iceland, Western Europe. (Subgenus Boreamyzus Shap., subgen. nov.) ........... A. latlfrons C.B- t 37. Galiobium C.B. Closely related to Myzus Pass. (Macrosiphin a) in a number of characters. The species of Myzus (M. cerasi F. and M. borealis Oss.) also live on Galium. lor2 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 or 2 species.

1 (1).

38. 1 (1).

591

39.

Green, often with reddish tinge. On Galium mollugo, G. verum, on ends of shoots in clusters and on young leaves. Monoecous. Center, South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ......................................... G. langei C.B.

Ammiaphis C.B.

On Prionitis falcaria; in spring and autumn at base of stems and young shoots; in summer on branches and in leaf axils. Center, South, Transcaucasia; Western Europe ................................... A. sii Koch.

Hydaphis Kirk.

2 or 3 species. 1 (2).

Only one species.

Green, with black cornicles.

4 or 5 species in the genus.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

2 or 3 species.

Dark sclerotized spot

present on ventral surface of posterior Marginal tubercles usually present only V. Terminal process of last antennal segtergum ment at least 2.4 times longer than base of segment. On Loni cera xylosteum, L.caprifolium, L.periclymenum, Lo nicer a spp., on lower side of leaves; infested leaves longitudinally folded in half and slightly inflated. Migrating to Umbelliferae (Torilis, Conium, Anthriscus, Pastinaca, Pirn" pinella, Daucus, Carum, Selinum, Aethusa and probably many others). Sometimes injurious. Everywhere, West Kazakhstan, Siberia, Transcaucasia. Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia, North America. Species little studied; the following subspecies may prove to be a species ......................................... - H. passerinii Guerc. (xylostei Schrnk., coniellum Theob,). 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 60-75 secondary rhinaria, 4th segment with 18-28. 5th segment with 2-5 rhinaria .................................. H. passerinii mellifera Hott. 3rd antennal segment of alatae wih 30-45 secondary rhinaria, 4th segment with 6-13, 5th segment with none ................... ................................ H. passerinii passerinii Guerc. Ventral surface of prothorax without spot. Marginal tubercles constantly present on abdominal terga II-V. Terminal process margin of prothorax.

-

on abdominal

.

a

(b).

.

...........

b (a).

2 (1).

+

Aphids from

the Khibiny Mountains differ from Western European specimens in the structure of the frons: median part of frons behind anterior margin of antennal tubercles at 0.07-0.09 of the distance between bases of antennae; in alaiae, normal females and intermediate forms betweennormalfemalesandinapterae,

of last antennal segment about twice as long as base of segment. On Umbelliferae (Bupleurum rossicum, B.falcatum), on upper side of leaves, on young shoots and umbels. Monoecous. South; Western Europe ........................H. bupleurl C.B. 40. Ltpaphis Mordv. Monoecous. Monophagous, rarely oligophagous on Cruciferae. 10|species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species.

7 species.

(Description based on apterae).

1 (10). Frons trough-shaped; antennal tubercles well-developed, usually higher than median part of frons (Figure 254, 6). Antennae at least 0.55|of length of body. Abdominal tergum VIII without

process (tubercle). Mordv., s. sir.). 2

(5).

3 (4).

4 (3), a (b).

Europe b (a).

On various Cruciferae.

(Subgenus Lipaphis

Abdominal terga with broad dark sclerotized stripes. Cornicles dark, much dilated at base. Stems of damaged plants become shortened|and thickened, and blossoming is inhibited. Last segment of proboscis with at least 4 supplementary hairs. Longest hairs on frons 0.025. Yellowish. On Arabis (Turritis) glabra. Center, South; Western Europe ............... ......... |................................ L. turritella Wahlgr. Last segment of proboscis with 2 supplementary hairs. Longest hairs on frons reaching 0.010 ......................J-i. rossi C.B. Grayish green. On Arabis hirsuta, A.thaliana. Western ..

\.................................. L.

Olive-colored.

On Conringia orientalis.

rossi rossi C.B.

South

...........

.........;............................ .L. rossi conringiae Bozh. 5 (2). 6 (7).

Abdominal terga without dark sclerotized stripes. Cornicles light or dark; if cornicles dilated at base, then only slightly. Cuticle on head spinulose-scaly. Last segment of proboscis about 2.5 times longer than broad at base, longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsi. On stems of M atthiol a sp. and Arabis alba. Western Europe; possibly also occurs in the U.S.S.R. ..... ........

7 (6).

8 (9).

9 (8).

10 (1).

-;.................................

L. matthiolae Done.

Cuticle on head smooth or rugose. Last segment of proboscis about 1.75 times as long as broad at base, shorter than 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Cornicles: about 1.5 times as long as cauda. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment more than twice as long as base of segment. On various Cruciferae (Sisymbrium, Capsella, All i art a, Thiaspi, Cakile, Nasturtium, Arabis, Erysimum, Sinapis, Rhaphanus, Bunias, rarely Bra s sic a), on stems and leaves. Sometimes injurious. Center. South, Transcaucasia, Siberia; Western Europe, Africa, Asia, North America .......... ............................................. *L. erysimi Kalt. Cornicles; about as long as cauda. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment less than twice as long as base of segment. On Sisymbrium alliariae, S.loeselii; in spring on flowers, in summer on leaves near the roots. South; Western Europe ................................... L. fritzmuelleri C.B. Frons convex: Antennal tubercles little developed, situated ventral to median part of frons. Antennae not more than half as long as

Abdominal tergum VIII with process (tubercle). On Lepidium. (Subgenus Lipaphi diella Done.). 11 (12). Cauda with constriction in basal half, about as long as 3rd antennal segment. On Lepidiurn ruderale, on lower side of leaves, on stems and flower stalks. Center, South; Western Europe ...................................... L. ruderalis C.B. 12 (11). Cauda without constriction, 0.50-0.75 times as long as 3rd

body.

592 13(14).

14 (13).

41. 1 (1).

antennal segment. Process on abdominal tergum VIII low, broadly rounded. Cornicles 2-2.5 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. On Lepidium r e p e n s. South, Soviet Central Asia ............ L. lepidii Nevs. Process on abdominal tergum VIII high, wart-shaped. Cornicles 3-3.5 times longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsi. On Lepidium drab a, L.cardaria, on lower side of leaves, on stems and flower stalks. South; Western Europe ......................... ............................ L. lepidii-cardariae Knecht. et Mon.

Spatulophorus Mull.

Only one species.

On Berteroa incana and Capsella bursa-pastoris, on flower stalks and lower

Yellowish or grayish green. side of leaves.

Monoecous.

South;

Western Europe ............. S. incanae Mull.

..............................................

42. Brevicoryne Das. Aphids covered with whitish waxy bloom. On Cruciferae and sometimes Resedaceae. 4 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (6).

2 (5).

3 (4).

4 (3).

Secondary rhinaria absent in apterae, in alatae present only on 3rd and sometimes on 4th antennal segments. Cornicles more than twice as long as their greatest diameter. Marginal tubercles constantly present on prothorax and abdominal tergum V, rarely also on tergum IV. Hairs on dorsum of body pointed. (Subgenus Brevicoryne Das, s. str.). Sclerites present on head and all or many abdominal terga, forming 2 rows of transverse stripes on abdomen (Figure 227). Light green. On many Cruciferae and some Resedaceae. Monoecous. Very injurious to cabbage; vector of viruses. Everywhere; introduced into all countries of the world ........ *B. brassicae L. Sclerites absent on body of apterae, in alatae present as marginal spots and forming stripes on last 3 abdominal terga. Dark green On leaves of Barbarea vulgaris. South (?), ......................... B. barbareae Nevs. Marginal tubercles constantly present on prothorax and abdominal terga I-V often also on mesothorax and metathorax. Hairs on dorsum of body (except abdominal tergum VIII) fan-shaped and slightly bifid. Sclerites present only on abdominal terga VII-VIII, sometimes also on tergum VI, forming transverse stripes. Light green. On stems and lower side of leaves ofCrambe tatarica, also on Earbarea vulgaris, Sisymbrium orientale. Isatis tinctpria. South. (Subgenus Bozhkoja. subgen.n.) B. crambe Bozh. (crambinis tataricae Bozh.). or brown.

Soviet Central Asia

5 (2),

..............

! 6 (1).

HOMOPTERA

Secondary rhinaria of apterae and alatae present on 3rd to 5th antennal segments. Cornicles not longer than their greatest diameter. On Barbarea arcuata, B. stricta, B. vulgaris andBrassica campestris, on upper side of leaves; infested leaves become longitudinally rolled. Transcarpathian Region; Western Europe. (Subgenus Pseudobrevicoryne Heinze)......................................... B. buhri C.B.

43. Smiela Mordv. (Brevicorynaphis H.R.L.). On Cruciferae. 3 species in the genuss. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 3 species. 1 (2).

Cauda with 5 or 6 hairs. Abdominal tergum VIII with 10-13 hairs. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment about 3 times longer segment. On Berteroa incana. South .......... S. fusca Mordv. Cauda with 3 hairs, rarely (in alatae) with 4 hairs. Abdominal of 6th antennal Terminal 5-8 hairs. process tergum VIII;with segment 1-2,8 times longer than base. Hairs on dor-sum of body standing on minute sclerites (Figure 258,2). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1.8-2.8 times longer hairs on 3rd antennal segment 0,9-1.2 times than base. greatest diameter of segment. 3rd antennal segment with 3-11 secondary rhinaria, 4th segment with 0-4 rhinaria ............... than base ofi

..............................................

2 (1).

^3

(4).

’Longest

a

(b).

b (a).

........ ..J...............................3. schneideri H.R.L. 3rd antennal segment with 3-6 secondary rhinaria. 4th segment with none. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 2.3-2.8 times longer than base. On Isatis glauca. Syria ............ ...........;..................... S. schneideri schneideri H.R.L. 3rd antennal segment with 5-11 secondary rhinaria, 4th segment with 0-4 rhinaria. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1.8-2.5 times longer than base. On Alyssum tortuosum.

Crimea.............................. S. schneideri alyssi Mam. 4 (3).

593

Hairs on dorsum of body not standing on sclerites. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment of apterae 1-1.3 times as long as base. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.5-0.7 times greatest diameter of segment. 3rd antennal segment with 8-16 secondary rhinaria, 4th segment with 2-4 rhinaria. Apterae greenish brown-black, covered with dense white waxy bloom. On Erysimum se s siliflorum, E. canescens, Syrenia angustifolia. Center, South, East; West Kazakhstan ......... .-........;........-........................ S. syreniae Bozh.

Semiaphis Goot. Monophagous or oligophagous. Monoecous, rarely 13 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 10 species. 9 species. 44.

dioecous. 1 (16).

2 (3).

Secondary rhinaria of alatae present on 3rd and 4th or 3rd to 5th antennal segments; if present only on 3rd antennal segment, cornicles broadly conical and much shorter than their greatest diameter. On Lonicera, Umbelliferae or Balsam inaceae. Cornicles about 3 times longer than their greatest diameter. Cornicles sometimes slightly inflated, with apical rim

(Figures 256,2; 258,1).

On Lonicera tatarica, on upper

side of folded halves of apical leaves. Monoecous. Very injurious in squares and parks of towns; also injurious to protective forest belts. Everywhere, West Kazakhstan, West

(Subgenus Neohayhurstia Aiz.) *S. tataricae Aiz. .

Siberia; Poland, Bulgaria.

.

............................................

3 (2).

If cornicles longer than their greatest diameter, then not more than 2.2 times

longer.

Cornicles not inflated.

(Subgenus Semi-

aphis Goot, s. str.). 4 (7).

Cornicles more or less conical, 0.6-0.9 times as

long

as their

greatest diameter (Figure 256, 3). Cornicles with apical rim. Cauda of apterae 1.2-1.5 times as 5 (6). long as hind tarsi, with 7-10 hairs. Last segment of proboscis 0.6-0.7 as long as hind tarsi, about twice its greatest breadth. 4th antennal segment of alatae without secondary rhinaria, rarely with one secondary rhinarium. On Lonicera arborea, L. olgae and probably L. tatarica, on upper side of leaves which are folded in half. Life cycle not clear. East, Southeast; West Kazakhstan, western Turkmenistan ...... S. lonicerina ShapCornicles without apical rim. Cauda of apterae 0.9-1 times length 6 (5). of hind tarsi, with 5 or 6 hairs. Last segment of proboscis about half as long as hind tarsus, about 1.5 times its greatest breadth, 4th antennal segment of alatae with 3-7 secondary rhinaria. On Umbelliferae (Peucedanum cervaria, P. p reo s elinum); leaves become yellow or red and later dry up where the aphids fed. Monoecous. Western Europe; probably also occurs in the U.S.S.R. ..........................;....,.....S. cervariae C.B. Cornicles more or less cylindrical, without apical rim, 1.7-2.2 7 (4). times as long as their greatest diameter. Cauda about twice as long as broad at base. On Umbelliferae 8 (9). (Pimpinella saxifraga, P. magna), onupper side of leaves with rolled margins; in summer also on umbels. Monoecous, S. pimpinellae Kalt. Crimea; Western Europe Cauda about 1.5 times as long as broad at base. On different plants, 9 (8). 10(15). Cauda 1.8-2.3 times as long as cornicles. On Lonicera or ...................

Umbelliferae.

11 (12). Cauda less than twice as long as cornicles. 2nd segment of hind tarsi about 1.33 times as long as last segment of proboscis. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 34-47 secondary rhinaria. On Lonicera nigra, on rolled leaves. Migrating to Umbelliferae (Heracleum sphondylium, Peucedanum ostruthium). Western Europe; probably also occurs in the U.S.S.R. ............ ........................................... S. sphondylii Koch. 12 (11). Cauda more than twice as long as cornicles. 2nd segment of hind tarsi about 1.10-1.25 times as long as last segment of proboscis. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 17-38 secondary rhinaria. Monoecous on Umbelliferae. 13 (14). 4th antennal segment of apterae longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsi. On Torilis anthriscus, T. arvensis. South; Western Europe .............................. S. anthrisci Kalt.

14 (13). 4th antennal segment of apterae shorter than 2nd tarsi

a (b).

b (a). 15 (10).

On wild and cultured carrot (Daucus carota); infested leaves show convexities. Sometimes injurious. Everywhere, Siberia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Southwest Asia ............ ............................................ ,*S. dauci dauci F. On Seseli varium, S. austriacum. Northern Caucasus; Western Europe ........................... S. dauci seselei C.B. Cauda about 3 times longer than cornicles. On flower stalks of Balsaminaceae (Impatiens nolitangere). Life cycle not clear. Recorded so far only from the vicinity of Moscow S. nolitangere Aiz. Secondary rhinaria of alatae present only on 3rd antennal segment. Cornicles more or less cylindrical, much longer than their greatest diameter. On Chenopodiaceae or Caryophyllaceae. (Subgenus Hayhurstia Guerc,). Cauda fingerlike, 1.5-1.9 times as long as broad at base. Cornicles twice or 3 times longer than their greatest diameter. On Chenopodiaceae. ; Cornicles about 3 times longer than their greatest diameter. 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 3 setae. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 2-2.7 times as long as base of segment. 6th antennal segment of apterae longer than 3rd antennal segment, in alatae as long as the segment. On Atriplex spp., Ch eno podium spp. (in Crimea subspecies S. a. c henopodii Mam.), on Obion;e portulacoides, rarely also on spinach and sugar beet (Beta). On lower side of leaves; infested leaves longitudinally folded in half, forming pods. Monoecous, Everywhere, Kazakhstan, West Siberia, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, North Africa, Asia, North America ....... ......,.-.’..................................... S. atriplicis L. Cornicles about twice as long as their greatest diameter. 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3. 2 setae. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1.1-1.6 times as long as base of segment. 6th antennal segment shorter than 3rd segment. Greenish white, with waxy bloom. On Coryspermum sp., in leaves rolled into tubes.’ Life cycle not clear. Recorded so far only from Kanev (Ukraine) ........................... S. coryspermi Mam. Cauda obtuse-triangular, 1.1-1.2 times as long as broad at base. Cornicles about 1.5 times as long as their greatest diameter. On Caryophyllaceae (Silene inflata, S.vulgaris, S.maritim a), ori upper side of leaves; infested leaves longitudinally folded in half, forming pods. Monoecous. South; Western Europe ............................................. S. cucubali pass.

............................................

16 (1).

17 (20).

.........

-

594 18 (19).

segment of hind

............................................... S. dauci F.

19 (18).

20 (17).

45. Brachycolus Buckt. Monophagous on Dicotyledonae (Caryophyllaceae) or Monocotyledoneae (Gramineae. Liliaceae). Monoecous. Species not sufficiently studied. 10 or U species in the genus. In the U.S.S.R. 7 species.-7 species. 1 (4). 2 (3),

On Caryophyllaceae.

(Subgenus Brachycolus Buckt., s.str,). Abdominal tergum VIII without process. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment more than 3 times longer than base of 766

3 (2).

4 (1). 5 (6).

6 (5).

7 (8).

segment. Greenish, covered with white powder. On Stellaria holostea, on lower side of leaves which are rolled into tubes. West, South; Western Europe .............. B. Stellariae Hardy. Abdominal tergum VIII with a small process in the middle. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment not more than 2.5 times longer than base of segment. On Cerastium arvense; in spring on stems forming galls; in summer on normal stalks. Western Europe; probably also occurs in the U.S.S.R. ........... .............................................. B. cerastii Kalt. On Monocotyledonae. Antennal tubercles not marked, i.e., not separated from median frontal tubercle by grooves. Gray, covered with powder. On Asparagus officinalis. South; Poland. (Subgenus Brachycorynella Aiz.) .................. B. asparagi Mordv. Antennal tubercles distinct, separated from median frontal tubercle by a groove. On Gramineae. Abdominal tergum VIII without process.

(Subgenus Holcaphis H.R.L.). On Agropyrum repens, on apical leaves which are rolled into tubes; internodes shortened. Northeast, Center, South; Poland ................ B. korotnevi Mordv. (frequens Walk. ?). OnHolcus lanatus, H.mollis; on leaves rolled together. Western Europe; probably also occurs in the U.S.S.R. ........... ............................................... B. hold H.R.L. On Bromus inermis. Center; Western Europe ............. .......................................... B. bromicola H.R.L. On Calamagrostis. Western Europe; probably also occurs in the U.S.S.R. .......................... B. calamagrostis Oss. On Dactylis glomerata. Light green, not covered with powder. North .............................. B. slavae Mordv. Abdominal tergum VIII with a fingerlike process in the middle. 8 (7). (Subgenus Cuernavaca Me Vicar Baker). 9(10). Process 0.25-0.33 of length of cauda. On Phleum pratense, on leaves rolled into tubes; infested leaves become yellow, Northwest; Western Europe .................... B. muehlei C.E. Process 0.5-0.6 times length of cauda. Light green; covered 10 (9). with white powder. On Hordeum sativum, H.murinum, Triticum, Secale, Agropyrum, Phleum, Avena, on apical leaves rolled into tubes or on cobs; infested leaves dry up; infested cobs become bent. Injurious to barley, especially to late sowings; sometimes injurious to wheat. Everywhere, north as far as Moscow, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; *B. noxius Mordv. Western Europe, Africa, Southwest Asia ......

Staegeriella H.R.L. Monophagous on Rubiaceae. Monoecous. 2 species in the genus. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 2 species. 46.

1 (2).

Cornicles not narrower at base, slightly inflated. Greatest breadth of body 0.51-0.54 of length. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 10-20 rhinaria. On Galium ve rum, G, m o 1 lugo, G. purpureum, on flower stalks. South; Western -

595

Europe

.....................................

S. necopinata C.B.

2(1).

Cornicles narrow at base, markedly inflated. Greatest breadth of body. O’.58-0.61 of length. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 28-30 rhinaria. On Asperula cynachia, on stalks; infested S. asperulae Bozh. stalks becoming shorter and twisted. South .,

.

Hydaphias C.B. Monophagous on Galium. Monoecous. Several species or subspecies which have not been sufficiently studied are known from various localities in the U.S.S.R. The following key deals only with Western European’ forms. 4 species in the genus. 47.

1 (6). 2 (3). 3 (2). 4

(5).

Marginal;tubercles present. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment at least twice as long as base of segment. Cornicles shorter than 4th antennal segment. Cauda with 15-22 hairs. On Galiuro mollugo............... H. mosana H.R.L. Cornicles twice as long as 4th antennal segment. Cauda with 12-16 hairs. Diameter of marginal tubercles 2.5-3.5 times as long as marginal Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 2-2.5 times as long as base of segment. On Galium mollugo...............

hairs.

5 (4).

........:................................... H. molluginis C.B. Marginal; tubercles 1-1.5 times length of marginal hairs. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment almost 3 times longer H. hofmanni C.B. than base of segment. On Galium verum No marginal tubercles. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1.5-2 times as long as base of segment. On Galium verum ........1 .................................. H. helvetica H.R.L. ...

6 (1).

...

48.

Uhlmannia C.B.

one species.

1 (1).

;

Monophagous on Rubiaceae.

Monoecous,

Only

Dark gray, almost black, covered with white powder. On Asperula sp., A neilr e ichi, on stalks. South; Western .

Europe

......................................

49. Aspidaphis Gill. ; 1 species. 1 (1).

3 species in the

genus.

U. singularis C.B.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

Whitish green or yellowish, oblong. On Polygonum aviculare, in| axils of leaves and flowers. Center, South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Southwest Asia

..................

............................................. A. polygon! Walk, 50.

1 (1).

Pseudacaudella C.B. (Schizomyzus C.B.).

Only one species.

On Sphagnum recurvum, Hylocomium squarrosum, Pleurozium schreberi. Moscow Region; Western Europe ............................................... P. rubida C.B. ..

51. Aspidaphium C.B. ! 1 species. 1 (1).

2 species in the

genus.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

On Eurhynchium praelongum, P seudoc Ie ropodium purum, iRhytidiadelphus loreus. Life cycle not clear; possibly migrating to the above mosses from Sorbus aucuparia (this should be confirmed). Northwest, Center; Western Europe ..................................... A. escherichi C.B.

768

52. 2nd

Chaitaphis Nevs.

segment of hind tarsi.

Last segment of proboscis much longer than Oligophagous on Chenopodiaceae. Only one

species. 1 (1).

Green, sometimes yellowish or brownish green, slightly gray and covered with white powder; hairs long and fan-shaped; legs and hairs whitish. On Salsola lanata and Kochia prostrata, on apex of stalks, on leaflets and between them. Life cycle not clear. Southeast; West Kazakhstan, West Siberia, Soviet Central Asia ....................... Ch. tenuicaudus Nevs,

53. Clypeaphis Sol. Last segment of proboscis shorter than 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Monophagous on Chenopodiaceae. 2 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species, 2 species.

1 (2),

Cornicles straight, directed laterally, their openings at the apex (Figure 258,3). 6 secondary rhinaria. Green. On Suaeda maritiiiia, S.vera, on apex of stalks, on leaves and flowers. Southeast, West Kazakhstan; Western Europe, North Africa ....................................... C. suaedae Mim. (Sol.). Cornicles curved and adpressed to body, their apex slightly displaced (towards body). 3-4 secondary rhinaria. On Salsola sp. C. stavropolensis Iv. Ciscaucasia, Soviet Central Asia ......

596

2 (1).

............

Coloradoa Wils.

fan-shaped, rarely fingerlike. Monophagous on Compositae, Monoecous, or life cycle incomplete. About 20 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 13 species. 12 species. 54.

1 (8).

2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (7).

7 (6).

Hairs

Cornicles 2-3 times longer than their greatest diameter. OnArtemisia; on apex of shoots, among leaflets and flowers. (Subgenus Lidaja C.B.). Hairs closest to cornicles 1.9-2.3 times longer than greatest diameter of cornicles. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1.8-2.2 times as long as base of segment. Aphids brown. On Artemis ia lanulosa, A.taurica. Crimea ................ .............................................. C. taurica Mam. Hairs closest to cornicles 0.8-1.3 times as long as greatest diameter of cornicles. Aphids green. Termindl process of 6th antennal segment 1.5-1.7 times as long as base of segment. Last segment of proboscis 1.3-1.4 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. On Artemisia maritima, A. taurica and Artemisia sp. South; West Kazakhstan; Western Europe ................................ C. heinzei C.B. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment about twice as long as base of segment. Last segment of proboscis about as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Hairs on dorsum of body fan-shaped. Cornicles and cauda brownish black. On Artemisia campestris. Center, South; Western Europe ............................ C. campestris C.B. Hairs on dorsum of body rodlike. Cornicles and cauda yellowish brown. On Artemisia abrotani. Western Europe; probably C. abrotani Koch. also occurs in the U-S.S.R. ....................

769

;

HOMOPTERA

8 (1).

~

Cornicles 4-7 times longer than their greatest diameter. On margin of leaves, rarely also on flower stalks. 9 (10). Antennae 6-segmented. (Subgenus Color adoa Wils., s, str.). OnAchillea millefolia, A. setacea, on leaves and flowers.

~

Center, South; Western Europe .............. C. achilleae H.R.L. On Tanacetum vulgar e, on leaves and flower stalks. Northwest, Center, South ........................ C. tanacetina Walk. On Chrysanthemum indicum. Only in greenhouses. Vector of viruses. ; Center, South; almost everywhere .................. ........................................ *C. rufomaculata Wils. On Matricaria inodora. Center; Western Europe .......... ............................................

C. inodorella Oss.

On the following species of Artemisia: On A. ab sinthium, A.vulgaris, on apex of flower stalks. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment not more than twice as long as base of segment and about as long as 3rd antennal segment. Center. South, Transcaucasia; Western Europe,

~

~

Southwest Asia ........................... C. artemislae Guerc.

~

10 (9).

~

On A. absinthium, on lower leaves. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment about 2.5 times longer than base of segment and at least 1.5; times as long as 3rd antennal segment. Center, South; Western Europe ............................. C. absinthii. Licht. On A. procera, on flower stalks. 3rd antennal segment almost twice as long as cornicles. South ........... C. brevisiphon Bozh. OnA.campestris. Center, South; Western Europe .......... ......................................... C. campestrella Oss. On A. camphorata. Western Europe; probably also occurs in the U.S.S.R, .................................C. pahnerae C.B. Antennae 5-segmented. (Subgenus Neaphis Nevs.). On A. procera. Cornicles longer than 3rd antennal segment. South ....................................... C. procerae Bozh. On A. ann’ua. Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ............ C. viridis Nevs. On A. pon;tica. Western Europe; probably also occurs in the U.S.S.K. ................................. C. ponticae C.B.

..........:.....................-......-....... Subtribe MACROSIPHINA

Aphidura H.R.L. (Paraphis Mordv. (in litt.)t, Cerasomyzus Cuticle reticulate, with transitions to rugose. On Prunoideae and Caryophyllaceae. Life cycles not investigated. Systematic position of the genus not clear. Only 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. 3 species. 55. Narz.).

1 (2).

597

2 (1). 3(4). t

Dorsum of|body of apterae with interrupted transverse sclerotized stripes. Yellowish green. On Silene sp. Center, South; southern Europe .............................. A. ornata H.R.LDorsum of;body of apterae without sclerotized stripes. Yellow. Cornicles not inflated. On Gypsophila paniculata. Crimea, West Siberia .............................. A. gypsophilae Mam.

See: G. Kh. Shaposhnikov. Tli (Aphi<3s (Aphidoidea)). In the book; Vrediteli (A handbook), Vol.2, Moskva-Leningrad, 1955:795.

lesa (Forest

Pesu)

4 (3).

56.

On D ianthu s caryophyllus, D.comrnutulus, Silene parviflora. Southwest; southern Europe... .......................................... A. pujoli Gom.-Men. Cornicles inflated.

Neanuraphis Nevs. On Rhamnus and Polygonaceae (Poly3 or 4 species in the genus. In the U.S.S.R. 2species.l species.

gonum). 1 (1).

Apterae yellowish green, with short transverse green stripes; alatae green, with black stripes on abdomen. On Rhamnus cathartic a, R.alpina, on lower side of rolled leaves, on petioles of leaves and apex of young shoots. Migrating, probably to Polygonum montanum, P. alpinum (this should be confirmed). East, Southern Urals, West Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia; N. rhamni B.d.F. (nee auct.). Western Europe ...................

57. 1 (1).

Xenomyzus Aiz. (Acanthulipes C.B-).

Only

one

species.

Greenish brown, with grayish patches. On Lonicera xylosteum. Lonicera sp., in cracks in the bark of stems and perennial shoots. Monoecous. Center, southern Maritime Territory; X. corticalis Aiz. Western Europe ..............................

58.

Hyalopteroides Theob.

Systematic position of the genus not clear. Only 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R.

Closely related to Liosomaphidina. 1 species. 1 (1).

Pale yellow or grayish yellow. On Dactylis glomerata; forming chains on lower side of leaves. Northwest, Center, South; Western Europe, eastern North America ......................... .H. humiHs Walk. (dactylidis Hayh.).

.................

59. 1 (1).

Chondrillobium Bozh.

Only 1 species.

Pale green.

On Compositae (Chondrilla juncea), on lower side of leaves; infested leaves sometimes become pale and covered with red spots. Life cycle not clear. South; Western Europe ..................... Ch. blattnei Pint. (j unc eae Bozh.).

60. Ovatus Goot. 3 species in the genus, one of them in Southwest and Central Asia. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 2 species. 1 (2).

1st antennal segment without process like that on antennal tubercles (Figure 260, 1). Cornicles much shorter than 3rd antennal

segment. On Pomaceae (Crataegus. Mespilus, Cydonia, M alu s), on apex of young shoots and on lower side of young leaves. Migrating to Labiatae (M entha aquatic a, M.piperita, M.gentilis, Lycopis europaeus), on lower side of leaves. There are possibly several forms with different primary and secondary hosts (this should be confirmed). Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia, Siberia; Western Europe ......... 0. insitus Walk. (m e spi liGoot, crataegarius Walk., Theob.). 1st antennal segment with process resembling process on antennal tubercles. Cornicles not shorter than 3rd antennal segment. On Mentha silvestris, M.aquatica, M.arvensis, M.virilis, on lower side of leaves. Monoecous. Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe; certainly also occurs in the European U.S.S.R. ......................................... .0. menthastri H.R.L. ...

2 (1).

61.

1 (1).

Ovatoides;C.B. Only

one species.

Whitish green. On Pulicaria (Inula) dysenterica, on lower side of leaves and on ends of shoots. Monoecous. South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe 0. inulae Walk. .............

Phorodon Pass. 1st antennal segment with process resembling process on antennal tubercles. 4 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 2 species. 62.

1 (2).

^ 2 (1).

Hairs on body and antennae setalike or spatulate; hairs on 3rd antennal segment 0.2-0,3 times as long as greatest diameter of segment. : Pronotum with 6 hairs. Light green, with green stripes. On Prunoideae (Prunus domestica, P.spinosa, P. divar;icata, accidentally also on some other species), on lower side of leaves. Migrating to Humulus lupulus, H. j apon;i cu a, on lower side of leaves, on flowers and fruits. Strongly injurious to Humulus, sometimes also to plum trees; vector of viruses. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, West Kazakhstan; Western Europe, China, Korea, India; introduced into North America ....................................#Ph. humuli Schrk. Hairs on body and antennae capitate; hairs on 3rd antennal segment 0.4-0.9 times as long as greatest diameter of segment. Pronotum! with more than 6 hairs. Greenish white to pale brown. On C a n na b i s s a t i v a, on lower side of leaves and on flower stalks. Monoecous. In the South sometimes injurious. Center. West. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western

Europe

..;.......,.........................

63. Hyalomyzus Rich. 3 or 4 species in the America. In the U.S.S.R. 1 or 2 species.

1 (1).

.*Ph. cannabis Pass.

genus, 2 of them

in North

Green; alatae with dark green transverse stripes fused into a contiguous spot on abdominal terga III-V. On Chaenomelis japonic a, on lower side of leaves; infested leaves become longitudinally rolled into narrow tubes, become yellow and dry up. Monoecous. Black Sea coast of Caucasus, southern Maritime Territory; Japan ......................... *H. chaenomelis Dzh.

64. Myzus Pass. Monoecous or dioecous, monophagous or oligophagous. 7-10 speciesinthe genus. In the U.S.S.R. 6 or 7 species. ; 5 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

3rd antennal segment of alatae with 17-33 ’secondary rhinaria not arranged in one row; 4th segment with 6-14, 5th segment with 0-4 rhinaria. Apterae yellow, without spots, with dark cornicles; On Padus racemosa; in red or yellow open galls on leaves. Migrating to Labiatae (Galeopsis). North-

west, Center, Siberia; Western Europe. (Subgenus Prunomyzus H.R.L. et Rog.) ............. M. padellua H.R.L. et Rog. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 8-20 secondary rhinaria in one row, ’4th segment with 0-2 rhinaria, 5th segment with none, Apterae dark or with dark spots; if apterae light, their cornicles are also light. On different plants.

3 (4).

Frons markedly convex, its median part posterior to antennal tubercles 0.10-0.14 of the distance between bases of antennae. Body, cornicles and cauda of apterae light, body green; body. cornicles and cauda of aphids from Cerasus mahaleb with green longitudinal stripes; cornicles 1.7-2 times as long as 3rd antennal segment. On Cerasus mahaleb, on lower side of slightly rolled apical leaves, also on young fruits. Migrating to Lythrum salicaria, L. virgatum, L. hys sop ifolium (to stalks and lower side of leaves), possibly also to Onagraceae (Epilobium) and Fuchsia (this should be confirmed). The same species, or a closely related form lives on Lythrum salicaria without migration. Sometimes injurious. Center, South, Transcaucasia. (Subgenus Nevskia Mordv.). ............................ *M. lythri Schrk. (mahaleb Koch). Frons more or less flat, its median part posterior to anterior margin of antennal tubercles. 0.18-0.23 of distance between bases of antennae (Figure 265, 7). Body of apterae dark or with dark spots; cornicles 1.4-1.6 times as long as 3rd antennal segment. On different plants. (Subgenus MyzusPass., s.str.). On the following Prunoideae; Cerasus vulgaris, C.fruticosa, C. pens ilvani ca, C. avium, rarely also on C. m aha ............

4 (3).

-

5 (6).

a

(b).

b (a).

6 (5). 7 (8).

leb and on seedlings of Persica vulgaris and Armeniaca vulgaris, on lower side of leaves and on ends of young shoots. Facultatively migrating to Rubiaceae (Galium). Scrophulariaceae (Veronica, Euphrasia) and apparently also to Compositae (B i d e n s), on stalks. Very injurious to cherry and Cerasus avium. Everywhere; introduced into all countries of the world .......................................... ^M. cerasi F. Terminal process of last antennal segment 3-4 times longer than base of segment. Minimum breadth of frontal groove about 2.5 times smallest diameter of 3rd antennal segment at base. Hind tibiae of normal females with 70-80 pseudosensoria. On Cerasus avium; infested leaves become rolled ......................... ................................... .*M. cerasi pruniavium C.B. Terminal process of last antennal segment 2.2-3.3 times longer than base of segment. Minimum breadth of frontal groove about 2.4-3.3 times smallest diameter of 3rd antennal segment at base. Hind tibiae of normal females with 10-30 pseudosensoria. On cherry; infested leaves do not become rolled, but only slightly twisted ................................... *M. cerasi cerasi F.

On herbs and grasses. Body of apterae brownish yellow, with 2 rows of large, brown, diffused spots on margin of body; cornicles and cauda light. On Galium boreal e. South; Western Europe ................ M. borealis Oss. (rubioides Bozh., nom, nud.). Body of apterae completely brown or blackish brown; cornicles ................

8 (7). 599 9 (10).

and cauda brown or black. Cornicles about 4 times longer than base of 6th antennal segment. If the legs are light, terminal process of 6th antennal segment longer than 3rd antennal segment. Migrating from cherry or C. avium. (Cf. bracket 5)........................ M. cerasi F.

a (b).

b (a).

Legs light.^ Terminal process of 6th antennal segment about 3 times longer than base of segment, longer than 3rd antennal segment. ;Last segment of proboscis shorter than 5th antennal segment, 0.75-0.8 times as long as this. Cornicles about 2.5 times longer than cauda. On Galium, Veronica, Bidens tripartitus, on shoots ............. M. cerasi pruniavium C.B. Legs dark, brown; only tibiae partly light. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 2-2.5 times longer than base of segment, shorter than 3rd antennal segment or as long as this. Last segment of proboscis about as long as 5th antennal segment. Cornicles twice as long as cauda or slightly longer. On Galium, M. cerasi cerasi F. Veronica and Euphrasia, on shoots Cornicles about 3.5 times longer than base of 6th antennal segment. Legs light. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment about as long as 3rd antennal segment. Monoecous. On Scrophulariaceae (Veronica, Euphrasia, Pedicular! s) and Rubiaceae (Galium, Asperula), South; Western Europe ............... ...-..-..;.......-......................... M. veronicae Walk. .....

10 (9).

65.

cycle.

Myzodes Mordv. Dioecous, monoecous or with incomplete life Polyphagous or monophagous. 8 or 9 species in the genus. In the

whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.5

species.

Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 1.7-2.6 times longer than base of segment. Antennae of apterae 0.5-0.6 times as long as body; antennae of alatae 0.7-0.9 times as long as body. Cornicles not inflated. Yellowish green, with small dark speckles. On a large; variety of plants belonging to Labiatae, Umbelliferae, Solanaceae, Compositae and many other Dicotyledonae and several Monocotyledonae. Life cycle incomplete. Vectors of viruses. Causing damage in greenhouses. Northwest, Center; almost cosmopolitan. Distributed with indoor plants. (Subgenus Neo *M. portulacae Macch. (o rnatus Laing.). myzodes Aiz.) Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 3.2-6 times longer than base of segment, but in aphids on pear trees only 2-3.5 times longer. Antennae of apterae 0.7-0.9 times as long as body; antennae of alatae 1-1.2 times as long as body. Cornicles inflated or not inflated. (Subgenus Myzodes Mordv., s. sir.). Cornicles cylindrical (Figure 265, 1.3.5). On lower side of rolled leaves and on flowers of peach (Persica vulgaris) and of its hybrid with almond. Migrating to various grasses and herbs,; rarely to trees. Throughout the range of the peach tree. (Ct.\ bracket 7). ........................ *M. persicae Sulz. Cornicles more or less inflated (Figure 265, 4,6), On different -

1 (2).

......

2 (1).

3(4).

4 (3).

plants.

I

5 (12). 3rd antennal segment scaly.

Cornicles of apterae light, someonly near rim, usually with distinct scales (Figure 265, 4,6). Not on Ligustrum. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment longer than 3rd segment. Median hairs on abdominal segment III 0.3-0.6 times as long as narrow base of 3rd antennal segment. Rhinaria on 4th antennal times dark

6 (9).

segment of alatae absent, sometimes present in some specimens (0-2). If leaves of infested plants are rolled, then with their lower side inward.

FIGURE 265.

Aphidinea. Family Aphididae, subtribe Macrosiphina (after Mordviiko and Heinz)

persicae: Iapterous female; 2head of same: 3.5 cornicle of alate and apterous females on peach; 4,6 cornicle of alate female and apterous secondary vivipara; 7,8 Myzu cerasi; 7 apterous female, dorsal view; 8 apex of hind tibia oflst-instar larva (rostral setae indi-

1-6Myzodes

7 (8).

Last segment of proboscis with 2-5 (usually only 2) supplementary hairs. Apterae green, greenish yellow, sometimes pinkish (nymphs sometimes reddish). Males (if present) alate. (Cf. bracket 3) ............. *M. persicae Sulz. Tarsi brownish black.

a (b).

Cornicles of apterae darkened near rim. On numerous herbs and grasses and sometimes on trees. Infested leaves not deformed (including those of Lycium); infested leaves of Antirrhinum, Linaria and some species of potato become spotted and wrinkled. most specimens have Two forms: 1) with complete life cycle wings in autumn and return to peach; only part of them continues to multiply during the winter in warm climates or in greenhouses; distributed together with peach; 2) with incomplete life cycle including several races; in some races there appear small numbers of alate males (a biological rudiment) in autumn; in other races males do not appear at all. Cosmopolitan. Both forms are severely injurious to tobacco, potatoes, sometimes to cotton, cabbage, hothouse plants, indoor plants and some other plants. A dangerous vector of viruses *M. persicae persicae Sulz. Cornicles of apterae completely light. On Lycium halimifolium; in rolled and wrinkled leaves. Monoecous. Recorded so far only from East Germany...... M. persicae dyslycialis Mull. Tarsi light, at most light brown. Last segment of proboscis with 5-7 supplementary hairs. Apterae red-brown to blackish brown, rarely greenish brown. Males apterous. On Caryophyllaceae (Dianthus, iCerastium, Sagina, Stellaria, Mochringia) and Violaceae (Viola arvensis, V. tricolor), on wrinkled leaves and twisted shoots. Monoecous. Western Europe; .......

b (a).

8 (7).

probably also’ occurs in the U.S.S.R. ............................ ............1. M. certus Walk. (caryophyllacearum H.R.L.). 9 (6). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment shorter than 3rd antennal segment. Median hairs on abdominal tergum III 0.7-0.9 times as long’as narrow base of 3rd antennal segment; 4th antennal segment of alatae with 1-4 rbinaria. Leaves of infested plants longitudinally! rolled, their lower side turned outward. Males apterous. 601 10 (11). Last segment| of proboscis 1.2-1.3 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi, ;with 4-6 supplementary hairs. Cauda with 4 or 5 (rarely 6) hairs. On Labiatae (Ajuga reptans); infested leaves folded in form of cones. Monoecous. Center; Western Europe ............................................ M. ajugae Schout. 11 (10). If last segment of proboscis longer than 2nd segment of hind tarsi, not more than 1.1 times longer. Last segment of proboscis with 2-4 supplementary hairs. Cauda with 5-7, usually 7 hairs. On Myosotis palustris, M. callina. Monoecous. Center, South; Western Europe ..................... M. myosotidis C.B. 12 (5). 3rd antennal segment smooth. Apical third of cornicles of apterae brown or brownish black; scales on cornicles little developed or absent. On Ligustrum vulgar e, on lower side of leaves; in spring and ;early summer infested leaves become longitudinally rolled into narrow tubes. Monoecous. Apparently throughout the *M. ligustri Mosl. range of Ligustrum vulgare ...

.............

66.

1(1).

Tubaphis H.R.L. Only one species. Yellowish green. On Ranunculus acer, R. repens, on lower side of leaves.^ Monoecous. Northwest, Center, South; Western Europe ................................... T. ranunculina Walk.

67.

1 (1).

one species.

Pale green; larvae without pattern; apterae with horseshoeshaped pattern; alatae with large contiguous spot. Alatae rare. On various plants, e.g., Dicotyledonae, Monocotyledonae, Filicales. On lower side of young or old leaves; infested leaves do not usually become deformed; however, infested leaves of Cyclamen become covered with yellow spots and their margins slightly rolled. Life cycle incomplete. Common on plants in greenhouses, especially on indoor plants; rare in nature. Vector of viruses. Everywhere; introduced into all countries of the world ................................. ^N. circumflexus Buckt.

68. in the

Neomyzus Goot. Only

Aulacorthum Mordv. (Dysaulacorthum C.B.). About 10 species In the whole U.S.S.R. at least 4 species. 4 species.

genus.

1 (6). 2 (3).

Cornicles without reticulate sculpture, sometimes only a few transverse cells near apical rim. Not on Vacciniaceae. Dorsum of thorax and abdomen of apterae not sclerotized, without pattern. Aphids green, yellowish green, whitish or reddish. On a large variety of plants both on open ground and indoors, sometimes on rolled leaves. The species is divided into a number of forms and subspecies; some of them have alate males, other apterous males, still others have an incomplete life cycle; the forms also differ in their food plants, their color and some morphological characters. These forms (also some species) are still not sufficiently known, especially in the U-S.S.R. Vector of viruses. Everywhere, in the North at least to the Khibiny Mountains; cosmopolitan. .*A. solani Kalt., s.lat., (pela rgonii Mordv., nee Kalt.). Dorsum of thorax and abdomen of apterae completely sclerotized, yellowish brown or with black pattern. On Liliaceae. Dorsum of thorax and abdomen of apterae completely yellowish brown. On Majanthemum bifolium, on yellow leaves deformed into galls. Monoecous. Center; Western Europe ........ .

3 (2).

4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (1).

7 (8).

.......................................... A. majanthemi Miill. Dorsum of thorax and abdomen of apterae whitish yellow, with black pattern. On Convallaria majalis, Polygonatum officinale, P. multiflo rum and Anthericum ramosum, on lower side of leaves; infested leaves become covered with spots and dry up. Monoecous. Northwest, Center; Western Europe .... .............................................. A. speyeri C.B. Apical part of cornicles with 2-4 rows of more or less regularly hexagonal cells. On Vacciniaceae (Vaccinium). Monoecous. Dorsum of body black. On Vaccinium uliginosum. Sweden; probably also occurs in the U.S.S.R. A. vaccinii H.R.L. Dorsuro of body green or dirty brownish red. On Vaccinium North Western myrtillus. Europe ....... (Khibiny Mountains); ............................................. A. rufum H.R.L. ...

8 (7).

69.

1 (1). 602

Paramyzus C.B. Only 1 species. Yellowish white with light cornicles and cauda. On Heracleum sibiricum, H.sphondylium, on lower side of leaves near

the roots; infested leaves covered with yellow spots. Monoecous. Center; Western Europe .................P. heraclei C.B.

70. Microlophlum Mordv. On Urtica, on lower side of leaves and on stalks. Monoecous. 3 or 4 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 2 species. 1 (2).

2(1).

Cornicles almost smooth, with several transverse scales and transverse cells at the apex. Cauda with 10-15 hairs, 4 or 5 pairs of them on the sides. Dark green, sometimes reddish. On Urtica, dioica, U. urens. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Asia Minor ............... ........................... ,M. evansi Theob. (urticae Schrk.). Cornicles scaly throughout, Cauda with 7-10 hairs, 3 pairs of them on the ’sides. Dark brownish green. On Urtica urens, U. dioica, ,U. angustifolia. Siberia; Western Europe; undoubtedly also occurs in the European U.S.S.R. .................. ..................... M. carnosum Buckt. (sibiricum Mordv.).

71. Metopolophium Mordv. Dioecous on species of Rosa and Gramineae, or monoecous on Gramineae. 6 or 7 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 3 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

Antennae of apterae 0.65-0.85 times as long as body, thoseofalatae aslongasbody. Ifterminalprocessof 6th antennal segment longer than 3rd antennal segment, thennotmore than 1.1 times longer. Whitish green. Onroseand Ro sa canina, R. glauca, R. villosa, R. rugo sa, etc. On young leave sand apex of young shoots. Migrating to;oats, wheat, barley, rye, rice, Bromus, Dactylus, Holcus, P\oa, Calam agro stis, Glyceria, Elytrigia, etc. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Southwest Asia ..................... M. dirhodum Walk. Antennae much longer than body. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment at least 1.3 times longer than 3rd antennal segment. Monoecous on Gramineae. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 6-6.5 times longer than base of segment. Body 3-3-5mm long. Yellow-green. On Arrenatherum elatius. Northwest; Western Europe .......... M. graminearum Mordv. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 3-3.5 times longer than base of segment. Body 1.5-2. Yellowish green. On Alopecurus, Phleum, Agrostis, etc. Center, Western Europe.... .......................................... M. graminum Theob.

......................................

4 (3).

72. Acyrthosiphon Mordv. Oligophagous or monophagous on various plants. Monoecous.: About 30 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 20 species. r2 species.

1 (2).

a (b).

1st tarsal segment with 4-7 setae, 2-4 of them short. On Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia). South; Western Europe. (Subgenus Mirotars;us C.B.) .......................A. cyparissiae Koch. Anterior part of head and antennae brown. On Eupho rbia cyparissia, on upper side of young leaves. South, Transcaucasia ...................... A. cyparissiae cyparissiae Koch.

778

b (a).

Antennae and anterior part of head green. gerardiana, on lower side of leaves. .............................

On Euphorbia South

..................

A. cyparissiae propinquum Mordv.

2 (1). 3 (22).

1st tarsal segment with 3 or 4 setae, one of them short. Body 3-7 times longer than cornicles. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with rhinaria; if rhinaria are exceptionally absent in some specimens, hairs on 3rd antennal segment less than 0.33 of diameter of segment at base. 5 (20). In apterae, ratio of depth of frontal groove to distance between bases of antennae 0.25-0.50; if this ratio is smaller, cornicles not more than 1.2 times as long as cauda. If adults covered with waxy bloom, this is present only as indistinct intersegmental stripes. (Subgenus Acyrtho siphon Mordv., s.str.; descrip4 (21).

6 (19).

tion based on apterae). Ratio of depth of frontal

groove to distance between bases of antennae 0.25-0.50. Cornicles at least 1.3 times as long as cauda. If covered with waxy bloom, then only in indistinct intersegmental stripes; aphids green. Last segment of proboscis with 11-16 supplementary hairs, 7 (8). 0.95-1.50 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. 3rd antennal segment with 2-24 rhinaria. Several forms (subspecies ?, species?) on different plants on lower side of leaves. In the U-S.S.R. on Pelargonium sp. (Leningrad) and Cirsium heterophyllum (Khibiny Mountains). North, Northwest; Western Europe, North America ............................... .............................. A. pelargonii Kalt. (nee Mordv.1), Last segment of proboscis with’2-6 supplementary hairs, 0-65-0.90 8 (7). as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. 3rd antennal segment with 0-5 rhinaria. On different plants. 9 (16). On Papilionaceae or on Capsella bursa pastoris (Cruciferae). 603 10 (11).

Middle of cauda at least 3 times as wide as middle of cornicles, 1st antennal segment with 13-23 hairs. Cornicles green, slightly darkened at apex. Green, rarely brownish red. On various herbs and grasses, rarely on woody Papilionaceae, including cultivated plants (Pisum, Medicago, Melilotus, Viola, Phaseolus, rarely Trifolium), also on Cruciferae (Capsella bursa pastoris). On apex of plants, on shoots, flowers and leaves; often forming large colonies. Injurious to peas (sometimes severely), rarely to other Papilionaceae. Vector of viruses. Everywhere, in the North to 67 N; cosmopolitan

.................

.............

*A. pisum Harr. (pi si Kalt., onobrychis B.d.F.).

11 (10). Middle of cauda not more than 2.5 times wider than middle of cornicles. 1st antennal segment with not more than 13 hairs. 12 (13). 3rd antennal segment about 3.5 times longer than base of 6th antennal segment. Cornicles completely brown or dark. On end of stems and branches of Genista tinctoria. Center, A. genistae Mordv. South; Western Europe 13 (12). 3rd antennal segment 4-7 times longer than base of 6th antennal segment. Cornicles pale green, with darkened apex. .....................

14 (15). Cornicles ^gradually tapering from base to apex, their middle 1.5 times as thick as middle of hind tibiae; cornicles 5-7 times longer than last segment of proboscis. On petioles and lower side of leaves, on fruit stalks and fruits; in spring also on end of young shoots of Caragana.arborescens, C.pygmaea, and also onColutea medea (subspecies A.c. occidentale H.R.L. in Western Europe) and possibly on Cytisus laburnum. Injurious in parks and squares. Originating in the Altai; introduced into; all countries of the world ......... *A. caraganae Chol. 15 (14). Cornicles |tapering from base to middle, cylindrical in distal half. Middle of cornicles 1-1.25 times as thick as middle of hind tibiae; cornicles ;3.5-5.5 times longer than last segment of proboscis, On young shoots, leaves and flowers of Lotus uliginosus, L. cornitaulatus. Western Europe; distribution in the U.S.S.R. not clear ...................................... A. loti Theob. On different plants. 16 (9). 17 (18). On Resales (Spiraea); on petioles and lower side of leaves. Northwest’ ................................. A. ignotum Mordv. 18(17). On Vacciniaceae (Vaccinium uliginosum) and probably also onVJvitis-idaea; on apex of shoots and lower side of leaves. North (Khibiny Mountains); Western Europe ............. ................................... A. knechteU C.B. 19 (6). Ratio of depth of frontal groove to distance between bases of antennae 0.20-0.25. Cornicles not more than 1.2 tiroes as long as cauda. ; Adults thinly covered with white powder; larvae densely covered, pale yellowish green; fundatrices yellow. On Vaccinium uliginosum, on lower side of leaves. North (Khibiny Mountains); Greenland, Sweden, Canada................

I

..........

.......................................

20 (5).

21 (4).

22 (3).

A. brachysiphon H-R.L.

In apterae; ratio of depth of frontal groove to distance between bases of antennae 0.20-0.25. Cornicles 1.8-2.1 times as long as cauda. \ Aphids completely covered with grayish waxy bloom. On Compositae (Lactuca scariola, L.sativa, L.virosa), on ends of; stalks, rarely on lower side of leaves. West, Center, South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Southwest’Asia. (Subgenus Tija Mordv. (Lactucobium H.R.L.)) .........’....,.. A. scariolae Nevs. (lactucae Pass., nee Koch). 3rd antennal segment of apterae without rhinaria. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment about half as long as diameter of segment at base. Onipapaveraceae (Chelidonium majus), on lower and upper |side of leaves and on petioles, flower buds. Northwest, South; Western Europe. (Subgenus LiporrhinusC-B.)... ............................................ A. chelidonii Kalt. Body 2-2.2 times as long as cornicles. On Malvaceae (Gossypium hirsutum, G.herbaceum, and possibly Malva n’eglecta, M.parviflora), on stalks and lower Possibly also on papilionaceous herbs (Alhagi,!Sophora, Glycyrrhiza, Phaseolus, Vicia) and Cruciferae (Capsella, Raphanus, Lepidium) (this should be Confirmed). Injurious to cotton. South. Soviet Central Asia. (Subgenus Tenui siphon Mordv.).... *A. gossypii Mordv. side of leaves.

780

the

73. Volutaphis C.B. Monoecous on Caryophyllaceae. genus. 2 species.

1 (2).

604

2 (1).

74. 1 (1).

Secondary rhinaria of apterae present on 3rd antennal segment, in alatae on 3rd to 5th segments. Cornicles more or less cylindrical. Yellow or yellowish green. On Melandrium album, on leaves and flowers; veins of infested leaves become yellow.

Center; Western Europe ..................... .V. schusteri C.B. Secondary rhinaria of apterae and alatae present only on 3rd antennal segment. Cornicles slightly inflated (Figure 261, 6). Light green. On Silene pendula, S.atites, Silene sp., Viscaria vulgaris, V.viscosa, V. atropurpurea, on leaves near the roots; infested leaves are slightly turned upward and discolored; sometimes also on leaf petioles and on stalks. South; Western Europe .............. V. centaureae C.B. Impatientinum Mordv.

Only one species.

Shiny brown or black, with yellowish white cauda. Onlrnpatiens nolitangere, on lower side of leaves and on flower stalks. Northwest, Center; Western Europe ........................... ......................... I. baisamines Kalt. (fuscum Mordv.).

75. Titanosiphon Nevs. Monoecous. whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.3 species. 1 (1).

2 species in

3 species in the genus.

In the

Monophagous on Artemisia. On stems of A. campestris. Center, South; Western Europe ................................... T. artemisiae Koch. On stems, leaves and flowers of A. scoparia. East. Ciscaucasia, Soviet Central Asia ......................... T. bellicosus Nevs. On flower stalks of A. dracunculus. South, East, Kazakhstan. West Siberia, Soviet Central Asia T. dracunculi Nevs. ............

76.

Nasonovia Mordv.

Migrating from Grossulariaceae to Compositae (rarely to different plants) or monoecous on Compositae. 5 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 or 3 species. 2 species. 1 (2).

Hairs on abdominal terga I-IV shorter than narrow base of 3rd antennal segment. 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 3 setae. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment of alatae 7.5-11 times longer than base of segment. Light green or yellowish green

(Figure 264, 2). OnRibes nigrum, R. alpinum, R.ussuriense, R.rubrum, R. atropurpur eum, R. biebersteinii and Grossularia reclinata, on ends of young shoots and on lower side of slightly twisted and wrinkled leaves. Migrating to Compositae (Cichoriuro, Hieracium, Crepis, Sonchus, Lactuca, Arnoseris, Lampsana, etc. and on Scrophulariaceae (Veronica) and also on Cruciferae (Alliaria), on lower side of leaves. Sometimes injurious. Everywhere, in the North at least to the Khibiny Mountains, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central .*N. ribisnigri Mosl. (ribicola Kalt.). Asia; Western Europe Hairs on abdominal terga I-IV at least 1.5 times as long as diameter of narrow base of 3rd antennal segment, 1st tarsal ....

2 (1).

segment with 3, 3, 2 setae; 1st tarsal segment of only some specimens (only on 1 or 2 tarsi) with 3, 3, 3 setae. 6th antennal 3 (4).

segment ofalatae 6.5-8 times longer than base of segment. Monoecousion Compositae (Hieracium). 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 18-27 secondary rhinaria, 4th segment with 5-10, 5th segment with 0-3 rhinaria; secondary rhinaria ofiapterae along the whole 3rd antennal segment in one row. Only’smaller part of dorsum of abdomen sclerotized. On Hieracium pilosella, H.aurantiacum on upper side of rolled leaves and on stems. Western Europe; probably also U.S.S.R. ....................... N. pilosellae C.B. present in 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 29-45 secondary rhinaria, 4th segment with 7-17 rhinaria, 5th segment with none; secondary rhinaria of;apterae more or less irregularly distributed in basal half of 3rd antennal segment. Greater part of dorsum of abdomen sclerotized (Figure 264,3). On Hieracium rnurorum, H. sabaudum, on upper side of rolled leaves and on flower buds.

{he

4

(3).

South; Western Europe

........................

N. nigra H.R.L.

Hyperomyzus C.B. On Grossulariaceae (Ribes and Grossularia). Migrating,to Compositae and Scrophulariaceae or monoecous on these. 12 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species.6 species. 77.

1 (4). 2 (3).

605

3 (2).

Dorsum of body of apterae with dark sclerotized stripes or contiguous spot (Figure 264, 4,5). Isttarsal segmentwith 4, 4, 4 setae. Dorsum of abdomen of apterae with distinct quadrangular black spot consisting of transverse stripes (Figure 264,4). Green, shiny. On Ribes rubrum, rarely on R. a Ip i num. on lower side of leaves; infested leaves become rolled and wrinkled. Migrating in the 2nd generation (partly in the 3rd generation) to Scrophulariaceae (Alectorolophus major, A. angustifolius, A.hirsutus, A.alpinus); on stalks, lower side of leaves and inflated calyces of flowers. North, including the Kola Peninsula, Northwest, Center, South. Transcaucasia; Western Europe. (Subgenus Hyperomyzella H.R.L.) ......-...;-.............................-. *H. rhinanthi Schout. 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 3 setae. Dorsum of abdomen of apterae with a diffuse spot (Figure 264, 5). Pale yellow green, shiny. OnlRibes alpinum, on lower side of slightly rolled leaves and on ends of young sho.ots. Migrating to Compositae (Picris hieracioides); on apices of flower stalks, usually beneath the flowers. In the South probably capable of overwintering on the secondary host. Northwest; Western Europe. (Subgenus Neonasonovia H.R.L-).. H. picridis C.B.. Dorsum of body of apterae without dark sclerotized stripes or ...

4 (1).

spots.

..

..

(Subgenus Hyperomyzus C.B.,

..

s,

..

..

str.).

5 (12). Greatest diameter of cornicles shorter than last segment of proboscis or base of 6th antennal segment. 6 (U). Inner side of 1st and sometimes 2nd antennal segment with tubercles or scales. Apical part of femora scaly. Proboscis light; only | tip of last segment of proboscis dark. 3rd antennal segment of’alatae with 38-75 rhinaria.

782

8 (7).

9 (10).

10 (9).

11 (6).

4th antennal segment of alatae with 0-2 secondary rhinaria; secondary rhinaria of apterae present only on 3rd antennal segment (5-22) in basal half of segment, rarely along the whole segment. Green. Sclerotized spot on dorsum of alatae with many lacunae. On Ribes nigrum, rarely also on R. rubrum, R. alpinum, R. ussuriensis and Grossularia reclinata, on lower side of apical leaves; infested leaves become rolled and discolored; later also on lower leaves which become yellow in a mosaic pattern. Migrating to Compositae (Sonchus oleraceus, S.asper, S.paluster, Lactuca sativa), on stems, lower side of leaves and crowns of flowers. In the South probably overwintering also on the secondary host. Everywhere, in the North at least to the Khibiny Mountains, West Siberia, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; western Europe, Africa, Asia. North and South America .......... *H. lactucae L. Alatae with 8-32 secondary rhinaria on 4th antennal segment; secondary rhinaria of apterae (7-43) present along the whole 3rd antennal segment, usually also present on 4th and sometimes 5th antennal segment. Yellowish white, sometimes with a greenish tinge. Sclerotized spot on dorsum of alatae more or less

complete. Longest hair at base of 6th antennal segment not more than half diameter of narrowest part of segment (the base). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 6-8 times longer than base of segment. On Grossularia reclinata; in slightly rolled leaves. Migrating to Compositae (Sonchus arvensis, S. paluster), on leaves near the roots. South; Western Europe ............................................. H. pallidus H.R.L. Longest hair on base of 6th antennal segment 0.75-0.85 times diameter of narrowest part of segment. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 7.7-9.3 times longer than base of segment. On Compositae (Lampsana comrounis), on lower side of leaves near the roots. Monoecous. South. WesternEurope ............... ........................................... H. lampsanae C.B. 1st and 2nd antennal segments without scales or tubercles. Femora smooth. Last segment of proboscis or also penultimate segment completely dark. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 76-94 rhinaria. On Scrophulariaceae (Euphrasia); the primary host is apparently Ribes rubrum or R. alpinum. Western .H. zirnitzi H.R.L. Europe; probably also present in the U.S.S.R. Greatest diameter of cornicles longer than last segment of proboscis or base of 6th antennal segment. Light, grayish greenish yellow. On Ribes alpinum. Migrating to Scrophulariaceae (Alectorolophus, Pedicular! s, possibly also to Euphrasia). North, Northwest; Western Europe .............. .

12 (5).

.

7 (8).

.............................................

78.

Amphorophora Buckt. Monoecous.

the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

1 (6).

H,luteus Mordv.

10 species in the genus.

In

4 species.

Cornicles light, sometimes with dark apex. Dorsum of abdomen without sclerotized spots anterior and posterior to cornicles.

783

HOMOPTERA

;

2 (3).

3 (2). 4 (5).

606

5 (4).

6 (1).

79. 1 (1).

Last segment of proboscis with not more than 24 hairs. (Subgenus Amphorophora Buckt., s.str.). Apical part ot tibiae with transverse rows of spinules. Base of 6th antennal segment much longer than hind tarsus including claws. Light green. On Filicales (Athyrium filix fern in a), on lower side of leaves. Northwest, Center, Southwest; Western Europe, North America .................... A. ampullata Buckt. Apical part of tibiae without spinules. Base of 6th antennal segment about as long as hind tarsus including claws. On Resales. Hairs on Srd’antennal segment about as long as diameter of base of segment. ^Greenish white or yellowish green. On Rubus idaeus, R.caesius, Rubus sp., on lower side of leaves and on ends of yo^ung shoots; in England also injurious to Fragaria (a weed). Several subspecies are distinguished. Northwest, Center, East, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Kamchatka, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ............................ A. rubi Kalt. Hairs on 3rd|antennal segment only slightly more than half as long as diameter of segment at base. Pale green. On Geum coccineum, G. rivale, G. urbanum, on lower side of leaves near the roots and on flower stalks. South; Western Europe ........................................... A. gei C.B. Cornicles dark. Dorsum of abdomen with sclerotized spots anterior and posterior to cornicles. Last segment of proboscis with about 40 hairs. Pale green, with black color. On Boraginaceae (Pulmpnaria officinal! s, P. longifolia), on petioles and lower side of leaves. South; Western Europe. (Subgenus Amphoro siphon H.R.L.). ................ A. pulmonariae C.B.

Testataphis C.B.

only one species.

Dirty yellowish green, dorsally shiny, ventrally covered with white powder. On Ledum palustre, on young shoots and lower side of leaves. Monoecous. Northwest; Western Europe .............................................. T.ledi Wahlgr. ..

80. leaves. 1 (2).

Wahlgrentella H.R.L. Monoecous on shrubs, on lower side of 4 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.2 species. Cornicles more or less

only their apex darker.

symmetrically inflated, completely light, Median frontal tubercle present. 3rd

antennal segment of apterae without rhinaria. Alatae without dark transverse stripes. On Vaccinium viti s idaea, V.uliginosum and V.myrtillust. North (Khibiny Mountains); Western Europe, North America ...... ,W. vaccinii Theob. Cornicles inflated on one side, light only in basal third, sometimes in middle of inflated part. Median frontal tubercle absent. Third antennal segment of apterae with 1-4 rhinaria. Alatae with dark transverse sclerotized stripes. On Ar cto staphylo s uva-ursi. North (Khibiny Mountains); Western Europe ........ ...................................... W. ossiannilssoni H.R.L. -

2 (1).

t

.

Observations of this species on idaea should be confirmed.

Arciosiaphylos uva-ursi which resembles Vaccinium vltis-

81.

genus.

4 species in the

Dark green; head, pronotum, antennae, cornicles, cauda and legs black. On Lathyrus pratensis, L.tuberosus, Vicia septum, V.sativa, V.faba, etc., Medicago lupulina; on shoots. A number of subspecies are distinguished. Apparently everywhere, Siberia, Altai, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia .............................................. M. viciae Buckt. .

1 (1).

Megoura Buckt. Monoecous on Papilionaceae. In the whole U-S.S.R. 1 species.

82. Rhopalosiphoninus Baker. U.S.S.R. 3 species.3 species. 1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1).

607

83.

.

.

6 or 7 species in the genus. In the whole

Cornicles without cylindrical part between inflation and apex (Figure 261, 7,8). 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 3 setae. Cornicles without cylindrical part in basal half (Figure 261, 7). Cuticle of dorsum of thorax and abdomen distinctly reticulate. 3rd antennal segment scaly. Reddish or blackish brown. On Ribes rubrum and R.nigrum, on bark of lignified shoots, branches and stems. Monoecous. Northwest, West Siberia; Western Europe ........................... Rh. ribesinus Goot. Basal half of cornicles cylindrical (Figure 261, 8). Cuticle of dorsum of thorax and abdomen without reticulate sculpture. 3rd antennal segment smooth. Shiny black. On Caltha palustris, on lower side of leaves. North, Northwest, Center; Western Europe ...................................... Rh. calthae Koch. Cornicles cylindrical between inflation and apex (Figure 261,9). 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 2 setae. Dark olive-green, shiny. On subterranean parts of various plants (Solanum tuberosum, Tulipa, Bromus, Potentilla, etc.); not living together with ants. On potatoes in fields and in storage cellars. Life cycle incomplete. West, Center; Western Europe, North America.................................. *Rh. latysiphon Dav.

Rhopalomyzus Mordv. 2

or 3

species in the genus.

In the whole

U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

84.

Pale yellow, with black antennae; alatae with black spot on abdomen. On Lonicera tatarica, L.alpigena, L.xylos t e u m, L. r u p r e c ht i a na, L. altmanni, L. c au c as ic a, etc.; preferring different species in different regions; on lower side of leaves; infested leaves become longitudinally (rarely transversely) rolled and yellow. Migrating to Gramineae (Phalari s arundinacea. Ph. c anari ens i s, Glyceria fluitans). Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe. (Subgenus Judenkoa H.R.L.). ..... Rh. lonicerae Sieb.

Idiopterus Davis.

2 species in the genus.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

one species.

1 (1).

Black, with whitish antennae, legs, cornicles and dorsal hairs. On Filicinae (Adiantum, Blechnum, Pteris, Polypodium, Nephrolepis, Phyllitis, etc.; on young leaves. Life cycle incomplete. In hothouses in Moscow; in nature found in Trans-

caucasia; Western Europe, North Africa, Southwest Asia and Southeast Asia, America. Apparently originating in South America; introduced into many countries ....................... ....................................... I. nephrolepidis Davis.

85. Chaetosiphon Mordv. Capitate hairs standing on small tubercles. On Rosoidea. Mono^ecous. 10-12 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R.

5 species. 1 (4).

2 (3),

a (b).

5 species.

Cornicles of all forms with 1-12 capitate hairs (Figure 261,14). At least some tubercles on dorsum of abdomen with 3-5 hairs. (Subgenus Chaetosiphon Mordv., s.str.). Terminal process of 6th antennal segment much more than 3 times longer than base of segment, more than 1.5 times as long as 5th segment. On Pot e’ntilla............ Ch. alpestre H.R.L. Body 4-4.3:times longer than cornicles; cornicles with 9-12 hairs. On ^Potentilla supina, on lower side of leaves. East; West Kazakhstan Ch. alpestre orientalis Snap.. subsp. n. Body 5-7 times longer than cornicles; cornicles with 1-6 hairs. ....

b (a).

3 (2).

4 (1). 5 (6).

On Potent ilia puberula. Switzerland ..................... .............. -Ch. alpestre s. str., Ch. alpestre airolensis H.R.L. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment not more than 3 times longer than base of segment, less than 1.5 times as long as 5th segment. On Rosa alpina, Rosa sp., on lower side of leaves. Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe; probably also present in the European U.S.S.R. .................... Ch. Chaetosiphon Nevs. Cornicles without hairs. Tubercles on dorsum of abdomen usually with not more than 2 hairs. (Subgenus Pentatrichopus C.B.). Last segment of proboscis with 9-14 supplementary hairs. Cauda with 6-9 hairs. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment much shorter than 3rd antennal segment. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 38-60|rhinaria. On Rosa rugosa, R.canina, etc., on lower sideiof leaves.

6 (5).

7 (8).

8 (7).

Everywhere, Transcaucasia; Western Europe, North Africa, Southwest and Southeast Asia, North America ..:............................... Ch. tetrarhodus Walk. Last segment of proboscis with 3-5 supplementary hairs. Cauda with 5 (rarely 6) hairs. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment about as long as 3rd antennal segment or longer. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 20-37 rhinaria. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 9-12 capitate hairs. Hairs on abdominal terga II-IV arranged in 8 longitudinal rows. One capitate hair on each trochanter. 4th antennal segment of alatae with 0-4 rhinaria. On Potentilla anserina, on lower side of leaves; ; infested leaves sometimes become brown. Northwest, Center, South; Western Europe ............ Ch. potentillae Walk. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 2-7 capitate hairs. Hairs on abdominal terga II-IV arranged in 6 longitudinal rows. Trochanters without capitate hairs. 4th antennal segment of alatae with 2-10 rhinaria. On Fragaria, sometimes migrating to Potentilla anserina; on lower side of leaves, on leaf petioles and flower stalks. Life cycle sometimes incomplete. Very injurious in a number of countries; vector of viruses.

Vicinity of Sochi; Western Europe, Southwest Asia, North and South America, New Zealand. Probably originating in North America ................................ *Ch. fragaefolii Cock. 86. Cryptomyzus Oestl. Migrating from Grossulariaceae to Labiatae or monoecous on Labiatae. 8-10 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.6 species.

1 (6). 2 (5).

608

3 (4).

On currant or gooseberry (Ribe s). on lower side of leaves. Last segment of proboscis at least 1.5 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi, with 6-18 supplementary hairs (Figure 263,1). Cornicles 2.5-4 times longer than cauda. Infested leaves with red or yellow convexities. Migrating from 3rd and 4th generations. (Subgenus Cryptomyzus Oestl., s, str.). Last segment of proboscis with 6-10 supplementary hairs. Abdominal terga I-V of apterae with at least 10 long capitate hairs on each tergum, and with only one pair of short capitate hairs. Cornicles cylindrical. On Ribes rubrum, sometimes also on other species of Ribes, especially if they grow near R. rubrum. Migrating to Stachys. Often very injurious; vector of viruses. Everywhere, in the North at least to the Khibiny Mountains, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, introduced into all countries of the world ................................................. ,*C. ribis L, Last segment of proboscis with 12-18 supplementary hairs. Abdominal terga I-V of apterae with not more than 6 long capitate hairs on each tergum, sometimes without long capitate hairs, but always with short, slightly capitate hairs. Cornicles slightly inflated. On Ribes alpinum. Migrating to Stachys and possibly also to Lamium. Northwest; Western Europe ........................................... C. korscheiti C.B. Last segment of proboscis shorter than 2nd segment of hind tarsi, with 2-5 supplementary hairs (Figure 263, 2). Cornicles less than 2.5 times longer than cauda. Infested leaves not deformed, but those of Ribes nigrum sometimes with very small yellowish green convexities. On R. rubrum, R. nigrum and other species of Ribes. Facultatively migrating from 2nd and 3rd generations to Galeopsis, Lamium and Glechoma, Everywhere; Western Europe. {Subgenus Myzella C.B.). ................... ........................................... C. galeopsidis Kalt. On Labiatae, on lower side of leaves and on apex of young ,

4 (3).

.

.........

5 (2).

6(1).

shoots,

7 (12). Last segment of proboscis at least 1.5 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi, with at least 6 supplementary hairs

8 (9).

(Figure 263,1). (Subgenus C ryptomyzus Oestl., s.str.). Longest hairs on 3rd antennal segment about as long as diameter of narrow base of segment. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment of apterae 1.2-1.6 times as long as 3rd antennal segment; terminal process of 6th antennal segment of alatae not more than 2.7 times longer than 5th antennal segment. On Ballota nigra, Leonurus cardiaca and Lamium album. Life cycle not clear. South; Western Europe ............... C. ballotae H.R.L.

9 (8).

Longest hairs on 3rd antennal segment much shorter than

diameter of narrow base of segment. Terminal process of 6th antennal ’segment of apterae more than 1.6 times as long as 3rd antennal segment; terminal process of 6th antennal segment of alatae 2.75-3.5 times longer than 5th antennal segment. On different plants. 10 (11). Cornicles cylindrical. Last segment of proboscis with 6-8 supplementary hairs. On Stachys sylvatica, S.palus-

tris, S-aryensis. (Cf- bracket 3)................. C. ribis L. 11 (10). Cornicles slightly inflated. Last segment of proboscis with 11-17 supplementary hairs. On Stachys sylvatica, S. lanuginbsa and possibly on Lamium amplexicaule. (Cf. bracket i4) .............................. C. korscheiti C-B. 12 (17). Last segment of proboscis not more than 1.35 times as long as 2nd segment; of hind tarsi, with not more than 6 supplementary hairs (Figure 263,2). (Subgenus Myzella C-B.). 13 (14). Abdominal terga I-IV of apterae with 6-10 hairs on each tergum. 3rd antennal’ segment of alatae with 40-60 rhinaria. On the following annual plants: Galeopsis tetrahit, G.speciosa, G.ladanum, Lamium purpureum, L. amplexicaule, Glechoma; hederacea. (Cf, bracket 5). .C. galeopsidis Kalt.). 14 (13). Abdominal terga I-IV of apterae with 11-20 hairs on each tergum. On perennials. 15 (16). 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 11-22 rhinaria. Cornicles 1.5-2,1 time’s as long as cauda. On Leonurus cardiaca. Life cycle not clear. Center, South ............ .C. leonuri Bozh. 16 (15). 3rd antennal’ segment of apterae with 5-12 rhinaria. Cornicles 1-1.5 times as long as cauda. 3rd antennal segment of alatae with 28-38 rhinaria. On Lamium album, L.maculatum and Ballota nigra. Monoecous. Center; Western Europe .... .-........,;.-........................... C. alboapicalis Theob. .

87, Capitophorus Goot. Oligophagous, rarely monophagous on Elaeagnaceae (Elaeagnus and Hippophae, and on Compositae and Polygonaceae. On lower ’side of leaves and apex of young shoots; not deforming infested organs. Monoecous or dioecous. 14 species in the genus. In the

whole U.S.S.R. 8 species.

609

8 species.

1 (12). Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment fingerlike or capitate, 0.2-0.8 of diameter of base of segment, Mesothorax, metathorax and abdominal terga I-IV with 4-15 hairs forming 6 longitudinal rows, 2 median, 2 premarginal and 2 marginal rows

(Figure 266). 2 (5).

3 (4),

Abdominal terga with 4-8 hairs, 2 median, 2 premarginal and 2-4 marginal; some of the hairs sometimes absent (Figure 266,1). All hairs on: 3rd antennal segment rodlike, 0.20-0.25 of diameter of base of segment. Cornicles light, with dark apex. Hairs on abdominal terga I-IV of apterae longer than diameter of base of 3rd antennal segment. Migrating from various species of Eleagnus and Hippophae mainly in the 3rd generation to Composifae (Carduus, Cirsium,

Lapp a, Cynara). Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central almost cosmopolitan ................................... C. elaeagni Guerc. (b raggi Gill. et auct., cir sii Nevs.).

Asia;

.......

FIGURE 266. Aphidinea. Family Aphididae, subtribe Macrosi.phina (after Hiile Ris Lambers)

5 (2).

6 (9).

7 (8).

.

Cornicles of apterae completely light; cornicles of alatae completely dark, sometimes with light base. Hairs on abdominal terga I-IV of apterae shorter than diameter of 3rd antennal segment, little noticeable. On Compositae (Carduus, Cirsium). .C. carduinus Walk. Monoecous. Center, South; Western Europe Abdominal terga I-IV with 8-15 hairs, 3-5 median,, 2-4 premarginal, 3-7 marginal (Figure 266, 2). 3rd antennal segment with .

4 (3).

at least one more or less capitate hair 0.25-0.80 of diameter of segment at base. Abdominal terga I-IV with 8-10 hairs, 3 or 4 median, 2 pre"

marginal, 3 or 4 marginal. Cornicles not inflated. Last segment of proboscis 1.2-1.45 times as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. On Compositae (Cirsium oleraceum). Monoecous. Center; Western Europe ................................................ .C. horni C.B.

...........

789

8 (7).

Apical quarter of cornicles slightly inflated. Last segment of proboscis about 1.4 times (in apterae on Eleagnus) or as long as (aphids on buckwheat) 2nd segmentofhindtarsi. Migrating from Hippophafe and Eleagnus to Polygonaceae (Polygonum persicaria, P. hydropipe r, P. amphibium). Everywhere; throughout the Holarctic Region ................................ C. hippophaes Walk. (gillettei Theob.). Abdominal terga I-IV with 12-15 hairs, 4 (3-5) median, 3 or 4 premarginal, 6 (5-7) marginal. Longest capitate hair on 3rd antennal segment of apterae 0.6-0.7 of diameteriof segmentat base. Migrating from Hippophae and Eleagnus to Compost tae (Tussilago, Petasites). Center, South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ............. ............................................. .C. similis Goot. Longest capitate hair on 3rd antennal segment of apterae 0.25-0.35 of diameter;of segment at base. On Compositae (Inula conyza, I. viscosa, I. graveolens). Life cycle not clear. South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ............. C. inulae Pass. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment capitate, 1-1.5 times diameter of;segment at base. Mesonotum, metanotum and abdominal terga I-IV with 14-26 hairs not arranged in longitudinal rows, but forming;two median premarginal groups and two marginal groups. Apterae with 14-19 hairs on mesonotum, metanotum and abdominal terga I-IV, 4-6 hairs in median premarginal groups and 3 or 4 hairs in marginal groups. On Elaeagnus occidental! s, E. angu stifolia. Monoecous (this should be confirmed). East; West Kazakhstan, eastern Ciscaucasia, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia ............................ C. archangelskii Nevs. Apterae with 20-26 hairs on mesonotum, metanotum and abdominal terga I-IV, 6-9 hairs in median premarginal groups and 3-5 hairs in marginal;groups. Migrating froro Eleagnus to Compositae (Inula helenium, I.royaleana). South (?); Western Europe ......................................... C. vandergooti H.R.L.

.......................

610

9 (6). 10 (11).

11 (10).

12 (1).

13 (14).

14 (13).

88. Pleotrichophorus C.B. Monophagous on Compositae, on lower side of leaves. Monoecous. 6 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3

species. 3 species.; 1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2).

4 (1).

On Artemisia. Base of last segment of proboscis without lateral hairs which are twice as long as the others (Figure 263, 5). Cornicles of apterae longer than 3rd antennal segment. On Artemisia campestri s. Center, East; West Kazakhstan; Western Europe ......... ............................................P. persimilis C.B. Base of last segment of proboscis with 2 lateral hairs which are twice as long as the others (Figure 263, 4). Cornicles of apterae shorter than 3rd antennal segment. On Artemisia vulgar! s, Northwest, Center, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, China.. .......................................... P. glandulosus Kalt. On Helichrysum arenarium. Center .. .P. helichrysi Bozh.

89. 1 (1).

Corylobium Mordv.

Only one species.

Green or sometimes reddish; cornicles yellowish with black apex. On end of young shoots, on leaf petioles and lower side of leaves of Corylus avellana, C. maxima, C. tubulosa. Monoecous. Everywhere, Caucasus; Western Europe, Asia Minor

....................................-C. avellanae Schrk.

90. Masonaphis H-R.L. 31 species in the genus, 30 of them in North America. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 2 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Scales on 2nd tarsal segment (sometimes also on 1st segment) consisting of separate spinules which are only partly fused. 1st tarsal segment with 3 or 4 setae. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 3.4-3.6 times longer than base of segment. Cornicles scarcely inflated. Aphids yellowish brown, dorsally shiny brown. Cornicles whitish or light brown with black apex. Antennae longer than body; 1st to 3rd antennal segments smooth; 3rd to 5th antennal segments light; terminal process of 6th antennal segment longer than 3rd antennal segment; 3rd antennal segment with 1-3 secondary rhinaria. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment 0.013-0.021, 0.35-0.50 of greatest diameter of segment. Occiput and abdominal tergum VIII often with 1 or 2 median tubercles. On lower side of leaves, on bark of young shoots, on flowers and fruits of Rhododendron flavum. Northern Caucasus (auct.) and Transcaucasia (A.A. Dzhibladze).................. M. dzhibladzeae Snap.. sp. n. Scales on 1st and 2nd tarsal segment contiguous, smooth. 1st tarsal segment with 5 setae, rarely with 4 setae on 1 or 2 legs. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 4.3-6 times longer than base of segment. Cornicles distinctly inflated. Aphids green.

On young shoots and leaves of Rhododendron sp.; on indoor plants. Sometimes injurious. Moscow, Northern Caucasus (?); Western Europe; originating in North America. .^M. azaleae Mas. .

Macrosiphum Pass. Aphids spindle-shaped, large. On aerial parts of plants. Monoecous or dioecous. 40 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 21-24 species. 17 species. (Description based mainly on apterae). 91.

611

1 (8).

2 (7). 3 (6).

4 (5).

Cuticle of dorsum of body thickened, without segmentation. 3rd antennal segment with 1 (0) -10 rhinaria. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment not more than 0.6 of greatest diameter of segment. Frons of all or most specimens with median tubercle. (Subgenus Sitobion Mordv.). Last segment of proboscis shorter than 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Antennae not longer than body. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment not more than 1.3 times as long as 3rd antennal segment. Abdominal tergum VIII with 4-6 hairs. Cuticle on dorsum of body sometimes sclerotized. On Gramineae or Resales. Cornicles 1.75-2,25 times as long as cauda. The reticulate part occupies 1/10-1/5 of length of cornicles. Yellowish green or green. Migrating from raspberry or Rubus, rarely from other Resales

5 (4).

6 (3).

(Rosa, Fragaria, Agrimonia) to Gramineae, mainly aquatic species. South; Western Europe, Southwest Asia, East Africa ................................ M. fragariae Walk. Cornicles 1.12-1.43 times as long as cauda. The reticulate part of cornicles occupies 0.25-0.3 of length of cornicles. Yellowish green or dirty reddish, almost black, often shiny. On a large variety of Gramineae (also cultivated species), sometimes also on other Monocotyledonae (Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Liliaceae); on inflorescences, rarely on leaves and other parts of the plant. Monoecous. Injurious to rye, wheat, oats and barley. Everywhere, irt the North at least to the Khibiny Mountains, Transcaucasia,; Soviet Central Asia, Maritime Territory; throughout the Holarctic Region, East Africa, Taiwan, Java... *M. avenae F. TerminaLprocess of 6th antenna! segment 1.7-2.3 times as long as 3rd antennal segment.: Abdominal tergum VIII with 7 or 8 hairs. Cuticle on dorsum of body not sclerotized. Green or pink. On Equisetum silvaticum, rarely E. pratense, on lower side of twigs. Monoecous. Recorded so far only from Czechoslovakia; M. equiseti Holm. probably also present in the U-S.S.R. Last segment of proboscis as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi or longer. Antennae 1.2-1.5 times as long as body. Cuticle on dorsum of body not sclerotized. Green, yellow or pink. On Filicales ^(Athyrium alpestre, A. filix fern ina, Dryopteris austriaca, D.filix-mas), on lower side of leaves. Monoecous. North (Khibiny Mountains); Czechoslovakia .........

:

..........

-

7 (2).

.........;............................... M. dryopteridis Holm. Cuticle on dorsum of body not thickened; if thickened, 3rd antennal segment with more than 35 rhinaria. Longest hair on 3rd antennal segment at least 0.6 of greatest diameter of segment. Frons without tubercle. (Subgenus Mac ro siphum Pass., s. str.). 9(10). On Daphne mezereum, also on D. laureola (family Thymelaeaceae), on lower side of leaves. Greenish white. Monoecous. Center; Western Europe ............... M. daphnidis C.B. 10 (9). On different plants. Color different. 11 (20). Corniclesiof alatae completely black or dark brown; cornicles of apterae the same, but sometimes with more or less light base. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 5-46 rhinaria not arranged in a row. ; If cornicles lighter (in some specimens), 3rd antennal segment with at least 35 rhinaria. 12 (13). 3rd antenna! segment with 37-46 small, markedly convex rhinaria, Middle of:cauda 2.4-2.7 times thicker than middle of cornicles; cornicles ;2.2-2.3 times longer than cauda. Antennal tubercles with 3-5 hairs. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 5-8 times longer than base of segment, 0.9-1.1 times as long as 3rd segment. ’ Cuticle on dorsuro of body finely and densely rugose. Cauda with 12 or 13 hairs; anterior half of subgenital plate with 3-5 hairs,: abdominal tergum VIII with 6 hairs. Minute marginal tubercles present on prothorax and inconstantly on abdominal tergaIII-V. Last segment of proboscis as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. 1st tarsal segment with 3, 3, 3 setae. Cells on cornicles forming 6-9 transverse rows. Green, yellow or red.

8 (1).

13 (12).

14 (19). 15 (18). 16 (17).

612 17 (16).

18 (15).

19(14).

20 (11).

21 (22).

On Athyrium alpestre (this should be confirmed). North (Khibiny Mountains)................. M. lapponicum Shap,, sp. n. 3rd antennal segment with at least 30 slightly convex rhinaria; if rhinaria more numerous, middle of cauda 1.5-2 times as thick as middle of cornicles. Green or brownish red. On Resales, Dipsacaceae or Valerianaceae. Antennal tubercles with 3 (rarely 4) hairs. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment 0.9-1.2 times as long as 3rd antennal segment. Marginal sclerites on abdominal terga I-IV of apterae indistinct. 3rd antennal segment with 15-35 rhinaria. On rose and wild rose; on apex of young shoots and sometimes on petioles and lower side of leaves; accidentally also on Fragaria, Pyrus and M a lu s. Facultatively migrating to Dipsacaceae and Valerianaceae; on flower buds. Injurious to rose; vector of viruses. Throughout the U.S.S.R., in the North at least to the Khibiny Mountains; introduced into all countries of the world ................ *M. rosae L, Marginal sclerites on abdominal terga I-IV of apterae distinct. 3rd antennal segment with 5-14 (?) rhinaria. On Dipsacaceae (Saccia pratensi s), on flower buds and also on lower side of leaves. South; Western Europe ............... M. weberi C.B. Antennal tubercles with 5 or 6 hairs. Terminal process of 6th antennal segment of apterae 1.25-1.42 as long as 3rd antennal segment. 3rd antennal segment with 8-20 rhinaria. Green or brown. On young shoots and leaves ofRubus caesius, R. glandulosus. Center, South, Transcaucasia; Western Europe ................................... M.funestum Macch. Pale yellow. On Umbelliferae (Cerinthe minor), on lower side of leaves. Life cycle not clear. South; Western Europe ..... ..........................................M. cerinthiacus C.B, Cornicles of alatae dark, with light base; cornicles of apterae

completely light, with darkened apex. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with 1-10 rhinaria arranged in a row. On Scrophulariaceae (Melampyrum nemorosum, M.pratense. Digitalis ambigua). Life cycle not clear. NorthM. melampyri Mordv, west; Western Europe On different plants. On Onagraceae (Epilobium montanum, E-par viflo rum, E.angustifolium, E.palustre), on ends of shoots and young M. epilobii Kitt. fruits. Monoecous. Center; Western Europe On different plants. Anterior half of subgenital plate with 6-12 hairs. Cauda with ....................

22 (23).

23(24).

..

24 (23). 25 (28). 26 (27).

..

11-17 hairs. Abdominal tergum VIII with 7-9 hairs. Aphids green or red. On Resales (Geum urbanum, G.coccineum) and UmbelUferae (Chaerophyllum temulum, Ch.bulbosum, Ch. aromaticum, Anthriscus silvestris, Eryngium planum); on apex of flower buds; in spring and autumn also on lower side of lower leaves. Northwest, Center, Transcaucasia; Western Europe .................................. M. gei Koch.

27 (26). Abdominal’ tergum VIII with 6 hairs.

30 (29). 31 (32).

32 (31).

92.

-

28 (25). 29 (30).

Aphids yellow or greenish yellow. On Umbelliferae (Laser trilobum), on lower side of stalks and leaves. Crimea................... M. laseri Holm. Anterior half of subgenital plate with 2-4 hairs. Cauda with 12-19 hairs, abdominal tergum VIII with 7-9 hairs. Green or red. On Ulmaria palustris, U-filipendula, on flower buds and on lower side of lower leaves, Monoecous. Everywhere, Transcaucasia; Western Europe ................... ...................................... M. cholodkovskyi MordvCauda with 6-12 hairs; abdominal tergum VIII with 5-9 hairs. Grayish green or red. On the following Vacciniaceae: Oxycoc cus, Vaccinium uliginosum, V.myrtillus, and on the following Ericaceae: Chamae daphne calyculata and Andro rn’eda poliifolia. Monoecous. North, Northwest; Western Europe (Pyrenees)..................M. nasonovi Mordv. Green, rarely red. On a large variety of plants. Life cycle incomplete. In the North overwintering in hot places. Injurious to potato, : sugar beet, cabbage, indoor plants and hothouse plants; vector of viruses. Everywhere; originating in North America; introduced into all countries of the world ........................ ................... *M. euphorbiae Thorn, (solanifolii Ashm.). Linosiphon C.B2 species.

2 species in the genus.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

2 species,

1 (2).

2 (1),

93. inflated.

Delphiniobium Mordv. Middle or apical half of cornicles slightly 2 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R, 1 species. Bluish green, with black cornicles, cauda and antennae. On Ranunculaceae (Aconitum napellus, A. paniculatum; A. varie gatum and Delphinium elatum). On flower buds and between flowers; inautumnalsoonlower leaves. Probably center and other D. junackianum Karsch. (aconiti Goot). regions; WesternEurope -

1 (1).

Cornicles; of apterae not inflated. Dorsum of body slightly pigmented. On Galium mollugo, G. silvaticum, G. aparine, on leaves and young shoots. Center, South; Western Europe ..... ........................................ L. galiophagus Wimsh. Cornicles of apterae slightly inflated. Dorsum of body markedly pigmented, shiny-brown or black. On Galium intermedium and possibly onAsperula odorata; on lower side of leaves. Carpathians, Crimea (?).,.................................... .................... L. gaUi Mam. (asperulophagus Holm.?).

.

613

..

94. Staticoblum Mordv. Monophagous or narrowly oligophagous on Plumbaginaceae (Limonium and Goniolimon). All species are apparently monoecous. | 4-7 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4-7 species. 3 species. 1 (4). 2 (3),

Hairs on dorsum of body, head and antennae well developed, about as long as diameter of 3rd antennal segment. Hairs on’dorsum of body, head, and on 1st to 3rd antennal segments pointed. Abdominal tergum VIII with 4 (3-6) hairs.

Cauda 1-1.5 times as long as its base. On Limonium sp., upper side of leaves. South, West Kazakhstan. 2 other subspecies (S. 1. lim onii Contar. on L. limonium in Western Europe; S-1. nevskyi H.R.L, on L. otolepis in Soviet Central Asia) S. limonii caucasicum Bozh. Hairs on dorsum of body, on head and on 1st to 3rd antennal segments with dilated apex in form of spear or spatula. Abdominal terguro VIII with 2 or 3 hairs. Cauda 1,9-2.4 times as long as wide at the base. On Limonium gmelini, L.latifolium, Goniolimon rubellum, on lower side of leaves and on flower stalks. South, West Kazakhstan ............... S. latifolii Bozh, (latifoliae Bozh.(?), 1. caspicum Bozh., tauricum Bozh.(?). Hairs on dorsuro of body, on head and antennae very few, minute and little noticeable, 0.2-0.3 of diameter of 3rd antennal segment. On Limoniuro gmelini. L. scoparium, L. sareptanum, Goniolimon tataricum, on flower stalks and on root collars. South ......................................... S. gmelini Bozh. (insularum Bozh., strongili siphon Bozh.(?)). on lower and

..............

3 (2).

4 (1).

95. Dactynotus Raf. (Megalo s iphum Mordv.). Monophagous, rarely oligophagous on Compositae and Campanulaceae. Monoecous. More than 70 species in the genus. 31 species. The status of several species should

be confirmed. 1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2).

Cauda light. Cauda with 6-9 hairs, less than twice as long as broad at base. Brownish red; young specimens red. (Subgenus Eurythaphis

Mordv.). On Tanacetum vulgar e, on lower side of old leaves. Everywhere, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe .................... ........................ D. tanaceti L. (tanacetico la Mordv.) On Achillea millefolium, on lower side of leaves and especially on leaves near the roots. Center, South; Western Europe .................................... G. achilleae Koch. Cauda with 10-45 hairs, usually more than twice as long as broad at base. Brown, reddish brown. (Subgenus Dactynotus Raf., s. str.). On Tussilago farfara and Petasites hybridum, on lower side and petioles of leaves. Center, South, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ......................... D. basalis Walk. On Campanulaceae (Phyteuma canescens), on flower stalks and lower side of leaves. South D. phyteumae Bozh, On Compositae (Pulicaria dysenteric a), on apex of stems, South; Western Europe, Holland D. pulicariae H.R.L. On Mulgedium tataricum; on apex of stalks and lower side of leaves. South, Soviet Central Asia ......... D. mulgedii Nevs. On Inula hirta, I. salicaria, Inula sp.; on apex of flower buds and flower stalks. South; Western Europe ................. ........................................... D. inulicola H.R.L, On Chrysanthemum leucanthemum and L a c t u c a viminea, on apex of stems and lower side of leaves. South; Western Europe ............................ D. ochropus H.R.L. ..............

~

.,.,...,....

795

On Centaurea jacea, on stems and lower side of leaves D. jaceicola H.R.L. near the roots. Crimea; Western Europe On Hieracium echioides, H.cymosum, H.bauhini, H. pilosella, onflower stalks. The reticulate part occupies at least 0.33 of length of cornicles................. D. pilosellae C.B. On Hieracium murorum, H. umbellatum, H.sabaudum, H . laevigatum, H. pr atens e, H-por rifolium, rarely H. pilosella, H. aurantiacum, on stalks. The reticulate part occupies not more than 0.29 of length of cornicles. Center, D. obscurus Koch. South; Western Europe On stalks and flower stalks of Chondrilla juncea. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Centrral Asia; Western Europe .......................................... D. chondrillae Nevs. On Cirsium arvense, C.oleraceum. C.palustre. C. pannonicum. on stalks, between flowers; in autumn also on lower side of leaves. Sclerites in middle of abdominal terga with several; hairs. South; Western Europe .......... D. cirsii L. On apex of stalks and lower side of leaves of Cirsium laniflorum, C.vulgare. Sclerites in middle of abdominal terga with one hair. Crimea ....................... D. cirsicola Holm. On stalks and lower side of leaves of Sonchus oleraceus, S.paluster. S.asper, S.arvensis, rarely on Lactuca saliva, L.iperennis, Arctium lappa, Rhodoute changlis and Cichorium endivia. Vector of virus. Everywhere, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe. Africa. Asia Minor and Southwest Asia, North and South America......... ................................................. D. sonchi L. On flower stalks of Hypochoeris radical a. Crimea; Western Europe ........................ D. hypochoeridis H.R.L. On lower side of leaves, on stalks and flower stalks of Mycelis m ur ali. s. Crimea, Western Europe ......... ,D. muralis Buckt, On Cichorium intybus. Crepis spp., Carduus, Leontodon, Lampsana, Erigeron, etc. Several forms are dis! tinguished. Center, South, Transcaucasia; Western Europe ..... ............................................. D. cichorii Koch. On stalks, inflorescences and lower side of leaves of Picris hieracioi’des. Center, South, West Siberia; Western Europe, Southwest Asia .................................. D. picridis F. Cauda black. Reticulate sculpture on cornicles consisting of 10-40 transverse rows. Last segment of proboscis more or less blunt. (Subgenujs Uromelan Mordv,). On the following Compositae: On Centaurea jacea, C.scabiosa, C. oriental! s, C. solstiti ali s, C. c alcitrapa, C. phrygia, C. cyanus, Serratula coronata, Jurinea eversmanni and other Compositae, on stalks, rarely on lower side of leaves. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Asia Minor and Southwest Asia ......................... D. jaceae L. On Carthamus lanatus, C. glaucus. on stalks and lower side of leaves. Crimea; Southwest Asia...... D. carthami H.R.L. ..

..

......................

...........

614

4 (1». 5 (6).

On stalks and lower side of leaves of Carduus crispus, C. acanthoides, C. thoermeri, C. nutans, C. tridentinus. Center, South; Western Europe ....... .D. aeneus H.R.L. D. stachydis Bozh. On apex of stalks of Stachys silvatica On Carlina caulescens. South; Western Europe ........... .............................................. D. carlinae C.B. On flower stalks of Hieracium sp. Crimea .................. ......................................... D. hieracioides Bozh. On resetted leaves of Taraxacum officinale, T. koksaghyz. Vector of virus. South; Western Europe, North America ............................................. D. taraxaci Kalt. On stalks and lower side of leaves of Solidago lapponica, S. vi rgoaurea. North, including the Kola Peninsula, Center, South; Western Europe ....................... D. solidaginis F. On the following Campanulaceae: On Campanula rotundifolia, C.rapunculus, C. scheuchzeri,C.pusilla,Jasione montana, on stalks and flower stalks. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with not more than 40 secondary rhinaria; 3rd antennal segment of alatae with not more than 50 secondary rhinaria in basal half of segment. South, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe .......................................... D. campanulae Kalt. On stalks of Campanula persicifolia, C. rapunculoides, C. sibirica." 3rd antennal segment of apterae with at least 55 secondary rhinaria; 3rd antennal segment of alatae with at least 75 secondary rhinaria along the whole segment. South; Western Europe ...................................... D. trachelii C.B. Reticulate sculpture of cornicles consisting of 4-9 transverse rows. Last segment of proboscis more or less pointed. On stems ...

......

6 (5).

and lower side of leaves of Echinops. (Subgenus Paczoskia Mordv., nee C.B., Bozhko, part.; nee H.R.L.). On Echinops sphae ro cephalu s, Echinops, sp. Cauda with more than 10 hairs; apexofcauda more or less blunt. 1st tar sal D. major C.B. segment with5, 5, 5 setae. South; West, Europe OnEchinops ritro, E. ruthenicum, E. karatavicum. Cauda with 6 or 7 hairs. Apexofcaudapointed. Isttarsal segment with 3, 3, 3 setae. Crimea, Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia ....... ......................................... D. paczoskii Mordv. .....

96. Macro siphoniella Guerc. Monophagous or oligophagous on Compositae. Monoecous. More than 40 species inthe genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 30 species. 20 species. The status of the genus which is closely related to Dactynotus and of several species should be confirmed. .

"

1 (2).

Lastsegmentofproboscisabout as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. (Subgenus Mac ro sipho niella Guerc., s.str.). On the following species of Artemisia: On apical flower stalks of A. absinthium. 3rd antennal segment of apterae with at least 40 secondary rhinaria; 3rd antennal segment of alatae with at least 70 secondary rhinaria. Northwest, Center, M. absinthii L. South, West Siberia; Western Europe On A. vulgar i s, A. abs inthium, A.campestris. on ............

stalks and lower side of leaves. 3rd antennal segment of apterae

with not more than 15 secondary rhinaria; 3rd antennal segment of alatae with not more than 40 secondary rhinaria. Cornicles and cauda black. Center, South, West Siberia; Western Europe

.

.

M.^ as’temisiae B.d.F. Cauda and base of

.........................................

On lower side of leaves of A, vulgaris. cornicles green. Center, South; Western Europe

615

...............

............................................ M. oblonga Mordv. On lower side of leaves and apical stalks of A. austriaca, A. maritima. Grayish green, with light brown cauda. Center, South, East, West Siberia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe M. pulvera Walk. ......... On stalks of A. procera. South .............M. procerae Bozh. On apical stalks of A.austriaca, A. m archalliana. Dark A. moldavika Bozh. brown, shiny, with black cauda. Southwest On stalks of A. austriaca, A. marchalliana. Light brown, with transverse stripes, densely covered with powder. South ..... .......................................... M. austriacae Bozh. On flower stalks of Artemisia sp. Hairs standing on tubercles. Crimea ..................... M. tuberculatum-artemisicola Bozh. On stalks of A. arenaria. South ........... M. arenariae Bozh. On the following Achillea sp.: On flower stalks, stalks and leaves of A. millefolium, A. ptarmica, A. nobilis. Cornicles and tibiae completely black. North including the Kola peninsula. Center, West, South; Western Europe ............................. M. millefolii Deg. On lower side of leaves of A. millefolium, A. collina. Cornicles black; middle of tibiae light. Center, South; Western Europe ...;........’..................... M. usquertensis H.R.L. On leaves near the roots of A. millefolium. Basal half of cornicles light. South; Western Europe ....... M. sejuncta Walk. On different plants: On flower stalks and lower side of leaves of Tanacetum vulgar e. Center, West, South; West Siberia; Western Europe ..... M. tanacetaria Kalt. On lower side of leaves of Matricaria chamomilia, Anthemis ruthenica, A.tinctoria. Center, South; Western Europe, Southwest Asia ......... M. chamomillae H.R.L. On stalks and lower side of leaves of Xeranthemum inapertum, X.c’ylindraceum. Crimea. ........................... ................. M. xeranthemi Bozh. (in litt.) et H.R.L, (in litt.). On stalks, ; flower stalks and leaves of Centaurea diffusa, C. solsti.tialis. Crimea .................. M. papillata Holm. On stalks of Lithosperroum arvense. South............... ......................................... M. lithospermi Bozh. On flower stalks of Galatella dracunculoides. South ...... ........................................... M. galatellae Bozh. On stalks and leaves of Chrysanthemum indicum. Everywhere, introduced into all countries of the world. Usually in closed places. Vector of viruses ............. *M. sanborni Gill. Last segment of proboscis almost twice as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. On Helichrysum. (Subgenus Ramitrichophorus H.R.L.). .

.:................................... ...

...........................................

2 (1).

.

~

On stalks and lower side of leaves of H. arenarium. Hairs bifid; cornicles about twice as long as cauda; aphids dark brown. South; Western Europe ........................ M. janckei C.B. On stalks and flower stalks of H. arenarium. Hairs not bifid; cornicles not more than 1.5 times as long as cauda; aphids gray, with minute brownish red spots. South ...... M. medvedevi Bozh. On upper part of stalks and among flowers of H. suaveolens. Ciscaucasia 97.

................................

M. paradoxa Bozh.

Metopeurum Mordv. .On Tanacetum vulgare.

Monoecous. In

Closely related to Microsiphon Chol. 3 or 4 species in the genus. the whole U.S.S.R. 2 or 3 species. 2 species. 1 (2).

Cornicles longer than cauda; body 6-7 times longer than cornicles. Head and thorax dark brown; abdomen reddish with a large black spot in the middle. On stalks. Everywhere; Western Europe ................. M. fuscoviride Stroy. (tanaceti auct., nee L.). Cornicles shorter than cauda; body about 20 times longer than cornicles. Blackish. On stalks and root collars. South; Western Europe ....................................M. enslini C.B. ....

2 (1).

98. Microsiphum Chol. Cauda short-triangular; cornicles sometimes with reticulate sculpture. Monophagous on Compositae. Monoecous. Living together with ants. Closely related to Metopeurum Mordv. 6 species in the genus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 6 species. Description based

on apterae. ~

1 (2).

On Artemisia: On stalks and lower side of leaves of A. vulgaris. Center, South; Western Europe .................... M. woronieckae Jud. On stalks and leaf petioles of A. absinthium. South, West Siberia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe ................... ........................M. jazikovi Nevs. (wahlgreni H.R-L.). On stalks and lower side of leaves of A. dracunculus. South, East, Soviet Central Asia M. giganteum Nevs. On different plants. On Achillea. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment and cauda at least half as long as diameter of 3rd antennal segment at base. Secondary rhinaria present on 4th antennal segment. On Achillea millefolium, on lower side of leaves near the roots, on stalks, root collars, and roots. Center, South; Western Europe ..................... ......................................... M. millefolii Wahlgr. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment and cauda 0.15-0.25 of diameter of 3rd antennal segment at base. On root collars and roots of Achillea nobilis. Crimea; Western Europe ................ .............................................. M. nudum Holm. On Ptarmica vulgaris. Hairs on 3rd antennal segment and cauda at least half as long as diameter of 3rd antennal segment at base. Secondary rhinaria of 4th antennal segment absent. Center, South, Soviet Central Asia ........... M. ptarmicae Chol. ...................

2 (1). 616

3 (6). 4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (3).

5.

Suborder

;

COCCINBA

Cocci ds or mealybugs and scale insects

E.M. Dantsig

Small insects with marked sexual dimorphism; females degenerate, apterous, often sessile, often resembling galls on bark or lichen, usually covered with waxy secretions; males with one pair of wings, normally developed legs and antennae and vestigial mouthparts; females many times, sometimes 50-100, times larger than males. Tarsi with one claw. Descriptions based mainly on females. Body of adult female (Figure 268, 3,6,7,10,15) not clearly divided into head, thorax and abdomen, flat, convex, hemispherical or spherical, its outline oval, round or pear-shaped, usually 1-7 mm long. Head fused with prothorax; antenriae, eyes and mouthparts on the ventral side (Figures 267, 3,5; 272.1). Antennae filiform, 5-to 11-segmented, often reduced. Eyes simple, in form of small tubercles, situated posterior to antennae, sometimes absent. Mouthparts (Figure 267, 7) situated between 1st pair of legs, consisting of clypeus, 1- to 3-segmented labium (or proboscis) and 4 long sclerotized setae arranged in loops; mouthparts sometimes absent or vestigial. Thorax often completely fused with head and abdomen; parts of thorax and abdomen sometimes distinctly separate. Legs normally developed, sometimes reduced or absent; tarsi 1-segmented, rarely 2-segmented. Claws simple (Figure 267, 12) or with ventral denticle (Figure 267, 8), with 2 (rarely up to 12) pointed or clavate setae at the base (Figure 267, 11). 2 pairs of thoracic spiracles; transverse rows of disk-shaped glands often have 3 or more spines at their end (Figure 267, 5), sometimes (Coccidae) reaching from thoracic spiracles to margin of body. A pair of lip-shaped dorsal glandular organs (circulus) (Figure 267, 3) sometimes present on prothorax in Pseudococcidae, Abdomen usually consisting of 8 distinct segments; abdominal segments V-VUI or IV-VIII of Diaspididae fused, more or less sclerotized and forming one complex segment (the pygidium) (Figure 272, 1); all abdominal segments of Coccidae and Aclerdidae fused with cephalothorax (Figure 267, 5). Anus situated at posterior end of body. often surrounded by a chitinous anal ring (Figure 267, 3) with pores and setae, sometimes^ located at end of anal tube (Figure 269, 5). Margins of last abdominal segment sometimes forming anal lobes (Figure 267, 3) with one, rarely several apical setae; in Coccidae and Aclerdidae posterior end of abdomen with anal slit; 1 or 2 triangular anal plates at the base of the anal slit (dorsal to anus) (Figures 267,5; 270,6). Genital opening of the female on venter of body. In Margarodidae and Ortheziidae, margin of dorsum of abdomen with 1-8 spiracles (Figure 267, 10). A pair of glandular organs is often present between abdominal terga V and VI in Pseudococcidae; these organs are sometimes present on the venter, usually one between abdominal sterna II and III, in other cases 2-4 organs are present on the venter. Margin of pygidium of Diaspididae with broad sclerotized processes (lobules); 1-4 pairs of lobules are usually arranged symmetrically at the posterior margin of the pygidium (Figure 272, 5-8). The median pair of lobules is called the 1st (L^); the next lobules lateral to L^ are called the 2nd pair (Lg)-; Further pairs are called Lg and 1^4. Lg and L.3 are sometimes bifurcate. Margin of pygidium at base of Li sometimes concave,

forming the pygidial indentation. Elongate setalike or serrated, weakly sclerotized processes (combs) are often present between the lobules and posterior to them at the margin of the pygidium (Figure 272, 5-8). Some Diaspididae have strongly sclerotized fingerlike cuticular thickenings (paraphyses) (Figure 272,7) on the ventral side of the pygidium, atthebase of lobules or close to the margin of the pygidium; other Diaspididae possess paired shorter formations (densaria) (Figure 272, 6). 617 Wax glands of female numerous, disk-shaped or cylindrical. The diskshaped glands (pores) are: 1) simple disk-shaped glands with finely granular surface (Figure 267, 17); 2) multicellular glands with one or several cells in the center and with a peripheral ring of cells (Figure 267, 1,6,13); 3) 5-celled glands with one cell in the center and 5 peripheral cells (Figure 267, 18); 4) 3-celled glands (Figure 267, 2); 5) paired glands (Figure 269. 10); 6) circumgenital glands (Diaspididae) usually arranged in 4 or 5 groups around the genital opening. The circumgenital glands are divided into an anterior group, anterolateral and posterolateral groups (Figure 272, 1); the number of glands in each group is not constant in the same species, and is therefore indicated by a formula, e.g. 4-7 (5-13) 4-16 or (6-15) 4-10; before the brackets comes the possible number of glands in the anterior group; if no numbers are given before the bracket, the anterior group is absent; the number of glands in the anterolateral groups is given in 618 the bracket, the number of glands in the posterolateral groups after the bracket. Cylindrical glands of Diaspididae are of the following 2 types: 1) with 2 chitinous rims, short and broad (Figure 272, 2); these are divided into: a) marginal glands (Figure 272, 1,5,8) at the margin of the pygidium; b) dorsal glands (Figure 272, 1) on the dorsal side of the pygidium, rarely on other abdominal and thoracic segments; 2) with one chitinous rim, long and slender (Figure 272, 3), on the dorsal side of the pygidium, rarely on its ventral side. They are also found on other abdominal and thoracic segments near the margin of the body. Cylindrical glands of other families are of the following types: 1) tubular glands, with cylindrical duct and a narrow chitinous rim around the opening (Figure 267, 14); 2) mushroom-shaped glands, also tubular, but with a hemispherical cuticular rim around duct (Figure 267, 16); 3) bottle-shaped glands, with a distally widened cylindrical duct, without chitinous rim around the opening (Figure 267, 4); 4) radiate tubular glands, with a long conical protuberance, often with 1-5 basal spinules (Figure 267, 9). Spines and spinules have the form of blunt or pointed cones or fingerlike processes, which secrete waxy formations (Figure 270, 7-9). Hairs of varying length, both on dorsum and venter of 619 body or only on venter. The groups of disk-shaped glands and of spines of many Pseudococcidae form the so-called wax-secreting tract (ceraria) (Figure 267, 3,15); the ceraria usually consist of 2 or several conical spines surrounded by disk-shaped glands; in addition, the spines are often surrounded by hairs, Females secrete various waxy formations. Most Coccinea are covered with powdery wax (Margarodidae, Pseudococcidae, Eriococcidae, Coccidae); during oviposition, the females secrete woolly or feltlike ovisacs (Figures 268,1,8,10,12,13; 271, 1,2) which cover the body partly or completely. Females are sometimes covered with compact (Ortheziidae) or loose (Pseudococcidae) wax plates (Figure 268, 3) or with a layer of hard

opaque wax (wax-secreting Coccidae; Figure 271, 18). Females are sometimes covered by a semitransparent horny layer (Asterolecaniidae and Coccidae; Figure 268, 9,11) or by a scale (Diaspididae; Figure 271, 13-17. 19) which can be easily separated from the body of the insect; the scale consists of 1 or 2 laryal exuviae and a layer of secretion. Species with strongly sclerotized dorsum (some Coccidae and Kermococcidae) have no waxy formations (Figures 268, 15; 271,3-12), like some species living under leaf sheaths of; Gramineae.

FIGURE 267, Coccinea. Structure of female (after Borkhsenius) 1

Boreococcus ingcicus, star-shaped muliicellular gland; 2Pseudococcus, tricellular diagram of body (hhead, eeye, mpmouthparts, pt prothorax,

gland; 3Pseudococcus, msmesothorax,

itiimeiaihorax,

isthoracic spiracles.

glandular organ, psposterior dorsal glandular organ, anal lobes, sar setae of anal ring, vsventral

C^-Cigceraria,

aranal

asanterior dorsal

ring, alanaUobes,

salsfttaeof

glandular organ, vag vaginal slit); 4Acantho-

coccus, bottle-shaped gland; 5Coccus, diagram of body; (ssspiracular spines, apanal plaie. asanal slit); 6Margarodidae, multicellular gland; 7Pseudococcus, mouthparts (clclypeus, prproboscis, prssetae of proboscis); 8Phenacoccus, claw; 9Heliococcus, tubular gland; 10Neomargarodes, ventral spiracle; 11Sieingelia gorodetskia, claw; 12Pseudococcus, claw; 13Pseudococcus, multicellular gland; 14Pseudococcus, tubular gland; 15 Spinococcus calluneci, cerarium; 16 Pseudococcus, mushroom-shaped gland; 17Matsucoccus, simple disk-shaped gland; 18Heterococcus, 5-celled gland,

»2 FIGURE 268. Coccinea.

Vfy 13

war^s

General habitus of representatives of various families (after Borkhsenius

and original)

1Icerya

purchasi, female with

ticae, female with ovisac;

ovisac;

2

Kermococcus quercus, male; 3Orthe cysrs; 5Planchonia arabidis, fer

4Neornargarodes,

’ered with horny covering; 6Phenacoccus

aceris, female; 7

N ippaeococcus nipa

Males (Figure 268, 2) with one pair of transparent, iridescent wings with a 1- or 2-branched longitudinal vein; the hind wings are replaced by halteres in form of hooklike setae or scales. Antennae filiform, long, sometimes longer than body, 10- to 30-segmented. Legs well developed;

2-segmented. Eyes simple or compound. Mouthparts lacking. Abdomen 7- to 9-segmented; last abdominal segment often with 2 filaments or with a fascicle of white waxy filaments. Copulatory apparatus sclerotized, protruding as a tubular, sword-shaped process. Most species have 1 or 2 generations per year. Eggs, larvae or females hibernate. Fertility is usually high, e.g., Parthenolecanium corni in the Crimea may lay up to 2780 eggs. Eggs are laid under secretions, tarsi 1- or

in ovisacs or beneath the abdomen; the abdomen of many species becomes invaginated during oviposition, while the dorsum becomes strongly sclerotized, forming a spurious scale which covers the eggs. Eggs oblong-oval, 0-25-0.5 long. The egg stage lasts several hours to several months. Some species are viviparous. Ist-instar larvae always have well-developed legs, antennae, eyes and mouthparts. During the first day of life (rarely during the first 3 days) the larvae ("crawlers") crawl about on the plant, searching for a suitable place to feed; during this period they are easily scattered by the wind. At the beginning of the feeding period the females of many species lose the capacity to move for their whole life; females of other species are capable of moving; but mainly on the food plant. The female larvae become adults after 2 or 3; ecdyses; the larvae and females of most groups of coccids resemble each other closely. Sexual differentiation takes place after the 1st or 2nd ecdysis; the male has 2 additional nymphal stages during which it is inactive and does not feed. The metamorphosis of the male takes place beneath the scale (Diaspididae; Figure 271, 14,17) or in special cocoons (Figure 271,7). Before becoming adults but still in the larval capsule (cyst) (Figure 268,4) the females of many species of Margarodidae undergo a pause in activity and feeding during which new organs are formed and other organs disappear.: Parthenogenesis is very common among Coccidae. Larvae and adult females feed on branches, stems, roots, rarely fruits and leaves of various trees, shrubs and grasses. A number of species are serious pests of subtropical and southern fruit trees and hothouse plants; many of them are’introduced exotic forms; some species cause severe damage to fruit- and berry cultures and decorative plants in the central belt and northern parts of Russia. Heavy infestation of stems and twigs may result in death of the sap-transporting part of the bark, which in .turn results in desiccation of whole branches or whole trees. Some Diaspididae cause spot disease of fruits; many Coccinea cause defoliation of evergreen trees. The damage caused by Coccinea in subtropical countries and in hothouses is increased by the presence of soot molds settling on the sweet secretions of the insects. Old, strongly sclerotized females of Coccidae, Kermococcidae and also Diaspididae and Asterolecaniidae should be kept dry together with plant parts on cotton with naphthalene; other species should be kept in 70% alcohol; part of the collection should be kept dry to preserve the waxy formations. The keys are based on the characters of adult females. Larger and strongly sclerotized-forms and also forms with characteristic waxy formations may be described from their external characters; other forms have to be described from microscopic preparations. For this purpose. the waxy formations are removed, the insects are placed for 12-24 hours 620 in 8-10% KOH or NaOH, boiled for several minutes, washed for 24 hours in distilled (or boiled) water which is changed several times, passed through 70% and 96% alcohol and stained with fuchsin: strongly sclerotized forms are stained for ?-2 hours; weakly sclerotized forms are stained for up to 24 hours. The insects are stained so that the glands and all strongly sclerotized parts’show on the light-colored background of the weakly sclerotized tissues. The insects are then washed in 96% alcohol, cleared in oil of cloves fo,r at least 30 minutes, and embedded in Canada balsam. This method is used for staining with acid fuchsin; if alkaline fuchsin is used, the insects ;are placed in 70% alcohol and passed through 70% and

804

90% alcohol after staining; the insects are stained more rapidly by this method than with acid-fuchsin (strongly sclerotized objects are stained in several minutes). Live insects are fixed in 70% alcohol for at least 2 hours before preparation. Diaspididae are mounted whole; species of other families are slit before or after boiling with a razor blade along the margin of the body under a binocular microscope. 249 species of 9 families; 40 species occur in the European U.S.S.R, onlyinhothouses. The following keys include 5 species which have not been recorded from the European U.S.S.R. LITERATURE, Borkhsenius, N. S. Podotryad chervetsy i shchitovki (Coccoidea). Semeistvo muchnistye chervetsy (Pseudococcidae). Fauna SSSR, Nasekomye khobotnye. 7 (Suborder Coccoidea (Mealy Bugs and Scale insects). Family Pseudococcidae. Fauna of the U.S.S.R. Rhynchota, Vol. 7). Moskva-Leningrad. 1949; Borkhsenius. N. S. Chervetsy i shchitovki SSSR (Coccoidea). Opredeliceli po faune SSSR (Coccoidea

(Mealy Bugs and Scale Insects) of the U.S. S. R. Keys ro the Fauna of the U.S.S.R.).-Izdatel’sivo Zoologicheskogo InstitLiia Akademii Nauk SSSR, 32, 1950: Borkhsenius, N. S, Sboc i izuchenie chervetsov i shchitovok (Collection and Study of Mealy Bugs and Scale Insects). In the series; "V pomoshch’ rabotayushchim na polezashchitnykh lesnykh polosakh", 4, Moskva-Leningrad, 1950; Borkhsenius, N. S. Podotryad chervetsy i shchiioviki (Coccoidea). Semeistvo podushechnitsy i lozhnoshchilovki (Coccidae). Fauna SSSR. Nasekomye khobornye. 9 (Suborder Coccoidea (Mealy Bugs and Scale Insects), Family Coccidae. Fauna of the U.S.S.R., Rhynchoia, Vol. 9).Moskva-Leningrad. 1957; Borkhsenius, N. S, Podotryad cherveisy i shchitovki (Coccoidea). Semeisiva Kermococcidae, Asterolecaniidae, Lecaniodiaspididae, Aclerdidae. Fauna SSSR, Nasekomye khobotnye, Vol.8 (Suborder Coccoidea (Mealy Bugs and Scale Insects). Families Kermococcidae. Asierolecaniidae, Lecaniodiaspididae. Aclerdidae. Fauna of the U.S.S.R,, Rhynchota, Vol. 8).MoskvaLeningrad, 1960; Borkhsenius, N. S. Prakticheskii opredelitel’ koktsid (Coccoidea) kill’turnykh rastenii i lesnykh porod SSSR. Opredelireli po faune SSSR (Practical Keys to the Coccoidea of Cultivated Plants and Forest Planes of the U.S.S.R. Keys to the Fauna of the U.S.S.R.. 81).-Izdatel’Bivo Zoologicheskogo fastituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1963; Newsread. R. Monograph of the Coccidae of the British Isles. MI. London, 1901, 190S: Schmuirerer. H. Schildlause oder Coccoidea. I. Deckelschildlause oder Diaspididae, Die Tierweli Deutschlands, 45. Jena. 1959.

Key to Families 1 (4).

Ventral spiracles present (Figure 267,10).

2 (3).

eyes. Completely or partly covered

3 (2). 4 (l). 5 (6).

6

(5).

Males with compound

with white or grayish wax plates (Figure 268,3) .......................... 1. Ortheziidae (p. 806). Covered with white powdery wax ....... 2. Margarodidae (p. 807). Ventral spiracles absent. Covered with a more or less flat, hard scale consisting of 1 or 2 exuviae and layer of secretion.(Figure 271, 13-17, 19), Scale easily separated from body of insect..... 9. Diaspididae (p, 835). Scale as in Diaspididae absent.

7 (14). Posterior end of abdomen without anal slit, 8 (9), Outer integument hard; body not segmented, spherical or kidneyshaped, without wax covering (Figure 268, 15). On oak ........... ................................... 5. Kermococcidae (p. 824). 9 (8). Outer integument membranous; body not markedly convex, with wax covering of varying form. On different plants. 10 (13). Paired disk-shaped glands absent. Segmentation more or less distinct; female covered with powdery wax or enclosed in ovisac. 11 (12). Dorsal glandular organs (Figure 267, 3) and 3-celled glands (Figure 267. 2) usually present; if such organs are absent, tibia longer than tarsi; if legs reduced or absent, no bottle-shaped glands present ..................... 3. Pseudococcidae (p.810).

HOMOPTERA

12 (11). Dorsal glandular organs and 3-celled glands absent; tibia usually shorter than tarsus; if shorter than tibia, or if legs reduced or absent, bottle-shaped glands present (Figure 267, 4).............. ..................................... 4. Eriococcidae (p.820). 621 13 (10). Paired disk-shaped glands (Figure 269. 10) present. Segmentation absent; female covered with thin semitransparent or thickparaffinlike membrane (Figure 268. 5,9).... 6. Asterolecaniidae (p. 824). Posterior end of abdomen with anal slit; anus usually covered 14 (7). with one (Figure 270, 6) or two (Figure 267, 5) anal plates. 15 (16). Anus covered with two anal plates; if anal plates absent, female strongly sclerotized, kidney-shaped. Body usually convex. On various plants ............................ 7. Coccidae (p. 826). 16 (15). Anus covered with one anal plate. Body flat. Beneath leaf sheaths of Gramineae .......................... 8. Aclerdidae (p. 835). 1.

Family ORTHEZIIDAE

Female completely or partly covered with white or yellowish wax plates. (Figure 268, 3). During oviposition it secretes a compact, dorsally ribbed ovisac which is attached to body; the female moves freely together with the ovisac. Antennae 3- to 8-segmented, with short spinules; legs very long, sometimes longer than body. On aerial parts of herbs and grasses, shrubs and rarely trees. The family consists of about 50 species. In the U.S.S.R. 3 genera, 4 species.

Key to Genera 1 (4). 2 (3).

Tibia and tarsus not fused; 7 or 8 pairs of ventral spiracles. Symmetrical rows of wax plates on dorsum; no plates at midline 1. Orthezia. of thorax (Figure 268, 3). Claws with denticles Dorsum with 3 plates in midline of thorax in addition to symmetrical rows of wax plates. Claws without denticles ............................................. 2. Arctorthezia. Tibia and tarsus fused; 5 pairs of ventral spiracles ......

3 (2).

..............

4 (1).

..............

............................................... 3. Newsteadia.

Keys to Species of Family Ortheziidae Orthezia Bosc. Completely or partly covered with wax plates. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1.

1 (2).

2 (1).

On open ground. Plates covering body completely, forming 6 longitudinal rows. 3.5; ovisac 5-10 (Figure 268, 3). Polyphagous, on branches, stems and leaves of various plants ........ ................................................ 0. urticae L. In hothouses. Plates situated at margin of body and in middle : of dorsum; body dark green; a large part of body visible between marginal and median rows of plates. Legs very long. 1.5; 0. insignis Dougl. ovisac long: and slender, 3-4. Polyphagous ....

Arctorthezia Ckll. U.S.S.R. 1 species. 2.

Completely covered with wax plates.

In the

MARGARODIDAE

1 (1).

Plates forming 4 longitudinal rows; 3 additional small triangular or oval plates present in midline of thorax. 3.5; ovisac short, 2,0. North, Northwest, Carpathians. On heather, ferns, etc.

....

..........................................

3.

Newsteadia Green.

A. cataphracta

Completely covered with wax plates.

Shaw.

In the

U.S.S.K. 1 species. 1 (1),

Plates forming 2 longitudinal rows; 2 plates on head, protruding anteriorly at an angle; lateral rows consisting of 4 plates each. 1.6; ovisac 2.5. Forest zone. In moss and forest litter .............................................. N. floccosa Deg.

..........

2.

Family MARGARODIDAE

Female oval, rarely round or oblong, more or less convex, often large compared with other Coccinea, up to 35.0; however, there are species only 1.5mm long. Segmentation usually distinct. Antennae and legs well 622 developed; forelegs sometimes fossorial, with thickened and fused segments. Usually covered with white powdery wax; during oviposition secreting a white, often amorphous mass of wax filaments which completely or partly cover the body, or secreting an ovisac of definite form protruding under the abdomen or enveloping the female completely (Figure 268, 1). Cocoon of male nymphs white, oblong, often with filaments in all directions. On roots and on aerial parts of various plants. The number of species exceeds 240. 9 genera, 10 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 35 species.

Key to Genera 1 (4). 2 (3). 3 (2).

4 (1). 5 (6). 6 (5).

Simple disk-shaped glands present (Figure 267, 17). Legs and antennae normally developed. On stem of pine trees ............................................. I. Matsucoccus. Legs absent or reduced; antennae reduced. In galls on stems and twigs of deciduous trees ..................... 2. Xylococcus. Simple disk-shaped glands absent, Claws with 6-12 clavate setae (Figure 267, 11). Antennae 8-segmented ................................... 3. Steingelia. Claws usually with 2 clavate setae; if the setae are more ....

numerous, they are short and pointed. 7 (16). Proboscis and ventral glandular organs absent. 623 8 (15). Anterior chamber of thoracic spiracles with disk-shaped pores (Figure 267, 10). On roots of herbs and grasses and on deciduous trees. 9 (10). Forelegs similar to the other legs or slightly larger, not fossorial. On stems of deciduous trees. ............ 4. Kuwania. 10 (9). Forelegs much larger than the other legs, fossorial; trochanter and femur fused, tibia shortened (sometimes fused with tarsus); tarsus and claw fused. On roots of herbs and grasses. 11 (14). 8 pairs of ventral spiracles. 12 (13). Base of claws of forelegs protruding downward forming a heel (Figure 269,2). Spines absent ............... 5. Neomargarodes.

13 (12). Claws of forelegs uniformly tapering toward the apex (as in Figure 269,1); Spines present, forming transverse rows and groups, mainly on abdominal sterna and at margin of body .............................................. 6. Margarodes. ........

FIGURE 269. Coccinea. Structure of female (after Borkhsenius) 1 Porphyrophora, claw of foreleg; 2 Neomargarodes, same; 3Rhodania porifera, anal ring; 4Rhizoecus vitis, anal lobe; 5Antonina crawi, anal ring of anal tube; (aranal ring, atanal tube.sarseiae of anal ring); 6Chaeiococcus phragmitis,

abdominal tergum VII with

tauricus,

10Asierolecanium

C-,^;

12Pelioc

epidendri. margin of .

.

gahani.Cig:

.

anal ting; 9Pseudococcus body; 11 tvlacrocerococcus

cus triiubulatus, part

of

C^.

14 (11). 2 pairs of ventral spiracles. Spines absent. Claws uniformly 7. Porphyrophora. tapering toward apex (Figure 269,1) 15 (8). Anterior chamber of thoracic spiracles without disk-shaped 8. Marchalina. pores. On branches of conifers 16 (7). Proboscis and ventral glandular organs present. Anal tube well rim its with a or a chitinous rim developed, apex consisting of ..........

..................

disk-shaped pores. 17 (18). 4 pairs of ventral spiracles. Anal tube with rim consisting of polygonal or oval pores. Ovisac woolly, covering female completely ........................................ 0. Gueriniella. .

MARGARODIDAE

18 (17).

2 or 3 pairs of ventral spiracles. Anal tube with narrow chitinized rim. Ovisac compact, of definite shape, situated posterior to body (Figure 268,1)..................... 10. Icerya.

Key to Species of Family Margarodidae

Matsucoccus Ckll. Oblong. Antennae at apex of head. fluffy, silky. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

2.

Ovisac

Light brown; 3-4. Antennae 9-segmented. Leningrad Region. In cracks and under bark of pine trees; young females crawl to the surface of the bark to copulate on sunny days in late Mayearly June ................................. M. insignis Borchs.

Xylococcus Loew.

Oval, tapering posteriorly.

In galls; only

long

white wax filaments visible on surface of bark. Development of larvae lasts several years. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species in the Far East; in Western Europe 1 species, which most probably occurs in the U.S.S.R.

1 (1).

Legs absent.

On branches of linden

...........

X. filiferus Loew.

Steingelia Nass. Oblong, slender, with almost parallel lateral margins. Antennae at apex of head, Ovisac woolly. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 3.

1 (1).

Abdominal segments III and IV with 4 long setae. Belorussia. On stems of birch;. during the period of copulation (May) females sometimes occur at the foot of trees on plants and in litter

........

.......................................... S. gorodetskia Nass. 4. Kuwania Ckll. Oblong or oval, slightly convex. Antennae at apex of head, 9-segmented; first 2 segments much broader than the others. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

1 (1).

Brick-red. Wall of anterior chamber of ventral spiracles with disk-shaped gland. Crimea, Transcaucasia. On branches and stems of oak ................................ K. minuta Borchs.

5.

Neomargarodes Green. Broad-oval or almost round, markedly Antennae 7- or 8-segmented. Older larvae develop in hyaline spherical capsules (cysts) (Figure 268,4). Females abandon the cysts and build a white woolly ovisac. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. convex.

1 (1).

f>24

Claws of forelegs geniculate, right-angled. Multicellular glands of one type, with a central cell and a ring of peripheral cells. Setae on last abdominal segments up to 0.35 long. Yellowish white, 2-6; cysts brown, almost black. Ukraine. On Fe stuc a. Females appear in August ..................... N. festucae Arch.

6. Margarodes Quid. Habitus and biology as in Neomargarodes Green. In the U.S.S.R, 1 species. 1 (1).

Sides of metathorax and abdominal segments I-VII markedly projecting beyond outline of body; sclerotized and bearing an oblong group of thick conical spines; similar spines form

809

3 transverse rows on last abdominal terga, a transverse row on metathorax and on abdominal sterna I-VI, 7 pairs of ventral spiracles; anterior chamber of spiracles with 3-5 disk-shaped glands. Females appear in June. Southern Crimea. On roots of Gramineae ........................... M. roediterraneus Silv.

7. Porphyrophora Brandt. Habitus and biology as in Neomargarodes Green.2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Setae in middle of abdominal sterna I-VI, forming 1 or 2 transverse rows.: Length up to 2.0. Southern Crimea. On alfalfa ..... ............................................ P. minuta Borchs. Setae present on abdominal sterna I-VI and VIII, forming a transverse stripe on each sternum, occupying at least half length of sternum. Body 3-7, dark violet or dark red, covered with long brown hairs. Cyst yellowish. Tambov Region, Belorussia, Ukraine. On strawberry, Cerastium, Scleranthus, etc. Females appear in July. A useful insect from which carmine dye is obtained ................................. P. polonica L.

8. Marchalina Vayss. Oblong-oval, slightly convex. 11-segmented, normally developed. Monotypic genus.

1 (1).

Antennae

Lemon yellow, covered with white powdery wax; up to 7.5 long. Northern Caucasus. On flowers of fir, pine and spruce .......... ..-........:................................ ,M. hellenica Genn.

9. Gueriniella Fern. Oblong-oval, slightly convex. Antennae 11segmented. Legs long. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (1).

10.

3-8 long; covered with white powdery wax. Southern Crimea. On branches and stems of Pi staci a, olive, Genista> Chrysanthemum, etc. ...........................G. serratulae F.

Icerya Sign.

9- to 11-segmented. introduced species.

1(1).

:

Oval or short ovoid,

Legs long.

strongly convex. Antennae In the U.S.S.R. one

Tropical species.

:

Dorsum reddish brown, with numerous black hairs, white powdery wax arid thin hyaline filaments pointing in different directions. Ventral surface light orange. Up to 6.0. Ovisac markedly convex, distinctly grooved (Figure 268,1). Black Sea coast of Caucasus, also in hothouses. Polyphagous; a serious pest of some subtropical plants, particularly citrus; subject to quarantine ............................................*I. purchasi Mask. ........

|3. Family PSEUDOCOCCIDAE Female oval, oblong, rarely almost round, 0.5-12 long. Outer integument membranous; abdominal segmentation as a rule distinct. Covered with powdery wax (Figure 268,6), with wax plates (Figure 268.7) or covered by fluffy ovisac; sometimes lying on saucer-shaped feltlike ovisac (Figure 268,10). Antennae and legs normally developed, sometimes very small. Cocoon of male oblong, with parallel margins, white, compact,

810

PSEUD OCOCCIDAE

with isolated filaments pointing in all directions. On various plants; on aerial and subterranean organs of plants; some species injurious to hothouse and subtropical plants. Family consisting of more than 1000 species. 28 genera, 79 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 150 species.

Key to Genera 1 (4), 2 (3).

625

Antennae reduced; legs absent or reduced. Anal ring situated in long anal tube; no cylindrical or diskshaped glands posterior to metathoracic spiracles (Figure 269,5)

.

.

............................................... 1. Antonina. Anal ring situated on surface of anal segment; a group of small 3 (2). cylindrical or disk-shaped glands situated posterior to metathoracic spiracles (Figure 269,6).............. 2. Chaetococcus. Antennae and legs normally developed. 4 (1). 5 (26). No spines or spinules on dorsum except those forming the ceraria. 6 (19). Ceraria absent. 7 (10). 3-celled glands absent. Posterior and anterior dorsal glandular organs absent. Anal 8 (9). ring with several very small pores (Figure 269,3).... 3. Rhodania. 9 (8). Posterior dorsal glandular organs present; anterior organs absent. Anal- ring with 1 or 2 rows of large pores ............... ............................................. 4. Metadenopus. 3-celled glands present, sometimes few. 10 (7). 11 (14). Claws with ventral denticle (Figure 267,8). 12 (13). Anterior dorsal glandular organs present ........ 5. Mirococcus. 13 (12). Anterior dorsal glandular organs absent ..... 6. Polystoroophora. 14 (11). Claws without ventral denticle (Figure 267, 12). 15 (18). 5-celled glands absent. 16 (17). Anal ring with oval pores; anal lobules with one apical seta and several hairs (Figure 269,8).................. 7. Mirococcopsis. 17 (16). Anal ring with oblong pores; anal lobes with 3 or more long setae (Figure 269,4) ................................... 8. Rhizoecus. 18 (15). 5-celled glands present ........................ 9. Antoninella. 19 (6). Ceraria (Figure 267,3) present. 20 (23). Not more than 17 pairs of ceraria; Cg always absent; mushroomshaped glands present (Figure 267, 16) or absent. 21 (22). Tubular glands short, almost disk-shaped; multicellular glands forming a stripe at margin of body; antennae 6-seginented ............................................ 10. Balanococcus. 22 (21). Tubular glands long; if the multicellular glands form a stripe at 11. Pseudococcus. margin of body, antennae 7- or 8-segmented 23 (20). 18 pairs of ceraria; Cg always present. 24 (25). Mushroom-shaped glands present ............... 12. Allococcus. 25 (24). Mushroom-shaped glands absent .............. 13. Planococcus. Dorsum with spines or spinules, or with both. 26 (5). 27 (52). Bottle-shaped glands absent. 28 <29). Dorsum with hairs ......................... 14. Phenacoccopsis. 29 (28). Dorsum of body without hairs. ........

..

811

.

30 (49).

present at margin of body; most ceraria some ceraria with 3-5 or more spines. Kadiate tubular glands absent. On open ground. Claws with ventral denticle. 3-celled glands present. 16 or 18 pairs of ceraria at margin of body and a row of ceraria in midline of dorsum; all ceraria with 2 conical spinules close together usually on a sclerotized tubercle. Dorsum also with spines (similar to spines of ceraria); each spine with a 3-celled gland near the base (Figure 267,15)............. 15. Spinococcus. 1-18 pairs of ceraria at margin of body, rarely 1-3 rows of ceraria in midline of body; in this case, dorsum of body with spinules, | but conical spines absent; C^g and a number of other ceraria often with more than 2 spines standing at a distance from each other and usually not on a sclerotized tubercle. All tubular glands on dorsum of body equally large or absent; multicellular glands on dorsum usually absent; if present, they do not form groups but are arranged in a transverse stripe or row which reaches posterior margin of tergum. Tubular glands on dorsum and venter uniformly or almost uniformly large, sometimes absent on dorsum. Oval or broadly oval. 16-18 pairs of ceraria.. .16. Phenacoccus. 17. Caulococcus. Oblong. Not more than 10 pairs of ceraria Tubular glands on dorsum twice as large as tubular glands on venter....................................... 18. Paroudablis. Tubular glands on dorsum of body usually of varying size; if of uniform size, multicellular glands arranged in groups and forming a transverse stripe or row, reaching middle of tergum together with tubular glands. Dorsum without 5-celled glands 19. Peliococcus. Dorsum with 5-celled glands. ............... 20. Peliococcopsis. In hothouses. Claws without ventral denticle ... 21. Nipaecoccus. 3-celled glands absent. 5-celled glands present; multicellular star-shaped glands absent.. ............................................ 22. Heterococcus. 5-celled glands absent; multicellular glands of two types: 1) ordinary; 2) star-shaped (Figure 267, I); ceraria including star-shaped glands .......................... 23. Boreococcus, Radiate tubular glands present (Figure 267,9).... 24. Heliococcus. 18-26 pairs of ceraria at margin of body; all ceraria with several or numerous spines standing on sclerotized plates (Figure 269,11). 18 pairs of ceraria at margin of body; dorsum without supplementary longitudinal rows of ceraria; apex of anal lobes with 1 seta; setae on claws with dilated apex ................... 25. Ceroputo. 20-26 pairs of ceraria at margin of body; dorsum with 2 or several supplementary longitudinal rows of ceraria; apex of anal lobes with a group of setae; setae on claws pointed .......... ........................................ 26. Macrocerococcus. Bottle-shaped glands present (Figure 267,4). Females completely enveloped in feltlike ovisac or lying on this. 1-18 pairs of ceraria

with 2 spines;

31 (48).

32 (44). 33 (45). 34 (35).

35 (34).

36 (41).

37 (40). 38 (39). 39 (38). 40 (37).

41 (36).

42 (43). 626 43 (42).

44(32). 45 (33). 46 (47). 47 (46).

48 (31).

49 (30). 50 (51).

51 (50).

52 (27).

.

......

................

PSEUD OCOCCIDAE

53 (54). Tubular glands present.

Female lying on feltlike saucer-shaped

27. Coccura. Female completely enveloped in feltlike ovisac....................................... 28. Centrococcus.

ovisac (Figure 268,10) 54 (53). Tubular glands absent.

...........................

Keys to Species of Family Pseudococcidae 1. Antonina Sign. Enveloped in whitish feltlike ovisac. End of abdomen and sometimes anterior part and margin of body strongly sclerotized; segmentation indistinct. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

1 (1).

Oval, dark violet. Ovisac spherical, with long wax filament. Irregular pores present in thoracic spiracles and near them, also posterior to genital opening. Odessa, Southern Crimea; introduced to the U.S.S.R. (Figure 269,5). On bamboo, at base of leaves and forks of stems; contributing to development of black spot disease .............................. ^A. crawi Ckll.

2.

Chaetococcus Mask. Partly or completely enveloped in ovisac End of abdomen (often whole margin of body) strongly sclerotized; segmentation indistinct. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

or bare.

1 (2).

2 (1).

3-

Oblong, flat, large (up to 12.0 long and 5.0 broad). No ovisac. Multicellular glands present; all tubular glands of equal size, small, arranged in a group posterior to posterior spiracles. South. On stems ofPhragmites ....... Ch, phragmitis March. Almost spherical, small (up to 1.75 long and 1.5 broad). Ovisac thin where in contact with plant and thick in its free sections. Multicellular glands absent; tubular glands of two types: at margin of body, forming one transverse row on 1) large terga of body and abdominal sterna; 2) small forming a group posterior to spiracles. South. Between stems of Festuca, underground ................................. Ch. sulcii Green. Rhodania Goux. Covered with white powdery wax. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species,

Antennae

6- to 7-segmented. 1

(1).

Pinkish. Antennae 7-segmented; all antennal segments thickened. Anal ring with spines (Figure 269,3). 5-celled glands numerous on dorsurn and venter of body, especially at the Rh. porifera Goux. margin. Steppes. On roots of Festuca .

..

..

Metadenopus Sulc. Oblong, with almost parallel sides, covered with white powdery wax. Antennae 6-segmented. Monotypic genus. 4.

1 (1).

627

Multicellular glands form a broad stripe at margin of body and are irregularly distributed on the body surface. Ukraine. On roots and leaves of Festuca ................. M. festucae Sulc.

5. Miroeoccus Borchs. Oval, covered with white powdery wax. Antennae 8- to 9-segmented. 2 species; on roots of various plants. In U.S.S.R. 3 species.

the whole

1 (2).

Multicellular glands present on all terga; ventral glandular organ present. Southern Ukraine, Transcaucasia. On roots of Chenopodium, Euphorbia, Spinacia, Cleome, etc. ............................................. M. inermis Hall. ....

HOMOPTERA

Dorsal multicellular glands present only on abdominal terga VI and VII; ventral glandular organ absent. Dagestan. On roots of Festuca.-,......;.........,............M. clavus Borchs.

2 (1).

6. Polystomophora Borchs. Oval, covered with white powdery wax. Antennae 9-segroented. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (1).

Dorsal side of anal lobes with 2 thick hairs and several thinner hairs; ventral side of anal lobes with 6 or 7 A few 5-celled glands on abdominal terga and irregularly hairs. scattered on the whole venter. Ukraine. On stems of maple and horse chestnut......................... P. ostiaplurima Kir. Light pink.

7.

Mirococcopsis Borchs.

Antennae 1 (1).

6- to

7-’segmented.

Oblong, covered with white powdery wax. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

1 species.

Multicellular glands on cephalothorax absent. Ventral glandular organ present. Orenburg Region. Food plants unknown (Figure 269,8). ........................... M. elongatus Borchs.

8. Rhizoecus Kunck, Oblong, often with almost parallel margins; covered with white powdery wax. Antennae 5- to 6-segmented. Large 3-celled glands sometimes present in addition to ordinary glands. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species, 1 (2).

2 (1). 9.

On roots of grapevine. Large 3-celled glands present. Sclerotized plate of anal lobes with 11-15 setae (Figure 269, 4). Crimea ............................................. Rh. vitis Borchs. On roots of Gramineae. Large 3-celled glands present or absent. Anal lobes with 3 setae .......................... Other species. Antoninella Kir.

Covered with powdery wax.

Antennae 6- to

7-segmented. Monotypic genus. 1 (1).

Oval, strongly convex, grayish.

Ukraine. On roots of Pe stuc a. -...-...;..................................... A. inaudita Kir.

10. Balanococcus Wil. Oblong; anal lobes little developed. pairs of ceraria. ;In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

1 (1).

1 or 2

Ceraria present only on anal lobes; no ventral glandular organ. Pink. Leningrad Region. At base of leaves and on stems of sedge and Gramineae ............................... B. scirpi Green.

11. Pseudococcus Westw. Oval or oblong, covered with white or yellowish powdery,wax; end of abdomen usually with wax spots; wax filaments often present at the whole margin of body; most species secrete a white woolly ovisac during oviposition. Antennae 6- to 9-segmented. Many species injurious. 21 species. In the U.S.S.R. more than 50 species. 1 (14). Mushroom-shaped glands present. 2 (9). 17 pairs of ceraria. 3 (4), Multicellular glands present only around genital opening; one large and one small mushroom-shaped gland on dorsum of body near C_p 3, C^, Cg and CIQ. Greenish, with 17 pairs of wax filaments at margin of body; the posterior pair is the longest, often longer than body. Viviparous, not forming thick ovisac

PSEUDOCOCCIDAE

4 (3).

5 (6). 628

6 (5). 7 (8).

8 (7).

but a woolly net in which the newborn larvae hide. In hothouses; introduced from the Tropics; on leaves, fruits, branches and stems of various plants ................... *P. adonidum Geoffr. Multicellular glands present on all abdominal sterna and often on thorax; one mushroom-shaped gland sometimes present on dorsum near ceraria. 3-celled glands on CIQ far from each other (Figure 269,9). Light crimson, with 17 pairs of thick wax filaments at margin of body; posterior pair much longer than the others, a third of length of body. In hothouses; in open country in the south of the U.S.S.R,; introduced from the Tropics. On stems, branches, shoots, fruits and leaves of various plants .................. *P. gahani Green. Some 3-celled glands on C,p arranged in groups around spines. 2 or 3 round pores near base of eyes. Pink, uniformly covered with white powdery wax, with 17 pairs of thin wax filaments at margin of body; posterior pair of filaments longest, about half as long as body. Southern Crimea, in hothouses; introduced from the Tropics. On flowers, leaves, fruits and stems of various plants .................................... *P. maritimus Ehrh. No round pores near base of eyes. Pinkish, covered with white powdery wax; 2 rows of small bare areas along margins of body between segments; 17 pairs of wax filaments at margin of body: the first 15 pairs are of almost equal length, the penultimate almost twice as long as the preceding ones, the last pair 1/2 to 2/3 aslongasbody. Southern U.S.S.R.; introduced from the Tropics; not

occurring in the EuropeanU.S.S.R. On various plant organs. Asevere pest of mulberry; subject to quarantine ......... .*P. comstocki Kuw. 9 (2). 10 (11).

Less than 17 pairs of ceraria. 10-14 pairs of ceraria. Pink. In hothouses; introduced from On cactus ............... P. mamillariae Bouche. 1-3 pairs of ceraria. In hothouses. Oblong; pink, covered with white powdery wax; last 2 abdominal segments with a pair of short, thick wax filaments. On bulbs and under scales of Amaryllis .............. ....................................... *P. amaryllidis Bouche. On open ground. A group of tubular and multicellular cells present between coxae of forelegs and margin of body» Reddish, covered with white powdery wax. Ukraine. OnrootsofAchillea, Pyrethrum and Euphorbia ............... P. achilleae Kir. Mushroom-shaped glands absent. On stems, root-collars, roots and rarely on leaves of alfalfa, sunflower, carrot, dandelion and other Dicotyledonae. Center, South ....................................... P. multivorus Kir. On Gramineae. A number of species which are difficult to identify; not injurious. the Tropics.

11 (10). 12 (13).

13 (12).

14 (1). 15 (16).

\G (15).

12. Allococcus Ez. et McConn. In the U.S-S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Resembling P seudoc o ecu s Westw.

Mushroom-shaped glands forming a transverse row on terga of On branches of juniper. Northwest ........ A. vovae Nass.

body.

13.

Planococcus Ferr.

Resembling P seudococcu s Westw.

In the

U.S.S.R. 1 species. ; 1 (1).

Broad-oval,: pink or greenish, with 18 pairs of thin wax filaments at margin of body; length of filaments increases towards posterior end of body. No tubular glands on dorsum. Southern Crimea, also in hothouses. On branches, shoots, leaves and fruits of various plants. Injurious to citrus, grapevine, fig trees and other fruit trees, decorative trees and hothouse plants ........... ...............................................*P. citri Risso.

Phenacoccopsis Borchs. Oval or almost round, covered with powdery wax. ’Ovisac white, woolly. Antennae 7- to 9-segmented. Ceraria present. In .the U.S.S.R. 3 species. 14.

white

1 (2).

2 (1).

5-celled glands situated on ventral side-of head and thorax and abdomen. Northern Caucasus. On roots of Agropyron........ ......................................... Ph. agropyri Borchs. 5-celled glands present only on ventral side of head and thorax. Everywhere; except in the North. On roots of Gramineae and sedge. 2 closely related species. .............................. ............................ Ph. bufo Kir., Ph. nasonovi Borchs.

15. Spinococcus;Kir. Oval, covered with white powdery wax, with flocculent wax plates;at end of body. Antennae 8- to 9-segmented. Ovisac white, woolly. 3 species. In the U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (4). 2 (3).

S29

3 (2).

4 (1).

Multicellular glands and tubular glands together form groups on dorsum of body. Ventral glandular organ present. No spines at margin of venter; the spines form regular rows on dorsal side of cephalothorax. Leningrad Region, Baltic Region. On subterranean and aerial stems of heather. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, red bilberry and other ericaceous shrubs, on strawberry ...................................... S. calluneti Lndgr. Margin of venter with spines resembling those on dorsum; the spines on dorsal side of head and thorax form stripes or double rows. Leningrad Region. Ukraine. On stems and branches of hornbeam and wild rose, on stems of Veronica and saxifrage ... ............................................ S.morrisoni Kir. Dorsum without multicellular glands. Ventral glandular organ absent. Ukraine, Northern Caucasus. On rhizomes and root collars of Marrubium .......,.............,.S. marrubii Kir.

16.

Phenacoccus Ckll.

Oval, covered with white powdery wax; end of abdomen (rarely the whole margin of body) with thin wax filaments (Figure 268, 6). Ovisac white, woolly. On trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses.4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 27 species. 1 (4). 2 (3).

On aerial organs of trees and shrubs. Greenish yellow. Dorsum of body with numerous tubular glands forming transverse rows and stripes. 2 or 3 ventral glandular organs; On stems, branches, shoots and leaves of maple, ash, apple, hawthorn, etc. Sometimes injurious (Figure 268, 6) .............................................*Ph. aceris Sign.

.......

PSEUDOCOCCIDAE

3 (2).

4 (1). 5 (6).

6 (5).

Dorsum with a few tubular glands; isolated glands on abdominal segments VI and VII, One ventral glandular organ. Crimea, Northern Caucasus, middle and lower reaches of the Volga. On branches and stems of apple, pear, apricot and medlar. Sometimes injurious ................ *Ph. mespili Sign. On roots of herbs and grasses and suffrutescent plants. Multicellular glands not forming transverse rows on terga of cephalothorax. On alfalfa, cucumber, melon, dandelion, Artemisia, etc. Steppes ................... Ph. pumilus Kir. Multicellular glands forming transverse rows on terga of cephalothorax. Tambov and Saratov regions, Ukraine. On barley, wheat, rye, B r o m u s, etc. ......................... Ph. hordei Lindm. Pink.

17. Caulococcus Borchs. Closely related to Phenacoccus Ckll.; differing from it in the oblong body and small number of ceraria.3 species. 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3).

18.

Ventral glandular organ present. 6-10 pairs of ceraria, situated on cephalothorax and last abdominal segments. Orenburg Region, On leaves of Agropyron ................... C. setiger Borchs. Ventral glandular organ absent. 1 or 2 pairs of ceraria. with 2 Dorsum without tubular glands. 2 pairs of ceraria: thin spines and 3 or 4 3-celled glands, C^g with 2-4 spines and 5 or 6 3-celled glands. Ukraine. On stems under leaf sheaths of Gramineae ........................... C. phenacoccoides Kir. Tubular glands forming transverse rows on dorsal side of head, thorax and abdomen. One pair of ceraria. C^g with 2 spines and 7 or 8 3-celled glands. Ukraine. On roots of Festuca and Stipa ......................................... C. incertus Kir.

C^

Paroudablis Ckll.

Body covered with white powdery wax; margin 3 species. Ovisac white, woolly.

of body with short thin wax filaments. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.

1 (2).

On shoots of spruce. Oval, pinkish. C^g with 2 spines and 1 or 2 spinules. Northwest, Transcarpathian Region................. .............................................. P. piceae Loew.

2 (1). 3 (4).

On different plants. On lower side of leaves of red bilberry. Tubular glands forming P. vaccinu Danz. rows on abdominal terga. Leningrad Region On leaves of Gramineae. Oblong, with almost parallel lateral margins; greenish. Tubular glands forming transverse stripes situated on chitinous plates. on abdominal terga. C^- 3 Ukraine ................................. P. interruptus Green. ....

4 (3).

19. Peliococcus Borchs. Resembling Phenacoccus Ckll. 7 species. In the U.S.S.R. 15 species. 1 (2).

630

2 (1).

Multicellular glands forming distinct rounded groups on all terga of body together with tubular glands; each group consists of 3 or 4, rarely 2 or 5 multi cellular glands. Yellowish green. Leningrad Region, southern Crimea. On leaves of Gramineae .............. ........................................... P. balteatus Green. If multicellular glands form groups on terga of body, mainly on abdomen; each group consists of 1 or 2 glands. On different plants.

4 (5).

5 (4).

-

6 (7).

5-celled glands present. Diameter of thickest tubular glands on dorsum at least twice diameter of narrow tubular glands. Dorsum without supplementary rows of ceraria or without supplementary cerarium in middle of abdominal tergum VII. Greenish. Southern Crimea. On aerial organs of Astragalus and other herbs and grasses .......................... P. kimnaericus Kir. Dorsum with 2 supplementary rows of ceraria or with supplementary cerarium in middle of abdominal tergum VII. Middle of abdominal terga VII with supplementary cerarium. Ci Ci7 with one 3-celled gland. Steppes. On roots of Arte m i s i a ................................... P. chersonensis Kir. Dorsum with 2 supplementary rows of ceraria. Tubular glands forming groups of 3 glands on abdominal terga, each group consisting of 2 thick glands and 1 thin gland (Figure 269,12). Greenish. Southern Crimea. On roots and stems of Genista and AstraP. tritubulatus Kir. galus 5-celled glands absent. Diameter of thickest tubular glands on dorsum less than twice that of thinnest glands. 3-12 pairs of ceraria, on C^-C3 and C^Q- C^g; spines of 1-03 and CIQ-C]^ often hardly distinguishable from spinules on body. No 3-celled gland at base of largest spinules of body. Light green. Steppes. On roots and root crops of potato, tobacco, Artemisia, Verb a scum, etc. ......................... .P. perfidiosus Borchs.

7 (6).

-

3 (8).

....................................

8 (3).

20. Peliococcopsis Borchs. Resembling Phenacoccus Ckll. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S-R. 2 species. 1 (1).

Groups of’tubular and multicellular glands present on dorsum and at mar gin of venter, each group consisting of 3 or 4 multicellular glands and 1 tubular gland. 3 pairs of ceraria, the others little developed. Leningrad Region. At base of stems of Poa

.........

........................................

21.

Nipaecoccus Sulc.

Antennae 7-segmented.

P. parvicerarius Goux.

Broad oval, with various wax formations.

In hothouses; introduced froro the Tropics.

2 species, 1 (2).

Yellow, with white or yellow wax secretions which form conical protuberances (Figure 268,7). Ovisac absent. On leaves and leaf petioles of palms and other plants N. nipae Mask. Red, with yellow or white fluffy spherical ovisac which covers the whole insect. On citrus and other plants N. vastator Mask. .

..

.

............

2 (1).

Heterococcus Ferr. Oblong, with almost parallel lateral margins, covered with white powdery wax. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R,. 3 22.

species. 1 (2).

Multicellular glands situated at margin of body, forming a transverse row or stripe on abdominal terga IV-VII and abdominal sterna IV-VIII; hind coxae without transparent pores. Tambov Region, Ukraine, Northern Caucasus. On Dactylis, Agropyron repens.......................... H. borchsenii Morr.

818

PSEUD OCOCCIDAE

23. Boreococcus Danz. Monotypic genus.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

with white

powdery wax.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Multicellular glands of ordinary form, numerous on dorsum and venter, of varying size; larger glands situated at margin of body and on last segments of abdomen; tubular glands present on dorsum and venter; ventral glandular organ single. Leningrad Region, Ukraine (Poles’e). At base of leaves of Carex ............................................. B. ingricus Danz. .

1 (1).

Oblong-oval, covered

.

Multicellular glands present only on abdominal sterna VII and VIII; hind coxae with transparent pores. Ukraine. On AgroH. tritici Kir. pyron repens, Bromus, T riti c um .

2 (1).

24. Heliococcus Sulc. Oval, covered with white powdery wax; the thinnest hyaline wax filaments project from the body in all directions. Antennae 9-segmented. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 14 species.

1 (6). 2 (3).

631

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

Small radiate tubular glands without spinules. Each large radiate tubular gland surrounded by a round group of 35-60 small radiate tubular glands. Transcarpathian Region, southern Crimea. On branches and shoots of quince and wild rose ..................................... H. cydoniae Borchs. Large radiate tubular glands not surrounded by a group of small radiate tubular glands. Multicellular glands present. Radiate tubular glands of three sizes. 2 large radiate tubular glands present on margin of body on each of abdominal terga I-VII. Steppes. On branches and sterns of Robinia pseudoacacia and Caragana arboresc e n s ..................................... H. bohemicus Sulc. Multicellular glands absent. Radiate tubular glands of two sizes. Southern Crimea. On roots of carnation, dandelion, sorrel, etc. ........................................... H. radicicola Goux. Small radiate tubular glands with 1 (rarely 2) spinules. Large radiate glands present only on anal lobules. Vicinity of Odessa. Food plant in Russia unknown; in France observed on Genista......................................H. sulcii Goux. Large radiate glands present on anal lobules and on abdominal sterna. On root collars of carnation, on stems of clover and thyme ......................... H. slavonicus Borchs. et Terezn. .

6 (1). 7 (8).

8 (7).

.

25. Ceroputo Sulc. Oval, covered with white flocculent wax plates. Of varying form. Antennae 8- to 9-segmented. 2 species. In the whole

U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Frons with supplementary pair of ceraria. Northwest, Transcarpathian Region, Crimea, Northern Caucasus. On lower side of leaves of ericaceous shrubs, Hieracium and other herbs ^ and grasses ................................. C. pilosellae Sulc. Frons without supplementary pair of ceraria. Crimea. On stems of oak .................................... C. pannosus Borchs.

26. Macrocerococcus Leon. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species.

Resembling Ceroputo Sulc.3

species.

1 (2)’.

Tubular glands of two sizes, thick glands included in some and; thin glands forming a large group anterior to mouthparts. Margin of body with 26 pairs of ceraria (Figure 269,11). Southern Crimea. On the ground among M. tauricus Borchs. dry leaves and on lower part of oak stems Tubular glands of one size, slender, situated on ventral side of ceraria

....

2 (1).

body 27.

..........................................

Coccura

Other species.

Sulc,

Broad oval, almost hemispherical, dark crimson, covered with white powdery wax, lying on white flat saucer-shaped feltlike ovisac (Figure 268, 10). Antennae 8- to 9-segmented. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (1).

18 pairs of ceraria; C^g with 3 or 4 spines and 8-10 3-celled glands. At base of stems on root collars and roots of Rubu s, Corn arum and Sanguisorba.............. C. comari Kunow.

-

28. Centrococcus Borchs. Completely enveloped in thick feltlike ovisac. Antennae 7-; to 9-segmented. On leaves and stems of Arte m i s i a. 1 species. ; In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (1).

All spines on dorsum forming groups of 7-12 spines (rarely of 2-6 or 13-17 spines); each group of spines situated on a convex sclerotized plate (Figure 269, 7). Ukraine C. artemisiae Kir. .....

4.

Family ERIOCOCCIDAE

Female dorsally convex, oval or oblong, markedly tapering toward posterior end of abdomen, rarely almost round; anal lobes usually long. Integument membranous; segmentation usually distinct. Body completely orpartly enclosed in thick feltlike, rarely fluffy, woolly ovisac (Figure 268,8). Antennae and legs normally developed, sometimes reduced. Male cocoon oval, feltlike, white or yellowish. On aerial and subterranean organs of various plants.8; genera, 21 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 40 species. :

Key to Genera (14). Antennae and legs normally developed. Segmentation distinct. (13). Cylindrical glands present; anal ring with pores (Figure 270, 1-3). (10). Disk-shaped: glands present only on venter. (9). Spines forming transverse stripes or rows on all terga. 5 (6). Large tubular glands present (Figure 270,4) 1. Eriococcus. 6 (5). Large tubular glands absent. 7 (8). Bottle-shaped glands on dorsum of body form stripe at margin of body ........................................ 2. Gossyparia. 8 (7). Dorsal bottle-shaped glands form transverse stripes and rows ............................................ 3. Acanthococcus. 9 (4). Spines not forming transverse stripes or rows on all terga; if they form transverse rows, only on thorax, and the rows consist of minute, scattered spines; the spines form a row or stripe at margin of body or are present only on anal lobules ............... .............................................. 4. Rhizococcus. 1 2 3 4

632

......

....

ERIOCOCCIDAE

10 (3).

Disk-shaped glands present on dorsum and venter. 11 (12). Hairs present on dorsum. Spines present only at margin of 5. Greenisca. abdomen and on anal lobules, sometimes on frons 12 (11). Hairs on dorsum absent. Spines form a transverse row on last abdominal terga ............................ 6. Pseudochermes. 13 (2). Cylindrical glands absent; anal ring without pores ............... ...

..............................................

14 (1).

7. Ovatococcus,

Antennae reduced; legs absent or reduced.

Segmentation indistinct ...................................... 8. Cryptococcus.

Keys to Species of Family Eriococcidae Eriococcus Sign. Oval. Ovisac feltlike, thick, 2.5 long, covering the body completely. Anal ring oval, with a partly double row of pores and 8 setae (Figure 270, 2). Monotypic genus, 1.

1 (1).

Dark crimson. Southern Crimea. On leaves and branches of Buxus...................... ....... .......... *E. buxi Fonsc.

2. Gossyparia Sign. Oblong or oval. Ovisac feltlike, thick, covering venter of body and its sides, up to 3.5 long. Anal ring as in Eriococcus Sign. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species, 1 (1),

3 or 4 large spines present at margin of body on abdominal terga I-VII. Dark red or dark brown. Everywhere, except in the North. On stems, branches and shoots of elm ............... ..............................................

*G, spuria Mod.

Acanthococcus Sign. Oblong or oval. Ovisac feltlike, thick, covering body completely, 2-6 long. Anal ring as in Eriococcus Sign., with 6-8 setae. 6 species. In the whole U-S.S.R. more than 20 species. 3.

3 (4).

.

4 (3).

On trees, shrubs and small bushes. Marginal row on abdominal segments I-VII consisting of 4 or 5 spines. Marginal row on abdominal segments I-VII with 4 or 5 large spines (Figure 270.5). Crimson. Crimea. On stems and branches of oak .............................. A. roboris Goux. Marginal row on abdominal segments I-VII consisting of 2 large spines and 2 or 3 medium-sized spines. Chestnut-brown. Ukraine, Northern Caucasus. On stems and branches of maple ............................................... A. aceris Sign. Marginal row on abdominal segments I-VII consisting of 2 spines; spines on abdominal terga I-IV forming 2 transverse rows. Ovisac grayish, up to 3-0 long. Leningrad Region. On stems of Arctophylos uvae-ursi ................. A. uvaeursi L. On herbs and grasses ........................... Other species.

5 (2).

6 (1). 4.

Rhizococcus Sign.

body completely, 3-4 long. In the U.S.S.R. 15 species. 1 (4). 2 (3).

.

2 (5).

.

1 (6).

Oblong or oval. Ovisac feltlike, thick, covering Anal ring as in Eriococcus Sign. 8 species.

In hothouses. Spines with truncate apex. Crimson. On cactus .......................................... Rh. cactearum Leon. .................

HOMOPTERA

3 (2).

Spines with rounded apex.

Greenish yellow.

.........................................

On Araucaria Rh. araucariae Mask.

On open ground. 4 (1). 5 (18). Spines present along the whole margin of body. 6 (13). Marginal row on abdominal segments I-VII consisting of 3-4 or 4-5 spines. 7 (10). Marginal row of abdominal segments I-VII consisting of 4-5, rarely 3-4 spines; in the latter case there are no small spines at margin of ventral side of thorax and in middle of dorsum, only spinules in these areas; marginal spines almost cylindrical, with rounded apex. 8 (9). Marginal row on abdominal segments I-VII consisting of 4 or 5 spines on each segment; spines long, conical, with slightly blunt apex. Northwest, Ukraine, Northern Caucasus. On leaves of Rh. insignis Newst. Gramineae 9 (8). Marginal row on abdominal segments I-VII consisting of 4 (rarely 3 or 4) [sic,] spines on each segment; 2 of these spines much longer than the others; spines short, almost cylindrical, with rounded apex. Crimea. On leaves of Cynodon dactylon,.... Rh. cynodontis Kir. 10 (7). Marginal row on abdominal segments I-VII consisting of 3 or 4 conical spines on each segment; small spines form a row at margin of ventral side of thorax, sometimes indistinguishable from spinules, .

................................

...........................................

1 Pseudochermes fraxini, anal ring; 2Eriococcus buxi.same; 3Crypto fagisuga, same; 4Eriococcus buxi, large tubular gland surrounded with spines; 5Ac turanica, posterior end of abdomen; thococcus rob or is, spines on body; 6Nipponaclerda 7Psilococcus parvus, margin of body; 8 --Chloropulvinaria floccifera, marginal hairs and spiracular spines; 9A napulvinaria pistaciae, marginal spines; 10Pulvinaria spiracular spines and marginal hairs; 11Eriopeltis festucae, marginal spines and pores.

betula

ERIOCOCCIDAE

11 (12).

12 (11).

13 (6).

14 (15).

Small spines form transverse rows only on dorsal side of head and thorax or absent (on spinules present). Transcarpathian Ukraine. On leaves of Gramineae ....... Rh. pseudinsignis Green. Small spines form transverse rows on dorsal side of head, thorax and abdomen. Leningrad Region, Transcarpathian Ukraine. On leaves of Gramineae ....................... Rh, herbaceus Danz. Marginal row on abdominal segments I-VII consisting of 2 or 3 spines, Spines at margin of thorax form a stripe consisting of 2 or 3 rows. Ukraine, Orenburg Region. On roots of Achillea, Artemisia, Rh. cingulatus Kir. Astragalus and other Dicotyledonae Spines at margin of thorax forro one row. Spines of marginal row long and thin; frons with 2 or 3 rows of spines. Ovisac ribbed. Steppes. On leaves of Agropyron r e p e n s and other Gramineae ............. Rh. agropyri Borchs. Spines of marginal row thick and short; frons with one row of spines. Ovisac smooth; Leningrad Region. Collected on the ground .................................... Rh. confusus Danz. Spines present only on anal lobules. Anal ring with a thick row of pores and 8 setae. Leningrad Region. On leaves of Gramineae. ......................... Rh. inermis Green (nee Borchs., 1948). .......

15 (14).

16 (17).

634 17 (16).

18 (5).

Greenisca Borchs. Ovisac feltlike, covering insect completely. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. Anal ring as in Eriococcus Sign.

5. 3-4.

3 species, 1 (2).

Spines form a row at margin of abdominal segments IV-VII and on anal lobules, almost cylindrical, with truncate apex. Diskshaped glands on dorsum of body few, irregularly scattered. Ovisac thick, smooth, white or yellowish. Leningrad Region, Baltic Region, Ukraine. At base of stems of Gramineae ........................................... G. glyceriae Green. Spines present on anal lobules and sometimes on frons, conical, with pointed or slightly blunt apex. Ovisac fluffy, yellowish. On leaves of cereals. Disk-shaped glands on dorsum of body very numerous, arranged in groups, which form transverse stripes. Frons without spines. Leningrad Region, Baltic Region. On B rachypo dium pinna turn. This was formerly called G. placida Green .......... ................................ G. brachypodii Borchs. et Danz. Disk-shaped glands on dorsum of body few, irregularly scattered. Frons with several spines. Western Europe; erroneously recorded from the U.S.S.R. ...................... G. placida Green. ..........

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3)

6. Pseudochermes Nitsche. Oval. Ovisac white, up to 1.0 long, covering insect completely. Anal ring almost round, its 6 setae arranged in a semicircle; one round pore present between the setae (Figure 270, 1).

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Spines long, conical. Orange-red. Latvia, Crimea, Northern Caucasus. On stems and branches of ash ........ .P. fraxini Kalt.

Spines short, thick, with truncate apex. Dark crimson. In hothouses, on leaves and steros of agave and Dracaena. Injurious; infestation results in formation of cracks and ulcers

.

1 (1).

Ovatococcus Kloet. Oval. Ovisac fluffy, covering insect comTropics.; One species introduced into the U.S.S.R.

.

7.

pletely.

.

........................................... *0. agavium Dougl. 8- Cryptococcus Dougl. Almost hemispherical. Ovisac fluffy, woolly. Anal ring broad, with several round pores and 4 or 6 setae (Figure 270,3). 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. Anal ring with 4 setae; 2 or 3 thick conical spines present on sides of anal ring. Yellow. Ukraine. On stems, branches, rarely ori shoots of beech ..................... C. fagisuga Lndgr.

1 (1).

5.

Family KERMOCOCCIDAE

Body of female spherical or kidney-shaped (Figure 268, 15). Integument strongly sclerotized; segmentation almost completely absent. Antennae and legs very short. Anal ring without pores and setae. Male cocoon feltlike, silky, oval, white. On oak. The family consists of 1 genus with 62 species; cosmopolitan.

Key to Species of Family Kermococcidae 1. 1 (4).

Kermococcus Siiv. 3 species. Female kidney-shaped.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species.

In cracks of the bark of stems and

branches. 2 (3).

with several dark sinuous, interrupted *K. quercus L. stripes. Sometimes injurious to oak Body 7-8, brown, with broad black transverse stripes and round or oval spots. Ukraine, Northern Caucasus. Sometimes injurious to oak .................................... *K. corticalis Nass. Female spherical, 7-8, yellow or light brown, with broad black transverse stripes and round or oval spots (Figure 268, 15). On K. roboris Fourc. thin branches. Ukraine, Northern Caucasus

Body 3-5; dark brown,

4(1).

.

,

635

6.

-

.............

3 (2).

.

Family ASTEROLECANIIDAE

Female enclosed in transparent horny or paraffin-like covering. Integument membranous; segmentation usually absent. Antennae reduced; legs absent. Family characterized by paired 8-shaped glands. On aerial organs of various plants. The family consists of about 250 species. 4 genera. 7 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 14 species.

Key to Genera 1 (6). 2 (3).

Covering;thin, transparent, horny. Tubular glands present. On branches, sometimes on leaves of oak. Anal ring small, 1. Asterodiaspis. narrow, without pores or setae ...............

ASTEROLECANIIDAE

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

On different plants. Anal ring with pores and setae. In hothouses. Margin of body with one row of paired glands (Figure 269, 10) ............................ 2. Asterolecanium. On open ground. Margin of body with 2 or 3 irregular rows of 3. Planchonia. paired glands Covering thick, opaque, paraffinlike. Tubular glands absent ..................................

6 (1).

.....

..................................................

4. PoUinia.

Keys to Species of Family Asterolecaniidae

Horny covering rounded or oval, greenish, shiny; female situated in a rounded pit around which the bark grows, forming a tumor (Figure 268,9). On oak. 4 species. In the whole U-S.S.R. 6 species. 1.

1 (2).

Asterodiaspis Sign.

Paired glands on dorsum of body large, as large as marginal glands or larger. Horny covering broadly oval or oval, narrowed at the end, its margin and dorsal side with whitish wax filaments. Southern Crimea *A. repugnans Russ. Paired glands on dorsum of body small, a third or half the size of the marginal glands. Horny covering round. Abdomen with more than 20 multi cellular glands, each of which consists of 8-10 cells. Abdomen with 44-68 multicellular glands. 1.7-2.2. Except in the North. Sometimes injurious ...’.......... *A. variolosa Ratz. Abdomen with 19-41 (usually 25-38) multicellular glands. Body up to 1.5, often smaller. Northwest, Ukraine. Sometimes injurious ............................... *A. quercicola Bouche. Abdomen with 4-11 multicellular glands, each of which consists of 4-6 cells. 0.8-1.1. Transcarpathian Region, Crimea ......... ..............................................*A. minus Russ. ..........................

2 (1),

3 (6). 4 (5). 5 (4).

6 (3).

2.

1 (1).

Asterolecanium Targ.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Horny covering almost round, slightly convex dorsally, often with indistinct longitudinal carina in the middle and curved submarginal carinae; greenish, with golden filaments at margin and dorsally; 1-1.6; In hothouses; introduced from the Tropics. On stems, leaves and aerial roots of various plants ........................................ *A. epidendri Bouche.

..............

3. 1 (i).

635

4.

1 (1).

Planchonia Sign.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Horny covering, broadly pear-shaped, tapering posteriorly, whitish yellow, 2-3.5, with whitish filaments at margin and dorsally (Figure 268,5). Ukraine. On stems, shoots and leaf petioles of Arabis, ivy, Centaurea, thyme, etc. ............ ............................................. P. arabidis Sign. Pollinia Targ. Protective covering opaque.

Monotypic genus.

Protective covering oval, white or light gray. 1.1-1.5. Live female reddish orange. On shoots, branches and stems of olive trees. Injurious, causing longitudinal cracks in the bark; forming large colonies in the cracks. Southern Crimea. #P. pollini Costa. ..

.

HOMOPTERA

7.

Family COCCIDAE

Female oval, rounded or oblong (Figure 271, 2-6, 8-12, 18); dorsum more or less convex, often strongly sclerotized; venter elastic. Segmentation almost completely absent; margin of body forming fold, dividing dorsum from venter, bearing a row or stripe of hairs or spines. Antennae and legs very short. Many species secrete a white ovisac during oviposition; ovisac lying beneath body, projecting under the abdomen or enveloping body completely (Figure 271, 1,2), Male nymphs develop under an oblongoval dull hyaline scale (Figure 271,7). On aerial organs and roots of various plants. Many species injurious. Family consisting of more than 800 species. 24 genera. 61 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 100 species.

Key to Genera 1 (46).

Body of female bare .or enveloped in woolly feltlike or hyaline ovisac. On various plants. 2 (15). Adult females completely enveloped in ovisac (Figure 271,1), rarely without ovisac. Dorsum and venter of body weakly sclerotized,

3 (14). On Gramineae, sedge and rushes, 4 (7). On roots, at base of stems and leaves. Spiracles situated in funnel-shaped depressions with disk-shaped glands in their walls. 5 (6). Body of female oval; venter without submarginal stripe of 5-celled glands ................................. 1. Lecanopsis. 6 (5). Female oblong; venter with submarginal stripe of 5-celled 7 (4).

8 (11). 9 (10). 10 (9). 11 (8).

12(13).

glands (Figure 270.7) .......................... 2. Psilococcus. On leaves. Spiracles on surface of body, not in funnel-shaped depressions. Legs well developed; minute hairs present at margin of body. Female enclosed in whitish, semitransparent, waxy, rooflike covering (Figure 268, 11) .................... 3. Parafairroairia. Female enclosed in feltlike ovisac ................ 4. Luzulaspis. Legs very short, thick or reduced; margin of body with thick conical spines with truncate apex; similar spines sometimes cover also the whole dorsum (Figure 270,11). Antennae 6-to 9-seginented; legs short, thick, distinctly segmented 5. Eriopeltis. Antennae and legs reduced .......................... 6. Scythia. On subtropical trees and shrubs ..................... 7. Filippia. Female riot enclosed in ovisac; if ovisac present, then posterior or ventral to body (Figure 271,2). Dorsum thick, more or less sclerotized; venter elastic, membranous. Slightly convex; secreting white ovisac during oviposition; ovisac posterior or ventral to bodyMargin of body with hairs (Figure 270, 8,10). All or many marginal hairs with dilated and serrated apex (Figure 270,8)............................. 8. Chloropulvinaria. Marginal hairs pointed (Figure 270, 10) ........... 9. Pulvinaria. Margin of body with spines (Figure 270.9). Spiracular spines larger than marginal spines.

......................................

13 (12).

14 (3). 15 (2).

16 (27).

17 (20). 18 (19).

19 (18). 20 (17).

21 (24).

22 (23). On leaves and branches of ericaceous shrubs 10. Phyllostroma. 23 (22). Species in the European U.S.S.R. occur or roots of perennial herbs and grasses and xerophilous undershrubs .................. ..........................................11. Rhizopulvinaria. 24 (21), Spiracular spines not differing in shape and size from marginal spines or much smaller than these. 25 (26). Marginal spines thin, markedly tapering (Figure 270. 9)........... 12. Anapulvinaria. 13. Acanthopulvinaria. 637 26 (25). Marginal spines thick, conical 27 (16). Adult females markedly convex, often hemispherical, r’arely moderately convex or flat. Not forming ovisac. 28 (31). Female flat or slightly convex (Figure 271, 3,4). .

.

...........................................

............

827

.

29 (30). Dorsum of body of female not strongly sclerotized and not reticulate (Figure 271,4).............................. 14. Coccus. 30 (29). Dorsum of body of female strongly sclerotized, reticulate

(Figure 27ll3).............................. 15. Eucalymnatus. 31 (28). Female convex, often spherical or hemispherical (Figure 271, 5,6, 8-12). 32 (33). Dorsum of female (in preparations) covered with numerous oval or polygonal cells. In hothouses; on open ground only in Transcaucasia .................:...................... 16, Saissetia. 33 (32). Dorsum of female without cells. On open ground. 34 (39). Female hemispherical, spherical or kidney-shaped; if hemispherical, without cylindrical glands. 638 35 (36). Female hemispherical; margins of body not curved inward (Figure 271,5)...........;....-........... 17. Sphaerolecanium. 36 (35). Female spherical (Figure 271, 12) or kidney-shaped. 37 (38). On deciduous trees .......................... 22. Rhodococcus.

38 (37). On spruce .................................. 23. Physokermes. 39 (34). Female of different shape; if almost hemispherical, cylindrical glands present. 40 (41). Female with 2 pairs of rounded tubercles on dorsum, multicolored

(Figure 271,9)............................. 18, Palaeolecaniura. 41 (40). Female without tubercles on dorsum, of uniform color, 42 (43). Margins of .body curved inward (Figure 271, 11). On fir .......... ........... ^............................... 19. Nemolecanium. 43 (42). Margins of body not curved inward. On various plants. 44 (45). Spiracles small; femora 2-3 times, rarely 1.5 times, as long as peritremes. 3 spiracular spines, situated close together; median spine longer than lateral spines 20. Parthenolecanium. 45 (44). Spiracles large; peritremes almost as long as femora or longer thanfemora. 2-4 spiracular spines, distancebetweenthem as large as distance between marginal spines; median spine not longer than lateral spines; spiracular spines sometimes absent ............................................. 21. Eulecanium. Female covered with a thick layer of compact, opaque, colored 46 (1). wax (Figure 271,18). On subtropical and hothouse plants ......... ............................................. 24. Ceroplastes. ....

.

..

Keys to Species of Family Coccidae Lecanopsis Targ. Enclosed in white, woolly ovisac. Legs well developed; antennal segments short. European species on roots and lower part of stems of Gramineae; females common in ant nests. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 1.

1 (6). 2 (3).

Oblong group of disk-shaped glands present anterior to anterior spiracles. Disk-shaped pores on dorsum of body form a broad stripe which occupies half of breadth of body or more; lateral margins of stripe straight; antennae 6-segmented. Ukraine, Volgograd Region. At base of stems and on roots of Gramineae ............. .......................................... lj. porifera Borchs.

828

3 (2).

4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (1).

2.

leaves. 1 (1).

Disk-shaped pores on dorsum (all or most of them) forming a narrow stripe which occupies much less than half breadth of body; antennae 7- or 8-segmented. Disk-shaped pores on dorsum of body of varying size, the largest up to 0.010-0.012 wide. Crimea. At base of stems of Bromus erectus.............,........,............L. taurica Borchs. Disk-shaped pores on dorsum of body small, their diameter 0.005-0.006, Ukraine, Chkalov Region. Found in the ground ..... ......................................... L. terrestris Borchs. No group of disk-shaped glands anterior to anterior spiracles; but sometimes 1 or 2 glands present. Ukraine, Northern Caucasus. On roots of F e s t u c a; often occurs under stones ............... ...........................................L. festucae Borchs. Psilococcus Borchs. Ovisac absent. On sedge, between bases of In humid habitats. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Submarginal stripe of 5-celled glands narrow (Figure 270,7), P. parvus Borchs. forming an irregular double row. Northwest ...

Parafairmairia Ckll. Oblong, inside hyaline covering. Antennae and legs long and slender. On Gramineae and sedge. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 3.

1 (2). 2

(1),

Wax covering of female massive, twice as long as high. Northwest (Figure 268,11)........................ P. delicata Borchs. Wax covering of female long and narrow, 4 times as long as high. Northwest .................................. P. gracilis Green.

4. Luzulaspis Ckll. Female oblong, narrow, almost completely covered by ovisac. In humid habitats. 4 species (one Western European species included). In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 1

(4).

2 (3).

Hairs at margin of body thin. Basis of antennae in about the middle between anterior (cephalic) margin of body and base of anterior coxae. Northwest ............................................ L. luzulae Dufour. Basis of antennae closer to base of fore coxae than to anterior margin of body. Western Europe ............ L. frontalis Green. Hairs at margin of body thick, spine-shaped. Marginal hairs form a stripe. Crimea ........ L. taurica Borchs. Marginal hairs form a row. Distance between marginal hairs on head larger than length of hairs. Northwest ......................... L. montana Schmutt. Distance between marginal hairs on head smaller than length ofL. borchsenii Rehac. hairs or equal to it. Northwest ...........

639

3 (2). 4

(1).

5 (6). 6 (5), 7 (8), 8 (7).

.............

5. ovisac

Eriopeltis Sign. Female oval, enclosed in white woolly or feltlike (Figure 268, 13). On Gramineae. 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R.

18 species. 1 (2).

Spines present only at margin of body; ovisac thick, smooth, more than 9.0 long. Northwest. On Calamagrostis. ......... .......................................... E. lichtensteini Sign.

829

2 (1).

Spines present on the whole dorsum. Ovisac of different size and texture. Ovisac large, more than 9.0 long. Ovisac thick, smooth (Figure 268.13). South. On Agropyron; sometimes occurring in large numbers ...... E. agropyri Borchs. Ovisac fluffy. Crimea. On Phragmites ..................... ....................................... E. phragmitidis Borchs. Ovisac small. On various Gramineae; species difficult to ’

3 (6). 4 (5). 5 (4).

6 (3).

distinguish................................................... ...... E. festucae Fonsc., E. plumeus Borchs., E. rasinae Borchs. 6. Scythia Kir. Female enclosed completely in thick feltlike ovisac which consists of the dull hyaline larval scale divided into two parts. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (2),

2 (1).

Antennae 4-segmented. Ovisac resembling head

of a horse

(Figure 268,12). Ukraine. On leaves of Festuca, Stipa ...... .......................................S. cranium equinum Kir. Antennae 1-or 2-segmented. Ovisac oblong, spindle-shaped. Northern Caucasus. On leaves of Festuca.... S. festuceti Sulc.

7. Pilippia Targ. Margins of body of female with stout spines; female enclosed in white oval ovisac. In the U.S-S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Marginal spines serrated. Live female yellowish. Southern Crimea. On lower side of leaves and slender branches of Viburnum tinus, on leaves and stems of ivy and Arbutus unedo...................................... ,*F. viburni Sign.

Chloropulvinaria Borchs. Ovisac slightly convex, projecting body of female, 1 species. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

8. under

1 (1).

Live female uniformly green, Ovisac oblong, with almost parallel sides (Figure 270,8). Southern Crimea, Caucasus, further north in hothouses. On leaves and branches of tea, citrus, holly, yew and other subtropical plants .................. ........................................ *Ch. floccifera Westw.

9. Pulvinaria Targ. Female oval or round, slightly convex, hard. Ovisac large, markedly convex, situated posterior to body (Figure 271, 2). 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 10 species.

1 (6). 2 (3). 3 (2).

4 (5).

5

(4).

6 (1). 7 (8).

Female large, more than 5.0 long. Each spiracular slit contains 105-210 5-celled glands. Crimea, Northern Caucasus. On branches of poplar ....... P. populi Sign. Each spiracular groove contains less than 100 5-celled glands, rarely 115 glands. Distance between most marginal hairs shorter than hairs or as long as them. On birch, alder, poplar, Sorbus, etc. (Figures 270, 10; 271, 2) ..........................P. betulae L. Distance between most marginal hairs on sides of body markedly longer than hairs. South. On grapevine ..............P. vitis L. Female small, not more than 4.0 long. Each spiracular groove contains more than 60 5-celled glands. On branches of currant........................ P. ribestae Sign.

830

640

8 (7).

Each spiracular groove contains up to 50 5-celled glands. Caucasus. On thin roots of hawthorn and hornbeam .............. ......................................... P. terrestris Borchs.

10. Phyllostroma Sulc. convex. Monotypic genus. 1 (1).

Broadly oval, slightly convex; ovisac slightly

3 spiracular spines, thick, blunt, sometimes curved; median spiracular spine 1.5-2 times as long as lateral spines; Northwest. On leaves and twigs of ericaceous shrubs .................

............................................ Ph. myrthilli Kalt. 11. Rhizopulvinaria Borchs. Oval; ovisac markedly convex. 3 species; on roots of perennial herbs and grasses and xerophilous undershrubs. In the U.S.S.R. 13 species. 1 (2). 2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

12. ovisac.

1

(1).

Spiracular spines much larger than marginal spines, Ukraine, On roots of Dianthus, Gypsophila and Achillea. Spiracular spines as long as marginal spines; if longer, then only slightly. Hind tarsi without claws, not more than 2/3 as long as tibiae. Rostov-on-Don, Crimea. On roots of Artemisia and Dianthu s ...................................... Rh. viridis Borchs. Hind tarsi without claws, slightly shorter than tibiae. Volgograd Region. On roots of Artemisia ........ Rh. variabilis Borchs.

Anapulvinaria Borchs. Monotypic genus.

Broadly oval, almost round, lying on flat

Spiracular spines often absent (Figure 270,9); if present, they are short and thick, 1 or 2 in number, not constantly present in all spiracular depressions. Southern Crimea. On leaves, branches and stems of Pistacia.......... *A. pistaciae Bodenh.

13. Acanthopulvinaria Borchs. Ovisac large, markedly convex, situated posterior to body; female almost vertically attached to surface of plant. In the U.S.S-R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Dead female brown, with pieces of semitransparent wax on dorsum, slightly sunken into ovisac. Southeast. On twigs of Sal s ola and Artemisia A. orientalis Nass. .................

14. Coccus L. Body of female slightly convex young shoots of subtropical and tropical plants. 2 U.S.S.R, 3 species; introduced into the U.S.S.R. C. Ckll. (found on Orchidaceae in Riga) is not included

1 (1).

On leaves and In the whole p s eudohe sp e r i dum in the key. or flat.

species.

Asymmetrical (Figure 271,4). Color very variable, the same colony may include yellow, green and brown specimens with different pigmentation often in form of an irregular cross; pigmentation sometimes absent. Everywhere; in hothouses and on indoor plants; occurring in nature in the southern Crimea and Transcaucasia, Polyphagous, very injurious ................ ............................................ *C. hesperidum L.

;

HOMOPTERA

15. Eucalymnatus Ckll. Flat; dorsum strongly sclerotized, reticulate. Tropical species. In the U.S.S.R. 1’ introduced species. 1 (1).

Ovoid, asymmetrical, dark brown; dorsum with reticulate pattern consisting of large triangular, quadrangular and polygonal cells :(Figure 271,3). In hothouses and on indoor plants; occurring in nature in Transcaucasia. On leaves and thin branches of laurel, palms and other tropical and subtropical plants. Sometimes injurious .............. *Eu. tessellatus Sign.

16. Saissetia Dept. Broad-oval, markedly convex, almost hemispherical; dorsum strongly sclerotized, reticulate. Tropical species. In the U.S.S.R. 2 introduced species.

1 (2).

Distance between cells about equal to breadth of cells. Dead females yellowish brown, shiny, smooth, rarely with indistinct pattern in form of letter "H", usually 3,0 long. Polyphagous species, occurring on leaves, leaf petioles, stems and thin branches of various hothouse and indoor plants. Very injurious, especially to Filicales and: Cycadaceae ,*S. hemisphaerica Targ.

2 (1).

Distance between cells shorter than breadth of cells. Dead female brown or dark brown, always with markedly raised pattern in form of letter "H" (Figure 271,6). Transcaucasia; further north in hothouses. Polyphagous on thin branches, shoots and! leaves of oleander, olive, citrus, etc. .. *S. oleae Bern.

641

.

17. 1 (1).

.

Sphaerolecanium Sulc. Hemispherical; hard.

Monotypic genus.

Sides vertical or slightly expanded ventrally, one-colored, dark chestnut or dark brown, shiny, finely dotted (Figure 271,5). Moldavia, iUkraine, Northern Caucasus. On Resales, mainly on Amygdalaceae; larvae on leaves; females on branches; injurious to peach, blackthorn, plum ................. *S, prunastri Fonsc.

18. Palaeolecanium Sulc. Broad-oval, slightly convex, with 2 pairs of rounded tubercles on dorsum (Figure 271,9). In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

1 (1).

Dead female brown, with narrow white or ivory-colored stripes and small :spots at margin of body. Larvae feeding on leaves, females on branches. Moldavia, Northern Caucasus. In forests often on hawthorn; in orchards on pear, apple, plum, blackthorn. Injurious in some places ............... *P. bituberculatum Targ.

19. Nemolecanium Borchs. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Oblong.

Larvae and females on fir cones.

On open ground. Strongly convex, irregularly ovoid; 6.0 long, 4.0 broad;’ sides convex, distinctly curved inward ventrally (Figure 271, 11). Dead female grayish brown. Southern Crimea ............................................ N. abietis Borchs. In hothouses. Moderately convex; 3.0 long and 1.7 broad. Dead females brown ..................... N. adventicum Borchs.

20. Parthenolecanium Sulc. Body more or less oblong, rarely round, more or less convex; anterior, posterior and lateral parts of body slanting so that the venter (which is contiguous with plant) is widest. Most species

832

live on tree-shrub vegetation. Some species injurious to fruit trees, decorative and forest trees. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species,

1 (2).

Female large, 7-10, oblong-oval, slightly convex, with longiyoung specimens dark yellow, with dark transold specimens reddish brown, one-colored. South. Polyphagous; larvae feeding on leaves, females on branches. Sometimes injurious to grapevine, fruit and decorative plants .................................... *P. persicae F. Female smaller, up to 6.0, rounded or ovoid, convex. Female round, hemispherical or oval; if oval, highest point of body situated in the middle. Sides of body of female slanting; dead female dark brown, brown or dark yellow, covered with many depressed dots (Figure 271,8). Very polyphagous; larvae feeding on leaves, females on branches, stems, stalks, sometimes also on leaves of plants. A serious pest of plum, hazelnut, acacia, grapevine and currant............ ............................................ *P. corni Bouche. Sides of female convex, ventrally slightly curved inward; dead tudinal carina;

verse stripes;

2 (1). 3 (8). 4 (5).

5 (4). 6 (7).

7 (6).

female light brown or brown, Outline of body of female almost round; body of female about hemispherical. Leningrad Region, Baltic Region. Larvae and females occur on needles and branches of Thuja................ ............................. P. fletcheri Ckll. (arion Lndgr.). Female oval, with pointed anterior and posterior end, convex, Northern and Central Europe, possibly also occurs in the European U.S.S.R. Larvae and females on lower side of needles, on P. pomeranicum Kaw. twigs and stem of T a x u s Female oval or irregularly ovoid, convex; highest point of body at posterior end of body; sides of body almost vertical. Ukraine, Northern Caucasus. Mainly on oak; in forests sometimes found in large numbers on hornbeam, hazelnut, elm and chestnut, Larvae feeding on leaves, females on thin branches. Injurious to oak ....................................... *P. rufulum Ckll. .................

8 (3).

642

21. Eulecanium Ckll. Usually strongly convex, sometimes almost spherical, often irregularly oval; if oval, anterior part of body most convex and posterior part slanting and narrowed. On trees and shrubs; larvae on leaves, female on branches. 9 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 14 species. E. transvittatum Green (on birch) not included in the key. 1 (8).

Female round or broad-oval; highest point of body in the middle posterior part of body strongly convex,

or almost in the middle; sometimes vertical.

2 (7). 3 (4). 4 (3). 5 (6).

Female strongly convex, hemispherical. Large; diameter 10.0. On twigs of fir. Caucasus

...............

.......................................... Eu. sericeum Lndgr. Smaller; diameter up to 6.0. On deciduous trees and shrubs. Margin of body with long hairs; spines sometimes occur among hairs. Young females brown, with transverse interrupted yellow stripes. Dead female brown. Northwest, Transcarpathian Region. On linden, maple, horse chestnut, Sorbus, etc. Eu. tiliae L. ....

6 (5).

7 (2).

8 (1).

Sides of body mainly with spines; anterior and posterior end of body with hairs. Dead female similar to Eu. tiliae. Northwest, Moldavia, Ukraine, Volgograd Region, Northern Caucasus. On apple, pear and quince in orchards ........... Eu. rnali Schrk. Slightly convex, not hemispherical; dead female brown, dorsally with 2 longitudinal ribs which converge near anal plate and at anterior end of body. Leningrad Region, Northern Caucasus. On oak, alder, birch, etc................... Eu. ciliatum Dougl. Ovoid or oblong-oval; highest point not in middle of body but closer to its anterior end; posterior part of body slanting or

slightly convex. 9(10). Female 7-8.5. Transcarpathian Region, Crimea, Orenburg Region. On poplar and willow. ........... Eu. longtsetum Borchs. Female up to 7.0. On various plants. 10 (9). 11 (12). Sides ofbody^of female with 2 indistinct rows of large sunken dots; body slightly longer than broad; margins of body ventrally slightly curved inward. Live females greenish gray, with darker transverse and longitudinal stripes; dead females yellow or light brown, Western Kazakhstan (steppes), in aspen groves, Leningrad, Moscow and Odessa, in urban plantations. On branches of birch and Carag ana........................ *Eu. caraganae Borchs. 12 (11). Sides with numerous small sunken dots; body ovoid. 13 (14). Female 6-7; dead female brown. Northwest. On birch and alder ......... ............................... Eu. douglasi Sulc. 14(13). Female 3-5. ; On shrubs: heather, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum, V.vitis :idaea, etc.; females on heather differ markedly from females on other food plants; they have the following characters: they are almost round, 3.5 long and 3.0 broad on the average, rust-colored, with brown reticulate pattern; females on species of Vaccinium oblong-ovoid, 5.0 long and 4.0 broad, single-colored, brown. Northwest, Transcarpathian Region ...................... Eu. franconicum Lndgr. 22. Rhodococcus Borchs. Spherical. Anal ring small, narrow, without pores and often without setae. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (2).

With large depressed spots on dorsum, yellowish brown, up to 4.5 long and 5.0 high (Figure 271, 12). Northern Caucasus, West Siberia. Steppes. On branches of wild rose ....................

2 (1).

Without large depressed spots on dorsum, smooth or with fine concave dots,\ brown. Spiracular spines well developed. Orenburg Region. On branches and root collars of Spiraea............... Rh. spiraeae Borchs. Spiracular spines not different from marginal spines. Dagestan. On Amygdalaceae and Pomaceae ........... *Rh. turanicus Arch.

....................................... Rh. rosophilus Borchs. .

3 (4).

4 (3).

23. Physokermes Targ. Female kidney-shaped or spherical, with a small constriction anteriorly; on branches of spruce; male developing on lower side of needles of spruce. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 ; species.

ACLERDIDAE, DIASPIDIDAE

643

1 (2),

2 (1).

Small, 3.0 long, 3.5 broad, 4.0 high; dark brown. Under bud scales at base of one-year-old shoots. Scales of males very rare ........................................ Ph. piceae Schrk. Large, 5.0 long, 7.0 broad, 5.0 high; yellowish brown; not only at base of one-year-old shoots, but also on branches, at base of Ph. latipes Borchs. needles. Scales of males numerous ,.,...,...

Ceroplastes Gray. Female covered by a thick layer of opaque wax, oval or almost round, strongly convex. Wax covering of larvae oval, white, consisting of a central cell bordered by minute plates. Larvae and females on branches, stalks, leaves, stems and rarely on fruits of various trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses.1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 introduced 24,

species.

1 (1).

Wax covering of female pinkish or grayish white; indistinctly divided into an upper plate and 7 lateral plates which are divided into one anterior plate, 2 pairs of lateral and 2 posterior plates (Figure 271, 18). Middle of wax covering of larvae with 2 conical processes. Hothouses; occurs in nature in subtropical countries. Polyphagous. Injurious to citrus, pomegranate and other subtropical plants .............................. *C. sinensis Guer. 8-

Family ACLERDIDAE

Body of female flat; integument of young specimens membranous, except the strongly sclerotized end of abdomen; old specimens almost completely sclerotized. Antennae reduced; legs absent. Anal plate present. Wax covering much reduced; only margin of body covered with powdery wax. Male cocoon oval, flat, hyaline. On Gramineae, under leaf sheaths. Family consisting of about 50 species. 1 genus, 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1.

Nipponaclerda McC.

Setae of anal ring little developed, shorter

Posterior part of abdomen sclerotized, flattened and with numerous grooves and wrinkles. 1 species.

than anal plate (Figure 270,6). 1 (1).

Margin of body with thick and short spines. Spines on frons and sides of body of varying thickness; 5 spines present between antennae, 3 of them thick and 2 thin. Dagestan, On rush and N. turanica Arch. other Gramineae .............................

9.

Family DIASPIDIDAE

Shape of body of female variable, from round to very narrow, usually 0.9-1.5 long. Segmentation more or less distinct; abdominal segments IV-VIII or V-VIII are fused, sclerotized and form a single segment, the pygidium. Antennae reduced, represented by unsegmented tubercles; legs absent. Female covered by a scale which consists of 1 or 2 exuviae of 1st- and 2nd-instar larvae, and of a layer of secretion (Figure 271, 13,15,16,19). If the scale of the female consists of one exuviae, female enclosed in pupariuro (exuviae of 2nd-instar larva). Scale easily separated from body of female and from puparium; shape and color of scale very variable. Scale of male oblong, consisting of one exuviae (Figure 271, 14,17,19).

On a large variety of; trees and shrubs, rarely on herbs and grasses; usually on aerial parts of plants, rarely on subterranean organs of plants. Including many harmful species. More than 1300 species known. 35 genera, 63 species, 22 of them in hothouses. In the whole U.S.S.R. 135 species. Genus Mohelnaspis Sulc. from Western Europe included in the key,

Key to Genera

644

1 (62). Adult female not enclosed in puparium; scale of female consisting of 2 exuviae (Figure 271, 13,16,19). 2 (33). Cylindrical glands with 2 chitinous rims, short, not more than 4-5 times longer than diameter of opening (Figure 272, 2); marginal glands usually present (Figure 272, 5,8); if absent, scale of female oblong. 3(6). Crests broad, serrated; Lg (if present) not bifurcate. 4 (5). Crests in indentations of pygidium narrower than lobules; 3 or 4 pairs of lobules (Figure 272,8); scale of female oval or almost round ......................................... 1. Parlatoria. 5 (4). Crests in indentations of pygidium broader than lobules or as broad as these. 1-4 pairs of lobules, sometimes absent; scale oblong, slightly widened posteriorly ............. 2. Syngenaspis. 6 (3). Crests setalike, rarely bifurcate or absent; broad serrated crests sometimes present in addition to setalike crests. L^

usually bifurcate. 7 (20). Body of female oblong; head and prothorax form the narrowest part of the body; scale of female oblong or broad pyriform. 8 (9). Marginal glands and crests absent; lobules reduced; margin of pygidium with long setae. On Gramineae ........ 7. Mohelnaspis. 9 (8). Marginal glands and crests present. On various plants. 10 (11). Dorsal surface of pygidium with reticulate pattern consisting of large cells. Body and scale of female very narrow. In hothouses.

............................................... 8. Ischnaspis. 11 (10). Dorsum of pygidium without reticulate pattern. 12 (13). First indentation of pygidium with 2 setalike crests. Scale of male like that of female, brown, without dorsal grooves (Figure 271;, 16,17) ........................... 9. Lepidosaphes. 13 (12). First indentation of pygidium without setalike crests; if crests 645 are present, they are broad. Scale of male white, with parallel margins and with dorsal grooves (Figure 271, 14). 14 (19). Crests of one type, setalike. 15 (16). Scale of female white .......................... 10. Chionaspis. 16 (15). Scale of female brown. 17 (18). Inner margins of Li closely contiguous (Figure 272,5); dorsal glands few, sometimes absent on pygidium. In hothouses ......... ............................................... 11. Pinnaspis. 18 (17). Inner margins of L^ not contiguous; dorsal glands numerous. On open ground ................................... 12. Unaspis. 19(14). Crests of two types: 1) setalike; 2) broad, short, with finely serrated dorsal margin (Figure 273, 2). On bamboo .............. ............................................. 13. Kuwanaspis.

836

20 (7).

Body of female almost round or ovoid (abdomen tapering towards pygidium), or body oblong; in this case head, prothorax and mesothorax form the broadest part of body; scale of female round or oval.

acaspis: Idiagram of body (apanterior part of body, aantennae, mmouthparts, .c spiracle, mtmetathorax, egcylindrical glands, egg circum genital glands, aanus, vaginal slit); 2 cylindrical gland with 2 chitinous rims; 3Aspidiotus, same with 1 chitinous . 4Lepidosaphes ulmi, margin of first 4 abdominal segments; 5Pinnaspis aspidistrae, margin of pygidium (LI, Lg lobules, cr crests, hhairs, mg marginal glands): 6Quadraspi-

(ppparaphyses);

8Parlatoria

oleae, same.

21 (22), Body of female oblong; head, prothorax and mesothorax form the broadest part of body (Figure 272,1).......... 14. Aulacaspis. 22 (21). Body of female almost round or ovoid; abdomen tapering toward

pygidium. 23 (26). Dorsal glands on abdominal segments (especially on the pygidium) arranged in transverse rows or stripes. 24 (25). First indentation of pygidium with 2 setalike crests; inner margins of L^ separated. On needles of Cupressaceae and leaves of mistletoe 15. Carulaspis. ............................

837

HOMOPTERA

First indentation of pygidium without orests; bases of L^ 16. Pseudaulacaspis. converging. On bark of deciduous trees 26 (23). Dorsal glands of pygidium irregularly arranged. 25 (24).

....

(28). On open ground ................................ 17. Epidiaspis. (27). In hothouses. (30). First indentation of pygidium without crests.......... 18. Diaspis. (29). 1st indentation of pygidium with two crests. (32). Cylindrical gland present at base of 1st indentation of p~ygidiuro .... ..........;.......................-.-....... 19. Furchadiaspis. 32 (31). Base of 1st indentation of pygidium without cylindrical gland ...... ........................................ 20. Pseudoparlatoria. 33 (2). Cylindrical glands with one chitinous rim, long, more than 4-5 times longer than breadth of their opening (Figure 272, 3); marginal

27 28 29 30 31

glands absent. 34 (35). Pygidium with one median lobule. Margin of pygidiuro strongly sclerotized, with a large number of lobe-shaped processes; crests absent (Figure 273,1). The Russian species occurs under leaf sheaths of bamboo .......................... 21. Odonaspis. 35 (34). Pygidium with 2 median lobules. Lobules not bifurcate; crests usually serrated or branched. 36 (59). 1-4 pairs of lobules; if only one pair is present, margin of pygidium without numerous lobe-shaped processes. 37 (42). Paraphyses and densaria absent. 38 (41). 4 or 5 groups of circumgenital glands present. 39 (40). Body of female weakly sclerotized; crests long, of varying breadth, serrated and often branched (Figure 273,4). On 22. Aspidiotus. subtropical and hothouse plants 40 (39). Body of female strongly sclerotized; crests small, serrated. On conifers ................................... 23. Nuculaspis. 41 (38). Circumgenital glands absent. 2 or 3 pairs of lobules. On Gramineae.................................. 24. Chortinaspis. 42 (37). Paraphyses or densaria present. 43 (50). Paraphyses present, sometimes small. 3 or 4 pairs of lobules. 44 (49). Pygidium broadly rounded, its margin with 3 long, serrated or branched crests anterior to L^. Lg and Lo not broader than 45 (48). Head and thorax form anterior part of body; body of female does not become horseshoe-shaped after oviposition. 46 (47). Part of margin of pygidium strongly sclerotized and serrated anterior to; marginal group of crests (Figure 272,7) .............. .......................................... 25. Chrysomphalus. 47 (46). Margin of pygidium not sclerotized anterior to marginal group of crests (Figure 273,3) .:................... 26. Dynaspidiotus. 48 (45). Anterior part of body formed by head and thorax, and also by abdominal Segments I and sometimes II; body of female becomes horseshoe-shaped after oviposition and lateral margins of anterior part of body project beyond margin of pygidium, sometimes join each other and cover pygidium ................... 27. Aonidiella. 646 49 (44). Pygidium pointed, its margin with 2 small serrated crests anterior to 1^3. Lg and especially L-3 much broader than L^ 28. Acutaspis. .................

L^.

.

........................

50 (43). Paraphyses absent; densaria present. 51 (56). Crests long, often broad and markedly branched (Figure 273, 5,6). In hothouses and on indoor plants. 52 (55). First indentation of pygidium narrower than L,. 53 (54). Diameter of anus larger than distance between anus and margin of pygidium. Crests narrow, pointed (Figure 273, 6) .............

........................................... 29. Hemiberlesia. 54 (53). Diameter of anus smaller than distance between anus and margin of pygidium. Crests strongly branched 30. Abgrallaspis. 55 (52). First indentation of pygidium as broad as or broader. 3 pairs ........

L^

56 (51).

57(58). 58 (57). 59 (36). 60 (61).

of lobules, all well developed, symmetrical. Crests long, broad, markedly branched (Figure 273, 5)........... 31. Borchseniaspis. Crests more or less small, not markedly branched, not longer than lobules (Figures 272,6; 273.8-10). On open ground, on various trees and shrubs, usually on deciduous trees. Li and L^ (often also 1^3) present......... 32. Quadraspidiotus. 33. Diaspidiotus. Pygidium with one pair of lobules One pair of lobules; margin of pygidium with numerous lobe..............

shaped processes. Crests and circumgenital glands usually present; if crests and circumgenital glands are absent, densaria are also absent ........................................... 34. Rhizaspidiotus. Crests and circumgenital glands absent; densaria present (Figure 273,11). ................................ 35. Targionia. Adult female in puparium; scale of female consisting of one exuviae (Figure 271, 15)." Cylindrical glands with 2 chitinous rims, short, not more than 4-5 times longer than breadth of opening. Body of female almost round, with protruding pygidium; scale of female round. Lobules, marginal and dorsal glands absent; crests setalike, with cylindrical microgland. In hothouses ............................................... 3. Gymnaspis. Body and scale of female oblong. Dorsal glands present. On open ground; species in the European ........

61 (SO). 62 (1). 63 (70).

64 (65).

.......

65 (64). 66 (69).

U.S.S-R- on conifers. 67 (68). Crests present .................................. 4. Leucaspis. 68 (67). Crests absent .................................. 5. Anamaspis. 69 (66). Dorsal glands absent; marginal and circumgenital glands present. In hothouses ..................................... 6. Fiorinia. 70 (63). Cylindrical glands with one chitinous rim. long, more than 4-5 times longer than breadth of their opening. Body of female almost round, with protruding pygidium; scale of female round. In hothouses .......................................... 36. Aonidia.

Keys to Species of Family Diaspididae 1. Parlatoria Targ. Scale of female oval or almost round; larval exuviae at margin of scale; 2nd larval exuviae large, sometimes constituting larger part of scale. Scale of male oblong, with almost parallel sides, of the same color as scale of female. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 9 species.

!

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

HOMOPTERA

2nd larval exuviae black, occupying almost the whole surface of the scale. Inihothouses; in Abkhazia and Adzharia on open ground. On stems, twigs, leaves and fruits of citrus ............ ............................................ *P. ziziphi Lucas. 2nd larval exuviae dark olive-green or brown, occupying less than half of scale. In hothouses. Scale semitransparent, yellowish brown. 2nd larval exuviae brown. Live female reddish. On leaves of orchids, *P. proteus Curt. palms, citrus, etc. On 'pen ground. Scale white’, or grayish white; 2nd larval exuviae dark olive-green. Southern Crimea, Northern Caucasus. Polyphagous, on stems, branches, shoots, leaves and fruits .......... (Figure 272,8) ................................ P. oleae Colvee.

.....-..;..................

4

(3).

2. Syngenaspis Sulc. Scale of female oblong, slightly widening posteriorly; larval exuviae at margin of scale. Scale of male oblong, of the same color as scale of female. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (1).

Scale of female grayish white; larval exuviae yellowish. Except in the North. On needles of fir, cedar, spruce .................. ............

647

I.............................. S. parlatoriae Sulc.

3. Gymnaspis Newst. Scale of female round; larval exuviae inmiddle of scale. Scale of male oval. In the U.S.S.R. 1 introduced species. 1 (1).

Live female, reddish violet. Scale of young female blackish brown, the female loses the scale later and continues to live in the bare black puparium. Hothouses. On leaves of

withblackexuyiae;

Bromeliaceae .............:.....-........ -*G. aechmeae Newst. Leucaspis Targ. Scale of female oblong, sometimes almost pearshaped, white or gray; one larval exuviae, which projects from anterior end of scale (Figure 271, 15). Scale of male of same size, not smaller. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 4.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Lobules strongly sclerotized, 3 or 4 pairs; 12 groups of circumgenital glands, some of the groups may be fused. Scale of female almost pear-shaped. Vicinity of Moscow, Ukraine, Sochi. On L. pini Hart. pine needles Lobules weakly sclerotized. resembling crests, 2 or 3 pairs. 5 groups of cir cum genital glands; anterior and anterolateral groups often fused. South. On needles of conifers ............... L. pusllla Loew.

.....................................

..............................................

5. Anamaspis Leon. Monotypic genus. 1 (1).

Scale of female and male as in Leucaspis.

Lobules small, rounded; dorsal glands form a row at the margin Except in the North. On pine needles ........... .............................................. A.loewi Colvee.

of the pygidium.

6. Fiorinia Targ. Scale of female oblong, slightly widening posteriorly; larval exuviae projecting from anterior end of scale. Scale of male narrow, white. In the U.S.S.R. 1 introduced species in hothouses.

840

DIASPIDIDAE

1 (1).

Apex

and inner margin of Li rounded and finely serrated. Scale of female transparent; light brown puparium showing through scale. On leaves of palms, sago palm, tea shrub, camelia and other subtropical plants .......... ,*F. fioriniae

Targ.

7. Mohelnaspis Sulc. Scale of female oblong, narrow, brown; larval exuviae at anterior end of scale. Scale of male small, resembling scale of female in shape and color. On leaves of Gramineae. Monotypic genus. 1 (1).

Dorsal glands of pygidium very numerous, about 160; 5 groups of circumgenital glands. Known from Czechoslovakia and France; it is not certain that it occurs in the European U.S.S.R. ........... ........................................ M. massiliensis Goux.

8. Ischnaspis Dougl. Scale of female very narrow, long. with almost parallel sides, markedly convex, shiny, black; larval exuviae projecting from anterior end of scale. In the U.S.S.R. 1 introduced species. 1 (1).

In hothouses. On leaves and leaf petioles of palms, Dracaena, etc. ...................................... *L longirostris Sign.

9. Lepidosaphes Shim. Scale of female oblong, widening posteriorly, often curved, comma-shaped, brown; larval exuviae projecting from anterior end of scale. Scale of male oblong, its color resembling that of female (Figure 271, 16,17). 7 species. Inthe whole U.S.S.R. 19 Species, 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3).

In hothouses; introduced from the Tropics. Scale of female pear-shaped, shiny, brown, light near the margin. On leaves of orchids ................................... JL. machili Mask. On open ground. Lateral margins of abdominal segments II-IV with sclerotized denticles (Figure 272,4). Female milk-white. Except in the North. Polyphagous; on stems, branches, shoots, rarely leaves and fruits of various trees and shrubs; sometimes on herbs and grasses. One generation; eggs overwintering. There are 2 intraspecific forms: 1) parthenogenetic; 2) bisexual; the formerlives on apple, pear, currant, Cotoneaster and hawthorn; the second on poplar’, birch, lilac and many other plants. Often multiplying in large numbers; injurious to decorative plants and orchards ......................................... #Li. ulmi L. Lateral margins of abdominal segments II-IV without sclerotized denticle,

648

5 (8). 6 (7).

1st indentation of pygidium markedly more than half as wide as L]. On conifers. 1st indentation of pygidium 1.5 times as broad as On pine needles. Scale light brown, narrow, with almost parallel sides.

L^.

One generation; female overwintering.

Western Europe; not yet recorded from the U.S.S.R. ................ L. newsteadi Sulc. 7 (6). 1st indentation of pygidium about as broad as L^. On needles and fruits of Thuja, juniper, cypress ............ L. juniperi Lndgr. 8 (5). 1st indentation of pygidium markedly less than half as wide as L^. On deciduous plants. 9 (12). LI with 1 or 2 notches on outer margin.

10 (11). Row of dorsal glands, on a line with lateral groups of circumgenital glands, consisting of 2-4 glands. 4-9 disk-shaped glands present near anterior spiracles. Live female pink or red. One generation; ’female overwintering. Northern Caucasus. On stems 649 and branches of hornbeam, beech and lilac ....... L. rubri Thiem.

FIGURE 273. Coccinea. Family Diaspididae. Margin of pygidiurn (after Sorkhsenius)

nerii; 5 Borchseniaspis palmae; 6Hemiberl rapax; 7Quadraspidioius slavonicus; 8 Q, zonatus; 9Q.ostreaeformis; 10Q. perniciosiis; 11Targionia vitis.

britannicus; 4Aspidioius

11 (10). Row of dorsal glands, on a line with lateral groups of circumgenital glands, consisting of 4-6 glands. 3-4, rarely 2 diskshaped glands near anterior spiracles. Crimea, Northern Caucasus. On stems and branches of hawthorn .................. L. crataegi Borchs. 12 (9). Outer margin of L^ with 3 or 4 notches, inner margin with 1 notch; apex of lobules pointed. Crimea. On branches of olive trees .................................... *L. flava Targ.

........................................... .

10. Chionaspis Sign. Scale of female oblong, often broad pear-shaped, white; larval exuviae projecting from anterior end of scale. Scale of male oblong, with almost parallel lateral margins, with 2 longitudinal dorsal grooves (Figure 271, 13,14). 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 species. 1 (1),

Apex and

sides of Li rounded; inner margin of Li curved. One generation; eggs violet, overwintering. Polyphagous; on stem, twigs and shoots of willow, poplar, alder, currant, bilberry, etc. ............................................... *Ch. salicis L. .

11. Pirmaspis Ckll. Scale of female pear-shaped, brown; larval exuviae projecting from anterior end of scale. Scale of male as in ChionIn the U.S.S.R. 2 introduced species. In hothouses. aspis Sign. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Dorsal glands on pygidium absent; abdominal segments III and IV with one dorsal gland. On leaves of hemp palm, philodendron, Buxus, etc. ................................ *P, buxi Bouche. Pygidium with 1-3 dorsal glands; abdominal segments III and IV with a short row of dorsal glands. On leaves of Aspidistra and various forms (Figure 272, 5). ........... *P. aspidistrae Sign.

12. Unaspis MacG. Scale of female oblong, widening posteriorly, often curved, brown; larval exuviae projecting from anterior end of scale. Scale of male as in Chionaspis Sign. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Crimea. Monophagous; on branches and leaves of spindle tree. Very injurious ...................... *U. euonymi Comst.

13. Kuwanaspis MacG. Scale of female oblong, slightly widening posteriorly, white; larval exuviae projecting from anterior end of scale. Scale of male as in Chionaspis Sign. In the U.S.S.R. 2 introduced species from East Asia; on bamboo. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Abdominal segment I with transverse stripe of cylindrical glands. Southern Crimea. Colonies occurring in forks of bamboo stems of genus Phyllo stachys, well visible; males numerous ...... ........................................... K. howardi Cooley. Abdominal segment I without transverse stripe of cylindrical glands. Southern Crimea. Colonies on stems of decorative bamboo species (under leaf sheaths) of genera Arundaria and B ambus a; males absent (Figure 273,2).................... ...................................... K. pseudoleucaspis Kuw,

14. Aulacaspis Ckll. Scale of female round or broad-oval, white or grayish; larval exuviae on the margin of the scale. Scale of male as in Chionaspis Sign. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (1),

15.

Except in the North.

On branches and shoots of rose, wild rose, dewberry. Sometimes injurious (Figure 272,1) .................. ............................................ *A. rosae Bouche.

Carulaspis MacG.

Scale of female almost round, white;

exuviae in middle of scale. Scale of male as in 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

larval

Chionaspis Sign.

.

: 1 (2).

2 (1).

16. Pseudaulacaspis MacG. Scale of female round, markedly convex; larval exuviae in middle or at margin of scale. Scale of male as in Chionaspis Sign. In the U.S.S-R. 1 introduced East Asian species. 1 (1).

Li triangular, their bases converging; Lo not bifurcate, long and slender; dorsal glands large, forming 4 rows. Scale of female white or yellowish;white, Abkhazia and Adzharia; possibly also acclimatized in the European U.S.S.R,, as it has been recorded from a number of central European countries. Polyphagous; on stems, branches and shoots of mulberry,

Amygdalaceae and Poraaceae, walnut, currant, rose, etc. In central Europe 2 or 3 generations; female overwintering. A serious pest .............................. *P. pentagona Targ. 17. Epidiaspis Ckll. Scale of female round, convex, white or grayish; larval exuviae in the middle of scale or on its margin. Scale of male as in Chionaspis Sigri.l species. In the whole U.S.S-R. 2 species. 1 (1).

One pair of lobules which are large, converging at base; 8 pairs of crests which are thick and curved. Live female red or yellowish orange. Small species, diameter of scale of female up to 1.2; scales often form several layers on bark of tree. South. On stems, branches, and shoots of Amygdalaceae and Pomaceae, hawthorn,: dogwood, walnut, olive- Very injurious to pear trees. In Crimea one generation; female overwintering ............... -*E. leperii Sign. .............................................

Diaspis Costa. Scale of female round or broad-oval, slightly convex, light; larval exuviae in middle or near margin of scale. Scale of male as in Chionaspis Sign. In the U.S.S.R. 3 introduced species; 18.

1

(2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

-

,

in hothouses.

’

650

HOMOPTERA

Base of first indentation of pygidium with one cylindrical gland; LI about as long as broad. On needles and fruits of cypress, Thuja, juniper and mistletoe. Western Europe; not recorded from the U.S.S.R. .............................. C. visci Schrk. Base of 1st indentation of pygidium without cylindrical gland; L]^ markedly longer than broad. Ukraine. On needles and fruits of Thuja; and juniper ........................ C. minima Targ.

Pygidial depression absent; apices of Li slightly diverging. Scale of female white; larval exuviae reddish brown. Monophagous; on cactus ..................... *D. echinocacti Bouche. Pygidial depression present. All dorsal glands on pygidium and on abdominal segment IV of almost equal size; to half of outer margin of L^ contiguous with margin of pygidial depression. Scale of female whitish, often transparent. On leaves and stems of pineapple and other Bromeliaceae, palms, fragrant olive and other plants ............ *D. bromeliae Kern. 2 pairs of dorsal glands (anterior to 2nd and 3rd indentations of pygidium) of same size as marginal glands; other dorsal glands smaller; ’whole outer margin of Li contiguous with margin of pygidial depression. Scale of female whitish or yellowish white,

..........................................

4

(3).

844

.

.

sometimes transparent. On leaves and leaf petioles of palms ^D, boisduvalit Sign, and bananas. Very injurious to hemp palm .

Furchadiaspis MacG. Scale of female round or broad-oval, markedly convex, light; larval exuviae sometimes projecting beyond margin of scale. Males unknown. Monotypic genus originating in the Tropics; introduced in hothouses in the U.S.S.R. 19.

1

(1),

No circumgenital glands. Monophagous; on leaves and leaf petioles of Cycadophyta ...................... *F. zamiae Morg.

20. Pseudoparlatoria Ckll. Scale of female round, light; larval exuviae sometimes projecting beyond margin of scale. Scale of male oblong, its color resembling that of scale of female. One tropical species introduced into hothouses of the U.S.S.R. 1

(1).

4 or 5 groups of circumgenital glands. Scale of female slightly convex, transparent. On leaves, fruits and stems of various plants; preferring orchids ............ Ps. parlatorioides Comst.

21. Odonaspis Leon. Scale of female oval or oblong; larval exuviae at margin of scale. Scale of male oblong, with parallel sides, of the same color as scale of female. On Gramineae. In the U.S.S.R. 1 introduced

species. 1 (1),

Crimea. On stalks, under leaf sheaths of bamboo (Figure 273,1)................................ *0. secreta Ckll.

Scale white.

22. Aspidiotus Bouche. Scale of female round, slightly convex, light; larval exuviae in the middle of scale. Scale of male oval, its color resembling that of female. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species (intro-

duced from the Tropics), 651

1 (2).

Basis of Lo and Ln with a thin seta which is not longer than the crests. Posterior part of pygidium rounded. Li projecting beyond outline of pygidium more than Lg (Figure 273,4). Cylindrical glands not more than 5-6 times longer than broad. Scale of female white or yellowish. Southern Crimea; everywhere in hothouses, often on indoor plants. Polyphagous; on leaves, fruits, branches and stems of citrus, palms, ivy, oleander and many other plants. Very injurious .............................................*A. nerii Bouche. Basis of L,-^ and L.3 with a thick seta which is longer than the crests. In hothouses; occurs in nature in Abkhazia and Adzharia. On leaves, leaf petioles, branches and stems of magnolia, camelia, palms and other plants ...................... A. spinosus Comst. .................

2 (1).

23. Nuculaspis Ferris. Scale of female oval, dark gray; larval exuviae in middle of scale. Scale of male oval, its color resembling that of scale of female. On conifers. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Except in the North. On needles of spruce, pine and fir. Sometimes injurious. In the Leningrad Region one generation; 2ndinstar larvae hibernating ......................*N. abietis Schrk.

24. Chortinaspis Ferr. Scale of female round or oval; larval exuviae in middle of scale. Scale of male oval, oblong, its color resembling that of scale of female. On Gramineae. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

1 (1).

segments III and IV markedly projecting; broader than long; crests narrow, long, often biramous Ukraine. On rhizomes of Agropyron.......... ...................................... Ch. subterraneus Lndgr.

Sides of abdominal

LI

or triramous.

25. Chrysomphalus Ashm. Scale of female round, flat or slightly convex; larval exuviae in middle of scale. Scale of male oval, its colorresembling that of scale of female. In the Tropics. In the U.S.S.R. 2 introduced species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Sides of abdominal segments II and III with a short stripe of cylindrical glands; isolated glands present at margin of body, on metathorax and abdominal segment I. Scale of female dark chocolate-brown. In hothouses. On leaves of Aspidistra...... ....................................... Ch. bifasciculatus Ferr. Sides of abdominal segments II and III without stripes of cylindrical glands; only isolated glands present at margin of body on metathorax and abdominal segments I-III; margin of mesothorax with small sclerotized denticle (Figure 272, 7). Scale of female light brown, wi-th distinct convex larval exuviae. In hothouses; Black Sea coast of Caucasus, in nature. Polyphagous; on leaves, fruits, rarely on thin branches of citrus, palms, camphor tree, holly, spindle tree, Buxus and many other subtropical and tropical plants. Very injurious ........ ............................. *Ch. dictyospermi Morg, ,

.

.

,

.

26. Dynaspidiotus Thiem et Gem. Scale of female round, flat. brown; larval exuviae in middle of scale.; Scale of male oval, its color resembling that of scale of female. Monotypic genus.

1 (1).

3 pairs of lobules, which are as broad as long, slightly narrower basally. 1st and 2nd indentations of pygidium with 2 serrated crests, 3rd indentation with 3, 4th incision with 4 crests. Paraphyses small, present only at base of L^ and L,2 (Figure 273,3). Southern Crimea. On leaves, rarely on shoots of holly, Buxus, privet, ivy and laurel .................... *D. britannicus Newst.

27. Aonidiella Berl. et Leon. Scale of female round, thin, semitransparent; larval exuviae in middle of scale. Scale of male oval, its color resembles that of scale of female. 1 species. In the U.S.S.R. 2 introduced species. 1 (1).

Sides of abdominal segments II and III broadly rounded. A forked sclerite present dorsal to vaginal slit. Lobules almost 1.5 times as long as broad. In hothouses; Black Sea coast of Caucasus on open ground. On leaves (mostly on the lower side) and fruits of citrus, rarely on P runu s lauroc e ra su s, agave, etc. Very injurious ..................................... *A. citrina Coq.

28.

of scale.

Tropics. 1 (1).

652

Acutaspis Ferr. Scale of female round; larval exuviae in middle Scale of male oval, its color resembles that of scale of female. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species in hothouses. 7 pairs of paraphyses, in addition to smaller ones at the strongly sclerotized margin of pygidium; 2nd, 4th and 7th pairs of paraphyses twice as long as the others. On leaves of Anthurium; *A. perseae Comst. occurs also on magnolia, holly and avocado ..

.

Hemiberlesia Ckll. Scale of female round or oval; markedly convex, light; larval exuviae in middle or not far from margin of scale. Scale of male oval, its color resembles that of scale of female. Tropics. In the U.S.S.R. 2 introduced species. 29.

1 (2).

Circumgenital glands absent; Li not widened at the base (Figure 273,6). In hothouses; Black Sea coast of Caucasus. Polyphagous; on stems, branches, leaves and fruits of orange, *H. rapax Comst. acacia, spindle tree, laurel, etc. Circumgenital glands present; formula: (5-10)2-6; Li widened at the base. In hothouses; on leaves and leaf petioles of subtropical and tropical plants, in the U.S.S.R. recorded only from palm trees ................................... H. lataniae Sign. ..............

2 (1).

30. Abgrallaspis Bal. Scales of female and male similar to those of Hemiberlesia Ckll. Tropics. ’In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

5-7 crests present anterior to Lg; formula of Circumgenital (3-5) 3-6. In hothouses. Polyphagous species ........... ........................................... A. cyanophylli Sign.

glands:

31. Borchseniaspis Zahr. the U.S.S.R. from the Tropics.

1 (1).

One species, introduced into hothouses of

Scale oval, markedly convex, light brown; larval exuviae between middle and margin of scale. On palms (Figure 273,5). .............................................

....

B. palmae Morg.

32. Quadraspidiotus MacG. Scale of female round or broad-oval; larval exuviae in middle of scale. Scale of male oval, its color resembling that of scale of female. On various species of trees and shrubs, mainly on 10 species. fallen leaves. 1 (2).

Base of 1st indentation of pygidium with 6 long cylindrical glands. 3 pairs of lobules; Li oblong, with obliquely truncate apex, rarely notched; L2 and Lg resemble L]^ but are much smaller than L]^ (Figure 273,7); formulaof Circumgenital glands (0-3) 0-4. Scale of female markedly convex, yellowish white, its diameter up to 1.9. Astrakhan, Onstems, branches, rarelyonleavesofpoplarand willow. Very injurious to poplar ............ *Q. slavonicus Green, Base of 1st indentation of pygidium with 1 or 2 cylindrical glands.

2 (1). 3 (18). Circumgenital glands present. Abdominal segments I-III without dorsal glands. 4 (7). 5 (6). Crests in 1st indentation of pygidium not branched, short, not more than 3/4 as long as lobules; other crests little branched, with 1 or 2 denticles. Abdominal segment IV without cylindrical

HOMOPTERA

Until recently this species was confused with D. pyri Licht., which is very similar. The two species were recorded under the name Q. spur catus Sign. Ukraine, Moldavia; distribution not clear. On stems, branches and fruits of Pomaceae and Amygdalaceae and of ash and hornbeam. One generation; fertilized females hibernate (an important biological difference from Q. pyri) ...........;.................... *Q. marani Zahr. 6 (5). Crests in 1st indentation of pygidium branched, as long as lobules; other crests also markedly branched. Abdominal segment IV with cylindrical glands. Scale of female slightly convex, dark gray. large, its diameter up to 2.5. South. Food plants the same as those of Q, marani. One generation; 2nd-instar larvae hibernate ...... .i..................................... *Q. pyri Licht. 7 (4). Abdominal segments I-III with dorsal glands. 8 (11). Abdominal segment IV without dorsal glands. 9 (10). Crests abse:nt or very small and setalike; L,3 absent. Formula of cir cum genital glands (3-8) 2-4. Scale of female dark gray, flat, its diameter 2-2.4. Southern Crimea. On stems and branches of olive, beech, Pistacia and poplar .................

glands.

.........................................<^.lenticularis Lndgr. Crests well developed, serrated; L,3 much reduced (Figure 273,8). Formula of;circumgenital glands 0-8 (8-14)4-11. Scale of female dark gray in the middle and grayish brown near the margin, its 653 diameter up to 1.8. Ukraine, Northern Caucasus. On oak and beech; females on branches, males on lower side of leaves. Fertilized females hibernate ................. Q. zonatus Frauenf. 11 (8). Abdominal segment IV with dorsal glands. 12 (17). 3rd indentation of pygidium with 2 or 3 well developed branched crests. 13 (14). L-2 and L.3 reduced; LI with notch on outer and inner margin; 1st indentation of pygidium with 2 branched crests which are as long as Lj;’ 2nd indentation with 2 crests, 3rd with 3 longbranched crests. 4 groups of circumgenital glands, formula: (3-11)3-9. Scale of female dark gray. Northwest. On stems of heather. 2nd-instar larvae hibernate................. Q. bavaricus Lndgr. 14 (13). 2 or 3 pairs of lobules; crests in 1st indentation of pygidium short, not branched. 5 groups of circumgenital glands. On 10 (9).

deciduous trees and shrubs. 15 (16). Abdominal ^segment IV with 3-7 dorsal glands. LI without notch or with a little-marked notch on outer margin; lobule broader than long; ^Lg without notch (Figure 273, 9). Scale gray, slightly convex, its diameter up to; 2.0. Except in the North. Polyphagous; on stems and branches of birch, apple, poplar and other deciduous trees. Injurious; 2nd-instar larvae hibernate ................... ....................................... *Q. ostreaeformis Curt. 16 (15). with a well segment IV with 8-20 dorsal glands. marked notch at the apical margin, markedly projecting, longer than broad; L^ similar to L,^ but smaller. Scale of female dark gray, convex. Except in the North. On stem and branches of poplar, aspen and willow. 2nd-instar larvae hibernate ........... *Q. gigas Thiem et Gern.

Abdominal

L^

...................................... 848

17 (12). 3rd indentation of pygidium with little-developed crest (Figure 272, 6). 3 groups of circumgenital glands; formula: 0-2 (0-5). Scale of female grayish olive-green in the middle and white at the margin, moderately convex. Crimea, Northern Caucasus. On stem and branches of poplar and walnut...,......; ....................................... *Q. caucasicus Borchs. 18 (3). Circumgenital glands absent. Margin ofpygidium anteriorlyto 3rd indentation with3 wingshaped crests. 2 pairs oflobules. 1st and2nd indentations of pygidium with 2 crests; 3rd indentation with 3 crests; crestslong, narrow and serrated. Bothlobes ofl-^ close together, apex rounded, with large notch on outer side (Figure 273,10). Scale of female flat, dark gray in the middle, sometimes black; other parts of scale brownish gray or gray; diameter of scale up to 2.0 (Figure 271, 19). Introduced; South. Polyphagous; on stems, branches, fruits and rarely on leaves (males) of fruit trees and other deciduous trees and shrubs. A most important pest of fruit orchards, causing desiccation of branches and whole trees and appearance of red spots on fruits (reducing the value of the fruit). Subject to quarantine. Ist-instar larvae hibernate. In Northern Caucasus 2 full generations and one facultative generation ....................................... ,*Q. perniciosus Comst. ........

33. Diaspidiotus Berl. et Leon. Scale of female and male as in Quadra spidiotus MacG.l species. 1 (1).

Margin of pygidium without crests before 3rd indentation. One pair of lobules. Li with small notch on outer margin. Crests short, setalike. Scale of female gray, slightly convex. Ukraine, Northern Caucasus. On branches of oak and alder. .............. ............................................... D. aini March.

34. Rhizaspidiotus MacG. Scale of female round or broad-oval, markedly convex; larval exuviae in the middle or at the margin. Scale of male oval, its color resembles that of scale of female. Most species feed on subterranean plant parts and on parts near the roots. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

Circumgenital glands and crests present. Scale of female whitish in the middle, light brown at the margin. On roots and near the roots of A r tern i si a, thyme, milfoil, Euphorbia, etc. Two closely related species .............................. ................ Rh. artemisiae Hall. and Rh. kiritschenkoi Laing. Circumgenital glands and crests absent. On subterranean parts of stalks of Festuca. Crimea

...........

..........................................

4 (3). 654

35.

On twigs of acacia.

Ukraine

Rh. bivalvatus Goux.

.................

.Rh. caraganae Kir.

Targionia Sign.

Scale of female round, black or dark brown, convex; larval exuviae in middle of scale. Scale of male oval; larval exuviae between middle and margin of scale. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

On stems and branches of oak and beech (Figure 273,11).. ................................................*T. vitis Sign.

Crimea.

849

HOMOPTERA

36. Aonidia Targ. Scale of female round, brown; larval exuviae in middle of scale. Scale of male oval, its color and structure resembles those of scale of female. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species,

1 (1).

In hothouses.

On stems, branches and leaves of laurel........... *A. lauri Bouche.

.............................................

19.

Order

HEMIPTERA (Heteroptera)

I.M. ’Kerzhner and T.L. Yachevskii t Terrestrial or aquatic insects usually moderately flattened, oval; mouthparts piercing-suctorial; proboscis free, almost always situated in anterior part of head; antennae 4- or 5-segmented, rarely 3-segmented; hemelytra lying flat on back at rest, very rarely rooflike; apical part of hemelytra membranous; basal part of hemelytra thicker, usually leathery; hemelytra sometimes homogeneous or shortened, rarely absent; legs usually ambulatory or cursorial, hind legs rarely natatorial or forelegs raptorial; legs very rarely fossorial; metathorax of most species with scent glands; metamorphosis incomplete. Head (Figures 274,3-5; 275, 3.4) free, usually only slightly movable. Apical part of head usually divided dorsally by 2 longitudinal sutures into clypeus and genae (in Pentatomoidea genal plates; Figure 275,3); a part of the genae of Miridae is separated to form the lora (Figure 274,4). Frons and vertex lying posterior to clypeus and genae, not divided from each other. Proboscis at apex of head, usually contiguous to ventral side of head, 3- or 4-segmented, rarely one-segmented. Base of proboscis often covered by base of labrum. The ventral side of the head posterior to the base of the proboscis is called thegula. Longitudinal laminate elevations (rostellar plates) often present on sides of proboscis on ventral side of head. All species of the European U.S.S.R. have normally developed eyes and often 2 simple ocelli on the vertex. Antennae 4- or 5-segmented, rarely less than 4-segmented, situated anterior or ventral to eyes; antennae of some groups folded at rest to venter of body; antennae of water bugs very small, not visible in dorsal view; antennae situated on the antennal tubercles. Thoracic segments (Figures 274, 1,2; 275, 1,2) usually entire, rarely with separated pleurites. Prothorax slightly movable, well visible in dorsal view, forming a more or less large pronotum. Pronotum often divided by a transverse depression into an anterior and posterior part; anterior part often with a transverse raised area which is sometimes divided in two. A more or less narrow cervical ring is sometimes separated from the anterior margin of the pronotum by a transverse groove. Mesothorax visible in dorsal view only as scutellum, usually as a small triangle. Scutellum sometimes very large, covering almost the whole dorsum of the abdomen (Scutelleridae, etc.). Scutellum of Tingidae, Gerridae and most Corixidae completely covered by posterior process of pronotum. Metathorax usually not visible in dorsal view; openings of scent glands situated on lateral ventral sides of metathorax, between

+

The part on aquatic Hemiptera and Hydrometridae (families 1-12) was written by T. L. Yaczewski. The part on terrestrial Hemiptera (families 13-37) was written by I. M. Kerzhner.

middle and hind coxae; openings of scent glands sometimes continued outward as grooves, called canals of ascent glands. The secretion of the scent glands has a characteristic smell. Scent glands absent or little developed in some groups (including some aquatic groups).

FIGURE 274.

Hemiptera,

Lygus

pratensis

(family Miridae) (original)

1,2male, dorsal and lateral (aantennae, eeye, prproboscis, pnpronotum, crcervical ring of pronotum, ra raised areas of pronotum, ppposterior pan of pronotum, ptprothorax, msmesoihorax, mtmetathorax, asgaperture of scent gland, ccoxae, plpleuriies, scscutellum, hemhemelyira, chcommissure of hemelytra, cvclavus, corcorium, cucuneus, alcells, mmembrane, ababdomen, gsgenital segment, :lpleft paramere; (legs and antennae only partly shown); 3-5head, anterior, lateral and dorsal view (ffroni, vvertex, ggenae, Irlora, gugula, cyclypeus, Ibrlabruni, rprostellar plaies, prproboscis; arrows indicate where width of venex and irtrochanter, ffemur, tb tibia, tartarsus, elclaw); eyes are measured); 6leg(ccoxa,

7genital segment of male, dorsal (atanal tube. gpgonopore, Ipleft paramere, rpright paramere, phptialloiheca); 8,9 left and right parameres (hhypophysis (=apical process), stsensory tubercle, 10diagram of penis (spspicula, milarge membranous lobe of aedeagus, smismall membranous lobe of aedeagus; gpgonopore, bpbase of penis, aeaedeagus, vdvas deferens);

sk stalk);

11theca;

12apex of abdomen of female (sqsquama,

ovovipositor).

The fore wings (hemelytra) (Figures 274, 1; 275, 1) cover the dorsum of the body. They are usually divided into 3 main parts: an apical, usually transparent part, the membrane and: 2 leathery parts separated by an 656 oblique longitudinal suture, the clavus, lying on the inside, contiguous to the scutellum, which’is usually smaller and the corium, lying on the

outside; in some groups the following parts are separated from the cerium by sutures: an apical part, the cuneus and an outer margin, the erobolium (Figure 277,7); parts of the hemelytra are often fused, or the hemelytra are uniformly leathery, reticulate or membranous. The line of contact between the two opposite clavi posterior to scutellum is called commissure of the hemelytra. If the hemelytra are not shortened, their membranes overlap almost completely. Many species have shortened hemelytra in all or in part of the specimens (sometimes only in females). Various 657 degrees of shortening of the hemelytra are observed, from reduction and incomplete overlapping of membranes to complete disappearance of membranes, fusion of clavus and corium and reduction of the hemelytra to small plates at the sides of the scutellum; complete reduction of the hemelytra is rare. Brachypterous specimens sometimes differ markedly from macropterous specimens of the same species, especially in the development of the thoracic segments. Hind wings (or simply wings) membranous, covered completely by the hemelytra; if the hemelytra are shortened, the wings are always rudimentary or reduced.

FIGURE 2’75. Hemiptera. Dolycoris baccarum (family Pentatomidae) 1,2 male,

dorsal

view

and left half of

venier

(original)

(atantennal tubercle, aantenna,

eeye,

gland, ccoxae. scscutellum, hemhemelyira, cvclavus, corcorium, mmmembrane, ab abdomen, sprspiracle, conconnexivum, gsgenital segment; (legs and antennae only partly shown)); 8,4head, dorsal and lateral (ffrons, vvertex, clclypeus, gpgenal plates, atancennal of scent

tubercle, ccocelli); 5genital segment of male, dorsal (atanal tube, gpgenital pore, parparameres); 6righiparamere (hhypophysis, bbase, sisensory tubercle); 7-penis with theca (pbphallobase, aeaedeagus); 8genital plates of female (agpanterior genital plate, mgpmedian genital plate, pgp posterior genital plate).

853

Legs (Figure 274, 6) consisting of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus. Tarsus 2~ or 3-segmented, rarely single-segmented, usually ; with 2 apical claws. The abdomen (Figures 274, 2; 275, 2) consists of 11 segments; abdominal segment XI and telson reduced; abdominal segment I persists only as a narrow tergum; the first visible abdominal sternum is therefore the second. Abdominal segments IX and X, sometimes also VIII, form the genitalia. A more or less broad abdominal connexivum is usually present at the lateral margin of the abdomen, separated by a groove. The male genitalia are of varying structure, and provide important and reliable differential characters. The genital segment (IX) (Figures 274,7; 275,5) sometimes occupies the apex of the abdomen (Miridae, Nabidae, etc.), but sometimes it is invaginated in the preceding segments so that only its posterior margin is visible (most Pentatomoidea, Coreoidea, Lygaeoidea, etc); sometimes it is completely invisible externally (most aquatic Hemiptera). Genital pore situated on dorsal side or apex of genital segment, usually broad, rarely slitlike (Nabidae). A flattened or cylindrical anal tube lies in the dorsal or anterior part of the genital pore. 2 appendages (parameres) are present at 658 the sides of the genital pore (Figures 274, 8,9; 275,6), sometimes almost completely visible on the outside (Nabidae), sometimes concealed within the segment (some Pentatomoidea). Parameres of many groups are symmetrical; those of Miridae, Anthocoridae, Corixidae and some others are asymmetrical, rarely^f different shape. The paramere consists of base, body, sensory tubercle and hypophysis. The penis (Figures: 274,10; 275,7) lies within the genital segment. The vas deferens originates in the phallobase usually as a straight or twisted tube ending in the secondary gonopore (called "gonopore" for convenience). The part of the penis taking part in copulation is called aedeagust. It is usually soft and membranous, sometimes provided with strongly sclerotized hooks, rods (spicules) and other internal or external structures. The aedeagus is sometimes almost completely sclerotized or forms a twisted tube. The whole aedeagus or its apex is often covered with a thin strong membrane the theca (Figure 274,11). For dissection of the male genitalia the following method was used, The genital segment or the apex of the abdomen of dry or slightly macerated specimens was cut off. The segment was placed on a slide in a drop of water for 0.5-5 minutes, until it became soft. The parameres and the penis were then separated. For the study of the inner structures of the aedeagus the theca has to be removed. Preparation was easier if the genital segment was kept for 15-40 minutes in 10% KOH or NaOH. The genitalia were examined in water or glycerine. They were then placed in a drop of saturated sugar solution and glued to a piece of cardboard, which was pinned under the insect. Embedding in Canada balsam was more difficult and inconvenient, especially when the genitalia were complicated. The external genitalia of the female consist of an ovipositor (Figure 274, 12) or of 3 pairs of ge.nital plates if the ovipositor is reduced (Figure 275,8); the genital plates of Rhopalidae are more or less invaginated. Females can usually be distinguished from males, as one or several last abdominal segments (including the genital plates) are divided by a longitudinal slit, which is absent in males. t The aedeagus

is sometimes called

phallus or vesica.

854

All measurements were made in dorsal view. Length of body was measured from apex of head to end of hemelytra; length of body of brachypterous forms was measured to end of abdomen; width of vertex was measured in its narrowest part, width of eyes in their broadest part

(Figure 274,5). Larvae show the main morphological characters of the imagines, but hemelytra and wings are not fully developed and not contiguous along the claval commissure and not clearly differentiated from the scutellum; dorsum of abdomen usually with 1-3 pairs of openings of scent glands; ocelli always absent; tarsi never more than 2-segmented; antennae not more than 4-segmented. The biology of Hemiptera varies widely. There are aquatic, semiaquatic and terrestrial species. Some terrestrial species live on open ground and others in concealed habitats (e.g., beneath litter or bark, in the soil, etc.). Corixidae feed on algae and minute living organisms; all other water bugs and semiaquatic bugs (Hydrometridae) and those living at the shores (Saldidae, Leptopodidae, Ochteridae) are predacious. Among terrestrial Hemiptera Nabidae, Reduviidae and Anthocoridae are predacious, Cimicidae are parasites of warm-blooded animals (man, bats and birds); Miridae, Tingidae, Lygaeoidea, Coreoidea, Pentatomoidea are completely or mainly phytophagous. However, even these families include groups of predacious or zoophytophagous species. Most phytophagous species prefer generative organs of plants, flowers, unripe ovaries and 659 fruits. Narrow food specialization is typical, especially in Miridae and Tingidae. The range of food plants of the adults is sometimes wider than that of the larvae. The food plants are usually flowering plants, but some species live on ferns (Miridae, Bryocorinae), mosses (some Tingidae) and mushrooms (most Aradidae). Hemiptera lay eggs in plant tissues (Miridae, Nabidae, etc.) on the surface of plants and other objects (Coreoidea, Pentatomoidea, Reduviidae. etc.). The mode of life of the larvae is similar to that of the imagines. Larvae undergo 5 ecdyses. Miridae of the European U.S.S.R. hibernate mainly as eggs; most other families hibernate as adults, but there are exceptions in both groups. Hibernation of larvae, or of various stages of development at the same time, is rarely observed. Some species migrate to adjacent forests or mountains for hibernation. Usually one generation per year; in the South and in some smaller species there may be two or more generations. There are a number of serious agricultural and silvicultural pests among the Hemiptera, e.g., Eurygaster integriceps, "pointheaded bug," Eurydema, Stephanitis pyri, "meadow bug,"

Adelphocoris lineolatus, Polyrnerus cognatus, etc. Sucking on the vegetative organs of the plant is injurious to sprouts; in adult plants it is injurious only in heavy infestations. Much greater damage is caused by infestation of ovaries and seeds, reducing the yield, the rate of germination and the value of the seeds. Some species transmit viral diseases of plants. The harm caused to man by bed bugs is well known. Water bugs serve as food for fish, but sometimes they destroy spawn and fry. Predacious bugs, especially some species of Anthocoridae, Nabidae and Miridae, reduce the number of agricultural pests and may be used in biological control.

Aquatic Hemiptera are usually collected with a hand net. They are kept in 70% alcohol. Terrestrial Hemiptera are collected on herbs, shrubs and trees with a hand net or on the soil; litter and plant organs near the roots are examined. Species living under bark, in the soil, on shores, etc. are collected by’ special methods (aspirators). The specimens are killed in a cyanide bottle, with chloroform or ether. Large species with hard integument are pinned on the left side of the scutellum; smaller species, narrow insects (Berytidae) :and delicate species (Miridae, Nabidae) are glued to pieces of cardboard which are then pinned. Antennae and legs should be spread (as,in Figures 274; 1; 275, 1); wings should not be spread. Thirty to forty thousand species of Hemiptera are known. They are divided into about SOIfamilies. More than 2000 species of 40 families have been recorded from the U.S.S.R. In.the European U.S.S.R. there are about 430 genera and more than 1200 species. The fauna of Hemiptera is richer : in the South and in dry regions. The classification of the order into families is not definitely settled. We have adopted a detailed, recent classification. ’

LITERATURE. Bianki.V.L. and A.N. Kirichenko. Nasekomye potuzhestkokrylye (Hemiptera).Kirichenko. A.M. Nasioyashclue poluzhestkokrylye evropeiskoi

Prakticheshaya entomologiya, 4. 1923;

chasti SSSR (opredeliteP i bibliografiya) (Bugs of the European U.S.S.R. (Key and Bibltography^).MoscowLeningrad, 1951; Kirichenko, A.N. Melody sboca nasioyashchikh poluzhesckokrylykh i izucheniya mescnykh fauny. Izdanie vtoroe (Methods for the Collection of Bugs and Study of Local Faunae. Second Edition).-Moskva-Leningrad, 1957; Puchkov, V.G. and L.V. Puchkova. Yaiisa i lichinki nasioyashchikh poluzhesikokrylykhvrediieleisel’skokhozyaistvennykhkul’tur (Eggs and Larvae of Hemipterous Agricultural Pests).Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Eniomologicheskogo Obshchestva, No. 45. 1956; Guide, J. Die Wanzen Mitieleuropas, II-IX, XII.-Frankfurt a. M., 1933-1941; Hoberlandt, L. Plostice -Heteroptera.Klic zvireny CSK. Ill, Praha, 1959; Macan, T.T.i A Revised Key to the British Waierbugs.-Freshw. Biol. Ass. Sci. Publ., 16, 1956; Oshanin, B. Verzeichnis der pataearktischen Hemipteren mit besonderer Berlick’sichtigung ihrer Verbreitung im Russischen Reiche, IIII. Pritozhenie k Ezhegodniku Zoologicheskogo . muzeya Akademii Nauk, XI-XII1. XV, 1906-1910; Oshanin, B. Katalog der palaarktischen Hemipteren.Berlin, 1912; Poisson. R. HeiSropleres aquatiqu&s. Faune de France, 61, Paris, 195’;; Southwood, T.R.E. and D. Lesion. Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles.London, 1959; Stichel, W, lUustrierte Bestimn-iungstabeHen der Wanzen. 11, Europa.Berlin, 19551962: Wagner, E. Heteroptera. (Hemiptera). Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, 4, 3. Xa. Leipzig, 1961.

Key to.Families 660

1 (2).

Each pair of legs of different structure (Figure 276, I): a) forelegs: short; tarsi single-segmented, usually spatulate or spoonlike, flattened, sometimes rodlike, with rows of long setae; fore tarsi with one claw, usually setalike or lobe-shaped; b) midlegs long and slender, prehensile, with one-segmented tarsus with 2 very long, slightly curved, pointed claws; c) hind legs oar-shaped, with 2-segmented flattened tarsi, their margin densely covered with long hairs and with reduced claws. Proboscis very short, not distinctly segmented, broad, with rounded end, immovably^ fused with anterior end of head and constituting the anterior part of the head; anterior side of proboscis usually with transverse ribs. Antenna much shorter than head, 3- or 4~ segmented, situated ventral to eyes ........ 1. Corixidae (p. 863).

FIGURE 276. Hemiptera (afrer.Jensen-Haartip, Macan and Slichel)

1Sigara

falleni; 2Nepa

aestivaiis; 5Notonecta

cimicoides; 4Aphelocheiru; leachi; 7Hebrus pusillus; 8Mesov

cinerea; 8Ilyocoris

glauca; 6Plea

furcata; 9-Velia caprai.

2 (1).

Legs of different structure; if all legs are not similar, at least fore- and middle legs or middle and hind legs are similar. Proboscis always distinctly segmented, movably connected with

head. 3 (14). Antennae much shorter than head, situated ventral to eyes, not visible or almost not visible in dorsal view. 4 (5). Ocelli present. All 3 pairs of legs cursorial, similar. Living on humid soil on shores ................. 2. Ochteridae (p. 881). 5 (4). Ocelli absent. Aquatic. 6 (7). End of abdomen with long respiratory tube consisting of 2 troughshaped halves (Figure 276, 2). Forelegs raptorial, fore tibiae and tarsi apposable to femora like blades of a penknife (Figure 276, 2); middle and hind legs more ambulatory than natatorial (Figure 276, 2). Proboscis short, directed anteriad and slightly ventrad (Figure 276, 2) .......... 7. Nepidae (p. 884). 7 (6). End of abdomen without long respiratory tube. Proboscis recurved on to ventral side of head and body. 8(11). Body dorsoventrally flattened, broad, elliptical or ovoid (Figure 276, 3,4); dorsum slightly convex. Hemelytra lying almost flat on back. Swimming in normal position. 9 (10). Anterior outline of head broadly rounded in dorsal view; dorsal side of head almost twice as broad as long (Figure 276, 3). Proboscis short, reaching only coxae of forelegs. Forelegs raptorial, tibiae and tarsi apposable to femora like blades of penknife; fore tarsi one-segmented, without claws ............... ....................................... 3. Naucoridae (p.881).

10 (9).

11 (8).

12 (13).

13 (12).

14 (3).

15 (24).

16 (17).

Anterior outline of head triangular-parabolic in dorsal view, slightly broader than long (Figure 276, 4). Proboscis long, reaching metathorax ................ 4. Aphelocheiridae (p. 882). Body laterally compressed, high; dorsum strongly convex, like the bottom of a boat (Figure 276, 5,6). Hemelytra lying rooflike on back, with 2 slopes, forming a distinct rib in posterior half of dorsum. Swimming with venter upwards. Body elongate, about 2.5-3 times as long as broad (Figure 276,5). Hind legs long, oar-shaped, with dense natatorial hairs .......... ..................................... 5. Notonectidae (p.882). Body short and thick, about twice as long as broad (Figure 276,6). Heroelytra without membranes, not overlapping in posterior part of dorsum. Legs moderately hairy, not very long ............... .......................................... 6. Pleidae (p.883). Antennae long, longer than head or at least as long as head, well visible in dorsal view; antennae sometimes hidden under body at rest. Living on land or on the surface of water. Venter of body covered with dense, short, adpressed iridescent silvery hydrofuge hairs (especially in lateral view). Living on surface of water, sometimes in humid moss or on humid shores. Antennae 5-s.egmented t (Figure 276, 7; border between 4th and 5th segment sometimes not quite distinct). Insects small, up to 2.0 long 8. Hebridae (p.884). Antennae 4-segmentedtt (Figures 276, 8,9; 277. 1,2). Claws situated at end of last tarsal segment. Tarsi of all legs 3-segmented. Scutellum of macropterous forms free, not covered by laminate process of posterior margin of pronotum. Body oblong, in female oblong-oval, not rodlike (Figure 276,8). Head not elongate; eyes situated in basal part of head, near anterior, margin of prothorax (Figure 276, 8). Coxae of hind legs large, more or less conical, close together. Female with welldeveloped ovipositor .................. 9. Mesoveliidae (p. 885). Body very elongate, slender and narrow, rodlike (Figure 277,1). Head very elongate. Us anterior end flask-shaped; eyes far anterior to margin of prothorax (Figure 277. 1). Coxae of hind legs small, rounded, widely separated. Ovipositor reduced ...... .................................. 10. Hydrometridae (p. 886). Claws situated in lateral depression before end of last tarsal segment. Tarsi 3-, 2- or 1-segmented. Scutellum of macropterous forms covered by laminate process of posterior margin of pronotum (Figure 277, 2). Body little or moderately elongate (Figure 276, 9). Basis of middle legs; more or less equally distant from basis of foreand hind legs (Figure 276, 9). Middle and hind legs slightly longer thanjforelegs (Figure 276, 9). Femora of hind legs not reaching beyond end of abdomen............11. Veliidae (p. 886).

...;..............:...............

17(16). 18 (21).

19 (20).

20(19).

21 (18).

22 (23).

+ tt

Supplementary segments may be present between the principal aniennal segments in these should not be counted. See preceding footnote. ;

858

various

species;

HEMIPTERA

23 (22). Body (of the species dealt with in this key) distinctly elongate (Figure 271, 2). Basis of middle legs close to basis of hind legs and distant from basis of forelegs (Figure 277,2). Middle and

legs very long, much longer than forelegs (Figure 277,2). Femora of hind legs reaching beyond end of abdomen ............. ........................................ 12. Gerridae (p.889).

hind

FIGURE 277. Hemiptera (after

Wagner, Hoberlandt, Kirichenko, Macan and original)

stagnorum; 2Gerris lacusiris; 3 Ceratocom bus coleoptratus, antenna; 4Phymata crassipes, head, lateral; 5Enapicoris 1Hydrometra

cu lici formis, same; 6Nabis

rugosus, same; 7Anthocoris

hemelytron (clclavus. corcorium, embembolium, 8D icranocephalus agilis, head, dorsal.

24(15). Venter of body

cuncuneus,

neinorum,

mmmembrane);

without dense, short, adpressed iridescent silvery hairs, but often covered with different hairs. Mainly terrestrial, sometimes occurring on aerial parts of aquatic plants or on humid shores.

859

25 (64). Antennae 4-segmented. rarely with small intercalary segments; antennal sockets not covered dorsally by lateral margin of head. Scutellum usually small, covering less than 1/3 of length of

abdomen. 26 (27). 1st and 2nd antennal segments thick and short; 3rd and 4th antennal segments very slender, filiform, long, covered with long projecting hairs; 3rd antennal segment much longer than 662 2nd segment (Figure 277.3). Small, delicate species (0.8-2.6).....

-

.................................... 15. Dipsocoridae (p.897). 27 (26). Antennae of different form; if the 3rd antennal segment is longer than the 2nd segment (Tingidae, part of Aradidae, etc.), U is thicker, not filiform, and body with more or less hard integument, usually larger than 2.6. (29). Fore femora markedly thickened and widened; fore tibiae sword28 shaped, half as long as femora and closely apposed to them; fore tarsi of species of the U.S.S.R. very short, displaced to side of tibia. Eyes and ocelli displaced to sides of head, not visible in dorsal view. Proboscis short, almost completely covered laterally. Lateral margins of abdomen widened and more or less raised. Apex of antennae lying in groove on ventral side of propleura at rest (Figure 277, 4) ............ 24. Phymatidae (p.1024). 29 (28). Forelegs of different structure, often thicker than middle and hind legs or with various denticles, however not very much differing from middle and hind legs. Eyes and ocelli (if present) visible in dorsal view. 30(33). Proboscis curved, not contiguous with venter (Figure 277, 5,6), 663 often short and thick, beak-shaped. Longer than 6.0; if shorter (3.6-5.2), the insect resembles a small mosquito (Empicoris), or fore and middle femora with a row of denticles (A 11 o e o rhynchus). Inner side of apex of fore tibiae often with small velvety area (so-called porous so’le). If hemelytra entire, membrane with 2-4 cells from which originate more or less straight

veins. 31 (32). Proboscis 3-segmented (Figure 277,5). Dorsum of head with transverse groove separating vertex; vertex with ocelli, rarely without ocelli. Membrane with 2 cells at base and 2 or 3 veins

originating from them .................. 23. Reduviidae (p.1017). 32 (31). Proboscis 4-segmented, the 1st segment very short (Figure 277,6). Head without transverse groove anterior to ocelli. Membrane of macropterous forms with 3 or 4 oblong cells from which originate 6-10 veins ............................... 16. Nabidae (p. 898). 33 (30). Proboscis usually not curved,. apposed to venter at rest; if proboscis curved (some Anthocoridae, Saldidae, etc.), body usually shorter (often much shorter) than 6.0, and membrane without distinct venation or with 2-5 closed cells from which no veins originate. 34 (35). Pronotum pentagonal; posterior margin of pronotum produced into large triangular process which is pointed or rounded, completely or almost completely covering scutellum. Hemelytra and pronotum with cellular or reticulate sculpture. Hemelytra always cover abdomen completely. Tarsi 2-segmented. Ocelli absent.................................. 22. Tingidae (p.1003).

35 (34). Pronotum tetragonal, rarely hexagonal; posterior margin of pronotum without triangular process; scutellum sometimes small, but always free dorsally. If hemelytra and pronotum with reticulate or cellular structure, ocelli of macropterous form distinct.

-

36 (45). Mesothorax and metathorax with separate pleurites (Figure 274,2); sutures on pleura rarely indistinct; in this case clypeus triangular (base of triangle anteriorly) (Cimicidae). If hemelytra complete, cuneus separated by distinct suture (Figure 274, 1), except in rare cases, e.g., Pithanus and Myrmecoris. However, hemelytra often short- Male parameres asymmetrical, markedly different in shape, right paramere t usually shorter than left paramere (as in Figure 274, 8,9), sometimes almost completely reduced (some Anthocoridae). Female with ovipositor (Figure 274. 12) situated in genital slit at apex of abdomen. Integument of body usually soft. 37 (44). Tarsi 3 segmented,, or only fore tarsi 2-segmented (some Anthocoridae), very rarely all tarsi 2-segmented (Fulvius), in this case more than 3.3 long. 38 (41). Proboscis 4-segmented. Hemelytra without emboliuin (Figure 274,1); membrane with 2 cells, rarely with one cell; hemelytra often short. 39 (40). Ocelli present. Head markedly flattened anteriorly, in form of rectangular plate in front view; eyes situated in dorsolateral corners of plate, and antennae situated below its ventral margin (Figure 289, 1,3) .................... 20. Isoxnetopidae (p. 913). 40 (39). Ocelli absent. Head not flattened anteriorly; head usually triangular in front view (Figure 274, 4,5) ...................... ......................................... 21. Miridae (p.913). 41 (38). Proboscis 3-segmented. 42 (43). Ocelli absent. Clypeus triangular (base of triangle anteriorly). Hemelytra always much shortened. Parasites of man, mammals and birds .............................. 19. Cimicidae (p. 912). 43 (42). Ocelli present. Habitus different. Clypeus with more or less

44 45

46 47

664

parallel sides. Hemelytra usually entire, with distinctly separate embolium (Figure 277,7); membrane with indistinct venation or one triangular cell; hemelytra rarely shortened ..................... ..................................... 18. Anthocoridae (p. 906). (37). Tarsi of all legs 2-segmented. Very small; species of the European U.S.S.R. 1-2,5 ............ 17. Microphysidae (p. 904). (36). Mesothorax and metathorax entire, with fused pleurites. Hemelytra without cuneus or embolium. Parameres of male symmetrical. Female genitalia forming ovipositor or a genital plate. Body usually with hard integument. (49). Tarsi 2-segmented. (48). Scutellum very small, 1/6 to 1/3 as long as pronotum. Clavus of hemelytra not tapering posteriorly, contiguous posterior to scutellum, formingcommissure of hemelytra. Pronotum and hemelytra with cellular sculpture. Hemelytra covering the whole dorsum (Figure 322,2)........................ 26. Piesmatidae (p.1028).

t The right paramere

is that on the

right

side when the dorsum

away from the observer.

861

of the

insect is turned

upwards and its head

48 (47). Scutellum large, triangular or semicircular, longer or only slightly shorter than pronotum. Clavus of hemelytra tapering posteriorly, not contiguous posterior to scutellum. Pronotum and hemelytra without cellular sculpture. Hemelytra at least not covering part of sides of abdomen (Figure 322,1)................. ........................................ 25. Aradidae (p.1024). 49 (46). Tarsi 3-segmented. 50 (53). Ocelli contiguous or separated; in this case, distance between them not greater than diameter of ocellus. Membrane with 4 or 5 oblong cells (sometimes not very distinct); no veins originating from them (Figure 285, 1-4). Eyes very large. 51 (52). Ocelli not situated on tubercle. Surface of hemelytra without spines ................................. 13. Saldidae (p.891). 52 (51). Ocelli together situated on stylelike tubercle. Surface of hemelytra, sometimes also of forelegs, eyes, and pronotum with spines .. .................................... 14. Leptopodidae (p.896). 53 (50). Ocelli separated, distance between them larger than diameter of ocellus, or ocelli absent. Proboscis distinctly 4-segmented. Membrane with longitudinal veins, sometimes also with additional closed cells at base; venation of membrane sometimes indistinct or reduced. 54 (59). Membrane of hemelytra with few veins (not more than 8); veins sometimes indistinct. If hemelytra shortened, and membrane incomplete or absent (rather common), body not green and without green spots, usually less than 7.0 long. 55 (56). Ocelli absent, body longer than 6,0 ... 29. pyrrnocondae (p.1070). 56 (55). Ocelli present, but very small; if ocelli absent (some Lygaeidae), body much less than 6.0 long. 57 (58). Antennae geniculate; 1st antennal segment much longer than head, its apex and frequently apex of femora clavate. Head with transverse groove anterior to ocelli. Eyes at middle of sides of head . ....................................... 27. Berytidae (p.1029). 58 (57). Antennae not geniculate, of different structure. Head without transverse groove anterior to ocelli. Eyes (except in Bogdiana) closer to posterior margin of head...................... ....................................... 28. Lygaeidae (p.1034). 59 (54). Membrane of hemelytra with numerous longitudinal veins which sometimes anastomose; if membrane incomplete (Myrmus), body markedly elongate, at least partly green, more than 7.0 long. Ocelli always present. 60 (63). Openings of scent glands distinct, often ear-shaped. Genital segment of male and female not invaginated in abdomen. 61(62). Genae conical, pointed, reaching markedly beyond apex of clypeus (Figure 277.8). Antennae with broad dark and whitish rings.. Female with ovipositor ....... 30. ’Stenocephaltdae (p.1071). 62 (61), Genae not conical, shorter than clypeus. Antennae of different color, often uniformly colored. Female without ovipositor ....... ........................................ 31. Coreidae (p.1072). 63 (60). Openings of scent glands indistinct, situated between middle and hind tarsi; if openings of scent glands distinct, they are not .

862

ear-shaped (Figure 329, 8). Genital segment invaginated in abdomen (Figures 329, 10-15; 330, 3-8; 331, 1-7) ...................................... 32. Rhopalidae (p.1079). 64 (25). Antennae 5-segmented; base of antennae dorsally covered by lateral margins of head. Scutellum large, covering not less than 1/3 of length of abdomen, often covering almost the whole ................

65 (68). 66 (67).

dorsum. Tarsi 2-segmented.

Scutellum rounded, reaching apex of abdomen. Hemelytra folded in two under Scutellum; spread hemelytra longer than Species of the European U.S.S.R. almost hemispherical and almost completely black 33. Plataspidae (p.1084). 67 (66). Scutellum triangular, at most covering 2/3 of length of abdomen. Hemelytra not longer than body. Body not hemispherical or black ................................ 34. Acanthosomatidae (p.1085).

body.

............

.

68 (65).

3-segmented. 69 (70). Tibiae with long thick spines; legs fossorial. Abdominal sternum II completely or almost completely covered by meta" thorax ................................. 35. Cydnidae (p.1086). 70 (69). Tibiae without long thick spines; if spines present, they are thin or short (Psacasta, Vilpianus, Menaccarus, Odontoscelis). Abdominal sternum II free, so that 6 abdominal segments are visible in addition to genital segment. 71 (72). Scutellum very large, covering almost the whole abdomen and reaching its apex; base of scutellum broader than posterior margin of pronotum between its posterior corners (but not between its lateral corners ) (Figure 338. 1) Tarsi

.....................

.................................... 36. ScuteUeridae (p.1092). 72 (71). Scutellum either covering, less than 2/3 of length of abdomen, or reaching apex of abdomen (Podopinae); in this case, base of scutellum narrower than pronotum between Us posterior corners ............................ 37. Pentatomidae (p.1097).

665

i

1.

Family CORIXIDAE

Head vertical; anterior part of head directed ventrad and bent under thorax. Labrum completely concealed in proboscis, i.e., inside the, labium. Palearctic species without ocelli. Abdominal segments and copulatory apparatus of male asymmetrical; abdominal tergum VI almost always with strigil consisting of one or several crests. Female without ovipositor. Adults and larvae with well-developed and functional scent glands. Feeding on plants and animals; sometimes exterminating larvae of mosquitoes. Aquatic, swimming well in normal position; in the European U.S.S.R. hibernating in the water. Most species fly well, and are often attracted to light at night. World fauna consisting of about 600 species. About 50 species.

Key to Genera 1 (12).

Scutellum covered by posterior margin of pronotum (Figure 276,1). Antennae 4-segmented; 3rd antennal segment longest. Claws of

863

.

hind tarsi reduced, located laterally, not reaching end of 2nd segment. (Subfamily Corixinae).

FIGURE 278. Hemiptera. Family Corixidae (after Yaczewski) punctaia. lateral lobe of prothorax; 2 Sigara falleni, same; 3 G laenococisa bonsdorffi, male, foreleg; 5-8Corixa propinqua, head and pronotum, dorsal; 4Cymaiia dencipes; 5 end of femur and base of tibia ofmidlegs of male and female; 6foreleg of male; 7-strigil; 8-left paramere; 9-C. punctata, left paramere of male; 10,11-C, jakowleffi. male: 10fore tarsus; 11left paramere; 12,13C. panzeri, male: 12fore tarsus; 13-left paramere; 14C. affinis, left paramece of male; 15,16 C. parallela, male: 15fore tarsus; 16right paramere; 17 C. sahlbergi, fore tarsus of male.

1 Corixa

2 (11). Anterior side of proboscis with transverse ribs. Tarsi of forelegs widened, spatulate or spoon-shaped, in male with 1 or 2 rows of short thick spinules pointing in different directions (Figure 278, 6,10, etc.). Males of most species with strigil (Figure 278,7, etc.). 3 (6). Lateral lobes of prothorax trapezoidal, truncate (Figure 278,1). Strigil of male large, longitudinally elliptic (Figure 278,7). 4 (5). Fore tarsi light, not blackish or dark brown apically; dorsal margin of fore tarsi of male more or less parallel to ventral margin for a large distance, sharply curved apically toward base of claw; fore tarsi of male with one row of spinules more or less parallel to curve of dorsal margin of tarsus (Figure 278, 6,10, etc.) ........................................ 1. Corixa. 5 (4). Fore tarsi blackish or dark brown apically (Figure 279, 11). Male abdomen with right-sided asymmetry, i.e., copulatory apparatus directed to the right and strigil situated on right side

6 (3).

(Figure 279, 12)

............................

2. Parasigara.

Lateral lobes of prothorax tongue-shaped, more or less rounded (Figure 278,2); if truncate, insects small, up to 6.0, pronotum and hemelytra smooth, without sculpture of delicate longitudinal grooves; asymmetry of abdomen of male left-sided.

864

Asymmetry of abdomen of male left-sided. Pronotum and hemelytra almost without longitudinal grooves. No distinct oblique light stripe between corium and membrane ............... .............................................. 3. Heliocorisa. 8 (7). Asymmetry of male abdomen right-sided. A well-marked oblique light stripe almost always present between corium and membrane. 9 (10). Eyes moderately convex; margin of head narrow posterior to eyes. Frons of female convex. Fore tarsi of male without spinules passing into setae (Figures 279, 17,19; 280, 2, etc.)-. .................................................. 4. Sigara. 10 (9). Eyes strongly convex; margin of head broad posterior to eyes (Figure 278, 3). Frons of female flat; frons of male depressed; frons of both sexes densely covered with hairs. Fore tarsi of male with one row of spinules; spinules in distal part of row gradually passing into setae (Figure 282, 13,14) ................. .

11 (2).

.

..

.

7 (8).

............................................. 5. Glaenocorisa. Anterior side of proboscis smooth. Fore tarsi rodlike, without thickened spinules in male (Figure 278, 4). Asymmetry of male 6. Cymatia. abdomen right-sided; strigil absent Scutellum free. Antennae 3-segmented; 3rd antennal segment at of end of 2nd tarsal Claws hind situated tarsi segment. longest. 7. Micronecta. (Subfamily Micronectinae) ................

12 (1).

......................

Keys to Species of Family Corixidae

Eyes moderately convex; margin of head narrow posterior to eyes. Frons of female convex; frons of male depressed to a varying extent. Pronotum without longitudinal carina. Fore tibiae of male with subapical groups of spinelike short setae dorsally. An almost exclusively Holarctic genus to which belong the largest members of the family. About 40 species in the genus. 10 species. 1.

1 (10).

2 (5). 3 (4).

Corixa Geoffr.

Pronotum and hemelytra smooth, without longitudinal grooves. Asymmetry of male abdomen left-sided t. (Subgenus Corixa Geoffr.). Larger species. Claws of middle legs markedly shorter than tarsi. Depression of frons of male very small. Inner side of middle tibiae of both sexes with semicircular notch at base (Figure 278,5). Male with denticle-shaped subapical group of densely standing spines on posterior side of middle femora (Figure 278, 5). Fore tarsus of male as in Figure 278, 6. Strigil of male large, longitudinally elliptic (Figure 278, 7). Left paramere of male as in Figure 278, 8. 13-16. Largest species of the family. Forest zone, rarely in the South, Crimea, Northern Caucasus, Siberia; northern and central Europe, Turkey ..........................:................ C. dentipes Thorns. Inner side of middle tibiae without semicircular notch at base. Posterior side of middle femora of male without denticle-shaped subapical group of densely standing spines. Fore tarsus of male .........

4 (3).

t Right-sided asymmetry

is

very rare

from Egypt or Yemen was reported

in to

species in the European U.S.S-R. right-sided asymmetry.

show

865

One male of

C, a

f finis Leach

5 (2). 6 (7).

as in C. dentipes. Strigil of male smaller. Left param ere of male as in Figure 278, 9. 13-15. Widely distributed in the West and South, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; almost throughout Europe, Mediterranean countries, Southwest Asia to Pakistan, India and western Sinkiang in China ............ ............................................... C. punctata III. Smaller species. Claws of midlegs only slightly shorter than tarsi, as long as tarsi or slightly longer than tarsi. Frons of male with only flat part instead of depression. Pronotum with about 12 light transverse stripes; some anterior stripes slightly more widely separated than the others. Claws of middle legs slightly shorter than tarsus. Fore tarsus of male as in Figure 278, 10. Strigil of male longitudinally elliptic. Left paramere of male as in Figure 278, 11. 10.5-1.1. Stavropol Territory, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Southwest Asia. Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Palestine ..................

........................................... C. jakowleffi Horv. Frons of male with distinct depression. Anterior light transverse stripes of pronotum not more widely separated than the others. 8 (9). Slightly larger species. Frontal depression of male well marked, large, broad and deep. Pronotum with about 12 transverse light stripes. Claws of middle legs shorter than tarsi. Fore tarsi of 367 male widened toward apex, with more than 30 spinules (Figure 278, 12). Strigil of male longitudinally elliptic. Left paramere of male as in Figure 278, 13. 10.5-12. South, Caucasus, Transcaucasia; Western Europe, Southwest Asia. The distribution of the species should be verified, as the species was confused for a long time with C. affi ni s C. panzeri Fieb. 9 (8). Slightly smaller species. Frontal depression of male less well marked, narrower and shallower. Pronotum with about 14 or 15 light transverse stripes. Claws of middle legs as long as tarsus or even longer. Fore tarsus of male comparatively narrow, with less than 30 spinules. Strigilof male longitudinally elliptical. Left paramere of male as in Figure 278, 14. 8-10. South, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; Western Europe, Mediterranean countries, Southwest Asia to Pakistan and India ........... C. aftinis Leach. 10 (1). Pronotum and hemelytra of species of the European U.S.S.R. with distinct and usually well-marked longitudinal grooves. Asymmetry of male abdomen right-sided. (Subgenus H e spe roco rixaKirk.). 11 (12). Pronotum with about 11 light transverse stripes. Light transverse stripes of hemelytra very regular, almost without gaps, usually broader- than dark spaces of background; pattern in apical corner of corium distinct. Frontal depression of male large and deep, its dorsal margin forming a distinct rib (especially well marked in lateral view). Fore tarsus of male with an isolated spinule near claw (Figure 278, 15) in addition to the row of spinules. Strigil of male longitudinally oblong. Right paramere of male falcate, pointed (Figure 278, 16). 8.5-9. Apparently a mountain species. Carpathians, Crimea, Caucasus, Transcaucasia; southeastern and partly central Europe, Asia Minor, Iran. C. (H.) parallela Fieb. 7 <6).

........

..............................................

..

.

12 (11). Pronotum with not more than 8 or 9 light transverse stripes. Frontal depression of male less well marked, with rounded margins. Right paramere of male with blunt end (Figure 279,

2,3,7,10). 13 (14). Pronotum with 7-9 light transverse stripes. Pattern on apical corner of corium indistinct. Fore tarsusof male as in Figure 278, 17. Strigil of male as in Figure 279,1. Right paramere of male as in Figure 279, 2. 8-9. Widely distributed, but rarer in the South; Siberia; almost throughout Europe ........ C. (H.) sahlbergi Fieb. 14 (13). Pronotum comparatively short, half as long as broad, with not more than 6 light transverse stripes. 15 (16). Pattern of hemelytra distinct throughout, particularly in apical corner of corium and on membrane; light transverse stripes regular but narrow, almost without gaps. Fore tarsus of male as in C.(H.) sahlbergi. Strigil of male longitudinally elliptic. Right paramere of male much smaller than in C.(H.) sahlbergi

(Figure 279,3). 7-8. Almost everywhere, Siberia; almost C. (H.) linnaei Fieb. throughout Europe, Mediterranean area 16 (15). Pattern of hemelytra indistinct in distal part of corium and on ......

membrane which is almost uniformly brown. Smaller species. 17 (18). Broader and slightly larger species. Frontal depression of male very shallow. Fore tarsus of male as in Figure 279, 4. Strigil of male broadly elliptic (Figure 279, 5). Abdominal tergum VIZ of male with small process in middle of posterior margin which bears a group of long hairs (Figure 279,6). Right paramere of male broad (Figure 279,7). 5-6. Northwest, West, Bryansk Region, Ukraine; a large part of Europe, Algeria, Tunisia C. (H.)moesta Fieb. 18 (17). Narrower and smaller species. Anterior outline of head more convex than in C.(H.) moesta. Frontal depression of male deeper. Fore tarsus of male as in C. (H.) moesta. Strigil of male narrower (Figure 279, 8). Posterior margin of abdominal tergum VII of male almost straight, without group of hairs (Figure 279, 9). .Right paramere of male narrower (Figure 279,10). 4.5-5. Western, northern and central Europe; probably occurs in the west of the European U.S.S.R. .C. (H.) castanea Thorns. .......

..........................................

.....

Parasigara Poiss. Pronotum and hemelytra with well-marked longitudinal grooves. Frons of female convex; frons of male with a very shallow depression or almost without depression. Strigil of male large, longitudinally elliptic. The genus is apparently closely related to the subgenus Hesperocorixa Kirk. and could be considered as a subgenus of the genus Corixa Geoffr. Mainly west-Mediterranean; 3 species described. 1 species. 2.

1 (1).

Pronotum with 7 light transverse stripes. Light transverse stripes on hemelytra regular, with several gaps. Fore tarsi of male with markedly curved dorsal margin and with a row of spinules (Figure 279, 11). Strigil of male as in Figure 279, 12. Right paramere of male as in Figure 279, 13. 7-8. Crimea, western Caucasus, Transcaucasia; Mediterranean area, especially western part ............................... P. transversa Fieb.

3. Heliocorisa Lundbl. Genus containing only 1 species which probably occurs in the southeastern regions of the European U.S.S.R.

FIGURE 279, Hemiptera. Family Corixidae

(after Lundblad and Yaczewski)

1,2Corixa sahlbergi, mate: strigil; 2right paramere; 8C.Iinnaei, mate, right paramere: 4-’? C. moesta, male: 4fore tarsus; 5strigil; 6abdominal tergum VII; ’7right pacam&re; 8-10 c. casianea. male: 8strigil; Sabdominal tergum VII; 10right paramere; 11-13 Parasigara transversa, male; 11fore Tarsus; 12strigil; 13right paramere; 14-16 Heliocorisa vermiculata. male: 14fore tarsus; 15strigil; 16left paramere; 17,18Sigara hellensi, male: 17 fore tarsus; 18right paramere; 19.20S. carinata. male: 19fore tarsus; 20strigil.

1 (1).

Frontal depression of male large, covered with hairs; frons of female convex. Fore tarsus of male with a row of spinules divided into 2 parts: 1) a distal part consisting of densely standing spinules; 2) a proximal part, consisting of more widely separated spinules (Figure 279, 14). Strigil of male as in Figure 279, 15. Left paramere of male blunt (Figure 279,16). 5.5-6.’ Southern Spain, North Africa, Turkey, Iraq, Iran; not yet found in the European U.S.S.R.; recorded from Transcaucasia and

Soviet Central Asia ......................... H. verroiculata Put.

Sigara F. Frons of female convex, in male with depression present to a varying extent. Species of this genus show many differences in morphological characters. A number of authors described, therefore, a considerable number of subgenera. These subgenera are apparently groups of closely related species which hardly deserve to be considered as subgenera, as their morphological-biotic adaptations are very similar. In its broad sense the genus consists of several hundred species. About 25 species. 4.

1 (2).

Pronotum with a light longitudinal stripe in the middle and with 4 or 5 light transverse stripes; margins of pronotum with light edge. Hemelytra with light stripes along claval suture, outer margin of corium and between corium and membrane in addition to transverse light stripes. Light pattern on pronotum and hemelytra clearly visible on dark brown background. (Subgenus Microsigara Poiss.). Fore tarsus of male with 2 rows of spinules (Figure 279, 17). Strigil of male

small. Right paramere of male as in Figure 279, 18. 4-5. Rheophilous. Northwest, North, West, Center; northern and central Europe. The distribution of the species is little known ...................................... S. (M.) hellensi C. Sahib. Pronotum only with transverse light stripes, without longitudinal stripe in the middle. Pronotum with distinct longitudinal carina almost its whole length and with about 10 light transverse stripes (subgenus A r c t o c o r i s a Wall.). Fore tarsus of male with one row of spinules, which are more widely separated in the middle (Figure 279. 19). Strigil of male round, medium-sized (Figure 279, 20). Apical denticle of right paramere of male longer than subapical denticle (Figure 280, 1). 8-9. Boreal-Alpine. North, Siberia; northern Europe and mountains of central and even southern Europe, Mongolia ...................................... S.(A.) carinata C. Sahib. -

....

.............

Fore tarsus of male with one row of spinules; median spines not more widely separated than the others (Figure 280, 2). Strigil of male large, almost quadrangular (Figure 280, 3). Right paramere of male with subapical denticle which is as long as the apical denticle or even longer (Figure 280, 4). 8-9. East, Siberia; Mongolia, northern and central Europe ............ .........................................

S. (A.) germari Eieb.

6 (3).

Pronotum without carina or with only a rudimentary carina in the form of an oblong tubercle at anterior margin. 7 (16). Pronotum with indistinct longitudinal stripes or almost without stripes, smooth; hemelytra almost without longitudinal grooves, smooth. Light transverse stripes on hemelytra more regular only at base of clavus. 2nd segment of hind tarsi completely (or at least at inner margin) black or brown. 8 (11). Frontal depression of male well developed, simple. 2nd segment of hind tarsi with blackish color. (Subgenus Vermicorixa 9 (10).

10 (9).

Walt.). Frons of male in dorsal view moderately protruding between eyes, forming a rounded arc. Strigil of male very small (Figure 280, 5). Pronotum with shallow longitudinal grooves. Light transverse stripes on hemelytra narrow and close together, on cerium interrupted by 2 or 3 longitudinal dark stripes of the background. Large part of venter of male light. Whole venter of female light. Pore tarsus of male as in Figure 280,6. Rightparamere ofmaleasin Figure 280,7. 5-6.5. Widely distributed, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia, almost throughout Europe, Mediterranean countries, northern and northwestern Africa, West and Southwest Asia, reaching Mongolia and China ........... ........................................S. (V.) lateralis Leach. Frons of male in dorsal aspect markedly protruding between eyes, forming an angular arc. Edge forming dorsal margin of frontal depression of male slightly raised in the middle, which is well visible in lateral view. Strigil of male reduced, only its stalk present. Light stripes on hemelytra broader than in S. (V.) lateralis, and dark background reduced to thin dark lines between the light stripes. Venter of male completely black; venter of female partly black. Fore tarsus of male as in Figure 280, 8. Right paramere of male as in Figure 280, 9. 5-5.5. Southern Europe, Mediterranean area. Black Sea coast of Bulgaria; possibly also occurs in the south of the European U.S.S.R. ......................................... S. (V.) scripta Ramb. Frontal depression of male divided by a transverse ridge or rib into 2 parts. 2nd segment of hind tarsi with brownish color. Right paramere of male with 2 terminal denticles (Figure 280, ...........

11 (8).

11,13,16). (Subgenus Halicorixa Walt.). 12 (13). Frontal depression of male deeper; ridge dividing it into 2 parts at level of middle of inner margins of eyes. Fore tarsus of male comparatively narrow, proximal part of its dorsal margin almost parallel to ventral margin (Figure 280, 10). Strigil of male small. with 3 crests. Right paramere of male as in Figure 280, 11. 5.0. Apparently halophiious. Recorded from the lower reaches of the Kuma and from Dagestan; these data have to be confirmed; Western and southern Europe, Mediterranean area

...............

13 (12).

.......................................... S. (H.) selecta Fieb. Frontal depression of male shallower; ridge dividing it into 2 parts at level of ventral corners of eyes. Proximal part of dorsal margin of fore tarsus of male strongly curved (Figure 280,

12,14,15).

14 (15).

Both parts of frontal depression of male lie on one plane. Fore tarsus of male half-heart-shaped, proximal part of its dorsal margin forming a strongly convex arc (Figure 280, 12). Strigil of male with 2 crests. Right paramere of male as in Figure 280, 13. 6.5-6.75. Apparently halophUous. Southeastern Europe, Black Sea coast of Rumania and Bulgaria, Asia Minor, eastern Mediterranean area; probably occurs in the south of the European U.S.S.R. S. (H.) mayri Fieb. Dorsal and ventral part of frontal depression of male on different planes, forming a blunt angle, which is well visible in lateral view. Fore tarsus of male semi-ovoid; proximal part of its dorsal margin forming a less convex arc (Figure 280, 14) than in S. mayri. Strigil of male with one crest. Right paramere of male as in Figure 280, 16. 6-7. Apparently halophilous. South, Caucasus; Western and southern Europe, Mediterranean area. Black Sea area, Iran. In the U.S.S.R. represented by an eastern subspecies S.(H.) stagnalis pontica Jacz., which differs from the western subspecies in the narrower fore tarsus S. (H.) stagnalis Leach. of the male (Figure 280, 15) Pronotum and at least basal half of hemelytra .with more or less distinct longitudinal grooves. Light transverse stripes on hemelytra (especially on clavus) more regular. Hind tarsi with distinct black or blackish spots of various shape and position. Strigil of male absent, even its stalk absent. Dark spot at end of 1st and base tarsal segment and on almost the whole 2nd segment. Fore tarsus of male with one row of spinules (Figure 280,17). (Subgenus Paracorixa Stich.). Dark spot on hind tarsi present on 1st segment and at base of 2nd segment. Fore tarsus of male as in Figure 280, 17. Right paramere of male as in Figure 280, 18. 7-7.5. Possibly halophilous to some extent. Everywhere, except in the North, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia, Siberia; central, southeastern and rarely western Europe, Asia Minor, Mongolia S. (P.) concinna Fieb. End of 1st tarsal segment and almost the whole 2nd tarsal segment, except its tip, dark. Fore tarsus of male inflated externally, thicker than in S. concinna. Right paramere of male as in Figure 280, 21. 6-7. Stavropol Territory, Chechen-Ingush ASSR, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia S. (P.) caspica Horv. Dark spot on hind tarsi mainly present in apical part of 1st segment; 2nd segment light or dark only at apex and at the margin; base of 2nd segment of hind tarsi always light. Fore tarsus of male with 2 rows of spinules (Figures .280, 19; 281, 1,3, 5,7). (Subgenus Callicorixa B. White). 1st segment of hind tarsi with black border in apical half which is especially marked at the inner margin; 2nd segment also usually black at the end and at the margin. Fore tarsus of male relatively long and slender, with black dorsal margin (Figure 280. 19). Middle femora with long natatorial hairs on

670 17 (30). 18 (21).

19 (20).

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

16 (7).

.

..............

15 (14).

.......

.........................................

20 (19).

.............

.........................................

21 (18).

22 (23).

posterior margin. Right paramere of male as in Figure 280, 20. 8.0. East, Southeast, widely distributed in Siberia and Central Asia .................................... S. (C.) gebleri Fieb. 23 (22). Black spots on hind tarsi of different shape. Fore tarsus of male shorter and broader, without black spot on dorsal margin. 24 (25). Fore femora of male with large dense group of long hairs on anterior side. Black spot at end of 1st segment of hind tarsi not very large and not quadrangular, often occupying only inner apical corner of segment. Middle femora with long natatorial hairs at posterior margin. Fore tarsus of male without subapical widening of dorsal margin (Figure 281, 1). Right paramere of male as in Figure 281, 2. 7.0. Northwest, North, Siberia; distributed in the whole northern part of the Holarctic Region

.....

.........................................

S. (C.) producta Reut.

25 (24).

Fore femora of male without large dense group of long hairs

26 (27).

Middle femora with long natatorial hairs at posterior margin. Black spot at end of 1st segment of hind tarsi as in S. p ro duct a. Fore tarsus of male without subapical widening of dorsal margin (Figure 281, 3). Right paramere of male as in Figure 281, 4.

anteriorly.

6-8.

Northwest, North, Siberia; northern Europe............... S. (C.) wollastoni Dgl. Sc.

.....................................

FIGURE 281, Hemiptera. Family Corixidae (after Kirichenko and Yaczewski. Lundblad and Yaczewski)

1.2Sigara producta, male: Ifore tarsus; 2right paramere; 3,4S. wollastoni, male: Sfore tarsus; 4 right paramere; 5,6 S- praeusta, male: 5fore tarsus; 6right paramere; 7,8S. raddei, male; 1 fore tarsus; 8right paramere; 9,10 S. nigrolineata, male: 9fore tarsus; 10right paramere: 11,12S. semistriata. male: 11fore tarsus; 12right paramere; 13,14-S. linniata. male: 13-fore tarsus; 14-right paramere; 15-17 -S- stciata, male: 15-fore tarsus; 16-sirigil; 17-righc paramere; 18-20-S- assimilis, male; 18-fore tarsus; 19-strigil; 20right paramere.

872

27 (26). Middle femora without long natatorial hairs at posterior margin. 28 (29). Black spot at end of 1st segment of hind tarsi large, quadrangular. Fore tarsus of male with semicircular subapical bulge at dorsal margin which is slightly turned toward the anterior side of the tarsus (along its longitudinal axis) (Figure 281, 5). Right paramere of male as in Figure 281, 6. 7.0. Widely distributed, rarer in the South, Siberia; northern and central Europe ..................... ......................................... S. (C.) praeusta Fieb. 29 (28). Black Spot on 1st segment of hind tarsi only bordering inner margin of segment. Fore tarsus of male without subapical bulge at dorsal margin (Figure 281, 7). Right paramere of male as in Figure 281,8. 6.25-7. Transcaucasia; regions adjacent to S. (C.) raddei Kir. et Jacz. Turkey 30 (17). Hind tarsi completely light. Strigil of male present. 31 (32). Frontal depression of male dorsally delimited by a distinct transverse rib. Lateral corners of pronotum broadly rounded. Hemelytra with comparatively regular light transverse stripes both on clavus and corium. Fore tarsus of male with a row of spinules; 2 or 3 subapical spinules of this row longer (Figure 281, 9). Strigil of male of medium size. Right paramere of male as in Figure 281, 10. (Subgenus Pseudovermicorixa Jacz.). 5.5-6-5. Apparently rheophilous to some extent, often occurring in mountains and foothills. Almost everywhere, except in the North, Caucasus, Transcaucasia; almost throughout Europe, Mediterranean area, Asia Minor, Iran.......................... S. (P.) nigrolineata Fieb. 32 (31). Frontal depression of male without transverse rib dorsally. 672 33 (36). Light pattern of clavus distinct against light pattern of corium: light transverse stripes on clavus regular, almost without gaps and comparatively widely separated; light transverse stripes on corium much closer to each other, interrupted by 2 or 3 dark longitudinal stripes of the background, which form a series of isolated parts. Pronotum with blunt lateral corners and with 7 or 8 light transverse stripes. Frontal depression of frons deep and large, highly raised between eyes. Fore tibiae of male markedly thickened terminally (Figure 281, 11,13). Fore tarsus of male with 2 rows of spinules and with tubercle at base of dorsal margin (Figure 281, 11,13). (Subgenus Retrocorixa Walt.). 34 (35). Corium with 3 dark longitudinal stripes of the background and with 4 longitudinal series of parts of light transverse stripes. Fore tarsus of male short, with markedly convex dorsal margin; both rows of spinules close together in apical part of tarsus, parallel to each other for some distance (Figure 281, 11). Strigil of male medium-sized. Right paramere of male as in Figure 281,12. 5.5-6.5. Forest and forest-steppe zones, Siberia; almost throughout Europe, Algeria ................... S. (R.) semistriata Fieb. 35 (34). Corium with 2 dark longitudinal stripes of background and 3 longitudinal series of parts of light transverse stripes. Fore tarsus of male less shortened, its dorsal margin not so strongly convex; both rows of spinules not close together in apical part .............................

......................................

(Figure 281, 13). Strigil of male medium-sized. Right paramere of male as in Figure 281, 14. 5.5-6.5. Almost everywhere, except in the North, Siberia; almost throughout Europe, Asia Minor ...................... S. (R.) limitata Fieb. Light pattern of clavus and corium similar. Posterior median process of metathorax (xiphus) relatively short. Dorsal side of hind femora with 3 or 4 short spinules which do not form a longitudinal row. Fore tarsus of male medium-sized compared with tibia, with 2 rows of spinules (Figure 281, 15,18). Strigil of male relatively large, longitudinally elliptical (Figure 281, 16,19). (Subgenus Sigara F.). Pronotum with 6 light regular transverse stripes, with blunt lateral corners. Inner ends of light transverse stripes in basal part of clavus markedly widened; stripes on corium regular. Frontal depression of male little developed. Fore tarsus of male as in Figure 281, 15. Claws of midlegs as long as tarsus. Strigil of male very large, elliptical (Figure 281, 16). Right paramere of male as in Figure 281, 17. 7-8. Almost everywhere, Siberia; almost throughout Europe, Algeria, Asia Minor ......... ................................................. S. striata L. Pronotum with 9~10 light transverse stripes. Frontal depression of male large; anterior margin of head markedly protruding anteriorly. Fore tarsus of male as in Figure 281,18. Claws of middle legs markedly longer than tarsus. Strigil of male smaller than in S. striata (Figure 281, 19). Right paramere of male hooklike (Figure 281, 20). 7.0. Probably halophilous. South, except in the Southwest, Soviet Central Asia; southwestern Europe, Southwest Asia, Central Asia, Mongolia ............................................ S. assimilis Fieb. Dorsal side of hind femora with a longitudinal row of 6-12 short spinules. Fore tarsus of male large compared with tibia. Strigil of male small. Claws of midlegs longer than tarsus. (Subgenus Subsigara Stich.). Less than 5-6.75 long. Pronotum with 5 or 6 light transverse stripes. Fore tarsus of male with one row of spinules (Figure 282, 1,3). Larger species. Pronotum with 6 light transverse stripes. Claws of middle legs shorter than tibia. Fore tarsus of male broad at base, with one row of spinules which run obliquely to apical part of dorsal margin, the last 1 or 2 spinules more widely separated (Figure 282, 1). Strigil of male small. Right paramere of male with slight thickening at half length of terminal part (Figure 282. 2). 6.25-6.75. Probably rheophilous to some extent. Forest and forest-steppe, Siberia; almost throughout .S. (S.) fossarum Leach. Europe Smaller species. Pronotum with 5 light transverse stripes. Claws of middle legs longer than tibia or as long as tibia. Fore tarsus of male narrower, with a sinuous row of spinules; apical spinules not more widely separated than the others (Figure 282,3). Strigil of male small. Right paramere of male without thickening of tarsus

36 (33).

37 (40).

38 (39).

39 (38).

................

40 (37).

41 (44).

42 (43).

................................

43 (42).

part (Figure 282, 4). 5-5.75- Western, northern and central Europe; recorded from the Lvov and Kursk regions; S.(S.) scotti Dgl. Sc. distribution should be confirmed

in terminal

...........

FIGURE 282 Yac/.ewski)

Hemiprera. Family Corixidae (after Lundblad, Poisson, Walion, Hungerford and

>iga

4riglitparamere; 5,6S. disiinc la, male; 5 fore tarsus; 6-right paramere; ’I, 8-S. fallenoidea, 7-fore tarsus; 8-riglit paramere; 9,10-S. falleni, male: 9-fore larsus; lO-nghl paramere;

male:

righl paramere; 16-Cymalia bonsdo r ffi,

44 (41).

same; 17C.

CO

leoptra t a, same.

Larger species, 7-9. Pronotum

with 7-9 light transverse stripes. Lateral corners of pronotum bluntly truncate. Pronotum with 9 light transverse stripes. Fore tarsus of male semi-ovoid, with 2 rows of spinules (Figure 282, 5). Strigil of male small. Right paramere of male broad at apex (Figure 282, 6). 8-9. Almost everywhere, Siberia; almost throughout Europe S. (S.) distincta Fieb. 673 46 (45). Lateral corners of pronotum pointed. Pronotum with 7 or 8 light transverse stripes. 47 (48). Fore tarsus of male trapezoidal, with 2 rows of spinules; proximal row consisting of very small rudimentary spinules (Figure 282, 7). Strigil of male small. Right paramere of male as in Figure 282, 8. 7,0. Recorded from the Murmansk and Orenburg regions, Siberia; Mongolia, sporadically distributed throughout the Holarctic Region ........................

45 (46).

..........

.........................................

.......................................

48 (47).

S. (S.)fallenoidea Hung.

Fore tarsus of male more triangular, gradually tapering toward base of claw (Figure 282, 9,11). 49 (50). Fore tarsus of male less elongate, with 2 rows of similar spinules, an oblique longer proximal row and a short distal row along dorsal margin (Figure 282. 9). Strigil of male very small. Median lobe on abdominal tergum VII of male moderately long. Right paramere of male as in Figure 282, 10. 7-8

(Figure 276, 1). Almost everywhere, Siberia; almost throughout Europe, Algeria ........................ S. (S.) falleni Fieb. 50 (49). Fore tarsus of male elongate, with a group of large spinules in the middle of dorsal margin and with a vestige of an oblique proximal row of rudimentary spinules (Figure 282, 11). Strigil of male very small. Median lobe of abdominal tergum VII of male very long. Right paramere of male as in Figure 282, 12. 7-8. Northwest, East and Southeast, Siberia; northern and S. (S.) longipalts J. Sahib. central Europe ......................

Glaenocorisa Thorns. Resembling species of the genus Cymatia in shape of head to some extent, especially eyes and frons. Pronotum and basal half of hemelytra with distinct longitudinal grooves. Long setae on margins of fore -tarsi of both sexes sparsely distributed. Only one BorealAlpine species is known; widely distributed in the northern zone of the Holarctic Region. 5.

1 (1).

Pronotum and hemelytra dark brown, with bluish or violet tinge. Pronotum with 8-10 narrow light transverse stripes. Light pattern of hemelytra slightly darkened. Fore tarsus of male tetrahedral, with longitudinal rib on posterior side and anterior ridge at distal end of basal half; row of spinules passing over the rib, forming an angular protuberance toward dorsal margin of tarsus (Figure 282, 13,14). Claws of midlegs shorter than tarsi. Dorsal side of hind femora with a longitudinal row of 7 or 8 short spinules. Strigil of male small. Right paramere of male as in Figure 282,15. 8-9. Northwest, North. Center, Siberia; northern Europe and in some places in central Europe, in the South G. propinqua Fieb. mainly in mountains, Alaska, Canada Angle of row of spinules on fore tarsus of male not reaching dorsal margin of tarsus (Figure 282, 13). Known from the U.S.S.R. and Western Europe, but its distribution in the European U.S.S.R. is not sufficiently known ..................... .................................. G. propinqua propinqua Pieb. Angle of row of spinules on fore tarsus of male reaching dorsal margin of tarsus (Figure 282,14). Scandinavia and North America, possibly occurring in the U.S.S.R. ................................ G. propinqua cavifrons Thorns. .........

674

a

(b).

b (a).

..............................

Cymatia Fl, Eyes strongly convex; rirn of head posterior to eyes Frons of female flat, frons of male depressed. Pronotum and hemelytra without longitudinal grooves. Macropterous and brachypterous forms occur in some species. Claw of fore tarsus of male broad, blunt; claw of fore tarsus of female pointed; long setae on fore tarsi of both sexes sparsely distributed (Figure 278, 4). Claw of middle tarsus shorter than tarsus. Less than 10 species are known. 3 species. 6.

broad.

1 (2),

Pronotum and hemelytra covered with transversely elliptical yellow spots of various size; this reduces the dark background to a reticulate pattern. Only macropterous form known. Right paramere of male completely reduced. 7-7.5. Possibly halophllous to some extent. South, except in the Southwest, Caucasus,

876

Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia; southeastern and southern in central Europe, Asia Minor, Iran, Iraq.

Europe, rarely also

.

.

.

C. rogenhoferi Fieb. Pronotum uniformly brown or with indistinct, hardly visible, light transverse stripes. Rarely macropterous, brachypterous forms more frequent; hemelytra of brachypterous forms distally ..........................................

3 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

narrowed and hind wings shortened. Hemelytra with reticulate pattern consisting of narrow, slightly smudged, light transverse stripes. Right paramere of male in the form of a hatchet (Figure 282. 16). 6-6.5. Forest zone, Siberia; Western Europe ................. C. bonsdorffi C. Sahib. Pronotum and hemelytra without light transverse stripes; corium with 2 diffuse longitudinal dark stripes. Right paramere of male as in Figure 282, 17. 3-4.5. Almost everywhere, Siberia; almost throughout Europe, Algeria.................... C. coleoptrata F.

7. Micronecta Kirk. Small insects; species of the European U.S.S.R. less than 3.0. Claw of fore tarsus of male lobe-shaped. Asymmetry of male abdomen right-sided; right side of abdominal tergum V with ligula of characteristic shape (Figure 283, 4-9, a); a small strigil present on abdominal tergum VI. Left half of abdominal tergum VIII of male with lobe often of specific form (Figure 283,1-3. a, 5,6). Both parameres of male free, i.e., not forming part of the outer sheath of the aedeagus (Figure 283,1-9). Abdominal sternum IX of male without trough-shaped terminal process. Macropterous and brachypterous forms occur; brachypterous forms with shortened pronotum which is very narrow toward end of hemelytra and with shortened hind wings. More than 100 species, distributed only in the Old World. Possibly 9 species. + 1 (18). Hind wings shortened, at most reaching middle of abdominal tergum VII. Body elliptical, about twice as long as broad. Pronotum short, a little broader than head or narrower. 2 (5).

3 (4).

t

Brachypterous. Pronotum narrower than head, 3.5-4 times as broad as long, with small tubercle in middle of anterior margin. Hemelytra with comparatively long, uniformly distributed hairs. Claw of fore tarsus of male narrow, with almost parallel margins. (Subgenus Di c hae tone cta Hutch.). Head shorter, its anterior outline broadly rounded. Hemelytra shiny, their dark pattern less marked; stripes of dark pattern fused with yellow background. Submarginal setae of abdominal tergum III completely reduced. Lobe on abdominal tergum VIII of male and parameres as in Figure 283, 1. Median process of abdominal sternum VII of female shorter. 2.08-2.57. Preferring stagnant water, shallow lakes, ponds. Western and central Europe, recorded from Poland, Rumania and Bulgaria; distribution in the European U.S.S.R. should be confirmed, as this species was formerly confused with M. pusilla ....................... .................................... M. (D.) meridionalis Costa.

key to the species of the genus Micronecta Kirk. is based on information from Prof. A. V. Vrublevskii, Poznan branch of the Zoological Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

The

4 (3).

675

Head longer, its anterior outline hyperbolic, distinctly protruding anteriorly. Pattern of hemelytra well marked, contrasting against light background. Abdominal tergum III with rows of submarginal setae. Lobe of abdominal tergum VIII of male and parameres as in Figure 283, 2. Median process on abdominal sternum VII of female longer. 1.83-2.68. Apparently preferring stagnant water, Ukraine, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan. Soviet Central Asia; southeastern Europe, in the west to Hungary ..........................................M. (D.) pusilla Horv. 5 (2). Pronotum broader than head, about 3 times as broad as long, with distinct tubercle in middle of anterior margin. Hemelytra with shorter irregularly distributed hairs. Claw of fore tarsus of male with widened apex. (Subgenus Micronecta Kirk.). 6 (9). Breadth of vertex between eyes 1.3-1.5 times width of eye; vertex in the middle longer than near the eyes. 7 (8). Vertex about 1.5 times as broad as eye. Eyes large, cherry-red. Hemelytra shiny, semitransparent; dark pattern of corium consisting of longitudinal stripes. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male dark, rounded. Parameres and lobe on abdominal tergum VIII of male as in Figure 283. 3. 1.8-2.35. Usually in postglacial lakes. Northwest, West; northern and central Europe. Distribution of species should be confirmed, as the species was confused with other species in the past......... M. minutissima L. 8 (7). Vertex about 1.3 times as broad as eye. Anterior outline of head rounded, projecting anteriorly, not forming one arc with eyes, but 3 arcs. 3rd antenna! segment flask-shaped. Pronotum 2.42.5 times as broad as long. Hemelytra light, sand-colored, without pattern or with rudimentary stripe near embolium- Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male not pigmented, light, rhomboidal (Figure 283, 9,a). Parameres of male short; right paramere with widened and rounded apex; left paramere narrow apically (Figure 283, 9,b,c). 2-2.25. Azerbaijan, Tadzhikistan, possibly also in eastern regions of the south of the European U.S.S.R. ................................... M, mesmini Poiss. Vertex 1.6-1.8 times as broad as eye. Hemelytra dull. 9 (6). 10 (11). Hemelytra distinctly narrowed in apical half. Pattern black or brown, distinct, well visible against light background. Dark spots in middle of corium often fused into a transverse zigzag band. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male directed toward middle of segment, tapering and pointed (Figure 283, 4, a). Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 4.b,c. 1.54-2.2, Rheophilous, requiring presence of oxygen in the water. Almost throughout Europe, rarely found in the South, mainly occurringin the mountains; apparently widely distributed in the European U.S.S.R. ..... ........................................... .M. poweri Dgl. Sc. 11 (10). Dark spots on corium with diffuse margin, gradually passing into ..............

light background. 12 (13). Body 1.9 times as long as broad. Pronotum markedly transverse, more than 3 times as broad as long. Apical half of hemelytra distinctly tapering. Pattern on hemelytra weakly marked; if

878

more distinct, the

spots form a transverse band in half of the wings short, not reaching farther than abdominal Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V, lobe on abdominal tergum VIII and parameres of male as in Figure 283,5. 1.57-1.83. Rheophilous. Carpathians in Poland and Czechoslovakia; probably also occurs in the Carpathians in the U.S.S.R. .......................................... M. carpatica Wrobl. Body more elongate, more than twice as long as broad. Pronotum less transverse, about 2.8 times as broad as long. Dark spots on corium fused into a transverse zigzag band. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male rhomboidal (Figure 283, 6,a). Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 6,b,c. 1.56-1.79. Asia Minor; possibly occurs in the south of the European U.S.S.R., in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. The nominate subspecies was M. wui alkani Hoberl. described from China (Peking) Dark spots on corium separate. Dark spots on corium distinct, short. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male crescent-shaped (Figure 283, 7,a). Parameres of male as in Figure 283,7,b,c. 1.5-2.2. In a large variety of water bodies. Apparently widely distributed, in the East at least to the Urals, in the South to the Crimea and Krasnodar Territory; a large part of Europe, except the North and Northwest ....................................... M. griseola Horv. Spots on corium faintly marked, forming longitudinal stripes. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male rhomboidal (Figure 283, 8,a). Parameres of male as in Figure 283,8,b,c. 2.0. Tadzhikistan, possibly occurs in eastern regions of the south of the European U.S.S.R.; Asia Minor, Kurdistan, Kashmir, Yemen .................................... M. anatolica Lindb. Hind wings fully developed, reaching end of abdomen. Body oblong, about 2.2 times as long as broad, its sides partly parallel. Pronotum large, strongly convex, usually markedly broader than corium.

Hind

.

13 (12).

14 (15).

.

tergum VI.

.............

15 (14). 16 (17).

17 (16).

18 (1).

head.

Macropterous.

19 (22).

Pronotum slightly broader than head, 2.8 times as broad as long. Hemelytra with relatively long, uniformly distributed hairs. Claw of fore tarsus of male narrow, with almost parallel sides. (Subgenus Dichaetonecta Hutch.). 20 (21). Anterior outline of head broadly rounded. Dark pattern of hemelytra less distinct, its stripes with diffuse margin. Submarginal setae on abdominal tergum III completely reduced. Lobe on abdominal tergurn VIII of male and parameres as in Figure 283, 1. Median process of abdominal sternum VII of female shorter ...................... M. (D.) meridionalis Costa. 21 (20). Anterior outline of head hyperbolic. Dark pattern of hemelytra sharply defined. Abdominal tergum III with rows of submarginal setae. Lobe on abdominal tergum VIII of male and parameres of male as in Figure 283, 2. Medianprocessonabdominal tergum VIII of female longer .......................... M. (D.) pusilla Horv, 22 (19). Pronotum broader than head (12-16%); pronotum less than 2.5 times as broad as long. (Subgenus Micronecta Kirk.).

879

23 (24). Pronotum very long, only about 2.1 times as broad as long. Anterior outline of head rounded, protruding anteriorly, not forming one arc with eyes, but 3 arcs. 3rd antennal segment flask-shaped. Hemelytra light, sand-colored, without dark pattern. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male not pigmented, rhomboidal (Figure 283, 9,a). Parameres of male short; right paramere with widened and rounded apex; left paramere narrow apically (Figure 283, 9,b,c). ,M. mesmini Poiss. 677 24 (23). Pronotum about 2.5 times as broad as long. Anterior outline of head forming one arc with eyes. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male pigmented. 25 (26). Vertex between eyes about 1.5 times as broad as eye. Hemelytra shiny; dark pattern of hemelytra forming longitudinal stripes. Lobe on abdominal tergum VIII of male as in Figure 283, 3,a. Parameres of male as in Figure 283. 3, b,c M. minutissima L. 26 (25). Vertex between eyes 1.6-1.8 times as broad as eye. Hemelytra ,

.....

dull.

15

10

^N> ^-

FIGURE 282. Hemiptera. Family Corixidae and Notoneciidae (after 1Micronecta

S^

Vrublevskn.

18

V^

Poisson and Yaczewski)

meridionalis, male (alobe on abdominal lergum VIII, b,c parameres); 2-M.pusilla, male (same); 3-M. minutissima. male (a-lobe on abdominal tergam VIII, b,cparameres); 4M.poweri, male (alateral ligula on abdominal tergum V, b,cparameres); 5M. carpatica, male (alateral ligula on abdominal tergum V, b lobe on abdominal tergum VIII. c,d paramerea); 6M.wui alkani, male (alateral ligula on abdominal tergum V. b.cparameres); 7 M. griseola. male (same); 8M. anatolica, male (same); 9M. mesmini. male (same); 10-Anisops sardea, male; ll-Notonecta viridis, head and prothorax, lateral; 12N< viridis, male, paramere; 13N. maculata, same; 14N. gtauca, same; 15N-obliqua, same; 16,17 N. lute a: 16paramere of male; ngonapophysis of female; 18,19 N. reuten: 18paramere of mate; 19gonapophysis of female.

OCHTERIDAE, NAUCOtUDAE

27 (28).

Posterior margin of pronotum always distinctly convex. Posterior half of body narrowed; body wedge-shaped. Dark pattern of corium well marked. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male as in Figure 283, 4, a. Parameres of male as in Figure 283,

4, b,c....................................... M. poweri Dgl. Sc. 28 (27). Posterior margin of pronotum slightly convex. Parallel-sided to about 2/3 of length. Spots forming dark pattern of corium with diffuse margin. 29 (32). General color dark; pattern of hemelytra not prominent against dark background. 30 (31). Dark spots on corium fused, forming a transverse zigzag band. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male rhomboidal (Figure 283, 6,a). Parameres of male as in Figure 283,6,b,c). ......................................... M. wui alkani Hoberl. 31 (30). Dark spots on corium separate. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male crescent-shaped (Figure 283, 7,a). Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 7, b,c M. griseola Horv. 32 (29). General color light. Parameres of male narrow (Figure 283, 5.8). 33 (34). Spots on corium pale, little marked; if spots on corium are well marked, they are fused into a transverse zigzag band. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male rounded (Figure 283, 5,a). Parameres and lobe on abdominal tergum VIII of male as in M. carpatica Wrobl. Figure 283, 5, b,c,d 34 (33). Spots on corium pale, forming longitudinal stripes, separate. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male rhomboidal (Figure 283, 8,a). Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 8, b,c ........................................... M. anatolica Lindb. ....

................

........................

....

2.

Family OCHTERIDAE

Body broad, oval, slightly compressed. Eyes large, convex. A pair of well-developed ocelli present. Antennae 4-segmented, situated ventral to eyes, shorter than head. Proboscis 4-segmented, long, reaching base of abdomen. Membrane of hemelytra of Palearctic species with 7 cells. Fore and middle tarsi 2-segmented; hind tarsi 3-segmented. About 20 species. In the U.S.S.R. 1 genus.

Key to Species of Family Ochteridae 1.

1 (1).

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Ochterus Latr.

Transcaucasia, possibly occurs in the southern Crimea; Mediterranean countries, Africa, Southwest, South and Southeast Asia. On humid soil on banks of water bodies ............... .......................................... 0. marginatus Latr. 4-6.

3.

Family

NAUCORIDAE

Midlegs and especially hind legs oar-shaped, with dense natatorial hairs (Figure 276, 3); tarsi of mid- and hindlegs 2-segmented, with 2 claws. Predacious. Living in water, but hibernating on land in the European U.S.S.R. About 200 species, mainly tropical. Only 1 species recorded so far in the U.S.S.R.

HEMIPTERA

Key to Species of Family Naucoridae 1.

1 (1).

Ilyocoris Stal (Naucoris auct.,

nee Geoffr.).!

species.

12-15 (Figure 276, 3). A large part of the Palearctic Region; absent in the extreme North. In stagnant and calm water ......... .............................................. I. cimicoides L.

Family APHELOCHEIRIDAE

4.

Tarsi of all legs 2-segmented, with 2 claws. Often showing polymorphism in wings. Predacious. Living in rivers; able to breathe oxygen dissolved in the water, and therefore capable of remaining submerged without having to surface to renew the air supply. Several tens of species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 10 species. 678

Key to Species of Family Aphelocheiridae 1.

1(1).

Aphelocheirus Westw.

1 species.

8.5-10 (Figure 276, 4). Color variable, usually blackish, with brownish yellow head. Usually brachypterous; hemelytra reaching abdominal segment III (Figure 276, 4). Almost everywhere, except in the extreme North........................... A. aestivalis F. 5.

Family NOTONECTIDAE

Hemelytra without characteristic sculpture. Claws of hind tarsi reduced, setalike. Predacious. Living and hibernating in water. About 200 species, most of them tropical. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 genera of 2 subfamilies.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1)..

Commissure of hemelytra simple, without basal pit. Antennae 4-segmented. Fore and middle tarsi 3-segmented; hind tarsi 2-segmented. (Subfamily Notonectinae)........... 1. Notonecta. Commissure of hemelytra with basal pit covered with hairs (Figure 283, 10). Antennae 3-segmented. Tarsi of all legs 2-segmented; fore tarsi of male one-segmented, with 2 blunt rodlike claws. (Subfamily Anisopinae).............. 2. Anisops.

Keys to Species of Family Notonectidae Notonecta L. Relatively large insects; species dealt with in this key more than 10 long. Hemelytra dull, opaque. Hemelytra and hind wings always fully developed. 5 or 6 species. 1.

1 (8). 2 (3).

Scutellum black. Body oblong, about 3 times as long as broad. Lateral ridge of prothorax produced anteriorly, forming a sharp angle which is slightly curved ventrad near eye (Figure 283, 11).

Hemelytra with dark spots at lateral margin and at base of membrane. Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 12. 13-14. South; Western Europe and some localities in central Europe, especially along the seacoast. Mediterranean area, western and Soviet Central Asia N. viridis Dele. 3 (2). Lateral ridge of prothorax blunt anteriorly. 4 (5). Metanotum and large part of.dorsum of abdomen yellow. Hemelytra almost completely covered with dark spots. Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 13. 13-15. Western Europe and some localities in central Europe, Mediterranean area; probably occurs in the Southwest or South of ttie European U.S.S.R. ...... N. roaculata F. 5 (4). Metanotum and doraum of abdomen almost completely black. 6 (7). Hemelytra brownish yellow, usually with a row of dark spots at lateral margin. Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 14. 4-16 (Figure 276, 5). Everywhere, except in the extreme North; in a large part of the Palearctic Region ................ N. glauca L. t 7 (6). Hemelytra almost black, with 2 light stripes basally. Parameres of male as in Figure 283. 15. 15-17. South; Western Europe and some localities in central Europe, Mediterranean area .............................................. N. obliqua Gall. Scutellum yellow; melanistic specimens with partly or completely 8 (1). dark scutellum rarely occur. Body shorter and thicker, about 2.5 times as long as broad. 9 (10). Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 16. Posterior margin of abdominal sternum VII of female with rounded median tubercle; gonapophyses of abdominal segment VIII of female broad and blunt (Figure 283, 17). 13-15.75. Forest zone. in the East apparently reaching the Baikal region; northern and central Europe N.lutea Mull. Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 18. Posterior margin of 10 (9). abdominal sternum VII of female with well-marked angular median process; gonapophyses on abdominal segment VIII of female narrower and pointed (Figure 283, 19). 13-15. Forest zone; northern and central Europe, reaching Japan in the East.... ............................................. N. reuteri Hung. ........................

...........

................................................

679

2.

Anisops Spin.

Hemelytra shiny, semitransparent.

In the U.S.S.R.

1 species. 1 (1).

Frons of male with triangular process between eyes (Figure 283, 10); frons of female slightly convex. 7.5-8.5 (Figure 283, 10). Transcaucasia. Turkmenistan, recorded from the Crimea (this should be confirmed); the Mediterranean area, Africa, South and Southeast Asia .......... A. sardea H.-S. 6.

Family PLEIDAE

Hemelytra with dense sculpture consisting of minute polygonal pits, Hind wings normally rudimentary. All tarsi 3-segmented, with 2 claws. t Some authors think thai N. glauca L. and N. obliqua Gall. produce hybrids in southwestern Europe and in the Mediterranean area, which were described as N.glauca hybrida Poiss. This should be

Predacious. Living and hibernating in water in the European U.S.S.R. About 20 species known throughout the world. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Key to Species of Family Pleidae 1.

1 (1).

Plea Leach.

1 species.

2.5-3 (Figure 276, 6).

Everywhere, except in the North .......................................P.leachi McGr. et Kirk. 7.

..........

Family NEPIDAE

Mid- and hind legs with relatively little developed natatorial hairs. All tarsi one-segmented; fore tarsi without claws; mid- and hind tarsi with 2 claws. Antennae very short, 3-segmented, concealed in pits on ventral side of head, ventral to eyes. Membrane of hemelytra with network of veins forming numerous cells. Respiratory tube of larvae shorter and thicker than in adults. Predacious. Not swimming well, walking on the bottom or on aquatic plants; hibernating in water. About 150 species, mostly tropical; in the European U.S.S.R. 2 species of 2 subfamilies.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Body oblong-oval (Figure 276, 2). Head with eyes narrower than anterior margin of pronotum. Pronotum trapezoidal. Coxae of

forelegs short. (Subfamily Nepinae)................... 1. Nepa. Body very elongate (Figure 284, 1). Head with eyes broader than anterior margin of pronotum. Pronoturn long and narrow, its posterior part widened. Coxae of forelegs very elongate, rodlike (Figure 284,1). (Subfamily Ranatrinae).............. 2. Ranatra. Keys to Species of Family Nepidae

1.

Nepa L. About 10 species described, including

doubtful validity.

some species of In the whole

Mainly distributed in the Holarctic Region.

U.S.S.R. probably 2 or 3 species. 1 species. 1 (1).

18-22 (Figure 276, 2); respiratory tube shorter than body, 11.0. Everywhere, Siberia; Europe. .................... N, cinerea L.

2. Ranatra F. More than 100 species described, part of them of doubtful validity. Distributed in all zoogeographical regions. In the U.S.S.R. probably 3 species, 2 of them in the Far East. 1 (1).

30-35 (Figure 284, 1). Respiratory tube as long as body. Almost everywhere, Siberia; Europe; not occurring as far north as N. c ine rea L. ................................. R. linearis L. 8.

Family HEBRIDAE

Lower side of head with a groove in which the basal segment of the proboscis lies. All tarsi 2-segmented; 1st tarsal segment very short;

884

MESOVELIIDAE

claws at end of 2nd tarsal segment. Scutellum of macropterous forms free, not covered by laminate process of posterior margin of pronotum (Figure 276, 7). Clavus of hemelytra membranous; membrane without veins. Several dozen species. In the U.S.S.R. several species, belonging to one genus. Living on banks of water bodies, in marshes, in humid moss,

especially

in

peat bogs. Key to Species of Family Hebridae

680 1.

1 (2).

Hebrus Curt.

Possibly 5 species.

Membrane of hemelytra of macropterous form smoky-gray, with a large white lily-shaped spot and often with white margin. Hemelytra covered with short golden hairs. Brachypterous form not yet described. Head black; the whole pronotum rust-yellow. 2.0. Caucasus, possibly occurs in the Crimea and the Southeast...

H. liliimacula Horv. Membrane of hemelytra of macropterous forms smoky or brownish, usually with several small white spots, but not with a large lilyshaped spot. 1st antennal segment slightly longer than 2nd segment, only 1/5 longer than longitudinal diameter of eye. Clavus and corium of hemelytra of macropterous form usually whitish, with brown veins. Hemelytra bare. Hemelytra of brachypterous form reaching half length of abdomen. 1.7-1.8. Rumania, Yugoslavia; possibly occurs in the Southwest of the H. fulvinervis Horv. European U.S.S.R. or in the Crimea Clavus of hemelytra of macropterous form whitish; corium dark ..........................................

2 (1).

3 (6). 4 (5).

.........

5 (4).

6 (3). 7 (8).

8 (7).

brown, with brown veins; membrane brownish, sometimes with a small light spot in the middle. Head and at least anterior part of pronotum reddish brown. Hemelytra of brachypterous form reaching only abdominal tergum II. 1.6-1.7. Everywhere, but rare in the South; Europe ................... H. ruficeps Thorns. 1st antennal segment markedly longer than 2nd segment and at least twice as long as longitudinal diameter of eye. Hemelytra covered with delicate whitish hairs. Head and pronotum black or dark brown, sometimes partly reddish. 1.7-2 (Figure 276,7). Almost everywhere, except in the North; Europe, Mediterranean area .................... H. pusillus Fall. Hemelytra densely covered with golden hairs. 1.1-2. Caucasus; southern Europe, Hungary, Rumania, Mediterranean area ........ .............................................

9.

H. montanus Kol.

Family MESOVELIIDAE

Macropterous forms relatively rare, their hemelytra with hard corium with several well-developed veins, with membranous clavus and membrane without veins. Mainly on floating leaves of aquatic plants. About 30 species. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

HEMIPTERA

Key to Species of Family Mesoveliidae Mesovelia Muls.

1 widely distributed species.

.

3-3.5 (Figure 276,8). Everywhere, except in the extreme North, Siberia, Soviet Central Asia; Europe. Mediterranean countries ............................................. M. furcata Muls. 10.

.

1. 1 (1).

.

Family HYDROMETRIDAE

Hemelytra of macropterous forms homogeneous, not divided into corium, clavus and membrane, with 2 longitudinal veins and several cross veins. On the surface of calm water, slowly moving or on floating leaves of aquatic plants or on banks of water bodies, on humid soil and moss. About 100 species, mostly belonging to the genus Hydroroetra Latr. Key to Species of Family Hydrometridae 1.

1 (2).

681

2 (1).

Hydrometra Latr. 2 species. Anteocular part of head at least twice as long as postocular part. Clypeus broad, bluntly rounded. Dorsum of abdomen dull- Hind femora of male reaching end of abdomen, those of female reaching middle of abdominal segment VII. Abdominal sterna VII and VIII of male with smallblack denticle atthe sides; abdominal tergum VIII of male convex in profile, its posterior margin forming a short point slightly directed ventrad (Figure 284, 2). Terminal point of abdomen of female longer (Figure 284, 3). 9-13 (Figure 277, 1). West, South, Caucasus, Siberia, Soviet Central Asia; Europe, rare in the North, Mediterranean area........... H. stagnorum L. Anteocular part of head less than twice as long as postocular

Clypeus triangular, pointed. Dorsum of abdomen shiny. Hind femora of male reaching middle of abdominal segment VII, those of female middle of abdominal segment VI. In male only abdominal sternum VII with small black denticles; abdominal tergum VIII straight in profile, its posterior margin forming a point directed slightly dorsad (Figure 284. 4). Terminal spine of abdomen of female shorter (Figure 284, 5). 7.5-9. Everywhere, except in the extreme North, Siberia; Europe ...................

part.

...........................................

11.

Family

H. gracilenta Horv.

VELIIDAE

Hemelytra of macropterous forms homogeneous, not divided into clavus, corium and membrane, with 3 or 4 longitudinal veins which form several cells. Apterous forms occur in the European U.S.S.R. more frequently than macropterous forms. On surface of water, on floating leaves of aquatic plants or along banks of water bodies, on humid soil, stones and moss. Predacious. About 200 species, mainly tropical; in the European U.S.S.R. 2 genera belonging to 2 subfamilies.

886

VELIIDAE

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Fore tarsi, one-segmented; middle and hind tarsi 2-segmented. 4th segment of antennae longest. -Length up to 2.25. (Subfamily Microveliinae) ................................. 1. Microvelia. Tarsi of all legs 3-segmented; first segment of antennae longest. Length not less than 5.5 (species in the European U.S.S.R.). (Subfamily Veliinae) ................................. 2. Velia.

2 (1).

Keys to Species Microvelia Westw. 3 species. 1.

of Family Veludae

Mainly on surface of calm water.

Possibly

A light transverse stripe parallel to anterior margin of pronotum (Figure 284, 6). Tibiae of male without spur-shaped terminal processes and without combs of densely standing, blunt, rodlike spinules. Abdominal tergum VII with shiny median spot; other abdominal terga dull, 1.4-1.8. Widely distributed in the European U.S.S.R,, Transcaucasia, very rare in Siberia, the Far East; almost throughout Europe ......... .......................................... M. reticulata Burm. Light transverse stripe parallel to anterior margin of pronotum entire, not interrupted in the middle (Figure 284, 7). Terga of last 3 or 4 abdominal segments shiny in the middle. Lateral connexivum of abdomen light, yellowish in greater part. Fore tibiae of male with spur-shaped terminal process and with a comb of about 50 spinules; a similar process and comb present at end of middle tibiae. 1.6-2. Western and southern Europe, Mediterranean area; probably also occurs in the south of the

1 (2).

which is interrupted in the middle

2 (1).

3 (4).

............................ M. pygmaea Duf. Lateral connexivum of abdomen black. In male only fore tibiae with spur-shaped process and with a comb of about 16 spinules; middle tibiae without process or crest. 1.7-2. Leningrad and Gorki regions. Southwest, rare in Kazakhstan, common in Siberia, the Far East; Western and central Europe .............. .......................................... M. umbricola Wr6bl.

European U.S.S.R.

4 (3).

Velia Latr. Rheophilous, occurring mainly Probably 4 species.

2. etc,

1 (4). 2 (3).

in streams, brooks,

Sides of meso- and metathorax black or dark brown, without light spots. Parameres of male without terminal denticle. Smaller species. Light part of body (especially venter of abdomen) yellowish. Dorsal outline of margin of body of female slightly convex in profile, apical corners of abdominal segment VII relatively short, projecting little beyond genital segment (Figure 284, 8). Lateral sclerite of endophallus of male with well-marked laminate process (Figure 284, 9).

6-7.4.

Widely distributed; almost throughout Europe

...............................................

887

............

V. saulii Tarn.

Larger species. Light parts of body (especially venter of abdomen) slightly darker, yellowish brown. Dorsal outline of margin of body of female almost horizontal in profile, apical corners of abdominal segment VII longer and usually pointing dorsad, projecting further beyong genital segment (Figure 284,10). Lateral sclerite of endophallus of male with gradually widening laminate process (Figure 284,11). 6.2-8.5 (Figure 267, 9). Almost throughout Europe; distribution in the European U.S.S.R. should be clarified .............................. V. caprai Tarn.

FIGURE 284. Hemiptera (after Wagner, Zimmerman, Macan, Poisson, Tamanini and Slichel) 1Ranaira

3female;

body,

linearis; 2,3 Hydrometra stagnorum, end of abdomen, lateral; 2male; gracilenta. same: 4male; 5female; 6Microvelia reticulaia, umbricola, same; 8,9Velia saulii: 8female, lateral; 9aedeagus

4,5 H.

dorsal; ’7M.

ofmale; 10.11-V. caprai: 10-female, lateral; 11-aedeagus; 12-V. affinis, male, aedeagus; 13-V. mancinii, same; 14-Gerris lateraUs, pleuron of picrthorax; 15-G. thoracicus, same; 16,17G. odontogasier, end of abdomen, lateral: 16male; n female.

4 (1).

Sides of meso- and metathorax with light brown or yellow spots; if they are completely dark, parameres of male with terminal denticle,

5 (6).

Lateral sclerite of endophallus of male with moderately thickened apical part (Figure 284,12). Abdominal tergum IX of female round or slightly oblong-elliptical. 6.9-9,1. Crimea, Ciscaucasia, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan; Italy, Yugoslavia, eastern Mediterranean area. Southwest Asia ........................................... V. affinis Kol.

6 (5).

.Lateral sclerite of endophallus of male with markedly thickened apical part (Figure 284, 13). Abdominal tergum IX of female slightly transverse-elliptical. 6.75-8:9. Ciscaucasia; southeastern Europe, Asia Minor ................... V. mancinii Tarn.

12.

Family GERRIDAE

into clavus, corium and membrane, with 3 or 4 longitudinal veins which form several oblong cells (Figure 277,2). All tarsi 2-segmented. Predacious. Rapidly gliding over the surface of water on middle and hind legs, catching the prey with their forelegs. About 300 species, most of which are tropical, some of them in the open sea; in the European U.S.S.R. represented by 2 genera of the subfamily Gerrinae.

Hemelytra homogeneous, not divided

Key to Genera 1 (2).

1st antenna! segment shorter than 2nd and 3rd segments together. 1. Limnoporus. Antennae more than half as long as body 1st antennal segment longer than or equal to 2nd and 3rd segments together. Antennae less than half as long as body (Figure 277, 2). .................................................. 2. Gerris. .........

2 (1).

.

Keys to Species of Family

Gerridae

1. Limnoporus Stal. Hind femora longer than middle femora. Apical corners of abdominal segment VII with pointed spines, reaching end of abdominal segment VIII in male, almost reaching end of abdomeninfemale. Holarctic. 1 species. 1 (1).

Rust-colored in greater part. Only macropterous. 13-17. Almost everywhere; in a large part of the Palearctic Region...... ....................................... L. rufoscntellatus Latr.

2. Gerris F. Hind femora almost always shorter than middle femora or as long as them. Several dozen species known, 9 of which have been recorded from the European U.S.S.R.; 2 additional species possibly occur in this region. 1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2).

Apical corners of abdominal segment VII with pointed spines. (Subgenus Aquarius Schell.). Lateral margin of pronotum usually with light stripe occupying a large part of its length. Points of apical corners of abdominal segment VII reaching end of abdomen in male, slightly beyond end of abdomen in female. Almost always macropterous. 12-16. Preferring lakes. Almost everywhere; in a large part of the Palearctic Region .......................... G. (A.) paludum P. Sides of pronotum without light stripe. Points of apical corners of abdominal segment VII not reaching end of abdomen in male and female. Almost always apterous. 13-17.5. Rheophilous. Widely distributed, almost throughout Europe, Mediterranean area. ....................................... G. (A.) najas Deg.

889

.

Apical corners of abdominal segment VII broadly triangular. (Subgenus Gerris F.). 5 (12). Posterior part of pronotum with rust-colored or yellowish spot in the middle. 6 (9). Light longitudinal stripe on sides of prothorax entire, not interrupted at level of prothoracic constriction (Figure 284, 14). Abdominal sternum VII of male with simple notch on posterior margin. 7 (8). Apical corners of abdominal segment VII shorter and broader. In male, abdominal segment IX wider than length of eye. 9-11. North and forest zone; northern and central Europe .............. ......................................... G. lateralis Schumm. 8 (7). Apical corners of abdominal segment VII longer, narrower and more pointed. Abdominal segment IX of male narrower than length of eye. 9.3-11.5. Southeastern Europe, Mediterranean area; distribution in the European U.S.S.R. should be clarified 4 (1),

....

G. asper Fieb. Light longitudinal stripe on sides of prothorax interrupted at level of prothoracic constriction (Figure 284, 15), Abdominal sternum VII of male with a double notch on posterior margin. 10 (11). Slightly smaller species. Body narrower, its sides almost parallel. Metathorax with distinct tubercle which bears the opening of the scent glands. Light stripe on sides of prothorax usually much reduced anteriorly, usually forming a short line or spot (Figure 284, 15). 10-11.5. Almost everywhere; distribution in Siberia and Soviet Central Asia should be clarified; almost .G. thoracicus Schumm. throughout Europe, Mediterranean area ...............................................

.

.

.

9 (6).

11 (10). Slightly larger species. Body spindle-shaped, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly, its broadest part at level of middle legs. Metathorax with distinct tubercle which bears the opening of the scent glands. Light stripe on sides of prothorax well marked also anteriorly. 11-14.6. South; distribution in other parts of the U.S.S.R. should be clarified; Western Europe, Mediterranean area, Mongolia .......................................... G. costai H.-S. 12 (5). Posterior part of pronotum black. 13 (14). Light longitudinal stripe on sides of prothorax present only anteriorly. 8-9. Described from Sweden; possibly occurs in the Northwest and North of the European U.S.S.R, ................... ........................................ G. sphagnetorum Gaun. 684 14 (13). Light longitudinal stripe on sides of prothorax either present only posteriorly or anteriorly and posteriorly. 15 (16). Light longitudinal stripe on sides of prothorax present only posteriorly. Metathorax with distinct tubercle bearing opening of scent glands. 10-13. Apparently slightly rheophilous. Central and southern Europe, eastern Mediterranean area; distribution in the European U.S.S.R- should be clarified ..................... .......................................... G. gibbifer Schumm. 16 (15). Light longitudinal stripe.on sides of prothorax present anteriorly and posteriorly, but interrupted at level of prothoracic constriction. Metathorax without tubercle bearing opening of scent glands.

17 (18). Abdominal sternum VII of male with 2 blunt processes obliquely directed anteriorly (Figure 284, 16). Abdominal sternum VIII of female with distinct transverse depression (Figure 284, 17). 7-9. Almost everywhere, but more rarely in the South, Siberia; northern and central Europe .................. G. odontogaster Zett. 18 (17). Abdominal sternum VII of male without processes. Abdominal sternum VIII of female rooflike, both halves forming a longitudinal ridge in the middle. 19 (20). Fore femora light, with black longitudinal stripes on outer and inner margin. Hind tibia and hind tarsus together little shorter than hind femur. Venter of abdomen of female often light. 8-10 (Figure 277, 2). Almost everywhere, Siberia; almost throughout Europe, Mediterranean area ..................... G. lacustris L. 20 (19). Fore femora black, with light basis. Hind tibiae and hind tarsi together markedly shorter than hind femur. Venter of abdomen of both sexes black. Smaller than the 2 preceding species. 6-8.5. Occurs mainly in large water bodies, in calm parts of rivers and lakes. Almost everywhere, Siberia; almost throughout Europe, Mediterranean area, Mongolia ...................... ........................................ G. argentatus Schumm. 13.

Family SALDIDAE (Acanthiidae)

Small species, flattened, oval. Color of species of the European U.S.S.R. black or black with white spots, rarely greater part of dorsum white. Eyes very large. Ocelli close together or contiguous. Antennae slender, 4segmented. Labrum broad, almost pentagonal. Proboscis 4-segmented, reaching middle or hind coxae; 1st and 2nd segments of proboscis very short; 3rd segment of proboscis very long. Hemelytra normal, with completely overlapping membranes, or membranes rudimentary and only slightly overlapping, or only touching; abdomen always covered. Femora not thickened. Genital segment of male not invaginated, with 2 symmetrical parameres at margin of genital opening; posterior margin of genital segment with 2 processes (parandria). Apex of abdomen of female with ovipositor, usually produced into small process. It is often difficult to distinguish between species; the following keys to genera should be used only to identify species included in this key. Along banks of water bodies (bare or overgrown with grass), also in various humid habitats and on humid soil. Predacious. Moving with quick, short leaps and flights, very active, usually difficult to see and to collect, Cosmopolitan; about 200 species. 7 genera, about 30 species. Inthe whole U.S.S.R. 7 genera, about 45 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2), 2 (1). 3 (4).

Membrane of hemelytra (Figure 285, 1) with 5 cells. (Subfamily Chiloxanthinae)............................... 1. Chiloxanthus. Membrane with 4 cells or membrane more or less shortened and its veins indistinct. (Subfamily Saldinae). Raised area in anterior part of pronotum markedly convex, reaching lateral margins. Lateral margins of pronotum more or less distinctly notched. Pronotum shining like a mirror, with long vertical hairs ............................ 4. Chartoscirta.

891

4 (3).

Raised area not reaching lateral margins of pronotum. All antennal segments (including 1st and 2nd segment) uniformly thick- Dorsum of body covered with long black vertical hairs; a few vertical hairs also on membrane ........... 3. Calacanthia. Antennae slender, at least 2nd antennal segment markedly thinner 6 (5). than 1st segment. Hemelytra covered with short adpressed hairs, rarely covered with vertical hairs. Membrane without hairs. 7 (8). Hemelytra in profile more or less distinctly punctate or at least coarsely rugose, but shiny. Head little broader than anterior margin of pronotum; eyes partly covering dorsal side of anterior corners of pronoi;um. 2.7-4.5 ..................... 5. Halosalda. 8 (7). Hemelytra smooth; if hemelytra more or less rugose or punctate, head much broader than anterior margin of pronotum, eyes projecting beyond anterior corners of pronotum and not covering them, and body usually longer than 4.7, 685 9 (10). Less than 3.0 long. Raised area of pronotum broader than base of scutellum ................................. 6. Micracanthia. 10 (9). Longer than 3.6, sometimes shorter, but if so, base of scutellum broader than raised area of pronoturo. 11 (12). Inner cell of membrane projecting anteriorly beyond next cell by 1/2 2/5 of its length, or not reaching posterior margin of next cell and also posterior margin of 3rd cell from inner margin (Figure 285, 2,3) .................................... 2. Salda. 12 (11). Inner cell of membrane projecting anteriorly beyond next cell by less than 1/3 of its length, posteriorly reaching or almost reaching posterior margin of next cell or reaching posterior margin of 3rd cell from inner margin (Figure 285, 4) ............... 7. Saldula. -

5 (6).

Keys to Species of Family Saldictae Subfamily CHILOXANTHINAE 1.

Chiloxanthus Reut.

2 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. about

5 species-

.

2 (1).

Lateral margins of pronotum usually with broad white border. Dorsum covered with long vertical black hairs; if covered with short adpressed black hairs (subspecies arcticus J. Sahib.), at least head and lateral margins of pronotum with long hairs. Hemelytra usually white or with many white spots. 4.7-6.1. North, salt lakes in Siberia.................... Ch. pilosus Fall. Lateral margins of pronotum black or narrowly whitish. Whole dorsum (including lateral margins of pronotum and head) covered with very short adpressed hairs (mainly silvery). Whole dorsum usually black, rarely with several light spots. 5.3-8.3. North. .

1 (2).

.

........................... Ch. stellatus Curt. (borealis Stal).

Subfamily SALDINAE 2. Salda F. 7 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 species; S. (s. str.) sahlbergi Reut. from Karelia not included.

1 (6).

2nd antennal segment with short adpressed hairs and several vertical hairs. Inner cell of membrane (Figure 285, 2) protruding anteriorly beyond next cell by 1/2 2/5 of its length (macropterous specimens are sometimes exceptional). Hemelytra completely black, corium rarely with 2 or 3 yellowish spots in a row. (Subgenus Said a F.). 2 (3). Dorsum dull or slightly shiny, with short adpressed golden hairs. Membrane, even in brachypterous forms, more or less transparent. 5.1-7. Except in the North. Usually on saline soils and in mountains ................................... S. littoralis L. Dorsum very shiny, pitch-black, bare or covered with very sparse 3 (2). and delicate pubescence. Membrane usually very short, leathery, pitch-black. 4 (5). Hemelytra smooth or covered with sparse scattered dots. 4.7-7. Northern part of forest zone. In marshes .......... S. morio Zett. 5 (4). Hemelytra, except outer part of corium, densely covered with fine dots or markedly rugose. 5.6-7.5. Forest zone, forestS. muelleri Gmel. steppe. Usually in marshes 2nd antennal segment only with very short adpressed hairs. 6 (1). Inner cell of membrane (Figure 285, 3) projecting less markedly anteriorly. Hemelytra with light spots, including 1 or 2 large spots on outer margin. (Subgenus Teloleuca Reut.). Outer margin of corium with light spot only posteriorly 7 (8). (Figure 285, 3). Femora usually dark brown. Lateral margins of pronotum dark ventrally. 4.7-6.3. Forest zone. Rare ........................................... S. (T.) pellucens F. Outer margin of corium with 2 large light spots anteriorly and 8 (7). posteriorly. Femora yellow, with dark spots. Lateral margins of pronotum yellow ventrally. 9 (10). Hemelytra not velvety, densely covered with short pubescence; outer part of corium with a usually irregular light spot anteriorly. Fore coxae completely whitish. 4.7-6. North .................. ...................................... S. (T.) bifasciata Thorns. 10 (9). Hemelytra velvety, covered with scattered pubescence; light anterior spot rectangular, contrasting with background. Fore coxae black, with white outer margin. 4.5-5.7. Caucasus ........................................ S. (T.) brancziki Reut. ..................

........

........

686

3.

1 (1).

Calacantbia Reut.

In the U.S.S.R.

1 species.

Black; anterior part of head, lateral margins of pronotum (in male, also dorsal side of 1st and 2nd antennal segments) white; hemelytra usually white, with black marbled pattern, rarely black in its greater part; legs whitish, with black spots. 4.5-6. North. Usually in stony tundra ................................ .C. trybomi J. Sahib, (alpicola J. Sahib.), t ....................

Chartoscirta Stal. Pronotum and scutellum very shiny. Pronotum markedly tapering anteriorly. Species in the European U.S.S.R. black, 4.

t The validity of the species C. alpicola described by R.H. Cobben (Notes on ihe Classification of Saldidae with a description of a new species from Spain. Zool. Meded., 36, 22, 1959: 303-316) has not been confirmed by the Study of extensive material from the U.S.S-R.

893

lateralmarginsofhemelytra, legs and apex of 1st antennal segment, whitish; posterior part of cerium usually with more or less distinct velvety black spot posteriorly- followed by a small white spot without pubescence.3 or 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R,. 4 or 5 species. The record of Ch. geminata Costa from the lower reaches of the Volga should be confirmed.

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

Hemelytra without long vertical hairs; eyes bare. Lateral margins of pronotum slightly concave; raised area on pronotum slightly shorter than posterior part of pronotum in the middle. 3.1-4.2. Except in the North ................... Ch. cincta H.-S. Hemelytra with long black vertical hairs; eyes covered with short pubescence. Lateral margins of pronotum markedly concave; raised area on pronotum slightly longer than posterior part of pronotum in the middle, or as long as this. 3rd and 4th antennal segments not thickened; 2nd antennal segment black or (subspecies longicorni s Jak.) at least partly light; 4th antennal segment often white (var. flori Dohrn). 3-4.5. Except in the North .................. Ch. elegantula Fall. 3rd and 4th antennal segments thickened, spindle-shaped, slightly thicker than other segments, always black; 2nd antennal segment Ch. cocksi Curt. always white. 3-4.2. Northwest, West, South .

5. 1 (1).

Halosalda Reut.

In

the

.

.

1 (2).

U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Shiny; dorsum and 2nd antennal segment covered with short adpressed hairs. Color very variable; lateral margins of pronotum and hemelytra, often larger part of hemelytra or whole hemelytra usually white, rarely whole dorsum black; legs and antennae whitish in greater part. 2.7-4.7. Coasts of the White and Baltic

seas.

South.

On solonetz soils ........... H. lateralis Fall.

.............................................

6.

Micracanthia Reut.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 or 3

species. 1 (1).

Dull, covered with short adpressed silvery hairs, black; lateral margins and membrane of hemelytra, 1st and 2nd antennal segments and legs whitish. 1.8-2.8. Northwest, Siberia. Usually in marshes. Rare ............................. M. fennica Reut,

7. Saldula V.D. (Acanthia auct.). 14 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 20 species. The following species are not included in the

key, as they are either rare or observations are unreliable: S. reuteri Jak.(Urals, Siberia), S.pilosella Thorns. (Ukraine), S.palustris Dgl. Sc. (p allidipenni s Reut.) (Karelia, lower reaches of the Volga) and S. fucicola J. Sahib. (North). 1 (2).

2 (1).

2nd antennal segment with at least 2 long vertical hairs near middle of inner margin (Figure 285, 5). Dorsum black; hemelytra with few and very small light spots; membrane light; transparent; legs yellow; tibiae black only at base and apex. 3.6-4.7. Widely distributed ........................... S. orthochila Fieb. 2nd antennal segment with only short adpressed hairs, rarely with short half-vertical hairs,

2nd, 3rd and 4th antenna! segments together 3-4 times as long as breadth of raised area of pronotum. Outer side of outer cell of membrane more or less distinctly bordered by vein which runs along outer margin of membrane or is separated from it by a pubescent space; this space is usually narrower than the vein. Shiny, black; relatively large species.

687

4 (5).

Femora usually black,

with light anterior margin. Whole dorsum covered with pubescence in addition to short adpressed black hairs and also with vertical hairs (in profile). Hemelytra completely black or with several very small light spots. 4.7-6. Widely distributed, but mainly occurring in the S. scotica Curt. North and in the Caucasus. Usually on shingle .

.

.

3 (6).

.

FIGURE 285. Hemjprera. Families Saldidae and Nabidae (after Cobben and original) 1Chiloxanthus

pilosus, hemelycron; 2Salda

litioralis, same; 3S.pellu

; 11-13 N. b re vis: 11genital segment of male, lateral (arrow indicating place which should be pressed to separate the paramere); 12apex of abdomen of male, ventral; 13same of female; mirmicoides, same; 16Stalia apterus. left paramere, lateral; 15Aptus da uric a, same; IT S. bo ops, same; 18 ~S. major, same; 19Halonabis sareptaniis, same; 20Aspilaspis viridis. same.

14Himacerus

5 (4).

6 (3).

Pronotum and scutellum without vertical hairs; hemelytra with only very short hairs. Corium often with light apical spot. sometimes also with spot near base, usually with several additional small light spots on cerium and clavus; rarely the whole hemelytra black. 4.3-5.9. Carpathians, Crimea. Caucasus. Usually on shingle .................................. S. variabilis H.-S. 2nd, 3rd and 4th antennal segments together not more than 2.5 times as long as breadth of raised area of pronotum. Outer cell of membrane usually not bordered by vein on the outside, nor separated from outer margin of membrane by space broader than vein and covered with short pubescence. Hemelytra with only short adpressed hairs. Femora usually light, with dark spots. Hemelytra of most species of variable color.

7 (14). Outer margin of fore tibiae with a black spot at the base, sometimes also with a black or brown stripe in the middle (Figure 285, 6,7); this line is rarely connected with the basal spot by a pale brown bridge. 8 (9). The whole or almost the whole margin of corium with a continuous light stripe (with rare exceptions in very dark specimens). Fore tibiae usually black only at the base (Figure 285, 6). If the hemelytra are not very dark, corium with 2 or 3 small, white, slightly pubescent, or bare spots. 3-4.7. Widely distributed

.....

..............................................

9 (8).

10 (11).

688 11 (10).

12 (13).

S. opacula Zett.

Light stripe on margin of corium interrupted or almost interrupted (with the exception of rare, light-colored specimens), or absent. Fore tibiae frequently with a dark median line (Figure 285, 7), rarely without such a line. Hemelytra without pubescent white spots or with only one spot (even in light-colored specimens). Ldteral margins of pronotum slightly convex. Base of clavus (its anterior part) rarely with a light spot; apex of clavus usually with a white spot. Corium usually with more or less developed light pattern of spots. 3,3-4.5 (Figure 287, 1). Everywhere; the commonest species ............................. S. saltatoria L. Lateral margins of pronotum almost straight. Base of clavus very often with a small light spot; apex of clavus usually with a light spot. Femora yellowish brown, with dark spots. Outer margin of corium usually with a light C-shaped spot in anterior half S.c-album Fieb. (Figure 285,4). 3.3-4.3. Widely distributed Femora black; apex and anterior margin of femora light. Outer margin of corium usually with a broad light band in anterior half. Smaller on the average: 2.6-3.8. Widely distributed. Usually on sandy shores ........................... S. melanoscela Fieb. Outer margin of fore tibiae with a black line from the base to beyond middle of fore tibiae, but usually not reaching apex (Figure 285, 8); this line rarely absent. Lateral margins of pronotum black. Corium shiny, with indistinct white pattern, often almost completely light. 3.4-4.9. Widely distributed, common on solonchak soils ........................................... S. pallipes F. Corium almost dull, with white contrasting pattern, often with light band in anterior half. 3.3-4.7. Widely distributed. Usually on sandbanks and shingle ................... S. arenicola Scholtz. Lateral margin of pronotum dorsally and ventrally yellowish in at least a very narrow strip. 3.5-4.5. Southeast ....

13 (12).

14 (7).

15 (18). 16 (17).

17 (16).

18 (15).

................

...........................................S. xanthochila Fieb14.

Family LEPTOPODIDAE

Closely resembling Saldidae.

Living in humid habitats, especially on riverbanks, under stones. Predacious. Adults hibernating. More common in fall and spring. World fauna consisting of 5 genera, 18 species.

896

DIPSOCORIDAE

1 genus, 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 genera, 6 species, mainly in Transcaucasia and Soviet Central Asia-

Key to Species of Family Leptopodidae

Leptopus Latr. Eyes

without long spines. Spines on forelegs pale, transparent. Dorsum covered with coarse vertical setae. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1,

1 (1).

Eyes with short white setae. Whitish; greater part of head, pronotum and scutellum, spots on hemelytra and 1 or 2 rings at apex of middle and hind femora brownish black. 3.5-4. Southwest. Crimea. In humid habitats under stones .............. ...........................................

L. rnarmoratus Gz.

15. Family DIPSOCORIDAE (Cryptostemmatidae, Ceratocorabidae)

Very small and delicate brownish insects, often with polymorphism of wings. Living in moss and various humid habitats, apparently predacious. Adults appear in late summer and probably hibernate. A small family; most species tropical. 2 genera, 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6species, most of them very rare. Key to Genera 1 (2).

Proboscis slender, reaching hind coxae or beyond them; 2nd segment of proboscis apically tapering. Cuneus not divided anteriorly. Genital segment of male symmetrical ...............

2 (1).

Proboscis thick, not reaching farther than middle coxae. Cuneus divided anteriorly by a distinct whitish suture. Genital segment of male asymmetrical........................ 2. Cryptostemma.

............................................

1. Ceratocombus.

Keys to Species of Family Dipsocoridae 1. Ceratocombus Sign. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. C. corticalis Reut. (Northwest) very rare.

1 (1).

689

2. Fieb.). 1 (2).

1.5-2.3 (Figure 287. 2). Forest zone. In humid habitats in moss, forest litter and in ant nests ................ C. coleoptratus Zett.

Cryptostemma H.-S. (Dipsocoris Halid., Pachycoleus In the U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1.8-2.8. Macropterous. Crimea, Caucasus. On riverbanks, C. alienum H.-S. among and under stones 0.8-1.4. Hemelytra usually not reaching beyond apex of abdomen .................-.."........ C. pusillimum J. Sahib, (Northwest), C. waltii Fieb. (rufescens J. Sahib.; Center). ........................

2 (1).

16.

Family NABIDAE

or medium-sized, with oblong, rarely oblong-oval body. Proboscis 4-segmented, 1st segment very short (Figure 277, 6). Ocelli present. Cuneus absent. Hemelytra often more or less shortened. Genital segment of male (Figure 285, 11,12) large, situated at apex of abdomen and only slightly invaginated into preceding segment; genital opening slitlike; parameres symmetrical or almost symmetrical, either on sides or on ventral side of genital segment. Aedeagus membranous, often with inner booklets. Outer genitalia of female forming ovipositor (Figure 285,13). Predacious, feeding on minute insects such as flies, aphids, cicadas, bugs and their larvae, etc. Some species are crepuscular or nocturnal, hiding under stones and plants during the day. Eggs laid in stems of plants. About 300 species in the family. 9 genera, 25 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 10 genera, about 40 species.

Large

Key to Genera 1 (4).

Fore tibiae with markedly thickened apex; fore femora short, strongly inflated and covered with denticles from middle to apex (Figure 285,9). Body very shiny. (Subfamily Prostemmatinae). 2 (3). Middle femora without denticles. Color of species of the European U.S.S.R. consisting of a mixture of black (sometimes with metallic sheen) and red ................................ 1, Prostemma. 3 (2). Middle femora with denticles. Color black-brown with yellow........ ........................................... 2. Alloeorhynchus. 4 (1). Fore tibiae gradually thickening toward apex; forefemorawithout denticles, usually long and little inflated (Figure 285,10). Body usually dull. (Subfamily Nabi’nae). 5 (10). Lateral connexivum of abdomen not separated from venter by a distinct depression. Abdominal sterna with a small shiny bare spot inside the spiracles. 6 (7). 1st antennal segment about as long as head; 2nd antennal segment markedly longer than pronotum. Posterior corners of abdominal segment VI rounded. Paramere (Figure 285,14) with 2 long pro3, Himacerus. + cesses, the longer bent at a right angle 7 (6). 1st antennal segment 1/2 2/3 as long as head; 2nd antennal shorter than corners segment of abdominal pronotum- Posterior segment VI usually not rounded. Parameres of different structure. 8 (9). Median part of pronotum (anterior part of pronotum) convex and raised in profile. Margins of head (but not of cervix’.) almost parallel posterior to eyes. Hind femora with 2 or 3 apical brown rings which are sometimes fused ...................... 4. Aptus. 9 (8). Median part of pronotum (anterior part) not raised above cervical ring and posterior part of pronotum in profile. Margins of head rounded or more or less converging posterior to eyes. Hind femora black or with distinct apical black ring 5. Stalia. Lateral connexivum of abdomen separated from venter by a sharp 10 (5). longitudinal depression. Abdominal sterna without shiny bare spots. -

..........

..........

t Genera 3-9 were formerly included in the genus Nabis

Lair.

11 (12). Body oblong-oval, 3.2-3.5 times as long as breadth of pro no turn posteriorly. Anterior corners of abdominal segments with black spot. Hind femora with brownish apex or with brown ring. Paran-iere (Figure 285, 19) very long and slender, with longitudinal groove, slightly curved apically ................... 6. Halonabis, 12 (11). Body not less than 4.5 times as long as breadth ofpronotum posteriorly. Lateral connexivum of abdomen uniformly light. Hind femora without brown spots at apex+- Parameres (Figures 285,20; 286, 1-12) in form of thin, usually semicircular plates (disks) on curved stalks. 13 (14). Scutellum uniformly light. Green or pale reddish, often with red pattern and dark spots. Paramere (Figure 285, 20) with very narrow disk; falcate ............................ 7. Aspilaspis. 690 14 (13). Scutellum black or with black longitudinal stripe; stripe rarely pale or indistinct. Color gray, yellowish, brownish, rarely reddish; if reddish, black stripe on Scutellum always distinct. Parameres not falcate. 15 (16). Anterior corners of scutellum with a bare, shiny, semicircular, flat area. Dorsum of abdomen with brown and yellow longitudinal stripes. 1st antennal segment about as long as head or longer. Hemelytra of brachypterous forms usually covering not more than half the abdomen; hemelytra of macropterous forms without 3 black dots onsuture of membrane and on vein of corium 8. Dolichonabis. 16 (15), Anterior corners of scutellum without bare shiny semicircular flat part. Dorsum of abdomen (except sides) uniformly black, rarely brown or yellowish. 1st antennal segment shorter than head. Hemelytra of brachypterous forms not shorter than abdomen or only slightly shorter; hemelytra of macropterous forms with a black dot on outer vein of corium and 2 black dots on suture of membrane (Figure 288, 5,6) .......................... 9. Nabis. ...

Keys to Species of Family Nabidae Subfamily PROSTEMMATINAE

Prostemma Lap. (Nabis auct., nee Latr.). Brachypterous, rarely macropterous. Hiding under stones and plants in dry open habitats during the day. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. 1.

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

Pronotum uniformly black, often with metallic sheen. Fore femora expanded into a blunt angle in middle of inner margin. 8-10. Femora uniformly red. Pronotum very shiny, but usually without metallic sheen. Moldavia, southern Ukraine, Caucasus - .P. guttulaF. Middle and hind femora apically black. Pronotum with metallic green or blue sheen. South, except in the Southeast, Center ........................................... P. aeneicolle Stein. Posterior part ofpronotum or whole prono turn red. Inner margin of fore femora uniformly rounded. 6-7. South... P. sanguineum Rossi. ......

4 (1).

+

The rare species N. christophi Dohrn. (not included in the key) is an exception in respect of these

characters.

899

2. Alloeorhynchus Fieb. Usually brachypterous, with truncate hemelytra. Under stones andplantsinhotplaces. Inthe U.S.S.R. 1 species1 (1).

Brown-black; antennae, legs, anterior margin of pronotum, lateral margins of hemelytra and abdomen yellow. Parameres geniculate, right-angled. 3.6-5.2. South, except in the Southeast ......................................... A. flavipes Fieb.

Subfamily NABINAE 3.

Himacerus Wolff.

Usually brachypterous.

On trees and shrubs.

Eggs hibernating. Monotypic genus. 1 (1).

Chestnut brown; legs and antennae yellow, with brown spots and rings; anterior corners of abdominal segments yellow; anterior and posterior margins of pronotum and hemelytra dirty ocher. Paramere as in Figure 285, 14, 9.5-12. Except in the North and

Southeast ....................................... H. apterus F,

Aptus

Hahn. Usually brachypterous. Larvae antlike, black, with white spots on sides. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R,. 2 species.

4.

1 (1).

5. 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

691

4 (3).

Brown or blackish; legs and antennae yellowish, with brown variegation; anterior corners of abdominal segments yellow; pronotum dirty ocher, with black sides; hemelytra dirty yellowish. Paramere widened apically, with 3 hooklike processes (Figure 285. 15). 7.5-8.5. Central Belt, South ............ ........................................ A. mirmicoides Costa. Stalia Reut.

Genus consisting of 3 species, all of them very rare.

Black, only anterior corners of abdomen, antennae and part of legs yellowish. Hemelytra of brachypterous forms little longer than scutellum. Posterior margin of abdominal sternum II of male with 2 pointed denticles, Parameres almost wedge-shaped (Figure 285, 16); right paramere larger than left one. 9-11. Donets Basin, Dagestan, Ural Region........................... .............................. S. daurica Kir. (bihamata Kir.). Mainly light yellowish; pronotum with 3 black longitudinal stripes. Eyes slightly broader than space between them (in dorsal view). Brachypterous (hemelytra 3-4 times longer than scutellum) or macropterous. Posterior margin of abdominal sternum IV of male with 2 pointed denticles and a blunt process between them. Parameres almost wedge-shaped (Figure 285, 17), of equal size. 6.5-7.5, Forest zone ........................ S. boops Schiodte. Eye markedly narrower than space between eyes. Always macropterous. Posterior margin of abdominal sternum IV of male straight, without denticles. Parameres (Figure 285, 18) not wedge-shaped. 8-10. Crimea, Novorossiisk ................ .............................................. S. major Costa.

900

6.

1 (1).

Halonabis Reut.

7. Aspilaspis Stal. U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

8.

Monotypic genus.

Dirty ocher dorsally; a black median longitudinal stripe on anterior part of pronotum and on scutellum. Hemelytra fully developed or slightly shortened. Paramere as in Figure 285.19. 6.7-9. On solonchak soils. Adults hibernating .................. ......................................... H. sareptanus Dohrn.

On Tamarix.

Adults hibernating.

In the

Always macropterous, green, sometimes pinkish or with red spots. Paramere as in Figure 285, 20. 6.5-7.5, Eastern Ciscaucasia, Southeast. ..... A. viridis Brulle (pallidus Fieb.). Dolichonabis Reut.

Brachypterous forms most common; body of abdomen of female more or less widened posteriorly. Eggs hibernating; adults appear in 2nd half of summer. Among grass and herbs, usually in humid biotopes. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 male parallel-sided;

species.

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6).

.

.

Broader. Dorsum of abdomen black, with 2 narrow yellow stripes along the middle. Hemelytra of brachypterous forms at least 1/3 as long as abdomen, broadly rounded posteriorly; membranes partly overlapping. Disk of paramere (Figure 286,1) with flat denticle distal to middle. 8.5-10. Widely distributed, D. flavomarginatus Scholtz. but most common in the forest zone. Narrower. Dorsum of abdomen yellow, with 3 narrow black stripes; color of median stripe usually deeper. Abdomen of brachypterous forms 3.5-5 times longer than hemelytra; hemelytra of brachypterous forms truncate posteriorly, membranes very small, not overlapping. Paramere (Figure 286, 2-4) without flat .

1 (2).

denticle. Lateral connexivum broad, membranous, dorsaliy transparent. Head 2.5-2.8 times as long as space between eyes. Disk of paramere (Figure 286, 2) only slightly longer than stalk. 8-9. Most common in the forest zone (on humid meadows), rarer in the South ....................................... D. limbatus Dhlb. Longer and narrower. Lateral connexivum opaque, forming a narrow rim at margin of abdomen. Head 3.3-3.4 times as long as space between eyes. Disk of parameres 3 times as long as stalk. 9.5-12. Apex of paramere (Figure 286, 3) forming a long booklet. Northwest, West, Center, Carpathians. In marshes. Rare ............................................. D. lineatus Dhlb. Apex of paramere (Figure 286, 4) only slightly prolonged. Southern Ukraine (estuary of the Dnieper, Dzharylgach Island) ........................................... D. ponticus Kerzh. ...........

6

(5).

....

9. Nabis Latr. (Reduviolus Kby.). Dorsally grayish, sometimes yellowish, brownish or reddish; posterior part of head and anterior part of pronotum usually with a dark longitudinal line. Body elongate. Living on grass and herbs, rarely on trees. Preying on small insects (aphids,

cicadas, Miridae, etc.) including insect pests. Adults hibernating and 10 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 18 species; present throughout the year. the very rare species N. christophi Dohrn (Southeast, Soviet Central Asia) is not included,

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

Body very narrow, 6.5-7 times longer than breadth of pronotum at base. Hemelytra shiny. Parameres very small (Figure 286,5). Aedeagus with 2 booklets, pointing in opposite directions. 9.5-10.5. Southern Crimea, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia. Very rare ......................................... N. capsiformis Germ. Body 4.5-5 times longer than breadth of pronotum at base. Hemelytra more or less dull. Aedeagus without booklets, its outer side with a broad stripe of brown denticles. Paramere as in Figure 286, 6. Resembling N.brevis. 5.5-6,7- North, in the tundra and forest-tundra ............................................ N, inscriptus Kby. Inner side of aedeagus with 1 or 2 booklets. Not occurring in .....

4

(3).

5 (6).

the tundra. Disc of paramere elliptical, with subapical denticle, without upturned plate (so-called recurrent plate) (Figure 286, 7). Aedeagus with one booklet, Hemelytra always fully developed, markedly longer than abdomen, uniformly covered with dense and very short pubescence. Posterior lateral part of corium (Figure 288. 5) with more than 45 (usually 60-70) hairs (in addition to hairs on veins), without dots or with very small dots, with brown dots of equal size at base of hairs. 7-8, Except in the North. Preferring humid biotopes covered with weeds

...........

.................................................. N. ferus L. Disk of paramere forming a broad or narrow segment, without apical denticle, with recurrent plate (Figure 286, 8-12). Hemelytra either normal (in this case hemelytra reaching markedly beyond apex of abdomen, membrane broader than corium, with 2 or 3 closed cells), or hemelytra slightly shortened (in this case reaching only little beyond apex of abdomen or not reaching beyond it, membrane narrower than corium, usually without closed cells, wings strongly reduced). Posterior lateral part of corium (Figure 288, 6) with less than 45 hairs (usually with 20-30); brown spots of unequal size usually present at base of hairs of N. p s e u doferus, N.feroides, N.brevis. 7 (8). Disk of paramere almost twice as long as broad (Figure 286, 8). Aedeagus with 2 booklets of almost equal shape and size (Figure 288, 1). Always macropterous. 7-8. Except in the North. Usually in dry habitats N. feroides Rem. 8 (7). Disk of paramere broad, almost as long as broad (Figure 286, 9-12). Aedeagus with 1 or 2 booklets which differ markedly in size and shape (Figure 288, 2-4). 9 (10). Stalk half as long as paramere (Figure 286, 9). Hemelytra usually shortened. Color grayish, yellowish or brownish. Outer side of fore femora (especially of northern specimens) often, but not always, with dark brown transverse lines usually fused into continuous brown-black spot. Aedeagus with one booklet. 5.5-6.7. Northern part of the forest zone, Caucasus N. brevis Scholtz. 6 (5).

-

692

.................

.....

902

10 (9).

Stalk less than half as long as paramere (Figure 286,10-12). Fore femora at most with light brown separate transverse lines.

FIGURE 286,

Hemipiera. Family Nabidae (original)

lDoIichonabis flavomarginacus, left paramere, lateral; 2 D. limbatus, same; capsiformis. same: 3-D. lineaius, same; 4D. ponticus, same; 5Nabis N. in script us, same; 7 N- ferns, same; 8N. feroides. same (ddisk of paramere, 6 ststalk, rp recurrent plate. 1 length of disk. In breadth of disk); 9N.brevis, same (Igi-height of stalk); 10-N. pseudoferus, same; 11-N. ericeiorum, same; 12-N.rugosus, same; 13N. brevis, left paramere, ventral; 14N.pseudoferus, same;

11 (14).

693 12(13).

Ventral margin of disk of paramere (according to position on body) only slightly thickened basally (Figure 286, 14,15), with a blunt denticle (Figure 286, 10,11); anterior margin of disk of paramere and posterior margin of stalk more or less in a line (Figure 286, 10,11). Aedeagus of species in the European U.S.S.R. with one booklet (Figure 288.2). Recurrent plate of paramere broader at apex; anterior margin of disk ventral to recurrent plate with a small semicircular plate (Figure 28G, 10,14). Almost always macropterous in the European U.S.S.R.; color grayish yellow or brownish. 6,5-8. Central Belt,

South .....................................N. pseudoferus Rem. 13 (12). Recurrent plate of paramere less widened apically; anterior margin of disk without semicircular plate (Figure 286, 11,15). Hemelytra usually shortened. Color dirty red- 6-6.5. Leningrad, Novgorod and Bryansk regions. On moors ...................... ........................................ N. ericetorum Scholtz,

14 (11). Ventral margin of disk of paramere with a marked bulge (in ventral view; Figure 286, 16), not forming a denticle (in profile; Figure. 286, 12). Anterior margin of disk and posterior margin of stalk of paramere on almost parallel, slightly diverging lines (Figure 286, 12). Aedeagus with 2 booklets of different shape (Figure 288, 3,4). Hemelytra more or less shortened, usually dirty buff-yellow. Usually in deciduous forests. 15 (16). Disk of paramere markedly widened at base (Figure 286. 16). Dorsal booklet of aedeagus larger than ventral booklet (Figure 288,3). 6.4-7. Central Belt, South, except in the N. rugosus L. Crimea, the Caucasus and the steppe 16 (15). Disk of paramere less thickened basally. Dorsal booklet of aedeagus smaller than ventral booklet (Figure 288, 4). 5.7-6.9. Southern Crimea (subspecies tauricus Kerzh.). Caucasus ....................................... N. meridionalis Kerzh. ..............

......

17.

Family MICROPHYSIDAE (Loriculidae)

Very small (1-2.5), brown or reddish anteriorly. Head and pronotum as in Anthocoridae; proboscis 4-segmented, curved. Male elongate; hemelytra always normal; ocelli well developed; resembling small Anthocoridae, but hemelytra delicate, transparent; the female differs markedly from the male, its hemelytra are leathery, shortened, without membrane; abdomen markedly widened in the middle or posteriorly, ocelli absent. Predacious, feeding on ticks, springtails, etc. In litter, moss, on branches and stems of old trees, in ant nests, etc. Family consisting of about 30 species.2 genera, 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Proboscis slender, reaching

beyond fore coxae, almost reaching beyond middle coxae. Anterior margin of pronotum of male half as long as posterior margin; cervical ring lying completely anterior to anterior corners of pronotum. 2nd antennal segment usually longer than 4th segment .................... 1. Loricula. Proboscis thick and short, not reaching beyond fore coxae. Pronotum of male less narrow anteriorly; cervical ring lying completely between anterior corners of pronotum. 2nd antennal segment not longer than 4th segment............. 2, Myrmedobia. Keys to Species of Family Microphysidae

Loricula Curt. (Microphysa Westw.). In the U.S.S.R. 3 species. L. ruficeps Reut. and L. bipunctata Perr. occurring only in the Crimea. 1.

1 (1).

Male: dark brown, with lighter hemelytra. Female: body brown; dorsum of abdomen black; head and pronotum usually partly reddish; hemelytra dirty yellow, more than twice as long as scutellum, covering half to 2/3 of length of abdomen; abdomen

MICROPHYSIDAE

FIGURE 287. Hemiptera (after Jensen-Haamp and Stichel) 1Saldula

7male,

saltatoria;

2 Ceratocombus

8 female; 9Isometopus

coleoptratus; 3Nabis

intrusus.

ferus; 4Anaiho-

markedly widened posteriorly, its posterior margin almost truncate. Male 1.8-2.5, female 1.5-1.7. On bark of trees under lichen ........................... ’L. pselaphifornns Curt. 2. Myrmedobia Bar, 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species; M, angusticollis Reut. only in the Crimea and M. coleoptrata Fall. in Moscow and TranscaucasiaAlmost uniformly brown. Hemelytra of female little longer than scutellum, covering only 1/6 1/10 of length of abdomen; abdomen rounded and widened. Male 1.9-2.2, female 1.3-1.6 (Figure 287, 7,8). Leningrad Region to the southern Ukraine. In moss; adults sometimes occur in ant nests, on conifers and in grass during the harvest....................................... M. tenella Zett. -

1 (1).

695

18.

Family ANTHOCOKIDAE

Small or very small, more or less flattened, oval or elongate. Head prolonged anteriorly, truncate. Proboscis 3-segmented. Hemelytra divided into clavus, cerium, cuneus, embolium and membrane. Membrane shiny, usually with indistinct veins, without distinct closed cells. Hemelytra of only a few species shortened. Predacious, feeding on aphids, ticks., mealy bugs, thrips, small caterpillars, larvae of beetles, etc., often useful (exterminating pests). Usually on flowers, in litter, on bark or under bark of trees, in galls of aphids, rolled leaves, etc. Usually hibernating as adults. Family consisting of about 250 species. 13 genera, about 40 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 55 species.

Key to Genera 1 (10). 3rd and 4th antennal segments slender, thinner than 1st and 2nd segments, covered with "’.ong sparse vertical hairs (Figure 288,7); 2nd antennal segment not spindle-shaped. (Subfamily Xylocorinae). (3). 2 Anterior margin of fore femora with fine denticles. Hind femora markedly thickened and flattened, similar to fore femora, 2.5-3 times as broad as middle femora ............... 1. Scoloposcelis. Fore femora without denticles. Hind femora slightly thickened, 3 (2). at most 1.5-2 times as broad as middle femora. 4 (5). Pronotum with distinct longitudinal median groove ............... .............................................. 2. Dufouriellus. 5 (4). Pronotum without such a groove. 6 (7). Head 1.5 times as broad as long; anteocular part of head slightly shorter than eye. Proboscis thick, reaching only anterior margin of fore coxae. Whole dorsum of body covered with dense and not

7 (6).

696 8 (9).

very short hairs .............................. 3. Brachysteles. Head elongate; if head transverse, then usually only slightly so; anteocular part of head longer than an eye or as long as an eye. Proboscis slender, reaching at least posterior margin of fore coxae. Dorsum of body bare or covered with short pubescence. Whole surface of hemelytra uniformly covered finely and densely punctate. Apex of abdomen only with very short pubescence ............................................... 5. Lyctocoris. ......

906

ANTHOCORIDAH )

(8).

Hemelytra not punctate, or clavus and corium Sparsely punctate; embolium and cuneus without punctation or with indistinct punctation. Apex of abdomen with long separate hairs ... 4. Xylocoris.

FIGURE 288. Hemiptera. Family Nabidae ant! Anthocoridae (after Wagner, Reman and original)

feroides. penis and booklets of penis (ventral); 2 N. pseudoferus, same; 3N. rugosus, same; 4N. meridional! s, same; 5 N. ferus, postero lateral pan of corium; 6 -N. pseud 7 Lye , same; dacica, same; 9Anthocoris nemorum, head and pronotum; 10TetraphIeps bicuspis, same; 11Orius niger, pronoEum; 120. minutus, same; 13 0. majuscullis, same; 14O.niger, left paramere, dorsal (flflagellumi pr process); 15O.horvathi, same; 0, 16 minutus, same, 170. majusculus, same. 1Nabis

11 (24).

12 (13). 13 (12). 14 (19).

3rd and 4th antennal segments about as thick as 1st and 2nd segments, covered with more or less short adpressed, rarely vertical hairs; if the 3rd and 4th antennal segments are much thinner than the 2nd segment, this is markedly thickened and spindle-shaped. (Subfamily Anthocorinae), Cervical ring of pro no turn (Figure 288, 9,10) well developed, completely or partly protruding anteriorly beyond anterior corners of pronotum. (Tribe Anthocorini). 2nd antennal segment markedly spindle-shaped (Figure 288, 8). ........................................... 6. Montandoniella. 2nd antennal segment not thickened or slightly thickened. Distance between hind coxae not less than breadth of coxa. Head usually markedly elongate; eyes distant from anterior .

10 (1).

..

corners of pronotum. 15(18). Clavus, cuneus, posterior part of corium and embolium black, grayish black or dark brown; base of corium and embolium whitish or with a whitish spot. Lateral margin of cervical ring and other part of pronotum forming a concave corner. Hemelytra

often shortened.

.

16 (17). Proboscis not reaching beyond fore coxae. Pronotum usually rust-brown ..................................... 7. Ectemnus. 17 (16). Proboscis reaching middle coxae. Pronotum usually black ....... ............................................ 8. Temnostethus. 18 (15). Clavus, whole corium and embolium of uniform color, whitish or chocolate brown. Lateral margin of pronotum straight. Hemelytra

always fully developed ......................... 9. Elatophilus. 19 (14). Hind coxae contiguous or distance between them less than breadth of coxa. Head usually less elongate; eyes touching anterior corners of pronotum or close to them. 20 (23), Proboscis at most slightly projecting beyond fore coxae, its 1st segment not reaching beyond antennal sockets. 21 (22). Cervical ring lying completely anterior to anterior corners of pronotum (Figure 288, 9). Hemelytra not punctate or slightly punctate; posterior part of hemelytra usually darker or with dark spots .................................... 10. Anthocoris. 22 (21). Cervical ring only half protruding beyond anterior corners of

pronotum (Figure 288, 10). Hemelytra densely and delicately 11. Tetraphleps. punctate, uniformly black or brown 23 (20). Proboscis reaching middle coxae; 1st segment of proboscis reaching slightly beyond anterior margin of eyes. Hemelytra uniformly colored ........................... 12. Acompocoris. 24 (11). Cervical ring of pronotum not very distinct, scarcely projecting beyond anterior corners of pronotum (Figure 288, 11-13). (Tribe .............

Oriini) ....;..........................,............13. Orius.

Keys to Species of Family Anthocoridae Subfamily XYLOCORINAE 1. Scoloposcelis Fieb. Shiny, not pubescent, usually black or blackish brown. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

2.

1 (1).

697

3.

1 (1).

elongate. Body

Hemelytra brown or blackish brown. Tibiae and tarsi dark brown. 2.7-3.5. Forest zone. Under bark of deciduous trees ............ ............................................ S. obscurella Zett. Hemelytra whitish in greater part. Tibiae and tarsi light yellow. 3-3.8. Forest zone. In galleries of bark beetles in conifers ...... ............................................. S. pulchella Zett. Dufouriellus Kirk.

Monotypic genus.

Black, shiny, more or less elongate. Proboscis not reaching beyond fore coxae. Hemelytra not pubescent. 2-2.4. South, except in the Southeast. Under bark of deciduous trees ........... .................................................. D. ater Duf.

Erachysteles Muls. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. Almost round, completely dark brown, legs yellow. 1.6-1.8. Crimea. Rare ........................... B. parvicornis Costa.

4. Xylocoris Duf. (Pie 20 stethu s Fieb.). Body dark brown or black; hemelytra often completely or partly light. 8 species. In the

ANTHOCORIDAE

whole U.S.S.R. 9 species; X.ciliatus Jak. (South) not included, apparently identical with X. formicetorum Boh. 1

(12). Hemelytra not punctate. (Subgenus Xylocoris Duf.). Hemelytra truncate, without membrane, covering 1/2 1/3 of length of abdomen. (4). Hemelytra and tibiae black or black-brown. 1.3-1.7. South. X, thomsoni Reut. In the steppe under plants (3). Hemelytra and tibiae light brown. 1.5-2.3. Except in the North. Usually under bark of trees ................... X. cursitans Reut. (2). Hemelytra fully developed, with membrane, covering the whole, or greater part, of abdomen. (9). Hemelytra completely, or in their greater part, brown; at least en-ibolium markedly darker than cerium. (8). Clavus and corium slightly shiny, usually completely light. 2.2-2.5. Except in the North. MacrOpterous; rare ........................................... X. cursitans Reut. (7). Hemelytra uniformly very shiny; clavus usually dark brown 1.7-2.5. Carpathians, Crimea, Caucasus. Under bark of trees ............................................ X. obliquus Costa.

3

-

2 (5).

....................

4

5 6

7

.

.

8

.

..............

9 (6). 10 (11).

Hemelytra uniformly colored or cuneus whitish or yellowish. 2.2-3. Except in the North. Often in manure or other decaying matter .................................... X. galactinus Fieb. 11 (10). 1.5-1.8. Forest zone. In nests of Formica rufa............. 12 (1).

......................................... X. formicetorum Boh. Clavus and corium with distinct but sparse punctation. (Subgenus Stic to syne chia Reut.), Dark brown; hemelytra except cuneus, legs and antennae yellow; dorsum covered with short yellow hairs. Hemelytra fully developed but often not covering apex of abdomen. 2.6-4. Except in the North ........... X. (S.) lativentris J. Sahib.

5. Lyctocoris Hahn. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species; 1 or 2 further species probably occur in the U.S.S.R. 1 (1).

Oval, dark brown; hemelytra except cuneus, legs and antennae yellowish; dorsum of body covered with very short golden hairs, 3-4.5. Except in the North. Under bark, in burrows, buildings, etc. ....................................... L. campestris Fall. Subfamily ANTHOCORINAE Tribe ANTHOCORINI

6.

1 (1).

Montandoniella Put.

Monotypic genus.

Elongate, tapering anteriorly.

Black; anterior part of corium, part of membrane, tibiae, tarsi and 3rd antennal segment white. 2,5-3. South, except in the Southeast............... ............................................... M. dacica Put. anterior

7. 1 (1).

Ecteronus

Fieb.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Shape of body as in M. dacica. Black; pronotum and sometimes posterior part of head rust-colored; hemelytra brownish,

sometimes shortened; base of corium, tibiae and tarsi, large part of 2nd antennal segment and the whole 3rd antennal segment whitish. 2.2-2.7. Moldavia, Caucasus, Southeast ............... ............................................ E. reduvinus H.-S.

8. Temnostethus Fieb. Elongate oval, slightly tapering anteriorly. Black; tibiae, tarsi and a spot at base of corium and embolium whitish, On bark of deciduous trees. Usually feeding on scale insects. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (2).

Antennae completely black. Always macropterous. 2.7-3.2. T. pusillus H.-S. Western Ukraine, Crimea Whole 2nd antennal segment or its greater part light yellow. Hemelytra usually markedly shortened. 2-3. Forest and foreststeppe, Crimea, Caucasus .................... T. gracilis Horv. ......................

2 (1).

9.

Elatophilus Reut.

Oblong-oval.

Black or black-brown; tibiae,

tarsi and sometimes part of 2nd antennal segment light. On pine trees. In the U.S.S.R. 2 or 3 species, (E. pint Bar. (Ukraine?) not included).

1 (2).

2 (1).

Hemelytra whitish, only outer margin of cuneus dark brown. Whole membrane light or posterior part of membrane slightly darker. 3.2-3.7. Forest zone. Rare .......E. stigmatellus Zett. Hemelytra uniformly chocolate-brown. Posterior half of hemelytra markedly darkened. 3.5-3.7. Southern Crimea .............. ......................................... E. pachycnemis Horv.

10. Anthocoris Fall. More or less oblong-oval. Body black or dark brown; hemelytra whitish to brown; membrane usually with dark pattern; tibiae often light; femora sometimes also light. 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 15 species.

Antennae not longer than head and pronotum together; 2nd antennal segment not longer than breadth of head. At least clavus and anterior part of corium dull. (In this and the following brackets the hemelytra should be compared for shininess with the pronotum (which is shiny)). Lateral margins of pronotum bare or with only very short hairs. 2nd antennal segment often partly light. Hemelytra covered with very short pubescence, usually brown or partly black-brown. Inner corner of cuneus dull. Only outer part of posterior half of embolium shiny. Slender. 3.1-4. Forest zone, rarely in .A. confusus Reut. the Crimea and Caucasus. On deciduous trees Whole cuneus and at least posterior half of embolium shiny.

3 (4).

,

4 (3). 5 (8). 6 (7).

.

1 (12).

2 (11).

Whole corium dull. Pronotum and usually head black. 3.2-4.2. West, South except A. nemoralis F. in the Southeast. On deciduous trees Head and at least anterior part of pronotum rust-brown. Smaller: 7 (6). 2.6-3.2. Crimea, On Viscum album ........... A. visci Dgl. Posterior part of corium (about 1/3 1/5 of its area) shiny. 8 (5). 9 (10). Head and at least anterior part of pronotum more or less rustbrown. 3rd antennal segment 2/3 as long as 4th segment. 2.6-3.7. South, except in the Southeast. On ash .......... A. minki Dohrn. ............

-

698

ANTHOCORIDAE

10 (9).

Head and pronotum black. 3rd antennal segment almost as long as 4th segment. Larger: 4-4.6, Except in the North. On elms (in galls of the aphid Schizoneura ulmi)

....................

.........................................

A. gaUarumulmi Deg.

Whole hemelytra (including clavus) shiny, whitish yellow; cuneus and often a spot in posterior part of corium and clavus blackish brown. Hairs on lateral margin of pronotum longer than breadth of eye. Dorsum of body densely covered with vertical hairs. Head, pronotum, and the whole antennae black. 3.5-4.3. Except in the North- On herbs and grasses and trees A. pilosus Jak. Antennae markedly longer than head and pronotum together; 2nd 12 (1). antennal segment much longer than breadth of head. Hemelytra completely shiny, of the same color as in A. pilosus. Lateral margins of pronotum without long hairs; dorsum of body covered with very short pubescence. 2nd antennal segment usually light, at least partly. 13 (14). Pronotum completely black. 3.5-4.3. (Figure 287,4). Forest zone, Caucasus. On trees; common ............ A. nemorum L. 14 (13). Posterior half of pronotum yellowish. 3-3.5. Forest zone. Usually on willow ............................ A. limbatus Fieb. 11 (2).

.....

11. Tetraphleps Fieb. Genus consisting of 2 species, but T. aterr i m u s J. Sahib. (Siberia, forest zone of the European U.S.S.R.) differing little from T.bicuspis, possibly synonymous with this. 1 (1).

Dorsum completely shiny, covered with very short pubescence. Uniformly black; hemelytra and legs sometimes dark brown. 3.5-4. Forest zone. On fir and larch .......... T. bicuspis H.-S.

12.

Acompocoris Reut. Oval or oblong-oval; dorsum shiny, with very Hemelytra delicately punctate. Body black. On coni-

short pubescence. fers. 2 species.

1 (2).

699

2 (1).

In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

Hemelytra dark brown or black. Antennae black; 2nd antennal segment sometimes dark brown in the middle; 3rd and 4th antennal segments of equal length. 3.3-3.6. Forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus............................. A. alpinus Reut. Hemelytra yellowish or light brown. Middle of 2nd antennal segment (sometimes whole 2nd antennal segment) and sometimes also base of 3rd antennal segment, yellowish. 3rd antennal segment slightly longer than 4th segment. 3-3.5. Forest zone .......

............................................

A. pygmaeus Fall.

Tribe ORIINI 13. Orius Wolff (Triphleps Fieb.). Small oval species; shiny; black or dark brown; hemelytra, antennae and at least fore tibiae often lighter, brownish or yellowish. On flowers and leaves of various plants, preying on thrips, aphids, ticks, small caterpillars, etc. Difficult to identify. The species composition and distribution of the species in the U.S.S.R. (including the European U.S.S.R.) should be revised. For identification see also: E. Wagner. Die europaischen Arten der Gattung Orius At least 9 species. In the whole Wff. Notulae Ent.. 32, 1952: 22-59.

-

U.S.S.R. at least 13 species. The following species are not included; 0. (0.) laevi gatus Fieb. (South, rare), 0.(H.)pallidicornisReut. (Crimea), 0, (H.) laticolli s Reut. (Estonia, Crimea), 0. (H.) sibi ri cus E.Wgn, (Southeast) and 0. (Dimorphella) agilis PI. (Baltic Region, rare). 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

Anterior and posterior corners of pronotum (Figure 288, 11) with one vertical seta which is as long as the breadth of an eye. (Subgenus Orius Wolff). Left paramere as in Figure 288, 14. 1.5-2. Everywhere, except in the North .......... 0. niger Wolff. Corners of pronotum with only short hairs which are as long as the other hairs. (Subgenus Heterorius E.Wgn.).

Left paramere with long process (Figure 288, 15). Middle and hind tibiae and all femora usually black or dark brown. 1.9-2.2. Central Belt, South 0. (H,) horvathi Reut. Left paramere with short process (Figure 288, 16.17). All tibiae light yellow, rarely only hind tibiae blackish at the base. Flagellum of left paramere long (Figure 288, 16). Pronotum with slightly convex lateral margins and rounded anterior corners .......................

4 (3).

5 (6).

(Figure 288,12). 6 (5).

2.1-2.5 (Figure 287,5).

Everywhere, except

in the North ................................. 0. (H.) minutus L. Left paramere massive; flagellum of left paramere shorter (Figure 288, 17). Pronotum with straight lateral margins; anterior corners of pronotum not rounded (Figure 288, 13). Larger: 2.7-3, South ................... 0. (H.) majusculus Reut.

19.

Family CIMICIDAE

Round or oval. flattened. Hemelytra always very short. Blood-sucking parasites of warm-blooded animals. About 30-40 species in the family. 2 genera, 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R, 3 genera, 4 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Hemelytra reddish brown. Scutellum 2-3 times as broad as long. Body covered with short, thick and dense brownish hairs ..........

2 (1).

Heroelytra dirty yellow. Scutellum 4-5 times as broad as long. Body covered with long. slender, sparse whitish hairs ...........

...................................................

................................................

1. Cimex,

2. Oeciacus.

Keys to Species of Family Cimicidae 1. 1 (2).

Cimex L.

Reddish brown.

In the U-S.S.R. 2 species.

Lateral margin of pronotum flattened, lighter, broad (especially anteriorly, where it is almost twice as broad as an eye). Anterior margin of pronotum deeply concave. Posterior margin of hemelytra almost truncate. 4.3-6.5. (Figure 287, 6). Everywhere, Parasite of man, domestic fowl, pigeons, sometimes of bats and rodents ............ *C. lectularius L. (columbarius Jen.).

ISOMETOPIDAE. MIRIDAE 2 (I).

2. 1 (1).

Lateral margin of pronotum flattened, as broad as an eye. Anterior margin of pronotum usually less deeply concave. Posterior margin of hemelytra distinctly rounded. 3.6-6.5. Central Belt. Parasite of bats ................ C. pipistrelli Jen.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Oeciacus Stal.

Yellowish to brown. 2.6-4. Almost everywhere. In nests of swallows, swifts, sparrows, etc. ............ Oe. hirundinis

20.

700

Jen.

Family ISOMETOPIDAE

Resembling small Saldidae superficially. Head vertical, flattened anteriorly (Figure 289, 1,2). Ocelli present. Scutellum large, reaching beyond middle of abdomen. Membrane with one, not always distinct, cell. Resembling Miridae in other characters, and sometimes included in the Miridae as a subfamily. In the U.S.S.R. 1 genus.

Key to Species of Family Isometopidae Isometopus Fieb. Round, flattened, densely punctate, covered with very short pubescence. Living on bark and under bark of old oaks, fruit trees and other trees. Rare. 3 speciest. 1.

1 (2).

Lateral corners of scutellum with black or brown carina. Male: hypophysis and sensory tubercle of left paramere shorter (Figure 289, 4); right paramere with obliquely truncate apex (Figure 289, 3); pronotum and scutellum black; apex of scutellum white; hemelytra uniformly grayish, transparent. Female: of the same color as the male. but hemelytra uniformly brownish. 2.8-3.2 I. intrusus H.-S. (Figure 287, 9). Ukraine Lateral corners of scutellum with yellow carina. Male: hypophysis and sensory tubercle of left paramere longer (Figure 289, 6); right paramere gradually tapering apically (Figure 289, 5); color as of I. intrusus. Female; Color as of I. intrusus, but pronotum with a light longitudinal line; hemelytra whitish; spot in posterior part of corium and cell of membrane dark brown. 2.8-3.2. Caucasus............................ I. kaznakovi Kir. .......................

2 (1).

21.

Family

MIKIDAE (Capsidae)

Medium-sized or small (2-11); Body short-oval to elongate, usually oblong-oval. Color very variable, often green. Head not flattened and not much inclined, usually triangular in anterior view. Eyes large, usually situated on posterior margin of head, in male usually larger than in female. Ocelli absent. Antennae usually long and slender. Pronotum usuallytrapezoidal; anterior margin of pronotum often separated by a groove, forming a narrow cervical ring. 2 raised areas which are often indistinct and almost invisible closely behind cervical ring. Scutellum triangular; anterior part of scutellum separated by a transverse groove, often completely covered by posterior margin of pronotum. Hemelytra divided into corium, clavus, cuneus and membrane. Membrane with 2 closed cells contiguous t I.mirificas Rey (Ukraine)

not included.

with cuneus, sometimes with only one cell. Hemelytra often more or less shortened (especially in female). Legs slender, usually long; hind femora sometimes thickened. Tarsi 3-segmented, very rarely 2-segmented. Apical segment of tarsi with 2 claws bearing 2 types of appendages. (Figure 289,9-17): 1) aroliabetweenbases of claws; 2) pseudoarolia attached to inner side of claws *’; both arolia and pseudoarolia are sometimes scalelike (thin transparent light plates) or setalike; pseudoarolia sometimes absent. The structure of the claws and their appendages is an important diagnostic character. The claws have to be examined under the microscope because of their small size. Genital segment of male usually forming a rounded cone at the apex of the abdomen, not invaginated into the preceding segments and usually larger than these. Genital opening situated on dorsum, sometimes more or less displaced to the left. Parameres asymmetrical, markedly differing in shape, of very variable structure; left paramere almost always larger than right paramere. Penis of 2 main types: 1) as in Mirinae aedeagus membranous, soft; phallotheca fused with penis and covering aedeagus completely; apex of phallotheca lying free in genital opening (Figure 274, 10.11); this type is present in most groups; penis in the tribe Orthotylini with all characters of this type, but the aedeagus consists of 2 sclerotized arms which are often branched and denticulate; 2) as in Phylinae aedeagus sclerotized, hard, of different shape, sometimes with soft separate membranous parts; phallotheca cover701 ing only apical part of aedeagus, fused with walls of genital segment; the apex of the phallotheca protrudes markedly from the genital opening and usually lies in a small hollow on the left paramere; this type is present in the subfamily Phylinae and the tribe Pilophorini. The structure of the genitalia (especially that of the penis) is much used for identification. In some oases it is impossible to identify a specimen without studying the male genitalia. Apex of abdomen of female pointed; female genitalia forming ovipositor. Identification is very difficult, as mistakes in collection, preparation and preservation may result in shrinking of the soft parts of the integument, falling off of hairs (which often have a great diagnostic importance),, and sometimes in change of color. Phytophagous species are most common, often with narrow food specialization; however, a large number of species are predacious or feeding both on plants and animals. Eggs laid in stems and leaves of plants. Eggs hibernating in most cases, rarely adults and very rarely larvae. One or several generations per year. The largest family, consisting of about 800 genera and several thousand species throughout the world. 143 genera, about 440 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 165 genera, more than 650 species. LITERATURE. Wagner, E. Blindwanzen Oder Miriden.

Tierwelt

Deutschlands, 41. Jena, 1952.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

t There

Tarsi 2-segmented (Figure 289,7).

Tibiae and tarsi gradually tapering apically. Claws slender, without pseudoarolia (Figure 289, 9). (Subfamily Cylapinae). Posterior corners of pronotum prolonged into tongue-shaped processes dorsal to basis of hemelytra (Figure 290,1) ........................ 1. Fulvius.

is much confusion in the literature as regards these terms. For example, the pseudoarolia are called arolia in almost the whole literature up to 1955.

2 (1). 3 (6).

4

5

6

7

8

Tarsi 3-segmented; 1st tarsal segment sometimes very small. 3rd tarsal segment thicker than the preceding segments (Figure 289, 8). Claws as in Figure 289, 10. Membrane of hemelytra with one cell or hemelytra shortened, without membrane. (Subfamily Bryocorinae). (5). Proboscis reaching middle coxae. 1st tarsal segment less than half as long as breadth of head. Hemelytra always with membrane, slightly projecting beyond apex of abdomen; lateral margin of hemelytra with a notch proximal to cuneus. ...... 2. Monalocoris. (4). Proboscis not reaching beyond apex of fore coxae. Head 1.4-1.8 times as wide as length of 1st antennal segment. Hemelytra either normal and projecting markedly beyond apex of abdomen, without notch proximal to cuneus, or shortened, without membrane and cuneus, not covering apex of abdomen .......... 3. Bryocoris. (3). 3rd tarsal segment not thicker than other segments. Claws of different structure. Membrane with 2 (rarely 1) cells, or hemelytra shortened, without membrane. (150). Claws with more or less widened and flattened, laminate or scalelike arolia (Figure 289, 11-14). (89). Arolia diverging apically (Figure 289, 11). Cervical ring convex, separated by groove, reaching beyond sides of pronotum; if the cervical ring is not separated or flattened, vertex usually with a longitudinal groove or a transverse depression. (Subfamily

9 (70).

10 (33). 11 (14).

12 (13).

13 (12).

14 (11). 15 (16).

702 16 (15).

Mirinae). Pronotum with not flattened cervical ring which is distinctly separated by a deep groove (Figure 274, 1). 1st segment of hind tarsi (with few exceptions, e.g., Stenotus) not longer or only slightly longer than 2nd segment. Vertex usually without longitudinal groove or transverse depression (Tribe Mirini). Pronotum and hemelytra distinctly punctate; if punctation indistinct, posterior margin of vertex with distinct transverse ridge. Body densely covered with golden or silvery hairs dorsally and ventrally; hairs slightly flattened, easily rubbed off. Cervical ring of pronotum twice as long as width of 2nd antennal segment (length of cervical ring measured in longitudinal axis of body). 1st. segment of hind tarsi as long as 2nd segment, Dorsum deeply punctate ............................. 12. Charagochilus. Cervical ring of pronotum as long as width of 2nd antennal segment. 1st segment of hind tarsi shorter than 2nd segment. Dorsum of body not deeply punctate ........................ 13. Polymerus. Body at least ventrally without flattened golden or silvery hairs, covered with delicate pubescence or almost bare. Genae markedly projecting anteriorly (Figure 291,1), completely or almost completely covering dorsal half of clypeus in profile. Hemelytra black, sometimes with red or yellow lateral margin. Scutellum black. Posterior margin of vertex without ridge ....... ................................................. 11. Capsus. Dorsal half of clypeus not covered or only partly covered by genae (Agno c o ri s), well visible in profile (Figure 274, 4). Color of hemelytra and scutellum different, or vertex with distinct ridge.

915

17 (20). Posterior margin of pronotum not more than 1.3-1.5 times as broad as head. Antennae situated at ventral margin of eyes. 18 (19). Punctation of pronotum and hemelytra very distinct. Antennae situated immediately dorsal to ventral margin of eyes. Cervical ring of pronoturo shiny ...................... 14. Camptozygum.

^A ^^^<^(^^1( ^.^ ^M "

«

a

^^ 15

»

16

FIGURE 289. Hemiptera. Family Isomeiopidae and Miridae (after

t>

»

17

’b

Wagner and original)

1-4lsonietopus intrusus: Ihead, lateral; 2same, anierior view; 3righlparamere; 4-left paramere album, tarsus; 8Bryo cior view and (b) lateral (ararolium); 10Bryococis pieridis, same; 11Orthops same (pa pseudoarolium); 12Orthocephalus saliaior, same; 13Orthotylus i pallidus, same; nMegalocoleus

exsanguis, same.

19 (18). Punctation of pronotum and hemelytra less distinct. Antennae situated immediately ventral to ventral margin of eyes. Cervical ring dull........................................ 15, Zygimus. 20 (17). Posterior margin of pronotum 1.7-2.2 times as broad as head. Antennae usually situated dorsal to ventral margin of eyes. 21 (22). Posterior part of pronotum with distinct transverse wrinkles. Raised areas markedly projecting, smooth, connected by a broad bridge. Claws markedly curved in the middle. Uniformly green ....................................... 16. Plesiocoris. 22 (21), Posterior part of pronotum punctate but without wrinkles. Raised areas small, low, sometimes separate. Often not uniformly green.

916

23 (32). 2nd antennal segment longer than breadth of head, rarely as long as breadth of head, but in this case posterior margin of vertex with uniformly high carina. 24 (31). Sides of meso- and metathorax duller than pronotum, often not black. Hind femora usually slightly narrower than vertex. 3rd segment of hind tarsi not longer or slightly lojiger than 2nd segment. 25 (30). Posterior margin of vertex with carina or color uniformly green. 703 26 (27). Hypophysis of right paramere straight or hooklike (Figure 293, 1,4,6,8,10,13,16). Grass-green, rarely yellowish green, sometimes with black pattern. 4.7-7 17. Lygocoris. 27 (26). Hypophysis of right paramere bent at almost right angle (Figures 295, 1,7,13,19; 296, 1,3,5,13,14). Color not green; if green, pronotum deeply punctate or body not more than 4.7 long and proboscis reaching only middle coxae. 28 (29). At least inner margin of base of tibiae with dark markings. ..................

Pronotum and hemelytra deeply punctate.

Setae on tibiae black.

.

.

.

4.7-7.5 ........................................... 18. Lygus. 29 (28). Outer margin of tibiae usually without dark markings. Pronotum and hemelytra often with shallow punctation. Setae on tibiae light or black. 3.5-5.2 ................................ 19. Orthops. 30 (25). Posterior margin of vertex without carina. Color not green. Pronotum with sparse shallow punctation........... 20. Liocoris. 31 (24). Sides of meso- and metathorax smooth, very shiny, pitch black. Hind femora long, thick, almost as broad as vertex. 3rd segment of hind tarsi longer than 2nd segment ............ 21. Cyphodema. 32 (23). 2nd antennal segment snorter than, or equal to, breadth of head. Carina on vertex lower in the middle. Fore tibiae without setae ............................................... 2. Agnocoris. 33 (10), Pronotum and hemelytra without pitted punctation, sometimes rugose, but in this case posterior margin of vertex (at least in the middle) without ridge. Cuneus usually longer than broad at base. 34 (39). Vertex with narrow but sometimes deep longitudinal groove between eyes; vertex and frons almost horizontal; sides of pronotum with pointed margin in profile. 35 (36). Color not green; pronotum and hemelytra with dark speckles. Antennae thick; 2nd antennal segment twice as long as 3rd and 4th segments together. Frons with rounded-triangular anterior process overhanging clypeus ...................... 41. Pantilius. 36 (35). Green; pronotum and hemelytra without dark speckles. 2nd antennal segment little longer than 3rd and 4th segments together. 37 (38). Frons with triangular process overhanging clypeus. 2nd antennal segment not thinner than cervical ring of pronotum ............... ............................................... 40. Apantilius. 38 (37). Frons rounded anteriorly, not projecting above clypeus in profile. 2nd antennal segment thinner than cervical ring of pronotum. ...... ........................................... 39. AUorhinocoris. 39 (34). Vertex without longitudinal groove between eyes, rarely with a thin longitudinal depressed line; in this case head vertical or markedly inclined. Sides of pronotum usually uniformly rounded.

40 (41). Cervical ring of pronotum almost as long as raised areas (Figure 291, 7). Genae very high. Sides of pronotum with distinct edge ................................... 28. Capsodes. 41 (40). Cervical ring of pronotum markedly shorter than raised areas. Genae moderately high or low. 42 (45). Hind femora flattened, long, usually reaching beyond apex of abdomen. 1st antennal segment longer than pronotum, rarely slightly shorter; in this case, 1st antennal segment with thin vertical setae. 43 (44). Lateral margins of pronotum obtusely rounded. Head usually short; base of clypeus ventral to dorsal margin of antennal sockets (Figure 291, 2). Membrane usually with numerous gray spots, which are sometimes reduced in the female ............... .............................................. 37. Phytocoris. 44 (43). Lateral margins of pronotum slightly carinate anteriorly. Head long; base of clypeus at level of dorsal margin of antennal sockets (Figure 291, 3). Membrane completely light or with 2 longitudinal pale gray stripes ................................ 39. Miridius. 45 (42). Hind femora cylindrical, uniformly thick almost throughout, slightly thinner only apically, usually not reaching beyond apex of abdomen. 1st antennal segment shorter than pronotum, rarely slightly longer; in this case 1st antennal segment without vertical setae. 46 (69). Posterior margin of vertex without a low ridge near eyes. 1st antennal segment usually reaching beyond apex of head. 47 (68). 1st segment of hind tarsi not longer than 2nd segment; if longer, proboscis not reaching beyond middle coxae, or only little beyond. 48 (67). Proboscis reaching beyond middle of mesothorax. 49 (64). Corium with only 2 veins which are sometimes slightly darkened. Usually not more than 8.5 long. 50 (53). Cervical ring of pronotum narrower than, rarely as broad as, base of 2nd antennal segment. 51 (52). Large cell at apex of membrane angular (Figure 291, 4). Genital segment of male with small denticle on the left side. Dorsum of body with delicate silvery or golden pubescence in addition to adpressed hairs ............................. 35. Adelphocoris. 704 52 (51). Large cell at apex of membrane broadly rounded (Figure 291, 5). Genital segment of male with large denticle on left side. Dorsum of body without pubescence .................... 36. Megacoelum. 53 (50). Cervical ring of pronotum broader than base of 2nd antennal segment, rarely as broad as this, but in this case clypeus distinctly separated from frons by a depression. 54 (57). Hemelytra yellow or orange-red, with 1 or 2 longitudinal black stripes or with a transverse black stripe. Scutellum black; antennae and legs uniformly black, rarely brown or reddish. Female more or less brachypterous. 55 (56). Cervical ring of pronotum yellow. Hemelytra of female reaching end of abdomen; rudiments of membrane present. .27. HorvatMa. 56 (55). Cervical ring of pronotum black. Hemelytra of female not covering end of abdomen; membrane absent..... 26. Alloeonotus. .

57 (54).

Coloration of hemelytra different. In doubtful cases either scutellum light or antennae yellow and black, and 2nd antennal segment clavate. 58 (61). Posterior margin of pronotum not more than 1.3 times as broad as head and eyes. 2nd antennal segment with clavate apex. 59 (60). Hemelytra normal. Scutellum yellow ........... 30. Epimecellus. 60 (59), Hemelytra shortened, without membrane. Scutellum black ........ .............................................

29. Aphanosoma.

Posterior margin of pronotum 1.5-2.5 times as broad as head and eyes. 2nd antennal segment cylindrical or clavate (C alo coris biclavatus). Eyes contiguous with anterior margin of pronotum ............... -

61 (58).

62 (63).

............................................... 34. Calocoris. 63 (62). Eyes not contiguous with anterior margin of pronotum (Figure 291, 8). Fore coxae distinctly visible in dorsal view ...".,. ............................................ 33. Odontoplatys. 64 (49). Corium with more or less distinct third vein between its 2 veins (Figure 291,6). Large species (8.5-11). 65 (66). Base of scutellum covered by pronotum. Eyes contiguous with anterior margin of pronotum. Head broader than high in anterior view

........................................

31. Actinonotus.

66 (65). Base of scutellum not covered by pronotum. Eyes distant from anterior margin of pronotum. Head as broad as high in anterior view .............................................. 32. Miris. 67 (48). Proboscis very short, reaching only fore coxae or slightly beyond them, but not farther than middle of mesothorax. Frons convex, 25. Brachycoleus. slightly protruding dorsal of base of clypeus 68 (47). 1st segment of hind tarsi 1.5-2 tiroes as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. Proboscis reaching hind coxae or beyond them ................................................ 24. Stenotus. 69 (46). Posterior margin of vertex with an indistinct ridge near eyes. 1st antennal segment not reaching beyond apex of head ............ ........................................... 23. Dichrooscytus. Pronotum without cervical ring or with markedly flattened cervical 70 (9). ring which is not distinctly differentiated. 1st segment of hind tarsi twice or almost twice as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi. 71 (86). Vertex with longitudinal groove or with transverse depression, If hemelytra shortened, they usually cover not less than 1/2-1/3 of the abdomen; if hemelytra normal, cuneus separated by a distinct suture and membrane with 2 cells. Not resembling ants. (Tribe Stenodemini). 72 (83). Vertex (Figure 300, 1,2) with longitudinal groove which is sometimes indistinct (Lep topte rna). 2nd antennal segment not clavate; sides of pronotum not broadly laminate. 73 (74). Scutellum and posterior part of pronotum distinctly punctate. Pronotum covering base of scutellum ............ 42. Stenodema. 74 (73). Scutellum smooth. Pronotum with indistinct punctation, not covering base of scutellum. 75 (80). Head longer than broad. Eyes contiguous with anterior corners of pronotum (Figure 300, 1,15,16). ....

..,...-.

76(77). Hind tibiae covered with long, thin, vertical hairs, without setae. Frons bifid apically, covering clypeus dorsally (Figure 300, 1). .... ............................................... 43. Notostira. 77 (76). Hind tibiae covered with very short adpressed hairs, with short black setae. Frons not bifid apically, not covering clypeus (Figure 300, 15,16). 78 (79). 1st antennal segment 1.5-1.7 times as long as proriotum. Pronotum at base not more than 1.5 times as broad as long. 8.5-10,5 ....... ........................................... 44. Megaloceraea. 79 (78). 1st antennal segment not more than 1.2 times as long as pronotum. Pronotum at base almost twice as broad as long. Species in the European U.S.S.R. not more than 6.5 long ...... .45. Trigonotylus. 80 (75). Head shorter than broad. Eyes not contiguous with anterior corners of pronotum. Vertex usually with distinct transverse depression (Figure 300,2). 81 (82). Proboscis not reaching farther than anterior margin of middle coxae. 1st antennal segment distinctly tapering in terminal half. Frons flat, almost completely covering clypeus in dorsal view..... ............................................. 46. Teratocoris. 705 82 (81). Proboscis reaching hind coxae. 1st antennal segment not tapering apically or only slightly tapering. Frons markedly convex, not covering clypeus dorsally (Figure 300, 2)........ 47. Leptopterna* 83 (72). Vertex with longitudinal groove and with a small transverse hollow. 84 (85). 2nd antennal segment clavate subapically. Sides of pronotum rounded, without laminate carina............... 48. Actinocoris. 85 (84). 2nd antennal segment not thickened. Whole sides of pronotum with a thin broad laminate carina (a carina usually also present in middle of pronotum) .......................... 49. Acetropis. 86 (71). Vertex without groove or depression. Hemelytra more or less shortened, covering not more than 1/5-1/3 of length of abdomen; hemelytra rarely normal, and in this case cuneus not limited by suture, and membrane with one cell. Brachypterous specimens resembling ants in some respects. Lateral connexivum usually turned up dorsally and pressed to convex abdomen. 87 (88). Abdomen not tapering at base. Labrum triangular, dorsoventrally flattened into a triangular plate which covers base of proboscis. Lora not differentiated. Only triangular scutellum free. Brachypterous specimens resemble ants slightly (Figure 298,5). (Tribe Pithanini)....................................... 50. Pithanus. 88 (87). Abdomen distinctly narrowed at base, almost pedunculate. Labrum laterally flattened, contiguous to base of proboscis in form of laminate crest (Figure 302, 1). Lora well marked. (Tribe Myrmecorini). Resembling ants markedly; mesonotum completely visible dorsally, pentagonal (Figure 301,1) ........... 51. Myrnaecoris. 89 (8). Arolia converging apically (Figure 289,12-14). Pronotum without cervical ring or cervical ring indistinct. Vertex only rarely (Chorosomella) with a longitudinal groove. (Subfamily

Orthotylinae). 90 (147). Posterior margin of vertex not covering anterior margin of pronotum; if posterior margin of vertex covers anterior margin

920

of pronotum, the whole clypeus well visible laterally. theca fused with aedeagus, without genital segment.

Phallo-

91 (120). Left paramere usually spoon-shaped or flag-shaped; right paramere geniculate, right-angled (Figure 302, 8,9,11,12). Aedeagus membranous, its inner side often with 1 or 2 spinules or different structures. 1st segment of proboscis usually more than twice as thick as 2nd segment. Distance from eye to apex of clypeus in profile (Figure 302, 4) usually longer than diameter of an eye. (Tribe Halticini). 92 (93). Very narrow and long, green. Vertex with longitudinal groove. Head produced into a conical process which overhangs the clypeus. Hemelytra either shortened (without membrane) or normal (covering 2/3-3/4 of length of abdomen)................ .......................................... 55. Chorosomella. 93 (92). Not green. Vertex without groove. Head without conical process overhanging clypeus, 94 (95). Abdomen markedly narrowed at base. Brachypterous specimens resemble ants closely; cuneus of macropterous forms anteriorly 52. Myrmecophyes. not separated and membrane without cells 95 (94). Abdomen not narrowed at base. Erachypterous forms not resembling ants; cuneus of macropterous forms usually distinctly separated, and lateral margin of hemelytra concave proximal to cuneus; membrane with 2 cells. 96 (117). Posterior margin of head not pointed; if pointed, it does not overlie anterior part of pronotum. Eyes more or less rounded in profile, not oblong or only slightly prolonged dorsally. 97 (98). 1st segment of hind tarsi slightly longer than 2nd segment or as long as this. Eyes stalked.. ...................... 56. Labops. 98 (97). 2nd segment of hind tarsi 1.5-2 times as long as 1st segment. Eyes often not stalked, 99 (100). Hemelytra of both sexes always short, posteriorly truncate; 53. Scirtetellus. claval commissure not longer than scutellum 100 (99). If hemelytra shortened, claval commissure distinctly longer than scutellum or posterior margins of hemelytra diverging posteriorly, forming an obtuse angle between them. 101 (102). Whole membrane of hemelytra of macropterous forms covered with hairs; claval commissure of brachypterous forms as long as scutellum. 2.3-3 .......................... 63. Dasyscytus. 102 (101). Membrane of macropterous forms without hairs or with hairs only at the margin; claval commissure of brachypterous forms longer than scutellum. 103 (104). Whole hemelytra or only their outer half whitish yellow.......... ......................................... 54. Dimorphocoris. 104 (103). Hemelytra completely black or at least their outer half black or dark brown; hemelytra rarely with a narrow light stripe at the outer margin. 706 105 (110). 1st antennal segment with more than 2 black vertical setae, usually with numerous setae which are not shorter than the width of the segment. Apex of hind femora dorsally and ventrally with a shiny, round, brownish raised flat part (Figure 302,7). Fore tibiae more or less twisted, slightly widened and flattened apically, .

.

.

.

.

.

106 (109). Hemelytra distinctly punctate, very shiny,bare. 107 (108). Head convex between eyes, smooth. Tibiae yellow .............................................

..............

58. Halticidea.

108 (107). Head more or less flattened or concave between eyes, with thin 57. Euryopicoris. longitudinal wrinkles. Tibiae black 109 (106). Hemelytra without distinct punctation, often rugose, more or less dull. Dorsum usually with silvery hairs ...... 59. Anapus. 110 (105). 1st antennal segment only with short adpressed hairs and not more than 2 vertical black setae on inner side of apex. Apex of hind femora without flat raised part, or this is present only on the ventral side of the hind femora. Fore tibiae usually straight, cylindrical. Head completely black or with only 2 light round spots on frons which are not contiguous with the eyes. 111 (116). Head broader than high in anterior view. 112 (113). Body densely covered with silvery scales; dorsum of body also with black vertical hairs ..................... 60. Anapomella, 113 (112). Body without silvery scales, with short adpressed hairs or bare dor sally. 114 (115). Vertex of male 2.3-2.5 times as broad as an eye, that of female 2.8-3.1 times as broad as an eye. Vertex of male without high carina between eyes and a concavity anteriorly ................. .......................................... 62. Pachytomella. 115 (114). Vertex of male 2.6-3.1 times as broad as an eye, that of female 3.9-4.4 times as broad as an eye. Vertex of male with a thin carina between the eyes near its posterior margin in posterior view; vertex of male more or less concave anterior to carina .... ........................................... 64. Piezocranum. 116 (111). Breadth of head less than, equal to, or rarely 1/4 more than its height.................................... 61. Orthocephalus. 117 (96). Posterior margin of head pointed, more or less overlying anterior margin of pronotum, sometimes reaching raised areas of pronotum; eyes produced dorsally in profile. 118 (119). Antennae shorter than body. Hind femora less than 1.5 times as long, and also less than 1.5 times as thick as middle femora. .......................................... 65. Strongylocoris. 119 {118). Antennae longer- than body. Hind femora twice as long and twice as thick as middle femora 66. Halticus. 120 (91). Paramere of different structure/ often denticulate or with processes, Aedeagus without membranous structures, consisting of 2 often branched and serrated sclerotized areas. 1st segment of proboscis less than twice as thick as 2nd segment. Distance from eye to apex of clypeus (Figure 302, 5} usually less than diameter of an eye or equal to it- (Tribe ..........

.................

Orthotylini). 121 (122). Proboscis (Figure 303, 1) thick and short, reaching little beyond fore coxae; 3rd and 4th segments of proboscis becoming thicker towards their articulations, segments 3 and 4 together longer than 2nd segment. Pronotum very short. Green ............... ........................................

79. Brachynotocoris,

122 (121). Proboscis gradually tapering apically; 3rd and 4th segments of proboscis together much shorter than 2nd segment, not thickened at their articulations.

133 (128). Pronotum with distinct groove posterior to the raised areas; this groove also crosses the lateral margins of pronotum (Figure 303, 2), or raised areas conical (Figure 303, 3). 124 (125). Hind coxae separated. Proboscis not reaching beyond middle coxae. Not green. Female always macropterous ............................................. 67. Cyllecoris. 125 (124). Hind coxae contiguous. Proboscis usually reaching beyond

...............

middle coxae.

126 (127). Green. 1st antennal segment reaching markedly beyond apex of clypeus ............................. 77, Blepharidopterus. 127 (126), Black or reddish brown, usually with more or less marked white pattern. 1st antennal segment not reaching beyond apex of clypeus. Females usually brachypterous 68. Globiceps. 128 (123). Pronotum without groove posterior to raised areas, or groove present, shallow, not reaching lateral margins. 129 (130). Distance of eyes from anterior margin of pronotum almost equal 78. Malacocoris. to breadth of an eye (Figure 303, 4). Green 130 (129). Eyes contiguous with anterior margin of pronotum or close to it. 131 (134). 2nd antennal segment (Figure 303, 5,6) markedly widened and flattened, its cross section not round; 1st antennal segment markedly thickened. Body black or reddish brown. 132 (133). Head not longer than high. 1st antennal segment more or less spindle-shaped (Figure 303, 5,6). -Legs yellow ................. ............................................ 72. Heterotoma. 133 (132). Head longer than high m profile. 1st antennal segment conical 73. Excentricus. (base of cone anteriorly). Legs black 707 134 (131). 2nd antennal segment thickened or not thickened, but not flattened (its cross section round). 135 (136). Vertex with 2 transverse pits near eyes. Black or dark brown; usually covered with golden or silvery scales; legs black or brownish ................................ 74. Heterocordylus. 136 (135). Vertex without transverse pits near eyes. If completely black, ......

....

.........

legs light yellow. 137 (140). Pronotum completely black. 138 (139). Head short, only slightly projecting anteriorly beyond the eyes; clypeus not projecting beyond apex of frons. Hemelytra either shortened or normal, but in this case apex of cuneus projecting outward beyond outer margin of membrane (Figure 303, 7) .............................................. 69. Mecomma. 139 (138). Head distinctly prolonged anteriorly beyond eyes; clypeus projecting anteriorly beyond apex of frons. Hemelytra always normal; apex of cuneus not projecting beyond outer margin of membrane (Figure 303, 8) .................... 71. Cyrtorhinus. 140 (137). Pronotum light or dark gray, or more or less black, but at least its posterior corners and a spot in the middle light. 141 (144). Breadth of head only 3/4-4/5 of length of posterior margin of pronotum. Dark gray or pale yellow. 142 (143). Lateral margins of pronotum notched. Body with small silvery scales. Hemelytra always with membrane. Dark gray .......... 76. Hyoidea. .......

...............................................

143 (142). Lateral margins of pronotum straight. Body without silvery scales. Hemelytra usually shortened, without membrane. Pale yellow 70. Fieberocapsus. 144 (141). Head markedly narrower than posterior margin of pronotum. Usually green, rarely brownish or red. 145 (146). 2nd antennal segment not longer than 3rd and 4th segments together, or slightly longer. If reddish (0. rubidus), body ...............................

less than 4.0 long

............................

80. Orthotylus.

146 (145). 2nd antennal segment almost twice as long as 3rd and 4th segments together. Reddish yellow or with red stripes and spots.

At least 4.0 long 147 (90).

..........................

75. Pseudoloxops.

Head slanting posteriorly; posterior margin of vertex pointed, covering anterior margin of pronotum; base of clypeus not visible laterally (Figure 302, 6). Hind tibiae often more or less flattened in the middle and slightly curved. Pseudoarolia setalike or absent. Aedeagus strongly sclerotized (Figure 306,19). Phallotheca fused with walls of genital segment. (Tribe

Pilaphorini). 148 (149). Body broadly oval. Hemelytra without bands of silvery hairs. Pronotum posteriorly more than twice as broad as long. Tibiae with black dots .............................. 81. Hypseloecus. 149 (148). Body elongate, resembling an ant to some extent. Hemelytra with 2 bands of silvery hairs which are easily rubbed off. Pronotum not more than 1.5 times as broad as long. Tibiae without black dots ............................ 82. Pilophorus. 150 ’(7). Claws with setalike aroliat (Figure 289, 15-17). 151 (164). Anterior margin of pronotum with convex cervical ring separated by a distinct groove (Figure 292, 1,2). Male genitalia as in Mirinae, i.e.. aedeagus membranous and’phallotheca fused to

aedeagus. 152 (159)., Claws wilhout pseudoarolia (Figure 289, 15). Hemelytra opaque. (Subfamily Deraeocorinae). 153 (156). Hemelytra not punctate or much less punctate than posterior part of pronotum. Eyes markedly projecting laterally, almost stalked. Raised areas of pronotum posteriorly limited by a groove. (Tribe Clivinemini). 154 (155). Apex of soutellum with a high carinate tubercle. Membrane of hemelytra not pubescent, always present. Posterior margin of vertex with a pointed carina 8. Stethoconus. 155 (154). Apex of scutellum without tubercle. Membrane of hemelytra pubescent or almost absent (in brachypterous females). Posterior margin of vertex without carina ........... 7. Bothynotus. 156 (153). Hemelytra as distinctly punctate as posterior part of pronotum. Eyes not stalked. Raised areas not limited by a groove posteriorly. (Tribe Deraeocorini). 157 (158). 1st segment of hind tarsi as long as 2nd and 3rd segments together. Claws without basal denticle. Carina on posterior margin of vertex contiguous with eyes .......... 9. Alloeotomus. ...................

t The very rare genus Brachya rthrum (P’nylinae) converging arolia-

is an

exception, possessing flattened, apically

708 158 (157). 2nd and 3rd segments of hind tarsi together 1.5-2.5 times as long as 1st segment of hind tarsi. Claws usually with a stout basal denticle (Figure 290, 6). Carina on vertex not contiguous with

eyes

...................................

10,

Deraeocoris.

159 (152). Claws with laminate pseudoarolia originating on denticles at base of claws (Figure 289, 16). Hemelytra often slightly transparent. (Subfamily Dicyphinae). 160 (163). Eyes more or less distant from anterior margin of pronotum. 161 (162). Raised areas of pronotum little developed; groove posterior to raised areas not reaching lateral margins of pronotum. Greenish ................................... 4. Macrolophus. 162 (161). Raised areas of pronotum well developed; groove posterior to raised areas reaching lateral margins of pronotum. Pale 5. Dicyphus. yellowish, with more or less markedblackpattern Eyes contiguous with anterior margin of pronotum ........................................... 6. Campyloneura. Pronotum without cervical ring or with a not very distinct, flattened cervical ring. Male genitalia as in Phylinae, i.e., aedeagus usually sclerotized, and phallotheca fused with walls of genital segment. (Subfamily Phylinae). Pronotum with flattened cervical ring. (Tribe Hallodapini). 1st segment of hind tarsi longer than 2nd segment. More than 5.5 long; eyes contiguous with anterior margin of pronotum ...... ......................................... 87. Cremnocephalus. 1st segment of hind tarsi shorter than 2nd segment. If more than 5 long, eyes more or less distant from anterior margin of pronotum. 2nd antennal segment thickened apically, 1/5-1/3 longer than3rdand 4th segments together, markedly thicker than these segments. Frons flat, not separated from base of clypeus .......... 86. Mimocoris. 2nd antennal segment uniformly broad or slightly thickened apically, distinctly shorter than 3rd and 4th segments together, almost not thicker than these. Frons distinctly convex. Abdomen very narrow basally. Eyes more or less distant from posterior margin of head. Clypeus not separated from frons by a transverse depression 85. Systellonotus. Abdomen not very narrow basally. Eyes situated at posterior margin of head. Base of clypeus separated from frons by a distinct transverse depression in profile. Raised areas of pronotum markedly projecting in brachypterous forms, noticeably projecting in macropterous forms. Head and pronotum not pubescent, shiny .............. 84. Omphalonotus. Raised areas of pronotum indistinct. Head and pronotum dull, with vertical hairs 83. Hallodapus. Pronotum without cervical ring. (Tribe Phylini).+ Proboscis not reachingbeyondfore coxae, or else only a little beyond. Posterior margin of pronotum straight or convex. Clypeus markedly projecting; 1st antennal segment thickened; clypeus and 1st antennal’ segment covered with shaggy white hairs; 2nd .

163 (160). 164 (151).

165 (174).

166 (167).

167 (166).

168 (169).

169 (168).

170 (171).

...

..............

....................

171 (170).

172 (173).

173 (172).

...........................

174 (165). 175 (178). 176 (177).

ii

the tribe Phylini may be of 2 types: 1) C-shaped (w

me curve); 2) S-shaped

HEMIPTERA

177 (176).

antennal segment cylindrical, much thinner than 1st antennal segment...................................... 88. Nasocoris. Posterior margin of pronotum markedly concave. Clypeus and 1st antennal segment without shaggy white hairs; 2nd antennal segment slightly thinner than 1st segment; ventral side of 2nd antennal segment of male with a blunt subapical tubercle 115. Harpocera. (Figure 307, 1,2). Claws as in Figure 307. 5 Proboscis reaching markedly beyond fore coxae, usually reaching beyond middle of mesothorax. Cerium with a distinct black dot near inner corner of cuneus; hemelytra green. Proboscis short, slightly thickened at articulation of 3rd and 4th segments ............. 143. Camptotylus. Corium without distinct black dot near inner corner of cuneus, sometimes with numerous minute speckles. Proboscis gradually ...

178 (175).

179 (180).

180 (179).

.

.

.

tapering apically. 181 (202). Dorsum of body with more or less flattened silvery or golden hairs (scales) which are easily rubbed off; t simple slender hairs (usually black) frequently present between the silvery or golden hairs (scales) (Figure 307,3). 182 (189). 2nd antennal segment black, alwaysthi-ckspindle-shapedinfemale, often also in male; ifnot thickened (Leguminola, sometimes Atractotomus) gonopore lies near apex of aedeagus (Figure 313,16)or large membranous processes present near gonopore. 183 (184). Pseudoarolia fused with claws atbase (Figure 307,7). Head longer than broad or as long as pronotum or as long as 2nd antennal segment, rarely slightly shorter. 2nd antennal segment of male and female 4-5 times longer than thick ................ 123. Excentricoris. 709 184 (183). Pseudoarolia fused with claws throughout or in their greater part (Figure 307, 7,8). Head shorter thanbroad, or than pronotum, or than 2nd antennal segment. 2nd antennal segment at least 6 times longer than thick; 2nd antennal segment of males of some species not thickened. 185 (186). Inner side of tibiae black, outer side light, with large dark spots at base of setae. 3rd and 4th antennal segments black. 2nd antennal segment thickened in both sexes 120. Heterocapillus. 186 (185). Tibiae uniformly colored or with small dark dots at base of setae. 3rd and 4th antennal segments light at least in female. 187 (188). Claws long, straight, curved only at the apex (Figure 307,7). Gonopore far from apex of aedeagus; 2 membranous processes present near gonopore (Figure 313, 14). 2nd antennal segment of male not thickened 121. Leguminola. 188 (187). Claws short, more or less uniformly curved (Figure 307, 8). Gonopore near apex of aedeagus; aedeagus without membranous processes (Figure 313, 15,16) .............. 122. Atractotomus. 189 (182). 2nd antennal segment light or black, sometimes thick (Criocoris), but never spindle-shaped. Aedeagus of different structure. 190 (191). Hemelytra light, with numerous minute brown dots, with only light hairs ................................. 101. Coniortodes. 191 (190). Hemelytra without minute brown dots, rarely with minute red dots, but in this case some hairs on hemelytra black, .......................

t The pubescence

is

usually best preserved on the cuneus, margins of herneiyua, and border between

192 (193). Whole dorsum white, with light hairs; venter of body (including sides and ventral side of head) brownish black; hind femora black

..........................

102. Nanopsallus.

193 (192). Color different; dorsum at least partly black, red or yellow, rarely whitish and with only light pubescence; in the latter case hind femora light.

194 (195). Clypeus markedly projecting anteriorly and ventrally (Figure 308, 1); head twice as high as an eye in anterior view. Aedeagus C-shaped and very slender (Figure 314, 3). 124. Criocoris. 195 (194). Clypeus projecting less anteriorly and ventrally (Figure 308, 2); head less than twice as high as an eye. Aedeagus C-shaped, but massive or S- shaped. 196 (197). Clypeus flattened; clypeus in profile hardly visible or only slightly projecting. Posterior margin of vertex with a thin transverse ridge. Hemelytra not black, densely covered with large white scales and light hairs; black hairs are sometimes also present on cuneus and at margins of hemelytra ............. 118. Sthenarus. 197 (196). Clypeus usually distinctly projecting anteriorly and well visible in profile; posterior margin of head usually without ridge; clypeus rarely slightly projecting and posterior margin of vertex pointed (Phoenicocoris), but in this case hemelytra black or gray-black, with black hairs. 198 (201). Eyes more or less granular. If the tibiae are light, they are without black spots at base of outer margin (on genu). At least part of not flattened hairs on hemelytra black or dark brown. 199 (200). Aedeagus markedly S-shaped, with 2 long slender apical processes (Figure 313, 22.23). Body black, sometimes grayish black or pale brownish; at least 2nd-4th antennal segments dirty yellow; tibiae without distinct black dots at base of setae, 127. Phoenicocoris. rarely completely black 200 (199). Aedeagus of different structure, usually massive (Figure 312, 1-8, 11-22, 24,26). If body black, tibiae with distinct black dots at base of setae or completely black ......... 117. Psallus. 201 (198). Eyes smooth. Tibiae yellow, outer side of their base black. Body only with dense, silvery, slightly flattened hairs ........... 133. Plagiognathus (partly). 202 (181). Dorsum of body without flattened silvery or golden hairs (scales), with only ordinary hairs; in doubtful cases body often green. 203 (204). Very small, short-oval. Setae on tibiae short, light. Hemelytra black, usually markedly shortened, in this case claval commissure as long as scutellum and body not more than 2.0 long; hemelytra rarely normal (in this case length about 2.5) .......................................... 136. Platypsallus. 204 (203). If hemelytra shortened, claval commissure longer than scutellum, body usually more than 2.0 long, setae on tibiae black or brown, or hemelytra light. If hemelytra normal and completely black, either setae on tibiae black, or body more than 3.0 long. ......

.............................................

.............................................

...................

..................................

..........

205 (206). Pseudoarolia reaching beyond apex of claw and completely fused with it (Figure 307, 9) ...................... 103. Lopus. 206 (205). Pseudoarolia not reaching beyond apex of claw. 710 207 (210). Pseudoarolia reaching apex of claw and fused with it only at base (Figure 307, 10,11). 208 (209). Claws short, strongly and uniformly curved, with a pointed denticle at base (Figure 307,10) .............. 94. Macrotylus, 209 (208). Claws without basal denticle, slightly curved (Figure 307, 11). Body covered with coarse black hairs ........... 93. Acrotelus. 210 (207). Pseudoarolia not reaching apex of claw; if pseudoarolia almost reach apex of claw, they are fused with it almost throughout; pseudoarolia sometimes absent (Figure 307, 12-30). 211 (212). Pseudoarolia almost reaching apex of claw (Figure 307,12). ...... ............................................. 92. Litoxenus. 212 (211). Pseudoarolia clearly not reaching apex of claw. 213 (214). Pseudoarolia large, fused with claw only at the base, reaching markedly beyond middle of claw (Figure 307, 13). 89. Oncotylus. 214 (213). More than half length of pseudoarolia fused with claw, or pseudoarolia reaching little beyond middle of claw. 215 (216), Lateral margin of pronotum forming a narrow plate near its anterior corners; plate overhanging propleura in profile. Dorsum of body dull and covered with very minute light hairs. Head slightly narrower than posterior margin of pronotum. Proboscis not reaching beyond middle coxae, or else only a little beyond .................................. 95. Conostethus. (215), Lateral margin of pronotum only rarely forming a plate near 216 its anterior corners (P ronotropi s, Amblytylus, Ethelasti a). Dorsum of body shiny or with distinct pubescence which is easily rubbed off. 217 (218), Pronotum with indistinct longitudinal white carina between raised areas in profile; carina continued as a white stripe on head and scutellum .......................... 96. Pronotropis. 218 (217). Pronotum without carina, but sometimes with a white stripe. 219 (224), Hemelytra densely covered with minute brown dots which are sometimes fused into spots (Atom opho ra). Proboscis reaching hind coxae; if reaching middle coxae (Atom opho r a), tibiae with dark dots at base of setae. 220 (221). Proboscis not reaching farther than middle coxae. Pseudoarolia large. In sand deserts Atomophora Reut.t 221 (220). Proboscis reaching hind coxae or beyond them. Pseudoarolia small (Figure 307, 18). 222 (223), Membrane of hemelytra of male with minute brown speckles; hemelytra of female usually shortened, their membrane forming .

.....................

a narrow border; whitish.

Setae

hemelytra rarely normal.

.....................................

on hind tibiae

99. Psallopsis.

-

223 (222). Membrane of hemelytra without dark spots. Hemelytra always normal. Setae on hind tibiae usually brown. 100. Solenoxyphus.tt t

tt

One undescribed species occurs in southeastern and eastern Ciscaucasia on Calligonum, More than 10 species occur in the U.S S.R. The record of the closely related genus Mairhacosoma from the European U.S S.R and the synonymy of M.punctipenne Reut. with Capsus halimocnemis Beck. are erroneous.

928

MIRIDAE

224 (219). Hemelytra without brown dots or (Leucopterum p aliens) with more or less distinct minute dots; but in this case proboscis not reaching beyond middle coxae and tibiae without dark spots at base of setae. 225 (230). Claws long, slender and slightly curved; pseudoarolia very small or absent (Figure 307, 29,30); 3rd segment of hind tarsi as long as first 2 segments or almost as long. Tarsus long, more than 1/3 as long as tibiae. Usually on Tamaricaceae, rarely on plants of other families, but not on Chenopodiaceae. 226 (227). Body black or reddish black; dorsum and venter with large median

yellow-white spot

.................

140. Auchenocrepis.

227 (226). Color different. 228 (229). Head with dark pattern (Figure 308. 3). Tibiae with dark sub141. Eumecotarsus. apical dots 229 (228). Head uniformly light. Femora usually without dark supapical spots. Green, greenish white or partly pink or reddish ......... .............................................. 142. Tuponia. 230 (225). Claws short or strongly curved, or with large pseudoarolia, or 3rd segment of hind tarsi markedly shorter than first 2 segments, or tarsus less than 1/3 as long as tibia. If some of these characters are as in bracket 225 and color green (Hadrophyes, Leucopterum, Atomoscelis), the species live on Chenopodiaceae. 711 231 (246). Setae on hind tibiae whitish, yellowish, sometimes dark brown (Plesiodema, Tytthus); if tibiae dark brown, body not more than 3.2 long. Tibiae without dark dots at base of setae. 232 (235). Head green or’yellow, without dark spots. Hemelytra normal. 233 (234). Proboscis not reaching beyond middle coxae. Pale greenish; hemelytra with broad brown stripe at posterior margin or of uniform color .............................. 98. Leucopterum. 234 (233). Proboscis reaching beyond hind coxae. Rich yellow ............. .................................. 105. Megalocoleus (partly). 235 (232). Head completely or in its greater part black or dark brown, rarely light; if light, hemelytra shortened. 236 (239). Hemelytra of uniform color, yellow, covered with dark hairs in posterior view. 2.5-3.2. 237 (238). 2nd antennal segment 2-2.5 times as long as 1st antennal segment. Posterior margin of pronotum notched. Head black or dark brown, with a light round spot near each eye 109. Tytthus. 238 (237). 1st antennal segment very short; 2nd antennal segment 3.5-4 times as long as 1st segment. Posterior margin of pronotum straight. Head uniformly brown ............. .110. Plesiodema. 239 (236). Hemelytra covered with delicate whitish hairs, black or with black spot in middle, or yellow; if yellow, body more than 4,4 long. Genital segment of male with ventral longitudinal carina. 240 (243). Head markedly prolonged anterior to eyes, slanting; gula strongly inclined or almost vertical; eyes distant from ventral margin of head. At least females brachypterous; hemelytra of females .

.

..............................

without membrane,

241 (242). Males macropterous, elongate (Figure 301, 8). Females brachypterous; bodyoffemales short, widening posteriorly (Figure 301,9).

Clypeus in profile projecting anteriorly for a distance equal to width of the 2nd antennal segment. Hemelytra black, rarely brownish. Hind femora of uniform color....... 111. Orthonotus. 242 (241). Males and females brachypterous; body widening posteriorly. Clypeus projecting anteriorly twice as far as the width of the 2nd antennal segment. Hemelytra yellow, with more or less developed black or brown median spot. Hind femora yellow, with broad black spot in apical half ............ 112. Homolaner. 243 (240), Ventral margin of head almost horizontal; eyes very close to ventral margin of head. Both sexes always macropterous, elongate. 244 (245). 2nd segment of hind tarsi longer than 3rd segment. Arolia setalike. Aedeagus massive, S-shaped (Figure 311, 15-17) ...... 113. Phylus. 245 (244), 2nd segment of hind tarsi shorter than 3rd segment. Arolia laminate. Aedeagus slender, small, C-shaped (Figure 311, 13).. ........................................ 114. Brachyarthrum, 246 (231). Setae on hind tibiae black; in doubtful cases black dots present at base of setae of hind tibiae, 247 (262). Whole head (including lora and clypeus) without black spots; femora and tibiae without dark dots; rarely (Tinicephalus) frons with dark stripes, but clypeus and lora completely light or (Damioscea, male) only apex of clypeus brownish. 248 (249). All antennal segments of male, in female only base of 2nd antennal segment, black. Hind tibiae brownish. Proboscis reaching hind coxae 108. Damioscea. 249 (248). Antennae light yellow. 250 (251). Proboscis not reaching beyond middle coxae 91. Eurycolpus. 251 (250). Proboscis reaching hind coxae or beyond them. 252 (255). Claws without pseudoarolia or pseudoarolia very small, not reaching beyond middle of claw. 253 (254). Yellowish green. Anterior margin of head broadly rounded in dorsal view. Head only 3/4 as broad as base of pronotum ....... ............................................ 97. Hadrophyes. 254 (253). Rich yellow. Anterior margin of head pointed in dorsal view. Base of pronotum almost twice as broad as head ................ ......................................... 139, Paredrocoris. 255 (252). Pseudoarolia normally developed and reaching middle of claw ...............................................

.

.......................................

,

....

or beyond it.

256 (257). Claw (Figure 307,28) curvedinthe middle; part of claw beyond apex of pseudoarolium longer thanpseudoarolium ...... 131. Placochilus. 257 (256). Claw (Figure 307, 19-21) curved only apically; part of claw beyond apex of pseudoarolium shorter than pseudoarolium. 258 (259). Xiphus (triangular process of anterior part of prothorax between fore coxae) convex, its margins rounded- Head moderately prolonged anterior to eyes .................... 106. Tinicephalus. 259 (258). Xiphus concave, its margins with a sharp edge. 712 260 (261). Base of clypeus dorsal to midline of eye. Head usually markedly prolonged anteriorly, triangular. Sides of pronotum often with sharp edge ................................. 104. Amblytylus.

261 (260). Base of c’.ypeus ventral to midline of eye. Head usually moderately projecting anterior to eyes (except M. longi ro stri s) .... ......................................... 105. Megalocoleus. 262 (247). Head black or with black pattern, or at least either apex of clypeus or anterior corner of lora with black spot; or head completely light (Atomo s ce 1 is, partly Plagiognathu s); in this case (also in most other species) femora or tibiae (or both) with black dots or either completely or in their greater part black. 263 (270). Frons with pattern consisting of 2 rows of black or (Pachy xyphus) pale red transverse stripes which are sometimes fused into 2 stripes on frons; in this case at least middle of frons with distinct light spot (Figure 308, 4,5). Hemely-tra slightly shiny or dull, with black stripes. Proboscis reaching beyond hind coxae. Femora usually with fine brownish subapical dots. 264 (265). Pronotum shiny, with 2 broad transverse black stripes; anterior stripe usually interrupted in the middle. Scutellum with black or brown longitudinal stripe ................ 130. Opisthotaenia. 265 (264). Pronotum dull, of uniform color, or only raised areas more or less black. Scutellum uniformly light. 266 (267). Tibiae with minute dark dots at base of setae. Hemelytra red, with bluish veins. Pattern on frons reddish, rarely brownish or absent. Ventral side of head with black setae ................ ..........................................

129. Pachyxyphus.

267 (266). Tibiae without dark dots at base of setae. Pattern on head black or dark brown. Color of hemelytra different. 268 (269). Head and eyes 2/3-3/4 as broad as base of pronotum. Ventral side of head with white or brown setae. Pale greenish .......... ........................................... 90. Thermocoris. 269 (268). Base of pronotum almost twice as broad as head. Venter of head with black setae. Light brown or brownish yellow .......... .......................................... 107. Hoplomachus. 270 (263). Frons either completely light, or completely dark, or dark with light transverse spot near posterior margin of head; frons rarely (Chlorillus, Monosynamma, some species of Chlamydatus) with dark pattern consisting of 2 rows of transverse lines or with light longitudinal spot in the middle; in this case hemelytra distinctly shiny, usually all or part of hairs on hemelytra light or proboscis not reaching hind coxae.. 271 (272). Lateral margin of pronotum flattened near anterior corners into a small ridge overhanging sides of pronotum. Head prolonged. Dorsum covered with short black hairs. More than 5.5 long ............................................ 116. Ethelastia. 272 (271). Lateral margin of pronotum rounded, without such a ridge. Head usually short, often distinctly transverse. Less than 5.0 long. 273 (274). Head broad, not less than 4/5 as broad as base of pronotum. 2nd antennal segment shorter than breadth of head. Body, except antennae and legs, completely black, or hemelytra and sometimes also other parts of the body partly brownish yellow; .....

931

in this case tibiae without black dots at base of setae. Hind femora usually thickened, saltatorial........ 135. Chlamydatus. 274 (273). Head not more than 3/4 as broad as base of pronotum, rarely broader than pronotum, but in this case 2nd antennal segment markedly longer than breadth of head or as long as this (Mono synamm a). Hind femora not saltatorial. 275 (276). Posterior margin of vertex with a low-transverse carina in profile. Clypeus flattened, not projecting, almost invisible in profile. Sides of prothorax with silvery scales ................. .............................................

125. Sallcarus.

276 (275). Posterior margin of vertex without carina. Sides of prothorax without scales. 277 (278). Hypophysis of left paramere with backward-curved denticle

(Figure 313, 5,11).

Aedeagus C-shaped (Figure 313, 7,8,10).

Color yellow, red or reddish brown; either basis of tibiae light on the outside or head with light spot (as in Figure 313, 3)........

............................................ 119. Sacculifer. 278 (277). Hypophysis of left paramere without denticle. Aedeagus S-shaped. If yellow, red or reddish brown, base of tibiae with dark spot on outer side and color of head different from that shown in Figure 313, 3. 279 (284). Base of tibiae (at least hind tibiae) with black or brown spot on outer side (Figure 308, 7), or hind tibiae completely black. 280 (281). Hemelytra pale greenish, with brown smoky spots. Frons with 2 rows of dark stripes (as in Figure 308, 4)..... 132. Chlorillus. 281 (280). If hemelytra pale greenish, smoky spots are absent or indistinct. Pattern on frons different. 282 (283). 3rd segment of hind tarsi shorter than 2nd segment ............. ......................................... 133. Plagiognathus. 713 283 (282). 3rd segment of hind tarsi distinctly longer than 2nd segment, almost as long as 1st and 2nd segments together ................ ........................................... 128. Parapsallus. 284 (279). Tibiae with or without dark dots; base of tibiae (genua) always light. 285 (286). Tibiae without dark dots at base of setae 138. Maurodactylus, 286 (285). Tibiae with more or less distinct dark dots at base of setae. 287 (288). Head and antennae completely light. Green or pale green........ .......................................... 134. Atomoscelis. 288 (287). At least either apex of clypeus black or brown, or 1st and 2nd antennal segments with black dots and rings. Color black or yellowish gray. usually not green. 289 (290). Eyes about half the height of head in profile. At least clypeus completely black ......................... 126. Monosynamma. 290 (289). Head markedly transverse (Figure 308, 6); eyes large, almost reaching ventral margin of head in profile. Clypeus completely light or only its apex black ................. 137. Campylomma. ....

MIRIDAE

Keys to Species of Family Miridae Subfamily CYLAPINAE 1 genus.

Most species of the subfamily in the Tropics. possibly occur in the Far East. 1.

Oblong-oval, hem elytra flat, head conical, oblong, pronotum high. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Fulvius Stal.

raised areas of

1 (1).

Other genera

Brown; base of hemelytra, antennae and legs yellowish; apex of 2nd antennal segment white; posterior margin of corium with milk-white spot. 3.3-4. Crimea, Transcaucasia. In forests under bark of trees, on mushrooms, etc. Very rare ............. F. punctumalbum Rossi (oxycarenoides Stal). ................

Subfamily BRYOCORINAE Well represented in the Tropics (about 100 species). Species in the U.S-S.R. small, shiny, with punctate pronotum, short proboscis and transverse carina on vertex. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species belonging to 2 genera; both species live on ferns of the family Polypodiaceae.

2. 1 (1).

3. 1 (1).

Monalocoris Dhlb.

Adults hibernating.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Short-oval, brownish yellow (usually in the South) to black, head reddish yellow; antennae and legs yellow, apex of 2nd antennal segment, distal part of 3rd antennal segment and whole 4th antennal segment and 3rd segment of tarsi black. Farameres as in Figure 290, 2,3. 2-3.1. In forests and marshes; rare in the South ........................................... M. filicis L.

Bryocoris Fall.

Eggs hibernating.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Yellow to brown. Macropterous specimens elongate; head, pronotum, scutellum and clavus of roacropterous specimens black and posterior outer corner of corium and apex of cuneus brown. Brachypterous specimens oval, light, head and pronotum with more or less marked dark pattern. Coloration of antennae and legs as in M. filicis. Parameres as in Figure 290, 4,5. 2-4. Forest zone ............................. B. pteridis Fall

Subfamily DICYPHINAE Small delicate species. Body oblong, not punctate, pubescent. Hemelytra normal, rarely shortened. Legs long, femora cylindrical. Predacious, feeding on small insects. Eggs, larvae or adults hibernating. 3 genera, 14 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 20 spe.cies. 4. Macrolophus Fieb. Delicate green, 1st antennal segment and stripe posterior to eye black. 3-4.5. In the U.S.S.R. 3 species; M. nubilus H.-S. more common. For identification see: G.S. Woodroffe. On-the Identity of the British Macrolophus Fieber with a Key to the European Species.--Entomologist, 90, 1128.. 1957: 126.

714

5.

10 species; 5 species not included, occurring Caucasus. In the whole U.S.S.R. 16 species. Difficult to identify. Cf.: E.Wagner. Zur Systematik der Gattung Soc. Biol., 12, 6, 1951, pp. 1-36. Living Comment. Sci. Fenn. Dicyphus.

Dicyphus Fieb.

in the southern "Ukraine and on the

mainly on plants with glands and hairs. 1 (8).

Raised areas of pronotum large, contiguous in the middle or Head light, usually with 2 dark longitudinal stripes which are sometimes fused into one stripe. (Subgenus Dicyphus Fieb.). 2nd antennal segment at least 1.5 times as long as breadth of pronotum of male (1.25 times in female). Raised areas almost as long as cervical ring; groove posterior to them posterior to middle of pronotum. Apex of cuneus, pronotum (except its lateral margins), scutellum and usually antennae light. Hemelytra shortened or normal. Posterior margin of hind femora with coarse black setae. 4.5-6.8. Southwest. Other places from which it has been recorded should be confirmed. On Stachys sylvatica....... D. pallidus H.-S. Posterior margin of femora with yellowish hairs. 3.3-4.6. Forest zone. On Stachys, Salvia, etc. D. constrictus Boh. Raised areas 1.5 times as long as cervical ring; groove posterior to them in middle of pronotum. Apex of cuneus, dot on posterior margin of corium, middle of scutellum. venter of body, almost the whole antennae, often almost the whole pronotum, blackish brown. Only macropterous. 4-5.5. Ukraine, Caucasus. Other places from v/hich it was recorded are doubtful. On Solanum, Geranium, etc. ............................ D. errans Wolff. 2nd antennal segment of male 1.25 times as long as breadth of pronotum; 2nd antennal segment of female as long as breadth of pronotum; 2nd antennal segment usually yellow in the middle. Hemelytra shortened, rarely normal. Coloration usually as in D. errans. Male genitalia as in Figure 290. 13-15. 3-4. South, except in the Southeast. Center, On Stachys ..................

fused.

2 (7).

3 (6).

4 (5).

5 (4).

..........

6 (3).

7 (2).

............................................

8 (1).

Lychnis 6.

1 (l).

D. stachydls Reut.

Raised areas distinctly separated in the middle (subgenus Brachyceraea Fieb.). Head (except 2 small spots near eyes), antennae (except ends of 1st segment), raised areas or almost the whole pronotum and middle of scutellum, black. Hemelytra blackish. Posterior part of pronotum rugose. 3.5-4.2 (Figure 292. 1). Except in the North. On Melandrium, ..............................

Campyloneura

Fieb.

D. (B.) globulifer Fall.

Monotypic genus.

Pale yellowish; head and antennae, except 1st antennal segment, black; scutellum and base,of cuneus rich yellow; apex of cuneus and veins of membrane cherry-red. 4-4.5. Southern Crimea, Transcaucasia. On trees and shrubs C. virgula H.-S. ............

Subfamily DERAEOCORINAE Usually broad-oval or oblong-oval, shiny. Dorsum or only pronotum distinctly punctate. Predacious. Most species in the -Tropics. In the U.S.S.R. 4 genera. Tribe CLIVINEMINI

Bothynotus Fieb. Males elongate, macropterous; females usually brachypterous, short, markedly widened posteriorly. Dorsum densely pubescent. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 or 2 species. 7.

1 (1).

Brown or black; legs, sometimes head and part of antennae yellow or red. 4.5-6.5. In humid habitats. Attracted to light. Rare

8. 1 (1).

..........................................

Stethoconus Fl.

Broad-oval.

B. pilosus Boh.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

spots on head, pronotum and scutellum, a band hemelytra, a broad ring on hind femora and 1-3 rings on antennae, brownish black, 4-5. Everywhere, except in the North. On deciduous trees; preying on Stephanitis pyri; also occurring in marshes, where it feeds on Stephanitis oberti. S. cyrtopeltis Fl. Rare Light yellowish;

on

.......................................

Tribe DERAEOCORINI

9.

sedge. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Alloeotomus Pieb. Rust-yellow, with diffuse red pattern. On Eggs hibernating. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. Vertex of male 1.5 times as broad as eye, that of female twice as broad as eye. 2nd antennal segment of male with very long, thin vertical setae. Hairs on hind tibiae of female twice as long as thickness of tibia. 4.5-6. Forest zone ...... A. gothicus Fall. Vertex of male not broader than eye, that of female 1.5 times as broad as eye. 2nd antennal segment of male without long vertical setae. Hairs on hind tibiae of female little longer than thickness A. germanicus E. Wgn. of tibia. 5-6.3. Voronezh Region .........

10. Deraeocoris Kbm. 11 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 15 species. The following species are not included: D.(D.) annulipes H.-S. (Urals, Siberia) and D. (D.) oli vac eu s F. (Carpathians).

Species in the European U.S.S.R. not more than 5.0 long. Head slightly projecting between eyes, markedly transverse in dorsal view. Dirty yellowish, with brown-black spots, rarely almost completely black. Adults hibernating. (Subgenus Camp to brochis Fieb.t). Scutellum not punctate. 2nd antennal segment yellow or only apically black- 3.5-4.5. South, except in the Southeast, West, D. (C.) lutescens Schill. Center. On deciduous trees Scutellum with 15-30 minute depressed dots. 2nd antennal segment usually completely black or yellow in the middle. On herbs, grasses and shrubs. -

1 (6).

3 (3).

.............

3 (2),

t Apparently an independent genus

paramere; 10left paramere; 11 D. v entrails, scutellum, lateral; 12 D. scutell. 13-15 Dicyphus Stachydis: 13 eight paramere; 14left paramere; 15spicules ofaedeagus. t

Sensory tubercle of leftparamere almost square, withlong hairs; apex of hypophysis almost straight (Figure 290,8). Rightparamere thick, with stout apical denticle (Figure 290,7). 3.8-4.4 (Figure 292,2). Everywhere, except in the North. Recorded as apestfrom Soviet D, (C.) punctulatus Schill. Central Asia, apparently erroneously. Sensory tubercle of left paramere oblong-oval, with shorter hairs; hypophysis apically curved (Figure 290, 10). Right paramere slender, with small denticle (Figure 290, 9). 3.4-4. Central Belt, South .................................. D. (C.) serenus Dgl. Sc. More than 5.0 long. Head projecting markedly beyond eyes, triangular in dorsal view. Color usually a combination of red and black. (Subgenus Deraeocoris Kbm.). Cervical ring of pro no turn shiny, bare. Color very variable, red to brownish black, but apex of femora and tibiae always D. ruber L,. yellow; baseofcuneus red. 7-8. Except in the North .

5 (4).

6 (1).

7 (8).

.

.

,

8 (7). 9 (16). 10 (15).

11 (14).

716 12 (13).

13 (12).

14 (11).

.

4 (5),

.

.

Cervical ring dull, velvety, sometimes pubescent. Scutellum not punctate or with hardly visible punctation. Not more than 8.0 long. Body dorsally not pubescent. Tibiae of uniform color. 2nd antennal segment gradually thickening towards apex. Whole dorsum black; posterior margin of head usually yellowish; scutellum usually red, rarely black. Openings of scent glands white. Scutellum steeply slanting anteriorly and gradually slanting posteriorly in profile; (Figure 290,11). Sides of abdomen often red. 5.4-7.2, Foreststeppe, steppe .............................. D. ventralis Reut. Openings of scent glands brown, sometimes partly gray. Scutellum uniformly slanting anteriorly and posteriorly in profile; (Figure 290,12). 5.7-6.7. Forest zone ......... D. scutellaris F. Tibiae black, with 2 light rings. Apical third of 2nd antennal

segment markedly thickened. Hemelytra red; a continuous or interrupted band at posterior margin of corium, apex of cuneus. head, pronotum and scutellum, black. 6-7.5. Crimea, western Caucasus ...................................... D, rutilus H.-S. 15 (10). Covered densely with thin hairs dorsally. Black; head, usually base of cuneus and also scutellum and an oblique stripe on corium, red. 5.8-6.8. Crimea ............................ D. schach F.

Scutellum at least with delicate punctation. 9-12.2 16 (9). 17 (18). Punctation of dorsum light. Black; sides of pronotum, scutellum. a curved stripe on corium and base of cuneus red; dorsum rarely almost completely red or completely black. 9-11.8. Ukraine, western Caucasus. On deciduous trees D. trifasciatus L. 18 (17). Punctation of dorsum black. Dirty yellow, brown, rarely almost black; only base of cuneus red (but not always). 11-12.2. Forest, forest-steppe. Mainly on willow .............. D. brachialis Stal. .........

Subfamily MIRINAE Medium-sized, rarelysmall; body oblong-oval to elongate. Rightparamere small, notflattened, more or less cylindrical with short, straight or curved hypophysis. Left param ere with long hypophysis often on the same plane as the

sensory tubercle. Parameres lying along margin of genital opening when at rest, so that the sensory tubercle, the hypophysis of the left paramere, and the body of the right paramere form anuninterruptedline. Penisof Mirinae type- In the U.S.S.R. 49 genera, about 200 species. Tribe MIRINI

(Capsini)

Medium-sized, rarelysmall; body rounded-oval to oblong-oval; color very variable. Phytophagous, rarely predacious or zoophytophagous. Usually hibernating as eggs.

11. Capsus F. (Rhop alotomu s Fieb.). Rounded-oval, convex, with dense short pubescence. Body black or partly yellowish- red. On Gramineae.4 species, of which C. intermedius Reut. (North) is not included, as its position is not sufficiently clear. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. 1 (2).

Lateral margin of hemelytra, head, pronotum, legs, and base yellow or red. Spicula of penis as in Figure 291, 11. 5-6. Steppes. Mainly found on Agropyron.....C. cinctus Kol. At least hemelytra completely black. Apical half of 2nd antennal segment markedly clavate (Figure 291, 12). Spicula of penis (Figure 291, 9) strongly curved in basal third, rounded apically. Legs red, rarely completely black, or only tibiae red (except their apex). Head and pronotum of female often reddish yellow (var. semiflavus L.). 5.2-6.2. On Agropyron and other Gramineae .... ................................................... C. ater L. 2nd antennal segment gradually and less strongly thickened apically (Figure 291, 13). Spicula of penis (Figure 291, 10) uniformly curved, pointed apically. Legs black, with yellow ring in middle of tibiae, rarely almost completely red or black. Head and pronotum of female always black. 5.5-6.2 (Figure 292,3). Forest, forest-steppe. On C alam agro sti s lanceolatum ........................... C. wagneri Rem. of antennae,

2 (1). 3 (4).

4

(3).

.................

12.

1 (1).

Charagochilus Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1

species.

Markedly convex. Black; cuneus reddish; base of corium, apex of scutellum, a spot near the eye, antennae and part of the legs yellowish. Parameres as in Figure 291, 14,15. 3-4.5. On Galium .................................. Ch. gyllenhali Fall.

13.

P. 717

Polymerus Hahn. 9 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 species. Horv. (Carpathians, Siberia) not included.

c arpathi c u s

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

Scutellum, pronotum and hemelytra uniformly black; usually part of cuneus and sometimes lateral parts of posterior margin of pronotum (not its middle) yellowish. Clypeus almost not

projecting beyond apex of frons in profile. Male and female of about the same form, oval. (Subgenus Polymerus Hahn.). Femora and antennae uniformly black; sometimes base of 3rd antennal segment yellowish. Dull. Parameres as inFigure 291, 16.17. 3.7-4.8. On Galium .................. P. nigritus Fall. Apex of femora yellowish, with brown ring; antennae yellow; apex of 2nd antennal segment black. Shiny. 4.5-5.2. Central Belt, South. On Galium. Rare P. holosericeus Hahn. .........

4(1).

Apex of scutellum always yellow or brownish yellow. At least base of corium and usually posterior margin of pronotum light. Clypeus markedly projecting beyond apex of frons in profile.

(Subgenus Poeciloscytus Fieb.). 5 (12). At least anterior part of outer margin of corium yellow in profile. Cuneus without red spots, yellow, with a large black spot in the 6 (7). middle which always reaches its inner margin. 4-5. Steppe. On Galium verum. ............. ....P. (P. ) brevicornis Reut.

Cuneus with red spot or red border around black spot; if cuneus without red spots, its inner margin completely light yellow. Cuneus yellow, with purple-red spot in the middle, always without 8 (9). black spot. Hind femora yellow or brownish. A spot often present in middle of scutellum; legs and antennae red. Black pattern on hemelytra often faintly marked. 4-5.3. Steppe zone. On A sperula cynanchica P. (P.) asperulae Fieb. 9 (8). Cuneus usually with more or less marked black spot, often without such a spot. Hind femora usually black. 10 (11). Corium black; only stripe at base of outer margin of corium and spot proximal to cuneus yellow. Almost the whole cuneus covered by a large black spot with red border. 4.8-5.8. Forest sone. In P. (P.) palustris Reut. humid places on Galium. Rare 718 11 (10). Outer margin of corium usually yellow throughout. Cuneus black only at its outer margin. Variable species. 5-7 (Figure 292, 4). On Galium. Common P. (P.) unifasciatus F. The whole outer margin of corium bordered with a thin black line 12 (5). seen in part profile. 13 (14) Anterior corners ofpronotum immediately behind the eyes with a large shiny pitch-black spot. Usually larger part of pronotum and hemelytra black; pattern on back rarely little-marked. Cuneus often with brown-red and black spot. Very variable species. 3.5-5. Everywhere, except in the North. Polyphagous, preferring Chenopodiaceae. Injurious to sugar beet, potatoes, etc.. ....................................... *?. (P.) cognatus Fieb. 14 (13). Anterior corners of pronotum without large black spot. Buffyellow or greenish, with a few brown or black spots and lines on pronotum and hemelytra. Cuneus with purple-red spot and sometimes with a black stripe at the outer margin. 4-5.5. Everywhere, except in the North. Polyphagous; injurious to sugar beet, etc. 7 (;i).

.

...................

.........

.

^P. (P.) vulneratus Pz.

.......................................

14. 1 (1).

Camptozygum Reut. On pine

trees.

1 (1).

16. 1 (1).

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Blackish brown, sometimes brownish yellow; head, cervical ring, antennae and legs yellow. Parameres as in Figure 291, 18,19. 4-4.5. In the South to the Donets Basin .................. .............................

15.

.

Zygimus Fieb.

C. aequale Vill. (pinastri Fall.).

Monotypic genus.

Light green; head, pronotum and base of scutellum black. 4-4.5. Yaroslavl and Perm regions. On Juniperus communis. Very rare .................................. Z. nigriceps Fall. Plesiocoris Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Light green. 5-6.5. Northern part of the forest zone. On willow; sometimes injurious to apple and pear *P. rugicollis Fall. ........

17.

.

..................

Lygocoris Reut.

Phytophagous.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 species.

Hibernating as eggs.

8 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Posterior margin of vertex without continuous carina, vertex only with a low elevation near the eyes which does not reach the middle of the vertex. Right paramere (Figure 293, 1) with

hooklike hypophysis. Left paramere as in Figure 293, 2. Phallotheca (Figure 293, 3) with curved lateral process. Tibiae with light setae, without black dots. (Subgenus Lygocoris Reut.). Uniformly green. 5.4-6.8. On herbs and grasses in humid habitats ....................................... L, pabulinus L. Vertex with raised carina at its posterior margin. Hypophysis of right paramere more or less straight. Phallotheca without

process. 3 (4).

Tibiae with light setae and without black spots at base of setae. Sensory tubercle of left paramere (Figure 293, 5) with 2 branchlike processes. Right paramere as in Figure 293, 4. (Subgenus

Taylorilygus Lest.). Pale, uniformly green. 4.7-5.6. Lower reaches of the Dnieper, Crimea, Transcaucasia. On L. (T.) pallidulus Blanch, (apicalis Fieb.). herbs and grasses 4 (3). Tibiae either with dark setae or with black dots at base of setae. Sensory tubercle of left paramere without processes. 5 (10). Tibiae with brown setae and blackish brown dots at base of setae. 2nd antennal segment longer than breadth of pronotum at base. Body oblong-oval. (Subgenus Neolygus Knight). 6 (7). Sensory tubercle of right paramere (Figure 293, 6) with long, pointed denticle. Left paramere as in Figure 293, 7. Vertex of female more than 1.33 times as broad as eye. 2nd antennal segment usually brown to the apex. 5.2-6.4. Crimea. On poplar... ........................................... L. (N.) populi Lest. 7 (6). Sensory tubercle of right paramere without denticle or with a Short denticle (Figure 293, 8,10). 8 (9). Left paramere (Figure 293, 9) with a narrow not flattened sensory tubercle. Vertex of female almost as broad as eye. Apical quarter of 2nd antennal segment usually brownish. Part of clavus, inner corner of corium and posterior margin of pronotum often brown. 5.5-6.2. Forest, forest-steppe. Usually on linden. L. (N.) viridis Fall. ....................-............. 720 9 (8). Left paramere (Figure 293. 11) with broad flattened sensory tubercle. Vertex of female 1.5-1.7 times as broad as eye. Only inner corner of corium often brownish. 5.7-6.5. Forest zone, Caucasus. Usually on birch ........... L. (N,) contaminatus Fall. 10 (5). Tibiae with black setae, often without black dots at base of setae. 2nd antennal segment shorter than breadth of pronotum at base. Body broad-oval. (Subgenus Apolygus China). 11 (12). Tibiae with black dots at base of setae. Apex of hind femora distinctly orange-red. Yellowish green; posterior margin of pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra along commissure usually black or brown. Male genitalia as in Figure 293, 12-14. 5-6. Forest zone. On willow ................... L. (A.) limbatus Fall. 12 (11). Tibiae without black dots. Apex of hind femora not reddish. Pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra (except isolated spots) ...

......

uniformly green.

13 (14). Apex of cuneus black. Male genitalia as in Figure 293, 15-17. L. (A.) spinolai M.-D. 5-6. On shrubs and herbs and grasses .....

FIGURE 293. Hemiptera. Family Mitidae (original) 1-3 Lygocoris pabulinus; Iright paramere; 2left paramere; 3phallotheca; 4,5 L. pallidulus: 4right paramere; 5left paramere; 6,7 L. populi: 6right paramere; 7left pacamere; 8.9 L. viridis: 8right paramere; 9left paramere;

coma mi natus: 10right paramere; 11left paramere; 12-14L. limbatus: 12aedeagus; 13right paramere; 14 left paramere; 15-n L- spinolai: 15aedeagus; 16right paramere; 17left paramere. 10,11 L.

14 (13). Whole cuneus uniformly green. 5-6. On herbs and grasses .

..

Male genitalia as in L, spinolai. ............

L. (A.) lucorum M.-D.

Lygus Hahn (Exolygus E.Wgn.). Oblong-oval; color very variable. Polyphagous, mainly on herbs and grasses. Adults hibernating. 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species. Identification of species difficult; A small series should therefore be examined and the male genitalia should be carefully studied. 18.

1 (2).

Hemelytra appearing more or less dull because of the dense and long silvery pubescence. Genitalia as in Figure 294, 1-5. Ease of right paramere with markedly projecting tubercle. Spicula not thickened apically, 1.5 times as long as small lobe of aedeagus. Grayish green, brown or blackish; pattern on scutellum forming a bifid stripe or W-shaped (Figure 294, 6). 4.7-5.7 (Figure 295, 1). Usually in humid habitats ...................................... *L. rugulipennis Popp. (pubescens Reut.). Hemelytra shinier, with shorter and more scattered pubescence. Base of right paramere without tubercle or with small tubercle. Body flatter and broader. Scutellum often (but not always) with black W-shaped pattern (Figure 294, 12). Genitalia as in Figure 294, 7-11. Large lobe of aedeagus with distinct denticles at apex. Spicula twice as long as small lobe of aedeagus, little thickened apically. ....................

2 (1). 3 (6).

942

MIRIDAE

4 (5).

Yellowish gray, rarely slightly reddish. Hemelytra uniformly punctate. 5.7-6.6. Northern part of the forest zone, Caucasus

FIGURE 294. 1-6

Lygus

Hemiptera. Family Miridae (original)

rugulipennis: Iright paramere; 2left paramere; 3spicula of aedeagus;

4~small lobe of aedeagus; 5large lobe ofaedeagus; 6, a-e variations of the pattern on the scutellum; 7-12, a-e L. punctaius, same details in same sequence; 13-18. a-e L. prate sis, same;

5 (4).

19-24, a-eL.

gemellatus, same.

Color with more or less distinct reddish, tinge, often orange-red or brownish red. Middle of corium less densely and less coarsely punctate than other parts of hemelytra. 5.7-6.6 (Figure 295, 3). Forest zone, Caucasus *L. punctatus Zett. (rutilans Horv.). Large lobe of aedeagus almost smooth apically. Spicula of different structure. Pattern on scutellum never W-shaped. Genitalia as in Figure 294, 13-17. Spicula of aedeagus apically thickened, twice as long as small lobe; small lobe of aedeagus with only isolated denticles. Black spot at base of scutellum (Figure 294, 18) not bifid or only slightly notched apically. Color varying, often with reddish spots. 5.8-7.3 (Figure 295, 2). Mainly ....

6 (3).

7 (8).

in the South

t For

...................................

identification of this and the

following

*]_,.

species see: Remane, R. Lygus (Exolygus) ’ eine weitere europaische Exolygus An. Z.ool. Anz., 155, 56, 1955; 115117.

pratensis L.

722

8 (7).

Genitalia as in Figure 294,19-23. Spicula tapering apically, very small, not longer than small lobe; small lobe with numerous denticles. Black spot on scutellum (Figure 294, 24) usually bifid apically. Pale grayish green, rarely with brownish or reddish tinge. 5.1-6.5 (Figure 295, 4). In warmer habitats, often on Artemisia. Sometimes injurious .................... .......................................... ,*L. gemellatus H.-S.

19. Orthops Fieb. Living among herbs and grass and on trees; most species polyphagous. Adults hibernating. 7 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 9 species. 0. montanus Schill. (Carpathians) not included in the key. 1 (6).

Spinules on tibiae black or brown. Tibiae light or outer margin with a brown longitudinal line. 2nd antennal segment 1.2-1.3 times as long as pronotum; scutellum not punctate. Proboscis reaching only middle coxae. On Umbelliferae and other herbs and grasses, rarely on trees,

FIGURE 295. Hemiptera. Family Miridae (after Wagper), The characteristic panern of the dorsum of males of the genus Lygus 1

-Lygus rugulipennis; gemellatus.

2-L. pratensis; 3-L. punciatus;

4L.

2 (3).

Hypophysis of right paramere (Figure 296, 1) T-shaped; hypophysis of left paramere (Figure 296, 2) with a small denticle visible only from a certain angle. Usually greenish, shiny, with little-marked black pattern; cuneus usually light apically. Eyes slightly convex; vertex of male 1.46-1.61 times as broad as eye; vertex of female 1.57-1.81 times as broad as eye. Pattern on head as in Figure 296, 7,8. 3.9-4.8. Everywhere, except in the North. Often on Umbelliferae 0. campestris L. Hypophysis of right paramere (Figure 296, 3,5) geniculate, right-angled; hypophysis of left paramere (Figure 296, 4,6) with large denticle, which is almost ax-shaped. Color yellowish, with more or less marked black pattern; apex of cuneus usually .......

3 (2).

4 (5).

black or brown. Apex of hypophysis of left paramere with pointed corners (Figure 296, 4). Black pattern on frons usually bifid apically

or consistingof 2 spots (Figure 296, 9,10). Eyes slightly convex. Vertex of male 1.20-1.51 times as broad as eye; vertex of female 1.40-1.73 times as broad as eye. 4-5.2. Exceptinthe North .O.basalis Costa. Hypophysisofleftparamere slightly rounded apically (Figure 296,6). Black pattern on frons not bifid, trapezoidal or rectangular (Figure 296, 11,12). Eyes markedly convex. Vertex of male 0.92-1.13 times as broad as eye; vertex of female 1.30-1.47 times as broad as eye. 4-4.7. Everywhere, except in the North .................................................. 0. kalmi L. Spinules on tibiae white or yellowish. Tibiae uniformly yellow. Reddish brown or with pink tinge; veins of membrane often rich ..

.

5 (4).

6 (1).

7 (8).

8 (7),

9 (10).

10 (9).

.

red. Scutellum covered with distinctly depressed dots. 2nd antennal segment less than 1.5 times as long as pronotum. Vertex with raised carina. Pale white or pinkish; posterior margin of corium usually reddish. 4.5-5. Carpathians, Caucasus. In mountains on herbs and grasses .............................. 0. foreli Fieb. Scutellum not punctate or with faintly marked dots. 2nd antennal segment more than twice as long as pronotum. Proboscis reaching hind coxae.

Head more than half as long as broad in dorsal view, Carina on vertex low, uniformly high. 2nd antennal segment completely yellow. Scutellum of uniform color. Body oblong. 3-7-4.7. Forest zone. On conifers ................... 0. rubricatus Fall. Head less than a quarter as long as broad in dorsal view. 2nd antennal segment distinctly dark apically. Scutellum with 2 black

stripes in the middle.

11 (12). Apical 1/6-1/4 of 2nd antennal segment brown. Hemelytra brownish red; cuneus and spot or transverse stripe distal to middle of corium whitish yellow. Right paramere (Figure 296,13) without tubercle ventral to hypophysis. 3.4-4.3. Trans Carpathian Region, Crimea, Caucasus. On Viscum album

..............

............................................. 0. viscicola Put. 12 (11). Apical third of 2nd antennal segment black- Hemelytra yellowish, often with more or less distinct transverse brown stripe in posterior part of corium. Right paramere (Figure 296, 14) with tubercle ventral to hypophysis. 4-4.5. Forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus. On deciduous trees (linden, ash, hazelnut) ...................... .........................0. cervinus H.-S. (elegantulus Jak.).

20. 1 (1).

21. 1 (1).

Liocoris Fieb.

Monotypic genus.

Non-hibernating specimens black; larger part of head, stripe along pronotum, scutellum, apex of clavus, base of corium and median band of corium, cuneus except its apex, legs and antennae, yellow; rarely almost the whole body yellow. Hibernating specimens brown; hemelytra without light band; scutellum and cuneus orange. 3.8-5. On U rtica. Adults hibernating................ ............................................ L. tripustulatus F.

Cyphodema

Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Yellow; middle of head, a large notched spot on pronotum, clavus except its apex, part of corium contiguous to clavus and posterior margin of corium, apex of cuneus and almost whole venter black. 4.1-5. Crimea. In mountains on Galium. Adults hibernating ........................................... C. mendosum Mont. .

22.

..

Agnocoris Reut. Rust-colored or brown. On Salix, rarely on Adults hibernating. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

other trees. 1 (2).

Left paramere with long hypophysis and markedly projecting sensory tubercle (Figure 296,15). 4.7-5.4. Central Belt, South .......................................... A. reclairei E. Wgn. Left paramere with short hypophysis and little developed sensory tubercle (Figure 296,16). 4.4-5. Except in the tundra ........... ........................................... A. rubicundus Fall. ..

2 (1).

724

23. Dichrooscytus Fieb. Medium-sized or small. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 5 species. 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

On conifers.

Vertex 1.15-1.33 times as broad as eye. 2nd antennal segment 1/3 longer than breadth of pronotum at base. Green; scutellum and hero elytra, especially cuneus, more or less reddish. 5.5-6.3. Forest zone. On pine ........,......’......... D. rufipennis Fall. Vertex 1.75-2 times as broad as eye. 2nd antennal segment not more than 1/10 longer than breadth of pronotum. Hind tibia 2.5-2.8 times as long as hind tarsus. Cuneus green, with red inner margin. Greenish; scutellum and hemelytra reddish. 4.6-5.1. Carpathians. Usually on spruce. Rare ....... .......................................... D. intermedius Reut.

4

(3).

Hind tibiae 3.2-3.4 times as long as tarsi. Cuneus white, red apically. Greenish; base of clavus. inner and posterior parts of corium reddish. 3.7-4.4. Crimea. On juniper ........................................... D. valesianus Fieb. ...............

FIGURE 29’?. Hemiptera. Family Miridae. Diagram of pattern on pronotum and hemelyira (original)

fulvipes: Imale, 3female; 3,4A, fulvipes var. separandus: 3-male, 4-female; 5,6-A. egregius; 5-male, 6-female; 7,8-A. speciabilis: 7-male. 8-female. 1,2AlloeonotLis

24. 1 (1).

Stenotus Jak.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

pattern of 2 black stripes on pronotum and hemelytra (Figure 292, 5).. Females green or yellowish, with 2 black spots on pronotum and pale brown longitudinal stripe on each hemelytron (Figure 292, 6). Dorsum covered with white pubescence. 6-7.5. In forests and humid habitats on Agropyron spp. ................... S. binotatus F. Males orange or yellow, with a

25. Brachycoleus Fieb. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 or 4 1 (1).

Body relatively thick and broad.

1 species.

species.

Yellow or green, with black longitudinal pattern of oblique stripes, sometimes almost without pattern. Cuneus and embolium of uniform color, not black apically. Dorsum covered with light pubescence. 6.5-9.1 (Figure 292, 7,8). Central Belt, South. On variB. decolor Reut. (scriptus F-). ous herbs and grasses ..........

Alloeonotus Fieb. Black; hemelytra with yellow or orange pattern. On herbs and grasses. Genus containing 3 species. 26.

1 (2).

2

(1).

3 (4).

Pronotum completely black, rarely with a yellow line posteriorly. Hemelytra-with yellow or orange stripe at the outer margin (var. caspicus Horv.) which is usually interrupted in posterior part of corium by a more or less broad black band. rarely continuous (var. separandus Horv.). Male 6.8-8.5, female 5-7 (Figure 297, 1-4). Steppe zone .....;......,............... A. fulvipes Scop. Posterior margin or posterior corners of pronotum yellow. Male: outer margin of clavus with a long yellow spot, so that the black stripe along the commissure of the hemelytra is triangular

4 (3).

725

27.

I (1).

28.

anteriorly, and rectangular posteriorly; apex of cuneus black. Female: black stripe along claval commissure posteriorly widening into a round spot. Male 6.5-7.5, female 5-6.7 (Figure 297, 5,6). Steppe zone ............... A. egregius Fieb. Male: outer margin of clavus with a yellow spot only at base; black stripe along commissure uniformly broad throughout; apex of cuneus light, usually orange-colored. Female: black stripe along commissure uniformly broad throughout or slightly spindleshaped posteriorly. Male 7.4-8.5, female 5.5-7 (Figure 297, 7,8). Caucasus, in the mountains ................... A. spectabilia Kir-

Horvathia Reut.

Capsodes Dhlb.

denticles.

1 (2).

Monotypic genus.

Males elongate, females shorter, oval. Black; 6-8 spots on head, cervical ring and 3 stripes on pronotum, clavus and partly inner margin of corium and cuneus yellow. 5.8-8.2. Carpathians. In high-mountain meadows ................ H. hieroglyphica Muls. Genital segment of male with 2 pointed lateral In the whole XJ.S.S.R. 6 species.

3 species.

Scutellum, whole head and pronotum or part of them and somebody rich red. Hemelytra completely black. 7.7-9. Crimea, Caucasus, Lower Volga (?). ..... C. bicolor Fieb. Coloration different. At least lateral margin of heroelytra light, 3rd antennal segment not longer than 4th segment. Dorsum mainly covered with black hairs. Posterior margin of pronotum straight or slightly concave. Black; head near eyes. sides of pronotum, scutellum, outer margin of corium and cuneus yellow or orange; sometimes only head near eyes and outer margin of corium yellow (var. superciliosus L.). 5.5-8.5 (Figure 292, 9). Everywhere, except in the North. On various herbs and grasses .............. ................................................ C. gothicus L. 3rd antennal segment longer than 4th segment. Dorsum covered with light hairs. Posterior margin of pronotum markedly concave. Dirty yellow or brown; if brown, stripe on head, pronotum and scutellum, claval vein, outer margin of corium and cuneus, light yellow or orange. 5.2-6.1. Crimea, Lower Volga, Moscow Region ....................................... C. cingulatus F. times venter of

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3).

29. 1

(1).

30. 1 (1).

Aphanosoma Costa.

Monotypic genus.

Black; hemelytra and partly antennae and legs yellow or orange, rarely hemelytra black in the middle. 6.2-8-5. Caucasus ........ ............................................ A. italicum Costa. Epimecellus Reut.

Monotypic genus.

Yellow; head except spots near eyes, pronotum except cervical ring and 1-3 spots near posterior margin, base of scutellum, clubs of 2nd, 3rd and 4th antennal segments and venter of body, black. 7.5-8.3. Odessa, Crimea. On Poa bulbosa and other Gramineae ........................ E. cyllocoroides Reut.

31.

1 (1).

Actinotus Reut.

Monotypic genus.

Massive. Dirty greenish yellow; cuneus orange. Sides of pronotum, or more or less developed pattern on dorsum, or almost whole dorsum, black. 8.5-11. Carpathians. On oak and other

trees-

Rare

..................................

Miris F. (PycnopternaFieb.).--l species. U.S.S.R. 2 species.

32.

1 (1).

A. pulcher H.-S.

In the whole

Orange-yellow; head except stripes near eyes, pronotum except spots in the middle or in the whole posterior half, whole or almost whole scutellum, stripes along veins of hemelytra and whole venter; black. 9-11, Forest zone. On trees; predacious. M. striatus L. .

33. 1 (2). 2

(1).

Odontoplatys

Pieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Dorsally dull, uniformly green; hemelytra only

with black hairs. 9.5-10. Carpathians ......................... 0. bidentulus H.-S. At least head and pronotum very shiny. Green; often 2 spots on pronotum, middle of head, and hemelytra along commissure black. Hemelytra with white and black hairs. 8.8-10. Caucasus. On Stachys........,........................... 0. suturalis Jak.

34. Calocoris Fieb. .Large insects; living on trees or on herbs and grass. Phytophagous or zoophytophagous. Apparently a collective genus, 13 species, of them C.vicinus Horv. (Transcarpathian Region) not included. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 20 species.

726

Dorsum of body covered with half-vertical yellowish hairs which become brownish at lateral margin of hemelytra; length of these hairs greater than thickness of tibiae- (Subgenus Trichocaloc o r i s E. Wgn.). Orange-yellow; a stripe on head, raised areas of pronotum and sometimes longitudinal stripe on scutellum often black. 6.5-8. Center, South. OnEuphorbia ................. C. (T.) pilicornis Pz. 2 (1). Dorsum of body at least with black hairs; if only with light hairs, they are adpressed, shorter than thickness of tibia. 3 (10). Dorsum of body with black and silvery white short adpressed hairs. Left paramere with more or less flattened and widened hypophysis, without apical backward-curved denticle. (Subgenus Closterotomus Fieb,). 4 (5). 2nd antennal segment spindle-shaped apically. Head completely black. Black; stripe on cuneus, sometimes also I or 2 spots on cerium and apex of scutellum white; legs, base of 2nd, 3rd and 4th antennal segments, reddish. 6.5-7.5. Forest, forest-steppe ........................................ C. (C.) biclavatus H.-S. 5 (4). Apex of 2nd antennal segment not spindle-shaped. Head light in greater part; if head black, 2 light spots near inner margin of eyes. 2nd antennal segment 3-3.15 times as long as 1st segment. Black 6 (7). or reddish brown, cuneus with white stripe; indistinctly-colored specimens (especially females) often with light spots on pronotum and head; legs and antennae red; usually apex of 2nd antennal 1 (2),

.........................................

.

.

segment and whole 1st antennal segment black. 6-7.5. Forest zone, Caucasus. On deciduous trees ........................... ...................................

C. (C.) fulvomaculatus Deg.

7 (6).

8

2nd antennal segment 2.3-2.6 times as long as 1st antennal segment. Color light gray-green or reddish. 1st antennal segment thickened, 1.5-2 times as thick as hind (9). tibia, densely covered with half-vertical black setae. Brownish red, rarely yellowish; pattern on head and pronotum and apex of 2nd antennal segment black. 7.5-9,2. Northeast, Siberia ...... C. (C.) saroojedorum J. Sahib. (8). 1st antennal segment not thicker than hind tibiae, covered with short adpressed hairs. Light greenish; line on head, 3 spots on pronotum, longitudinal line on scutellum. line along 1st antennal segment, apex of 2nd antennal segment and greater part of 3rd and 4th antennal segments, dots on femora, spots in posterior part of hemelytra and apex of cuneus, black. 7-7.8. Caucasus, Crimea .................................... C. (C.) costai Reut. (3). Hairs on body of uniform color, whitish or black. Left paramere of variable shape, always with posteriorly-curved booklet. (12). Setae and short adpressed hairs on tibiae whitish. (Subgenus Lophyromiris E.Wgn.). Yellowish, with whitish hairs; antennae, more or less marked pattern on head, pronotum, hemelytra and often femora, black. 6.5-7.5 (Figure 298. 1). Forest, forest-steppe. On herbs and grasses ................... .................................

9

10

11

......................................... C. (L.) sexguttatus P. 12 (11). Setae and short hairs on tibiae black or brown. (Subgenus Calo c o r i s Fieb.). 13 (14). Dorsum covered with whitish hairs. Veins of hemelytra yellow, bordered with black lines. Yellow or slightly greenish; several diffuse spots on head and pronotum, apex of cuneus, apex of 2nd, 3rd and 4th antennal segments, black. 6-5-8.5. In the North to the Leningrad Region. On oak ................................. ................. C. quadripunctatus Vill. (ochromelas Gmel.). 14 (13). Dorsum covered with black hairs. 15 (16). Hairs on dorsum of body vertical, longer than width of hind tibiae. Yellowish green; pattern on head, 2 semicircular spots on disk and posterior corners of pronotum, line on scutellum, veins of hemelytra, apex of cuneus, apex of 2nd, 3rd and 4th antennal segments, black. 7-8.5. Moldavia, Caucasus, Lower Volga (?). On Stachys ................................ C. schmidti Fieb. 16 (15). Dorsum only with very short adpressed black hairs. 17 (18). 1st antennal segment slender, longer than breadth of head. Body 3.5-3.8 times as long as breadth of pronotum at base. Hindfemora almost cylindrical, without brown dots apically. "Uniformly green; only apex of 2nd antennal segment, 3rd and 4th antennal segments and tarsi, brown. 7.2-8.1. Southwest. On various herbs, grasses and shrubs..................................... C. affinis H.~S. 18 (17). 1st antennal segment more or less thickened, 2/3-3/4 as long as breadth of head. Body 2.8-3.3 times as long as breadth of pronotum at base. Hind femora somewhat flattened.

950

19 (20). 1st segment of hind tarsi 2/3 as long as 2nd segment. 1st antennal segment slightly thicker than cervical ring of pronotum. Pale green; sometimes apex of 2nd antennal segment and 2 dots on pronotum black. Hind femora with brown dots apically. 6.5-7.8. Crimea; other localities from which the species has been recorded C. norvegicus Gmel. are doubtful. On herbs and grasses 20 (19). 1st segment of hind tarsi as long as 2nd segment or slightly longer, 1st antennal segment markedly thicker than cervical ring. Head and scutellum, especially in male, often with black pattern. 727 21 (22). Green; clavus and corium with red diffuse longitudinal stripes. 6.5-8’(Figure 292, 10). Forest zone south to Belorussia, Tambov Region and Tatar ASSR. On herbs and grasses C. roseomaculatus Deg. 22 (21). Hemelytra uniformly light green. 6.5-8. Southern Ukraine. .........

..................

.......................................

Caucasus

...................................

C. angularis Fieb.

35. Adelphocoris Reut. Phytophagous; on herbs and grasses. 7 species, A. detritus Fieb, (Carpathians) not included. In the whole U.S.S.R. 15 species.

FIGURE 298. HemipEera. and

Family Miridae (after Wagner, Hatm. Jensen-Haarop

Kirichenko)

coris

keli,

longipennis;

4

short-winged form.

5 P

i

lhanus

niaer-

1 (10).

2 (7).

3 (6).

4 (5).

728

Scutellum and hemelytra densely covered with short light (sometimes golden or silvery) pubescence, without a trace of black hairs or with only few short black hairs on apex of cuneus. Apex of cuneus black; base of cuneus light. 2nd antennal segment black or apically black. Pronotum usually black or with more or less broad black stripe at posterior margin. Scutellum usually black or dark brown. Whole or almost whole clavus and a more or less large spot on corium or almost whole corium black. 2nd antennal segment not thickened toward apex. 1st antennal segment 3/4 as long as breadth of head, usually black; 2nd antennal segment completely black. Clavus completely black; anterior corner of corium and sometimes its outer margin white, rarely almost whole corium light, or corium completely black; base of cuneus white or reddish. 6.5-8.5. Everywhere, except the North. On Vicia and other Leguminosae. Injurious *A. seticornis F. 1st antennal segment as long as breadth of head, usually light; 2nd antennal segment reddish, with black apex. Outer side of base of clavus with whitish diffuse patch; corium black, with light stripes along the whole inner margin and the whole (or almost the whole) outer margin; base of cuneus always white. 8-9.5. Everywhere, except in the North. On Leguminosae ....... .

.

.............................................

5 (4).

6 (3).

............................................. A. reicheli Fieb. Scutellum and hemelytra uniformly light yellow or reddish. 2nd antennal segment slightly thickened apically, its base light. Pronotum light, with black stripe at posterior margin. 7-8.5. West, South. On various herbs and grasses. A. vandalicus Rossi. Cuneus, including apex, completely light. 2nd antennal segment completely light. Pronotum light, often with 2-4 round black spots. Hind femora ventrally and usually also dorsally with black ..

7 (2).

dots.

8 (9).

1st antennal segment 2/3 as long as breadth of head. Dorsum of body covered with golden pubescence. Color more or less reddish; if greenish, at least veins of membrane partly red. 6.2-8.5. Central Belt, South. In humid habitats. On various herbs and A. ticinensis M.-D. (capitatus Jak.). grasses 1st antennal segment 4/5 as long as breadth of head. Dorsum of body covered with silvery hairs. Color greenish yellow or light green; spots on femora, sometimes 2-4 spots on pronotum and 2 longitudinal stripes on Scutellum black; corium with more or less developed triangular brownish spot; 3rd and 4th antennal segments and apex of 2nd antennal segment rust-red. 7.5-9 (Figure 298, 2). Everywhere, except in the North. On Leguminosae and other plants. Very injurious, especially to alfalfa ..................

9 (8).

.......

10 (1).

.............................................*A. lineolatus Gz. Dorsum of body densely covered with black adpressed hairs; scutellum and hemelytra with golden pubescence in addition to adpressed hairs. Pale greenish; spots on hind femora (often also those on middle and fore femora), often also 4 spots near posterior margin of pronotum, sometimes an oblique line on

952

Apex of 2nd to 4th antenna! segments Everywhere, except in the North. On Urtica A. annulicornis R. Sahib, (quadripunctatus P.).

corium black or brown.

black.

7.5-10.

..............

...

36. Megacoelum Fieb. Red or reddish yellow; scutellum, posterior margin of pronotum and apex of corium often dark brown. Predacious. 2 species. In the U.S.S.R. 3 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Inner side of hind tibiae with thin hairs which are much longer than thickness of tibiae (Figure 296, 17). Dorsum of body covered with long thin hairs which easily fall off. 6.5-7.5. Southern Ukraine, Caucasus, Lower Volga. On willow, poplar and other trees .........................................M. beckeri Fieb. Inner side of hind tibiae with hairs which are shorter than thickness of tibiae (Figure 296, 18). Body bare dorsally. 6.5-7.5. South, except in the Southeast, West, Center. On oak, linden and other trees. .............................. M. infusum H.-S.

37.

Phytocoris Fall. Grayish, reddish or greenish, usually with more spotted pattern. Inner side of aedeagus with a serrated plate (so-called comb of aedeagus). On trees, herbs and grasses; feeding on plant juice and on small insects. 22 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 35 species. Ph. hirsutulus Fl. (Baltic Region) not included. or less marked,

1 (2),

.

Hemelytra pale yellow, covered with small red speckles of equal size. All antennal segments uniformly yellowish. (Subgenus Stictophytocoris Stich.). Pubescence uniformly pale yellow; head and pronotum with orange spots. 5.3-6. Moldavia. On oak. .Ph. (S.) meridionalis H.-S. 2 (1). Hemelytra without spots or with gray, brown or red-brown spots of different size. Antennae at least partly with dark spots or rings. Usually at least partly covered with black hairs. 3 (16). 3rd antennal segment black or brownish, with light ring basally and sometimes proximal to middle. Both sexes macropterous. On trees and shrubs. 4 (15). At least 5.4 long. Color whitish, with more or less marked brown or black pattern; only cuneus sometimes reddish. 2nd antennal segment usually dark. Cervical ring or pronotum covered at least partly in most species with black hairs. Comb of aedeagus with at least 20 denticles. (Subgenus Phytocoris Fall.). 1st antennal segment black, with 3 light longitudinal stripes; 5 (6). rarely black intervals between stripes interrupted by few light spots (Figure 299, 1). Pronotum, hemelytra and legs with intensely black or blackish brown pattern. Comb of aedeagus with a row of uniformly spaced denticles from margin of comb to its broadest part (Figure 299. 3). 6-7.5. Forest zone. Crimea. On deciduous trees ............................... Ph. populi L. 1st antennal segment covered with light and dark continuous spots 6 (5). not forming longitudinal stripes (Figure 299; 2). Sides of pronotum, rarely its posterior margin with clearly 7 (8). delimited black stripe. White or greenish white; hemelytra ....................................

729

953

with a with diffuse pattern of brown spots. Comb of aedeagus lower part of the row of denticles which become shorter in the comb (Figure 299, 4). 6-7. Forest and forest-steppe Ph. tiliae F. Caucasus. On deciduous trees

..................... zones^

FIGURE 299.

Hemiptera. Family Miridae (after

Wagner

and

original)

same; 3-Ph. populi. [-Phytocoris popull. 1st aniennal segment; 2 -Ph. d Imidialm, 6-Ph. pini. lame; ;omb of aedeagus, 4-Ph. tiliae, lame] 5-Ph. dimidiatus. lame;

left paramere; longlpennls. lame; 8 -Ph. intncatus, salmi; 9-Ph. d irnldialus, lame; 13,14-Ph. LO-Ph. pini. same; 11-Ph. longipennis. same; 12-Ph. inlricatul. combofaeceagill; frtler, itulus: 13-combofaedeagul; 14-left paiamere; 15-Ph. icllulul 18 left paramere; 19,21-Ph. -Ph. ulml.samei 17,18- Ph. nowickyi; It- combofaedeagui; 20,22-Ph. iniignis; comb of aedeagus; 21 .ailpeS! 19-gemial!egment,dorsal(paramereinol!hown); 23-Ph. usiulalul, lame; 20 - genltallegment, doriaKparameiesnoIlhown); 22-comb of aedeagus; of comb .edeagus; nivealul: 26 24.25-Ph Itsykensis: 24-iame; 25-leftpar.mere; 26,27-Ph. lauricul, comb of aedeagus; W -left paramere; 28-Ph. platydeni. genital segment, donal; 29-Ph. same; 33,34-Ph. 30-Ph plalydeni.iame! 31-Ph. taurlcul, left paramere; 32-Ph. pitlydeni, left paramere; 35,37-Ph. Incanus: 35-combofaedeagul; cauc.tlcus, 33-comb of aedeagus; 34 36,38-Ph. rjabovl: 36 comb of aedeagul; 38 left paramere. 37-left -

-

-

1-Ph

paramere;

8(7).

Sides and posterior margin of pronotum light; if sides and posteless gradual rior margin of pronoturo are brown, with more or transition to light color of disk of pronotum.

954

9 (12).

Vein dividing cells of membrane usually black, markedly darker Comb of aedeagus with a row of denticles (Figure 299, 5,6). Hypophysis of left paramere with blunt apex (Figure 299, 9,10). Whitish, with distinct black, speckled pattern. 1st antennal segment markedly longer than pronotum, Comb of aedeagus as in Figure 299, 5. Left paramere as in Figure 299,9. 6.7-7.3. Fore st zone. On deciduous trees Ph. dimidiatus Kbm. 1st antennal segment slightly shorter than pronotum, or of almost equal length. Comb of aedeagus as in Figure 299, 6. Left paramere as in Figure 299, 10. Smaller: 5.4-6.5. Forest zone. On conifers ........................................ Ph. pini Kbm. Vein dividing cells of membrane usually dark gray, not darker than adjacent parts of cells. Comb of aedeagus with 2 rows of denticles of different length (Figure 299, 7,8). Hypophysis of left paramere with pointed apex (Figure 299, 11,12). Hemelytra completely light and with diffuse (not speckled) pattern. Body and hemelytra more than 4 times as long as breadth of posterior margin of pronotum. 1st antennal segment almost as long as pronotum and head together. Yellowish white, with pale brownish pattern. Dorsal third of comb of aedeagus with part of comb below which the points of the denticles are directed dorsad (Figure 299, 7). Sensory tubercle of left paramere with distinctly

than cells.

10

(11).

..

11 (10).

12 (9).

13 (14).

.

projecting corner; hypophysis more or less straight (Figure 299,11). 7.3-7.7 (Figure 298, 3). Forest zone. On deciduous trees ........................................... Ph. longipennis Fl. 14 (13). Body less than 4 times as long as breadth of posterior margin of pronotum. 1st antennal segment not longer than pronotum and half the head together. Pale, with continuous diffuse brown pattern; cuneus often reddish. Middle of comb of aedeagus with part of comb below which the points of the denticles are directed dorsad (Figure 299, 8). Left paramere as in Figure 299, 12. 6.5-7.2. Ph. intricatus Fl. Forest zone. On conifers At most 5.2 long. Reddish; reddish brown, rarely grayish 15 (4). brown. 2nd antennal segment usually light. Cervical ring of pronotum only with light hairs. Comb of aedeagus with 5 or 6 ........

.....................

denticles.

(Subgenus Ribautomiris E. Wgn.?)................

Ph.(R. ?) scitulus Reut. Comb of aedeagus with 5 denticles (Figure 299, 13). Left paramere as in Figure 299, 14. 4.7-5.2. Eastern Ciscaucasia, Transcaucasia ................................ Ph. (R. ?) scitulus scitulus Reut. Comb of aedeagus with 6 denticles (Figure 299. 15). Left pararoere as in the preceding subspecies. 4.5-5. Southern Crimea (holotype from Kerch). On juniper. Erroneously recorded from the Crimea under the name of Ph. femoralis Fieb. ............ Ph. (K.?) scitulus frater Kerzh., subsp. n. 3rd antennal segment uniformly whitish. (Subgenus Ktenocoris .......................................

a (b).

b (a).

.......................

16 (3).

E.Wgn.). 17 (20).

1st antennal segment thin, linear; projecting hairs on 1st antennal segment longer than thickness of segment. Males macropterous; females macropterous or brachypterous. Color rust-red.

18 (19). Rich red spot on cuneus occupies at least half its area. 1st antennal segment 0.75-0.9 times as long as breadth of pronotum. Comb of aedeagus as in Figure 299,16. Almost uniformly dirty red. 6.5-8.5. Everywhere, except in the North. On deciduous trees ......................................... Ph. (K.) ulmi L. 19 (18). Rich red spot on apex of cuneus occupies less than 1/3 of its area. 1st antennal segment 1,25 times as long as breadth of pronotum at base. Comb of aedeagus as in Figure 299, 17. Right paramere as in Figure 299, 18. Light, with rust-red spots. 5.5-7. Central Belt, South. On herbs, grass, and on deciduous trees ........... ........................................ Ph. (K.) nowickyi Fieb. 20 (17). 1st antennal segment more or less thickened; vertical hairs on 1st antennal segment as long as thickness of antennae. Males macropterous; females usually more or less brachypterous. On herbs and grasses, rarely on shrubs. 730 21 (28). Color reddish or greenish. Hemelytra of female shorter than those of male, but including membrane reaching or almost reaching apex of abdomen. 22 (25). Color reddish; head and pronotum usually with 3 light longitudinal stripes. 23 (24). Anterior margin of opening of genital segment of male with straight short process in the middle (Figure 299, 19). Comb of aedeagus with small denticles (Figure 299, 21). Male 6.5-7, female 5.3-6. Ukraine, Caucasus. On various herbs and grasses ......................................... Ph.(K.) varlpes Boh. 24 (23). Anterior margin of opening of genital segment of male with forked median process (Figure 299, 20). Comb of aedeagus with 7 or 8 larger denticles (Figure 299, 22). Male 6.8-7.7, female 6.2-7.2. Except in the North. On herbs and grasses ..................... ........................................ Ph. (K.) insignis Reut. 731 25 (22). Color green or greenish yellow. 26 (27). Greenish yellow; spot on cuneus and stripe along corium (on its border with membrane) red. Anterior margin of opening of genital segment of male with denticle. Combof aedeagus as in Figure 299, 23. Male 5,5-6.2, female 4.5-5.5. Caucasus, Transcaucasia. On Compositae ............................. Ph. (K.) ustulatus H.-S. 27 (26). Pale grass-green; coriuro and cuneus at border with membrane and sometimes whole surface of hemelytra with small black dots, Anterior margin of genital opening withoutprocess. Comb of aedeagus as in Figure 299, 24. Left paramere as in Figure 299,25. Male 7-7.8, female 6.5-7. Dagestan. On Tanacetum vulgare ............................... .Ph. (K.) issykensis Popp. 28 (21). Color gray, sometimes with more or less marked brown spots; color not red or green. Female much smaller than male; hemelytra of female almost without membrane, not reaching apex of abdomen. 29 (30). Hemelytra densely covered with white hairs, with only isolated groups of black hairs. Posterior margin of pronotum very shiny. Only base of 1st antennal segment with a few vertical hairs. Rather narrow, pale, with weak diffuse brownish pattern. Comb ..............

956

of aedeagus with more than 20 minute denticles (Figure 299, 26). Left paramere as in Figure 299, 27. Male 6-7.3, female 4.5. Ph. (K.) niveatus Horv. Dagestan, Transcaucasia 30 (29). Hemelytra uniformly covered with black and white hairs. Pronotum slightly shiny. Almost the whole 1st antennal segment with .................

vertical hairs.

31 (34), Sides of opening of genital segment of male with 2 tubercles (Figure 299, 28). Comb of aedeagus small, consisting of 3 large denticles which are fused at the base (Figure 299, 29,30). 2nd antennal segment brownish, with light base, or uniformly white. Tibiae with distinct black rings. Color grayish, withpale pattern. 32 (33). All denticles of comb of aedeagus pointed, similar (Figure 299,29). Left paramere as in Figure 299, 31. Male 5.6-5.9. Crimea (KoktebeF [Planerskoe]). Ph. (K.) tauricus Kerzh., sp.n. 33 (32). Lower denticles of comb of aedeagus flattened and widened (Figure 299, 30). Left paramere as in Figure 299, 32. Male 6.3-6.8. Dagestan (Khodzhal-Makhi) ........................... ................................ Ph. (K.) platydens Kerzh., sp. n. 34 (31). Sides of opening of genital segment of male without tubercles. Comb of aedeagus in the form of a long plate serrated at the apex or almost its whole length (Figure 299, 33,35,36). 2nd antennal segment with dark rings apically and near middle, sometimes almost uniformly white. Tibiae usually without black rings in the middle, or rings on tibiae not closed, rarely distinct and .........

closed. 35 (36).

Comb of aedeagus with denticles almost its whole length (Figure 299, 33). Left paramere as in Figure 299, 34. Hemelytra speckled with very small dark dots. Male 7-7.5. Dagestan (Akhty) ....................... Ph. (K.) caucasicus Kerzh., sp. n. 36 (35). Comb of aedeagus with denticles only in apical half (Figure 399,

35,36). Comb of aedeagus with 2 (rarely 1 or 3) denticles (Figure 299,35). Left paramere as in Figure 299, 37. Light gray, with more or less marked brownish pattern. Male 6-7.5, female 4.2-5. South. On Artemisia. Probably 2 generations per year .............. ......................................... Ph.(K.) incanus Fieb. 38 (37). Comb of aedeagus with 6 denticles (Figure 299, 36). Left paramere as in Figure 299, 38. Resembling Ph. incanus. Male 6.7-7.6. Dagestan (Sulak River, Kodzhal-Makhi, Akhty)..........

37 (38).

..................................

38.

1 (1),

39. 1 (1).

Miridius Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1

Ph.(K.) rjabovi Kerzh.. sp.n.

species.

Pale ocher; covered with yellow pubescence. Head and scutellum with 2 brownish longitudinal stripes; pronotum with 4 such stripes; cuneus usually reddish. 8.5-9.5. Crimea. On Hordeum m u rinum...............................M. quadrivirgatus Costa.

Allo rhino cor is Reut.

Monotypic genus.

Green; dorsum covered with short black hairs. Both sexes macropterous; female shorter than male, with more rounded

lateral margins. 8.5-10.5. In the West to Koroi ASSR, the Kursk and Lugansk regions. On Leguminosae (Caragana, etc.)........ ............................................ A. flavus J. Sahib.

40. 1 (1).

732

41. 1 (1).

Apantilius Kir.

Monotypic

genus,

Pale green; dorsum covered with short black hairs. Hemelytra of male normal, those of female shortened, reaching only middle of abdomen. Male 6.5, female 5-6. Southeast, Kazakhstan. On herbs and grasses ............................ A. prasinus Fieb.

Pantilius Curt.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Dorsum ocher-yellow to brownish red; venter of body and lateral margins of hemelytra yellow; apex of 2nd and 3rd antennal segmentsusuallyblack. 8.5-10.3. Forest zone. On birch, alder, hazelnut; adults appearing in autumn

.............

P. tunicatus F.

Tribe STENODEMINI (Mirini auct.)

Usually species with narrow, elongate body; greenish or yellowish, rarely with different coloration. Living on Gramineae and sedge; phytophagous. In the U.S.S.R. 8 genera. 42. Stenodema Lap. Green or yellowish, sometimes with brown or black longitudinal stripes. Fertilized females hibernate. On Gramineae. 6 or 7 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 9 species. Almost all species widely distributed; S. sericans Fieb. (Carpathians) and S. laterale J. Sahib.

(North?) not included, 1 (4),

Hind femora with 2 or 3 stira Fieb.).

2 (3).

Hind femora with 2 denticles close together (Figure 300. 3). 7-8 (Figure 298, 4) ......................... S, (B.) calcaratum Fall. Hind femora with 3 denticles; two of them large, widely separated; 3rd denticle small, closely proximal to large apical denticle

3 (2).

(Figure 300, 4). 6.5-8.6 4(1). 5 (6), 6 (5).

7 (8).

8 (7).

subapical denticles.

................

(Subgenus Brachy-

S. (B.) trispinosum Reut.

Hind femora without denticles. (Subgenus Stenodema Lap.). Frons prolonged anteriorly above clypeus and covering it (Figure 300,7). 7.5-8.5 ............................S. virens L. Frons not projecting above clypeus, its apex on about the same level as base’of clypeus (Figure 300, 8). Apex of hind femora markedly narrowed (Figure 300, 5). Hind tibiae markedly twisted distal to base. Body 4-5 times as long as broad. 7-9.5 ...............................S.laevigatum L. Apex of hind femora not markedly narrowed (Figure 300, 6). Hind tibiae straight. Body 3-3.8 times as long as broad. 5-8.

Forest zone, Caucasus

..........................

S. holsatum F.

Notostira Fieb. Greenish or yellowish, often (especially males) with black longitudinal stripe. Fertilized females hibernating. 2 generations per year, markedly differing in color, structure of antennae, etc. On Gramineae; injurious to cereals. Genus containing 2 species. 43.

1 (2).

Sensory tubercle of left paramere short and broad; hypophysis short and apically curved (Figure 300, 9). Posterior wall of bursa copulatrix of female with markedly projecting flat part A (Figure 300, 10). Females of autumn generation with short membrane (Figure 300, 11). 7.5-8.5. In the North to the southern part of Leningrad Region ........................ *E. elongata Geoffr. (caucasica KoL). Sensory tubercle of left paramere long and slender; hypophysis long, subapically tapering, scarcely curved apically (Figure 300,12). Posterior wall of bursa copulatrix of female with slightly projecting flat part A (Figure 300, 13). Female of autumn generation with long membrane (Figure 300, 14). 7.5-8.5. Everywhere, except in the North; more common in the forest zone and in the moun*N. erratica L. (poppiusi Reut.). tains ......................................

2 (1).

........................

44. 1 (1).

Megaloceraea Fieb.

Monotypic genus.

8.5-10.5. Everywhere, except in the North. Sometimes injurious to cereals .^M. recticornis Geoffr. (linearis Fussly). Greenish yellow.

................................

....................

45. Trigonotylus Fieb. Light green; antennae, legs and stripes on head and pronotum sometimes red. On Gramineae, usually in humid habitats. Eggs hibernating; several generations per year. 5 speciest. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.

3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6).

T- coelestialium 6 (5).

.....................

.

.

.

2 (1).

.

Apex of frons narrowly rounded, projecting slightly farther than genae; apex of clypeus very narrowly rounded, almost pointed (Figure 300, 15). Antennae red; 1st antennal segment, head, pronotum, scutellum and venter of body with red stripes. Aedeagus with curved spicula (Figure 300. 17). 4.6-6. Belorussia, southern Ukraine, Caucasus. On Corynephorus T. pulchellus Hahn. canescens, Cynodon dactylon, etc. Apex of frons and clypeus more or less broadly rounded; frons not projecting anteriorly beyond genae (Figure 300, 16). Head, pronotum and venter of body usually without red stripes; antennae often partly red. Male less than 4.5 long; female less than 5.2 long. Aedeagus with straight spicula (Figure 300, 18). 3.8-5.1. South. On solonetz soils; on Aeluropus litoralis.....T. brevipes Jak. Male more than 4.75 long; female more than 5.5 long. Aedeagus with curved spicula or without spicula. Aedeagus with curved spicula (Figure 300. 19). 3rd antennal segment 0.82-0.87 times as long as 2nd antennal segment. 4.8-6.3. Everywhere, except in the North. Injurious to cereals and corn; these characters belong possibly, at least partly, to .

1 (2).

*T. ruficornis Geoffr.

Aedeagus without spicula (Figure 300, 20). 3rd antennal segment 0.95 times as long as 2nd segment. 4.8-6.2. Distribution not clear; probably occurs in the Central Belt and in the South. Injurious to cereals ..................... *T. coelestialium Kirk.

t An apparently color Reut.

new

species from the North which was hitherto erroneously identified as T.psammae-

is not included.

959

FIGURE 300. Hemiptera. Family Miridae (after

Wagner, Hoberlandt, Carvalho and original)

calcaratum, 1Notostira. head. dorsal; 2 Lepiopterna, same; 3Stenoderna apex of hind femur; 4S. trispinosum, same; 5S. laevigaium, same; 6S.holsatum. same; 7S.virens, head, lateral; 8S. laevigaium, same; 9-11 Noiostira elongaia: 9 paramere; 10bursa copulatrix of female; 11apex of hem&lytron of female of autumn generatio 12-14N. erratic a; 12paramere; 13bursa copulatrix of female; 14apex ofhemelytron of female of autumn generation; 15Trigonotylus pulchellus, head, dorsal; 16 T. ruftcorn: same; 17T. pulchellus, spiculaofaedeagus; 18T. brevipes, same; 19T.ruficornis. same; 20T. coelestiatium, aedeagus; 21T. antennatus, genital segment, leftside; 22T. paludum, same; 23T. saundersi, same; 24T.paludum, apex of hypophysis of left paramere; 25T. viridis, same; 26 L. ferrugaca, squama (part of sternum VI dorsal to L, dolabraia, same, base of ovipositor); 21

46, Teratocoris Fieb. In humid habitats, In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

1 (2).

on

Juncaceae and sedges.

Genital segment of male without process dorsal to base of left paramere (Figure 300, 21), Vertex 1.5-1.8 times as broad as eye. Green or yellowish; head, pronotum, scutellum and inner margins of hemelytra of male partly black; females light, sometimes with only a black stripe on head or pronotum. Male smaller, than female, brachypterous. 3.5-6. Central Belt, South ............................................ T. antennatus Boh. Genital segment of male with process dorsal to base of left paramere. Vertex 1.8-2.1 times as broad as eye. Inner margins of hemelytra of male without black stripes; females uniformly green. Males always macropterous. Process of genital segment of male broad and short (Figure 300,22). Apex of hypophysis of left paramere truncate (Figure 300, 24). Legs and antennae usually partly red. Male usually without .........

2 (1).

734

3 (6). 4 (5).

black pattern. 1st antennal segment of female as long as head T. paludum J. Sahib. and pronotum. 4.5-5.5- Forest zone Apex of hypophysis of left paramere long, pointed, curved (Figure 300, 25). Male with black pattern on head, pronotum and scutellum. 1st antennal segment of female 3/4 as long as T. viridis Dgl. Sc. head and pronotum. 4.5-5. North Process of genital segment of male narrow, fingerlike (Figure 300. 23). Legs and antennae not red. Male often with black stripe on head. pronotum and scutellum (var. lineatus E. Wgn., stat. n.). 1st antennal segment of female as long as head and pronotum. 4.5-6.5. North. Northwest ......................................... T. saundersi Dgl. Sc. ........

5 (4).

............

6 (3).

.................

47. Leptopterna Fieb. (Miris auct., nee F.). Males macropterous; females macropterous or brachypterous. Yellow, whitish or orange; usually middle of head, 2 stripes on pronotum and scutellum, black; inner margins of hemelytra sometimes brown. On cereals; eggs hibernating. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Male: vertex 1.3-1.5 times as broad as eye. Female: vertex twice as broad as eye; 2nd antennal segment as thick as tibia at the base, tapering apically; process of abdominal sternum VI (dorsal to base of ovipositor) rounded (Figure 300, 26); brachypterous females: hemelytra usually not reaching beyond middle of abdomen; membrane without cells; abdomen light or with black

stripes along lateral connexivum. 8.8-9.7. Everywhere, except in the North ................................. L. ferrugata Fall. Male: vertex twice as broad as an eye. Female: vertex 2.3-3 times as broad as an eye; 2nd antennal segment distinctly thinner at the base than tibia, nearly uniformly thick throughout; process of abdominal sternum VI (dorsal to base of ovipositor) pointed

(Figure 300, 27); brachypterous females: hemelytra reaching beyond middle of abdomen; membrane with one cell, dorsum of abdomen frequently with rows of black spots. 7-9. Everywhere, except in the North ............................. L. dolabrata L,. 48. 1 (1).

Actinocoris Reut.

Monotypic genus.

Short and broad; dirty yellow with brownish black

Hemelytra normal or markedly shortened. North, In marshes; very rare

pattern.

3.8-5.8. Northwest, A. signatus Reut.

..,.,....-...,..

Acetropis Fieb, Males macropterous; hemelytra of female usually reaching only apex of abdomen. Pale yellowish; head and pronotum sometimes with black stripes. On Gramineae. In the U. S. S. R. 3 species. 49.

1 (2).

Antennae with thin vertical black hairs. Head dorsally with a few short brown spinules. Cuneus of male reaching apex of 5.5-6. Northwest, Lithuania, Kaluga ............... ......,.................................’... A. gimmerthali Fl. Antennae almost bare. Head dorsally bare. Cuneus of male not reaching apex of hemelytra.

hemelytra. 2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

Pronotum with distinct longitudinal laminate carina in the middle. Apex of frons pointed, covering clypeus. Proboscis not reaching beyond hind coxae. 5.2-7.5. Steppe zone ....... A. carinata H.-S. Pronotum with indistinct carina. Apex of frons not covering clypeus. Proboscis reaching markedly beyond hind coxae. Steppe zone ................................ A. longirostris Put.

Tribe PITHANINI

50. Pithanus Fieb. Usually brachypterous. Black; legs, part of antennae, proboscis and often also connexivum yellowish or reddish; outer margin of corium whitish. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (2).

Hind femora completely light. 3.6-5.5 (Figure 298, 5). Forest zone. Mainly on Gramineae and sedges P. maerkeli H.-S. Apical quarter of hind femora black. 3.7-5.5. Leningrad, Arkhangelsk regions, Komi ASSR. Rare ......... P. hrabei Stehl. .........

2 (1).

Tribe

MYRMECORINI

(Herdoniini)

In the U.S.S.R. 1 genus. 51. Myrmecoris Gski. Resembling ants of genus Formica. Pronotum markedly tapering posteriorly; mesonotum completely free, pentagonal; markedly convex between bases of hemelytra. Monotypic genus. 736

1 (1).

Body and apex of 2nd antennal segment blackish brown; legs and antennae (in southern specimens of subspecies rubricatus Jak. also mesothorax), head and base of abdomen and rarely whole body red. In brachypterous forms base and posterior margin of hemelytra white; in macropterous forms base and median band of hemelytra white. 4.5-6 (Figure 301, 1). In the South to Odessa and Orenburg regions. Usually on Gramineae; possibly zoophytephagous ..................................M. gracilis R. Sahib.

Subfamily ORTHOTYLINAE (Cyllecorinae, Heterotominae) Small or medium-sized; shape of body almost round to very elongate. Appearance, structure of genitalia and biology varying widely. Hibernating as eggs. Tribe HALTICINI (Labopini) Appearance varying widely, but most species are characterized by the

short-oval body, black color, shortened hemelytra and thickened saltatorial hind femora. Phytophagous.

52. Myrcoecophyes Fieb. 1 species. In Soviet Central Asia. Kazakhstan and Transcaucasia (usually in the mountains) about 30 species.

^

FIGURE 301.

V

Hemipiera. Family Miridae (after

Wagner, Sourhwood

and Lesion)

1

(1).

Vertex notched between eyes (in anterior view). Black; posterior margin of hemelytra of brachypterous forms or broad band on hemelytra of macropterous forms, white; legs and antennae usually yellowish. 3-5. From the tundra tothe steppes. On Gramineae, usually on Agropyron spp. .............. M. alboornatus Stal.

53. Scirtetellus Reut. Black; in some species sides of hemelytra, stripes on abdomen, on pronotum and on head, yellow. On subalpine meadows. 4 species in the Caucasus, several species in Soviet Central Asia. For identification see: A.M. Kirichenko. Nastoyashchie poluzhestkokrylye evropeiskoi chasti SSSR (Hemiptera of the European XJ.S.S.R.). Moskva-Leningrad, 1951. 54. terous. 1

(2).

2

(1).

1

(1).

55.

Dimorphocoris Reut. Males macropterous, females brachyp" 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.

Hemelytra with short silvery adpressed hairs and long black vertical hairs. Male: whole pronotum and inner half of hemelytra black. Female: pronotum, scutellum and dorsum of abdomen black. Male: 4.2-5,8, female 3-3.7. Southern Crimea, Caucasus. On F e s t u c a, Poa ..........................D. tauricus Horv, Hemelytra with white and black vertical hairs of uniform length. Male: larger part of pronotum and whole hemelytra light. Female: whole dorsum light. Male 4.8-5, female 3.6. Southeast (Aleksandrov Gai), West Kazakhstan. On Gramineae .................... ..................................... D. asanovae Kerzh., sp.n. Chorosomella Horv.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Abdomen often bent ventrad at an angle. Genitalia as in Figure 302, 8-10. 7-9. Steppes. On Gramineae ......... Ch. jakovlevi Horv.

56. Labops Burm. Hemelytra of male normal, those of female either almost normal or slightly shorter than abdomen and with rudiments of membrane. Black; head with 6 yellow spots, 2 of them on vertex. On Gramineae, 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1

(2).

2

(1).

57.

U.S.S.R. 1

(1). 58.

737

Hemelytra densely covered with long vertical hairs. Eyes projecting only laterally. Tibiae usually completely black. 3.5-4.2. Extreme Northeast. Rare ...................... L. setosus Reut. Hemelytra only covered with short adpressed hairs. Eyes more stalked, projecting dorsally and laterally. Tibiae yellow in the middle. 4.7-5.5. Forest zone. North ......... L. sahlbergi Fall. Euryopicoris Reut. 1 species.

Hemelytra shortened, rarely normal.

In the

Black, shiny; only lora and a narrow stripe near eyes yellow. 3-5. On leguminous herbs. Common ......... ^Eu. nitidus M.-D. Halticidea Reut.

Males and females brachypterous.

In the

U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1

(I).

Black; apex of femora, tibiae and usually 2nd antennal segment yellow; openings of scent glands white. Male 2.4-2.5, female 3-3.2. Southeast, Kazakhstan, On Elymus junceus ......... ........................................... H. punctulata Reut.

964

59.

Anapus

Stal, Black; yellow stripe or spot near inner margin 4 species. of eyes. Both sexes macropterous or brachypterous. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.

jakovlevi: 8right paramere; 9left paramere; 10 aedeagus; of hind femur; 8-10ChorosomeIla 11-13Anapus rugicollis; 11right paramere; ISleft paraniere; 13aedeagus; 14A.Freyi,

same; 180. b re vis, sarne; 19Strongylocoris leucocephalus, right paramere; 20S. noides. same; 21 Ha Incus luteicollis, anterior view of head; 22H.saltaior, same.

1

(4).

stega-

1st antennal segment cylindrical; 2nd antennal segment black, rarely brownish or rust-yellow in the middle. Vertex concave; eyes slightly stalked. Vertex and posterior part of pronotum with fine rugose sculpture. Membrane of macropterous forms blackish, Aedeagus with long spicula, without tuberculate plates (Figure 302, 13,14). 1st antennal segment shorter than interocular space. Spicula of aedeagus (Figure 302,13) gradually tapering apically. Outer margin of tibiae usually more or less light. Less than half the abdomen of brachypterous forms free. Parameres as in Figure 302, 11,12. 2.5-4.8. South, except in the Southwest. On Leguminosae. Injurious to alfalfa ........................... *A. rugicollis Jak. (sibiricus J. Sahib., nigrita Jak.). ........

965

3

(2).

4

(l).

5

(6).

6

(5).

738

60. terous. 1

(1).

1st antennal segment of male longer than interocular space, that of female as long as interocular space. Spicula of aedeagus (Figure 302,14) apically thickened. Tibiae black. At least half the abdomen free in brachypterous forms. 3-6.9. South, except in the Southwest. On Agropyron ramosum and other species of Agropyron.................................A. freyi Fieb. 1st antennal segment more or less inflated in the middle; 2nd and usually 3rd antennal segment yellow. Vertex convex, eyes slightly projecting. Vertex and posterior part of pronotum almost smooth. Membrane of macropterous forms white. Aedeagus with short spicula and tuberculated plate (Figure 302, 15,16), Tibiae yellow except apically. A yellow stripe on head almost along the whole eye. Aedeagus (Figure 302,15) with 2 tuberculated plates and thick spicula. 1.9-3.8. Southeast. On Artemisia (subgenus Seriphidium) .................A. kirschbaumi. Stal. Inner margin of tibiae black. A small yellow spot only on vertex near eye. Margins of clypeus with long thin white hairs. Aedeagus with 3 tuberculated plates of different sizes and thin spicula (Figure 302,16). 2.4-3.6. South, except in the Southwest. On S e s e 1 i and other Umbelliferae .............. A. longicornis Jak.

Anapomella Putshk. Monotypic genus.

Males and females macropterous or brachyp-

Black; tibiae and antennae except 1st antennal segment often yellowish; vertex with 2 red spots. 2.5-3. South, except in the Southwest. On Helichrysum arenarium .................. ........................................... A. arnoldii Putshk.

61. Orthocephal-us Fieb. Head black; vertex sometimes with 2 light spots which are not contiguous with the eyes. Males macropterous, females brachypterous or macropterous. Up to 9 species; the following species are not included: 0. coriaceus F. (mutabilis Fall.) (West, Southwest), 0. tenuicornis Mis. (Southeast?), 0. bilineatus Jak. (=biyittatus

Fieb.?) (Southeast), 0. rhyparopus Fieb. (Southeast). 1

(2).

Dor sum with vertical hairs, without silvery scales. Aedeagus (Figure 302,17). Black; apex of femora 3-4.6. Eastern Ukraine. Virgin steppes. On Serratula ............................. 0. medvedevi Kir. with a broad spicula

and tibiae yellowish.

2

(1).

3

(4).

4

(3).

Dorsum with short adpressed hairs or with silvery scales in addition to hairs. Aedeagus with 2 pointed spiculae, their points directed in opposite directions. Dorsum with short adpressed gray hairs, without scales. Posterior part of pronotum rugose. 2nd antennal segment apically thickened. Aedeagus as in Figure 302,18. Tibiae black, rarely brown. 4.8-7.1 (Figure 301, 2,3). Everywhere, except in the North. On Gramineae ........................... 0. brevis Pz. Dorsum with silvery scales which are easily rubbed off. Tibiae completely light, or light except their ends. Posterior part of pronotum smooth.

966

5

(6).

Hemelytra of both sexes completely black. of both sexes black.

6

(5),

7

(8).

8

(7).

2nd antennal segment Membrane of uniform color. Femora black.

3.8-6. Everywhere, except in the North. On Hieracium, Cichorium and other Compositae ............ 0. saltator H.-S. Hemelytra of male with dirty yellow stripe at inner margin of corium; hemelytra of macropterous females with a thin light line at border between clavus and corium; hemelytra of brachypterous females usually with a yellowish or brownish spot at base. 2nd antennal segment of female yellow to the middle, rarely dark brown. Membrane of hemelytra light, with dark spots. Smaller. Femora usually black. Outer margin of corium of female black. Male 5,2-5.6, female 3.6-4 or 4-4.5 (macropterous females). Steppe. On Artemisia sp. ....... 0. bivittatus Fieb. Larger. Femora light, with dark spots. Outer margin of corium of male with narrow light stripe. Male 6.3-7, female 4.3-5.2 or 5.5-6.2 (macropterous females). On wild Artemisia species and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum ....................

........................................... 0. vittipennis H. -S.

62.

Pachytomella Reut.

Male macropterous, female brachypterous.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1

(1).

63.

Completely black; genua narrowly yellow; frons with 2 reddish spots. Hemelytra covered with short pubescence. Male 3.4-3.9, female 2-2.6. Carpathians. On Potentilla sylvestris............................ ....P. parallela M. -D.

Dasyscytus

Fieb,

Both sexes macro- or brachypterous. Monotypic

genus. 1

(1).

Black; femora, tibiae (in male also hemelytra) yellow. Dorsum covered with short hairs. 2.3-3. Southeast (Uralsk) ........... ............................................ D. sordidus Fieb.

64. Piezocranum Horv. Male macropterous, completely black, covered with short pubescence. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1

(2).

2

(1).

739

Male: posterior margin of membrane with 1 or 2 rows of very short hairs (visible only at high magnification); eyes completely projecting beyond anterior corners of pronotum. Female: completely black; dorsum shiny; hemelytra punctate, bare, normal or shortened. Male 4.2-4.9, female 2.7-3.6. Central Belt, South. On Linaria vulgaris ....................P. simulans Horv, Male: posterior margin of membrane without hairs; only half the eyes projecting beyond anterior corners of pronotum. Female: tibiae and antennae yellow, dorsum dull, hemelytra rugose, pubescent. Male 4.5, female 3,0. Eastern Ukraine ......................................... P. medvedevi Putshk. ......

65.

Strongylocoris Blanch. Body more or less oval, shiny, covered In the U.S.S.R. 4 species.

with short pubescence.

1

(2).

Body completely black. 3.7-4.2. Forest, forest-steppe, Caucasus. On Peucedanum, Falcar.ia ..................S. niger H.-S.

967

2 3 4

(1). (6). (5).

5

(4).

6

(3).

Legs red or yellow, only tarsi dark. Greater part of body black. Head red, reddish yellow, rarely reddish brown. Right paramere with rounded sides, light apically (Figure 302,19). Larger: 4-5.5. On Campanula........................... S. leucocephalus L. Head black or reddish brown. Hight paramere (Figure 302,20) completely black. 3.7-4.5. Forest, forest-steppe. Rare ........ ....................................... S. steganoides J. Sahib. Body completely yellow or reddish yellow; only apex of antennae and tarsi black. 3.6-4.2. Western parts of the forest zone. Rare. On Jasione montana........................3. luridus Pall.

66. Halticus Hahn. Small, black. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species, H. ma c r oc e ph alu s Fieb. (Crimea, rare) not included. 1

(4).

2

(3).

3

(2).

4

(1).

5

(6).

6

(5).

7

(8).

8

(7).

Head yellow or almost completely reddish brown. Labrum flattened laterally (Figure 302,4). Fore and middle femora yellow; hind femora more or less black at the base. Head markedly higher than broad (Figure 302,21).

Labrum large (Figure 302,4). Pronotum yellow; posterior margin of pronotum black. 3.2-3.6. South, except in the Southeast. On Clematis vitalba .................................... H. luteicollis Pz. Head almost as high as broad (Figure 302.22). Labrum small, Pronotum black. 3.1-3.5. South. Polyphagous. Injurious to cucumbers, etc............................. *H. saltator Geoffr. Head black. Whole femora either black with yellow apex or yellow. Labrum not flattened laterally. Pronotum with a few large depressed dots, posteriorly 1.1-1.2 times as broad as anteriorly. Femora yellow; hind femora usually with dark longitudinal line ventrally. 2.7-3.1. South. Rare ..................................... H. puncticollis Fieb, Pronotum with wrinkles or dense punctate-rugose sculpture, posteriorly 1.4-1.6 times as broad as anteriorly. Femora black with yellow apex. Pronotum with thin transverse lines. Head with small yellow spots near inner margin of eyes. Brachypterous (2-2.5), rarely

macropterous (2.8-3.4). On Leguminosae ......... .^H. apterus L. Pronotum with dense rugose punctation. Head completely black. Always macropterous. 2-3. Central Belt. South. On Galium .. .............................................

H. pusillus H.-S.

Tribe ORTHOTYLINI

Usually elongate, rarely short-oval. Color varying; green, black or variegated. Femora and tibiae usually without dark dots. Usually predacious or zoophytophagous. 67. 1

(2).

Cyllecoris Hahn.

2 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

1/3 broader than anterior part of pronotum. Raised areas absent. (Subgenus CyllecorisHahn). Head, pronotum and Head

base of scutellum black; anterior and posterior margin of

pronotum, scutellum and cuneus yellow; clavus, corium and

6-8. On oak ....................... C. histrionius L. Head almost as broad as anterior part of pronotum. Raised areas convex. (Subgenus Dryophilocoris Reut.). Black; base of corium, cuneus, except the apex, legs and 1st antennal segment, yellow. 6-6.6. On oak ........ C. (D.) flavoquadrimaculatus Deg.

legs red. 2

(1).

68. Globiceps L,ep. S, 8 species 1

(2).

Predacious.?

species.

In the whole U.S.S.R.

Pronotum with diverging, conical raised areas (Figure 303, 3). Black; only legs and 1st antennal segment more or less reddish. Silvery scales form a band on the scutellum and 2 bands on hemelytra. (Subgenus Globiceps Lep. S.). 4.7-6.2. Central Belt, South. On trees ......................... G. sphegiformis Rossi.

FIGURE 303. Hemiptera. Family Miridae (afier Wagner, Hoberlandt and original)

lBrachynotocoris puncticornis, head and proboscis, 1 angulatus, pronotum; 3Globiceps sphegiformis. san

il; 2Blepiiaridopterus -Malacocoris chloriz

planicorne, antennae fro 2 different angles; 7 Mecomma ambulans, part of hemelytra with cuneus; 8 Cyrtorhinus aricis, same; 9,10Globiceps sordidus; 9right paramere; 10left paramere; 11,12 G, fl; omaculaius: 11right paramere; 12-left paramere: 13,14-G. fulvicollis: 13-right paramere; .4-left paramere; 15,16-G. salicicola: 15right paramere; 16left paramere; 17,18 G, dis; r; nrighl paramere; 18left paramere; 19G. flavomaculatus, head of female, lateral; 20G. fulvicollis, same; 21G. salicicola, same; 22,23Mecomma ambulans: 22right paramere; 23left paramere. head, dorsal; 5,6

2

(1).

4

(5).

Heteroioma

Raised areas of pronotum not conical but more or less flat. At least base of corium and cuneus (except its apex) white. Silvery scales scattered on dorsum of body or absent. Females usually brachypterous. 3 (10). Dorsum of body (especially pronotum and base of hemelytra) with silvery scales which easily fall off.

(Subgenus Para-

globiceps E.Wgn.). Male: 4.2-4.8; parameres as in Figure 303, 9,10. Female: posterior margin of vertex with pointed ridge; hemelytra white,

3.1-4.1. South. Steppes ................................. G. (P.) sordidus Reut. t Male: 5.5-6.7. Female; posterior margin of vertex without ridge. Male: parameres as in Figure 303, 11,12. Female: vertex with or without black transverse stripe.

5 6

(4). (7).

7

(6).

8

(9).

9

(8).

741 10(3).

69. 1

(1).

70. genus. 1

(1).

1

(1).

71.

markedly convex, raised above eye by almost half the breadth of an eye in profile; (Figure 303,19). 4.8-7.2 (Figure 301, 4,5). Forest zone. Usually in humid habitats ......................... .................................... G. (P.) flavomaculatus Deg. Males: parameres different (Figure 303,13-16). Female: vertex raised above eye by less than half the breadth of an eye in profile (Figure 303, 20,21). Body reddish brown or black (var. cruciatus Reut,). Male: parameres as in Figure 303, 13,14. Female: vertex with a shallow depressed or flat part near posterior margin; posterior margin of vertex vertical before cervical ring in lateral and posterior view (Figure 303,20). 4.3-6. Central Belt, South. In meadows ............................. G. (P.) fulvicollis Jak. Body always black. Male: parameres as in Figure 303, 15,16. Female; vertex without depression near posterior margin, gradually passing into cervical ring (Figure 303,21). 4.8-6.5. North, Northwest, West. In marshes, on willow and dwarf birch ........ ........................................ G. (P.) salicicola Reut. Dorsum of body without silvery scales. (Subgenus Globi-cellus Kir,). Male: posterior margin of vertex without ridge; hemelytra white; clavus and posterior half of corium more or less brownish; parameres as in Figure 303, 17,18. Female: 2nd antennal segment clubbed; hemelytra usually shortened, more than half as long as abdomen, dirty gray; base and apex of hemelytra whitish; clavus and corium fused; hemelytra rarely normal. 3-4.5. Forest zone. In marshes, on turf of Gramineae and sedge ........ ........................................... G.(G.) dispar Boh.

Mecomma Fieb. In the U.S.S.R. I species. Body black; legs yellow. Female: hemelytra whitish, transparent, always normal. Parameres as in Figure 303, 22,23. Female: hemelytra black, almost always shortened, 2.8-5 (Figure 301,6). Forest zone, Caucasus. On herbs in forests (in humid habitats); polyphagous .............. M. ambulans Fall.

Fieberocapsus Carv. and Southw.

Monotypic

Pale yellow; eyes, antennae, clypeus and pattern on frons often dark brown. 2.5-3.1. Leningrad Region. In marshes, on turf of Gramineae ............................... F. flaveolus Reut.

Cyrtorhinus Fieb. Green

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

head (except 2 spots near eyes), antennae, pronotum, scutellum, thorax ventrally and in male also abdomen, or yellowish;

t G.(P-) albipennis Jak. from species.

Brachypterous.

the Southeast (described from a

single female)

is

closely related

to this

black; hemelytra usually brownish along commissure. 3.3-3,5. Forest zone, Caucasus. On Care x, Scirpus... C. caricis Fall. Heterotoma Latr. (Caspus auct., nee F.). Phytozoophagous. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

72.

1 (1). 73.

Reddish brown or black. Legs yellow. 4.8-5.5. South. .......... ........... ,H. planicorne Pall. (meriopterum auct., nee Scop.). Excentricus Reut. (Platytom atoco ri s Reut., PlatytomoMonotypic genus.

coris Reut.).

1

(1).

covered with white scales. 4.5-5.2. Crimea, Caucasus. On Rosa myriacantha................. E. planicornis H.-S. Black;

74. Heterocordylus Fieb. Oblong-oval or oval. Black. Phytozoophagous. In the U.S.S.R. 4 species. The record of H. parvulus Reut. from the U.S.S.R. is erroneous. 1

(2).

2

(1).

3

(4).

4

(3).

5

(6).

6

(5).

Body without white scales. Pronotum oblong-trapezoidal; anterior lateral corners of pronotum produced into ridge. 2nd antennal segment of male and female clavate; 3rd and 4th antennal segments of both sexes and part of the legs.reddish. 4.2-4.8. Central Belt, South. On blackthorn and hawthorn ......... H. tumidicornis H, -S. Body dorsally and ventrally covered with pure white scales. Pronotum short, trapezoidal; sides of pronotum rounded. 2nd antennal segment of male not clavate. On leguminous shrubs

(Sa rothamnu s. Genista, Cytisus). Male: right paramere (Figure 304,1) with long processes; left paramere as in Figure 304,2. Male: sides of squama (plate dorsal to base of ovipositor) convex (Figure 304, 3), 2nd antennal segment clavate. 4-5.3. Central Belt, South. .H. genistae Scop. Male: parameres different (Figure 304, 4,5,7,8). Female: sides of squama straight (Figure 304, 6,9). Male: right and left parameres (Figure 304, 4,5) with a projecting. serrated process in middle of apical margin. Female: 2nd antennal segment clavate; squama elongate (Figure 304,6). 4.2-4.8. Western Ukraine ................................ H. cytisi Jos. Male: left and right parameres (Figure 304, 7,8) with inwardlycurved process in middle of apical margin, not projecting beyond .

.

margin. Female: 2nd antennal segment not thickened; squama short (Figure 304,9). 4.7-5.1. Central Belt, South .............. ........................................... H. leptocerus Kbm.

75. 1

742

(1).

Pseudoloxops Kirk.

In the U.S.S.R, 1 species.

Orange-yellow; sides of pronotum, 1st antennal segment, apex of hind femora and dots or spots on hemelytra, red. 4-4.5. South, except in the Southeast. On ash. .............. P. coccinea M.-D.

76. Hyoidea Reut. Dark gray; clypeus, 2 rows of transverse lines on frons, 2 spots on vertex near eyes, raised areas of pronotum and usually also antennae, black. On Ephedra. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1

(2).

Male: left paramere (Figure 304,11) with 3 processes; right paramere (Figure 304,10) widened apically. 3.7-4.5. South ...... ........................................... H. notaticeps Reut.

2

(1).

304,13) with 2 processes; right paramere (Figure 304,12) tapering apically. 3.8-5.5. Crimea, Dagestan ................................. H. kerzhneri Hoberl. Male: left paramere (Figure

FIGURE 304. Hemiptera. Family. Miridae (after Wagner, losifov and original) 1-3 Heterocordylus genistae:. Iright paramere; 2leftparaniere; 3apex of abdomen of female; 4-6 H.cylisi: 4right paramere; 5left paramere; 6apex of abdomen of female; right paramere; 8left paramere; 9apex of abdomen of female; 10,11Hyoidea notaticeps: 10right paiamere; 11leftparamere; 12.13H. kerzhneri; 12right paramere; 13left paramere; 14,15 Blepharidopterus a ng ill at us: 14right paramere; 7-9 H. lepto’-erus: ’7

15left paramere.

77. Blepharidopterus Kol. (Aetorhinus Fieb.). I species. 1

(1).

1

(1).

78.

In the U.S.S.R.

Green; posterior corners of pronotum, a spot at base of tibiae and ventral side of 1st antennal segment usually black. Parameres as in Figure 304, 14,15. 4.5-5.5. Everywhere, except in the North. On deciduous trees ................ B. angulatus F. Malacocoris Fieb.

Monotypic genus.

Delicate, pale greenish, dorsally covered with pale hairs; hemelytra, including ceils of membrane, covered with light green irregular spots; ventral side of 1st antennal segment and base of 2nd antennal segment black. 3.6-4.2. Everywhere, except in the North. On deciduous trees ......... M. chlorizans Pz.

79. Brachynotocoris Reut. Scutellum longer than pronotum and only little narrower than posterior margin of pronotum. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1

(1),

Green, covered with light hairs.

Cells of membrane green along veins, their posterior margin at level of apex of cuneus. Ventral side of 1st antennal segment sometimes with a black apical dot. 4.3-4.8. Ukraine, Transcaucasia. On ash. ,B. puncticornis Reut. .

80. Orthotylus Fieb. Small or medium-sized, green, rarely of different color. Phytophagous. 26 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 31 species. The following species are not included: 0. (Lindbergocapsus) artemisiae J. Sahib. (Northeast) and 0. (L.) dis c olor J. Sahib. (Northeast). The presence of 0. prasinus Fall. in the U.S.S.R. should be confirmed. 1

(22). All or most of the vertical hairs) of hemelytra light.

2

(3).

3

(2).

4

(5).

hairs

(not to

be confused with adpressed

Scutellum light, with a black or brown longitudinal stripe or triangle in the middle. Vertex of male as broad as eye; vertex of female 1.4 times as broad as eye. (Subgenus Neomecomma Southw.). Green; middle of head, sometimes raised areas of pronotum and hemelytra along claval commissure, brown. Parameres as in Figure 305, 1,2. 4.8-5.1. Forest zone, Crimea. On Populus tremula.................O. (N.) bilineatus Fall. Whole scutellum uniformly light or dark. Vertex of male at least 1.1 times as broad as an eye; vertex of female at least 1.6 times as broad as an eye. (Subgenus Orthotylus Fieb.). Body completely brownish black; head near eyes, median spot of pronotum (in female also sides of pronotum), and hemelytra, dirty yellow or brown; legs yellowish; in female scutellum and

abdomen often partly yellowish. Parameres as in Figure 305, 3,4. 5-5.5. North ...................... 0. boreeUus Zett. Whole body or its greater part green. 5 (4). 6 (13). Hemelytra dark green, not transparent, dully shiny. Left paramere branching into 2 processes.

FIGURE 306. Hemipiera. Family Miridae (after

Wagner and original)

diaphanus: Iright paramere; 2left paramere; 3,40-ericelorurn: 3right paramere; 4left paramere; 5,60. fuscescens: 5right paramere; 6left paramere; 1-100. oschanini: 7left paramere, lateral; 8apex of left paramere; 9right paramere, inner view; 10aedeagus; 11,120. flavosparsus: llright paramere; 12left paramere; 13,140- rubidus: 13right paramere; 14left paramere; 15,16 0 moncreaffi: 15right paramere; 16left paramere; 17-19 Pilophorus cinnamopt&rus; 17right paramere; 18left paramere; 19aedeagns; 20P.clavatus, posterior pact of body.

1,2Orthotylus

7

(10).

8 (9).

Veins of membrane yellow or greenish yellow. Apex of cuneus or stripe on inner margin of cuneus usually yellow. Hairs on hemelytra dense, short, adpressed. Green; only 1st antennalsegmentofmale(rarelythatoffemale)black. Parameres as in Figure 305, 5,6. 5.2-6. Belorussia. On Ainus .O.flavinervisKbm. Hairs on hemelytra longer and thinner, half-vertical. Green; inmale all antennal segments, middle of head and raised areas of pronotum (in female sometimes only 1st antennal segment), black. Parameres as in Figure 305, 7,8. 4.7-5.3. On willow ........... .

9 (8).

10

(7).

11

(12).

12

(11).

............................................... 0. vtrens Fall. Veins of membrane rich green. Lateral margins of hemelytra often yellow. Green; antennae usually partly black. Slender. Distal part of right paramere (Figure 305,9) slightly widened, with 2 groups of denticles. Left paramere as in Figure 305,10. 5.3-7. Khmel’nitskii, Moscow, Yaroslavl and Kuibyshev regions. Rare. On willow .... 0. interpositus K. Schm. Distal part of right paramere (Figure 305,11) widened into a broad curved stripe with 2 separated groups of denticles at its margins. Left paramere as in Figure 305,12. 6-6.8. Everywhere, except in the North. On willow ...... 0. marginalis R,eut.

974

(6). Hemelytra transparent, very shiny, light green-or yellowish. Left paramere not furcate. 14 (15). 1st antennal segment without brown vertical hairs. Pale yellowish; veins of membrane dirty yellow; eyes dark, in male very large. Parameres as in Figure 305, 13,14. 4.3-4.7. Central Belt, .0. teneUus Fall. South. On ash and other deciduous trees 15 (14). 1st antennal segment with several brown vertical hairs. Light green; veins of membrane green. 16 (17). 1st antennal segment longer than head, with more than 5 vertical 13

,...,...

17 (16). 18

(19).

19 20

(18). (21).

21

(20).

22

(1).

745 23

(24).

24

(33).

25

(26).

26 27

(25). (38).

28

(27).

29

(30).

brown hairs. Base of 2nd antennal segment and ventral side of fore femora with long hairs. Uniformly green. Parameres as in Figure 305, 15,16. 4.8-5.3. South. On Ulmus.............. .......................................... 0. viridinervis Kbm. 1st antennal segment shorter than head, with 4 vertical hairs. Ventral side of 1st antennal segment with black stripe. Parameres as in Figure 305, 17,18. 4-5. Everywhere, except in the North. On various deciduous trees ...................... 0. nassatus F.

1st antennal segment uniformly light. Parameres very small. Veins of membrane pale green; cells of membrane slightly greenish. Hemelytra without dark hairs. 3.8-4.3. Crimea, Dagestan, Southeast. On Elaeagnus angustifolia ..... 0. eleagni Jak. Veins of membrane rich green; cells shiny. Hemelytra with light and black hairs. Parameres as in Figure 306, 1,2. 4.1-4.5. Central Belt, South. On willow ............... 0. diaphanus Kbm, Hemelytra only with black hairs or with black vertical hairs and more or less dense silvery or yellowish hairs or scales which are easily rubbed off. Hemelytra only with black hairs; hairs of hemelytra light only at lateral margin. Rich green; apex of cuneus and usually veins of hemelytra rich yellow. Parameres as in Figure 306, 3,4, 3.2-3.8. Northwest, West, Center. On heather ................. ........................................... 0. ericetorum Fall. Hemelytra with black and light hairs. Cuneus not yellow, of the same color as the corium. Tibiae with black setae. Green; cells and usually veins of membrane uniformly grayish. Parameres and aedeagus as in Figure 306,7-10. 3.8-4.8. South, except in the Southwest. On Spiraea hypericifolia, S. crenata ................... ............................................ 0. oschanini Reut. Tibiae with whitish or brownish setae. Dorsum olive-brown or dirty yellow. Adpressed hairs long, yellowish. (Subgenus Pinocapsus Southw.). Parameres as in Figure 306, 5,6. 4-5. Forest zone. On pine ................. ....................................... 0.(P.) fuscescens Kbm. Dorsum green or rust-red. Adpressed hairs scalelike, silvery, rarely long, yellowish. (Subgenus Melanotrichus Reut.).

On Chenopodiaceae. Rust-red. Parameres as in Figure 306, 13,14. 2.7-3.6. On humid solenetz soils on Salicornia herbacea............... .......................................... 0. (M.) rubidus Put.

30 (29). Green. 31 (32). Membrane of hemelytra with round, dark gray spots. 4.2-5.3. South. OnAtriplex cana and apparently other Atriplex species..................................0. (M.) fieberi Fr.-G. 32 (31), Membrane of hemelytra without dark gray spots. 33 (34), Cells of membrane mostly green or with green spots. Hemelytra with spots formed by silvery hairs. Parameres as in Figure 306, 11,12. 3.4-4. Everywhere, except in the North. Among weeds or in fields on Chenopodium, Atriplex; injurious to sugar beet; vector of mosaic disease of sugar beet .................... ....................................*0. flavosparsus C. Sahib, t 34 (33). Cells of the same color as the membrane, gray; veins of membrane usually greenish. 2.5-3.8. South. On various annual species of Salsola. .................... Other species.tt Tribe

PILOPHORINI

Silvery hairs on dorsum of body scattered or forming bands. and shrubs. Predacious. In the U.S.S.R. 2 genera. 81. Hypseloecus Reut.

82.

Monotypic genus.

Brownish black; cuneus reddish; stripe on head near eye, apex of femora, tibiae and part of antennae yellow. 2.9-3.5. Southern Crimea. On Viscum album.................... H. visci Put.

PUophorus Hahn.

Brown or yellowish; head, pronotum, scutel5 species. In the whole

lum and apex of 2nd antennal segment black. U.S.S.R. 8 species.

1 (8).

2 (3).

746

3

(2).

4

(5).

~

1 (1).

On trees

Anterior half of hemelytra with almost parallel margins; hemelytra with more or less adpressed hairs which are shorter or slightly longer than thickness of hind tibiae. Outer margin of fore femora without long vertical hairs. Corium completely shiny and darker distal to posterior silvery stripe. 4th antennal segment white except its apex. Corium and clavus of uniform color, silvery bands on them at the same level, Genitalia as in Figure 306, 17-19. 4-5. Forests, forest-steppes. southern Crimea. On pine .............. P, cinnamopterus Kbm. Only outer half of corium shiny distal to posterior silvery stripe. 4th antennal segment almost completely black. Stripe of silvery hairs on clavus situated distinctly more anteriorly than posterior stripe of corium (Figure 306,20). Clavus (except its outer margin) often distinctly darker than base of corium. Corium completely covered with short vertical hairs (in profile). 4-5. On deciduous trees ......................... P. clavatus L.

0. virid ipunctaius Reui. is closely related to this species, perhaps identical with it. In the European U.S.S.R. O.(lvl-) salsolae Reut., 0.(M.) schoberiae Reut., O.(lvl.) minutus Jak.. O.(M-) moncreaffi Dgl. Sc., 0.(M.) parvulus R&ui. For identification see: Kirichenko, A.N. Nastoyashchie poluzhesikokrylyeevropeiskoichasti SSSR (Hemipiera of the European U.S.S.R.). Moskva-Leningrad, 1951: 178179; E. Wagner. Orthoiylus josifovi nov.spec. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitachr., N.F., 6, 1-3, 1959: 145-147.

5

(4).

6

(7).

7

(6).

8

(1).

Stripes of silvery hairs on clavus and corium more or less in one line. Hemelytra without vertical hairs proximal to posterior silvery band. Clavus always of uniform color, not darker than base of corium. Posterior margin of head with a row of vertical hairs. The whole part of the corium distal to posterior silvery stripe with vertical hairs. Posterior margin of corium with groups of silvery hairs inside of silvery spot on cuneus. 3.5-3.8. Central Belt, South. Rare ........................................ P. pusillus Reut. Head without hairs. One row of vertical hairs only at posterior margin of corium. Posterior margin of corium without groups of silvery hairs. 3.5-5. Central Belt, South. On deciduous trees .................................... P. perplexus Dgl. Sc. Hemelytra gradually widening posteriorly; hairs on hemelytra vertical, 2-3 times as long as thickness of hind tibiae. Margin of femora with long vertical hairs. 3.3-4.5. Everywhere, except On deciduous trees .............. P. confusus Kbm. in the North.

Subfamily PHYLINAE (Plagiognathinae)

Small, rarely medium-sized. Characteristic structure of male genitalia as follows: right paramere flat, usually leaf-shaped; hypophysis of right paramere usually in form of a small hard process; left paramere with more or less parallel sensory tubercle and hypophysis; sensory tubercle often with a denticle or process which is more or less parallel to the apical process of the hypophysis; penis as in Phylinae. Usually phytophagous, often with narrow food specialization; some genera (Phylus, Psallus, etc.) are zoophytophagous. Hibernating as eggs, except Eumecotarsus and some species of Chlamydatus. Tribe

HALLODAPINI

(Systellonotini, Cremnocephalini)

Usually narrow, sometimes antlike. Body black, brown or reddish, rarely pale; henielytra usually with light transverse bands, often (especially in female) shortened. Aedeagus usually slender and markedly twisted. 83. Hallodapus Fieb. under plants.4 species.

1 (4).

2

(3).

3

(2).

4 (1).

(AUodapus Fieb.). Usually on the ground In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.

Hemelytra brownish red, with 2 usually interrupted white bands. Femora and greater part of hind tibiae and antennae brownish red. Both sexes brachypterous, rarely macropterous. (Subgenus Hallodapus Fieb.). Whole surface of hemelytra shiny. Head, pronotum and scutellum of brachypterous males usually black. 2.7-5 (Figure 301,7). Forest zone. On heaths ..................... H, rufescens Burm. Anterior half of hemelytra dull. Head, pronotum and scutellum always brownish red. 2.7-5. Steppe zone ... H. montandoni Reut. Hemelytra with broad whitish yellow border or uniformly light. Legs and antennae pale yellow. Males macropterous, females usually brachypterous. (Subgenus Plagiorrhama Fieb.).

5 (6).

6 (5).

84. 1 (1).

Body brownish black; hemelytra whitish yellow; an irregular stripe at inner margin of hemelytra and cuneus brownish black. Left paramere as in Figure 308. 8. 2.7-4. Steppe. Under Gramineae (Elymus, Agropyron, etc.). ..................... ........................................ H.(P.) suturalis H.-S. Uniformly pale yellowish; rarely head and pronotum brownish. Left paramere as in Figure 308, 9. 3.3-3.6. Dagestan, Soviet Central Asia. Usually on sand under Agropyron fragile..... ........................................ .H. (P.) concolor Reut.

Omphalonotus Reut. 1 species. Both sexes brachypterous, rarely macropterous. Black; each hemelytron with 2 white spots. 2.7-3.5. South, except in the Southeast ............................... 0. quadriguttatus Kbm.

85. Systellonotus Fieb. Male macropterous, females brachypterous. Body usually brown; in male 2 spots on corium and usually a spot in middle of clavus (in female also a band on hemelytra) white; middle of corium usually yellow. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. The following species are rare: S. ki rit sc he nkoi Popp. (South); S. alpinus Fr.-G. (Caucasus) and S. discoidalis Horv. (Southeast).

747

1 (2).

Male: white spot on clavus oval or kidney-shaped; clavus yellow. Female: hemelytra yellow, with continuous white band. 3.3-4.7. S. triguttatus L. Everywhere, except in the North Male: white spot on clavus more or less triangular, tapering inward; clavus brownish black. Female: hemelytra black; white band of hemelytra interrupted in the middle (except in S. discoidalis).....,......,........................ Other species. ................

2 (1).

86. Mimocoris Scott. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

87-

Males macropterous; females brachypterous.

Head, pronotum and scutellum red; abdomen and hemelytra brownish black; a narrow white stripe on hemelytra posterior to scutellum and proximal to cuneus (in females at apex of hemelytra). 3.5-4. Crimea. On juniper .......... M. coarctatus M.R.

Cremnocephalus

Fieb.

Always macropterous.

In the U.S.S.R.

1 species. 1 (1).

Brownish black; hemelytra brown; cervical ring of pronotum. thin lines on clavus (at its border) and a long spot in middle of clavus, a band at border of corium and cuneus, white. 5.6-6.9.

Carpathians.

On pine

......................

C. albolineatus Reut.

(Oncotylini. Plagiognathini, Camptotylini, Platypsallini)

Tribe PHYLINI

88. Nasocoris Reut. species. 1 (1).

On Ephedra.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 collective

Elongate, yellowish; 1st antennal segment, femora, scutellum and posterior margin of head orange or red; anterior part of

978

.

.

.

pronotum usually black. Genitalia as in Figure 308, 10-13. N. argyrotrichus Reut. 3.7-4.5. South, except in the Southwest.

89. Oncotylus Fieb. Proboscis reaching middle coxae. Dorsum covered with black hairs; hairs on head and pronotum vertical. Tarsi 5 species. In the and apex of proboscis black. Usually on Cornpositae. whole U.S.S.R. 9 species. 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

2nd antennal segment flattened, almost as wide as 1st antennal segment, gradually tapering apically. (Subgenus Cylindrom e lu s Fieb.). Pale yellowish; head, pronotum, scutellum, hemelytra, antennae and legs with fine black dots at base of black hairs; very large dots form a curved row on pronotum and 2 smudges on sides of scutellum. 6-7.2. South, except in the Southeast. On Centaurea...-......,...0. (C.) setulosus H.-S. 2nd antennal segment not thickened, cylindrical. Hemelytra without dark dots. (Subgenus Oncotylus Fieb.). Interrupted stripe posterior to raised areas of pronotum and 4 (rarely 2) spots on posterior margin of pronotum, black. Pale yellowish green; line on frons, base of clypeus. fine dots on 1st antennal segment, on head, on pronotum. on femora and tibiae, and dots along stripe on sides of scutellum, black. Genitalia as

979

in Figure 308, 14-17. 7-8.3. Everywhere, except in the North .0. viridiflavus Gz. and Southeast. On Centaurea Pronotum without black spots or with only a thin black line posterior to raised areas. Head shiny, with a longitudinal row of larger black dots in the middle and 2 transverse rows of very small dots near its posterior margin. Pale greenish; dots on femora, tibiae and 1st antennal segment black. 5,5-6.5. Crimea, Caucasus, Lower .,...-....,..

4 (3),

5 (6).

6 (5). 7 (8).

8 (7).

Volga. On Acroptilon .....................0. vitticeps Reut. Head dull, without black dots. Apex of femora with dark dots; tibiae with dark dots at base of setae. Membrane of hemelytra dark smoky or at least with dark dot posterior to cells. Green, usually with lemon yellow tinge. 4.4-5.3. Forest zone, forest-steppe. On Tanacetum vulgare. A smaller form (3.3-4.3) occurs in the southern part of the range of 0. punctipes (eastern Ukraine, Orenburg Region, Kazakhstan) at an earlier season; this form is characterized by the absence of dark dots on tibiae and more or less marked absence of a yellow tinge (var. minor Kerzh., nov.). This variety is possibly a spring generation developing only in the South.......... ........................................... 0. punctipes Reut. Femora and tibiae without dark dots. Membrane of hemelytra light. Male yellowish green; 3rd antennal segment with long light hairs ventrally; female orange-yellow. 4.7-6. Southeast. On Tanacetum achilleifolium. .. ... .0. pyrethri Beck. ..

901 (1).

91. 1 (1).

92.

1 (1).

Thermoooris Put.

1 species.

..

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Pale yellowish green; head and raised areas of pronotum with more or less marked black spots; middle of pronotum and scutellum sometimes with a whitish longitudinal line. Aedeagus as in Figure 308, 18. 4.6-5.3. Southern Crimea...... Th. murder! Put.

Eurycolpus Reut. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. Intense orange-yellow or lemon-yellow; membrane dark smoky; apex of proboscis and tarsi and sometimes hemelytra along commissure brownish. Hemelytra covered with short black hairs. Genitalia as in Figure 309, 1-4. 3.5-4.3. Caucasus. On Bup 1 e u r u m (Umbelliferae) .................... Eu. flaveolus Stal.

Utoxenus Reut. Monotypic genus. Pale green, covered with short black hairs; membrane with dark smoky pattern. Genitalia as in Figure 309, 5-8. 2.4-2.9. South. On Ajuga, Inula .................... L, tenellus Reut.

93. Acrotelus Reut. (Ibiaris Horv. et Reut., Sceodamia 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (I).

Popp.).

Pale green; dorsum covered with half vertical hairs; hemelytra sometimes with fine brown dots at base of hairs and pale brown Genitalia as in Figure 309, 9-12 (right paramere very small; aedeagus small, membranous). 3.5-4,r. South. On

pattern.

Artemisia campestris and other species of Artemisia. 2 generations (2nd generation larger) ........................... ............................... A. caspicus Reut. (1 o e w i Reut.). 94. on tibiae

1 (2).

Macrotylus Fieb. Dorsum covered with short black hairs. Setae usually very short. 9 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 13 species, Black; only base and apex of cuneus, spot on membrane near apex of cuneus and posterior vein of cells of membrane white. 4.6-5.4. Transcarpathian Region. On Salvia.................. ...................................... M. quadrilineatus Schrk.

FIGURE 308. Hemiptera, Family Miridae (after Wagner and original) roseus, same; 3Eumecomunieri, head. dorsal; 5 Hoplomachus verbasci, head, anterior view; -Plagiognathus chrysanthemi, base of hind tibia; 8Hallodapus suturalis, left par a mere; 9H. concolor, same; 10-13 Nasocoris argyrotrichus: 10right paramere; 11left paramere; 12aedeagus; 13phallotheca; 14-17Oncotylus viridiflavus: 14right paramere; 15left paramere; 16aedeagus; 17phallotheca; 18 Therrliocoris miinieri, aedeagus. 1Criocoris

crassicornis, head, anterior view; 2Psallus

tarsus breviceps, same;

4Thermocoris

thunbergi, same; 6Campylomma

2 (1). 3 (4).

749

4 (3).

^

Greenish, yellowish or dark gray, but not black. Head black; an interrupted curved stripe on vertex (in female often also middle of frons) light. Bluish gray; antennae, stripe posterior to raised areas of pronotum, line in middle of scutellum and diffuse spot on hemelytra near inner corner of cuneus brown or black. Membrane dark, with white veins. 3.7-5.2. Central Belt, South. On Salvia ............. .M. herrichi Reut. Head light, rarely with dark brown spots, but in this case pronotum with 3 brown longitudinal stripes. Green, sometimes slightly brownish.

981

5 (6).

Head and pronotum with long pale hairs. Membrane gray, with white pattern and with small distinct black dot near apex of vein separating cells. Hind femora with small brown dots near apex. Setae on hind tibiae as long as thickness of tibiae or slightly longer. 4.3-5. South. On Ballota ruderalis (Labiatae).....

6 (5).

Head and pronotum covered with black hairs. Membrane either of uniform color with white veins, or with pattern; if a black spot is present near apex of vein separating cells, it is elongate, with diffuse outline. Hind femora without brown dots or with brown dots; in the latter case membrane of uniform color. 4-6. Membrane of uniform color, dark or light smoky, or spot near apex of cuneus and stripe in posterior half of membrane lighter, but in this case insect more than 5.0 long and base of tibiae of uniform color. Membrane of uniform color, without light transverse stripe in posterior half. Pronotum sometimes (but not always) with 3 brown longitudinal stripes, flat; lateral margins of pronotum almost keeled. Hind femora usually with more or less pale brown dots near apex; dots sometimes faintly marked. Membrane dark smoky. Usually dirty brownish green, sometimes slightly bluish or yellowish; antennae and tibiae often dark brown. Scutellum often with brown longitudinal line, Larger, 5-6.2. Northern part of the forest zone, Caucasus. On Filipendula ulm’aria. Rare ....... M. cruciatus R. Sahib. Membrane light smoky, only slightly darker than veins. Pale yellowish or greenish. 4-4.8. South, Southeast. On Erodium cicutarium........,...M, elevatus Fieb. (fulvicornis Jak.), Membrane with light transverse stripe near outer margin in its posterior half and usually with dark line near apex of vein separating cells. Pronotum of uniform color, slightly raised toward middle; lateral margins of pronotum rounded. Femora and tibiae yellowish, without dark spots. 5-6. Central Belt, South. On M. solitarius M.-D. Stachys sylvatica (Labiatae) 2-3.7. Membrane with a light spot near apex of cuneus followed by a black stripe from apex of cells to outer margin of membrane. Base of tibiae usually brown or black. Membrane dark; black stripe on membrane broad; a white stripe or spot posterior to black stripe. 2nd antennal segment completely yellow or black only basally. Black hairs on hemelytra denser in some places. Larger cell of membrane completely dark; a white stripe present posterior to black stripe. 2.8-3.7. South. On Ononis (Legu-

.............................................

7 (12).

8 (11).

9 (10).

10 (9).

750 U (8).

M. horvathi Reut.

............

12 (7).

13 (16).

14 (15).

minosae).

....................................

M. paykulli Fall.

15 (14). Outer part of larger cell of membrane light; a white triangular spot present posterior to black stripe. Elongate. 2.4-2.8. Eastern Caucasia. On S e n e c i o (Compositae).................. ......................................... M. atricapiUus Scott. 16 (13). Membrane light; black stripe on membrane very narrow, sometimes interrupted. 2nd antennal segment dark, with light ring

982

in the middle. Black hairs distributed uniformly on hemelytra. 2-2.5. South, except in the Southwest. On Potentilia taurica, P.astrachanica ............,..M. attenuatus Jak.

95.

Conostethus Fieb.

Pale yellowish or greenish. 2nd-4th antennal sometimes dark. Males usually dark; all antennal segments black and sometimes scutellum, rarely pronotum, head, hemelytra along claval commissure and hind femora (partly or completely) blackish. In the U.S.S.R. 3 species.

segments of female

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

3rd antennal segment as long as, or longer than, 2nd antennal segment, more (male) or less (female) curved. In male base of 3rd antennal segment with long hairs ventrally. Hemelytra without pink spots. Vertex of male twice as broad as an eye; vertex of female 2.25 times as broad as an eye. Phallotheca (Figure 309, 13) gradually tapering apically; aedeagus (Figure 309, 14) widened subapically. 3.3-4, South. On solonetz soils, on Lepidium crassifo1 i u m................................... C. hungaricus E. Wgn. Vertex of male 2.3 times as broad as an eye; vertex of female 2.8 times as broad as an eye. Phallotheca (Figure 309, 15) broad to the middle, tapering apically; aedeagus (Figure 309, 16) scarcely widened subapically. 4.1-4.6. White Sea coast ........................................... C. salinus J. Sahib. 3rd antennal segment shorter than 2nd segment, straight, in male without long hairs at base. Hemelytra usually pinkish along commissure, in male brownish with pink veins. 2.7-3.3. South. In dry habitats ....................................... C. roseus Fall. ...............

4

(1).

96. Pronotropis Reut. Antennae short, thick. Sides of pronotum produced into ridge near anterior corners. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

97.

1 (1).

Green. Dorsum, legs and antennae with black hairs usually standing on small dark dots. Pattern of black spots on head, pronotum and scutellum of male, more or less marked. Genitalia as in Figure 309, 17-21. 3.5-5. Southeast; the record of the species from the Crimea is erroneous. On Chorispora te ne 11 a (Cruciferae) ................... P. punctipennis Fieb.

Hadrophyes Put.

Monotypic genus.

Yellowish green, covered with short black hairs; apex of femora usually with minute dots. 3-4. South. On solonetz soils. On Salicornia herbacea.. H. sulphurella Put. .......

Leucopteruin Reut. U.S.S.R. 3 species. 98.

1 (2).

In the whole

Hemelytra without brownish dots; posterior margin of corium Hind femora brown, at least apically. 4.5-5.5. Dagestan, Southeast. On Suaeda physophora............... L. candidatum Reut. (fasciatum Reut,. transversum Jak.). Hemelytra covered with more or less marked brownish speckles on corium and clavus, without brown band. All femora light. .

with brown band.

2 (1).

..........

On Chenopcdiaceae. 2 species.

.

,

Genitalia as in Figure 309,22-27. 3.5-3.8. Southeast. On Anabasis aphylla ......................,,.L. pallens Reut.

At least 99. Psallopsis Reut. On solonetz soils, on Chenopodiaceae. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. at least 8 species. Most species not described.

FIGURE 309. Hemiptera. Family Miridae (after Wagner and original)

1-4Eurycolpus

flaveolus: 1righl paramere; 2left paramere; 3aedeagus;

4phalloiheca;

tenellus: 5right pacamere; 6left paramere; Taedeagus; 8phaltotheca; 9-12Acrorelus c a spicus: 9right paramere; 10left paramere; 11aedeagus; 12 phallotheca; 13,14Conosiethus hungaiicus: 13 phallotheca: 14aedeagus; 15,16C. salinus: 15phallotheca; 16aedeagus; 17-21.Pronotropis punctipennis: 17right paramere; 18left paramere, lateral; 19same, dorsal; 20 apex of aedeagus; 21 phatlotheca; 22-27Leucopterum pa Hens: 22right paramere; 23left paramere, lateral; 24same, dorsal; 25,26aedeagus ftom two different angles; 27 phallotheca; 28Coniortodea salicellus, aedeagus; 29-32C. atomosus: 29right paramere; 30 left paramere; 31aedeagus; 32 phaUotheca. 5-8Liioxenus

7c,i

1 (2).

2

(1).

Pale; head, pronotum and scutellum often more or less pinkish. Hind femora more or less reddish, with several red dots along posterior margin. 2.3-3. South. On annual species of Salsola, Petrosimonia, etc. ..................... P. kirgisicus Fr.-G. Pale, usually greenish and yellowish, but without pinkish tinge. Hind femora usually not reddish; dots on hind femora brown. 2.5-3.5. South, except in the Southeast. On Halocnemum ........................................... P.longicornis Jak.

3 species. 100. Solenoxyphus Reut. Greenish. On Chenopodiaceae. S. par vulu s Reut. (from the South, except the Southwest) notincluded, rare.

1 (2).

2 (1).

Membrane of hemelytra light, with a broad smoky stripe from apex of cells to apex of membrane. Cuneus apically brownish or reddish, usually with less brown speckles at the base. 3-4. South. On Kochia, Camphorosma,.......... S. lepidus Put. Larger cell of membrane and more or less marked reticular or radiate pattern of membrane smoky outside of the cell. Cuneus uniformly brown; dots on cuneus as dense as dots on corium. 3.5-4.3. On Salsola, Petrosimonia, etc. ................. S. fuscovenosus Fieb. (Capsus halimocnemis Beck., syn.n.). .

752

.

.

Coniortodes E.Wgn. Species of the European U.S.S.R. whitish, with brown dots; dorsum with light hairs. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species. 101.

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

Cuneus without brown dots, often with a reddish smudge along inner margin. Tibiae with black setae. 1st antennal segment light. Hind femora apicaliy brown. Aedeagus as in Figure 309, 28. 3,5-4.2. On willow; rare ................... C. salicellus M.-D. Cuneus with brown spots (like the whole hemelytra), without red smudge. Setae on tibiae light, rarely brown-black. On Arte m i s i a spp. 1st antennal segment light, with 2 black dots on inner side. Hind femora light. 3.1-3.5. South, except in the Southwest. Rare ............................................

4 (3).

5 (6). 6 (5).

C. absinthii Scott.

1st antennal segment black. Apex of hind femora more or less brownish. Paler, with very small dots on hemelytra. 2-3.2. South. MayAugust ....................................... C. pumilus Jak. Slightly brownish; dots on hemelytra larger and more dense. Male genitalia as in Figure 309, 29-32. Larger: 3-4, South. SeptemC. atomosus Reut. ber-November ..............................

102. 1 (1),

Nanopsallus E. Wgn,

Monotypic genus.

Covered with very small silvery scales and light hairs. Venter and sides of head and prothorax, abdomen, 1st antennal segment, hind femora and coxae, dots on hind femora and dot on corners of scutellum, black. Smaller cell of membrane and spots in posterior part of membrane brownish. Dorsum of body, fore" and middle legs, hind tibiae and 2nd-4th antennal segments, white. Genitalia as in Figure 310, 1-4. 2-2.7. Crimea. On Cirsium

acarna

........................N. carduellus Horv. 985

103. 1 (1).

104.

Amblytylus Fieb. On

2 (1).

thin

3 (4),

4 (3).

5 (6).

6 (5),

753

U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Gramineae.

In the U.S.S.R. 4 species.

.......

longitudinal white line.

Dorsum covered with thin black hairs and with some scattered light hairs. Dirty yellowish or slightly brownish. Aedeagus (Figure 310, 13) with 2 short apical processes. 4.5-5. Central Belt. On Agrostis, Poa, etc. .............................. .............................. A. nasutus Kbm. (af finis Pieb.). Dorsurn covered with light hairs, sometimes with some isolated black hairs. Eyes almost round in profile; vertex 3-3.5 times as broad as an eye; head projecting anterior to eyes for about 2-2.5 diameters of an eye. Whitish yellow. Aedeagus (Figure 310, 14} with 2 long apical processes. 3.5-4,5. South. On Agrostis, Poa, etc. ... .............................................. A. concolor Jak. Eyes prolonged dorsally in profile; vertex of male twice as broad as an eye; vertex of female 2.3 times as broad as an eye.. Head projecting anterior to eye for 1-1.3 large diameters of an eye. Brownish yellow; posterior half of pronotum bluish. Aedeagus (Figure 310, 15) with a long apical process. 4.5-5.7. Transcarpathian, Kiev and Voronezh regions, Caucasus. On Phleum, Poa ....................................... A. testaceus Reut.

105. Megalocoleus Fieb. clypeus.6 species. 1 (2).

the

Body very elongate, whitish, with 2 brown longitudinal stripes near lateral margins of pronotum and in the middle of each hemelytron. 1st antennal segment of male usually brown. Dorsum covered with light pubescence. Male genitalia as in Figure 310, 9-12. Aedeagus (Figure 310, 12) with a short apical process. 5.2-6. West, Southwest. Mainly on Corynephorus canescens ....... .............. .... A. albidus Hahn. Body oval or oblong-oval. Dorsum of uniform color or with a .

1 (2),

Lopus I-Iahn (Onyc hum enu s Rent.). In

Oblong, dirty yellowish gray or greenish gray; dorsum covered with light pubescence. Genitalia as in Figure 310, 5-8. 3,8-4,8. Forest zone. On Agrostis and other Gramineae .............. .............................................. L. decolor Fall.

Frons almost flat, gradually passing into

2 (1),

Fore coxae with black setae ventrally. Proboscis not reaching beyond hind coxae. Orange-yellow, rarely greenish yellow; dorsum covered with black hairs. 4.3-5,2. Everywhere, except in the North. On Tanacetum vulgar e, Ptarmica vulgaris ......................................M. pilosus Schrk. Fore coxae only with light setae. Proboscis reaching beyond

3 (10).

hind coxae. Proboscis not, or only slightly, extending beyond middle of

4 (5).

abdomen. Tibiae with yellow setae. Orange-yellow, covered with light hairs. 4-5. Southeast. On Tanacetum achilleifolium.... ........................................M. chrysotrichus Fieb.

986

5 (4).

Tibiae with black or brown setae. Dorsum covered with light and dark hairs. Whitish green or yellowish.

FIGURE 310, Hemiptera. Family Miridae (after

Wagner

and original)

4phallotheca; 5-8 Lo pus decolor: 5right paramere; 6left paramere; ’7aedeagus; 8phallotheca; 9-12Amblytylus albidus: 9right paramere; 10left paramere; 11phallotheca; 12aedeagus; 13A.nasutus, aedeagus; 14A. concolor, same; 15 A. test ace us, same; 16-19Megalocoleus molliculus: 16right paramere; 17left paramere: 18aedeagus; 19phallolheca.

Both cells of membrane dark. Head of both sexes markedly projecting anteriorly, as long as broad. Hemelytra with brownish, smoky pattern, 3.9-4.2. Voronezh Region, Crimea. On Thymus. ................................. M. dissimilis Reut. Cells of membrane not darker than other part of membrane, or only the smallest cell dark. Head of female as long as broad; head of male short, transverse. Setae on posterior tibiae black. Hemelytra (especially those of male) usually with brownish smoky pattern. Genitalia as in Figure 310,16-19. 4-5.2. Forest, forest-steppe. OnAchillea millefolia........M. molliculus Fall. (ochroleucus Kbm.). + Setae on hind tibiae brown. Hemelytra usually without smoky pattern. 3.6-4.8. South. On Achillea millefolia.......... M. confusus E. Wgn. (ochroleucus Reut.). Proboscis reaching far beyond middle of abdomen, in male reaching genital segment. Head long (especially in female). Male pale greenish, female rich yellow. 3.3-4.3. Odessa Region, Crimea. Erroneously recorded as M.longirostris Fieb. and M.lunula Fieb.................................. M. hungaricus E. Wgn. .

6 (7).

7 (6).

8 (9).

9 (8).

-............---...

10 (3).

106.

1 (1).

+

Tinicephalus Fieb.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Ocher-yellow, sometimes partly greenish; apex of proboscis and tarsi (in male sometimes 2 rows of transverse lines on frons), rarely smudges around raised areas of pronotum and on scutellum,

For ideiUific,

of this and ihe following species see: Wagner.E, Megalocoleus confusu Bayer. Ent., 1. Jg., No.6. 1958: 62-64,

brown; dorsum covered with light and dark hairs. Aedeagus as in Figure 311, 1. 4-4.5. Crimea, Donets Upland. On Helianthemurn ......................... T. hortulanus M.-D.

754

107. 1 (1).

Hoplomachus Fieb.

108. Damioscea Reut. 1 (1).

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Dorsuro yellowish or yellowish brown; head, raised areas of pronotum and base of scutellum more or less black, but apex of clypeus and middle of frons always light. Veins of hemelytra usually lighter than spaces between them. Venter yellowish, with black spots, Genitalia as in Figure 311, 2-5. 4-4.5. Forest zone, forest-steppe. On Hieracium pilosella ............. ............................................ H. thunbergi Fall.

Monotypic genus.

yellow, covered with short black hairs. All antennal segments (male) or only base of 2nd antennal segment (female) black; tarsi and hind tibiae brown. Aedeagus as in Figure 311,6. 4.5-4.8. Dagestan. Very rare ................ D. komaroffi Jak. Brownish

Hemelytra of female not reaching beyond apex of Yellowish, head, pronotum, scutellum and antennae usually more or less dark. On sedge. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 109.

Tytthus Fieb-

abdomen. 1 (2).

1st antennal

2 (I).

1st antennal

segment completely light.

2.5-3.

Northwest.........

T. geminus Fl. 2.5-2.9. Northwest ............................................ T. pygmaeus Zett. ...............................................

110. 1 (1).

segment black, with

Plesiodema Reut.

white

apex.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Hemelytra, legs and antennae dirty yellow or light brown; head, pronotum, scutellum and venter usually darker, brown or dark brown. 2.6-3.2. Forest zone. On pine .......P. pinetellum Zett.

(Byrsoptera Spin.). Black; hemelytra someLegs yellow, rarely brownish. Genital segment of male with ventral longitudinal carina.- 3 species. In the whole U. S. S.R. 4 species. 111.

Orthonotus Steph.

times brownish.

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

1st antennal segment black. Cuneus of male black, with light base (sometimes also with light apex). Female: head black, 2nd antennal segment yellow, black at the base; hemelytra densely covered with gray hairs. Male 3.3-4; female 2.8-3.5.

Crimea, Caucasus ............................ 0. ponticus Horv. 1st antennal segment yellow or brownish, with light base, rarely black. Cuneus of male completely yellowish gray, lighter than corium. Female: 2nd antennal segment apically black, yellow in middle, usually black at the base. Male: 1st antennal segment yellow, narrowly black only at the base. Female: head black; hemelytra shiny, sparsely covered with light hairs. Male 3.4-4, female 2.6-3.1. Eastern Ukraine, Voronezh Region, Crimea, Caucasus ........... 0. rossicus Reut. Male; 1st antennal segment dirty yellow, not black at the base, darker apically, brownish, rarely completely black; genitalia

as in-Figure 311, 7-10. Female: head red, only clypeus blackMale 3,8-4.8, female 3-3.2 (Figure 301, 8,9). Forest zone, Caucasus. On nettles and other herbs and grasses ............... ............................................. 0. rufifrons Fall. 112. 1 (1).

Homolaner Kir.

Monotypic genus.

Male: head. pronotum, scutellum, abdomen, 1st antennal segment and ring on hind femora black; legs yellow; hemeiytra yellow, with a large black spot in the middle. Female: black pattern as in male, but usually more or less reduced; sometimes body almost completely yellowish. 3-4.5. Caucasus. In mountains ............................................ H. luteocincta Kir. .....

113.

1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

4(3).

755

114. 1 (1).

115. 1 (1).

116. 1 (1).

"Usually elongate. Genital segment of male with On deciduous trees. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R.

Phylus Hahn.

ventral carina. 4 species.

Head short. 1st antennal segment (in male also 2nd antennal segment) black. (Subgenus Teratoscopus Fieb.). Yellow; venter of body (in male also head), scutellum, a line on posterior part of pronotum and a large spot on corium and clavus, black. Aedeagus as in Figure 311, 15. 4.7-5.4. Carpathians. On Ainus incana ....................... Ph. (T.) plagiatus H.-S. Head long. All antennal segments pale yellow. (Subgenus Phylus Hahn.). Orange-yellow; only head and venter black. Aedeagus as in Figure 311, 16. 4.6-6. Forest zone, Caucasus. On oak ......... ........................................ Ph. melanocephalus L. Black; rarely brown (var. avellanae M.-D.); only legs and antennae yellow. Aedeagus as in Figure 311, 17. 4.4-5.3. Forest zone, Caucasus. On Corylus avellana.. .Ph. coryli L.

Brachyarthrum Fieb.

Monotypic genus.

Brownish yellow; head. antennae and venter of body black, in female sometimes brown, rarely yellow. Genitalia as in Figure 311, 11-14. 4.4-4.8. Forest zone. On Populus tremula. Rare ............................ B. limitatum Fieb.

Harpocera

Curt,

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Color dirty yellow to dark brown; head, pronotum, scutellum and apical third of hind femora more (male) or less (female) black. Aedeagus as in Figure 311, 18. 6-6.8. Ukraine, Caucasus. On oak ........................... H. thoracica Fall. Ethelastia Reut.

1 species.

Black; hemeiytra whitish; inner part of clavus and a large triangular spot at base of corium brownish to black; legs (except tarsi), 1st antennal segment and base of 2nd antennal segment and a broad stripe in anterior part of pronotum, yellowish red. Pronotum usuallywith a posterior median tongue-shaped process. Genitalia as inFigureSll, 19-22. 5.5-7. South. On steppe shrubs (Spiraea, Caragana) ............E. liturata Fieb. (inconspicua Reut.).