King Richard II (Webster's Thesaurus Edition)

KING RICHARD II Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation

William Shakespeare

PSAT is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE, AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

King Richard II Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation

William Shakespeare

PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

ICON CLASSICS Published by ICON Group International, Inc. 7404 Trade Street San Diego, CA 92121 USA www.icongrouponline.com King Richard II: Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation This edition published by ICON Classics in 2005 Printed in the United States of America. Copyright ©2005 by ICON Group International, Inc.

Edited by Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. (INSEAD); Copyright ©2005, all rights reserved. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved. ISBN 0-497-25349-6

iii

Contents PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR .......................................................................................... 1 PERSONS REPRESENTED ................................................................................................ 3 ACT I ................................................................................................................................ 5 ACT II ............................................................................................................................. 33 ACT III ............................................................................................................................ 61 ACT IV ............................................................................................................................ 87 ACT V ........................................................................................................................... 103 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................... 131

William Shakespeare

1

PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR Designed for school districts, educators, and students seeking to maximize performance on standardized tests, Webster’s paperbacks take advantage of the fact that classics are frequently assigned readings in English courses. By using a running thesaurus at the bottom of each page, this edition of King Richard II by William Shakespeare was edited for students who are actively building their vocabularies in anticipation of taking PSAT®, SAT®, AP® (Advanced Placement®), GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT® or similar examinations.1 Webster’s edition of this classic is organized to expose the reader to a maximum number of synonyms and antonyms for difficult and often ambiguous English words that are encountered in other works of literature, conversation, or academic examinations. Extremely rare or idiosyncratic words and expressions are given lower priority in the notes compared to words which are “difficult, and often encountered” in examinations. Rather than supply a single synonym, many are provided for a variety of meanings, allowing readers to better grasp the ambiguity of the English language, and avoid using the notes as a pure crutch. Having the reader decipher a word’s meaning within context serves to improve vocabulary retention and understanding. Each page covers words not already highlighted on previous pages. If a difficult word is not noted on a page, chances are that it has been highlighted on a previous page. A more complete thesaurus is supplied at the end of the book; Synonyms and antonyms are extracted from Webster’s Online Dictionary. Definitions of remaining terms as well as translations can be found at www.websters-onlinedictionary.org. Please send suggestions to [email protected] The Editor Webster’s Online Dictionary www.websters-online-dictionary.org

PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved. 1

William Shakespeare

PERSONS

3

%REPRESENTED

KING RICHARD THE SECOND JOHN OF GAUNT, Duke of Lancaster EDMUND LANGLEY, Duke of York

}

uncles to the King

HENRY, surnamed BOLINGBROKE, Duke of Hereford, son of John of Gaunt, afterwards King Henry IV DUKE OF AUMERLE, son of the Duke of York THOMAS MOWBRAY, Duke of Norfolk DUKE OF SURREY EARL OF SALISBURY LORD BERKELEY BUSHY BAGOT GREEN

}

Servants to King Richard

EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND HENRY PERCY, surnamed Hotspur, his son LORD ROSS LORD WILLOUGHBY LORD FITZWATER BISHOP OF CARLISLE ABBOT OF WESTMINSTER LORD MARSHAL SIR PIERCE OF EXTON SIR STEPHEN SCROOP

Thesaurus afterwards: (adv) afterward, subsequently, later, thereafter, later on, next, behind, thereupon; (adj) following, subsequent; (n) termination.

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King Richard II

Captain %of a band of Welshmen QUEEN TO KING RICHARD DUCHESS OF GLOUCESTER DUCHESS OF YORK LADY attending on the Queen LORDS, HERALDS, OFFICERS, SOLDIERS, MESSENGER, GROOM, and other ATTENDANTS

Thesaurus attending: (v) attend; (n) presence, nursing, care, appearing, observation; (adj) concomitant, attendant, ministrant, in attendance, ancillary. ANTONYMS: (n) nonattendance, inattention. band: (n) cluster, set, party, swathe, lace, knot, collar, circle, strip, zone, company. ANTONYMS: (v) disperse, divide, scatter, disband.

GARDENERS,

KEEPER,

William Shakespeare

5

ACT I

SCENE I. LONDON. A ROOM IN THE PALACE.% [Enter KING RICHARD, attended; JOHN OF GAUNT, with other NOBLES.] KING RICHARD. Old John of Gaunt, time-honoured Lancaster, Hast thou, according to thy oath and band, Brought hither Henry Hereford thy bold son, Here to make good the boisterous late appeal, Which then our leisure would not let us hear, Against the Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray? GAUNT. I have, my liege. KING RICHARD. Tell me, moreover, hast thou sounded him If he appeal the Duke on ancient malice, Or worthily, as a good subject should, On some known ground of treachery in him?

Thesaurus according: (adj) pursuant, consonant, equal, agreeable, harmonious, conformable, consistent, corresponding, respondent; (adv) correspondingly, accordingly. boisterous: (adj, n) rough; (adj) furious, loud, noisy, fierce, raucous, wild, rude, vociferous; (adj, v) tempestuous, rampant. ANTONYMS: (adj) restrained, orderly, calm, dignified, silent, tranquil, gentle, placid.

hither: (adv) here, whither, falseness, faithlessness, hitherward, thither. perfidiousness, guile, dishonesty. liege: (n) feudatory, liegeman, vassal, ANTONYMS: (n) loyalty, lord, liege Lord, subject, Luik; (adj) faithfulness, fidelity, reliability, loyal, staunch, true, steady. allegiance, goodness. oath: (n) expletive, malediction, worthily: (adv) excellently, honorably, imprecation, promise, affidavit, cuss, becomingly, praiseworthily, swearing, pledge, assurance, deservingly, splendidly, generously, asseveration; (v) swear. meritoriously, virtuously, uprightly, sounded: (adj) measured, oral. goodly. ANTONYMS: (adv) badly, treachery: (n) betrayal, disloyalty, dishonorably. infidelity, duplicity, treason, perfidy,

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King Richard II

GAUNT. As near as I could sift him on that argument, On some apparent danger seen in him Aim'd at your Highness, no inveterate malice.% KING RICHARD. Then call them to our presence: face to face And frowning brow to brow, ourselves will hear The accuser and the accused freely speak. High-stomach'd are they both and full of ire, In rage, deaf as the sea, hasty as fire. [Re-enter ATTENDANTS, with BOLINGBROKE and MOWBRAY.] BOLINGBROKE. Many years of happy days befall My gracious sovereign, my most loving liege! MOWBRAY. Each day still better other's happiness Until the heavens, envying earth's good hap, Add an immortal title to your crown! KING RICHARD. We thank you both; yet one but flatters us, As well appeareth by the cause you come; Namely, to appeal each other of high treason. Cousin of Hereford, what dost thou object Against the Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray? BOLINGBROKE. First,--heaven be the record to my speech!-In the devotion of a subject's love, Tendering the precious safety of my prince, And free from other misbegotten hate, Come I appellant to this princely presence.

Thesaurus accuser: (n) complainant, informer, celebrated; (n) deity, God, divinity. misshapen. disputant, controversialist, accusant, ANTONYMS: (adj) obscure, earthly, princely: (adj, v) August, grand, great, lordly, dignified, stately; (adj) pursuer, delator, petitioner, forgettable, perishable, temporary. inveterate: (adj) incorrigible, prosecutor, claimant, appeacher. generous, munificent, majestic, envying: (adj) invidious. confirmed, chronic, ingrained, old, magnificent, gorgeous. ANTONYM: frowning: (adj) dismal, dark, gloomy, irredeemable; (adj, v) fixed; (v) (adj) ungenerous. sift: (v) screen, filter, investigate, lowering, scowling, frowny, clouded; rooted, ingrafted, hackneyed; (n) (adv) frowningly; (n) austere, ineffaceable. riddle, sieve, examine, sprinkle, misbegotten: (adj, prep) misbegot; (adj) separate, sort; (n, v) scrutinize, boisterous, coarse. immortal: (adj) eternal, enduring, illegitimate, spurious, bastardly, analyze. undying, endless, monumental; (adj, deformed, fake, fraudulent, v) deathless, imperishable, inauthentic, bogus; (v) miscreated,

William Shakespeare

7

Now, Thomas Mowbray, do I turn to thee, And mark my greeting well; for what I speak My body shall make good upon this earth, Or my divine soul answer it in heaven. Thou art a traitor and a miscreant; Too good to be so and too bad to live, Since the more fair and crystal is the sky, The uglier seem the clouds that in it fly. Once more, the more to aggravate the note, With a foul traitor's name stuff I thy throat; And wish, so please my sovereign, ere I move, What my tongue speaks, my right drawn sword may prove.% MOWBRAY. Let not my cold words here accuse my zeal: 'Tis not the trial of a woman's war, The bitter clamour of two eager tongues, Can arbitrate this cause betwixt us twain; The blood is hot that must be cool'd for this. Yet can I not of such tame patience boast As to be hush'd and nought at all to say. First, the fair reverence of your highness curbs me From giving reins and spurs to my free speech; Which else would post until it had return'd These terms of treason doubled down his throat. Setting aside his high blood's royalty, And let him be no kinsman to my liege, I do defy him, and I spit at him, Call him a slanderous coward and a villain: Which to maintain, I would allow him odds And meet him, were I tied to run afoot Even to the frozen ridges of the Alps, Or any other ground inhabitable,

Thesaurus aggravate: (v) exasperate, provoke, irritate, enrage, worsen, increase, magnify, inflame, make worse, peeve; (adj, v) embitter. ANTONYMS: (v) pacify, ease, improve, please, soothe, alleviate, mitigate, better, calm, defuse, encourage. arbitrate: (v) adjudicate, mediate, referee, intervene, judge, interfere, reconcile, determine, umpire, intermediate, negotiate. ANTONYM: (v) provoke.

betwixt: (n) midst; (prep) among, calumnious, abusive, injurious, amid; (adv) atwixt. derogatory, libellous, denigrative, clamour: (n) clamoring, hue and cry, insulting. ANTONYM: (adj) clamouring, blare, bedlam, uproar, complimentary. spit: (v) drizzle, expectorate, sprinkle, vociferation, tumult, hubbub, exclamation; (v) utter. spew, drool, spike, spatter; (n) kinsman: (n) relation, relative, kin, broach, saliva, cape; (n, v) skewer. traitor: (n) betrayer, conspirator, kindred, kinswoman, description, forefather, countryman, detail, Judas, renegade, rat, quisling, consanguinity; (v) confederate. deserter, cheat, collaborationist; (adj) slanderous: (adj) defamatory, libelous, insurgent, mutineer. ANTONYMS: (n) loyalist, patriot. scandalous, calumniatory,

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King Richard II

Wherever Englishman durst set his foot. Meantime let this defend my loyalty: By all my hopes, most falsely doth he lie.% BOLINGBROKE. Pale trembling coward, there I throw my gage, Disclaiming here the kindred of the king; And lay aside my high blood's royalty, Which fear, not reverence, makes thee to except: If guilty dread have left thee so much strength As to take up mine honour's pawn, then stoop: By that, and all the rites of knighthood else, Will I make good against thee, arm to arm, What I have spoke or thou canst worst devise. MOWBRAY. I take it up; and by that sword I swear Which gently laid my knighthood on my shoulder, I'll answer thee in any fair degree, Or chivalrous design of knightly trial: And when I mount, alive may I not light If I be traitor or unjustly fight! KING RICHARD. What doth our cousin lay to Mowbray's charge? It must be great that can inherit us So much as of a thought of ill in him. BOLINGBROKE. Look, what I speak, my life shall prove it true; That Mowbray hath receiv'd eight thousand nobles In name of lendings for your highness' soldiers, The which he hath detain'd for lewd employments, Like a false traitor and injurious villain. Besides, I say and will in battle prove,

Thesaurus chivalrous: (adj) gallant, brave, knightly, courteous, courageous, gentlemanly, sublime, magnanimous, polite, thoughtful, considerate. ANTONYMS: (adj) rude, fearful, brutish, afraid, dishonorable, cowardly, barbaric, boorish. injurious: (adj) evil, harmful, hurtful, destructive, bad, disadvantageous, detrimental, adverse, deleterious, inimical, damaging. ANTONYMS: (adj) healing, favorable, healthy,

helpful, advantageous, beneficial. filthy, abandoned, carnal, lustful, kindred: (adj) cognate, akin, similar, impure, debauched; (adj, v) allied, related; (n) kin, consanguinity, lecherous, dissolute. ANTONYMS: (adj) decent, refined, chaste, clean. relation, folk, folks, kin group. knighthood: (n) chivalry, knight, rites: (n) money, finances, wake, nobility, aristocracy. religion. knightly: (adj) gallant, chivalric, unjustly: (adv) wrongly, wrongfully, courteous, courtly, attentive, wickedly, iniquitously, inequitably, medieval, magnanimous, gothic; undeservedly, illegally, foully, (adv) chivalrously, attentively, injuriously, unrighteously, unjustifiedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) courteously. lewd: (adj) indecent, dirty, bawdy, rightly, reasonably.

William Shakespeare

9

Or here, or elsewhere to the furthest verge That ever was survey'd by English eye, That all the treasons for these eighteen years Complotted and contrived in this land, Fetch from false Mowbray their first head and spring. Further I say, and further will maintain Upon his bad life to make all this good, That he did plot the Duke of Gloucester's death, Suggest his soon-believing adversaries, And consequently, like a traitor coward, Sluic'd out his innocent soul through streams of blood: Which blood, like sacrificing Abel's, cries, Even from the tongueless caverns of the earth, To me for justice and rough chastisement; And, by the glorious worth of my descent, This arm shall do it, or this life be spent.% KING RICHARD. How high a pitch his resolution soars! Thomas of Norfolk, what say'st thou to this? MOWBRAY. O! let my sovereign turn away his face And bid his ears a little while be deaf, Till I have told this slander of his blood How God and good men hate so foul a liar. KING RICHARD. Mowbray, impartial are our eyes and ears: Were he my brother, nay, my kingdom's heir,-As he is but my father's brother's son,-Now, by my sceptre's awe I make a vow, Such neighbour nearness to our sacred blood Should nothing privilege him nor partialize

Thesaurus contrived: (adj) affected, unnatural, false, forced, labored, spurious, feigned, unreal, strained, built, artificially formal. ANTONYM: (adj) sincere. ears: (n) antenna. furthest: (adj) furthermost, extreme, farthermost, remotest, ultimate, utmost, uttermost, most remote, final, outermost; (adv) most. ANTONYMS: (adj) nearest, near. impartial: (adj) just, equitable,

slander: (n, v) scandal, insult, disinterested, unprejudiced, calumniate; (adj, v) defame, asperse; unbiased, dispassionate, even(n) defamation, aspersion, obloquy, handed, candid, even, evenhanded, detached. ANTONYMS: (adj) partial, disparagement; (adj, n) abuse; (v) denigrate. ANTONYMS: (n, v) partisan, prejudiced, subjective, acclaim; (v) compliment; (n) unfair, unjust. nearness: (n) closeness, contiguity, acclamation. tongueless: (adj) voiceless, dumb, vicinity, familiarity, adjacency, proximity, propinquity, presence, inarticulate, silent, speechless, immediacy, neighborhood, nearby. unspoken, wordless, aglossal, ANTONYMS: (n) distance, farness, breathless. ANTONYM: (adj) remoteness. tongued.

10

King Richard II

The unstooping firmness of my upright soul. He is our subject, Mowbray; so art thou: Free speech and fearless I to thee allow.% MOWBRAY. Then, Bolingbroke, as low as to thy heart, Through the false passage of thy throat, thou liest. Three parts of that receipt I had for Calais Disburs'd I duly to his highness' soldiers; The other part reserv'd I by consent, For that my sovereign liege was in my debt Upon remainder of a dear account, Since last I went to France to fetch his queen. Now swallow down that lie. For Gloucester's death, I slew him not; but to my own disgrace Neglected my sworn duty in that case. For you, my noble Lord of Lancaster, The honourable father to my foe, Once did I lay an ambush for your life, A trespass that doth vex my grieved soul; But ere I last receiv'd the sacrament I did confess it, and exactly begg'd Your Grace's pardon; and I hope I had it. This is my fault: as for the rest appeal'd, It issues from the rancour of a villain, A recreant and most degenerate traitor; Which in myself I boldly will defend, And interchangeably hurl down my gage Upon this overweening traitor's foot, To prove myself a loyal gentleman Even in the best blood chamber'd in his bosom. In haste whereof, most heartily I pray Your highness to assign our trial day.

Thesaurus firmness: (adj, n) constancy; (n) hurl: (v) chuck, dash, pitch, throw, bitterness, hate, grievance, determination, resolution, assurance, dart, pelt, toss, heave, send; (n, v) heartburning. recreant: (adj, n) coward, renegade, consistency, obstinacy, steadfastness, fling; (n) casting. ANTONYM: (v) poltroon; (adj, adv) cowardly; (n) resolve, confidence, courage, hold. backbone. ANTONYMS: (n) softness, overweening: (adj) overbearing, apostate, deserter; (adj) disloyal, instability, vacillation, unsteadiness, overconfident, imperious, disdainful, faithless, scary, fearful, dastard. slew: (n) wad, turning, sight, heap, yielding, irresoluteness, droopiness, vain, bumptious, immodest, stack, lot, flock; (v) rotate, slue, indefiniteness, indecisiveness, domineering, uppity, consequential, uppish. ANTONYMS: (adj) modest, indecision, leniency. swerve, veer. grieved: (adj) sore, sad, sorry, thou: (n) chiliad, grand, m, g, one unassuming. rancour: (n) enmity, animosity, hatred, thousand, gramme, gram, gm, sorrowful, upset, woeful, pained, affected, brokenhearted. malice, gall, odium, rancor, gigabyte, Gb, curtilage.

William Shakespeare

11

KING RICHARD. Wrath-kindled gentlemen, be rul'd by me; Let's purge this choler without letting blood: This we prescribe, though no physician; Deep malice makes too deep incision: Forget, forgive; conclude and be agreed, Our doctors say this is no month to bleed. Good uncle, let this end where it begun; We'll calm the Duke of Norfolk, you your son.% GAUNT. To be a make-peace shall become my age: Throw down, my son, the Duke of Norfolk's gage. KING RICHARD. And, Norfolk, throw down his. GAUNT. When, Harry, when? Obedience bids I should not bid again. KING RICHARD. Norfolk, throw down; we bid; there is no boot. MOWBRAY. Myself I throw, dread sovereign, at thy foot. My life thou shalt command, but not my shame: The one my duty owes; but my fair name,-Despite of death, that lives upon my grave,-To dark dishonour's use thou shalt not have. I am disgrac'd, impeach'd, and baffled here; Pierc'd to the soul with slander's venom'd spear, The which no balm can cure but his heart-blood Which breath'd this poison.

Thesaurus baffled: (adj) bewildered, puzzled, perplexed, confounded, at sea, frustrated, befuddled, beaten, bemused, preoccupied, helpless. ANTONYM: (adj) clear. balm: (n) salve, unguent, incense, perfume, aroma, unction, liniment, balsam, arnica, lotion, fragrance. ANTONYMS: (n) irritant, nuisance. choler: (n) anger, bile, resentment, rage, madness, dander, spleen, petulance, indignation, irritability,

ire. determine, set, stipulate, designate. gage: (n) gauge, guarantee, guaranty, purge: (v) clean, expurgate, eradicate, pawn, engage, plight, pledge, clear, scour, remove, purify, make dipstick; (v) stake, back, bet on. clean, liquidate; (n) catharsis, gentlemen: (n) sirs, messieurs. purification. ANTONYMS: (n, v) malice: (n) spite, animosity, enmity, binge; (v) rehabilitate, castigate. venom, ill will, hatred, malevolence, sovereign: (n) ruler, king, lord, emperor; (adj) independent, cruelty, envy, hate, spleen. ANTONYMS: (n) goodwill, autonomous, imperial, royal, free, regal; (adj, n) prince. ANTONYMS: benevolence, affection, goodness. prescribe: (n, v) ordain; (v) enjoin, (adj) dependent, ineffective, useless. decree, dictate, fix, command, assign,

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King Richard II

KING RICHARD. Rage must be withstood: Give me his gage: lions make leopards tame.% MOWBRAY. Yea, but not change his spots: take but my shame, And I resign my gage. My dear dear lord, The purest treasure mortal times afford Is spotless reputation; that away, Men are but gilded loam or painted clay. A jewel in a ten-times barr'd-up chest Is a bold spirit in a loyal breast. Mine honour is my life; both grow in one; Take honour from me, and my life is done: Then, dear my liege, mine honour let me try; In that I live, and for that will I die. KING RICHARD. Cousin, throw down your gage: do you begin. BOLINGBROKE. O! God defend my soul from such deep sin. Shall I seem crest-fall'n in my father's sight, Or with pale beggar-fear impeach my height Before this outdar'd dastard? Ere my tongue Shall wound my honour with such feeble wrong Or sound so base a parle, my teeth shall tear The slavish motive of recanting fear, And spit it bleeding in his high disgrace, Where shame doth harbour, even in Mowbray's face. [Exit GAUNT.] KING RICHARD. We were not born to sue, but to command: Which since we cannot do to make you friends,

Thesaurus dastard: (adj, n) poltroon; (n) sneak, craven, chicken, devil, scoundrel, niding; (adj) dastardly, cowardly. gilded: (adj, v) gilt; (adj) rich, gold, golden, deluxe, gilden, fortunate, garish, advantageous, aurated, luxurious. impeach: (v) accuse, criminate, blame, censure, query, denounce, challenge, question, condemn; (n, v) arraign, indict. jewel: (n) gemstone, darling,

diamond, jewelry, trinket, treasure, contemptible, pliant. ornament, idol; (adj, n) bijou, spotless: (adj) faultless, clean, precious stone; (adj) brilliant. innocent, pure, guiltless, flawless, leopards: (n) cheetahs, family Felidae, chaste, perfect, impeccable, Felidae, jaguars, cats. unblemished, stainless. loam: (n) dirt, soil, earth, land, marl, ANTONYMS: (adj) dirty, messy, glebe, ground, subsoil, mold, chalk, blemished, filthy, soiled, shameful, clot. tainted, guilty, blameworthy, impure, parle: (n, v) parley. imperfect. slavish: (adj) servile, menial, fawning, spots: (n) damp, drifter, floater, cringing, abject, obsequious, floating policy, muscae volitantes, subservient, submissive, ignoble, Musca volitans.

William Shakespeare

13

Be ready, as your lives shall answer it, At Coventry, upon Saint Lambert's day: There shall your swords and lances arbitrate The swelling difference of your settled hate: Since we can not atone you, we shall see Justice design the victor's chivalry. Lord Marshal, command our officers-at-arms Be ready to direct these home alarms.% [Exeunt.]

SCENE II. THE SAME. A ROOM IN THE DUKE OF LANCASTER'S PALACE. [Enter GAUNT and DUCHESS OF GLOUCESTER.] GAUNT. Alas, the part I had in Woodstock's blood Doth more solicit me than your exclaims, To stir against the butchers of his life. But since correction lieth in those hands Which made the fault that we cannot correct, Put we our quarrel to the will of heaven; Who, when they see the hours ripe on earth, Will rain hot vengeance on offenders' heads. DUCHESS. Finds brotherhood in thee no sharper spur? Hath love in thy old blood no living fire? Edward's seven sons, whereof thyself art one, Were as seven vials of his sacred blood, Or seven fair branches springing from one root: Some of those seven are dried by nature's course,

Thesaurus atone: (v) satisfy, pay, propitiate, indemnify, compensate, make up, recoup, apologize, abye, aby, repent. ANTONYM: (v) forfeit. brotherhood: (n) fraternity, sodality, association, kinship, relationship, friendliness, confraternity, fellowship, organization, partnership, society. dried: (adj) arid, desiccated, dehydrated, shriveled, shrunken, drained, torrid, parched, withered;

(n) drier, dryer. emanation. sharper: (n, v) cheat; (n) rogue, swelling: (n) protuberance, lump, impostor, swindler, chiseler, swell, intumescence, growth, deceiver, cheater, welsher, sharpie; projection, prominence, bulge, (v) shark, fraud. dropsy; (adj, v) inflated; (adj) solicit: (v) crave, request, petition, ask, growing. ANTONYM: (n) decline. vengeance: (n) retribution, reprisal, pray, importune, require, apply, implore, demand; (adj, v) court. retaliation, requital, avengement, springing: (v) jumping, climbing, wrath, vendetta, spite, revengeance; (n, v) avenge, resentment. bounding, furious, conspicuous, ANTONYMS: (n) forgiveness, prominent, ascending, projecting outwardly; (n) growth, suspension, acceptance.

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King Richard II

Some of those branches by the Destinies cut; But Thomas, my dear lord, my life, my Gloucester, One vial full of Edward's sacred blood, One flourishing branch of his most royal root, Is crack'd, and all the precious liquor spilt; Is hack'd down, and his summer leaves all vaded, By envy's hand and murder's bloody axe. Ah, Gaunt! his blood was thine: that bed, that womb, That metal, that self-mould, that fashion'd thee, Made him a man; and though thou liv'st and breath'st, Yet art thou slain in him: thou dost consent In some large measure to thy father's death In that thou seest thy wretched brother die, Who was the model of thy father's life. Call it not patience, Gaunt; it is despair: In suffering thus thy brother to be slaughter'd, Thou showest the naked pathway to thy life, Teaching stern murder how to butcher thee: That which in mean men we entitle patience Is pale cold cowardice in noble breasts. What shall I say? To safeguard thine own life, The best way is to venge my Gloucester's death.% GAUNT. God's is the quarrel; for God's substitute, His deputy anointed in his sight, Hath caus'd his death; the which if wrongfully, Let heaven revenge, for I may never lift An angry arm against his minister. DUCHESS. Where then, alas! may I complain myself?

Thesaurus alas: (adv) unluckily, regrettably, entitle: (v) dub, style, designate, sadly, unhappily, sorry to say; (n) oh; christen, empower, term, baptize, (int) lackaday. ANTONYM: (adv) authorize; (n, v) title, name, denominate. ANTONYMS: (v) luckily. anointed: (adj) hallowed, divine, disqualify, debar. greasy; (v) anoint. flourishing: (adj) thriving, palmy, cowardice: (n) dastardliness, healthy, successful, luxuriant, poltroonery, pusillanimity, fear, booming, verdant, lush, auspicious, favorable, rich. ANTONYMS: (adj) spirit, cravenness, timidity, fearfulness, base fear, cowardship. arid, declining, fading, poor, ANTONYMS: (n) nerve, bravery, unhealthy. liquor: (n) fluid, broth, alcohol, booze, daring, determination.

brew, brandy, arrack, spirits, schnapps; (n, v) drink; (adj, n) liquid. pathway: (n) lane, road, path, footpath, course, trail, alley, highway, way, tract, track. slain: (v) slay; (adj) overthrown, mat, fallen, dejected, cast down. venge: (n) vengeance; (v) avenge, revenge. vial: (n) ampul, ampoule, bottle, flask, stoup, noggin, ampule, beaker, container, syringe, cruet.

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GAUNT. To God, the widow's champion and defence.% DUCHESS. Why then, I will. Farewell, old Gaunt. Thou go'st to Coventry, there to behold Our cousin Hereford and fell Mowbray fight: O! sit my husband's wrongs on Hereford's spear, That it may enter butcher Mowbray's breast. Or, if misfortune miss the first career, Be Mowbray's sins so heavy in his bosom That they may break his foaming courser's back, And throw the rider headlong in the lists, A caitiff recreant to my cousin Hereford! Farewell, old Gaunt: thy sometimes brother's wife With her companion, Grief, must end her life. GAUNT. Sister, farewell; I must to Coventry. As much good stay with thee as go with me! DUCHESS. Yet one word more. Grief boundeth where it falls, Not with the empty hollowness, but weight: I take my leave before I have begun, For sorrow ends not when it seemeth done. Commend me to thy brother, Edmund York. Lo! this is all: nay, yet depart not so; Though this be all, do not so quickly go; I shall remember more. Bid him--ah, what?-With all good speed at Plashy visit me. Alack! and what shall good old York there see But empty lodgings and unfurnish'd walls, Unpeopled offices, untrodden stones?

Thesaurus caitiff: (n) coward, villain, scoundrel, ANTONYMS: (adj) cautiously, considered; (adv) carefully. miscreant, dastard, ruffian, rascal, budmash, brute, barbarian; (adv) hollowness: (n) hollow, concavity, cowardly. insincerity, cavity, futility, blank, foaming: (adj) foamy, effervescent, concaveness, void, nothingness, vacuum, vacuity. ANTONYMS: (n) effervescing, bubbly, bubbling, sparkling, spumy; (adj, n) frothing; solidity, validity. (n) surging, effervescence, scum. lodgings: (n) digs, accommodation, headlong: (adj, adv) headfirst; (adv) domiciliation, lodging, billet, directly, hastily, precipitately; (adj) housing, quarters, residence, pad, rash, hurried, desperate, precipitous, living quarters, launchpad. misfortune: (n) accident, hardship, impetuous, sudden, precipitate.

misadventure, disaster, calamity, mischance, catastrophe, mishap, bad luck, misery, affliction. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, bonus, opportunity, privilege, success, happiness. offices: (n) kitchen, pantry, scullery. untrodden: (adj) pathless, trackless, untracked, unhandseled, untried; (v) unapplied, untouched, unspent, unexercised, unemployed, undisposed of. wrongs: (n) mala.

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And what hear there for welcome but my groans? Therefore commend me; let him not come there, To seek out sorrow that dwells every where. Desolate, desolate, will I hence and die: The last leave of thee takes my weeping eye.% [Exeunt.] SCENE III. OPEN SPACE, NEAR COVENTRY. LISTS SET OUT, AND A THRONE. HERALDS, ETC., ATTENDING. [Enter the LORD MARSHAL and AUMERLE.] MARSHAL. My Lord Aumerle, is Harry Hereford arm'd? AUMERLE. Yea, at all points; and longs to enter in. MARSHAL. The Duke of Norfolk, sprightfully and bold, Stays but the summons of the appelant's trumpet. AUMERLE. Why then, the champions are prepar'd, and stay For nothing but his Majesty's approach. [Enter KING RICHARD, who takes his seat on his Throne; GAUNT, BUSHY, BAGOT, GREEN, and Others, who take their places. A trumpet is sounded, and answered by another trumpet within. Then enter MOWBRAY, in armour, defendant, preceeded by a HERALD.] KING RICHARD. Marshal, demand of yonder champion The cause of his arrival here in arms:

Thesaurus commend: (v) approve, exalt, acclaim, overcrowded, ecstatic, hopeful; (v) clarion, trump, brass, trombone; (v) praise, applaud, recommend, create, construct, build. proclaim, promulgate, show off, endorse, entrust, extol, compliment, places: (n) chairs, seating, spaces. blare. cite. ANTONYMS: (v) rebuke, sorrow: (n, v) regret, lament, grieve; weeping: (adj) tearful, lachrymose, (v) mourn; (n) mourning, heartache, dolourous, dolorous; (n, v) lament, criticize, censure, reproach, keep, chastise, reprimand, deny, disparage, repentance, remorse; (adj, n) sadness, lamentation; (v) wailing; (n) sobbing, misery; (adj, n, v) distress. tears, cry; (adj, n) howling. refuse, smear. desolate: (adj, v) desert, forlorn; (adj) ANTONYMS: (n) joy, delight, ANTONYM: (n) celebration. yonder: (adv) beyond, further, farther, bare, barren, alone, bleak, deserted, happiness, peace, hopefulness, cheerless, disconsolate; (v) devastate, cheerfulness, shamelessness, calm, abroad, thither, further away, at that destroy. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, content; (v) rejoice. place; (adj) distant, yond, furious, inhabited, happy, sheltered, mobbed, trumpet: (n) horn, cornet, bugle, fierce.

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Ask him his name, and orderly proceed To swear him in the justice of his cause.% MARSHAL. In God's name and the king's, say who thou art, And why thou comest thus knightly clad in arms, Against what man thou comest, and what thy quarrel. Speak truly, on thy knighthood and thy oath; As so defend thee heaven and thy valour! MOWBRAY. My name is Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, Who hither come engaged by my oath,-Which God defend a knight should violate!-Both to defend my loyalty and truth To God, my King, and my succeeding issue, Against the Duke of Hereford that appeals me; And, by the grace of God and this mine arm, To prove him, in defending of myself, A traitor to my God, my King, and me: And as I truly fight, defend me heaven! [He takes his seat.] [Trumpet sounds. Enter BOLINGBROKE, appellant, in armour, preceeded by a Herald.] KING RICHARD. Marshal, ask yonder knight in arms, Both who he is and why he cometh hither Thus plated in habiliments of war; And formally, according to our law, Depose him in the justice of his cause. MARSHAL. What is thy name? and wherefore com'st thou hither

Thesaurus appellant: (adj) appellate; (n) litigator, complainant, petitioner, plaintiff, claimant, plaintiff in error, plaintiff in appeal, applicant, pursuer, accuser. clad: (adj) dressed, attired, clothed, coated, garbed; (n) cladding; (prep) gowned; (v) costume, shod, dress, attire. ANTONYMS: (adj) undressed, unclothed. habiliments: (n) clothes, garb, apparel, clothing, costume, dress, equipage, material, tackle, thing, apparatus.

orderly: (adj) neat, tidy, exact, regular, ordered, systematic, logical, coherent, businesslike; (adv) systematically; (n) attendant. ANTONYMS: (adj) unmanageable, rowdy, wild, disorganized, untidy, disorderly, confused, lawless, messy, defiant, haphazard. plated: (v) pinchbeck, overlaid, superimposed, tinsel; (adj) silver. succeeding: (adj) following, subsequent, after, consecutive,

posterior, ensuing, consequent, successive, consequential; (adj, adv) later; (v) succeed. ANTONYMS: (adj) outgoing, preceding. valour: (n) valor, valiancy, valiance, heroism, courage, bravery, valorousness, prowess, daring, pluck, spirit. wherefore: (adv, conj) therefore; (adv, n) why; (n) reason, proof; (adv) accordingly, consequently, so, wherefor, hence, whence; (conj) then.

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Before King Richard in his royal lists? Against whom comest thou? and what's thy quarrel? Speak like a true knight, so defend thee heaven! BOLINGBROKE. Harry of Hereford, Lancaster, and Derby, Am I; who ready here do stand in arms, To prove by God's grace and my body's valour, In lists, on Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, That he's a traitor foul and dangerous, To God of heaven, King Richard, and to me: And as I truly fight, defend me heaven! MARSHAL. On pain of death, no person be so bold Or daring-hardy as to touch the lists, Except the Marshal and such officers Appointed to direct these fair designs.% BOLINGBROKE. Lord Marshal, let me kiss my sovereign's hand, And bow my knee before his Majesty: For Mowbray and myself are like two men That vow a long and weary pilgrimage; Then let us take a ceremonious leave And loving farewell of our several friends. MARSHAL. The appellant in all duty greets your highness, And craves to kiss your hand and take his leave. KING RICHARD. [Descends from his throne.] We will descend and fold him in our arms. Cousin of Hereford, as thy cause is right, So be thy fortune in this royal fight!

Thesaurus ceremonious: (adj) formal, solemn, farewell: (int, n) adieu; (n) bye, leave, stately, stiff, precise, starchy, prim, valediction, adios, parting, goodbye, punctilious, majestic, dignified; (adj, separation, departure, aloha; (int) bon v) decorous. ANTONYMS: (adj) voyage. ANTONYMS: (n) hello, unceremonious, simple, relaxed, salutation, welcome. foul: (adj, v) nasty, base, corrupt, casual, informal. descend: (v) settle, condescend, down, coarse; (adj) filthy, disgusting, evil, unclean, putrid; (n, v) defile, soil. drop, deign, subside, go down, ANTONYMS: (adj, v) clean, pure; dismount, derive, get off, come down. ANTONYMS: (v) ascend, (adj) pleasant, fair, inoffensive, climb, float, scale, increase, level, humane, attractive, honest, pleasing, fragrant; (v) unclog. mount.

knight: (n) horseman, horse, chevalier, banneret, warrior, steed, knighthood, rider, heroin, h; (v) dub. weary: (adj, n, v) fatigue; (v) exhaust, tire out; (adj) tired, exhausted, fatigued, aweary, beat, languid; (n, v) jade, bore. ANTONYMS: (adj) energetic, fresh, lively, untiring, hopeful, refreshed; (v) refresh, enliven, energize, activate, rally.

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Farewell, my blood; which if to-day thou shed, Lament we may, but not revenge thee dead.% BOLINGBROKE. O! let no noble eye profane a tear For me, if I be gor'd with Mowbray's spear. As confident as is the falcon's flight Against a bird, do I with Mowbray fight. My loving lord, I take my leave of you; Of you, my noble cousin, Lord Aumerle; Not sick, although I have to do with death, But lusty, young, and cheerly drawing breath. Lo! as at English feasts, so I regreet The daintiest last, to make the end most sweet: O thou, the earthly author of my blood, Whose youthful spirit, in me regenerate, Doth with a twofold vigour lift me up To reach at victory above my head, Add proof unto mine armour with thy prayers, And with thy blessings steel my lance's point, That it may enter Mowbray's waxen coat, And furbish new the name of John a Gaunt, Even in the lusty haviour of his son. GAUNT. God in thy good cause make thee prosperous! Be swift like lightning in the execution; And let thy blows, doubly redoubled, Fall like amazing thunder on the casque Of thy adverse pernicious enemy: Rouse up thy youthful blood, be valiant, and live.

Thesaurus blessings: (n) blessing, godsend. cheerly: (adj) cheery. doubly: (adv) twice, twofold, two times, in two ways, dualistically. furbish: (v) buff, scour, shine, polish, flush, gloss, rub, whitewash, smoothen, paint, lacquer. haviour: (n) behavior. lusty: (adj) energetic, stout, lustful, corpulent, potent, virile, vigorous, hearty, sturdy, bouncing, dynamic. ANTONYM: (adj) feeble.

pernicious: (adj) detrimental, evil, bad, injurious, fatal, noxious, deadly, baneful, mischievous, mortal, malign. ANTONYMS: (adj) favorable, pleasant, harmless. profane: (v) desecrate, abuse, violate, defile, outrage, debauch; (adj) irreverent, impious, sacrilegious, unholy; (adj, v) foul. ANTONYMS: (adj) devout, sacred, moral, religious, reverent. twofold: (adj) dual, duplicate, twin,

doubled, threefold, treble, duplex, duple; (adv) two times, as much again, twice. valiant: (adj) brave, courageous, intrepid, fearless, heroic, audacious, gallant, daring, dauntless, stout, stalwart. ANTONYMS: (adj) afraid, despicable. waxen: (adj) pale, waxy, white, colorless, wan, ashen, yielding, soft, gray, drawn, cereous.

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BOLINGBROKE. Mine innocency and Saint George to thrive! [He takes his seat.] MOWBRAY. [Rising.] However God or fortune cast my lot, There lives or dies, true to King Richard's throne, A loyal, just, and upright gentleman. Never did captive with a freer heart Cast off his chains of bondage and embrace His golden uncontroll'd enfranchisement, More than my dancing soul doth celebrate This feast of battle with mine adversary. Most mighty liege, and my companion peers, Take from my mouth the wish of happy years. As gentle and as jocund as to jest Go I to fight: truth hath a quiet breast.% KING RICHARD. Farewell, my lord: securely I espy Virtue with valour couched in thine eye. Order the trial, Marshal, and begin. [The KING and the LORDS return to their seats.] MARSHAL. Harry of Hereford, Lancaster, and Derby, Receive thy lance; and God defend the right! BOLINGBROKE. [Rising.] Strong as a tower in hope, I cry 'amen'.

Thesaurus bolingbroke: (n) Henry Bolingbroke. bondage: (n) thrall, thraldom, thralldom, slavery, captivity, enslavement, duress, restraint, yoke, vassalage; (adj, n) villenage. ANTONYMS: (n) independence, emancipation, freedom. captive: (n) convict, prisoner of war, slave, detainee, jailbird, gaolbird; (adj) confined, imprisoned, rapt, jailed, amoroso. ANTONYMS: (adj) free, uninterested, unconfined,

liberated, emancipated, disillusioned; (n) guard, captor. chains: (n) fetters, bond, chain, bonds, handcuffs, irons, manacles, shackles, iron, confine, trammel. couched: (adj) understood, unspoken, contained. feast: (n, v) junket, fete; (n) entertainment, dinner, binge, spread, celebration, jamboree, carousal; (v) feed, eat. ANTONYMS: (v) abstain, starve; (n) snack.

freer: (adj) unconfined. innocency: (n) innocence. jocund: (adj) happy, merry, glad, cheerful, lively, joyous, joyful, blithe; (adj, v) jovial, jolly, brisk. lance: (n) pike, javelin, shaft, lancet, assegai, fishgig, fizgig; (v) dart, impale, open, gore. securely: (adv) surely, safely, closely, solidly, steadily, assuredly, strongly, tightly, fixly, setly, stably. ANTONYM: (adv) insecurely.

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MARSHAL. [To an officer.] Go bear this lance to Thomas, Duke of Norfolk.% FIRST HERALD. Harry of Hereford, Lancaster, and Derby, Stands here for God, his sovereign, and himself, On pain to be found false and recreant, To prove the Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, A traitor to his God, his King, and him; And dares him to set forward to the fight. SECOND HERALD. Here standeth Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, On pain to be found false and recreant, Both to defend himself, and to approve Henry of Hereford, Lancaster, and Derby, To God, his sovereign, and to him disloyal; Courageously and with a free desire, Attending but the signal to begin. MARSHAL. Sound trumpets; and set forward, combatants. [A charge sounded.] Stay, the King hath thrown his warder down. KING RICHARD. Let them lay by their helmets and their spears, And both return back to their chairs again: Withdraw with us; and let the trumpets sound While we return these dukes what we decree. [A long flourish.] [To the COMBATANTS.] Draw near, And list what with our council we have done.

Thesaurus chairs: (n) seats. deceptive. ANTONYMS: (adj) real, thrown: (adj) puzzled, confused, defend: (n, v) guard, shield, advocate; genuine, faithful, factual, correct, thrown and twisted, upset, (v) justify, protect, assert, support, natural, truthful, honest, valid, just, disconcerted, unnerved, terrified, maintain, champion, apologize, loyal. scared out of your wits, mystified, shelter. ANTONYMS: (v) prosecute, list: (n) catalogue, catalog, inclination, frightened; (n) reminder. index, calendar, enumeration; (n, v) ANTONYM: (adj) calm. abandon, endanger, surrender, file, tilt, schedule; (v) enter, itemize. trumpets: (n) Sarracenia flava, yellow renounce, oppose, forsake, assault, signal: (n, v) omen, gesture, presage, contradict, destroy, expose. pitcher plant, pitcher plant, yellow false: (adj, n) bastard; (adj, adv) wave, alert; (n) indication, flag, trumpet. counterfeit, deceitful; (adj) untrue, alarm; (v) indicate; (adj, n) salient, warder: (n) custodian, guard, keeper, prominent. ANTONYMS: (adj) dishonest, erroneous, sham, turnkey, jailer, gaoler, custos, ranger, assumed, artificial, fictitious, inconspicuous, ordinary. janitor, ostiary, trepan.

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For that our kingdom's earth should not be soil'd With that dear blood which it hath fostered; And for our eyes do hate the dire aspect Of civil wounds plough'd up with neighbours' swords; And for we think the eagle-winged pride Of sky-aspiring and ambitious thoughts, With rival-hating envy, set on you To wake our peace, which in our country's cradle Draws the sweet infant breath of gentle sleep; Which so rous'd up with boist'rous untun'd drums, With harsh-resounding trumpets' dreadful bray, And grating shock of wrathful iron arms, Might from our quiet confines fright fair peace And make us wade even in our kindred's blood: Therefore we banish you our territories: You, cousin Hereford, upon pain of life, Till twice five summers have enrich'd our fields Shall not regreet our fair dominions, But tread the stranger paths of banishment.% BOLINGBROKE. Your will be done. This must my comfort be, That sun that warms you here shall shine on me; And those his golden beams to you here lent Shall point on me and gild my banishment. KING RICHARD. Norfolk, for thee remains a heavier doom, Which I with some unwillingness pronounce: The sly slow hours shall not determinate The dateless limit of thy dear exile; The hopeless word of 'never to return' Breathe I against thee, upon pain of life.

Thesaurus banish: (v) dispel, expel, displace, unaltered, unchanged, continual. gild: (v) embellish, ornament, beautify, relegate, oust, expatriate, eject, dismiss, transport, cast out; (adj, v) decorate, begild, engild, paint, exile. ANTONYMS: (v) keep, whitewash, varnish; (n) club, fraternity. ANTONYM: (v) strip. embrace, adopt, invite, include. banishment: (n) expulsion, ostracism, grating: (adj) hoarse, strident, harsh, ouster, proscription, relegation, discordant, gravelly, raspy, gruff, raucous; (n, v) lattice; (n) grate, grid. ejection, deportation, dismissal, expatriation; (adj, n) exclusion; (adj) ANTONYMS: (adj) pleasing, excommunication. soothing, smooth, harmonious. dateless: (adj) endless, undated, tread: (n, v) pace, walk, rate, march, tramp; (n) gait, stride, footstep, eternal, interminable, sempiternal,

footfall, track; (v) trample. unwillingness: (n) disinclination, indisposition, aversion, hesitation, hesitancy, resistance, antipathy, reluctancy, dislike, distaste, irreconcilableness. ANTONYMS: (n) enthusiasm, disposition, keenness, inclination. wrathful: (adj) furious, irate, wroth, ireful, indignant, incensed, mad, raging, resentful, infuriated, choleric. ANTONYM: (adj) pleased.

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MOWBRAY. A heavy sentence, my most sovereign liege, And all unlook'd for from your highness' mouth: A dearer merit, not so deep a maim As to be cast forth in the common air, Have I deserved at your highness' hands. The language I have learn'd these forty years, My native English, now I must forgo; And now my tongue's use is to me no more Than an unstringed viol or a harp, Or like a cunning instrument cas'd up Or, being open, put into his hands That knows no touch to tune the harmony: Within my mouth you have engaol'd my tongue, Doubly portcullis'd with my teeth and lips; And dull, unfeeling, barren ignorance Is made my gaoler to attend on me. I am too old to fawn upon a nurse, Too far in years to be a pupil now: What is thy sentence, then, but speechless death, Which robs my tongue from breathing native breath? KING RICHARD. It boots thee not to be compassionate: After our sentence plaining comes too late.% MOWBRAY. Then thus I turn me from my country's light, To dwell in solemn shades of endless night. [Retiring.] KING RICHARD. Return again, and take an oath with thee. Lay on our royal sword your banish'd hands;

Thesaurus cunning: (adj) crafty, canny, adroit, wily, sly, shrewd, tricky, artful; (n) craftiness, craft, cleverness. ANTONYMS: (adj) simple, honest, stupid, unimaginative, gullible, ingenuous, straightforward, candid, sincere; (n) frankness, straightforwardness. fawn: (v) crawl, creep, grovel, cringe, cower, crouch, bootlick, kowtow, blandish, flatter; (n) deer. ANTONYMS: (v) insult, despise,

ignore, domineer. gaoler: (n) keeper, screw, turnkey, warder, jailor, custos, custodian, lawman, guard, ass, ranger. highness: (n) excellency, altitude, loftiness, nobility, greatness, eminence, size, stateliness, majesty, high, grandeur. plaining: (n) refining. speechless: (adj) silent, mute, dumb, dumbfounded, voiceless, quiet, tongueless, tacit, noiseless, mum,

wordless. ANTONYMS: (adj) loquacious, eloquent, talkative. unfeeling: (adj) harsh, impassive, cold, cruel, callous, merciless, pitiless, ruthless, numb, insensible, insensitive. ANTONYMS: (adj) caring, sympathetic, sensitive, kind, understanding, merciful, feeling, warm, tactful, concerned, compassionate. viol: (n) bowed stringed instrument, string, bass viol.

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Swear by the duty that you owe to God,-Our part therein we banish with yourselves-To keep the oath that we administer: You never shall, so help you truth and God!-Embrace each other's love in banishment; Nor never look upon each other's face; Nor never write, regreet, nor reconcile This louring tempest of your home-bred hate; Nor never by advised purpose meet To plot, contrive, or complot any ill 'Gainst us, our state, our subjects, or our land.% BOLINGBROKE. I swear. MOWBRAY. And I, to keep all this. BOLINGBROKE. Norfolk, so far as to mine enemy:-By this time, had the king permitted us, One of our souls had wand'red in the air, Banish'd this frail sepulchre of our flesh, As now our flesh is banish'd from this land: Confess thy treasons ere thou fly the realm; Since thou hast far to go, bear not along The clogging burden of a guilty soul. MOWBRAY. No, Bolingbroke: if ever I were traitor, My name be blotted from the book of life, And I from heaven banish'd as from hence! But what thou art, God, thou, and I, do know; And all too soon, I fear, the king shall rue. Farewell, my liege. Now no way can I stray;

Thesaurus clogging: (n) congestion, plugging, choking, obstruction, loading, interference, blockage; (adj) obstructive, impeding, cumbrous, burdensome. ANTONYM: (n) clearance. complot: (n, v) cabal; (n) conspiracy, plot, intrigue, complicity, machination; (v) collude, adjure, machinate, conjure, call down. contrive: (v) plan, invent, design, concoct, devise, cast, concert,

excogitate, frame, formulate; (n, v) sepulture, burial chamber, tomb, bier; manage. ANTONYMS: (v) demolish, (v) inter, bury. swear: (v) declare, assure, assert, destroy, ruin, waste, wreck, fail. frail: (adj, v) weak, feeble; (adj) fragile, affirm, curse, pledge; (n, v) promise, flimsy, delicate, breakable, rickety, avow, depone, depose, aver. slender, light, slim; (v) faint. ANTONYMS: (v) distrust, refute, ANTONYMS: (adj) substantial, deny, compliment. tempest: (adj, n) storm, gust; (n) gale, robust, tough, fit, healthy, hearty, perfect, weighty, well, capable, hurricane, squall, disturbance, sturdy. cyclone, typhoon, agitation, tornado, sepulchre: (n) mausoleum, burial, blizzard. ANTONYM: (n) serenity. therein: (adv) in this, in there. monument, repository, crypt,

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Save back to England, all the world's my way. [Exit.] KING RICHARD. Uncle, even in the glasses of thine eyes I see thy grieved heart: thy sad aspect Hath from the number of his banish'd years Pluck'd four away.-[To BOLINGBROKE.] Six frozen winters spent, Return with welcome home from banishment.% BOLINGBROKE. How long a time lies in one little word! Four lagging winters and four wanton springs End in a word: such is the breath of kings. GAUNT. I thank my liege that in regard of me He shortens four years of my son's exile; But little vantage shall I reap thereby: For, ere the six years that he hath to spend Can change their moons and bring their times about, My oil-dried lamp and time-bewasted light Shall be extinct with age and endless night; My inch of taper will be burnt and done, And blindfold death not let me see my son. KING RICHARD. Why, uncle, thou hast many years to live. GAUNT. But not a minute, king, that thou canst give: Shorten my days thou canst with sullen sorrow, And pluck nights from me, but not lend a morrow; Thou can'st help time to furrow me with age,

Thesaurus blindfold: (adv) blindly; (v) mystify, hoodwink, muffle; (adj) reckless, blindfolded, blinded, unsighted; (n) blinder. furrow: (n, v) fold, crinkle, crease, groove, line, chamfer, rut; (n) channel, cut, ditch, trough. ANTONYMS: (n) ridge; (v) smooth. lagging: (n) insulation, cover, skin, sheathing, casing; (adj) lazy, slack, tardy, remiss, late, behindhand. pluck: (adj, n) nerve; (v) cull, jerk,

gather, pick, fleece, grab; (n) grit, vantage: (n) superiority, preference, courage, boldness; (n, v) pull. start, handicap, expediency, ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, expedience, advantageousness, odds, gutlessness; (v) undercharge. asset, tax advantage, head start. reap: (v) harvest, gain, glean, gather, ANTONYM: (n) disadvantage. wanton: (adj) loose, dissolute, light, obtain, cut, receive, earn, acquire; (adj, v) mow; (adj) clip. ANTONYMS: licentious, unchaste, lewd, (v) lose, scatter. debauched, unprovoked; (v) dally; (n, taper: (n) candle, taper hole, bougie, v) sport; (adj, v) flirt. ANTONYMS: rushlight, taper ratio; (v) sharpen, (adj) moral, wise, nice, kind, gentle, point, acuminate, diminish, lessen, decent, clean, careful, observant, reduce. ANTONYMS: (v) rise, widen. justifiable, involuntary.

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But stop no wrinkle in his pilgrimage; Thy word is current with him for my death, But dead, thy kingdom cannot buy my breath.% KING RICHARD. Thy son is banish'd upon good advice, Whereto thy tongue a party-verdict gave. Why at our justice seem'st thou then to lower? GAUNT. Things sweet to taste prove in digestion sour. You urg'd me as a judge; but I had rather You would have bid me argue like a father. O! had it been a stranger, not my child, To smooth his fault I should have been more mild.: A partial slander sought I to avoid, And in the sentence my own life destroy'd. Alas! I look'd when some of you should say I was too strict to make mine own away; But you gave leave to my unwilling tongue Against my will to do myself this wrong. KING RICHARD. Cousin, farewell; and, uncle, bid him so: Six years we banish him, and he shall go. [Flourish. Exit KING RICHARD and Train.] AUMERLE. Cousin, farewell: what presence must not know, From where you do remain let paper show. MARSHAL. My lord, no leave take I; for I will ride, As far as land will let me, by your side.

Thesaurus digestion: (n, v) concoction; (n) assimilation, chemical change, coction, biological process, chemical process, disgestion; (v) classification, analysis, clustering; (adj) digestive. exit: (n) departure, door, egress, outlet, going, gate, way out; (v) leave, go, go out, die. ANTONYMS: (n) arrival, entry, entrance, greeting; (v) arrive, come. partial: (adj) imperfect, fragmentary, unfair, sectional, inequitable, biased,

part, one-sided, unequal, fractional, halfway. ANTONYMS: (adj) complete, impartial, total, absolute, comprehensive, unbiased, fair, finished, just, whole, balanced. stranger: (n) foreigner, outsider, newcomer, outlander, immigrant, intruder, unknown, tramontane, trespasser; (adj) foreign, strange. ANTONYMS: (n) pal, native, associate, resident, familiar. unwilling: (adj) involuntary, loath,

disinclined, averse, recalcitrant, backward, indisposed, grudging, loth, adverse, forced. ANTONYMS: (adj) inclined, amenable, keen, prepared, ready, eager, disposed, agreeable, accepting, happy. wrinkle: (n, v) crease, crinkle, fold, rumple, crumple, furrow, pucker; (v) ruffle; (n) gather, line; (adj, v) curl. ANTONYMS: (v) unfold, straighten; (n) smoothness.

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GAUNT. O! to what purpose dost thou hoard thy words, That thou return'st no greeting to thy friends? BOLINGBROKE. I have too few to take my leave of you, When the tongue's office should be prodigal To breathe the abundant dolour of the heart.% GAUNT. Thy grief is but thy absence for a time. BOLINGBROKE. Joy absent, grief is present for that time. GAUNT. What is six winters? They are quickly gone. BOLINGBROKE. To men in joy; but grief makes one hour ten. GAUNT. Call it a travel that thou tak'st for pleasure. BOLINGBROKE. My heart will sigh when I miscall it so, Which finds it an enforced pilgrimage. GAUNT. The sullen passage of thy weary steps Esteem as foil wherein thou art to set The precious jewel of thy home return. BOLINGBROKE. Nay, rather, every tedious stride I make Will but remember me what a deal of world I wander from the jewels that I love. Must I not serve a long apprenticehood To foreign passages, and in the end,

Thesaurus dolour: (n) heartbreak, woe, grief, brokenheartedness, anguish, ache. foil: (n, v) thwart, defeat, balk; (v) baffle, bilk, cross, elude, avert, prevent; (n) contrast, blade. ANTONYMS: (v) advance, further, permit, promote. greeting: (n) welcome, salutation, address, greet, compliments, acknowledgment, accost, hello, hullo, nod; (v) salute. ANTONYM: (n) goodbye.

hoard: (v) amass, gather, collect, garner; (n, v) cache, store, stock, heap, bank, stash; (n) accumulation. ANTONYMS: (v) squander, disperse, spend, use. jewels: (n) jewelry, gems, wealth, hoops, Perrie, riches, studs, fortune, fineness, earrings, decoration. miscall: (v) abuse, misterm, call. pilgrimage: (n, v) expedition, excursion; (v) trip, tour, peregrination, ramble, discursion,

circuit; (n) hajj, haj, career. stride: (n, v) pace, tread, walk, stalk, rate, toddle, stump; (n) footstep, gait, progress; (v) march. sullen: (adj, n) morose, sulky, sour; (adj) gloomy, gruff, glum, moody, dark, cross, surly; (adj, v) grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) bright, cheery; (n) cheeriness. wherein: (adv) in what, in which, where.

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Having my freedom, boast of nothing else But that I was a journeyman to grief? GAUNT. All places that the eye of heaven visits Are to a wise man ports and happy havens. Teach thy necessity to reason thus; There is no virtue like necessity. Think not the king did banish thee, But thou the king. Woe doth the heavier sit, Where it perceives it is but faintly borne. Go, say I sent thee forth to purchase honour, And not the King exil'd thee; or suppose Devouring pestilence hangs in our air, And thou art flying to a fresher clime. Look, what thy soul holds dear, imagine it To lie that way thou go'st, not whence thou com'st. Suppose the singing birds musicians, The grass whereon thou tread'st the presence strew'd, The flowers fair ladies, and thy steps no more Than a delightful measure or a dance; For gnarling sorrow hath less power to bite The man that mocks at it and sets it light.% BOLINGBROKE. O! who can hold a fire in his hand By thinking on the frosty Caucasus? Or cloy the hungry edge of appetite By bare imagination of a feast? Or wallow naked in December snow By thinking on fantastic summer's heat? O, no! the apprehension of the good Gives but the greater feeling to the worse:

Thesaurus boast: (v) bluster, brag, blow, crow, way. gasconade, show off, rodomontade, fresher: (n) fresh, lowerclassman, exult; (n, v) vaunt, pride; (n) underclassman, neophyte, fledgeling, arrogance. ANTONYMS: (n) entrant, fledgling. deprecation; (v) downplay, lack. frosty: (adj, v) icy, glacial; (adj) frigid, cloy: (v) surfeit, glut, satiate, weary, freezing, wintry, arctic, chill, frozen, chilly, bleak, cool. ANTONYMS: (adj) gorge, choke, replete, supply, slake, render, quench. ANTONYMS: (v) friendly, pleasant, hot, torrid, whet, tantalize. tropical, balmy, approachable. forth: (adv) away, along, onward, journeyman: (n) artificer, artisan, ahead, before, on, off, on the high Wright, mechanic, hack, man, glazier, road, on the road, on the way, under goldbeater, day laborer, hairdresser,

diesinker. pestilence: (n) pest, epidemic, blight, disease, curse, infectious disease, contagion, infection, virus; (adj) murrain, pox. wallow: (v) roll, flounder, welter, triumph, enjoy, rejoice, splash, bask; (adj) luxuriate, crouch, slouch. whence: (adv) wherefrom, hence, because, for, why, wherefore, how, then, then thence so, how comes it, how happens it.

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Fell sorrow's tooth doth never rankle more Than when it bites, but lanceth not the sore.% GAUNT. Come, come, my son, I'll bring thee on thy way. Had I thy youth and cause, I would not stay. BOLINGBROKE. Then, England's ground, farewell; sweet soil, adieu; My mother, and my nurse, that bears me yet! Where'er I wander, boast of this I can, Though banish'd, yet a true-born Englishman. [Exeunt.]

SCENE IV. LONDON. A ROOM IN THE KING'S CASTLE [Enter KING RICHARD, BAGOT, and GREEN, at one door; AUMERLE at another.] KING RICHARD. We did observe. Cousin Aumerle, How far brought you high Hereford on his way? AUMERLE. I brought high Hereford, if you call him so, But to the next highway, and there I left him. KING RICHARD. And say, what store of parting tears were shed? AUMERLE. Faith, none for me; except the north-east wind, Which then blew bitterly against our faces,

Thesaurus bears: (n) fissiped, badgers, Carnivora, order Carnivora. bitterly: (adv) bitingly, sourly, fiercely, cruelly, caustically, harshly, poignantly, piercingly, cuttingly, rancorously, acrimoniously. ANTONYMS: (adv) harmoniously, sweetly, warmly, gladly, agreeably, kindly, friendly. highway: (n) highroad, way, path, route, street, thoroughfare, course, main road, expressway, bus, freeway.

observe: (n, v) comment, notice, note; rankle: (v) grate, fret, chafe, irritate, (v) commemorate, mind, guard, gnaw, bother, annoy, exasperate, vex; mention, mark, see, discover; (int, v) (adj) putrefy, ferment. look. ANTONYMS: (v) feel, tooth: (n) palate, denticle, trident, disregard, break, overlook, disobey, sprocket, saw, premolar, nap, incisor, grain, eyetooth; (adj) nib. disrespect, Miss, violate. parting: (n) adieu, division, leave, wander: (n, v) stroll, saunter, tramp, drift; (v) stray, digress, err, travel, departure, disunion, goodbye, roam, deviate; (adj, v) rave. leaving, segregation, dying, rupture; (adj) valedictory. ANTONYMS: (n) ANTONYMS: (v) settle, stay, think, joining, meeting, connection, converge. Reunion.

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Awak'd the sleeping rheum, and so by chance Did grace our hollow parting with a tear.% KING RICHARD. What said our cousin when you parted with him? AUMERLE. 'Farewell:' And, for my heart disdained that my tongue Should so profane the word, that taught me craft To counterfeit oppression of such grief That words seem'd buried in my sorrow's grave. Marry, would the word 'farewell' have lengthen'd hours And added years to his short banishment, He should have had a volume of farewells; But since it would not, he had none of me. KING RICHARD. He is our cousin, cousin; but 'tis doubt, When time shall call him home from banishment, Whether our kinsman come to see his friends. Ourself, and Bushy, Bagot here and Green, Observ'd his courtship to the common people, How he did seem to dive into their hearts With humble and familiar courtesy, What reverence he did throw away on slaves, Wooing poor craftsmen with the craft of smiles And patient underbearing of his fortune, As 'twere to banish their affects with him. Off goes his bonnet to an oyster-wench; A brace of draymen bid God speed him well, And had the tribute of his supple knee, With 'Thanks, my countrymen, my loving friends';

Thesaurus bonnet: (n) cap, protection, chapeau, ANTONYMS: (adj) genuine, real, authentic, true, actual; (n) original. tile, wimple, beret, lid, cowling, courtship: (n) courting, wooing, love, castor, poke bonnet, sunbonnet. brace: (n, v) prop, strengthen, support, bundling, the soft impeachment, invigorate; (n) strut, pair, duo, prayer, entreaty, gallantry, addresses, bitstock, tie; (v) clamp, bolster. cause, affection. ANTONYMS: (v) unfasten, sedate, reverence: (n, v) respect, regard, fear, worship, honor, esteem, adore; (n) loosen, flex. counterfeit: (adj, n, v) sham; (n, v) deference, adoration, admiration, copy, duplicate; (adj, v) mock, falsify; awe. ANTONYMS: (n) despise, (adj) false, artificial, assumed; (adj, n) disrespect, irreverence, disdain, imitation; (v) forge, ape. disparagement, contempt; (v)

dishonor. rheum: (adj) juice, humor, gravy, lymph, blood, sanies, serosity, serum, sap; (n) genus rheum, saliva. shall: (n) must, necessity; (v) require, bequeath, leave. supple: (adj, v) flexible, pliable, limber, pliant; (adj) lithe, soft, plastic, graceful, lithesome, lissom, lissome. ANTONYMS: (adj) rigid, inflexible, stocky, clumsy, hard, rough, slow, tight, unyielding.

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As were our England in reversion his, And he our subjects' next degree in hope.% GREEN. Well, he is gone; and with him go these thoughts. Now for the rebels which stand out in Ireland; Expedient manage must be made, my liege, Ere further leisure yield them further means For their advantage and your highness' loss. KING RICHARD. We will ourself in person to this war. And, for our coffers, with too great a court And liberal largess, are grown somewhat light, We are enforc'd to farm our royal realm; The revenue whereof shall furnish us For our affairs in hand. If that come short, Our substitutes at home shall have blank charters; Whereto, when they shall know what men are rich, They shall subscribe them for large sums of gold, And send them after to supply our wants; For we will make for Ireland presently. [Enter BUSHY.] Bushy, what news? BUSHY. Old John of Gaunt is grievous sick, my lord, Suddenly taken, and hath sent poste-haste To entreat your Majesty to visit him. KING RICHARD. Where lies he? BUSHY. At Ely House.

Thesaurus blank: (adj) bare, empty, unfilled, pure, vacant, clean; (n) space, blankness, form, vacuity; (v) addle. ANTONYMS: (adj) full, expressive, used, understanding, thoughtful, incomplete, marked, filled, excited, lively, aware. coffers: (n) treasury, purse, exchequer, coffer, funds, assets. entreat: (v) beg, beseech, ask, implore, pray, adjure, appeal, request, conjure, crave, bid. ANTONYMS: (v) demand,

boon, endowment, alms; (n) largesse, reject. furnish: (v) afford, provide, munificence, openhandedness, present; (v) grant. contribute, render, offer, reversion: (n) relapse, atavism, accommodate, supply, outfit, yield, decorate; (n, v) give. ANTONYM: (v) regression, regress, return, reversal, divest. lapse, inheritance, inversion, grievous: (adj) bitter, dolorous, heritage, escheat. subscribe: (v) confirm, sign, dreadful, deplorable, sad, tough, pitiful, atrocious, regrettable, contribute, ratify, subscribe to, sorrowful, sorry. ANTONYM: (adj) underwrite, agree, buy, donate, successful. endorse, accept. largess: (n, v) gift, donation, bounty,

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KING RICHARD. Now put it, God, in his physician's mind To help him to his grave immediately! The lining of his coffers shall make coats To deck our soldiers for these Irish wars. Come, gentlemen, let's all go visit him: Pray God we may make haste, and come too late! ALL. Amen.% [Exeunt.]

Thesaurus deck: (v) clothe, embellish, beautify, bedeck, ornament, array, attire, dress, decorate, grace; (n, v) floor. ANTONYMS: (v) strip, unclothe. grave: (adj) solemn, serious, critical, earnest, dangerous, sedate, sad, grand; (adj, v) severe, acute; (v) engrave. ANTONYMS: (adj) frivolous, funny, cheerful, carefree, slight, nonchalant, trivial, stable, minor, insignificant, favorable. haste: (n, v) hurry, dash, dispatch,

rush; (n) celerity, expedition, lining: (n) liner, backing, bushing, rapidity, speed, bustle, hastiness, insulation, covering, coating, bearing quickness. ANTONYMS: (n) delay, lining, babbitting, inside, protection, patience, forethought, caution. cladding. late: (adj, adv) dilatory, fresh, soldiers: (n) military, troop, force, the behindhand, backward; (adj) former, military, troops, defense force, deceased, dead, slow, delayed, military service, militia, soldiery, modern; (adv) belatedly. Territorial Army, armed forces. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) early, visit: (v) frequent, attend, call, view, punctual; (adv) punctually, promptly; gossip, jaw, inspect, haunt; (n, v) (adj) ahead, existing, alive, initial, tour, chat; (n) sojourn. middle, old, premature.

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ACT II

SCENE I. LONDON. AN APARTMENT IN ELY HOUSE.% [GAUNT on a couch; the DUKE OF YORK and Others standing by him.] GAUNT. Will the King come, that I may breathe my last In wholesome counsel to his unstaid youth? YORK. Vex not yourself, nor strive not with your breath; For all in vain comes counsel to his ear. GAUNT. O! but they say the tongues of dying men Enforce attention like deep harmony: Where words are scarce, they are seldom spent in vain, For they breathe truth that breathe their words in pain. He that no more must say is listen'd more Than they whom youth and ease have taught to glose; More are men's ends mark'd than their lives before: The setting sun, and music at the close, As the last taste of sweets, is sweetest last,

Thesaurus breathe: (n, v) respire, subsist, imply; (n) breath, bespeak; (adj, n, v) live; (v) exhale, exist, emit, rest, be. ANTONYMS: (v) suffocate, hide, choke, asphyxiate, drain, die, inhale. couch: (n) bed, sofa, settee, divan; (adj, v) lie; (v) express, put, frame, lower, repose; (adj) recline. scarce: (adj) rare, insufficient, deficient, infrequent, uncommon, scant, scanty, few, sparse; (adv) just, barely. ANTONYMS: (adj) plentiful,

common, adequate, strong, usual, extensive. strive: (v) endeavor, contend, contest, struggle, fight, attempt, combat, strain, work, aspire, aim. sweets: (n) confectionery, julep, grocery, confiture, instantaneous sweet. vain: (adj) proud, arrogant, conceited, fruitless, idle, empty, abortive, ineffectual, unproductive, narcissistic; (adj, v) useless.

ANTONYMS: (adj) shy, successful, possible, persuasive, selfless, fruitful, humble, useful, responsible, worthwhile, effective. wholesome: (adj) healthy, beneficial, salubrious, healthful, salutary, sound, good, nutritious, nourishing, pure, hale. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwholesome, unhealthy, impure, indecent, sordid, warped, tainted, decadent, deadly, unsavory.

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Writ in remembrance more than things long past: Though Richard my life's counsel would not hear, My death's sad tale may yet undeaf his ear.% YORK. No; it is stopp'd with other flattering sounds, As praises of his state: then there are fond, Lascivious metres, to whose venom sound The open ear of youth doth always listen: Report of fashions in proud Italy, Whose manners still our tardy apish nation Limps after in base imitation. Where doth the world thrust forth a vanity,-So it be new there's no respect how vile,-That is not quickly buzz'd into his ears? Then all too late comes counsel to be heard, Where will doth mutiny with wit's regard. Direct not him whose way himself will choose: 'Tis breath thou lack'st, and that breath wilt thou lose. GAUNT. Methinks I am a prophet new inspir'd, And thus expiring do foretell of him: His rash fierce blaze of riot cannot last, For violent fires soon burn out themselves; Small showers last long, but sudden storms are short; He tires betimes that spurs too fast betimes; With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder: Light vanity, insatiate cormorant, Consuming means, soon preys upon itself. This royal throne of kings, this scepter'd isle, This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, This other Eden, demi-paradise,

Thesaurus apish: (v) aping, mimicking; (adj) apelike, foppish, foolish, anthropoid, anthropoidal, mock, mannered, imitative. betimes: (adv) early, soon, anon, rath, betime, ahead of time, rathe. expiring: (adj) moribund, failing. ANTONYM: (adj) well. flattering: (adj) ingratiating, complimentary, courtly, obsequious, adulatory, fulsome, bland, candied, smooth, encouraging; (n) flattery.

ANTONYMS: (adj) assertive, critical, remiss; (adj, adv) backward, dilatory, unflattering, unattractive, wounding, behindhand; (adj) belated, slack, uncomplimentary, negative; (adv) overdue, delayed, sluggish. ANTONYMS: (adj) early, punctual, partially. foretell: (v) forecast, anticipate, augur, premature, speedy. tires: (v) pressure release valve, safety bode, predict, presage, announce, calculate, portend, prophesy, valve. wilt: (v) flag, shrivel, sag, weaken, forebode. insatiate: (adj) greedy, ravenous, fade, languish, dry, wither, collapse, tire; (n) wilting. ANTONYMS: (v) hungry, unsatiate, unsatiable. showers: (n) rain. flourish, rise, rally. tardy: (adj, adv, v) late; (adj, v) slow,

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This %fortress built by Nature for herself Against infection and the hand of war, This happy breed of men, this little world, This precious stone set in the silver sea, Which serves it in the office of a wall, Or as a moat defensive to a house, Against the envy of less happier lands; This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England, This nurse, this teeming womb of royal kings, Fear'd by their breed, and famous by their birth, Renowned for their deeds as far from home,-For Christian service and true chivalry,-As is the sepulchre in stubborn Jewry Of the world's ransom, blessed Mary's Son: This land of such dear souls, this dear, dear land, Dear for her reputation through the world, Is now leas'd out,--I die pronouncing it,-Like to a tenement or pelting farm: England, bound in with the triumphant sea, Whose rocky shore beats back the envious siege Of watery Neptune, is now bound in with shame, With inky blots, and rotten parchment bonds: That England, that was wont to conquer others, Hath made a shameful conquest of itself. Ah! would the scandal vanish with my life, How happy then were my ensuing death. [Enter KING RICHARD and QUEEN; AUMERLE, BUSHY, GREEN, BAGOT, ROSS, and WILLOUGHBY.] YORK. The King is come: deal mildly with his youth; For young hot colts, being rag'd, do rage the more.

Thesaurus envious: (adj) covetous, invidious, jaundiced, malicious, begrudge, greedy, resentful, grudging, green, begrudging, enviable. ANTONYMS: (adj) fulfilled, satisfied, undesirous, contented. inky: (adj) black, ebon, sable, atramentous, jetty, dusky, gloomy, murky, pitchy, atramental, atramentous spots. moat: (n) ditch, dike, dyke, trench, main, gully, sewer, siphon, sough,

barrier; (v) bulwark. productive, prolific, multitudinous. parchment: (n) vellum, sheepskin, ANTONYMS: (adj) deserted, lacking, lambskin, diploma, testament, will; needing, wanting, clear, scarce, (v) foolscap, tablet, table, slate, pillar. scanty. pelting: (n) successiveness, tenement: (n) dwelling, apartment, chronological sequence, flat, apartment building, habitation, chronological succession, hail, rain. abode, stateroom, tablinum, pronouncing: (v) pronounce; (n) residence, toft, domicile. wont: (adj, n) use, custom, usage; (n) pronunciation, utterance. teeming: (adj) abundant, profuse, practice, tradition, cleanliness, swarming, crowded, overflowing, assuetude, assuefaction, convention, rut; (v) practise. exuberant, copious, plentiful,

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QUEEN. How fares our noble uncle, Lancaster? KING RICHARD. What comfort, man? How is't with aged Gaunt? GAUNT. O! how that name befits my composition; Old Gaunt, indeed; and gaunt in being old: Within me grief hath kept a tedious fast; And who abstains from meat that is not gaunt? For sleeping England long time have I watch'd; Watching breeds leanness, leanness is all gaunt. The pleasure that some fathers feed upon Is my strict fast, I mean my children's looks; And therein fasting, hast thou made me gaunt. Gaunt am I for the grave, gaunt as a grave, Whose hollow womb inherits nought but bones.% KING RICHARD. Can sick men play so nicely with their names? GAUNT. No, misery makes sport to mock itself: Since thou dost seek to kill my name in me, I mock my name, great king, to flatter thee. KING RICHARD. Should dying men flatter with those that live? GAUNT. No, no; men living flatter those that die. KING RICHARD. Thou, now a-dying, sayest thou flatterest me. GAUNT. O, no! thou diest, though I the sicker be.

Thesaurus fasting: (n) abstinence, white sheet, sicker: (adj) syker. bony, angular, lanky, sullen. ANTONYMS: (adj) fresh, rounded, tedious: (adj) tiresome, boring, dreary, shrift, sackcloth and ashes, maceration, lustration, flagellation, obese. slow, heavy, humdrum, irksome, watching one's weight, hunger strike, leanness: (n) emaciation, scrawniness, lifeless; (adj, v) monotonous, arid, penance; (v) calorie counting. dry. ANTONYMS: (adj) exciting, meagreness, slenderness, slimness, flatter: (v) fawn, adulate, wheedle, tenuity, bodily property, varied, easy, readable, lively, cajole, soap, kowtow, blandish, compactness, barrenness, fineness, entertaining, enthralling, brisk, grovel, butter up; (n, v) court; (n) gauntness. ANTONYM: (n) concise, exotic, pleasant. caress. ANTONYMS: (v) insult, womb: (n) belly, nursery, nest, plumpness. nought: (adj, n) nil, naught, zero; (n) disparage, criticize, discourage. intestines, guts, vitals, bowels, gaunt: (adj) lean, thin, cadaverous, cipher, cypher, nobody, aught, nix, chitterings, cradle, entrails, viscera. null, nada; (adj) no. desolate, bleak, dreary, meager,

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KING RICHARD. I am in health, I breathe, and see thee ill.% GAUNT. Now, he that made me knows I see thee ill; Ill in myself to see, and in thee seeing ill. Thy death-bed is no lesser than thy land Wherein thou liest in reputation sick: And thou, too careless patient as thou art, Committ'st thy anointed body to the cure Of those physicians that first wounded thee: A thousand flatterers sit within thy crown, Whose compass is no bigger than thy head; And yet, incaged in so small a verge, The waste is no whit lesser than thy land. O! had thy grandsire, with a prophet's eye, Seen how his son's son should destroy his sons, From forth thy reach he would have laid thy shame, Deposing thee before thou wert possess'd, Which art possess'd now to depose thyself. Why, cousin, wert thou regent of the world, It were a shame to let this land by lease; But for thy world enjoying but this land, Is it not more than shame to shame it so? Landlord of England art thou now, not king: Thy state of law is bondslave to the law, And-KING RICHARD. And thou a lunatic lean-witted fool, Presuming on an ague's privilege, Dar'st with thy frozen admonition Make pale our cheek, chasing the royal blood

Thesaurus bondslave: (n) bondman, vassal, bond servant. careless: (adj) forgetful, inattentive, insouciant, haphazard, cursory, reckless, lax, unwary, sloppy; (adj, adv) thoughtless; (adj, v) heedless. ANTONYMS: (adj) cautious, prudent, meticulous, thoughtful, diligent, attentive, thorough, wary, guarded, methodical, strict. chasing: (n) chase, engraving; (v) follow, pursue.

compass: (n) scope, range, room, lunatic: (n) madman, maniac, extent, area, circumference, reach; (n, bedlamite; (adj) insane, foolish, v) round, grasp, circle; (v) get. moonstruck, mad, mental, deranged, ANTONYM: (v) lose. idiotic; (adj, n) madcap. ANTONYM: depose: (v) overthrow, depone, aver, (adj) sensible. regent: (n) trustee, experrection, swear, oust, displace, asseverate, witness, dismiss, remove; (n) testify. protector, viceregent, vizier, vicar, ANTONYMS: (v) install, crown, superintendent, curator, governor, viceroy; (adj) regnant. inaugurate, seat, empower, restore. enjoying: (n) relish, enjoyment; (adj) whit: (n) iota, atom, shred, scintilla, comfortable, fruitive. smidgen, tittle, jot, bit, particle, grandsire: (n) grandfather, ancestor. smidgin; (adj) dab.

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With fury from his native residence. Now by my seat's right royal majesty, Wert thou not brother to great Edward's son,-This tongue that runs so roundly in thy head Should run thy head from thy unreverent shoulders.% GAUNT. O! spare me not, my brother Edward's son, For that I was his father Edward's son. That blood already, like the pelican, Hast thou tapp'd out, and drunkenly carous'd: My brother Gloucester, plain well-meaning soul,-Whom fair befall in heaven 'mongst happy souls!-May be a precedent and witness good That thou respect'st not spilling Edward's blood: Join with the present sickness that I have; And thy unkindness be like crooked age, To crop at once a too-long withered flower. Live in thy shame, but die not shame with thee! These words hereafter thy tormentors be! Convey me to my bed, then to my grave: Love they to live that love and honour have. [Exit, bourne out by his Attendants.] KING RICHARD. And let them die that age and sullens have; For both hast thou, and both become the grave. YORK. I do beseech your Majesty, impute his words To wayward sickliness and age in him: He loves you, on my life, and holds you dear As Harry Duke of Hereford, were he here.

Thesaurus befall: (v) bechance, become, happen, fall, arise, come about, occur, betide, chance, transpire, pass. beseech: (v) beg, crave, implore, ask, request, adjure, pray, sue, appeal, solicit, plead. ANTONYMS: (v) give, offer, grant, reject. drunkenly: (adv) intoxicatedly, sottishly, tipsily, tightly, boozily, intemperately. hereafter: (adv) thereafter, from now on, hence, henceforth, hereinafter,

afterwards; (n) afterlife, futurity, time callousness, thoughtlessness, to come, great beyond, future life. inconsideration, inconsiderateness, impute: (v) charge, attribute, ascribe, diskindness, insensitivity, assign, accuse, blame, attach, credit, unpleasantness, unfriendliness, lay, accredit, impeach. unkindliness, insensitiveness. roundly: (adv) bluntly, fully, ANTONYMS: (n) goodwill, roundedly, wholly, bluffly, diplomacy, gentleness, humanity, spherically, plumply, entirely, round, thoughtfulness. withered: (adj) wizened, sear, completely, globularly. sickliness: (n) feebleness, debility, shriveled, thin, shrunken, dry, dried up, wilted, faded, wizen; (v) lame. malaise, disease. unkindness: (n) heartlessness, ANTONYM: (adj) plump.

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KING RICHARD. Right, you say true: as Hereford's love, so his; As theirs, so mine; and all be as it is.% [Enter NORTHUMBERLAND.] NORTHUMBERLAND. My liege, old Gaunt commends him to your Majesty. KING RICHARD. What says he? NORTHUMBERLAND. Nay, nothing; all is said: His tongue is now a stringless instrument; Words, life, and all, old Lancaster hath spent. YORK. Be York the next that must be bankrupt so! Though death be poor, it ends a mortal woe. KING RICHARD. The ripest fruit first falls, and so doth he: His time is spent; our pilgrimage must be. So much for that. Now for our Irish wars. We must supplant those rough rug-headed kerns, Which live like venom where no venom else But only they have privilege to live. And for these great affairs do ask some charge, Towards our assistance we do seize to us The plate, coin, revenues, and moveables, Whereof our uncle Gaunt did stand possess'd. YORK. How long shall I be patient? Ah! how long Shall tender duty make me suffer wrong? Not Gloucester's death, nor Hereford's banishment,

Thesaurus bankrupt: (v) ruin, break, impoverish, ANTONYMS: (adj, n) immortal; (adj) annex, clasp; (n, v) grapple. deprive; (adj) broke, destitute, poor, ANTONYMS: (v) baulk, relinquish, eternal, heavenly, mild, perfect, impoverished; (n) bankruptcy, spiritual. restore, surrender, give, remove. privilege: (n) liberty, prerogative, supplant: (v) succeed, replace, failure, insolvency. ANTONYMS: (adj) rich, profiting, flourishing, immunity, freedom, grant, franchise, supersede, displace, take the place of, wealthy; (v) enrich. exemption, concession, claim; (n, v) follow, cut out, change, deputize, coin: (v) invent, mint, originate, create, license, permit. ANTONYM: (n) supervene upon, usurp. ANTONYM: strike, cast; (n, v) forge; (n) specie, (v) restore. insult. revenues: (n) earnings, receipts, venom: (n) poison, malice, bane, spite, money, penny, piece. mortal: (adj) deadly, fatal, lethal, proceeds, income, profits. rancor, malevolence, maliciousness, deathly, earthly; (n) man, individual, seize: (v) catch, capture, grab, arrest, malignity, hate, bitterness; (adj, n) gall. ANTONYM: (n) affection. creature, person, human being, body. clutch, get, apprehend, receive,

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Nor Gaunt's rebukes, nor England's private wrongs, Nor the prevention of poor Bolingbroke About his marriage, nor my own disgrace, Have ever made me sour my patient cheek, Or bend one wrinkle on my sovereign's face. I am the last of noble Edward's sons, Of whom thy father, Prince of Wales, was first; In war was never lion rag'd more fierce, In peace was never gentle lamb more mild, Than was that young and princely gentleman. His face thou hast, for even so look'd he, Accomplish'd with the number of thy hours; But when he frown'd, it was against the French, And not against his friends; his noble hand Did win what he did spend, and spent not that Which his triumphant father's hand had won: His hands were guilty of no kindred's blood, But bloody with the enemies of his kin. O Richard! York is too far gone with grief, Or else he never would compare between.% KING RICHARD. Why, uncle, what's the matter? YORK. O! my liege. Pardon me, if you please; if not, I, pleas'd Not to be pardon'd, am content withal. Seek you to seize and gripe into your hands The royalties and rights of banish'd Hereford? Is not Gaunt dead, and doth not Hereford live? Was not Gaunt just, and is not Harry true? Did not the one deserve to have an heir?

Thesaurus bend: (n, v) bow, turn, arch, arc, crook, (v) appreciate, compliment, agree, twist, elbow; (adj, n, v) curve; (v) rejoice. stoop, crouch; (adj, v) flex. lamb: (n) sheep, lambkin, dear, ANTONYMS: (n, v) square; (v) align, hogget, kid, mutton, inexperienced person, honey, white meat, pork; (adj) unbend, leave. deserve: (v) rate, warrant, gain, earn, naive. to deserve, demand, justify, bear; (n, lion: (adj, n) celebrity, hero; (adj) v) reward; (n) richly deserve, worth. worthy, great card, tiger; (n) Leo, cat, gripe: (n) complaint; (adj, v) catch; (n, king of beasts, curiosity, luminary, v) beef, moan, bellyache, grasp, spectacle. grumble, whine, protest; (adj, n, v) sour: (adj, n) morose, harsh; (adj, v) clutch; (v) complain. ANTONYMS: acid; (adj) bitter, rancid, gruff, grim,

glum, dour; (adj, n, v) severe; (v) ferment. ANTONYMS: (adj) kindly, pleasant, bland, amiable, fresh, mature, mild, kind; (v) sweeten, enhance. triumphant: (adj) victorious, successful, triumphal, exulting, winning, joyful, rejoicing, elated, conquering, prideful; (adj, v) exultant. ANTONYMS: (adj) disappointed, failing, losing, defeated, miserable, sorrowful.

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Is not his heir a well-deserving son? Take Hereford's rights away, and take from Time His charters and his customary rights; Let not to-morrow then ensue to-day; Be not thyself; for how art thou a king But by fair sequence and succession? Now, afore God,--God forbid I say true!-If you do wrongfully seize Hereford's rights, Call in the letters-patents that he hath By his attorneys-general to sue His livery, and deny his offer'd homage, You pluck a thousand dangers on your head, You lose a thousand well-disposed hearts, And prick my tender patience to those thoughts Which honour and allegiance cannot think.% KING RICHARD. Think what you will: we seize into our hands His plate, his goods, his money, and his lands. YORK. I'll not be by the while: my liege, farewell: What will ensue hereof there's none can tell; But by bad courses may be understood That their events can never fall out good. [Exit.] KING RICHARD. Go, Bushy, to the Earl of Wiltshire straight: Bid him repair to us to Ely House To see this business. To-morrow next We will for Ireland; and 'tis time, I trow: And we create, in absence of ourself, Our Uncle York lord governor of England;

Thesaurus afore: (adv) ahead, along, before, ANTONYMS: (v) allow, let, approve, prick: (n, v) puncture, stab, cock, twinge, spur, bite; (v) impale, pierce, forwards, formerly, beforehand, authorize, stand. previously; (adj) erewhile, aforehand, heir: (n) beneficiary, successor, needle; (n) Dick, pricking. theretofore, preceding. offspring, inheritor, heiress, receiver, well-disposed: (adj) propitious, ensue: (v) come, arise, happen, result, progeny, heritor, descendant, scion, friendly, favorable, good-natured, issue. ANTONYMS: (n) ancestor, succeed, occur, transpire, turn out, agreeable, neighborly, good, befall, come after, stem. donor. resigned, sympathetic, willing, ANTONYMS: (v) forerun, preface, lands: (n) park, estate, kingdom. receptive. livery: (adj) liverish, bilious; (n) wrongfully: (adv) unjustly, injuriously, antecede, dwindle, recede. forbid: (v) prohibit, ban, disallow, bar, clothing, accouterment, uniform, de jure, legally, lawfully, wrongly, obstruct, exclude, deny, avert, complexion, legal transfer, color, hue, mischievously, hurtfully, unlawfully, frustrate, to prohibit, enjoin. dye, bailment. lawlessly, illegally.

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For he is just, and always lov'd us well. Come on, our queen: to-morrow must we part; Be merry, for our time of stay is short.% [Exeunt KING, QUEEN, BUSHY, AUMERLE, GREEN, and BAGOT.] NORTHUMBERLAND. Well, lords, the Duke of Lancaster is dead. ROSS. And living too; for now his son is Duke. WILLOUGHBY. Barely in title, not in revenues. NORTHUMBERLAND. Richly in both, if justice had her right. ROSS. My heart is great; but it must break with silence, Ere't be disburdened with a liberal tongue. NORTHUMBERLAND. Nay, speak thy mind; and let him ne'er speak more That speaks thy words again to do thee harm! WILLOUGHBY. Tends that thou wouldst speak to the Duke of Hereford? If it be so, out with it boldly, man; Quick is mine ear to hear of good towards him. ROSS. No good at all that I can do for him, Unless you call it good to pity him, Bereft and gelded of his patrimony. NORTHUMBERLAND. Now, afore God, 'tis shame such wrongs are borne In him, a royal prince, and many moe

Thesaurus boldly: (adj, adv) courageously, valiantly, heroically; (adv) fearlessly, daringly, bravely, intrepidly, impudently, audaciously, shamelessly, brashly. ANTONYMS: (adv) discreetly, modestly, nervously, hesitantly, shyly, fearfully, meekly, submissively, secretly, respectfully, diffidently. disburdened: (adj) disembarrassed, disencumbered, unburdened, unembarrassed.

gelded: (adj) emasculated, cut, pity: (n, v) compassion, ruth; (n) castrated, cut down, gashed, down. mercy, commiseration, condolence, merry: (adj) joyful, lively, cheerful, sympathy, clemency, remorse; (v) glad, jolly, facetious, frolicsome, sympathize, compassionate, feel lighthearted, festive; (adj, n) sorry for. ANTONYMS: (n) blame, convivial, jovial. ANTONYMS: (adj) cruelty, indifference, harshness, joy. gloomy, miserable, serious, uptight. speaks: (n) talks. ne'er: (adv) never, certainly not. tongue: (n) lingua, speech, idiom, patrimony: (n) birthright, inheritance, dialect, clapper, glossa, natural legacy, bequest, entail, estate, dower, language, striker, talk; (v) lick; (adj) heirloom, heredity, hereditament, flowing. endowment fund.

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Of noble blood in this declining land. The king is not himself, but basely led By flatterers; and what they will inform, Merely in hate, 'gainst any of us all, That will the king severely prosecute 'Gainst us, our lives, our children, and our heirs.% ROSS. The commons hath he pill'd with grievous taxes, And quite lost their hearts: the nobles hath he fin'd For ancient quarrels and quite lost their hearts. WILLOUGHBY. And daily new exactions are devis'd; As blanks, benevolences, and I wot not what: But what, o' God's name, doth become of this? NORTHUMBERLAND. Wars hath not wasted it, for warr'd he hath not, But basely yielded upon compromise That which his ancestors achiev'd with blows. More hath he spent in peace than they in wars. ROSS. The Earl of Wiltshire hath the realm in farm. WILLOUGHBY. The King's grown bankrupt like a broken man. NORTHUMBERLAND. Reproach and dissolution hangeth over him. ROSS. He hath not money for these Irish wars, His burdenous taxations notwithstanding, But by the robbing of the banish'd Duke.

Thesaurus ancestors: (n) family, ancestor, lineage, pedigree, parents, majority, intimates, genealogy, family tree, associates, relatives. basely: (adv) vilely, bottomly, sordidly, shamefully, foully, menially, lowly, depravedly, villainously, badly, poorly. declining: (adj) deteriorating, decreasing, waning, falling, down, decadent, fading, lessening, diminishing, sloping; (n) decrease.

ANTONYMS: (adj) thriving, region, nation, department, arena, burgeoning, growing. land, empire, ground. dissolution: (n) breakup, robbing: (adj) freebooting, practicing freebootery; (n) theft. decomposition, cancellation, wasted: (adj, v) squandered, rotten, abolition, analysis, dismissal, decayed, effete; (adj) thin, dissipation, death, annulment, demise, dissociation. ANTONYMS: cadaverous, emaciated, gaunt, (n) inauguration, parsimony, devastated, pointless, haggard. ANTONYMS: (adj) bloated, decency. hearts: (n) Black Maria, spades. hypertrophied, strong, plump, obese, nobles: (n) landed gentry, upper class. fruitful, useful. realm: (n) area, domain, field, country, yielded: (v) yold, yolden.

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NORTHUMBERLAND. His noble kinsman: most degenerate king! But, lords, we hear this fearful tempest sing, Yet seek no shelter to avoid the storm; We see the wind sit sore upon our sails, And yet we strike not, but securely perish.% ROSS. We see the very wrack that we must suffer; And unavoided is the danger now, For suffering so the causes of our wrack. NORTHUMBERLAND. Not so: even through the hollow eyes of death I spy life peering; but I dare not say How near the tidings of our comfort is. WILLOUGHBY. Nay, let us share thy thoughts as thou dost ours. ROSS. Be confident to speak, Northumberland: We three are but thyself: and, speaking so, Thy words are but as thoughts; therefore be bold. NORTHUMBERLAND. Then thus: I have from Le Port Blanc, a bay In Brittany, receiv'd intelligence That Harry Duke of Hereford, Rainold Lord Cobham, That late broke from the Duke of Exeter, His brother, Archbishop late of Canterbury, Sir Thomas Erpingham, Sir John Ramston, Sir John Norbery, Sir Robert Waterton, and Francis Quoint, All these well furnish'd by the Duke of Britaine, With eight tall ships, three thousand men of war, Are making hither with all due expedience,

Thesaurus degenerate: (adj) corrupt, debauched, unimpressed, charming, fearless, depraved, dissolute; (v) decay, courageous, reassuring, unafraid, degrade, relapse, decline, drop, rot; wonderful. (adj, n) profligate. ANTONYMS: (adj) hollow: (adj, n) blank; (n) cavity, depression, cave, dell; (adj) empty, upright, honorable, moral, healthy, virtuous, regenerate; (v) develop, false; (adj, n, v) concave; (n, v) flourish, recuperate, uplift, upgrade. excavate, dent, scoop. ANTONYMS: fearful: (adj, n) afraid; (adj, v) dreadful, (adj) convex, sincere, true, full, cowardly; (adj) terrible, meaningful, cramped, valid; (n) apprehensive, awful, timid, anxious, hump, bump, hill, lump. craven, frightful, eerie. ANTONYMS: peering: (adj) nosy, prying, snoopy. (adj) rational, calm, confident, bold, sore: (adj, n, v) hurt; (adj) sensitive,

angry, grievous, raw; (n) injury, lesion, cut, boil; (v) acute; (adj, v) sharp. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, healthy, pleased, comfortable. tidings: (n) intelligence, information, message, report, word, advice, communication, dispute, wind, statement, tiding. wrack: (n) rack, sea wrack, desolation, destruction, demolition, bouleversement, undoing; (v) ruin, destroy, bust up, demolish.

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And shortly mean to touch our northern shore. Perhaps they had ere this, but that they stay The first departing of the king for Ireland. If then we shall shake off our slavish yoke, Imp out our drooping country's broken wing, Redeem from broking pawn the blemish'd crown, Wipe off the dust that hides our sceptre's gilt, And make high majesty look like itself, Away with me in post to Ravenspurgh; But if you faint, as fearing to do so, Stay and be secret, and myself will go.% ROSS. To horse, to horse! Urge doubts to them that fear. WILLOUGHBY. Hold out my horse, and I will first be there. [Exeunt.] SCENE II. THE SAME. A ROOM IN THE CASTLE. [Enter QUEEN, BUSHY, and BAGOT.] BUSHY. Madam, your Majesty is too much sad. You promis'd, when you parted with the king, To lay aside life-harming heaviness, And entertain a cheerful disposition. QUEEN. To please the King, I did; to please myself I cannot do it; yet I know no cause Why I should welcome such a guest as grief, Save bidding farewell to so sweet a guest

Thesaurus bidding: (n) behest, order, dictate, charge, bid, request, call, dictation, direction, fiat; (adj) imperative. departing: (adj, v) parting; (adj, n) leaving, going away; (adj) outgoing, outbound, outward, passing, decedent, valedictory, retiring; (v) depart. ANTONYM: (n) arrival. disposition: (n) attitude, character, disposal, tendency, predisposition, inclination, propensity, bias, arrangement, direction, aptitude.

drooping: (adj) flabby, pendulous, magnificence, stateliness, greatness, limp, flaccid, cernuous, flagging, king, royalty, highness. languid, floppy, lax, tired; (n) droop. ANTONYMS: (n) austerity, ANTONYMS: (adj) taut, firm. simplicity. entertain: (v) amuse, delight, bear, parted: (adj) divided, separate, cherish, beguile, admit, distributed, separated, divisible, accommodate, harbor, hold, distract; disunited, compounder, compound, (n, v) interest. ANTONYMS: (v) dividable. disregard, ignore, banish, forget, tire, pawn: (n) bail, hostage, instrument, displease. mortgage, gage, guarantee, bond, majesty: (adj, n) grandeur, splendor, collateral, lien, tool; (v) hock. nobility; (n) dignity, loftiness, ANTONYM: (v) redeem.

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As my sweet Richard: yet again methinks, Some unborn sorrow, ripe in fortune's womb, Is coming towards me, and my inward soul With nothing trembles; at some thing it grieves More than with parting from my lord the king.% BUSHY. Each substance of a grief hath twenty shadows, Which shows like grief itself, but is not so; For sorrow's eye, glazed with blinding tears, Divides one thing entire to many objects; Like perspectives which, rightly gaz'd upon, Show nothing but confusion; ey'd awry, Distinguish form: so your sweet Majesty, Looking awry upon your lord's departure, Find shapes of grief more than himself to wail; Which, look'd on as it is, is nought but shadows Of what it is not. Then, thrice-gracious Queen, More than your lord's departure weep not: more's not seen; Or if it be, 'tis with false sorrow's eye, Which for things true weeps things imaginary. QUEEN. It may be so; but yet my inward soul Persuades me it is otherwise: howe'er it be, I cannot but be sad, so heavy s,ad As, though in thinking, on no thought I think, Makes me with heavy nothing faint and shrink. BUSHY. 'Tis nothing but conceit, my gracious lady. QUEEN. 'Tis nothing less: conceit is still deriv'd From some forefather grief; mine is not so,

Thesaurus awry: (adj, adv) askew, crooked; (adj) erroneous, bent, deformed, distorted, incorrect, wry, wrong; (adv) skew; (v) irregular. ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, right, aligned, even. blinding: (adj) dazzling, blazing, amazingly impressive, bisson, blatant, fulgent, glary; (n) clogging, blind blocking, blindage. conceit: (n) pretension, vanity, selfesteem, pride, assumption, egotism, fancy, haughtiness, conception,

caprice, quip. ANTONYMS: (n) humility, timidity, selflessness, humbleness, reserve. forefather: (n) ancestor, father, antecedent, forebear, ancestry, forbear, progenitor, sire, ascendant, patriarch, predecessor. shrink: (adj, v) recoil; (n, v) flinch, wince; (v) contract, shorten, lessen, diminish, cower, reduce, quail, decrease. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, enlarge, grow, stretch, swell, bloom,

rise, inflate. trembles: (n) animal disease, nervousness. twenty: (adj) vigesimal; (n) large integer, twenty dollar bill. unborn: (adj) uncreated, unmade, unproduced, unconceived, unbred, not begotten, unbegotten; (n) posterity. ANTONYM: (adj) born. weep: (v) wail, bawl, lament, sob, blubber, moan, howl, drip, greet, whimper; (n) tear.

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For nothing hath begot my something grief, Or something hath the nothing that I grieve: 'Tis in reversion that I do possess; But what it is, that is not yet known; what I cannot name; 'tis nameless woe, I wot.% [Enter GREEN.] GREEN. God save your majesty! and well met, gentlemen: I hope the King is not yet shipp'd for Ireland. QUEEN. Why hop'st thou so? 'Tis better hope he is, For his designs crave haste, his haste good hope: Then wherefore dost thou hope he is not shipp'd? GREEN. That he, our hope, might have retir'd his power, And driven into despair an enemy's hope Who strongly hath set footing in this land: The banish'd Bolingbroke repeals himself, And with uplifted arms is safe arriv'd At Ravenspurgh. QUEEN. Now God in heaven forbid! GREEN. Ah! madam, 'tis too true; and that is worse, The Lord Northumberland, his son young Henry Percy, The Lords of Ross, Beaumond, and Willoughby, With all their powerful friends, are fled to him. BUSHY. Why have you not proclaim'd Northumberland And all the rest revolted faction traitors?

Thesaurus begot: (v) beget. foundation, status, rank, foot, unidentified, unsung, crave: (v) covet, ask, want, beseech, pedestal, situation, relation, root. undistinguished, unspecified, ANTONYM: (n) top. implore, wish, long, entreat, desire, inexpressible, strange, indescribable, fancy, claim. ANTONYMS: (v) heaven: (n) Eden, firmament, bliss, obscure, unspeakable. ANTONYM: dislike, spurn, loathe, hate, detest, Elysium, sky, nirvana, glory, Elysian (adj) famous. Fields, Garden of Eden, utopia; (adj) revolted: (adj) sickened, sick, shocked, grant. faction: (n) crew, cabal, group, band, celestial. ANTONYM: (n) misery. horrified, disgusted, appalled. uplifted: (adj) high, raised, noble, not set, party, division, junto, dissension, madam: (n) dame, lady, ma'am, clan; (n, v) feud. ANTONYMS: (n) gentlewoman, missis, Mrs, brothel inverted, not prone, proud, whole, agreement, entirety, peace, keeper, madames, signora, female, undismayed, stately, lofty, sublime, unity. bawd. animated. footing: (n) foothold, base, bottom, nameless: (adj) unknown, unnamed,

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GREEN. We have: whereupon the Earl of Worcester Hath broken his staff, resign'd his stewardship, And all the household servants fled with him To Bolingbroke.% QUEEN. So, Green, thou art the midwife to my woe, And Bolingbroke my sorrow's dismal heir: Now hath my soul brought forth her prodigy, And I, a gasping new-deliver'd mother, Have woe to woe, sorrow to sorrow join'd. BUSHY. Despair not, madam. QUEEN. Who shall hinder me? I will despair, and be at enmity With cozening hope: he is a flatterer, A parasite, a keeper-back of death, Who gently would dissolve the bands of life, Which false hope lingers in extremity. [Enter YORK.] GREEN. Here comes the Duke of York. QUEEN. With signs of war about his aged neck: O! full of careful business are his looks. Uncle, for God's sake, speak comfortable words. YORK. Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts: Comfort's in heaven; and we are on the earth,

Thesaurus bands: (n) cords, stripes. belie: (v) falsify, contradict, negate, misrepresent, betray, calumniate, defame, dissemble, color, distort, garble. ANTONYMS: (v) indicate, verify, prove, affirm, attest, reveal. cozening: (n) cheat, deceit. extremity: (n) end, member, boundary, bound, close, appendage, limit, limb, ending, fringe, conclusion. ANTONYMS: (n) trunk, average, minimum, head, leniency.

gasping: (adj) panting, winded, blown, out of breath, thirsty, pursy; (v) spavined, touched in the wind. hinder: (v) impede, resist, check, hamper, obstruct, curb, handicap, delay; (n, v) bar; (adj) posterior, hind. ANTONYMS: (v) help, facilitate, assist, prompt, encourage, promote, allow, support, accelerate. midwife: (n) accoucheur, oculist, howdy, obstetrician, aurist; (v) midwive.

parasite: (n) sponge, freeloader, sponger, bloodsucker, hanger-on, scrounger, ectoparasite, endoparasite, sucker, louse; (n, v) sycophant. servants: (n) staff, suite. soul: (n) creature, human, person, personification, ghost, individual, mind, essence, life, self; (adj, n) heart. ANTONYMS: (n) surface, body. whereupon: (adv) thereupon, hereupon, upon which, at what, at which.

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Where nothing lives but crosses, cares, and grief. Your husband, he is gone to save far off, Whilst others come to make him lose at home. Here am I left to underprop his land, Who, weak with age, cannot support myself. Now comes the sick hour that his surfeit made; Now shall he try his friends that flatter'd him.% [Enter a SERVANT.] SERVANT. My lord, your son was gone before I came. YORK. He was? Why, so! go all which way it will! The nobles they are fled, the commons they are cold, And will, I fear, revolt on Hereford's side. Sirrah, get thee to Plashy, to my sister Gloucester; Bid her send me presently a thousand pound. Hold, take my ring. SERVANT. My lord, I had forgot to tell your lordship: To-day, as I came by, I called there; But I shall grieve you to report the rest. YORK. What is't, knave? SERVANT. An hour before I came the duchess died. YORK. God for his mercy! what a tide of woes Comes rushing on this woeful land at once! I know not what to do: I would to God,-So my untruth had not provok'd him to it,--

Thesaurus grieve: (n, v) distress, aggrieve, afflict, attraction; (v) please, delight. need, necessity, deficit; (v) deplete. sorrow, annoy; (v) trouble, lament, ring: (n, v) encircle, peal, call, loop, underprop: (v) support, prop. jingle; (v) resound, echo, reverberate; untruth: (n) falsehood, fiction, lie, deplore, bemoan, fret, bewail. ANTONYMS: (v) rejoice, celebrate, (n) gang, band, rim. falsity, deception, fable, deceit, story, rushing: (adv) rushingly; (n) haste, encourage. tale, misrepresentation, invention. knave: (n) cheat, jack, blackguard, hurry, hurrying, running, hastening, ANTONYM: (n) fact. flush, movement; (adj) flowing, woeful: (adj) sad, lamentable, crook, rascal, villain, cad, scalawag, scallywag, scoundrel, varlet. headlong, moving. sorrowful, pitiful, wretched, pitiable, revolt: (n, v) mutiny, rebellion, surfeit: (n) overabundance, excess, doleful, woebegone, deplorable, insurrection; (v) sicken, nauseate, repletion, satiety, plethora, overflow, piteous, regrettable. ANTONYMS: rebel, repel, repulse, offend; (adj, v) congestion; (v) cloy, gorge, satiate, (adj) happy, joyful, glad, shock; (n) uprising. ANTONYMS: (n) pall. ANTONYMS: (n) shortage, praiseworthy, laudable.

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The king had cut off my head with my brother's. What! are there no posts dispatch'd for Ireland? How shall we do for money for these wars? Come, sister,--cousin, I would say,--pray, pardon me.-Go, fellow, get thee home; provide some carts, And bring away the armour that is there. [Exit SERVANT.] Gentlemen, will you go muster men? If I know how or which way to order these affairs Thus disorderly thrust into my hands, Never believe me. Both are my kinsmen: T'one is my sovereign, whom both my oath And duty bids defend; the other again Is my kinsman, whom the king hath wrong'd, Whom conscience and my kindred bids to right. Well, somewhat we must do. Come, cousin, I'll dispose of you. Gentlemen, go muster up your men, And meet me presently at Berkeley Castle. I should to Plashy too: But time will not permit. All is uneven, And everything is left at six and seven.% [Exeunt YORK and QUEEN.] BUSHY. The wind sits fair for news to go to Ireland, But none returns. For us to levy power Proportionable to the enemy Is all unpossible. GREEN. Besides, our nearness to the king in love Is near the hate of those love not the king.

Thesaurus armour: (n) armature, buckler, armour ANTONYMS: (adj) orderly, neat, plate, cataphract. arranged, peaceful, organized, conscience: (n) moral sense, systematized, conforming, ordered, Conscience money, sense of right and restrained, behaved, coherent. dispose: (n, v) incline, order, influence; wrong, scruple, intention, tender (v) adjust, predispose, position, place, conscience, small voice, principles, lead, tend; (n) bias, array. morals, morality, inward monitor. ANTONYM: (n) indifference. ANTONYMS: (v) disturb, disqualify, disorderly: (adj) wild, disordered, displace, disorder, disincline, chaotic, boisterous, jumbled, disarrange. disorganized, unruly, rowdy, untidy, levy: (v) impose, raise, inflict, recruit; irregular; (adj, v) lawless. (n) duty, assessment, impost, tribute,

toll, gathering; (n, v) charge. muster: (v) assemble, gather, congregate, collect, convene, rally, marshal, accumulate; (n) levy, gathering; (n, v) draft. ANTONYM: (v) demobilize. presently: (adv) instantly, directly, currently, before long, shortly, soon, now, at present, readily, just, actually. ANTONYMS: (adv) later, now, formerly. sits: (n) sat.

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BAGOT. And that is the wavering commons; for their love Lies in their purses; and whoso empties them, By so much fills their hearts with deadly hate.% BUSHY. Wherein the king stands generally condemn'd. BAGOT. If judgment lie in them, then so do we, Because we ever have been near the king. GREEN. Well, I will for refuge straight to Bristol Castle. The Earl of Wiltshire is already there. BUSHY. Thither will I with you; for little office Will the hateful commons perform for us, Except like curs to tear us all to pieces. Will you go along with us? BAGOT. No; I will to Ireland to his Majesty. Farewell: If heart's presages be not vain, We three here part that ne'er shall meet again. BUSHY. That's as York thrives to beat back Bolingbroke. GREEN. Alas, poor Duke! the task he undertakes Is numb'ring sands and drinking oceans dry: Where one on his side fights, thousands will fly. Farewell at once; for once, for all, and ever. BUSHY. Well, we may meet again.

Thesaurus deadly: (adj, adv) deathly; (adj) baneful, lethal, fatal, destructive, mortal, pernicious, virulent, toxic; (adv) lifelessly, lethally. ANTONYMS: (adj) interesting, uplifting, readable, mild, healthy, healthful, benign, innocuous, exciting. hateful: (adj) disgusting, execrable, nasty, abominable, hideous, despicable, repulsive, distasteful, foul; (adj, v) odious, obnoxious.

ANTONYMS: (adj) delightful, kind, nice, benign, desirable. oceans: (n) ocean, load, lot, bushel, mass, stack, mountain, heap. refuge: (n) sanctuary, asylum, safety, retreat, cover, harborage, haven, shelter, harbor; (n, v) recourse, resort. sands: (n) littoral, litoral, beach, coast, quicksands, shore. tear: (n, v) rip, break, split, rupture, crack, run, slit; (v) pull, rend, lacerate; (adj, v) rush. ANTONYMS: (v) wait,

mend, idle, fix, amble, dawdle. thousands: (n) myriad, much, many. wavering: (adj, v) vacillating; (n) fluctuation, hesitation, vacillation; (adj) irresolute, indecisive, undecided, hesitant, uncertain, variable, changeable. ANTONYMS: (adj) decided, constant, resolute, stable, decisive; (n) resolution, stability. whoso: (pron) whosoever.

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BAGOT. I fear me, never.% [Exeunt.]

SCENE III. THE WOLDS IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. [Enter BOLINGBROKE and NORTHUMBERLAND, with Forces.] BOLINGBROKE. How far is it, my lord, to Berkeley now? NORTHUMBERLAND. Believe me, noble lord, I am a stranger here in Gloucestershire. These high wild hills and rough uneven ways Draws out our miles, and makes them wearisome; And yet your fair discourse hath been as sugar, Making the hard way sweet and delectable. But I bethink me what a weary way From Ravenspurgh to Cotswold will be found In Ross and Willoughby, wanting your company, Which, I protest, hath very much beguil'd The tediousness and process of my travel. But theirs is sweeten'd with the hope to have The present benefit which I possess; And hope to joy is little less in joy Than hope enjoy'd: by this the weary lords Shall make their way seem short, as mine hath done By sight of what I have, your noble company.

Thesaurus bethink: (v) recollect, mull, remind, elevated, majestic, generous, high; (adj, v) dignified, great. ANTONYMS: recall, think, reflect, ponder, (adj) shameful, humble, dishonorable, speculate, ruminate, consider, contemplate. lowly, lowborn, disgraceful, discourse: (n, v) address, lecture, unimpressive, ignoble, modest, petty; sermon, converse, harangue, chat; (n) (n) lady. tediousness: (n) boredom, dullness, talk, colloquy, conversation, discussion, homily. monotony, flatness, ennui, dulness, hills: (n) home, dry land, foothills, prosiness, tediosity, tiresomeness, irksomeness; (adj) wearisomeness. earth, ground. noble: (adj, n) grand, glorious, uneven: (adj) unequal, irregular, patrician; (adj) imposing, impressive, patchy, spotty, erratic,

disproportionate; (adj, n) jagged, rugged, harsh, ragged; (adj, v) broken. ANTONYMS: (adj) smooth, straight, equal, symmetrical, corresponding, balanced, constant, stable, consistent, level, steady. wanting: (adj, v) missing; (adj) deficient, lacking, absent, defective, short, failing, insufficient, devoid, poor, incomplete. ANTONYMS: (adj) sufficient, satisfactory, adequate, full, present.

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BOLINGBROKE. Of much less value is my company Than your good words. But who comes here? [Enter HARRY PERCY.] NORTHUMBERLAND. It is my son, young Harry Percy, Sent from my brother Worcester, whencesoever. Harry, how fares your uncle? PERCY. I had thought, my lord, to have learn'd his health of you.% NORTHUMBERLAND. Why, is he not with the Queen? PERCY. No, my good lord; he hath forsook the court, Broken his staff of office, and dispers'd The household of the King. NORTHUMBERLAND. What was his reason? He was not so resolv'd when last we spake together. PERCY. Because your lordship was proclaimed traitor. But he, my lord, is gone to Ravenspurgh, To offer service to the Duke of Hereford; And sent me over by Berkeley, to discover What power the Duke of York had levied there; Then with directions to repair to Ravenspurgh. NORTHUMBERLAND. Have you forgot the Duke of Hereford, boy? PERCY. No, my good lord; for that is not forgot

Thesaurus brother: (n) fellow, blood brother, unfamiliar, public. lordship: (n) ownership, supremacy, associate, counterpart, crony, comrade, buddy, peer, chum, domain, dominance, manor, worship, sidekick, monk. ANTONYMS: (n) authority, power, dynasty, enemy, opposer, opponent. grandeeship, headship. directions: (n) advice, instruction, proclaimed: (adj) announced, guidance, instructions, briefing, indictive, declared publicly. repair: (n, v) redress, mend, correct, commands, orders, will. household: (adj, n) house, home; (adj) cure, overhaul, fix; (v) patch, restore, domestic; (adj, v) ordinary, common; doctor, renovate, compensate. (n) folk, stock, clan, menage; (v) ANTONYMS: (v) injure, arrive, everyday, usual. ANTONYMS: (adj) wreck, worsen; (n) breaking,

wrecking. sent: (adj) dispatched, imported, ecstatic, blissful, fascinated, intoxicated; (v) transmit. ANTONYM: (adj) unsent. uncle: (n) father's younger brother, elder uncle, father's older brother, father's sister's husband, husband of paternal aunt, maternal uncle, niece, benefactor, EME, helper, kinsman.

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Which ne'er I did remember; to my knowledge, I never in my life did look on him.% NORTHUMBERLAND. Then learn to know him now; this is the duke. PERCY. My gracious lord, I tender you my service, Such as it is, being tender, raw, and young;, Which elder days shall ripen, and confirm To more approved service and desert. BOLINGBROKE. I thank thee, gentle Percy; and be sure I count myself in nothing else so happy As in a soul remembering my good friends; And as my fortune ripens with thy love, It shall be still thy true love's recompense. My heart this covenant makes, my hand thus seals it. NORTHUMBERLAND. How far is it to Berkeley? And what stir Keeps good old York there with his men of war? PERCY. There stands the castle, by yon tuft of trees, Mann'd with three hundred men, as I have heard; And in it are the Lords of York, Berkeley, and Seymour; None else of name and noble estimate. [Enter Ross and WILLOUGHBY.] NORTHUMBERLAND. Here come the Lords of Ross and Willoughby, Bloody with spurring, fiery-red with haste. BOLINGBROKE. Welcome, my lords. I wot your love pursues

Thesaurus covenant: (n, v) contract, agreement, abundance, doom. ANTONYM: (n) maturate; (n) maturation; (adj) compact, bargain, pact, promise; (n) design. perfect, bring to perfection. gracious: (adj) genial, benign, good, seals: (n) Pinnipedia, key, talisman, bond, arrangement, concord, deed; (v) vow. courteous, compassionate, kind, aquatic mammal, signet, suborder elder: (adj) older, big, adult; (n) dean, accommodating, civil; (adj, n) Pinnipedia, sea Lions. spurring: (n) spur, goad, prodding, doyen, patriarch, ancient, boss, benevolent, congenial, gentle. ANTONYMS: (adj) ungracious, elderberry, superior, presbyter. prod, goading, gad, encouragement, ANTONYMS: (n) youngster, minor, boorish, discourteous, reserved, rude, branch line, acceleration, urging, child, inferior; (adj) youngest, abrupt, critical, unkind, hardhearted, spine. tuft: (n) wisp, crest, cluster, truss, younger, little. harsh, poor. fortune: (n) estate, fate, fluke, destiny, ripen: (v) grow, ripe, age, season, knot, fagot, tassel, strand, thicket, fructify, elaborate, cultivate; (adj, v) curl; (adj, n) feather. luck, accident, means, assets, riches,

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A banish'd traitor; all my treasury Is yet but unfelt thanks, which, more enrich'd, Shall be your love and labour's recompense.% ROSS. Your presence makes us rich, most noble lord. WILLOUGHBY. And far surmounts our labour to attain it. BOLINGBROKE. Evermore thanks, the exchequer of the poor; Which, till my infant fortune comes to years, Stands for my bounty. But who comes here? [Enter BERKELEY.] NORTHUMBERLAND. It is my Lord of Berkeley, as I guess. BERKELEY. My Lord of Hereford, my message is to you. BOLINGBROKE. My lord, my answer is--to Lancaster; And I am come to seek that name in England; And I must find that title in your tongue Before I make reply to aught you say. BERKELEY. Mistake me not, my lord; 'tis not my meaning To raze one title of your honour out: To you, my lord, I come, what lord you will, From the most gracious regent of this land, The Duke of York, to know what pricks you on To take advantage of the absent time, And fright our native peace with self-borne arms. [Enter YORK, attended.]

Thesaurus absent: (adj) wanting, inattentive, not cypher, nix, cipher, naught, null, zip; finances. (adj) any. fright: (n, v) dismay, alarm, scare, present, preoccupied, lost, missing, affright; (n) awe, fear, dread, terror, faraway, nonexistent, absentminded, bounty: (adj, n) largesse; (n) out; (adj, adv) off. ANTONYMS: (adj) abundance, bounteousness, horror, consternation, apprehension. ANTONYMS: (n) calm, fearlessness, alert, attendant, attending, existing, premium, blessing, prize, here, real, attentive; (adv) in, visible. munificence, beneficence, generosity; courage, confidence, security. attain: (v) make, reach, achieve, (v) benefaction; (n, v) gift. raze: (v) dismantle, destroy, demolish, ANTONYMS: (n) miserliness, fine, acquire, gain, strike, catch, arrive at, devastate, expunge, level, rase, find, obtain, come to. ANTONYMS: insufficiency, penalty, meanness. overthrow, erase, bulldoze, flatten. (v) lose, fail, abandon, surrender, exchequer: (n) bank, purse, fisc, till, ANTONYM: (v) raise. differ. bursary, Exchequer of the Jews, aught: (n) nil, zero, anything, ought, coffer, hanaper, finance, funds,

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BOLINGBROKE. I shall not need transport my words by you; Here comes his Grace in person. My noble uncle! [Kneels.] YORK. Show me thy humble heart, and not thy knee, Whose duty is deceivable and false.% BOLINGBROKE. My gracious uncle-YORK. Tut, tut! Grace me no grace, nor uncle me no uncle: I am no traitor's uncle; and that word 'grace' In an ungracious mouth is but profane. Why have those banish'd and forbidden legs Dar'd once to touch a dust of England's ground? But then more 'why?' why have they dar'd to march So many miles upon her peaceful bosom, Frighting her pale-fac'd villages with war And ostentation of despised arms? Com'st thou because the anointed king is hence? Why, foolish boy, the king is left behind, And in my loyal bosom lies his power. Were I but now lord of such hot youth As when brave Gaunt, thy father, and myself Rescued the Black Prince, that young Mars of men, From forth the ranks of many thousand French, O! then how quickly should this arm of mine, Now prisoner to the palsy, chastise the And minister correction to thy fault!

Thesaurus bosom: (n) heart, interior, boob, discipline, redress, castigation, thorax, chest, bust, tit; (n, v) embrace; modification, punishment, (v) cherish, hug; (adj) intimate. improvement, emendation. ANTONYMS: (n) outside, exteriority. ANTONYMS: (n) fabrication, reward, chastise: (v) castigate, chasten, correct, award, persuasion. deceivable: (adj) deceptible. reprimand, punish, criticize, beat, scold, chew out, flog; (n, v) scourge. despised: (adj) scorned, despicable, ANTONYMS: (v) comfort, bless, hated, abject, disparaged, mean, commend, promote, reward, attaching disgrace, unpopular, encourage. unloved, reviled, opprobrious. correction: (n) amendment, ostentation: (n) affectation, bravado, adjustment, alteration, chastisement, parade, showiness, flourish, vanity,

pomp, splendor, bluster, state, show. ANTONYM: (n) unpretentiousness. palsy: (v) cripple, paralyze; (n) anaesthesia, apoplexy, akinesia, alalia, paralyzation, numbness; (adj) decline, consumption, sideration. ranks: (n) rank and file. ungracious: (adj) discourteous, impolite, uncivil, surly, unkind, unceremonious, churlish, disrespectful, unfriendly, graceless, unpleasing.

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BOLINGBROKE. My gracious uncle, let me know my fault: On what condition stands it and wherein? YORK. Even in condition of the worst degree, In gross rebellion and detested treason: Thou art a banish'd man, and here art come Before the expiration of thy time, In braving arms against thy sovereign.% BOLINGBROKE. As I was banish'd, I was banish'd Hereford; But as I come, I come for Lancaster. And, noble uncle, I beseech your Grace Look on my wrongs with an indifferent eye: You are my father, for methinks in you I see old Gaunt alive: O! then, my father, Will you permit that I shall stand condemn'd A wandering vagabond; my rights and royalties Pluck'd from my arms perforce, and given away To upstart unthrifts? Wherefore was I born? If that my cousin king be King in England, It must be granted I am Duke of Lancaster. You have a son, Aumerle, my noble cousin; Had you first died, and he been thus trod down, He should have found his uncle Gaunt a father To rouse his wrongs and chase them to the bay. I am denied to sue my livery here, And yet my letters-patents give me leave. My father's goods are all distrain'd and sold; And these and all are all amiss employ'd. What would you have me do? I am a subject,

Thesaurus amiss: (adj, adv) wrong; (adj) bad, haywire, faulty, astray, guilty; (adv) badly, poorly, awry, wrongly, adrift. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) right; (adv) perfectly, properly, suitably, appropriately, correctly, well; (adj) okay, correct, good. braving: (n) try, effort, endeavour, facing, attempt, confronting, coping with, grappling, face, tackling. detested: (adj) despised, unpopular, disliked, loathed, not accepted,

unloved, scorned, reviled, out of favor, not liked. expiration: (n) ending, end, conclusion, finish, close, exhalation, termination, exit, death, lapse, expiry. ANTONYM: (n) beginning. methinks: (adv) meseems. perforce: (n) on compulsion; (adv) needs. rouse: (v) provoke, excite, arouse, kindle, awaken, instigate, actuate, disturb, move, agitate, incite.

ANTONYMS: (v) dampen, dishearten, suppress, douse, inhibit, stifle, quench. upstart: (n) mushroom, nouveau riche, skipjack, climber, arriviste, social climber, unknown, smart aleck, sleep; (adj) parvenue, cockhorse. vagabond: (n, v) tramp; (adj, n) vagrant; (v) roam, stray, wander, range, ramble; (n) outcast, bum, wanderer, nomad. ANTONYMS: (n) inhabitant, resident; (adj) settled.

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And challenge law: attorneys are denied me; And therefore personally I lay my claim To my inheritance of free descent.% NORTHUMBERLAND. The noble Duke hath been too much abus'd. ROSS. It stands your Grace upon to do him right. WILLOUGHBY. Base men by his endowments are made great. YORK. My lords of England, let me tell you this: I have had feeling of my cousin's wrongs, And labour'd all I could to do him right; But in this kind to come, in braving arms, Be his own carver and cut out his way, To find out right with wrong, it may not be; And you that do abet him in this kind Cherish rebellion, and are rebels all. NORTHUMBERLAND. The noble Duke hath sworn his coming is But for his own; and for the right of that We all have strongly sworn to give him aid; And let him never see joy that breaks that oath! YORK. Well, well, I see the issue of these arms: I cannot mend it, I must needs confess, Because my power is weak and all ill left; But if I could, by him that gave me life, I would attach you all and make you stoop Unto the sovereign mercy of the king;

Thesaurus abet: (v) assist, countenance, support, help, incite, favor, aid, back, instigate, encourage, provoke. ANTONYMS: (v) hinder, impede, undermine, thwart, prohibit, obstruct, frustrate, dissuade, discourage, denounce, counter. attach: (v) append, adhere, add, affix, bind, link, associate, assign, nail, apply, annex. ANTONYMS: (v) undo, separate, unfasten, disconnect, free, deflect, dissociate, loosen, quit, take,

smash, decline, deteriorate; (n) unscrew. attorneys: (n) lawyers, bar. fracture. carver: (n) sculpturer, sculptress, rebellion: (n) revolt, insurrection, cutter, modeler, figuriste, woodman, mutiny, disobedience, uprising, woodsman, woodworker, diner, unrest, revolution, outbreak, statuary, chaser. defiance, insurgency, commotion. endowments: (n) beneficence, ANTONYMS: (n) consent, accomplishments, advantage. compliance. mend: (adj, v) improve; (v) correct, sworn: (adj) extreme, mortal, cure, heal, doctor, better, amend, implacable, engaged, dedicated, restore, convalesce; (n, v) fix, patch. committed, betrothed, bespoken, ANTONYMS: (v) worsen, tear, affianced, inveterate.

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But since I cannot, be it known unto you I do remain as neuter. So, fare you well; Unless you please to enter in the castle, And there repose you for this night.% BOLINGBROKE. An offer, uncle, that we will accept: But we must win your Grace to go with us To Bristol Castle, which they say is held By Bushy, Bagot, and their complices, The caterpillars of the commonwealth, Which I have sworn to weed and pluck away. YORK. It may be I will go with you; but yet I'll pause, For I am loath to break our country's laws. Nor friends nor foes, to me welcome you are. Things past redress are now with me past care. [Exeunt.]

SCENE IV. A CAMP IN WALES. [Enter EARL OF SALISBURY and a CAPTAIN.] CAPTAIN. My Lord of Salisbury, we have stay'd ten days And hardly kept our countrymen together, And yet we hear no tidings from the King; Therefore we will disperse ourselves: farewell.

Thesaurus disperse: (v) dispel, spread, circulate, break up, disband, scatter, dissipate, diffuse, dispense, disseminate, break. ANTONYMS: (v) gather, collect, converge, centralize, capture, congregate, garner, concentrate, swarm, crowd, aggravate. fare: (n, v) do; (n) food, aliment, board, table, charge, chow, menu, traveller; (v) come, eat. ANTONYM: (v) stop. loath: (adj) unwilling, disinclined, reluctant, loth, indisposed, backward,

ANTONYM: (v) wrong. hesitant, antipathetic, antipathetical, loathe, shy of. ANTONYMS: (adj) repose: (n, v) recline, peace, lie, calm; (n) composure, ease, quiet, leisure, eager, willing, disposed, keen. neuter: (adj, v) alter, castrate; (adj) recreation, relaxation; (v) lay. ANTONYMS: (n, v) work; (n) geld, neutral, nonsexual, asexual, emasculate, sexless, indifferent; (v) activity, panic, agitation. unsex, desex. ANTONYM: (adj) unto: (prep, v) to, till, up to; (prep) feminine. towards, before. redress: (n, v) cure, correct, weed: (n) grass, marijuana, pot, plant, recompense, help; (v) compensate, fireweed, smoke, ganja; (v) eliminate, indemnify, expiate, rectify, atone; (n) hoe, plow; (adj) pick. indemnification, amends.

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SALISBURY. Stay yet another day, thou trusty Welshman; The King reposeth all his confidence in thee.% CAPTAIN. 'Tis thought the king is dead; we will not stay. The bay trees in our country are all wither'd, And meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven; The pale-fac'd moon looks bloody on the earth And lean-look'd prophets whisper fearful change; Rich men look sad, and ruffians dance and leap, The one in fear to lose what they enjoy, The other to enjoy by rage and war. These signs forerun the death or fall of kings. Farewell: our countrymen are gone and fled, As well assur'd Richard their king is dead. [Exit.] SALISBURY. Ah, Richard! with the eyes of heavy mind, I see thy glory like a shooting star Fall to the base earth from the firmament. The sun sets weeping in the lowly west, Witnessing storms to come, woe, and unrest. Thy friends are fled, to wait upon thy foes, And crossly to thy good all fortune goes. [Exit.]

Thesaurus crossly: (adv) grumpily, grouchily, angrily, petulantly, sullenly, peevishly, sulkily, crabbily, contrarily, furiously, transversely. ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, contentedly, pleasantly, calmly, lightly. forerun: (v) forebode, antedate, herald, portend, announce, presage, rank, usher. lowly: (adj) base, lower, low, inferior, baseborn; (adv) meekly, meanly,

murder; (adj) sharp, acute, piercing. modestly, poorly, softly, humbly. ANTONYMS: (adj) noble, privileged, stars: (n) heavenly bodies, fate. trusty: (adj) trustworthy, honest, high, aristocratic, refined, exalted, comfortable. faithful, dependable, responsible, rage: (adj, n, v) fume, bluster; (adj, n) constant, loyal, true, authentic, solid, wrath, indignation, frenzy, mania; (n) sure. ANTONYMS: (adj) passion, anger, craze, exasperation; untrustworthy, inconstant, corrupt, (n, v) storm. ANTONYMS: (n) disloyal. whisper: (n, v) murmur, hum, gentleness, composure, calm, mumble, suggestion, hint, inkling; (v) equanimity, pleasure, serenity. shooting: (v) shoot, hunting, coursing; breathe, hiss; (n) rustle, trace, breath. (n) gunfire, killing, gunshot, shot, ANTONYM: (n) information.

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ACT III

SCENE I. BRISTOL. BOLINGBROKE'S CAMP.% [Enter BOLINGBROKE, YORK, NORTHUMBERLAND, HENRY PERCY, WILLOUGHBY, ROSS; Officers behind, with BUSHY and GREEN, prisoners.] BOLINGBROKE. Bring forth these men. Bushy and Green, I will not vex your souls-Since presently your souls must part your bodies-With too much urging your pernicious lives, For 'twere no charity; yet, to wash your blood From off my hands, here in the view of men I will unfold some causes of your deaths. You have misled a prince, a royal king, A happy gentleman in blood and lineaments, By you unhappied and disfigur'd clean; You have in manner with your sinful hours Made a divorce betwixt his queen and him, Broke the possession of a royal bed,

Thesaurus divorce: (v) detach, disunite, separate, substance, tenure, property, grasp, stagnate, stop, hide, withhold, check, estate, domain; (n, v) acquisition. break up, divide, isolate, disjoin, wrap, conceal. disjoint; (n) separation, divorcement; ANTONYMS: (n) vacancy, sale. urging: (n) spur, encouragement, (n, v) rupture. ANTONYMS: (n) sinful: (adj) wicked, impious, bad, prod, prodding, goad, advocacy, wedding, union; (v) unite, associate, iniquitous, ungodly, depraved, spurring, goading, influence, exhortation; (adj) driving. espouse, join, marry. immoral, profane, criminal, wrong, misled: (adj) fooled, undirected, false, unholy. ANTONYMS: (adj) pious, wash: (adj, n, v) soak; (n, v) paint; (v) bewildered, confused, erroneous, virtuous, moral, right, pure. clean, scrub, mop, moisten, lave, unfold: (v) spread, open, extend, scour, bathe; (n) washing, ablution. mistaken, misleading, misdirected, ANTONYM: (v) soil. led astray, incorrect. develop, stretch, spread out, reveal, possession: (n) occupation, display, stretch out; (adj, v) expound, explain. ANTONYMS: (v) fold, block, ownership, keeping, goods,

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And stain'd the beauty of a fair queen's cheeks With tears drawn from her eyes by your foul wrongs. Myself, a prince by fortune of my birth, Near to the King in blood, and near in love Till you did make him misinterpret me, Have stoop'd my neck under your injuries, And sigh'd my English breath in foreign clouds, Eating the bitter bread of banishment; Whilst you have fed upon my signories, Dispark'd my parks and felled my forest woods, From my own windows torn my household coat, Raz'd out my impress, leaving me no sign Save men's opinions and my living blood To show the world I am a gentleman. This and much more, much more than twice all this, Condemns you to the death. See them deliver'd over To execution and the hand of death.% BUSHY. More welcome is the stroke of death to me Than Bolingbroke to England. Lords, farewell. GREEN. My comfort is that heaven will take our souls, And plague injustice with the pains of hell. BOLINGBROKE. My Lord Northumberland, see them dispatch'd. [Exeunt NORTHUMBERLAND, and Others, with BUSHY and GREEN.] Uncle, you say the Queen is at your house; For God's sake, fairly let her be entreated: Tell her I send to her my kind commends; Take special care my greetings be deliver'd.

Thesaurus greetings: (n) greeting, respects, compliments, consolation, regards, commend, good wishes, commendation, induction, draft. impress: (n, v) mark, print, stamp; (v) move, affect, inscribe, instill, touch, emboss, inculcate; (n) impression. injustice: (n) iniquity, wrong, unfairness, bigotry, wickedness, prejudice, crime; (adj, n) injury, evil, harm, damage. ANTONYMS: (n) fairness, evenhandedness,

reasonableness, goodness, tolerance. plague: (v) molest, harass, afflict, misinterpret: (v) misunderstand, hassle, annoy, badger, pester, disturb, beleaguer; (n, v) worry; (adj, n, v) misconstrue, misconceive, mistake, bother. ANTONYM: (v) comfort. distort, misread, pervert, misjudge, torn: (adj, prep) lacerated, rent, miscalculate, take, read. ANTONYMS: (v) understand, mangled; (adj) ripped, tattered, interpret, appreciate. blasted, lacerate, shabby, pains: (n) nisus, labor, trouble, effort, goddamned, infernal, made exertion, labour, pain, care, struggle, uninhabitable. ANTONYMS: (adj) attempt, strain. pristine, sure, resolute, healed, parks: (n) Parkes, Rosa Parks, fowl for decided, mended. decorative purposes in aviaries.

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YORK. A gentleman of mine I have dispatch'd With letters of your love to her at large.% BOLINGBROKE. Thanks, gentle uncle. Come, lords, away, To fight with Glendower and his complices. Awhile to work, and after holiday. [Exeunt.]

SCENE II. THE COAST OF WALES. A CASTLE IN VIEW. [Flourish: drums and trumpets. Enter KING RICHARD, the BISHOP OF CARLISLE, AUMERLE, and soldiers.] KING RICHARD. Barkloughly Castle call they this at hand? AUMERLE. Yea, my lord. How brooks your Grace the air After your late tossing on the breaking seas? KING RICHARD. Needs must I like it well: I weep for joy To stand upon my kingdom once again. Dear earth, I do salute thee with my hand, Though rebels wound thee with their horses' hoofs: As a long-parted mother with her child Plays fondly with her tears and smiles in meeting, So weeping-smiling greet I thee, my earth, And do thee favours with my royal hands. Feed not thy sovereign's foe, my gentle earth,

Thesaurus breaking: (n) breakage, breach, gentle: (adj) easy, friendly, soft, kind, bow, salaam; (n, v) address, violation, infringement, affable, balmy, mild, feeble, compliment. contravention, smash, rift, scutching, compassionate; (adj, adv) calm; (adj, v) tears: (n) cry, crying, snivel, brine, shift, intermission; (v) deaden. tame. ANTONYMS: (adj) harsh, loud, weeping, activity, bawling, bodily brooks: (n) streams, Brookes, van fierce, caustic, violent, rough, function, bodily process, body Wyck Brooks. hardhearted, abrupt, heavy, steep, process, lacerations. drums: (n) drumming. tossing: (n) cast; (adj) moving. sheer. fondly: (adv) lovingly, tenderly, greet: (n, v) receive; (v) address, wound: (n, v) bruise, cut, harm, pain, damage, scratch, stab, sting; (n) warmly, kindly, caringly, adoringly, acknowledge, hail, welcome, cry, injury; (v) offend, injure. devotedly, amorously, dearly, salute, bid, weep, meet, recognize. salute: (v) greet, hail, kiss, accost, ANTONYMS: (v) heal, appease, aid, dotingly, foolishly. ANTONYMS: (adv) coldly, ill. acknowledge, buss; (n) salutation, cure, repair.

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Nor with thy sweets comfort his ravenous sense; But let thy spiders, that suck up thy venom, And heavy-gaited toads lie in their way, Doing annoyance to the treacherous feet Which with usurping steps do trample thee. Yield stinging nettles to mine enemies; And when they from thy bosom pluck a flower, Guard it, I pray thee, with a lurking adder Whose double tongue may with a mortal touch Throw death upon thy sovereign's enemies. Mock not my senseless conjuration, lords. This earth shall have a feeling, and these stones Prove armed soldiers, ere her native king Shall falter under foul rebellion's arms.% CARLISLE. Fear not, my lord; that Power that made you king Hath power to keep you king in spite of all. The means that heaven yields must be embrac'd And not neglected; else, if heaven would, And we will not, heaven's offer we refuse, The proffer'd means of succour and redress. AUMERLE. He means, my lord, that we are too remiss; Whilst Bolingbroke, through our security, Grows strong and great in substance and in friends. KING RICHARD. Discomfortable cousin! know'st thou not That when the searching eye of heaven is hid, Behind the globe, that lights the lower world, Then thieves and robbers range abroad unseen In murders and in outrage boldly here;

Thesaurus conjuration: (n) incantation, conjuring, adjuration, invocation, necromancy, spell, black art, glamour, witchcraft, conspiracy, trick. falter: (n, v) waver; (v) hesitate, stumble, stutter, stammer, halt, dither, bumble, doubt, teeter; (n) faltering. ANTONYMS: (v) persevere, persist, endure, remain. ravenous: (adj) hungry, greedy, avid, famished, gluttonous, voracious, rapacious, insatiable, edacious,

covetous, predatory. ANTONYM: (adj) moderate. senseless: (adj) foolish, mindless, preposterous, pointless, irrational, absurd, stupid, insensible, idiotic, fatuous, purposeless. ANTONYMS: (adj) meaningful, wise, conscious, provoked, prudent, useful, worthwhile. stinging: (adj) cutting, bitter, piquant, prickling; (adj, v) caustic, acrid, piercing, poignant, biting, pungent,

keen. ANTONYMS: (adj) stingless, gentle. succour: (n, v) succor; (n) consolation, relief, ministration, mercy, assistance, helping, ease, embossment; (v) relieve, further. toads: (n) caecilians, class Amphibia, frogs, newts, salamanders. trample: (v) oppress, stamp, squash, crush, tread, flatten, defeat, suppress, step, frustrate; (n) trampling. usurping: (adj) encroaching.

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But %when from under this terrestrial ball He fires the proud tops of the eastern pines And darts his light through every guilty hole, Then murders, treasons, and detested sins, The cloak of night being pluck'd from off their backs, Stand bare and naked, trembling at themselves? So when this thief, this traitor, Bolingbroke, Who all this while hath revell'd in the night, Whilst we were wandering with the Antipodes, Shall see us rising in our throne, the east, His treasons will sit blushing in his face, Not able to endure the sight of day, But self-affrighted tremble at his sin. Not all the water in the rough rude sea Can wash the balm off from an anointed king; The breath of worldly men cannot depose The deputy elected by the Lord. For every man that Bolingbroke hath press'd To lift shrewd steel against our golden crown, God for his Richard hath in heavenly pay A glorious angel: then, if angels fight, Weak men must fall, for heaven still guards the right. [Enter SALISBURY.] Welcome, my lord. How far off lies your power? SALISBURY. Nor near nor farther off, my gracious lord, Than this weak arm: discomfort guides my tongue And bids me speak of nothing but despair. One day too late, I fear me, noble lord, Hath clouded all thy happy days on earth. O! call back yesterday, bid time return, And thou shalt have twelve thousand fighting men!

Thesaurus blushing: (adj) rosy, coy, blushful, totter, quake; (n) throb; (v) flutter, elysian, holy, unearthly, godlike, sacred. ANTONYMS: (adj) worldly, quail, falter. ANTONYMS: (v) steady, flushed, red, shy, bashful, overmodest, ruddy; (adv) blushingly, miserable, infernal, hellish, calm. ablush. ANTONYM: (adj) pale. worldly: (adj, adv) earthly; (adj) unappealing, dreadful, turbulent. clouded: (adj, n) cloudy; (adj) gloomy, terrestrial: (adj) earthly, mundane, mundane, secular, terrestrial, dark, overcast, obscure, blurred, worldly, terrene, sublunary, temporal, carnal, sophisticated, lay, foggy, misty, hazy, bleary; (v) profane; (adv) mundanely, sublunar, telluric, planetary, cymophanous. ANTONYM: (adj) tellurian, land, global. ANTONYMS: temporally. ANTONYMS: (adj) (adj) otherworldly, amphibious, clear. spiritual, naive, cloistered, religious, darts: (n) board game, game of dart. cosmic, heavenly, spiritual. unsophisticated, unworldly, heavenly: (adj) celestial, blissful, tremble: (adj, n, v) shiver; (n, v) quiver, unrefined, otherworldly, low, shudder, thrill, palpitate; (adj, v) ethereal, delightful, angelic, blessed, heavenly, immaterial.

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To-day, to-day, unhappy day, too late, O'erthrows thy joys, friends, fortune, and thy state; For all the Welshmen, hearing thou wert dead, Are gone to Bolingbroke, dispers'd, and fled.% AUMERLE. Comfort, my liege! why looks your Grace so pale? KING RICHARD. But now, the blood of twenty thousand men Did triumph in my face, and they are fled; And till so much blood thither come again Have I not reason to look pale and dead? All souls that will be safe, fly from my side; For time hath set a blot upon my pride. AUMERLE. Comfort, my liege! remember who you are. KING RICHARD. I had forgot myself. Am I not king? Awake, thou coward majesty! thou sleepest. Is not the king's name twenty thousand names? Arm, arm, my name! a puny subject strikes At thy great glory. Look not to the ground, Ye favourites of a king; are we not high? High be our thoughts. I know my uncle York Hath power enough to serve our turn. But who comes here? [Enter SIR STEPHEN SCROOP.] SCROOP. More health and happiness betide my liege Than can my care-tun'd tongue deliver him! KING RICHARD. Mine ear is open and my heart prepar'd:

Thesaurus betide: (v) bechance, come, become, transpire, occur, happen, develop, arise, be, rise, break. blot: (n, v) spot, blemish, smudge, mark, slur, taint, shame; (v) tarnish, blob; (n) blotch; (adj, n) fault. ANTONYMS: (v) dampen, grace, soak, wet, beautify, improve, enhance. coward: (n) cur, pantywaist, sneak, dastard, milksop, weakling, milquetoast; (adj) gutless,

chickenhearted, pusillanimous, tiny, small, minute, measly, runty, chicken-hearted. ANTONYMS: (n) paltry, trivial. ANTONYMS: (adj) daredevil, stalwart; (adj) brave. muscular, brawny, strong, happiness: (n) delight, merriment, significant, fit, huge, enormous, ecstasy, welfare, gladness, luck, robust, considerable. thither: (adv) hither, whither, on that cheerfulness, blessedness, bliss, felicity, contentment. ANTONYMS: point, in that respect, at that place, in (n) sadness, despair, grief, misery, that location; (adj) further, ulterior, dissatisfaction, seriousness, dullness, remoter, succeeding, more distant. till: (conj, prep) until, unto; (v) plow, discontent, dejection, gloominess, hoe, farm, dig; (adj) up to; (n) tiller, displeasure. puny: (adj) weak, petty, feeble, frail, drawer; (adv) so far; (prep) to.

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The worst is worldly loss thou canst unfold. Say, is my kingdom lost? Why, 'twas my care, And what loss is it to be rid of care? Strives Bolingbroke to be as great as we? Greater he shall not be: if he serve God We'll serve him too, and be his fellow so: Revolt our subjects? That we cannot mend; They break their faith to God as well as us: Cry woe, destruction, ruin, loss, decay; The worst is death, and death will have his day.% SCROOP. Glad am I that your highness is so arm'd To bear the tidings of calamity. Like an unseasonable stormy day Which makes the silver rivers drown their shores, As if the world were all dissolv'd to tears, So high above his limits swells the rage Of Bolingbroke, covering your fearful land With hard bright steel and hearts harder than steel. White-beards have arm'd their thin and hairless scalps Against thy majesty; and boys, with women's voices, Strive to speak big, and clap their female joints In stiff unwieldy arms against thy crown; Thy very beadsmen learn to bend their bows Of double-fatal yew against thy state; Yea, distaff-women manage rusty bills Against thy seat: both young and old rebel, And all goes worse than I have power to tell. KING RICHARD. Too well, too well thou tell'st a tale so ill. Where is the Earl of Wiltshire? Where is Bagot?

Thesaurus clap: (n, v) blast, boom, slam, rumble; (n) applause, clapping, gonorrhoea, smash; (v) acclaim, applaud, hit. ANTONYMS: (v) hiss, jeer. drown: (v) drench, submerge, overwhelm, choke, engulf, flood, swamp, inundate, suffocate, asphyxiate; (adj, n, v) sink. ANTONYMS: (v) float, swim, amplify, dry. hairless: (adj) tonsured, glabrous, shorn, balding, smooth, beardless,

depilous, depilated. inappropriate, premature, ill timed, harder: (adj) serious. improper, immature, inconvenient, rusty: (adj) ancient, out of practice, ill-timed, inept, unchancy; (v) intractable, old, corroded, deaf to illtimed. reason, exceptious, cantankerous; (v) unwieldy: (adj) clumsy, cumbersome, moldy, raw, mildewed. unmanageable, heavy, bulky, stormy: (adj, n) inclement, boisterous, ponderous, gawky, massive, rough, severe; (adj) fierce, windy, ungainly, lumbering; (v) cumbrous. ANTONYMS: (adj) convenient, wild, dirty, foul, tempestuous, blustering. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, manageable, wieldy, compact, handy, still, pleasant, fair, mild, relaxed. dainty, light. unseasonable: (adj) inopportune,

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What is become of Bushy? Where is Green? That they have let the dangerous enemy Measure our confines with such peaceful steps? If we prevail, their heads shall pay for it. I warrant they have made peace with Bolingbroke.% SCROOP. Peace have they made with him indeed, my lord. KING RICHARD. O villains, vipers, damn'd without redemption! Dogs, easily won to fawn on any man! Snakes, in my heart-blood warm'd, that sting my heart! Three Judases, each one thrice worse than Judas! Would they make peace? Terrible hell make war Upon their spotted souls for this offence! SCROOP. Sweet love, I see, changing his property, Turns to the sourest and most deadly hate. Again uncurse their souls; their peace is made With heads, and not with hands: those whom you curse Have felt the worst of death's destroying wound And lie full low, grav'd in the hollow ground. AUMERLE. Is Bushy, Green, and the Earl of Wiltshire dead? SCROOP. Ay, all of them at Bristol lost their heads. AUMERLE. Where is the Duke my father with his power? KING RICHARD. No matter where. Of comfort no man speak: Let's talk of graves, of worms, and epitaphs;

Thesaurus confines: (n) boundary, bound, noisy, turbulent, disturbed, hostile, barrier, compass, limit, limits, range, disruptive, bothered, warlike, frontier; (adj) environs, alentours; unpeaceful, compulsory. (adj, n) neighborhood. prevail: (n, v) triumph, control, destroying: (v) destroy; (adj) deadly, govern; (v) dominate, overcome, deleterious, murderous; (n) disposal. outweigh, obtain, persist, carry, graves: (n) Robert Graves, Robert vanquish; (adj) preponderate. ANTONYM: (v) lose. Ranke Graves. peaceful: (adj) peaceable, quiet, gentle, spotted: (adj) mottled, speckled, even, silent, meek, peace, staid, dappled, piebald, blotchy, dotted, placid, tranquil, imperturbable. flyblown, multicolored, stained, ANTONYMS: (adj) aggressive, tense, spotty, flecked. ANTONYM: (adj)

uniform. sting: (n, v) bite, hurt, con, pain; (v) prick, itch, irritate, prickle, goad, provoke, smart. ANTONYMS: (v) calm; (n) honesty. thrice: (adv) three times, thirdly. warrant: (n, v) permit, vouch, license, assure, sanction, empower; (n) authority, authorization, security; (v) justify, ensure. ANTONYMS: (n) break; (v) debar.

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Make %dust our paper, and with rainy eyes Write sorrow on the bosom of the earth. Let's choose executors and talk of wills; And yet not so--for what can we bequeath Save our deposed bodies to the ground? Our lands, our lives, and all are Bolingbroke's. And nothing can we can our own but death, And that small model of the barren earth Which serves as paste and cover to our bones. For God's sake let us sit upon the ground And tell sad stories of the death of kings: How some have been deposed, some slain in war, Some haunted by the ghosts they have depos'd, Some poison'd by their wives, some sleeping kill'd; All murder'd: for within the hollow crown That rounds the mortal temples of a king Keeps Death his court; and there the antick sits, Scoffing his state and grinning at his pomp; Allowing him a breath, a little scene, To monarchize, be fear'd, and kill with looks, Infusing him with self and vain conceit As if this flesh which walls about our life Were brass impregnable; and, humour'd thus, Comes at the last, and with a little pin Bores through his castle wall, and farewell, king! Cover your heads, and mock not flesh and blood With solemn reverence: throw away respect, Tradition, form, and ceremonious duty; For you have but mistook me all this while: I live with bread like you, feel want, Taste grief, need friends: subjected thus, How can you say to me I am a king?

Thesaurus barren: (adj, n) sterile; (adj) infertile, possessed, unearthly, magical, mad, rainy: (adj) moist, pluvial, damp, deserted, arid, void, dry, stark, infatuated, concerned. pluvious, stormy, juicy, dirty, soppy, meagre, fruitless, abortive; (n) waste. impregnable: (adj, v) fast; (adj) secure, raining, drizzly; (adj, v) showery. ANTONYMS: (adj) productive, lush, ANTONYM: (adj) pleasant. inexpugnable, unassailable, solemn: (adj, n, v) serious; (adj, v) fruitful, developing, growing, unconquerable, invulnerable, profitable, rewarding, rich, sheltered, insurmountable, unshakable, sober, important, sedate, devout, formal, demure; (adj) heavy, humid, populous. irresistible, strong, safe. grinning: (n) grin, smile, facial ANTONYMS: (adj) vulnerable, dignified, sacred; (adj, n) earnest. ANTONYMS: (adj) frivolous, expression, facial gesture, smiling; tenuous. (adj) beaming. paste: (n, v) glue, gum, plaster; (n) cheerful, unceremonious, funny, haunted: (adj) ghostly, ghostlike, dough, adhesive, cream, batter; (v) playful, flippant, relaxed. temples: (n) brow. phantom, taken up, preoccupied, bond, affix, to stick, attach.

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CARLISLE. My lord, wise men ne'er sit and wail their woes, But presently prevent the ways to wail. To fear the foe, since fear oppresseth strength, Gives, in your weakness, strength unto your foe, And so your follies fight against yourself. Fear and be slain; no worse can come to fight; And fight and die is death destroying death; Where fearing dying pays death servile breath.% AUMERLE. My father hath a power; inquire of him, And learn to make a body of a limb. KING RICHARD. Thou chid'st me well. Proud Bolingbroke, I come To change blows with thee for our day of doom. This ague fit of fear is over-blown; An easy task it is to win our own.-Say, Scroop, where lies our uncle with his power? Speak sweetly, man, although thy looks be sour. SCROOP. Men judge by the complexion of the sky The state in inclination of the day; So may you by my dull and heavy eye, My tongue hath but a heavier tale to say. I play the torturer, by small and small To lengthen out the worst that must be spoken: Your uncle York is join'd with Bolingbroke; And all your northern castles yielded up, And all your southern gentlemen in arms Upon his party.

Thesaurus ague: (n) acute, symptom, sickness, prolong, draw, draw out, increase, malady, illness, malaria, paludism, expand, stretch, protract, continue, swamp fever, chills and fever; (adj) drag out. ANTONYMS: (v) clip, appendicitis, angina pectoris. curtail. complexion: (n, v) tint; (n) cast, limb: (n) arm, branch, member, bough, character, appearance, look, hue, extremity, offshoot, part, leg, wing, aspect, flush, glow, dye, fashion. appendage, edge. inquire: (v) demand, ask, explore, servile: (adj) abject, obsequious, base, enquire, inspect, research, consult, fawning, ignoble, sordid, subservient, pry, request, wonder; (n, v) question. cringing, slavish; (adj, n) mean, low. ANTONYM: (v) answer. ANTONYMS: (adj) bossy, assertive. lengthen: (adj, v) elongate; (v) enlarge, sweetly: (adv) pleasantly, sweet,

mildly, melodically, melodiously, softly, syrupily, beautifully, pleasingly, dulcetly, fairly. ANTONYMS: (adv) discordantly, horribly, sharply, harshly, unkindly. torturer: (n) flogger, oppressor, scourger. wail: (n, v) howl, cry, lament, moan, scream, bellow, whine; (v) ululate, weep, whimper, mewl. ANTONYMS: (v) whimper, laugh.

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KING RICHARD. Thou hast said enough. [To AUMERLE.] Beshrew thee, cousin, which didst lead me forth Of that sweet way I was in to despair! What say you now? What comfort have we now? By heaven, I'll hate him everlastingly That bids me be of comfort any more. Go to Flint Castle; there I'll pine away; A king, woe's slave, shall kingly woe obey. That power I have, discharge; and let them go To ear the land that hath some hope to grow, For I have none. Let no man speak again To alter this, for counsel is but vain.% AUMERLE. My liege, one word. KING RICHARD. He does me double wrong That wounds me with the flatteries of his tongue. Discharge my followers; let them hence away, From Richard's night to Bolingbroke's fair day. [Exeunt.]

SCENE III. WALES. BEFORE FLINT CASTLE. [Enter, with drum and colours, BOLINGBROKE and Forces; YORK, NORTHUMBERLAND, and Others.] BOLINGBROKE. So that by this intelligence we learn

Thesaurus counsel: (v) advise, consult, admonish, confer, warn; (n, v) caution, advocate; (n) barrister, advisement, consultation, admonition. ANTONYMS: (v) betray, trick, deceive, conceal, oppose; (n) warning. drum: (adj, n) barrel; (n) cask, tympan, cylinder, timbrel, tambour, tambourine; (v) beat, roll, bone up, ram. everlastingly: (adv) perpetually,

always, lastingly, continually, break, transgress, infringe, challenge, endlessly, unendingly, incessantly, deny. permanently, constantly, undyingly; pine: (v) languish, long, ache, droop, (adj, adv) forever. flag, crave, fade; (n) fir; (n, v) yearn, kingly: (adj, adv) stately; (adj) August, sink; (adj) peak. slave: (n) servant, bondman, thrall, noble, regal, imperial, sovereign, majestic, royal; (adv) royally, bondsman, bondwoman, captive, vassal; (n, v) labor; (v) drudge, work; majestically, regally. obey: (v) comply, listen, keep, fulfill, (adj, n) inferior. ANTONYMS: (adj) free; (v) slack. hear, conform, abide by, serve, comply with; (n, v) mind, heed. ANTONYMS: (v) disobey, defy,

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The Welshmen are dispers'd; and Salisbury Is gone to meet the king, who lately landed With some few private friends upon this coast.% NORTHUMBERLAND. The news is very fair and good, my lord. Richard not far from hence hath hid his head. YORK. It would beseem the Lord Northumberland To say 'King Richard': alack the heavy day When such a sacred king should hide his head! NORTHUMBERLAND. Your Grace mistakes; only to be brief, Left I his title out. YORK. The time hath been, Would you have been so brief with him, he would Have been so brief with you to shorten you, For taking so the head, your whole head's length. BOLINGBROKE. Mistake not, uncle, further than you should. YORK. Take not, good cousin, further than you should, Lest you mistake. The heavens are o'er our heads. BOLINGBROKE. I know it, uncle; and oppose not myself Against their will. But who comes here? [Enter HENRY PERCY.] Welcome, Harry: what, will not this castle yield?

Thesaurus beseem: (adj, v) become, behoove; (v) thus, for, then, because, henceforth, submit, encourage, correspond, suit, seem, agree, correspond, as a result. approve, favor. lately: (adv) tardily, newly, freshly, sacred: (adj) holy, hallowed, dedicated, accommodate. cousin: (n) nephew, cousins, friend, belatedly, slowly, latterly, deadly; consecrated, divine, religious, pious, (adj, adv) anew, late, afresh; (adj) spiritual, inviolable, blessed; (adj, v) cousinship, relation, akin, relative, solemn. ANTONYMS: (adj) profane, full cousin, companion. recent. heavens: (n) firmament, heaven, sky, o'er: (adv) on, upon, across. unconsecrated, cursed, breakable. shorten: (v) condense, reduce, welkin, sphere, atmosphere, celestial oppose: (v) contest, contend, resist, sphere, space, skies, area, vault of contradict, controvert, contravene, abbreviate, clip, abridge, cut, curtail, heaven. counteract, fight, counter, disagree, cut back, contract, compress, dock. hence: (adv) consequently, for that dissent. ANTONYMS: (v) advocate, ANTONYMS: (v) expand, prolong, reason, therefore, thereby, away, agree, back, advise, promote, accept, extend, complicate.

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PERCY. The castle royally is mann'd, my lord, Against thy entrance.% BOLINGBROKE. Royally! Why, it contains no king? PERCY. Yes, my good lord, It doth contain a king; King Richard lies Within the limits of yon lime and stone; And with him are the Lord Aumerle, Lord Salisbury, Sir Stephen Scroop, besides a clergyman Of holy reverence; who, I cannot learn. NORTHUMBERLAND. O! belike it is the Bishop of Carlisle. BOLINGBROKE. [To NORTHUMBERLAND.] Noble lord, Go to the rude ribs of that ancient castle; Through brazen trumpet send the breath of parley Into his ruin'd ears, and thus deliver: Henry Bolingbroke On both his knees doth kiss King Richard's hand, And sends allegiance and true faith of heart To his most royal person; hither come Even at his feet to lay my arms and power, Provided that my banishment repeal'd And lands restor'd again be freely granted; If not, I'll use the advantage of my power And lay the summer's dust with showers of blood Rain'd from the wounds of slaughtered Englishmen;

Thesaurus allegiance: (n) adherence, dedication, devotion, faith, troth, faithfulness, commitment, fidelity, homage, constancy, fealty. ANTONYMS: (n) sedition, treason, betrayal, disobedience, enmity, treachery, indifference. belike: (adv) probably, likely, presumably, perhaps, believably, in all probability. brazen: (adj) audacious, impudent, brassy, insolent, bold, brash,

ribs: (n) dinner, chest, bosom. impertinent, blatant, flagrant, forward, saucy. ANTONYMS: (adj) royally: (adv) imperially, splendidly, shy, abashed, prudish, reserved, grandly, stately, magnificently, quiet, discreet, respectful, ashamed, superbly, sovereignly, like Kings, like veiled, modest. royalty, really, majestically. feet: (v) legs, pegs, pins, trotters; (n) rude: (adj, n) rough, impudent, coarse, abrupt, bold; (adj) blunt, foots, ft, fete, meter, rescue. knees: (n) knee. discourteous, impolite, brutal, crude, lime: (n) basswood, calx, lemon, mean. ANTONYMS: (adj) polite, limestone, quicklime, lime tree, refined, courteous, chivalrous, civil, cement, linden, calcined lime, caustic proper, decent, exact, clean, gentle, lime, burnt lime. inoffensive.

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The which, how far off from the mind of Bolingbroke It is, such crimson tempest should bedrench The fresh green lap of fair King Richard's land, My stooping duty tenderly shall show. Go, signify as much, while here we march Upon the grassy carpet of this plain. Let's march without the noise of threat'ning drum, That from this castle's totter'd battlements Our fair appointments may be well perus'd. Methinks King Richard and myself should meet With no less terror than the elements Of fire and water, when their thund'ring shock At meeting tears the cloudy cheeks of heaven. Be he the fire, I'll be the yielding water; The rage be his, whilst on the earth I rain My waters; on the earth, and not on him. March on, and mark King Richard how he looks.% [A Parley sounded, and answered by a Trumpet within. Flourish. Enter on the Walls, the KING, the BISHOP OF CARLISLE, AUMERLE, SCROOP, and SALISBURY.] HENRY PERCY. See, see, King Richard doth himself appear, As doth the blushing discontented sun From out the fiery portal of the east, When he perceives the envious clouds are bent To dim his glory and to stain the track Of his bright passage to the occident. YORK. Yet he looks like a king: behold, his eye, As bright as is the eagle's, lightens forth

Thesaurus behold: (v) see, view, contemplate, put out, ungratified. ANTONYMS: delicately, affectionately, fondly, (adj) pleased, satisfied, happy, regard, perceive, observe, look, warmly, painfully, sensitively, consider, discern, descry, watch. content. caringly, sympathetically, gently. ANTONYMS: (v) Miss, disregard, occident: (n) west, region, the west, ANTONYMS: (adv) roughly, ignore, overlook. Western Hemisphere, New world, severely, disapprovingly, harshly. crimson: (adj, n) carmine, ruby, scarlet, Mae West, hemisphere, due west, yielding: (adj, v) flexible, pliable, maroon; (v) blush, flush, redden; (adj) dame Rebecca west, Benjamin west, supple, tractable, pliant; (adj) bloody, ruddy, cherry; (n) deep red. Cicily Isabel Fairfield. compliant, submissive, soft, obedient, discontented: (adj, v) querulous, stooping: (adj) hunched, crooked, docile; (n) submission. ANTONYMS: complaining; (adj) disaffected, asymmetrical, not erect, not straight, (adj) hard, firm, inflexible, solid, disgruntled, malcontent, unsatisfied, corrupt; (n) patronage. rigid, obstinate, stiff, stubborn, tenderly: (adv) softly, kindly, dissatisfied, displeased, miserable, unyielding, rebellious.

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Controlling %majesty: alack, alack, for woe, That any harm should stain so fair a show! KING RICHARD. [To NORTHUMBERLAND.] We are amaz'd; and thus long have we stood To watch the fearful bending of thy knee, Because we thought ourself thy lawful king; And if we be, how dare thy joints forget To pay their awful duty to our presence? If we be not, show us the hand of God That hath dismiss'd us from our stewardship; For well we know no hand of blood and bone Can gripe the sacred handle of our sceptre, Unless he do profane, steal, or usurp. And though you think that all, as you have done, Have torn their souls by turning them from us, And we are barren and bereft of friends, Yet know-my master, God omnipotent, Is mustering in his clouds on our behalf Armies of pestilence; and they shall strike Your children yet unborn and unbegot, That lift your vassal hands against my head And threat the glory of my precious crown. Tell Bolingbroke,--for yond methinks he stands,-That every stride he makes upon my land Is dangerous treason; he is come to open The purple testament of bleeding war; But ere the crown he looks for live in peace, Ten thousand bloody crowns of mothers' sons Shall ill become the flower of England's face, Change the complexion of her maid-pale peace

Thesaurus bereft: (adj, v) cut off; (adj) destitute, duplicity; (adj, n) disloyalty, sedition, bauble, mace, brink. stain: (n, v) spot, blemish, tarnish, blot, prodition. ANTONYMS: (n) loyalty, devoid, forlorn, void, deprived, lovelorn, grieving, deserted, dye, smear, disgrace, mark, soil, dirt, faithfulness, fidelity. insufficient; (v) reft. ANTONYMS: defile. ANTONYMS: (v) enhance, usurp: (v) arrogate, seize, appropriate, (adj) fulfilled, supplied, happy, dignify, clean. take over, commandeer, capture, stewardship: (n) position, office, borrow, confiscate, take, grab; (adj) consoled, satisfied. omnipotent: (adj) almighty, supreme, violate. ANTONYMS: (v) surrender, charge, control, stewartry, post, powerful, multipotent, divine, berth, proctorship, situation, slot, relinquish. vassal: (n) feudatory, liegeman, liege, extreme, great, irresistible, mighty, spot. predominant; (n) God. ANTONYMS: treason: (n) treachery, perfidy, high serf, helot, dependent, subject, liege (adj) weak, powerless. treason, sabotage, lese majesty, subject, follower, bondman, homager. sceptre: (n) sovereignty, verge, wand, traitorousness, subversiveness,

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To scarlet indignation, and bedew Her pastures' grass with faithful English blood.% NORTHUMBERLAND. The King of Heaven forbid our lord the King Should so with civil and uncivil arms Be rush'd upon! Thy thrice noble cousin, Harry Bolingbroke, doth humbly kiss thy hand; And by the honourable tomb he swears That stands upon your royal grandsire's bones, And by the royalties of both your bloods, Currents that spring from one most gracious head, And by the buried hand of warlike Gaunt, And by the worth and honour of himself, Comprising all that may be sworn or said, His coming hither hath no further scope Than for his lineal royalties, and to beg Enfranchisement immediate on his knees; Which on thy royal party granted once, His glittering arms he will commend to rust, His barbed steeds to stables, and his heart To faithful service of your Majesty. This swears he, as he is a prince, is just; And as I am a gentleman I credit him. KING RICHARD. Northumberland, say, thus the king returns: His noble cousin is right welcome hither; And all the number of his fair demands Shall be accomplish'd without contradiction. With all the gracious utterance thou hast Speak to his gentle hearing kind commends. [NORTHUMBERLAND retires to BOLINGBROKE.]

Thesaurus barbed: (adj) mordant, thorny, sharp, pungent, caustic, spiny, cutting, acrid, spiteful, acid; (v) barded. ANTONYM: (adj) smooth. bedew: (v) dew, dampen, wet, irrigate, irrorate, damp, sponge. glittering: (adj, v) brilliant; (adj) sparkling, flashing, dazzling, glistering, glistening, glinting, shining, scintillating, splendid; (adj, adv) aglitter. humbly: (adv) lowly, meanly,

modestly, submissively, low, shyly, lowlily, naturally, regretfully, remorsefully, repentantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) conceitedly, haughtily, pompously, ostentatiously, unrepentantly, affluently, brashly, pretentiously. lineal: (adj, v) linear; (adj) ancestral, hereditary, straight, directly, racial, extended senses, exact. swears: (n) swearing. uncivil: (adj) discourteous,

disrespectful, impolite, coarse, brusque, curt, blunt, barbarous, short; (adj, n) rough, harsh. ANTONYMS: (adj) polite, courteous, gracious. warlike: (adj) military, belligerent, bellicose, pugnacious, combative, aggressive, armigerous, hostile, unfriendly, unpacific, militant. ANTONYMS: (adj) harmonizing, friendly.

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[To AUMERLE.] We do debase ourselves, cousin, do we not, To look so poorly and to speak so fair? Shall we call back Northumberland, and send Defiance to the traitor, and so die? AUMERLE. No, good my lord; let's fight with gentle words Till time lend friends, and friends their helpful swords.% KING RICHARD. O God, O God! that e'er this tongue of mine That laid the sentence of dread banishment On yond proud man should take it off again With words of sooth! O! that I were as great As is my grief, or lesser than my name, Or that I could forget what I have been, Or not remember what I must be now. Swell'st thou, proud heart? I'll give thee scope to beat, Since foes have scope to beat both thee and me. AUMERLE. Northumberland comes back from Bolingbroke. KING RICHARD. What must the King do now? Must he submit? The king shall do it: must he be depos'd? The king shall be contented: must he lose The name of king? A God's name, let it go: I'll give my jewels for a set of beads, My gorgeous palace for a hermitage, My gay apparel for an almsman's gown, My figur'd goblets for a dish of wood, My sceptre for a palmer's walking-staff, My subjects for a pair of carved saints,

Thesaurus apparel: (n, v) garb, attire, garment, (adj) pleasing, welcomed, pleasant; unsatisfied, sad, anxious. array, vesture; (n) clothing, finery, debase: (n, v) degrade, disgrace; (adj, (v) welcome, want; (n) reassurance, costume, clothes; (v) adorn, clothe. v) defile; (v) alloy, demean, fearlessness, confidence, security, carved: (adj) cut, incised, sculptured; contaminate, debauch, adulterate, ease, calm. (v) graven, engraved, stamped, fixed, cheapen, bastardize; (adj, n) abase. e'er: (adv) ever, forever. imprinted. ANTONYM: (adj) ANTONYMS: (v) purify, raise, value, gorgeous: (adj) luxurious, gaudy, uncarved. respect, laud, honor, enhance, attractive, brilliant, wonderful, contented: (adj) content, happy, elevate, amend, upgrade, clean. glorious, gay, florid, palatial, dressy; dread: (n, v) apprehension, fear, panic; (adj, v) rich. ANTONYMS: (adj) ugly, comfortable, quiet, cheerful, smug, (n) anxiety, awe, consternation, complacent, satisfied, easy, proud, unattractive, detestable, shabby. delighted. ANTONYMS: (adj) sooth: (n) verity, soothsaying, fact, alarm, trepidation, dismay, discontented, unhappy, depressed, foreboding, terror. ANTONYMS: truth, reality.

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And my large kingdom for a little grave, A little little grave, an obscure grave; Or I'll be buried in the king's highway, Some way of common trade, where subjects' feet May hourly trample on their sovereign's head; For on my heart they tread now whilst I live; And buried once, why not upon my head? Aumerle, thou weep'st, my tender-hearted cousin! We'll make foul weather with despised tears; Our sighs and they shall lodge the summer corn And make a dearth in this revolting land. Or shall we play the wantons with our woes And make some pretty match with shedding tears? As thus: to drop them still upon one place Till they have fretted us a pair of graves Within the earth; and, there inlaid: 'There lies Two kinsmen digg'd their graves with weeping eyes.' Would not this ill do well? Well, well, I see I talk but idly, and you laugh at me. Most mighty prince, my Lord Northumberland, What says King Bolingbroke? will his Majesty Give Richard leave to live till Richard die? You make a leg, and Bolingbroke says ay.% NORTHUMBERLAND. My lord, in the base court he doth attend To speak with you; may it please you to come down? KING RICHARD. Down, down I come; like glist'ring Phaethon, Wanting the manage of unruly jades. In the base court? Base court, where kings grow base, To come at traitors' calls, and do them grace.

Thesaurus dearth: (n) shortage, famine, want, deficiency, lack, scarcity, paucity, scarceness, scantiness, rarity, shortfall. ANTONYMS: (n) abundance, excess, glut, plenty, plethora, sufficiency, surplus, supply. fretted: (adj) latticed, haggard, magged, latticelike, reticulated, reticular, interlaced. ANTONYM: (adj) unfretted. hourly: (adv) always, by the hour, daily, often, constantly, continually,

frequently; (adj) horary, continual, ephemeral; (n) an hour. idly: (adj, adv) foolishly; (adv) vainly, vaguely, listlessly, forgetfully, distractedly; (adj) thoughtlessly. ANTONYM: (adv) energetically. inlaid: (adj) decorated. kinsmen: (n) kin, kindred, family, kinsfolk, people, affinity. revolting: (adj) offensive, loathsome, nasty, foul, detestable, nauseating, nauseous, horrible, hideous,

repellent; (adj, v) sickening. ANTONYMS: (adj) attractive, pleasant, tasty, delicious, edible, lovable, delightful, appealing, lovely. shedding: (n) molting, abscission, fluffing, effusion, moulting, biological process, desquamation, sloughing, emission; (adj, n) peeling; (adj) flaking. tender-hearted: (adj) kind, merciful, benevolent, kind-hearted, soft, tender.

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In the base court? Come down? Down, court! down, king! For night-owls shriek where mounting larks should sing.% [Exeunt from above.] BOLINGBROKE. What says his Majesty? NORTHUMBERLAND. Sorrow and grief of heart Makes him speak fondly, like a frantic man; Yet he is come. [Enter KING RICHARD, and his attendants.] BOLINGBROKE. Stand all apart, And show fair duty to his Majesty.[Kneeling.] My gracious lord,-KING RICHARD. Fair cousin, you debase your princely knee To make the base earth proud with kissing it: Me rather had my heart might feel your love Than my unpleas'd eye see your courtesy. Up, cousin, up; your heart is up, I know, Thus high at least, although your knee be low. BOLINGBROKE. My gracious lord, I come but for mine own. KING RICHARD. Your own is yours, and I am yours, and all. BOLINGBROKE. So far be mine, my most redoubted lord, As my true service shall deserve your love.

Thesaurus frantic: (adj) desperate, crazy, excited, distraught, frenetic, distracted; (adj, v) frenzied, furious, wild, raging; (n) maniac. ANTONYMS: (adj) mellow, composed. grief: (adj, n, v) affliction; (n) dolor, anguish, distress, agony, pain, wound, chagrin, concern; (n, v) regret; (adj) sore. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, happiness, comfort, content, peace. kissing: (n) hugging, cuddling,

fondling, arousal, foreplay, necking; (adj) embracing, adhering closely, billing, clinging, interosculant. knee: (n) bracket, articulation, joint, kneel, knee joint, genu, articulatio genus, scythe, zigzag, sickle, bend. larks: (n) family Alaudidae. mine: (adj, v) excavate, sap; (n) excavation, pit, fund, land mine, vein; (v) exploit, burrow; (adj) my, delve. mounting: (n, v) mount; (adj, n)

climbing; (n) ascent, setting, climb, frame, assembly, chassis, framework, ascension; (adj, adv) rising. redoubted: (adj) bold, stalworth, brave, eminent, noted, renowned, reputable, respectable, daring. shriek: (n, v) screech, cry, shout, call, howl, yell, yowl, screak; (v) bellow, caterwaul, shrill. ANTONYM: (v) sigh. yours: (adj) own.

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KING RICHARD. Well you deserve: they well deserve to have That know the strong'st and surest way to get. Uncle, give me your hand: nay, dry your eyes: Tears show their love, but want their remedies. Cousin, I am too young to be your father, Though you are old enough to be my heir. What you will have, I'll give, and willing too; For do we must what force will have us do. Set on towards London. Cousin, is it so? BOLINGBROKE. Yea, my good lord.% KING RICHARD. Then I must not say no. [Flourish. Exeunt.]

SCENE IV. LANGLEY. THE DUKE OF YORK'S GARDEN. [Enter the QUEEN and two LADIES.] QUEEN. What sport shall we devise here in this garden To drive away the heavy thought of care? LADY. Madam, we'll play at bowls. QUEEN. 'Twill make me think the world is full of rubs And that my fortune runs against the bias.

Thesaurus bias: (n, v) prejudice, bent, slant, drive: (n, v) ride, push, force, crusade, (v) conceal. influence, twist; (adj, n) partiality; (n) urge, thrust, campaign, cause; (v) towards: (prep) to, facing, until, penchant, drift, turn, favor, slope. compel, chase, actuate. ANTONYMS: opposite to, till, unto, upon; (n, prep) ANTONYMS: (n) neutrality, fairness, (n) apathy, inertia, lethargy, walk, against; (adv) about, by; (n) at. indifference; (v) discourage, repress, willing: (adj, adv) disposed; (adj) tolerance, justice, justness, broadmindedness. stop, prevent, inhibit, dissuade. spontaneous, voluntary, ready, bowls: (n) kain, ninepins, skittles, runs: (n) Aztec two-step, sickness, amenable, inclined, prepared, enthusiastic, unforced, obliging; (adj, dishes, dinner service, boules, plates, Montezuma's revenge. sport: (n, v) play, pastime, jest, v) consenting. ANTONYMS: (adj) tableware, American bowls. devise: (v) contrive, conceive, invent, diversion, romp, joke, disport, unwilling, reluctant, compulsory, plan, create, concoct, design, arrange, gambol; (n) fun, amusement, disagreeable, unprepared, forced, recreation. ANTONYMS: (n) work; frame, formulate, excogitate. unenthusiastic, unhelpful.

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LADY. Madam, we'll dance.% QUEEN. My legs can keep no measure in delight, When my poor heart no measure keeps in grief: Therefore no dancing, girl; some other sport. LADY. Madam, we'll tell tales. QUEEN. Of sorrow or of joy? LADY. Of either, madam. QUEEN. Of neither, girl: For if of joy, being altogether wanting, It doth remember me the more of sorrow; Or if of grief, being altogether had, It adds more sorrow to my want of joy; For what I have I need not to repeat, And what I want it boots not to complain. LADY. Madam, I'll sing. QUEEN. 'Tis well' that thou hast cause; But thou shouldst please me better wouldst thou weep. LADY. I could weep, madam, would it do you good. QUEEN. And I could sing, would weeping do me good, And never borrow any tear of thee.

Thesaurus altogether: (adv) absolutely, all, wholly, perfectly, purely, all in all, completely, entirely, totally, simply, ensemble. ANTONYMS: (adv) incompletely, partially. boots: (n) Bootes, bell boy, bootblack, counterjumper, boy, shoeblack, footwear. borrow: (v) adopt, lend, appropriate, to borrow, assume, take, accept, acquire, plagiarize, cadge, get. ANTONYMS: (v) give, invent, loan,

originate, return. complain: (v) bemoan, protest, whine, squawk, bewail, beef, grudge, accuse, carp, plain, complaint. ANTONYMS: (v) praise, applaud, cheer, recommend, rejoice, laud, approve, agree, accept. dancing: (n) choreography, Terpsichore, saltation, break dancing, ceremonial dance, galloping, hoofing, Pavan; (adj) morrice; (adv) adance; (v) saltant.

legs: (v) pegs, trotters, pins; (n) patience, pedestal, stamina. measure: (n) amount, criterion, extent, measurement, estimate, degree, beat, benchmark, quantity, meter; (n, v) act. ANTONYMS: (v) guess, estimate. neither: (conj) either, no-one, not either, nor, nother. sing: (v) hymn, hum, chirp, drone, intone, vocalize, pipe, carol, snitch; (n, v) twitter, squeak.

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But stay, here come the gardeners. Let's step into the shadow of these trees. My wretchedness unto a row of pins, They will talk of state, for every one doth so Against a change: woe is forerun with woe.% [QUEEN and LADIES retire.] [Enter a GARDENER and two SERVANTS.] GARDENER. Go, bind thou up yon dangling apricocks, Which, like unruly children, make their sire Stoop with oppression of their prodigal weight: Give some supportance to the bending twigs. Go thou, and like an executioner Cut off the heads of too fast growing sprays That look too lofty in our commonwealth: All must be even in our government. You thus employ'd, I will go root away The noisome weeds which without profit suck The soil's fertility from wholesome flowers. SERVANT. Why should we in the compass of a pale Keep law and form and due proportion, Showing, as in a model, our firm estate, When our sea-walled garden, the whole land, Is full of weeds; her fairest flowers chok'd up, Her fruit trees all unprun'd, her hedges ruin'd, Her knots disordered, and her wholesome herbs Swarming with caterpillars? GARDENER. Hold thy peace. He that hath suffer'd this disorder'd spring

Thesaurus disordered: (adj) chaotic, upset, sick, prodigal: (adj) extravagant, rambunctious, ungovernable, disorganized, broken, incoherent, improvident, generous, lavish, lawless, rebellious. ANTONYMS: (adj) manageable, obedient, yielding, deranged, messy, disjointed, wasteful, excessive, exuberant, disconnected, ill. ANTONYMS: (adj) liberal, profuse, dissipated; (adj, n) biddable, compliant, loyal, gentle, profligate. ANTONYMS: (adj) neat, ordered, organized, arranged, peaceful, placid, restrained. weeds: (n) viduity, mourning band, quiet, regulated, systematic, economical, cautious. systematized, straightforward, tidy. supportance: (v) endurance, tolerance; garment, cypress, widowhood, dress; noisome: (adj) injurious, bad, fetid, (n) response, forbearance. (adj) willow. unruly: (adj) boisterous, wretchedness: (n) unhappiness, grief, mischievous, repugnant, foul, noxious, repulsive, detrimental, insubordinate, disobedient, distress, desolation, woe, sorrow, poisonous, deleterious. ANTONYM: intractable, headstrong, anguish, infelicity, tribulation, (adj) moral. uncontrollable, wayward, affliction, misfortune.

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Hath now himself met with the fall of leaf; The weeds which his broad-spreading leaves did shelter, That seem'd in eating him to hold him up, Are pluck'd up root and all by Bolingbroke; I mean the Earl of Wiltshire, Bushy, Green.% SERVANT. What! are they dead? GARDENER. They are; and Bolingbroke Hath seiz'd the wasteful King. O! what pity is it That he had not so trimm'd and dress'd his land As we this garden! We at time of year Do wound the bark, the skin of our fruit trees, Lest, being over-proud in sap and blood, With too much riches it confound itself: Had he done so to great and growing men, They might have liv'd to bear, and he to taste Their fruits of duty: superfluous branches We lop away, that bearing boughs may live: Had he done so, himself had home the crown, Which waste of idle hours hath quite thrown down. SERVANT. What! think you the king shall be depos'd? GARDENER. Depress'd he is already, and depos'd 'Tis doubt he will be: letters came last night To a dear friend of the good Duke of York's That tell black tidings. QUEEN. O! I am press'd to death through want of speaking! [Coming forward.]

Thesaurus bark: (n, v) skin, yelp, snarl, cry, rind, groundless, frivolous, empty, shout; (v) growl, roar; (n) bay, peel, disengaged. ANTONYMS: (adj) crust. ANTONYMS: (n, v) whisper. active, employed, industrious, confound: (v) bewilder, baffle, energetic, meaningful, productive, worthwhile, diligent; (v) change, run, nonplus, perplex, astonish, puzzle, amaze, astound, mistake; (adj, v) work. confuse, stupefy. ANTONYMS: (v) riches: (n, v) money; (n) affluence, explain, clarify, comfort, lose, abundance, fortune, opulence, plenty, distinguish; (n) understanding. prosperity, exuberance, treasure, fruits: (n) revenue. resources; (v) gold. idle: (adj) lazy, indolent, inactive, free, superfluous: (adj, v) spare; (adj) unfounded, fruitless, baseless, needless, extra, excess, excessive,

unnecessary, surplus, pointless, superabundant, supernumerary, supererogatory. ANTONYMS: (adj) indispensable, important, essential, basic, pertinent. wasteful: (adj) improvident, profuse, prodigal, lavish, profligate, ruinous, uneconomical, spendthrift, thriftless, destructive, uneconomic. ANTONYMS: (adj) economical, cautious, parsimonious, efficient, frugal, productive, sensible.

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Thou, old Adam's likeness, set to dress this garden, How dares thy harsh rude tongue sound this unpleasing news? What Eve, what serpent, hath suggested thee To make a second fall of cursed man? Why dost thou say King Richard is depos'd? Dar'st thou, thou little better thing than earth, Divine his downfall? Say, where, when, and how, Cam'st thou by this ill tidings? Speak, thou wretch.% GARDENER. Pardon me, madam: little joy have I To breathe this news; yet what I say is true. King Richard, he is in the mighty hold Of Bolingbroke: their fortunes both are weigh'd. In your lord's scale is nothing but himself, And some few vanities that make him light; But in the balance of great Bolingbroke, Besides himself, are all the English peers, And with that odds he weighs King Richard down. Post you to London, and you will find it so; I speak no more than every one doth know. QUEEN. Nimble mischance, that art so light of foot, Doth not thy embassage belong to me, And am I last that knows it? O! thou thinkest To serve me last, that I may longest keep Thy sorrow in my breast. Come, ladies, go, To meet at London London's king in woe. What was I born to this, that my sad look Should grace the triumph of great Bolingbroke? Gardener, for telling me these news of woe, Pray God the plants thou graft'st may never grow!

Thesaurus cursed: (adj) damned, doomed, execrable, cussed, wretched, unlucky, accursed, blamed, blasted, confounded; (v) accurst. ANTONYMS: (adj) commendable, honorable, nice, sweet, kine. downfall: (n) ruin, decline, destruction, debacle, defeat, descent, decadence, failure, undoing, devastation, bane. ANTONYMS: (n) making, ascension, lift, salvation, victory, creation, beginning.

likeness: (n) resemblance, copy, effigy, image, affinity, similarity, correspondence, facsimile; (adj, n) figure, form, semblance. ANTONYMS: (n) difference, diversity, dissimilarity, unlikeness, contrast. mighty: (adj) immense, huge, grand, intense, high, big, forcible, strong, large, great; (adj, adv) powerful. ANTONYMS: (adj) puny, tiny, weak, insignificant.

mischance: (n) calamity, mishap, disaster, accident, ill luck, bad luck, misfortune, adversity, affliction, luck, chance. serpent: (n) snake, ophidian, viper, snake in the grass, reptile, rattlesnake, colubrid, contrafagotto, cor anglais, hautboy; (v) goose. unpleasing: (adj) displeasing, graceless, ungracious, unpleasant, disagreeable, wicked, not grateful, offensive, perturbed, restless, stiff.

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[Exeunt QUEEN and Ladies.] GARDENER. Poor Queen, so that thy state might be no worse, I would my skill were subject to thy curse. Here did she fall a tear; here in this place I'll set a bank of rue, sour herb of grace. Rue, even for ruth, here shortly shall be seen, In the remembrance of a weeping queen.% [Exeunt.]

Thesaurus fall: (n, v) decline, dip, rain, decrease, plunge, dive; (n) downfall, descent, autumn; (v) descend, sink. ANTONYMS: (n, v) increase, win, climb, triumph; (n) ascent, improvement, rising; (v) ascend, advance, conquer, elevate. herb: (n) plant, wort, herbage, amaranth, cottonweed, agueweed, drypis, dittany, dill, digitalis, dayflower. remembrance: (n, v) recollection,

mind; (n) commemoration, memorial, recall, relic, monument, keepsake, reminiscence, recognition; (adj, n) memento. ruth: (n) pity, commiseration, mercy, charity, sympathy, pathos, babe Ruth, poignancy, compunction, condolence, dolor. shortly: (adv) presently, curtly, before long, soon, concisely, brusquely, abruptly, tersely, succinctly; (adj, adv) immediately, summarily.

ANTONYMS: (adv) politely, pleasantly, verbosely, later. skill: (n) artifice, capacity, capability, knack, ability, faculty, finesse, cleverness, expertise; (adj, n) craft, cunning. ANTONYMS: (n) clumsiness, incompetence, uselessness, stupidity, ineptness, tactlessness, inexperience, ignorance, inaccuracy, delay, drawback.

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ACT IV

SCENE I. WESTMINSTER HALL.% [The Lords spiritual on the right side of the throne; the Lords temporal on the left; the Commons below. Enter BOLINGBROKE, AUMERLE, SURREY, NORTHUMBERLAND, HENRY PERCY, FITZWATER, another Lord, the BISHOP OF CARLISLE, the ABBOT OF WESTMINSTER, and attendants. OFFICERS behind, with BAGOT.] BOLINGBROKE. Call forth Bagot. Now, Bagot, freely speak thy mind; What thou dost know of noble Gloucester's death; Who wrought it with the King, and who perform'd The bloody office of his timeless end. BAGOT. Then set before my face the Lord Aumerle. BOLINGBROKE. Cousin, stand forth, and look upon that man.

Thesaurus attendants: (n) entourage, followers, retinue, tendance, persons present, suite. freely: (adv) loosely, frankly, openly, generously, independently, gratuitously, voluntarily, liberally, free, sparely; (adj, adv) spontaneously. ANTONYMS: (adv) reluctantly, deceitfully, accurately, meagerly, parsimoniously, secretly, stingily, unwillingly; (adj) restricted. officers: (n) executive committee, staff.

spiritual: (adj) religious, holy, permanent, perpetual, lasting. throne: (v) enthrone; (n) can, stool, immaterial, incorporeal, pious, ethereal, mental, psychic, divine, place, fecal matter, potty, chair, metaphysical, unworldly. cathedra, lavatory, crapper, pot. ANTONYMS: (adj) physical, worldly, timeless: (adj) eternal, everlasting, secular, earthly, tangible, dateless, immortal, inopportune, uncommitted. interminable, undying, ageless, temporal: (adj) secular, earthly, perpetual, endless, deathless. ANTONYMS: (adj) temporary, profane, lay, carnal, mortal, fleeting, temporary, transient, impermanent, mortal, modern. mundane. ANTONYMS: (adj) wrought: (adj) shaped, done, worked, spiritual, otherworldly, mental, worked up, formed.

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BAGOT. My Lord Aumerle, I know your daring tongue Scorns to unsay what once it hath deliver'd. In that dead time when Gloucester's death was plotted I heard you say 'Is not my arm of length, That reacheth from the restful English Court As far as Calais, to mine uncle's head?' Amongst much other talk that very time I heard you say that you had rather refuse The offer of an hundred thousand crowns Than Bolingbroke's return to England; Adding withal, how blest this land would be In this your cousin's death.% AUMERLE. Princes, and noble lords, What answer shall I make to this base man? Shall I so much dishonour my fair stars On equal terms to give him chastisement? Either I must, or have mine honour soil'd With the attainder of his slanderous lips. There is my gage, the manual seal of death That marks thee out for hell: I say thou liest, And will maintain what thou hast said is false In thy heart-blood, through being all too base To stain the temper of my knightly sword. BOLINGBROKE. Bagot, forbear; thou shalt not take it up. AUMERLE. Excepting one, I would he were the best In all this presence that hath mov'd me so.

Thesaurus attainder: (n) cancellation, attainture, civil death, attaintment; (adj) taint. blest: (adj) blessed, fortunate, beatified, blissful, blame, blasted, blamed, golden, glorious, favored. daring: (adj, n) bold, courageous, adventurous; (adj) audacious, venturesome, intrepid; (n) bravery, audacity, boldness, courage, adventurousness. ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, timidity; (adj) timid, cautious, dull, afraid, chicken, fearful,

unadventurous, wimpy. dishonour: (v) discredit, disgrace, attaint, shame, degrade, desecrate, violate, rape, outrage; (n) stigma, opprobrium. forbear: (v) refrain, desist, help, tolerate, abide, eschew, endure, relinquish; (n) predecessor, progenitor, forebear. heard: (n) hearing. restful: (adj) quiet, peaceful, still, comfortable, placid, soft, tranquil,

reposeful, relaxing, easy, peaceable. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncomfortable, unwelcoming, irritating, harsh, noisy, rushed, stimulating. unsay: (v) withdraw, retract, recall, recant, renounce, take back, forswear, revoke, abjure, rescind, back away. withal: (adv) nevertheless, notwithstanding, however, even so, all the same, nonetheless, with; (adj) likewise; (n) sufficiency, adequacy, enough.

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FITZWATER. If that thy valour stand on sympathies, There is my gage, Aumerle, in gage to thine: By that fair sun which shows me where thou stand'st, I heard thee say, and vauntingly thou spak'st it, That thou wert cause of noble Gloucester's death. If thou deny'st it twenty times, thou liest; And I will turn thy falsehood to thy heart, Where it was forged, with my rapier's point.% AUMERLE. Thou darest not, coward, live to see that day. FITZWATER. Now, by my soul, I would it were this hour. AUMERLE. Fitzwater, thou art damn'd to hell for this. HENRY PERCY. Aumerle, thou liest; his honour is as true In this appeal as thou art an unjust; And that thou art so, there I throw my gage, To prove it on thee to the extremest point Of mortal breathing: seize it if thou dar'st. AUMERLE. And if I do not, may my hands rot off And never brandish more revengeful steel Over the glittering helmet of my foe! ANOTHER LORD. I task the earth to the like, forsworn Aumerle; And spur thee on with full as many lies As may be halloa'd in thy treacherous ear

Thesaurus brandish: (n, v) flourish; (v) display, ben trovato, imitative, bad. discouragement, disincentive, ANTONYM: (adj) real. deterrent; (v) calm, delay, inhibit. wield, flaunt, shake, agitate, swing, forsworn: (adj) perjured, untrue. treacherous: (adj) unfaithful, deceitful, bandy, beckon, raise, jerk. ANTONYMS: (v) conceal, lower, revengeful: (adj) vengeful, vindictive, false, perfidious, dangerous, disloyal, sheathe. punitive, unforgiving, vindicative, unreliable, unsafe, Punic, fraudulent, falsehood: (n) fable, fabrication, faithless. ANTONYMS: (adj) faithful, resentful, despiteful, spiteful, deception, untruth, lie, fib, fiction, implacable, rancorous, vengeable. loyal, honest, safe, true, genuine, invention, dishonesty; (adj, n) deceit, ANTONYM: (adj) charitable. forthright, stable, harmless, falsity. ANTONYMS: (n) fact, spur: (n) inducement, incentive, dependable, open. impulse, stimulus; (n, v) prod, prick, vauntingly: (adv) large, big, honesty, reality. forged: (adj) false, bogus, phony, fake, incite, prompt; (v) provoke, impel, boastingly, vaunted, extremely well. animate. ANTONYMS: (n) sham, fabricated, mock, spurious,

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From sun to sun: there is my honour's pawn; Engage it to the trial if thou dar'st.% AUMERLE. Who sets me else? By heaven, I'll throw at all: I have a thousand spirits in one breast To answer twenty thousand such as you. SURREY. My Lord Fitzwater, I do remember well The very time Aumerle and you did talk. FITZWATER. 'Tis very true: you were in presence then, And you can witness with me this is true. SURREY. As false, by heaven, as heaven itself is true. FITZWATER. Surrey, thou liest. SURREY. Dishonourable boy! That lie shall lie so heavy on my sword That it shall render vengeance and revenge Till thou the lie-giver and that lie do lie In earth as quiet as thy father's skull. In proof whereof, there is my honour's pawn; Engage it to the trial if thou dar'st. FITZWATER. How fondly dost thou spur a forward horse! If I dare eat, or drink, or breathe, or live, I dare meet Surrey in a wilderness, And spit upon him, whilst I say he lies, And lies, and lies: there is my bond of faith

Thesaurus bond: (n) association, alliance, deed, authentication, sign, substantiation, hurl, heave, chuck, flip, pass, hurtle; agreement, bail, attachment, joint; (v) evidence, verification, validation, (n) shot. ANTONYMS: (v) explain, bind; (n, v) cement, band, link. argument, experiment, indication. help, receive, clarify, encourage. ANTONYMS: (v) unstick, open, ANTONYM: (n) contradiction. whilst: (conj) whereas, as, though, render: (v) interpret, explain, give, unfasten, loosen, disconnect, clash; albeit, at the same time as, even as; (n) separation, divorce. (prep) during; (adj) pending. offer, furnish, pay, construe, return, dare: (n, v) venture; (v) defy, brave, witness: (n, v) testimony, attest, provide, impart, translate. spirits: (n) alcohol, booze, humor, evidence; (n) bystander, eyewitness, hazard, confront, risk, resist, make bold; (n) adventure, daring, defiance. frame of mind, liqueur, strong drink, onlooker, observer; (v) observe, ANTONYMS: (v) avoid, flee, pass, hard drink; (adj) cheer, geniality, notice, see, view. ANTONYMS: (v) good humor; (v) wine. refrain, retreat, obey. deny, participate, refute. proof: (n) confirmation, probation, throw: (n, v) cast, pitch, push; (v) shed,

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To tie thee to my strong correction. As I intend to thrive in this new world, Aumerle is guilty of my true appeal: Besides, I heard the banish'd Norfolk say That thou, Aumerle, didst send two of thy men To execute the noble duke at Calais.% AUMERLE. Some honest Christian trust me with a gage. That Norfolk lies, here do I throw down this, If he may be repeal'd to try his honour. BOLINGBROKE. These differences shall all rest under gage Till Norfolk be repeal'd: repeal'd he shall be And, though mine enemy, restor'd again To all his lands and signories; when he is return'd, Against Aumerle we will enforce his trial. CARLISLE. That honourable day shall ne'er be seen. Many a time hath banish'd Norfolk fought For Jesu Christ in glorious Christian field, Streaming the ensign of the Christian cross Against black pagans, Turks, and Saracens; And, toil'd with works of war, retir'd himself To Italy; and there, at Venice, gave His body to that pleasant country's earth, And his pure soul unto his captain, Christ, Under whose colours he had fought so long. BOLINGBROKE. Why, Bishop, is Norfolk dead? CARLISLE. As surely as I live, my lord.

Thesaurus differences: (n) difference; (v) agree, straighten out. enforce: (v) compel, constrain, carry out, implement, impose, execute, apply, drive, dispense, effect; (n, v) force. ANTONYMS: (v) surrender, relax, neglect, forget, exempt, disregard, abandon. ensign: (n) banner, badge, insignia, emblem, national flag, colours, sign, standard, colors, enzie, sublieutenant. execute: (v) do, achieve, complete,

perform, accomplish, act, effect, carry out, enforce, make, fulfill. ANTONYMS: (v) abandon, ignore, disregard, Miss, forget, shirk, revive. glorious: (adj) distinguished, beautiful, bright, celebrated, brilliant, eminent, magnificent, super, great, splendid; (adj, v) illustrious. ANTONYMS: (adj) sorrowful, despicable, horrible, shameful, lowly. honourable: (adj) estimable, reverend, venerable, glorious, honorable,

distinguished, above-board, good, worthy, right, noble. intend: (v) destine, design, mean, aim, determine, denote, contemplate, plan, purpose, consider, believe. ANTONYM: (v) improvise. thrive: (adj, v) prosper; (v) flourish, grow, advance, blossom, succeed, increase, bloom, get ahead, boom; (adj) luxuriate. ANTONYMS: (v) deteriorate, fail, languish, struggle, decrease.

92

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BOLINGBROKE. Sweet peace conduct his sweet soul to the bosom Of good old Abraham! Lords appellants, Your differences shall all rest under gage Till we assign you to your days of trial [Enter YORK, attended.] YORK. Great Duke of Lancaster, I come to the From plume-pluck'd Richard; who with willing soul Adopts thee heir, and his high sceptre yields To the possession of thy royal hand. Ascend his throne, descending now from him; And long live Henry, of that name the fourth! BOLINGBROKE. In God's name, I'll ascend the regal throne.% CARLISLE. Marry, God forbid! Worst in this royal presence may I speak, Yet best beseeming me to speak the truth. Would God that any in this noble presence Were enough noble to be upright judge Of noble Richard! Then true noblesse would Learn him forbearance from so foul a wrong. What subject can give sentence on his king? And who sits here that is not Richard's subject? Thieves are not judg'd but they are by to hear, Although apparent guilt be seen in them; And shall the figure of God's majesty, His captain, steward, deputy elect, Anointed, crowned, planted many years, Be judg'd by subject and inferior breath,

Thesaurus ascend: (n, v) mount; (v) arise, scale, descending: (v) descend; (adj) noblesse: (n) nobility, position, status, uprise, climb, go up, come up, downhill, down, descendent, peerage, elegance, increase, elevate; (n) ascending, decreasing, dropping, falling, magnanimousness, purple, grandeur. ascent. ANTONYMS: (v) descend, sloping, degressive, occasive; (adv) regal: (adj) noble, imperial, grand, downward. ANTONYM: (adj) drop, decline, fall, lower, set, sink. purple, royal, dignified, kingly, assign: (v) allot, delegate, consign, upward. August, imposing, stately, forbearance: (n) patience, clemency, magnificent. ANTONYMS: (adj) ascribe, appoint, place, allocate, appropriate; (n, v) allow, apply, give. pardon, abstention, abstinence, undignified, modest, poor. ANTONYMS: (v) relieve, discharge, steward: (n) flight attendant, waiter, mercy, longanimity, avoidance, discredit, divest, refuse, take. postponement, indulgence, restraint. keeper, warden, attendant, curator, crowned: (adj) laureled, fulfilled, ANTONYMS: (n) impatience, caretaker, administrator, janitor, browbound, incoronate, successful. intolerance. chamberlain, stewardess.

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And %he himself not present? O! forfend it, God, That in a Christian climate souls refin'd Should show so heinous, black, obscene a deed! I speak to subjects, and a subject speaks, Stirr'd up by God, thus boldly for his king. My Lord of Hereford here, whom you call king, Is a foul traitor to proud Hereford's king; And if you crown him, let me prophesy, The blood of English shall manure the ground And future ages groan for this foul act; Peace shall go sleep with Turks and infidels, And in this seat of peace tumultuous wars Shall kin with kin and kind with kind confound; Disorder, horror, fear, and mutiny, Shall here inhabit, and this land be call'd The field of Golgotha and dead men's skulls. O! if you raise this house against this house, It will the woefullest division prove That ever fell upon this cursed earth. Prevent it, resist it, let it not be so, Lest child, child's children, cry against you 'woe!' NORTHUMBERLAND. Well have you argued, sir; and, for your pains, Of capital treason we arrest you here. My Lord of Westminster, be it your charge To keep him safely till his day of trial. May it please you, lords, to grant the commons' suit? BOLINGBROKE. Fetch hither Richard, that in common view He may surrender; so we shall proceed Without suspicion.

Thesaurus forfend: (v) prevent, avert, rule out, lodge, settle, people, live, indwell, be, misgiving, hunch, qualm, scruple, surmise, supposition; (n, v) doubt, preclude, obviate, forbid, fend, deter, exist; (n) habit. ANTONYMS: (v) mistrust, fear. ANTONYMS: (n) prohibit. desert, vacate. groan: (n, v) grumble, murmur, cry, manure: (n) compost, fertiliser, certainty, knowledge, information, sigh, mutter, squeak, rumble, scrape; fertilizer; (n, v) muck, soil; (v) carelessness, recklessness, certitude. (v) howl, complain; (n) complaint. tumultuous: (adj, n) boisterous, fertilize, cultivate, plough, weed, heinous: (adj) atrocious, grievous, evil, plow; (adj) guano. tempestuous; (adj) disorderly, obscene: (adj) indecent, dirty, gross, wicked, flagrant, flagitious, riotous, turbulent, noisy, furious, monstrous, hateful; (adj, v) gross, coarse, filthy, lewd, licentious, nasty, loud, troubled, disturbed; (adj, v) tumultuary. ANTONYMS: (adj) nefarious, infamous. ANTONYM: foul, ribald, bawdy. ANTONYMS: (adj) good. (adj) pure, moral, decent. peaceful, calm. inhabit: (v) reside, abide, occupy, suspicion: (n) distrust, inkling,

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YORK. I will be his conduct. [Exit.] BOLINGBROKE. Lords, you that here are under our arrest, Procure your sureties for your days of answer. Little are we beholding to your love, And little look'd for at your helping hands.% [Re-enter YORK, with KING RICHARD, and OFFICERS bearing the Crown, etc.] KING RICHARD. Alack! why am I sent for to a king Before I have shook off the regal thoughts Wherewith I reign'd? I hardly yet have learn'd To insinuate, flatter, bow, and bend my knee. Give sorrow leave awhile to tutor me To this submission. Yet I well remember The favours of these men: were they not mine? Did they not sometime cry 'All hail!' to me? So Judas did to Christ: but he, in twelve, Found truth in all but one; I, in twelve thousand, none. God save the King! Will no man say, amen? Am I both priest and clerk? Well then, amen. God save the King! although I be not he; And yet, amen, if heaven do think him me. To do what service am I sent for hither? YORK. To do that office of thine own good will Which tired majesty did make thee offer, The resignation of thy state and crown To Henry Bolingbroke.

Thesaurus amen: (adj) right, correct; (n) Amon; (adv) positively, yes. awhile: (adj) in transitu, en passant; (adv) briefly. bearing: (n, v) demeanor; (n) manner, direction, deportment, conduct, attitude, aspect, approach, appearance, respect, air. ANTONYMS: (n) insignificance, irrelevance; (adj) nonbearing. beholding: (n) fusion, seeing, visual perception, look.

clerk: (n, v) writer, secretary, transcriber; (n) servant, shop assistant, salesclerk, employee, accountant, recorder; (v) scrivener, scribe. insinuate: (v) imply, hint, intimate, indicate, suggest, adumbrate, connote, signify, ingratiate, instill, denote. sometime: (adv) someday, once, one day, formerly, sooner or later; (adj) quondam, erstwhile, former, old, late;

(adj, adv) sometimes. submission: (n) compliance, obedience, acquiescence, bid, offer, deference, entry, presentation, conformity; (adj, n) resignation, surrender. ANTONYMS: (n) defiance, divergence, disobedience. tutor: (n) teacher, instructor, mentor, trainer, master, guardian; (v) instruct, school, educate, train, teach. twelve: (adj, n) dozen, XII; (n) boxcars, large integer.

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KING RICHARD. Give me the crown. Here, cousin, seize the crown. Here, cousin, On this side my hand, and on that side thine. Now is this golden crown like a deep well That owes two buckets, filling one another; The emptier ever dancing in the air, The other down, unseen, and full of water. That bucket down and full of tears am I, Drinking my griefs, whilst you mount up on high.% BOLINGBROKE. I thought you had been willing to resign. KING RICHARD. My crown I am; but still my griefs are mine. You may my glories and my state depose, But not my griefs; still am I king of those. BOLINGBROKE. Part of your cares you give me with your crown. KING RICHARD. Your cares set up do not pluck my cares down. My care is loss of care, by old care done; Your care is gain of care, by new care won. The cares I give I have, though given away; They tend the crown, yet still with me they stay. BOLINGBROKE. Are you contented to resign the crown? KING RICHARD. Ay, no; no, ay; for I must nothing be; Therefore no no, for I resign to thee. Now mark me how I will undo myself:

Thesaurus bucket: (n) pail, container, bucketful, scoop, tankard, pipkin, skeel, mug, pan, can; (v) rain cats and dogs. emptier: (adj) vacant. filling: (n) filler, weft, contents, loading, plug, packing, pad, replenishment, padding, impletion, stuffing. ANTONYMS: (adj) light, insufficient. golden: (adj) aureate, fortunate, gilded, auspicious, gold, gilt, lucky, advantageous, fair, favorable,

favored. ANTONYM: (adj) undo: (v) loosen, open, annul, cancel, inauspicious. separate, disentangle, untie, unfold, mount: (n, v) rise, climb, frame; (v) reverse, disconnect, nullify. board, arise, advance, jump, increase; ANTONYMS: (v) attach, close, do, (n) hill, mountain; (adj, v) ride. wrap, tangle, validate, knot, lock, ANTONYMS: (v) drop, decrease, permit, unite, approve. wane, dismount; (n) valley, hollow. unseen: (adj, v) unknown; (adj) resign: (v) renounce, cede, relinquish, invisible, concealed, hidden, unobserved, secret, veiled, latent; (v) quit, give up, leave, abandon, drop, unheeded, unperceived; (n) spiritual deliver, surrender, forgo. ANTONYMS: (v) accept, continue, world. ANTONYMS: (adj) seen, retain, stay. visible, open, famous, noticeable.

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I %give this heavy weight from off my head, And this unwieldy sceptre from my hand, The pride of kingly sway from out my heart; With mine own tears I wash away my balm, With mine own hands I give away my crown, With mine own tongue deny my sacred state, With mine own breath release all duteous rites: All pomp and majesty I do forswear; My manors, rents, revenues, I forgo; My acts, decrees, and statutes, I deny: God pardon all oaths that are broke to me! God keep all vows unbroke are made to thee! Make me, that nothing have, with nothing griev'd, And thou with all pleas'd, that hast an achiev'd! Long mayst thou live in Richard's seat to sit, And soon lie Richard in an earthly pit! God save King Henry, unking'd Richard says, And send him many years of sunshine days! What more remains? NORTHUMBERLAND. [Offering a paper.] No more, but that you read These accusations, and these grievous crimes Committed by your person and your followers Against the state and profit of this land; That, by confessing them, the souls of men May deem that you are worthily depos'd. KING RICHARD. Must I do so? And must I ravel out My weav'd-up follies? Gentle Northumberland, If thy offences were upon record,

Thesaurus confessing: (v) confess. sublunary. ANTONYMS: (adj) deem: (v) believe, assume, consider, spiritual, divine, ethereal, immortal, count, hold, think, feel, view, impossible, improbable, suppose, regard, imagine. inconceivable, celestial. ANTONYMS: (v) disregard, doubt. pomp: (n) grandeur, parade, duteous: (adj) obedient, respectful, ostentation, show, ceremony, glory, compliant, docile, deferential, luxury, pageantry, magnificence, state, splendor. ANTONYMS: (n) reverent, submissive, obsequious, reverential. understatement, modesty. earthly: (adj, n) terrestrial; (adj) carnal, ravel: (n, v) tangle; (v) disentangle, worldly, conceivable, human, geotic, unravel, unwind, knot, embrangle, loosen, interlace; (adj) embarrass, secular, terrene, temporal, telluric,

enmesh; (n) involve. ANTONYM: (v) tangle. rents: (n) quad, board walk, close, embankment, esplanade, lane, parade, alley, place, Alameda, quadrangle. sway: (n, v) command, rule, control, rock, stagger, roll; (v) oscillate, reel, lurch, shake; (n) reign. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, dissuade, discourage.

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Would it not shame thee in so fair a troop To read a lecture of them? If thou wouldst, There shouldst thou find one heinous article, Containing the deposing of a king And cracking the strong warrant of an oath, Mark'd with a blot, damn'd in the book of heaven. Nay, all of you that stand and look upon me Whilst that my wretchedness doth bait myself, Though some of you, with Pilate, wash your hands, Showing an outward pity; yet you Pilates Have here deliver'd me to my sour cross, And water cannot wash away your sin.% NORTHUMBERLAND. My lord, dispatch; read o'er these articles. KING RICHARD. Mine eyes are full of tears; I cannot see: And yet salt water blinds them not so much But they can see a sort of traitors here. Nay, if I turn mine eyes upon myself, I find myself a traitor with the rest; For I have given here my soul's consent T'undeck the pompous body of a king; Made glory base, and sovereignty a slave, Proud majesty a subject, state a peasant. NORTHUMBERLAND. My lord,-KING RICHARD. No lord of thine, thou haught insulting man, Nor no man's lord; I have no name, no title, No, not that name was given me at the font, But 'tis usurp'd: alack the heavy day!

Thesaurus bait: (v) badger, tease; (adj, v) molest, harass, harry; (n, v) lure, bribe; (n) decoy, snare, temptation, attraction. ANTONYMS: (v) repel, repulse, pacify, mollify, please. cracking: (n) crack, break, fracture; (adj) splitting, swell, smashing, corking, bully, great, keen, neat. ANTONYMS: (adj) smooth, slow. dispatch: (n, v) speed, rush; (n) consignment, expedition, celerity, quickness; (v) send, accelerate,

deliver, quicken, slay. ANTONYMS: extrinsic, outer, superficial, surface, (n) receiving, receipt, dawdling, outside, ostensible, foreign, outdoor; delay, loitering, silence; (v) keep, (adv) out. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) inward; (adj) inner, internal, deep. start, begin, hold, retain. insulting: (adj) contemptuous, pompous: (adj) grand, arrogant, insolent, injurious, offensive, ostentatious, affected, pretentious, scurrilous, defamatory, opprobrious, overblown, showy, inflated, majestic, lordly; (adj, prep) bloated. rude, disgraceful, disdainful, impolite. ANTONYMS: (adj) ANTONYMS: (adj) modest, courteous, conciliatory, polite, straightforward, unceremonious, generous, cordial. quiet, unassuming, natural, outward: (adj) external, apparent, deferential, relaxed, meek.

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That I have worn so many winters out, And know not now what name to call myself! O! that I were a mockery king of snow, Standing before the sun of Bolingbroke To melt myself away in water-drops! Good king, great king,--and yet not greatly good, An if my word be sterling yet in England, Let it command a mirror hither straight, That it may show me what a face I have, Since it is bankrupt of his majesty.% BOLINGBROKE. Go some of you and fetch a looking-glass. [Exit an ATTENDANT.] NORTHUMBERLAND. Read o'er this paper while the glass doth come. KING RICHARD. Fiend! thou torments me ere I come to hell. BOLINGBROKE. Urge it no more, my Lord Northumberland. NORTHUMBERLAND. The Commons will not then be satisfied. KING RICHARD. They shall be satisfied; I'll read enough, When I do see the very book indeed Where all my sins are writ, and that's myself. [Re-enter ATTENDANT, with glass.] Give me that glass, and therein will I read. No deeper wrinkles yet? Hath sorrow struck So many blows upon this face of mine And made no deeper wounds? O flatt'ring glass!

Thesaurus fetch: (v) carry, bring, bring in, convey, draw, elicit, deliver, catch, get, attract; (adj, n) feint. melt: (v) dissolve, deliquesce, vanish, coalesce, relent, meld, fade, defrost; (adj, v) run, liquefy; (n, v) thaw. ANTONYMS: (v) freeze, solidify, cool, set. mockery: (n) gibe, jeer, irony, farce, charade, derision, parody, mock, scorn, imitation, burlesque. ANTONYM: (n) approval.

satisfied: (adj) happy, content, full, worn: (adj) haggard, tired, tattered, pleased, confident, complacent, threadbare, ragged, drawn, jaded, persuaded, fulfilled; (adj, v) certain, fatigued, exhausted, faded, wasted. sure; (v) convinced. ANTONYMS: ANTONYMS: (adj) new, smart, (adj) frustrated, anxious, disgruntled, unused, unworn, pristine, original. wrinkles: (n) crow's feet. hungry, insistent, pensive, unsure, writ: (n) edict, assize, certiorari, dissatisfied, ashamed. sterling: (adj) sound, fine, authentic, judicial writ, injunction, order, act, reliable, genuine, pure, good, prescription, scripture, writing, infallible, excellent; (n) pound ukase. sterling, pound. ANTONYM: (adj) spurious.

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Like to my followers in prosperity, Thou dost beguile me. Was this face the face That every day under his household roof Did keep ten thousand men? Was this the face That like the sun did make beholders wink? Is this the face which fac'd so many follies That was at last out-fac'd by Bolingbroke? A brittle glory shineth in this face: As brittle as the glory is the face; [Dashes the glass against the ground.] For there it is, crack'd in a hundred shivers. Mark, silent king, the moral of this sport, How soon my sorrow hath destroy'd my face.% BOLINGBROKE. The shadow of your sorrow hath destroy'd The shadow of your face. KING RICHARD. Say that again. The shadow of my sorrow! Ha! let's see: 'Tis very true: my grief lies all within; And these external manner of laments Are merely shadows to the unseen grief That swells with silence in the tortur'd soul. There lies the substance: and I thank thee, king, For thy great bounty, that not only givest Me cause to wail, but teachest me the way How to lament the cause. I'll beg one boon, And then be gone and trouble you no more. Shall I obtain it? BOLINGBROKE. Name it, fair cousin.

Thesaurus beguile: (v) attract, charm, enchant, entourage, claque, faithful, disciples, moan. ANTONYMS: (n) celebration, joy; (v) revel, rejoice, celebrate, allure, captivate, bluff, entrap, supporters, multitude, attendants, enthrall, lure, fascinate; (n, v) cheat. support, suite. applaud, praise, compliment. ANTONYMS: (v) protect, irritate, irk, glory: (n) celebrity, brightness, honor, shadows: (n) dark, darkness, night, bore, advise, guard, annoy, repel. distinction, glorification, eclat, dimness, dusk, fogginess, mistiness, brittle: (adj) crumbly, breakable, crisp, dignity; (n, v) halo, pride; (v) exult, gloom, cloudiness. ANTONYM: (n) boast. ANTONYMS: (v) blasphemy, fragile, short, crispy, brickle, brightness. lament, profanity; (n) dishonor, substance: (adj, n) subject; (n) body, sensitive, insubstantial, shivery, brash. ANTONYMS: (adj) solid, disrepute, ugliness, blame, criticism. significance, import, material, matter, lament: (v) bemoan, complain, strong, resilient, durable, relaxed, meaning, amount, means, gist, core. sturdy, unbreakable, soft. deplore, grieve, keen, bewail, mourn; ANTONYMS: (n) meaninglessness, followers: (n) adherents, people, (n) dirge, complaint; (n, v) wail, lightness, surface.

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KING RICHARD. 'Fair cousin'! I am greater than a king; For when I was a king, my flatterers Were then but subjects; being now a subject, I have a king here to my flatterer. Being so great, I have no need to beg.% BOLINGBROKE. Yet ask. KING RICHARD. And shall I have? BOLINGBROKE. You shall. KING RICHARD. Then give me leave to go. BOLINGBROKE. Whither? KING RICHARD. Whither you will, so I were from your sights. BOLINGBROKE. Go, some of you convey him to the Tower. KING RICHARD. O, good! convey? conveyers are you all, That rise thus nimbly by a true king's fall. [Exeunt KING RICHARD and Guard.] BOLINGBROKE. On Wednesday next we solemnly set down Our coronation: lords, prepare yourselves. [Exeunt all but the BISHOP OF CARLISLE, the ABBOT OF WESTMINSTER, and AUMERLE.]

Thesaurus convey: (v) communicate, channel, energetically, cleverly, hastily, deftly, (v) sink, descend, plummet, retire, rapidly, readily; (adj) dexterously; set; (n) reduction, descent, bring, conduct, transfer, fetch, (adj, adv) neatly. ANTONYMS: (adv) express, transmit, bear, transport, depreciation, ruin. take. ANTONYMS: (v) keep, solemnly: (adv) earnestly, gravely, lethargically, heavily, awkwardly. prepare: (n, v) arrange, form, plan, maintain, withhold, retain, refrain, majestically, stately, sternly, staidly, make; (v) dress, set, lay, devise, hold, absorb, receive. thoughtfully, soberly, formally, coronation: (n) accession, groom, equip; (adj, v) coach. ceremoniously, importantly. ANTONYM: (v) perform. ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, enthronement, induction, initiation, rise: (n, v) mount, lift, increase, heave, flippantly. crowning, enthronization, swell, jump; (v) ascend, arise; (n) yourselves: (pron) themselves, myself, investiture, installation, enthronisation. elevation, ascent, progress. herself. nimbly: (adv) adroitly, alertly, lightly, ANTONYMS: (n, v) decrease, drop;

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ABBOT. A woeful pageant have we here beheld.% CARLISLE. The woe's to come; the children yet unborn Shall feel this day as sharp to them as thorn. AUMERLE. You holy clergymen, is there no plot To rid the realm of this pernicious blot? ABBOT. My lord, Before I freely speak my mind herein, You shall not only take the sacrament To bury mine intents, but also to effect Whatever I shall happen to devise. I see your brows are full of discontent, Your hearts of sorrow, and your eyes of tears: Come home with me to supper; I will lay A plot shall show us all a merry day. [Exeunt.]

Thesaurus brows: (n) brow. holy: (adj) devout, divine, heavenly, sharp: (adj, n, v) keen, acute, bitter; bury: (v) inter, overwhelm, lay to rest, religious, blessed, hallowed, (adj) intelligent, intense, incisive; (adj, spiritual, devotional, pure; (adj, adv) v) biting, acid, acrid, severe, harsh. hide, mask, secrete, conceal, cloak, entomb, suppress; (n) burial. saintly; (adv) sacredly. ANTONYMS: ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, mild, gentle, ANTONYMS: (v) exhume, unearth, (adj) irreligious, unholy. sweet, rounded, bland, round, pageant: (n) spectacle, ostentation, uncover, dig, disclose, distract, smooth, blurred, naive, kind. supper: (n) meal, tea, lunch, repast, expose, ignore, reveal, air, remember. ceremony, pomp, representation, clergymen: (n) clergyman. exhibition, procession, pageantry, reception, mealtime, siesta, social happen: (n, v) betide; (v) arise, befall, affair; (v) dejeuner, bever, whet. cavalcade, parade, scene. thorn: (n) barb, prickle, bramble, develop, go, come, fall, chance, come plot: (n, v) plan, intrigue, cabal, plat, about, occur, get. ANTONYM: (v) scheme, design, chart; (n) lot, patch, spike, point, brier, pricker, needle, graph; (v) conspire. sticker, fang; (adj, n) sting. disappear.

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ACT V

SCENE I. LONDON. A STREET LEADING TO THE TOWER.% [Enter the QUEEN and ladies.] QUEEN. This way the King will come; this is the way To Julius Caesar's ill-erected tower, To whose flint bosom my condemned lord Is doom'd a prisoner by proud Bolingbroke. Here let us rest, if this rebellious earth Have any resting for her true King's queen. [Enter KING RICHARD and GUARD.] But soft, but see, or rather do not see, My fair rose wither; yet look up, behold, That you in pity may dissolve to dew, And wash him fresh again with true-love tears. Ah! thou, the model where old Troy did stand; Thou map of honour, thou King Richard's tomb, And not King Richard; thou most beauteous inn,

Thesaurus beauteous: (adj) pretty, lovely, fair, continue, integrate, materialize, open, comely, good-looking, handsome, start. flint: (adj) stone, pebble, fossil, granite, stunning. condemned: (adj) censured, convicted, marble; (n) quartz, silica, flint river, doomed, destined, appropriated, gunflint, crystal, crag. rebellious: (adj) insubordinate, taken, taken over, fated, seized, predestined; (adj, v) guilty. mutinous, disaffected, defiant, dissolve: (v) break up, disperse, disobedient, contrary, contumacious, dissipate, evaporate, fuse, melt, insurgent, stubborn, unruly, disband, fade, vanish, resolve, dispel. malcontent. ANTONYMS: (adj) ANTONYMS: (v) solidify, appear, docile, conventional, obedient, harden, thicken, coagulate, congeal, conformist, content, conforming,

cooperative, loyal, meek, submissive, obliging. resting: (adj) idle, quiescent, inactive, dormant, quiet, sleeping, reclining, obligatory, unemployed, asleep; (n) repose. wither: (v) shrink, wilt, contract, shrivel, languish, droop, dry, waste, wane, atrophy, decay. ANTONYMS: (v) swell, strengthen, grow, blossom, flourish.

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Why should hard-favour'd grief be lodg'd in thee, When triumph is become an alehouse guest? KING RICHARD. Join not with grief, fair woman, do not so, To make my end too sudden: learn, good soul, To think our former state a happy dream; From which awak'd, the truth of what we are Shows us but this. I am sworn brother, sweet, To grim Necessity; and he and Will keep a league till death. Hie thee to France, And cloister thee in some religious house: Our holy lives must win a new world's crown, Which our profane hours here have thrown down.% QUEEN. What! is my Richard both in shape and mind Transform'd and weaken'd! Hath Bolingbroke depos'd Thine intellect? Hath he been in thy heart? The lion dying thrusteth forth his paw And wounds the earth, if nothing else, with rage To be o'erpower'd; and wilt thou, pupil-like, Take the correction mildly, kiss the rod, And fawn on rage with base humility, Which art a lion and the king of beasts? KING RICHARD. A king of beasts, indeed; if aught but beasts, I had been still a happy king of men. Good sometimes queen, prepare thee hence for France. Think I am dead, and that even here thou tak'st, As from my death-bed, thy last living leave. In winter's tedious nights sit by the fire With good old folks, and let them tell thee tales

Thesaurus alehouse: (n) beerhouse, tavern, pub, suavely. ANTONYMS: (adv) dark, dire, hard, dismal. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, bright, public house, saloon, taphouse, passionately, intensely, extremely, mughouse, bar; (v) change. funny, kindly, hospitable, pleasant, enormously, pithily, powerfully, beasts: (n) stock. promising, simple, wonderful. harshly, severely, considerably. cloister: (n) abbey, priory, monastery, intellect: (n) mind, intelligence, nights: (adj) nightly; (n) night. arcade, friary, piazza, nunnery, understanding, reason, brains, head, triumph: (v) exult, prevail, crow, circus, veranda; (v) encircle, insulate. intellectual, apprehension, psyche, rejoice, succeed; (n, v) glory, win, joy; folks: (n) people, folk, tribe, relations, genius, brainpower. ANTONYM: (n) (n) victory, conquest, exultation. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, defeat, household, house, relatives, relative, stupidity. mildly: (adv) moderately, placidly, kindred, lineage, kin. sorrow, unhappiness, dud, sadness, grim: (adj) austere, glum, cheerless, loss, flop; (v) fail, lose, forfeit. gently, tenderly, graciously, softly, dour, ghastly, dreary, forbidding, lightly, kindly, calmly, sweetly,

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Of woeful ages long ago betid; And ere thou bid good night, to quit their griefs Tell thou the lamentable tale of me, And send the hearers weeping to their beds; For why, the senseless brands will sympathize The heavy accent of thy moving tongue, And in compassion weep the fire out; And some will mourn in ashes, some coal-black, For the deposing of a rightful king.% [Enter NORTHUMBERLAND, attended.] NORTHUMBERLAND. My lord, the mind of Bolingbroke is chang'd; You must to Pomfret, not unto the Tower. And, madam, there is order ta'en for you: With all swift speed you must away to France. KING RICHARD. Northumberland, thou ladder wherewithal The mounting Bolingbroke ascends my throne, The time shall not be many hours of age More than it is, ere foul sin gathering head Shall break into corruption. Thou shalt think, Though he divide the realm and give thee half It is too little, helping him to all; And he shall think that thou, which know'st the way To plant unrightful kings, wilt know again, Being ne'er so little urg'd, another way To pluck him headlong from the usurped throne. The love of wicked men converts to fear; That fear to hate; and hate turns one or both To worthy danger and deserved death.

Thesaurus ascends: (v) ascend, uprise. coldness, roughness, inhumanity. ashes: (n) dust, cinders, remains, lamentable: (adj) grievous, pitiful, cinder, clay, earth, embers, clinker; distressing, sad, dismal, sorrowful, (adj) scoriae, mother, precipitate. piteous, unfortunate, lugubrious; (adj, compassion: (adj, n) clemency, v) pitiable, mournful. ANTONYMS: kindness; (n) mercy, charity, (adj) laudable, fortunate. sympathy, commiseration, remorse, mourn: (v) bewail, grieve, deplore, cry, tenderness, forgiveness, feeling, bemoan, regret, distress, sad, wail, grace. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, mourning, weep. ANTONYMS: (v) disregard, unconcern, severity, rejoice, celebrate, applaud. quit: (adj, n, v) leave; (v) go, drop, nastiness, harshness, incomprehension, malevolence, break, cease, give up, depart, end,

discontinue; (adj, v) discharge; (n, v) part. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, occupy, enter, maintain, start, come, arrive. rightful: (adj) right, lawful, just, justifiable, proper, legal, equitable, licit, real, genuine, true. ANTONYMS: (adj) wrongful, illegal, unlawful, fake. unrightful: (adj) unreasonable, improper. usurped: (adj) tortious.

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NORTHUMBERLAND. My guilt be on my head, and there an end. Take leave, and part; for you must part forthwith.% KING RICHARD. Doubly divorc'd! Bad men, ye violate A twofold marriage; 'twixt my crown and me, And then betwixt me and my married wife. Let me unkiss the oath 'twixt thee and me; And yet not so, for with a kiss 'twas made. Part us, Northumberland: I towards the north, Where shivering cold and sickness pines the clime; My wife to France, from whence set forth in pomp, She came adorned hither like sweet May, Sent back like Hallowmas or short'st of day. QUEEN. And must we be divided? Must we part? KING RICHARD. Ay, hand from hand, my love, and heart from heart. QUEEN. Banish us both, and send the king with me. NORTHUMBERLAND. That were some love, but little policy. QUEEN. Then whither he goes, thither let me go. KING RICHARD. So two, together weeping, make one woe. Weep thou for me in France, I for thee here; Better far off than near, be ne'er the near. Go, count thy way with sighs; I mine with groans.

Thesaurus adorned: (adj) decorated, ornate, bedecked, decked out, fancy, garnished, ornamented, decked, beautiful, inscribed, festooned. came: (v) arrive, come. divided: (adj) cleft, detached, distributed, forked, shared, separated, separate, disjointed, branched, pronged, disunited. guilt: (n) sin, criminality, fault, repentance, remorse, offence, guilty, error, culpability, complicity,

delinquency. ANTONYM: (n) malady, disorder, distemper, ailment; (n) complaint, qualm, nausea, blamelessness. kiss: (n, v) caress, brush, embrace, disgust, queasiness. touch; (n) osculation, salute, lip, Kiss sweet: (adj) fresh, mellow, lovable, of peace, kiss hands; (v) osculate, dear, pleasant, musical, melodious, pleasing, sugary; (adj, v) lovely; (adj, love. shivering: (adj) quivering, shaking, n) beloved. ANTONYMS: (adj) trembling, shaky, quaking, discordant, bitter, acid, sharp, acidic, tremulous, shuddering, chilled; (n) pungent, salty, harsh, detestable, chill, cold, shiver. ANTONYM: (adj) cacophonous, dry. whither: (adv) hither, thither, composed. sickness: (n, v) disease, indisposition, whereunto, whereto, for.

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QUEEN. So longest way shall have the longest moans.% KING RICHARD. Twice for one step I'll groan, the way being short, And piece the way out with a heavy heart. Come, come, in wooing sorrow let's be brief, Since, wedding it, there is such length in grief. One kiss shall stop our mouths, and dumbly part; Thus give I mine, and thus take I thy heart. [They kiss.] QUEEN. Give me mine own again; 'twere no good part To take on me to keep and kill thy heart. [They kiss again.] So, now I have mine own again, be gone. That I may strive to kill it with a groan. KING RICHARD. We make woe wanton with this fond delay: Once more, adieu; the rest let sorrow say. [Exeunt.]

SCENE II. THE SAME. A ROOMIN THE DUKE OF YORK'S PALACE. [Enter YORK and his DUCHESS.] DUCHESS. My Lord, you told me you would tell the rest,

Thesaurus adieu: (int, n) farewell; (n) vale, longest: (adj) best, lengest, fastest, top, aversion, cold, rough. valediction, goodbye, leave, cheerio, kill: (n, v) assassinate, destroy; (v) record, best ever, greatest. adios, bye, so long, parting; (int) bon erase, annihilate, eliminate, wedding: (adj) bridal, marital, voyage. ANTONYM: (n) greeting. matrimonial; (n) matrimony, extinguish, finish, blast, decimate, dumbly: (adv) densely, thickly, execute, eradicate. ANTONYMS: (v) nuptials, marriage ceremony, silently, speechlessly, obtusely, dully, revitalize, revive; (n) hunter. wedding ceremony, wedlock, length: (n, v) extent; (n) distance, remarriage, espousal; (adj, n) nuptial. stupidly, soundlessly, foolishly, inarticulately, slowly. range, duration, size, measurement, wooing: (n) courting, suit, bundling, fond: (adj) affectionate, caring, longness, dimension, depth, suit of clothes, the soft impeachment, compass, quantity. ANTONYMS: (n) entreaty, prayer, cause, causa, case; devoted, tender, loving, amorous, (adj) amatory. delicate, adoring, doting, ardent, shortness, width, breadth, brevity, attached. ANTONYMS: (adj) conciseness.

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When weeping made you break the story off, Of our two cousins' coming into London.% YORK. Where did I leave? DUCHESS. At that sad stop, my lord, Where rude misgoverned hands from windows' tops Threw dust and rubbish on King Richard's head. YORK. Then, as I said, the Duke, great Bolingbroke, Mounted upon a hot and fiery steed Which his aspiring rider seem'd to know, With slow but stately pace kept on his course, Whilst all tongues cried 'God save thee, Bolingbroke!' You would have thought the very windows spake, So many greedy looks of young and old Through casements darted their desiring eyes Upon his visage; and that all the walls With painted imagery had said at once 'Jesu preserve thee! Welcome, Bolingbroke!' Whilst he, from the one side to the other turning, Bareheaded, lower than his proud steed's neck, Bespake them thus, 'I thank you, countrymen:' And thus still doing, thus he pass'd along. DUCHESS. Alack, poor Richard! where rode he the whilst? YORK. As in a theatre, the eyes of men After a well-grac'd actor leaves the stage Are idly bent on him that enters next, Thinking his prattle to be tedious;

Thesaurus aspiring: (adj) aspirant, wishful, easygoing. greedy: (adj) avid, gluttonous, enterprising, envious, desirous, coming; (v) aspire, vaulting. desirous, grasping, acquisitive, ANTONYM: (adj) desperate. glutton, piggish, voracious, selfish; desiring: (adj) envious, insatiable, (adj, v) avaricious, covetous. desirous, eager; (adv) fleshly. ANTONYMS: (adj) temperate, fiery: (adj, n) burning, passionate, ascetic, unconcerned, abstemious, glowing; (adj) fervent, ablaze, hot, moderate. fervid, impassioned, peppery; (adj, v) imagery: (n) imagination, imaging, fierce, violent. ANTONYMS: (adj) statue, vision, evocation, calm, passionless, dispassionate, resemblance, portraiture, images, indifferent, placid, gentle, cool; (adv) simile, figure of speech; (adj) image.

prattle: (n, v) gossip, babble, chat, gab, jabber, chitchat; (adj, n, v) chatter, prate, palaver; (v) cackle, clack. stately: (adj) solemn, imposing, elegant; (adj, v) noble, dignified, grand, proud, great; (adj, adv) regal, majestic, royal. ANTONYMS: (adj) boisterous, humble, modest, lowly. visage: (n) face, look, mug, physiognomy, expression, kisser, appearance, aspect, brow, smiler, forehead.

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Even so, or with much more contempt, men's eyes Did scowl on Richard: no man cried 'God save him;' No joyful tongue gave him his welcome home; But dust was thrown upon his sacred head, Which with such gentle sorrow he shook off, His face still combating with tears and smiles, The badges of his grief and patience, That had not God, for some strong purpose, steel'd The hearts of men, they must perforce have melted, And barbarism itself have pitied him. But heaven hath a hand in these events, To whose high will we bound our calm contents. To Bolingbroke are we sworn subjects now, Whose state and honour I for aye allow.% DUCHESS. Here comes my son Aumerle. YORK. Aumerle that was; But that is lost for being Richard's friend, And madam, you must call him Rutland now. I am in Parliament pledge for his truth And lasting fealty to the new-made king. [Enter AUMERLE.] DUCHESS. Welcome, my son: who are the violets now That strew the green lap of the new come spring? AUMERLE. Madam, I know not, nor I greatly care not. God knows I had as lief be none as one.

Thesaurus barbarism: (n) atrocity, barbarousness, barbarity, cruelty, savagery, Gothicism, vandalism, uncivilizedness, heathenism, vulgarism, savageness. ANTONYMS: (n) civility, nicety. combating: (adj) militant, rival, opposed; (n) hostility. fealty: (n) loyalty, homage, faithfulness, devotion, fidelity, faith, constancy, feute, feutee, genuflection, kneeling prostration.

joyful: (adj) gay, glad, elated, cheerful, scowl: (n, v) glare, grimace, roar, sneer; (v) glower, pout, lower, sulk; gleeful, cheery, delighted, joyous, (adj) black looks, mumps; (n) growl. jolly, blissful, blithe. ANTONYMS: (adj) miserable, sorrowful, unhappy, ANTONYMS: (n, v) grin. despairing, unpleasant, staid, sorry, shook: (adj) shake, vibrate, addled, disappointed, depressed, heavy. barrel, cask, confused, distressed, lief: (adj, v) leef; (adv) fain, willingly; hurt, passionate, puzzled. (adj) glad, acceptable. strew: (v) scatter, spread, disperse, pledge: (n, v) bond, gage, wager, disseminate, distribute, diffuse, sow, engage, promise, plight, guarantee, sprinkle, bestrew, circulate, bet, contract; (n) assurance; (v) propagate. ANTONYM: (v) covenant. ANTONYM: (v) redeem. concentrate.

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YORK. Well, bear you well in this new spring of time, Lest you be cropp'd before you come to prime. What news from Oxford? hold those justs and triumphs? AUMERLE. For aught I know, my lord, they do.% YORK. You will be there, I know. AUMERLE. If God prevent not, I purpose so. YORK. What seal is that that without thy bosom? Yea, look'st thou pale? Let me see the writing. AUMERLE. My lord, 'tis nothing. YORK. No matter, then, who see it. I will be satisfied; let me see the writing. AUMERLE. I do beseech your Grace to pardon me; It is a matter of small consequence Which for some reasons I would not have seen. YORK. Which for some reasons, sir, I mean to see. I fear, I fear-DUCHESS. What should you fear? 'Tis nothing but some bond that he is ent'red into For gay apparel 'gainst the triumph day.

Thesaurus bear: (v) accept, take, stand, acquit, pardon: (v) excuse, condone, forgive, abide, allow, wear, comport, tolerate, acquit, spare; (n) amnesty, convey, teem. ANTONYMS: (v) forgiveness, grace; (adj, v) justify, release, avoid, destroy, dodge, take, exonerate, exculpate. ANTONYMS: (n, v) blame; (v) punish, castigate, eradicate, evade, kill, refuse, erase; (n) bull. condemn, convict; (n) intolerance. pale: (adj) faint, wan, dull, weak, light, prevent: (n, v) hinder, bar; (v) bloodless, pallid; (adj, v) dim; (n) anticipate, block, forbid, avert, avoid, boundary, confine; (v) blanch. preclude, arrest, hamper, obviate. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong, rosy, ANTONYMS: (v) allow, permit, brown, well, glowing, vivid, healthy, promote, advance, attract, cause, let, clear, colorful; (v) redden, darken. drive, help, support, include.

reasons: (n) proof. seal: (n, v) stamp; (v) plug, bar, caulk, stop, shut; (n) cachet, hallmark, imprint, signet; (adj) conclude. ANTONYMS: (n, v) open; (v) unseal. spring: (n, v) leap, bound, hop, fountain, skip, caper, bounce, dive, dance; (n) source; (v) originate. writing: (n) script, print, composition, lettering, document, autograph, paper, record, inscription, authorship, handwriting.

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YORK. Bound to himself! What doth he with a bond That he is bound to? Wife, thou art a fool. Boy, let me see the writing.% AUMERLE. I do beseech you, pardon me; I may not show it. YORK. I will be satisfied; let me see it, I say. [Snatches it and reads.] Treason, foul treason! Villain! traitor! slave! DUCHESS. What is the matter, my lord? YORK. Ho! who is within there? [Enter a SERVANT.] Saddle my horse. God for his mercy! what treachery is here! DUCHESS. Why, what is it, my lord? YORK. Give me my boots, I say; saddle my horse. Now, by mine honour, by my life, my troth, I will appeach the villain. [Exit SERVANT.] DUCHESS. What is the matter? YORK. Peace, foolish woman.

Thesaurus bound: (n, v) leap, jump, border, bounce, limit, edge, vault, recoil; (n) boundary, barrier, compass. ANTONYMS: (v) allow, amble, crawl, limp, permit; (adj) permitted, released, unbound, allowed, unlikely. foolish: (adj) childish, fool, crazy, dumb, daft, fatuous, stupid, unwise, preposterous, dopey; (adj, n) silly. ANTONYMS: (adj) wise, sensible, shrewd, prudent, visionary, diplomatic, levelheaded, sane,

quarter. ANTONYMS: (n) cruelty, rational, mature, judicious. himself: (pron) herself, themselves, harshness, unkindness, severity, yourself, itself; (adj) myself; (n) mercilessness, ruthlessness, yourselves. impatience, inhumanity. honour: (n) fame, award, dignity, saddle: (v) charge, load, burden, homage, celebrity, accolade, encumber, adjure, bear down, blame; reputation; (n, v) honor; (v) respect, (n) pillion, seat, saddleback, bicycle celebrate, dignify. ANTONYMS: (n, seat. ANTONYM: (v) relieve. v) dishonor; (v) disrespect. villain: (n) rascal, scoundrel, rogue, mercy: (n) kindness, compassion, pity, knave, miscreant, criminal, bandit, favor, leniency, pardon, forgiveness, crook, reprobate, varlet, rapscallion. grace, charity, humanity; (n, v) ANTONYMS: (n) heroine, hero.

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DUCHESS. I will not peace. What is the matter, Aumerle? AUMERLE. Good mother, be content; it is no more Than my poor life must answer.% DUCHESS. Thy life answer! YORK. Bring me my boots. I will unto the King. [Re-enter SERVANT with boots.] DUCHESS. Strike him, Aumerle. Poor boy, thou art amaz'd. [To SERVANT.] Hence, villain! never more come in my sight. [Exit SERVANT.] YORK. Give me my boots, I say. DUCHESS. Why, York, what wilt thou do? Wilt thou not hide the trespass of thine own? Have we more sons? or are we like to have? Is not my teeming date drunk up with time? And wilt thou pluck my fair son from mine age And rob me of a happy mother's name? Is he not like thee? Is he not thine own? YORK. Thou fond mad woman, Wilt thou conceal this dark conspiracy? A dozen of them here have ta'en the sacrament,

Thesaurus conceal: (v) hide, disguise, bury, screen, cloak, smother, shield, suppress, mask, obscure; (n, v) veil. ANTONYMS: (v) reveal, show, expose, divulge, clarify, uncover, disclose, tell, admit, spotlight, flaunt. content: (n) meaning, matter, capacity, contents, subject; (n, v) contentment; (v) appease, please, satisfy, suffice; (adj) happy. ANTONYMS: (n, v) discontent; (adj) tormented, unhappy, dissatisfied, rebellious, discontented,

troubled; (adj, v) upset; (n) unhappiness, sadness; (v) trouble. dozen: (adj, n) XII; (n) dozens, boxcars. drunk: (adj) tipsy, wet, tight, blotto, drunken, inebriated; (adj, n) inebriate; (n) boozer, dipsomaniac, drunkard, drinker. ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, clearheaded; (n) teetotaler. hide: (n, v) cover, disguise, shelter, veil; (adj, v) obscure; (n) fur, fell, coat; (v) bury, mask; (adj, n, v) darken. ANTONYMS: (v) show, expose,

express, divulge, unearth, amplify, advertise, clarify. mother: (n) mamma, mommy, origin, mama, ma, mammy, mummy; (n, v) father; (v) engender, generate, beget. sight: (n, v) vision, glimpse, show, aspect, appearance; (v) aim, spot, see; (n) view, prospect, scene. trespass: (adj, v) offend; (n, v) sin, breach; (n) offense, invasion, infringement, encroachment; (v) encroach, infringe, intrude, invade.

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And interchangeably set down their hands To kill the King at Oxford.% DUCHESS. He shall be none; We'll keep him here: then what is that to him? YORK. Away, fond woman! were he twenty times my son I would appeach him. DUCHESS. Hadst thou groan'd for him As I have done, thou'dst be more pitiful. But now I know thy mind: thou dost suspect That I have been disloyal to thy bed And that he is a bastard, not thy son: Sweet York, sweet husband, be not of that mind. He is as like thee as a man may be Not like to me, or any of my kin, And yet I love him. YORK. Make way, unruly woman! [Exit.] DUCHESS. After, Aumerle! Mount thee upon his horse; Spur post, and get before him to the king, And beg thy pardon ere he do accuse thee. I'll not be long behind; though I be old, I doubt not but to ride as fast as York: And never will I rise up from the ground Till Bolingbroke have pardon'd thee. Away! be gone. [Exeunt.]

Thesaurus accuse: (v) charge, incriminate, certitude, faith, approval; (v) accept, unfaithful, deceitful, treacherous, arraign, denounce, defame, dishonest, treasonable, disaffected, believe, consider, swallow. fast: (adj, v) firm; (adj) dissolute, criminate, indict, fault, betray, rebellious, traitor, perfidious. ANTONYMS: (adj) loyal, faithful, condemn, inculpate. ANTONYMS: instant, agile, staunch, quick, hurried, (v) absolve, exculpate, exonerate, fixed, rapid; (adv) soon, hard. honest, trustworthy, firm, patriotic, ANTONYMS: (adv) slowly, loosely, praise, support, clear. true, dependable. bastard: (adj, n) illegitimate, fake; (adj) doubt: (n, v) suspicion, question, sluggishly; (n) binge; (adj) sluggish, query, dispute; (n) disbelief, loose, unattached, plodding; (adj, adv) spurious, phony, misbegotten, bastardly, adulterine, impure; (n) misgiving, incertitude, apprehension, leisurely; (v) gorge, eat. uncertainty; (adj, n) skepticism; (v) ride: (n, v) outing; (adj, v) bestride; (n) whoreson, love child, illegitimate child. ANTONYM: (adj) fathered. suspect. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, run, lift, jaunt; (v) mount, bait, float, disloyal: (adj) untrue, faithless, confidence, conclusiveness, belief, rag, tease, harass.

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SCENE III. WINDSOR. A ROOM IN THE CASTLE.% [Enter BOLINGBROKE as King, HENRY PERCY, and other LORDS.] BOLINGBROKE. Can no man tell me of my unthrifty son? 'Tis full three months since I did see him last. If any plague hang over us, 'tis he. I would to God, my lords, he might be found. Inquire at London, 'mongst the taverns there, For there, they say, he daily doth frequent With unrestrained loose companions, Even such, they say, as stand in narrow lanes And beat our watch and rob our passengers; Which he, young wanton and effeminate boy, Takes on the point of honour to support So dissolute a crew. PERCY. My lord, some two days since I saw the prince, And told him of those triumphs held at Oxford. BOLINGBROKE. And what said the gallant? PERCY. His answer was: he would unto the stews, And from the common'st creature pluck a glove And wear it as a favour; and with that He would unhorse the lustiest challenger. BOLINGBROKE. As dissolute as desperate; yet through both

Thesaurus dissolute: (adj, v) dissipated, fast, unconfined, mad, uninhibited; (adj, v) macho, manly, masculine. wanton; (adj) abandoned, depraved, gallant: (adj) fearless, brave, daring, dissolute, wanton. ANTONYMS: licentious, immoral, corrupt, courageous, chivalrous, bold, manly, (adj) restrained, restricted, contained, profligate, degenerate; (adj, n) heroic, dashing, courteous, fine. limited, partial, biddable, frugal, libertine. ANTONYMS: (adj) moral, ANTONYMS: (adj) boorish, rude, hidden, inhibited, manageable, upright, chaste, restrained, good, selfish. reserved. unhorse: (v) light, get down, get off, unthrifty: (adj, v) improvident; (adj) resolute, virtuous, pure, cautious, righteous, innocent. fall, unsaddle, topple, trip, trip out, prodigal, thriftless, profuse, effeminate: (adj) womanish, delicate, turn on, uncolt, deliver verbally. unguarded, unthrift, wasteful, unrestrained: (adj, n, v) loose; (adj) epicene, sissy, emasculate, tender, dismantled, dissipated, extravagant; ladylike, cissy, easy, voluptuous; (adj, unconstrained, wild, uncontrolled, (v) shiftless. v) feminate. ANTONYMS: (adj) immoderate, extravagant,

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I see some sparks of better hope, which elder years May happily bring forth. But who comes here? [Enter AUMERLE.] AUMERLE. Where is the King? BOLINGBROKE. What means our cousin that he stares and looks So wildly? AUMERLE. God save your Grace! I do beseech your majesty, To have some conference with your Grace alone.% BOLINGBROKE. Withdraw yourselves, and leave us here alone. [Exeunt HENRY PERCY and LORDS.] What is the matter with our cousin now? AUMERLE. [Kneels.] For ever may my knees grow to the earth, My tongue cleave to my roof within my mouth, Unless a pardon ere I rise or speak. BOLINGBROKE. Intended or committed was this fault? If on the first, how heinous e'er it be, To win thy after-love I pardon thee. AUMERLE. Then give me leave that I may turn the key, That no man enter till my tale be done. BOLINGBROKE. Have thy desire.

Thesaurus cleave: (adj, v) adhere, cohere; (v) split, joyfully, merrily, luckily, gladly, divide, burst, stick, tear, sever, rive, blissfully, cheerfully, felicitously, cling, break. ANTONYMS: (v) providentially, successfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) miserably, forsake, abandon, meld, relinquish, separate, unite, attach. unhappily, sadly, unfortunately, committed: (adj) engaged, dedicated, unsuccessfully, reluctantly, gloomily, firm, devoted, involved, connected, discontentedly, despondently, loyal, constant, linked, vigorous; (v) negatively, grudgingly. compromised. ANTONYMS: (adj) roof: (n, v) top, cover, shelter; (n) unattached, passive, casual, flippant, crown, housing, ceiling, dome, house, uncaring, halfhearted. household, back, covering. happily: (adv) fortunately, joyously, sparks: (n) fire.

tale: (n) account, narrative, narration, recital, fib, fable, report, fiction, lie, relation, yarn. ANTONYM: (n) fact. wildly: (adj, adv) madly, extravagantly; (adv) savagely, fiercely, violently, frantically, brutally, furiously, tempestuously, viciously, crazily. ANTONYMS: (adv) quietly, peacefully, meekly, cautiously, gently.

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[AUMERLE locks the door.] YORK. [Within.] My liege, beware! look to thyself; Thou hast a traitor in thy presence there.% BOLINGBROKE. [Drawing.] Villain, I'll make thee safe. AUMERLE. Stay thy revengeful hand; thou hast no cause to fear. YORK. [Within.] Open the door, secure, foolhardy king: Shall I, for love, speak treason to thy face? Open the door, or I will break it open. [BOLINGBROKE unlocks the door; and afterwards, relocks it.] [Enter YORK.] BOLINGBROKE. What is the matter, uncle? speak; Recover breath; tell us how near is danger, That we may arm us to encounter it. YORK. Peruse this writing here, and thou shalt know The treason that my haste forbids me show. AUMERLE. Remember, as thou read'st, thy promise pass'd: I do repent me; read not my name there; My heart is not confederate with my hand.

Thesaurus beware: (v) look out, caution, be careful, guard, pay attention, take care, watch out, mind, keep, care, careful. ANTONYMS: (v) risk, disregard, invite. breath: (n) wind, air, inspiration, puff, soul, aspiration, respite, airflow; (v) breathe, respire; (adj, n) whisper. confederate: (n) accomplice, accessory, partner, collaborator, colleague, assistant; (n, v) ally, auxiliary; (adj) allied; (v) league, conspire.

ANTONYMS: (n) opponent, foe, enemy, adversary. encounter: (n) collision, conflict, battle, action, confrontation, brush; (n, v) combat, contest, rencounter; (v) confront, face. ANTONYMS: (v) Miss, surrender, evade, avoid, yield; (n) shunning, avoidance, withdrawal. foolhardy: (adj) rash, audacious, reckless, bold, unwise, presumptuous, hasty, desperate, brash, madcap; (adj, n) adventurous.

ANTONYMS: (adj) wary, cautious, careful, cowardly, sensible, slow. locks: (n) hair, tresses, head of hair. promise: (n, v) covenant, guarantee, contract, vow, bargain; (v) augur, assure; (n) engagement, assurance, plight, word. repent: (v) deplore, bewail, rue, mourn, lament, atone, sorry, bemoan, feel remorse, grieve, be sorry.

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YORK. It was, villain, ere thy hand did set it down. I tore it from the traitor's bosom, king; Fear, and not love, begets his penitence. Forget to pity him, lest thy pity prove A serpent that will sting thee to the heart.% BOLINGBROKE. O heinous, strong, and bold conspiracy! O loyal father of a treacherous son! Thou sheer, immaculate, and silver fountain, From whence this stream through muddy passages Hath held his current and defil'd himself! Thy overflow of good converts to bad; And thy abundant goodness shall excuse This deadly blot in thy digressing son. YORK. So shall my virtue be his vice's bawd, And he shall spend mine honour with his shame, As thriftless sons their scraping fathers' gold. Mine honour lives when his dishonour dies, Or my sham'd life in his dishonour lies: Thou kill'st me in his life; giving him breath, The traitor lives, the true man's put to death. DUCHESS. [Within.] What ho! my liege, for God's sake, let me in. BOLINGBROKE. What shrill-voic'd suppliant makes this eager cry? DUCHESS. [Within.] A woman, and thine aunt, great king; 'tis I.

Thesaurus abundant: (adj, n) lush, luxuriant; (adj) generous, thick, plenty, affluent, liberal, fruitful, teeming, fertile, ample. ANTONYMS: (adj) sparse, meager, scanty, infertile, scant, arid, rare, empty, skimpy, lacking, fruitless. immaculate: (adj) clear, clean, flawless, faultless, pure, spotless, perfect, blameless, neat, guiltless, impeccable. ANTONYMS: (adj) blameworthy, blemished, damaged, flawed,

scraping: (n) scrape, scratching, grubby, soiled, tainted, untidy, messy, imperfect. scratch, rub, sizing, rament, incision, muddy: (adj) turbid, filthy, boggy, mark, prick; (v) rubbing; (adj) grating. cloudy, dark, unclean, dingy, grimy, suppliant: (n) petitioner, applicant, miry; (adj, v) foul, sloppy. besieger, postulant, prayer, lover, ANTONYMS: (adj) clean, dry; (v) suer; (adj) beseeching, supplicatory, clarify, cleanse. imploring, humbly entreating. overflow: (n, v) flood, deluge; (n) thriftless: (adj) lavish, prodigal, inundation, excess, flooding, torrent, profuse, wasteful, extravagant, outpouring; (v) inundate, flow, wanton, thoughtless, lazy, shiftless drown, submerge. ANTONYMS: (n) management; (adj, v) shiftless; (v) lack, drought. unguarded.

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Speak with me, pity me, open the door: A beggar begs that never begg'd before.% BOLINGBROKE. Our scene is alter'd from a serious thing, And now chang'd to 'The Beggar and the King.' My dangerous cousin, let your mother in: I know she's come to pray for your foul sin. YORK. If thou do pardon, whosoever pray, More sins for this forgiveness prosper may. This fester'd joint cut off, the rest rest sound; This let alone will all the rest confound. [Enter DUCHESS.] DUCHESS. O King, believe not this hard-hearted man: Love, loving not itself, none other can. YORK. Thou frantic woman, what dost thou make here? Shall thy old dugs once more a traitor rear? DUCHESS. Sweet York, be patient. [Kneels.] Hear me, gentle liege. BOLINGBROKE. Rise up, good aunt. DUCHESS. Not yet, I thee beseech. For ever will I walk upon my knees, And never see day that the happy sees, Till thou give joy: until thou bid me joy By pardoning Rutland, my transgressing boy.

Thesaurus beggar: (n) mendicant, mumper, pauper, tramp, sponger, joker, poor man, cadger, bloke; (v) beg, pauperize. ANTONYM: (n) giver. forgiveness: (n) mercy, condonation, clemency, kindness, pity, remission, leniency, absolution, grace, compassion; (n, v) pardon. ANTONYMS: (n) condemnation, cruelty, harshness. hard-hearted: (adj) remorseless, ruthless, unkind, obdurate, pitiless,

heartless, merciless, unaffected, unconcerned, uninterested, coldblooded. loving: (adj) fond, devoted, amorous, kind, friendly, ardent, attached, admiring, gentle, fatherly; (adj, v) tender. ANTONYMS: (adj) cold, uncaring, malicious, cruel, unloving, rough, paternal, indifferent, distant, disapproving, callous. none: (n) nought, naught, nobody, zilch, anything; (adv) not, neither,

any; (adj) whatsoever, no, whatever. pardoning: (adj) forgiving, lenient, easy; (adv) forgivingly; (v) forgive. ANTONYM: (adj) unforgiving. prosper: (v) advance, flower, thrive, grow, bloom, succeed, boom, get ahead, get on; (adj) luxuriate; (n, v) fare. ANTONYMS: (v) deteriorate, collapse, decrease, dwindle, decline. transgressing: (n) violation. whosoever: (pron) whoever, whatever, anything that, whatsoever, whatso.

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AUMERLE. Unto my mother's prayers I bend my knee. [Kneels.] YORK. Against them both, my true joints bended be. [Kneels.] Ill mayst thou thrive, if thou grant any grace! DUCHESS. Pleads he in earnest? Look upon his face; His eyes do drop no tears, his prayers are in jest; His words come from his mouth, ours from our breast; He prays but faintly and would be denied; We pray with heart and soul, and all beside: His weary joints would gladly rise, I know; Our knees still kneel till to the ground they grow: His prayers are full of false hypocrisy; Ours of true zeal and deep integrity. Our prayers do out-pray his; then let them have That mercy which true prayer ought to have.% BOLINGBROKE. Good aunt, stand up. DUCHESS. Nay, do not say 'stand up'; Say 'pardon' first, and afterwards 'stand up'. An if I were thy nurse, thy tongue to teach, 'Pardon' should be the first word of thy speech. I never long'd to hear a word till now; Say 'pardon,' king; let pity teach thee how: The word is short, but not so short as sweet; No word like 'pardon' for kings' mouths so meet.

Thesaurus bended: (adj) bent, bowed. earnest: (adj, v) devout; (adj) eager, solemn, heartfelt, diligent, studious, sincere, intense, ardent, staid; (n) guarantee. ANTONYMS: (adj) flippant, halfhearted, uncertain, insincere, unimportant, nonchalant, lethargic, apathetic, unenthusiastic, indifferent, frivolous. faintly: (adv) dimly, vaguely, indistinctly, lightly, weakly, hazily, slightly, softly, shadowily, infirmly,

palely. ANTONYMS: (adv) clearly, intensely, distinctly, overpoweringly, harshly, considerably, powerfully, strongly, brightly, obviously, audibly. gladly: (adv, v) happily; (adv) gleefully, contentedly, cheerfully, fain, joyfully, jovially, cheerily, delightedly, gladsomely, readily. ANTONYMS: (adv) reluctantly, unwillingly, sadly, resentfully, miserably. kneel: (v) genuflect, cringe, stoop, bob,

cry for quarter, dip, duck, humble oneself; (n) kneeling, knee, movement. pray: (v) beg, implore, entreat, crave, invite, plead, beseech, appeal, importune, adjure, invoke. ANTONYM: (v) reject. zeal: (adj, n) eagerness; (n) fervor, enthusiasm, devotion, passion, vehemence, fire, fervency, heat, fervour, ardour. ANTONYMS: (n) apathy, lethargy, patience.

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YORK. Speak it in French, King, say 'pardonne moy.' DUCHESS. Dost thou teach pardon pardon to destroy? Ah! my sour husband, my hard-hearted lord,, That sett'st the word itself against the word. Speak 'pardon' as 'tis current in our land; The chopping French we do not understand. Thine eye begins to speak, set thy tongue there, Or in thy piteous heart plant thou thine ear, That hearing how our plaints and prayers do pierce, Pity may move thee pardon to rehearse.% BOLINGBROKE. Good aunt, stand up. DUCHESS. I do not sue to stand; Pardon is all the suit I have in hand. BOLINGBROKE. I pardon him, as God shall pardon me. DUCHESS. O happy vantage of a kneeling knee! Yet am I sick for fear: speak it again; Twice saying 'pardon' doth not pardon twain, But makes one pardon strong. BOLINGBROKE. With all my heart I pardon him. DUCHESS. A god on earth thou art.

Thesaurus aunt: (n) uncle, auntie, aunty, father's sound; (adj, n) audience. ANTONYMS: (adj) healthy, fond, younger brother's wife, father's older kneeling: (n) homage, kowtow, wholesome. brother's wife, mother's sister, kneelingly, prostration, genuflexion, suit: (adj, v) fit, please; (adj, n, v) correspond; (n) lawsuit, plea, action, kinswoman, nephew, niece, paternal genuflection, curtsy, courtesy, case; (v) adapt, accommodate, aunt, maternal uncle's wife. obeisance. chopping: (adj) jolly. piteous: (adj) miserable, pitiful, become; (n, v) answer. ANTONYM: earth: (n) world, dust, ground, land, (v) clash. pathetic, doleful, lamentable, abject, teach: (v) enlighten, educate, instruct, lair, dry land, terra firma, clay, compassionate, unfortunate, poor, creation, ball, country. paltry, pitiable. coach, indoctrinate, drill, learn, hearing: (n) audition, ear, auditory sick: (adj) ill, queasy, poorly, ailing, lecture, school; (adj, v) guide, show. weary, diseased, sickly, morbid; (adj, sense, trial, consultation, reach, auscultation, inquiry; (n, v) earshot, v) indisposed, unwell; (adj, n) invalid.

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BOLINGBROKE. But for our trusty brother-in-law and the abbot, With all the rest of that consorted crew, Destruction straight shall dog them at the heels. Good uncle, help to order several powers To Oxford, or where'er these traitors are: They shall not live within this world, I swear, But I will have them, if I once know where. Uncle, farewell: and, cousin, adieu: Your mother well hath pray'd, and prove you true.% DUCHESS. Come, my old son: I pray God make thee new. [Exeunt.]

SCENE IV. ANOTHER ROOM IN THE CASTLE. [Enter EXTON and a SERVANT.] EXTON. Didst thou not mark the king, what words he spake? 'Have I no friend will rid me of this living fear?' Was it not so? SERVANT. These were his very words. EXTON. 'Have I no friend?' quoth he: he spake it twice And urg'd it twice together, did he not? SERVANT. He did.

Thesaurus king: (n) mogul, sovereign, chief, agitation, intensification; (v) change, characterize, distinguish. crown, tycoon, baron, ruler, magnate, ANTONYM: (n) enhancement. stand, deteriorate. majesty, rex, power. ANTONYM: (n) prove: (v) attest, manifest, evidence, straight: (adj) erect, honest, upright, queen. establish, show, examine, verify, even, fair, perpendicular, correct; living: (adj) alive, live, extant, essay, check, corroborate; (adj, v) (adj, adv, v) direct; (adj, adv, n) right; confirm. ANTONYMS: (v) refute, (adj, adv) level, flat. ANTONYMS: animated, active, fresh, animate, quick; (n) livelihood, life, being. (adj) diluted, zigzag, winding, curly, undermine. ANTONYMS: (adj) inanimate; (n) quoth: (v) quod. curved, curvy, twisted, wavy, rest: (adj, n) remnant, remainder, knotted, askew; (adv) indirectly. death, leisure. mark: (adj, n, v) notice; (n, v) brand, residue; (n, v) pause, balance, nap, twice: (adv) doubly, bis, two times, in score, heed, label, blemish; (n) sign, relaxation, sleep; (n) recess, leisure; two ways, once more; (adj) twenty. impression, character; (v) (v) remain. ANTONYMS: (n) activity,

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EXTON. And, speaking it, he wistly looked on me, As who should say 'I would thou wert the man That would divorce this terror from my heart'; Meaning the king at Pomfret. Come, let's go. I am the king's friend, and will rid his foe.% [Exeunt.]

SCENE V. POMFRET. THE DUNGEON OF THE CASTLE. [Enter KING RICHARD.] KING RICHARD. I have been studying how I may compare This prison where I live unto the world And for because the world is populous, And here is not a creature but myself, I cannot do it; yet I'll hammer it out. My brain I'll prove the female to my soul; My soul the father: and these two beget A generation of still-breeding thoughts, And these same thoughts people this little world, In humours like the people of this world, For no thought is contented. The better sort, As thoughts of things divine, are intermix'd With scruples, and do set the word itself Against the word: As thus: 'Come, little ones'; and then again, 'It is as hard to come as for a camel To thread the postern of a needle's eye.'

Thesaurus creature: (n) being, brute, animal, tool, individual, person, body, entity, human, puppet, somebody. divine: (adj) sacred, wonderful, blessed, holy, exquisite; (n) clergyman; (v) guess, conjecture, augur, anticipate; (adj, n) almighty. ANTONYMS: (adj) imperfect, profane, earthly, dreadful, physical, ugly, secular. hammer: (v) strike, beat, knock, bang, tap, forge, thrash, hit; (n, v) pound,

club; (n) gavel. terror: (n, v) alarm, scare; (adj, n) pomfret: (n) butterfish, bream. dread, awe; (n) fear, dismay, postern: (n) gate, ostiary, portal, consternation, horror, panic, porch, wicket, vestibule, trapdoor, apprehension, scourge. threshold, back door; (adj, n) rear; ANTONYMS: (n) peace, security, (adj) side. delight, calm, confidence. scruples: (n) conscience, moral sense, thread: (n) screw thread, yarn, rope, wire, twine, ligature; (adj, n, v) line, sense of right and wrong, morality, file; (n, v) string together; (adj, v) ethical motive, principle, ethics, range; (v) penetrate. moral fiber, morals. studying: (n) poring over, perusal, study, learning, reading, speculation.

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Thoughts %tending to ambition, they do plot Unlikely wonders; how these vain weak nails May tear a passage through the flinty ribs Of this hard world, my ragged prison walls; And, for they cannot, die in their own pride. Thoughts tending to content flatter themselves That they are not the first of fortune's slaves, Nor shall not be the last; like silly beggars Who sitting in the stocks refuge their shame, That many have and others must sit there: And in this thought they find a kind of ease, Bearing their own misfortunes on the back Of such as have before endur'd the like. Thus play I in one person many people, And none contented: sometimes am I king; Then treasons make me wish myself a beggar, And so I am: then crushing penury Persuades me I was better when a king; Then am I king'd again; and by and by Think that I am unking'd by Bolingbroke, And straight am nothing: but whate'er I be, Nor I, nor any man that but man is With nothing shall be pleas'd till he be eas'd With being nothing. Music do I hear? [Music.] Ha, ha! keep time. How sour sweet music is When time is broke and no proportion kept! So is it in the music of men's lives. And here have I the daintiness of ear To check time broke in a disorder'd string; But, for the concord of my state and time, Had not an ear to hear my true time broke.

Thesaurus ambition: (n) aim, hope, goal, drive, ambitiousness, wish, dream, purpose, target, objective, intention. ANTONYMS: (n) satisfaction, contentment, sloth, laziness, lethargy. concord: (n) agreement, accordance, unity, harmony, union, unison, alliance, tune; (n, v) concert, peace; (v) agree. ANTONYMS: (n) discord, conflict, war, disunity, disarray; (v) disagree. crushing: (adj) overpowering,

overwhelming, destructive; (n) grinding, quelling, stifling, suppression, flattening, pressure; (v) shatter; (adv) crushingly. ANTONYMS: (adj) mild, wonderful. daintiness: (adj, n) frailty, fragility, weakness, dainty; (n) fineness, loveliness, niceness, fastidiousness, finesse, refinement, nicety. ANTONYMS: (n) inelegance, sturdiness, ugliness. flinty: (adj) rocky, unyielding, grim,

unfeeling, stern, stony, severe, hard, cruel, obdurate, heartless. misfortunes: (n) misfortune. ragged: (adj, n) shabby; (adj) seedy, worn, hoarse, jagged, scruffy, torn, untidy, unkempt; (adj, v) threadbare; (n) harsh. ANTONYMS: (adj) smart, elegant, smooth, new, even. tending: (n) care, hairdressing, aid, treatment, attention, babysitting, incubation; (adj) apt, conducive, prone, disposed.

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I wasted time, and now doth time waste me; For now hath time made me his numbering clock: My thoughts are minutes; and with sighs they jar Their watches on unto mine eyes, the outward watch, Whereto my finger, like a dial's point, Is pointing still, in cleansing them from tears. Now sir, the sound that tells what hour it is Are clamorous groans, which strike upon my heart, Which is the bell: so sighs and tears and groans Show minutes, times, and hours; but my time Runs posting on in Bolingbroke's proud joy, While I stand fooling here, his Jack o' the clock. This music mads me; let it sound no more; For though it have holp madmen to their wits, In me it seems it will make wise men mad. Yet blessing on his heart that gives it me! For 'tis a sign of love; and love to Richard Is a strange brooch in this all-hating world.% [Enter a GROOM of the stable.] GROOM. Hail, royal Prince! KING RICHARD. Thanks, noble peer; The cheapest of us is ten groats too dear. What art thou? and how comest thou hither, man, Where no man never comes but that sad dog That brings me food to make misfortune live? GROOM. I was a poor groom of thy stable, king, When thou wert king; who, travelling towards York, With much ado at length have gotten leave

Thesaurus blessing: (n) benediction, approval, mercy, felicity, benison, benefit, luck, advantage, boon, bless, godsend. ANTONYMS: (n) curse, misfortune, disaster, condemnation, adversity, desecration, refusal, veto, disadvantage. brooch: (n) broach, jewelry; (n, v) clasp; (v) fasten. clamorous: (adj) noisy, blatant, loud, boisterous, insistent, exigent, urgent, obstreperous, strident; (adj, v)

clamant, importunate. ANTONYM: cereal, food grain, shelling. (adj) tranquil. groom: (n) equerry, bridegroom, cleansing: (n) cleaning, wash, cleanup, stableman, hostler; (v) prepare, dress, purgation, purification; (adj) purging, arrange, train, coach, tidy, curry. purifying, detersive, detergent; (v) numbering: (n) counting, cathartic, abstergent. enumeration, list, numeration, fooling: (n) farce, tomfoolery, reckoning, listing, determination of horseplay, joking, prank; (adj) casual, the thread count, number coding. posting: (n) post, placard, poster, accidental, everyday, effortless, cursory. entry, notice, position, transmittal, gotten: (v) receive, seize, get, acquire. transmission, transmitting, job, place. groats: (n) shred, grain, barley groats,

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To look upon my sometimes royal master's face. O! how it yearn'd my heart when I beheld, In London streets, that coronation day, When Bolingbroke rode on roan Barbary, That horse that thou so often hast bestrid, That horse that I so carefully have dress'd.% KING RICHARD. Rode he on Barbary? Tell me, gentle friend, How went he under him? GROOM. So proudly as if he disdain'd the ground. KING RICHARD. So proud that Bolingbroke was on his back! That jade hath eat bread from my royal hand; This hand hath made him proud with clapping him. Would he not stumble? would he not fall down,-Since pride must have a fall,--and break the neck Of that proud man that did usurp his back? Forgiveness, horse! Why do I rail on thee, Since thou, created to be aw'd by man, Wast born to bear? I was not made a horse; And yet I bear a burden like an ass, Spur-gall'd and tir'd by jauncing Bolingbroke. [Enter KEEPER, with a dish.] KEEPER. [To the Groom.] Fellow, give place; here is no longer stay. KING RICHARD. If thou love me, 'tis time thou wert away.

Thesaurus burden: (n, v) bother, weight, pack, pall, fag, harass, wear; (n, v) bore; (n) disdainfully, conceitedly. burthen, trouble, clog, strain; (n) ANTONYMS: (adv) humbly, hussy, horse, nag. anxiety, bale, responsibility; (v) master's: (n) postgraduate degree. modestly. afflict. ANTONYMS: (v) relieve, pride: (n) arrogance, conceit, egotism, roan: (n) horse, Galloway, thoroughbred, leather, courser; (adj) lighten, free, disburden, alleviate, vanity, lordliness, assumption, relax; (n, v) help; (n) tranquility, insolence, disdain, hauteur; (n, v) dingy, pearly, drab, dun, livid, boast; (v) plume. ANTONYMS: (n) relaxation, peace, pleasure. somber. clapping: (n) clap, acclaim, hand, streets: (n) street. modesty, sorrow, dregs, disgrace, stumble: (adj, n, v) slip; (n, v) lurch, clapping of hands, cheering, shame, baseness. fall, err, stagger; (adj, v) blunder, handclap, ovation, slapping, plaudit, proudly: (adv) haughtily, arrogantly, flounder, fumble; (n) misstep; (v) hit, round, approval. superciliously, boastfully, vainly, jade: (adj, v) weary, tire; (v) exhaust, splendidly, stately, loftily, snootily, falter.

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GROOM. My tongue dares not, that my heart shall say. [Exit.] KEEPER. My lord, will't please you to fall to? KING RICHARD. Taste of it first as thou art wont to do.% KEEPER. My lord, I dare not: Sir Pierce of Exton, Who lately came from the king, commands the contrary. KING RICHARD. The devil take Henry of Lancaster and thee! Patience is stale, and I am weary of it. [Strikes the KEEPER.] KEEPER. Help, help, help! [Enter EXTON and Servants, armed.] KING RICHARD. How now! What means death in this rude assault? Villain, thy own hand yields thy death's instrument. [Snatching a weapon and killing one.] Go thou and fill another room in hell. [He kills another, then EXTON strikes him down.] That hand shall burn in never-quenching fire That staggers thus my person. Exton, thy fierce hand Hath with the king's blood stain'd the king's own land. Mount, mount, my soul! thy seat is up on high; Whilst my gross flesh sinks downward, here to die. [Dies.]

Thesaurus burn: (adj, v) glow; (n, v) bite, fire, obstinate. ANTONYMS: (adj) similar, sunburn; (v) sting, scorch, incinerate, harmonious, helpful, obliging, blaze, flare, ignite, cremate. compatible, complaisant, concordant, ANTONYMS: (v) smother, give, parallel, agreeable, cooperative, subdue, help, quench, repay, stifle, favorable. devil: (n) fiend, demon, ghost, extinguish, wet. commands: (n) orders, instructions, monster, Lucifer, Satan, Beelzebub, deuce, daemon; (v) torment, rag. information, guidelines. contrary: (adj, n) contradictory, ANTONYM: (n) angel. reverse; (adj) adverse, conflicting, downward: (adv) underneath, under, unfavorable, perverse, cross, below, downwards, downwardly, beneath, down below; (adj) downcast, disobedient, alien, different,

sloping, depressed, downright. ANTONYMS: (adv) up; (adj) rising. staggers: (v) fuss, rout, racket, bustle, hubbub, subsultus; (n) epilepsy. stale: (adj, n) musty, moldy; (adj) old, commonplace, hackneyed, insipid, trite, corny, flat, stagnant; (adj, v) dry. ANTONYMS: (adj) fresh, original, innovative, airy, new, exceptional, imaginative.

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EXTON. As full of valour as of royal blood: Both have I spilt; O! would the deed were good; For now the devil, that told me I did well, Says that this deed is chronicled in hell. This dead king to the living king I'll bear. Take hence the rest, and give them burial here.% [Exeunt.]

SCENE VI. WINDSOR. AN APARTMENT IN THE CASTLE. [Flourish. Enter ATTENDANTS.]

BOLINGBROKE

and

YORK,

with

LORDS

and

BOLINGBROKE. Kind uncle York, the latest news we hear Is that the rebels have consum'd with fire Our town of Cicester in Gloucestershire; But whether they be ta'en or slain we hear not. [Enter NORTHUMBERLAND.] Welcome, my lord. What is the news? NORTHUMBERLAND. First, to thy sacred state wish I all happiness. The next news is: I have to London sent The heads of Salisbury, Spencer, Blunt, and Kent. The manner of their taking may appear At large discoursed in this paper here. BOLINGBROKE. We thank thee, gentle Percy, for thy pains; And to thy worth will add right worthy gains.

Thesaurus burial: (v) bury, funebrial; (n) manner: (adj, n) kind; (n) bearing, stop, refrain, erase, egress, abstain, sepulture, entombment, burying, cancel, exclude, disembark. demeanor, method, form, gains: (n) income, proceeds, profits, appearance, carriage, way; (n, v) inhumation, funeral, concealment, sepulcher, hiding, committal. winnings, receipts, revenue. custom, style, habit. deed: (n) accomplishment, act, feat, heads: (n) conspectus, contents, worthy: (adj) noble, good, meritorious, behavior, action, exploit, covenant, prospectus, syllabus, synopsis, valuable, estimable, respectable, doing, document, title, fact. public, textbook, people, outlines, deserving, worthwhile, virtuous, ANTONYM: (n) failure. honorable; (adj, n) celebrity. head stick. enter: (v) enroll, embark, chronicle, latest: (adj) last, fresh, modern, new, ANTONYMS: (adj) bad, unrespected, book, record, input, arrive, come, current, hot, ultimate, contemporary, disreputable, mediocre, petty, poor, newest, stylish; (adj, n) vogue. pierce, register, penetrate. unimpressive, insignificant, ANTONYMS: (v) depart, exit, delete, ANTONYM: (adj) first. dishonorable, despicable; (n) nobody.

128

King Richard II

[Enter FITZWATER.] FITZWATER. My lord, I have from Oxford sent to London The heads of Brocas and Sir Bennet Seely, Two of the dangerous consorted traitors That sought at Oxford thy dire overthrow.% BOLINGBROKE. Thy pains, Fitzwater, shall not be forgot; Right noble is thy merit, well I wot. [Enter HENRY PERCY, With the BISHOP OF CARLISLE.] PERCY. The grand conspirator, Abbot of Westminster, With clog of conscience and sour melancholy, Hath yielded up his body to the grave; But here is Carlisle living, to abide Thy kingly doom, and sentence of his pride. BOLINGBROKE. Carlisle, this is your doom: Choose out some secret place, some reverend room, More than thou hast, and with it joy thy life; So as thou livest in peace, die free from strife; For though mine enemy thou hast ever been, High sparks of honour in thee have I seen. [Enter EXTON, with attendants, bearing a coffin.] EXTON. Great king, within this coffin I present Thy buried fear: herein all breathless lies The mightiest of thy greatest enemies, Richard of Bordeaux, by me hither brought.

Thesaurus breathless: (adj, adv) out of breath; cask, hearse, urn, carriage, unimportant, trivial, propitious, (adj) panting, inanimate, automobile, catafalque; (v) to drive a insignificant, fortunate, harmless, breathtaking, winded, choking, nail in one's coffin, bury. favorable, modest, praiseworthy. puffing; (v) all agog, aghast; (adj, n) conspirator: (n) accomplice, traitor, doom: (n, v) sentence, destine, fate; (v) eager; (n) in hysterics. ANTONYMS: confederate, betrayer, archtraitor, condemn, convict, damn; (n) destiny, (adj) dull, expected, boring. coconspirator, malefactor, crook, day of reckoning, chance, luck, lot. clog: (n, v) block, bar, glut; (v) choke, ANTONYMS: (n) plan; (v) absolve. felon, outlaw, criminal. dire: (adj) awful, desperate, direful, herein: (adv) here, therein. obstruct, foul, hinder, encumber, back up; (n) obstruction, patten. reverend: (n) preacher, clergyman, dreadful, appalling, forbidding, ANTONYMS: (v) free, clear, open, terrible, formidable, awesome, parson, rector, vicar, pastor, priest, minister, churchman; (adj) unblock. shocking, calamitous. ANTONYMS: coffin: (n) casket, sarcophagus, chest, (adj) wonderful, fortuitous, respectable, honourable.

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129

BOLINGBROKE. Exton, I thank thee not; for thou hast wrought A deed of slander with thy fatal hand Upon my head and all this famous land.% EXTON. From your own mouth, my lord, did I this deed. BOLINGBROKE. They love not poison that do poison need, Nor do I thee: though I did wish him dead, I hate the murderer, love him murdered. The guilt of conscience take thou for thy labour, But neither my good word nor princely favour: With Cain go wander thorough shade of night, And never show thy head by day nor light. Lords, I protest my soul is full of woe, That blood should sprinkle me to make me grow: Come, mourn with me for what I do lament, And put on sullen black incontinent. I'll make a voyage to the Holy Land, To wash this blood off from my guilty hand. March sadly after; grace my mournings here, In weeping after this untimely bier. [Exeunt]

Thesaurus bier: (n) catafalque, urn, tomb, v) envenom, drug, empoison; (adj) toxic, poisonous; (v) defile, intoxicate; sepulchre, cinerary urn, rack, stand, (n) bane, venom. ANTONYMS: (n) casket, stretcher, hearse, cure; (v) clean. sarcophagus. mouth: (n) lip, lips, aperture, edge, sprinkle: (v) splash, drizzle, moisten, entrance, snout, entry; (n, v) grimace; cast, dot, spatter, spray, spill; (adj, v) (v) articulate, pronounce, speak. besprinkle; (n, v) dash, rain. murderer: (n) assassin, cutthroat, thorough: (adj) complete, full, killer, manslayer, murderess, profound, exhaustive, absolute, good, executioner, thug, liquidator; (v) comprehensive, detailed, extensive, butcher; (n, v) slayer, terrorist. sweeping, careful. ANTONYMS: (adj) poison: (adj, v) contaminate, taint; (n, partial, sketchy, careless, slack,

imperfect, sloppy, rushed, restricted, inadequate, halfhearted, dense. untimely: (adj) early, unseasonable, inopportune, inappropriate, awkward, immature, previous, ill timed, inconvenient, improper, belated. ANTONYMS: (adj) timely, appropriate, opportune, convenient, overdue. voyage: (n, v) travel, cruise, tour; (n) trip, passage, expedition, flight, crossing, quest; (v) sail, navigate.

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GLOSSARY abbot: (n) abbatica, pilgrim, palmer, mendicant, lay brother, beadsman, friar, abbe, superior, prior, angel shark abet: (v) assist, countenance, support, help, incite, favor, aid, back, instigate, encourage, provoke. ANTONYMS: (v) hinder, impede, undermine, thwart, prohibit, obstruct, frustrate, dissuade, discourage, denounce, counter able: (adj) dexterous, competent, clever, ingenious, accomplished, gifted, effective, fit, expert; (adj, n) talented, efficient. ANTONYMS: (adj) incapable, incompetent, weak, untrained, inept, delicate, feeble, infirm, clumsy, ineffective, ineffectual above: (adv, prep) beyond, aloft, on, in excess of; (adv) up, supra, on top; (adj) preceding, former; (adj, prep) past; (prep) surpassing. ANTONYMS: (prep) beneath, under, deficient, underneath; (adj) inferior, following abroad: (adj, adv) overseas, away; (adv) afield, forth, beyond seas, yonder, farther, at large, further; (adj) foreign, out. ANTONYMS: (adj) remaining, nearby absence: (n) absenteeism, deficiency, lack, default, dearth, want, nonattendance, scarcity, paucity, shortage, privation. ANTONYMS: (n) attendance, existence, fulfillment, inclusion, occurrence, abundance, glut, confirmation, supply, excess absent: (adj) wanting, inattentive, not present, preoccupied, lost, missing, faraway, nonexistent, absentminded, out; (adj, adv) off. ANTONYMS: (adj) alert, attendant, attending, existing, here, real, attentive; (adv) in, visible abundant: (adj, n) lush, luxuriant;

(adj) generous, thick, plenty, affluent, liberal, fruitful, teeming, fertile, ample. ANTONYMS: (adj) sparse, meager, scanty, infertile, scant, arid, rare, empty, skimpy, lacking, fruitless accent: (v) emphasize, emphasise, punctuate, accentuate; (n) dialect, emphasis, idiom, importance, speech, articulation, pronunciation. ANTONYMS: (v) attenuate, downplay, hide, ignore, lessen, minimize, slight according: (adj) pursuant, consonant, equal, agreeable, harmonious, conformable, consistent, corresponding, respondent; (adv) correspondingly, accordingly accuse: (v) charge, incriminate, arraign, denounce, defame, criminate, indict, fault, betray, condemn, inculpate. ANTONYMS: (v) absolve, exculpate, exonerate, praise, support, clear accused: (n) panel, defendant, prisoner, respondent, suspect, suspected person accuser: (n) complainant, informer, disputant, controversialist, accusant, pursuer, delator, petitioner, prosecutor, claimant, appeacher actor: (n, v) doer, performer; (n) player, agent, thespian, comedian, entertainer, mimic, histrion, artiste, impersonator. ANTONYMS: (n) fan, spectator acts: (n) Acts of the Apostles, revelations, Epistles, apocalypse, act, advanced communications technology satellite, evangelists, gospels added: (adj) additional, further, extra, more, supplementary, accessorial, adscititious, supplemental, ancillary, other, new. ANTONYM: (adj) subtracted adieu: (int, n) farewell; (n) vale,

valediction, goodbye, leave, cheerio, adios, bye, so long, parting; (int) bon voyage. ANTONYM: (n) greeting adorned: (adj) decorated, ornate, bedecked, decked out, fancy, garnished, ornamented, decked, beautiful, inscribed, festooned advantage: (n) privilege, behalf, profit, good, preponderance, account, lead, virtue, expediency, perk; (n, v) boot. ANTONYMS: (n, v) disadvantage; (n) drawback, difficulty, detriment, hindrance, minus, restriction, obstacle, loss, inferiority, inconvenience adverse: (adj) unfavorable, contrary, untoward, hostile, harmful, adversary, repugnant, counter, pernicious, noisome; (adj, n) opposite. ANTONYMS: (adj) helpful, fortunate, aiding, beneficial, positive, advantageous, agreeable, desirable, pleasant, harmless advised: (adj) studied, considered, premeditated, deliberate, calculated, intended; (v) determinate, express, designed affairs: (n) dealings, concern, circumstances, transaction, occupation, duty, matters, matter, personal business, gear, finances afore: (adv) ahead, along, before, forwards, formerly, beforehand, previously; (adj) erewhile, aforehand, theretofore, preceding afterwards: (adv) afterward, subsequently, later, thereafter, later on, next, behind, thereupon; (adj) following, subsequent; (n) termination again: (adv) more, then, repeatedly, anew, encore, furthermore, yet, also, often, once again, once more against: (adj, adv) counter; (prep) toward, versus, from; (pref) by; (v) oppose; (adv, prep) on; (n) opposition; (adj) unwilling,

132 repugnant; (adv) athwart. ANTONYMS: (prep) for; (adj) eager aged: (adj) senile, elderly, older, hoary, ripe, venerable, ancient, senior, decrepit, antique, antiquated. ANTONYMS: (adj) youthful, new, fresh, green, unripe, unseasoned, smooth ages: (n) time out of mind, time immemorial, coon's age, blue moon, month of Sundays aggravate: (v) exasperate, provoke, irritate, enrage, worsen, increase, magnify, inflame, make worse, peeve; (adj, v) embitter. ANTONYMS: (v) pacify, ease, improve, please, soothe, alleviate, mitigate, better, calm, defuse, encourage ague: (n) acute, symptom, sickness, malady, illness, malaria, paludism, swamp fever, chills and fever; (adj) appendicitis, angina pectoris alas: (adv) unluckily, regrettably, sadly, unhappily, sorry to say; (n) oh; (int) lackaday. ANTONYM: (adv) luckily alehouse: (n) beerhouse, tavern, pub, public house, saloon, taphouse, mughouse, bar; (v) change alive: (adj) live, vivacious, living, sensible, delicate, snappy, animated, lively, spry, responsive; (n) life. ANTONYMS: (adj) deceased, inanimate, unanimated, dispirited, dull, inactive, lethargic, lifeless, listless, nonfunctioning, sluggish allegiance: (n) adherence, dedication, devotion, faith, troth, faithfulness, commitment, fidelity, homage, constancy, fealty. ANTONYMS: (n) sedition, treason, betrayal, disobedience, enmity, treachery, indifference allow: (adj, v) admit, accord; (v) agree, permit, grant, accede, acquiesce, afford, authorize, bear; (n, v) give. ANTONYMS: (v) prohibit, deny, reject, refuse, keep, prevent, disallow, disapprove, withstand, hold, outlaw alone: (adj) forlorn, individual, lonely, lonesome; (adj, adv) only, apart; (adv) solely, entirely, exclusively, separately, individually. ANTONYMS: (adj) overshadowed, ordinary, mobbed, equaled, crowded, accompanied, common, grouped, surpassed; (adv) jointly; (n) foe along: (adv) ahead, alongside, forwards, forth, throughout,

King Richard II lengthwise, onward, before; (prep) beside, from; (n) at. ANTONYMS: (adv) across, separate, apart, far already: (adv) beforehand, previously, before, formerly, even now, just now, at present, once, heretofore, yet, in advance alter: (v) change, adapt, move, convert, adjust, amend, affect, transform, correct, vary, shift. ANTONYMS: (v) continue, keep, leave, preserve, worsen, retain, standardize, straighten, clarify although: (adv, prep) notwithstanding; (prep) in spite of, even though, however; (adv, conj) though; (conj) whereas; (adv) even, tho, when, anyway, tho' altogether: (adv) absolutely, all, wholly, perfectly, purely, all in all, completely, entirely, totally, simply, ensemble. ANTONYMS: (adv) incompletely, partially always: (adv) continuously, whenever, permanently, ever, usually, eternally, unceasingly; (adj) perpetual, still, eternal; (adj, adv) without exception. ANTONYMS: (adv) erratically, intermittently, temporarily amazing: (adj) astonishing, terrific, wonderful, incredible, awesome, astounding, breathtaking, extraordinary, fabulous, impressive, tremendous. ANTONYMS: (adj) ordinary, boring, predictable, unremarkable, modest, insignificant, comforting, dire, humdrum ambition: (n) aim, hope, goal, drive, ambitiousness, wish, dream, purpose, target, objective, intention. ANTONYMS: (n) satisfaction, contentment, sloth, laziness, lethargy ambitious: (adj) eager, difficult, energetic, competitive, desirous, grandiose, enterprising, pushy, challenging; (adj, v) aspiring, vaulting. ANTONYMS: (adj) fulfilled, undemanding, unambitious, slothful, simple, satisfied, lazy, humble, facile, easy, content ambush: (n, v) ambuscade, trap, attack, assault; (v) wait, waylay, intercept, lurk, bushwhack, surprise; (n) lying in wait. ANTONYMS: (v) retreat, surrender, release; (n) suit amen: (adj) right, correct; (n) Amon; (adv) positively, yes amiss: (adj, adv) wrong; (adj) bad, haywire, faulty, astray, guilty; (adv)

badly, poorly, awry, wrongly, adrift. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) right; (adv) perfectly, properly, suitably, appropriately, correctly, well; (adj) okay, correct, good ancestors: (n) family, ancestor, lineage, pedigree, parents, majority, intimates, genealogy, family tree, associates, relatives ancient: (adj) old, obsolete, antiquated, former, past, archaic, antique, primitive, bygone, hoary; (adj, n) elder. ANTONYMS: (adj) contemporary, young, recent, fresh, new, present, youthful, current angel: (n, v) sponsor, support; (n) backer, cherub, messenger, patron, benefactor, saint; (adj) Dulcinea, goddess; (adj, n) darling. ANTONYMS: (n) fiend, devil, jerk, demon angry: (adj) anger, furious, provoked, incensed, vehement, fierce, irate, raging, maddened, shirty, indignation. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleased, gentle, joyful, content, euphoric, mild, happy, resigned, joyous, gleeful, quiet annoyance: (n) anger, harassment, aggravation, disturbance, inconvenience, pain, bother, botheration, temper, displeasure, vexation. ANTONYMS: (n) calm, satisfaction, patience, calmness, delight, equanimity, advantage, balm anointed: (adj) hallowed, divine, greasy; (v) anoint another: (adj) second, more, alternative, additional, new, further, fresh, extra; (adj, v) other; (adj, pron) some other; (n) the other. ANTONYMS: (n, pron) same answer: (n, v) respond, retort; (v) counter, serve, resolve, acknowledge, correspond; (n) solution, defence, return, reaction. ANTONYMS: (n, v) question; (v) ask, differ, fail, ignore; (n) request, problem, invitation, poison apartment: (n) residence, lodging, suite, place, dwelling, chamber, room, abode, house, home, accommodation apish: (v) aping, mimicking; (adj) apelike, foppish, foolish, anthropoid, anthropoidal, mock, mannered, imitative apparel: (n, v) garb, attire, garment, array, vesture; (n) clothing, finery, costume, clothes; (v) adorn, clothe apparent: (adj, adv) visible; (adj)

William Shakespeare discernible, patent, plain, open, obvious, ostensible, clear, definite, evident, perceptible. ANTONYMS: (adj) unclear, real, obscure, mysterious, hidden, ambiguous, unlikely, questionable, uncertain, imperceptible, doubtful appeal: (n, v) request, demand; (n) plea, address, attraction, prayer, recourse, complaint, application; (v) sue, interest. ANTONYMS: (v) repel, disclaim, repulse, deny, refuse, disgust, revoke; (n) unpleasantness, repulsion, refusal, rejection appellant: (adj) appellate; (n) litigator, complainant, petitioner, plaintiff, claimant, plaintiff in error, plaintiff in appeal, applicant, pursuer, accuser appointments: (n) installation, schedule, upholstery, fixture, furnishings, furniture, movements, possession, actions, arrangements, activities apprehension: (n) alarm, comprehension, dread, misgiving, understanding, capture, foreboding, arrest, trepidation; (n, v) doubt, appreciation. ANTONYMS: (n) release, confidence, calmness, tranquility, freeing, misunderstanding, peace, relief, bravery, calm, equanimity approach: (n) access, entry, means, advent, coming, entrance, arrival; (n, v) advance; (v) accost, address; (adv, v) near. ANTONYMS: (n) departure, withdrawal, leaving, distancing; (v) end, withdraw, finish, distance, depart, conclude, close approved: (adj) sanctioned, certified, allowed, authorized, accredited, agreed, regular, conventional, standard, orthodox, official. ANTONYMS: (adj) informal, disapproved, incorrect, unorthodox arbitrate: (v) adjudicate, mediate, referee, intervene, judge, interfere, reconcile, determine, umpire, intermediate, negotiate. ANTONYM: (v) provoke archbishop: (adj, n) primate; (n) metropolitan, bishop, prelate, elder, eminence, clergyman, becket, reverence, minister argue: (v) contend, quarrel, oppose, altercate, debate, declare, contest, discuss, convince; (n, v) reason, question. ANTONYMS: (v) deny, harmonize, assent, concur, abstain, comply, dissuade armed: (n) arms, arming; (adj, v)

armed to the teeth; (adj) equipped, military, fitted, aggressive, prepared, violent, forcible, weaponed. ANTONYMS: (adj) unarmed, unprotected, armless, unprepared, peaceful armour: (n) armature, buckler, armour plate, cataphract arms: (n) armament, coat of arms, weaponry, ammunition, shield, ordnance, order, munition, hardware, blazon; (adj) armed arrest: (n, v) halt, check, catch, capture, hold, collar; (n) apprehension, custody; (v) apprehend, retard, inhibit. ANTONYMS: (n, v) discharge; (v) liberate, promote, forward, encourage, activate, advance, prompt, help; (n) freeing, liberation arrival: (n) advent, accession, entrance, incoming, newcomer, return, attainment, coming, comer, entry, reaching. ANTONYMS: (n) exit, leaving, disappearance, conclusion articles: (n) canons, articles of agreement, equipment, statute, doctrine, system of opinions, stock, school ascend: (n, v) mount; (v) arise, scale, uprise, climb, go up, come up, increase, elevate; (n) ascending, ascent. ANTONYMS: (v) descend, drop, decline, fall, lower, set, sink ascends: (v) ascend, uprise ashes: (n) dust, cinders, remains, cinder, clay, earth, embers, clinker; (adj) scoriae, mother, precipitate aside: (adv) apart, away, beside, alongside, in reserve, off, abreast; (adj, adv) by; (n) digression, divagation, parenthesis. ANTONYMS: (adv) erectly, uprightly, vertically aspiring: (adj) aspirant, wishful, enterprising, envious, desirous, coming; (v) aspire, vaulting. ANTONYM: (adj) desperate assign: (v) allot, delegate, consign, ascribe, appoint, place, allocate, appropriate; (n, v) allow, apply, give. ANTONYMS: (v) relieve, discharge, discredit, divest, refuse, take assistance: (n) support, relief, boost, encouragement, remedy, help, service, hand, backing; (n, v) assist; (v) succor. ANTONYMS: (n) impediment, impeding, obstruction, detriment, disservice, meanness, opposition

133 atone: (v) satisfy, pay, propitiate, indemnify, compensate, make up, recoup, apologize, abye, aby, repent. ANTONYM: (v) forfeit attach: (v) append, adhere, add, affix, bind, link, associate, assign, nail, apply, annex. ANTONYMS: (v) undo, separate, unfasten, disconnect, free, deflect, dissociate, loosen, quit, take, unscrew attain: (v) make, reach, achieve, acquire, gain, strike, catch, arrive at, find, obtain, come to. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, fail, abandon, surrender, differ attainder: (n) cancellation, attainture, civil death, attaintment; (adj) taint attend: (n, v) tend, escort, nurse, conduct; (v) assist, serve, minister, aid, look, partake, follow. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, leave, ignore, disregard, desert, abandon attendant: (n) companion, follower, assistant, escort, subordinate, employee, guide, varlet; (adj) accompanying, concomitant, incidental. ANTONYMS: (n) superior, boss; (adj) absent, unrelated, significant attendants: (n) entourage, followers, retinue, tendance, persons present, suite attended: (adj) attent, fraught, tended to attending: (v) attend; (n) presence, nursing, care, appearing, observation; (adj) concomitant, attendant, ministrant, in attendance, ancillary. ANTONYMS: (n) nonattendance, inattention attention: (n) mind, heed, notice, alertness, care, advertency, aid, consideration, ear, attentiveness, precision. ANTONYMS: (n) neglect, negligence, thoughtlessness, abandonment, abstraction, discourtesy, disregard, oversight, indifference, insensibility, carelessness attorneys: (n) lawyers, bar aught: (n) nil, zero, anything, ought, cypher, nix, cipher, naught, null, zip; (adj) any aunt: (n) uncle, auntie, aunty, father's younger brother's wife, father's older brother's wife, mother's sister, kinswoman, nephew, niece, paternal aunt, maternal uncle's wife author: (n) writer, producer, founder, creator, inventor, parent, originator, architect, maker; (v) compose, create. ANTONYM: (n) reader

134 avoid: (v) shun, parry, avert, escape, evade, ward off, duck, circumvent, prevent, ignore; (adj, v) eschew. ANTONYMS: (v) associate, tackle, face, validate, participate, invite, seek, embrace, court, permit, encourage away: (adj, adv) abroad, absent; (adj, adv, int) out; (adj) distant; (adv) aside, aloof, afar, way, by, forth; (adv, int) off. ANTONYMS: (adj) adjacent, neighboring, nearby, near, close; (adv) intermittently, haltingly, discontinuously, in awful: (adj) fearful, dreadful, terrible, abominable, appalling, nasty, abhorrent, atrocious, bad, horrible, lousy. ANTONYMS: (adj) excellent, wonderful, marvelous, great, lovely, nice, pleasant, beautiful, pleasing, good, minor awhile: (adj) in transitu, en passant; (adv) briefly awry: (adj, adv) askew, crooked; (adj) erroneous, bent, deformed, distorted, incorrect, wry, wrong; (adv) skew; (v) irregular. ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, right, aligned, even baffled: (adj) bewildered, puzzled, perplexed, confounded, at sea, frustrated, befuddled, beaten, bemused, preoccupied, helpless. ANTONYM: (adj) clear bait: (v) badger, tease; (adj, v) molest, harass, harry; (n, v) lure, bribe; (n) decoy, snare, temptation, attraction. ANTONYMS: (v) repel, repulse, pacify, mollify, please balance: (n, v) counterbalance, adjust, poise, settle; (v) offset, compensate, contrast; (n) symmetry, Libra, remainder, excess. ANTONYMS: (v) unbalance, neglect, surmise, suppose, guess; (n) asymmetry, inequality, instability, irrationality, nervousness, bias balm: (n) salve, unguent, incense, perfume, aroma, unction, liniment, balsam, arnica, lotion, fragrance. ANTONYMS: (n) irritant, nuisance band: (n) cluster, set, party, swathe, lace, knot, collar, circle, strip, zone, company. ANTONYMS: (v) disperse, divide, scatter, disband bands: (n) cords, stripes banish: (v) dispel, expel, displace, relegate, oust, expatriate, eject, dismiss, transport, cast out; (adj, v) exile. ANTONYMS: (v) keep, embrace, adopt, invite, include banishment: (n) expulsion, ostracism,

King Richard II ouster, proscription, relegation, ejection, deportation, dismissal, expatriation; (adj, n) exclusion; (adj) excommunication bank: (n) dam, coast, limit, stack; (n, v) store, slope, gradient, embankment, heap, hill; (v) deposit. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, spend, align, disburse, distrust, plumb, straighten; (n) hollow bankrupt: (v) ruin, break, impoverish, deprive; (adj) broke, destitute, poor, impoverished; (n) bankruptcy, failure, insolvency. ANTONYMS: (adj) rich, profiting, flourishing, wealthy; (v) enrich barbarism: (n) atrocity, barbarousness, barbarity, cruelty, savagery, Gothicism, vandalism, uncivilizedness, heathenism, vulgarism, savageness. ANTONYMS: (n) civility, nicety barbed: (adj) mordant, thorny, sharp, pungent, caustic, spiny, cutting, acrid, spiteful, acid; (v) barded. ANTONYM: (adj) smooth bare: (adj) naked, austere, bald, stark, bleak, exposed, desolate, plain; (adj, v) empty, vacant; (v) show. ANTONYMS: (adj) cultivated, ornate, concealed, elaborate, adorned, decorated, dressed, clothed, embellished; (v) cover, conceal bark: (n, v) skin, yelp, snarl, cry, rind, shout; (v) growl, roar; (n) bay, peel, crust. ANTONYMS: (n, v) whisper barren: (adj, n) sterile; (adj) infertile, deserted, arid, void, dry, stark, meagre, fruitless, abortive; (n) waste. ANTONYMS: (adj) productive, lush, fruitful, developing, growing, profitable, rewarding, rich, sheltered, humid, populous base: (adj) abject, mean, dishonorable, low, vile, ignoble, bad, contemptible; (n) foundation; (n, v) ground; (v) found. ANTONYMS: (n) top, summit, frill, ceiling, apex; (adj) noble, honest, good, principled, grand, pleasant basely: (adv) vilely, bottomly, sordidly, shamefully, foully, menially, lowly, depravedly, villainously, badly, poorly bastard: (adj, n) illegitimate, fake; (adj) spurious, phony, misbegotten, bastardly, adulterine, impure; (n) whoreson, love child, illegitimate child. ANTONYM: (adj) fathered battle: (n, v) fight, struggle, combat,

contest, war, conflict, clash, brawl; (v) wrestle; (n) fighting, warfare. ANTONYMS: (n) peace, agreement, truce, concord, armistice, accord, surrender bear: (v) accept, take, stand, acquit, abide, allow, wear, comport, tolerate, convey, teem. ANTONYMS: (v) release, avoid, destroy, dodge, take, eradicate, evade, kill, refuse, erase; (n) bull bearing: (n, v) demeanor; (n) manner, direction, deportment, conduct, attitude, aspect, approach, appearance, respect, air. ANTONYMS: (n) insignificance, irrelevance; (adj) nonbearing bears: (n) fissiped, badgers, Carnivora, order Carnivora beasts: (n) stock beat: (n, v) pulse, throb, tick, flap, knock; (v) batter, whip, trounce, pulsate, bat; (n) round. ANTONYMS: (v) protect, help, divide, cede, aid, separate, surrender; (adj) invigorated, energized; (n) caress, pat beats: (n) beat, beatniks, Beat Generation beauteous: (adj) pretty, lovely, fair, comely, good-looking, handsome, stunning beauty: (n) attractiveness, beaut, charm, pulchritude, loveliness, exquisiteness, grace, grandeur, looker, good looks; (adj) beautiful. ANTONYMS: (n) hag, plainness, shortcoming, flaw, witch, dog, disadvantage, detraction, repulsiveness, eyesore, awkwardness become: (v) grow, suit, be, match, come about, arise, get, sit, to become, fall; (adj) becoming. ANTONYMS: (v) halt, stay, lower, stop, reduce, clash bedew: (v) dew, dampen, wet, irrigate, irrorate, damp, sponge befall: (v) bechance, become, happen, fall, arise, come about, occur, betide, chance, transpire, pass before: (adv) ahead, ago, in front, previously, already, forth; (adv, prep) fore, afore; (adj) preceding, prior; (adj, adv) earlier. ANTONYMS: (adv, prep) later, behind, afterward, after; (adv) subsequently, ahead; (adj) subsequent beggar: (n) mendicant, mumper, pauper, tramp, sponger, joker, poor man, cadger, bloke; (v) beg,

William Shakespeare pauperize. ANTONYM: (n) giver begin: (v) commence, arise, initiate, become, enter, rise, originate, undertake, create, dawn, set out. ANTONYMS: (v) end, stop, cease, terminate, die, delay, complete, conclude begot: (v) beget beguile: (v) attract, charm, enchant, allure, captivate, bluff, entrap, enthrall, lure, fascinate; (n, v) cheat. ANTONYMS: (v) protect, irritate, irk, bore, advise, guard, annoy, repel behalf: (n) sake, part, interest, behoof, defense, lieu, good, stead, score, service, side beheld: (adj) visual behind: (adj, n) back, rear; (adj, adv) backward, late; (adv) backwards, later, aback, beyond; (n) backside, can; (prep) abaft. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) early; (adv) fore; (adj) prompt behold: (v) see, view, contemplate, regard, perceive, observe, look, consider, discern, descry, watch. ANTONYMS: (v) Miss, disregard, ignore, overlook beholding: (n) fusion, seeing, visual perception, look belie: (v) falsify, contradict, negate, misrepresent, betray, calumniate, defame, dissemble, color, distort, garble. ANTONYMS: (v) indicate, verify, prove, affirm, attest, reveal believe: (n) belief, believing; (v) assume, conceive, consider, reckon, guess, accredit, to believe, understand; (n, v) trust. ANTONYMS: (v) distrust, doubt, question, suspect, reject, discredit, deny, despair belike: (adv) probably, likely, presumably, perhaps, believably, in all probability bell: (n, v) chime; (n) gong, Alexander Graham Bell, ring, doorbell, handbell, tocsin, alarum, Alexander Bell, buzz, angelus belong: (v) appertain, pertain, lie, go, belong to, attach, dwell, consist, come, rank, stand. ANTONYMS: (v) separate, disagree, disassociate, leave, quit, differ below: (adv, prep) under, underneath; (adj) low; (adj, adv) after; (adv) down, infra, downstairs, at a lower place, downwards, down below; (prep) less than. ANTONYMS: (adv, prep) over; (prep) more; (adv) upstairs bend: (n, v) bow, turn, arch, arc, crook, twist, elbow; (adj, n, v) curve;

(v) stoop, crouch; (adj, v) flex. ANTONYMS: (n, v) square; (v) align, unbend, leave bended: (adj) bent, bowed bending: (n) bow, bend, deflection, deflexion, refraction, flexure, crook; (adj) flexible, supple, winding, pliant. ANTONYM: (adj) stiff benefit: (n, v) aid, assist, profit, avail, help, gain, favor; (n) good, assistance, service, interest. ANTONYMS: (n) loss, drawback, ill, detriment, hindrance; (n, v) harm; (v) hinder, hurt, injure, impair, disfavor bennet: (n) bent, avens, wood avens, white avens bent: (adj) curved, arched, deformed, crooked; (n) propensity, inclination, fancy, leaning, flair, gift, curvature. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, inability, aversion; (adj) undetermined, undecided, uncurved, uncaring, rigid, unbent bereft: (adj, v) cut off; (adj) destitute, devoid, forlorn, void, deprived, lovelorn, grieving, deserted, insufficient; (v) reft. ANTONYMS: (adj) fulfilled, supplied, happy, consoled, satisfied berkeley: (n) George Berkeley beseech: (v) beg, crave, implore, ask, request, adjure, pray, sue, appeal, solicit, plead. ANTONYMS: (v) give, offer, grant, reject beseem: (adj, v) become, behoove; (v) suit, seem, agree, correspond, accommodate beshrew: (v) curse, damn, imprecate, bedamn, anathemize, anathematize, execrate, maledict; (adj) shrew. ANTONYM: (v) bless besides: (adv) as well, moreover, too, furthermore, again, as well as, anyway, additionally; (prep) apart from, beside; (adj, adv) more best: (adj, n) supreme, most, elite; (adj) superior, great, leading, choice, superlative; (v) beat, outdo; (adj, n, v) top. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) worst; (v) lose, surrender; (adj) minimum, lowest, least, inferior, incorrect, fewest; (n) loser; (adv) insincerely bethink: (v) recollect, mull, remind, recall, think, reflect, ponder, speculate, ruminate, consider, contemplate betide: (v) bechance, come, become, transpire, occur, happen, develop, arise, be, rise, break betimes: (adv) early, soon, anon, rath, betime, ahead of time, rathe

135 better: (adj, v) improve, mend; (adj, adv, v) best; (v) recover, ameliorate, emend, reform, advance, enhance, surpass; (n) bettor. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) worse; (adj, n) inferior; (v) worsen, deteriorate; (adj) lesser, lower, tinier, ill, unhealthy, smaller, sicker betwixt: (n) midst; (prep) among, amid; (adv) atwixt beware: (v) look out, caution, be careful, guard, pay attention, take care, watch out, mind, keep, care, careful. ANTONYMS: (v) risk, disregard, invite bias: (n, v) prejudice, bent, slant, influence, twist; (adj, n) partiality; (n) penchant, drift, turn, favor, slope. ANTONYMS: (n) neutrality, fairness, tolerance, justice, justness, broadmindedness bidding: (n) behest, order, dictate, charge, bid, request, call, dictation, direction, fiat; (adj) imperative bier: (n) catafalque, urn, tomb, sepulchre, cinerary urn, rack, stand, casket, stretcher, hearse, sarcophagus bigger: (adj) greater, larger, better, major, largest, biggest, big, large, great, vast, wide. ANTONYM: (adj) lesser bind: (adj, v) attach, fix, fasten, affix; (n) band; (v) bandage, lace, fetter, bundle, truss, combine. ANTONYMS: (v) untie, unbind, free, unfasten, unravel, permit, loosen, loose, let; (n, v) release; (n) pleasure bird: (n) wench, poultry, fowl, girl, birdie, hen, chick, Bronx cheer, shuttlecock, archaeornis, archeopteryx birds: (n) aves, class Aves, Craniata, flora and fauna, natural world, nature, subphylum Craniata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Vertebrata, amphibians bishop: (n) pontiff, primate, chessman, prelate, minister, metropolitan, Martin, lord; (v) wassail, flip, punch bitter: (adj, v) acrimonious, acrid; (adj) sharp, acid, malicious, caustic, virulent, sour, resentful, keen, acerbic. ANTONYMS: (adj) mild, charitable, hot, sugary, kind, wonderful, warm, pleasant, nice, agreeable, gentle bitterly: (adv) bitingly, sourly, fiercely, cruelly, caustically, harshly, poignantly, piercingly, cuttingly,

136 rancorously, acrimoniously. ANTONYMS: (adv) harmoniously, sweetly, warmly, gladly, agreeably, kindly, friendly black: (adj) sable, dark, ebony, colored, bleak, dirty, evil, nigger, darkie, unclean; (adj, n) blackamoor. ANTONYMS: (v) whiten; (adj) spotless, snowy, saintly, pale, optimistic, merry, light, angelic, ivory, bright blank: (adj) bare, empty, unfilled, pure, vacant, clean; (n) space, blankness, form, vacuity; (v) addle. ANTONYMS: (adj) full, expressive, used, understanding, thoughtful, incomplete, marked, filled, excited, lively, aware blaze: (n, v) flash, glare, flame, mark, scintillation; (n) fire, light, burning, inflammation, sheen; (adj, v) burn bleeding: (adj) bloody, gory, blasted; (n) haemorrhage, bloodletting, runout, cupping, leeches, venesection, phlebotomy; (v) bleed blessed: (adj) happy, holy, cursed, sacred, damned, hallowed, blasted, fortunate, saintly, lucky, divine. ANTONYMS: (adj) unlucky, condemned, damned, disapproved, unhappy, unholy, secular blessing: (n) benediction, approval, mercy, felicity, benison, benefit, luck, advantage, boon, bless, godsend. ANTONYMS: (n) curse, misfortune, disaster, condemnation, adversity, desecration, refusal, veto, disadvantage blessings: (n) blessing, godsend blest: (adj) blessed, fortunate, beatified, blissful, blame, blasted, blamed, golden, glorious, favored blindfold: (adv) blindly; (v) mystify, hoodwink, muffle; (adj) reckless, blindfolded, blinded, unsighted; (n) blinder blinding: (adj) dazzling, blazing, amazingly impressive, bisson, blatant, fulgent, glary; (n) clogging, blind blocking, blindage blood: (n) birth, gore, nature, origin, kindred, lineage, descent, family, beau, pedigree; (adj) juice bloody: (adj) brutal, bleeding, ruddy, bloodthirsty, sanguineous, sanguine, savage, bloodstained, damned, raw; (adv) damn. ANTONYMS: (adj) easy, soft blot: (n, v) spot, blemish, smudge, mark, slur, taint, shame; (v) tarnish, blob; (n) blotch; (adj, n) fault. ANTONYMS: (v) dampen, grace,

King Richard II soak, wet, beautify, improve, enhance blunt: (adj, v) dull, deaden; (adj) bluff, plain, direct, forthright, frank, candid, outspoken, round, abrupt. ANTONYMS: (v) hone, sharpen, point, accentuate, needle; (adj) devious, pointed, thoughtful, polite, guarded, gentle blushing: (adj) rosy, coy, blushful, flushed, red, shy, bashful, overmodest, ruddy; (adv) blushingly, ablush. ANTONYM: (adj) pale boast: (v) bluster, brag, blow, crow, gasconade, show off, rodomontade, exult; (n, v) vaunt, pride; (n) arrogance. ANTONYMS: (n) deprecation; (v) downplay, lack bodies: (n) people, public body: (n) cadaver, corpse, organization, cluster, set, carcass, figure, consistency, aggregate, association; (adj, n) mass. ANTONYMS: (n) handful, mind, minority, soul, few boisterous: (adj, n) rough; (adj) furious, loud, noisy, fierce, raucous, wild, rude, vociferous; (adj, v) tempestuous, rampant. ANTONYMS: (adj) restrained, orderly, calm, dignified, silent, tranquil, gentle, placid bold: (adj) adventurous, audacious, manly, arrogant, intrepid, fearless, spirited, heroic, daring, courageous, stalwart. ANTONYMS: (adj) timid, modest, afraid, meek, shy, light, courteous, discreet, faint, fearful, abashed boldly: (adj, adv) courageously, valiantly, heroically; (adv) fearlessly, daringly, bravely, intrepidly, impudently, audaciously, shamelessly, brashly. ANTONYMS: (adv) discreetly, modestly, nervously, hesitantly, shyly, fearfully, meekly, submissively, secretly, respectfully, diffidently bolingbroke: (n) Henry Bolingbroke bond: (n) association, alliance, deed, agreement, bail, attachment, joint; (v) bind; (n, v) cement, band, link. ANTONYMS: (v) unstick, open, unfasten, loosen, disconnect, clash; (n) separation, divorce bondage: (n) thrall, thraldom, thralldom, slavery, captivity, enslavement, duress, restraint, yoke, vassalage; (adj, n) villenage. ANTONYMS: (n) independence, emancipation, freedom

bondslave: (n) bondman, vassal, bond servant bone: (n) framework, os, skeleton, anatomy, ivory, astragal, true middlings; (adj, n, v) cartilage; (v) swot, gristle, prepare bones: (n) bone, frame, corpse, dry bones, framework, maraca, physician, finger cymbals, tymbal, wreck, timbrel bonnet: (n) cap, protection, chapeau, tile, wimple, beret, lid, cowling, castor, poke bonnet, sunbonnet book: (v) order, reserve, inscribe, apply, write; (n) account book, pamphlet, journal, volume; (n, v) list, record. ANTONYMS: (v) free, exonerate boot: (n, v) kick; (n) boots, Wellingtons, bang, gain, jackboot, buskin, kicking, charge, shoe, bootikin boots: (n) Bootes, bell boy, bootblack, counterjumper, boy, shoeblack, footwear bordeaux: (n) Bordeaux mixture, Bordeaux wine born: (adj) native, natural, congenital, inbred, inborn, innate, inherent, untutored; (v) be born, to be born, arise. ANTONYMS: (adj) learned, unborn, acquired, trained borrow: (v) adopt, lend, appropriate, to borrow, assume, take, accept, acquire, plagiarize, cadge, get. ANTONYMS: (v) give, invent, loan, originate, return bosom: (n) heart, interior, boob, thorax, chest, bust, tit; (n, v) embrace; (v) cherish, hug; (adj) intimate. ANTONYMS: (n) outside, exteriority bound: (n, v) leap, jump, border, bounce, limit, edge, vault, recoil; (n) boundary, barrier, compass. ANTONYMS: (v) allow, amble, crawl, limp, permit; (adj) permitted, released, unbound, allowed, unlikely bounty: (adj, n) largesse; (n) abundance, bounteousness, premium, blessing, prize, munificence, beneficence, generosity; (v) benefaction; (n, v) gift. ANTONYMS: (n) miserliness, fine, insufficiency, penalty, meanness bourne: (n) bounds, boundary, limit, goal bowls: (n) kain, ninepins, skittles, dishes, dinner service, boules, plates, tableware, American bowls

William Shakespeare brace: (n, v) prop, strengthen, support, invigorate; (n) strut, pair, duo, bitstock, tie; (v) clamp, bolster. ANTONYMS: (v) unfasten, sedate, loosen, flex brain: (n) mastermind, genius, head, mind, reason, wit, psyche, noddle, intelligence, nous, brains. ANTONYMS: (n) emotion, moron, body, dummy, imbecile, idiot, physicality branch: (n, v) fork; (n) wing, jump, affiliate, ramus, member, stem, limb, agency, stick, subdivision. ANTONYMS: (n) composite, trunk; (v) converge, merge branches: (n) branch, brushwood brandish: (n, v) flourish; (v) display, wield, flaunt, shake, agitate, swing, bandy, beckon, raise, jerk. ANTONYMS: (v) conceal, lower, sheathe brass: (n, v) face; (adj, n) boldness; (n) nerve, cheek, administration, audaciousness, insolence, arrogance; (adj) bronze; (v) assurance, impudence brave: (adj, n) bold, hardy; (adj) audacious, fearless, courageous, virile, intrepid, valiant; (adj, v) endure; (v) defy, face. ANTONYMS: (adj) cowardly, frightened, pathetic, gutless, afraid, cautious, fainthearted, meek, mousy, nervous; (v) skip braving: (n) try, effort, endeavour, facing, attempt, confronting, coping with, grappling, face, tackling brazen: (adj) audacious, impudent, brassy, insolent, bold, brash, impertinent, blatant, flagrant, forward, saucy. ANTONYMS: (adj) shy, abashed, prudish, reserved, quiet, discreet, respectful, ashamed, veiled, modest bread: (n) livelihood, bun, maintenance, cash, currency, loot, dough, pelf, food, sustenance, kale break: (n, v) crack, fracture, breach, burst, rupture, stop, pause; (n) interruption, respite, suspension; (v) infringe. ANTONYMS: (v) obey, honor, lose, make, observe, resume, stay, strengthen; (n, v) mend; (n) continuation, misfortune breaking: (n) breakage, breach, violation, infringement, contravention, smash, rift, scutching, shift, intermission; (v) deaden breaks: (n) lot, destiny, opportunity, chance

breast: (n) boob, udder, tit, titty, chest, knocker, mammilla, bust, pap, heart; (n, v) front breath: (n) wind, air, inspiration, puff, soul, aspiration, respite, airflow; (v) breathe, respire; (adj, n) whisper breathe: (n, v) respire, subsist, imply; (n) breath, bespeak; (adj, n, v) live; (v) exhale, exist, emit, rest, be. ANTONYMS: (v) suffocate, hide, choke, asphyxiate, drain, die, inhale breathing: (adj) animate, live, living, respiratory, alive, above ground; (v) breathe, respire; (n) respiration, instant, moment. ANTONYMS: (adj) inanimate, breathless, dead breathless: (adj, adv) out of breath; (adj) panting, inanimate, breathtaking, winded, choking, puffing; (v) all agog, aghast; (adj, n) eager; (n) in hysterics. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, expected, boring breed: (n) variety, race, kind, ancestry, sort, order, species; (v) engender, multiply, beget, bear. ANTONYMS: (v) destroy, eradicate, ignore, kill, neglect, quell brief: (adj) concise, transient, little, abridge, short-lived, abrupt; (adj, n) abstract, summary; (n) epitome, report; (v) notify. ANTONYMS: (adj) permanent, lengthy, rambling, wordy, prolonged, extended, lasting, civil; (adv) civilly; (v) secrete, hide bright: (adj) alive, vivid, intelligent, apt, shining, brilliant, lustrous, luminous, light, beaming, shiny. ANTONYMS: (adj) cloudy, stupid, gloomy, dim, unintelligent, dreary, dark, overcast, shadowy, thick, leaden bring: (v) convey, get, take, bear, carry, put, conduct, return, reduce, set, bring in. ANTONYMS: (v) drop, free, leave, lose, remove, avoid brittle: (adj) crumbly, breakable, crisp, fragile, short, crispy, brickle, sensitive, insubstantial, shivery, brash. ANTONYMS: (adj) solid, strong, resilient, durable, relaxed, sturdy, unbreakable, soft broke: (adj) bankrupt, poor, insolvent, impecunious, penniless, impoverished, skint, bust, destitute, strapped, ruined. ANTONYMS: (adj) solvent, wealthy, affluent broken: (adj) torn, tame, damaged, intermittent, uneven, imperfect, rugged, rough, out of order; (adj, v) busted, ruined. ANTONYMS: (adj)

137 unbroken, intact, wild, whole, working, uplifted, uninterrupted, triumphant, running, indomitable, incessant brooch: (n) broach, jewelry; (n, v) clasp; (v) fasten brooks: (n) streams, Brookes, van Wyck Brooks brother: (n) fellow, blood brother, associate, counterpart, crony, comrade, buddy, peer, chum, sidekick, monk. ANTONYMS: (n) enemy, opposer, opponent brotherhood: (n) fraternity, sodality, association, kinship, relationship, friendliness, confraternity, fellowship, organization, partnership, society brow: (n) peak, brink, brows, height, summit, forehead, eyebrow, edge, crown, brim, border. ANTONYM: (n) trough brows: (n) brow bucket: (n) pail, container, bucketful, scoop, tankard, pipkin, skeel, mug, pan, can; (v) rain cats and dogs built: (v) establish, create; (adj) made, shapely, robust, curvaceous, reinforced, improved, heavy, buxom, assembled burden: (n, v) bother, weight, pack, burthen, trouble, clog, strain; (n) anxiety, bale, responsibility; (v) afflict. ANTONYMS: (v) relieve, lighten, free, disburden, alleviate, relax; (n, v) help; (n) tranquility, relaxation, peace, pleasure burial: (v) bury, funebrial; (n) sepulture, entombment, burying, inhumation, funeral, concealment, sepulcher, hiding, committal buried: (adj) hidden, covert, interred, underground, inhumed, profound, covered, ulterior; (v) perdu, imbed, embed. ANTONYMS: (adj) explicit, overt burn: (adj, v) glow; (n, v) bite, fire, sunburn; (v) sting, scorch, incinerate, blaze, flare, ignite, cremate. ANTONYMS: (v) smother, give, subdue, help, quench, repay, stifle, extinguish, wet burnt: (adj) adust, heated, baked, torrid, sunburnt, seared, scorched, well done, tempered, overdone, combust. ANTONYMS: (adj) underdone, unburned, wet bury: (v) inter, overwhelm, lay to rest, hide, mask, secrete, conceal, cloak, entomb, suppress; (n) burial. ANTONYMS: (v) exhume, unearth, uncover, dig, disclose, distract,

138 expose, ignore, reveal, air, remember bushy: (adj) dense, shagged, shaggy, hairy, bearded, brushy, gross, bushies, pilous, pappous, hispid. ANTONYMS: (adj) bald, neat, unhealthy, tidy, thin, sparse, sleek business: (n) subject, matter, event, vocation, job, profession, affair, work, corporation, occupation; (adj, n) trade. ANTONYMS: (adj) charitable, private; (n) pleasure, avocation, fun, entertainment, hobby butcher: (v) slaughter, kill, murder, slay; (n, v) massacre, botch; (n) assassin, bungler, slaughterer, meatman, murderer. ANTONYMS: (v) develop, create, grow, build cain: (v) matador, garroter, thug, bravo, assassin, sabreur, terrorist, Moloch, cutthroat, slayer, butcher caitiff: (n) coward, villain, scoundrel, miscreant, dastard, ruffian, rascal, budmash, brute, barbarian; (adv) cowardly call: (n, v) appeal, shout, bellow, name, yell, howl, request, appoint; (v) bid, summon; (n) call option. ANTONYMS: (v) whisper, mutter, cancel, listen, stop, suppose, murmur; (n) dismissal, give, grant, silence called: (adj) named, titled, chosen, known as; (v) nempt, ycleped calls: (n) securities, puts, bonds, preferred stock, common stock calm: (adj, n, v) assuage, appease, lull; (adj, v) cool, pacify, peaceful, easy, steady; (adj, adv, n, v) still; (n, v) allay; (v) mollify. ANTONYMS: (adj) agitated, wild, stormy, nervous, angry, scared, terrified, tense; (v) agitate, provoke; (adj, v) upset came: (v) arrive, come camp: (n) faction, encampment, base, barracks, cantonment, laager, side; (v) pitch, tent, camp out; (adj) campy capital: (adj, n) principal, primary, main; (n) city, stock, funds, money, wealth, means; (adj) great, magnificent. ANTONYMS: (adj) extra, worst, unimportant, poor, nonessential, minor, inferior; (n) minuscule, liabilities, poverty captain: (n) head, master, leader, guide, commodore, commander, boss, skipper, chieftain; (v) govern, manage. ANTONYM: (n) minion captive: (n) convict, prisoner of war,

King Richard II slave, detainee, jailbird, gaolbird; (adj) confined, imprisoned, rapt, jailed, amoroso. ANTONYMS: (adj) free, uninterested, unconfined, liberated, emancipated, disillusioned; (n) guard, captor care: (adj, n, v) anxiety; (n, v) attention, charge, worry; (n) caution, bother, concern, apprehension, aid, custody; (v) attend. ANTONYMS: (n) carelessness, recklessness, thoughtlessness, rashness, negligence, vagueness, unconcern; (n, v) disregard, dislike; (v) loathe, abhor careful: (adj, v) attentive, anxious; (adj) thrifty, thoughtful, frugal, mindful, prudent, deliberate, alert, economical, guarded. ANTONYMS: (adj) reckless, slapdash, neglectful, wasteful, unconcerned, tactless, stupid, spendthrift, rash, negligent, inaccurate carefully: (adv) scrupulously, thoroughly, deliberately, charily, warily, watchfully, prudently, painstakingly, guardedly, thriftily, meticulously. ANTONYMS: (adv) hastily, recklessly, rashly, inaccurately, unhelpfully, incautiously, indifferently, thoughtlessly, abstractedly, clumsily, unwisely careless: (adj) forgetful, inattentive, insouciant, haphazard, cursory, reckless, lax, unwary, sloppy; (adj, adv) thoughtless; (adj, v) heedless. ANTONYMS: (adj) cautious, prudent, meticulous, thoughtful, diligent, attentive, thorough, wary, guarded, methodical, strict carpet: (v) cover, drape, rebuke, encase, row, chew out; (n) rug, carpeting, tapis, runner, covering carved: (adj) cut, incised, sculptured; (v) graven, engraved, stamped, fixed, imprinted. ANTONYM: (adj) uncarved carver: (n) sculpturer, sculptress, cutter, modeler, figuriste, woodman, woodsman, woodworker, diner, statuary, chaser cast: (n, v) throw, stamp, form, fling, shape, figure; (v) shed, pitch, chuck; (n) casting, appearance. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, receive, subtract, reject, take, gather, catch, retain, keep castle: (n) fortification, stronghold, castling, fort, palace, mansion, tower, house; (n, v) fortress, citadel, keep. ANTONYMS: (n) shack,

cottage cause: (n) case, action, account; (n, v) occasion, allow; (v) breed, do, induce, beget, motivate, provoke. ANTONYMS: (n) effect, result, outcome; (v) foil, deter, forestall, prevent, stop, halt, quell, retard ceremonious: (adj) formal, solemn, stately, stiff, precise, starchy, prim, punctilious, majestic, dignified; (adj, v) decorous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unceremonious, simple, relaxed, casual, informal chains: (n) fetters, bond, chain, bonds, handcuffs, irons, manacles, shackles, iron, confine, trammel chairs: (n) seats challenge: (n, v) defy, dare, brave; (n) defiance, protest, contest; (v) dispute, ask, provoke, impeach, demur. ANTONYMS: (v) obey, answer, avoid, prove, accept, bolster, stifle, correspond; (n) yield, pushover, acquiesce challenger: (n) rival, contestant, contender, opponent, foe, champion, enemy, adversary, antagonist, participant, nominee. ANTONYM: (n) supporter champion: (n) partisan, backer, hero, fighter, champ, warrior, victor, defender; (adj, n) ace; (n, v) support; (v) defend. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, counter; (n) loser, detractor, attacker, opponent; (adj) worst, poorest, lousy change: (n, v) shift, barter, twist, cash; (v) alter, alternate, adapt, convert; (n) alteration, modification, variation. ANTONYMS: (v) leave, maintain, idle, hold, establish, standardize; (n) stability, bills, constancy, preservation, uniformity changing: (adj) unsettled, shifting, variable, dynamic, moving, choppy, uncertain, various, varying, inconstant, fickle. ANTONYMS: (adj) usual, fixed charge: (n, v) blame, care, burden, commission, command, attack, bill, load, tax; (n) accusation; (v) bid. ANTONYMS: (v) request, discharge, plead, beg, compensate, aid, credit, calm; (n, v) retreat, absolve, unload charity: (n) dole, favor, aid, liberality, generosity, kindness, alms, mercy, virtue; (v) almsgiving; (adj, n) brotherly love. ANTONYMS: (n) intolerance, meanness, unkindness, cruelty, malice, stinginess, cheapness, nastiness, inhumanity chase: (v) pursue, trail, follow, track,

William Shakespeare stalk, expel, banish, go after; (n, v) hunt, search; (n) game. ANTONYMS: (v) escape, lead, find, precede chasing: (n) chase, engraving; (v) follow, pursue chastise: (v) castigate, chasten, correct, reprimand, punish, criticize, beat, scold, chew out, flog; (n, v) scourge. ANTONYMS: (v) comfort, bless, commend, promote, reward, encourage check: (n, v) control, bridle, arrest, curb, stop, limit, block, halt, bar; (v) agree, restrain. ANTONYMS: (v) help, hurry, allow, disagree, disregard, encourage, expedite, ignore, overlook; (n) furthering, spur cheek: (n) audacity, nerve, brass, boldness, impertinence, face, lip, mouth, gall, insolence, impudence. ANTONYMS: (n) respect, cowardice, timidity, humbleness, meekness, reticence, seriousness; (v) praise cheeks: (n) Gemini, twins, couple, posterior, pair, deuce, two, duet cheerful: (adj, v) buoyant; (adj) breezy, merry, optimistic, pleasant, glad, blithe, carefree, bright, lively, happy. ANTONYMS: (adj) depressed, gloomy, sad, depressing, grim, hopeless, miserable, morose, somber, dejected, unwelcoming cheerly: (adj) cheery child: (n) baby, babe, bairn, infant, kid, toddler, tot, girl, brat, juvenile, minor. ANTONYMS: (n) ancestor, parent children: (n) child, offspring, descendant, family, seed, boy, babies, descendants, birth, relatives, people chivalrous: (adj) gallant, brave, knightly, courteous, courageous, gentlemanly, sublime, magnanimous, polite, thoughtful, considerate. ANTONYMS: (adj) rude, fearful, brutish, afraid, dishonorable, cowardly, barbaric, boorish choke: (v) asphyxiate, block, stifle, back up, clog up, gag, suffocate, foul, strangle, smother, obstruct. ANTONYMS: (v) free, open, release, unblock choler: (n) anger, bile, resentment, rage, madness, dander, spleen, petulance, indignation, irritability, ire choose: (v) adopt, elect, select, pick,

prefer, take, appoint, assign, decide, excerpt; (n) picking. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, waver, decline, forgo, spurn, dislike, elect chopping: (adj) jolly christ: (n) Jesus, Messiah, rescuer, word, Christly, deliverer, God the Son, redeemer, Good Shepherd, Jesus of Nazareth, logos christian: (adj) Catholic, scriptural, pietist, monotheistic, divine, evangelical, Christianly, moral, theist; (n) Christianity, devotee civil: (adj) courteous, civic, gracious, affable, obliging, municipal, mannerly, public, civilised, courtly, domestic. ANTONYMS: (adj) abrupt, impolite, critical, unrefined, sidereal, uncivil, unkind, barbaric, discourteous, private clad: (adj) dressed, attired, clothed, coated, garbed; (n) cladding; (prep) gowned; (v) costume, shod, dress, attire. ANTONYMS: (adj) undressed, unclothed clamorous: (adj) noisy, blatant, loud, boisterous, insistent, exigent, urgent, obstreperous, strident; (adj, v) clamant, importunate. ANTONYM: (adj) tranquil clamour: (n) clamoring, hue and cry, clamouring, blare, bedlam, uproar, vociferation, tumult, hubbub, exclamation; (v) utter clap: (n, v) blast, boom, slam, rumble; (n) applause, clapping, gonorrhoea, smash; (v) acclaim, applaud, hit. ANTONYMS: (v) hiss, jeer clapping: (n) clap, acclaim, hand, clapping of hands, cheering, handclap, ovation, slapping, plaudit, round, approval cleansing: (n) cleaning, wash, cleanup, purgation, purification; (adj) purging, purifying, detersive, detergent; (v) cathartic, abstergent cleave: (adj, v) adhere, cohere; (v) split, divide, burst, stick, tear, sever, rive, cling, break. ANTONYMS: (v) forsake, abandon, meld, relinquish, separate, unite, attach clergymen: (n) clergyman clerk: (n, v) writer, secretary, transcriber; (n) servant, shop assistant, salesclerk, employee, accountant, recorder; (v) scrivener, scribe climate: (n) atmosphere, clime, ambience, latitude, mood, milieu, weather, environment, zone, conditions, isobar cloak: (n, v) veil, mask, camouflage,

139 wrap, masquerade, screen, pall; (n) cape; (v) conceal, dissemble, hide. ANTONYMS: (v) reveal, uncloak, unmask; (n, v) uncover clog: (n, v) block, bar, glut; (v) choke, obstruct, foul, hinder, encumber, back up; (n) obstruction, patten. ANTONYMS: (v) free, clear, open, unblock clogging: (n) congestion, plugging, choking, obstruction, loading, interference, blockage; (adj) obstructive, impeding, cumbrous, burdensome. ANTONYM: (n) clearance cloister: (n) abbey, priory, monastery, arcade, friary, piazza, nunnery, circus, veranda; (v) encircle, insulate clouded: (adj, n) cloudy; (adj) gloomy, dark, overcast, obscure, blurred, foggy, misty, hazy, bleary; (v) cymophanous. ANTONYM: (adj) clear clouds: (n) exhaust, fumes, gas, smoke, vapors cloudy: (adj) dull, gloomy, nebulous, murky, dark, turbid, foggy, muddy, misty, sunless, vaporous. ANTONYMS: (adj) clear, bright, sunny, cloudless cloy: (v) surfeit, glut, satiate, weary, gorge, choke, replete, supply, slake, render, quench. ANTONYMS: (v) whet, tantalize coast: (n) shore, bank, seaside, beach, seashore, waterside, brink; (n, v) slide, glide; (adj) coastal; (v) drift. ANTONYMS: (v) bump, lurch, struggle; (n) inland, Midlands coffers: (n) treasury, purse, exchequer, coffer, funds, assets coffin: (n) casket, sarcophagus, chest, cask, hearse, urn, carriage, automobile, catafalque; (v) to drive a nail in one's coffin, bury coin: (v) invent, mint, originate, create, strike, cast; (n, v) forge; (n) specie, money, penny, piece cold: (n) chilliness, chill; (adj) chilly, frigid, distant, indifferent, aloof, callous, icy, apathetic, impassive. ANTONYMS: (adj) warm, friendly, hot, prepared, burning, affectionate, loving, soporific, fervid; (n) heat, warmth colours: (n) banner, ensign, emblem, colour, colouring, standard, flag, color, tone combating: (adj) militant, rival, opposed; (n) hostility comfort: (n, v) ease, allay, support, aid, alleviate; (n) consolation, relief,

140 amenity, assistance; (adj, n, v) assuage; (v) cheer. ANTONYMS: (n) discomfort, aggravation, agony; (v) alarm, annoy, frighten, afflict, aggravate, bother, burden, disappoint comfortable: (adj, v) easy, snug; (adj) pleased, pleasing, prosperous, agreeable, pleasurable, congenial, rich, enjoyable, homely. ANTONYMS: (adj) poor, tense, formal, unpleasant, unhappy, unaccustomed, intimidating, difficult, anxious, broke, destitute coming: (n) advent, approach, appearance, arrival, return; (adj, n) approaching; (adj) forthcoming, imminent, future, impending; (adj, v) instant. ANTONYMS: (n) departure, exit, leaving, departing; (adj) distant, retreating, past command: (n, v) order, charge, call, control, decree; (n) instruction, bidding, direction, behest; (v) direct, commission. ANTONYMS: (v) obey, follow, contradict, countermand, revoke, recall, oppose; (n) beg, plead, plea commands: (n) orders, instructions, information, guidelines commend: (v) approve, exalt, acclaim, praise, applaud, recommend, endorse, entrust, extol, compliment, cite. ANTONYMS: (v) rebuke, criticize, censure, reproach, keep, chastise, reprimand, deny, disparage, refuse, smear committed: (adj) engaged, dedicated, firm, devoted, involved, connected, loyal, constant, linked, vigorous; (v) compromised. ANTONYMS: (adj) unattached, passive, casual, flippant, uncaring, halfhearted common: (adj) coarse, mutual, vulgar, mean, mediocre, ignoble, plebeian, base; (adj, n) cheap, habitual; (adj, n, v) usual. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncommon, rare, unusual, characteristic, specific, unique, extraordinary, exclusive, aristocratic, infrequent, refined commons: (v) keep, feed, ration; (n) common land, commonality, commonalty, lea, ley, pastureland, fare, diet companion: (adj, n) associate; (n) colleague, buddy, mate, peer, chum, partner, fellow, comrade, assistant, brother. ANTONYMS: (n) foe, stranger, adversary company: (adj, n) society, business; (n) band, association, collection,

King Richard II cohort, brigade, troop, club, partnership; (v) accompany. ANTONYMS: (n) isolation, enmity, host, hostess, absence compare: (adj, v) liken; (v) confront, equate, to compare, associate, contrast, correlate, equalize, resemble, equal; (n, v) comparison. ANTONYMS: (v) imbalance, contrast compass: (n) scope, range, room, extent, area, circumference, reach; (n, v) round, grasp, circle; (v) get. ANTONYM: (v) lose compassion: (adj, n) clemency, kindness; (n) mercy, charity, sympathy, commiseration, remorse, tenderness, forgiveness, feeling, grace. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, disregard, unconcern, severity, nastiness, harshness, incomprehension, malevolence, coldness, roughness, inhumanity complain: (v) bemoan, protest, whine, squawk, bewail, beef, grudge, accuse, carp, plain, complaint. ANTONYMS: (v) praise, applaud, cheer, recommend, rejoice, laud, approve, agree, accept complexion: (n, v) tint; (n) cast, character, appearance, look, hue, aspect, flush, glow, dye, fashion complot: (n, v) cabal; (n) conspiracy, plot, intrigue, complicity, machination; (v) collude, adjure, machinate, conjure, call down conceal: (v) hide, disguise, bury, screen, cloak, smother, shield, suppress, mask, obscure; (n, v) veil. ANTONYMS: (v) reveal, show, expose, divulge, clarify, uncover, disclose, tell, admit, spotlight, flaunt conceit: (n) pretension, vanity, selfesteem, pride, assumption, egotism, fancy, haughtiness, conception, caprice, quip. ANTONYMS: (n) humility, timidity, selflessness, humbleness, reserve conclude: (n, v) complete; (v) finish, gather, end, settle, resolve, terminate, determine, accomplish, cease, assume. ANTONYMS: (v) start, begin, commence, open, unsettle, prolong, wait, hesitate, introduce, delay, postpone concord: (n) agreement, accordance, unity, harmony, union, unison, alliance, tune; (n, v) concert, peace; (v) agree. ANTONYMS: (n) discord, conflict, war, disunity, disarray; (v) disagree condemned: (adj) censured,

convicted, doomed, destined, appropriated, taken, taken over, fated, seized, predestined; (adj, v) guilty condition: (n) position, status, provision, standing, clause, circumstances, term, predicament, rank; (n, v) aspect; (v) provide. ANTONYMS: (v) disqualify; (n) option conduct: (v) bring, direct, carry, show; (n, v) act, administration, manage, administer, carriage, bearing; (adj, v) acquit. ANTONYMS: (v) mismanage, leave, follow confederate: (n) accomplice, accessory, partner, collaborator, colleague, assistant; (n, v) ally, auxiliary; (adj) allied; (v) league, conspire. ANTONYMS: (n) opponent, foe, enemy, adversary conference: (n) meeting, colloquy, council, interview, consultation, negotiation, talk, discussion, congress, sitting, session confess: (adj, v) own, allow, admit, avow; (v) concede, profess, recognize, divulge, disclose, reveal, receive. ANTONYMS: (v) suppress, hide, dispute, conceal, repress, harbor confessing: (v) confess confidence: (n) assurance, certainty, certitude, belief, faith, hope, nerve, credit, conviction, reliance, expectation. ANTONYMS: (n) insecurity, doubt, nervousness, anxiety, diffidence, distrust, fear, timidity, hopelessness, aimlessness, embarrassment confident: (adj) bold, brave, secure, sanguine, audacious, forward, fearless; (adj, v) certain, positive, sure; (adj, n) hopeful. ANTONYMS: (adj) insecure, timid, pessimistic, frightened, anxious, unsure, hesitant, unintelligent, doubtful, diffident, bland confines: (n) boundary, bound, barrier, compass, limit, limits, range, frontier; (adj) environs, alentours; (adj, n) neighborhood confound: (v) bewilder, baffle, nonplus, perplex, astonish, puzzle, amaze, astound, mistake; (adj, v) confuse, stupefy. ANTONYMS: (v) explain, clarify, comfort, lose, distinguish; (n) understanding confusion: (n) commotion, chaos, disarray, bedlam, pandemonium, disorder, disturbance, distraction,

William Shakespeare clutter, tumult, agitation. ANTONYMS: (n) clarity, understanding, tidiness, systematization, enlightenment, peace, organization, lucidity, neatness, space, calm conjuration: (n) incantation, conjuring, adjuration, invocation, necromancy, spell, black art, glamour, witchcraft, conspiracy, trick conquer: (n, v) capture; (v) subdue, vanquish, surmount, suppress, subjugate, overcome, overpower, quell, prevail; (adj, v) defeat. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, yield, succumb, retreat, forfeit, fall, bow, resist, fail, submit, incite conquest: (n) defeat, triumph, conquering, achievement, reduction, coup, rout, overthrow, subjection, mastery, success. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, defeat, loss, victory conscience: (n) moral sense, Conscience money, sense of right and wrong, scruple, intention, tender conscience, small voice, principles, morals, morality, inward monitor. ANTONYM: (n) indifference consequently: (adv) therefore, subsequently, as a result, then, sequentially, followingly, so, naturally, in consequence, hence; (conj) ergo conspirator: (n) accomplice, traitor, confederate, betrayer, archtraitor, coconspirator, malefactor, crook, felon, outlaw, criminal contain: (v) comprehend, include, accommodate, curb, restrict, carry, bear, admit, restrain, embrace, take. ANTONYMS: (v) express, vent, release, omit, lack, except, encourage, eliminate, unleash, broaden, free contempt: (n, v) scorn; (v) despise; (n) disrespect, derision, mockery, disregard, ridicule, shame, slight, reproach, discourtesy. ANTONYMS: (n) approval, admiration, regard, honor, esteem content: (n) meaning, matter, capacity, contents, subject; (n, v) contentment; (v) appease, please, satisfy, suffice; (adj) happy. ANTONYMS: (n, v) discontent; (adj) tormented, unhappy, dissatisfied, rebellious, discontented, troubled; (adj, v) upset; (n) unhappiness, sadness; (v) trouble contented: (adj) content, happy,

comfortable, quiet, cheerful, smug, complacent, satisfied, easy, proud, delighted. ANTONYMS: (adj) discontented, unhappy, depressed, unsatisfied, sad, anxious contrary: (adj, n) contradictory, reverse; (adj) adverse, conflicting, unfavorable, perverse, cross, disobedient, alien, different, obstinate. ANTONYMS: (adj) similar, harmonious, helpful, obliging, compatible, complaisant, concordant, parallel, agreeable, cooperative, favorable contrive: (v) plan, invent, design, concoct, devise, cast, concert, excogitate, frame, formulate; (n, v) manage. ANTONYMS: (v) demolish, destroy, ruin, waste, wreck, fail contrived: (adj) affected, unnatural, false, forced, labored, spurious, feigned, unreal, strained, built, artificially formal. ANTONYM: (adj) sincere controlling: (adj) ruling, chief, dominant, influential, capital, predominant, prevailing, domineering, guiding; (n) administration, steering. ANTONYMS: (adj) lenient, insignificant convey: (v) communicate, channel, bring, conduct, transfer, fetch, express, transmit, bear, transport, take. ANTONYMS: (v) keep, maintain, withhold, retain, refrain, hold, absorb, receive coronation: (n) accession, enthronement, induction, initiation, crowning, enthronization, investiture, installation, enthronisation correction: (n) amendment, adjustment, alteration, chastisement, discipline, redress, castigation, modification, punishment, improvement, emendation. ANTONYMS: (n) fabrication, reward, award, persuasion corruption: (n) depravity, pollution, adulteration, filth, infection, vitiation, taint, bribery, canker, blight, foulness. ANTONYMS: (n) purification, incorruptness, decency, honesty, morality, pureness, incorruption, purity, righteousness, scruples, virtue couch: (n) bed, sofa, settee, divan; (adj, v) lie; (v) express, put, frame, lower, repose; (adj) recline couched: (adj) understood, unspoken,

141 contained council: (n) assembly, congress, convocation, convention, consultation, synod, meeting, legislature, diet, committee, chamber counsel: (v) advise, consult, admonish, confer, warn; (n, v) caution, advocate; (n) barrister, advisement, consultation, admonition. ANTONYMS: (v) betray, trick, deceive, conceal, oppose; (n) warning count: (v) compute, weigh, consider, estimate, matter; (n, v) calculate, tally, number, total; (n) calculation, computation. ANTONYMS: (v) guess, except, estimate, disregard, dismiss, abandon, ignore, subtract counterfeit: (adj, n, v) sham; (n, v) copy, duplicate; (adj, v) mock, falsify; (adj) false, artificial, assumed; (adj, n) imitation; (v) forge, ape. ANTONYMS: (adj) genuine, real, authentic, true, actual; (n) original country: (n) nation, home, land, place, area, territory, commonwealth, soil, kingdom, realm; (adj) rustic. ANTONYMS: (adj) urban, metropolitan; (adj, n) city; (n) metropolis courses: (n) menses, catamenia court: (n) forum, bar, close, field, tribunal, passage, judicatory, judge; (v) romance, attract; (n, v) invite. ANTONYMS: (v) shun, reject, ignore, spurn, disregard, discourage courtship: (n) courting, wooing, love, bundling, the soft impeachment, prayer, entreaty, gallantry, addresses, cause, affection cousin: (n) nephew, cousins, friend, cousinship, relation, akin, relative, full cousin, companion covenant: (n, v) contract, agreement, compact, bargain, pact, promise; (n) bond, arrangement, concord, deed; (v) vow coventry: (n) banishment cover: (n, v) coat, top, conceal, screen, cloak, veil, shield, spread; (v) bury; (n) blanket, binding. ANTONYMS: (v) reveal, expose, uncover, exclude, ignore, abandon, strip, free, forget, omit; (n) exposure covering: (n) cover, coating, blanket, coat, casing, wrapper, case, concealment, awning; (adj, n, v) clothing; (n, v) apparel. ANTONYMS: (prep) exactly, beneath

142 coward: (n) cur, pantywaist, sneak, dastard, milksop, weakling, milquetoast; (adj) gutless, chickenhearted, pusillanimous, chicken-hearted. ANTONYMS: (n) daredevil, stalwart; (adj) brave cowardice: (n) dastardliness, poltroonery, pusillanimity, fear, spirit, cravenness, timidity, fearfulness, base fear, cowardship. ANTONYMS: (n) nerve, bravery, daring, determination cozening: (n) cheat, deceit cracking: (n) crack, break, fracture; (adj) splitting, swell, smashing, corking, bully, great, keen, neat. ANTONYMS: (adj) smooth, slow craft: (n) trade, ability, artfulness, guile, fraud, shift, occupation, vessel, skill; (adj, n) cunning, art. ANTONYMS: (n) naivety, clumsiness, avocation, hobby, incompetence, incompetency, inaptitude, inability, honesty, honestness; (v) destroy crave: (v) covet, ask, want, beseech, implore, wish, long, entreat, desire, fancy, claim. ANTONYMS: (v) dislike, spurn, loathe, hate, detest, grant create: (v) cause, make, bring about, produce, constitute, form, establish, generate, build, beget, institute. ANTONYMS: (v) terminate, ruin, demolish, end, disband created: (adj) create, composed, shaped, produced, wrought, legendary, mythical, fictitious, bent, romantic, fashioned creature: (n) being, brute, animal, tool, individual, person, body, entity, human, puppet, somebody credit: (n) credence, recognition, belief, commendation, appreciation, advance, fame; (v) accredit; (n, v) reputation; (adj, n) worth, merit. ANTONYMS: (n, v) discredit; (n) cash, blame, fault, disrepute, disgrace, withdrawal; (v) disbelieve, question, mistrust, distrust crew: (n) cluster, gang, bunch, party, band, faction, crowd, assemblage, team, group, set crimson: (adj, n) carmine, ruby, scarlet, maroon; (v) blush, flush, redden; (adj) bloody, ruddy, cherry; (n) deep red crooked: (adj) bent, corrupt, dishonest, curved, unfair, deformed; (adj, n, v) awry; (adj, v) irregular, askew, wry, indirect. ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, honest, principled,

King Richard II even, aboveboard, lawful, level, moral, flat, aligned, honorable crop: (adj, v) clip, reap, shave; (v) browse, top, graze, cultivate, cut; (n, v) fruit, harvest; (n) craw crossly: (adv) grumpily, grouchily, angrily, petulantly, sullenly, peevishly, sulkily, crabbily, contrarily, furiously, transversely. ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, contentedly, pleasantly, calmly, lightly crown: (n, v) top, cover; (v) cap, complete; (n) apex, pinnacle, crest, summit, peak, kingdom, acme. ANTONYMS: (n) base, bottom; (v) dishonor, dethrone, begin, commence, start, depose crowned: (adj) laureled, fulfilled, browbound, incoronate, successful crushing: (adj) overpowering, overwhelming, destructive; (n) grinding, quelling, stifling, suppression, flattening, pressure; (v) shatter; (adv) crushingly. ANTONYMS: (adj) mild, wonderful crystal: (adj) clear, bright, translucent, pebble, crag, stone; (n) watch glass, quartz, gem, vitrite; (adj, n) rock. ANTONYMS: (adj) foggy, murky cunning: (adj) crafty, canny, adroit, wily, sly, shrewd, tricky, artful; (n) craftiness, craft, cleverness. ANTONYMS: (adj) simple, honest, stupid, unimaginative, gullible, ingenuous, straightforward, candid, sincere; (n) frankness, straightforwardness cure: (n, v) correct, medicine, help; (n) antidote, salve, therapy, treatment; (v) treat, pickle, preserve, restore. ANTONYMS: (n) poison; (v) injure, hurt, harm, wound, damage, exacerbate current: (n) flow, electric current, run; (adj) contemporary, instant, fashionable, common, rife, prevalent, present; (n, prep) course. ANTONYMS: (adj) past, obsolete, previous, old, dated, antiquated, historical, bygone, noncurrent, antique cursed: (adj) damned, doomed, execrable, cussed, wretched, unlucky, accursed, blamed, blasted, confounded; (v) accurst. ANTONYMS: (adj) commendable, honorable, nice, sweet, kine customary: (adj, n) accustomed, usual, habitual; (adj) conventional, ordinary, commonplace, traditional, average, wonted, regular, standard.

ANTONYMS: (adj) unusual, abnormal, exceptional, unconventional, offbeat, irregular, innovative, different, unfamiliar, extraordinary, rare daily: (adj, n) journal; (adj, adv) every day; (adj, v) diurnal; (adj) everyday, regular; (n) tabloid, gazette, paper, dailies; (adv) each day, day by day. ANTONYMS: (adj) nightly, intermittent, sporadic daintiness: (adj, n) frailty, fragility, weakness, dainty; (n) fineness, loveliness, niceness, fastidiousness, finesse, refinement, nicety. ANTONYMS: (n) inelegance, sturdiness, ugliness dance: (v) caper, bop, to dance, cavort, play, skip, to show courage, step; (n, v) hop, jump, shake dancing: (n) choreography, Terpsichore, saltation, break dancing, ceremonial dance, galloping, hoofing, Pavan; (adj) morrice; (adv) adance; (v) saltant danger: (n) risk, peril, hazard, chance, jeopardy, threat, trouble, precariousness, slipperiness, disaster, insecurity. ANTONYMS: (n) security, ease, privilege dangerous: (adj, n) critical; (adj) severe, serious, grave, adventurous, unhealthy, precarious, hazardous, perilous, threatening, chancy. ANTONYMS: (adj) stable, secure, protected, unhazardous, slight, weak, harmless, friendly, favorable, calm, pleasant dangling: (adj) suspended, pendent, pendant, limp, floppy, pendulous; (n) suspension, abeyance, break, abatement; (adv) adangle. ANTONYM: (adj) upright dare: (n, v) venture; (v) defy, brave, hazard, confront, risk, resist, make bold; (n) adventure, daring, defiance. ANTONYMS: (v) avoid, flee, pass, refrain, retreat, obey daring: (adj, n) bold, courageous, adventurous; (adj) audacious, venturesome, intrepid; (n) bravery, audacity, boldness, courage, adventurousness. ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, timidity; (adj) timid, cautious, dull, afraid, chicken, fearful, unadventurous, wimpy dark: (adj) dismal, black, cheerless, obscure, dim, mysterious, murky, gloomy; (n) evening, night, shadow. ANTONYMS: (adj) bright, sunny, fair, sunlit, clear, pallid, pale, cheerful, white, versed; (n) day

William Shakespeare darts: (n) board game, game of dart dastard: (adj, n) poltroon; (n) sneak, craven, chicken, devil, scoundrel, niding; (adj) dastardly, cowardly date: (n) appointment, engagement, period, meeting, epoch, assignation, dating, day of the month; (n, v) escort; (v) register, determine dateless: (adj) endless, undated, eternal, interminable, sempiternal, unaltered, unchanged, continual days: (n) period, life, time, age, existence, generation, years, being, era, living, lifetime dead: (adj) lifeless, defunct, cold, inanimate, idle, gone, fallen, numb, deceased, vapid; (adv) right. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) living; (adj) alive, animate, live, spirited, responsive, working, partial, operative; (adv) partly, partially deadly: (adj, adv) deathly; (adj) baneful, lethal, fatal, destructive, mortal, pernicious, virulent, toxic; (adv) lifelessly, lethally. ANTONYMS: (adj) interesting, uplifting, readable, mild, healthy, healthful, benign, innocuous, exciting deaf: (adj) earless, hard of hearing, blind, unhearing, indifferent, deafened, regardless, surd; (v) deafen, desensitize; (n) deafness. ANTONYMS: (adj) listening, aware, attentive deal: (v) administer, allot, conduct, truck, distribute, apportion; (n, v) buy, trade, contract; (n) agreement, arrangement. ANTONYMS: (n) purchase; (v) misdirect, receive, neglect, mishandle, mismanage, take, ignore, hold, gather, disregard dear: (adj, adv) close, near; (adj, n) darling; (adj) costly, expensive, lovely, precious, affectionate, adorable, cherished; (n) love. ANTONYMS: (adj) worthless, inexpensive, valueless, despised, modest, loathed, hateful, distant; (n) rival, foe, enemy dearth: (n) shortage, famine, want, deficiency, lack, scarcity, paucity, scarceness, scantiness, rarity, shortfall. ANTONYMS: (n) abundance, excess, glut, plenty, plethora, sufficiency, surplus, supply death: (n) expiration, end, close, exit, fate, mortality, departure, cessation, decease, dissolution; (adj) quietus. ANTONYMS: (n) existence, delivery, living, nascency, being,

survival, life, beginning debase: (n, v) degrade, disgrace; (adj, v) defile; (v) alloy, demean, contaminate, debauch, adulterate, cheapen, bastardize; (adj, n) abase. ANTONYMS: (v) purify, raise, value, respect, laud, honor, enhance, elevate, amend, upgrade, clean deceivable: (adj) deceptible december: (n) celestial latitude deck: (v) clothe, embellish, beautify, bedeck, ornament, array, attire, dress, decorate, grace; (n, v) floor. ANTONYMS: (v) strip, unclothe declining: (adj) deteriorating, decreasing, waning, falling, down, decadent, fading, lessening, diminishing, sloping; (n) decrease. ANTONYMS: (adj) thriving, burgeoning, growing deed: (n) accomplishment, act, feat, behavior, action, exploit, covenant, doing, document, title, fact. ANTONYM: (n) failure deeds: (n) works, activity, actions, conduct, background, events, happenings, performance, activities deem: (v) believe, assume, consider, count, hold, think, feel, view, suppose, regard, imagine. ANTONYMS: (v) disregard, doubt deep: (adj) thick, profound, strong, rich, broad, sound, absorbed, wide, abstruse, dark; (adj, v) intense. ANTONYMS: (adj) superficial, high, weak, soft, light, open, frivolous, lightweight, narrow, straightforward, simple defence: (n) advocacy, safeguard, defense, defend, defensive, alibi, umbrella, vindication, fort, bastion, denial. ANTONYM: (n) prosecution defend: (n, v) guard, shield, advocate; (v) justify, protect, assert, support, maintain, champion, apologize, shelter. ANTONYMS: (v) prosecute, abandon, endanger, surrender, renounce, oppose, forsake, assault, contradict, destroy, expose defendant: (n) litigant, codefendant, litigator, suspect, plaintiff, prisoner, corespondent, party. ANTONYM: (n) plaintiff defending: (v) defend; (adj) caring, shielding, protective, opposed, protecting; (n) patrol defensive: (n) defence, defense, security; (adj) preventive, apologetic, safeguarding, protecting, defending, vindicatory, suspicious, excusatory. ANTONYMS: (adj)

143 offensive, aggressive, receptive defy: (n, v) dare; (v) brave, resist, ignore, confront, revolt, oppose, withstand, disobey, contradict; (n) defiance. ANTONYMS: (v) obey, acquiesce, surrender, yield, comply, accept degenerate: (adj) corrupt, debauched, depraved, dissolute; (v) decay, degrade, relapse, decline, drop, rot; (adj, n) profligate. ANTONYMS: (adj) upright, honorable, moral, healthy, virtuous, regenerate; (v) develop, flourish, recuperate, uplift, upgrade degree: (n) extent, level, condition, title, rank, academic degree, place, caliber, status, stair; (adj, n) order delightful: (adj) delicious, delectable, charming, pleasing, grateful, blissful, amiable, adorable, lovely, nice, gorgeous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unpleasant, unwelcome, hateful, miserable, unhappy, unappealing, horrific, horrible, disagreeable, depressing, annoying deliver: (v) consign, bear, carry, save, rescue, abandon, send, pronounce, hand over, bring; (adj, v) utter. ANTONYMS: (v) capture, confine, imprison, hold, oppress, enslave, restrain, retain, collect, withhold, shackle demand: (v) ask, require, ask for, beg; (n, v) need, request, command, appeal, requisition, sale; (n) requirement. ANTONYMS: (v) grant, offer, obviate, give, eliminate, cede, beg, present, request; (n) response, plea deny: (v) controvert, rebuff, contradict, disavow, gainsay, reject, oppose, refuse, disown, abnegate, renounce. ANTONYMS: (v) affirm, claim, acknowledge, declare, maintain, agree, spoil, accept, accede, allow, argue depart: (v) go, deviate, decease, diverge, start, stray, wander, leave, die, vary, part. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, arrive, enter, come, abide, conform, continue, remain, appear, converge, return departing: (adj, v) parting; (adj, n) leaving, going away; (adj) outgoing, outbound, outward, passing, decedent, valedictory, retiring; (v) depart. ANTONYM: (n) arrival departure: (n, v) decease, demise; (n) exit, leave, deviation, divergence, depart, parting, aberration, passing, takeoff. ANTONYMS: (n)

144 appearance, conformity, greeting, ingress, influx, homecoming, regularity, entrance, birth, coming, advance depose: (v) overthrow, depone, aver, swear, oust, displace, asseverate, witness, dismiss, remove; (n) testify. ANTONYMS: (v) install, crown, inaugurate, seat, empower, restore deputy: (n) surrogate, agent, delegate, alternate, ambassador, vicar, representative, attorney, assistant; (adj, n) substitute, replacement descend: (v) settle, condescend, down, drop, deign, subside, go down, dismount, derive, get off, come down. ANTONYMS: (v) ascend, climb, float, scale, increase, level, mount descending: (v) descend; (adj) downhill, down, descendent, decreasing, dropping, falling, sloping, degressive, occasive; (adv) downward. ANTONYM: (adj) upward descent: (adj, n) ancestry; (n) decline, birth, fall, declivity, declination, declension, drop, pedigree, blood, derivation. ANTONYMS: (n) improvement, rise, hike, upgrade, elevation, boost, ascension, gradient desert: (adj, n, v) waste; (v) escape, forsake, relinquish, ditch, defect, leave; (adj, v) desolate; (adj, n) worth, merit; (adj) barren. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, support, remain, inhabit, assist, aid, help, keep; (adj) cultivated, productive, fertile deserve: (v) rate, warrant, gain, earn, to deserve, demand, justify, bear; (n, v) reward; (n) richly deserve, worth deserved: (v) merited, richly deserved; (adj) appropriate, due, fitting, just, earned, suitable, rightful, adequate, required design: (n, v) purpose, aim, scheme, sketch, conceive; (n) conception, drawing, device, idea, arrangement; (v) contrive. ANTONYMS: (n) chance, fortuity, accident, destruction; (v) improvise desire: (n) ambition, aspiration, craving, dream; (adv, n, v) will; (n, v) fancy, wish, aim; (v) want, aspire, seek. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dislike, hate; (n) aversion, reality, revulsion, apathy; (v) spurn, abhor, answer, command, insist desiring: (adj) envious, insatiable, desirous, eager; (adv) fleshly

King Richard II desolate: (adj, v) desert, forlorn; (adj) bare, barren, alone, bleak, deserted, cheerless, disconsolate; (v) devastate, destroy. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, inhabited, happy, sheltered, mobbed, overcrowded, ecstatic, hopeful; (v) create, construct, build despair: (n) disappointment, desolation, dejection, melancholy, gloom, desperation, depression, dismay, discouragement, pessimism, sorrow. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, hopefulness, expectation, joy, cheer, cheerfulness, resilience, elation, joyfulness desperate: (adj) despairing, dire, critical, abject, dangerous, in despair, grave, awful, despondent, drastic; (adj, v) forlorn. ANTONYMS: (adj) hopeful, optimistic, rational, promising, minor, cautious, casual, careful, trivial, secure, satisfied despised: (adj) scorned, despicable, hated, abject, disparaged, mean, attaching disgrace, unpopular, unloved, reviled, opprobrious destroy: (v) demolish, blight, despoil, subvert, dismantle, devour, wreck, devastate; (adj, v) desolate, abolish; (n, v) murder. ANTONYMS: (v) preserve, create, make, construct, protect, repair, restore, uphold, sustain, submit, revive destroying: (v) destroy; (adj) deadly, deleterious, murderous; (n) disposal destruction: (n, v) defeat; (n) death, ruin, collapse, demolition, devastation, downfall, abolition, damage, desolation, end. ANTONYMS: (n) preservation, protection, creation, reparation, formation, conservation, restoration, building, help, making, order detested: (adj) despised, unpopular, disliked, loathed, not accepted, unloved, scorned, reviled, out of favor, not liked devil: (n) fiend, demon, ghost, monster, Lucifer, Satan, Beelzebub, deuce, daemon; (v) torment, rag. ANTONYM: (n) angel devise: (v) contrive, conceive, invent, plan, create, concoct, design, arrange, frame, formulate, excogitate devotion: (n) allegiance, attachment, dedication, loyalty, worship, affection, enthusiasm, fondness, devotedness; (adj, n) veneration, passion. ANTONYMS: (n)

disloyalty, negligence, apathy, disobedience, neglect, hatred, separation, dishonesty, infidelity difference: (n) conflict, disagreement, controversy, contention, distinction, discrepancy, dissimilarity, divergence, quarrel, discord; (n, v) change. ANTONYMS: (n) sameness, resemblance, correspondence, agreement, concurrence, understanding, parity, normality, likeness, accord, consistency differences: (n) difference; (v) agree, straighten out digestion: (n, v) concoction; (n) assimilation, chemical change, coction, biological process, chemical process, disgestion; (v) classification, analysis, clustering; (adj) digestive dire: (adj) awful, desperate, direful, dreadful, appalling, forbidding, terrible, formidable, awesome, shocking, calamitous. ANTONYMS: (adj) wonderful, fortuitous, unimportant, trivial, propitious, insignificant, fortunate, harmless, favorable, modest, praiseworthy direct: (v) aim, address, charge, dictate, head; (n, v) channel, command, control; (adj, adv) straight; (adj, v) level; (adj) immediate. ANTONYMS: (adj) roundabout, circuitous, oblique, sideways, unplanned, devious, dishonest; (v) request, follow, divert, get directions: (n) advice, instruction, guidance, instructions, briefing, commands, orders, will disburdened: (adj) disembarrassed, disencumbered, unburdened, unembarrassed discharge: (n) dismissal; (adj, v) acquit, deliver, bounce; (v) clear, complete, eject, absolve, cashier; (n, v) drain; (adj, n, v) burst. ANTONYMS: (v) hire, load, hold, detain, convict, delegate, charge, assign, enlist, incarcerate; (n) burdening discomfort: (n) uneasiness, annoyance, unease, anxiety, distress, displeasure, agitation, hurt, malaise, suffering, restlessness. ANTONYMS: (n, v) ease, comfort; (n) enjoyment, pleasure, calmness, calm; (v) relieve, alleviate discontented: (adj, v) querulous, complaining; (adj) disaffected, disgruntled, malcontent, unsatisfied, dissatisfied, displeased, miserable, put out, ungratified. ANTONYMS:

William Shakespeare (adj) pleased, satisfied, happy, content discourse: (n, v) address, lecture, sermon, converse, harangue, chat; (n) talk, colloquy, conversation, discussion, homily dish: (n) basin, disk, plate, meal, platter, food, saucer, beauty, meat, repast; (n, v) hollow dishonour: (v) discredit, disgrace, attaint, shame, degrade, desecrate, violate, rape, outrage; (n) stigma, opprobrium disloyal: (adj) untrue, faithless, unfaithful, deceitful, treacherous, dishonest, treasonable, disaffected, rebellious, traitor, perfidious. ANTONYMS: (adj) loyal, faithful, honest, trustworthy, firm, patriotic, true, dependable dismal: (adj) cheerless, dejected, dreary, gloomy, desolate, disconsolate, depressing, melancholy, black, dim, dull. ANTONYMS: (adj) bright, happy, lively, uplifting, sunny, pleasant, light, cheery, strong, soulful, wonderful disordered: (adj) chaotic, upset, sick, disorganized, broken, incoherent, deranged, messy, disjointed, disconnected, ill. ANTONYMS: (adj) neat, ordered, organized, arranged, quiet, regulated, systematic, systematized, straightforward, tidy disorderly: (adj) wild, disordered, chaotic, boisterous, jumbled, disorganized, unruly, rowdy, untidy, irregular; (adj, v) lawless. ANTONYMS: (adj) orderly, neat, arranged, peaceful, organized, systematized, conforming, ordered, restrained, behaved, coherent dispatch: (n, v) speed, rush; (n) consignment, expedition, celerity, quickness; (v) send, accelerate, deliver, quicken, slay. ANTONYMS: (n) receiving, receipt, dawdling, delay, loitering, silence; (v) keep, start, begin, hold, retain disperse: (v) dispel, spread, circulate, break up, disband, scatter, dissipate, diffuse, dispense, disseminate, break. ANTONYMS: (v) gather, collect, converge, centralize, capture, congregate, garner, concentrate, swarm, crowd, aggravate dispose: (n, v) incline, order, influence; (v) adjust, predispose, position, place, lead, tend; (n) bias, array. ANTONYMS: (v) disturb, disqualify, displace, disorder,

disincline, disarrange disposition: (n) attitude, character, disposal, tendency, predisposition, inclination, propensity, bias, arrangement, direction, aptitude dissolute: (adj, v) dissipated, fast, wanton; (adj) abandoned, depraved, licentious, immoral, corrupt, profligate, degenerate; (adj, n) libertine. ANTONYMS: (adj) moral, upright, chaste, restrained, good, resolute, virtuous, pure, cautious, righteous, innocent dissolution: (n) breakup, decomposition, cancellation, abolition, analysis, dismissal, dissipation, death, annulment, demise, dissociation. ANTONYMS: (n) inauguration, parsimony, decency dissolve: (v) break up, disperse, dissipate, evaporate, fuse, melt, disband, fade, vanish, resolve, dispel. ANTONYMS: (v) solidify, appear, harden, thicken, coagulate, congeal, continue, integrate, materialize, open, start dive: (n, v) plunge, jump, fall, drop, header; (v) duck, crash, plummet, pounce, descend; (n) diving. ANTONYMS: (v) ascend, vault, rise, surface; (n) ascent, jump divide: (n, v) cut, part, distribute, share, split; (v) dissociate, dismember, separate, dispense, disconnect, detach. ANTONYMS: (v) unite, join, connect, combine, multiply, lump, link, keep, hold, gather, disarrange divided: (adj) cleft, detached, distributed, forked, shared, separated, separate, disjointed, branched, pronged, disunited divine: (adj) sacred, wonderful, blessed, holy, exquisite; (n) clergyman; (v) guess, conjecture, augur, anticipate; (adj, n) almighty. ANTONYMS: (adj) imperfect, profane, earthly, dreadful, physical, ugly, secular division: (n) disagreement, section, part, branch, class, split; (n, v) break, allotment, compartment, distribution; (adj, n) constituent. ANTONYMS: (n) closeness, unification, estimation, union, unity, whole, marriage, accord, agreement, all, understanding divorce: (v) detach, disunite, separate, break up, divide, isolate, disjoin, disjoint; (n) separation, divorcement; (n, v) rupture.

145 ANTONYMS: (n) wedding, union; (v) unite, associate, espouse, join, marry doing: (n) act, do, deed, making, performance, execution, perpetration, acting; (v) to make, to do; (adj) current. ANTONYM: (n) failure dolour: (n) heartbreak, woe, grief, brokenheartedness, anguish, ache done: (adj, adv) finished, ended; (adj) complete, completed, over, made, gone, accomplished, concluded, through, cooked. ANTONYMS: (adj) unsettled, disapproved, incomplete, rare, raw, rejected, uncooked, undone, unfulfilled, unsanctioned doom: (n, v) sentence, destine, fate; (v) condemn, convict, damn; (n) destiny, day of reckoning, chance, luck, lot. ANTONYMS: (n) plan; (v) absolve door: (n) threshold, mouth, entrance, doorway, entry, opening, access, entryway, way out, portal, hatch. ANTONYM: (n) entrance double: (adj, n) twin; (adj) dual, duple, twofold; (v) fold, bend, geminate; (adj, v) reduplicate; (n) substitute, mate, image. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) single; (v) decrease, divide, halve; (adj) multivalent, univalent, lone doubled: (adj) twofold, multiple, doubles, folded, repeated, dual, bivalent, reduplicate doubly: (adv) twice, twofold, two times, in two ways, dualistically doubt: (n, v) suspicion, question, query, dispute; (n) disbelief, misgiving, incertitude, apprehension, uncertainty; (adj, n) skepticism; (v) suspect. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, confidence, conclusiveness, belief, certitude, faith, approval; (v) accept, believe, consider, swallow doubts: (adj) doubting downfall: (n) ruin, decline, destruction, debacle, defeat, descent, decadence, failure, undoing, devastation, bane. ANTONYMS: (n) making, ascension, lift, salvation, victory, creation, beginning downward: (adv) underneath, under, below, downwards, downwardly, beneath, down below; (adj) downcast, sloping, depressed, downright. ANTONYMS: (adv) up; (adj) rising dozen: (adj, n) XII; (n) dozens, boxcars

146 draw: (n, v) drag, pull, delineate, tie, design, puff; (v) depict, describe, derive, bring; (n) attraction. ANTONYMS: (v) repel, deposit, shove, shorten, thrust, cut, curtail, contract, alienate; (n) repulsion, win drawing: (n) draft, delineation, picture, plan, cartoon, depiction, draught, draw, draftsmanship, painting, image drawn: (adj) careworn, worn, drew, pinched, gaunt, taut, tired, cadaverous, thin, tense, withdraw. ANTONYMS: (adj) rested, robust, refreshed, hale, fresh, vigorous, carefree dread: (n, v) apprehension, fear, panic; (n) anxiety, awe, consternation, alarm, trepidation, dismay, foreboding, terror. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleasing, welcomed, pleasant; (v) welcome, want; (n) reassurance, fearlessness, confidence, security, ease, calm dreadful: (adj) bad, awful, alarming, atrocious, fearful, terrible, abominable, appalling, direful, grisly; (adj, v) dread. ANTONYMS: (adj) wonderful, great, lovely, fantastic, marvelous, admirable, successful, nice, joyous, honorable, fair dress: (n, v) attire, costume, clothe, apparel, clothing, array, trim, garb, rig, cover; (n) dressing. ANTONYMS: (n, v) undress; (v) uncover, disrobe, rumple, strip, wrinkle dried: (adj) arid, desiccated, dehydrated, shriveled, shrunken, drained, torrid, parched, withered; (n) drier, dryer drink: (n, v) beverage, draught, swallow; (n) alcohol, brew, potion, intoxicant; (v) booze, carouse, bib, swig. ANTONYMS: (v) regurgitate, sip, abstain drinking: (n) consumption, ingestion, intake, potation, drunkenness, crapulence, boozing, drinkable, uptake, intemperateness, booze drive: (n, v) ride, push, force, crusade, urge, thrust, campaign, cause; (v) compel, chase, actuate. ANTONYMS: (n) apathy, inertia, lethargy, walk, indifference; (v) discourage, repress, stop, prevent, inhibit, dissuade driven: (v) drive, impel, operate, propel; (adj) impelled, compulsive, motivated, involuntary, dynamic, successful; (n) drove

King Richard II drooping: (adj) flabby, pendulous, limp, flaccid, cernuous, flagging, languid, floppy, lax, tired; (n) droop. ANTONYMS: (adj) taut, firm drop: (n, v) decline, dribble, deposit, decrease, jump, ebb; (adj, n, v) collapse; (v) droop, sink, cast, drip. ANTONYMS: (n, v) increase; (v) lift, pour, sharpen, raise, recuperate; (n) growth, mass, lot, upswing, elevation drown: (v) drench, submerge, overwhelm, choke, engulf, flood, swamp, inundate, suffocate, asphyxiate; (adj, n, v) sink. ANTONYMS: (v) float, swim, amplify, dry drum: (adj, n) barrel; (n) cask, tympan, cylinder, timbrel, tambour, tambourine; (v) beat, roll, bone up, ram drums: (n) drumming drunk: (adj) tipsy, wet, tight, blotto, drunken, inebriated; (adj, n) inebriate; (n) boozer, dipsomaniac, drunkard, drinker. ANTONYMS: (adj) straight, clearheaded; (n) teetotaler drunkenly: (adv) intoxicatedly, sottishly, tipsily, tightly, boozily, intemperately duchess: (n) princess, queen, lady, czarina, begum, margravine, noblewoman, peeress, marchioness, sultana, infanta duke: (n) lord, prince, hand, nobleman, fist, chief; (v) pass, box, deliver dull: (adj) dreary, dense, sluggish, dismal, slack, torpid; (adj, v) blunt, stupid; (v) deaden, dampen; (adj, n) cold. ANTONYMS: (adj) lively, sharp, stimulating, exciting, lustrous, interesting, exhilarating, varied, glossy, glittery, luminous duly: (adv) rightfully, correctly, punctually, proper, precisely, well, ex officio, accordingly, fairly, appropriately, properly. ANTONYMS: (adv) improperly, unsuitable, unlawfully dumbly: (adv) densely, thickly, silently, speechlessly, obtusely, dully, stupidly, soundlessly, foolishly, inarticulately, slowly dungeon: (n, v) keep; (n) prison, cell, jail, penitentiary, fastness, oubliette, Bastille, bridewell, detention, house of correction dust: (v) sprinkle, clean, spray, wipe, spread; (n) dirt, earth, relics, grit, remains, soil. ANTONYMS: (n)

newness; (v) dirty duteous: (adj) obedient, respectful, compliant, docile, deferential, reverent, submissive, obsequious, reverential duty: (n) function, commitment, obligation, chore, assignment, office, dues, job, responsibility, must; (n, v) charge. ANTONYMS: (n) disobedience, option dwell: (adj, v) inhabit; (v) reside, bide, live, stay, lodge, delay, occupy, continue, be, settle. ANTONYM: (v) wander dying: (n) death, demise, decease, mortality; (adj) vanishing, moribund, last, final, ultimate, failing, ebbing. ANTONYMS: (adj) thriving, well, opening, aborning, developing, flourishing, growing, reviving, rejuvenating; (n) birth each: (adv) apiece, either, individually; (adj) every, various, singular; (adj, det) any; (n) anyone, an, anybody, everyone eager: (adj) avid, ardent, agog, acute, zealous, enthusiastic, keen, ambitious, industrious, studious; (adj, n) earnest. ANTONYMS: (adj) indifferent, unconcerned, apathetic, disinterested, unwilling, unenthusiastic, lukewarm, patient, reluctant, listless, bored earl: (n) baron, jarl, peer, thane, viscount, banneret, chief, lord earnest: (adj, v) devout; (adj) eager, solemn, heartfelt, diligent, studious, sincere, intense, ardent, staid; (n) guarantee. ANTONYMS: (adj) flippant, halfhearted, uncertain, insincere, unimportant, nonchalant, lethargic, apathetic, unenthusiastic, indifferent, frivolous ears: (n) antenna earth: (n) world, dust, ground, land, lair, dry land, terra firma, clay, creation, ball, country earthly: (adj, n) terrestrial; (adj) carnal, worldly, conceivable, human, geotic, secular, terrene, temporal, telluric, sublunary. ANTONYMS: (adj) spiritual, divine, ethereal, immortal, impossible, improbable, inconceivable, celestial ease: (v) alleviate, assuage, relieve, allay; (n) convenience, rest, leisure, relief, satisfaction; (adj, v) facilitate; (n, v) relax. ANTONYMS: (n) discomfort, formality, awkwardness, worry, toil, problem, pain, maladroitness; (v) aggravate, worsen, impede

William Shakespeare easily: (adv) lightly, smoothly, facilely, fluently, readily, plainly, comfortably, uncomplicatedly, calmly, slowly, conveniently. ANTONYMS: (adv) hardly, unquestionably, laboriously, difficultly, barely, arduously, affectedly, inconveniently, seriously, formally eastern: (adj) easterly, orient, orientals, oriental, eastward, eastern countries, ortive, bright, Levant. ANTONYM: (adj) western easy: (adj) convenient, gentle, familiar, graceful, at ease, light, lenient, clear, contented, cozy; (adj, adv) soft. ANTONYMS: (adj) arduous, laborious, demanding, hard, strenuous, particular, burdensome, tough, uneasy, awkward, testing eating: (n) ingestion, intake, feeding, browsing, banqueting, food, lunching, supping, pica, repletion; (v) eat eden: (n) heaven, Garden of Eden, Aden, region, part, Zion, Elysium, promised land, Canaan, nirvana, utopia edge: (n, v) bound, verge, hem, skirt, line; (n) boundary, margin, brink, blade, extremity, limit. ANTONYMS: (n) center, disadvantage, obstacle, handicap, mainstream, end; (v) interior, dull, blunt, speed e'er: (adv) ever, forever effeminate: (adj) womanish, delicate, epicene, sissy, emasculate, tender, ladylike, cissy, easy, voluptuous; (adj, v) feminate. ANTONYMS: (adj) macho, manly, masculine eight: (n) eighter, eleven, nine, ten, team, queen, ogdoad, octonary, octet, ace, octad either: (adj) whatever; (adv) too, also, neither, besides, likewise; (n) or; (det) any; (conj) other elder: (adj) older, big, adult; (n) dean, doyen, patriarch, ancient, boss, elderberry, superior, presbyter. ANTONYMS: (n) youngster, minor, child, inferior; (adj) youngest, younger, little elected: (adj) adopted, selected, chosen, regenerated, inspired, justified, sanctified, unearthly, select, voted, appointed. ANTONYM: (adj) autocratic else: (adv) besides, yet, to boot, in addition, moreover; (pron) another; (n) or; (adj) different, other, further,

additional elsewhere: (adj, adv) away; (adj) worried, lost in thought, abroad, anxious; (adv) off, otherwhere, thence, somewhere. ANTONYMS: (adj) carefree; (adv) in emptier: (adj) vacant empty: (adj, v) clear, discharge, destitute, void; (adj) hollow, bare, blank, barren, abandoned; (v) deplete, pour. ANTONYMS: (adj) crowded, meaningful, packed, occupied, inhabited, swarming, brimming, laden, filled, cultivated; (v) fill encounter: (n) collision, conflict, battle, action, confrontation, brush; (n, v) combat, contest, rencounter; (v) confront, face. ANTONYMS: (v) Miss, surrender, evade, avoid, yield; (n) shunning, avoidance, withdrawal endless: (adj) constant, perpetual, interminable, continuous, ceaseless, eternal, uninterrupted, everlasting, incessant, vast, unrelenting. ANTONYMS: (adj) temporary, restricted, limited, intermittent, ending, finishing, sporadic, mortal, inconstant, few, slight endowments: (n) beneficence, accomplishments, advantage ends: (n) tops, crook, band, bend, bind, limits, clippings, curve, trimmings, boundaries endure: (adj, n, v) continue, support; (n, v) bear, suffer, stand, be; (v) accept, undergo, allow, stay, tolerate. ANTONYMS: (v) perish, die, break, fall, discontinue, crumble, end, enjoy, resign, quit, collapse enemy: (n) antagonist, opponent, foe, opposition, competitor, enmity, assailant, foeman, hostile, besieger; (adj, n) rival. ANTONYMS: (n) ally, friend, supporter, benefactor, defender, fan enforce: (v) compel, constrain, carry out, implement, impose, execute, apply, drive, dispense, effect; (n, v) force. ANTONYMS: (v) surrender, relax, neglect, forget, exempt, disregard, abandon enforced: (adj) required, obligatory, compulsory, applied, compelled, binding, essential, requisite, necessary, mandatory, legal. ANTONYMS: (adj) optional, unenforced, voluntary engaged: (adj) occupied, betrothed, employed, affianced, engrossed,

147 reserved, absorbed, working, pledged, involved, committed. ANTONYMS: (adj) free, unengaged, unemployed, uncommitted, unattached, single, detached, idle england: (n) Britain, British, UK, United Kingdom, Albion, British Empire english: (n) English language, Englishwoman, Britain, Englishman, side, the English, English people; (adj) Anglican; (v) Anglify englishman: (n) Sassenach, British, Briton, Britisher, Englander, English, Saxon, limey, burgher, Jacobean, burgess enjoy: (v) hold, have, relish, bask, appreciate, own, rejoice, revel, love, experience; (adj, v) like. ANTONYMS: (v) need, suffer, loathe, lack, hate, detest, despise, want enjoying: (n) relish, enjoyment; (adj) comfortable, fruitive enough: (adj) ample, adequate, competent, decent; (n) adequacy, sufficiency, fill; (adv) rather, amply, adequately; (adv, n) plenty. ANTONYMS: (adj) insufficient, deficient, wanting, scant; (adv) insufficiently, inadequately; (n) insufficiency, deficiency, inadequacy, shortage ensign: (n) banner, badge, insignia, emblem, national flag, colours, sign, standard, colors, enzie, sublieutenant ensue: (v) come, arise, happen, result, succeed, occur, transpire, turn out, befall, come after, stem. ANTONYMS: (v) forerun, preface, antecede, dwindle, recede ensuing: (adj) following, consequent, succeeding, later, subsequent, next, successive, resulting, consequential, ensue, posterior. ANTONYMS: (adj) antecedent, earlier, prior, preliminary enter: (v) enroll, embark, chronicle, book, record, input, arrive, come, pierce, register, penetrate. ANTONYMS: (v) depart, exit, delete, stop, refrain, erase, egress, abstain, cancel, exclude, disembark entertain: (v) amuse, delight, bear, cherish, beguile, admit, accommodate, harbor, hold, distract; (n, v) interest. ANTONYMS: (v) disregard, ignore, banish, forget, tire, displease entire: (adj, n) absolute, complete; (adj) total, all, integral, whole, utter,

148 perfect, clean, undivided, unbroken. ANTONYMS: (adj) incomplete, limited, part, unfinished, narrow, imperfect entitle: (v) dub, style, designate, christen, empower, term, baptize, authorize; (n, v) title, name, denominate. ANTONYMS: (v) disqualify, debar entrance: (v) enchant, charm, captivate, bewitch, enrapture; (n) access, entry, admittance, threshold, arrival, door. ANTONYMS: (n) departure, exit, egress, egression, exiting, exclusion, retirement; (v) bore, repel, repulse entreat: (v) beg, beseech, ask, implore, pray, adjure, appeal, request, conjure, crave, bid. ANTONYMS: (v) demand, reject envious: (adj) covetous, invidious, jaundiced, malicious, begrudge, greedy, resentful, grudging, green, begrudging, enviable. ANTONYMS: (adj) fulfilled, satisfied, undesirous, contented envy: (v) begrudge, want; (n) enviousness, desire, heartburning, resentment, envies, heartburn, jealousy, hatred; (adj) jealous. ANTONYM: (n) generosity envying: (adj) invidious equal: (v) compare, equalize, equate; (adj, v) agree, correspond, even, equivalent; (adj) comparable; (n) compeer; (adj, n, v) rival, parallel. ANTONYMS: (adj) different, repressive, uneven, disproportionate, inconsistent, unlike, dissimilar, discriminating, diverse; (v) differ, disproportion estimate: (v) compute, consider, weigh, assess; (n, v) guess, esteem, calculation, gauge, forecast; (n) appraisal, assessment. ANTONYMS: (v) measure, compute events: (n) athletics, plot, activities, actions ever: (adj, adv) always, continually; (adj) constantly, still, forever; (adv) never, e'er, before, once, perpetually; (n) Evers. ANTONYM: (adv) erratically everlastingly: (adv) perpetually, always, lastingly, continually, endlessly, unendingly, incessantly, permanently, constantly, undyingly; (adj, adv) forever every: (adj) each, total, whole, any, thorough; (n) everybody, everyone, everything; (adv) apiece, either; (pron) every one

King Richard II everything: (pron) anything, something, whatever thing, no matter which; (n) whole, everyone, all things, everybody, entirety, universe, thing exactly: (adv) correctly, punctually, rightly, accurately, strictly, perfectly, definitely, directly, truly, right, absolutely. ANTONYMS: (adv) inaccurately, randomly, figuratively, wrongly, vaguely, roughly, inexactly, indirectly, imprecisely, around; (adv, prep) about except: (adj, conj, prep) save; (v) exclude, demur, omit, elide; (adv, conj, prep) but; (adv, prep) besides; (prep) excepting, excluding, aside from; (conj, n) without. ANTONYMS: (prep) including; (v) receive, admit exchequer: (n) bank, purse, fisc, till, bursary, Exchequer of the Jews, coffer, hanaper, finance, funds, finances execute: (v) do, achieve, complete, perform, accomplish, act, effect, carry out, enforce, make, fulfill. ANTONYMS: (v) abandon, ignore, disregard, Miss, forget, shirk, revive execution: (n) accomplishment, achievement, enforcement, implementation, effect, action, carrying out, executing, discharge, death penalty, capital punishment. ANTONYM: (n) omission exit: (n) departure, door, egress, outlet, going, gate, way out; (v) leave, go, go out, die. ANTONYMS: (n) arrival, entry, entrance, greeting; (v) arrive, come expiration: (n) ending, end, conclusion, finish, close, exhalation, termination, exit, death, lapse, expiry. ANTONYM: (n) beginning expiring: (adj) moribund, failing. ANTONYM: (adj) well external: (adj, n, prep) exterior; (adj) outside, extrinsic, extraneous, outward, outlying, foreign, peripheral, superficial, formal, objective. ANTONYMS: (adj) inner, internal, domestic, inmost, inside, indoor, outgoing, inward, intrinsic, deep, relevant extinct: (adj) dead, deceased, defunct, departed, obsolete, extinguished, exhausted, inanimate, out, quenched, gone. ANTONYMS: (adj) alive, living, extant, active, dormant, thriving, existing, live extremity: (n) end, member, boundary, bound, close, appendage,

limit, limb, ending, fringe, conclusion. ANTONYMS: (n) trunk, average, minimum, head, leniency eyes: (n) sight, eye, vision, view, baby blues, guard, propensity, eyen face: (adj, n, v) front; (v) confront, audacity; (n, v) look, aspect, top; (n) side, expression, countenance, exterior, facade. ANTONYMS: (n, v) back; (n) timidity, nobody, underside, shyness, rear; (v) evade, elude, hide, withdraw, submit faction: (n) crew, cabal, group, band, set, party, division, junto, dissension, clan; (n, v) feud. ANTONYMS: (n) whole, agreement, entirety, peace, unity faint: (adj, n, v) swoon; (adj) dim, feeble, dizzy, indistinct, vague, soft, dull; (adj, v) weak; (v) languish, pass out. ANTONYMS: (adj) distinct, clear, obvious, loud, considerable, pungent, invigorated, hearty, energetic, defined; (v) revive faintly: (adv) dimly, vaguely, indistinctly, lightly, weakly, hazily, slightly, softly, shadowily, infirmly, palely. ANTONYMS: (adv) clearly, intensely, distinctly, overpoweringly, harshly, considerably, powerfully, strongly, brightly, obviously, audibly fair: (adj) clear, beautiful, sweet, reasonable, dispassionate, average, fine, impartial; (adj, v) bright; (adj, adv) clean; (n) blonde. ANTONYMS: (adj) biased, unjust, exceptional, dark, partial, mismatched, unwarranted, foul, imbalanced, prejudiced, poor fairly: (adj, adv) justly; (adv) moderately, honestly, completely, purely, impartially, somewhat, righteously, lightly, rightly, squarely. ANTONYMS: (adv) unjustly, extremely, subjectively, very, dishonestly, unreasonably, completely, entirely, unlawfully, excessively, wholly faith: (n) confidence, belief, conviction, trust, credence, credit, creed, assurance, cult, expectation, dependence. ANTONYMS: (n) disbelief, distrust, dubiosity, skepticism, despair, uncertainty, doubt, independence faithful: (adj, n) accurate, correct, exact, true; (adj) close, unfailing, dependable, devoted, sound, devout; (adj, v) constant. ANTONYMS: (adj) unreliable, false, inaccurate, unfaithful, unrealistic,

William Shakespeare faithless, perfidious, backstabbing, cheating, inexact, loose fall: (n, v) decline, dip, rain, decrease, plunge, dive; (n) downfall, descent, autumn; (v) descend, sink. ANTONYMS: (n, v) increase, win, climb, triumph; (n) ascent, improvement, rising; (v) ascend, advance, conquer, elevate falls: (n) cataract, waterfall, chute, angel, torrent, Victoria, twin, force, body of water, Guaira, Niagara false: (adj, n) bastard; (adj, adv) counterfeit, deceitful; (adj) untrue, dishonest, erroneous, sham, assumed, artificial, fictitious, deceptive. ANTONYMS: (adj) real, genuine, faithful, factual, correct, natural, truthful, honest, valid, just, loyal falsehood: (n) fable, fabrication, deception, untruth, lie, fib, fiction, invention, dishonesty; (adj, n) deceit, falsity. ANTONYMS: (n) fact, honesty, reality falsely: (adv) incorrectly, fraudulently, deceptively, dishonestly, wrongly, erroneously, misleadingly, deceitfully, unfaithfully, spuriously, fictitiously. ANTONYMS: (adv) honestly, truthfully, faithfully, authentically, correctly, naturally, rightly falter: (n, v) waver; (v) hesitate, stumble, stutter, stammer, halt, dither, bumble, doubt, teeter; (n) faltering. ANTONYMS: (v) persevere, persist, endure, remain familiar: (adj) conversant, everyday, usual, ordinary, commonplace; (adj, n) customary, common, intimate, habitual, accustomed; (n) companion. ANTONYMS: (adj) unfamiliar, strange, foreign, unaccustomed, new, unknown, ignorant, formal, shy, rare, distant famous: (adj) celebrated, splendid, distinguished, renowned, illustrious, famed, capital, prominent, well-known, fine, stunning. ANTONYMS: (adj) infamous, ordinary, anonymous, insignificant, obscure, inglorious, undistinguished fantastic: (adj) bizarre, extraordinary, antic, marvelous, fantastical, grotesque, wonderful, extravagant, terrific, strange, illusory. ANTONYMS: (adj) awful, ordinary, real, unpleasant, tiny, plausible, normal, lousy, little, Lilliputian, poor

fare: (n, v) do; (n) food, aliment, board, table, charge, chow, menu, traveller; (v) come, eat. ANTONYM: (v) stop farewell: (int, n) adieu; (n) bye, leave, valediction, adios, parting, goodbye, separation, departure, aloha; (int) bon voyage. ANTONYMS: (n) hello, salutation, welcome farm: (n) farming, grange, dairy, croft, farmstead, estate; (v) raise, cultivate, hire, plant, produce farther: (adj, adv, prep) beyond; (adj) additional, more, distant; (adv) furthermore, besides, abroad, in addition, too; (adj, prep) outside; (pron) another. ANTONYMS: (prep) within; (adv) nearer, closer fast: (adj, v) firm; (adj) dissolute, instant, agile, staunch, quick, hurried, fixed, rapid; (adv) soon, hard. ANTONYMS: (adv) slowly, loosely, sluggishly; (n) binge; (adj) sluggish, loose, unattached, plodding; (adj, adv) leisurely; (v) gorge, eat fasting: (n) abstinence, white sheet, shrift, sackcloth and ashes, maceration, lustration, flagellation, watching one's weight, hunger strike, penance; (v) calorie counting fatal: (adj) deadly, pestilent, lethal, disastrous, destructive, dangerous, deathly, fateful, murderous, critical; (adj, v) mortal. ANTONYMS: (adj) harmless, nourishing, healthful, benign, uncritical, mild father: (n) dad, begetter, creator, abba, patriarch, beginner, founder, padre; (n, v) sire; (v) engender, generate. ANTONYMS: (n) disciple, follower fault: (adj, n, v) deficiency; (n) error, blot, delinquency, flaw, break, blunder; (adj, n) failing, blemish; (n, v) blame, crime. ANTONYMS: (n) strength, virtue, capability, innocence, perfection, credit, ease; (v) praise, absolve favour: (n) relief, goodness, assistance, office, favoritism, benignity; (v) choose, prefer, privilege, facilitate, approve fawn: (v) crawl, creep, grovel, cringe, cower, crouch, bootlick, kowtow, blandish, flatter; (n) deer. ANTONYMS: (v) insult, despise, ignore, domineer fealty: (n) loyalty, homage, faithfulness, devotion, fidelity, faith, constancy, feute, feutee, genuflection, kneeling prostration

149 fear: (n) awe, dismay, alarm, fright, consternation, care, anguish; (n, v) apprehension, doubt, concern, reverence. ANTONYMS: (n) fearlessness, reassurance, confidence, courage, valor, calm, boldness, security, equanimity, peace; (v) brave fearful: (adj, n) afraid; (adj, v) dreadful, cowardly; (adj) terrible, apprehensive, awful, timid, anxious, craven, frightful, eerie. ANTONYMS: (adj) rational, calm, confident, bold, unimpressed, charming, fearless, courageous, reassuring, unafraid, wonderful fearless: (adj, n) daring; (adj) brave, dauntless, courageous, undaunted, intrepid, heroic, audacious, gallant, confident, valiant. ANTONYMS: (adj) afraid, frightened, scared, apprehensive, terrified, timid feast: (n, v) junket, fete; (n) entertainment, dinner, binge, spread, celebration, jamboree, carousal; (v) feed, eat. ANTONYMS: (v) abstain, starve; (n) snack feeble: (adj) delicate, decrepit, ailing, helpless, powerless, poor, mild, lax, thin; (adj, v) faint, debilitated. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong, vigorous, hearty, tough, effective, powerful, unrelenting, robust, potent, persuasive, able feed: (v) eat, dine, browse, encourage, board, diet, nourish, fatten; (n, v) nurture, provender; (n) aliment. ANTONYMS: (v) thwart, crave, desire, sap feeding: (n) alimentation, eating, nourishment, grazing, dining, browsing, feed supply, banqueting, supplying, ingestion, intake feel: (v) experience, finger, handle, consider, find; (n, v) sense, sound; (n) feeling, texture, atmosphere, air. ANTONYMS: (v) observe, doubt, question, mistrust, ignore, disregard, disbelieve, challenge feeling: (n) affection, feel, emotion, sensitivity, mood, hunch, opinion, belief, impression, atmosphere; (adj, n) sentiment. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, overtone, insensibility, certainty, insensitivity, hatred, trust; (adj) unfeeling feet: (v) legs, pegs, pins, trotters; (n) foots, ft, fete, meter, rescue fell: (v) cut, chop, bring down, drop, cut down; (adj) barbarous, cruel; (adj, v) prostrate, floor, knock down; (n) skin. ANTONYMS: (v) construct,

150 erect, raise, build fellow: (adj, n) comrade, associate; (n) boy, equal, brother, peer, chap, colleague, compeer, buddy; (adj, n, v) concomitant. ANTONYMS: (n) female, woman, girl, foe, enemy, antagonist, competitor felt: (v) mat, tangle, snarl, braid, entangle, lace, perceive; (adj) sensed, perceived, conscious, sensible female: (n) woman, girl, she, wife, hen, spouse, squaw; (adj) feminine, distaff, pistillate, not male. ANTONYMS: (adj) masculine, manly, androgynous, manlike; (n) man, boy fertility: (n) productivity, birthrate, affluence, fertileness, abundance, plenty, prolificacy, richness, natality, birth rate; (adj, n) uberty. ANTONYMS: (n) infertility, fruitlessness, impotence, barrenness fetch: (v) carry, bring, bring in, convey, draw, elicit, deliver, catch, get, attract; (adj, n) feint field: (n) area, battlefield, ground, place, domain, discipline, range, realm, battleground, section, compass fierce: (adj) bitter, acute, cruel, ferocious, brutal, grim, nasty, intense, ardent; (adj, v) savage, furious. ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, mild, calm, quiet, tame, docile, weak, peaceful, pleasant fiery: (adj, n) burning, passionate, glowing; (adj) fervent, ablaze, hot, fervid, impassioned, peppery; (adj, v) fierce, violent. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, passionless, dispassionate, indifferent, placid, gentle, cool; (adv) easygoing fight: (n, v) battle, dispute, contest, quarrel, engagement, feud, squabble, argue, struggle, clash; (adj, n, v) brawl. ANTONYMS: (n, v) withdrawal, retreat; (n) fear, surrender, agreement; (v) compromise, favor, submit fighting: (adj) belligerent, militant; (n) fight, contest, combat, action, affray, strife, engagement, war; (n, v) conflict. ANTONYMS: (adj) peaceful, meek; (n) calm, withdrawal, retreat, friendliness, agreement, peace, surrender figure: (n, v) form, design, cast, estimate, shape, image; (v) count, cipher; (adj, n) appearance; (n) character, cost. ANTONYM: (v) estimate fill: (v) block, clog, stuff, line, charge,

King Richard II execute, accomplish, complete, brim, fulfill; (n) crowd. ANTONYMS: (v) empty, free, deplete, unpack, unload, notch, deflate, desert filling: (n) filler, weft, contents, loading, plug, packing, pad, replenishment, padding, impletion, stuffing. ANTONYMS: (adj) light, insufficient find: (v) catch, detect, encounter, come across, feel, attain, ascertain; (n) detection, disclosure, search, discovery. ANTONYMS: (v) misplace, search, fail; (n) loss finger: (v) feel, handle, touch, thumb, indicate, point; (n) digit, dactyl, forefinger, pointer; (n, v) hand. ANTONYM: (v) clear fire: (v) eject, dismiss, kindle, ignite; (n, v) discharge, blaze, flame, explode; (n) ardor, conflagration, fervor. ANTONYMS: (v) hire, defuse, deflate, employ, dampen, detain; (n) laziness firm: (adj, adv) hard; (adj, v) stable, compact, determined, close, resolute; (adj) fixed, steadfast, solid, strong; (adj, n) steady. ANTONYMS: (adj) irresolute, weak, soft, hesitant, limp, liquid, soggy, lenient, indefinite, loose, inconstant firmness: (adj, n) constancy; (n) determination, resolution, assurance, consistency, obstinacy, steadfastness, resolve, confidence, courage, backbone. ANTONYMS: (n) softness, instability, vacillation, unsteadiness, yielding, irresoluteness, droopiness, indefiniteness, indecisiveness, indecision, leniency five: (n) fives, quintuplet, quint, Phoebe, basketball team, fin, squad, ace, digit; (adj, n) v; (adj) quinary fixed: (adj, v) determined, durable; (adj, adv, v) stable; (adj) definite, intent, fast, determinate, certain, set; (adj, adv, n) steady; (adj, n, v) constant. ANTONYMS: (adj) flexible, separate, adaptable, adjustable, changeable, movable, variable, compliant, temporary, removable, portable flatter: (v) fawn, adulate, wheedle, cajole, soap, kowtow, blandish, grovel, butter up; (n, v) court; (n) caress. ANTONYMS: (v) insult, disparage, criticize, discourage flattering: (adj) ingratiating, complimentary, courtly, obsequious, adulatory, fulsome, bland, candied, smooth, encouraging; (n) flattery.

ANTONYMS: (adj) assertive, critical, unflattering, unattractive, wounding, uncomplimentary, negative; (adv) partially flesh: (adj) carnality, concupiscence; (n) mortality, beef, form, figure, frame, person, mankind, humanity, meat flint: (adj) stone, pebble, fossil, granite, marble; (n) quartz, silica, flint river, gunflint, crystal, crag flinty: (adj) rocky, unyielding, grim, unfeeling, stern, stony, severe, hard, cruel, obdurate, heartless flourish: (n, v) display; (v) thrive, prosper, boast, wave, brag, wield, boom, grow; (adj, v) bloom; (adv, v) shake. ANTONYMS: (v) decline, struggle, deteriorate, wilt, pine, fade, flounder, decrease, dwindle flourishing: (adj) thriving, palmy, healthy, successful, luxuriant, booming, verdant, lush, auspicious, favorable, rich. ANTONYMS: (adj) arid, declining, fading, poor, unhealthy flower: (n, v) blossom, blow; (v) effloresce, flourish; (adj, n) prime; (n) efflorescence, elite, cream, bouquet, floret, florescence. ANTONYMS: (n) residue; (v) wither flowers: (n) analecta, anthology flying: (adj) fast, quick, rapid, swift, moving, flaring, aflare; (n) fly, flight, aviation, ballooning foaming: (adj) foamy, effervescent, effervescing, bubbly, bubbling, sparkling, spumy; (adj, n) frothing; (n) surging, effervescence, scum foil: (n, v) thwart, defeat, balk; (v) baffle, bilk, cross, elude, avert, prevent; (n) contrast, blade. ANTONYMS: (v) advance, further, permit, promote fold: (n, v) crease, pucker, wrinkle, lap, double, roll, bend; (v) crumple, collapse, wrap; (n) flock. ANTONYMS: (v) flatness, expose, open, create, thrive, smooth; (n) unfolding folks: (n) people, folk, tribe, relations, household, house, relatives, relative, kindred, lineage, kin followers: (n) adherents, people, entourage, claque, faithful, disciples, supporters, multitude, attendants, support, suite fond: (adj) affectionate, caring, devoted, tender, loving, amorous, delicate, adoring, doting, ardent, attached. ANTONYMS: (adj) aversion, cold, rough

William Shakespeare fondly: (adv) lovingly, tenderly, warmly, kindly, caringly, adoringly, devotedly, amorously, dearly, dotingly, foolishly. ANTONYMS: (adv) coldly, ill food: (n, v) fare; (n) edible, board, nourishment, diet, sustenance, aliment, dish, foodstuff, meat, nurture foolhardy: (adj) rash, audacious, reckless, bold, unwise, presumptuous, hasty, desperate, brash, madcap; (adj, n) adventurous. ANTONYMS: (adj) wary, cautious, careful, cowardly, sensible, slow fooling: (n) farce, tomfoolery, horseplay, joking, prank; (adj) casual, accidental, everyday, effortless, cursory foolish: (adj) childish, fool, crazy, dumb, daft, fatuous, stupid, unwise, preposterous, dopey; (adj, n) silly. ANTONYMS: (adj) wise, sensible, shrewd, prudent, visionary, diplomatic, levelheaded, sane, rational, mature, judicious footing: (n) foothold, base, bottom, foundation, status, rank, foot, pedestal, situation, relation, root. ANTONYM: (n) top forbear: (v) refrain, desist, help, tolerate, abide, eschew, endure, relinquish; (n) predecessor, progenitor, forebear forbearance: (n) patience, clemency, pardon, abstention, abstinence, mercy, longanimity, avoidance, postponement, indulgence, restraint. ANTONYMS: (n) impatience, intolerance forbid: (v) prohibit, ban, disallow, bar, obstruct, exclude, deny, avert, frustrate, to prohibit, enjoin. ANTONYMS: (v) allow, let, approve, authorize, stand forbidden: (adj) banned, taboo, illegal, prohibited, contraband, illicit, verboten, proscribed, outlawed, illegitimate; (adj, adv) offlimits. ANTONYMS: (adj) allowed, permitted, permissible, legal, open force: (n, v) drive, squeeze, pressure, thrust; (n) energy, strength, agency; (v) coerce, push, press, compel. ANTONYMS: (n) persuasion, ineffectiveness, inertia, apathy, moderation; (v) request, wheedle, pull, push, restrain, prevent forces: (n) troop, army, troops, rank and file, services, war, Armed Services, enmity forefather: (n) ancestor, father,

antecedent, forebear, ancestry, forbear, progenitor, sire, ascendant, patriarch, predecessor foreign: (adj) extraneous, extrinsic, alien, exterior, external, exotic, strange, oversea, adventitious, unfamiliar, stranger. ANTONYMS: (adj) familiar, domestic, internal, relevant, national, natural forerun: (v) forebode, antedate, herald, portend, announce, presage, rank, usher forest: (v) afforest, reforest; (n) woodland, jungle, wood, timberland, woods, grove, greenwood, bush, coppice foretell: (v) forecast, anticipate, augur, bode, predict, presage, announce, calculate, portend, prophesy, forebode forfend: (v) prevent, avert, rule out, preclude, obviate, forbid, fend, deter, prohibit forged: (adj) false, bogus, phony, fake, sham, fabricated, mock, spurious, ben trovato, imitative, bad. ANTONYM: (adj) real forget: (v) leave, miss, blank out, bury, to forget, overlook, neglect, ignore, fail, unlearn, abandon. ANTONYMS: (v) mind, attend forgive: (v) absolve, excuse, acquit, remit, pardon, justify, to forgive, exonerate, overlook, clear, to excuse. ANTONYMS: (v) condemn, punish, castigate forgiveness: (n) mercy, condonation, clemency, kindness, pity, remission, leniency, absolution, grace, compassion; (n, v) pardon. ANTONYMS: (n) condemnation, cruelty, harshness form: (n, v) make, fashion, design, build, arrange, shape; (adj, n) figure; (v) establish, constitute, do; (n) ceremony. ANTONYMS: (v) deform, destroy formally: (adv) ceremoniously, officially, stiffly, solemnly, regularly, ceremonially, distantly, primly, precisely, stately, conventionally. ANTONYMS: (adv) casually, warmly former: (adj) previous, antecedent, anterior, bygone, earlier, prior, foregoing, original, deceased, past; (adv) formerly. ANTONYMS: (adj) future, last, next, current, following, present, subsequent, later; (n) latter forsworn: (adj) perjured, untrue forth: (adv) away, along, onward, ahead, before, on, off, on the high

151 road, on the road, on the way, under way forthwith: (adv) directly, immediately, at once, now, instantly, straight, presently, straightaway, incontinently; (adj, adv) quickly; (adj) immediate fortress: (n) fort, bulwark, fortification, castle, stronghold, citadel, alcazar, tower, presidio, redoubt; (n, v) keep fortune: (n) estate, fate, fluke, destiny, luck, accident, means, assets, riches, abundance, doom. ANTONYM: (n) design fortunes: (n) adventures, fortune, personal narrative, life, journal forty: (adj, n) XL; (n) two score, forties; (adj) twoscore forward: (adj, prep) bold; (adj, adv) onward; (adj) audacious; (adj, n, v) promote; (v) expedite, dispatch; (adv) fore, along, ahead; (adv, n, v) further; (adj, adv, n) early. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) backward; (adj) posterior, timid, reverse, abashed, late, formal; (adv) behind, rearward, back, aft foul: (adj, v) nasty, base, corrupt, coarse; (adj) filthy, disgusting, evil, unclean, putrid; (n, v) defile, soil. ANTONYMS: (adj, v) clean, pure; (adj) pleasant, fair, inoffensive, humane, attractive, honest, pleasing, fragrant; (v) unclog found: (v) erect, build, base, form, construct, constitute, appoint, institute, set up, create, ground. ANTONYMS: (v) abolish, disband; (adj) lost four: (n) quaternary, foursome, tetrad, quaternion, quadruplet, square, quarter, quad, air, age of man; (adj, n) IV fourth: (adv) fourthly; (n) interval, third, after part, common fraction, fourth part, quartern, second; (adj) quaternary frail: (adj, v) weak, feeble; (adj) fragile, flimsy, delicate, breakable, rickety, slender, light, slim; (v) faint. ANTONYMS: (adj) substantial, robust, tough, fit, healthy, hearty, perfect, weighty, well, capable, sturdy france: (n) Frances, Jacques Anatole Francois Thibault, regional operations in Germany, Anatole France frantic: (adj) desperate, crazy, excited, distraught, frenetic, distracted; (adj, v) frenzied, furious,

152 wild, raging; (n) maniac. ANTONYMS: (adj) mellow, composed free: (adj, v) exempt, liberate, discharge; (adj, adv, v) loose; (v) excuse, extricate, relieve, disentangle, ease; (adj, n) frank; (adj) liberal. ANTONYMS: (adj) restricted, imprisoned, repressive, secure, strict, stuck, confined, tangled, compelled, dependent; (v) confine freedom: (adj, n) franchise, immunity; (n) deliverance, autonomy, release, discharge, emancipation, escape, liberty, right; (adj) frankness. ANTONYMS: (n) imprisonment, restriction, captivity, suppression, dependence, restraint, capture, chance, conformity, inclusion freely: (adv) loosely, frankly, openly, generously, independently, gratuitously, voluntarily, liberally, free, sparely; (adj, adv) spontaneously. ANTONYMS: (adv) reluctantly, deceitfully, accurately, meagerly, parsimoniously, secretly, stingily, unwillingly; (adj) restricted freer: (adj) unconfined french: (adj) Gallic, Frankish, Gallican, Gallian; (v) to take French leave; (n) Frenchman, romance language, French people, Daniel Chester French, profanity, the French fresh: (adj) clean, bracing, novel, bright, recent, original, airy, bold, pure, green; (adj, v) brisk. ANTONYMS: (adj) stale, decayed, hot, tired, worn, rotten, off, musty, muggy, humid, exhausted fresher: (n) fresh, lowerclassman, underclassman, neophyte, fledgeling, entrant, fledgling fretted: (adj) latticed, haggard, magged, latticelike, reticulated, reticular, interlaced. ANTONYM: (adj) unfretted friend: (adj, n) associate, comrade, companion, fellow, ally; (n) acquaintance, colleague, boyfriend, crony, brother, mate. ANTONYMS: (n) foe, stranger, rival, nemesis, adversary, antagonist friends: (n) circle, associates, connections, links, support group, acquaintances fright: (n, v) dismay, alarm, scare, affright; (n) awe, fear, dread, terror, horror, consternation, apprehension. ANTONYMS: (n) calm, fearlessness,

King Richard II courage, confidence, security frosty: (adj, v) icy, glacial; (adj) frigid, freezing, wintry, arctic, chill, frozen, chilly, bleak, cool. ANTONYMS: (adj) friendly, pleasant, hot, torrid, tropical, balmy, approachable frowning: (adj) dismal, dark, gloomy, lowering, scowling, frowny, clouded; (adv) frowningly; (n) austere, boisterous, coarse frozen: (adj) cold, frosty, frigid, wintry, glacial, arctic, icy, freezing, stiff, congealed, iced. ANTONYMS: (adj) moving, hot, warm, boiling, fluid, liquid, melted, unfrozen, thawed, tropical, soft fruit: (n) crop, outgrowth, product, fruitage, progeny, acorn, production, yield, aftermath; (n, v) result; (v) return fruits: (n) revenue full: (adj, n) complete, absolute, entire; (adj) abundant, flush, broad, extensive, ample, total, enough; (adj, adv, n) crowded. ANTONYMS: (adj) lacking, starving, hungry, sketchy, incomplete, thin, deserted, partial, restricted, weak; (v) wane furbish: (v) buff, scour, shine, polish, flush, gloss, rub, whitewash, smoothen, paint, lacquer furnish: (v) afford, provide, contribute, render, offer, accommodate, supply, outfit, yield, decorate; (n, v) give. ANTONYM: (v) divest furrow: (n, v) fold, crinkle, crease, groove, line, chamfer, rut; (n) channel, cut, ditch, trough. ANTONYMS: (n) ridge; (v) smooth further: (adj, adv) farther, more; (v) advance, encourage, foster, forward; (adj) extra, additional; (n, v) promote; (adv) again, also. ANTONYMS: (v) impede, thwart, discourage, damage, regress, deteriorate, prevent, hinder; (adj) near furthest: (adj) furthermost, extreme, farthermost, remotest, ultimate, utmost, uttermost, most remote, final, outermost; (adv) most. ANTONYMS: (adj) nearest, near fury: (n) anger, exasperation, force, resentment, delirium, furor, frenzy, indignation, craze; (adj, n) wrath, ferocity. ANTONYMS: (n) composure, calmness, mildness, calm, pleasure, serenity future: (adj) unborn, prospective, coming, intended, to come, potential, impending, approaching;

(n) hereafter, fate, time to come. ANTONYMS: (adj) distant, earlier, near, nearby gage: (n) gauge, guarantee, guaranty, pawn, engage, plight, pledge, dipstick; (v) stake, back, bet on gain: (n, v) profit, benefit, win, catch, advance; (v) derive, earn, get, attain, reach; (n) earnings. ANTONYMS: (n) loss, deficit, disadvantage, setback; (n, v) decrease; (v) reduce, scatter, collapse gains: (n) income, proceeds, profits, winnings, receipts, revenue gallant: (adj) fearless, brave, daring, courageous, chivalrous, bold, manly, heroic, dashing, courteous, fine. ANTONYMS: (adj) boorish, rude, selfish gaoler: (n) keeper, screw, turnkey, warder, jailor, custos, custodian, lawman, guard, ass, ranger garden: (v) farm, cultivate, tend; (n) field, bed, plantation, orchard, grove, grounds, park; (adj) gardenly gardener: (n) horticulturist, farmer, florist, employee, hedger, husbandman, transplanter gasping: (adj) panting, winded, blown, out of breath, thirsty, pursy; (v) spavined, touched in the wind gathering: (n) collection, accumulation, concourse, congregation, assemblage, crowd, compilation, meeting, crew, gather, throng. ANTONYMS: (n) dismantling, scattering gaunt: (adj) lean, thin, cadaverous, desolate, bleak, dreary, meager, bony, angular, lanky, sullen. ANTONYMS: (adj) fresh, rounded, obese gave: (v) deliver, allow, allot, provide, furnish, impart, administer; (n) gives gelded: (adj) emasculated, cut, castrated, cut down, gashed, down generally: (adj, adv) usually; (adv) commonly, broadly, regularly, ordinarily, altogether, approximately, generically, normally, comprehensively, popularly. ANTONYMS: (adv) rarely, specifically, locally, occasionally, particularly, unusually generation: (n) creation, epoch, era, tribe, offspring, formation, contemporaries, time, period, day; (n, v) genesis gentle: (adj) easy, friendly, soft, kind, affable, balmy, mild, feeble, compassionate; (adj, adv) calm; (adj,

William Shakespeare v) tame. ANTONYMS: (adj) harsh, loud, fierce, caustic, violent, rough, hardhearted, abrupt, heavy, steep, sheer gentleman: (n) gent, Mr, male, patrician, sir, adult male, esquire, sahib, gentlemen; (adj) gentilhomme, gentlemanly gentlemen: (n) sirs, messieurs gently: (adv) tenderly, slowly, mildly, soft, slow, kindly, delicately, softly, lightly, meekly, quietly. ANTONYMS: (adv) sharply, fiercely, forcefully, harshly, abruptly, violently, severely, roughly, intensely, meanly, heavily george: (n) Christian martyr, saint George, St George gild: (v) embellish, ornament, beautify, decorate, begild, engild, paint, whitewash, varnish; (n) club, fraternity. ANTONYM: (v) strip gilded: (adj, v) gilt; (adj) rich, gold, golden, deluxe, gilden, fortunate, garish, advantageous, aurated, luxurious girl: (n) damsel, gal, lady, young woman, maid, lass, fille, wench, daughter, bride, virgin. ANTONYMS: (n) son, boy give: (v) extend, commit, donate, endow, contribute, dispense, deliver, convey, grant; (adj, v) bestow, accord. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, take, withhold, retain, receive, keep, get, hide, conceal, starve, withstand given: (adj) apt, disposed, prone, specified, liable, inclined, granted, fixed, conditional; (n) assumption, particular. ANTONYMS: (adj) taken, unwilling gives: (n) give, offer, provide, grant, accord giving: (n) endowment, donation, presentation, bestowal, disposal; (adj) liberal, generous, charitable, bighearted, big, humanitarian. ANTONYMS: (adj) nasty, tightfisted, malevolent, mean, stiff, stingy gladly: (adv, v) happily; (adv) gleefully, contentedly, cheerfully, fain, joyfully, jovially, cheerily, delightedly, gladsomely, readily. ANTONYMS: (adv) reluctantly, unwillingly, sadly, resentfully, miserably glass: (n) bottle, drink, goblet, cup, drinking glass, spectacles, glasses, field glass, bowl; (v) glaze; (adj, n) ice

glasses: (n) spectacles, eyeglasses, glass, specs, spectacle, eyeglass, barnacles, lens, pair of glasses, mirror, goggles glazed: (adj) glossy, glassed, glazen, vitreous, vitrified, icy, lustrous, shiny, empty, slippery, glasslike. ANTONYMS: (adj) unglazed, alert, dull glittering: (adj, v) brilliant; (adj) sparkling, flashing, dazzling, glistering, glistening, glinting, shining, scintillating, splendid; (adj, adv) aglitter globe: (n) earth, world, orb, circle, eyeball, round, planet, bolus, fireball, bulb; (adj, n) sphere glorious: (adj) distinguished, beautiful, bright, celebrated, brilliant, eminent, magnificent, super, great, splendid; (adj, v) illustrious. ANTONYMS: (adj) sorrowful, despicable, horrible, shameful, lowly glory: (n) celebrity, brightness, honor, distinction, glorification, eclat, dignity; (n, v) halo, pride; (v) exult, boast. ANTONYMS: (v) blasphemy, lament, profanity; (n) dishonor, disrepute, ugliness, blame, criticism golden: (adj) aureate, fortunate, gilded, auspicious, gold, gilt, lucky, advantageous, fair, favorable, favored. ANTONYM: (adj) inauspicious golgotha: (n) crypt, aisle, chancel, choir, house of death, narrow house, tomb, catacomb, cemetery, vestry, grave gone: (adj, prep) past; (adj) deceased, bygone, departed, desperate, lost, late; (adj, v) exhausted, extinct; (adj, adv) absent, away. ANTONYMS: (adj) present, remaining, found, alive goodness: (adj, n) generosity, kindness, gentleness; (n) good, excellence, benefit, virtue, worth, morality; (adj) favor, beneficence. ANTONYMS: (n) evil, wickedness, badness, corruptness, bad, immorality, corruption goods: (n) cargo, belongings, commodity, merchandise, product, estate, chattels, property, wealth, produce; (n, v) stuff gorgeous: (adj) luxurious, gaudy, attractive, brilliant, wonderful, glorious, gay, florid, palatial, dressy; (adj, v) rich. ANTONYMS: (adj) ugly, unattractive, detestable, shabby

153 gotten: (v) receive, seize, get, acquire governor: (n) chief, manager, regulator, administrator, lord, superintendent, ruler, controller, leader, president, protector grace: (adj, v) adorn; (v) garnish, deck, embellish, beautify, decorate, embroider; (adj, n, v) favor; (n) elegance, beauty; (adj, n) clemency. ANTONYMS: (n) unseemliness, awkwardness, disfavor, inelegance, heaviness, unkindness; (v) deface, demean gracious: (adj) genial, benign, good, courteous, compassionate, kind, accommodating, civil; (adj, n) benevolent, congenial, gentle. ANTONYMS: (adj) ungracious, boorish, discourteous, reserved, rude, abrupt, critical, unkind, hardhearted, harsh, poor grand: (adj, n) glorious, excellent; (adj, n, v) noble; (adj) gorgeous, August, superb, important, majestic, exalted; (adj, v) great, dignified. ANTONYMS: (adj) unimpressive, humble, modest, unimportant, poor, base, inferior, limited, incomplete, restricted, small grandsire: (n) grandfather, ancestor grant: (adj, v) bestow, allow, confer; (n, v) award, gift, boon; (v) concede, afford, admit, acknowledge; (adj, n, v) present. ANTONYMS: (v) deny, reject, refuse, maintain, prohibit, disagree, retrieve, take, withhold, withdraw granted: (adj, v) assumed; (adj) fixed, approved, settled, privileged, legal, decided, acknowledged, arranged; (v) disposed; (adv) yes grass: (v) denounce, betray; (n) forage, cannabis, hay, pasture, fink, sward, pasturage; (adj, n) green, marijuana. ANTONYM: (n) patriot grassy: (adj) verdant, gramineous, weedy, herby, woody, fertile, blossoming, abundant, leafy, lush, flourishing. ANTONYMS: (adj) grassless, urban, withering grating: (adj) hoarse, strident, harsh, discordant, gravelly, raspy, gruff, raucous; (n, v) lattice; (n) grate, grid. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleasing, soothing, smooth, harmonious grave: (adj) solemn, serious, critical, earnest, dangerous, sedate, sad, grand; (adj, v) severe, acute; (v) engrave. ANTONYMS: (adj) frivolous, funny, cheerful, carefree, slight, nonchalant, trivial, stable, minor, insignificant, favorable

154 graves: (n) Robert Graves, Robert Ranke Graves great: (adj) eminent, gigantic, big, distinguished, large, extensive, extreme, grand, chief, ample, massive. ANTONYMS: (adj) awful, insignificant, tiny, mild, poor, minor, useless, ordinary, slight, weak, unknown greater: (adj) larger, more, major, higher, superior, most, great, bigger, increased, considerable, not inconsiderable. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, smaller, small, lower greatest: (adj) top, superlative, biggest, utmost, largest, extreme, first; (adj, n) maximum, most; (adj, v) paramount, supreme. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, secondary greatly: (adv) badly, enormously, considerably, extremely, highly, vastly, immensely, mightily, hugely; (adj, adv) far, deeply. ANTONYMS: (adv) mildly, hardly, superficially, poorly, lightly, insignificantly, barely, moderately greedy: (adj) avid, gluttonous, desirous, grasping, acquisitive, glutton, piggish, voracious, selfish; (adj, v) avaricious, covetous. ANTONYMS: (adj) temperate, ascetic, unconcerned, abstemious, moderate green: (adj) callow, immature, young, jealous, youthful, emerald, crude, juvenile, gullible, inexperienced; (adj, v) raw. ANTONYMS: (adj) ripe, urban, withering, sophisticated, seasoned, old, arid, mature, limp, artificial greet: (n, v) receive; (v) address, acknowledge, hail, welcome, cry, salute, bid, weep, meet, recognize greeting: (n) welcome, salutation, address, greet, compliments, acknowledgment, accost, hello, hullo, nod; (v) salute. ANTONYM: (n) goodbye greetings: (n) greeting, respects, compliments, consolation, regards, commend, good wishes, commendation, induction, draft grief: (adj, n, v) affliction; (n) dolor, anguish, distress, agony, pain, wound, chagrin, concern; (n, v) regret; (adj) sore. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, happiness, comfort, content, peace grieve: (n, v) distress, aggrieve, afflict, sorrow, annoy; (v) trouble, lament, deplore, bemoan, fret,

King Richard II bewail. ANTONYMS: (v) rejoice, celebrate, encourage grieved: (adj) sore, sad, sorry, sorrowful, upset, woeful, pained, affected, brokenhearted grievous: (adj) bitter, dolorous, dreadful, deplorable, sad, tough, pitiful, atrocious, regrettable, sorrowful, sorry. ANTONYM: (adj) successful grim: (adj) austere, glum, cheerless, dour, ghastly, dreary, forbidding, dark, dire, hard, dismal. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, bright, funny, kindly, hospitable, pleasant, promising, simple, wonderful grinning: (n) grin, smile, facial expression, facial gesture, smiling; (adj) beaming gripe: (n) complaint; (adj, v) catch; (n, v) beef, moan, bellyache, grasp, grumble, whine, protest; (adj, n, v) clutch; (v) complain. ANTONYMS: (v) appreciate, compliment, agree, rejoice groan: (n, v) grumble, murmur, cry, sigh, mutter, squeak, rumble, scrape; (v) howl, complain; (n) complaint groats: (n) shred, grain, barley groats, cereal, food grain, shelling groom: (n) equerry, bridegroom, stableman, hostler; (v) prepare, dress, arrange, train, coach, tidy, curry gross: (adj) coarse, boorish, big, crude, fat, common, blunt, disgusting, bulky; (n) aggregate; (adj, v) foul. ANTONYMS: (adj) attractive, small, remaining, refined, tiny, partial, delicate, cultivated, chaste, sensitive; (v) lose ground: (n, v) base, land, floor; (v) found, establish; (adj, n, v) bottom; (n) earth, reason, field, soil, dirt. ANTONYMS: (n) sea, figure; (v) launch, top grow: (v) expand, advance, augment, enlarge, come, emerge, spring, become, farm, turn, get. ANTONYMS: (v) decrease, weaken, shrink, decline, drop, collapse, struggle, wane, plummet, dwindle, deteriorate growing: (n) development, growth; (adj, adv) increasing; (adj) flourishing, thriving, blossoming, expanding, swelling, progressive; (adj, n) developing; (v) grow. ANTONYMS: (adj) dwindling, decreasing, downward; (n) nondevelopment grown: (adj) mature, big, growed,

grown-up, developed, ripe, grownup, fully grown, full-grown, growth, become. ANTONYM: (adj) unripe guard: (n) defense, protection, escort, bulwark, watchman, custody, fender; (n, v) care, shield, cover; (adj, n, v) ward. ANTONYMS: (v) endanger, expose, neglect, reveal; (n) attacker guess: (n, v) surmise, estimate, forecast; (v) suppose, deem, reckon, divine, believe, foretell; (n) assumption, supposition guest: (n) caller, visitor, customer, alien, foreigner, client, invite, foreign, company, guests, houseguest guilt: (n) sin, criminality, fault, repentance, remorse, offence, guilty, error, culpability, complicity, delinquency. ANTONYM: (n) blamelessness guilty: (adj) culpable, faulty, wicked, hangdog, criminal, chargeable, sinful, blameworthy; (n) guilt, culprit; (adj, v) condemned. ANTONYMS: (adj) blameless, aggressive, proud habiliments: (n) clothes, garb, apparel, clothing, costume, dress, equipage, material, tackle, thing, apparatus hairless: (adj) tonsured, glabrous, shorn, balding, smooth, beardless, depilous, depilated hall: (n) mansion, vestibule, lobby, foyer, auditorium, court, entrance hall, anteroom, concourse; (n, v) corridor, passage hallowmas: (n) All Saints' Day, Allhallows, Dewali, Ash Wednesday, bicentennial, birthday, bissextile, Candlemas, Groundhog Day, Halloween; (adj) halmas hammer: (v) strike, beat, knock, bang, tap, forge, thrash, hit; (n, v) pound, club; (n) gavel hand: (v) give, pass, commit, bestow, afford, communicate, consign; (n) deal, worker, aid, applause. ANTONYMS: (n) boss, foot; (v) take handle: (n, v) conduct, administer; (v) feel, wield, deal, treat, touch, control, manipulate, direct; (n) clutch. ANTONYMS: (n) blade, head; (v) mishandle, bungle, conceal, crumble, avoid hands: (n) custody, keeping, personnel, safekeeping, hold, shift, workforce, men, manpower, guardianship, full complement

William Shakespeare hang: (adj, n, v) suspend; (v) dangle, depend, drape, float, fall, hover, append, string up; (n, v) delay; (adj) hung happen: (n, v) betide; (v) arise, befall, develop, go, come, fall, chance, come about, occur, get. ANTONYM: (v) disappear happily: (adv) fortunately, joyously, joyfully, merrily, luckily, gladly, blissfully, cheerfully, felicitously, providentially, successfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) miserably, unhappily, sadly, unfortunately, unsuccessfully, reluctantly, gloomily, discontentedly, despondently, negatively, grudgingly happiness: (n) delight, merriment, ecstasy, welfare, gladness, luck, cheerfulness, blessedness, bliss, felicity, contentment. ANTONYMS: (n) sadness, despair, grief, misery, dissatisfaction, seriousness, dullness, discontent, dejection, gloominess, displeasure happy: (adj) felicitous, contented, gay, buoyant, content, gleeful, gratified, pleasant, glad, carefree; (adj, n) auspicious. ANTONYMS: (adj) sad, depressed, dejected, sorrowful, miserable, unlucky, sorry, reluctant, irritable, unfortunately, gloomy harbour: (n, v) harbor; (v) conceal, entertain, cherish, contain, bear, shield; (n) anchorage, pier, sanctuary, haven hard: (adj, n) austere, rough; (adj, v) grave, severe, acute; (adj) bad, difficult, strong, callous, cruel, tough. ANTONYMS: (adj) easy, kind, soggy, tender, merciful, yielding, simple; (adv) lightly, gently, lackadaisically; (adj, adv) flexible harder: (adj) serious hard-hearted: (adj) remorseless, ruthless, unkind, obdurate, pitiless, heartless, merciless, unaffected, unconcerned, uninterested, coldblooded hardly: (adj, adv) barely, scarcely; (adv) severely, harshly, roughly, badly, toughly, laboriously, arduously, cruelly, heavily. ANTONYMS: (adv) extremely, fully, well, easily harm: (adj, n, v) damage, hurt; (adj, n) evil, detriment, injury; (n, v) abuse, wound, blemish, disadvantage; (n) bruise; (adj, v)

injure. ANTONYMS: (n, v) benefit, respect, help; (n) reparation, service; (v) enable, spoil, protect, defend, repair harry: (v) plague, badger, disturb, afflict, bother, hassle, maraud, pester, devastate; (adj, v) molest, worry harsh: (adj, v) sharp, bitter; (adj, n) grating, coarse, austere, discordant; (adj) grim, cruel, crude, unkind, stern. ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, soft, harmonious, pleasant, lenient, kind, melodious, sweet, mild, lush, friendly haste: (n, v) hurry, dash, dispatch, rush; (n) celerity, expedition, rapidity, speed, bustle, hastiness, quickness. ANTONYMS: (n) delay, patience, forethought, caution hasty: (adj) fast, abrupt, cursory, fleet, sudden, rash, impetuous, careless, speedy, hurried, quick. ANTONYMS: (adj) deliberate, considered, leisurely, sensible, gradual, thorough, cautious, careful, roundabout, prudent, patient hate: (v) abhor, detest, loathe, abominate; (n) enmity, abhorrence, detestation, hatred, animosity, antipathy, aversion. ANTONYMS: (n, v) like; (v) adore, cherish, admire; (n) attraction, liking, delight, adoration hateful: (adj) disgusting, execrable, nasty, abominable, hideous, despicable, repulsive, distasteful, foul; (adj, v) odious, obnoxious. ANTONYMS: (adj) delightful, kind, nice, benign, desirable haunted: (adj) ghostly, ghostlike, phantom, taken up, preoccupied, possessed, unearthly, magical, mad, infatuated, concerned having: (n) estate, possession, acceptance, enjoyment haviour: (n) behavior head: (n) captain, boss, froth, foam, crown, chieftain; (n, v) point, lead; (adj, n, v) front; (v) capital, direct. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) subordinate; (n) end, beginning, foot, mouth, rear, tail, body, underling, base; (adj) minor headlong: (adj, adv) headfirst; (adv) directly, hastily, precipitately; (adj) rash, hurried, desperate, precipitous, impetuous, sudden, precipitate. ANTONYMS: (adj) cautiously, considered; (adv) carefully heads: (n) conspectus, contents,

155 prospectus, syllabus, synopsis, public, textbook, people, outlines, head stick health: (n) condition, fitness, welfare, pledge, strength, form, hygiene, sanitation, salubrity, shape; (adj) sanitary hear: (int, v) attend; (v) find out, discover, understand, apprehend, hark, learn, try, examine, listen; (adj) heard heard: (n) hearing hearing: (n) audition, ear, auditory sense, trial, consultation, reach, auscultation, inquiry; (n, v) earshot, sound; (adj, n) audience heart: (adj, n) core, gist, marrow; (n) spirit, center, essence, basis, kernel, crux, breast, hub. ANTONYMS: (n) body, surface heartily: (adv) cordially, sincerely, enthusiastically, warmly, strongly, earnestly, vigorously, ardently, soundly, devoutly, eagerly. ANTONYMS: (adv) feebly, languorously hearts: (n) Black Maria, spades heaven: (n) Eden, firmament, bliss, Elysium, sky, nirvana, glory, Elysian Fields, Garden of Eden, utopia; (adj) celestial. ANTONYM: (n) misery heavenly: (adj) celestial, blissful, ethereal, delightful, angelic, blessed, elysian, holy, unearthly, godlike, sacred. ANTONYMS: (adj) worldly, miserable, infernal, hellish, unappealing, dreadful, turbulent heavens: (n) firmament, heaven, sky, welkin, sphere, atmosphere, celestial sphere, space, skies, area, vault of heaven heavy: (adj, n) dull; (adj) deep, fat, dense, grave, dark, full, gross, thick, bulky; (adj, adv) hard. ANTONYMS: (adj) slim, easy, thin, slight, skinny, puny, gentle, insubstantial, animated, nimble, entertaining heinous: (adj) atrocious, grievous, evil, wicked, flagrant, flagitious, monstrous, hateful; (adj, v) gross, nefarious, infamous. ANTONYM: (adj) good heir: (n) beneficiary, successor, offspring, inheritor, heiress, receiver, progeny, heritor, descendant, scion, issue. ANTONYMS: (n) ancestor, donor heirs: (n) family, posterity, issue held: (adj) absorbed, confined, kept, apprehended, seized, supposed, reputed, tenable, thought, trapped;

156 (v) detain hell: (n) blaze, Hades, underworld, perdition, inferno, pandemonium, netherworld, Abaddon, Gehenna, purgatory, trial. ANTONYM: (n) paradise helmet: (n, v) headpiece; (n) casque, helm, hood, armet, basinet, heaume, hard hat, Galea, cowl; (v) pickelhaube help: (n, v) assist, assistance, support, benefit, favor, avail, cure, assistant; (v) facilitate, ease, alleviate. ANTONYMS: (n) hindrance, detriment, interference, damage, disadvantage, disservice, manager; (v) worsen, aggravate, halt, hurt helpful: (adj) beneficial, useful, friendly, advantageous, handy, convenient; (adj, n) favorable, benevolent, beneficent, kindly; (adj, v) adjuvant. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhelpful, uncooperative, worthless, negative, disruptive, reticent, neglectful, detrimental, confusing, hopeless, harmful helping: (n) portion, share, plateful, serving, part, quota, drumstick; (adj) auxiliary, assistant, aiding, assisting hence: (adv) consequently, for that reason, therefore, thereby, away, thus, for, then, because, henceforth, as a result henry: (n) physicist, scag, smack, William Henry, horse, diacetylmorphine, Patrick Henry, Joseph Henry herald: (n) forerunner, courier, messenger; (v) declare, foretell, announce, bode, proclaim, introduce, foreshadow; (n, v) augur. ANTONYMS: (v) follow; (n) successor herb: (n) plant, wort, herbage, amaranth, cottonweed, agueweed, drypis, dittany, dill, digitalis, dayflower hereafter: (adv) thereafter, from now on, hence, henceforth, hereinafter, afterwards; (n) afterlife, futurity, time to come, great beyond, future life herein: (adv) here, therein hide: (n, v) cover, disguise, shelter, veil; (adj, v) obscure; (n) fur, fell, coat; (v) bury, mask; (adj, n, v) darken. ANTONYMS: (v) show, expose, express, divulge, unearth, amplify, advertise, clarify high: (adj, v) elevated; (adj) great, expensive, distinguished, lofty, tall, exalted, heavy, dear; (n) chief; (v)

King Richard II bad. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) low; (adj) deep, short, sober, reasonable, sad, resonant, lowly, husky, unimportant; (n) depression highness: (n) excellency, altitude, loftiness, nobility, greatness, eminence, size, stateliness, majesty, high, grandeur highway: (n) highroad, way, path, route, street, thoroughfare, course, main road, expressway, bus, freeway hills: (n) home, dry land, foothills, earth, ground himself: (pron) herself, themselves, yourself, itself; (adj) myself; (n) yourselves hinder: (v) impede, resist, check, hamper, obstruct, curb, handicap, delay; (n, v) bar; (adj) posterior, hind. ANTONYMS: (v) help, facilitate, assist, prompt, encourage, promote, allow, support, accelerate hither: (adv) here, whither, hitherward, thither hoard: (v) amass, gather, collect, garner; (n, v) cache, store, stock, heap, bank, stash; (n) accumulation. ANTONYMS: (v) squander, disperse, spend, use hold: (n, v) keep, grip, grasp, entertain; (v) endure, detain, adhere, bear, have, contain, comprise. ANTONYMS: (v) fail, disagree, lose, free, deny, remove, lack; (n) separation, repulsion holiday: (n, v) vacation; (n) festival, time off, sabbath, break, celebration, holy day, leisure, recess; (v) fete; (adj) festive hollow: (adj, n) blank; (n) cavity, depression, cave, dell; (adj) empty, false; (adj, n, v) concave; (n, v) excavate, dent, scoop. ANTONYMS: (adj) convex, sincere, true, full, meaningful, cramped, valid; (n) hump, bump, hill, lump hollowness: (n) hollow, concavity, insincerity, cavity, futility, blank, concaveness, void, nothingness, vacuum, vacuity. ANTONYMS: (n) solidity, validity holy: (adj) devout, divine, heavenly, religious, blessed, hallowed, spiritual, devotional, pure; (adj, adv) saintly; (adv) sacredly. ANTONYMS: (adj) irreligious, unholy home: (n) domicile, abode, house, residence, base, place, dwelling, family, habitation; (adj) domestic; (adj, n) household. ANTONYMS:

(adj) external, national, public, away, foreign; (adv) out honest: (adj) fair, genuine, sincere, good, equitable, artless, heartfelt, guileless, frank, forthright, faithful. ANTONYMS: (adj) lying, misleading, guarded, corrupt, disloyal, unwholesome, discourteous, disreputable, fictional, crafty, crooked honour: (n) fame, award, dignity, homage, celebrity, accolade, reputation; (n, v) honor; (v) respect, celebrate, dignify. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dishonor; (v) disrespect honourable: (adj) estimable, reverend, venerable, glorious, honorable, distinguished, aboveboard, good, worthy, right, noble hope: (n, v) trust, desire; (n) aspiration, faith, belief, expectation, confidence, expectancy, anticipation; (v) confide, anticipate. ANTONYMS: (n) reality, past, pessimism, distrust, independence hopeless: (adj) incurable, despondent, forlorn, disconsolate, desperate, impossible, useless, abject, despair, dismal, irreparable. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheerful, competent, promising, optimistic, encouraging, helpful, useful, successful, practical, laudable, effective horror: (n) abomination, abhorrence, dismay, fear, fright, revulsion, alarm, repulsion, anxiety; (adj, n) dread, terror. ANTONYMS: (n) delight, attraction, proclivity, bravery, calm, confidence, security horse: (n, v) mount; (n) buck, heroin, junk, charger, knight, pony, rider, trestle, eohippus, dog horses: (n) stock, equidae, domestic animals, cattle, extinct animals, asses, pigs, sheep, family equidae, farm animals, force hotspur: (adj) madcap, daredevil, bully, enfant perdu, bravo, fire eater, scapegrace, hotspurred, desperado; (n) Percy, sir Henry Percy hour: (n) clock, o'clock, hours, time, hr, term, nonce, moment, occasion, dawn, dusk hourly: (adv) always, by the hour, daily, often, constantly, continually, frequently; (adj) horary, continual, ephemeral; (n) an hour hours: (n) period, duty period; (adv) o'clock house: (adj, n, v) family; (adj, n) home; (v) accommodate; (n)

William Shakespeare dwelling, firm, abode, domicile, edifice, habitation, housing; (n, v) lodge. ANTONYM: (adj) public household: (adj, n) house, home; (adj) domestic; (adj, v) ordinary, common; (n) folk, stock, clan, menage; (v) everyday, usual. ANTONYMS: (adj) unfamiliar, public humble: (v) demean, humiliate, mortify; (n, v) disgrace, debase; (adj, n, v) abase; (adj) base, lowly, unassuming, docile, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) impressive, arrogant, haughty, imposing, conceited, pompous, snooty, overbearing, presumptuous, proud, exalted humbly: (adv) lowly, meanly, modestly, submissively, low, shyly, lowlily, naturally, regretfully, remorsefully, repentantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) conceitedly, haughtily, pompously, ostentatiously, unrepentantly, affluently, brashly, pretentiously hundred: (adj) a hundred, one hundred, many; (adj, n) c; (n) cent, centred, riding, lathe, soke, tithing, carbon hungry: (adj) eager, avid, famished, starving, esurient, greedy, ravenous, desirous, meager, starveling; (v) starve. ANTONYMS: (adj) full, satiated, sated, thirsty, unconcerned, moderate, healthy, disinterested hurl: (v) chuck, dash, pitch, throw, dart, pelt, toss, heave, send; (n, v) fling; (n) casting. ANTONYM: (v) hold husband: (v) conserve, economize, preserve, save; (n) consort, hubby, man, fellow, lover, master, mate. ANTONYMS: (n) wife, bachelor idle: (adj) lazy, indolent, inactive, free, unfounded, fruitless, baseless, groundless, frivolous, empty, disengaged. ANTONYMS: (adj) active, employed, industrious, energetic, meaningful, productive, worthwhile, diligent; (v) change, run, work idly: (adj, adv) foolishly; (adv) vainly, vaguely, listlessly, forgetfully, distractedly; (adj) thoughtlessly. ANTONYM: (adv) energetically imagery: (n) imagination, imaging, statue, vision, evocation, resemblance, portraiture, images, simile, figure of speech; (adj) image imaginary: (adj) fictitious, unreal, false, mythical, illusory, ideal,

hypothetical, visionary, fictional, notional, chimerical. ANTONYMS: (adj) real, palpable, actual, concrete, prosaic, normal, true imagination: (n) vision, fancy, image, dream, conceit, imagery, originality, invention, resource, reflection, phantasy imagine: (v) believe, conjecture, fancy, conceive, daydream, assume, guess, consider, fantasize; (conj, v) suppose; (n, v) dream immaculate: (adj) clear, clean, flawless, faultless, pure, spotless, perfect, blameless, neat, guiltless, impeccable. ANTONYMS: (adj) blameworthy, blemished, damaged, flawed, grubby, soiled, tainted, untidy, messy, imperfect immediate: (adj) close, sudden, direct, near, quick, present, fast, proximate, forthwith, instant, immediately. ANTONYMS: (adj) slow, gradual, deliberate, consecutive, mediate, delayed, remote, far, distant, vague, considered immortal: (adj) eternal, enduring, undying, endless, monumental; (adj, v) deathless, imperishable, celebrated; (n) deity, God, divinity. ANTONYMS: (adj) obscure, earthly, forgettable, perishable, temporary impartial: (adj) just, equitable, disinterested, unprejudiced, unbiased, dispassionate, evenhanded, candid, even, evenhanded, detached. ANTONYMS: (adj) partial, partisan, prejudiced, subjective, unfair, unjust impeach: (v) accuse, criminate, blame, censure, query, denounce, challenge, question, condemn; (n, v) arraign, indict impregnable: (adj, v) fast; (adj) secure, inexpugnable, unassailable, unconquerable, invulnerable, insurmountable, unshakable, irresistible, strong, safe. ANTONYMS: (adj) vulnerable, tenuous impress: (n, v) mark, print, stamp; (v) move, affect, inscribe, instill, touch, emboss, inculcate; (n) impression impute: (v) charge, attribute, ascribe, assign, accuse, blame, attach, credit, lay, accredit, impeach inch: (n) in, bit, column inch, morsel; (v) crawl, creep, ease; (adj) tatter, mite, seed, shive inclination: (n, v) desire, bent; (n) fancy, affection, tendency, leaning,

157 drift, appetite, dip, proclivity, bias. ANTONYMS: (n) disinclination, reluctance, aversion, indifference, unwillingness, antipathy, dislike, horror indeed: (adv) certainly, exactly, in reality, surely, of course, assuredly, as a matter of fact, admittedly; (adj, adv) really, much; (n) yes. ANTONYMS: (adv) possibly, doubtfully indifferent: (adj) apathetic, impassive, cold, cool, callous, fair, insensible, unconcerned, careless, dull, average. ANTONYMS: (adj) enthusiastic, fervent, keen, obsessive, energetic, eager, involved, surprised, exceptional, concerned, shocked indignation: (n) anger, resentment, displeasure, grudge, umbrage, rage, outrage, exasperation, choler, dudgeon; (adj, n) wrath. ANTONYMS: (n) contentment, pleasure infant: (n) child, babe, minor, nursling, youngster, chick, toddler, suckling, kid, pappoose; (adj, n) juvenile infection: (n) contagion, disease, contamination, corruption, illness, transmission; (adj, n) taint, pollution, septicity; (v) infect; (adj) contagious inferior: (adj) secondary, bad, humble, poor, junior, petty, lesser, cheap, base, feeble, vulgar. ANTONYMS: (adj) better, choice, excellent, premium, adscript, perfect, higher, quality, senior; (adj, n) superscript; (n) boss inhabit: (v) reside, abide, occupy, lodge, settle, people, live, indwell, be, exist; (n) habit. ANTONYMS: (v) desert, vacate inherit: (v) heir, come into, get, to inherit, own, receive, come in for, to succeed, follow, descend, accede inheritance: (adj, n) heritage; (n) heredity, heirloom, birthright, bequest, legacy, dowry, estate, appanage, heirship; (v) descent injurious: (adj) evil, harmful, hurtful, destructive, bad, disadvantageous, detrimental, adverse, deleterious, inimical, damaging. ANTONYMS: (adj) healing, favorable, healthy, helpful, advantageous, beneficial injustice: (n) iniquity, wrong, unfairness, bigotry, wickedness, prejudice, crime; (adj, n) injury, evil, harm, damage. ANTONYMS: (n)

158 fairness, evenhandedness, reasonableness, goodness, tolerance inky: (adj) black, ebon, sable, atramentous, jetty, dusky, gloomy, murky, pitchy, atramental, atramentous spots inlaid: (adj) decorated innocency: (n) innocence innocent: (adj) chaste, artless, clear, ingenuous, innocuous, guileless, guiltless, ignorant, unsophisticated, spotless, naive. ANTONYMS: (adj) culpable, responsible, wicked, wary, experienced, corrupt, worldly, unfair, meaningful, offensive, jaded inquire: (v) demand, ask, explore, enquire, inspect, research, consult, pry, request, wonder; (n, v) question. ANTONYM: (v) answer insatiate: (adj) greedy, ravenous, hungry, unsatiate, unsatiable insinuate: (v) imply, hint, intimate, indicate, suggest, adumbrate, connote, signify, ingratiate, instill, denote instrument: (n) channel, deed, tool, pawn, apparatus, agency, document, expedient, appliance, gear; (n, v) implement insulting: (adj) contemptuous, insolent, injurious, offensive, scurrilous, defamatory, opprobrious, rude, disgraceful, disdainful, impolite. ANTONYMS: (adj) courteous, conciliatory, polite, generous, cordial intellect: (n) mind, intelligence, understanding, reason, brains, head, intellectual, apprehension, psyche, genius, brainpower. ANTONYM: (n) stupidity intelligence: (n) cleverness, intellect, news, tidings, understanding, acumen, mentality, knowledge, brains, comprehension, brainpower. ANTONYMS: (n) stupidity, emotion, slowness, foolishness, ineptness intend: (v) destine, design, mean, aim, determine, denote, contemplate, plan, purpose, consider, believe. ANTONYM: (v) improvise inveterate: (adj) incorrigible, confirmed, chronic, ingrained, old, irredeemable; (adj, v) fixed; (v) rooted, ingrafted, hackneyed; (n) ineffaceable inward: (adj) inner, intrinsic, internal, interior, intestine, inherent, domestic; (adv) inwardly, inwards, in; (n) innards. ANTONYMS: (adj,

King Richard II adv) outward; (adj) outgoing, external ireland: (n) Hibernia, cork, Emerald Isle, Irish Free State irish: (adj) Milesian, Canadian; (n) ERSE, Irish whiskey, poteen, Irish Gaelic, Irish whisky, Irish people, the Irish iron: (v) firm, flatten; (n) Fe, chain, cast iron, irons; (adj) hard, adamant, steel, harsh, tenacious issue: (v) emanate, arise, emerge; (n) aftermath, progeny, consequence, effect; (n, v) egress, release, exit, result. ANTONYMS: (v) conceal, trickle, withhold; (n) resolution issues: (n) edition italy: (n) Italia, Italian Republic, bergamot, bergamot orange itself: (adj) herself, self, oneself, personally, myself, themselves, yourself jack: (n) flag, jackass, mariner, fellow, jackfruit, sailor, jackscrew, socket, blue Peter, amberfish, crevalle jack jade: (adj, v) weary, tire; (v) exhaust, pall, fag, harass, wear; (n, v) bore; (n) hussy, horse, nag jewel: (n) gemstone, darling, diamond, jewelry, trinket, treasure, ornament, idol; (adj, n) bijou, precious stone; (adj) brilliant jewels: (n) jewelry, gems, wealth, hoops, Perrie, riches, studs, fortune, fineness, earrings, decoration jocund: (adj) happy, merry, glad, cheerful, lively, joyous, joyful, blithe; (adj, v) jovial, jolly, brisk john: (n) can, bathroom, convenience, customer, privy, loo, lav, lavatory, Saint John the Apostle, Saint John; (adj, n) toilet joint: (n) seam, articulation, hinge, connection; (n, v) join; (adj) mutual, communal, common, collective, cooperative; (v) articulate. ANTONYMS: (adj) individual, unilateral, private, separate, solitary journeyman: (n) artificer, artisan, Wright, mechanic, hack, man, glazier, goldbeater, day laborer, hairdresser, diesinker joyful: (adj) gay, glad, elated, cheerful, gleeful, cheery, delighted, joyous, jolly, blissful, blithe. ANTONYMS: (adj) miserable, sorrowful, unhappy, despairing, unpleasant, staid, sorry, disappointed, depressed, heavy judas: (n) betrayer, spyhole, Judah, peephole, St Jude, snake in the grass, serpent, saint Jude, Judas Iscariot,

conspirator, cockatrice judge: (v) consider, think, evaluate, believe, condemn, assess, calculate, guess; (n) arbitrator, arbiter; (n, v) umpire. ANTONYM: (v) doubt judgment: (n, v) decision, belief, discernment, condemnation, sense, discrimination; (n) determination, discretion, opinion, assessment, adjudication. ANTONYMS: (n) clumsiness, request, tastelessness justice: (adj, n) equity, right, integrity, honesty; (n) judge, impartiality, judicature, jurist, morality, justness; (adj) just. ANTONYMS: (n) unfairness, wickedness keep: (n, v) hold; (v) preserve, retain, defend, guard, maintain, continue, have, save, confine, observe. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, neglect, entrust, return, let, discontinue, reimburse, allow, stop, destroy, break keeper: (n) curator, guardian, guard, warden, janitor, jailer, gaoler, warder, caretaker, sentry, conservator kept: (adj) reserved, preserve, retained, remain, store, reserve, hold, lodge, keep, retain, detained. ANTONYM: (adj) broken kill: (n, v) assassinate, destroy; (v) erase, annihilate, eliminate, extinguish, finish, blast, decimate, execute, eradicate. ANTONYMS: (v) revitalize, revive; (n) hunter killing: (n) carnage, manslaughter, murder, kill, cleanup, bloodshed, assassination, massacre; (v) captivating; (adj) fatal, draining. ANTONYM: (n) preservation kind: (n) sort, form, class, variety, breed; (adj, n) helpful, good, humane, friendly, gentle; (adj) generous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unkind, cruel, hardhearted, mean, merciless, nasty, spiteful, uncaring, upsetting, callous, disagreeable kindred: (adj) cognate, akin, similar, allied, related; (n) kin, consanguinity, relation, folk, folks, kin group king: (n) mogul, sovereign, chief, crown, tycoon, baron, ruler, magnate, majesty, rex, power. ANTONYM: (n) queen kingdom: (n) domain, realm, state, empire, dominion, territory, nation, crown, monarchy, department, land kingly: (adj, adv) stately; (adj) August, noble, regal, imperial,

William Shakespeare sovereign, majestic, royal; (adv) royally, majestically, regally kinsman: (n) relation, relative, kin, kindred, kinswoman, description, forefather, countryman, detail, consanguinity; (v) confederate kinsmen: (n) kin, kindred, family, kinsfolk, people, affinity kiss: (n, v) caress, brush, embrace, touch; (n) osculation, salute, lip, Kiss of peace, kiss hands; (v) osculate, love kissing: (n) hugging, cuddling, fondling, arousal, foreplay, necking; (adj) embracing, adhering closely, billing, clinging, interosculant knave: (n) cheat, jack, blackguard, crook, rascal, villain, cad, scalawag, scallywag, scoundrel, varlet knee: (n) bracket, articulation, joint, kneel, knee joint, genu, articulatio genus, scythe, zigzag, sickle, bend kneel: (v) genuflect, cringe, stoop, bob, cry for quarter, dip, duck, humble oneself; (n) kneeling, knee, movement kneeling: (n) homage, kowtow, kneelingly, prostration, genuflexion, genuflection, curtsy, courtesy, obeisance knees: (n) knee knight: (n) horseman, horse, chevalier, banneret, warrior, steed, knighthood, rider, heroin, h; (v) dub knighthood: (n) chivalry, knight, nobility, aristocracy knightly: (adj) gallant, chivalric, courteous, courtly, attentive, medieval, magnanimous, gothic; (adv) chivalrously, attentively, courteously known: (adj) familiar, knew, conscious, certain, famous, know, eminent, plain, accepted, published, acknowledged. ANTONYMS: (adj) unknown, secret, unidentified, unfamiliar labour: (n, v) travail, labor, toil; (v) grind, fag, drudge; (n) exertion, employment, confinement, childbed, business ladder: (n, v) run; (n) stair, stepladder, steps, stairs, degree, washboard, flight of stairs, stile, stairway, staircase lady: (n) gentlewoman, Mrs, duchess, countess, spouse, madam, ma'am, milady, matron, woman; (v) squaw. ANTONYM: (n) Lord lagging: (n) insulation, cover, skin, sheathing, casing; (adj) lazy, slack, tardy, remiss, late, behindhand

laid: (adj) layed, lay, place, placed, put, situated, arranged, determined, dictated, hardened, ordered lamb: (n) sheep, lambkin, dear, hogget, kid, mutton, inexperienced person, honey, white meat, pork; (adj) naive lament: (v) bemoan, complain, deplore, grieve, keen, bewail, mourn; (n) dirge, complaint; (n, v) wail, moan. ANTONYMS: (n) celebration, joy; (v) revel, rejoice, celebrate, applaud, praise, compliment lamentable: (adj) grievous, pitiful, distressing, sad, dismal, sorrowful, piteous, unfortunate, lugubrious; (adj, v) pitiable, mournful. ANTONYMS: (adj) laudable, fortunate lamp: (n) light, lantern, beacon, headlight, flashbulb, flashgun, table lamp, oil lamp, storm lantern; (n, v) look; (v) behold lancaster: (n) house of Lancaster, Lancastrian line lance: (n) pike, javelin, shaft, lancet, assegai, fishgig, fizgig; (v) dart, impale, open, gore land: (n) country, earth, soil, kingdom, field, nation, estate, domain; (v) disembark, debark, get. ANTONYMS: (adj) aquatic, amphibious; (n) sea; (v) lose, depart, embark lands: (n) park, estate, kingdom language: (n) speech, expression, lingo, diction, tongue, idiom, jargon, conversation, word, words, terminology large: (adj) ample, generous, considerable, broad, handsome, high, bulky, heavy, capacious, roomy; (adj, n) extensive. ANTONYMS: (adj) small, cramped, insignificant, narrow, microscopic, compact, tiny, thin, short, slim, paltry largess: (n, v) gift, donation, bounty, boon, endowment, alms; (n) largesse, munificence, openhandedness, present; (v) grant larks: (n) family Alaudidae lasting: (adj) abiding, everlasting, firm, eternal, enduring, continuous, permanent, constant, perpetual, tough; (adj, v) fast. ANTONYMS: (adj) fleeting, impermanent, superficial, ephemeral, caducous, unstable, occasional, insubstantial, erratic, acute, fickle late: (adj, adv) dilatory, fresh,

159 behindhand, backward; (adj) former, deceased, dead, slow, delayed, modern; (adv) belatedly. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) early, punctual; (adv) punctually, promptly; (adj) ahead, existing, alive, initial, middle, old, premature lately: (adv) tardily, newly, freshly, belatedly, slowly, latterly, deadly; (adj, adv) anew, late, afresh; (adj) recent latest: (adj) last, fresh, modern, new, current, hot, ultimate, contemporary, newest, stylish; (adj, n) vogue. ANTONYM: (adj) first laugh: (n, v) joke, giggle, chortle, titter, snicker; (v) smile; (n) jest, gag, jape, laughter, cackle. ANTONYM: (v) weep lawful: (adj) legal, just, rightful, constitutional, true, right, justifiable, licit, regular; (n, v) allowable; (adj, v) permissible. ANTONYMS: (adj) unlawful, prohibited, unconstitutional lead: (n, v) guide; (v) conduct, direct, contribute, go, control, conduce, govern, chair, bring; (n) clue. ANTONYMS: (v) follow, trail, descend; (n) disadvantage, inferiority leading: (adj, v) first, foremost; (adj) outstanding, head, great, capital; (adj, n) main, cardinal, principal; (adj, adv) ahead; (n) lead. ANTONYMS: (adj) secondary, subordinate, following, junior, innocent, last, lousy, unimportant, worst; (adv) behind, losing league: (n) alliance, federation, coalition, association, class, confederation, combination, union, connection, society; (v) combine leanness: (n) emaciation, scrawniness, meagreness, slenderness, slimness, tenuity, bodily property, compactness, barrenness, fineness, gauntness. ANTONYM: (n) plumpness learn: (v) get, find, ascertain, hear, find out, have, determine, con, acquire, tell; (n, v) know. ANTONYM: (v) reject least: (n) minimum; (adj) smallest, minimal, littlest, lowest, insignificant, minutest, negligible; (adj, n) smallest amount; (adv) at least, fully. ANTONYMS: (adj) maximum, greatest; (adj, adv) most leave: (v) depart, go, abandon, desert, lead; (adj, v) forsake, quit; (n) furlough, permission, holiday; (n, v)

160 escape. ANTONYMS: (v) enter, arrive, stay, remain, come, approach, change, reposition, disinherit, occupy, participate leaves: (n) departure, leaving, plants, trees, vegetation leaving: (n) leave, exit, desertion, going, going away, farewell, departing, abandonment, withdrawal, boarding; (v) depart. ANTONYMS: (n) arrival, greeting, Reunion; (adj) incoming lecture: (n, v) discourse, harangue, reprimand, sermon, rebuke, talk, censure; (n) speech, oration; (v) chide, preach. ANTONYMS: (v) praise; (n) compliment left: (adj) gone, absent, port, odd, remaining, larboard, gauche, sinister; (n) left hand, left wing, mitt. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv, n) right; (adj) remaining, center, starboard, present legs: (v) pegs, trotters, pins; (n) patience, pedestal, stamina leisure: (n) idleness, convenience, vacation, inactivity, rest, repose, relaxation, recreation, pastime, opportunity; (adj) idle. ANTONYM: (n) work lend: (v) grant, give, advance, impart, bestow, contribute, borrow, bring, add, confer; (n) lending length: (n, v) extent; (n) distance, range, duration, size, measurement, longness, dimension, depth, compass, quantity. ANTONYMS: (n) shortness, width, breadth, brevity, conciseness lengthen: (adj, v) elongate; (v) enlarge, prolong, draw, draw out, increase, expand, stretch, protract, continue, drag out. ANTONYMS: (v) clip, curtail leopards: (n) cheetahs, family Felidae, Felidae, jaguars, cats less: (adj) inferior, wanting, minor, secondary, subordinate, deficient, minus, few; (adj, adv) lesser, lower; (adv) below. ANTONYMS: (adj) additional; (prep) plus lesser: (adj) less, inferior, junior, insignificant, petty, subordinate, smaller, secondary, lower, slighter, small. ANTONYMS: (adj) major, primary, senior, superior, higher, main letters: (n) erudition, literature, correspondence, lore, script, scholarship, post, print, mail, letter, polite literature letting: (n) lease, rental, let, renting,

King Richard II hire, leasing, rent, belongings, permission; (adj) lenient levy: (v) impose, raise, inflict, recruit; (n) duty, assessment, impost, tribute, toll, gathering; (n, v) charge lewd: (adj) indecent, dirty, bawdy, filthy, abandoned, carnal, lustful, impure, debauched; (adj, v) lecherous, dissolute. ANTONYMS: (adj) decent, refined, chaste, clean liar: (n) deceiver, fibber, fabricator, falsifier, trickster, prevaricator, con artist, phony, lie, impostor, swindler liberal: (adj) bountiful, handsome, benevolent, large, abundant, big, kind, broad, charitable, tolerant; (adj, n) free. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) conservative; (adj) totalitarian, oppressive, intolerant, reactionary, proactive, miserly, rigid, insufficient, stingy, tightfisted lief: (adj, v) leef; (adv) fain, willingly; (adj) glad, acceptable liege: (n) feudatory, liegeman, vassal, lord, liege Lord, subject, Luik; (adj) loyal, staunch, true, steady lies: (n) fabrication, falsehood, lie, lying, deceit, defamation, denigration, dishonesty, slander, libel, treachery. ANTONYM: (n) truth life: (adj, n) animation; (n) energy, spirit, activity, dash, enthusiasm, being, biography, existence, exuberance, live. ANTONYMS: (n) death, apathy, extinction, nonexistence, lifelessness lift: (n, v) raise, rise, elevator, boost, heave, hike, airlift, advance; (v) elevate, erect, filch. ANTONYMS: (v) lower, descend, drop, hinder, put, return, impose; (n, v) knock light: (adj) fair, facile, faint; (adj, v) clear; (n, v) fire, glow, flame; (v) kindle, inflame, ignite; (n) illumination. ANTONYMS: (adj) heavy, fattening, nauseating, testing, stale; (n) darkness, shade, gloom, night; (v) extinguish, darken lightning: (n) levin, electricity, thunderbolt, Leven, ignis fatuus, heat lightning, forked lightning, fetter, dart, chain lightning; (adj) wind lights: (n) illumination, burn, lung, spacing material likeness: (n) resemblance, copy, effigy, image, affinity, similarity, correspondence, facsimile; (adj, n) figure, form, semblance. ANTONYMS: (n) difference, diversity, dissimilarity, unlikeness,

contrast limb: (n) arm, branch, member, bough, extremity, offshoot, part, leg, wing, appendage, edge lime: (n) basswood, calx, lemon, limestone, quicklime, lime tree, cement, linden, calcined lime, caustic lime, burnt lime limit: (v) restrict, circumscribe, restrain, check; (n, v) border, curb, confine, boundary, close; (n, prep, v) extent; (n) edge. ANTONYMS: (v) broaden, extend, increase, derestrict, allow, encourage, express, promote; (n) minimum, extension, freedom limits: (n) confines, bounds, range, frontier, area, circumference, perimeter, field, margin, boundaries; (v) confine. ANTONYM: (n) middle lineal: (adj, v) linear; (adj) ancestral, hereditary, straight, directly, racial, extended senses, exact lining: (n) liner, backing, bushing, insulation, covering, coating, bearing lining, babbitting, inside, protection, cladding lion: (adj, n) celebrity, hero; (adj) worthy, great card, tiger; (n) Leo, cat, king of beasts, curiosity, luminary, spectacle lions: (n) dogs, order Carnivora, leopards, jackals, bears, Felidae, family Felidae, cheetahs, cats, Carnivora liquor: (n) fluid, broth, alcohol, booze, brew, brandy, arrack, spirits, schnapps; (n, v) drink; (adj, n) liquid list: (n) catalogue, catalog, inclination, index, calendar, enumeration; (n, v) file, tilt, schedule; (v) enter, itemize lists: (n) circus, Flavian amphitheater, cockpit, Corso, hippodrome, gymnasium, bear garden, playground, race course, turf, palestra little: (adj, adv) small; (adj) diminutive, insignificant, short, tiny, some, brief, petty, minute, exiguous; (adv) rather. ANTONYMS: (adj) enormous, large, important, huge, high, giant, older, old, tall; (adv) frequently, well live: (adj) alive, living; (adj, v) reside, active, dwell, stay; (n, v) subsist; (v) exist, be, abide, endure. ANTONYMS: (adj) inanimate, inactive, silent, dummy, blank, recorded; (v) die, perish, expire livery: (adj) liverish, bilious; (n) clothing, accouterment, uniform, complexion, legal transfer, color,

William Shakespeare hue, dye, bailment lives: (n) life, living, estate, existence, earnest living living: (adj) alive, live, extant, animated, active, fresh, animate, quick; (n) livelihood, life, being. ANTONYMS: (adj) inanimate; (n) death, leisure loam: (n) dirt, soil, earth, land, marl, glebe, ground, subsoil, mold, chalk, clot loath: (adj) unwilling, disinclined, reluctant, loth, indisposed, backward, hesitant, antipathetic, antipathetical, loathe, shy of. ANTONYMS: (adj) eager, willing, disposed, keen locks: (n) hair, tresses, head of hair lodge: (n, v) cabin, place, house; (adj, v) live, dwell, reside, inhabit; (n) cottage; (v) quarter, accommodate, fix. ANTONYMS: (v) dislodge, evict lodgings: (n) digs, accommodation, domiciliation, lodging, billet, housing, quarters, residence, pad, living quarters, launchpad lofty: (adj, v) high, elevated; (adj) exalted, eminent, arrogant, grand, tall, haughty, great, distinguished, majestic. ANTONYMS: (adj) short, lowly, base, modest, deferential, humble london: (n) British capital, jack London, John Griffith Chaney, Greater London, capital of the united kingdom long: (v) yearn, desire, hanker, languish, ache, wish; (adj, n) extensive; (n, v) hunger; (adj) extended, lengthy; (n) length. ANTONYMS: (adj) short, brief, concise longer: (adj) longest, better, lengest; (adv) farther; (n) yearner, thirster longest: (adj) best, lengest, fastest, top, record, best ever, greatest look: (n, v) gaze, aspect, figure; (adj, v) seem; (v) appear, expect; (n) appearance, expression, view, glance, guise. ANTONYMS: (v) back, study; (n) perusal looks: (n) aspect, countenance, expression, manner, complexion, fashion, costume, garb loose: (adj, v) lax, dissolute; (adj, n) limp, liberal, licentious; (adj) light, vague; (v) disengage, relax, release, liberate. ANTONYMS: (adj) dense, close, taut, compressed, strict, compact, wedged, secure, strong, similar; (v) confine lord: (n) chief, king, noble, sir, duke,

master, God, seignior, nobility, Mister, potentate. ANTONYM: (n) lady lordship: (n) ownership, supremacy, domain, dominance, manor, worship, authority, power, dynasty, grandeeship, headship lose: (v) drop, forfeit, mislay, miss, sacrifice, fall behind, fail, to lose, forget, clear, hurt. ANTONYMS: (v) find, secure, recover, earn, obtain, acquire, get, win, beat, keep, succeed loss: (adj, n) detriment, damage, injury, harm; (n) defeat, deprivation, deficit, destruction, forfeit, forfeiture, bereavement. ANTONYMS: (n) retrieval, appearance, victory, recovery, gaining, income, gain, accumulation, win, benefit, fortune lost: (adj, v) forlorn, extinct, gone, missing, helpless; (adj) hopeless, bewildered, forgotten, disoriented, broken; (n) loss. ANTONYMS: (adj) present, found, existing, won, saved, aware love: (n) desire, fondness, affection, dear, liking, benevolence, charity, honey, devotion; (v) enjoy; (n, v) worship. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dislike; (n) abhorrence, hatred, aversion, detestation, detachment, indifference; (v) abhor; (adv) roughly loving: (adj) fond, devoted, amorous, kind, friendly, ardent, attached, admiring, gentle, fatherly; (adj, v) tender. ANTONYMS: (adj) cold, uncaring, malicious, cruel, unloving, rough, paternal, indifferent, distant, disapproving, callous lower: (adj, v) debase, frown, abase, scowl; (adj, n, v) degrade, diminish, humble; (v) dip, drop, cut; (adj, n) inferior. ANTONYMS: (v) raise, improve, glorify, augment, straighten, upgrade, uplift; (adj) higher, senior, over, superior lowly: (adj) base, lower, low, inferior, baseborn; (adv) meekly, meanly, modestly, poorly, softly, humbly. ANTONYMS: (adj) noble, privileged, high, aristocratic, refined, exalted, comfortable loyal: (adj, v) firm; (adj, n) unwavering, true, accurate; (adj) fast, steady, constant, reliable, devoted, dependable, obedient. ANTONYMS: (adj) disloyal, unfaithful, unreliable, disobedient, inconstant, treacherous,

161 uncommitted, unpatriotic, unhelpful, fickle loyalty: (n) allegiance, faith, honesty, devotion, fealty, faithfulness, dedication, integrity, commitment, attachment; (adj, n) fidelity. ANTONYMS: (n) unfaithfulness, disobedience, infidelity, treachery, impoliteness, deceit, indifference, doubt, dishonesty, unreliability lunatic: (n) madman, maniac, bedlamite; (adj) insane, foolish, moonstruck, mad, mental, deranged, idiotic; (adj, n) madcap. ANTONYM: (adj) sensible lurking: (n) ambush; (adj) snaky, backstair, backstairs, clandestine, concealed, dormant, latent, potential, skulking, sneaky lusty: (adj) energetic, stout, lustful, corpulent, potent, virile, vigorous, hearty, sturdy, bouncing, dynamic. ANTONYM: (adj) feeble madam: (n) dame, lady, ma'am, gentlewoman, missis, Mrs, brothel keeper, madames, signora, female, bawd maintain: (v) continue, assert, aver, preserve, defend, declare, guard, conserve, affirm; (n, v) justify, allege. ANTONYMS: (v) change, neglect, abandon, transform, quit, grant, end, cancel, endanger, refute, stop majesty: (adj, n) grandeur, splendor, nobility; (n) dignity, loftiness, magnificence, stateliness, greatness, king, royalty, highness. ANTONYMS: (n) austerity, simplicity making: (n) creation, construction, production, fabrication, manufacture, cartography, devising, fashioning, manufacturing, formation; (v) to make. ANTONYMS: (n) undoing, destruction malice: (n) spite, animosity, enmity, venom, ill will, hatred, malevolence, cruelty, envy, hate, spleen. ANTONYMS: (n) goodwill, benevolence, affection, goodness manage: (n, v) direct, govern, guide; (v) do, administer, cope, accomplish, deal, work, arrange, lead. ANTONYMS: (v) fail, lose, bungle manner: (adj, n) kind; (n) bearing, demeanor, method, form, appearance, carriage, way; (n, v) custom, style, habit manners: (n) conduct, etiquette, propriety, behavior, deportment,

162 manner, courtesy, custom, decorum, good manners, usage. ANTONYM: (n) vulgarity manual: (n) handbook, guide, guidebook, primer, brochure, textbook, text, compendium, grammar, vade mecum, enchiridion. ANTONYMS: (adj) mechanized, mechanical manure: (n) compost, fertiliser, fertilizer; (n, v) muck, soil; (v) fertilize, cultivate, plough, weed, plow; (adj) guano march: (n, v) hike, parade, trek, ramble, journey, tramp, course; (n) demonstration; (v) process, pace, stride mark: (adj, n, v) notice; (n, v) brand, score, heed, label, blemish; (n) sign, impression, character; (v) characterize, distinguish. ANTONYM: (n) enhancement marks: (v) score; (n) first baron marks of Broughton, footprint, imprints, inscription, path, script, Simon marks, symbols, trace, track marriage: (adj, n) bridal, nuptial; (n) matrimony, espousal, union, wedlock, intermarriage, alliance, coupling; (n, v) match; (v) marry. ANTONYM: (n) separation married: (adj) wedded, conjugal, matrimonial, connubial, nuptial, united, mixed, connected, marrying, attached, unite. ANTONYMS: (adj) unmarried, unattached, divorced, public mars: (v) grim visaged war; (n) solar system, terrestrial planet, Red Planet, Bellona marshal: (v) dispose, rally, mobilize, guide, group, muster, order, collect, organize, arrange; (n) Marshall. ANTONYMS: (v) disturb, demobilize, disband, dismiss, disperse master: (n) captain, instructor, lord; (v) control, conquer, command, dominate, defeat; (adj, n) original, head, ace. ANTONYMS: (n) underling, servant, novice, amateur master's: (n) postgraduate degree match: (n, v) mate, meet, pair, fellow; (v) agree, harmonise, accord, correspond, harmonize; (adj, n, v) parallel; (n) peer. ANTONYMS: (v) contradict, conflict, disagree, jar, differ; (n) difference matter: (n) business, substance, issue, material, affair, concern, incident, article, subject; (n, v) case; (adj, n) import

King Richard II mean: (adj, n) middle, low, contemptible, average, medium, common; (v) design; (n, v) imply, denote; (adj) ignoble, hateful. ANTONYMS: (adj) generous, kind, extravagant, charitable, luxurious, rich, expansive, extreme, great; (n) maximum, minimum means: (n) instrument, agency, income, assets, manner, funds, capital, channel, property, resource, resources. ANTONYM: (n) poverty measure: (n) amount, criterion, extent, measurement, estimate, degree, beat, benchmark, quantity, meter; (n, v) act. ANTONYMS: (v) guess, estimate meat: (n) food, gist, essence, core, kernel, heart, substance, marrow, crux, matter, beef meet: (v) find, converge, assemble, gather, fulfill, congregate, answer, cross, confront, intersect; (adv, v) encounter. ANTONYMS: (v) diverge, disperse, separate, part, leave, differ, disband meeting: (n) confluence, convention, concourse, assembly, conference, congress, council, meet, caucus, appointment, junction. ANTONYMS: (n) parting, trough melt: (v) dissolve, deliquesce, vanish, coalesce, relent, meld, fade, defrost; (adj, v) run, liquefy; (n, v) thaw. ANTONYMS: (v) freeze, solidify, cool, set mend: (adj, v) improve; (v) correct, cure, heal, doctor, better, amend, restore, convalesce; (n, v) fix, patch. ANTONYMS: (v) worsen, tear, smash, decline, deteriorate; (n) fracture mercy: (n) kindness, compassion, pity, favor, leniency, pardon, forgiveness, grace, charity, humanity; (n, v) quarter. ANTONYMS: (n) cruelty, harshness, unkindness, severity, mercilessness, ruthlessness, impatience, inhumanity merely: (adj, adv) only, barely, purely, simply, exclusively; (adv) but, absolutely, entirely, simplely, completely, unmixedly. ANTONYM: (adv) intensely merit: (n, v) deserve; (adj, n) excellence, worth, desert; (n) virtue, credit, significance, value, goodness, quality; (v) rate. ANTONYMS: (n) demerit, disgrace, fault, insignificance, mediocrity, commonness

merry: (adj) joyful, lively, cheerful, glad, jolly, facetious, frolicsome, lighthearted, festive; (adj, n) convivial, jovial. ANTONYMS: (adj) gloomy, miserable, serious, uptight message: (n) communication, information, errand, letter, mission, dispatch, statement, word, lesson, significance, note messenger: (n, v) herald; (n) harbinger, runner, emissary, bearer, ambassador, precursor, courier, carrier, apostle, errand metal: (n) gallium, calcium, europium, chromium, cm, cobalt, curium, dysprosium, erbium, caesium, cadmium. ANTONYM: (adj) nonmetallic methinks: (adv) meseems midwife: (n) accoucheur, oculist, howdy, obstetrician, aurist; (v) midwive might: (n) power, energy, ability, influence, strength, puissance, vehemence, intensity; (v) may, can, could. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, feebleness, meekness mighty: (adj) immense, huge, grand, intense, high, big, forcible, strong, large, great; (adj, adv) powerful. ANTONYMS: (adj) puny, tiny, weak, insignificant mildly: (adv) moderately, placidly, gently, tenderly, graciously, softly, lightly, kindly, calmly, sweetly, suavely. ANTONYMS: (adv) passionately, intensely, extremely, enormously, pithily, powerfully, harshly, severely, considerably miles: (adj) far mind: (n, v) intellect, notice, regard; (v) care, look, attend, beware, keep, listen, look after; (n) disposition. ANTONYMS: (v) forget, neglect, disregard, disobey, Miss, ignore; (n) emotion, inattention; (adj) physical mine: (adj, v) excavate, sap; (n) excavation, pit, fund, land mine, vein; (v) exploit, burrow; (adj) my, delve minister: (n) envoy, priest, deputy, divine, ambassador, churchman, clergyman, cleric, curate, ecclesiastic; (v) supply minute: (n, v) note; (adj) little, delicate, microscopic, small, atomic; (n) jiffy, flash, moment, second, memorandum. ANTONYMS: (adj) huge, big, gigantic, significant, cursory, immeasurable, tremendous, important, colossal, giant, large minutes: (n) record, transactions,

William Shakespeare records, memorandum, journal, minute, report, proceeding, legal proceeding, judicial proceeding, Hansard mirror: (v) imitate, reflect, reproduce, represent; (n, v) copy, echo; (n) looking glass, looking-glass; (adj, n) standard, pattern, model misbegotten: (adj, prep) misbegot; (adj) illegitimate, spurious, bastardly, deformed, fake, fraudulent, inauthentic, bogus; (v) miscreated, misshapen miscall: (v) abuse, misterm, call mischance: (n) calamity, mishap, disaster, accident, ill luck, bad luck, misfortune, adversity, affliction, luck, chance misery: (adj, n) grief; (n, v) distress; (n) affliction, agony, anguish, woe, hardship, evil, ill, infelicity, suffering. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, ecstasy, cheerfulness, fun, hopefulness, peace, contentment, pleasure, wealth, sport, cheer misfortune: (n) accident, hardship, misadventure, disaster, calamity, mischance, catastrophe, mishap, bad luck, misery, affliction. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, bonus, opportunity, privilege, success, happiness misfortunes: (n) misfortune misinterpret: (v) misunderstand, misconstrue, misconceive, mistake, distort, misread, pervert, misjudge, miscalculate, take, read. ANTONYMS: (v) understand, interpret, appreciate misled: (adj) fooled, undirected, false, bewildered, confused, erroneous, mistaken, misleading, misdirected, led astray, incorrect miss: (v) lose, fail, jump, omit, overlook, long, forget; (n) maid, girl; (adj, v) fault; (n, v) want. ANTONYMS: (v) perceive, attend, achieve, have, succeed, hit, make, see, find, take; (n) success mistake: (n, v) miss, blunder, err, slip; (n) failure, error, misconception, misapprehension, defect, demerit; (v) misapprehend. ANTONYMS: (v) appreciate, distinguish, interpret moans: (adj) moaning moat: (n) ditch, dike, dyke, trench, main, gully, sewer, siphon, sough, barrier; (v) bulwark mock: (adj, v) counterfeit; (n, v) ridicule, jeer, gibe, laugh at, flout; (adj, n, v) burlesque, sham; (v)

mimic, ape, taunt. ANTONYMS: (adj) real, natural; (v) praise, applaud, respect, approve mockery: (n) gibe, jeer, irony, farce, charade, derision, parody, mock, scorn, imitation, burlesque. ANTONYM: (n) approval model: (n, v) pattern, copy, fashion, shape; (n) example, image, figure, prototype, dummy; (adj, n) standard; (v) imitate. ANTONYMS: (adj) atypical, unconventional, imperfect, deficient; (n) original money: (n) currency, capital, kale, funds, means, lucre, assets, legal tender, pelf, cash, dough month: (n) calendar month, months, lunation, minute, hour, day, period, quarter, quinquennium, year, moonshine moon: (adj) lunar; (n) month, moonshine, satellite, moonlight, luck, lunar month, GHURRY, epoch, orb of night; (v) daydream moral: (n) lesson, meaning; (adj) good, decent, right, honest, virtuous, proper, chaste, upright, righteous. ANTONYMS: (adj) bad, unwholesome, unethical, amoral, decadent, wrong, unjust, sinful, irreverent, dishonorable, degenerate moreover: (adv) again, besides, in addition, further, additionally, into the bargain, beyond, what is more; (adv, n) also; (adj, n) likewise; (adv, conj) and mortal: (adj) deadly, fatal, lethal, deathly, earthly; (n) man, individual, creature, person, human being, body. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) immortal; (adj) eternal, heavenly, mild, perfect, spiritual mother: (n) mamma, mommy, origin, mama, ma, mammy, mummy; (n, v) father; (v) engender, generate, beget motive: (n, v) cause; (n) account, incentive, impulse, inducement, motif, motivation, incitement, reason, subject; (v) aim. ANTONYM: (n) disincentive mount: (n, v) rise, climb, frame; (v) board, arise, advance, jump, increase; (n) hill, mountain; (adj, v) ride. ANTONYMS: (v) drop, decrease, wane, dismount; (n) valley, hollow mounting: (n, v) mount; (adj, n) climbing; (n) ascent, setting, climb, frame, assembly, chassis, framework, ascension; (adj, adv) rising mourn: (v) bewail, grieve, deplore,

163 cry, bemoan, regret, distress, sad, wail, mourning, weep. ANTONYMS: (v) rejoice, celebrate, applaud mouth: (n) lip, lips, aperture, edge, entrance, snout, entry; (n, v) grimace; (v) articulate, pronounce, speak move: (v) excite, go, affect, carry, touch, instigate, travel; (n, v) act, drive, transfer, maneuver. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, restore, refrain, remain, rest, withdraw, stop, repel, come, leave moving: (adj) affecting, exciting, emotional, impressive, mobile, pitiful, poignant, touching; (n) movement, motive, transport. ANTONYMS: (adj) motionless, depressing, stationary, unemotional, fixed, unmoving, everyday, immobile, nonmoving, ridiculous, boring muddy: (adj) turbid, filthy, boggy, cloudy, dark, unclean, dingy, grimy, miry; (adj, v) foul, sloppy. ANTONYMS: (adj) clean, dry; (v) clarify, cleanse murder: (n, v) massacre, carnage, slaughter, homicide, butcher; (v) kill, slay, destroy, execute, dispatch, assassinate murderer: (n) assassin, cutthroat, killer, manslayer, murderess, executioner, thug, liquidator; (v) butcher; (n, v) slayer, terrorist music: (n) melody, chorus, musical, sound, composition, monody, folk music, medicine, euphony, drumming, ballet muster: (v) assemble, gather, congregate, collect, convene, rally, marshal, accumulate; (n) levy, gathering; (n, v) draft. ANTONYM: (v) demobilize mutiny: (n, v) insurrection, rebellion; (n) disobedience, uprising, revolution, outbreak, insubordination, defiance, rising; (v) rebel, rise. ANTONYMS: (n) loyalty, obedience myself: (pron) me, itself, herself, oneself, themselves, yourself; (n) I, yourselves; (adv) in person, for myself, in my opinion. ANTONYMS: (adv) universally, generally naked: (adj, v) bare; (adj) nude, exposed, open, barren, raw, bleak, unclothed, defenseless, au naturel, defenceless. ANTONYMS: (adj) covered, concealed, hidden, dressed

164 name: (v) appoint, describe, baptize, list, enumerate, identify, cite, mention; (n, v) title, entitle; (n) epithet. ANTONYMS: (n) nobody, indecency nameless: (adj) unknown, unnamed, unidentified, unsung, undistinguished, unspecified, inexpressible, strange, indescribable, obscure, unspeakable. ANTONYM: (adj) famous names: (n) calumny, defamation, hatchet job narrow: (adj, adv, v) close; (adj) limited, insular, little, illiberal; (v) limit, contract, lessen, constrict, shrink; (adj, v) confined. ANTONYMS: (adj) wide, broad, comprehensive, extensive, worldwide, substantial, deep; (v) widen, extend, broaden, increase native: (adj, n) aboriginal, natural; (adj) inherent, inborn, innate, congenital, inbred, indigenous, domestic; (n) autochthon, aborigine. ANTONYMS: (n) stranger, migrant, foreigner; (adj) foreign, learned, acquired, nonnative, overseas, adopted; (adj, n) immigrant, imported nature: (n) disposition, essence, quality, creation, breed, temperament, type, attribute; (adj, n) character, class, manner near: (adj, adv, v) close, at hand; (adv, prep) by, around, towards; (adj, v) familiar, adjoining, approximate; (adj, adv, prep) about; (adj, adv) almost; (adj) imminent. ANTONYMS: (adj) distant, far, further, actual, exact; (v) leave nearness: (n) closeness, contiguity, vicinity, familiarity, adjacency, proximity, propinquity, presence, immediacy, neighborhood, nearby. ANTONYMS: (n) distance, farness, remoteness necessity: (n) demand, need, lack, exigency, essential, compulsion, emergency, distress, must, constraint, necessary. ANTONYMS: (n) inessential, treat, unimportance, luxury neck: (n) cervix, nape, neckband, neckline, isthmus; (v) make out, pet, love, cut; (adj) stricture, middle constriction need: (adj, n, v) lack, want; (n, v) demand, desire, deficiency, must, destitution; (n) necessity, requirement; (v) require, claim. ANTONYMS: (v) obviate, dislike,

King Richard II have; (n) option, luxury, glut, unimportance, affluence, prosperity needs: (adv) inevitably, needfully, indispensably, by necessity, inescapably, of necessity, ineluctably; (n) must, requirement, necessity; (adj) needed ne'er: (adv) never, certainly not neglected: (adj) dilapidated, disregarded, ignored, deserted, derelict, forsaken, obsolete, antiquated, antique, shabby, unnoticed. ANTONYM: (adj) salubrious neighbour: (adj) neighboring, neighbouring, neighborly, adjacent, contiguous; (v) abut, populate, adjoin, butt on, butt against; (n) neighbourhood neighbours: (n) neighborhood neither: (conj) either, no-one, not either, nor, nother neptune: (n) Nereid, triton, Poseidon, naiad, solar system neuter: (adj, v) alter, castrate; (adj) geld, neutral, nonsexual, asexual, emasculate, sexless, indifferent; (v) unsex, desex. ANTONYM: (adj) feminine never: (adv) ne'er, Nevers, always, not ever, by no means, at all times, not at all, not, NE. ANTONYMS: (adv) always, forever news: (n) advice, message, information, intelligence, tidings, story, report, notice, communication, gossip; (adj) new next: (adj) nearest, adjacent, contiguous, following, future, coming, ensuing, after; (adv, conj) then, afterward; (adj, v) subsequent. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) previous, previously, preceding; (adj) outgoing, distant; (adv) before nicely: (adv) daintily, pleasantly, finely, deliciously, kindly, delicately, correctly, exactly, pleasingly, elegantly, skillfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) badly, unattractively, inelegantly, cruelly night: (n) dark, dusk, darkness, gloaming, twilight, nighttime, Nox, eventide, period; (adj) nocturnal, gloomy. ANTONYMS: (n) day, light, sunrise nights: (adj) nightly; (n) night nimbly: (adv) adroitly, alertly, lightly, energetically, cleverly, hastily, deftly, rapidly, readily; (adj) dexterously; (adj, adv) neatly. ANTONYMS: (adv) lethargically, heavily, awkwardly

noble: (adj, n) grand, glorious, patrician; (adj) imposing, impressive, elevated, majestic, generous, high; (adj, v) dignified, great. ANTONYMS: (adj) shameful, humble, dishonorable, lowly, lowborn, disgraceful, unimpressive, ignoble, modest, petty; (n) lady nobles: (n) landed gentry, upper class noblesse: (n) nobility, position, status, peerage, elegance, magnanimousness, purple, grandeur noise: (n, v) clatter, echo; (n) clamor, hubbub, racket, sound, disturbance, uproar, din, buzz, clang. ANTONYMS: (n) silence, quiet, quietness, sense noisome: (adj) injurious, bad, fetid, mischievous, repugnant, foul, noxious, repulsive, detrimental, poisonous, deleterious. ANTONYM: (adj) moral none: (n) nought, naught, nobody, zilch, anything; (adv) not, neither, any; (adj) whatsoever, no, whatever northern: (adj) northerly, boreal, arctic, hyperborean, frigid, septentrional, most northern; (n) norther. ANTONYM: (adj) southern nothing: (adv, n) naught; (adj, n) nil, null; (n) nobody, cipher, nihil, nonentity, trifle, nix, aught, cypher. ANTONYMS: (pron) anything, everything, some; (n) all nought: (adj, n) nil, naught, zero; (n) cipher, cypher, nobody, aught, nix, null, nada; (adj) no number: (n, v) amount, figure; (v) calculate, total, aggregate, enumerate, come; (n) score, act, volume, issue numbering: (n) counting, enumeration, list, numeration, reckoning, listing, determination of the thread count, number coding nurse: (n, v) nourish, nurture; (v) look after, entertain, attend, cherish, lactate, harbor, foster, cultivate, cradle oath: (n) expletive, malediction, imprecation, promise, affidavit, cuss, swearing, pledge, assurance, asseveration; (v) swear obey: (v) comply, listen, keep, fulfill, hear, conform, abide by, serve, comply with; (n, v) mind, heed. ANTONYMS: (v) disobey, defy, break, transgress, infringe, challenge, deny obscene: (adj) indecent, dirty, gross, coarse, filthy, lewd, licentious,

William Shakespeare nasty, foul, ribald, bawdy. ANTONYMS: (adj) pure, moral, decent obscure: (adj, n) cloudy, dark; (adj) gloomy, mysterious, incomprehensible, hidden, ambiguous, concealed; (adj, v) darken, muddy; (v) hide. ANTONYMS: (adj) clear, noticeable, simple, obvious, distinct, mainstream, famous, definite, overt, plain; (v) reveal observe: (n, v) comment, notice, note; (v) commemorate, mind, guard, mention, mark, see, discover; (int, v) look. ANTONYMS: (v) feel, disregard, break, overlook, disobey, disrespect, Miss, violate obtain: (v) acquire, have, get, earn, achieve, attain, accomplish, derive, effect, make, collect. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, relinquish, sell, dispatch, give occident: (n) west, region, the west, Western Hemisphere, New world, Mae West, hemisphere, due west, dame Rebecca west, Benjamin west, Cicily Isabel Fairfield oceans: (n) ocean, load, lot, bushel, mass, stack, mountain, heap odds: (n) likelihood, probability, possibility, chance, advantage, likeliness, chances, disparity, prospect; (v) dissension; (adj) odd. ANTONYM: (n) unlikelihood o'er: (adv) on, upon, across offence: (n) insult, injury, guilt, error, delinquency, fault, misdeed, infraction, infringement, attack, offense offer: (v) give, bestow, put, tender, extend, impart, introduce, advance, propose; (n) proposal, proposition. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, withhold, take office: (n) function, position, agency, commission, appointment, division, place, bureau, post, job; (n, v) duty officer: (n) police officer, administrator, constable, commander, military officer, bureaucrat, official, officeholder, executive, agent, employee. ANTONYM: (n) underling officers: (n) executive committee, staff offices: (n) kitchen, pantry, scullery often: (adj, adv) oft; (adv) much, again and again, repeatedly, ofttimes, oftentimes, many times, always, commonly, again; (adj) frequent. ANTONYMS: (adv)

seldom, infrequently, never omnipotent: (adj) almighty, supreme, powerful, multipotent, divine, extreme, great, irresistible, mighty, predominant; (n) God. ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, powerless once: (adv, n) formerly; (adv) before, ever, previously, one time, at one time, already, erst; (adj, adv) erstwhile; (adj) former; (n) whilom. ANTONYM: (adv) future open: (adj, n) frank, candid; (adj, n, v) clear; (adj) obvious, exposed, artless, free, honest, guileless, forthright, naked. ANTONYMS: (adj, v) shut; (v) close, end; (adj) devious, secretive, concealed, furtive, restricted, limited, reserved, secret oppose: (v) contest, contend, resist, contradict, controvert, contravene, counteract, fight, counter, disagree, dissent. ANTONYMS: (v) advocate, agree, back, advise, promote, accept, submit, encourage, correspond, approve, favor oppression: (n, v) hardship, grievance; (n) injustice, despotism, weight, stress, doldrums; (adj, n) abuse, tyranny, dictatorship, autocracy. ANTONYMS: (n) democracy, ease, freedom, liberty order: (n, v) command, direct, decree, dictate, sort, rank, array, commission, charge; (n) instruction, edict. ANTONYMS: (n, v) request; (n) mayhem, confusion, chaos, mess, anarchy, disorderliness, disarray; (v) disturb, deregulate, supply orderly: (adj) neat, tidy, exact, regular, ordered, systematic, logical, coherent, businesslike; (adv) systematically; (n) attendant. ANTONYMS: (adj) unmanageable, rowdy, wild, disorganized, untidy, disorderly, confused, lawless, messy, defiant, haphazard ostentation: (n) affectation, bravado, parade, showiness, flourish, vanity, pomp, splendor, bluster, state, show. ANTONYM: (n) unpretentiousness others: (n) rest, cessation, lie, lave, LAN, ease, acquiesce, intermission otherwise: (adv) besides, differently, or else, yet, alias, nevertheless, on the other hand, in addition; (adj, adv) other; (n) or; (adj) different ought: (n, v) need; (v) had better, should, have, possessed, owned, owed, behoove; (n) aught, zero, duty ourselves: (pron) myself, herself,

165 itself, oneself, themselves, yourself; (n) me, yourselves, usself outrage: (n, v) insult, affront, dishonor, anger; (v) offend, violate, desecrate; (adj, n, v) abuse; (n) atrocity, indignity, enormity outward: (adj) external, apparent, extrinsic, outer, superficial, surface, outside, ostensible, foreign, outdoor; (adv) out. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) inward; (adj) inner, internal, deep overflow: (n, v) flood, deluge; (n) inundation, excess, flooding, torrent, outpouring; (v) inundate, flow, drown, submerge. ANTONYMS: (n) lack, drought overthrow: (adj, n, v) defeat, rout; (n) fall, downfall, destruction; (n, v) overpower, ruin, overturn; (adj, v) overcome; (v) bring down, demolish. ANTONYMS: (v) install, validate, lose, appoint; (n) victory, beginning overweening: (adj) overbearing, overconfident, imperious, disdainful, vain, bumptious, immodest, domineering, uppity, consequential, uppish. ANTONYMS: (adj) modest, unassuming oxford: (n) Oxford university, boot pace: (n, v) walk, gait, rate, march, stride, footstep; (n) speed, tempo, rapidity, tread, celerity pageant: (n) spectacle, ostentation, ceremony, pomp, representation, exhibition, procession, pageantry, cavalcade, parade, scene pain: (n, v) hurt, afflict, ache, bother, torment, trouble, grieve, anguish; (n) ill, agony, nuisance. ANTONYMS: (v) encourage, cheer; (n) joy, peace, content, balm, ecstasy pains: (n) nisus, labor, trouble, effort, exertion, labour, pain, care, struggle, attempt, strain painted: (adj) colored, dyed, coloured, motley, stained, tinted, variegated, particoloured, delineated, graphic; (v) depaint. ANTONYM: (adj) unpainted pair: (n, v) match; (adj, n) brace; (n) duet, duo, dyad; (v) join, mate, link, copulate, equate, marry palace: (n) castle, mansion, hall, alcazar, chateau, palazzo, house, palaces, regime, fortress, serai pale: (adj) faint, wan, dull, weak, light, bloodless, pallid; (adj, v) dim; (n) boundary, confine; (v) blanch. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong, rosy, brown, well, glowing, vivid,

166 healthy, clear, colorful; (v) redden, darken palsy: (v) cripple, paralyze; (n) anaesthesia, apoplexy, akinesia, alalia, paralyzation, numbness; (adj) decline, consumption, sideration paper: (n) article, newspaper, discourse, newsprint, publication, journal, essay, periodical, report, magazine, certificate parasite: (n) sponge, freeloader, sponger, bloodsucker, hanger-on, scrounger, ectoparasite, endoparasite, sucker, louse; (n, v) sycophant parchment: (n) vellum, sheepskin, lambskin, diploma, testament, will; (v) foolscap, tablet, table, slate, pillar pardon: (v) excuse, condone, forgive, acquit, spare; (n) amnesty, forgiveness, grace; (adj, v) justify, exonerate, exculpate. ANTONYMS: (n, v) blame; (v) punish, castigate, condemn, convict; (n) intolerance pardoning: (adj) forgiving, lenient, easy; (adv) forgivingly; (v) forgive. ANTONYM: (adj) unforgiving parks: (n) Parkes, Rosa Parks, fowl for decorative purposes in aviaries parle: (n, v) parley parley: (v) negotiate, converse, confer, consult; (n, v) talk, treat; (n) conversation, interview, colloquy, meeting, consultation parliament: (n) council, diet, assembly, legislature, house, chamber, convocation, Cortes, convention, junta, senate part: (adj, n) constituent; (n) piece, article, section; (v) break, disjoin, divide, divorce; (n, v) branch, division, character. ANTONYMS: (n) whole, entirety; (v) join, unite, meet, arrive, connect; (adv) wholly parted: (adj) divided, separate, distributed, separated, divisible, disunited, compounder, compound, dividable partial: (adj) imperfect, fragmentary, unfair, sectional, inequitable, biased, part, one-sided, unequal, fractional, halfway. ANTONYMS: (adj) complete, impartial, total, absolute, comprehensive, unbiased, fair, finished, just, whole, balanced parting: (n) adieu, division, leave, departure, disunion, goodbye, leaving, segregation, dying, rupture; (adj) valedictory. ANTONYMS: (n) joining, meeting, connection, Reunion parts: (n) faculty, nous, quick parts,

King Richard II sagacity, wit, surroundings; (adj) ingenuity, cleverness, capacity, turn, talents party: (n) company, band, group, assembly, crew, association, gathering, crowd, clique, meeting, celebration passage: (n, v) course, journey; (n) gangway, corridor, hall, channel, entry, way, entrance, lobby, duct. ANTONYMS: (n) rejection, room past: (n) history, yesterday; (adj, adv, prep) beyond; (adj) former, bygone, old, prior, over, gone by; (adv) before; (adv, pref) along. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) future, present; (prep) within; (adj) current, contemporary, modern, upcoming, following, subsequent, later; (n) prospect paste: (n, v) glue, gum, plaster; (n) dough, adhesive, cream, batter; (v) bond, affix, to stick, attach paths: (n) path pathway: (n) lane, road, path, footpath, course, trail, alley, highway, way, tract, track patience: (n) endurance, fortitude, longanimity, equanimity, tolerance, resignation, restraint, composure, sufferance; (n, v) moderation, calmness. ANTONYMS: (n) impatience, eagerness, intolerance, annoyance patient: (adj) forbearing, passive, calm, enduring, resigned, uncomplaining, tolerant, stoical, lenient, meek, persistent. ANTONYMS: (adj) intolerant, annoyed, eager, harsh patrimony: (n) birthright, inheritance, legacy, bequest, entail, estate, dower, heirloom, heredity, hereditament, endowment fund pawn: (n) bail, hostage, instrument, mortgage, gage, guarantee, bond, collateral, lien, tool; (v) hock. ANTONYM: (v) redeem peace: (adj, n) calm, quiet; (n) harmony, hush, repose, ease, amity, agreement, rest, pacification, order. ANTONYMS: (n) noise, chaos, conflict, uproar, commotion, agitation, war, distress, suffering, disruption, turbulence peaceful: (adj) peaceable, quiet, gentle, even, silent, meek, peace, staid, placid, tranquil, imperturbable. ANTONYMS: (adj) aggressive, tense, noisy, turbulent, disturbed, hostile, disruptive, bothered, warlike, unpeaceful,

compulsory peasant: (n) farmer, churl, bucolic, countryman, clown, cottar, cotter, hind, provincial, rustic, muzjik peering: (adj) nosy, prying, snoopy pelting: (n) successiveness, chronological sequence, chronological succession, hail, rain percy: (n) sir Henry Percy, harry hotspur perforce: (n) on compulsion; (adv) needs perform: (v) execute, fulfill, accomplish, do, achieve, complete, carry out, behave, make, play, appear. ANTONYMS: (v) omit, rehearse, malfunction, stop perish: (v) expire, pass away, decease, go, fade, decay, depart, fall, pass, ruin, annihilate. ANTONYMS: (v) survive, live, appear permit: (adj, n, v) give, allow, consent; (adj, v) grant; (n, v) license, leave; (v) admit, let, bear; (n) licence, permission. ANTONYMS: (n, v) ban; (v) prevent, prohibit, stop, refuse, veto, outlaw, disagree, debar, bar; (n) prohibition permitted: (adj) allowed, permissible, allowable, admissible, lawful, free, approved, legitimate, legal, legalized, venial. ANTONYMS: (adj) unlawful, constrained pernicious: (adj) detrimental, evil, bad, injurious, fatal, noxious, deadly, baneful, mischievous, mortal, malign. ANTONYMS: (adj) favorable, pleasant, harmless person: (n) individual, human, man, mortal, character, soul, human being, being, creature, body; (n, v) party personally: (adv) privately, in person, intimately, directly, specially, confidentially, secretly, self, oneself, subjectively, particularly. ANTONYMS: (adv) impersonally, indirectly, objectively, collectively, distantly, generally, universally persons: (n) folk, public, society, world pestilence: (n) pest, epidemic, blight, disease, curse, infectious disease, contagion, infection, virus; (adj) murrain, pox piece: (n) fragment, division, part, article, lump, hunk, composition, component, opus; (n, v) patch, portion. ANTONYMS: (n) whole, chunk; (v) disassemble pierce: (n, v) cut, prick, stick; (v)

William Shakespeare perforate, bore, enter, thrust, puncture, penetrate; (adj, v) stab, wound. ANTONYM: (v) seal pilgrimage: (n, v) expedition, excursion; (v) trip, tour, peregrination, ramble, discursion, circuit; (n) hajj, haj, career pine: (v) languish, long, ache, droop, flag, crave, fade; (n) fir; (n, v) yearn, sink; (adj) peak pitch: (n, v) fling, cast, degree, dip, tilt, lurch, toss, throw, slant; (v) chuck, hurl piteous: (adj) miserable, pitiful, pathetic, doleful, lamentable, abject, compassionate, unfortunate, poor, paltry, pitiable pity: (n, v) compassion, ruth; (n) mercy, commiseration, condolence, sympathy, clemency, remorse; (v) sympathize, compassionate, feel sorry for. ANTONYMS: (n) blame, cruelty, indifference, harshness, joy place: (n, v) post, order; (v) fix, lay, arrange, locate, install; (adj, n, v) rank, station; (n) domicile, office. ANTONYMS: (v) remove, divest, lift, dismantle places: (n) chairs, seating, spaces plague: (v) molest, harass, afflict, hassle, annoy, badger, pester, disturb, beleaguer; (n, v) worry; (adj, n, v) bother. ANTONYM: (v) comfort plain: (adj) ordinary, comprehensible, intelligible, apparent, manifest, obvious, clear, simple; (adj, n) flat, homely, humble. ANTONYMS: (adj) elaborate, unclear, multicolored, mottled, ornate, concealed, attractive, confused, fussy, obscure, patterned plaining: (n) refining plant: (v) fix, set, embed, graft, establish, constitute; (n, v) place; (n) manufactory, factory, equipment, herb. ANTONYMS: (v) dismantle, remove planted: (adj) ingrained, established, set, concealed plants: (n) flora, vegetation, trees, industrial equipment, afforestation, animals, birds, flora and fauna, foliage, natural world, plantation plashy: (adj) muddy, swampy, sloppy, poachy, soft, sloughy, marshy, quaggy, splashy plate: (v) gild, cover, coat; (n, v) sheet, dish, leaf; (n) home plate, home, engraving, lamella, disc plated: (v) pinchbeck, overlaid, superimposed, tinsel; (adj) silver

play: (n, v) act, frolic, pastime, game, sport, exercise, joke, bet, wager; (v) enact; (adj, v) perform. ANTONYMS: (n) tightness; (v) avoid, leave, real pleasant: (adj) jolly, amiable, agreeable, acceptable, nice, charming, kindly, facetious, joyful, pretty; (adj, v) pleasing. ANTONYMS: (adj) disgusting, horrible, repugnant, nasty, gruesome, unwelcome, harsh, shocking, disagreeable, foul, terrible please: (v) delight, charm, amuse, entertain, oblige, enchant, enrapture; (adj, v) gratify, enjoy, like; (adj) glad. ANTONYMS: (v) displease, annoy, irritate, anger, distress, sicken, disappoint, dissatisfy, sadden, repel, appall pleasure: (n) fun, enjoyment, delectation, joy, comfort, happiness, mirth, inclination; (n, v) contentment, content; (adj, n, v) gratification. ANTONYMS: (n) irritation, nuisance, boredom, ache, displeasure, dissatisfaction, misery, pain, sadness, worry, anguish pledge: (n, v) bond, gage, wager, engage, promise, plight, guarantee, bet, contract; (n) assurance; (v) covenant. ANTONYM: (v) redeem plot: (n, v) plan, intrigue, cabal, plat, scheme, design, chart; (n) lot, patch, graph; (v) conspire pluck: (adj, n) nerve; (v) cull, jerk, gather, pick, fleece, grab; (n) grit, courage, boldness; (n, v) pull. ANTONYMS: (n) cowardice, gutlessness; (v) undercharge point: (n, v) grade, head, nib, level, aim, degree; (n) peak, article, dot; (adj, n) edge; (v) direct. ANTONYM: (n) middle pointing: (n) punctuation, indication, scoring points: (n) turnout, handicap, interest, percentage, brownie points, commendation, credit, eight points, share, terms poison: (adj, v) contaminate, taint; (n, v) envenom, drug, empoison; (adj) toxic, poisonous; (v) defile, intoxicate; (n) bane, venom. ANTONYMS: (n) cure; (v) clean policy: (n) course, plan, insurance, approach, tactics, game, system, principle, line, politics, polity pomfret: (n) butterfish, bream pomp: (n) grandeur, parade, ostentation, show, ceremony, glory, luxury, pageantry, magnificence,

167 state, splendor. ANTONYMS: (n) understatement, modesty pompous: (adj) grand, arrogant, ostentatious, affected, pretentious, overblown, showy, inflated, majestic, lordly; (adj, prep) bloated. ANTONYMS: (adj) modest, straightforward, unceremonious, quiet, unassuming, natural, deferential, relaxed, meek poor: (adj) bad, miserable, piteous, destitute, pitiful, insufficient, penniless, pathetic; (adj, v) meager; (adj, n) paltry, mean. ANTONYMS: (adj) wealthy, excellent, privileged, admirable, good, adequate, satisfactory, outstanding, favorable, dignified, comfortable poorly: (adv) inadequately, meanly, bad, meagrely, unfortunately, insufficiently, imperfectly; (adj, adv) ill, sickly; (adj, v) indisposed, sick. ANTONYMS: (adv) opulently, satisfactorily, graciously, clearly, fully, excellently, perfectly, outstandingly, affluently, smartly; (adj) healthy port: (adj, n) larboard; (n) haven, pier, carriage, demeanor, asylum, mien, wharf, embrasure, gate; (adj) left. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) starboard portal: (n) gate, door, mouth, gateway, porch, entry, entrance, inlet, portals, entree, lips possession: (n) occupation, ownership, keeping, goods, substance, tenure, property, grasp, estate, domain; (n, v) acquisition. ANTONYMS: (n) vacancy, sale post: (n, v) place, position, stake, station; (n) office, function, pillar, attitude; (v) locate, enter, lay postern: (n) gate, ostiary, portal, porch, wicket, vestibule, trapdoor, threshold, back door; (adj, n) rear; (adj) side posting: (n) post, placard, poster, entry, notice, position, transmittal, transmission, transmitting, job, place power: (n, v) might, ability, influence, dominion, faculty; (n) potency, energy, control, authority, domination, strength. ANTONYMS: (n) powerlessness, helplessness, weakness, inability, subjugation, moderation, calmness, meekness, inferiority, feebleness, ease powerful: (adj) potent, muscular, strong, hard, able, brawny, vigorous, energetic, intense; (adj, adv) mighty; (adj, prep) forcible.

168 ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, mild, unimportant, calm, faint, frail, gentle, ineffective, modest, insignificant, lightweight prattle: (n, v) gossip, babble, chat, gab, jabber, chitchat; (adj, n, v) chatter, prate, palaver; (v) cackle, clack pray: (v) beg, implore, entreat, crave, invite, plead, beseech, appeal, importune, adjure, invoke. ANTONYM: (v) reject prayer: (n) invocation, plea, entreaty, appeal, orison, request, suit, litany, devotion, supplication, asking precedent: (n) example, prototype, case, case in point, instance, rule, original; (adj, n) antecedent; (adj) preceding, foregoing, anterior precious: (adj, n) beloved; (adj) valuable, costly, cherished, invaluable, expensive, golden, choice, inestimable, exquisite; (n) darling. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheap, hated, shabby prepare: (n, v) arrange, form, plan, make; (v) dress, set, lay, devise, groom, equip; (adj, v) coach. ANTONYM: (v) perform prescribe: (n, v) ordain; (v) enjoin, decree, dictate, fix, command, assign, determine, set, stipulate, designate presence: (n) front, manner, mien, bearing, carriage, figure, air, comportment, demeanor, company; (n, v) attendance. ANTONYMS: (n) absence, nonattendance present: (adj, n, v) gift, grant; (n, v) donation, display; (adj, v) confer, bestow; (v) introduce, give, prefer, offer, perform. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, withhold, consume, take; (adj) missing, lost, dated, historical; (adj, n) past, future; (n) history presently: (adv) instantly, directly, currently, before long, shortly, soon, now, at present, readily, just, actually. ANTONYMS: (adv) later, now, formerly preserve: (v) maintain, keep, save, guard, hold, defend, uphold, keep up; (n) jam, jelly, conserves. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, discontinue, damage, lose, attack, endanger, use, end pretty: (adj) fair, graceful, lovely, handsome, attractive, charming, good-looking, picturesque, dainty; (n) nice; (adv) very. ANTONYMS: (adj) plain, unattractive, modern, inelegant; (adv) extremely

King Richard II prevail: (n, v) triumph, control, govern; (v) dominate, overcome, outweigh, obtain, persist, carry, vanquish; (adj) preponderate. ANTONYM: (v) lose prevent: (n, v) hinder, bar; (v) anticipate, block, forbid, avert, avoid, preclude, arrest, hamper, obviate. ANTONYMS: (v) allow, permit, promote, advance, attract, cause, let, drive, help, support, include prevention: (n) avoidance, bar, preclusion, impediment, protection, deterrence, exclusion, debarment, obstacle, interference, prohibition. ANTONYMS: (n) incitement, permission, help prick: (n, v) puncture, stab, cock, twinge, spur, bite; (v) impale, pierce, needle; (n) Dick, pricking pride: (n) arrogance, conceit, egotism, vanity, lordliness, assumption, insolence, disdain, hauteur; (n, v) boast; (v) plume. ANTONYMS: (n) modesty, sorrow, dregs, disgrace, shame, baseness priest: (adj, n) clergyman, divine; (n) minister, ecclesiastic, churchman, pastor, celebrant, parson, cleric, presbyter, chaplain prince: (n) lord, potentate, sovereign, duke, king, chief, maharaja, maharajah, ruler, magnate, archduke princely: (adj, v) August, grand, great, lordly, dignified, stately; (adj) generous, munificent, majestic, magnificent, gorgeous. ANTONYM: (adj) ungenerous prison: (n) calaboose, confinement, lockup, penitentiary, jug, chokey, college, prison house, limbo, confine, custody prisoner: (n) captive, hostage, jailbird, accused, con, gaolbird, criminal, detainee, inmate, defendant, unfortunate private: (adj) clandestine, personal, secret, individual, hidden, inner, exclusive, intimate, esoteric; (adj, v) covert, close. ANTONYMS: (adj) official, nationalized, community, communal, shared, civic, state, open, external, commercial, collective privilege: (n) liberty, prerogative, immunity, freedom, grant, franchise, exemption, concession, claim; (n, v) license, permit. ANTONYM: (n) insult process: (n, v) action, course, function, act; (n) proceeding,

operation, method, procedure, formula, outgrowth; (v) refine. ANTONYM: (v) contaminate proclaimed: (adj) announced, indictive, declared publicly prodigal: (adj) extravagant, improvident, generous, lavish, wasteful, excessive, exuberant, liberal, profuse, dissipated; (adj, n) profligate. ANTONYMS: (adj) economical, cautious profane: (v) desecrate, abuse, violate, defile, outrage, debauch; (adj) irreverent, impious, sacrilegious, unholy; (adj, v) foul. ANTONYMS: (adj) devout, sacred, moral, religious, reverent profit: (n, v) gain, produce, net, increase, help; (adj, n, v) benefit, advantage; (n) account, earnings, lucre; (adj, n) good. ANTONYMS: (n) loss, detriment, insignificance promise: (n, v) covenant, guarantee, contract, vow, bargain; (v) augur, assure; (n) engagement, assurance, plight, word pronouncing: (v) pronounce; (n) pronunciation, utterance proof: (n) confirmation, probation, authentication, sign, substantiation, evidence, verification, validation, argument, experiment, indication. ANTONYM: (n) contradiction prophet: (n) augur, oracle, vaticinator, seer, predictor, diviner, forecaster, visionary, foreteller, priest, clairvoyant proportion: (n) balance, degree, ratio, portion, slice, share, dimension, equilibrium, equipoise, fraction; (n, v) scale. ANTONYMS: (n) disproportion, asymmetry prosper: (v) advance, flower, thrive, grow, bloom, succeed, boom, get ahead, get on; (adj) luxuriate; (n, v) fare. ANTONYMS: (v) deteriorate, collapse, decrease, dwindle, decline protest: (n) demonstration, objection, complaint, challenge, question; (v) assert, object, complain, remonstrate, demur; (n, v) moan. ANTONYMS: (n, v) support, praise; (n) approval, acceptance; (v) approve, agree proud: (adj) lofty, disdainful, haughty, exalted, egotistical, gallant, pompous, lordly, majestic, overbearing; (adj, v) dignified. ANTONYMS: (adj) humble, modest, ashamed, embarrassed, sorrowful, disappointed, miserable proudly: (adv) haughtily, arrogantly,

William Shakespeare superciliously, boastfully, vainly, splendidly, stately, loftily, snootily, disdainfully, conceitedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) humbly, modestly prove: (v) attest, manifest, evidence, establish, show, examine, verify, essay, check, corroborate; (adj, v) confirm. ANTONYMS: (v) refute, undermine provide: (v) contribute, furnish, offer, cater, supply, afford, equip, administer, accommodate, allow, fit. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, withhold, divest, neglect, take, buy puny: (adj) weak, petty, feeble, frail, tiny, small, minute, measly, runty, paltry, trivial. ANTONYMS: (adj) muscular, brawny, strong, significant, fit, huge, enormous, robust, considerable pupil: (n) learner, student, scholar, disciple, apprentice, trainee, schoolchild, novice, adherent, tyro, collegian. ANTONYM: (n) expert purchase: (v) obtain, get, procure, bribe; (n) acquisition, leverage, bargain, acquirement, grip, buying; (n, v) contract. ANTONYMS: (v) sell, lose; (n) loss, sale pure: (adj) absolute, natural, faultless, innocent, immaculate, perfect, good, clean; (adj, n) chaste, genuine; (adj, v) mere. ANTONYMS: (adj) contaminated, dishonored, diluted, tainted, wicked, practical, polluted, flawed, marred, unsaturated, unchaste purge: (v) clean, expurgate, eradicate, clear, scour, remove, purify, make clean, liquidate; (n) catharsis, purification. ANTONYMS: (n, v) binge; (v) rehabilitate, castigate purple: (adj) violet, lilac, imperial, regal, royal; (adj, n) empurpled; (v) empurple; (n) magenta, purpleness, ermine, pall purpose: (n, v) plan, intention, design, project, resolve, purport, end, object; (n) mind, effect, motive. ANTONYM: (n) weakness quarrel: (adj, n, v) dispute; (n, v) fight, feud, brawl, row, altercation, argue, conflict, squabble; (n) dissension, difference. ANTONYMS: (n) agreement, reconciliation, acceptance, concord, consensus; (v) agree queen: (n) king, lady, sovereign, monarch, dame, pansy, queer, faggot, princess, fairy, czarina quickly: (adv) promptly, rapidly,

expeditiously, readily, speedily, swiftly, suddenly, hastily; (adj, adv) immediately, shortly; (adv, n) instantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) slowly, gradually, permanently, later, eventually, thoroughly quiet: (adj, adv, v) still; (adj, n, v) lull, hush, pacify, compose, appease, assuage; (adj, v) moderate, cool; (adj, adv) gentle, motionless. ANTONYMS: (adj) noisy, talkative, vociferous, active, oratorical, fierce, vocal, unquiet, busy, disordered; (n) noise quit: (adj, n, v) leave; (v) go, drop, break, cease, give up, depart, end, discontinue; (adj, v) discharge; (n, v) part. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, occupy, enter, maintain, start, come, arrive quite: (adj, adv) altogether, fully, sheer, just; (adv) all, absolutely, completely, entirely, exactly, enough, well. ANTONYMS: (adv) hardly, slightly, insufficiently, partially quoth: (v) quod rage: (adj, n, v) fume, bluster; (adj, n) wrath, indignation, frenzy, mania; (n) passion, anger, craze, exasperation; (n, v) storm. ANTONYMS: (n) gentleness, composure, calm, equanimity, pleasure, serenity ragged: (adj, n) shabby; (adj) seedy, worn, hoarse, jagged, scruffy, torn, untidy, unkempt; (adj, v) threadbare; (n) harsh. ANTONYMS: (adj) smart, elegant, smooth, new, even rail: (n) balustrade, handrail, railing, fence, banister, track, guardrail, path; (v) inveigh, vituperate, fulminate rain: (n, v) stream, hail; (n) precipitation, wet, pelting, flow, downpour, rainwater; (v) precipitate, shower, rain down. ANTONYM: (v) drizzle rainy: (adj) moist, pluvial, damp, pluvious, stormy, juicy, dirty, soppy, raining, drizzly; (adj, v) showery. ANTONYM: (adj) pleasant raise: (n, v) lift, boost, increase; (v) erect, hoist, grow, enhance, build, elevate, promote, foster. ANTONYMS: (n, v) downgrade; (v) lessen, demote, decrease, level, reduce, dismantle, knock; (n) lowering, reduction, descent rancour: (n) enmity, animosity, hatred, malice, gall, odium, rancor, bitterness, hate, grievance,

169 heartburning range: (n, v) roam, order, group, array; (v) arrange, ramble, wander; (adj, n, v) rank; (n) purview, compass, reach. ANTONYMS: (n) narrowness, domain, uniformity, likeness rankle: (v) grate, fret, chafe, irritate, gnaw, bother, annoy, exasperate, vex; (adj) putrefy, ferment ranks: (n) rank and file ransom: (v) redeem, repair, extricate; (n, v) rescue, blackmail, repurchase; (n) deliverance, ransom money, assessment, benevolence, excise rash: (adj, n) foolhardy, hasty, precipitate, eruption; (adj) imprudent, reckless, impetuous, heedless, audacious, sudden; (adj, adv) thoughtless. ANTONYMS: (adj) cautious, careful, sensible, wise, considered, deliberate, prudent, modest, slow, responsible, patient rather: (adv) a little, enough, fairly, pretty, moderately, considerably, very, relatively, kind of, instead, kinda. ANTONYMS: (adv) extremely, absolutely; (adj) complete ravel: (n, v) tangle; (v) disentangle, unravel, unwind, knot, embrangle, loosen, interlace; (adj) embarrass, enmesh; (n) involve. ANTONYM: (v) tangle ravenous: (adj) hungry, greedy, avid, famished, gluttonous, voracious, rapacious, insatiable, edacious, covetous, predatory. ANTONYM: (adj) moderate raze: (v) dismantle, destroy, demolish, devastate, expunge, level, rase, overthrow, erase, bulldoze, flatten. ANTONYM: (v) raise reach: (n, v) fetch, stretch; (adj, v) overtake, pass, extend; (v) obtain, achieve, make, attain, get; (n) compass. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, differ, fail read: (v) say, decipher, understand, learn, construe, perceive, gather, indicate, demonstrate, translate, comprehend. ANTONYM: (v) write ready: (v) prepare, fix; (adj, v) fit, disposed, willing; (adj) quick, prompt, nimble, apt; (adj, n) available, dexterous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwilling, reluctant, unavailable, unready, unripe, difficult, unenthusiastic, young realm: (n) area, domain, field, country, region, nation, department, arena, land, empire, ground

170 reap: (v) harvest, gain, glean, gather, obtain, cut, receive, earn, acquire; (adj, v) mow; (adj) clip. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, scatter rear: (v) breed, raise, bring up, nurture, educate, foster, nurse; (adj, v) erect; (n) tail; (adj, n) posterior; (adj) after. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) front; (adj) fore; (n) head; (v) level reason: (n) account, intellect, occasion, object, understanding, argument, purpose; (n, v) cause; (v) argue, debate; (adj, n) rationality. ANTONYMS: (n) inconsistency, disincentive reasons: (n) proof rebellion: (n) revolt, insurrection, mutiny, disobedience, uprising, unrest, revolution, outbreak, defiance, insurgency, commotion. ANTONYMS: (n) consent, compliance rebellious: (adj) insubordinate, mutinous, disaffected, defiant, disobedient, contrary, contumacious, insurgent, stubborn, unruly, malcontent. ANTONYMS: (adj) docile, conventional, obedient, conformist, content, conforming, cooperative, loyal, meek, submissive, obliging receipt: (n) acknowledgment, acknowledgement, acceptance, acquittance, ticket, check, recipe, revenue, certificate, profit; (v) acknowledge. ANTONYMS: (n) rejection, invoice recompense: (n, v) pay, redress; (n) compensation, amends, atonement, payment, consideration, indemnification, indemnity; (v) compensate, reimburse. ANTONYMS: (v) penalize, receive; (n) penalty record: (n, v) register, file, chronicle, list, score; (n) account, disk, book, document, history; (v) enter. ANTONYMS: (n) single; (v) delete recreant: (adj, n) coward, renegade, poltroon; (adj, adv) cowardly; (n) apostate, deserter; (adj) disloyal, faithless, scary, fearful, dastard redoubted: (adj) bold, stalworth, brave, eminent, noted, renowned, reputable, respectable, daring redress: (n, v) cure, correct, recompense, help; (v) compensate, indemnify, expiate, rectify, atone; (n) indemnification, amends. ANTONYM: (v) wrong refuge: (n) sanctuary, asylum, safety, retreat, cover, harborage, haven,

King Richard II shelter, harbor; (n, v) recourse, resort regal: (adj) noble, imperial, grand, purple, royal, dignified, kingly, August, imposing, stately, magnificent. ANTONYMS: (adj) undignified, modest, poor regard: (n, v) respect, esteem, attention, heed, concern, note; (adj, n, v) notice; (v) estimate, believe; (adj, v) attend; (n) deference. ANTONYMS: (n) neglect, disesteem, inattentiveness, disdain, detachment, infamy; (v) ignore, scorn, disregard regent: (n) trustee, experrection, protector, viceregent, vizier, vicar, superintendent, curator, governor, viceroy; (adj) regnant rehearse: (v) recount, recite, repeat, exercise, practice, relate, drill, enumerate, tell, say, practise. ANTONYM: (v) perform reins: (n) bridle, Reins of a vault, reins of government, wheel, gearshift, joystick, pedals, potency, power, powerfulness release: (adj, v) disengage, exempt, free, liberate, deliver; (n, v) pardon; (v) absolve, acquit, exonerate, dismiss; (n) liberation. ANTONYMS: (n, v) capture; (v) imprison, confine, arrest, catch, hold; (n) imprisonment, abduction, involvement, preservation, custody religious: (adj, v) devout; (adj) sacred, divine, saintly, holy, godly, scrupulous, devoted; (n) monk, nun, friar. ANTONYMS: (adj) irreverent, irreligious, slapdash, atheistic, impious, uncommitted remain: (n, v) abide, endure, continue, last; (v) bide, linger, stay, keep, persist, live, hold. ANTONYMS: (v) leave, depart, change, move, go, become, stop remainder: (n) excess, leftover, overplus, end, residue, oddment, balance, rest, surplus; (adj, n) remnant; (adv) after remains: (n) debris, corpse, relic, carcass, body, rest, clay, vestige; (adj, n) remainder, remnant; (n, v) trace remember: (v) commemorate, recognize, recollect, recall, consider, memorize, think, mind, call to mind, retain, bear in mind. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, neglect, overlook remembering: (n) recollection, recall, memory, identification, recognition, remember, association, connection,

connexion, reminiscence, remembrance remembrance: (n, v) recollection, mind; (n) commemoration, memorial, recall, relic, monument, keepsake, reminiscence, recognition; (adj, n) memento render: (v) interpret, explain, give, offer, furnish, pay, construe, return, provide, impart, translate rents: (n) quad, board walk, close, embankment, esplanade, lane, parade, alley, place, Alameda, quadrangle repair: (n, v) redress, mend, correct, cure, overhaul, fix; (v) patch, restore, doctor, renovate, compensate. ANTONYMS: (v) injure, arrive, wreck, worsen; (n) breaking, wrecking repent: (v) deplore, bewail, rue, mourn, lament, atone, sorry, bemoan, feel remorse, grieve, be sorry reply: (n) echo, response, reaction, repay; (n, v) return, rejoinder; (v) respond, react, rejoin, retort, counter. ANTONYMS: (n, v) question; (v) interrogate, ignore report: (n, v) account, gossip, name, record; (n) description, notice, recital, story, notification; (v) describe, recount repose: (n, v) recline, peace, lie, calm; (n) composure, ease, quiet, leisure, recreation, relaxation; (v) lay. ANTONYMS: (n, v) work; (n) activity, panic, agitation represented: (adj) delineate, depicted, representing, drawn, painted, pictured, diagrammatic reputation: (n) name, prestige, distinction, face, celebrity, credit, character; (n, v) honor, esteem, report; (adj, n) renown. ANTONYMS: (n) infamy, dishonor, obscurity resign: (v) renounce, cede, relinquish, quit, give up, leave, abandon, drop, deliver, surrender, forgo. ANTONYMS: (v) accept, continue, retain, stay resignation: (n) endurance, surrender, patience, renunciation, abdication, submission, acquiescence, compliance, renouncement, demission, cession. ANTONYM: (n) defiance resist: (n, v) oppose, confront; (v) rebel, defy, revolt, endure, reject, protest, refuse, impede, fight back. ANTONYMS: (v) surrender, yield,

William Shakespeare assent, agree, suppress, favor, accept, attract, obey, welcome resolution: (n) determination, purpose, firmness, conclusion, answer, solution, resolve, decomposition, resoluteness, perseverance, settlement. ANTONYMS: (n) problem, feebleness, indecision, irresoluteness, irresolution, weakness, indifference respect: (adj, n, v) regard, worship; (n, v) esteem, heed, notice, reverence; (v) observe, keep, appreciate; (n) homage, deference. ANTONYMS: (n, v) scorn, dishonor, disregard; (n) cheek, insolence, impudence, disdain; (v) despise, humiliate, break, taint rest: (adj, n) remnant, remainder, residue; (n, v) pause, balance, nap, relaxation, sleep; (n) recess, leisure; (v) remain. ANTONYMS: (n) activity, agitation, intensification; (v) change, stand, deteriorate restful: (adj) quiet, peaceful, still, comfortable, placid, soft, tranquil, reposeful, relaxing, easy, peaceable. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncomfortable, unwelcoming, irritating, harsh, noisy, rushed, stimulating resting: (adj) idle, quiescent, inactive, dormant, quiet, sleeping, reclining, obligatory, unemployed, asleep; (n) repose retire: (v) resign, retreat, withdraw, leave, abdicate, ebb, depart, turn in, fall back, hit the hay, go to bed. ANTONYMS: (v) remain, enter return: (v) recur, reimburse, restore; (n, v) pay, restitution, recompense, refund, restoration, render, retort; (n) proceeds. ANTONYMS: (n) departure, confiscation, abolition, recovery, loss, disappearance, penalty; (v) keep, depart, take, remove returns: (n, v) proceeds, income, profits; (n) earnings, return, census, take, revenue, wage, takings, result revenge: (n) retribution, vengeance, reprisal, retaliation, repayment, grudge, punishment; (v) retaliate, repay, requite, vindicate revengeful: (adj) vengeful, vindictive, punitive, unforgiving, vindicative, resentful, despiteful, spiteful, implacable, rancorous, vengeable. ANTONYM: (adj) charitable revenue: (n) receipts, proceeds, profit, earnings, interest, return, yield, gain, gate, returns, incomings.

ANTONYMS: (n) loss, outgoings revenues: (n) earnings, receipts, proceeds, income, profits reverence: (n, v) respect, regard, fear, worship, honor, esteem, adore; (n) deference, adoration, admiration, awe. ANTONYMS: (n) despise, disrespect, irreverence, disdain, disparagement, contempt; (v) dishonor reverend: (n) preacher, clergyman, parson, rector, vicar, pastor, priest, minister, churchman; (adj) respectable, honourable reversion: (n) relapse, atavism, regression, regress, return, reversal, lapse, inheritance, inversion, heritage, escheat revolt: (n, v) mutiny, rebellion, insurrection; (v) sicken, nauseate, rebel, repel, repulse, offend; (adj, v) shock; (n) uprising. ANTONYMS: (n) attraction; (v) please, delight revolted: (adj) sickened, sick, shocked, horrified, disgusted, appalled revolting: (adj) offensive, loathsome, nasty, foul, detestable, nauseating, nauseous, horrible, hideous, repellent; (adj, v) sickening. ANTONYMS: (adj) attractive, pleasant, tasty, delicious, edible, lovable, delightful, appealing, lovely rheum: (adj) juice, humor, gravy, lymph, blood, sanies, serosity, serum, sap; (n) genus rheum, saliva ribs: (n) dinner, chest, bosom rich: (adj, n) copious, luxurious; (adj) productive, fruitful, full, deep, prolific, opulent, fat, affluent; (adj, v) fertile. ANTONYMS: (adj) poor, impoverished, destitute, broke, light, plain, lean, delicate, infertile, weak, barren riches: (n, v) money; (n) affluence, abundance, fortune, opulence, plenty, prosperity, exuberance, treasure, resources; (v) gold ride: (n, v) outing; (adj, v) bestride; (n) run, lift, jaunt; (v) mount, bait, float, rag, tease, harass rider: (n) horseman, appendix, passenger, equestrian, supplement, codicil, provision, clause, addition, condition, corollary rightful: (adj) right, lawful, just, justifiable, proper, legal, equitable, licit, real, genuine, true. ANTONYMS: (adj) wrongful, illegal, unlawful, fake rightly: (adv) correctly, rightfully, properly, accurately, appropriately,

171 exactly, fitly, straightly, fairly, really; (adv, v) adequately. ANTONYMS: (adv) wrongly, inappropriately, incorrectly, immorally, unjustly, partially, sinfully, unfairly, falsely rights: (n) human rights, citizenship, possession, copyright, due, exclusive rights, nationality, official document, patent, government grant ring: (n, v) encircle, peal, call, loop, jingle; (v) resound, echo, reverberate; (n) gang, band, rim riot: (n, v) revolt, mutiny; (adj, n) disturbance, tumult, hubbub; (n) insurrection, sedition, commotion, disorder, rebellion; (v) rebel ripe: (adj) adult, ready, advanced, prepared, good, grown, perfect, matured, finished, consummate; (adj, v) mellow. ANTONYMS: (adj) green, unripe, immature, dry, poisonous, young, unsuitable, sweet ripen: (v) grow, ripe, age, season, fructify, elaborate, cultivate; (adj, v) maturate; (n) maturation; (adj) perfect, bring to perfection rise: (n, v) mount, lift, increase, heave, swell, jump; (v) ascend, arise; (n) elevation, ascent, progress. ANTONYMS: (n, v) decrease, drop; (v) sink, descend, plummet, retire, set; (n) reduction, descent, depreciation, ruin rising: (n) revolt, rebellion, mutiny, ascent, ascension, climb, rise, outbreak, insurrection; (adj) climbing, uphill. ANTONYMS: (adj) plummeting, plunging, decreasing, falling, setting, downward, content; (n) fall rites: (n) money, finances, wake, religion roan: (n) horse, Galloway, thoroughbred, leather, courser; (adj) dingy, pearly, drab, dun, livid, somber robbing: (adj) freebooting, practicing freebootery; (n) theft robert: (n) Henry Martin Robert rocky: (adj) unstable, rough, shaky, craggy, stony, flinty, wobbly, difficult, unsteady, rugged, obdurate. ANTONYMS: (adj) flat, flexible, solid, stable, easy, firm roof: (n, v) top, cover, shelter; (n) crown, housing, ceiling, dome, house, household, back, covering room: (n) chamber, occasion, house, apartment, opportunity, hall, opening, compartment, expanse, extent; (v) board. ANTONYM: (n)

172 walkway root: (n) foundation, base, origin, basis, radix, cause, derivation, reason, fountainhead; (adj, n) radical; (v) establish. ANTONYMS: (n) descendant, effect rose: (adj) pink, rosaceous, risen, roseate; (n) pink wine, blush wine, rose wine, rosette, brier; (v) flush, redden ross: (n) Betsy Ross, Nellie Tayloe Ross, sir John Ross, sir Ronald Ross, Nellie Ross, sir James Clark Ross, John Ross rotten: (adj, v) decayed, musty; (adj) foul, poor, fetid, lousy, putrid, off, ill, shabby, wretched. ANTONYMS: (adj) fresh, superior, unrotten, good, incorruptible, honest, lovely, fair, great, respectful rough: (adj, n) hard, grating, jagged; (adj, n, v) harsh; (adj) raw, gross, cruel, crude, gruff; (adj, v) hoarse; (n, v) draft. ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, silky, soft, sophisticated, refined, polished, precise, exact, pleasant, glossy, even roundly: (adv) bluntly, fully, roundedly, wholly, bluffly, spherically, plumply, entirely, round, completely, globularly rounds: (n) patrol, beat, route, patient rounds rouse: (v) provoke, excite, arouse, kindle, awaken, instigate, actuate, disturb, move, agitate, incite. ANTONYMS: (v) dampen, dishearten, suppress, douse, inhibit, stifle, quench royal: (adj, adv) regal, majestic; (adj) imperial, magnificent, kingly, noble, brilliant, sovereign, purple, August, princely royally: (adv) imperially, splendidly, grandly, stately, magnificently, superbly, sovereignly, like Kings, like royalty, really, majestically rubbish: (adj, n) refuse, trash, litter, garbage, trumpery; (n) nonsense, junk, offal, debris, waste, drivel. ANTONYMS: (n) fact; (adj) valuable, helpful rude: (adj, n) rough, impudent, coarse, abrupt, bold; (adj) blunt, discourteous, impolite, brutal, crude, mean. ANTONYMS: (adj) polite, refined, courteous, chivalrous, civil, proper, decent, exact, clean, gentle, inoffensive ruin: (n) devastation, desolation; (adj, n) downfall; (v) break, consume, demolish, destroy; (n, v) doom,

King Richard II ravage, destruction, damage. ANTONYMS: (v) conserve, enhance, save, restore, improve; (n, v) respect; (n) making, success, triumph, rise, preservation runs: (n) Aztec two-step, sickness, Montezuma's revenge rushing: (adv) rushingly; (n) haste, hurry, hurrying, running, hastening, flush, movement; (adj) flowing, headlong, moving rusty: (adj) ancient, out of practice, intractable, old, corroded, deaf to reason, exceptious, cantankerous; (v) moldy, raw, mildewed ruth: (n) pity, commiseration, mercy, charity, sympathy, pathos, babe Ruth, poignancy, compunction, condolence, dolor sacred: (adj) holy, hallowed, dedicated, consecrated, divine, religious, pious, spiritual, inviolable, blessed; (adj, v) solemn. ANTONYMS: (adj) profane, unconsecrated, cursed, breakable saddle: (v) charge, load, burden, encumber, adjure, bear down, blame; (n) pillion, seat, saddleback, bicycle seat. ANTONYM: (v) relieve sadly: (adv) pitifully, dolefully, unfortunately, mournfully, sorrowfully, woefully, dejectedly, pathetically, wretchedly, forlornly; (adj, adv) seriously. ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, contentedly, gladly, joyfully, fortunately, luckily, enthusiastically safe: (adj) reliable, cautious, good, dependable, sound, harmless, innocuous, correct, innocent, inoffensive; (n) closet. ANTONYMS: (adj) dangerous, risky, unprotected, vulnerable, hurt, insecure, harmful, reckless, unreliable, toxic, injured safeguard: (v) preserve, ensure, cover, protect, defend; (n) protection, care, precaution, security; (n, v) shield, shelter. ANTONYMS: (v) jeopardize, expose, destroy, endanger safely: (adv) surely, safe, certainly, cautiously, soundly, strongly, sure, steadily, harmlessly, unharmedly, unhurtly. ANTONYMS: (adv) harmfully, hazardously, loosely safety: (n) guard, security, refuge, safe, bingle, base hit, sanctuary, asylum, preservation, cover, shelter. ANTONYMS: (n) danger, hazard, instability saint: (v) canonize; (n) holy man, evangelist, apostle, jimdandy,

jimhickey, crackerjack, holy person, ideal, apotheosis; (adj) sacred sake: (n, v) interest, reason, motive, ground; (v) advantage, cause; (n) object, account, design, purpose, saki salisbury: (n) Fort Salisbury , capital of Zimbabwe, Harare salt: (adj) salty, saline, briny, brackish, pungent; (v) cure, pickle; (n) salinity, common salt, alkali; (adj, n) spice salute: (v) greet, hail, kiss, accost, acknowledge, buss; (n) salutation, bow, salaam; (n, v) address, compliment same: (adj) identical, equal, like, corresponding, equivalent, similar, uniform, even, consistent, matching; (adv) equally. ANTONYMS: (adj) different, varying, another, unlike, other, varied sands: (n) littoral, litoral, beach, coast, quicksands, shore satisfied: (adj) happy, content, full, pleased, confident, complacent, persuaded, fulfilled; (adj, v) certain, sure; (v) convinced. ANTONYMS: (adj) frustrated, anxious, disgruntled, hungry, insistent, pensive, unsure, dissatisfied, ashamed save: (v) rescue, hoard, conserve, keep, maintain, preserve, free, protect, liberate; (adv, conj, n, prep) except; (adj, v) economize. ANTONYMS: (v) waste, squander, use, abandon, endanger, capture, asphyxiate, aggravate, destroy saying: (adj, n, v) maxim; (n) axiom, adage, phrase, dictum, idiom, byword, aphorism, expression; (n, v) saw, proverb scale: (adj) balance; (v) mount, climb, ascend; (n) gamut, yardstick, graduation, degree; (n, v) flake, gauge, measure scandal: (n) disgrace, dishonor, gossip, outrage, discredit, rumor, infamy, disrepute, ignominy, detraction, shame scarce: (adj) rare, insufficient, deficient, infrequent, uncommon, scant, scanty, few, sparse; (adv) just, barely. ANTONYMS: (adj) plentiful, common, adequate, strong, usual, extensive scarlet: (adj) crimson, ruddy, carmine, ruby, sanguine, rubicund, reddish, cerise; (n) vermilion, orange red, redness scene: (n, v) aspect, view, outlook,

William Shakespeare lookout; (n) background, display, spectacle, picture, environment, panorama, perspective sceptre: (n) sovereignty, verge, wand, bauble, mace, brink scope: (n, v) range, drift; (n) purview, domain, room, expanse, area, compass, horizon, oscilloscope; (v) view scowl: (n, v) glare, grimace, roar, sneer; (v) glower, pout, lower, sulk; (adj) black looks, mumps; (n) growl. ANTONYMS: (n, v) grin scraping: (n) scrape, scratching, scratch, rub, sizing, rament, incision, mark, prick; (v) rubbing; (adj) grating scruples: (n) conscience, moral sense, sense of right and wrong, morality, ethical motive, principle, ethics, moral fiber, morals seal: (n, v) stamp; (v) plug, bar, caulk, stop, shut; (n) cachet, hallmark, imprint, signet; (adj) conclude. ANTONYMS: (n, v) open; (v) unseal seals: (n) Pinnipedia, key, talisman, aquatic mammal, signet, suborder Pinnipedia, sea Lions searching: (adj) piercing, inquisitive, probing, acute, exhaustive, curious, inquiring, profound, exploratory; (adj, v) cutting; (v) excruciating seat: (n) bench, base, behind, bottom, buttocks, location, position, post, posterior; (v) locate, put seats: (n) parquet, circle, parterre, seating area, seating room, orchestra, seat, chairs, places, bleachers, elbow room second: (n) instant, jiffy, flash, minute, sec; (v) back, endorse, help; (n, v) support; (adj) latter, further. ANTONYMS: (adj) top, former; (n) age secret: (adj, v) mysterious, hidden, covert, secluded, confidential; (adj) concealed, furtive, occult, obscure; (adj, n) privacy, secrecy. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) known, public; (adj) open, overt, apparent, unrestricted, external, visible, outermost, transparent, blatant secure: (adj, v) close, firm, fix, certain, confident, fasten, attach, bind; (v) preserve, gain; (adj) reliable. ANTONYMS: (v) lose, detach, unfasten, undo; (adj) vulnerable, unsafe, loose, uncertain, unlocked, uncomfortable, unstable securely: (adv) surely, safely, closely, solidly, steadily, assuredly, strongly, tightly, fixly, setly, stably.

ANTONYM: (adv) insecurely seeing: (prep) because; (adj) Seely, considering; (n) sight, vision, beholding, fusion, visual sense; (v) conceive, comprehend, perceive seek: (n, v) ask, inquire; (v) hunt, endeavor, attempt, look, aspire, pursue, beg, quest, explore. ANTONYMS: (v) answer, grant seem: (v) appear, feel, seeming, loom, expect, show, beseem, sound, glitter, glisten, gleam seen: (adj) visible, clad, beseen, accomplished, discovered, appearing; (v) observe, perceive, conceive, comprehend, understand seize: (v) catch, capture, grab, arrest, clutch, get, apprehend, receive, annex, clasp; (n, v) grapple. ANTONYMS: (v) baulk, relinquish, restore, surrender, give, remove seldom: (adj) scarce, rare, few, infrequent; (adv) occasionally, infrequently, uncommonly, hardly, scarcely, not often, once in a blue moon. ANTONYMS: (adv) often, seldom self: (n) ego, person, me, individual, being; (pron) myself, herself, itself; (adj) same; (v) own; (adv) personally send: (v) pass, deliver, forward, convey, dispatch, mail, post, give, carry, divert, project. ANTONYM: (v) keep senseless: (adj) foolish, mindless, preposterous, pointless, irrational, absurd, stupid, insensible, idiotic, fatuous, purposeless. ANTONYMS: (adj) meaningful, wise, conscious, provoked, prudent, useful, worthwhile sent: (adj) dispatched, imported, ecstatic, blissful, fascinated, intoxicated; (v) transmit. ANTONYM: (adj) unsent sentence: (v) condemn, convict, judge, damn; (n) finding, phrase, conviction, punishment; (n, v) decision, doom, condemnation. ANTONYMS: (n) reward, absolution; (v) absolve, acquit sepulchre: (n) mausoleum, burial, monument, repository, crypt, sepulture, burial chamber, tomb, bier; (v) inter, bury sequence: (n) order, succession, series, course, arrangement, line, chain, consequence, episode, progression, procession serious: (adj, n, v) grave; (adj) heavy, austere, great, hard, dangerous, critical; (adj, v) sedate, important,

173 momentous, considerable. ANTONYMS: (adj) lighthearted, mild, flippant, cheerful, humorous, minor, slight, playful, trivial, unimportant, brisk serpent: (n) snake, ophidian, viper, snake in the grass, reptile, rattlesnake, colubrid, contrafagotto, cor anglais, hautboy; (v) goose servant: (n) manservant, domestic, lackey, maid, employee, flunkey, retainer, boy, footman, flunky, menial. ANTONYMS: (n) master, mistress servants: (n) staff, suite serve: (adj, n, v) avail; (v) assist, aid, act, benefit, tend, attend, operate, function, do; (n, v) officiate service: (n, v) overhaul, serve, refit, assist; (n) aid, employment, assistance, avail, ministration, ceremony; (v) attendance. ANTONYMS: (n) disservice, damage, hindrance, uselessness servile: (adj) abject, obsequious, base, fawning, ignoble, sordid, subservient, cringing, slavish; (adj, n) mean, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) bossy, assertive setting: (n) scene, scenery, adjustment, position, background, mount, backdrop, environment, scope, mounting, set settled: (adj) definite, set, firm, permanent, certain, calm, established, decided, formed, defined, finished. ANTONYMS: (adj) unsettled, exciting, temporary seven: (adj, n) VII; (n) September, septet, week, nine, knave, king, jack, queen, digit, Sevener several: (adj, v) diverse, divers, sundry; (adj, n) a few, some; (adj) various, individual, different, particular, special, numerous. ANTONYMS: (adj) joint, all, none severely: (adv) seriously, gravely, badly, sternly, harshly, hardly, strictly, rigidly, violently, sharply, strongly. ANTONYMS: (adv) leniently, gently, elaborately, lightheartedly, slightly, mildly, compassionately, tenderly, warmly, superficially, modestly shade: (n, v) screen, tinge, shadow, tint, color, cloud; (n) ghost, hue, blind, conceal, tone. ANTONYMS: (n) brightness, glare; (v) brighten, clarify, expose shades: (n) shade, sunglasses, dark glasses, shadow, glasses, blind, awning, roller blind, eyeglasses

174 shadow: (n) ghost, darkness, apparition, follower, gloom, reflection; (n, v) eclipse, trace, tail, hint; (v) follow. ANTONYMS: (v) brighten, lead; (n) brightness, pallor shadows: (n) dark, darkness, night, dimness, dusk, fogginess, mistiness, gloom, cloudiness. ANTONYM: (n) brightness shake: (n, v) jolt, beat, jar, quiver, wave; (v) agitate, excite, disturb; (adv, v) brandish; (adj, v) quake, totter. ANTONYMS: (v) soothe, steady shall: (n) must, necessity; (v) require, bequeath, leave shame: (n, v) disgrace, dishonor, discredit, humiliate, degrade, chagrin; (n) humiliation, modesty, scandal, insult; (v) abash. ANTONYMS: (n) pride, glorification, making, worthiness; (v) acknowledge, glorify, respect, dignify shameful: (adj) scandalous, dishonorable, opprobrious, shocking, ignominious, disreputable, despicable; (adj, v) foul, base, gross, black. ANTONYMS: (adj) honorable, noble, dignified, admirable, faultless, reputable, glorious, compassionate, praiseworthy, commendable, excellent shape: (n, v) cast, mold, fashion, mould, model, make, design; (n) pattern, figure; (v) determine, influence share: (n, v) portion, allot, part, distribute, apportion, deal, divide; (v) participate, partake, dispense; (n) dole. ANTONYM: (v) refrain sharp: (adj, n, v) keen, acute, bitter; (adj) intelligent, intense, incisive; (adj, v) biting, acid, acrid, severe, harsh. ANTONYMS: (adj) dull, mild, gentle, sweet, rounded, bland, round, smooth, blurred, naive, kind sharper: (n, v) cheat; (n) rogue, impostor, swindler, chiseler, deceiver, cheater, welsher, sharpie; (v) shark, fraud shed: (v) discard, drop, moult, scatter, exuviate, molt, cast off, dismiss; (n) shack, hut, cabin. ANTONYMS: (v) keep, cover; (adj) persistent shedding: (n) molting, abscission, fluffing, effusion, moulting, biological process, desquamation, sloughing, emission; (adj, n) peeling; (adj) flaking

King Richard II sheer: (adj) pure, filmy, bold, transparent, gauzy, simple, diaphanous, gossamer; (adj, n) complete, mere, perfect. ANTONYMS: (adj) thick, gentle, opaque, heavy, gradual, robust, partial shelter: (n, v) guard, refuge, harbor, protect, shield; (adj, n, v) screen; (n) protection, asylum, sanctuary, security, hut. ANTONYMS: (n) danger, exposure; (v) endanger shine: (n, v) light, sheen, flash, glitter, sparkle, polish, rub; (v) burnish, gleam, blaze; (n) radiance shivering: (adj) quivering, shaking, trembling, shaky, quaking, tremulous, shuddering, chilled; (n) chill, cold, shiver. ANTONYM: (adj) composed shock: (n, v) daze, jar, collision, surprise, outrage, shake, scare; (n) impact; (v) startle, offend, revolt. ANTONYMS: (n, v) delight; (v) please, encourage; (n) boost, security, bonus shook: (adj) shake, vibrate, addled, barrel, cask, confused, distressed, hurt, passionate, puzzled shooting: (v) shoot, hunting, coursing; (n) gunfire, killing, gunshot, shot, murder; (adj) sharp, acute, piercing shore: (n) coast, edge, beach, seashore, stay, seaside, brace, margin; (n, v) prop, land, buttress. ANTONYM: (n) sea short: (adj, v) concise, close; (adj) scarce, curt, brusque, sharp, compendious, laconic, deficient, scanty, diminutive. ANTONYMS: (adj) long, high, lengthy, unabridged, sufficient, slender, rangy, rambling, overlong, extended, plentiful shorten: (v) condense, reduce, abbreviate, clip, abridge, cut, curtail, cut back, contract, compress, dock. ANTONYMS: (v) expand, prolong, extend, complicate shortly: (adv) presently, curtly, before long, soon, concisely, brusquely, abruptly, tersely, succinctly; (adj, adv) immediately, summarily. ANTONYMS: (adv) politely, pleasantly, verbosely, later show: (adj, n, v) present, appearance; (n, v) exhibit, produce, broadcast, indicate, parade; (v) point out; (n) presentation, ostentation; (adj, v) guide. ANTONYMS: (v) disprove, hide, withhold, suppress, disappear,

cover, absorb; (n) concealment showers: (n) rain shrewd: (adj) sharp, astute, keen, piercing, clever, cunning, bright; (adj, v) sagacious, knowing, crafty, prudent. ANTONYMS: (adj) foolish, gullible, naive, soft, candid, dim, innocent, guileless, obtuse, indiscriminate shriek: (n, v) screech, cry, shout, call, howl, yell, yowl, screak; (v) bellow, caterwaul, shrill. ANTONYM: (v) sigh shrink: (adj, v) recoil; (n, v) flinch, wince; (v) contract, shorten, lessen, diminish, cower, reduce, quail, decrease. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, enlarge, grow, stretch, swell, bloom, rise, inflate sick: (adj) ill, queasy, poorly, ailing, weary, diseased, sickly, morbid; (adj, v) indisposed, unwell; (adj, n) invalid. ANTONYMS: (adj) healthy, fond, wholesome sicker: (adj) syker sickliness: (n) feebleness, debility, malaise, disease sickness: (n, v) disease, indisposition, malady, disorder, distemper, ailment; (n) complaint, qualm, nausea, disgust, queasiness side: (n) rim, faction, brink, direction, hand, aspect, margin; (adj, n) part; (n, v) party, border, face. ANTONYMS: (adj) distant, central, major, primary; (n) back, front, center, middle; (v) straddle sift: (v) screen, filter, investigate, riddle, sieve, examine, sprinkle, separate, sort; (n, v) scrutinize, analyze sigh: (n, v) groan, suspire, murmur; (v) breathe, languish, pine; (n) breath, wail, whimper, whine, suspiration sight: (n, v) vision, glimpse, show, aspect, appearance; (v) aim, spot, see; (n) view, prospect, scene sign: (n, v) mark, motion, gesture; (n) portent, indication, manifestation, imprint, presage, brand, poster; (v) indicate. ANTONYMS: (n) successor; (v) dismiss signal: (n, v) omen, gesture, presage, wave, alert; (n) indication, flag, alarm; (v) indicate; (adj, n) salient, prominent. ANTONYMS: (adj) inconspicuous, ordinary signify: (n, v) intend, mark; (adj, n, v) import; (v) imply, indicate, denote, point, stand for, express, intimate, matter

William Shakespeare signs: (n) situation, indications, signage, appearances, cipher, cryptogram, discriminating marks, indicia, secret code, secret language, symbols silence: (adj, n, v) calm, still; (int, n, v) hush; (n, v) lull; (n) mum; (adj, v) appease; (v) mute, allay, pacify, muzzle; (int, v) shut up. ANTONYMS: (n) sound, openness, uproar, movement; (v) amplify, Louden, encourage, rouse silent: (adj, adv) motionless; (adj) dumb, tacit, mute, noiseless, reserved, placid, reticent, mum, taciturn, hush. ANTONYMS: (adj) spoken, talkative, loud, explicit, open, live, forthcoming, verbal, audible, talking, moving silly: (adj) ridiculous, absurd, childish, fatuous, irrational, frivolous, idiotic, preposterous, unreasonable; (adj, n) fool; (n) imbecile. ANTONYMS: (adj) mature, wise, rational, clever, advisable, profound, reasonable, responsible, significant silver: (n) money, gold, bullion, precious Metals; (adj) silvery, argent, white, silvern, gray, neutral tint; (v) plate since: (adv, conj, prep) because, seeing that; (adv, prep) afterwards, before; (adv, conj) for, as; (adj, adv) ago; (conj) whereas; (prep) from, of; (adv) after sinful: (adj) wicked, impious, bad, iniquitous, ungodly, depraved, immoral, profane, criminal, wrong, unholy. ANTONYMS: (adj) pious, virtuous, moral, right, pure sing: (v) hymn, hum, chirp, drone, intone, vocalize, pipe, carol, snitch; (n, v) twitter, squeak singing: (v) sing; (n) chanting, caroling, crooning, hymnody, humming, intonation, scat, psalmody, harmonization; (adj) cantabile. ANTONYM: (adj) silent sister: (n) nurse, nun, brother, sisters, older sister, mate, twin, pair, fellow companion, double, match. ANTONYM: (n) brother sits: (n) sat sitting: (n) session, seat, seance, meeting, seating, conference, posing; (adj) seated, inactive; (v) incubation, batching. ANTONYMS: (adj) standing, active skill: (n) artifice, capacity, capability, knack, ability, faculty, finesse, cleverness, expertise; (adj, n) craft,

cunning. ANTONYMS: (n) clumsiness, incompetence, uselessness, stupidity, ineptness, tactlessness, inexperience, ignorance, inaccuracy, delay, drawback skin: (n) hide, fur, rind, coating, shell, hull; (v) pare, scrape, excoriate, flay; (n, v) bark slain: (v) slay; (adj) overthrown, mat, fallen, dejected, cast down slander: (n, v) scandal, insult, calumniate; (adj, v) defame, asperse; (n) defamation, aspersion, obloquy, disparagement; (adj, n) abuse; (v) denigrate. ANTONYMS: (n, v) acclaim; (v) compliment; (n) acclamation slanderous: (adj) defamatory, libelous, scandalous, calumniatory, calumnious, abusive, injurious, derogatory, libellous, denigrative, insulting. ANTONYM: (adj) complimentary slave: (n) servant, bondman, thrall, bondsman, bondwoman, captive, vassal; (n, v) labor; (v) drudge, work; (adj, n) inferior. ANTONYMS: (adj) free; (v) slack slavish: (adj) servile, menial, fawning, cringing, abject, obsequious, subservient, submissive, ignoble, contemptible, pliant sleep: (n, v) nap, repose, doze, kip, slumber, catnap; (adj, n, v) lie; (v) hibernate, nod; (n) dream; (adj, v) lodge. ANTONYMS: (v) awaken; (n) alertness, agitation sleeping: (adj) asleep, inactive, latent, sleepy, vegetive, vegetative; (n) dormancy, noctambulism, quiescence, quiescency, short sleep. ANTONYMS: (adj) active; (n) waking slew: (n) wad, turning, sight, heap, stack, lot, flock; (v) rotate, slue, swerve, veer slow: (adj, v) slack; (adj) dull, sluggish, heavy, stupid, lazy, indolent, inactive; (adj, adv) easy, behind; (adj, n) gradual. ANTONYMS: (adj) intelligent, rapid, bright, speedy, alert, brisk, quick, prompt, hasty, rushed; (v) accelerate small: (adj) little, narrow, slight, minor, inadequate, petty, fine, insignificant, light, remote; (adj, v) low. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) big; (adj) sizeable, colossal, considerable, enormous, great, huge, bulky,

175 major, giant, important smooth: (adj, v) quiet, level, facilitate; (adj) calm, oily, facile, fluent, flowing, flat, fluid, graceful. ANTONYMS: (adj) rough, uneven, wrinkled, peeling, jerky, ridged, flaking, abrasive, coarse, prickly; (v) wrinkle soft: (adj, adv) easy, quiet; (adj) limp, light, balmy, delicate, slack, loose, smooth; (adj, v) feeble; (adj, adv, v) low. ANTONYMS: (adj) hard, firm, harsh, loud, hoarse, stiff, rough, solid, strong, shrill, alcoholic soil: (adj, n) dirt; (adj, v) smudge; (v) pollute, dirty, contaminate, mire; (n, v) grime; (n) land, dust, earth; (adj, n, v) blot. ANTONYMS: (v) wash, cleanse, purify; (n) sea soldiers: (n) military, troop, force, the military, troops, defense force, military service, militia, soldiery, Territorial Army, armed forces solemn: (adj, n, v) serious; (adj, v) sober, important, sedate, devout, formal, demure; (adj) heavy, dignified, sacred; (adj, n) earnest. ANTONYMS: (adj) frivolous, cheerful, unceremonious, funny, playful, flippant, relaxed solemnly: (adv) earnestly, gravely, majestically, stately, sternly, staidly, thoughtfully, soberly, formally, ceremoniously, importantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) cheerfully, flippantly solicit: (v) crave, request, petition, ask, pray, importune, require, apply, implore, demand; (adj, v) court something: (n) what, object, thing, article, entity, substance, somebody; (adv, n) somewhat; (adv) rather, a little, kinda. ANTONYM: (pron) nothing sometime: (adv) someday, once, one day, formerly, sooner or later; (adj) quondam, erstwhile, former, old, late; (adj, adv) sometimes sometimes: (adv) from time to time, occasionally, every now and then, now and again, every so often, once, sometime, once in a while, formerly; (n) at times; (adj, adv) on and off. ANTONYM: (adv) regularly somewhat: (adv) slightly, a little, fairly, a bit, reasonably, pretty, moderately, sort of; (adv, v) little; (adv, pron) partly; (adj, adv) something. ANTONYMS: (adv) considerably, very, unreasonably, totally, hugely, completely, closely, massively, absolutely, wholly

176 soon: (adv) shortly, presently, anon, immediately, directly, at once, before long, betimes, quickly, promptly; (adj, adv) early. ANTONYMS: (adv) now, eventually, later, slowly sooth: (n) verity, soothsaying, fact, truth, reality sore: (adj, n, v) hurt; (adj) sensitive, angry, grievous, raw; (n) injury, lesion, cut, boil; (v) acute; (adj, v) sharp. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, healthy, pleased, comfortable sorrow: (n, v) regret, lament, grieve; (v) mourn; (n) mourning, heartache, repentance, remorse; (adj, n) sadness, misery; (adj, n, v) distress. ANTONYMS: (n) joy, delight, happiness, peace, hopefulness, cheerfulness, shamelessness, calm, content; (v) rejoice sort: (adj, n, v) class; (n, v) type, group, rank; (n) variety, breed, assortment, form, pattern; (adj, n) manner, description sought: (adj) required, quest, seeking, popular soul: (n) creature, human, person, personification, ghost, individual, mind, essence, life, self; (adj, n) heart. ANTONYMS: (n) surface, body sound: (n, v) chime, echo, peal; (adj) reasonable, complete, healthy, sensible, sane, rational; (adj, v) fit, fast. ANTONYMS: (adj) illogical, unsound, confused, unreliable, flawed, flimsy, silent, weak, unreasonable; (n) silence; (v) devoice sounded: (adj) measured, oral sour: (adj, n) morose, harsh; (adj, v) acid; (adj) bitter, rancid, gruff, grim, glum, dour; (adj, n, v) severe; (v) ferment. ANTONYMS: (adj) kindly, pleasant, bland, amiable, fresh, mature, mild, kind; (v) sweeten, enhance southern: (adj, n) southerly, austral; (adj) meridional, austral ocean; (n) southerner, austrine. ANTONYM: (adj) northern sovereign: (n) ruler, king, lord, emperor; (adj) independent, autonomous, imperial, royal, free, regal; (adj, n) prince. ANTONYMS: (adj) dependent, ineffective, useless sovereignty: (n) reign, empire, rule, realm, power, autonomy, independence, dominion, majesty, monarchy, control. ANTONYMS: (n) restriction, subjugation

King Richard II space: (n) gap, scope, opening, period, place, void, margin, latitude, extent, emptiness, distance. ANTONYM: (n) mess spare: (adj, v) free, reserve, save, thin; (adj) slender, slight, additional, lean; (adj, n) extra, excess; (v) exempt. ANTONYMS: (n) shortfall, original; (adj) principal, fat, basic, abundant, stout; (v) need, include sparks: (n) fire speak: (adj, v) pronounce, utter; (v) converse, say, deliver, articulate, recite, talk, discourse, lecture; (n) language speaking: (n) talk, discourse, speech, public speaking, reading, oral presentation, recital, recitation, disputation; (v) speak; (adj) expressive. ANTONYMS: (adj) nonspeaking, silent speaks: (n) talks special: (adj) particular, rare, limited, individual, especial, different, distinguished, distinct, express, private, separate. ANTONYMS: (adj) general, basic, collective, everyday, unremarkable, vague, normal, Standard, common, public, universal speech: (n) lecture, expression, language, conversation, sermon, diction, communication; (n, v) delivery, discourse, say, saying speechless: (adj) silent, mute, dumb, dumbfounded, voiceless, quiet, tongueless, tacit, noiseless, mum, wordless. ANTONYMS: (adj) loquacious, eloquent, talkative speed: (n, v) hurry, hasten, rush, race, dispatch; (v) quicken, run, dash, expedite; (n) velocity, rapidity. ANTONYMS: (n) amble, tardiness; (v) decelerate, hinder, linger, delay, crawl spencer: (n) surtout spend: (v) expend, exhaust, squander, pay out, blow, deplete, pass, wear, lead; (adj, v) waste; (n) outlay. ANTONYMS: (v) conserve, earn, hoard, keep spent: (adj, v) prostrate; (adj) fatigued, expended, finished, gone, dead, played out, effete, jaded, tired; (v) spend. ANTONYM: (adj) energetic spiders: (n) horseshoe crabs, Araneida, order Araneae, order Araneida, scorpions, Araneae spilling: (n) betrayal, booming spirit: (n, v) courage, mind; (n) mood, ghost, apparition, disposition,

energy, essence, soul, phantom; (adj, n) animation. ANTONYMS: (n) lethargy, body, cowardice, surface, sluggishness, lifelessness, defeatism spirits: (n) alcohol, booze, humor, frame of mind, liqueur, strong drink, hard drink; (adj) cheer, geniality, good humor; (v) wine spiritual: (adj) religious, holy, immaterial, incorporeal, pious, ethereal, mental, psychic, divine, metaphysical, unworldly. ANTONYMS: (adj) physical, worldly, secular, earthly, tangible, uncommitted spit: (v) drizzle, expectorate, sprinkle, spew, drool, spike, spatter; (n) broach, saliva, cape; (n, v) skewer spite: (n) malice, grudge, hatred, malevolence, rancour, venom, rancor, maliciousness, ill will, animosity; (n, v) pique. ANTONYMS: (v) please; (n) benevolence, goodwill, love, affection, harmony spoke: (n) bar, rung, radius, rule, shoe, skid, rundle, line, clog, round; (v) said spoken: (adj) verbal, expressed, speaking, speak, unwritten, vocal, voiced, talk, said, informal, conversational. ANTONYMS: (adj) written, unspoken, tacit, formal, silent sport: (n, v) play, pastime, jest, diversion, romp, joke, disport, gambol; (n) fun, amusement, recreation. ANTONYMS: (n) work; (v) conceal spotless: (adj) faultless, clean, innocent, pure, guiltless, flawless, chaste, perfect, impeccable, unblemished, stainless. ANTONYMS: (adj) dirty, messy, blemished, filthy, soiled, shameful, tainted, guilty, blameworthy, impure, imperfect spots: (n) damp, drifter, floater, floating policy, muscae volitantes, Musca volitans spotted: (adj) mottled, speckled, dappled, piebald, blotchy, dotted, flyblown, multicolored, stained, spotty, flecked. ANTONYM: (adj) uniform spring: (n, v) leap, bound, hop, fountain, skip, caper, bounce, dive, dance; (n) source; (v) originate springing: (v) jumping, climbing, bounding, furious, conspicuous, prominent, ascending, projecting outwardly; (n) growth, suspension,

William Shakespeare emanation sprinkle: (v) splash, drizzle, moisten, cast, dot, spatter, spray, spill; (adj, v) besprinkle; (n, v) dash, rain spur: (n) inducement, incentive, impulse, stimulus; (n, v) prod, prick, incite, prompt; (v) provoke, impel, animate. ANTONYMS: (n) discouragement, disincentive, deterrent; (v) calm, delay, inhibit spurring: (n) spur, goad, prodding, prod, goading, gad, encouragement, branch line, acceleration, urging, spine stable: (adj, adv) firm; (adj) reliable, stationary, fixed, fast, lasting, constant, durable, secure, solid, sound. ANTONYMS: (adj) shaky, wobbly, dangerous, volatile, precarious, rickety, tenuous, temperamental, fickle, temporary; (adv) loosely staff: (n) club, pole, post, employees, personnel, faculty, mace; (v) crutch, prop; (n, v) rod, stick staggers: (v) fuss, rout, racket, bustle, hubbub, subsultus; (n) epilepsy stain: (n, v) spot, blemish, tarnish, blot, dye, smear, disgrace, mark, soil, dirt, defile. ANTONYMS: (v) enhance, dignify, clean stale: (adj, n) musty, moldy; (adj) old, commonplace, hackneyed, insipid, trite, corny, flat, stagnant; (adj, v) dry. ANTONYMS: (adj) fresh, original, innovative, airy, new, exceptional, imaginative stand: (v) endure, undergo; (n) rack, booth, attitude, base, pedestal; (n, v) live, position; (adj, v) suffer, tolerate. ANTONYMS: (v) sit, lie, yield, forbid; (n) top standing: (n) fame, position, importance, prestige, place, reputation, footing; (adj) erect, motionless, continuance; (n, v) stand. ANTONYMS: (adj) seated, moving, horizontal, falling, temporary stands: (n) bleachers, stood, grandstand, standing, stop, covered stand, standpoint, stall, sales booth, reviewing stand, rack stars: (n) heavenly bodies, fate state: (n) nation, position, kingdom, status, country; (n, v) say, show, place; (adj) national; (v) express, expound. ANTONYMS: (adj) private; (n) monarchy; (v) conceal, refute stately: (adj) solemn, imposing, elegant; (adj, v) noble, dignified,

grand, proud, great; (adj, adv) regal, majestic, royal. ANTONYMS: (adj) boisterous, humble, modest, lowly stay: (adj, n, v) remain; (n, v) rest, prop, stop, delay, abide, continue, pause, endure, halt, support. ANTONYMS: (v) change, abscond, depart, move, disappear, become, go steal: (v) purloin, abstract, sneak, filch, pinch, creep, misappropriate, rob, pilfer; (n) bargain; (n, v) snatch steel: (n) blade, brand, foil, sword, case harden; (n, v) nerve, brace, fortify; (adj) iron, adamant; (v) temper step: (n) stage, degree, rank, level, gait, gradation, footprint; (n, v) walk, measure, stride; (v) tread steps: (n) step, stairs, staircase, stairway, flight, stepladder, scale, backstairs, companionway, escalator, stair sterling: (adj) sound, fine, authentic, reliable, genuine, pure, good, infallible, excellent; (n) pound sterling, pound. ANTONYM: (adj) spurious stern: (adj) rigid, rigorous, austere, hard, strict, grim, solemn, rough; (adj, v) harsh; (n) back; (adj, n) rear. ANTONYMS: (adj) friendly, approving, lenient, funny, genial, gentle, kindly, lax, liberal, cheerful, flexible steward: (n) flight attendant, waiter, keeper, warden, attendant, curator, caretaker, administrator, janitor, chamberlain, stewardess stewardship: (n) position, office, charge, control, stewartry, post, berth, proctorship, situation, slot, spot stiff: (adj) hard, formal, inflexible, difficult, rigorous, numb, firm, sturdy; (adj, n) stark, severe; (n) corpse. ANTONYMS: (adj) soft, supple, flexible, floppy, pliable, free, easy, loose, informal, mild, pliant sting: (n, v) bite, hurt, con, pain; (v) prick, itch, irritate, prickle, goad, provoke, smart. ANTONYMS: (v) calm; (n) honesty stinging: (adj) cutting, bitter, piquant, prickling; (adj, v) caustic, acrid, piercing, poignant, biting, pungent, keen. ANTONYMS: (adj) stingless, gentle stir: (adj, n, v) move, bustle; (v) rouse, arouse, affect, agitate, inspire; (adj, n) movement; (n) commotion, excitement, disturbance. ANTONYMS: (v) dampen, retire,

177 stultify, bore, steady, stifle, suppress; (n) quiet, peace; (n, v) calm stocks: (n) stock, bilboes, provisions, securities, whipping post, inventory, store, supplies, supply, bonds, instrument of punishment stone: (n) jewel, rock, pebble, gem, calculus, gemstone, kernel, concretion; (n, v) pit; (v) lapidate, pelt stooping: (adj) hunched, crooked, asymmetrical, not erect, not straight, corrupt; (n) patronage stop: (int, n, v) hold, stand; (adj, n, v) stay, cease; (n, v) check, end, close, block, bar, arrest; (v) obstruct. ANTONYMS: (n, v) continue; (v) begin, encourage, permit, prolong, persevere, expedite, accelerate; (n) continuation, proceed, go store: (n, v) stock, hoard, bank, cache, supply; (n) shop, market, business; (v) accumulate, garner, keep. ANTONYMS: (v) spend, delete; (n) dearth stories: (n) tale stormy: (adj, n) inclement, boisterous, rough, severe; (adj) fierce, windy, wild, dirty, foul, tempestuous, blustering. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, still, pleasant, fair, mild, relaxed story: (n, v) history, tale, narrative; (n) recital, narration, report, account, level, legend, novel, stage. ANTONYM: (n) fact straight: (adj) erect, honest, upright, even, fair, perpendicular, correct; (adj, adv, v) direct; (adj, adv, n) right; (adj, adv) level, flat. ANTONYMS: (adj) diluted, zigzag, winding, curly, curved, curvy, twisted, wavy, knotted, askew; (adv) indirectly strange: (adj) foreign, peculiar, unusual, abnormal, outlandish, irregular, odd, new, mysterious, extraordinary, curious. ANTONYMS: (adj) ordinary, normal, familiar, typical, usual, conventional, explicable, sensible, mainstream, known, human stranger: (n) foreigner, outsider, newcomer, outlander, immigrant, intruder, unknown, tramontane, trespasser; (adj) foreign, strange. ANTONYMS: (n) pal, native, associate, resident, familiar stream: (adj, n, prep, v) current, course; (n, prep, v) flood; (n, v) brook, run, crowd, jet, gush; (n) river; (v) pour, swarm.

178 ANTONYMS: (n) shortage; (v) drizzle street: (n) road, avenue, way, highway, route, lane, neighborhood, path, track, boulevard, Main Street streets: (n) street strength: (n, v) power; (n) energy, firmness, endurance, stability, potency, health, soundness; (adj, n, v) might; (adj, n) vigor, intensity. ANTONYMS: (n) frailty, shortcoming, flaw, faintness, powerlessness, moderation, limitation, instability, impotence, feebleness, disadvantage strew: (v) scatter, spread, disperse, disseminate, distribute, diffuse, sow, sprinkle, bestrew, circulate, propagate. ANTONYM: (v) concentrate strict: (adj) severe, stern, rigid, correct, austere, rigorous, harsh, scrupulous; (adj, v) exact, accurate, precise. ANTONYMS: (adj) lenient, lax, free, negligent, imprecise, flexible, relaxed, loose, gentle, inaccurate, liberal stride: (n, v) pace, tread, walk, stalk, rate, toddle, stump; (n) footstep, gait, progress; (v) march strike: (n, v) hit, beat, bang, knock, assault, slap, clap, rap, smash; (v) impress, move. ANTONYMS: (n) defense; (v) extinguish, defend strive: (v) endeavor, contend, contest, struggle, fight, attempt, combat, strain, work, aspire, aim stroke: (adj, n) blow; (n, v) touch, caress, mark, buffet, lick, pat; (n) beat, hit, knock, bang strong: (adj) intense, able, firm, stable, steady, solid, hard, lusty; (adj, v) deep, sound; (adj, n, v) steadfast. ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, pale, unconvincing, slight, feeble, frail, bland, faint, delicate, mild, lightweight strongly: (adv) firmly, vigorously, robustly, violently, solidly, vehemently, sturdily, hardily, mightily, energetically, severely. ANTONYMS: (adv) mildly, dimly, faintly, feebly, gently, loosely, slightly, submissively, thinly, languorously, impassively stubborn: (adj) contrary, hard, intractable, perverse, rigid, determined, persistent, refractory, tenacious, obdurate, inveterate. ANTONYMS: (adj) compliant, irresolute, flexible, amenable, docile, easygoing, malleable, agreeable,

King Richard II accommodating, cooperative, feeble studying: (n) poring over, perusal, study, learning, reading, speculation stuff: (v) fill, jam, pack, ram, squeeze, pad; (n) material, cloth, matter, gear; (n, v) force. ANTONYMS: (v) starve, unpack, empty stumble: (adj, n, v) slip; (n, v) lurch, fall, err, stagger; (adj, v) blunder, flounder, fumble; (n) misstep; (v) hit, falter subject: (n) matter, citizen, motif, question, issue, affair, point, national; (adj, v) exposed; (adj, n) dependent, inferior. ANTONYMS: (n) foreigner, resolution; (adj) impervious submission: (n) compliance, obedience, acquiescence, bid, offer, deference, entry, presentation, conformity; (adj, n) resignation, surrender. ANTONYMS: (n) defiance, divergence, disobedience subscribe: (v) confirm, sign, contribute, ratify, subscribe to, underwrite, agree, buy, donate, endorse, accept substance: (adj, n) subject; (n) body, significance, import, material, matter, meaning, amount, means, gist, core. ANTONYMS: (n) meaninglessness, lightness, surface succeeding: (adj) following, subsequent, after, consecutive, posterior, ensuing, consequent, successive, consequential; (adj, adv) later; (v) succeed. ANTONYMS: (adj) outgoing, preceding succour: (n, v) succor; (n) consolation, relief, ministration, mercy, assistance, helping, ease, embossment; (v) relieve, further suck: (v) nurse, drink, imbibe, suckle, absorb, lactate, puff, drain, pull, suck up; (n) sucking. ANTONYM: (v) rock sudden: (adj) precipitous, quick, abrupt, hasty, rash, unexpected, steep, unforeseen, drastic, immediate, swift. ANTONYMS: (adj) considered, slow, gentle, leisurely, protracted, sensible, smooth suffer: (v) encounter, stand, accept, undergo, brook, experience, have, endure, abide, sustain; (adj, v) allow. ANTONYMS: (v) enjoy, rejoice, flourish suffering: (n) distress, agony, affliction, anguish, torture, grief, torment, misery, hardship; (adj, n) hurt; (adj) miserable. ANTONYMS:

(adj, n) content; (n) peace, ecstasy, joy, pleasure suggested: (adj) advisable, proposed, tacit, optional, not compulsory, nominal, implied suit: (adj, v) fit, please; (adj, n, v) correspond; (n) lawsuit, plea, action, case; (v) adapt, accommodate, become; (n, v) answer. ANTONYM: (v) clash sullen: (adj, n) morose, sulky, sour; (adj) gloomy, gruff, glum, moody, dark, cross, surly; (adj, v) grim. ANTONYMS: (adj) bright, cheery; (n) cheeriness summer: (n) summertime, joist, rafter, beam, scaffold, season, skeleton, corner stone, lintel, transom, girder. ANTONYM: (n) winter summons: (n) call, invitation, bidding, process, writ, invocation, warrant, command; (n, v) summon; (v) demand, cite sums: (n) estimate, calculation, arithmetic sunshine: (n) sunlight, sun, day, light, fair weather, gladness, shine, glee, sunbeam, delight, brightness superfluous: (adj, v) spare; (adj) needless, extra, excess, excessive, unnecessary, surplus, pointless, superabundant, supernumerary, supererogatory. ANTONYMS: (adj) indispensable, important, essential, basic, pertinent supper: (n) meal, tea, lunch, repast, reception, mealtime, siesta, social affair; (v) dejeuner, bever, whet supplant: (v) succeed, replace, supersede, displace, take the place of, follow, cut out, change, deputize, supervene upon, usurp. ANTONYM: (v) restore supple: (adj, v) flexible, pliable, limber, pliant; (adj) lithe, soft, plastic, graceful, lithesome, lissom, lissome. ANTONYMS: (adj) rigid, inflexible, stocky, clumsy, hard, rough, slow, tight, unyielding suppliant: (n) petitioner, applicant, besieger, postulant, prayer, lover, suer; (adj) beseeching, supplicatory, imploring, humbly entreating supply: (n, v) furnish, stock, afford, store; (v) fill, feed, provide, offer, produce, satisfy; (n) purveyance. ANTONYMS: (v) requisition, recall, refuse, withhold, take, buy; (n) lack support: (n, v) stand, aid, keep, prop, comfort, patronage; (adj, n, v) assist; (v) brace; (adj, v) encourage, back;

William Shakespeare (n) maintenance. ANTONYMS: (n, v) neglect; (v) undermine, reject, weaken, abandon, condemn, contradict, disapprove, release; (n) hindrance, opposition supportance: (v) endurance, tolerance; (n) response, forbearance surely: (adv) positively, definitely, confidently, securely, undoubtedly, clearly, firmly, assuredly, absolutely; (adj, adv) really; (adv, int) of course. ANTONYMS: (adv) questionably, uncertain, weakly surfeit: (n) overabundance, excess, repletion, satiety, plethora, overflow, congestion; (v) cloy, gorge, satiate, pall. ANTONYMS: (n) shortage, need, necessity, deficit; (v) deplete surrender: (v) concede, abandon, give up, capitulate, submit, deliver; (adj, n) resignation; (n, v) resign, render, release; (n) capitulation. ANTONYMS: (v) conquer, appropriate, persevere, subdue, enforce; (n, v) fight, win; (n) capture, confrontation, conquest, victory surrey: (n) carriage suspicion: (n) distrust, inkling, misgiving, hunch, qualm, scruple, surmise, supposition; (n, v) doubt, mistrust, fear. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, knowledge, information, carelessness, recklessness, certitude swallow: (n, v) drink, gulp, taste, sip, swig; (v) bolt, consume, devour, accept, stomach, endure. ANTONYMS: (n, v) sip; (v) doubt, expel, disbelieve, reject, express sway: (n, v) command, rule, control, rock, stagger, roll; (v) oscillate, reel, lurch, shake; (n) reign. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, dissuade, discourage swear: (v) declare, assure, assert, affirm, curse, pledge; (n, v) promise, avow, depone, depose, aver. ANTONYMS: (v) distrust, refute, deny, compliment swears: (n) swearing sweet: (adj) fresh, mellow, lovable, dear, pleasant, musical, melodious, pleasing, sugary; (adj, v) lovely; (adj, n) beloved. ANTONYMS: (adj) discordant, bitter, acid, sharp, acidic, pungent, salty, harsh, detestable, cacophonous, dry sweetly: (adv) pleasantly, sweet, mildly, melodically, melodiously, softly, syrupily, beautifully, pleasingly, dulcetly, fairly. ANTONYMS: (adv) discordantly,

horribly, sharply, harshly, unkindly sweets: (n) confectionery, julep, grocery, confiture, instantaneous sweet swelling: (n) protuberance, lump, swell, intumescence, growth, projection, prominence, bulge, dropsy; (adj, v) inflated; (adj) growing. ANTONYM: (n) decline swift: (adj, adv, v) fast; (adj) quick, fleet, speedy, alert, nimble, hasty, prompt, sudden, hurried; (adj, v) rapid. ANTONYMS: (adj) considered, leisurely, sluggish, gradual, delayed, clumsy sword: (n) blade, sabre, brand, broadsword, falchion, cutlass, saber, steel, glaive, backsword, cutlas sworn: (adj) extreme, mortal, implacable, engaged, dedicated, committed, betrothed, bespoken, affianced, inveterate taken: (adj) occupied, full, interpreted, appropriated, seized, overcome, affected, besotted; (v) take, get, receive. ANTONYMS: (adj) given, free taking: (adj) fetching, attractive, contagious, winning, catching, fascinating, captivating; (n) capture, receipt, angry mood, acharnement. ANTONYM: (n) rejection tale: (n) account, narrative, narration, recital, fib, fable, report, fiction, lie, relation, yarn. ANTONYM: (n) fact talk: (n, v) discourse, gossip, converse, lecture, chatter, chat, address; (v) articulate, speak, prattle; (n) language. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse; (n) silence tall: (adj) elevated, high, exalted, big, lanky, towering, eminent, unbelievable, strapping, long, gangling. ANTONYMS: (adj) low, small, sensible, reasonable, little, believable, easy, stocky tame: (v) break, subdue, soften, domesticate; (adj) meek, docile, bland, domestic, gentle, slow; (adj, v) moderate. ANTONYMS: (adj) exciting, bright, unmanageable, interesting, untamed, inspiring, brilliant, colorful, rebellious, lively taper: (n) candle, taper hole, bougie, rushlight, taper ratio; (v) sharpen, point, acuminate, diminish, lessen, reduce. ANTONYMS: (v) rise, widen tardy: (adj, adv, v) late; (adj, v) slow, remiss; (adj, adv) backward, dilatory, behindhand; (adj) belated, slack, overdue, delayed, sluggish.

179 ANTONYMS: (adj) early, punctual, premature, speedy task: (n) job, assignment, duty, labor, commission, charge, enterprise, project, stint, occupation; (n, v) exercise taste: (n, v) relish, sample, smack, touch; (n) flavor, liking, penchant, morsel, bit, drop, fondness. ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, tastelessness, disinclination, hate, lot, coarseness, uncouthness; (v) abstain, refrain taught: (adj) instructed, educated, schooled, instruct, well-bred, scholarly, provided; (v) firm, fast, close, taut teach: (v) enlighten, educate, instruct, coach, indoctrinate, drill, learn, lecture, school; (adj, v) guide, show tear: (n, v) rip, break, split, rupture, crack, run, slit; (v) pull, rend, lacerate; (adj, v) rush. ANTONYMS: (v) wait, mend, idle, fix, amble, dawdle tears: (n) cry, crying, snivel, brine, weeping, activity, bawling, bodily function, bodily process, body process, lacerations tedious: (adj) tiresome, boring, dreary, slow, heavy, humdrum, irksome, lifeless; (adj, v) monotonous, arid, dry. ANTONYMS: (adj) exciting, varied, easy, readable, lively, entertaining, enthralling, brisk, concise, exotic, pleasant tediousness: (n) boredom, dullness, monotony, flatness, ennui, dulness, prosiness, tediosity, tiresomeness, irksomeness; (adj) wearisomeness teeming: (adj) abundant, profuse, swarming, crowded, overflowing, exuberant, copious, plentiful, productive, prolific, multitudinous. ANTONYMS: (adj) deserted, lacking, needing, wanting, clear, scarce, scanty teeth: (v) mortar and pestle, gristmill, nutmeg grater, grater, file, arrastra, rasp, mill, unguis, tentacle; (n) gear teeth tell: (n, v) disclose, impart, count; (v) relate, reveal, recount, divulge, explain, communicate; (adj, v) declare, express. ANTONYMS: (v) request, misunderstand, estimate, listen, figure, guess, withhold, conceal, suppress, confuse telling: (adj, v) significant; (adj) revealing, emphatic, impressive, effectual, effective, pregnant, cogent;

180 (n) relation, recounting, notice. ANTONYMS: (adj) secretive, unimportant, insignificant, hidden temper: (adj, v) moderate, soften, mitigate, harden; (n) character, disposition, humor, nature; (v) modify, season, qualify. ANTONYMS: (n, v) upset; (v) soften, agitate, excite, flex, bend, increase; (n) composure, happiness, wrath, equanimity tempest: (adj, n) storm, gust; (n) gale, hurricane, squall, disturbance, cyclone, typhoon, agitation, tornado, blizzard. ANTONYM: (n) serenity temples: (n) brow temporal: (adj) secular, earthly, profane, lay, carnal, mortal, fleeting, temporary, transient, impermanent, mundane. ANTONYMS: (adj) spiritual, otherworldly, mental, permanent, perpetual, lasting tend: (v) incline, lean, nurse, guard, attend, run, nurture, contribute, gravitate, go, nourish. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, abandon tender: (n, v) offer, proffer, bid; (adj, v) affectionate; (adj) painful, sensitive, soft, loving, sore; (v) propose, present. ANTONYMS: (adj) hardhearted, rubbery, hard, rough, uncaring, healthy, mature, unfeeling, cold, experienced; (v) withdraw tender-hearted: (adj) kind, merciful, benevolent, kind-hearted, soft, tender tenderly: (adv) softly, kindly, delicately, affectionately, fondly, warmly, painfully, sensitively, caringly, sympathetically, gently. ANTONYMS: (adv) roughly, severely, disapprovingly, harshly tending: (n) care, hairdressing, aid, treatment, attention, babysitting, incubation; (adj) apt, conducive, prone, disposed tenement: (n) dwelling, apartment, flat, apartment building, habitation, abode, stateroom, tablinum, residence, toft, domicile terms: (n) conditions, provision, stipulation, terminology, price, proposition, lemma, cost, footing, damage, specifications terrestrial: (adj) earthly, mundane, worldly, terrene, sublunary, sublunar, telluric, planetary, tellurian, land, global. ANTONYMS: (adj) otherworldly, amphibious, cosmic, heavenly, spiritual terrible: (adj) horrible, dreadful,

King Richard II horrid, monstrous, abominable, ghastly, dire, appalling, fearful, awful, hideous. ANTONYMS: (adj) lovely, pleasant, great, laudable, excellent, superb, mild, slight, minor, brilliant, insignificant terror: (n, v) alarm, scare; (adj, n) dread, awe; (n) fear, dismay, consternation, horror, panic, apprehension, scourge. ANTONYMS: (n) peace, security, delight, calm, confidence testament: (n) testimonial, testimony, parchment, paper, settlement, evidence, tribute, gospel, guarantee; (n, v) volition; (v) discretionary pleasure thank: (v) give thanks, recognize, bless, thanks, give thanks to, convey, acknowledged, remercy, impart thanks: (n) acknowledgment, gratitude, blessing, grace, praise, gratefulness, recognition, credit, benediction, thankfulness; (int) thank you. ANTONYMS: (n) criticism, blame theatre: (n) theater, house, cinema, stage, arena, playhouse, dramaturgy, dramatics, dramatic art, theater of operations, battleground therefore: (adv) thence, so, hence, accordingly, as a result, thus, for that reason; (conj) since, because, then, ergo therein: (adv) in this, in there thief: (n) burglar, bandit, pirate, plunderer, filcher, stealer, pickpocket, pilferer, crook, brigand, despoiler thin: (adj) tenuous, flimsy, light, fine, emaciated; (adj, v) lean, gaunt, slight, sheer, meager, dilute. ANTONYMS: (adj) fat, concentrated, chubby, plump, wide, heavy, broad, strong, resonant, solid; (v) thicken thing: (n) affair, occurrence, object, event, concern, something, article, happening, substance, occasion, being things: (n) gear, belongings, equipment, garb, garment, clothes, paraphernalia, goods, life, property, palliament thinking: (n) consideration, idea, opinion, reasoning, intellection, cogitation, conception, contemplation; (adj) intelligent, thoughtful, meditative thither: (adv) hither, whither, on that

point, in that respect, at that place, in that location; (adj) further, ulterior, remoter, succeeding, more distant thomas: (n) Aquinas, Dylan Thomas, Lowell Thomas, doubting Thomas, Norman Thomas, Saint Thomas, saint Thomas Aquinas, St Thomas, St Thomas Aquinas, Thomas the doubting apostle, Lowell Jackson Thomas thorn: (n) barb, prickle, bramble, spike, point, brier, pricker, needle, sticker, fang; (adj, n) sting thorough: (adj) complete, full, profound, exhaustive, absolute, good, comprehensive, detailed, extensive, sweeping, careful. ANTONYMS: (adj) partial, sketchy, careless, slack, imperfect, sloppy, rushed, restricted, inadequate, halfhearted, dense thou: (n) chiliad, grand, m, g, one thousand, gramme, gram, gm, gigabyte, Gb, curtilage though: (adj, conj) however; (conj) still, notwithstanding, nevertheless, albeit, whereas, while; (adv) even, after all, tho'; (adv, conj) tho thought: (n) idea, impression, conception, belief, concept; (adj, n) opinion, feeling, sentiment; (n, v) consideration, reflection, observation. ANTONYMS: (n) thing, vacuity, vacancy, concrete, thoughtlessness, inattention, impulsiveness, certainty, neglect, trust thoughts: (n) mind, opinion, depth of thought, feelings, reflection, ideas, workings of the mind, view, stance, position, considered opinion thousand: (adj, n) one thousand, k, m; (n) grand, g, thou, cat Valium, constant of gravitation, grounds, curtilage; (adj) a thousand thousands: (n) myriad, much, many thread: (n) screw thread, yarn, rope, wire, twine, ligature; (adj, n, v) line, file; (n, v) string together; (adj, v) range; (v) penetrate threat: (n) hazard, danger, risk, peril, commination, intimidation, jeopardy, coercion, warning, omen, terror. ANTONYMS: (n) safety, persuasion thrice: (adv) three times, thirdly thriftless: (adj) lavish, prodigal, profuse, wasteful, extravagant, wanton, thoughtless, lazy, shiftless management; (adj, v) shiftless; (v) unguarded

William Shakespeare thrive: (adj, v) prosper; (v) flourish, grow, advance, blossom, succeed, increase, bloom, get ahead, boom; (adj) luxuriate. ANTONYMS: (v) deteriorate, fail, languish, struggle, decrease throat: (n) orifice, pharynx, gorge, mouth, muzzle, nozzle, sucker, shaft, quarl, throat depth, nostril throne: (v) enthrone; (n) can, stool, place, fecal matter, potty, chair, cathedra, lavatory, crapper, pot throw: (n, v) cast, pitch, push; (v) shed, hurl, heave, chuck, flip, pass, hurtle; (n) shot. ANTONYMS: (v) explain, help, receive, clarify, encourage thrown: (adj) puzzled, confused, thrown and twisted, upset, disconcerted, unnerved, terrified, scared out of your wits, mystified, frightened; (n) reminder. ANTONYM: (adj) calm thrust: (n, v) poke, stab, jab, drive, shove, force, punch, boost, cast, dig; (v) ram. ANTONYM: (n) inertia thunder: (adj, n, v) boom; (n, v) roar, bang, roll, bellow; (adj, n) peal; (adj, v) explode, detonate; (v) howl, rumble, fulminate thus: (adv) then, so, consequently, hence, thence, accordingly, as a result, ergo, thusly, for that reason, as tide: (n, v) wave, flood, surge; (n) stream, flow, course, drift, time, high tide, run, piping times. ANTONYM: (v) ebb tidings: (n) intelligence, information, message, report, word, advice, communication, dispute, wind, statement, tiding tied: (adj) bound, connected, laced, united, fixed, even, liable, tight, spiked, responsible, attached. ANTONYMS: (adj) untied, unlaced till: (conj, prep) until, unto; (v) plow, hoe, farm, dig; (adj) up to; (n) tiller, drawer; (adv) so far; (prep) to timeless: (adj) eternal, everlasting, dateless, immortal, inopportune, interminable, undying, ageless, perpetual, endless, deathless. ANTONYMS: (adj) temporary, mortal, modern times: (n) present time, modern times, contemporary world, multiplication, time, period, era, many years duration, epoch, present, arithmetic operation tired: (adj, v) fatigued, weary, exhausted, stale; (adj) threadbare,

commonplace, trite, banal, haggard, stock, jaded. ANTONYMS: (adj) invigorated, alert, refreshed, energetic, original, strong, awake, energized, lively, rested, relaxed tires: (v) pressure release valve, safety valve title: (n, v) call, style, designation, term, designate; (adj, n) claim, right; (n) caption, denomination, appellation, epithet. ANTONYM: (n) possession toads: (n) caecilians, class Amphibia, frogs, newts, salamanders together: (adv) in concert, conjointly, at the same time, at once, simultaneously, mutually, in unison, all together, at the same moment; (adj) united, stable. ANTONYMS: (adv) separately, individually, independently, apart, alone; (adj) separate, upset, unstable, separated, imbalanced, scatterbrained told: (v) related, narrated; (adj) numbered, oral, spoken, legendary, verbal, manifest tomb: (n) sepulchre, sepulcher, crypt, pit, sepulture, vault, monument, entomb, mausoleum; (n, v) bury; (v) inter tongue: (n) lingua, speech, idiom, dialect, clapper, glossa, natural language, striker, talk; (v) lick; (adj) flowing tongueless: (adj) voiceless, dumb, inarticulate, silent, speechless, unspoken, wordless, aglossal, breathless. ANTONYM: (adj) tongued tooth: (n) palate, denticle, trident, sprocket, saw, premolar, nap, incisor, grain, eyetooth; (adj) nib tops: (n) apex, pinnacle, pick; (adj) champion, elite, fabulous, leading, outstanding, uppermost, superb, superlative tore: (v) tare; (n) moulding, molding torn: (adj, prep) lacerated, rent, mangled; (adj) ripped, tattered, blasted, lacerate, shabby, goddamned, infernal, made uninhabitable. ANTONYMS: (adj) pristine, sure, resolute, healed, decided, mended torturer: (n) flogger, oppressor, scourger tossing: (n) cast; (adj) moving touch: (v) hit, affect, border, adjoin, strike, reach; (n, v) contact, stroke, tinge, regard, tap. ANTONYMS: (v) shrink, secrete, separate, diverge, abstain, leave; (n) lot

181 towards: (prep) to, facing, until, opposite to, till, unto, upon; (n, prep) against; (adv) about, by; (n) at tower: (n) column, spire, steeple, pinnacle, pylon, castle; (adj, n) pillar; (v) ascend, rise, loom, arise town: (adj) municipal, urban; (n) borough, township, village, burgh, burg, municipality, townspeople, metropolis; (adj, n) community. ANTONYMS: (adj) country, private trade: (n, v) deal, exchange, swap, merchandise, switch, barter, change; (adj, n) business; (n) commerce, profession, occupation. ANTONYMS: (n) purchase, entertainment, fun, pastime; (v) buy, wholesale train: (v) aim, exercise, direct, educate, tame, prepare, school; (n, v) coach, trail, tail; (n) chain. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, forget; (n) head traitor: (n) betrayer, conspirator, Judas, renegade, rat, quisling, deserter, cheat, collaborationist; (adj) insurgent, mutineer. ANTONYMS: (n) loyalist, patriot trample: (v) oppress, stamp, squash, crush, tread, flatten, defeat, suppress, step, frustrate; (n) trampling transgressing: (n) violation transport: (v) transmit, carry, enrapture, bear, exile, take, banish, ravish; (n, v) delight; (n) rapture, transportation. ANTONYMS: (v) disenchant, hold, repulse, keep, leave; (n) idle, dislike, boredom, stay, indifference, misery travel: (adj, n, v) go, pass, run; (adj, v) proceed; (v) roam, move, ride, sail; (n) stroke, tour; (n, v) voyage. ANTONYMS: (v) remain, settle travelling: (n) travel, peregrination, riding, commuting, aviation, driving, commutation, seafaring, junketing, circumnavigation, journey treacherous: (adj) unfaithful, deceitful, false, perfidious, dangerous, disloyal, unreliable, unsafe, Punic, fraudulent, faithless. ANTONYMS: (adj) faithful, loyal, honest, safe, true, genuine, forthright, stable, harmless, dependable, open treachery: (n) betrayal, disloyalty, infidelity, duplicity, treason, perfidy, falseness, faithlessness, perfidiousness, guile, dishonesty. ANTONYMS: (n) loyalty,

182 faithfulness, fidelity, reliability, allegiance, goodness tread: (n, v) pace, walk, rate, march, tramp; (n) gait, stride, footstep, footfall, track; (v) trample treason: (n) treachery, perfidy, high treason, sabotage, lese majesty, traitorousness, subversiveness, duplicity; (adj, n) disloyalty, sedition, prodition. ANTONYMS: (n) loyalty, faithfulness, fidelity treasure: (n) gem, fortune, riches, funds; (n, v) hoard, prize, store; (v) cherish, appreciate; (adj, n) jewel, precious stone. ANTONYMS: (v) dislike, disparage, scorn, neglect; (n) dud, poverty trees: (n) foliage tremble: (adj, n, v) shiver; (n, v) quiver, shudder, thrill, palpitate; (adj, v) totter, quake; (n) throb; (v) flutter, quail, falter. ANTONYMS: (v) steady, calm trembles: (n) animal disease, nervousness trembling: (adj, n) shaking; (adj, n, v) tremor; (adj) shaky, quaking, shivering, flutter; (n) palpitation, quiver, vibration, shiver, quake. ANTONYMS: (adj) stable, steady trespass: (adj, v) offend; (n, v) sin, breach; (n) offense, invasion, infringement, encroachment; (v) encroach, infringe, intrude, invade trial: (n) test, examination, experiment, hardship, essay, hearing, audition, attempt; (n, v) affliction, adversity; (adj, n) distress. ANTONYMS: (n) peace, performance, happiness, ease, opportunity; (adj) known, definite, proven tribute: (n) commendation, tax, honor, testimonial, duty, homage, respect, eulogy, compliment; (n, v) contribution, subsidy. ANTONYMS: (n) blame, accusation, dishonor triumph: (v) exult, prevail, crow, rejoice, succeed; (n, v) glory, win, joy; (n) victory, conquest, exultation. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, defeat, sorrow, unhappiness, dud, sadness, loss, flop; (v) fail, lose, forfeit triumphant: (adj) victorious, successful, triumphal, exulting, winning, joyful, rejoicing, elated, conquering, prideful; (adj, v) exultant. ANTONYMS: (adj) disappointed, failing, losing, defeated, miserable, sorrowful trouble: (n, v) inconvenience, pain, bother, disquiet, disorder, worry,

King Richard II annoy, fuss, afflict, torment; (adj, n) difficulty. ANTONYMS: (v) please, help, assist, aid, placate, soothe, comfort; (n) fitness, pleasure, advantage, ease troy: (n) city, Ilion, ilium, metropolis, system of weights, troy weight true: (adj, n) genuine, authentic; (adj) right, faithful, even, correct, accurate, honest, straight, truthful; (adj, v) actual. ANTONYMS: (adj) inaccurate, untrue, bogus, untrustworthy, unrealistic, mythical, fraudulent, faithless, disloyal; (adv) wrongly, dishonestly truly: (adj, adv) really; (adv) sincerely, in truth, exactly, in fact, indeed, in reality, genuinely, right, certainly, honestly. ANTONYMS: (adv) insincerely, dubiously, doubtfully, apparently, inaccurately, indefinite, dishonestly, mildly, wrongly trumpet: (n) horn, cornet, bugle, clarion, trump, brass, trombone; (v) proclaim, promulgate, show off, blare trumpets: (n) Sarracenia flava, yellow pitcher plant, pitcher plant, yellow trumpet trust: (n, v) credit, rely, hope; (n) confidence, faith, reliance, belief, cartel, assurance; (v) believe, confide. ANTONYMS: (n, v) distrust, doubt, mistrust; (v) disbelieve, keep, hold, despair; (n) disbelief, suspicion, independence trusty: (adj) trustworthy, honest, faithful, dependable, responsible, constant, loyal, true, authentic, solid, sure. ANTONYMS: (adj) untrustworthy, inconstant, corrupt, disloyal truth: (n) exactness, actuality, sincerity, verity, fidelity, fact, correctness, genuineness, faithfulness, certainty, honesty. ANTONYMS: (n) dishonesty, fabrication, falsehood, fiction, lie, inaccuracy, idealism, falsity, disloyalty, fallacy, invention tuft: (n) wisp, crest, cluster, truss, knot, fagot, tassel, strand, thicket, curl; (adj, n) feather tumultuous: (adj, n) boisterous, tempestuous; (adj) disorderly, riotous, turbulent, noisy, furious, loud, troubled, disturbed; (adj, v) tumultuary. ANTONYMS: (adj) peaceful, calm tune: (n) song, strain, air, harmony, note, concord; (v) adjust, regulate,

string, tune up; (n, v) chant. ANTONYMS: (n) silence; (v) untune turn: (n, v) curve, roll, twist, go, coil, round, change, bent, spin; (n) bout; (v) revolve. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, Miss, stagnation; (v) unbend turning: (n) turn, revolution, bend, rotation, deviation, gyration, conversion, veering; (adj) rotating, revolving, rotary tutor: (n) teacher, instructor, mentor, trainer, master, guardian; (v) instruct, school, educate, train, teach twelve: (adj, n) dozen, XII; (n) boxcars, large integer twenty: (adj) vigesimal; (n) large integer, twenty dollar bill twice: (adv) doubly, bis, two times, in two ways, once more; (adj) twenty twofold: (adj) dual, duplicate, twin, doubled, threefold, treble, duplex, duple; (adv) two times, as much again, twice unborn: (adj) uncreated, unmade, unproduced, unconceived, unbred, not begotten, unbegotten; (n) posterity. ANTONYM: (adj) born uncivil: (adj) discourteous, disrespectful, impolite, coarse, brusque, curt, blunt, barbarous, short; (adj, n) rough, harsh. ANTONYMS: (adj) polite, courteous, gracious uncle: (n) father's younger brother, elder uncle, father's older brother, father's sister's husband, husband of paternal aunt, maternal uncle, niece, benefactor, EME, helper, kinsman under: (adj) lower, down, nether, bottom, inferior, low, subject; (adv, prep) beneath, underneath; (adv) downstairs, infra. ANTONYMS: (adv, prep) over, above; (adv) primary, higher, major underprop: (v) support, prop undo: (v) loosen, open, annul, cancel, separate, disentangle, untie, unfold, reverse, disconnect, nullify. ANTONYMS: (v) attach, close, do, wrap, tangle, validate, knot, lock, permit, unite, approve uneven: (adj) unequal, irregular, patchy, spotty, erratic, disproportionate; (adj, n) jagged, rugged, harsh, ragged; (adj, v) broken. ANTONYMS: (adj) smooth, straight, equal, symmetrical, corresponding, balanced, constant, stable, consistent, level, steady unfeeling: (adj) harsh, impassive, cold, cruel, callous, merciless, pitiless, ruthless, numb, insensible,

William Shakespeare insensitive. ANTONYMS: (adj) caring, sympathetic, sensitive, kind, understanding, merciful, feeling, warm, tactful, concerned, compassionate unfold: (v) spread, open, extend, develop, stretch, spread out, reveal, display, stretch out; (adj, v) expound, explain. ANTONYMS: (v) fold, block, stagnate, stop, hide, withhold, check, wrap, conceal ungracious: (adj) discourteous, impolite, uncivil, surly, unkind, unceremonious, churlish, disrespectful, unfriendly, graceless, unpleasing unhappy: (adj) gloomy, dismal, depressed, melancholy, sad, miserable, sorrowful, distressed, disconsolate, infelicitous, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, cheerful, satisfied, pleased, glad, euphoric, fortunate, contented, joyful, timely, lucky unhorse: (v) light, get down, get off, fall, unsaddle, topple, trip, trip out, turn on, uncolt, deliver verbally unjustly: (adv) wrongly, wrongfully, wickedly, iniquitously, inequitably, undeservedly, illegally, foully, injuriously, unrighteously, unjustifiedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) rightly, reasonably unkindness: (n) heartlessness, callousness, thoughtlessness, inconsideration, inconsiderateness, diskindness, insensitivity, unpleasantness, unfriendliness, unkindliness, insensitiveness. ANTONYMS: (n) goodwill, diplomacy, gentleness, humanity, thoughtfulness unless: (adv) but, if, yet, besides, except with, further; (adv, conj) save; (conj) without, if not; (n) provisionally; (adj) not necessary unpleasing: (adj) displeasing, graceless, ungracious, unpleasant, disagreeable, wicked, not grateful, offensive, perturbed, restless, stiff unrestrained: (adj, n, v) loose; (adj) unconstrained, wild, uncontrolled, immoderate, extravagant, unconfined, mad, uninhibited; (adj, v) dissolute, wanton. ANTONYMS: (adj) restrained, restricted, contained, limited, partial, biddable, frugal, hidden, inhibited, manageable, reserved unrightful: (adj) unreasonable, improper unruly: (adj) boisterous,

insubordinate, disobedient, intractable, headstrong, uncontrollable, wayward, rambunctious, ungovernable, lawless, rebellious. ANTONYMS: (adj) manageable, obedient, yielding, biddable, compliant, loyal, gentle, peaceful, placid, restrained unsay: (v) withdraw, retract, recall, recant, renounce, take back, forswear, revoke, abjure, rescind, back away unseasonable: (adj) inopportune, inappropriate, premature, ill timed, improper, immature, inconvenient, ill-timed, inept, unchancy; (v) illtimed unseen: (adj, v) unknown; (adj) invisible, concealed, hidden, unobserved, secret, veiled, latent; (v) unheeded, unperceived; (n) spiritual world. ANTONYMS: (adj) seen, visible, open, famous, noticeable unthrifty: (adj, v) improvident; (adj) prodigal, thriftless, profuse, unguarded, unthrift, wasteful, dismantled, dissipated, extravagant; (v) shiftless until: (prep, v) to; (conj, prep) unto; (adj) up to; (adv) so far, yet, before, meanwhile; (prep) pending, while, during, awaiting untimely: (adj) early, unseasonable, inopportune, inappropriate, awkward, immature, previous, ill timed, inconvenient, improper, belated. ANTONYMS: (adj) timely, appropriate, opportune, convenient, overdue unto: (prep, v) to, till, up to; (prep) towards, before untrodden: (adj) pathless, trackless, untracked, unhandseled, untried; (v) unapplied, untouched, unspent, unexercised, unemployed, undisposed of untruth: (n) falsehood, fiction, lie, falsity, deception, fable, deceit, story, tale, misrepresentation, invention. ANTONYM: (n) fact unwieldy: (adj) clumsy, cumbersome, unmanageable, heavy, bulky, ponderous, gawky, massive, ungainly, lumbering; (v) cumbrous. ANTONYMS: (adj) convenient, manageable, wieldy, compact, handy, dainty, light unwilling: (adj) involuntary, loath, disinclined, averse, recalcitrant, backward, indisposed, grudging, loth, adverse, forced. ANTONYMS: (adj) inclined, amenable, keen,

183 prepared, ready, eager, disposed, agreeable, accepting, happy unwillingness: (n) disinclination, indisposition, aversion, hesitation, hesitancy, resistance, antipathy, reluctancy, dislike, distaste, irreconcilableness. ANTONYMS: (n) enthusiasm, disposition, keenness, inclination uplifted: (adj) high, raised, noble, not inverted, not prone, proud, undismayed, stately, lofty, sublime, animated upon: (adv, prep) above; (prep) up, onto, against, towards; (adv) on, on that occasion, then, before, by; (n) at upright: (adj) perpendicular, erect, fair, good, righteous, just, virtuous, true, honorable, plumb; (adj, n) vertical. ANTONYMS: (adj) prone, disreputable, degenerate, hanging, unwholesome, dishonest, dishonorable, lying, horizontal, falling; (adv) horizontally upstart: (n) mushroom, nouveau riche, skipjack, climber, arriviste, social climber, unknown, smart aleck, sleep; (adj) parvenue, cockhorse urge: (v) push, press, advocate, persuade, impel, induce; (n, v) spur, drive, force; (n) impulse; (adj, v) incite. ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, hate, aversion, disinclination; (v) dissuade, oppose, demand, prevent, restrain urging: (n) spur, encouragement, prod, prodding, goad, advocacy, spurring, goading, influence, exhortation; (adj) driving usurp: (v) arrogate, seize, appropriate, take over, commandeer, capture, borrow, confiscate, take, grab; (adj) violate. ANTONYMS: (v) surrender, relinquish usurped: (adj) tortious usurping: (adj) encroaching utterance: (n) pronunciation, expression, speech, exclamation, statement, remark, articulation, observation, language, phrase, speaking vagabond: (n, v) tramp; (adj, n) vagrant; (v) roam, stray, wander, range, ramble; (n) outcast, bum, wanderer, nomad. ANTONYMS: (n) inhabitant, resident; (adj) settled vain: (adj) proud, arrogant, conceited, fruitless, idle, empty, abortive, ineffectual, unproductive, narcissistic; (adj, v) useless.

184 ANTONYMS: (adj) shy, successful, possible, persuasive, selfless, fruitful, humble, useful, responsible, worthwhile, effective valiant: (adj) brave, courageous, intrepid, fearless, heroic, audacious, gallant, daring, dauntless, stout, stalwart. ANTONYMS: (adj) afraid, despicable valour: (n) valor, valiancy, valiance, heroism, courage, bravery, valorousness, prowess, daring, pluck, spirit value: (adj, n, v) price; (n) cost, importance, consequence; (n, v) rate, appraise, measure; (v) appreciate, evaluate, esteem, assess. ANTONYMS: (n) disadvantage, futility, uselessness, insignificance, detriment, inefficiency, inferiority; (v) scorn, disregard, disrespect, hate vanish: (n, v) disappear; (adj, v) fade; (v) disperse, pass, go, die, dissipate, evaporate, depart, flee, melt away. ANTONYMS: (v) come, arrive, wax, stay vanity: (n) egotism, pride, emptiness, arrogance, futility, inanity, vainglory, conceitedness, pretension, pomposity; (adj, n) amour propre. ANTONYMS: (n) selflessness, humility, importance, value, effectiveness vantage: (n) superiority, preference, start, handicap, expediency, expedience, advantageousness, odds, asset, tax advantage, head start. ANTONYM: (n) disadvantage vassal: (n) feudatory, liegeman, liege, serf, helot, dependent, subject, liege subject, follower, bondman, homager vauntingly: (adv) large, big, boastingly, vaunted, extremely well venge: (n) vengeance; (v) avenge, revenge vengeance: (n) retribution, reprisal, retaliation, requital, avengement, wrath, vendetta, spite, revengeance; (n, v) avenge, resentment. ANTONYMS: (n) forgiveness, acceptance venice: (n) Venezia venom: (n) poison, malice, bane, spite, rancor, malevolence, maliciousness, malignity, hate, bitterness; (adj, n) gall. ANTONYM: (n) affection vial: (n) ampul, ampoule, bottle, flask, stoup, noggin, ampule, beaker, container, syringe, cruet victory: (n) conquest, success,

King Richard II mastery, superiority, subjugation, win, laugher, achievement, checkmate, expugnation, fall. ANTONYMS: (n) defeat, loss, beating, failure, overthrow, forfeit view: (n, v) sight, scene, regard, opinion, judgment, prospect, outlook, thought; (adj, v) observe, see; (n) idea. ANTONYMS: (v) disbelieve, mistrust vigour: (n) force, strength, vigor, energy, power, potency, vim, vitality, athleticism, verve, intensity villain: (n) rascal, scoundrel, rogue, knave, miscreant, criminal, bandit, crook, reprobate, varlet, rapscallion. ANTONYMS: (n) heroine, hero viol: (n) bowed stringed instrument, string, bass viol violent: (adj, n) rough, furious, tempestuous, severe, turbulent, boisterous, powerful; (adj, v) vehement; (adj) raging, intense, sharp. ANTONYMS: (adj) gentle, calm, nonviolent, mild, passive, moderate, pleasant, slight, refined, relaxed, friendly virtue: (adj, n) merit, excellence, quality, attribute; (n) honor, goodness, honesty, morality, decency, probity, efficacy. ANTONYMS: (n) wickedness, guilt, vice, peccadillo, sin, dishonor, immorality, evil, demerit, inadequacy, disadvantage visage: (n) face, look, mug, physiognomy, expression, kisser, appearance, aspect, brow, smiler, forehead visit: (v) frequent, attend, call, view, gossip, jaw, inspect, haunt; (n, v) tour, chat; (n) sojourn volume: (n) size, book, magnitude, mass, dimension, intensity, capacity, amount, tome; (adj, n) quantity, deal. ANTONYMS: (n) quietness, softness voyage: (n, v) travel, cruise, tour; (n) trip, passage, expedition, flight, crossing, quest; (v) sail, navigate wade: (v) ride the storm, buffet the waves, skim, swim, splash, wallow; (n) Virginia wade wail: (n, v) howl, cry, lament, moan, scream, bellow, whine; (v) ululate, weep, whimper, mewl. ANTONYMS: (v) whimper, laugh wait: (n, v) pause, hold, stop; (v) expect, anticipate, stay, await, lurk, ambush, remain; (adj, v) tarry. ANTONYMS: (n) act, continuation, doing; (v) interrupt, leave, begin,

depart, continue; (intj) hurry wake: (v) awaken, awake, rouse, stir, vigil, provoke, arouse, waken, excite; (n) train, trail. ANTONYMS: (v) nap, dissuade, discourage, snooze, stifle walk: (adj, n, v) step; (n, v) gait, ramble, march, pace, hike, course, saunter, stroll, roam; (n) path. ANTONYMS: (v) run, ride, stride wall: (n, v) fence, bar; (n) barrier, rampart, bulwark, cliff, earthwork, fortification, screen, rail, fencing wallow: (v) roll, flounder, welter, triumph, enjoy, rejoice, splash, bask; (adj) luxuriate, crouch, slouch walls: (n) brickwork, buttresses, defenses, masonry, ramparts, fortifications wander: (n, v) stroll, saunter, tramp, drift; (v) stray, digress, err, travel, roam, deviate; (adj, v) rave. ANTONYMS: (v) settle, stay, think, converge wandering: (adj) itinerant, nomadic, erratic, rambling, errant, migratory; (adj, v) stray, vagrant, vagabond, unsettled; (n) peregrination. ANTONYM: (adj) resident want: (n, v) lack, desire, miss, wish; (n) poverty, deficiency, deprivation, famine, necessity, destitution, shortage. ANTONYMS: (n, v) hate; (n) glut, despise, luxury, option, prosperity, supply; (v) disinterest, answer wanting: (adj, v) missing; (adj) deficient, lacking, absent, defective, short, failing, insufficient, devoid, poor, incomplete. ANTONYMS: (adj) sufficient, satisfactory, adequate, full, present wanton: (adj) loose, dissolute, light, licentious, unchaste, lewd, debauched, unprovoked; (v) dally; (n, v) sport; (adj, v) flirt. ANTONYMS: (adj) moral, wise, nice, kind, gentle, decent, clean, careful, observant, justifiable, involuntary warder: (n) custodian, guard, keeper, turnkey, jailer, gaoler, custos, ranger, janitor, ostiary, trepan warlike: (adj) military, belligerent, bellicose, pugnacious, combative, aggressive, armigerous, hostile, unfriendly, unpacific, militant. ANTONYMS: (adj) harmonizing, friendly warrant: (n, v) permit, vouch, license, assure, sanction, empower; (n) authority, authorization, security;

William Shakespeare (v) justify, ensure. ANTONYMS: (n) break; (v) debar wash: (adj, n, v) soak; (n, v) paint; (v) clean, scrub, mop, moisten, lave, scour, bathe; (n) washing, ablution. ANTONYM: (v) soil waste: (adj, n, v) spoil, damage; (adj, v) desolate; (n, v) squander, ruin, consume, ravage; (adj, n) refuse, trash; (v) exhaust, spend. ANTONYMS: (v) conserve, save, use, preserve, create, build; (n) saving, possessions, hoarding, development; (adj) cultivated wasted: (adj, v) squandered, rotten, decayed, effete; (adj) thin, cadaverous, emaciated, gaunt, devastated, pointless, haggard. ANTONYMS: (adj) bloated, hypertrophied, strong, plump, obese, fruitful, useful wasteful: (adj) improvident, profuse, prodigal, lavish, profligate, ruinous, uneconomical, spendthrift, thriftless, destructive, uneconomic. ANTONYMS: (adj) economical, cautious, parsimonious, efficient, frugal, productive, sensible watch: (n, v) view, sentinel, clock, wake, regard, care; (v) observe, look, see; (n) sentry; (adj, n) surveillance. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, overlook, harm, hurt, glance water: (n) urine, sea, lake, ocean, moisture, juice, river; (n, v) wet; (v) moisten, soak, dampen. ANTONYMS: (v) dehydrate, dry waters: (n) Clara Erskine Clement, amnionic fluid, amniotic fluid, body fluid, liquid body substance, Ethel waters, body of water, bodily fluid, boot watery: (adj) moist, diluted, wet, dilute, washy, thin, damp, fluid, aqueous, weak, insipid. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong, solid, dry, soft, dehydrated, lively, dark, clear, thick, hard wavering: (adj, v) vacillating; (n) fluctuation, hesitation, vacillation; (adj) irresolute, indecisive, undecided, hesitant, uncertain, variable, changeable. ANTONYMS: (adj) decided, constant, resolute, stable, decisive; (n) resolution, stability waxen: (adj) pale, waxy, white, colorless, wan, ashen, yielding, soft, gray, drawn, cereous ways: (n) behavior, process, shipway, slipway, means, childbearing, conduct, construction, demeanor,

direction, traveling wayward: (adj) contrary, disobedient, obstinate, stubborn, intractable, unruly, capricious; (adj, n) freakish, crotchety, wanton, fanciful. ANTONYMS: (adj) controllable, good, manageable, biddable weak: (adj, n) frail; (adj) flat, watery, fragile, flimsy, faint, thin, light, sickly, soft, nerveless. ANTONYMS: (adj) concentrated, firm, brave, safe, forceful, effective, healthy, intense, determined, powerful, robust weakness: (adj, n) failing, fault, debility, defect, infirmity, fragility, feebleness, deficiency, imperfection, foible; (n) flaw. ANTONYMS: (n) power, dislike, intensity, supremacy, determination, advantage, brightness, superiority, resistance, robustness, energy weapon: (n) arm, missile, arms, knuckles, spear, steel, tomahawk, firearm, flamethrower, projectile, hatchet wear: (n) clothing, clothes, apparel, attire, garb; (v) endure, fatigue, waste, bear, tire, fray. ANTONYMS: (v) refresh, reject, rebuild, please, freshen, disrobe, delight, cheer, refuse; (n) improvement weary: (adj, n, v) fatigue; (v) exhaust, tire out; (adj) tired, exhausted, fatigued, aweary, beat, languid; (n, v) jade, bore. ANTONYMS: (adj) energetic, fresh, lively, untiring, hopeful, refreshed; (v) refresh, enliven, energize, activate, rally weather: (v) survive, withstand, resist, brave, stand, brave out, wear; (n) climate, atmospheric condition, downfall, inclemency. ANTONYMS: (v) succumb, reject wedding: (adj) bridal, marital, matrimonial; (n) matrimony, nuptials, marriage ceremony, wedding ceremony, wedlock, remarriage, espousal; (adj, n) nuptial weed: (n) grass, marijuana, pot, plant, fireweed, smoke, ganja; (v) eliminate, hoe, plow; (adj) pick weeds: (n) viduity, mourning band, garment, cypress, widowhood, dress; (adj) willow weep: (v) wail, bawl, lament, sob, blubber, moan, howl, drip, greet, whimper; (n) tear weeping: (adj) tearful, lachrymose, dolourous, dolorous; (n, v) lament, lamentation; (v) wailing; (n) sobbing, tears, cry; (adj, n) howling. ANTONYM: (n) celebration

185 weight: (n, v) load, burden, charge, heaviness, bias; (n) significance, consequence, importance, pressure, stress, influence. ANTONYMS: (n) lightness, benefit, advantage, unimportance, meaninglessness, powerlessness, weakness, feebleness; (v) unburden welcome: (adj) pleasant, acceptable, pleasing, agreeable; (n, v) accept; (n) hospitality, reception; (v) receive, greet, invite, hail. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwelcome, unwanted, unacceptable, displeasing, disagreeable, unpleasant; (v) reject, evict, bar; (n) unfriendliness, goodbye well-disposed: (adj) propitious, friendly, favorable, good-natured, agreeable, neighborly, good, resigned, sympathetic, willing, receptive went: (v) walked, proceeded when: (adv, conj) once, as soon as; (adv) then, because, than, since, after; (conj) although, while, if; (prep) during whence: (adv) wherefrom, hence, because, for, why, wherefore, how, then, then thence so, how comes it, how happens it where: (adv) there, here, wherever, whither, in which, wherein, in what; (adv, pron) anywhere; (pron) everywhere; (n) point, spot wherefore: (adv, conj) therefore; (adv, n) why; (n) reason, proof; (adv) accordingly, consequently, so, wherefor, hence, whence; (conj) then wherein: (adv) in what, in which, where whereupon: (adv) thereupon, hereupon, upon which, at what, at which wherever: (adv) anywhere, wheresoever, everywhere, where'er; (n) anyplace whether: (pron) where while: (adv, conj) whereas, as, although; (n) time, spell, period, moment, interval; (adv) when; (conj) though; (prep) during whilst: (conj) whereas, as, though, albeit, at the same time as, even as; (prep) during; (adj) pending whisper: (n, v) murmur, hum, mumble, suggestion, hint, inkling; (v) breathe, hiss; (n) rustle, trace, breath. ANTONYM: (n) information whit: (n) iota, atom, shred, scintilla, smidgen, tittle, jot, bit, particle, smidgin; (adj) dab

186 whither: (adv) hither, thither, whereunto, whereto, for whole: (adj, v) entire; (adj, n) total, integral, sum, aggregate, well; (adj, adv, n) all; (adj) complete, healthy, intact, full. ANTONYMS: (adj) incomplete, broken, partial, imperfect, unhealthy, deficient, destroyed, fractional, impaired, half, sick wholesome: (adj) healthy, beneficial, salubrious, healthful, salutary, sound, good, nutritious, nourishing, pure, hale. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwholesome, unhealthy, impure, indecent, sordid, warped, tainted, decadent, deadly, unsavory whoso: (pron) whosoever whosoever: (pron) whoever, whatever, anything that, whatsoever, whatso wicked: (adj) bad, sinful, atrocious, evil, vile, depraved, mischievous, immoral, unholy, nasty, naughty. ANTONYMS: (adj) innocent, pure, pious, moral, kind, admirable, kindhearted, helpful, decent, assisting, aiding wife: (n) matron, missis, partner, married woman, spouse, consort, helpmate, housewife, lady, woman, viscountess wild: (adj, n, v) waste, desert; (adj, v) fierce, violent, reckless, raging; (adj) boisterous, untamed, stormy, rude, desolate. ANTONYMS: (adj) calm, orderly, manageable, sane, domestic, cultivated, tame, restrained, mild, sensible, passive wildly: (adj, adv) madly, extravagantly; (adv) savagely, fiercely, violently, frantically, brutally, furiously, tempestuously, viciously, crazily. ANTONYMS: (adv) quietly, peacefully, meekly, cautiously, gently willing: (adj, adv) disposed; (adj) spontaneous, voluntary, ready, amenable, inclined, prepared, enthusiastic, unforced, obliging; (adj, v) consenting. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwilling, reluctant, compulsory, disagreeable, unprepared, forced, unenthusiastic, unhelpful wilt: (v) flag, shrivel, sag, weaken, fade, languish, dry, wither, collapse, tire; (n) wilting. ANTONYMS: (v) flourish, rise, rally wind: (n, v) twist, turn; (v) meander, curl, bend, twine, curve, weave, crook; (n) air, gust. ANTONYMS:

King Richard II (v) unwind; (n) breeze wise: (adj) reasonable, sensible, sound, rational, sagacious, intelligent, prudent, shrewd, discreet; (adj, n) knowing; (n) method. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwise, stupid, ignorant, mistaken, illogical, reckless, naive, irrational, dense wish: (adv, n, v) will; (n, v) want, hope, need, inclination, longing, aspiration, aim; (v) like, choose; (n) pleasure. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dislike, hate; (n) hatred, coercion, disinclination, aversion withal: (adv) nevertheless, notwithstanding, however, even so, all the same, nonetheless, with; (adj) likewise; (n) sufficiency, adequacy, enough wither: (v) shrink, wilt, contract, shrivel, languish, droop, dry, waste, wane, atrophy, decay. ANTONYMS: (v) swell, strengthen, grow, blossom, flourish withered: (adj) wizened, sear, shriveled, thin, shrunken, dry, dried up, wilted, faded, wizen; (v) lame. ANTONYM: (adj) plump within: (adv, n, prep) inside; (adv, prep) in; (adv) indoors, internally, inwardly, inly; (adj, n) interior; (prep) into, on, between; (adj) inwards. ANTONYMS: (prep) beyond, out without: (adv, n, prep) outside; (adj, adv) except; (adj) lacking, save barring; (prep) out of, sans; (n) minus, provisionally; (adv) save, beyond; (adv, prep) besides. ANTONYMS: (prep) with, having; (adv) inside witness: (n, v) testimony, attest, evidence; (n) bystander, eyewitness, onlooker, observer; (v) observe, notice, see, view. ANTONYMS: (v) deny, participate, refute wives: (n) woman woeful: (adj) sad, lamentable, sorrowful, pitiful, wretched, pitiable, doleful, woebegone, deplorable, piteous, regrettable. ANTONYMS: (adj) happy, joyful, glad, praiseworthy, laudable woman: (n) girl, female, lady, dame, madam, mistress, matron, maid, gentlewoman, Donna, petticoat. ANTONYMS: (n) man, gentleman womb: (n) belly, nursery, nest, intestines, guts, vitals, bowels, chitterings, cradle, entrails, viscera wont: (adj, n) use, custom, usage; (n) practice, tradition, cleanliness,

assuetude, assuefaction, convention, rut; (v) practise wooing: (n) courting, suit, bundling, suit of clothes, the soft impeachment, entreaty, prayer, cause, causa, case; (adj) amatory word: (n) news, tidings, password, expression, report, vocable, statement, term; (v) formulate, phrase; (n, v) advice words: (n) speech, expression, row, text, fracas, argument; (n, v) altercation, squabble, tiff, dispute, quarrel works: (n) plant, workings, mill, manufactory, deeds, whole caboodle, kit and caboodle, kit and boodle, industrial plant, full treatment, distillery world: (n) cosmos, nature, creation, earth, public, sphere, society, realm, globe, macrocosm; (adj) global worldly: (adj, adv) earthly; (adj) mundane, secular, terrestrial, temporal, carnal, sophisticated, lay, profane; (adv) mundanely, temporally. ANTONYMS: (adj) spiritual, naive, cloistered, religious, unsophisticated, unworldly, unrefined, otherworldly, low, heavenly, immaterial worn: (adj) haggard, tired, tattered, threadbare, ragged, drawn, jaded, fatigued, exhausted, faded, wasted. ANTONYMS: (adj) new, smart, unused, unworn, pristine, original worse: (adj) worser, subordinate, waur, worsened, warre, unrelieved, minor, lesser, junior, poorer; (n) badness. ANTONYMS: (adj) improved, healthier, higher worst: (v) whip, trounce, defeat, overcome, vanquish, pip, rack up; (adj, v) best, rout; (adj) floor, lick. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) best; (adj) highest, first, secondary worth: (adj, n) value, dignity; (n) cost, virtue, price, importance, excellence, quality, import, goodness, benefit. ANTONYMS: (n) insignificance, disadvantage, hopelessness, detriment, disgrace, inferiority, triviality, uselessness, inefficiency worthily: (adv) excellently, honorably, becomingly, praiseworthily, deservingly, splendidly, generously, meritoriously, virtuously, uprightly, goodly. ANTONYMS: (adv) badly, dishonorably worthy: (adj) noble, good, meritorious, valuable, estimable,

William Shakespeare respectable, deserving, worthwhile, virtuous, honorable; (adj, n) celebrity. ANTONYMS: (adj) bad, unrespected, disreputable, mediocre, petty, poor, unimpressive, insignificant, dishonorable, despicable; (n) nobody wound: (n, v) bruise, cut, harm, pain, damage, scratch, stab, sting; (n) injury; (v) offend, injure. ANTONYMS: (v) heal, appease, aid, cure, repair wounded: (adj, v) hurt; (n) casualty, maimed; (adj) bruised, injured, bloody, aggrieved, saddened; (v) stricken, wound, struck. ANTONYM: (adj) unaffected wrack: (n) rack, sea wrack, desolation, destruction, demolition, bouleversement, undoing; (v) ruin, destroy, bust up, demolish wrathful: (adj) furious, irate, wroth, ireful, indignant, incensed, mad, raging, resentful, infuriated, choleric. ANTONYM: (adj) pleased wretch: (n) victim, villain, scoundrel, reprobate, reptile, miscreant, martyr, object of compassion, poor devil, prey, wreak wretched: (adj) unfortunate, pitiful, sad, pitiable, woeful, pathetic, piteous, lamentable; (adj, v) poor, unhappy, forlorn. ANTONYMS: (adj) fine, strong, fortunate, overjoyed, nice, admirable, good, cheery, joyous, lucky, comfortable wretchedness: (n) unhappiness, grief, distress, desolation, woe, sorrow, anguish, infelicity, tribulation, affliction, misfortune wrinkle: (n, v) crease, crinkle, fold, rumple, crumple, furrow, pucker; (v) ruffle; (n) gather, line; (adj, v) curl. ANTONYMS: (v) unfold, straighten; (n) smoothness wrinkles: (n) crow's feet writ: (n) edict, assize, certiorari, judicial writ, injunction, order, act, prescription, scripture, writing, ukase write: (v) pen, indite, draw up, correspond, spell, record, publish, compile, draw, outline, type writing: (n) script, print, composition, lettering, document, autograph, paper, record, inscription, authorship, handwriting wrong: (adj, n) evil, ill, injury, injustice; (adj, n, v) damage, injure; (adj) improper, false, incorrect, bad, inappropriate. ANTONYMS: (adj) correct, good, proper, honest,

appropriate, just, true; (adv) correctly; (n) justice, virtue; (v) sympathize wrongfully: (adv) unjustly, injuriously, de jure, legally, lawfully, wrongly, mischievously, hurtfully, unlawfully, lawlessly, illegally wrongs: (n) mala wrought: (adj) shaped, done, worked, worked up, formed yesterday: (n) past, yesteryear, yore, mean solar day, past times, solar day, day, history, water under the bridge; (adj) pass, stale. ANTONYMS: (adv) nowadays; (n) today yield: (n, v) produce, return, allow, give; (v) surrender, concede, submit, give up, grant, cede; (n) output. ANTONYMS: (v) persevere, survive, stand, withstand, repel, reject, prevent, withhold, acquire, oppose, veto yielded: (v) yold, yolden yielding: (adj, v) flexible, pliable, supple, tractable, pliant; (adj) compliant, submissive, soft, obedient, docile; (n) submission. ANTONYMS: (adj) hard, firm, inflexible, solid, rigid, obstinate, stiff, stubborn, unyielding, rebellious yonder: (adv) beyond, further, farther, abroad, thither, further away, at that place; (adj) distant, yond, furious, fierce york: (n) house of York young: (n, v) offspring; (adj, n) juvenile; (adj) immature, fresh, adolescent, new, raw, baby, childish, early; (n) progeny. ANTONYMS: (adj) old, mature, adult, ripe, older, late; (adj, n) aged yours: (adj) own yourself: (adv) herself, themselves, itself, myself, ourselves, yourselves, physically yourselves: (pron) themselves, myself, herself youth: (n) youngster, young person, lad, juvenile, boy, adolescence, kid, younker, stripling, juvenility; (adj, n) young. ANTONYMS: (n) adulthood, adult, ripeness, maturity, aged youthful: (adj) immature, fresh, green, juvenile, vernal, adolescent, childish, new, tender, sappy, beardless. ANTONYMS: (adj) adult, mature, experienced, sophisticated, late zeal: (adj, n) eagerness; (n) fervor, enthusiasm, devotion, passion,

187 vehemence, fire, fervency, heat, fervour, ardour. ANTONYMS: (n) apathy, lethargy, patience

188