Rob Bruñía, Cor van Wijgerden
Workbook Step 1
Ñame:
Date of birth:
Street:
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School:
Club:
Learned chess f...
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Rob Bruñía, Cor van Wijgerden
Workbook Step 1
Ñame:
Date of birth:
Street:
Place:
School:
Club:
Learned chess from:
Trainer:
Fhe board a8 b8 c8 d8 e8
f8 98 h8
a? b7 c7 d7 e7
f7 g7 h7
a6 b6 c6 d6 e6 f6 a5 b5 c5 d5 e5
g6 h6
f5 g5 h5
flfth
rank
a4 b4 c4 d4 e4 f4 g4 h4 a3 b3 c3 d3 e3
f3 g3 h3
a2 b2 c2 d2 e2
f2 g2 h2
a1 b1 d d1 e1 f1 g1 h1
The chess board consists of squares. It has 64 squares arranged 8 x 8. In chess language they are called white and black squares. The board is positioned correctly when a white square is in the lower right hand córner; 'white on right'. All of the squares have a ñame.. The square marked is called b2. The square marked is called e4. The square marked is called f6.
In this diagram all the ñames are indicated in the squares.
Ranks ('rows') go from one side to the other. They are indicated with numbers. All squares with number 1 (al, bl, el, di, el, fl, gl and hl) are on the first rank. All squares with number 5 are on the fifth rank. Files ('columns') go from bottom to top and are indicated with letters. All squares with an h (hl through h8) are on the h-file. All eight files and eight ranks are equally long.
s £\ .& « A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A
All squares al, b2, c3, d4, e5, f6, g7 and h8 lie on a diagonal (slanting Une). Not all diagonals are of equal length. The shortest diagonals are only two squares long (e.g. al/bS). The longest diagonals consist of eight squares. There are two of them: al/h8 and hl/a8.
The starting position. The pieces on the board should be set up like this. We view the position from the side of the white player. White always begins a game; he makes the first move. Notice where the white queen is standing. She is always on a white square.
iáláiáiá In the diagram the board is shown from the viewpoint of the black player. Once again the white player makes the first move. Note the position of the black queen. She is standing on a black square.
Firststep
Naming the squares: A
Board
7 6
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
b
c
d
e
f
BHJ; a
b
*=
c
d
e
f
A=
g
h
*=
A=
^=
g
h
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
1=
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
b
c
d
e
f
7 6 5 4 3 2 I
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
a
Naming the squares: B
Board ^8
8
8
7
7
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2,
2
2
i a
b
c
•=f2
d
e
f
•= g7
g
h
4= c6
b
c
0=35
d
e
f
g
•= e8
h
a
+= h3
JQUL •
• M
•
2 1 a
b
c
•=h8
d
e
f
B=d1
g
h
ív-;« a
+=c5
c
d
e
f
B=e3
g
c
•=g2
d
e
f
"=e5
g
b
•=c6
c
d
B=g1
f
g
4=d8
+= c4 8 7
: ; :;f:
6
5
4 3
3
2
9
HH
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1
a
b
c
•= f7
d
e
f
•= b2
g
h
4= d4 8
7
7
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
9
h
h
h
8
1 a
+= b6
e
•= d6
g
IH m iw* •• 4
*= b4
b
c
•= d2
d
e
f
•= h6
g
h
1
a
*=f5
b
c
•= g4
d
e
f
•= f1
g
h
+= c4
sy
8
8
7
'
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1 a
f
5
h
1 b
e
1
:.,, i
.I/ b
«=96 8
a
•= a1
d
6
4 3
c
7
7
5
b
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8
6
1
1 a
8
1 a
b
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c
d
B=c5
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f
g
h
^= a3
1 a
b
•= a7
c
d
•= e5
e
f
g
h
^= g6 First step
Moves of the pieces All the pieces move in their own way on the chessboard. +
+
1
I
The rook can move to all squares marked with a plus. There are 14 of them. The rook moves straight, forwards, backwards, or sideways. The rook can move to 14 different squares from e4.
The bishop can move to all the squares marked with a plus. There are 13 of them. The bishop moves diagonally, forwards or backwards. The bishop can move to 13 different squares from d5.
1
The queen can move to all the squares marked with a plus. There are 27 of them. The queen can move like a rook, and like a bishop. The queen moves straight, diagonally, forwards or backwards. The queen can move to 27 different squares from e5.
The knight can move to all the squares marked with a plus. There are 8 of them. The knight moves one square straight and one square diagonally. The knight can move to 8 different squares from d4. • The queen has the most possibilities. Therefore she is the strongest piece. • The rook has a lower valué than the queen, but is still stronger than the other pieces.
44-
< f > :•+; -i-
• The bishop and the knight are equally strong.
+
The king can move to all the squares marked with a cross. There are 8 of them. The king moves straight or diagonally, but only one square at a time. The king can move to 8 different squares from c3.
• The king is a special case. He is the most important one!
-
Rules of the game
Moves of the pieces: A
•AW
1
Firststep
Attacking and taking
On the left, the rook 'eyes up' the squares marked with a plus. At right, the rook 'eyes up' not only all the squares marked with a plus, but also the black knight. The rook is aimed at the knight. This is called: attacking.
On the left, the white queen is attacking the black queen. The queen on a4 can capture the queen on d7. On the right, the white queen has captured the black queen. The queen comes to rest on the square that the black queen had occupied. The latter is removed and no longer takes part in the game.
White can take the black knight with his rook. The white rook cannot take the bishop because the knight is blocking its path. Queens, rooks and bishops are not allowed to jump over enemy pieces.
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In the left half the white queen cannot capture the black bishop. His own piece, the white bishop is standing in the way. Also at right, the white queen cannot capture. The white bishop can capture the black bishop. Queens, rooks, and bishops are not allowed to jump over their own pieces.
The knight can, of course, also capture. At left, the knight can capture the queen. At right, the knight can choose between taking the queen or the rook. The knight may also make another move.
For all the pieces, remember: Taking is not compulsory. It is allowed, but is not obligatory.
At left, the white knight on b3 jumps over the black pieces to capture the black rook. It is simple to jump over one's own pieces. At right, the knight on g2 takes the black bishop on h4. The knight is the only piece that is allowed to jump.
f Rules of the game
Moves of the pieces: B
A
+ for moving O for taking
Bd5
Rd4
£
__._
Qe5
Rc7
Be3
Rc5
Qg4
Nd6
Qe2
Bd6
Nd3
I
Attacking
Creating an attack: A
1
I
I
The pawn Each player has eight pawns. The pawn move is not similar to the moves of other pieces. In fact, everything is different.
iiiiiiii A
i A
A
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A pawn can move one square forward. On its fírst move the pawn can chose whether it wants to move one or two squares forward. After this, the pawn can only move one square forward each turn. The white pawns play from bottom to top. The black pawns always play from top to bottom.
The pawn takes diagonally forward, not straight. It is the only piece that captures differently from the way that it moves. The pawn on d5 can choose between taking the bishop or the knight. He can also advance forward one step. The pawn on g3 can play only after the black pawn has takenonh3.
Each side has 8 pawns in the starting position. They are standing on the 2nd and 7* rank. A pawn is the only chess piece that may not move backwards. He also may not capture backwards. This means that the white pawns can never stand on the fírst rank and the black pawns never on the eighth rank.
«i A If a pawn reaches the back rank, it can change into a queen, rook, bishop or knight of the same colour. The pawn cannot remain on the square. The pawn is promoted. The pawn cannot change into a king. Pawn f7 chooses:
m a & A Pawn b2 chooses:
W I 10
Pawns may not jump, neither over their own pieces, ñor over the enemy pieces. The white a-pawn cannot move. The black g-pawn cannot move two squares forward because the bishop is in its way, ñor can it take the queen. The only move is one step forward to g6.
A pawn: • can choose to move one or two squares on its fírst move • may not move backwards • takes differently (diagonally) from the way it moves (forward) • can change to a piece of the same colour (except a king) when it reaches the opposite end of the board
% JL First step
Moves of the pawn: A
Rules ofthe game
A
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Creating an attack: A
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12
Firststep
Defending I
J. +
4-
A piece which is under attack can often be saved. The bishop at left is being attacked, but he can defend himself by moving to one of the six squares marked with a plus. On the right, the black knight can only move to one square where it cannot be captured.
On the left, the queen attacks the knight. The knight does not have to move away. Instead, the rook can protect the knight on c7 or b8. If White then takes the knight, the black rook takes the queen. At right, Black can protect his attacked bishop by moving his rook one square backward (to f7).
On the left, the black rook is attacked. The rook can move away, but it can also capture the white rook. Capturing (or taking) is the third way of defence. The black queen on the right can escape from the bishop's attack by moving away. In this case it is better to take it, because the bishop is not protected.
i J.1
i
A On the left, the queen is attacked; she can move away. Black has another way to defend himself from this attack. He can interpose the bishop on b6. At right, Black can choose from three ways of defending the attacked knight. Moving away, protecting with the rook on f6, or interposing the rook on g5. The black pawn protects the rook.
A There are two special ways of protecting which are somewhat different from the previous examples. At left, White can protect the knight by advancing the pawn. The pawn move frees up a path for the rook. On the right, the white rook is not interested in taking. White protects the rook by moving it to g3.
The rook on e? is under attack. He can be defended in various ways. In chess you can defend yourself by: • moving away • protecting • taking
• interposing Black can play either: 1. ... Re7-a7 (moving away) 1.... Bg7-f6 (protecting) 1. ... Re7xe4 (taking) 1.... Bg7-e5 (interposing)
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Protecting: A
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Test
Repetition: A
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• Creating an attack
Which move can the pawn play?
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A
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A Creating an attack
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O = taking
Taking an unprotected piece
19
Test
Mix: A ili>
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First step
Check and getting out of check
At the upper leñ the rook is attacking the king. An attack on the king is something special and has its own ñame: check. In the other positions the king is also in check. If in a game you attack the king of your opponent, you may say: "check."
The king may never remain in check. the king can thus never be captured. At the top in this diagram, the black king must move to b8. At the bottom, White cannol move his king. He must move his pawn.
The king may never place himself in check; he can also never give check. There must always be one square between the two kings.
How do we get out of check? Moving away
Taking
Interposing
At left, the king is in check. He can choose one of three squares to move to. At right, he can only move to two squares.
At left, the black king can take the white queen and he will no longer be in check. At right, the white rook can take the bishop, which is giving check.
At left, Black can escape from check by moving his knight on c7 between his king and the white rook. At right, the bishop's move to £2 cuts off the queen's line of attack.
moving away with the king Getting out of check: • taking with another piece • interposing 21
Giving check: A
Attacking
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Defending
Getting out of check: A
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24
Al W
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First slep
Checkmate
«r* The queen is attacking the black king, thus the king is in check and Black must remove the check. Moving away or interposing a piece is not possible. The only possibility for Black is to take the white queen.
In this position black is also in check. Now the king can no longer take the white queen. The queen is protected; she is assisted by the bishop. Black is in check and there is no way to get out of it. Black is checkmated.
The knight is protecting the queen on b6. Black is in check and he can do nothing to remove it. Black has been checkmated. On the right, White has been checkmated. The black queen is safely protected by her bishop.
Checkmate ends of the game. The player who delivers checkmate wins and receives one point. The player who has been checkmated loses and receives no points. The outcome: 1-O if White wins 0-1 if Black wins
1
The rook is guarding all squares on the seventh rank. The black king can only move to squares d8 or f8. In the lower portion Black guards e ven more squares. White is not checkmated yet, for mate, a check is needed. He can mate with the queen onñ.
The queen is guarding the seventh rank. The rook can, by giving check on the eighth rank, deprive the king of his last escape square. At the bottom checkmate has been delivered. The white king is in check and there are no more possible moves.
At left, White can give checkmate with the rook on el. Each rook has its own task. The b-rook protects the b-file, while the c-rook checks. Both are needed for mate. At right, the queen checkmates on g2. She is supported by the pawn on f3.
25
Mate
Mate in one: A
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g
26
1
First step
Creating mate: A
Mate
A
A
A A A
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i
Ai
A A
A
A
27
Mate
Creating mate: B
I A A
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28
1
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Mate
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30
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Creating mate: C
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31
Mate
Creating mate: D
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Mate in one:
Mate
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33
Mate
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35
Mate in one: G
Mate
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36
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Mate in one: H
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37
Castling Castling is a move with king and rook at the same time: • The king moves two squares to the side • The rook jumps over the king Castling offers safety to the king and brings the rook into play.
A A A
A A A
before castling
A A A
A A A:
after castling kingside
!
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i
after castling queenside
You may not castle:
A A A A
A A Al
If the king has moved (even if he is onel again).
A A A
A
A A A!
A A A A
If the rook has moved (even if he is on hl again)
If one of your own (or your opponent's) pieces is in the way.
1
A A A A
A A A
If the king is in check.
A A
A
A
If the king passes through check.
A A A
w
A A;
If the king will be in check after castling.
If it is only the rook which is attacked then you may castle. In the lower left diagram White may castle kingside, but not queenside.
A A A
38
. i. A A A
First step
Castling: A
Rules of the game
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May White castle queenside? o yes o no
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May White castle kingside? o yes o no
May Black castle kingside? o yes o no
May White castle kingside? o yes o no
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May White castle queenside? o yes O no 39
Exchange and favourable exchange The rook on e4 can move to, at most, 14 different squares. This is true from every square on the board.
4 3 2
13
3 12
2 11
1
1 14 1 3 1 5 1 1
5
9
6
7
This bishop can move to, at most, 13 different squares. Its disadvantage is that it must remain on one colour.
10
10
This knight can move to, at most, 8 different squares. Its extra strength is that it can jump.
27
BB 3
6
2
26 25
5
1
4
24 23 22 21 ^ 7 17
5
2 4
3
This queen can move to, at most, 27 different squares. The queen is a very strong piece.
List of valúes: O = 1 point ^J=3points JL= 3 points
1
Ji = 5 points
18 19 20
13
8
9
10
14
11
15
12
16
!§' = 9 points
In the upper left, the black rook can take the white rook; White recaptures. This is an exchange of rooks. In the upper right, Black can take the white knight; White recaptures with his pawn. This is an exchange of knights.
At the bottom left, the white queen can take the black queen; the black rook recaptures. This is an exchange of queens. At the bottom right, the white knight can take the black bishop; the black pawn recaptures. This is an exchange of bishop for knight.
The favourable exchange The white pawn takes the black queen on c6; the black pawn recaptures. White gains 8 points. The black pawn takes the white rook on g6; the white pawn recaptures. Black gains 4 points. The white knight takes the black rook on a2; the black pawn takes the white knight. White gains 2 points. The black pawn takes the white bishop on g3; the knight recaptures the pawn. Black gains 2 points. 40
First step
Favourable exchange: A
Material
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41
Material
Favourable exchange: B
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42
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Test
Repetition: D (
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May White castle kingside? o yes o no
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43
Test
Mix: B
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May White castle kingside? o yes o no
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A A
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44
Mate in one
Taking an unprotected piece
First step
The twofold attack
1
1
I Ai left, the white rook attacks the black bishop and can capture him. The black bishop is unprotected. At right, the black bishop is protected. The bishop is attacked once and defended once. This is sufficient.
Now the black bishop is also attacked by the white bishop. White takes on d5, Black takes back, and White takes once again. The black bishop is attacked twice and defended once. White attacks the bishop twice: the twofold attack.
Twofold attacks are also carried out with other pieces. It does not matter with which
piece we take fírst. It is a question of taste. At left, White can take the bishop with the queen or the knight. At right, White can take the black knight with his bishop or his knight.
In both cases White wins a piece.
[A A & A
i A i
A A A A A On the left, the black knight is defended only once. White attacks him twice. White nevertheless must be careful how he takes. If he takes with the bishop he wins a pawn. On the right, Black must fírst take with the rook.
The twofold attack in this diagram is tricky. It seems that the rook on a8 is only once attacked. The rook on al assists so that White can still win the rook. At right, the queen on h7 assists in a twofold attack on e4.
W A A A
The white queen and the bishop both attack the pawn on f7. The black king provides the only protection. The queen must assist with the protection of f7. The g-pawn can also move forward one square. A piece that is attacked twice, but protected only once must receive additional support.
45
Material
Taking a piece which is attacked twice: A
I
1
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1 1
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1 A A
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46
A
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1
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AA
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First step
Taking a piece which is attacked twice: B
Material
A
A A
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47
Draw Just as in soccer a chess game can end in a tie. A tied game is called a draw. Both players receive half a point. The game is finished. When is a game drawn? • If it is no longer possible for either side to checkmate (e.g. if only the two kings remain on the board) • If one side is in stalemate.
Stalemate
The white queen has completely trapped the black king but Black is not in check. Unfortunately for White it is Black to move. The king is not in check, but cannot move. No other move is possible: Stalemate.
The white king has no more moves. Yet White is not stalemated. The pawn on h3 can move a step forward. You are only stalemated if absolutely no move is possible.
Two stalemates: on the left, White is down a rook but gains a half point. At right, Black is even a queen ahead, but because White can make no move he is stalemated.
A ilf A A
A A
1 _ Black is totally tied down. Yet the game is not a draw! To be stalemated it must be Black to move. In this position it is White to move. He gives mate on b8 or h7.
In this game Black has captured all White's pieces. Quite an achievement! Unfortunately, his last move was rather stupid, since he has stalemated White. That means he gets half, instead of a whole point.
If your opponent has almost no pieces left, be careful for 'crazy' moves like this rook check on d2. White should not take with the king.
Stalemate: • It is your turn to move, but you can make no legal move. • You are not in check. First step
Mate, stalemate or play: A
Rules of the game
1
Á A A
ir A A A
A A A A
A
o mate o stalemate o Black plays 1....
o mate o stalemate o Black plays 1....
o mate o stalemate o Black plays 1....
A A
A A
A
A A o mate o stalemate O White plays 1.
o mate o stalemate o White plays 1.
A
A A A 1
A
A A o mate o stalemate o Black plays 1....
A A A
o mate o stalemate o Black plays 1....
o mate o stalemate o Black plays 1....
I
AA
A A
A
A
A A A A
A A
A
A
A A A
A A
A
A
T 1
K' ' H.
o mate o stalemate O White plays 1.
o mate o stalemate o White plays 1.
o mate o stalemate o White plays 1. 49
Mate in one with the queen: A
Mate
2 x mate
50
5 x mate
2 x mate
4 x mate
3 x mate
First step
Repetition: C
Test
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Vlay Black castle kingside? o yes o no < >
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44
4 4 A
W o mate o stalemate o White plays 1 . . . .
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Taking a piece which is attacked :wice
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A
A
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44 A
4
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Taking a piece which is attacked twice 51
Test
Mix: C i 1
1
A A A á
1
ft W á i A i
lUIr
A A
A A
A
A A
A
Taking a piece which is attacked twice
A J. A A A
A Mate in one
A Goingout of check
1
A A
A A
A A
A
A *
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1
A m üA £ Defending
A JL
A A
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Favourable exchange
o mate o stalemate o Black plays 1....
A
A A
A A A A Defending
A
Mate in one
I
Mate in one
W l ¿* A A A A A % A% ^ AA
4A AH
A^ A J. 1 A A AW A
tí A AAA
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52
mmmm
A A A I
A A
Defending
First step
The pawn (2)
i
A
fA Í
A
The pawn moves forward and captures diagonally. At left, White can push his pawn to b6 or he could take the black pawn: b5xc6. In this case, the position on the other side results. The black pawn has disappeared.
A á
The black pawn has just moved from c7 to c5. White may treat the move just as if the pawn had only moved one square and he can take it. The result is pictured in the next diagram.
White has taken the pawn. We cali this en passant capture. This is French for capture in passing. You can easily overlook the possibility of this pawn move.
En passant is only possible after: • The pawn has moved two squares forward; • Only the pawn standing beside it on the adjacent file may take en passant; • It must be taken at once. You cannot wait a move.
A á
White has just played the move 1. a2-a4. Black may now take en passant (in passing). See the next diagram.
After this move the black pawn will be on a3.
Taking 'en passant' is in chess the only capture when after taking a piece moves to an empty square.
53
The notation You can write down the games you play. You can show your games at home or replay them later. You can ask your trainer if he wants to analyze your games with you. This is only possible when you write down your games.
On the drawing Black has just moved. White is writing down the move.
1
A A
Aá It's easy to write down the moves. We write the white knight's move in the following way: • first the piece N (knight) (N is used instead of K to avoid confusión with the king) • then the square on which it is standing (c2) • a hyphen (goes to) • fínally the square to which it moves (d4). White writes down his move as Nc2-d4. Black's move is Bc8-g4.
54
Special moves: Upper left: taking (x): Rdóxaó
To note down 'en passant' we write the letters e.p. after the move, e.g: b4xa3 e.p.
Upper right: check (+): Bg5-h6+
At right, White's move is written as 1. eVxfSR; Black's move as 1.... RfB-e8.
Lower left: promotion: b2-blQ (Q=queen, R=rook, B=bishop, N=knight) Lower right: castling: 0-0 (0-0-0 = castling queenside)
For mate we write either (check)mate or #. The 1. is the move number. In score books the move numbers are already indicated.
First step
The long notation: A
Notation
A
• ái
I • i ii
Black castles queenside.
•
A
The white pawn promotes to a queen.
Material
1
A
Winning material: A
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A A % «r A
1
i
á i A W A AA i A
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A A A
A
A
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56
A
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