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Laser
Polarisator
Couette-Strömung
λ /4FaradayPlättchen Modulator
Analysator
Detektor
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ZZ
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∆Θ geom
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100
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He T0=300 K 10
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10 100 p0D0 /mbar cm
1000
c%%P SPW[ g;3(5,0(17(//( i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(5+>/71,66( )@5 j(/,80'@6(1675$+/(1 (55(,&+(1 0,7 =81(+0(1'(0 r52'8.7 3R fR y(57( %,6 =8 uZ W SRRRP x(5$17:257/,&+ )@5 '(1 (;75(0(1 c167,(* ,67 (,1 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(5 t(621$1=(5(.7 ,0 Vj(OVj(Ou72M48(56&+1,77P f$6 (%(1O )$//6 *(=(,*7( i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(5+>/71,6 921 y$66(56725'@6(1675$+/(1 9(5/>8)7 '$*(*(1 NN./$66,6&+DD :,( %(, $//(1 $1'(5(1 i$6(1P
SRX
S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
'(6 r27(17,$/6 $1 '$6 ,1 f@6(1675$+/(;3$16,21(1 *(0(66(1(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(5O +>/71,6 '(1 %,6+(5 *(1$8(67(1 g;3(5,0(17$/:(57 921 $ W [2SR 10 L[SN [UbP p$&+ y,*1(5 *,/7 )@5 6&+:$&+ *(%81'(1( |867>1'( 0,7 326,7,9(5 u75(8/>1*( %(, t . $ ',( 1>+(581*6:(,6( d(=,(+81* L[Tb 2gd 3
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JSPTUVK
f$ %(, '(5 ,627523(1 g;3$16,21 *(0>M i/P JSPTSYK ',( i$67(03(5$785 v 6 1TBU $%O )>//7N 67(,*7 +,(5%(, + 6 12SBU 81' ',( r+$6(15$80',&+7( 1 +U %/(,%7 ,0 g;3$16,216O 9(5/$8) 819(5>1'(57N 62 '$66 ,1 j(Of@6(1675$+/(1 .(,1 %(5*$1* =85 u83(59@66,*O .(,7 (,175,77P
SPWPT o2/(.8/$5675$+/675(8(;3(5,0(17( u75(8(;3(5,0(17( 0,7 *(.5(8=7(1 o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1 (5/$8%(1 6(+5 '(7$,//,(57( w1O 7(568&+81*(1 921 02/(.8/$5(1 u7?M(1N %(, '(1(1 (/$67,6&+( u75(881*N ,1(/$67,6&+( u7?M( 0,7 t27$7,216$15(*81* 81' x,%5$7,216$15(*81*N (/(.7521,6&+( %(5*>1*( 81' &+(0,6&+( t($.7,21(1 0,7 x(57(,/81* '(5 )5(,*(6(7=7(1 t($.7,216(1(5*,( $8) v5$16/$7,216(1(5*,( 81' ,11(5( o2/(.@/=867>1'( $8)75(7(1 .?11(1P f$ ',( v+(25,( ',(6(5 x25*>1*( $8&+ %(, *52M(5 9(5)@*%$5(5 t(&+(1.$3$=,7>7 925/>87* 6&+21 %(, (,1)$&+(1 u7?M(1 921 c720(1 0,7 =:(,$720,*(1 o2/(.@/(1 $1 ,+5( i5(1=(1 67?M7N /$66(1 6,&+ 0,7 '(5 o(6681* *(1$8(5 ',5(5(17,(//(5N :,1.(/$8)*(/?67(5 u75(848(5O 6&+1,77( v(676<67(0( )@5 ',( d(5(&+181* 02/(.8/$5(5 u72M'<1$0,. 81' '(5 ,+1(1 =8*581'( /,(*(1'(1 d251Oq33(1+(,0(5Or27(17,$/( $8)67(//(1P d(, 02/(.8/$5(1 u7?M(1 c1deJ-,N -,K S c1deJ-) N -) K
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SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
SRY
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JSPTUZK
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SRZ
S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1 Zähler fl. N2
Chopper
Θ
H1 D2
D1 P1
SEM
P2
D3
D4 Ionisator
P3
T1
T2
T3
90˚ Magnet
0 5 10 cm
c%%P SPXR o2/(.8/$5675$+/$33$5$785 =85 o(6681* ',5(5(17,(//(5 ,1(/$67,6&+(5 81' 5($.7,9(5 u75(848(56&+1,77(P
(,1(0 o$66(163(.7520(7(5 0,7 g/(.7521(1675$+/,21,6$725 %(, (,1(5 p$&+:(,6:$+5O 6&+(,1/,&+.(,7 921 SR2V %,6 SR2W J352 o2/(.@/KP |85 h/8*=(,7$1$/<6( '(5 o2/(.@/O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7 :(5'(1 ,1 '(1 r5,0>5675$+/ 2'(5 '(1 v$5*(7675$+/ 6&+1(// 527,(5(1'( |(5+$&.(5Ou&+(,%(1 JNNe+233(5DDK (,1*()$+5(1N ',( %(, u&+/,7=%5(,7(1 921 S 00 81' w0/$855(48(1=(1 921 WRR2SRRR j= ',( o(6681* 921 o2/(.@/98*=(,763(.75(1 0,7 (,1(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,76$89?681* %(66(5 $/6 S@ (5/$8%(1 J6P L[WbKP
SPWPTPT k17(*5$/(5 81' ',5(5(17,(//(5 u75(848(56&+1,77 %,( c720675(881* d(,63,(/+$)7( o(66(5*(%1,66( 9(56&+,('(1(5 o2/(.8/$5675$+/*5833(1 6,1' ,1 '(1 c%%P SPXS %,6 c%%P SPXU '$5*(67(//7 L[XbP f(5 '85&+ c720675$+/$%6&+:>&+81* 0(66O %$5( 727$/( s8(56&+1,77 )@5 c720Oc720Ou75(881* ,1 c%%P SPXS$ =(,*7 %(, c8)75$*81* *(*(1 (,1( NN5('8=,(57( u72M*(6&+:,1',*.(,7DD * 3 @ 95(/BJ& t0K 9(56&+,('(1( u7(,O *81*69(5/>8)( )@5 '(1 d(5(,&+ 1,('5,*(5 81' +2+(5 u72M(1(5*,(1N ',( 925=8*6:(,6( u75(881* ,0 $1=,(+(1'(1 v(,/ '(6 r27(17,$/6 81' ,0 $%672M(1'(1 r27(17,$/7(,/ :,'(5O 63,(*(/1P f(5 5($/( 02/(.8/$5( u72M48(56&+1,77 17 ,67 .(,1(6:(*6 921 '(5 u72M*(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7 81$%+>1*,*N :,( 0,7 '(5 (,1*$1*6 9(5:(1'(7(1 c11$+0( 921 j$57(O m8*(/1Os8(56&+1,77(1 817(567(//7 :,5'P k0 1,('(5(1(5*(7,6&+(1 d(5(,&+ ,67 '(5 s8(5O 6&+1,7769(5/$8) '85&+ 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+( k17(5)(5(1=(56&+(,181*(1 @%(5/$*(57N ',( $/6 NNi/25,(1ODD 81' $/6 NNq5%,7,1*Ot(621$1=(1DD $8)75(7(1P d(, *$1= 1,('5,*(1 g1(5O *,(1 75,77 (,1 t$06$8(5Ov2:16(1'Oo,1,080 $8)N %(, '(0 ',( '(Od52*/,(Oy(//(1O />1*( 0,7 '(0 o2/(.@/'85&+0(66(5 9(5*/(,&+%$5 *52M ,67P k0 ',5(5(17,(//(1 u75(848(56&+1,77 921 p$Oj* ,1 c%%P SPXS% (56&+(,1(1 ',(6( k1O 7(5)(5(1=3+>120(1( $/6 (,1=(/1( o$;,0$ ,1 '(5 y,1.(/9(57(,/81* %,6 =8 (,1(0 o$O ;,0$/:,1.(/ )tN '(5 $/6 t(*(1%2*(1:,1.(/ %(=(,&+1(7 :,5'N '$ (5 %(, )t W T &Bg (56&+(,17 81' :,( '$6 0(7(252/2*,6&+( r+>120(1 3523257,21$/ =85 v23)7,()( & '(6
SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
SR[
$1=,(+(1'(1 r27(17,$/7(,/6 81' 80*(.(+57 3523257,21$/ 0,7 '(5 u75(8(1(5*,( g $1O 67(,*7 L[YbP f,( c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 u75(8:,1.(/6 ) 920 u72M3$5$0(7(5 % '(5 ,1 c%%P SPXS& )@5 '$6 9$1O'(5Oy$$/6Or27(17,$/ 6.,==,(57(1 c%/(1.75$-(.725,(1 =(,*7 ',( w0.(+5 '(5 c%/(1.)81.7,21 )J%K %(,0 f85&+*$1* 921 *52M(1 %Oy(57(1 0,7 1(O *$7,9(5 c%/(1.81* =8 ./(,1(1 u72M3$5$0(7(51 0,7 326,7,9(1 c%/(1.:,1.(/1 $0 5(O 38/6,9(1 m(51%(5(,&+ '(6 o2/(.@/6P c0 w0.(+5381.7 :,5' '(5 ',5(5(17,(//( u75(8O 48(56&+1,77 6(+5 *52M 81' =(,*7 +,(5 ',( t(*(1%2*(16758.785P d(, ./(,1(5(1 c%/(1.O :,1.(/1 $/6 )t 75$*(1 v5$-(.725,(1 0,7 '5(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 u72M3$5$0(7(5 %SN %TN %U =85 u75(881* ,1 '(16(/%(1 u75(8:,1.(/ %(, 81' )@+5(1 '85&+ 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+( %(5/$*(581* =8 /$1*6$0(1 81' 6&+1(//(1 k17(5)(5(1=26=,//$7,21(1 ,0 ',5(5(17,(//(1 u75(848(56&+1,77 ,0 u75(8:,1.(/%(5(,&+ '(5 o(+5)$&+75$-(.725,(1P
100
integraler Querschnitt σ
Glorien
differentieller Querschnitt d σ/d Ω
(a)
(b)
10
2
mittlerer Anstieg ~g - 5
R.T.
2
~g - 11
1
0.1 0.001
0.01
0.1 1 reduzierte Geschwindigkeit g
10
100
Θ Na-Hg E=0.251 eV E=0.188 eV
0
5
10 15 20 25 30 Streuwinkel Θ /Grad
35 40
45 50
(c)
b1
b 2 b 3 Stoßparameter
c%%P SPXS o2/(.8/$5( u75(848(56&+1,77(\ J$K k17(*5$/( u72M48(56&+1,77( )@5 9$1O'(5Oy$$/6O o2/(.@/(N $8)*(75$*(1 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 5('8=,(57(1 u72M*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 * 3 +BJT /K 95(/BJ& t0KN (5/$8%(1 (,1( (;3(5,0(17(//( d(67,0081* '(5 g;321(17(1 '(6 $1=,(+(1'(1 81' '(6 $%672O M(1'(1 v(,/6 '(6 9$1O'(5Oy$$/6Or27(17,$/6 xJ5K 3 eSTB5ST 2 eXB5 XP f(5 d(5(,&+6@%(5*$1* %(, * 3 S :,5' %(67,007 '85&+ ',( v,()( & 81' n$*( t0 '(6 r27(17,$/60,1,0806P J%K f,5(5(17,(//( u75(848(56&+1,77( =(,*(1 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( NNt(*(1%2*(1DDOu758.785(1 0,7 '(0 '85&+ u72MO (1(5*,( 81' r27(17,$/7,()( %(67,007(1 t(*(1%2*(1675(8:,1.(/ )t 6 T &BgP J&K j$/%./$66,6&+ %(75$&+7(7 (1767(+(1 ',(6( '85&+ k17(5)(5(1= 0(+5(5(5 =80 */(,&+(1 c%/(1.:,1.(/ )@+5(1'(5 u75(875$-(.725,(13)$'( ,1 $1=,(+(1'(1 81' $%672M(1'(1 r27(17,$/%(5(,&+(1P
SSR
S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
SPWPTPU o(6681* ,1(/$67,6&+(5 t27$7,216$15(*81* %(, j(OpTOu7?M(1 g,1 d(,63,(/ )@5 ,1(/$67,6&+( u75(80(6681*(1 =(,*7 c%%P SPXT$ 0,7 (,1(0 h/8*=(,7O 63(.7580 )@5 ',( t27$7,216$15(*81* 921 u7,&.6725Oo2/(.@/(1 '85&+ u7?M( 0,7 j(O /,80 L[ZbP g6 :85'( %(, U[PW@ n$%25675(8:,1.(/ ,1 '(5 =80 pTOv$5*(7675$+/ 6(1.O 5(&+7(1 u75(8(%(1( *(0(66(1N ,1 '(5 ',( +?&+67( ,1(/$67,6&+( c89?681* (55(,&+7 :,5'P f,( u72M(1(5*,( %(75>*7 g 3 TYPU 0(xN 1$+( '(5 :$+56&+(,1/,&+67(1 u72M(1(5*,( . v %(, p250$/7(03(5$785P f(5 u7,&.6725Oo2/(.8/$5675$+/ :85'( ,1 (,1(5 f@6(1675$+/O (;3$16,21 35>3$5,(57 81' ,67 =8 0(+5 $/6 ZW@ ,1 6(,1( t27$7,216*581'=867>1'( *(.@+/7P f$6 +20218./($5( pTOo2/(.@/ 75,77 ,1 =:(, '85&+ ',( SVpOm(5163,167$7,67,. %(',1*7(1 o2',7.$7,21(1 $/6 3$5$Ou7,&.6725 JUU@K 0,7 185 81*(5$'=$+/,*(1 t2O 7$7,216=867>1'(1 81' $/6 257+2Ou7,&.6725 JXY@K 0,7 t27$7,216=867>1'(1 - 3 RN TN VN P P P $8)N ',( $86 r$5,7>76*5@1'(1 '85&+ o2/(.@/67?M( 1,&+7 ,1(,1$1'(5 @%(5*(+(1 .?11(1P k1 '(5 63(.7526.23,6&+(1 p27$7,21 :,5' '(5 r$5,7>76=867$1' 0,7 '(5 *5?O M(5(1 d(6(7=81*6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 ,00(5 $/6 '(5 NN257+2DDON '(5 0,7 '(5 *(5,1*(5(1 k17(16,7>7 $8)75(7(1'( $/6 '(5 NN3$5$DDO|867$1' %(=(,&+1(7P f(5 g1(5*,($%67$1' '(5 3523257,21$/ =8 - J -1SK $167(,*(1'(1 t27$7,216(1(5*,(O 1,9($86 %(75>*7 V&R2T 3 SPW 0(x )@5 '(1 257+2O%(5*$1* -, S -) 3 R S T 81' 67(,*7 $8) V&S2U 3 TPW 0(x %(,0 S S UOt27$7,216@%(5*$1* %(,0 3$5$Ou7,&.6725 $1P f$6 h/8*=(,763(.7580 ,1 c%%P SPXT$ =(,*7 %(, RPYW 0(x c89?681* '(1 (/$67,6&+(1 u75(8O 3($. 92//67>1',* *(75(117 920 j(/,8098*=(,73($. )@5 ',( R S TOt27$7,216$15(*81* %(, Vg 3 SPW 0(x g1(5*,(9(5/867N *()2/*7 921 =:(, :(,7(5(1 r($.6758.785(1 )@5 ',( S S UOt27$7,216$15(*81* '(6 3$5$OpTOc17(,/6 ,0 u7,&.6725675$+/ 81' (,1(0 6(+5 ./(,1(1 T S VOc15(*81*63($.P f$6 %(, t27$7,2167(03(5$785(1 921 (,1,*(1 m(/9,1 12&+ 0,7 SW@ y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 %(6(7=7( - 3 TOp,9($8 '(6 u7,&.67256 )@+57 $8M(5O '(0 $8&+ =8 '(0 ,0 h/8*=(,763(.7580 /,1.6 920 (/$67,6&+(1 r($. 12&+ 6,&+7%$5(1N ./(,1(5(1 T S ROt27$7,216$%5(*81*63($.P c86 9,(/(1 g,1=(/0(6681*(1 $86*(:(57(O
0
He N2 Θ LAB=39.5
el. 1
11.0 2
0
10
He N2 E=27.3 meV
2
total
3 2
dσ /dΩ (10-20 m2)
12.0
103
2
4
10.0
0
101
2
1
100
3 0
(a)
1.7
1.9 1.8 Flugzeit t /ms
2.0
(b)
0
10
4 20 30 Θcm /Grad
40
50
c%%P SPXT J$K h/8*=(,763(.7580 0,7 $8)*(/?67(1 t27$7,216@%(5*>1*(1 )@5 ',( j(OpTOu75(8O 81* JrgR ST 3 SPW 0(xKP J%K f,5(5(17,(//( t27$7,216$15(*81*648(56&+1,77( )@5 j(OpT %(, '(5 J.,1(7,6&+(1K u72M(1(5*,( g 3 TYPU 0(xP g;3(5,0(17$/:(57( J.-0rKN %(5(&+1(7( y(57( J"N A AN OOOKP
SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
SSS
7(N ',5(5(17,(//( u75(848(56&+1,77( )@5 ',( t27$7,216$15(*81* %(, pTOj(Ou7?M(1 6,1' ,1 c%%P SPXT% *(=(,*7P y,( '(5 727$/( u75(848(56&+1,77 J'$6 ,67 ',( u800( 921 R S RN S S S 81' $//(1 ,1(/$67,6&+(1 m$1>/(1K 6,1' $8&+ '(5 R S TO 81' '(5 S S UOt2O 7$7,216@%(5*$1* '85&+ 67$5.( s8$17(126=,//$7,21(1 *(35>*7N ',( ,1 *52%(5 p>+(581* '(5 h5$81+2)(5Od(8*81* '(5 j(/,80:(//( $1 (,1(5 m8*(/ 0,7 c7205$',86 (17635(O &+(1P f$6 %(2%$&+7(7( r+>120(1 '(5 r+$6(19(56&+,(%81* =:,6&+(1 '(1 (/$67,6&+(1 81' '(1 R S TO527$7,216,1(/$67,6&+(1 d(8*81*60$;,0$ />667 6,&+ $8) ',( n2.$/,O 6,(581* '(5 t27$7,216@%(5*>1*( $8) (,1(1 6(+5 6&+0$/(1 t$1'%(5(,&+ $0 $%672O M(1'(1 m(51 '(6 j(OpTOy(&+6(/:,5.81*6327(17,$/6 =85@&.)@+5(1P f,( *(5,1*)@*,*( t,&+781*6$6<00(75,( '(6 r27(17,$/5(38/6,97(,/6 920 d(75$* '(5 +$/%(1 d,1'81*6O />1*( '(6 pTOo2/(.@/6 %(67,007 1$+(=8 48$17,7$7,9 '(1 c%62/87%(75$* '(5 t27$O 7,216$15(*81*648(56&+1,77( ,1 ',(6(0 (,1)$&+(1 o2'(//P f,( '85&+*(+(1'(1 n,1,(1 ,1 c%%P SPXT% =(,*(1 ',( %(67(1 9(5)@*%$5(1N (;$.7(1 7+(25(7,6&+(1 y,5.81*6O 48(56&+1,77( )@5 ',( 527$7,216,1(/$67,6&+( j(OpTOu75(881*P
SPWPTPV f,( t($.7,21 h1jT S jh1j g,1( '(5 62:2+/ 7+(25(7,6&+ $/6 $8&+ 0,7 o2/(.8/$5675$+/0(7+2'(1 %(67817(568&+7(1 &+(0,6&+(1 t($.7,21(1 ,67 '$6 u<67(0 h1jT S jh1jP f,( t($.7,21 />8)7 0,7 18˚
ν =1
Θ (HF)
2
E =7.70 kJ/mol
3
ν =1
grel
vF
ν =2 v H2
(a)
F+p-H2
0˚
HF+H
ν =3
ν =3
Θ L=18˚ ν ’=3
0 (b)
ν =3
ν =2
600 300 Flugzeit der HF Produkte
900
(c)
Konturplot IHF (Θ, u )
c%%P SPXU f,( hOjTOt($.7,21P J$K i(6&+:,1',*.(,76',$*5$00 0,7 '(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 '(6 hOu75$+/6 81' '(6 J3$5$OKjTOu75$+/6 81' '(1 p(:721Om8*(/1 )@5 ',( jhOt($.7,216352O '8.7( ,1 '(1 x,%5$7,216=867>1'(1 -) 3 SN T 81' UP J%K h/8*=(,763(.7580 '(6 jhOr52'8.76N )@5 '(1 n$%25675(8:,1.(/ an 3 SZ]P J&K m21785(1',$*5$00'$567(//81* '(5 ,1(/$67,6&+ ',5(O 5(17,(//(1 t($.7,21648(56&+1,7769(57(,/81* ,0 i(6&+:,1',*.(,765$80 '(5 jhOr52'8.7(P
SST
S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
(,1(5 1,('5,*(1 c.7,9,(581*6%$55,(5( (;27+(50 $%P f(5 @%(5:,(*(1'( v(,/ '(5 t(O $.7,216(17+$/3,( :,5' =81>&+67 $/6 u&+:,1*81*6(1(5*,( '(6 jhOr52'8.7(6 )5(,*(O 6(7=7P g,1( o2/(.8/$5675$+/678',( ',(6(5 g/(0(17$55($.7,21 J6P L[[bK %(/(*7 ',(6 )@5 (,1( +,(5 ,1 c%%P SPXU *(=(,*7( r52'8.7*(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* %(, (,1(5 hOjTO u72M(1(5*,( 921 g 3 YPYR .lB02/ JW ZR 0(xKP c89?681*67(&+1,6&+ ,67 '$6 g;3(5,O 0(17 6(+5 9,(/ 81*@167,*(5 $/6 '$6 =8925 *(=(,*7( j(/,80675(8(;3(5,0(17N '$ '(5 9(5:(1'(7( h/825$720675$+/ '85&+ 7+(50,6&+( |(56(7=81* 921 h/825 (5=(8*7 :85'( 81' (,1( 6(+5 9,(/ %5(,7(5( o2/(.8/$5675$+/*(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* %(6,7=7P |8O '(0 .2117( $86 '(7(.7257(&+1,6&+(1 i5@1'(1 185 ',( h/8*=(,79(57(,/81* '(6 6&+:(O 5(5(1 81' '$+(5 .,1(0$7,6&+ 81*@167,*(5(1 jhOr52'8.702/(.@/6 817(568&+7 :(5O '(1P c%%P SPXU$ ,//8675,(57 ',( m,1(0$7,. '(6 g;3(5,0(17(6 Ji/P JSPTUXKAJSPTU[KK 0,7 '(5 J0,77/(5(1K i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 hOc720675$+/6 81' '(6 jTOv$5*(7675$+/6N 9h 81' 9j N =86$00(1 0,7 '(1 p(:721Om8*(/1 )@5 ',( g1'*(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 '(6 jhOr52O A '8.7(6 ,1 '(1 x,%5$7,216=867>1'(1 - 3 RN SN T 81' UP f$6 h/8*=(,763(.7580 '(6 jh %(,0 n$%25:,1.(/ )n 3 SZ@ Jc%%P SPXU%K =(,*7 6(+5 ./$5 $86*(35>*7( r($.6758.785(1 )@5 ',( x,%5$7,216=867>1'( - 3 T 81' - 3 U 81' 9?//,*( c%:(6(1+(,7 921 o2/(.@/(1 ,0 u&+:,1*81*6*581'=867$1' - 3 RP f(5 $/6 -A 3 U 0$5.,(57( %(5*$1* ,67 ',( %(, ',(6(0 n$%25:,1.(/ (%(1)$//6 12&+ 6,&+7%$5( 5@&.:>576 *(675(87( m20321(17( '(5 p(:721Om8*(/ )@5 - 3 UN :,( $86 c%%P SPXU$ (56,&+7/,&+P g,1=(/1( t27$7,216@%(5O *>1*( 6,1' 1,&+7 $8)*(/?67P f,( u75(8(5*(%1,66( 6,1' '$+(5 ,1 (,1(0 m21785(1',$O *5$00 ,1 c%%P SPXU& $/6 n$1'.$57( '(5 jhOy,1.(/9(57(,/81* ,0 u&+:(5381.76<6O 7(0 =86$00(1*(67(//7P x,%5$7,216$1*(5(*7(6 jh (56&+(,17 9255$1*,* %(, t@&.:>576O 675(8:,1.(/1 ,0 u&+:(5381.76<67(0P
SPWPTPW u75(848(56&+1,7760(6681* 0,7 n$6(5,21,6$7,21 81' k21(1$%%,/'81* o,7 '(5 )2576&+5(,7(1'(1 g17:,&./81* 81' x(5)@*%$5.(,7 ,17(16,9(5 n$6(5675$+/81* =80 p$&+:(,6 '(5 u75(8352'8.7( ,1 o2/(.8/$5675$+/(;3(5,0(17(1 .?11(1 g;3(5,O 0(17( =85 c860(6681* '(5 y,1.(/9(57(,/81* 921 t($.7,216352'8.7(1 %('(87(1' 6&+1(//(5 81' (/(*$17(5 '85&+*()@+57 :(5'(1P c/6 (,1 d(,63,(/ :,5' ,1 c%%P SPXV (,1( k21(1$%%,/'81*6Oo2/(.8/$5675$+/$33$5$785 ',6.87,(57 LSRRbP w17(568&+7 :,5' +,(5 ',( r52'8.79(57(,/81* 921 o2/(.@/)5$*0(17(1 1$&+ '(5 r+272',662=,$7,21 '(6 '(8O 7(5,(57(1 o(7+,2','6 ejUkP f$6 efUk :,5' 0,7 v5>*(5*$6 $/6 *(38/67(5 f@6(1675$+/ ,1 ',( o2/(.8/$5675$+/$33$5$785 (;3$1',(57P k0 u75(8=(17580 :,5' '$6 o(7+,2',' '85&+ (,1(1 J*(38/67(1K r+272/<6(/$6(5 %(, (,1(5 y(//(1/>1*( 921 TXX 10 ',662=,,(57P f,( f,662=,$7,216352'8.7( efU 81' kSBT 2'(5 kUBT %5(,7(1 6,&+ '$11 $8) ,+5(1N '(1 -(:(,/,*(1 ,11(5(1 g1(5*,(%(6(7=81*(1 (17635(&+(1'(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,76Op(:721O m8*(/1 920 f,662=,$7,216381.7 $86*(+(1' $86P y(1,*( p$126(.81*(1 63>7(5 :,5' 0,7 (,1(0 $%67,00%$5(1 n$6(5 JW UXV 10K '$6 efUOr+272)5$*0(17 =867$1'66(/(.O 7,9 5(621$1=,21,6,(57P f,( '$%(, (5=(8*7(1 k21(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' ,1 t,&+781* '(5 o2/(.8/$5675$+/$&+6( $%*(=2*(1P u,( %5(,7(1 6,&+ '$%(, 12&+ :(,7(5 0,7 '(5 %(,0 $1)>1*/,&+(1 r+272',662=,$7,216352=(66 $8)*(35>*7(1 i(6&+:,1',*O .(,769(57(,/81* $86P f,( 1$&+ '(0 f85&+9,(*(1 (,1(5 n$8)675(&.( $8) 81*()>+5 S &0 5>80/,&+( c86'(+181* $1*(:$&+6(1( v(,/&+(1:2/.( 75,57 $8) (,1(1 *52M9>&+,*(1 m$1$/3/$77(1Ou(.81'>5(/(.7521(19(59,(/)$&+(5 $8)N '(5 (,1 9(567>5.7(6 u,*1$/ '(5 k21(1:2/.(19(57(,/81* (5=(8*7N '$6 @%(5 (,1(1 n(8&+76&+,50 921 (,1(5 eefOm$O
SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
SSU
Ionisationslaser (-334 nm) Extraktionsplatte CCDKamera
Flugzeitrohr
Fiberoptik
gepulste Düse
CD3I/He
Mikrokanalplatten
Repellerplatte
Phosphorschirm
Skimmer
Photolyse-Laser
c%%P SPXV k21(1$%%,/'81*6$33$5$785 =85 6,08/7$1(1 |867$1'6O 81' y,1.(/9(57(,/81*60(6O 681* 921 t($.7,216352'8.7(1 $86 (,1(0 r+272/<6(352=(66P f,( efUOr+272)5$*0(17( :(5'(1 '85&+ (,1(1 =:(,7(1 n$6(538/6 =867$1'66(/(.7,9 ,21,6,(57P f$6 k21(1$%%,/'81*66<67(0 =(,&+1(7 ',( c86*$1*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* ',(6(5 r+272,21(1 5>80/,&+ 81' =(,7/,&+ ',63(5*,(57 @%(5 (,1( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1%,/':$1'/(53/$77( $8)P 1
2 22-Bande Q-Zweig
1 1 -Bande Q-Zweig
y x
(b)
Streuintensität
(a)
(c)
vcm
0
(d)
0
vcm
c%%P SPXW t>80/,&+( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81*6.21785(1 $0 d,/':$1'/(5$86*$1* J2%(5( t(,+(K 81' =85@&.*(5(&+1(7( i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* '(6 efUOr52'8.702/(.@/6 ,0 u&+:(5O 381.76<67(0 J817(5( t(,+(KP f,( c%%,/'81*(1 ,1 '(5 /,1.(1 u3$/7( 6,1' )@5 ',( r+272',662O =,$7,21 '(6 o(7+,2','6 ,1 '(1 k2'*581'=867$1' kUBT *(0(66(1P f,( 5(&+7( u(,7( =(,*7 ',( efUOr52'8.79(57(,/81* %(, =86>7=/,&+(5 c15(*81* '(6 0(7$67$%,/(1 k2'=867$1'(6 kSBT 0,7 (,1(5 ,11(5(1 g1(5*,( 921 S (xP
SSV
S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
0(5$ $8)*(1200(1 :,5'P c/6 d(,63,(/ +,(5)@5 :(5'(1 ,1 c%%P SPXW =:(, %(, 9(56&+,(O '(1(1 r52%(/$6(5:(//(1/>1*(1 *(0(66(1( (;3(5,0(17(//( k21(19(57(,/81*(1 )@5 =8O 67$1'66(/(.7,(57( efUOf,662=,$7,216352'8.7( *(=(,*7P f$5817(5 ,67 '(5 1$&+ (,1(5 180(5,6&+ $8):>1',*(1 '5(,',0(16,21$/(1 c86:(5781* (5+$/7(1( k17(16,7>7648(5O 6&+1,77 ,1 '(5 J9(57,.$/(1K r2/$5,6$7,2165,&+781* '(6 r+272',662=,$7,216/$6(56 $8)*(O 75$*(1P f,( %(,'(1 3520,1(17(1 r($.6 '(5 efUOi(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* (17635(O &+(1 '(5 r+272',662=,$7,21 921 o(7+,2',' ,1 '(1 k2'*581'=867$1' kUBT 81' ,1 '(1 0(7$67$%,/(1 kSBTO|867$1' 0,7 S (x ,11(5(5 c15(*81*6(1(5*,(P f,( *(0(66(1(1 efUOh5$*0(17*(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81*(1 =(,*(1 (,1( 6(+5 67$5.( c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 k2'Ox(5=:(,*81*69(5+>/71,66(6 921 '(0 x,%5$7,216Ot27$7,216O|867$1' '(6 .203/(0(17>5 (5=(8*7(1 efUOt$',.$/)5$*0(17(6P
SPWPU f,$*1267,. 0,7 o2/(.8/$5675$+/0(7+2'(1 d$6,(5(1' $8) o2/(.8/$5675$+/0(7+2'(1 +$%(1 6,&+ c1:(1'81*(1 (17:,&.(/7N ',( %(1$&+%$57( h256&+81*6*(%,(7( %('(87(1' 925$1%5,1*(1P
SPWPUPS j?&+67$89?6(1'( o2/(.@/63(.7526.23,( '85&+ g,1%(7781* ,1 .$/7( j(/,8075?3)&+(1
Düse
Pick-up
Photonenabsorption + Heliumverdampfung
Massenspektrometer
Laserstrahl
c/6 (,1 d(,63,(/ +,(5)@5 ,67 ,1 c%%P SPXX (,1( j(/,8075?3)&+(1Oo2/(.8/$5675$+/$3O 3$5$785 6.,==,(57N ',( (6 (5/$8%7 (,1=(/1( o2/(.@/( ,1 6(+5 .$/7(6N 9@66,*(6 J683(5O 9@66,*(6K j(/,80 %(, &$P RPUZ m(/9,1 (,1=8%(77(1 81' '$5$1 +2&+ $89?6(1'( 237,6&+( u3(.7526.23,( =8 %(75(,%(1P j(/,8075?3)&+(1 0,7 (,1(5 i5?M( =:,6&+(1 WRRR 81' TRRRR j(/,80$720(1 :(5'(1 $/6 6(+5 (1* .2//,0,(57 $8675(7(1'(5 u75$+/ ,1 (,1(5 $8) SRATR m *(.@+/7(1 W ]0 f@6( %(, TR %$5 j(/,80'58&. (5=(8*7 LSRSN SRTbP f,(
c%%P SPXX j(/,8075?3)&+(1$33$5$785 0,7 r,&.83O|(//( =85 g,1/$*(581* 921 o2/(.@/(1 $86 '(5 i$63+$6( 81' 0$66(163(.7520(75,6&+(0 p$&+:(,6 )@5 '(1 '85&+ r+2721(1$%62537,21 ,1'8=,(57(1 j(/,809(5'$03)81*6352=(66P
SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1 COOH
D
Tryptophan in He-Tröpfchen
α
H C NH2 β
γ
D’ B 34900
34940
ν /cm-1
E
F
in Überschallstrahlen A-Progression
CH2
N H
C’ C 34980
SSW
35020
35060
D E
C
A
F
B 34860
34900
34940
34980
ν /cm-1
c%%P SPXY J$K c866&+1,77 $86 '(0 c%62537,21663(.7580 921 (,1*(/$*(57(1 v5<3723+$102O /(.@/(1 ,1 j(/,8075?3)&+(1P J%K |80 x(5*/(,&+ :,5' (,1 0,7 '(5 NNu(('('Od($0DDOv(&+1,. ,1 f@6(1675$+/(1 *(.@+/7(6 t()(5(1=63(.7580 *(=(,*7N '(66(1 t27$7,216%$1'(1 12&+ :(6(17/,&+ 67>5.(5 f233/(5O9(5%5(,7(57 6,1' JNNy(//(1=$+/DDOg1(5*,((,1+(,7\ ZRXW &02S (17635,&+7 S (xKP
=8 817(568&+(1'(1 o2/(.@/( :(5'(1 %(,0 f85&+98* '(5 j(/,8075?3)&+(1 '85&+ (,1( 0,7 02/(.8/$5(0 f$03) '(6 r52%(102/(.@/6 *()@//7( u75(8.$00(5N '(5 r,&.O w3O|(//(N (,1*(/$*(57P f(5 *(5,&+7(7( v5?3)&+(1675$+/ '85&+9,(*7 1$&+ '(0 c8675,77 (,1( n$6(5:(&+6(/:,5.81*65(*,21 81' 75,77 ,1 (,1 o$66(163(.7520(7(5 0,7 g/(.752O 1(1675$+/,21,6$725 (,1N '$6 '(1 k21,6$7,216352=(66 @%(5/(%(1'( j(/,80&/867(5)5$*O 0(17( 81' $8&+ ',( (,1*(6&+/266(1(1 e+52023+2502/(.@/( 6(/(.7,9 1$&+:(,67P y,5' 181 '(5 n$6(5 '85&+*(67,007N 62 *(%(1 (,1*(/$*(57( o2/(.@/( ,+5( $8)*(120O 0(1( r+272(1(5*,( $1 '$6 j(/,8075?3)&+(1 $%N 921 '(0 0(+5(5( +81'(57 c720( J352 r+2721K 9(5'$03)(1N '$ ',( 6(+5 *(5,1*( x(5'$03)81*6:>50( 921 j(/,80 185 YPT m 352 Vj(Oc720 %(75>*7P f,( c%62537,21 (,1(6 r+27216 (56&+(,17 '$1$&+ ,0 e/867(5Oo$66(163(.7580 $/6 u,*1$/>1'(581* ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 SR@P f$6 (5*,%7 (,1( 6(+5 (0371'/,&+(N 6(+5 6&+21(1'( 81' 6(+5 .$/7( x$5,$17( '(5 o$7O 5,;Ok62/$7,21663(.7526.23,(P c/6 d(,63,(/ )@5 (,1( 63(.7526.23,6&+( c1:(1'81* :,5' ,1 c%%P SPXY (,1 u3(.7580 921 ,1 j(/,8075?3)&+(1 (,1*(/$*(57(0 v5<3723+$1 *(=(,*7P f,( h5(48(1=9(56&+,(O %81* '85&+ ',( j(Og,1/$*(581* ,67 9(5*/(,&+6:(,6( *(5,1*P o2/(.@/$%+>1*,* :(5'(1 x(56&+,(%81*(1 921 :(1,*(1 &02S %,6 =8 2UR &02S 81' XR &02S %(, *5?M(5(1 o2O /(.@/(1 %(2%$&+7(7 LSRSbP j,(5 ,67 ',( t27$7,216%$1'(19(5%5(,7(581* '(5 (/(.7521,O 6&+(1 u3(.75(1 80 *87 (,1( i5?M(125'181* *(*(1@%(5 (,1(0 =80 x(5*/(,&+ *(O
SSX
S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
=(,*7(1 f@6(1675$+/63(.7580 5('8=,(57N 62 '$66 63(.7526.23,6&+( u758.785$1$/<6(1 25*$1,6&+(5 o2/(.@/( 12&+ :(,7(5 9(5(,1)$&+7 :(5'(1P o,7 (,1)$&+(5(1N ./(,1(1 r52%(02/(.@/(1 (5/$8%7 '$6 x(5)$+5(1 $8&+ 6(+5 '(7$,/O /,(57( w17(568&+81*(1 =85 p$785 '(6 683(59@66,*(1 |867$1'6 ,1 ./(,1(1 j(/,80O 75?3)&+(1 81' ,1 Uj(BVj(Oo,6&+$**5(*$7(1P f,( v523)(17(03(5$785 .$11 $86 '(0 t27$7,21663(.7580 '(5 (,1*(/$*(57(1 o2/(.@/( %(67,007 :(5'(1P c86 '(1 h/@*(/1 '(5 c%62537,216%$1'(1 /$66(1 6,&+ )@5 '(1 683(59@66,*(1 |867$1' &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( |867$1'6',&+7(1 921 g;&,721(1 ,0 80*(%(1'(1 j(/,807523)(1 %(67,00(1 LSRSbP
elektrostatische Linsen zylindrische Elektrode
QuadrupolMassenspektrometer Kapillare
Injektionsnadel Flüssigkeitsprobe
(a)
(b)
Skimmer
Trockengas
1. Pumpstufe
2. Pumpstufe
(c)
c%%P SPXZ f,( g/(.752635$<,21(148(//( )@5 1,&+7 9(5'$03)%$5( *52M( d,202/(.@/(P J$K f,( r52%(19@66,*.(,7 :,5' ,1 (/(.75,6&+ $8)*(/$'(1( v523)(1 =(567>8%7N ,0 v52&.(1*$667520 '(O 62/9$7,6,(57 81' 0(+5)$&+ *(/$'(1( r527(,1,21(1 :(5'(1 921 $70263+>5,6&+(1 d(',1*81*(1 ,16 x$.880 =80 o$66(163(.7520(7(5 75$16)(5,(57P J%K k0 g/(.752635$<352=(66 :,5' h/@66,*O .(,7 $86 (,1(5 m$3,//$5( @%(5 (,1(1 6,&+ $86%,/'(1'(1 NNv$25Om(*(/DD =8 (,1(0 12&+ '@11(5(1 h$'(1 J,0 10Od(5(,&+K $86*(=2*(1 81' =(5)>//7 ,1 )(,167( v523)(1P J&K |(5)$// *(/$'(1(5 v523)(1 '85&+ |(5635(1*81* 2'(5 '85&+ 9(567>5.7( x(5'$03)81* %(, %(5:,(*(1 '(5 e28/20%Om5>)7( @%(5 ',( q%(59>&+(163$1181*P
SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
SSY
SPWPUPT g/(.752635$*(5*$667520 $/6 NNu(('DDOv(,/&+(1 ,1 '$6 x$.8806<67(0 (,1(6 o$66(163(.7520(7(56 =8 ,1-,=,(5(1P g,1( g/(.752635$8%7P i(/?67( r527(,102/(.@/( '(62/9$7,6,(5(1 $86 '(1 *(/$'(1(1 v523)(1 81' /$*(51 '$%(, n$'81*(1 $1N 2+1( ,0 k21,6$7,216352=(66 %(6&+>',*7 =8 :(5'(1P i$6 81' NN752&.(1(DD k21(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ (,1( v5$16)(5.$3,//$5( $/6 f@6(1O 675$+/ ,16 x$.880 *(%5$&+7P f,( k21(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ (,1(1 u.,00(5 )2.866,(57N '(5 (,1(1 *52M(1 c17(,/ '(6 v5>*(5*$6675206 =85@&.+>/7P u&+/,(M/,&+ (55(,&+(1 ',( k21(1 '$6 s8$'5832/Oo$66(163(.7520(7(5 81' :(5'(1 $1$/<6,(57P f(5 v523)(1$8)O /$'81*6352=(66 $1 '(5 h/@66,*.(,76,1-(.7,2161$'(/ ,67 ,1 c%%P SPXZ% *(1$8(5 '$5*(O 67(//7P f85&+ '$6 67$5.( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' :,5' ',( h/@66,*.(,7 $86 '(0 p$'(/.$1$/ +(5$86*(=2*(1 81' %,/'(7 (,1(1 h$'(1 $86N '(5 %(75>&+7/,&+ '@11(5 $/6 '(5 p$'(/O ,11(1'85&+0(66(5 :,5'P f,( h/@66,*.(,7 :85'( =P dP '85&+ u>85(=8*$%( /(,7)>+,* *(O 0$&+7N 62 '$66 ',( u3,7=( '(6 h/@66,*.(,76)$'(16 $/6 (,1( m21'(16$725(/(.752'( ,0
Abundanz
5000
(M+H)+ (m/z=1201)
2+
4000
(M+2H) (m/z=601)
3000 2000 1000
Abundanz
0
600
800 1000 1200 0.5 m Cyclosporin-A in MeOH/H2O+0.025 % HCI
1400
m/z
(M+2H)2+ (m/z=571)
12000 8000
(2M+HCI+3H)3+ (m/z=773)
4000 0
600
(M+H)+ (m/z=1141)
1200 1000 800 0.5 m Gramicidin-S in MeOH/H2O+0.025 % HCI
1400
m/z
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SSZ
S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
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Wasserdüse p=80 bar
glatter p=10-6 mbar zylindrischer Strahlabschnitt >3 mm
6.3 µm
Kühlfalle
Dampf Skimmer Dampfstrahl zum MolekulargeschwindigkeitsFlugzzeitspektrometer
(a)
Zählrate pro TOF-Kanal/Max
1.0
(b)
D =50 µm
D =10 µm
H2O
0.5
0
0
1.0 Flugzeit t /ms
2.0
3.0
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STR
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SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
83
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STS
JSPTVUK
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STT
S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1 Flüssigkeitsstrahl
Kühlfalle
Flugzeitmassenspektrometer
(a)
Turbopumpen 400 l/s
Ionenoptik
Flüssigkeitsauffänger
Flüssigkeitsstrahl I+
Diffusionspumpe 3700 l/s
10 µm Wasserstrahl im Vakuum (c)
IR-Laser (b)
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STU
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Insulin (Rind) 3 .10-5 M, pH 3
Cytochrom c 10-4 M, pH 6
4000 (a)
Ionensignal/w.E.
Ionensignal/w.E.
[M+H]+
5000
m/z
6000
7000
8000
[M+H]+
[M+2H]2+
5000 (b)
7500
10000 m/z
12500
15000
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STV
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J+-K(x P 0$08
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SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1
P.M.
Probelaser
STW
ChirpGenerator
Fluoreszenz
ω L (t ) CsOfen
1.6 m
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%(, '(0 '$6 r27(17,$/ @%(5$// p8// ,67 81' 185 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 m8*(/ $8) 81(1'/,&+ $167(,*7N 925$86P t($/,67,6&+(5( r27(17,$/9(5/>8)( 1(+0(1 381.7)?50,*( u72M=(175(1 $1N '(1(1 0$1 r27(17,$/( '(5 h250 3J5K 68521 =825'1(7 81' '(5(1 s8(56&+1,77 6,&+ =8 1 6 R2TB1 (55(&+1(7P f(5 h$// 1 3 S %(6&+5(,%7 e28/20%Oy(&+6(/:,5.81*N '(5 h$// 1 3 V 81' 326,7,9(6 x25=(,&+(1 $%672M(1'( o$;:(//Ov(,/&+(1P n(7=7(5( %(O 6,7=(1 ,1 '(5 .,1(7,6&+(1 v+(25,( (,1( %(621'(5( d('(8781*N '$ )@5 ',(6(6 r27(17,$/ 1J/ K 6 SB*N 81' '$0,7 )@5 $//( / ',( h5(48(1=(1 -J/K 1,&+7 921 * 2'(5 '(5 g1(5*,( $%+>1*(1 J6P i/P JTPWUKKP f<1$0,6&+( r2/$5,6,(581*P f,( 62 *(1$117( '<1$0,6&+( r2/$5,6,(581* =:,6&+(1 =:(, 6,&+ $11>+(51'(1 c720(1 2'(5 o2/(.@/(1 />667 6,&+ '85&+ (,1 $1=,(+(1'(6 252XO 9$1O'(5Oy$$/6Or27(17,$/ (5)$66(1P h@5 ./(,1( c%67>1'( :>+/7 0$1 $86 5(&+(135$.O 7,6&+(1 i5@1'(1 (,1 $%672M(1'(6 52STOr27(17,$/N 62'$66 ,16*(6$07 )@5 ',( y(&+6(/O :,5.81* '$6 n(11$5'Ol21(6Or27(17,$/ 3J5K 3 V Rnl LJ5RB5KST 2J5RB5KXKb 5(68/7,(57P 5R ,67 (,1 o$M )@5 '(1 o,1,0$/$%67$1' '(5 u72M3$571(5 81' Rnl (,1 o$M )@5 ',( 0$;,0$/( c1=,(+81*6(1(5*,(P f,( =8*(+?5,*(1 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77( 6,1' 180(5,6&+ =8 %(O 5(&+1(1 LSZbP e28/20%Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 =:(, n$'81*(1P f,( $8&+ $/6 t87+(5)25'Ou75(881* %(.$117( e28/20%Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 =:(, n$'81*(1 Jk21Ok21N k21Og/(.7O 521N g/(.7521Og/(.7521K %(6,7=7 '(1 ',5(5(17,(//(1 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77 1',)) 3
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SWV
T p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1
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TPU u72M352=(66( 81' ,1',9,'8(//( v(,/&+(1'<1$0,.
SWW
40 Xe
30
Kr Ar
20 -20 2
σ /10 m
10
H2 He
0
0
1
2
Ne 3
4 5 ε 1/2/(eV)1/2
6
7
8
9
10
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T p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1
:2%(, %(, '(5 w05(&+181* 920 u&+:(5381.76O ,16 n$%256<67(0 ',( d(=,(+81*(1 Ru 3 RnBTN )u 3 T )n %(187=7 :85'(1 LSTN SUbP p$&+ i/P JTPWSK 9(5/,(57 '$6 (,1)$/O /(1'( g/(.7521 ',( g1(5*,( VRu 3 Ru JS2&26)uKBT W Ru )TuBV 3 Rn )TnN :25$86 'VRu 3 T Rn )n ')n )2/*7P f$0,7 6&+5(,%7 0$1 i/P JTPXSK ,1 '(5 h250 '1n 3
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0 0
1
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TPU u72M352=(66( 81' ,1',9,'8(//( v(,/&+(1'<1$0,.
SWY
500 elastisch 100 50
Ionisation 21 P
10 5
σ /10-22m2
3 SPD
1.0 0.5 0.1
3
4 SPD
23 P
2 S
0
c%%P TPV LXZbKP
21 S
5 SPD
50
100 /eV
150
200
g/$67,6&+( 81' ,1(/$67,6&+( y,5.81*648(56&+1,77( )@5 g/(.7521Oj(/,80Ou7?M( J1$&+
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$%P u2 ,21,6,(5(1 =P dP 0(7$67$%,/( j(Oc720( j( JTS 6K 81' j( JTU 6K 1,('5,*(5 v(0O 3(5$785 1$+(=8 $//( o2/(.@/(N (%(1)$//6 c5*21P f,(6( r52=(66( %(6,7=(1 (,1(1 y,5O .81*648(56&+1,77 921 SR2S[ 0TP |85 f(8781* ',(6(5 k21,6,(581*6925*>1*( 1,007 0$1 $1N '$66 (,1 %(5*$1* =:,6&+(1 '(0 ,17(502/(.8/$5(1 r27(17,$/ '(5 $1 '(1 r52=(66(1 %(7(,/,*7(1 u72M3$571(5 o" 81' cd 925 '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81* ,1 '$6 ,1O 7(502/(.8/$5( r27(17,$/ '(5 r$571(5 1$&+ '(0 u72M (5)2/*7P f(5 %(5*$1* %(6,7=7 (,1( *52M( y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7N :(,/ ',( r27(17,$/.859(1 6,&+ .5(8=(1 2'(5 6(+5 1$+( .200(1P
SWZ
T p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1
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TPYPT f,( 672M%(67,007( u&+,&+7 81' '(5 g,19866 1(*$7,9(5 k21(1 k1 c%6&+1P TPYPS :85'( 925$86*(6(7=7N '$66 ',( k21(1 ',( u&+,&+7 672M)5(, '85&+O 48(5(1N )@5 ',( )5(,( y(*/>1*( '(5 k21(1 $/62 ',( d(',1*81* +hyN1 / =6 *,/7P k0 f58&.O %(5(,&+ / S .r$ 2'(5 $8&+ %(, +2+(1 y$1'63$1181*(1 ,67 ',(6( d(',1*81* 9(5/(7=7N ',( k21(1 9,(*(1 1,&+7 )5(,N 621'(51 :(&+6(/:,5.(1 0,7 '(0 1(875$/(1 j,17(5*581' '(5 f,&+7( 1R 81' '5,)7(1 ,0 67$5.(1 u&+,&+7)(/' =85 y$1' J'(5 f,586,216$17(,/ ,67 '$%(, *(5,1*KP |:,6&+(1 =:(, u7?M(1 1(+0(1 6,( (,1( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( (+hyN1 #8 # $8)N 'P +P 0,7 +hyN1 3 SBJ1R 11K J6P i/P JTPVWKK *,/7 )@5 ,+5( 0,.526.23,6&+( i(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 9 6 J#8 #BJ1R 11KKSBTP f$+(5 /$87(7 ',( u72M)5(48(1= '(5 k21(1 -0N1 3 9B+hyN1 6 J#8 #B1R KSBT 81' ,+5( d(:(*/,&+.(,7 ,67 ,1 3 ( o1B-0N1 6 J#8 #B1RK2SBT J6P c%6&+1P TPVPXKP k0 i(*(16$7= '$=8 +$7 0$1 )@5 (,1 1,('5,*(6 8Oh(/' 9 6 J.v1KSBTN 'P +P -0N1 81' ,1 +>1*(1 1,&+7 921 #8 #B1R $%P |86$00(1)$66(1' 6&+5(,%(1 :,5 '$+(5
0 1 0 1
K #8 # #8 # #8 # ^ ,1 #8 # 3 m L . ^ 1R 1R 1R 9fN1 3 L #8 # #8 # ^ #8 # / L ^ mA 1R 1 R M 1R
|
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h@5 c5*21 ,67 '$%(, J#8 #B1RK& W T 6 SR x 0 N m W UPVY 6 SRTS x2S 02S 62S 81' mA W SPVV 6 SRST 62S x2SBT L[bP f,( m217,18,7>76*/(,&+81* )@+57 =85 k21(1',&+7(9(57(,O /81* 11 J=K 3 - 1 JRKBJ( 9f1KN 81' '$5$86 )2/*7 ,0 h$// (,1(5 +2+(1 h(/'67>5.( 0,7+,/)( 921 ',98 W (11 J=KB&R :(*(1 1( . 11 81' '(5 d(',1*81* $1 '(5 u&+,&+7.$17(N gJ2=6K W RN '$6 g5*(%1,6 2S[
T
T
0
1
U-1 JRKJ=1=6K U gJ=K 3 P T&R mA1R 1R g,1( :(,7(5( k17(*5$7,21 )@+57 :(*(1 gJ=K 32XIBX= =85 r27(17,$/9(57(,/81*
0
1
T
W U-1 JRK U U IJ=K 32 1R J=1=6KU N W T&R mA1R
81' '$5$86 $1 '(5 y$1' )@5 = 3 RN $8)*(/?67 1$&+ '(5 k21(167520',&+7(N U T
01
T W -1 JRK 3 U U
U
&R mA J2IyKT P WBT |1R = 6
JTPTWRK
j>77( 0$1 '$*(*(1 9fN1 3 m gB1R *(:>+/7N 62 :@5'( 0$1 )@5 ./(,1( 8Oh(/'(5 '$6 g5*(%1,6 -1 JRK 3
[ &R m J2IyKT Z 1R =U6
JTPTWSK
TTV
T p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1
(5+$/7(1P p$&+ LXSb 75(7(1 ',( k21(1 ,0 672M%(67,007(1 h$// 0,7 '(5 *(*(1@%(5 '(0 672M)5(,(1 h$// 5('8=,(57(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7
|T+@<
hyN1
91 J2=6K 3 96N1 3 9d
J+hyN1 . +fN( 925$86*(6(7=7K
fN(
,1 ',( u&+,&+7 (,1P f$+(5 )2/*7 0,7 -1 J2=6K 3 ( 11N6 96N1 W -1 JRK 817(5 x(5:(1'81* '(5 d(=,(+81* )@5 +hyN1N +fN(N 11N6 W 16 81' i/P JTPTV[K 81' JTPTVRK ',( u&+,&+7',&.(
0 01
T W =6 W +fN( U U
U T
mA
T W
10
@B1 o1 T(
|
1
U
(I W 2 y P .v(
JTPTWTK
normiertes Dichteverhältnis der αs stoßfreien Schicht α p
1.0 0.8
Te =3 T-
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 10-1
(a)
Te =10 TTe =11 T100
normiertes Potential
e Φ Plasma k BTe
0.5
(b)
0.4 0.3
Te =10 TTe =3 T-
Te =20 TTe =100 T101 Dichteverhältnis α p
102
Te =11 TTe =20 T-
0.2
Te =100 T-
0.1 0
10-2
103
10-1
100 101 102 Dichteverhältnis α p
103
104
105
c%%P TPSV J$K x(5+>/71,6 '(5 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1',&+7( $1 '(5 u&+,&+7.$17( 1250,(57(1 1(O *$7,9(1 k21(1',&+7( $1 '(5 u&+,&+7.$17(N "6 3 126B1(6N =85 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1',&+7( ,0 r/$60$ 1250,(57(1 1(*$7,9(1 k21(1',&+7( ,0 r/$60$N "3 3 12RB1(RN $/6 h81.7,21 921 "3] r$5$0(7(5 ,67 '$6 v(03(5$7859(5+>/1,6 v(Bv2P J%K p250,(57(6 r/$60$327(17,$/ $/6 h81.7,21 '(6 f,&+O 7(9(5+>/71,66(6 "3 3 12RB1(R] r$5$0(7(5 ,67 '$6 v(03(5$7859(5+>/71,6 v(Bv2P |85 o(+5'(87,*O .(,7 81' 3+<6,.$/,6&+(1 t(/(9$1= '(5 n?681* 6P c%6&+1P TPYPTP
TPY u&+,&+7(1 81' h$//5>80(
TTW
|$+/(1%(,63,(/P y>+/7 0$1 :,('(580 (,1( c5*21(17/$'81* 0,7 v( 3 TRRRR mN 11 3 SR2S[ 0TN Iy 32SRRR xN +fN( W SPT 6 SR2V 0N 1R / SRTU 02UN 62 )2/*7 =6B+fN( W UWN 'P +P =6 W V 00P f,( u&+,&+7',&.( ,67 ./(,1(5 $/6 ,0 2%(1 %(+$1'(/7(1 672M)5(,(1 h$//P d(, c1:(6(1+(,7 (/(.7521(*$7,9(5 k21(1 81' 672M)5(,(5 u&+,&+7 %('$5) (6 (,1(5 (,*(1(1 d(+$1'/81* LXTbP u(,(1 12N6 1(*$7,9( k21(1 '(5 v(03(5$785 v2 $1 '(5 u&+,&+7O .$17(P f$11 675?0(1 326,7,9( k21(1 1$&+ '(0 02',7=,(57(1 d2+0Om5,7(5,80 0,7 (,1(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9d 6 |.v(Bo1 |JS1"6KBJS1"6 v(Bv2K ,1 ',( u&+,&+7 (,1N :2O %(, "6 3 12N6B1(N6 ,67P f,( i5?M( 921 "6 81' '(6 r/$60$327(17,$/6 ( Ir/$60$BJ.v(K .?11(1 c%%P TPSV (171200(1 :(5'(1N :2%(, "3 3 12NRB1(NR '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 1(*$7,9(5 k2O 1(1',&+7( 81' g/(.7521(1',&+7( ,0 r/$60$ ,67P c86 '(5 s8$6,1(875$/,7>7 )2/*7 6&+/,(M/,&+ 11N6B11NR 3 1(N6B1(NR LJS1"6KBJS1"3KbP k1 LXUb :,5' '$5$8) +,1*(:,(6(1N '$66 185 n?681*(1 0,7 v(Bv2 7 [P[ 3+<6,.$/,6&+ 5(O /(9$17 6,1'P f$11 %(6,7=(1 ',( m859(1 ( Ir/$60$BJ.v(K )@5 (,1 925*(*(%(1(6 "3 :,( ,1 c%%P TPSV% 0$5.,(57 -('2&+ '5(, 0?*/,&+( n?681*(1P p85 ',( n?681* 0,7 '(0 ./(,16O 7(1 r27(17,$/ ,67 3+<6,.$/,6&+ 6,1192// 81' )@+57 =8 (,1(5 u&+,&+7$86%,/'81*P f5(, n?681*(1 (;,67,(5(1 $8&+ )@5 "6B"3 ,1 c%%P TPSV$P j,(5 ,67 '$*(*(1 '(5 *5?M7( y(57 921 "6B"3 =8 :>+/(1P
TPYPU m$7+2'(1O 81' c12'(1)$//P |@1'81* u&+,&+7%,/'81* ,67 (,1 x25*$1*N '(5 921 '(5 816(/%67>1',*(1 g17/$'81* @%(5 ',( |8Q1'81* %,6 +,1 =85 6(/%67>1',*(1 g17/$'81* (,1( *52M( t2//( 63,(/7P f,( (,1)$&+67( o(7+2'( =85 g5=(8*81* (,1(5 i/(,&+67520OJfeOKg17/$'81* %(67(+7 '$5,1N $1 (,1( i$6675(&.( 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 r/$77(13$$5(6 Jg/(.752'(1K (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' $1=8/(*(1 Jc%%P TPSWKP w0 (,1 0?*/,&+67 +202*(1(6 h(/' 2+1( h(/'@%(5+?+81* $0 r/$77(1O 5$1' =8 (5=,(/(1N :(5'(1 ',( '(5 i$6675(&.( =8*(:$1'7(1 r/$77(12%(59>&+(1 +>87* $/6 t2*2:6.,Or527/ J6,(+( =P dP LXVbK $86*(/(*7P g567 '85&+ d(675$+/81* '(5 i$6675(&.( 2'(5 '(5 m$7+2'( 0,7 (1(5*,(5(,&+(5 u75$+O /81* JwxN t?17*(1Ou75$+/81*N g/(.7521(1675$+/(1K (1767(+(1 '85&+ r+272O %=:P u72M,21,6$7,21 ,0 x2/80(1 n$'81*675>*(5P f$'85&+ :,5' ',( i$6675(&.( /(,7(1'P f,( h5(,6(7=81* 921 n$'81*675>*(51 ,0 x2/80(1 2'(5 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( 0,7 ',(6(1 2'(5 >+1/,&+(1 j,/)60,77(/1 J6P c%6&+1P TPYPUPSK )$667 0$1 817(5 '(0 d(*5,5 h5(0'O ,21,6$7,21 =86$00(1P f,( g17/$'81* ,67 v(,/ (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5(,6(6N '(66(1 i(1(5$725 $/6 u7520O 2'(5 u3$1181*648(//( %(75,(%(1 :(5'(1 .$11 Jc%%P TPSWKP v5>*7 0$1 ',( u3$1181* $1 '(5 g17/$'81* wg @%(5 '(0 g17/$'81*667520 k $8)N 62 (5+>/7 0$1 ',( m(11/,1,( wg JkK Jc%%P TPSXKP f(5 u7520 k 0866 '85&+ ',( y$+/ '(5 i(1(5$72563$1181* wi 81' '(5 u800( $86 k11(1:,'(567$1' '(6 i(1(5$7256 t, 81' '(6 9$5,$%/(1 >8M(5(1 y,'(567$1'(6 t$ :(*(1 wci 3 wi 2Jt, 1t$K k 62 (,1*(67(//7 :(5'(1N '$66 wg JkK 185 (,1(1 u&+1,77381.7 wg JkK 3 wci Jc5%(,76381.7K 0,7 '(5 m(11/,1,( %(,0 u7520 k %(6,7=7P wci JkK +(,M7 c5%(,76*(5$'(P u,1' 0(+5(5( u&+1,77381.7( 0?*/,&+N (037(+/7 6,&+ '(5 g,16$7= (,1(5 m2167$176752048(//(P f,( wg JkKOm(11/,1,( />667 6,&+ ,1 $&+7 u7520%(5(,&+( 817(57(,/(1N ,1 '(1(1 -(:(,/6 9?//,* 817(56&+,('/,&+( g17/$'81*6)250(1 0,7 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 h>//(1N f81.(/5>80(1N i/,00=21(1 81' u$Q8/(1 (1767(+(1N :,( ,0 h2/*(1'(1 ',6.87,(57P
TTX
T p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1 Bestrahlung
Anode
Rogowski-Profile
+
+
+
-
Kathode
Bestrahlung
d
Ez z =d
z =0
-
z -Achse
Pumpe
UE UG Ri
Ra I
c%%P TPSW r5,1=,3,(//(5 c8)%$8 (,1(5 feOg17/$'81* Jg/(.752'(1$%67$1' ' K 0,7 h5(0',21,O 6,(581*69255,&+781* =85 d(675$+/81* '(6 x2/80(16P f,( g17/$'81* ,67 v(,/ (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5(,6(6N '(5 =85 u3$1181*69(5625*81* 81' c8)1$+0( '(5 wg Jk KOm(11/,1,( ',(17P
TPYPUPS w16(/%67>1',*( g17/$'81* k0 d(5(,&+ S J,1 c%%P TPSXKN '(5 816(/%67>1',*(1 g17/$'81* =8*(25'1(7N '5,)7(1 ',( =P dP '85&+ d(675$+/81* '(5 m$7+2'( 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(19866',&+7( C( )5(,*(6(7=7(1 g/(.7521(1 1$&+ v+(50$/,6,(581* ,0 j,17(5*581'*$6 =85 c12'( 81' (6 9,(M7 ,0 >8M(5(1 m5(,6 '(5 u>77,*81*667520 k6$77 3 ( C( cmN :(11 cm ',( m$7+2'(19>&+( ,67P f85&+ d(675$+/81* '(5 i$6675(&.( (1767(+(1 1R 9,21 g/(.7521Ok21Or$$5( 352 x2/80(1O 81' |(,7(,1+(,7N :2%(, 9,21 ',( k21,6$7,216)5(48(1= ,67P j,(5 62// 185 '(5 h$// '(5 +202*(1(1 h5(0',21,6$7,21 ,0 x2/80(1 %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1P v527= '(5 925$86*(O 6(7=7(1 */(,&+0>M,*(1 r52'8.7,21 921 v5>*(53$$5(1 @%(5 '$6 g17/$'81*692/80(1 67(//7 6,&+ .(,1( +202*(1( x(57(,/81* '(5 n$'81*675>*(5 (,1N 81' ',( c11$+0( (,1(5 .2167$17(1 h(/'67>5.( ,67 :(*(1 '(5 '$'85&+ (1767(+(1'(1 t$80/$'81*(1 1,&+7 *(*(%(1P g,1( 6,08/7$1( n?681* '(5 67$7,21>5(1 m217,18,7>76*/(,&+81*(1 i/P JTPSX[K '(5 n$'81*675>*(5 81' '(5 i/(,&+81* ',98 3 (J11 212KB&R 817(5 x(5:(1'81* '(5 v(,/&+(19@66( 2+1( f,586,21 1$&+ i/P JTPSVVK %=:P i/P JTPSV[K /,()(57
0
1
, 1,1 -6$77 ,( 1,1 ' T &R T g= 3 (1R 9,21 ( 3 T '= T ,( ,1 ' ,( ,1
JTPTWUK
TPY u&+,&+7(1 81' h$//5>80(
TTY
U E/V 1200
unselb- teilselbständig ständig
selbständig
1000
Glimmentladung
800
Korona TownsendPlateau
600
anomal
5
6
TownsendEntladung (Dunkelentladung)
400
200 1 0 10-20
normal
Übergang zum Bogen
2 10-16
3
10-12
4 10-4
10-5
10-3
10-2
10-1
7 1
8 10
Bogen 100
I /A
c%%P TPSX wgOkOm(11/,1,( 921 i/(,&+67520(17/$'81*(1 Jp(N g17/$'81*6/>1*( RPW 0N e8O g/(.752'(1 '(5 h/>&+( SR2U 0TN 3 3 SUU r$N 1$&+ LXWbKP f,( 1800(5,(57(1N 1$&+ '(5 u7520O 67>5.( $1*(25'1(7(1 d(5(,&+( .(11=(,&+1(1 ',( 6,&+ (,167(//(1'(1 g17/$'81*6)250(1N 6,(+( c%6&+1P TPYP 81' TPZP
0,7 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 u>77,*81*667520',&+7( -6$77 3 ( 1R 9,21 xBcm 3 ( 1R 9,21 ' Jx x2/8O 0(1N ' n>1*( '(5 i$6675(&.(KP i/P JTPTWUK 81' ',( )2/*(1'(1 6,1' 185 )@5 ./(,1( 8Oh(/'(5 $1:(1'%$5N 'P +P :(11 1$&+ i/P JTPTV[K gB1R . JgB1RK& (5)@//7 ,67P y>+/7 0$1 ',( 1=Ot,&+781* :,( ,1 c%%P TPSWN 62 /$87(1 ',( x(57(,/81*(1 '(5 n$'81*6O 75>*(5',&+7(1 11 J=K 3
-6$77 = S2=B' 81' 1( J=K 3 -6$77 (,1 g J=K' (,1 g J=K
JTPTWVK
0,7 '(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.(9(5/$8) g J=K 3
|-& ,E' |0'= 2 ,,E 1 1eAP T
6$77 R
JTPTWWK
(
'
f$%(, ,67 ,E 3 ,1 ,(BJ,1 1,(K 81' eA (,1( m2167$17(N ',( @%(5 wg 3 3 g g J=NeAK'= R
'85&+ ',( u75(&.(163$1181* wg $86*('5@&.7 :(5'(1 .$11P f,( c%%P TPSY$ 81' % 67(//(1 %(5(&+1(7( f,&+7(O 81' h(/'9(5/>8)( )@5 ',( %(,'(1 h>//( ,1B,( . SN 'P +P ,E W ,( 81' ,1 3 ,2N $/62 ,E 3 ,1BTN '$5P n(7=7(5(5 h$// ,67 *@/7,*N :(11 ',( g/(.7521(1 '85&+ c1/$*(581* $1 c720( 9(5/25(1 *(+(1 81' ',( 326,7,9(1 81' (1767$1'(1(1 1(*$7,9(1 k21(1 $//(,1 '(1 u752075$163257 @%(51(+0(1P o$1 %($&+7(N '$66 ',( c%O 62/87:(57( 921 1( ,1 c%%P TPSY$ 80 '(1 h$.725 ,1B,( . S ./(,1(5 $/6 11 6,1'P x25
TTZ
T p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1 1.0
n+(z ) n+(d )
0.8
Ez(z ) Ez(d )
Verhältnis
0.6 0.4
ne(z ) ne(0)
0.2 0
Anode 0
(a)
Kathode 0.6 0.4 0.2 z relativer Anodenabstand d
2.5
n-(z ) n-(0)
2.0
1.0
n+(z ) n+(d )
n-(z ) n-(0)
1.5 Verhältnis
0.8
n+(z ) n+(d )
1.0 0.5 0
Anode 0
(b)
Ez(z ) Ez(d )
E z( z ) Ez(d ) 0.4
0.2 0.6 z relativer Anodenabstand d
Kathode 0.8
1.0
c%%P TPSY J$K x(57(,/81* '(5 5(/$7,9(1 f,&+7( '(5 g/(.7521(1N 1( J=KB1( JRKN 81' k21(1N 11 J=KB 11 J' KN 62:,( '(5 5(/$7,9(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( g| J=KBg| J' K )@5 '$6 d(,63,(/ g| JRKB g| J' K 3 RPSP J%K x(57(,/81* '(5 5(/$7,9(1 f,&+7( 921 326,7,9(1 11 J=KB11 J' K 81' 1(*$7,9(1 12 J=KB12 JRK k21(1 81' '(5 5(/$7,9(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( g J=KBg J' K )@5 =:(, 817(56&+,('O /,&+( x(5+>/71,66( g=N0,1Bg| J' KP
'(5 m$7+2'( J= 3 'K %,/'(7 6,&+ (,1 d(5(,&+ +2+(5 h(/'67>5.( $86N (,1 62*P m$7+2O '(1)$//5$80N '(5 ',( k21(1 $8) ',( m$7+2'( =8 %(6&+/(81,*7 81' ',( g/(.7521(1 $%%5(067P g6 *,%7 $8&+ (,1(1 J6(+5 6&+:$&+K $86*(%,/'(7(1 c12'(1)$//5$80N '$ ',( m859( g J=K $1 '(5 u7(//( =B' 3 ,1B,( . S (,1 o,1,080 %(6,7=7 J,1 c%%P TPSY$ :(*(1 '(6 o$M67$%6 1,&+7 =8 (5.(11(1KP u,1' 185 326,7,9( 81' 1(*$7,9( k21(1 925+$1'(1 Jc%%P TPSY%KN %(2%$&+7(7 0$1 (,1(1 $86*(35>*7(1 m$7+2'(1O 81' c12'(1)$//P k1 '(5 g17/$'81*60,77( *(+7 '$*(*(1 '$6 h(/' =85@&. 81' ',( n$'81*675>*(5',&+7(1 */(,&+(1 6,&+ $1N ',( x25678)( =85
TPY u&+,&+7(1 81' h$//5>80(
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Feldverstärkung
- - - - - - - - Kathode
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Strom von der gesamten Kathodenfläche A k
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