Lesser Deities in the Ugaritic Texts and the Hebrew Bible: A Comparative Study of their Nature and Roles

LESSER DEITIES IN THE UGARlTlC TEXTS AND THE HEBREW BIBLE D EITIES AND A., (GEL'i O F Tim ANcmNT WORLD 2 Lesser De...

Author: Sang-yŏl Cho

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LESSER DEITIES IN THE UGARlTlC TEXTS AND THE HEBREW BIBLE

D EITIES AND A., (GEL'i O F Tim ANcmNT WORLD

2

Lesser Deities in the Ugaritic Texts and the Hebrew Bible A Comparative Stu dy of Their Nature and Roles

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TABLE OF CONTEN TS

T .ble of Content<. ........ ,.,.,., .,., ........... . ,.,... ............. . .. ............. ... .. .. , v Acknowledgment ..................... ,.................................... .. .................... xiii Abbr
2. Nec.,,;ity for the Study of LL.,.r D.iti .. in the Ug.>ritic Tuts .nd the Heb",w Bible ,... .. ,............. ... ...................... .. ,., 3 3. Method of Appr=ch ................................................................. 4 3. 1. Cone< m, in Com!"uti ,.< R.... reh ............................. ,... ,...... 4 3.2. How to COmp.. e ........................ ..................... ,... ,................... 4 3.3. Limiution, of Study ............... ,... ..................... ,....................... & 3.4. Tu tu.1 Co'1'u, .. ,.,........... . .. .. .............. .... .. .. ................ .. .. , 7 1

M<mb.., hip of lLuer D.iti.. in the Ug.ri,ic T. xt< and the Hebrew Bible .,............ ,.,.,.,.,............ ,.,.,.,.,............ ,.,.,.,.,.,............ ,., ~ Introduction ............ ,.,., .,., ............ ,.,.,.,., .,............ ,.,.,.,.,., ............ ,.,., ~ p.n t Memh<"hip of LL.,.r Deiti", in the Divine A... mbly in the Ug.>ritic T. x" .. ............ .... ... ,.......... .. ............ .... .. , 10 1. The Ug.ritic Titl .. of L ..",r Dei'i................... .. .................... , II 1.1. 11m "Cod>' ... .... ... ,... ,.................... ,., .................... .. ,................ , 11 1.2. illlm·coo. of 5.phon· ............ .. ,............. ... ...................... .. , l! U.lm i/·SOmof EI· ......................... ..................... ,..................... lJ H . ilr il 'Cirrl< of £1· ............... .. .. ..... ,................. .. ..................... lJ

1.5. ilr ii, 'mm 'Circl< of h"" en" ,... .. ................ .. ...................... .. , 14 1.60 p!!r ilm . nd 'ii' ilm • A.sembly of god." ................................ 14 L7.I'~r

h"'Croup of B,.I· .......... .. ... ,................... .. ................ .... , IS 1.8.l'hr *kbm "A, .. mbly 01 St=· ........................................ , 1& 1.~. p!!r m'iI ·Assembly of 'h< Council' .............. .. ............. ,... ,.... IS 1. 10. uJ ·Council· ........... ,............. . ....................... .. ............. .. ..... , IS

LE5-IER DEITIES

1. 11. im}!" "I-Ie"'enly On"," ,.,............ ,.,.,.,.,., ............ ,.,.,.,.,., ...... 19 1.1 1. ip~ III'" "Off'pri ng of the '«' i... One" ............ ...... ............... 1~

I. U. Mi.cell. neou. Ug. ritic Title ........... .... ................................. 1Q Summory .......... ,.,.,.,.,., ............ ,.,.,.,., ............ ,.,.,.,., ............ ._,.,.,.,., 11 1. P",ition of les... r Deiti.. in the Divine A,s<mbly in the Ug.ritic T ex" .......... ,.,., _,.,., ............ ,.,.,., _,., ............ ,_,.,.,., _,.... 11 1. 1. H i.r.rrhiul Structur. of the Divin. A.,.,mbly in the Ug. ritic T 12 Summ. ry .......... ,., _,.,.,., ............ ,.,.,.,., _........... ,.,.,.,., ............ ,.,., _,.,., 33 1.1. Rmks of Deiti.. in the Divine A.s<mbly in the Ug>ritic

ex" .......... ,.,.,.,.,.,............ ,.,.,.,.,., ............ ,.,.,.,.,., ....

T .." ........ ,.,., __ ,., ............ ,., .,., _,., ............ ,_,., .,., _,............ _,_,., ., 33 Summ. ry .......... ,.,.,., _,., ............ ,.,.,.,., ............ ,.,., .,., ............ ._,.,.,., ., 37 Conclusion to Chapter t P.rt L. ................................................. 3S

p.n It Membe"'hip of u,,,,r Deit i.. in the Divine A,s<mbly in the Heb",w Bibl ............................ " ................................. 38 1. Th. Hebrew Titl .. of l=er Deiti.......... .. .............. _" ............ 39 1.1. : .,.:", "Gods" .................. .. ....................... .. ................ " ..... .. ..... 39 1.1.1 , Gene";. 3.5 .......................................................................... 39 1.1. : ",/:."" "Gods" ......... " .......................................................... 51 1.3_: ....,..(~) ':': or:"" ':': "Son, of God" ...................................... 51 1. 4. ,,"', • A=mbly' ............. " .. .................. .. " ................ "" .... 51 1. 5. : '::'1:(0) ·S.. ,," ........ .. " ...................... .. ....................... .. ........ , 53 1.6. "",. ,... (,.,..,.. -0.:::) 'Council of God (Y >hw.h)" ........... .... ....... 53 1. 7. '" m: "Divine A,5<mbly" or "A.",mbly 01 EI" .................... 5. 1.8. : .=-." '''' (=-=", -,,:) "A=mbly (Council) 01 Holy One ..... 5. 1.9. Mi>c.llm
Summ. ry .......... ,.,.,.,.,., ............ ,.,.,.,., ............ ,.,. ,.,., ............ ,.,.,.,. ,., 5. 1. P",ition of les5
TABLE OF COt\"TE..' lTS

1

."

Ktmhtp of lLuer o.ttte, tn the Ug>rtttC Tats and the llebrew Bible .............................................................................................. 7 .. ............ .......................... ................. .. . 80 1. The Kimhip Ten", for o.i,ie, in the Ug.uitic Text> .. 81 1.1. ah ·F"n
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T "'1< .. . ............... ...... ................... ...... ................... ................ 10-1 1. 1. KTU 1.1 i l 1_L .. ................. .. .. . .. .............. .. ............. .... 106 1.2. KTU 1.12 i 18_31 .......................................... .. .................. 110 Summ. ry .. ................... .................... ...... ............... ..... ................ .. I II Conclmion to Ch'pte, II, P~n I ................................................ I I! Pan II. Kimhip Reb tion of I.e.~r o" it i"" '0 T hei, M",e, Goo in t he Hebrew Bibl ................... ... .............. .. ...... .. ............... I I! 1. The Ktmhip Term. for L."", o"i,i.. in the Hebrew Bible.. 112 1.1. :.,..,.,{~} ';': or c,,~

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'Som of Goo" .................................... 112 1.1.".,,0 'l: 'Som of Elyon" ....................................................... I lJ 1.3. : '=y "Holy On .." ...................... .................................... .... . 119 Summ. ry ...... ................... ................. ................... ... ................... Il3 1. T he Outw~,d Appeu.nce of L.. ~r o.iti.. in the Hebrew Bible ... .................................... ....................... ...................... 1}3 1. 1. Judg.. 13.&............................................................................ Il3 1.1. E<:cI .. i,,,.. HUOb ................ ... ............................. .. .............. US Summ.ry .......................... ................. ......................... ............... .. IlS Condu.ion to Ch.pte, II ... .............. .... .............. .. ...... ................. IJ6 )

M"",ngo, o.iti.. in ' he Ug .. i,ic Tex .. .."d the Hebrew Bible. 1}7 In\roouction ................................. .............................................. . 137 Pan I. M=rchic.1 Titl"' ..... ................. ......................... ................. Il 8

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LE5-IER DEITIES

1.1. Culticrrh..,ph.nic Tit!" ',m .............................................. H7 1.3. Politic"! T itl .. ................. ......................... ........................... . 152 Summary ............. ... .. ............... ... ............... .. .... .................. ...... ISS 1. N.med Mo""ngor [kiti., in the Ug.ntic T .." .................... 155 1.1. Ow.! N..",,,,, of [kiti .,......................................................... 155 L1. Th. DOl. lity of Gup.:tn and Ug>r ......................................... 157 Summ.'}' ................................ .......... ................................. ......... 162 3. Th. Proc. dur. of Divin. M .... ngor Oi.p.:ttch in the Ugo.ritic T .." .................................................................................... 163 3. 1. Th. Sending of M"""ng." .................................................. 163 3.L Th. T r.velling of M . ... ng. " .............................................. 164 3.3. Th. Arriv:>l of M ..seng. ,., ................................................... 167 J .•. The [k livering of the M .....g. ............. . .... ............ .. .... 168 J.5. Th. R. turn of ~·I .."' ng." .... ................. .... ............ .. .... 172 Summ.'}' ................. .......................................................... ......... 17• •. M",seng .................. .. ....................... .. ...... 188 3.•. Th. o"liv
TABLE OF COt\"TE..' lTS

..

i.2. Exod", H.19 ........................................................................ 193

O.Judg.. 6.11 _N ...................................................................... 1% 4.4. Judg .. 13.20•........................................................................ 197 4.5. p ... lm 104 .• ......... ................... ...... ................ ......... ............. ... 197 Summ.ry .......................................... .... ............... ... ................. .. 198 C:mdu,;on to Ch apt« III........ . .. .. .............. .... ..................... 199 4

W.. rior Deiti .. in the Ug.>ritic T ex" . nd the H. h ..... Bibl• .... 201 Introduction ............. .. ....................... .. ....................................... . 201 PAn I. W.. rior Deiti .. in the UgAritic Text> ............................. 201 1. Th. Ug.ntic Titl .. for WArrior Deiti", ................................. 202 1.1. ib "[nemi",' ............. .. ................ .. ................. .. .. .................. 202 1.2. ill'flr ·Help
.. ............. ... . 206 1. 5. ~'''f ·Bo.. • ........................................................................... 207 1.6. mhr ·W.rno ... -.................... ....................... ....................... ... 214 1.7. mhF ·Be... ,.." ....

.. ................. .. . .... .............. .. .. ............... 217 1.8. R. pi'urn • .............................................................................. 218 Summ.ry ............ .......... .... ........... .... ...... ............... ..................... .. 221 2. N.med W.rnor Deiti .. in the UgAriti' T ""1> ........................ 221 2. 1. Q . Jesh..and-AmuIT ... Singl. Deity ................................... 222 2.2. Th. "W. rnor· Rol. of Q.d..h .• nd.Amurr ......................... 2lJ 2.3. Y.. ipan ............... ................... ...... ................ ......... ............. ... 22&

Summ.ry .......................................... .... ............... ... ................. .. 219 C:mdu,;on to Ch apt« IV, p.n I ................. .... ... ...................... 219 Pm II. W.,.rior Deit i., in tho H.brew Bibl........ .. .................... 219 1. The H.brew Title. for W.rrior Deiti ..... .. ... ...... .................... no 1.1 ='-':.c 'Bull,' .............................. ......... ............... ........ ............ no 1.2. ="'Ol -Mighty On .." ... .............. ... ............... .. ....................... 2J 1 U. 0'00"1: ·Su... • ......... .... .. .......... ......... .... ................................... 2J 1 H. (='*") 0= ·C.mp (of C,oo/gods)" ...................................... n3 1. 5. ("'' ''l "'''' "1>I.,<e nger (of Yah we h)" .................................... 2J 3 1.6. O'~~ - Agenu of DeAth' ................................................ ....... 234 1.7. (0'=') n t , __ ·o.,troy.r(,r ........................ .. ................. 2}S 1.8. (n-)o''''' 'Hm" .. ....................... .. ....................... . .................. . 236 1.9. ;=..,., 'Holy On .." ..... .. ................................... .. .................. . n7

LE5-IER DEITIES L 10. ~~ l~ "Arc he,," .............. ...................... ....................... .......... 237 I.I L,="Princ." ............... ...................... ........................ ............ 2~ O Summory ...................................... .. ............. ...... .... ............ ........ . 2~1 2. N.med W. rrior o"ity in t he Heb« ... Bible ,.,.,........ .. ,., ., ...... 2~1 2. 1. "Mieh.., l" ............ .. ,., .,., ............ ,..... . ,.,.......... .. .. .. 2~ I Summ. ry .......... ,., .,.", .,............ ,.,., .,.,............ ,.,., .,., ............ ." .,.,., 2~3 Conclusion to Chapter IV .,.,.,., ............ ,.,... ,.,.............. ,., .,... ....... 243

""="'"

5

Other L..... r o.iti .. in the Ug.,itic Tex," rnd the Heb«w Bible ... ,., ............ ,... ,., .,., .......... ,.,., ... ,................ .. ,.,... ,.............. ,... , 245 Introduction ... ,.,... ,.............. ,... ,.,... ,............ ,... .. ,.,.............. ,.,. ,... , 245 P.,t I, Other u .... r o"iti .. in the Ug..,itic T. xt>, ........ .... . ,...... 2~5 1. Mediuor o.iti .. in the Ug.ritic T exU .... . ,.,., .......... ,., .,... ....... 246 Summory .......... ,.,., .,.,.,............ ,.,.,., .,............ ,.,., .,., ............ ." .,.,., 249 2. Gu.,di:m o.iti .. in the Ug.,iti, T""" ,., .,., .,.......... ,.,., .,.,...... 249 2. 1. GU.,d;An o"iti., in the Ep;"le Formul•. ,.,........ ,.,.,., .......... 249 2.2. GUArdim o.it;., ;n Mythic T ex" ..... , ... .. ,., .,.......... .. ,.,.,... ... 253 Summ. ry .......... ,.,.,.,.,.,............ ,.,.,.,.,............ ,.,.,.,.,............ ,.,.,.,., 255 3. Ch .nt er o" iti", in the Ug.,itio T 255 Summory .......... ,.", .,.,.,............ ,.,.", ." ........... ,.,., .,., ............ ,.,.,., .. 257 4. Servmt o.it i.. in the Ug.;tritic Text> .,., .,. ,.,............ ,... ,., ., ...... 257 4. 1. Imll "J.hid,erv:;mt· ............ ,.,... ,.,............ .. ,., .,., .......... .. ,..... ,.. 257

ex" ,.,.,.,............ ,.,.,., ..........

'bd "Se"'Ant" ,., ............ .. ,., .,.,.,... ......... .. ,.,., .,.,............ ,.,.,.,.,., 25~ o. 'Irm "Skilful On"," ,.......... ,.,.,.,.,.,.......... ,.,.,.,.,............ ,.,.,.,., 25~ 4. 4. R:. :hm.n .... ,..... ... ........... ,., .,... ,.,............ .. . ,.,., ............. . 259 ~.2.

Summory .......... ,..... ... ,............ ,.,. .... ............ .. . ,.,., ............ ,. 2&0 Conclusion to Chapter V, Pon I .......... ,.,... ,.,.............. ,., .,... ,.,.... 2&0 PAn II. Other u""r o.iti.. in the Heb«w Bible ........ ,., .,.,...... 261 1. Medium o.iti.. ;n the Heb«w Bible .,.,.,., ........... . ,.,., .,.,...... 261 I.!. Job !6.1~ _ 11 . ,., . , . , . , ........... .. . ,.,., ... ........... ,., .,.,.,., ........... .. . ,., ., 261 1.2. Job 33.13_4.... " .,.,.", ............ ,.", .,.,............ ,., .,.", .,........ , ... ",., 263 Summ. ry .......... ,.,.,.,.,.,............ ,.,.,.,.,............ ,.,.,.,.,............ ,.,.,.,., 265 2. Gu.,di:m Deiti .. in the Hebrew Bibl •. ,.,... ........... ,.,.,., .,.,...... 265 2.1. Gen",i. 31.1_3 ,.,.,.,............ ,.,.,., ... ........... ,.,., .,., ............ ,.,.,., .. 265 2.2. p..lm ~ 1. 11_L .. ............ ,... ,.,., ............ ,.,. ,... ,.,.......... ,.,., .,. ,.,.. 266 2.3. Exodus 2}.20-B ,... ,., ........... ..... ... ,.......... ,., .,... ,............ .... . , 267 2.3. 1, Mrn e nger~. t he Divin. Gu. rdian: the Du.l Rol ... .. ,...... 268 2. 3.2 . Mo=enger .. the Divine Agent of y .nweh ,.... ,.,.,., .,........ 26S

TABLE OF COt\"TE..' lTS

L~.

Cherubim ............................................................................. 172 2.4.2. Cherubim", Sery,rnt De;ti<> ............................................. 180 Summ,ry ..................... ....... ............ ....... ............... ..... ................ .. 281 3. Ch.nter Deiti<> in th e Heb ... ,," Bibl . ........... ................... ...... . 182 3.1. Job 38.7 .. .............. .... .. ....................................................... 182 3.1. [',.Im 103.19_21 ... .... ................. ... .. ............ . .. ............. ... . 184 3.3. ['"Im l~g.I _ 3 ......................... ..... ... ............ .... ...... ................ 1&6 3.•. Se.. phim ............................... ......... ............... ................... .... 187 Summ.ry ... ................. .................... ..... ................. ........ ............... 189 4. Sernnt D.iti •• in the Hebe.,..' Bibl .......... ... ...... .................... 189 Summ.ry .......................... ................. ......................... ............... .. 190 Conclu";on to Ch.p'« V ........................................................... 290 Conclusion ................................................................................. . 193 Bibliogrophy ....................................................................................... 195

6

Cene",ll ndex ................... ......................... ................ ......... .............. .. HS Index 01 Biblic.1 Rel. ... nceo ...................... ..................... .................... H7 Inde. of Ug ..itic R.ferenco ................... . .................................... .... . 3S1

A CKNOWLEDGMENTS

Th" book " • ",v" ,on of I.. go pon,on, of my docto ..1 d,.",n.ltion ,ubmitted to the Un, ... rnty of Edinburgh ,n 1007, It w.,; during the ' pring 0/1002 when I ..... enrollro in the cou,..., ·Ug"'tic· .. ught by Mr. M. ",dith M. Kline .. Conlon_Co nw. 1I Theolog'c.! Sem'n. ry th .. "ori.. of divine me""nge", in the Ug.ritic t<x" lim c. ptured my in · terest, After the following four yea", my init ial interest bec.me . doc· tor.1 di""n .. ion, I fim th:rn k Cod for . 11, Hi, di", ne guidmce th rough h" .ngel. h.. en.hled III< to fini.h thi, work. 10.... a very .peei.! debt of gratitude to my three ,upervi",,,, for their critiul reoJing of th i, t h.,i" ~Ii thout . guidm« of Prof. N icoh , Wy.ltt, who S"'e me immen>< to whom thi. work i. dedic .. ed with w .. m . floetion . For m. n)· Y"" of const.nt .upport from my paren". Ki l'lung Cho . nd the late Do Sun Yoon, and for their f. ith ful n.., . nd prayer, I .h.11 .!w'Y' be th.nkful. My brother. S. ng II, . nd four , i"erl, Sang Suk, Kyung H~. Kyung Sun . and Hye Kyung, deserve mention for p ..ying and encour.>ging. Heartfelt th.nks .hould be . xte nded to my ac. demi, colteagu.., Yong Ihk ~ in Aber,wn, Soung H)"un u e in Bo.ton, Jeong Hyun Cho, Chung Yep 1-1., Sun Woo H .... ng, Ki YoungJin, I-I.>n Sang u e. M. rt)" lunde, Ch. ng W.n Son in Edi nburgh. Dr. G"'1lory T. K. Wong in Hong Kong, Seck 1·loon Jeo ng in Manch", .. r. Sun Ho ng Ah n in N. w York. Dr. Sh ,n Ah n, Dr, Ju"" Jeong Reol Cho" Dr . • 111

LE5-IER DEITIES Eun Woo Lu, Dr. J i Hyu n L~, Dr. s.ung Ki Lu, ~nd Dr. Jeong Woo Shin in Seoul. I should mention here their frienIn dupl)' gr.teful to Jeong Min Yeo. S. ng Youl e ho July 30, 1007

ABBREV IAn ONS

Anchor Bible AIlc"",, BIl>!. fha,olld ry, Edit. Lome, E. W. London oWilli.m •• nd NO'l\..... 1863 _93. Repr.; C.mbridge. England, I.b mic Texts Soci«y. 2 vol •. 198 ~ .

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A/Jw

An:hiv for Onmifimchung AHad,,,,h« lIarul'wi'irt",lx«h. '«' . \"On Sod.n, 3 vol•. Wi",b.d.n; lhr""",,,·'t'" Vol I' (1985; 1%1 ~; Vol 2_3 (1972_1981). Am..,.,c~" Jo""ltli of Arch.uolQgy Th
ALASf'

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Abhmdlungen zur Lit<"ltur Alt.Sy",n.p. I"tin", und Uesopourniens Th
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AI'orM",~liKhe fo:rrcbungen

Arnonc.n Orienul Seri.. Arch,v« roy.!., de Mari Auf" oYWl'ab,

BibliothOque .reheologique
LE5SER DEITIES BASORSup

'D' BDFSN

Bulleun of ,J", Am",can &booh of Grim'ai R"",~w,.

Supplement< 1M B"""".Dri,,",B"'gg' J./, ,,,= a"d Eng"'" UX,·

CO", 'omb An App1o> Filolc.gico, S.mitico> Norocciden· " I..

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zur Geschichte do, bibli",h. n Her"",·

neutik BdJi", J./,bWCd St~"g~rI"";". 5" ed. Edited by El· liger, K . .rnd W. Rudolph. Stuttpn , [ku"e he Bi· belg"",U«h , ft .I 9'97. B"Jlic~ B,~ "ndUbrn

Biblica et orienu li, Bibliot h
BWANT BZA w,'

The Bibliul S.min" Beric h« (jb"r die Verh,ndlungen der .ich,i«h.n Akwmie dor Wi,..meh,f, uipzig Bei,r.;ge zur Wi,,,, nschaft mm Alten und N.u.n T",u ment Beihme zur ilir0mfi for d,. a/""tdm",,!i;:/'" WiJJ
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til< Univ=iry of Cbu:~go, Ch ic>go, Gliickst .,k Ori· enul Institute; Augmtin Ve rl>pbuchh.rndlung. 195&-.

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C,'" c"" cm

CHA LOT

crA DBS"p

DCH DOD

DNW'Sl

A Cunt!iform Antbology of Rd,K'= Text> fro m Ug~. n'" J. C. d< Moor and K. Spronk. SSS NS 6. LLid. n; E. J. Brill. 1987. CUll bridge Bible Commgiul LIl,,'' ',"! A ConciM Ifebre-.o ~nd Ardln"j, La;con of II>< Old T."amrnt. W. HolI..w.y. Grmd R>piru; W. B. urdm,.,l<, 1971. Cop1;on.1 s"min.u Coni<'CI.1M~ biblic", Old T .."men! Sene. QmrnT",,,,,,a d~ Pa1aiff~, Ugarlti<:oI> m Jloifa/ogr.. fupkg",/", CunchiU<», J.l. ~nd J.. P. Vi ... BDFSN

P,imer> P~n" D.to. Ug>ritico.; II. 3 vol.. M.d, i& Con>rjo Superior do. lnve"i~ion<> Cientific.,;, In .. t itucilm Fem rndo el Cotolico. 19'!S. o,rpu> tiff T~biw<J rn Cunii/orm" Alphtion,I./libruri. Ori. n"]i,,. P.ul C.uthner.I963. (Roman) used fo r 'oxt ref..
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c~

l/ALOT

LE5-IER DEITIES The D.ily Study Bible Die'"m,,? of ,,,. Ug~ri"e ungJ«l..!. KeveI""r, 1978. The Am""'~ L.""",, Edi,..! . nd T .. n>La . d b)' W. L. Mo .. n. John. Hopkin> Uni· v .... i'y Pr= . 1992. E""z·/",,,,I E",";io, bihile", EphemeriM> tb.oioglea. I"""",m"" Ev:mgelical Theologic.1 Society Monognph S.ri.. E~",,"gel='" 71.wJJogie For>U1"'""t,ion 01 M. E. J. Rich.rdson. S vol.. uiden, E. J. Brill. 19'H_20C(1 , Tr.rn> ln ion of

G.sm,,,,' Exh.",,,,,,

ABBREVIA nOKS

HAT IlBD l-IeLOT

HdO HHR HOS !-ISM !-ISS

Hn< J/UCA

we

,ee

w,

"J

"J

JANES JAOS

J"

J"

JBLMS

fC' JEOL

Jm JlIC JHNES JLCRS JNES

J./, ln-Ji>cb.> u..a ~rdmjiK"" Ux,kon ZUIn Air"" T,,"'mrnt. II. ndbuch zum Alte n T e".ment I!~'P"'" B,b1, DUtto,,,,'Y A Heb>-ew & ChaM« u,cuon Old T"'a>=nl; ",-ith dn IntroduCtIon Givi>lg ~ fAm lli>tory of Heb>-ew u,cocogrdphy. FU'r>t, 1. 3m"';. Tr.m,I . .. d by S. D.vid""n. Leipzig, B. T. uch nitz; wndon: \1:';. Ili,m, & Norgat •. 1867 Ihndbuch drr Orienulist ik H.ndbook. on the History of Religion> H. ndboo k of Orient>'! Studi.. H arvard Sem it ic Monog~h, H. rvard Semitic Studi.. I!~n"rd ThroIogu~1 R",w 1-1, ,,,"= Unum Cdleg' Annu«l lnt<rpreu tion : A Bible Comme ntary for Te orh ing .11Id Pre..ch ing Intem .. ion. 1Crit ical Commentary ~ InleT""'"" D,au"''''lo/,he Bible. Edit"'; by C. A. Buttrick. N ew York, Abingdon P= •. 4 vol, (1%1) ; Supplementary vol (1976). "rd.! Commenury Jou,-""I 0/ ,he A nnrnt N"" ""'tern Society ]ou=1 Americ~n ~,,~I ~ty Jou,-"..I 0/ BilM "nd R
'0 ,'"

0/,'" 0/,'"

LE5-IER DEITIES jNSL

P"" jPSTC

lou"",' ofNorr'=Y!'St &mitt, L"'gu.,,~, entrutti' Soc;"ty JPS ToW, Comm
JQ'

1="" Q""rt""y R"",,=

MAR' MCA A S

jou"",' of th< Rb.de no Otto Jhr_ =>owitz. 1 %6 _ ~. (Rom . n) u~ fo r text rd."neo. Kurur J'bnd-Commenu r mrn AI«n T.,urng- 1976. _ Th< CUn Anc ie nne> du Proch..ori. nt iLximn Lmg_ A '~m"i<:"," Vet.,.,." T"tamrul;: document;, anllquH d',,",alum. Edi«d by E. Vogt . Rotrul, Pontificium In"itutum Biblicurn. 1~71. iLximn", V,urn T"ttir=nt; "bros. L Kohler . nd W. B.urng,rtner. Leiden, E. J. Bril l. 1958. &ptUdginta. 3" .d. Edit.d b)' A. R.hlf,. Stuttg. rt o \l;lurt"mbergi>che Bib.bmult. 19H . ..II~,~ A ",,,,m des .-.ckn:k> ",,,,rd!JC;pi;11d;'<J ..11""0'" af th< Ca""""',UI Academy af A", and Set·

MRS

_0 Mi»;on de R., Sh.mu

jRAS

J'

jSOT jSOTSup

'" KHC HU

ABBREVIA nOKS

MUS! NC' NCOC NICOT NME ""7 000

OU

0"

"

DrAm

n,

M&ng'" dL I'Un;wrr;r' s..mr';~ New Century Bible The New Centu ry Bible Com mentary New Int< m .. ion.:l Commentary on the Old Te.· tament The N .. r .nd Middle E..t No,.,k Trolagi>k Tuisskriji Orbi> Biblicu. et Orienu li. o".,nl4lj" Lown~",a Penod,ca Dr,rnra I"r=k LiteratI< )'Zntu ng Dr,rnta l", 0,.",,,, antiquJ<j

0"

Old T",lament Lib",ry Old T e.Ument Studi", Public. tiom 01 the Americ.n Orienul Society Of/· print Sen..

"Q

Pak>tm. Explor~"on Quarterly

OTC PAOSOS

'CO

""0

"m '"u

"

'"

Rfl RJ/R RIH

"'" "'0 "0 '"'"

Poru LingUHllm Orienulium Proche.orient et liu':r>tur< ou~iti'lue Pretori. Orienul S. ri .. U poW" r"Y"l d 'Ugant Rn'~bibl;q
R=ur« . fo r Biblic.l Study Rn'~ M> it"d~, >im;riqt<£> Rn'~ ReI;g",m R .. lbn H .ni exc ..·.. ion/ .. blet number R.. Sh>rnr> H, ..·.. ion/ublet number Rivi>r" di Studi froId R.. Sh:un,.·Ougu it Rn';>t" deglr ""d; onmralr R«""""" dL Sarne< Rd;g~ R", Shdmra Parallm, Edited by L R. Fi,her "al. AnOr .~_5 1. J vok Rome: Pontific"! Biblic.lln"i. tute. 1972_81. Religiomg=hichtliche Volk>biicher S<mcino Book> 01 the Bible Society of Biblic"! Liter.I1ure

LE5SER DEITIES

XX ll

SBLMS SBLWA~I

,"ONT

m ""

'"

'JOT

"'" " " '" ne SPIB

SSMS

roNT

Sociti<:i &~ndm..""'n jou"",1 of ,I>< Old T",..",m, Schweich uctUr<' of the Briti.h Ac..d<my Studi~ Po hl Script . Pontifici instituti biblic; Studi semitici She lton Semit ic Monog .. ph Seri.. Semitic Studies Seri", Stud;" 'hro/ogi<:4 Torch Bible Comment"'; .. Thrologi<:<11 DU"Qn~ry of ,I>< N"", T"'am",'. Edited by C. Kittel. T .. n,I",. d by C. W. Bromil
TOOT

Thrologi<:al [),ctron.try of ,'" Old T""4m",,', Edited by C. l , Bott
nOT

n

n

u'"

UCOP

Throloglc< Z.""brifi Ug. ritisch.B iblische Litentur U ni" ersity of C. mbridge Orient"! Public>tio n.

ABBREVIA nOKS

UT

UT

VT VTSup WBC

""T Wtlll

\l:FJ.IANT

XXlII

Ugari,_ Fo",,;'ungen. Ugdri"C~_ MRS ..,rie •. Edited by C. F. A. Sch""ff.r. 7 vok r ..i" lmprimerie N~t ion~l ", Lib .... ,;. Orien · tali". r.u] ('" ,uthn"r. 19J9_78. Uga,.,,,. Trxtbook; Cr~mm~', T",,, i~ TrdnJ",,~· tum, C,,,,,,,/orm Sdectwm, GI"",,'Y, {ndle«. C. H. Gordon. AnO, }S. Rom" Pont ificio "tituto Bibli· co. 1%5. (Rom.n) u=l for ,"xl r.f
V"w T"'tam~nlum, Supplemenu Won:! Biblio.1 Comment.ry Wim..,. &ifTJg< zur ThroI<>g~ Wort.lten Kul· turyolhr. Bd 1. GOu" und Myth.n ;m Vord ... n Orient. E.:!i,,<1 by H. \1:'. lhu"ig. S,uttpn , Em" KIm. 1965. \l;li""mch,ftlich" Monogr. phien zum Alten und Neuen T.,ument

wo

eM W.lttkOrI£1l"

WTJ

W""m;mt,.,. 7brological frJum<J1 Wormj",." tin- Ugari,,,.,,,,,, SprdC~. 4'" ed.

WU,

J.

Ai>!I,,;!n« . BVSA WL Phil.·Hi>! , KI=e Bd. 106; lief, 3.llorlin, Ahdemi. V
u UW ZBASAW

ZDMG

zn'''hn/' for ArynoJogl<' W rsch,,/, for d" a1 "",'am~'" I idJ< Wi»nI>Cb.if' Z>h<m, Bildhlnd. zur Arch:i.ologi. Sondl ~I"bafi

ll
wrschnfi for RdiglOn,. und Gru,,,g<>
GENERAL ABBREVIATI ONS

"' =

>
M.

A",m.

"y BH

,

Copt.

'"DN D.

EA Akk. Ebl ... Eg. CT Eth .

f.

e gen.

e,.

elM" e,

H. Heb.

,M

>ccu,>ttve ~ive

.>
doubled piel divine n,me Akhdi.n fro m EI Am.rn. Eb l.ite Egypti:rn Engli'h T ",ml.,ion Ethiopic fe minine b.,ic (ground) v.rb>.! >tern, G,) ge nItive Greek G. p-",i,-e verb.1 G "'em with t·infi x hiphil H.b",w lbi,km. in the >=1e pl.c.

xxv,

i';"m. impf. 'm pv. info

LE5-IER DEITIES

m

the »me imp<'!' " imp<, .. ive infiniti"" KingJ=><> V."ion Living Bible li.. rally Septu, gint m,,,,uline Mo,bi .. mamHCrip" ~h50,,,,ic T <xt (of the OT) N->tem; "Niph..J° in BH !ootno .. (.), noun Now Americ:rn Bibl. N .... Ame,ic.n St.ndard Bible New [ntem"ion..J Vernon New ]ccording to the T .. ditional H.brew Text N ...· King Jam .. Ve .. ion number N.w Revi",d St:rnd ..d Version Now Te51ament Old Babylonian

obj.

ob~t

,~

fMl"'" p.i n.me pronoun p"niciple Punic

'1V

"

lit . CXX m. 0' m"",. MoID .

M" MT

N. n(n) . NAB NASB

NOV NJ' NIPS NKIV

"". NRSV NT

,f.

'" "

eN pron.

"' ,

Pun. Q

"

'"

,ecto R.. Sh.rma, .. xt number

GE:-IERAl A BBREYIA noNS

R.S. RS Akk.

'"

;

<

S.m.J.

•

,uff. Sum.

TN U,. v.lvv.

", ,,• ,

R.. Sh.rn", <xe.vot 'on number Akbdian fro m R", Sh.m" R."lIel restored I.. te" of h

XXVII

I NTRODUCTIO N

1. PuRPOSE OFTHE STUDI' Th. pr... nt "ud,. >.irru to in,.."ig'" whether or not there ~re .£fini· tie> betw~n the UgHit i' t<xt> ~nd the Hebrew Bibl. wit h rog",1 to the n~ture rnd roles of divine being. ..nked:u b",r deit;",' ;n the di · vine •• ", mbly ' . The une.nhing of clay ubi.... <xu,"atro from the ,it< .. R:u Sh.m", in Syria beginning in 1929 and from it> n.ighbouring . it< .. R", Ibn Hrni .inc< 1975. h.. yi. lded «l that Ug .. iti, mythology and religion h,v. numerous "riking

, Th. U",!:' of ,h, «nn . ,,,,,,, ';";[y";" [h. p..... m "udy h". rotlnot .. [;On of;lI h;",..",h.,>i 1 H<1>",,,.. ro
,h"

, In """.",h [h ..... ,n,oc>t,on, of "div'n. lli .. Id ·p.u n""""" .... to he ,n«",h"'g<>bly u...J '0 den"" ,he plu"I,[y of "".

..

["

,.Y<

' A" a.xiJ<m.1 d,,,,,,,',,}, of .. b..".;,.1 by. Syri'" p<",n[ ,,),t'n"'.~ Be'd!. in 1918 rai...J =h",,~,"1 (o""m •. A... ",ult. 'n" ,.I ..,,",,ioo,.,

[h. Min« ,~iII m'"'''''' d' o"«:led by C. F.·A. Seh..,ff". he~,nn' "K ,n 1929. A "II " R.. Ibn H"", I"">ted .. OOul S km ",u[h~·<>t from R., Slum, ....... • "".,ed ,I", by • Fr.>nro-Sy";'" 1«1 by A. !Iounn, ..,d 1- Lag."" . For. bri.f h;.,o'}' of '''.v.. ;o,,~ "" D. r .. nl« (I99L 695_8). UII";';" , .." h»'< h«n deciphered by en"""ou ... of «.,r.1 o
m,,,",,,,

,

LE5-IER DEITIES

,;mil,riti .. t o 1,=li« ",Iigion , prob.bly due to th.ir geoguphic.1 d"",n=' .nd p hilological connection' . Me.nwhil. , t he .n,ly,i, o f the I"",r d.it i" occur ring in t he Ug .. ritic «xu , nd th e H.b rew Bibl. h ... ~o m . one of the "",nti.1 , ubj"" for C1 bot"' .. n the t wo ",ligio n., T h. p",,.nt >t udy h .. b""n motiv ..'" by previou> " udi" on th i, ;'ru • • nd, the "fore, h ... the in tritic ",Iigio\ll bo li'!. of t he I.... , doit i" ,nd eMir H.b",,,, co nception. of them', , Loc .. ed on ,h. Sy,i.n ""''', oppo>~' Cypru •• ,h, , i,y of Ug." i, ,hu.

",II

funcrioned ... «n,,,, of ,b< >nde and nuy h,," b«n kno ... n in ,I>< ancibl", "",.".«d fro", ,h, ,it< of R... Sh"", ... h,., b«" ,r>.lf oftb< fou",,,",h o<",uO)" R.C.E. '0 ,h. 1.,«, p.t" of the thi,., .. nth ""mury, ,on,id<,ing ,b< du. of the drnrucri.on of UK" ti, c•. lI 80 B.C.E. (d. P. rd«, ;iM., 701 , 7~) . • I,hou&l< ,h. o ct! wmf""i,ion of ,I>< h"",ry «'" go« b..,k to udi<, pt Up,i,., ,r>Ji, ion . • i,h" in oral o r ... ,iu.n for",. m.y h,., <-n ... l>,ngu.og• . •, hi,h a1.., in· dud« bibJ",>! H.b"'.... M",.,,,,,, ,;n"" i, i,." oldold infl""'ton, ,I>< poet" """" u'" of Up,i,,,, i. not• .".o"hy for its li"gui",., li"k ", bib];.,>! H.-b ...... , S. s.,;,,, (1997, x). Sin"" Upri'''' i, related doobli,h",.", of ,b< 1" ... li« "Iipou, ,,>o:Ii,ioo . Th, .h.... ""jor po""'''' of ,h. Up,i,., myth, the B.ul Cyd. (KTU 1.1-6), ,b< K.r< Ep., (KTU 1.17_19), .... p",,,,",.l ~ H. Rinll!lron (1977, 31) poin" OUt ,h., -nobody would <.ri>.l. All '00 of«n. ,,,,.,,,h in t hi, ar.. h .. 'u'~ i" to, kind of -p.> ... I1.1 hun,inK-' t he .n! p.>,,]lth /or bibl.,.1 iok .. 0' ,ullO",.-.."d .. ooon .. ,uch. p.>'" .11<11= b«" found. ,II p,obl.",..... ", to II< ..,I.ed, ,h. p ... .!I.1 i, t h.ro .... h., mo ... do w. noed'-.

,ex,.

,,,ct•

,

I NTRO DUCTION

2. NEcEssrrv FOR THE ST UDY OF LESSER DEITIES IN THE UGARITIC TEXTS ..."D TilE H EBREW BIBLE

A comp""'v, >tudy 01 tho I."" , d"'t '''' in Ug .. itic religioill1<." , nd the Heb"w Bible h". in l:oct, ,Iready heen conducted' . N",·enh.ion on .uch topic> '" monoth"ilm, polyth"ilm. demonology. divine ~.rf.,,,, divine guid..,ce, etc. Th" >
.te.

, R""m "nq"iri« in ,hi. x>< li.. «l '"' foJJo~'i n" A. Rei. (1%9); D. Irvin (1978); K. M. Alom;, (1987),.oJ ",rn" brief .,.,icks """h .~ l ·t. Cu""hillo< (1%9; 1981>; ..-.d 1982), 0. (197S); L K. H.ndy (1'190; 1994 , 149- 167); M. C. A. Kotp<1 (1996),,,.1. U,"';,ic ,-d"",nc .. on ,h" I""",,. dti, i.. h,,''', ho~..v"'. b«n only p",i.lly t",,,«l...,J lr.ion for t h" rom· p""i,'" .. udy of ,he ->ngt u .... of t h" ",,,,,,m N,,, E"" .nJ ,h, H,b"", Bibl, (bu, ""Iy in tl>< book of G,n .. i.) . By J" •.-io>& ""-",,j mythologic.1 motif, from , .... li,.".,t """ ,I>< lumi,htd comp"."i,-, po";bili,,,,, 10, .1><"", "ndt""ndin& of ,i. ""' gre "''''' 1'-',,"11,,1. oo,",,,,"in& ,he "",&"Iic' .. 0";", in ,h" n.,.",i ~ of C",n";. >ltd Up,i,ic my'holau (An" .. > nine p>g"" (""'l.; n _81) . In hi, do ,I>< Upri'''' ,ex, .. hu, only in P-"', "'i,h •• Mu, ",h", Semi,,,, ",f"",n= fro m ~l""""",,,,,i,,,, ..-.d Hi"i" "'"r<.. to comp'" ... i,h ,h"", in biblie.1 Hob", ... "'''~ doi,i .. h",., b«" compoted ... it h.n ioonog"phic.l conc",". y", ,h,i, origin ."d do""I· <>pm,,", we", l>ide< ,h"", ","o,k<. Cunchil"'· mo""V.ph (1971») Iw I>«n dtdi· c,,«l wi,h m"", in",n,i." .. "Iy";, to th, ."'. of oornl'-'"",iv,, ,,"Jy. HoW"""" h" h .. do.l, only ,,-i,h ,h" US"i,,,, 10, m"1> b.. i!{nt) in "'''''
w'"''

l«",

,,,ct.

•

LE5-IER DEITIES

p.nj.Jly ",.1, with in res.,,, to other i"u.. concerned '. Thus, the notur< and .ignific.nco of ",I", pl.yNi by US" ;, ;, I"",," deiti., h,,'< not rece ived the attention which t hey deserve. Fo r this , <>",n .Jon e, the

topic 01 Ug>r;tic.Heb,e",

""i,i.,

r«Ju ir.. more thorough co n, ide",·

11on .

In .ddition , n.... ly exC.VA,M US.,;, i. ev idenco (e.g., RIH 78.!0 _ KTU 1.\69) h .. be< n brought to h.nd TI,.,< ..!dition.1 materi.!, pro. " ide .not h.. r,,»o n to 'Arry out . ..App,,; •• 1 of the i.me. Th. i.me of I..se, J.i,i<> in the Hebrew Bible will then b. w mp".J wit h th e 1..." ,e>,. l" ion, from Ug. ';, ic some.. . nd disciplined "udy.

J . M ETHon O I' A!>PROACII 3.1. Concerns in Comp.""j,'e k oso.reh

With the . im of. comp«h.n,;"" ""pp"."l of I"".," dei,ie" the p",. ",nl ,"",.rc h «"h to find illni,i.. b.t ..."" n Ugmtic .nd biblic. 1 H ... bre ... d=ription. 01 thoir n.tu .... nd rol ... Co n,ide ",ion will h< givo n to their memh
V,r iou. method. h,ve b"en used to approach the current i»Ole. Irvin adopted and developed the form.uitic. 1 method of Horm""n Gunkel for her comp."tive 5tudy of .ncient Ne", E."em lite"tu .... , ind ud· ing the Ug.nti. co'l'U> . nd the book of Ge ne.i. ,,·ith regard to the I.... r deiti.,. She cl." ified variou> plot. motif. found in the n.,-",i,-.. th rough her own >ludy' . N
, The ;""' of Ugari,ic It"", dei,;". h.. b«n 'pp,oa< -di,in, .... mor· (p. D. ~!;II" . 1975 , 11-1>3) or "divine oou,,,,'I· (E. T. Mal"n. 1980; H Uldy, 1'I'J4). AI,hough ,h, ... udy of U,.";,ic I""" dei,;'" i,,,,lf h.. I><en pu""",, by Up";!Ologi'" (H. L Ginsb<'g. 19 ~4 , M. J. D.hood 1958; R. M. Good, 1978; Wy .." 1987b,,, ..J.), i, h.. not b«n fully oon,,
INTRODUCTION "",Iy.i. i, neWeJ to appro...:h the Ug .. itic m>1.!, in order to deci· pher the ""~ m.. ning lrom the r<>< rved ubi .... , . Alom;~ .ba h .. m,de. wmp.rative "udy 01 the le... r deities be· tween .ncient Ne.,. £.,1<m liter>ture. rnd the Ihbrew Bibl. vi., lit· eruy ",.reh lor descriptiom . nd rn iconographic. 1 explor .. ion ". HoweYon. R«entiy. Ihndy h.. . pplied . >ocio-politic~1 criterion to t he i<sue on the b.:t", 01 hi. bu",. ucwic model. H. cI""ifi. d the mUC1ure 01 Syro-p. I. "in i.n panthoon, including Ug>ritic .nd Hebr< ... corp"'''. Accord in g to hi•• n.I)";', m= nger deiti .. .,.. on th e lowe" level 01 the Ug.ritic ""d Hebrew p""t hrom". Ho"... ver, it i, • t oo modem criterio n to c~tegori .. . ncient conceptiom of the I.! " . ppro.ch which h... been odopted .nd ev idently "".mined by Cunchillos " will be employed for the . xeg .... ic>.! . n>'!)",i. of ..,'. ral ",Iwed Ug~riti( . nd biblic>'! Hebrew p=ges wit h r"1\.rd to the I...., deiti... In the following ch.ptm" . ny Ug. ritic or biblic.1 Hebrew terIm which indic . .. "I..",r deity/.ti ..- henceforth will be ",Iect.d . nd c~t .. gori.eJ to compare . nd find poin" of . imil.nty. Thu, it i, .""nti>.!, fint of >.!1. to identify the de"ot .. ion or connotation of e:och Ug>ritic or bibli(~1 Hebrew term repre .. nting I=r deiti.. in e.eh utegory. Any Ug.ritic t of in· K Alomr. (1987) . H H.ondy (l'l9., esp ..

1~9 -6 7) .

"The ",m "",mi,ic" i, applieJ to , he ling';«ic group of ,Ii,h, I>"~u>g« u«d in ~'<"em A,i.>. ~'h",h include. Akk.>
." Au"","" Ug.,.i, "" Heb"' .... A,abic, , od Can.."i«, 'K For ,he .lefon i, H:.rt of "",rni,ic" and cI ... if",.,i"" of ,he ",rni,ic Jangu"V' . .... Mo=; (l%-l, 3_1 1) . " The oomp.>r.uive Sem;,", ph ilol"&}" 00,,,;,,, of ,he "uJy of ,he phonol. ogy, m0'l,hoJ"&}", ~'."' m.,, ,yot .., hi,,,,,}, ."J inte'1'"" .. i.on of S.mi,ic •. " Cunchillo< (19!i.» .

•

LE5-IER DEITIES

torprtro .nd discu.=! to

make . 0 ex...:! tran,b ticn of the Ug. ri, ic ,"xt<, Heb",,.. " r m. in the biblic"! Heb rew ,"xl> wtll be de.!, withi n . v.n.. y of philologic.1 .n.IYI<.ol modem co mmenutor>, as ",
Then, how the doofini, ion of Ug.ntic or Heb«,," term< function< in the Ug ..;,ic or biblic'! Heb",,,, ,.." , in which ,hey occur, "" ill h< explored. Any Ug ..;,ic or Heb ....· «rm, dolined unde , philologic>1 . n.lyse> will b. com p. =! with oth., occurrences in 1 .imibr situ. _ tion , plot, or ,~ h ;n the Ug ..itic or biblic"! Hebrew, .." ",1. elM fo r the >lud y . The philologiu l .".. Ipi, thm will com pri"" t he >1udy of the s.. mm.r, .youx, hino'}" . nd critic'! interp",, " ion of exeg taken fro m the invest igation of tho UgHitic text> will b. "Ppli. d to th. >ludi.. of th e biblic.1 Heb",w .. XI •• Sine< the Ug. ritic <exn contain early mnerrangro '" r,mly Ug.ritic (in P. rt I), , hen biblic.1 Hebrew (in P.rt II) , " ,ill b. ...Jopt"" in . .. h ch,pter.

I.",,,

fi",

3,3, Li mi ... ion. of Study Th • • re. of t he study will b. li mitro to th. ;"11< of "I..",r deiti",", who b.long to ' ho low. " d . " in th. hi. rarch )' 01 the divine ..",mbly , nd ",ryo th. i, m.,' er deiti....." ist>l1t deiti ... Thu., . ny >
,

INTRODUCTION

goo, in the Ug~,itic t<x", r>nk«l next to the , up",,,,,, ~od in • divine hier.rrh y. will be •• d ud<m";on of t he motif of d<mom in the Ug. ritic tex" and the liebrew Bible will not be includ!ig .. ion in order to .void . n ""co.. ivoly broad .ppro>och to the ,,,,,,.ren ~. Re ....,h tex" will be r",,,ictM to the Ugoritic te." and bib lic~1 Hebrew text~ Although every Ug.uiti, text with 'egard to le_r dei· tie> i. of import.nco, only ""me ·c~· Ug .. itic desc'iption' will be in,'e! probing the text> fmm hoth Ug. ritic .nd biblical Hebrew lite .... urr, the ,,,,,,.reh will be ''''pon.ible for u,ing other rdev. nt Semitic evid excO\'at«l from Ug. rit , if ne<:~ in orn.r .lequire a br=d..r perspective of the i,sue. Some ";gnificant t<xt> of ,h. Ar>m.ic portion< in ' he book of Daniel will be u",d. Th"", 'e." will then pro"ide mate· rial fo, comment.

'0

3.4. TeK,u . 1 Corpuo

te.".

For our ci'ation of the Ug.ri,ic the ' '''''OlITh will b",ic..!ly w e .ll rel'errnc .. to ,h. text> fmm n. Cu~eifimn Alphaktic Ta" from Ug~. nt, R~, Ibn ll~n; ."d other Pt..C<J (Mu n"", Ug,ri,.\'ed' g, 1995), «lited by )..I, D ietrich, O. 1.orr", . nd J. S.nm>rtin, .bb,evi .. «l '" KTU' fro m now on, unle.. there i. ~ 'pecific ru""n for doing otherwi... In some c=, the t<x" m.y be modjfi«l from ATV' for the be" re>< ll. ",h . ft, 1997), d",ign>t«l •• BliS hem el'orth . The Sept""llin' u.M for ,omp,,,i,,,," will be t""8;""" . di,«l by A, Rohlf,

te.",

'e."

" The division of """"d.,}, god< ~'ill b< " pl>ioed unde, ,h, ""<'go,,!, 0/ R",," of 1.=
1<,1. · D<mon,· 0' ·evil hu" 1981; de Moor.S"","", 198~ ; " ..J.) .nd i" ,he Hebrew Bible (d. M. J. Gru,n· !h.n", 19~~; RS Klu~". 1%!, P. L. D.y. 1988; <1 al.). ~

• (Stuttg~rt,

LE5-IER DEITIES

Wiintemberg,,,,he Bibrl rn,ul"

19~9),

;ndiut
n.",af'er. All tr.m.l.ltiom of CtlNl 'ox " from KTU, BlIS, ..,d LXX will be mule by the wri .., h ;m~lf. Other",;"" tnmh, ion< of «xu will be p,m-ided in footnot<>.

1 MEMBERSHIP OF lESSER DEITIES IN THE UGARITIC TEXTS AND THE HEBREW BIBLE

j "'TROD UCT10S

Thi, ch.pter ,..ill im.."ig'" the ""u. oll ••~, deiti., in tho hi ..~r .nd conception> 01 tho di" in. titl., will he em ployed 10, . n.ly,ing the po.ition of I....., deit ies in tho hie,· atchical pmtheon illustr" . d in tho Ug.ritic texts . nd the H.b,e,.. Bi· bl~,

Th. ,.,ult from tho Ug .. itie " udi"" then , will he eomp ..ed with hiblic"! Heh",w ,"[e",nco, to di,~ne b
, Th. di.in, h;" .. rehy denot.~ in ,h. p,,,,,,n, "",,.,,,h, ,h. «ruClur< 01 ,he f l l l h .mong ,ho gods i" , h. p." "hhip, whi.! H 11.19_22 (1 Ch, 18.18_11 ); p, 1'1; ",d D", 7.ICb, e«- S.,i· <>.!Iy bu ilding on ,he .Iiu.-c< wi,h ,he bibli",[ H,b",,.. ",fe"""",'WY.ll (1'I98b, 41 _;8).

,h,

,h.

•

LE5-IER DEITIES

rriti' text> will be exciudeJ from the ,,,>.logue'. Any Hebrew term which indio ute> I<s .. r deities will be eh"",n for our "udy in the ch"!,,er. Thu •. some Hebrew coll~ t iw noun • .,ill be t","ed as .,<11 in P~n 11'. Th. r.,ult from the Ug. ritie "udi., in r.n I of Ch . pter I will be .pplied to the Heb",w "udi.. in P~n II in order to fi nd out iu ",I<>·.mc< in the Heb"w Bible. For the ex>min~tion of Ug,. ,it ic and biblical Heb"w term, .nd te.u, philologic.1 . n>.ly"" will be made. For the "t.>logue. som, h,," .I",~y .".nged the form.1 group> of ON, or divine titl, ,, rep"""nt .. ti"dy, d< Me>or' ~nd r,rdee '. They h,ve of ON. or divine title>, incl uding the ,upreme god ~nd ",eond.,y dei· ti.., which~" utili .. d to m,ke • p.ntheon Ii" , nd to demon>!,,"e the polythei"ie religiou. 'ystem of the Ug.riti:rn •. HowO\'' '. t he >rea of their corpo .. i. too bro~ to be dealt with here for our re",."h of I.... r doeiti<>, Thu., for, more reAIi"ic ~ppro1Ch, we will h,ve to ",Ieet rep", .. nutive titl .. of Ie.",r doeiti .. fro m the p:rnthron Ii,t>. PART I: M K\tIIERSllJP OF LESSER D EITIES IN T HE

D I\~NE

AsSEMBLY IN TIlE UGARl"rlcTEXTS

To di",ov" the id .. nked .. the low<>t level in the hier..,.chiul divine ..,..,mbly. it is n«.,,,ry to enqui", into >om. Ug.ritie collecti... term" which imply their exi"enee belonging to the divine ..",mbly" membe .., . nd , .. mine >orne Ug.uitic tex", ,,·hieh illumin . .. their hi"m:hic. 1 po.ition in the divine .,,,,mbly.

j""",

' Th"~

ii .. ; II 'I"'; b. il; J, il; J, J, 1>1;1' ii"" 'dl iim; ply, VI, ply, kI.bm; p/J' m'J; 1<1; sm.I'm; '1'1.0 111m ,oJ ",ho< de';gn,, ,ion,, ' N"~,,he"" . .... ... ;11 ;n. f'«' oom< crucw DN. of I.... , deit;";n ,II< follo ... ;o, ch.pt.t<, • .g.. 81m .' ugr (G"p'. ,00 Ug:lr) >nd qJJ .' WIt" (Q>d<sh~d-Amurr), etc. " H •- . .. - . "' ........ - I., ~ ·· '"", . " ...."~ .. " ...."~ ,-.. "_ '," _,,",.n.·. _. _. __ . .,.,.,_ "' . "\J '~ .• "Y '". "_.'" "" .~ noo, ""d 0:",0""". etc. ' De Moo, (19rc). ' P>tdoe (1000; [11 %1. %).

,..=- .. , __ __

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEm ES

"

1. TIlE UGARITIC TITLES OF !..r,sSE R DEITIES

The r<,,,,reh will now .urvey some Ugaritic collect i,-, term, t h>t , ... Aeet the exi"ence of plural deit i.., including I.."" deiti ..' , and 1 ... te how t he ""fin ition. of th "", te,m, . hould be appli«l. 1.1. ilm "God. H

Thi, te,m i, .. generic fo, m which np '" '''' the plurality of Ug. iI. "god"" (KTU 1.1 iv 6. and f'lli"n )" . I.e..." deiti" ar< often <1,, «1 :u "goo.' in the Ug.ritic text>(KTU 1.J iii 31, 1.15 iii 19, U7 i 2-"
• UK'';';'' term, lor ,h. divi", .... mbly h.. « betiv.ly. de Moc>r (1970). Wy." (1'J"18b, "'P., ~1 -6);.oJ P.rde-< (2000, [21 %1_%). AI"" lor , he ,hen", 01 ,h. "divin ..... mbly"" i,,,,II. ". Olden"",!; (1%9, 11-142); ~j;lkr (1973; 12_23); Mullen (1980 ), del Olme ( 198 ~ b , H-6S; 1m, ~3 _ 116); H.al.y (198S); Korp< I (1m, 269_7)); Handy (I'J"I~J; and Wy," (1m , 313_}()) . W, will hm br;"Oy ",rv'y ",m • .-.-pr... nu,iv. term, for plu,..1 100<, whOch m.y implOcitly indude I.""r dei,i«, in , Iphabeti",l o.-.Jer. Som. ,erm .... hOch d.enoo.. " , h _ie- '" "ki",hip- ,er"", of ,h. god< wi]] he .. d wl<J h." and deal , wi,h l,m , i" Ch'p'er II, , hu" 1m 01", "So", of A,hir>t"; bn 'l'1!. "Son' of ,h, Holy 0",,' , ibr< or:f h . ,h. "d,n 01 h[11119 1- 104. " UK- ilhm, >nother plu,,"1 lorm of UK- ii, , 1", occu'" .. KTU 1.39.3. etc.

,h.

LE5-IER DEITIES

1.2. II tP"U "God.u

ofS.phon"~

n.",

tho ph .... .on"Y' • comproh.n,iv. con«ption of .II tho god> fro m .""h hi ... reh ie.J rank of tho di,· in. mount.un. wh.", tho divino "" ... mbly i. , i,u" ..!", from tho ru prom. god El '0.11 hi. I.,,,,, god> ~. The divine :=embly i, g>t h.red >t S. phon" . nd the god> hold . ban· quo< ther.". Mount S>phon i, . "'pro" mution of 'h< di,·in. mounuin in Ug.ritic mythology ". It i, ,ocogni..,d . 1"" ., tho "con'''' of th. 11 oc< plnth..,n Ii", (KlU 1.. 7.1). U," il in tl>< ph ..... oceu", .. tho tt (1m, 2;1) ",I",,,, t l>< Upri';" n,o", of th. moum';" !)<JP""". on tho AkbJi,n "'f.... """ .... th" th", 0" iu ""o,mon ,·oo>li... 0" .. to H,h.!it, " Joh 261"" ...,: ~" ,r,~ "., ~~. i'u ~='. i, ,,""«hing ou, S,phon 'mpti""'" (",d) '" i. h..,png ,ho ",,,h "",hi"gM"'· ' , hi.l«m i. ,"",,, ""d<",ood "'h," i, i. , ....,,1>,«1 .. ,h, proper nooo (NJps; NRSV) r",h" ,h .. , '" ,I>< gI di""" ion i, i, p>,>llelod "'i,h ,h, in , ",n« "" i, 1 ,oh"i,", moper""i," .."",i .. ion of , up''".t,u ...1 pow,,.., ",1>0 m.ty b< d<scrih«l >< working brO.t< oou,,,,il; !Ow[.tnk ,h, divin' moun· ,';nf . KTU' ",.till i:r II on th, I».< 1 «rib>l ; 1m, 44,..,d 100!, 38), For ,ho ron"",}, vi< .... ..,.. d< Moo, (1970, 20!), ,h, "moom.tin oS U lu·;..,d M, S. Sm i,h (19Ub), Som, .ide< oS S.tphoo >ppe.tr in ,h, Ug... i< d ..,.lling 01 An" ... h,,, EI", (KlU 1.13.9; l.HXUO), i, lo,,,lppe>r< ", I>n of ,h, S,phon m""if .t, ~·,II. " KTU U i 20-1. " Cf. Wym (l9"9k 1!3), " " " o...-d

·s"/"'''".

·H, 0""

·,,,,,,h·,

0'"

rM

,h. ,..,t
,0..,

'"""""g<"'''' ..

r'"

01 •

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

world"r. god ".

~nd

1.3, b" iI

~s.on'

"

..tgnifi.. "reality, lif., and the p", .. nco" of the , uprem.

of EI"

The fo"'going element i, fo llowed by the m.in " rm, which i, in , g.nitive fo rm And refers to the DN of, "control ling figure"~, >Jld in· die.,,,, a "dan identity" ., well ., Ug. dr". Thu, the con>truction of the phm..! form of b" with the DN may "P"''' the .ubordin.,e group of the DN. 1.4. dr II " "Circle of EI"

Thi. phra .. i, the mmt common .xp",.. ion for t he plural co nception of god, =d indica! .. the f,m ily "circle of £1" " . It i, u",d to de note the "I..",r deiti .." of El (KTU l.15 iii 1~, etc.),

~

Ioc.,,,

Cf. Wyat, (1m, 27... 8, >I"" 1'19><). The Hehrew Bibl< . 1", P">u",ption 01 dei,;", nnder ,h. impli.cil >l b.>si< ",n .. U" dr m.y denot •• ',iv.. 01 DN; hood (19n 112); W)" !! (I99Sb, u), MId DUL 179-8Q. Th, I"" Ih", il indio>! ... filial " l",;"n 01 Ih. Ies",r deili« 10 [1 i, "'WOn«l lu~ Iher in • "»go of ,h, ph,."" dr 1M il. '(I>rtlily) cil'<1< of Son, of [I ", KTU LoS.l.

LE5-IER DEITIES

1. 5. fir iii I""" "Circle'" of he " 'en" Th. «rm occur> p... II.Jed with othe r dffign"'ion. 01 the divine .... .. mbly; hn ii, rI!' Hbm (KTU l.lO i l _S)". It indic",,,, the f.undy

memb.14ip of the « lesti.1 b.ing •. 1.6. pl}r ilm and 'iii ilm uA..embly of god,"

Th. t.... o colhtiv. de, ign",io n. ri." ilm ~ . nd 'd, ilm" (the •...... mbly of gcxh- or the ·..,~mbly 01 EVi" exp r"" the plurOllity.,.,d COOp''''' tion 01 the d.iti ... Th" I'!!' ilm c.n b. d.fi ned.., the ·group of god • .., . unity·~. It ocru" in the r«.ptio n 01 . ",m . , . n offe ring", KTU 1.1-18.~, .II ot h.. individual gcxh who rK"iv, their o ... n offerin g. in KTU l.l-1S

~ ~ ~

0" "~''''''t;",,(,)", Wy>lt (J9"980' 44; 1001 , ISS) . P ... /Ime, 795). U'- plyr, "",.. I " uon;"',. ~mbly ", G . R. Dri,-« /1956, 1(1), DUL 609_70 (I). ef Akk. pa¥r"(m). ".~r~, AH.., 810_11 , 876-7, C..AD 11[P j lJ_ll; ~gs_93 . CI. Akk. pu~~r liJ"i, erOS! (19Sl17~ n. I). Thi, UII>'"~ic ph,.... c>n be roonp.>",d wi,h ,he Ph""n;";'n ",fe",nee m"hr< '1 ~bI qillm. ,he "= ",bl~ of ,he holy gC>l Ii" , KTU L1 ~8.9. It< 10n~" ph"' .. ymr "" 11m) "I'f"',r< in KTU H iii I~; d . >noI", in ",m< li'urg~ c>l , ..," KTU 1. ~0 . 1 8 ~ 17. 15. 3 ~ , 41, 1.65.3; ""d L111J-[41. Uk. ml,hr< i, 'tion 01 ,h. pm,,,",,,,,, Wym (1998b, ~~ _ S) . Ci. GOrOOn (1%5, SJ9".1037, in SI9.1Q3C, Uk. ph,-, i, m<m"",. 01 • """",hold") . ,. U,- 'al; "",,,, ,,, bly" . .I<"""io& '-ic>lly ""'«'ling" , DUL 151 _1, d . " ' -::: . "m«'l ing", "wngrnt . 'J" DNWSl 818. 11>< ph, ... 'J, ilm occur< only twic<, '" KTU U S ii 7,nd11. ~ Uk- il.. be '<.Id he .... ,he pluClI ",,,,"," 0< . . ,be tinlul>, "E!" (plu,
""r

""'t...

",,,,I,,,ed .. "

,h.

""=.

c,,,

"'1"'"

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

m.y be r of the p~r iI","". But .ime "not . 11 the god> cm re. li"iully be given"", th e ph~ m.y indiwe • • pecific "group of god,'. Her. th ey .re p",,,ibly identified .. . nonymom "I..",r de iti.." of the divine ..", mbly. \X'pu 'pecific u.. in KTU U7 ."d p...II. I" in di5linction from other . ub-grou!". ev idently ,how. th ... in some c.... at le..t it h . . . n:u · row .. ref. rence"" . 1.7. p/Jr h' /"'G,oup of 0 ....1..

Apparently B.. I h.. hi. own ••", mbly; perh.p. gi"en . ft .. hi, . n· th ro nement in the divine .,,,,mbly (KTU Li i,' <1_4), . nd in reference to the uoage of the fi ..t . Iement in the ph ~ plJr 1>'/ (d. KTU l.J9.7, LR [ 161 and ] S7. 18)" . Yet there i. no other indication in the Ug>ritic text> to prove th .. B.... I h" >O"ereignty 0"" hi, own .... mhly. Pope rem"h th .. the u<>ge of Ug. p~r i. app lied fr«ly to .n y plu",1 conception of the god> "'ther th :m n"" ..... rily al ....y> to ", plenary >=lion or perfect .. ten· d...nce· of the god>Y. Thm, it i. ~t!« n th .. Ug' l~r i> u=l here to indic. te the >ge nt "group' which serve> B....!, >c. "group of B....!.". It h.. h<en . ugge>ted th .. it m.y dr.ign,t< the "" .. n Bub of KTU H7's_1I (pooralleled with KTU 1.11 8.... 10.rnd RS 10.14..... 10)" . Yet it indic .."" more prob. bly the ill'lfr, "Ihlper-god>' of B.ul ~. who m.y be ide ntifi. d .. "",ven Ud" eight Bo. ",· in KTU 1.5 ,. 8· 9.

~

'«'ym (199 80: 4S). w '«'ym (19980: 4S). ~ '«'yan (199 80: is) . M Thu" "'" P.,.kn cuss",n on !h< ph ... "" d . il ,'4. "Hp'" IV.

LE5-IER DEITIES

1.8.

p/lr kkbm "As..,mbly of S,.,."

'>r""",''',

Th. dj"ine .,,,,mbly i. de.cribM .. compri,ing , h. of t he ,mmes; the ,un (Sh"l" h "), the moon (Y.rih~), etc. Among them t he eountle" eele"i.1 'ph..", . re pon"'y«l mrded .. divine being> in t he .neient Semit i, world " ,

" U,. l pl. -, un. Sun (... DN)" , DUL 836-S. Ci. ,h. :::::, HALDT 151/9_ 91; Ph., Pun .• ""d A,,,,,. ,,,,I, DNWSlII6S If., ""d Akk. :10m!".' AH", 1138_ 9; CAD 17111SJ33S-8. ~ U,-moon . .\\oon (DN), mon,h' , del Qlmo-Sanm."in (!()().I, 9~_ go). Cf. H,b. r,", HALOT ~37 _ 8; Ph .. Pun .. A,,,,,,- ",,~ , DNWSI ~69 _7 1; Akx. (~·)<,,&u, AH", 1 ~66-7; CAD 1/.1[A1 159-63. H. i, ",,,,nlt{h." Ki", of c;",u",,;,;on (Ug. ~;; Albn. 1m; f"IIo ..-e,d by w)'.lt. 1001, 118 .. ,d HI> n. 4; dilftr'ntly, 'R,,,',,,,' , W.,JOn, 197M" In; 'Summ,,', de l O lmo-S,""""tin (ib.d.; 7!!)' (KTU 1 .1~ . 1 ... 7). In .J.lition. h. 'PP"" '0 he .. ,v«i by, I.... , dei,y, ,Il ,,,"' j',h. "T.li,h M>id>orv",t oS Y"ih- (KTU 1.11; 14_5). Wy.tl (1001, HI» ,ugg<'" ,h ... y.,ih m.y he ,h< Hur";", de;,y Ku,ub, ;f the '''' "f1,,-~, ,he Hu,,;;n p.tmheon (Gi"ob<'f:, 1939). " s.,., E"""", EI,'}' v. 1__ ... h,,,, ,h. "'". >r< 'i~.;fied '" im_ of ,h< god~ a . Diju",« Moo, (1975, 110).

.w"

M EMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

pit, Ubm

"

Th, .... mbly 01 Su,," (KTU 1.10i4' );

Th. p~, kkbm occurs h. ", in • p>r.oll! lin. S to indic>!e the collecti"ity 01 the celesti. 1 bei ngs . It . pp.,. ... lurth
(I

2 ~ .31) ,

.' F{rI)'1 dblt lim

A " d he (oe . 1),,,,,1) o lf,,..d~ • ""rif"", (10') th, gods, he olf,o'
H.." "l y On", in"n« 01 Hmo> "

to

,h, Su r< .

In the ""« ription, the ilm , th e fmJm , and the kbkbm or. por.II. I!io n of the eel. "i.1 ""i, i,," in ~

Ug. kbJ.b, "",,", If[' i I9.118'1, WVS no. Iln, DUL 427_8. Cf. Akle "'~ , AH", 4)1 ; GlD SlK I 45-9; H,b. ::~ , HALOT 4/J. UK. 'bJ.bm <>c. cu" " .dos;gn>t ion 10" " I,,,;,] 'l'h'''', KTU 1.1 ;;i 14; 1.3 iii 15; iv 17, 44; 1.S ii }, 1.U1, 1.19 ,; l, 1, 1.19 iv }S, 10<. i<w,I, KTU LIM . IS, lu"h<, lor t h, de;,,,, ;n "')'thole'g,,,,,1 KTU U i; 41 ; 1.10; 4; 1. 13.13, 17, 1.19 iv 14_5,31 ; 1.13.54; 1.43 .3 (.. t h;, pi .. " 'S""'gO",,"; [)j,,,ij><, L91.11 _8 (lhu,. Il>l.bm __ . IMhI, ·S...-.godo. __ S.. ~ · ; d . Wy.m , 2002, l7l n. 25). ~ For lu"",, di«us,;"n, of. "xt .... ..-.al),,,,, 01 KTU 1 10 i 1_5 ,i,u",d u" de, ,h, c><""ry of G0. Ci. Htb. """ HALOT 828 ·}0; Ph __ Pun. '1Y' DNWSl851_l, Akk. dIS , AHw 101.-10; GlD 4[E) 114-3S. Q Th< "ru\ ;,; ,,>O<" bly >tl, 2001, JC9 n. 2SS) ,>thor , .." "h',· 19710 101, de Moo" 1987, 2bO, P.ro... l'i'J1; 35S) . " CI. Ug. hmm)' oon"rual .. ,h, "H,n m.i,,·(,) b~ P., k" (19710 101). ~ Wym (l001 , 309 n. 1bO) .

,<x,"

(P""'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

• p.r..!l
Thi, plron."ic oxp, ... ion of tho pan· theon in. form.1 ..... mhly of the council' . nd i, r
u n. ,Ii "Couocil" Th. term occur> •• ·, h.pa legomonon in the Ug.ritic "'xu (KTU 1.1Q i 4), [They will appt",,"",h ~ l when ,h, d"",.. n .. '~.

c
Ug. uJ m.y indic... tho ""',",mbly" of the gods in the t<xt of tho TI'"m, who,", m.>ning i, v.riomly ,ugge". d".

'pp<=

" It "",,,Iy in KTU l.l, ,hu •. n. !I« J>rob«n (194J, «p., 167_71): H . W. Robin",n (1944), C""'. (19S3); Muli,n (1980); P"x"r (Im.),;nJ Wy.lt (1m, J38-41) . ~ Th< ,wl\>gcaPle<,)". H Wy.t! (lOOL )I'i) . ~ It ,0.11 be lu"h" di>cu=d in tbe <"'gory ol·R.pi'u,tu" 01 Ch .. pt
,h.

"

M EMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

1.1l, 'mY"''' " H e. ,-enly O ne,"

Thi, te rm i, p",sent in • p.",lIeli.m wit h t he ilm and khkhm in KTU 1.1 9 iv 11_5 . nd 29_3\ , .. di!oCusoed .bove, It m.y be .n -ep ithet>.! fo rm of smm, 'h.. ven(.j '"".

1.12. 1pJJ 4p" "OIT.pringof,M Wi,e O ne

H

(I

The tex' of KTU 1.1 6 ii H _~ 1.1 6 i 11_13) men,iom ~ p iur>.! i, y o f 'he god. of ' he divi ne .. ~mbiy, ~ i/", ImlO Or 00 ,h, godi di, ~ ? 'pI:! I ."~ ",.;lIthe off'l'rin~ of ,h, Wi« 0,,," Mt li,·, " /

'II'''

The

'ex'

ip~

I!pn" i. eomt ruewj he", in !=,>.!lel with ' he ilm. Hene<

' he d=:rih<> h ere the nature of t he I.. ~r dei, ie> • • -,u p<m >tur. 1 heinS'", It m. y he rugge>tM fro m ,h. to" that the immort . li,y of ' he goo. w., • , heological p
~

CI. K11) Ll9; v 24.u>J 30. MWy"" (199 8o , 46). " Ti-.e 3. tlL pl . for", (Tropp14) of , he

U" /ml , 10 "die- (UT

519 .1443; WVS 1703; DUL 595_6j. 0 . Heb . ,,"', HALOT562 _3, Anon ", ,,'C DNWSI 605_7; Am", .• Pun. mt: m..'WS1 605, and Akk. mli,"- (T ropper. lOCO, 660; DUL 379-8C). d . Heb. ""', HALDT 3O'J_1C; Ao">Jl\. ~).~ , DNw.s/354-6. '" I" .ddi''''n'' e.p=ion,!.piJ lip" ... qaf. i • ..Sgain in eh'Pled fo" roo" deuil«l di>cu«ion . .. Henoo, y.", (KTU U; v 32); B.... (KTU U ,. 10 _ 1.5 vi 10), MOl (KTU 1.6 ii 3O-3r); .nd <»iou, ",inor goo. (KTU 1.6 v I .... ).

"f"

LE5-IER DEITIES

I.Il. Mi sceU.neo u. Ug.ri.ic T id".

V.,-iou, ot h.. term• • re employ..!.o indicate a group of doi.ie" 11m ar~, .he "gods of the ""M>- I.nd"", 11m rbm, .h. "gre •• ~ods"'''; .nd i/_ "J"', the "divine on.,· ·.. .. c~, Mor< ""idonee fo r .h. plur..!ity of di· ,-ine beings m.y be .ugge.ted in d i ,""r~ DN . ... In .h. Ug.n.ic p.m. thoon I"", there .P!"'H di" ingu"h.bly th e princip. 1 god,.rnd the pe. nph.ral god," , Hence i. i, obviou, th .. . he ."ci.n. Ug.ri.i,n" held the religiou, belief•• h.. th ..e.re le""r dei.i", ... ho .. rve their ml>1" gods in the divine .... mbly and .h .. . hey "'" privileged to belong '0 the

.. KTU 1.19 iii 6, [11~ }3. 'The,. .n,i,"" .'" idomif,ed '" "ch, honi .. god<' (Wym. 199810 ~1, 1001, }:J.i), who m.y be ",bted to th. -Jivinisnd •. 1~9. 1 _2. Wy'\! (1998b, .2) comme"u ,h., , h.y .r< perh..,.. -~r,,"p 01 mojo' dei, ;" r.nher ,h .. t , be ...·holy be ",bted do..1y \0 th, rp"m, ,,·hi.eh """u,,'" p.t ... 11<1 (KTU 1.10 ii 1- 1,6-7). They m>y.t"" ",fer \0 th. de>nt of din). De"n i, ,,,,,,tally reg"deJ .... myth",,1

I

"""'''0' of th. Ug>riti.e dyn.." y; del Ol",o-S.,tm''''n

(!()().I, 183; dildo [ID. De ller<1 ",lmJ '0 the Hob. ;."rt (Nu", 16.!.) or \0 ,he diroM, "",n ;n the ihl>yloni .. I royol PN" Gordon (l%S, S19 .712). For other de~gn.,ion'. !Ie' > d,.~r".,ion of de ~loor (1970 , 2l4_S); follo,.-ed ,, [ocuntly by Wym (1998b, n ..9) . .. CI. , h. P"'\\he""
Ii,,,

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

divine . "" mbly ., membe ... " , .lthough they ",em not to uk< . ny "". ti"e role within it. The pr im.lry fu nC1ion of the divine .... mbly/council in the :tn. cient Ne.. E.,t i. to discm•• nd m,h. deci>ion . bout." i,m.". [n the Ug.ritic ".u, El p .... iO" 0"" the divine council, <>p<"C i:ol[y in the B...[ Cycle, the gods . ppe.. to hAve the f",edom to rai", objeC1ion.". or to m.k< "'I'pe:ol. ~, 0' to m.k. prop",:01. " , con>«Juently the fin.[ deci,ion i> mille in the divine council" . Simi[.r ,itu.ltiom in the divine ..",mb[y occur .100 in th e Heb",w Bib[ e~ . Summ.ry So m e collective Ug.uitic noun, com',,},' conception of the plur.[ity of the deiti"" includi ng the [e"", deiti ... which ",fleeu th e po[ythei"ic and hie"rchi,.[ held. of :tnci. nt Ug.riti.rn,. Thill, th eir di,·in. iden· tity i, cI.uifi.d through th.ir title" ilrn. The memb"r:ship of the [.",.. deiti"" in the Ug>ritic divine ..... mb[y i. >oddr«"'! in oth.. divine ti· tho iI W", 1m ii, dr iI . dr d, Smm, ,!lfr ilm, ',It ilm, plJr kerve t hem. The Ug.,iti. "'P"''' .io n p&r b' / denot .. . "group of [e""r deiti.. of B..[", mo .. [ik<[y the il "<Jr, "Helper-god," of B.ul, who CAn b" ,ugge .. ed ., -,..,...,n Lods, eight 110"",' in KTU 1.5 v 8_9. [n the Ug.ritic te.ts. oome other " rrn, ~

Mull,n (1980; II!).

" P"X" (1m" lOS). CI. Enkidu', aJdt"", on ,he t>_!), t he , uP"'''''' god A"u 01"'01' an i""" to discu" in th. divin' oo""oil ; Enlil .. p"' ...... propositOon ; Sham.,h obj«t, to ~ ; but Enlil ",jel lor bu;)ding ,h< 1"1,"" for B.uI do=,ii> 6; .. Id 14.U _S.

LE5-IER DEITIES

ore MoptNi . bo to

de.ign~e

th e divine beinpo ilrn arl , ilm rbm, .nd

il'Hm. 2. P OSITION OF LE.ssllR D mTllls IN TIm D IVINE ASsEM6LYIN TIIIl UGARJTICTlllITS

With the .pplic~ion of the definition, .nd conceptiom of the divine titles of the I~rdeit ies. the p", .. nt "udy hen,ei'onh will "", k to gi,·e on .c
T ex" It i. impon.11lt to ""plo", the dive ... ity .mong he,,·. nly beings through .n .rn.lys;' of how the hie",rchic.! divine .... mhl)· i. fornted in onl.t level in the p.nthKln. 2.1.1. 11 Vie ..· or,he Di,il>e Assembly 01>

Th~e

Le,·d .

In US.,iti, mythology it h.. be-.n po"ul~ed t h~ the di,·ine ..",mb ly
[

1Bull" ,

" So. "El". A bull.im",. i. u«<3 ' 0 de«ribe ,h. f,~u ... of El 'hrough ,he , i· tle I' ii, "Bull EI", KTIJ 1.1 iii 26, U Oi; 19. .. ,d L I~ ; 23,
n

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

[

oIiyjfll>'l

F " "'r~ :1>1 qr .·lps [ )1 [w) 111 iI", Jlin

[ [

,h< Migh'~""'" !WI, ) Pnn"," Yarih. l Ko~h ..... nd.H.si,.,. l ) Rohnu)·". Pnn« R<
~Iher<...

Viroll .. ud unde"', n'" th. l1St t", Gin.berg uk", it .. · thr«fold· ... G ...., ob~rY'" " Gib",n (1978,90, 141), M. S. Smilh (19'17, 121). VI. ali,·" i, oommonly oon,i," form of ,I>< ,11'.", ,o · be ",on~· (I'op". 1%,,, 254 ; UT SI9 .1342,.oo WUS no. 1430; d . Akk. V'•. lO·f>< able, "'p.o.bl<. dtilled· , AHw So\6-7; CAD9\LJ 160-1), G. R. Dn." (19S6, 136),0,,1 Olmo (198 1, 513), fo~ lo ... eJ by Wym (19'12>0 405); ,h ... , ,h< ·"ry/mO1, DUL 9'18 (I) . It m.y be "n, of .h, """""",ion, fo, lh, ·"",ond· posi,ion of ,he gOO... ~ K"'h.""'d·H .. i, i" ',..("rn.ln go& d . M. S. Smi,h (1985). "Whil .. G",,, (l94h 287). Gray (1%4" 58), and M. S. Smilh (19'14, 170 n. 100) ;dentify R,l",uy (o.n.eJ fro m U,. r!Jm. "~' omb", d, J. Moor. 19n (2) 18 n. 62 ; 19801>, lOt.; al", d . Wym, 2002, 127 n. 16, lhu" "utenn, . ...ombly1 ... i,h lh, lodJe" An .. , o"""n, hyro<'''''' of Sh'pl dem,OO, of no" .. iv<". For fun1" ""''', d . P• .-d« (19'J7, 278 n. 11). ~ Thi, underwo,ld dei,y. k""""n '" , gOO of """il,ne< (rove-Rolli&, l%.Ib, 305; del O lmo-S",m""'n. 20001 , 741}.;, ,viden,ly m«led in [gyp'i." '"" Semi,ic ",Iipo ... "odilio"" Fuko (1976). ~ Vi",lle,"" (19f2_1, 143), "don' '-' .rin;,'". Thi' i, d
,h,

LE5-IER DEITIES

th., the d trio p.nit< divi,ion"; thus they «p"",ent the "ructu« of the Ug .. itic pan· theon , fu..1 .nd Princ. Moon., god. of h.. ven (,upern..! deiti ..). Prine. R.,h:n deity), md Kothar·.nd.H... i. . . . god ... "",i .1ddition . lly no1<. th" it m..m - 'the th« ... lold company'. relerring to ranks or divi.ion, within the p.nt h. on· ... Whil" lIerdn .. interp"''' _n on II! ... pro nomin.l en.:\. ing" . de Moor . nd Spronk res>rd the t erm jl! .. c.rdin"!; thm, - in i" triplicity' ''. De Moor ch .. act. rius the di"i ne membly .. trip. rtite; r."tly, -older god. hk. EI and hi, wife, Ath irat (al")"; SKondly, "th.ir off.pring; 't he family of EI'I'>o", 01 At hirat'"; md th irdly, "the new· come.. . rou nd B.,I, the >o<.lIed 'Congres..,ion of B.ul '"" , However, the p' r.ld igm of divine hi. ",rchy seem . to he not .im· pl. but intric.., •. T h. "ory of di" ine conAict odd",."" how the high group of the Sod. i. "ruggling to occupy t he . bso lute power of the divine .... mbly, T hu., Pete"",n .rnd Wood"".,,, try to exphin the G;nobe'l; (19 ~6 , 22); also, GonLn (19~ 9 , 7~) . ~ G ..", (19~h 287_8); , hm, , ...." lmd .. ,he - cO"'l""Y 01 , he god< in ," "'f'>'rl."~ di,,,,,,n-; d. - ;n ;h", D,,;,>hl"; J; ,ku (1%2; % MId n, 2); he". ];,xu >Old V;roli<>ud (19 ~1 _3 , 1~3) cd" ,he , ulf,x of ,he ,,,m ' 0 ,h, =n,bly of ,he go.k This v;"w ;, ",je
,,,,,h.

""nj«'u", ;n It"!!",en,,,,!, ,ex,", ~ G, R. Dri" et (19106; 37); th;rd ' h"",I", ~ G,.y ( I %~>; IS) . • G"'1 (1%-1>; SS). ~ G; b",n (1978; 91 n. 2), " Herdnet (197 ~ , S3~; >nd d . n. f}"m ,ttadtt", ~ De Moo,-.spronk (198!b; I ~~); >Iso, de Moo, (1987; !O~) , Cf. de Moo~ Sptook (198h 171), "il;' p"'~ b l< to replx, mull ipl.,>l;,'« by ~onple e>rd;· ouI tlu",bo,," ;" Akk __ H,b" MId At. o, 0. :\100' (1987; lOS" . ~7).

·,h,

M EMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

knotty re l.. ion.J 51 ructure of th e hegemony of th e Ugarit ic pantheon in some isomorphic graph,". They differentiate bet ... ..,n the compli. <.. ed hierarchical 5lructure of th e Ug" itic I"'nth th i, view ... ith ".,.iou. point<. Fint , their on.ly,i , i, "" trKted on ly to the B.ul Cycle (KTU 1.1_6)" ; th u,. it c. nnot b< the full picture" , Se.:ondly. it i, doubtful if An.., ., on . utono mou, deity, i. in ,uch • minor pOlition , one of the tripanite level, of the co>mic power; An.. rat her, ,,. war god""" , u k<, the ,.me level", Bu l, And b <1ly, Wptt poi nt> out th.. the " rueture of biblic'! co .. mology i. not ' im ple, •• viewed only o n one 1 "' . I"t of divi ne "",ipi. en" 01 Kerel', ucrific,," , The god. in the divi ne ",,,mbly a,.. . pp.,. ently invited .. the div ine gu"t< to f'l nicip. 1< in the «,..mony, 1·lem e it can b< , uggested that the im'itee, on that occ",ion may be the entire memb.r>hip of the divi ne . ""mbly, includi ng "'en the I""r deiti., who " rve their m.l<1 ", golit interp",t< _h on !IL ., an adverbial ending; thm, "in th r='~; ,""cording to him, it m.y .ign ify that the -.,«mbly of the ·so n. of n , "'pr""'nt ing the . non)·mou, 'you nger generat ion" , ,,, eo· ., P""rson·"'oodw1fd (19n: 23J_4J) . .. P""rson·Wood""1fd (19n : 242). " Th< Upril;" n\y,h ;, u<;',", 100, (KTU I.1J), Nikkal (KTU 1.14), EI', mmihu (KTU 1.114), etc. .. Wy .. , (19%: 21) r<m ... k, ,h .. ,h< <)["'V>1«1 U~.ri, ;" ,.." ","" in "00 .no", lli;n .boul of ,be orig;nal", " Wf>ll (19%: 21). " Ot l Olmo (1981 : 303). ,. Tlii, ..... li,,[ ,ulV',«I hy G;n,b< rg (1946: 40), ;n"rp,erjnl i, '" an ><> ""rb;al -Jt . Wy'" (2002: 1()(' >o,d" . 1].6) 10110 ... «1.

m

LE5-IER DEITIES

coni ng e>eh othor in triad,"'" ,ince the 'chief" goo., in adv.nc., .,ri,-e in p,lirs (KTU 1.15 ii 1-6). However, it i. not <e,uin whet h« the 'chief" goo. h ..-e .,ri,-. d in p,lin bec~~", of the f~enu,y n>ture of the US.,iti, ublet •. Apparently, the ph,.,., 'dl ilm 11th might be tr.n. l>ted ."he .... ..,mbly 01 the goo., iu Triple" indi(~ting th", divine gu"" .r< coming from the whole trip. ni .. p.ntheon"' in .. much ....11 i" membe ... .,. probably invohd by Ke .... to ' Pl"'"r .. the m.,-,i"'l\e ["'tini. Ho,,-· ever, it i. bettor unde",ood in the con .. xt ... ~ moving formAtion 01 the "..",mbly of the goo.' by th,<=. A, Marg.!it ""id, the 'ill Um .. thi> pl""e could be identified ~ • • nonymou. "I",,,,," deiti., fo, the high« goo. who h.d ~,ri,-ed in .dv.nce,

'" M''!l;li, (1'f6 l~ ,, 2)_ ~ 'In ,hi, poin,. UI_ -It m.y be under<",od ... p""""i., pronomitul ,ul·

fix_

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

[. r mgy 'iiI ilm

[Aft"jo.·w'" ,he =mbly 01 ,he goill .,.riv«l'" (KTU 1.15 ii II).

It ",em. prob.bl. th~t their arri,-al nter ~II the higher gods rep"" ""n" the ir "mk .. the lowe" level .ub;":", demonstrating their .ul>. """,ient statu. undo< the ,up",me god. and the I"Condary god. in t he d ivine .,.. mbly. Therefore their march following the higher god. moy '-'gnify t he ir Ie"", , a tus .. divine ..,i,un" Of . . rvito" t o the higher

''''"

Another inter ..ting issue concern. the privilege of the l ....r gods to h ie.. , mort.!. It ~ m. ",·ident t h.. t he right to hi"" 0 mort"! be· long' even to the I.... r deiti... After """'i ng , b""'luet fo r the god., Keret i. blessed by t horn;

KI 10 ,he p"" iou> Jines i,;' o be uo«! e~h".,." od " rb 0'.., .. (onju,;c. ,ioo DUL 39-10. It "uy be u>ed he" .. .., ad,'erb, G. R. Dnv" (195<>, 31); Gib",o (1978, 91); >nd Wym (!OOL le1). 1, ouY"'pp"'" , h...11 me",· be" of ,N, =<mbJy 01 ,h. goo. h.ve 00< .,ri,'a! .., ,he I."" 01 Kere! in hi, hou .. , ..,d ,h.. ,h. of ,h,m. p,ob.biy ,t.< I.... , d«ibl. "ogn>' «, d . H.b . ~ .~ (DCH S, 434-12); Ph. '"I' (DNWSI 675), Akk. mibly ,he ..;..""" 01 , 5<mi, ,,, phon.m. "'" full y r~iz.. .bl. io> Ugari,,,,..,d '",i",ly 10" i" A.-.b"'". Ug mgy i, . 1",,,;,, ,'em. whi<:ling P''''Oft i, pi"""; by hi, 0""0 >i"" 10' hi, lrom "o",,,n<",, on UK. '"i;" d. 84_3). Cf. '"i1 uU)'. bq ik mgy' b['YI 'or, ·Wh~ h.. , Migh'",,' B.t>l "om<' Why h.. V!i'j;i" Ao>! 000"'" (K TU 1.4 ii 21 _4; for ,,",u>i ",>iy=. "'" eh.",,, 11). 11 nuy ,upport , h. (x, ,h>1 ,h. goill h.v, .mv
,h.

i'

LE5-IER DEITIES

IbN: ilm li<)' tit)' ilm I ahlhm dr ill m!lltlhJo!

The god< bl<=d'" {h i", ."dj weo, "'; ,he rods ... eo, to ,hei, "OlS'''; ,he (f.",ily) ,;",k of [ Ito 'hei, .bOO«'"

(KTU US.,i Ir_9). M""Jon..Jd "" igIl< a I;,t 01 the god, in KTU !.I5 ii 1-6 (Bull l [l~ B:ul, Prine< Moon, Kothor,.nd.lhri" R.hrruy, .nd Prine< R.,hef) to the -third p.n of t he cong ... ~ion of t he god,- and heli.v., th. y .... the one< who hi. " Kern''', In the Ug.ritic tex", how<\'", th .... i, no "",ntion of the ",con, d",y god, h»"ng <<>operat. d to bl= • mon.l. If fual h.. not panic;, pated in the bl."ing, cth .. "'mndory god, m.y not ruv< Jon, so . i, th .. lor he i. rs<, pI.

form of ,h, UK. ,Ibrk, '0 "bl<.. ", DUL l37 01). Ci.

H,b. T": ' HALOT IS9-60, Ph .. Puo., ,"d A, ,,,,, brt DNWS/ 198_l0l; Akk. t,1robu; AHw 44S-6; CAD Il[K1 19!-8, ~' The}. pI. fom, of Ug. ,I',w, to "ron", go", Tropp<' (l QOC, 658); DUL In. Ci. Heb. ~ "" (0' M""), HALOT 101, A<>",. '1)-, DNWSl O}6. The "rm denot« ,he dep-'"ur< of ,h, gOO, from ,he K" .. ', ho u", toward< ,heir OW" r<, id< '''''' ",Jilt, in ,I>< ,hi,d line, In 1 >>tII n, H.b. ~"", ""m", i, p.",l lhem._ , "adi,ion 01 ,I>< t<m.JwellinK of ,h, gods. to. M,""",,,,,lJ (19n 5l }--4) , ,h, 'J, il .. llrh in lio, 7 i, "in "I'po
n,,,,,,.

,h,

'rg"'"

",,,,,,,,,i<

v""'"

=,

,h,

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

c.n ble" people with child",n. No other g<>0 hi, ",ns, who belo ng to the f.mily "circle 01 EI- (Jr if). Th. Jr iI in line I ~, p ... lleled ~m'""tic>lIy wit h the 'JI rim (KTU !.I5 ii 7, 11) .nd ilm (KTU !.I5 ;ii 17, IS), indio c...... more proh>bly, only the ,""onymou. I"'~r deiti", of El. It m.y be ,ugge"ed her< th .. the I"""r deiti", of EI . re more pri"ileged th.n the ~ond ..y goth. Mo re evidenee of the fw th .. the I"""r deiti"" .re priv;leged to ble» othen i, fou nd in. hymn to An ... in KTU J.O. It ;, gene .. lly reg.mled th ... per><> n.J pray" (KTU l.0.n)"'!7.) follow, the previ. ou. mythic.1 pm 01 the hymnic text to the godde .. An .. (KTU 1.13.1_13.}'''. In the descript;on" the gOOde .. i, <xpr«sed .. the re· eei,'" of t he pray.. in the 1"' per><>n or f. minin. indic ... ion,"', and described .. bl ..,"" by eele"i.1 m",,.nger<, S;R« yoo '" h,,'e be,n ( J 1M hi, mlai Jmm rm, :j,/ d oth«l '" ;n 1;&111, rtUy'" Ih< m=r"; nqr "you n... bound up" ,nd Iblr (K TU 1 lU3_S) .

'" U,. 1M, Ih, p..... pI<. f. fom, of Ih< U,. ,llbI. '" "dr.. ~ ",..>t, pu, on doth",,', DUL 4n. '" It ;, I,..,,,l,,,d ;n. iu";," mood Wym (2002, 171). '" Th. G . 3. rtUS<. pl. form of Ih. Ug. ,I","" \0 """,nl'h.n. bks,-, AI· Y>lH:.n of"\O bl... •• "'" C>qu<>< (191!9, 26 .nd n. 33), "Su, I... rbe mr(rj, bi,n 1 Oupril'-« I... n, dt .b.'n;f>. nw, ,,,dui, P-" cen.;n, .[on;[,«.";

>l"'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

m.)" ,I>< ""''''''"g'''' ''' 01 ,I><

h..""" ",oJ (you) 'tr
Th. t<xt h.. ~n r.~ v. riomly, mlal ,mm tm,,:1>1 mil 1mm tlal, "h.,,'. nl)" m.""nge" l.ft, he ..·.nly ro)"'1 princ", .. nt""', or Im,;:hl mil, "pui...",u "'ni, Ie prine<, I. roi"' ~, 0' ,mm tm,:1>1 mil, 1m", ,Ial ~I amT ''', Howev,", it i, more prob. bl. th.. the mJal ,mm/ml<JDl rmm~' are u ken he", ., the .ub j.cr, 01 two ,'erb., 11al: and ImT. 11m, the .uppooed third line al"",., ml<JDl 1m", ,Ial ~I, be<:om", mo", <Xplic.b le when it i, seen a. the p.,..U1. l'lene< it c.n he mue""" th.. the Ug. riti"". h~ , theology th>! m"",ng'" lrom the h ..ven, (or lrom the divine ."emhly) . re eh.rg.d with variou, mi"ion, beyond th.i, ba>i, lune· tion .. . "me""nger" ''', Therelo", it m.y ,uppon the 1.><1 tn .. the goo. in KTU I.I S ii i 17_~ ore identified .. the Ie ... , de iti .. in "'g>rd to thei, -bl."ing" fu nction.

Wy.tt (2:lO2, 111). It i, .1", pt<"", Rin (1%8; xl;), de MOO<' (1980b, 3CO), to "lo,,;ly' , de Moor (19gr, 140 .00 n. 1!); Je Moor,';pron k (198r, IS2); d. '0 "dd,nd", Goroon (1949 , S2) . For diff,,,,", ",;dings, ... "'0 dri," "",", P• .-.lee (19rS>; 2Sr ""d n. 52), to "1<>_,", del Olmo (191 L 491, 1984b, 99); d k, lol lo"'in~ ,h, p""'io"" oolon , de Moor (1980b, }::.I); CARTU 58; LIo)·J (1994, 280); ..,d Wy>t, (2002, In). It m.y b< h>pk'!;"p hy. '" Th, fo", ,lem,n, 01 ,he ",," i, d>.m"!;eJ. CTA ,,;d, i, ><'1. "de,," (DUL 889); Y" ;, ""''''' ""be, '0 be 1,>1, fono ... in~ KTU'·'; ,hu~ -Il",n!,h, vigou," (DUL lS9 [ID; d . H,b. c"", ~." . '" Del O lmo (198 L 493, 1984 0' 99); dol Olmo·s.,"rtUt!ln (1004 , 48!). '" Caquot (1989, 26) . A=.-.lin~ '0 him, ,h, ,ub;":' of ,he v.,.b (1 . f. .g.) ;, An .. . Cf. ~uot (1978, 18), - pu........ u bOn;, I, pouv";, du mi". "'CPUr86, lllS. '" Cf. O' ~:::! l" ;n.~ ' 7"~, at G.n !!.II, ",'h,,,, ,h, ,Ie"",", ;n..,. J'p< Iud been Ioaoltd ttl" in ,h, origin. ll<xL ,,, For di>cu,,"," "" ,be "Nou, lu,><,;o", of , .. I"""r Jei,i.,., ... Ch.p,or V.

[1»-

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

"

On th, other lund, Rin ,ugge", th>! US, !I!h at KTU l.lS ii 7 m.y po>.ibly ",fer to "B,.I', co mp. nion, or sw.rd,· , compmnS it> H,b . cognate r=-'::::i, "hi. li""ten.m'" or ' hi, r",inue" ~; th, Heb. =-'::;:; t«l th" Ug. II! i. inter preted pornbly . . . mi litary titl" on th, b.. i, of KTU 1.14 ii 3(" >c. "chmoteer"; thu. , th, "th ird m.n' in the chariot , of t h, te.l!Il of thr",,· "'. Ug.II!h in th, text m. )' ind ud, B:uI', "ch.riotee,," be ing hi, "Bo. ,," (Ug. ~no') '''; but it >e<m, to 'ignify not "ubordi nat' group of. ,~ific god, but "" her .JI I...., deiti", of the divin' ..",mbly, occurring .fter th, Ii... of the highe, gods. Rin under' tand, th ....11 of th, 'dl ifill, ' the ..", mbly of gods", the glmm, 'Ud,·''', ""d th, !I!, "Iieuten. nt' , "'" the "w.rrior> accomp. ' nying • chi, f d,ity· "', Although hi, , xpl. n>t ion of the !I!h ., B..u!', I...., de iti., i. unconv inc ing, hi, ",cognition of the te rm ",I,ating to • mi litary conception "1'1''''' to be to hi, er«lit. Thus th, term m.y bri ng up th, image of th, military m.rching pmern · in th,..,' of the low,>! group of the ,Ii\'i n, ..,.. mbly. 2.1.2. A Sodo.poIjlicsJ H ew of Ihe Dj,i,,,, A ",.'m bJy j" Four Grouf'8

The >!ruC1ur< of th, divin, .... mbly m.y con .. in th, >O(ia.politic.1 hi, ,,rch y in.. much ", in Ug ..itic religion, the divin, ",,,,mbly reflect,

'" Rin (1% 8, xl~. '" Brown.Dri.,,..Brigg' (BDB 1026) contend , h" ,he ::"c,= inruc..., • king', "1"'rso,u1 "" ••hn," 0< 'mili.. ry oIf"'''"' '" Wy.u, (2002, 190 n. 62; .1"", d . 185 • .lS). The •• ,.,., duriot ..... . ,w,"wh",,)ed I'Ily m>n"eJ by ,h,,,,, ",Idie,so. dri,''',. ",mb ... ,. ",. and:on "mou' bu,,,. Cf. oJ< V.u< (I%L !!2_J) . .." For B..I'. Bo.rs, d . Wym (1987b). We will di",,,,, fu"h" .oou, U,. hn,,- in , he '''
d<1,,,,, 1>,,,

LE5-IER DEITIES

a political i""'logy de,-eiop«! within t he hum .n .... Im "·, Handy cI:". , iii .. the divine :membly in four group, on the b",i, of . modem eri ..· rion : "authoritati,-. deiti ..• (EI >lid A,h.r.rn [A t hi "'-t~, · :>eti,-. deitie,· (B. aI, Anat , Mot , and Sheme>h/Sh"!,,hu); · . rti»n Jeiti,,· (Kothar.w •. H.,i" er ~I,): . nd ·m.... nger d. iti ..• (ml<1km} "·. Yet , the position of Athi r.. i, not cI • • rly a"e>t. d ... rueh .n ex· alted o n. in th e Ug_uitie ,"XI>, although ,he appe'" . , the m<>ther godde» of the god., ,uch . , B.. I, M<>t," al, AI"" there seem, to be no great dillerence bet",""n ani .. n deiti .. and m.»< nger de iti ... A, .n altern" i,-., th ey may be . 11 group«! int o ·I..ser deiti..• or ·", ryant deit i.. " in the hi. ",-"hic.1 di" i.ion. Beside,. the rol .. ol l.""r deiti.. apf""r more v.. iowly , 21.3.

Hier~rt:hic"}

SmJCm", oft"" Dj,i " " A "".'mbly in Four Le,-<'ls

A, '. n . Iternativ. , the "ruotu ... 01 the divine "''''mhly can be '....mged. with ",nk. di>tingui.hed .unong the deiti ... into lour level," ': the . u· premo god (EI). core-invol ved "",onWry god. (Bu.1, Y. m, Mot, et ,d.). ot her periphe",1 sec<> nd. ry god. (Koth.Hnd.H .. i" " al.). and other .nonymou, le""r deiti .. ",ho serve the higher god,. Among th. m ,orne .pee ial I.... r deiti ... who .. own epithet. a re gi,'en, m.y be di .. tingui.hed fro m other ordinary I..",r deiti ... Th ... ent iti .. ma)- be ... latM, p"',ihly, to th e arch""gel, in the H.b ...", Bibl., perhap. '" their prototype. ,,. C/. Mull<" (I9"lL 11 ~ ) : H .. ldy (19"1~ : 65} h i, unde,,, .. ,ili", of ,h. 'p,omh"'o ... bu".u,,,",y' p,,,,,uPf'O'<' • hi.",chic.1 ""'''u''' , AI"" d , '«'y'" (19"18b: J l _1) , '" s.. H ... dy (1m, 19"1~) , Cf. wy.tt (1001: 10/; n, lJ.6). '" Th. ""nv.rbal inJic.ton ., w.1I ",h. elo<e""" 01 ,h. dei,i« to ,h. ilivin. ,h,,,,,. in ,he oo>mic <emre m.y be 'ugge"ed h.,.., .. tbe "it .mong ,he dei,i« , 11.1 , L Grube, (1980) .mph •• • i"", ,h .. """«rNi eommun;',,,,ion, <Sj>Ct.,,· inoer emotion" ~ which Me 00< """,,,bed in ",rbal «,m<: 'pro"c>ting (on ... IQ" 0' ' " .. dinK" f." front 01 ",he,,), ""'. It i, >C''1''ed by Kruger (19"15: 169), who .. y. th., p'y,holoj;i,. 1 ,,>t .. 01 ,h. eh .. >
,h.

toOO ,

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

Summ.ry

The h'.",reh',a! structur. of the Uga"t;, div' ne .,,,,mbl)' h", been proposed by mo" co mmenutor.l commonly to ,om." of th,..,.. 1"".1, 0' by Ihndy four group. (namely, .ut ho,;ut','e d.' t'''' octtve ""'t'''' n tood ., fou r I. vel., ... ith hi ... rehic'] rmks d t.. ingui,hod .mong t he deiti. " >c. t he . upreme god (El), who h.. the <<»JIli, divine ktng.hip; co,.. inmked >«o nd god> (y.m, B..I, Mot, .. a/.), who are rehted d"", r to the di· vine k ing'hip, p, .nd oth.. Ie"", detti"" who .. rv. t he high .. itioned o n the 10.... " 1
;ut'..

2.2. R.nk< of o.,itie. in ,he Divi .... As .. mbly in ,he Ug>r;lic T exts 2.2.1. Sup,,-'me God

EI app<ar, ., t he divine king of the h.. v.nly court. Smit h "Y' ,h.. nonverb.1 indic1tor>, 'he p,ttern, of "1\,eI by dei,i", .nd thei, prom .. tion before oth., goo" indtc ...... nk .mong 'he goo, in the divine .,.. mbly'~, to thi> point, £1 can be 'egmkd., the supreme god in t he divine ·. ,,,,mbly bec.u", he never ,,,,vel, to :my ot her goo, wh.re ...11 the god, t",vel to hi, .bod<, nor 00., h. p'y hom>ge, or mae. pi.. to othel1l "'. In the Ugaritic "''', EJ i> undemood .. the · u ltim ..... u· '" M. S. Smith (1984). In ,h. H,b"w \"'~ • g<""" 01 "bending 0""· (~"'n:~). ;n ,h, """'n.L.ry >tn .. , dtnot" -'" m ;\uci< of ,,,,,,,,;nx or g;v;n, bon,. '0 op«;.lly. 187_200 .00 192_ 301); ,h.",lort pro", .. ion ;, " Ina! 10 ,h. r""k of n,o,.. I, or de;, i... In Ix,. I..", de;,;", ... obli&a! '0 10110 ... . 1tM protocol Mot< 'U';fiX """" '0 ,h. h;gh" god<. s.. d;"",«;on under ,h, <"~ry of ·,howing hom>g' '0 ,h, divino "",ip;. n,· in Ch"",,, III. '" CI. M. s . So,;,h (19g ~ ) ; K,,,&" (1911'1 ; S6-7; InS, 170). In ,h< Raj Cy. el< ;, i, d".c,;beJ how £1 , ."';v"" obe; ... """ from otht'i;"'" ,h .. de;· ,;" do no< "'''''<1 v», dis""",,, in ,hC!ion" for ",]1 ,h< dol·

LE5-IER DEITIES

thority ,n the c",mo"' ~; he rul.. ,n he"'en on the mounu,n of the d,v,ne . ",mbly; h< mai< .. proc!.m"'om to oth .. de 't '" '''' 2.2.2. Core-;nmked Second Gods

Some SKondary god, . r< pm't,oned do.
f.", n, mounu;n,' .'" "",p«" of ,II< 0"" «m ...1 ,,,,m;, ",oom.;n·, S..,hon, In. ,,''''''' of ,h, wodd . Cf. Wym (1'1%, 17.~8). '" l 'H.uroy ~ who...,m 10 II< ou,,;';'" ,h. in· " . ..... " lIry gods. Wym (1986.>; 1911'1;.oo 2002, 132. n. 75) ."ut< ,h" ,he <no ,oron,n",n, of A,h, ... (KTU 1.6 i 19-67) ''1',"",n" Ibr hum"" i,,,,il u,;,,n of ,,,,,,,, riol k;ngm;p; 'hu•. A,hu, , i&,,;I;',. · ""iory !ho.. m d brio ... •. Th,,,,fof<. he;, ' on " 10 ..'« 1",.<1' J;" "" from other """'00 god>; Wy." (1001; I ~O n. IOl). Thmfof<. Ihe", >J'e IWO kinJ, of «; ·oo, t-;nvol,'e,d· Kod> ;n iliv;ne oonO;"", for t he ,hrone ..,d ",h, .... API'."'n tl~ ,h. ,ul ho,;,y 01 ,he «ry~ '; ' ,,,,,,icr«i xoo,rung to KTU LIS. An>! h.. !O ~'" 1""" m;";,, n from EI ;n >" og,;"" ,he mort,] hem Aqh.L Ci. Job 2.6. '" Wy'" (1001, 1<10 n. lOll.

',i

'" A,.

"PP<""!o

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

In the .pisod. 01 the b,nquet >t l>lount Saphon'~, lor imunc., the I""'ition olB:u1 m,y indic, ,. hi> .,nk in the divine " .. mbly, (KTU Udl).

Although there i. no direct m. ntion 01 Ug. b, ·ch . ir· , in the n.r· ..tiv., it i, not unu,a.1 to rei.. to the po.ition 01 the hoot ., the b.n.

"' ]" >!,."UI< ,i!l, i. ,'" kr is, 'Moon, Th",,,," (KTU Ll iii 12 ; >!"'. 1 IM .D . 2e; OIl '''' "ymologie.1 .!; «p. n2-1), or ~ roaM he ,·wnst i, ... n, p'" 01 ,h, "'''''if'' (W)'.ll. 19'%,37). Th, ""..," to ,h, GU"";""' · Why i, ',,,,bon' dkd Thron"'". con be inl.."", lrom ,ho lx, th., th, mounuin i. ,h, ·"nt ... • 01 ,h, wo,ld . ... h< ... ,h, , up ... m, god EI i, ,uppo«00 y"" in ,I>! 1 idtg"'" in",<>tingly !'" N.n (KTU L 16 i 8) os Ami,C>0, "'" Wym (19%c 34-14, 2002 , no n. 200). '" Ug. qm, '0 """,d up. g" up, ,i "," , UT SI9.2214 ; WUS no. 1417, DUL 701 . Cf. H,b. HALOT 1086-9, Akk. 'l"mli , AH", 1!%-7. H ' UK. 'I h", b«n " ,,,,,Ino6). Dilf, ... ",ly. -b
>
0'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

GUct.., being ",.,ecl on the ch.ir or the

Hi •• uppo",d .iuing po.ition;' di"ingui.hed from BOlaI'. >tanding po>ition. A ".nding PO"u" ('md, qwm) ""'y indicate one'. I..",r .. nk. Gruber .. gu .. th ... deity' •• unding po"ure exp""" "'lu,] "atu. I>od pro", .. ecl them",lv.. to. w.. d EI' ~. Oldenburg .rgu.. th .. BuJ w., attempting to .. mg.'" E)', po.ition .nd power; t hm he t,.nol.... the line.., -B. ' ,j w .. ri'ing >pin" EI",g. y", B•• I 'ppe'" to be suMeryi"nt to EL • • = n in th. t hrone '~ .

text '~ .

Thu. it i. more oreept . bl. th .. BuJ .... . ,.. nding up in order to "xpr= hi •• ubord inAte .. nk'''; it would be the cor",'" pi",. fo r him., • prince, n<xt to th" cosmic kin g ,iltmg 0" the tbro,,,, in the cent", of the ... orld"'. It ;, obvious .I"" th" Athun and An .. .. w
";"i",

'" MOf n. 111) "'Y' """,pt>bly ,h .. -n ... l ..... oou,1d by ,h" de<"", of '1'.1. .. W"" ,h< oth<, gcod.s-; >OC'1"M by K,u&,,' (1989, S9). ,,, Kru&", (I99S, 170) poin" ou, ,h>t Bur, PO"u", "·,,.nJing by £.1" m,,", no"",rNll)' hi, -,ubse"iSi,ionM u,u,lly in ,h< nu,,,,, pi""" lrom ,h" k;"g i. "..,di"g beb;nd in"" off;':iol ",,,,mon)', d . AN£? no. 46}; Pri n", K;"I D"';u~ AI", d . Am 7,SS"" . ", It ;, l' g .. ~.& h"nc<, A,,,,,. m,xi n, • p"'~ion lor Rut 'PP"'" ,0 h< ;nl"io, to M", (KTU 1.6 ii 6-12),

X."''''

M EMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

2.2.3. Periphew Sft:ond Gods

Even if the gods in the .. me .. nk do not p. y hom.ge to on. m other"' , in ,.,me '''' ', gods not ·(Qre·involvro· in the divine conflicts for the th ro ne p. y hom. ge to the ·1 i. wo"hippro ·verb.:tlly· by Koth.r·. nd.H ..i> (KTU I ,! i,') dunng hi, .nthro nem. nt. 2.2. 4.

Le."", Dei fieS II"ho s",w

,he Highe, Deifie,

Th. deit i.. who ~",. th . .. high .. nking gods I>ntic tex" i. di",erned as tho 10"', " lev. l in the hie .. rchic. 1 "ructure of the Ug.ntic divine ,, ,,embly. The hie .. rchy of the Ugaritic divine ....,m· bly i> di"ided largely into fo ur I",'ek the . upreme god, the """ond gods mainly involvro in the divine king>hip of the divine ..", mbly. the periphe ral second god" . nd the I"""r deiti.. who ~rve the higher d.it i... Th. ", .. nk• • mo ng the deiti .. m.y I>< di"ingui,hed by nom,.,b. 1 In' dicator>.

,<x,

Kruggen", ,h. le",,, goo. 01 ,h. in , //«1 hypo" .... of him«l/. who impl.m.m hi, poli,""· : Wym (19");, J.6}. '" In KTU U viii 11>--9 &.1', m.,,,.o~ ..,, .,,, in""",,"'; to p.y hom>ge to ,h. god Mo<, yet they do no< honour hi m belore ""Iiv"io& ,h, m<=>g< lrom R.. I io KTU L ~ ii. Oth.rwi«, in KTU U i, ,t.e hon»g, is p,>iJ by th, m... « ng« ~ to the divine <cuncil .nd ,h. ,uprem. god. W. ,h.oll dis
1""''''''''' ..

"

LE5-IER DEITIES

CoNCLUSIOSTO CHA PTER I, PART I

Th. memb.clJ ip of the I.."" dei,;.. in the divine ..",mbly in the Ug_ ,. ,iti, , <x";' unde",ood in collea;v. Ug.,;.ic noum « .g., i/I!!, dr iI . dr dl 1mm . tic . nd hi • .,rehic.' bdief, 01 the Ug. ri, i.n" Thu" the UgMitic term" which 1o"," ." Ie>'el, to 5<'V< the higher deiti ... The rank. , mong the doiti., dopend on how d o", they " " to th. divine king,hip:rnd'r< . IID di"in ' gui,hed by nonverb, 1 indic.ltiom. PART II: M £MBERSIIlPOF L ESSER D £ITIES INTII£ DIVI NE AssEMBLY IN TI lE H EBREW BIBLE

Biblic"'! Hobrew ,ef.renc.. info,m u, that the ... ..e some fonru of di· ,- ine being' ot her th:rn y.hweh who ue n:cogni...,J" hi, · 1...., dei· ti.,· "'. l'lenee, >orne collecti,.., Hebrew noun, corrohor>te the plur.1 conception of divi neligun:" : t)~N 'J:: '" (C'~~II 'J:: ', or c' =v"' , . tc , Th ... te,m, denote the "I .."" doiti.," in th e divine .,.. mbly, In th;, p.:trt, the "udy will expl.nn ",me collecti ve Ihbn:w terIm ",·hieh indude '1 .."" deiti.," , nd thei, pl""e with in the hi... rchic.1 divine ... ",mbly, Some ", Iected hiblic,1 Heb ... w de:IC,iptiom which rev ..1 the hier.rch ic"'! structure of the divine »5<mbly will be inve"ig.>wl.

p,,,

", Th, def.ni,ion of -I."", deKY' i" II ..-ill be"..r,o< be ,h. ",m. def.ni,ion "I'phed ptll di",u", ,h ... «,m, further i" Ch.p''' II. '" cr. p" 19.1: % .9: 110.3; Pro. 9.10 ""d 30.3. We ,lull di",u", ,h." to<m, fu"h" in Ch,p'O< II.

'''1''''''"'

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEm ES

1. TIll! HEBREWTITI..ES OF LESSER D EITIES

The n"e~"h will mrvey ",me Heb«w "rm, "eee".ry h.,e to mn· firm the plunlity of divino h .nd their "ot", ., le.«r doeitie, in the divine .,.. mbly. 1.l. 1I~ HGod . "

Whilst Ug.ritie I""er doeiti .. . r< identified» "god," (ilm) "', the urn< idoentifie .. ion i. seen po"ibly in the Heb",,.. Bible. The Hebrew noun C ';-;~K ;, employed .1<0 to indie... ~ . ingle "deity""'. ThWl, the term C ';-;~K i. "'g.rd.ed to imply not only • 'J>Kific deity (Y . h,..eh), but >.I", m y god(.) in ge n.",1 u<.Jge. 1.1.1. Gene . i. 3.5

Th. text

",...n,

.

"C,._ -- - " ••..-" "•...HH • • .~

.

. , •••• • -- ,.. . -

~. _

--.-~ .. "

" ' ' ' .....

~ ..L . . . . _

-

•• . , . . ..L . . . ... _ -, '"

-~ .".

;,., ~

For Goo ' ~ k""w. ,h.., in ,he d>.y yoo "" from i" ,h,n your ey" ,h.1I b< op<noJ, ..>
U iii 31, 1.15 iii 19, 1. 17 i 1· 3, <<<~ ' P. US, I. e<e . M' ! s..m 4.8 """"rib« """" :" "M~ ~."""~ , ·,h, .. mighty lock"; ,hu., it deno"" 'Y>h "'oh ond his ! Emd 31 .1, :.~"" i, .1", ,ud ., • plur>l "r;ods" , follo ...oJ by • plur>1 _orb ",,". ~ ' ! S..m 18.13, i, proNbly den",,,,,, "gho..: ho",. Tho de..! c,," b< di.. « ,"ed,. "divino", W)'''' (199 ~b; 397). ('.1. ,b< ~ ' '-"~, who ",«i,'o ...::,if"",,- .. p, 106.18. ~, AI'hough ,h. etymology of ,ho : .""" ",m,,;n, di,l""od, • gr>mn, ...",1 i" v«,i!>< io" h", boo" coooOCled. Tradi,ion.liy i, bringo ,wo m.. ning~ "Goo", "'. ""Iui.r; "r;ods", .... plur>i . h i, v;" ..'oJ ... pluroJ lorm 01 ,10, in ,hi, """, i, m.y bring" ' ingui.t, """"ing ... '~""nym of ,h, ' K, "GoJ", ,h "", i, bitern"i« n.l>,... of Y.th~'e h, HALOT 51_3; d . ~8 _ ~ fot" ~ K. When i, i. interpr0 115). Cf. UK- ilhm, '" u" .......1 plur>i form of Ug. ii, 1':11.1 1.39.) , etc. (d. Wym , 1001, 3~9 n. g). It h", b-

m"",

LE5-IER DEITIES

Tn th i, p=,,!\e, the .. rm : ·.rN m.y ref., to plur..l "god. oth., th.n the , up",me god It occu" twic. h.",. th e fim o ne indiw .. Y.hweh, au"'te·il. Hence, th.y . r< .bl. to m.ke • d . .. di"inc
..• - ................ " ,," . ~ .. -~"' I~ "

'" . ~

0'"

. ,.

l'- .. . -'- • .• - --,-" ~ .". " ". ~- -

",.," plu,ol' , Kau"t.>l of ;men,i,y', r.ul jou.on (19n §IM; d), 'plu,ol of '''''lk''''''". 'plu"l of ""i«'Y"; E"hrodl (1%1, 184. 116), Wol,ke.o'Conolor (1m, 7,4.3 .. f.); 'Honorific> .nd Ih. l ike"; RinD"n (1974, In.}), Ih, "gre.,. high",, ' , ol"" Roo< (1'191, 1001;); "God of gods" fit ',~ hig"'" God" , Sim iltrly, j,nk, (1977, 8.9) ,uD""" In" il i,. pluc.l form ~'h"h h.. be.n fmmed t hrough t h. northern 1,,...,li,, u~ of Ih, DN EI; ol", 0>01< (I'19L 7S, lCJ.1). For furth., dj",u"ion on Ih, term . ... Bum"" (1001 ; .. pd> lIooi , "gods', a. s , R. Driver (1909 , 45); Skinne, (1910, 7S). ~' Although C"'Ut O (1%1 , 141>-7) pttM ol", .. " divi .... beings". "'hieh .g""'l wi,h ,h. odd"", in v. 11; ' on' of u'". '" S"" ... (1'191, lS) .1", d;" ingu;,h« ,h. Ii", """ from ,f.< «oood term . ... h"h de"",,,, "di"in, being'". for van,,,.., io.1 ",..on,. '" W. F. Alb"y,' (1957, 10,4) odd",,,,,, t h" ,h. "1".. li, .. look o;'er ,h, Con....,i" plu,ol. <1M,,,, ' ~'. in ,h. ",n", 0/ 'God" to " p"'" ,h, ",o.. lit ~ of god.!. i.",,, s<, t h. O';T;~ i, idemif,ed '" "god,".

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

For like ,h< """""ng" o/Goo, '" i, my lord ,h. king to he,.'" ,h. good ""d ,h«vil

(2 S.m I f.Pb); Bu, my Io,d i, wi«, like ,he .,.i.oo", 0/ ,he kno ... >II'" ,h" j, i" ,h. "nh

""'''''"g<' 0/ God. ' 0 (2

s""

l UOb) ,

King D.vid i, rcovor~nger dotiti. . .re omn""i.nt. Thm, in relation to thei, knowl.dge. the ~';"!~ at Gm 3,5 .nd n 1tU)' be identified as tho C ';"!~K;"! iK~~, It h" bren .uggested th" th.ir privileged st"m of knowledge and di",.mment m.y br the result of th.ir p=icipation in the divine council (1 Kg. 22.19_11) "'. Yet, it ~.m' mo", prob. bl. th .. th.i r attribute i. basic.lIy n.. unl inasmuch .. th.y ore u lled =";"!~K,

-god.-. In the me:rntime. Ug.ritic 1<»<, goo, "I'p. rtntiy = m to br ",. "ri<1od in their knowledg •. Thei, di",.rnment on ",me matte" 'ppe." in the broken w""

'" The ~.,,: m.y h< """.b,ed >I", ei,h<, .. "to cii"",,"" (NASB, NRSV, NIV; ASV, KJV) 0' ,,"to u,>d
"""i<m,

'" Ne"",,,, (1991; 249) ,

LE5-IER DEITIES

[ [ [ [ [

)hII' '" hI hl", '" Ji!iJlyi'I!nU

(oomethin& '''J ·,h.. Son. of EI do no< '"

kno ... • (,h ..) ,he ,,,,,,,mbly of SUr> (do nO!

Jo!ir tihm

11' iii , ..'"

k"o... ~ (du,) ,I>< oi,d. of ,ho", of ,I>< h""-",,, (do JlO( know] (KTU U Q i 1_5) ,

Parker in'"'Pret' th" , h. "m. n"on of An" .nd B..I in 'h" im· mMia," [broken ] con,"xt suggest< th.. th • .., ' wo m.y .h". th" knowl· «lge deni«l to the hn i/o,,,. The b" ii, 1",,11.1«1 wi,h two other col> in the folio",ing lin"" ,uPP"'" the id .. th.. they .", m" mbet ,n ord., to .mph""i'" tho higher c",iti", coml"utivdy din' n· gui.hod ~hiliti", fro m th ... of the I""", c",iti<>, The co ntext . Ilude> to the c",mic ,",cre< , which i. no' opened yet to the r.,...,r .io"n·, "''' Z iil (1972 , 83); "Adol"""m' , M, S. Sm i, h (19'17, 123); "Girl", Pm... (19'17, 157). ,,, I, h... b
,h"

I",,,,,

,h"

(1987, .6) ,...,0'" th" dU"'g< dtm>g«l "'xu , ,,, U" I; :os. n
,,. P"k" (19'/'k; 795) , ,,, It i ~ ho..,,,,",,. di {fi,uit to ,"oon","", hQW ,h" ' ...0 higl><' .l<,;",,«1 with ",1><, 1<0"" god< lrom ,h" '"'' of KTU LlO j d... to II>< d='g< of ,h< .. bl« ,

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

,...

co,dingly, the me:rning of the «xt ;, tum N neg.>tiv
Th u" the I."", deiti« in the H.b,ow Bible ... exp",ssed ., being omni«i.nt m d . bl. to diKun good md .vil, •• they . .. "god.' them· ",h'''' ... hil" the Ug.ritic I"", deiti", . '" ",,,,icwl in th. i, c'p""ity of knowlNge. Th ... "",iou. desc'iptio", evid.ntly ,uppon the f= th., the 5
The text .. ~k

y ~ you h.. «

lo ~' , r<J '"

him li"l, th.>n god,.

r. 8, r,., lET S.s.J"' . 1", .uppon. the view t h.. the «,m C':1':oN (:1) ,ef." to "divine being" h)' it..lf, !>c. "the membe" of the h..venly court of Yohweh .. ~. H.b , 1:';+;11::: un be "'~ her. . . "from god,'"' rnher th"" " "from COO" " '; h. nc. it m.k .. much d .."" the m.. ning 01 the text . wh ich t:ok .. Cod '" t he . ubject of the verb ''', LXX unde"unru t he I"t term of the ph..... In thi, "e",.. ion" ps. lm ,. it "PP'"''

"n<J.oot; "'.

Hd (I%l.-ro, 111 SI) . S<1 (ibui.; 49. SO). h.. b«n """"pte,l . oJ dev<1o>pn. ~,

~
" ' Wri", (I%l, 1~4) . ,.. Cf. Gibson (1998, l ~ l ) . '" A. A. Anderson (19r20 (1 1 lOll . Thu._ 'huv,,,]y beinp' (NI\!); '>n. !
LE5-IER DEITIES

. vid.nt th .. the .!Mu. of t he I"",r deiti .. i. h igher th~ n th .. of mor_ 101., ~Ithough glory . nd ho nour .re given to t he m (8.6b) '~. 1.I.J. P,aJ", 82 1 Th. opening v..... of p, 8! impli., t he ..,me >ett ing; God ,,>till"';n mbly of goJ~ ,' . _ .,..L . . • ",'" ;n ,h. mid$! 01 god, '" he iudV'_ . " • • ~ '" - y -

,h. ",..

Th. =;or i!y of comm< nt.ton ",fer t o the fim C';-:~K in v. b {>.!"" in v , 8) '" y . hweh " ' to di>t ingui,h it from th e ..cond on. in v. l b (. I"" in v , 6), who"" identity h.. been interpret«l Hriou>ly; suc h .. l.~lite judg.. "' , or king, of Ju.w.!I,~I"·; or ruler> of ot her notiom'''; o r "god'- other t h= Y. hweh'" ('! j ud ge. ~ ' ,

,.. !~C=:." .,.,~, "':: ' . "and (w;,h) ~Iory."d hooour you Iu." cro ... ""d h ;m ' _ ,,, Th. N. 1"<- 'C. fo,m ol,h< ,1;:.".. !o "."",," (d_ HA LOT 71~_5, ::>J), ind;c"., ~' ''''M u«d . , • ';ngull'
,n", ,h.

,h,

;,

,h.

!h. =·~",, _

'" Thu" Morgen""n (1939 , 1'/ n_ 1; oi,;n~ "'".. <,;,ie" Ch,yn" s...,h· K'n!, Benhokt, K;ml, Gun k,l.>nJ KOn;g); Gonlll .. (1%3; 1'/3), T«v>l (1%9; 116); A. A. Ande""n (1972; (11593); H<>I lod.>y (1993 , ~8); Parker (1995; 533 n. ~); and WY'!l (19%; 35!, 3,9) _It;. «pl:oin«lrogently ,h.., ,h, :.~"" i, u«gt""m>lon ,;B« i, ;.." "dohi"ie ps>lm", T",va! (,hid); T", (1990; 319), 10110..'«1 by WY'" (,hid.. 359)_ W,;«, (1%2; 556. 558) md W >!oon (198~ ; 193) prd" "GoJ"_ '" Deli,=h (1 888h; ~59-6l)_ Cf. LB, -iudge'". " ' Wy •., (19%; 361) . '" Duhm (19n 317. 8) , ,he "H ... mone"" kinK"; Bull,nw"'" (1938, 769_70); ,he -deifieJ kin~ of ! h. H1:'"' Cf. NASB, "",1",,·_ '" W.llluu"n (1898; 198); H Schmid! (193~; 1S6-!); Gonion (1935, l~l); Moq;,n't<m (1939; 39); Ro... I,y (I%!, 151); T!i
MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

But the ph=logy _m, to m,h . xplicit u... ge of the =ond C';-;~I< as "goo." .ince C';-;~I< : y : i, p."IIt MT " k .. it as ~I< I"n:;:, "in the divine me... ing' ~", or, "in the meeting of EI"'", LXX re.ru it.,;v 0"",,1""n, 8<<Jv, "in the """mbly 01 goo.", which p""uPI"""" C'~I plur.1 conception 0 1 "god,·~,. Although m';or t"n,wion>. lollowing MT, uke • ,ingul.,- god lor t he donoution 0 1 the ...:ond term 01 the phr= "'. the Vorl~g<' 01 the text 01 LXX, con· cerning plu ....1"god,-, "",m, more likely to rell""t the "origin.1 text"'" for it> Ug.,itic ",f. re nce i, ....,toJ .. KTU U5 ii 7, 'dl ilrn the "meet· inglmembly of god,' '''. In .n y c= the >uppo~ phr= indic ... « the plum conception of the doiti .. .rnd it i, pa .... lleled .. m:rntic.lly with ~'-", ~ '" -" "L-~ 1- - '

Mor"",'er, it m>y be "id that I:~Iccording to Morson"ern, the ph,..,., ;, ",lated to the NR5V, NJB,.oo NJPS ; ,he 'divine bei"p". Ci. G. E. W,ilh, (195Ct )1 _1), ,he ·p.uron .ngel, of ,he ""io ..", K"u< (1988_9; [1) 151-6). ,,, N iehr (1987) . ,.. M. S. Smi,h (1001, lU). ,.. 0" • .... mbly·. ~' Seybold (1m 136). Morgen"epl ... , ""hil" ".rLo", ",he< , ..dings (Syn",...,hu< and Jerome) re"do, it '0 the ~nt;ul>, ~M . MOll,n. "or" (1939, 19 n. I) ,~'" Dllhm.oo Bu"en",·ie"" .... ho ",.d the , .., ... : "" • . Also, d. 5>1"" (19"1 1, 116), 'C":-M .,,": ' . ~, ASV; KJV . Or .. an ad;":'i,·" • div ine' , NAB; NJB, NJPS, ""d R5V. '" Thu., 5.lt"" (19"11; 116) ; 'If ',,",0 H.t i" ""Iy,h";"jc b"'kgrou,>d h nuy h>v< bee" ","
.

LE5-IER DEITIES

' No nn Semitic' (Ug. ritic) np,..,,,ion of El'. council. in ", hi." hi> .ux_ ili..;='Ii
r<;..cr the interpr
"gods", Con"'1uently

C~N ~K n"'t~\ the "divine .... mhly·; the -.".,mbly of EI'; or t he ....

..,mbly of goo." (v. I), C'''~K , "gods" (vv. Ib, 6), .od 11'''~ .:~. "iOn> of Elyon" (v. 6) >r • •11 regml di"ine council"'. By cont r:><" some ••y t h.. y . hweh j. one of the gex!. ,ubordi nat< to the pr<>iding £1 (o r Elyon) in the coun· cil of EI "'; ,hu> , Schmidt . rgu<,< th .. El i, the pr .. idi ng god."d Y.h · w.h is the iudge in the divine cou ncil"' . On t he oth., hod, wh ilst oth ... conclude that Y.hw.h ;, the judge"', t here"", oom e d i.", o",,_ r .. k<, Ii", ''];UM , h., the .~~"" nei· t hor " .."" nor im pli"" t h>t t he .pe.hr i. pr""iding ov« the god., o nly that he i, a.rcu.ing the god." in • • much • • the me:rn ing of the term i, v.ri. d in the it ion t o El for the mem~rs of the d ivine ",,<mbly "'" 21. 19. 11, whibt Y,""weh i, ~:::- "sitting""', etc ),". ~' Mo,!,nllem

(1939 , 39 n.ll). Mo,!,nmm (ilmL 19_1 26) .1<0 '"WO"" ,h ot , h< '''' 01 p, 82 i, originotddrlll' l to KTU 1.1 6 i 14 If by O·c.J lagh..-. (1954; 3D); ' hus, h, "'Y' , hat 1h<)' be long ' 0 , he origin.1p.tt of ,he hymn. '" r" ker (1995 , 533) . ~, Krau, (1988_9; [21 154-1» , Gon,-,,",. (I%] , lOl); Lore... (1975; 588); Gordon (1978, 119_31), Mulle" (1980; 230. 232) ,..-.d ~l. S. Smi, h (2002; 37. 144). ~, Schmid (1955; 183-7); Ei" feld, (19)<', 15- 37), Sch li"k, (19730 33_4), N i,hr (1990, 80, 81); .. d von R>d (1% ,1, 111 .123) . .,. W. H SchmMlr. (1%6; 33) . In <0,,""" to , hi, vi,",,', "'" W,i.. , (1%2 , S58 • . 1). m Ack
MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

lienco Y>hweh i, >landing in t he ..... mbly (w hich i> unu,u. 1 in the generu C.He' of judg"', who ,it when th. y judge) ""d thm it c. n h< s..lid th,,, y . hweh i, not pr"'iding over the divine coumil; he i, origi. n. ll y > moordin,,. deity in EI', ,m . mbly "'. Howe",r. thi, i, denied by Wy ... t for two re.HOn" 1) y . hweh i,. "sout hern p.I."ini.n form of EI''''; and 2) "the pi.. th ... y.hweh , hould .ri.. (~' :l7N '"'":1j', v. 8) impli .. th ... h. i. not .Ire.>.itting po>ition i, . p"requi,ite for tho u..g. of ': y; thu., he unde"n.nd. :~: in v, 1. to indic.te Y>hweh', pre'iding .c· tion"'. Therefore, ~~J m.y h< "",d to denote hi, ge"ure to pre,ide m'er the divine council, .,.hil" the term ~ ~., i, ""d to exhort Y.h w.h to ,und up to judge at this place' M. y,nw.h·, pr"'iding in the divine

'" P.,k" (19'6 536-1) c«publ' in ,hi, " ...... It i< "" I""oo l.n, '0 "'«P' Y,hw.h·, "",rung »OS, u" ., ,h. judg.', ,"i,ude. Cf. 1« 3. 13_ 1 ~" "'~. ",::::,,, "..".. O'~' p~ '-,,,., ;n..,. :'",' :"'. - Y>hw,h >l>Jld< to "ri,""oo M uk"" hi, "",d 10 j..ig< ,h. peop l«, Y>hwh~,.h ... pL';miff. '" P"k" (I99S , S35-&). '" Cf. em" (1973: ~~) , "[I i, h, n h" . '" Wy'" (1m, 357_8 n. 1). M. S. Smith (1001 , 31) ;],., hold< 'M .;.... ,hot Y>h~'< h i, h.", -.nthroned .mid .. ,h ..... mbly "f di,in, beings". " . W""'tl (198~, 301, l03) ro !O ,be "p«ted me,'.m,m of Y>h~' ,h from hi, , hrone .

i,

i,.

==

"

LE5-IER DEITIES

coune,] . 1", mH<>pond, to the Ug.n"c god Er. p' e>iding OV1 it .hould be tr. n,J... d h" r>Uy in v. lb to suggest th.l Y>hweh ;. po.itionro "i n the middl. ef" the gods, ""prosing th .. he ' PI""'" as the ,upreme god .mong them by .. king the «ntri! pb c<"'. Addition.lI y, the n.rration in ", , ;n ", n ed bet,.... n two .dd",.~ (,'v. 2 _~ and ,.,.. 6-7) interrupt> th em . nd jmtifi .. the l.et th.l the w.nder ing "divine being>""" de",,,,. to b< imp
They .n not koow, M ' ".~. " ", >nd lh
,~-r

,=,,,,,.

~ :=r'"

In d..o,kn= ,hoy ",>Ik " ",k and fo"h~'; >ll lou"do,ion. of lh, .. n" . '" Gu;kin&.

It inform. m th ... t he >ccusM deiti .. . r< running .bout in confu_ .ion"'. Th. rtion of the god. on ean n may aff.cr

'" C", .. (1973, 186_'IO) I"'i"" ou' ,h., ,he Cou,,h",,! 10,", (C... 1.16, 6 ". IS, 200 1, l~~ n. 1). '" The i"",, of ,II< Hien,i,y 01 ,hue en,i,i« ,h>!1 II< dt.l, ... i, h in Ch.pt"

,u.," ...

"

,h,

T>dJ ..... 0'. prod"",.,ioon bu, ,he dtlibe"uion 01 ,he judg, in <,men in p"'p":nioon of Ihe ",diu", 1"llo~'ed by Wy." (1m, }Cl). The judg< h,,,, "'''''''' Y>hweh. '" 11>< hi'hp><j I",," 01 ,h, ,';'>:!, "go, oome. w. lx" (HALOT 1~6--8). h", ." i",.,i" n",,,,,in& '" ,hi, pI",,, umbdin (197L 150) . ~, I" ,he UI"" "' ""nll,jed 11 into ""ni<, ,{", ,he de ..,h 01 &>.1, ..... , doi, ;'" ","e!led he« ""d ,here;..,d ,hey "",oJ., ,he di, i"" ....,m oly 01 E! to "'I"'n ,II< B.. I', do.,h, 'OO[y I q1" ["I!")/I '~kJJ .,," mhyl. "[\1;" 1 h.. , w

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEm ES

the ordor of the wh ole world"' ; the .."h, in f<>ct, i, fo unded upon ju.. tice(kl 28. 16j. At . n y CIte. the p.. lm m.y .Ilow m in"rp .... tion in « rm. of .n Ug.ri.ic polythoi"ic'" setting. Th. h ior.rchy of .ngelic powor in t he "x, m..y ,how. tr.n, ition'! !ic b.Kk· ground"'. 1.1.4. PW", 97.7b Th. « xt

re~,,,

:.~""

, : " ,.".,::;, p,."" r>."'" you....I... to hin,. >11god<'

Th. "rm ~';'~II 'Pl""" .g>in here in • context of :odo""ion of Y..hw.h. The term ev idently denOl .. plu,,1 beings fo r it uke • • plur.1 "orb (Vln r,::;,)"'. It may indic . .. the f.!", "god. who h,ve been judged ,umeJ . rou"d [," ,he eJn.h 01 (KTU U vi 3_5)_

,h, «')o1,h1.

(to) ,he «!ge 01 , he "",.do","

,->!

'" T .. (1%9, 1!8.oJ n. 15)_ '" CI, ,he oom men< 01 Ro ... ley (1%7 , 151) 0"' . 1 01 ,he J">lm , Ylh.,eh is · Oo\e 01 m>JlY gods ."d i, i, uoJoubteJ , ... , ""hind , he "'lip"" 01 1,....,1 Ii«

poly,h'ism "_ ,,. Mo'ge"mm (1939, II~); ..-.d W)'", (1m, 11), "The wo rld envi»gPI"''''' , ..., pol)'hei'''' i, in , he P""""" 01 being "'j«t<J in I"o u, 01 roo"",hei,m, ~ i v.. no ind.o>, iOO\ 01 modilic;.,;"" 01 e;, her ,he "ructu'" 01 ,,,,mol"t-v, 0' , he ",),!hok>j;ic;.1 1e..1"_ Th u" Roli (1%9, <x;i;) oondud.<s ,h., , he udy poly'hei"i' v;'w i> •• ;d&i<. 1, Iernen" ;n ,he Heb", ... Bible ""d ,h., , he I""", d """n • d<[l'O"'d to ,he ''''' u' 01 .. ..-.gel", le"ing Yohweh alone .. ,he ahoolu" god, in. P"""''' 01 monothe;,.,;"n . '" Wh;j" , he m n:~ i, ,1k,n, ... I"",ibi!i,y, in ,h, indic..,i,'e (NA B, NJrs, ,nd NRSV), i, i, ,>ken, "",ro proo..b!y, ... , he hi,hp ..1, imp". 10,'" (ASV, KJV, NASB. N IV, and N J B) 01 ,f.< "":, ", "b<,., down, P''''''''l< 00><· ..,W, BDB IOOS, HALDT I ~S7 (<1_ I ~S8 [""=D. F,<ed""n', 0,>1 , ulIll""ion-", • p"",.,i., (!t,n"", "M.y >11 ,he he.
LE5-IER DEITIES

.. , ~~~ , "idol"''', or >< " 7N, "im ufficiency, won hl= nes,· "'. in v. 7,"'; thus. it h.. ""en reg.rnl.ed .., "" ·ironic.:l ch:tllenge> to the f.:l", goo.m. Howeyer, LXX interpret, it >< "me""nge,,", mil'I<, 0; oin'- J.o< ",,-:ou. "All hi, m=nge,,>m. which m,y pre,upl'<"" r ;-;' K ' : . ThUl the phr= m. y "" be" unde",ood >< the int erpretnion th .. the ps, lm. i" urge, le.",r deitie, to ~ore the divi ne sovereignty of th e true god Y>hweh, , fter judging the wo"h ippe" of idol.; hence it m,y be in· ten&'! to connote th e rm k of other :·.rN (~TI"J.o<) .ubordin .. e to the . bsolute C';-;'K. In , ny c .... , th e :';-;~N he", "" idend y denot .. the plu,..] "god.> other th.n th e ,upreme ' god" Y>hw
Th. doxologi ,.:I text ",. ds,

.... .. ... ~

,~' ~

..:. ~

~' '' ~

,~

Sefo", goo. I pui .. you ,

In the .. tting of.n exolt.. ion of Y, h",eh, it to more unJe",,,,,d· , hie to "'" the C';-;' K os I..,.r "gods" of Yohweh ,.thor tn"" .. other

". BDB 82D; HALOT9.~ . lbe -~"veo ;m>g< of," ;00 1' , GHCLOTSI.S • . "' HALOTSS..,. H' =.r,.~K: : '''''''rI>~ 7:0 ';:~ ~: '::~'. 'AlI ",'ho.re """';"' !v.ven) ;m>g«') be ..1u,n<J; tho« "'ho.,,, .,..>ding wotth!." ;dol,". D' Sc' ogg;" (1978, 286). m Cf. "d;vin< b<;"p" (NJI'S) ; other [o.oold KJV. Holl>d.>.r (1993, 85) «m>rk, [h" • ..·h<'" [he Sep[">PO[ e< I«m to b< im<'1'""i,'<, i[ i. bee."", i["" th""]<>&i<>l p,odu<:! of i" t;me", but. LXX u k<. \Iooi for p, 82.6. Thu, ir i. dur tb" [h, o·""~ ""ovlly th< mU";"K of 'god,", bur wilh • ,h",logi",,1 in" ... pteu[ion ;t nuy I>< [".",1 .. «1 . , div;"" .gen" (d. Heb H). m Th "~ it i. d .... ifo«l . , • roy.1 ps>l on by Gu"k<-l (In8, 90). m S<eli~m. "o (19&1, 83).

=.""" ..

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEm ES

""i.. ent p,g.n "gods"'" ,inco it i, unconvinci ng th .. the p..,lm;'t i, p",i,ing Y.1h ... eh in lro nt of pag.n "gods""'. Henco it ;, nou bl. th.. LXX ",ad, the text, " ""', i"" O:yy<J.wv +aJ.W <>O L, "before messengers I will 'i ng pm,.. to you" " . Thu, it m.y >UP!"'rt the fact that th e I"",r deiti« 01 Y.h,.,e h cm be identified .. "gods". 1.2. C':,c /C"* HGod,H

Divine being' 01 the heanm,re .. lied .Iso the ::711. , "god,·, (d. bod 15.Il, DID 11.3 &) con.. ituting th e "Ie.. i>l court of Y,h",eh; in the mythologic.1 deocription 01 p, ,8.1 the judgement of the god, i, pre· .. nt .. one of the rruin t",k. in the divine .me mbly"", which may be rel .. <0:1 mo>! cio .. ly to p, 81. Th. divine conflict h, 'P".k""

righ " ,",-,,,,,,> Do you judg, (... ~ h ) "lui,y'" , h, "'"" of Ad.>.m'~? (p. 38.1 lET 38 1D

In the tri,1 the 'pe.ker .. em, to be Yahweh. Divine being' ... c>lled "god," md .,W, with a rebuke, .bout their dut y ., judg«"', md they are given . verdict Iv. 3 (ET v.1D,

'p""",,'

'" D.>hooJ /1%i.-rO, P J l r6-7). Diflerhweh. "'ho i, in ,he 'divin, wu" of ,he rod< in h,,,"n", W,i«, (1%10 798); Ilrueggenunn (1984, Ill). m Cf. "divin' being<' (NJps); 'mg']" (NJB); ",hor tr.."J,,;"n, m.x, i, 'gOO<' (NASIl; RSV; NIV;.nd KJV). ". The rulm wm.in,. my,hologie>! v", ..' of histOry, which i. "",n to be wmroJled by ,he,oo., Zenger (1'1%, 37). It ",... 1. o!",.., "",,,,n, HIe,of ,h, hi<,=h ico! divine , ..1m, « . ,he , uP"'''' ~od Y.h ~·eh >old hi, Ie... , ~oo,. ,., The plu,>! fo,m of ,he ,:-:. 10 "'P".k" (HALDT 2lO.. I). india, .. ,h, pJucUi, y of ,he god~ N ' Lit. · t, Ihat ,he O-:M i, u",d id
,h.>,

LE5-IER DEITIES

For tho ro"""n of tho rnythologic..! d=:ription of the god", W.i"" cogently expl.im th .. ' it i, a matt er of the proce .. , ,.,h ich find> in ex_ pl.rn .. ion in tho hi"ory of r.ligion, wherehy the Y>hweh religio n.l>. oorb.d :rnd .. duced to. low.r r:>IIk the god" :o>
c':>!c

'l::l ~s.oni

orGo
Th . .. titl .. of I",.., deiti .. conui n. mythological .. m• . T he "Som of Cod" _m to fit o n the ..m e level ... the C=I<~, · m.... nger de iti",', in the divine hi. rarchy, The titl .. proNbly co n,""y the "kim hi p' re i.· tion of I...., de iti", to th. ir rn. "er god N ' . 1.4. "W'C ~A . , embly" '"

Th. term ;' :=oci.. ed with , ~ , com'eying the conceptio n of the ..... >embly, hence.,:nr. '1':, 'mount of .... mbly· (h. H,B), in the p..... US' , it i, related to the ~ "::1: , 'S" r> of EI" , It rn.y reO"'t the urne ide. repr<> b.li""ed in the ""i". nce of deiti.. o ther th.n Y.h .... h '~.

~, A""oro'n~ to

W "$On (1984, 2&1.). ,r.. p;~ and , he = o:~ wn"" u" h,,, , he "eo,'elope ligu"", .,h ich m,.." ,r.. 'repeli, ion 01 lh, Urtl< phr... or "n· ten,,, .. ,he bepn" ing.oo end of • or poe"'" (ibui., 282_1). A, "key • ...oro,", tr..y m.y highlighl he", the IU"Clion of lh, go.k ... ho . ", ch.rged ... ith judging on lh, b.... 01 righl",u,n"".

,,,,t>.

N'

W.,,., (1%1 , H0).

W. .. ill di",,,,,, ,r.." term, lurther '" Ch>pter [I. "" Or. - """,i"g-' HALOT S57_8. CI. Ug. ",'do UT S19. 1511; II"'US N'

oc>.

1J95;DULS1C. ~' C"".

(1953, 27~ n. I); Gr.y (1%4" S9).

N. Th, re>iOO lot ,h< biblid "'>g< ol , h< ~mil>r Semil;" l<ml' Iw '-" "pl.in
MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

1.5. D'D"O(m

~S,..,.H

Th" !erm oceu,", in pH~llei wi,h ' h" ::~::;J N::'~ (o.u, ~ .1~, Job 38], Ps 148.3, 1<.. IU3; J., 8.1, d. Dan 8.1~), which m.y indie .." warrior ""i,i... A• • n ..,'ronomic.! "p",,,ion i, m.y f"'rtr~y a count I.., num· bor of «1." i.1 oongs "'. 1.6. ~

"TI)'"

(m,.

"TI)''') "Council'" orGo
Th"y ,.e m" d di" """ly to ""note -mul,i,u"", of divine beings-"'. It " mph ..i ... 'h" f.« that Y.hweb (or EI) pr.,i"", 0"., 'h" council.

u!tin"" on!in i" ,he .,.",mbly 01 ,he goill common to ,h, In),holo!;in>an. ,he concoption 01 ,h, '"'''',nly >SS<m· bl y ..... ,>di<.lIy ,r,n,lom",d on b"d inw ,h, f.i,h of I".. J" . ,.. Th< """ ll b< "udiM >g';" in CIupo.", IV. "'Cl.Joo ISS. ~ , CI.j" 13.1 g. AI", d . '~"C, "my COU"eiI" . .. . . !!. ~, Th< 'l:>. "c;,..,1t of ""nfod." .. , (ou",c;J", HALOT7~5 . Sugg«'«l '" ymo"" Iopcal COM«tio,,. 01 ,h<~"10 ate •• no"", ",b,«l to ,he ,upp"""d -.h-::o. '0 .~'". ,alo.;n&. """'" of "",iuing 10< conv<=,ion or con.uk>lion", F"",,, (1807 , 970); or to ""oi' 'og«h",' (d. N iph.Q, BDB 691; GHCLOTS 580. Fo, lu"h" «ymo!ogic.l ''!iu"",",,,;''n . ..,. F.bt")" (1m , Pl _1). P.>.rker (l9"J'h 1iJ.1_5) "".... ,h .. US>.g< of ,h<~'" 10, divi"" ·oounl,«llO ,he H.b .... w """. i, fou"d once" KTU 1.20 i ~, whil" ,h, qhl &.. not occu, in ,he Ug.n, ic ,,,,,. ~' Fo, ,h< conc,"", 01 ,he divi,,,, council, d. 1... 3S . 3 - ~; ~0 . 1 _ 8. 16; ~~.16; ~8 .20..11; 5V_1C; S7.1 ~ ..,d 1..1 .10..1. Fa< ,he "uoly of ,he wuncil of Y•• ~·
,o..n:..

,h,

1~~).

,h,

,h,

Fo, ",he, c""'~ d . r,., '::;:, ,he """.,.. 01 God (0' EI)", I.. 1~ . 1l; ,he y O .::,:. ·mo
.n"

LE5-IER DEITIES

1.7. ':ott nw " m ,;ne Ao.embly"''' or uAs..,mbly of El"'''

The expression occu r>., . de..ign.. ion for the .,~mhly of ' he , upreme god, it m.y be reb,,,, to ' he im:.ge'Y of 'he divine .,~ mbly in the Ug . Ug. 'dl ilm (d. KTU 1.15 ii 7)"'. • ri,ic

'ex'"

1.8. 11"'1'

1:0:-,. (ll"'1'

~) "Assombly'" (Council) of H oly O n«"

The ,~" occur> with on .."",i .. ion of C'::V '~ in t he Hebrew Bible""'. They m.y refe, to a group of I.... , d eitin . 1.9. Mis""Uaneous H ob",,,,'

T i~~ .

The re ..e 50 me o t her title> of I.... , ;, "Host' (d, p, &9,9), and c'::V, "Holy One. (d. Job 5.1, 15.15, etc.), etc. They will be "".mined in

1.«, ch ap«r>, Summ.ry

A, .hown in the previo", tre>tment of t he Ug.>ritic corp"" 50me Ugoritic coll<etive «nru (ilm , dr if , p{ir ifrn, 'dl ilrn , p&r m',/, etc.) denote the plur.lity of t he I...." deiti .. and th eir membe .. hip in 'he divine ...." mhly. Simil..,-Iy, 5Om< Hebre", te,m, 01 divine t itl .. (::· ~~II. The n1:; t he I. form of the ~ "~'; HALOT 789 _~ (>I", .". ~"'~ , HALOT537 _tlJ . Ci. Ug. 'iii; UT i I9.1816; WUS no. 1193; DUL 151_2. '" Ci. p, 82. 1. Morgr.;"n, .1", d . Wym (1'/%; ~,

357). ~'G.

R. Dn ,'" (1956; 37 n . 5) . '" p, 89.8. AI", d . Gtn ~9 . 6 . OO! """. d in other Nonh·..t Semitic<, ,,,,,h .. Ug"';'io. Ph",,"i, i•• , 0' 01Je, A,.mai<. Fo, it< bosic m..ning of •.. ",rubly, convoc .. ,ion, oongrlion, .... mbled muh i,u",,", .". BOB 87~; HALOT IC7'J_8C; Mu ller (1997, 111 8). Ci. U" (m)phr(i)..-.d Jr , · ci,d<" . .. The ~· =t' ... n indie,,;"n of plu,>! dei,,,, , lull h< di!.Cu.«
". '''f ;,

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

c~N /c·~ ,.Uld "I~7l, . " .) .. te" the plurality of divine being:< . nd their membe r>h ip of th e divine ..,.embly in the biblical Hebrew te.,,_ Whil" Ug. ritie l.,~, god<.,-e di,,,,,m. d:n being ''''trined in knowl· edge (KTU 1.10 i 1_5), Heb", ... I"'~r god< (C';-;~N) . re de""ibed :n om ni«ient (Gen 3.22, 1 Sam H . !lb, lOb). p..lm 8..... describe. that they . re figu res supe,ior to hum . n•. Biblie.1 Heb",w ",f.",ne., ,UI< thAt they ore members of the he>venly I.,,,,, deit i., (p. 97. lb, US . I b). Y.h .... h·, I.."" doiti., .re called al50 I:~K 0' C'~N (Exod IS. I 1; p, 58.1 lET 5H J; D.rn IU6). Like the Ug.ritic exp,,,,,ion hn i/m, t he Heb",w term, C';-;~K{l':) ':~/C~N .:~ a", u,.,d to donote, with . mythological ,.,n~, the -Ieo~r deiti.,· (d. Ch ap''' II). Other H. b", ... term, "'" . ugg. "ed evidently as the mythological term, to indic. 1< -Ieo~r deiti ..·, "I~ '~ (I., lU 3), ='::~ {l':), ;'1~N "l1~ 1;,.-:' "l1~~ ~K m:1 (p. 8Ll ); C'-=y •" __ _ __ ' ~ I ".t.... ,' {- ,\ ~-,. . ~ •.-- , '( (_. __ __ ~_

, ~

"

.

,

;"

,..._~ ,anu ~~

I_, e

(.

2. POSITION OF LESSll R D EITIES IN 111f: D IVINE ASsEMBLY IN TilE H EBR EW B IBLE

In order to eumine the po,ition of I"""r deiti., in the divine .. «mbly in the Heb", ... Bible, it would b. n"""" • .,. to se. how the hie",,,hie.! divine •• « mbly i. nructured .rnd how the "'nk of the I"""r doiti .. i,
Th. ",,,,.,ch will now he concerned wit h the hier=hiul "ructure of the divine .. ~mbly in the Heb",w Bible. Through the rel..tion of the « l«ti.1 b. ing. with the divine king y.h.... h, .... m,y find the hie",,· chic..! <1rudure of the divine .,.. mbly. 2.1.1. Gwffia

Th.

I<XI

1.26~

impli .. the .. i" "nee of deiti.. other thm y.itweh,

LE5-IER DEITIES

The 1. pi , form of the ~:'t=~, hore h., been tr..ditiorully in«,· pWM hy Ch,i"ian, .. an ""pre.. ion of ' he T rin ity"'. y., thi. i, • dogmatic judgement"'. It h.... . 1", been ' thy (0' .pprov.t in the divine council) "'. Thm the :'1 ;;:11 i. be.t con"ruM " the -cohort11i," of co n.ultation ,,·ith other god."' , Th i. polytheistic vi,ion .upport. the fx ' th,,, Yah· w.h i, p",.iding ovor the divine council .. th e "'prem. god .. nd the other eel."i. 1 bein g. are p.rt icipating in the convention .. hi. I..,.,r deiti"' ....

'" EJp«ial ly, [h. Cnu",h F.. h.... ; C>ivi,,; 10110",«1 by D
98); ArrruHong (1%2; 39, 69·rO, and 132 " . I). M' S. R. Dri«, (1m ; l ~ ), Skinn« (1910; 31l-1). ~'S.

R. Dri.er (1m, 1 ~). For v.nou, gr>mnu[Ooal im 'rp"" .. io." 01 ,h. O·;T,K. _ ". 163 ~ ' C .. ,",o (I%L 35-6) . .. Th, J, ... i,h ,,...ji, ioo> (ll<=h;'h R>hb> . • iii }- 7) lollow, thi. vi, .... CI. S.. ","', (1910; lll-l); .on R>
.bo,·,.

18). ~'De l i[""h

(1 888>; 98_9).

~' S. R. Driver (19~; 1~_3); Ski""" (1910; JC) . ... H.bel (198S; 538). S.,.". (19119, Il) .,.g.... ,h., 'thi, i, [he I" ... h"

,'.r-

. ion of ,h, Poly,hn,h",n_ n,,,,,,,,n,i"'" and del'" ~.n i >< d " .

M EMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

Con"'quentiy the divine im'l\e i. given. hum.n form . Th. r... p".ted phr""'. with •• imi !'r m.. ning, 1],,~-;~ 1]~~~::, .mph.. i", the hum.n r<><mb!.nce to god •• nd th.i r godlike qu.lity, which m.y he rel.ted to hi • ..,ve",ignty over the e.nh (C. n 1.26b)"'. It i. in terpreted .100 .. a corpo",.1 implication ·in >ccorwnc< with the .nthropomor_ phic conception of the godhe~ .mong the peopl.. 01 the mcie nt E..t· m • N,,'enhele.. , the mort.1 i, =ked ... heing I"", th.m eele"i. 1 g<>
The t.. t use. the "me 'u,', referring de..,-Iy to y.hweh ""d other dei· t1<"

A"d Y>h~,. h of ,he Kods'" "';d, -Bth<>ld, ,h, man h .. be
/0' ".
.nd the follo,,'ing 1. pl. lorm with . prepo.ition ('l]!:~) imply the exi"ence of divine beings other th.rn Yahweh; it .ugge", that I.... r deiti"" "'" mentioned .unong ·us"'. A, i, the ,,,,,,.It Gen 1.1&.>., this i. not .n intn·trinitari.n di.!ogue. The '"" .ignifi.. ymweh .. the fig. u", pr"" iding over the divi ne council, hi. in iti.! add",,, pro,' ide, .n 'l\e nd.. for discu"ion with other divine beings. In th i, ",gard, the ><'<'" ond element of the C ';-;~~ ;,~-;. c.n be ",Ierred to .. the divine ,"en·

'" ,.,,,. (19&'!, 11). '" c .... u'o fl % I, 56). Thi, vi, ... , «pl>intd and ,] '" t<jtt\g, d to · 'piri,u']·. y" il ... nl! to cotlM" ~.

v' s.. n. 119 .. bov,. v>

Th. Lpb """".. ,;,.

v, ,. R. 0,.;", (1m,

~) ;

G. Cook< fl%! , 23) .

LE5-IER DEITIES

don.. of the he~venly muncil "'; they.", ,ummoned to Yahweh', court fo r hi> iudge"",n" (el. p, 82.1). It i, deocribed in the ,.une mm · ner >.Iso in Gen 11. 7 (~,] . "let u> go oown1'" .nd I., 6.8 (1:' l'" '::1. ".rnd who will go fo r u,'"). All text< >.Ilu& to the cont<xt of t he council of y . hweh and ot her divine being< that ,uITound him u , . en· tai ling the hi....chic.1 "ructu", of the divine .... mhly. A, di><w,.J . bove, the .bility to di",ern good md evil i> one of t he privileg.. of the god> u,. Adam h.. ohtained one of the divine char· act<,i.5Iic" knowledge; it i> ume fo, concern that now he i, trying to .lequire mot he, one: immort,lity. In doing so, the fruit of the t",e of life m.y bring him the complet ion of hi, divinity"'.

Summ.ry The hier:rn:hic.u "ructure of the divine .... mhly in the Heb,ew Bible m.inly compri"" two hier.rchic. 1 rmk, ; the .upreme god y.hweh . nd hi> Ie"" , deitie>. Comp, red with t he Ugaritic >J'''em of the pm· theon, it i> 'implili«i in the Heb",w Bible. Biblic..! Hebrew ",ference> 'm e" to the exi"ence of Ieo~r deiti .. md their plur..!ity (Gen 1.260; J.22, etc ,). Fo, in".rn(e, the C';-;"I< c.n be con>1rueJ .. either a ' ingle god (Yahweh) or plural god, (1"«' deiti",) .. members of the heavenly council. The I.."" deiti.. participate .. membe" in Y.hweh·, ..",m · bly, "'h",e government i. over t he c",m"".

m Wh
...,rt"..,d

by

,h, ,,>
~ i, """'I".bl, tlu,

,he O',r,M ... '"

""de",ood

o'q;inally in • plur.tl .. nl< , ",hi<1 G. Cook" 1%4, n _l . r'" ,b", ,h, ',,,,,,, 0'" and ,h. " ""'. for only on, ,...., oould "..,d ' jn ,h. middl. of ,h, ~.ro.n' (C"," 1.9)".

w.,..

M EMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

2.2. R.nk " r I.e ..", Dei,ie . in ,he O i,'ine As..,mbly in ,he Hebrew Bible Thi, "udy will comid" , h . ran k of I",,,,, Joi, i,. in ' he divine council of Yah weh by , .. mining som, biblic..J Heb,ew text> wh ich conuin 'he m:rnif,,, .viJonc. of ,h. exi",nc, of I •• "" Joi,i ...

2.2.1. D<·u«ro"",»y

J3.2~J

Ln"" d.i,i., . round Y.h w,h m,y b. fo u nd in ,h. «xt ""; ~~

"'~ r ~o

',= :no..,.

,.,.::: r ''''

,"",

y . b... ,h (rom Sin.i am<. >nd~' b, Ii, ronb'" from Sti, '0 ,b,,,,~"

~.~.,

,

be ,hone

lonb' ~

from Mount

P"".lll~ ',

'" 11>< ' Bb.lin~ of .\10""" i, on, ol,b, "''''' Mfi<> I.., Ph),b"n.Ad.om. (19!3); G".. , (19~7b); C,,,, .. Fr<edm." (19~8), Ki"l, (1959); s",lipn>tl (19M); Jere",i" (1'105 , 6l_~ , 127_8. 140); M"lluli. (1969); Co .. u,o (1973b), ",d Fl"<"ed"'>n (1980) . ~, It i. ,..d ,h" , he ..·.... tid [he ~'"I'" ~ odded I"" '0 ,h< origino! (Budde, 1921; Cro<>·F,,,d,,,.n. 19~8; 198 n. ~), .1· ,hough C""'IO (1973 0; SO) doub<. ilS 1m, .>< """, 10 "ri«. oom< lotlb. ,bi",," (BDB 18~, HALOT 181), i, used ~nd pi",,,. (Gtn 31 .l2) . Cf. h 58.10; p, I IH. ~' Whi],[ MT ",,",,, ,he follo"'ing ,be ,.: :-> .. ,.,~, LXX in, '''",.." ,h,n, .. ",i." "[0 us", whi<>, d . T.~ gum); ,hu., c..s.u,o (197lb SO) >old C"''' (19n 101) ,,,,d,,~ i" oflh", gC.ljlhi< em<nollt;"n . Bu, i, i. mor< prbly rn (19800 31), followed by D. L Chri"g"." in ,he en« i, is h,,,, used prol", ly 10 exp= ,be , h"'ph",y of Y"'~'
,h,

...

,<>,

I.,,,,,.

of,,,

rot

LE5-IER DEITIES

=y

n :: .~ ~~ K '

,," m : K ".~" ~'C~

::r",.

...1 h, am,'"

lrom "n ,hou=.n 01

,h,

Holy 0"", "'; from hi, ' igh' hand m,,,,h<J ,h, gOO" inp"'''';

)'KO 'P!'<'''' '" ,II< .,:.~. - ",ilo"",,,,,' (Num 10.11). ~'h",h n,",y indict!, >.I", ,h, .,~, Simon, (1959, 23). Thu~ cr. H>b 3.3. '" Th, ~"". '0 "00 0"'" (DCH, 454), i. "ructuml '" b< p=II'1n (1980, 311-9). ~'C"""·F"",dm",, (19 ~8, 1'J"1 n. 9) 00''''''' . n",« prob.bly. n; to :="? (,uWO"td ,h,ouXh T' 'P'm Onk,lo< lr=-'?}. ,ugg"",j"l ,h" ,I>< oripnal ,ndiog ~ hoJ boon dropptd of( 10' h.plogc.>.phy; ""d ,h,y ,,,,,,lot< j, in ><<>1_ I""i," "'OJ" cr. Nyb<" (1938, 331-6); Mi li. (1957, !53 n. 1), ",d C,.".. (1%6, 16 " . 49) . In ,h, H.b"", Bibl< ,I>< (t:)::"t? 0""""" ,h, ' god<", cr. ,h, «>ding 01 l)(X 0" boo 15.11; 'hu<, Mill., (1973, 184 n. 23) . Difl,«"dy. ='"\~ ""..:.,.~. "from th, .b<" 01 Q>tlt.h·, s..1i~m"'" (1%1 , 76, 77), ::"l? ~:",". "fro m t h, "'PP« 01 Kod<.h·, C"'"to (1973 b, 50). ,"'ing &'tcb<" !\e"ho"'. • nd Bud.lt; or ="? n::-,.,. 'from t h. tpl,', p"",uppo,," g .~" ::n Y«, "n< ,ubi«t 01 • p>o"Ij. 01< 0.. ' b< om ;utd (cr. K.u,=h. 19 10, §116; l). ,h. ,urn ro.y h." ,ho plu,:ol .nt i,i.. (t h. : ::"t? 0' : ' M; "'" ,h. di«u""" bpl<., ,hu, ,h.y "" t h" 'h..""ly hon who ,u""und.nd xpl"". ~'h",h pr","ppo"" ' ' '"; oth" ....·i", 7=", 'your 1""1'1. ' , C ... u,o (1973b, ~1). But ,h, plur.ll fo.m 01 t h. ~:. in MT, «c. ~""; ,hus, 'godJ who loy< mo".I,· . s.. fu"h", di"u",,,ol b<Jo .... ~'Th'

h,,,, ..

".."

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

all h., Holy 00"'''' at, "n"" h., han d ~ ', and 'h
p"""""

fOOl;

,hey ""ty ou,'" you, word>"'.

Th. d,,,,,ipt'on. bogin with y.hweh'. th..,phany. y.hweh i. d.scribM he" a. dwelling on hi. mounui n of milly pult., whe" my,_ i~ of ch.rio," =d thou ... nds of I.."", deiti .. .re with him (d. P•. '" LXX ",ads irf""""," "", -.. "",ifo«! on«· , .oJ ,h", P"'uf'PO'<' ~-::-;>. CI. Mill
(d. ~).

~'Whil"

MT ",ad< ,he '''', .. \: n ~"', i, h.. h«n diff","!, '0 fond ,h, fOOl of , h, ,"",ood l<mL Findin, ,h, old<st ,uding of ,h, ' ''I, C""v F",«lm"" (19~8, 100-1 n. 16) ,ud the fi'" t "O t< •• ..;,,'" mJ. of ,I>< ../m"'J. 0< mU (oc. Hrthp""l fo'm). Cf. HCLOT 1 ~71; HALOT S80; to "bo... o"",.,lf, c<>go"" I>«om, io"'" (1'. 106.43; Lod 10.18 ""d Job 14.14; ..,. ." Up .. DUL '>43, to '1.11 "; d . KTU U i,' 17), .nd ero.,·p"",dn,..-. ,ud It- ... P'''' fO,"'>li.,. Ho~'''''', "'" ,h,i .. """,I .. ion of • . 3 ... i,h ,h,i, undo",mding of th, ... bj<", '='p"n" (DCH 7SS-70), ... ithou, ,h, ,...,'" 0:1 "1'm: . o <, > M::" (BHS) . LXX «>0:1< • , at ,hi, pix<, th"~ •• i iOO""o .~ ,w. ;.,;y.... -..,d I>< """,i",J of h i, ... onk· , bu, i, m.... '" nl<>'" ""'.. ,o .. k< ,h, " ::" ... P'''''"t; G . A. Smit h (19 18; 3M). \U in", ... , ,h"'M , .>0:1 ,I>< v"b "'. pI. Tit< MT ",>din, ;, prtf"ttd h,,,, . Orh,",~", C..."..Pr«dn,m (J9~ 8 ; 193, 1QI) .. k< " ::" ... ,_in[,,«1 ."bal fom L ~ , MT ".do Tr_-~"'; but i, m.y I>< ..<>0:1 .. 1'm:~ ,h, ",,,or«l

i,,,

i,,,.

_",0(.,

af,,,

LE5-IER DEITIES

68, 16-1 8 [ET 15. 17)'"', Hi> th"'ph""y i. accomp>ni. d with trembling . nd thund..ring the.. (d. Ps 68.8_9 [ET 7. 8D, y .hwe h . nd hi, ' "".

gelic- arm y demon"' ... hi. "",'e .. ignty .nd y.hweh .....1, him",lf, .. Mount Sin.i'·", .. th e -di,-in. w"rior king" '" of the c",mic ~orld. 2.2.1.1 . 1.< • .." [ki,i" in
The «
''';:)1

'" F", COlh« . imi!>, "p="n. to •. 2. d . J4 H _3; h 61U-_9 [ET 7_ 81; H,b 3.3-1,,,,d Euk L•. 2M . '" Moum Sin';, "hieh 'ppe'" .. ,he oe",,,, of ,he uni,'e=1 kingdom he"" h .. ,he ,:om< ,heologic.1 impon.<><e .. Moum s..poon in ,h, U~;ri,ic '''''. Th,y .lte bor< '0 jultify Ba.t!', en,h,.",emeo, (KTU 1.6 vi 33_3). Wy.u (19%; .3) t<m"k.!, 'Mou", S.phoo mu" h,"e I,;n at ,he «ry h.." of ,he ... Ii~iou' oon",,,u,,,,,,,, of ,he l""pl' 01 U,"~. It i, io ,h i, "'"", r>tl><, ,h1>\ in, _r>vhie.. ",me, mount';" < world". ~' M>l'!luli, (1%9, 210). '" s.. ,he di",u"i.on in S. R. Dri,'« (1902 , 190-1 0. 2). ,.. Whil" K",hib uk<, ,he <em, ..."-:=~. Qe'" ",ad. i, "'p.r>.<ely '" '" ::>< . Ten Comnund"",o" (1), d . Deu, 9.10. Cf. 5« lig,twln (1%1 , 76, 77), ""-:::><,' 'r.. ry "",,,,,' . "" Cf. LXX 0" De", 31 .S, p, 8.6; Job 1.6. 2.1, ",d lV. ~ 'Cf. 7.53; G .. 3.19,,,,d Heb 2.2.

ce",,"

c"

",""Iy

A""

tI"" ,h,

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

A, the ""ult of their own orthogr1phical appr~h"', the mor< prob.ble re.ding i, propo..J by em« ""d F",edmm , :~II: ~;:II:, · m.rc h e d ~' the god,-. According to t hem, the ending :n i, • pr«< nt fo rm rffiored from the wm>ged origin.! sign' of N"l"'; thill it i, reM pos,ibly ;os :~II: 1 ~ rAther th.n • reMi ng of MT, ~~., m '.=11 ; BlIS .Iso emend, it ' imih rly to :'~II: 11 : 11: "". It i, concoiHble th>! by Hou nd tho .. nth century B.CE. the ~ ~II: h..d undergone a conligur.l' ti,-. ,h ilt from a polythei" ic d.. ign>1ion to ""other theologic.! identi· fic.,ion, A, they mentioned, th o . imib r u'-'go of the verb 1;:11: (eI, ProY 9.6) is found in the Ug,ntic tox". in tho dre.m of K.rrt, EI appe'" .nd commend, him to mak< hi,
x, Cro ... Fr«drt,," (19~ g, 193). In ,omp>." (Jlnd.. 191; >nd d. n. 7) do" ,h< v<",,', con\po<;';0<1 010" Ijk;bly wri,,," do ... n in ,I>< n;n,h """'"0')' B.er. Fo, ,I>< v",," 01 ,h, urly oompos;';"", c/. G>"<" (I~.g) . If;, ;,,;, our po«;bly b< rtl.. al 10 ,h, V~,. ,i,,, )XI<,ie "y"'..oo "",«ie>.! 10'01'. In ,on",,, 10 ,hi> v",,,,.. ..,. Mu"on<" (1953) . TI>< ."unl P, ... ,;'" ~kg,""nd, j, ""Ii.! p""ure, i, is nO! ,h, only lhle hi1r.oric>1 b><;, lor Deu, 32.8 f.; ,h, ' !On! of &od>' MId ' h.. «nly .... mbly· "",,;I,....,!O central ",d I"''''><;v< in ..",",n, N,., E..",n ' <x'.-.p«;ally Upri,ie_>< '0 d<m",d mort «00"' 01 p,,-e,;]ie ",,, ;ng' 10' ,1><;, ""'u" '''''' ;n 1<,,,,1;« "><1,;",,, •. '" Ho:I;n~ ,h< : ' K ,,"ould be be"" """I .. al ., "god,. , " , I><, ,hMl ,he;, o~' n ".."I>,ion, -n\igh,y 0,,"'·. Cf. d< Moo, (1'l'!7 , 2,. >nd 237), ",h. Olh",h w~h him'" il Ih Fo, ,h,i, <>pl,;nod d;,!!,,,,,\, «< C.."..Fr«<4 ,~, -unw Him· , in I",u 01 ,h. .~~.

,,,,u.>l

con""""""'n

M

LE5-IER DEITIES

.'!

,b, btl )"

I" r" hit ar'llr Ilhm

ar'

,od by ,h< "'Y'iJ.d~' hI« .. rty ,,"n," 1<, ,h,m ",=h"', ''''0 (by) '''''0 I", doom ptoc«'d'''; I
Ug. air, ~ count< 'l'''' of .,::1<, i, her< ",..I in ~ miliury .. u ing. Similarly, t he ,::11: m~y ref., to ~ d
~, U~ .

,b{p)I. "lnd ",1.>., ,,, Y' "'i,h ,he """', ""in of 'u' ,umn " (<<. -..rly ''"n"j; .... HI; HALOT 97. Whi]" i, i, com,,,,.d as • G. verb (del Olmo, 19SL 29~; del Olmo-Sonm''''n. lC()oj; 126), i, m.y h< 1><" tr>n,b,.d". iu" iv<; ,hu" de Moo, (1987, 19~) llld WY.!l (2002 , 191 >nJ n. 6r); • -cbs,,, vm", DUL J}7. C/. -pro«ed"; WY'!l (2002; 191). '" Th< li",..1 devie. u«d hC!ic ""'1U''''« 01 "n., n. I" lor",ula; d . Wy'" (200L 191 n. 68) . Uk- rlr h.. I>«n im<'P"'"d ... """ of , h""," (oc. ",h,,,, by ,h""'1 ; del Olmo-&.1m""n (20001 , 909_10), 0' '" ,h. "inl"",ry "'."'hing in '~'O< and , h< ch>r""'OJ' riding in ,h"",,", W)'>u (ilnd.) . Bu, i, ouy I><""n" m..-ching in "''-0<. '" I! i, .-.><1, 1<", oonvincingly, .n=>< . by Mill" (1%1; 2~ 1_); 197); 76, N) follow;"g ,h< , ugg=;on 01 B«$100 (1951), "'ho "'),,,,. !O • Sou,h Ar.bie 'd. "I;on" . I" "'y co« i, m.y '<1'''''''0' ,h, n,iliuOJ' baLk· ground.

In,

",.-.frio,,-.

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

2.2.1.2. 1< c';j"':,." The identit), of the C' =\" "holy on ..", i. di,putN. Fuerst in1<'l'''''' them" mort.l" t.-.n,l.. ing the S<'COnd (olon of the thi,d trieolon ~, "~nd they"", enump«! .. thy f.." (~t Sin';)" "'. But th.y c~n be un· demood. more prob.bly, ~,the 1.<>", deiti", of Y ",,,.,-. h (.I , Zech If,S ",d p, IOJ.l()), "" mo" commenUtors <>y' ''. In the text 50me indi(~tiom are ,,'ident of thei , inferio, r~nk "" I...., deiti.,., Fim, . , poin .. d out"', the C'::V ""d the C~N r",tor..! in the OKond tricolon ~re !""IIe1ed in the H.brew Bibl •• b.",h ... " the ign,uion. of the I...., deit i.. (p. 89.6_8; Exod 15.11, on the b..>i, of LXX ~nd Syri""; .nd p"',ibl)' Ho. \2 , I)'M. ~o ndly, th.ir .ub«rvient .nitude .uch .. bowing down .. th e fe'" of y . hweh, expre""d in v. Jb of Deut n, d.no... their .dor~tion of their ,uprem. god and m.y de->crib< their "nk .. the I..,,,, . gont d.t .. literuly "h. nd" "'. Thu, the ph,_ m~y indiwe their , ..tm ,ubordin ... to Y.h",eh. Therefore, the ' p!"rent « m. ntie wordpl.y of the two d<>.ign. _ tiom, C' =\, ,nd C ~N, in the ,"co nd trieolon rn.)' be p,,,lIeled . nd id.
"re."'"

'" F .. ", (IUr , I frt) . '" MO""f>C'el (1%1, 11 1 ISO n. 131); Chri
". Fo, ,h, ".me mOlif. d . Judg H and Hob 3's' '" HALOT38<.-8 .

LE5-IIR DEITIES

2.2.2. 1 Ki,'P 22.19-.:ll (/ 2 Chronick» 1&11J-.21)

In the vi,ion 01 Mic.i~h , Y.h",.h i. d,,,,erib.d,, . nthron"! over the .,~mbly 01 divine b.ing>; th u., v. 19 run"

1 ,..,. Y"' ..·.h ' ;!ling on hi, , hron ...d all ,t.. ho« of , he h"von< ."nding by him on h i. tiV" h.nd.nJ on hi, Ioh.

Th. h~lf.colo n 1N ~: ~~, ~ :" dono,", apheitly the divi ne king. >hip 01 Yahweh. A, th e . nthron"! king y.hweh i. do",tibed .. h.ving the oo,.. reignty 01 the m,m"" .mong other deiti... in hi> council (ci. Job 1_2; Is> 6 :tnd, p."h. l", [uk 1)"'. The C ':::~ II::'~ .re pictured h ere .. "lu:odron • .,.. nged on both ,ido. 01 Yahweh who i, plac..! in the centre. In this .... ~ , they ",.m to b.lo ng to the div ine . ,,,, mbly " it> member<. The nonverb.J indic .. ions, which en~hle the reule , di«ern the .. nk of divine figure, ..... . pphed to the ve"", the exp,,,,.ion l'~:;"11:: i> "",d to &.crib< the po.ition of ,h. divine bei ng., one', " .nding po",ion before th e t h,on. "" on by IiOmrone el", c.n be "" idonee , up" pon ing on", r.rn k a, ,ubo,din." the o,her who "n on the th ro ne' ", th us th e "atlH 01 the divine b.ing> ".nding next to the throM 01 the .upreme god m. y " P"''''. ' t heir , .. king .. ,ubo,din"e dei,i", (d. Job 1.6, 2.1) who serve to di,!",n .. hi. d....c ..... . nd me..

'0

'0

"'S,,'""·

,h.

"' Gr.y (19Mb; 40l) cog<mly " b,,, ,0n'''1''ion of Y>h""h·, in" .... ""n,ion in mo".h· ,{I.. " from hi> , hroo< to tlu, 01 II". in 1 ' imil" m."n". i"uing hi. dec""" from h i, ,h",... .."d h< point. "'" ,h ... thi>;, "origin.lly ho,row! ""un 01 -=".1<, on" in ,h, Ies.,,, ,ank.", ,upposed '0 .u nd b
"'0'1

".j,

,,,,,Ii,,..

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

,'e"".

The following funh,r confirm the function of the cou nc il ~nd the role of I"",r deiti",. To the divine ",><mbly Loll. the ""pomi. bility both for .",w.ring to • "'Guest fro m mon.I, .nd for their .. f... gU>rdin g of it. And, in the divine counc il. differ. nt opinion, m.y be proposed for ",.pending to Y.h.... h·, G"">tion , the firul deci.ion mould be made .fter di5Cu!>ion by th e membe", of the divine cou ncil with v. riom .ugg<>1ion... ~t v, lOb,

A"d 0 ...';d

tn i~

and >nO!h." <.aid

th",~'.

Th. function of the Ug"itic divine council to .imil~, to t hi.'~, the . up",m. goo c.lb other god. into the divi ne council to ..olun"
,,,,,h'. :rn i""",

Th. Wi.. One, [,h. perceptive god"',

(»ke4t

on hi< Jon .. (198~ , J.67) .1", "f.r> ,n.m to , n. ·h,,_.nly being' " 'g.l. ,h" ""., Goo· ..."" ..,.· . '" I" p.r..J 1e1 p.>5 .. ge i,,! Chf 18.1 9 ",>do ~ ~: __ . ~= in Ii,u of ~ ::

0<

'" Jo,,", (198~, ).67) m,m ion> ,h" -t n. clo« ",fol l.1 '0 ,h, h.. v,nly coun lound in Ug>ti,ie mythology i< suflie",,,, evide"", ,h., i, i,,,O! • 1>" c"""'P'·, '" Ug. II,m h., been "I>"d to Af. "'.flj. · kind, benevol,m·, s....,f (1933, 1(3); Popt (19SS, 146); D.LItood (19S8, 73), G"y (I9OS, 100), .nd de Moof (1971 , 190-1 ; 1987, 2J). Thus, i, h" been e!iplli. ,no P''''''P''iv. Goo", U~ . I,ptt ... hien i< ,be propef n>m< of EI. """ Ug. dl"id ~'hien j, analogou' "'ith Af. ililJ.'M, ,no ·one of h.. ,,· . H. «pi';'" ,h., Af. J"'M ",f.r< commonly '0 "m.",01 ,",ui,y· ,hro ·kindn"""," . Cf. H,ron .. (1974 , loM), "I, di.u >u g""d C"'Uf". Following H .. ky, WY'!l (1001, ~8, «c.) ,,,n,I,,,,, it. more under<",,,dobly, .. ,he · Wi", A" • . th. ptt""P'i," ~od"
'pi'''''

r'"",

OM""

LE5-IER DEITIES

[m)'1 b ibtl [)'dy

n ~1

[Who1.mo"g ,t.< goo. [~·jll ..""I i l l ,he ,",k"",,~

~rJm

n bln1 [in b ilm] "yh

.... ,II "''' ou, '" t h< "lin"" l' [Non, of the godI1..."",'eml'" h'm .

)'II"Y HI!1'gm

H< "'p'."d ,t.< q"""'on .,.q:ond 'D, , thjn!"' t, me 1 (KTU 1.16, 10--1) .

E1,ummom ,h. god" by me"". of me=nge,.. in order

'0h. ,] sick

Kere< "'. When ' he council i> .,sembl. d, EI .,h who will heal Kere<, the god. ~re re>pon>ibl. to :m,wer thi.; but.11 of ,hem f~il to re.pond to EI". req=' b.c. use i, seem, ,h .. no on, i, ab1, cure him. E)', qu ... io n;' "'p.,.,ed",·en tim .."', Th.se . god,," (ilrn) in the council .,. c.lIed ->om" (bn) b)' E1"'. Rehonld b. " .ndin g b.fore Y.hw,h >iuing o n t he thron. ; v. 11. follow"

'0

'0

te.".

",,d in,"c,,;o" ... hieh «pi,,", ,h,

J,,'iJ rtUy be u"ok",ood be",., ,he """" ..

,<x,

..""but< 01 ,he 'ning of V,. ,.Jy ;, ·'0 ,hro ... · ' Wmo", (1m , 789). ><e DUL 938, to ·,hro .... e;.cr, """I. ",,,,,I". Cf. Heb. ,.,.. , HALDT J89; ,nd Akk. nadii, CAD 1l1l[N] 08_100. ~~ Uk- 8'1. to "ej«t, drive OU'. ",'"" . "'" out", DUL lC9 (d . H,b. :;:, HALDT 104). H
("'[ ,Iu,

• _'" ,ufr.,. '" Vg. " y, '0·""""", ...y. , DUL 171_1. Cf. H,b. ~"' , HALOrSSI _1. m Vg. In;, !O ."'''''''. ",i,,,m" , OUL 924. ]u noun form. In, okn",« ·,wo. , ,,,.;,,,' . Cf. Heb. ~:=, HALDT 1398_9; Ac.m. DNWS/1213; Akk. "'n~; AH", 1163.;,; CAD 17/21S1. h~ 1"be D. form of , h< U,. , irI1; d . DUL 907, '0 "rop'" for ,t.. third !ome·. i l ' Cf. KTU 1.16 i • . '" Cf. KTU 1.16 • 14_22. m rb />ny, my"""" , KTU 1.16 v 1~ .

'".I"

·,i,.

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

m;.~ M."

"'".. "O~ .~"..,

And, 'p;ri,'" '''''''' fo ....·.ro. .. ,d «000 in tl>< I"" of Y>h~·.h. ..,duid . _ ill

Th. n • «n,"n divine I>gent , who "".cut .. his mi"ion. T h .refor< it i, implicit thn he i. d<>.ignned as. 1<..., deity .ubordin. te to Y.bweh as :occompli'hing the mi"ion charged by his m .... " god.

.ft".

2.2.),

P. ~/m

29

In t he de""iption of the "". I..,,, deiti ... The text r
: ,""" ':': "'"..~ ,:..~

goo,

ot h.. th>II y.hweh ' ppe.>r as t he

Gi v,'" '0 Y>hw.h. ,h. ""n.of EI' ~ ·

-

""'>n.

Thi. I..." dti,y i. ,>llro .. ,h. ~,.." ,,'hieh 'b,u,h, wind. ..,i";,·, BDB 92 4-6; HALOT 1197_ 120 1. Var;"u, iR1''P"".,;''n. h.v, """. , ulll:", .. d 10f" ,hi, D< V,;'" (1978, 4S) ',h, sp;, i, of tion', .mplusising ,h. ~. Gray (l%4b, 40}} ,ulll:"''' ,n" ,h~ 'up< '''''ogtli...! .. . p<"".ifoed lorm of Holy Spirit ... ' v'ry p";rn~ i v. 1",.1', ,,,her duo> .. S..,.n. Ho",-"',,, it m.y I>< mor< hkh~-.h·. divine agen, (rne""ng<') can I>< J... "" ibed .. ,II< r,.., (d. P, 104.4 "".I fu" h" di",,,,,,,," 0"' tl>< V" .", in Ch.p''' IIQ . J""'" (198f, W) p,o!"" ly «pbin, 'he rm~ ... l;tion , ,hu., ',' rather ,h"" ',he" . m For the .!>nding l""i,Oon of I""", deit i« 'Mot< Y>h"".h·, d . Job 1.6; 2,1. AI ", "'" '", ,,.. . :.t)' in Job U! and 2]. For mon,h' "..,d in~ ""for. Yah~· .h, d . Jer 23. 18, 11; .. ,d I... 6. m Th. in,pv. masc. pI. 10m, of ,h< ,1:~". to 'gi,", providt, ascri""', BDB }%; HALOT 236. Th, 'h"",fold "p<,i,ion 01 , :~ p.trall.h.rn .. ld i, func,;"n,to 01"'.' 'p«Ch; ,h... m, p1ltetn "'"'ur< .. well in Ugari,i" W>lwn (1984, 151-1). m 0" ·Goo·. A I.... M" m", ~""M (BHSJ . Wh,l" ,h. : ,""" ':': ;' uo>de,. "CIO< 'div;ne ""inp' "'ho ""klllg to ,he 01 ... of god. (K,ut=h, 1910, 1128, V; r.ul Jo""n, 191}, *119, I), ,he ~ 01 ,h. I<wru:I .I<m'n< can "" "" d ill

'''"llL ,,,,el<

co."""" i,.,

,,,,.1..

,h.

,h.

COo\",,",,,.

LE5-IER DEITIES

~V< to

y.h""h oonou, >nh~'
=.,

n>mo.

m~", ~,,,.~ ,..",:::;,

80 ... oown to Y>hw,h in , .. «>un of holy on",'" (p<19.1b-2).

,h.

Sine< Gin,be",', in;,i. 1 >tudi .."', p, 29 h.. been ;nten,;uly eurn· ;nM di"'o,·.r the . flin;,i.. bet"",en the Heb ..,.. and Ug....;tie t"'''. The "'pre"ion C-~N -: : , ",,In, of EI (o r God)", in the openi ng c.ll in v . ! i. reg. r-J.d ., evidence of the f.ct thot ,hi, p" lm ;, the meUmor· pho,;, of . e m •• ni« hymn; it> Ug ..;,ic cogn ... hn ilm i, f""lu
'0

'0

"."" .. an 'nd~i<; ,h,n, , be - nuy be >dd<" (Hun' me!. 199, 10 1, Fr«ibili, y '0 i",,,p"" i, .. , g,n iliv, lo,m . 'i, h an ,ncli'ic, .. i, i, in U~,ri,., Vii" geni,i," fotm il"). Th, ph "" cbrly poly. ,h,i,,", vie".. , W,i"" (1%.1; 262). W, .h .. 1 di","" I",,, ,h. (,Ii>l ",n", 01 ,h. «p=ion in Ch'p'-6; 1988 , 151-1); Dietrich,Lo",.,. (1984b); ,nd Avim", (1\>'14, S3) . LXX .. >h· ~'n, ,'. S and 6); (Sirion, v. 6); and:-:;: -,,:;,: (,h, 'wilde, ,,,,,, of Kad<dded ' " ,ho, bo"o~',d lo, m of • Ug.ril ic hymn, Gin"",!: (1936", 119_31; and 1939.. , 472-6), fol lo".-
01

" P"""''''

,v", •

,-Z

i''''

,<x,"

,<x" .....

''''0;

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

the "gcxh" in he,,'en to "p.. i", y . hweh, identified with EI· '~. The ongin.1 expre"io n of C'71< 'J:'" in other te,,, then ""em, to h,,'e be-"", (11I'1 I'1 :;>I) before him., hi, l"", "god,' '''. Thei, attitude before Y.hweh denot .. thei, .."k ., . non· v
151-1» .M Fi,zgerold (1974), whil" denitJ by G»", (1941>.>.) fo< b; 180- 1). Adilition>ily ~ i, , ulI!:«ted by Al b';gh, (1950>; 6) ,h .. th i, >oLpt>tion from ,he B",I hyn,n ... " ukround ,he «n,h "ntury S.cL, .I,hough oth<" "iigie (19n .. 1<1 198}; 68_71); Fo"«bly" 0. ", 51.8 .. ~. A.i, hu, (19'14; 44. 5) in, i", ,hot ,h«robl< ~'i,h ,he Up"'''' «P""""" Nt <jd!, ,he ·So", of ,h, Holy One " 0' ·HoI)' On",· . 5«, "wy"" on p, 89.6-9 in Ch.p''' II. w, Cf. Gin sbe'll (193<.>; IN_31) ",d A"i,hu, (19'14; 84). w, l.<ss<, doi,i«' fu"",io", .. di. ine ch.m,,,, will b< d.i=o=d I"" in Clup''' V. w, Cf. Wei"" (1%1; 161); B"",wm>nn (1984; 141_3).

.u.

="'?

n

LE5-IER DEITIES

A,-i,hur , Ugaritie p',..]' 1.1, occur 1
And in hi,! >ll ..y~ " Glory·,

Y.hweh i •• itti ng in hi, p.l""e/temple, which indie.... hi. divine coun - , Thor. , the divine h
__.

__

~ , _ ~L

~"'_7

•. _

, __ 7 "",

_ L_ .,L _ . _ _ •

__ _

'''_ ,, _, __ .

<>, upon ,II< n.:.:.d, ""d Yih ~', (») King for Y;h~'
eo,""'.

Aviiliur .rgu.. th .. ",h il .. th ... deiti.. app"or . , being le.><. t h.n Y.h ... eh, the bn ilm in the Ug ..itic 'ox" .r< not cl ...ly d=:ribM .. being I",," th.n EI "", accord ingly, it <. nnot h< OlCceptM thot the originat.d from th e Ugoritic ... .., Howev .. the Ug. ritie text< ~lIude nonvt., . nd thei r princip.J"", Th. ogting of the text sugg.,t< . K.ne in the royal coun , ""hich is found ~l>o in the d=:ription of Is> 6.5 wh.,. "the king, y . hweh of hon,' (1"I111:::'~ ;";1 ;'" l~~ ;') i, ~ ... d upon the throne. It reflect. the

,<X,

w, A. i"'u,

(In~ ,

S0-I); in n, 131. h, ''' pi'; .. th" "hJflii Li>dd5 th., "this u' ag<. i" ."hid • vem-noun combination ;ppe= in pml l common p.;nn& moo., ""'."d i" th, h.,,',n, (d, '" I L4; 1O} .19 and h. 60,1),

... Avi ",,,,..-k by Loew.".,,",m (19SO, 131). ,-,ying that th.", i. no indic;.tion of th'i' pro>tr>tion [Q EI. "" w. h.,-. di",u.>
MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

... me theme of king'hip within the divine :=embly de,lt with in the Ug.riti, mythological te.". In :oddition to Gimbe'1l', ,uggrn iom. C.1Ster ,uP!""'" th" the mythic.1 background of p, 29 h.1S , gr<" .ffinity with the Ug>ritic poem in i" p.tt ern of the enth ronement of the king ~t the cult ic co n· t r< ~ ', fu>1 defe." hi> . nu goni" Y.m "'; thereby acquiring dominio n. he i, in.uguuteC .• t< mp l e)' ~ . Thu •. he ... y. that p, 1') i> • "typie>1 'hymn of I,ud., ion· ""t ach .d from i" mythic context . Y>hwiz.d . nd pr<servM .. an independent liturgic. 1coml""'ition ' ~'. ero" ,bo ,uppon, Cin,be'1l', theory, ...ying th .. two p. ttern, ore found in th i, ps>lm, fi,.,t . the m.reh of the Di" ine W,rrior to b.,· tle, be.rin g hi> terrible we.pon •. the thunder-bolt and t he winm, .nd G..,,, (1946:< >6(7), ,h. B.uJ C)'ck .. "" ptoNbly ,he 'cul,.myth of ,he ."...., ...1 f""iv.l. its m.in 'pii', d . C>c', C",,«r (1933, 3&1 n. 13);, fi'" on, ...-ho h.. J,. ... n ",« ... ",. Pi l'!.nd ,he Ug"i,i, ,,,,,. HO\,-'ev", Wy .. , (1m, <>p«;"lly, 142- SS) "'jlkj;ory of ,h< god. ..,d ,hoi, "",;on, ,he flow of ,he .,,,,,,n,.oo ,"" 'l';r",uitu,,1 )'e,,·. H< ,uQ"'u ,,,h,, ,h .. ,h. a-Lmpf in ,ho U~.,.i,"' ' "'' "p'''''''''' ,he k;nphip ,h,m< (idrok>gy), ,,'h",h =-no lrom i" S,u ,m ubtn in U,,,iL ~' 1n p, 93, Y>hweh', po"''' ;' ove""holminK the ;"""siv< 10'""" of ,he ,n''I';on;«;, River< ~.,..;~,. v. 3) or So, (: " v. 4).00;' ""mp-'"bl< wi'hJudl;< N>h>r [R i""1 VI" oh,) or Prin", Y.m [So'1 (;bI po) i" ,he Upn'", ,<xu (KTU U i;; 7_8, 16..,d 11 _3, ,,-".). CI. H.b 3.8. C ... " (1937, 24_S) emph .. ,,.,,, ,h", ,h, Y>hweh th .. occur> ;" p, 93 ;, for"""M from. -"of)' of B.ul f,gh'inK "'ith Y,m in ,h< Ugari,", myth. G»ter (1%9, 71 1) possibly."I'PO"" ,h" ,he ''''''1';'''''0\1100 ;n P,93 i, . uils,i,u,.d lor Vg. b'! (Rul). Fi,,,," ,,,,,Id (1974) p l.u~hly ,uQ"'" ,h" ;1 ,h. ''''''I';,,,,,o\1lQn i, ,ubsti,u,.d by V" b'!. ,he ,ex, i, to be mo" .H iler",;,'e lor U" b'l oc,",,;n ev
,h.

,ul,

;, ""hl. ~ 'C",,, (1~46> ,

57).

,h.

LE5-IER DEITIES

>Kondly, hi, victorious r ent hronement., king the","'. Thorefo,.". Y>h ... eh i. , uP"'III< over other di,-ine b of P. 19.1 _1 h.., b<.n .Itered fro m.,., -old.r text- in ... hi,h the "god.", rat her th.n the "I"""pl." in a liturgic.! ~ting in the temple, we" origiu lly invoked >.ing. ., ... n in Job 19] .,.,d P. g.l '''. Pro m the .vidence of th.... p. rall, HolI...uy imph.. th.t "there w., in Syri •. Pal.,ti n. a . h.,ed cultu,,1 tr.dition of poetry.building ,h.t incl ud.d bot h the C.n.."i,.. in the ute Bronze Ag. (1)00-1200 B.C.E.) or e.rlier, from who m w. h.v. th e Ug.ritie texts, .nd the Isr .. • lit., who h.d ""tled in the I. nd of C.,.,aan by . ti m. imt brly Hebrew poetry, ind uding e.rly p... lm," "'. 1111., it m:ty be wncluded th>! th e p ... lm rell""" the e.rly th<'Ology of Syro.P.btini.n ",Iigion. in r.prd the divine king>hip and I.... r deit i.,_

'0

'0

2.2. 4, D~ nieJ 7.1Ob

In the vi,ion of Drnie! the . ntitin of I..", r d.iti.. m.y be portraye& _,, _ _ _ • _ _ _ L..

"._-- - ..

~ ~ """

A thou,"".:! (upon) ,bou ... nds '~ Wert

",,,,ing"" him;

~' C"'''(19n

ISI-t.) . '" CI. E.od 15.11; o.Ul 3.24; 1 Kg< 8.13, p, &6.8; 95.3; % .4; 97.7. 9; 103.10 ""d 11 . "to. Wit h. ,imil" ''P''''', lh" Ug.,.iti< god [I 'ppe'r< al"" .. lh" ' "premo king tulin ~ m'''' Olh", I"""r d
», Wy." (19%; 3 ~ 9) . m Hollad,y (l'/9l 11). F"n,h"", (1%3" %) im""'''ingly wgg<>" ,h.., it m.y to. >.ing pulm to conv,n ,n h,,,,li,, from . .. 'V""' 01 B".,] to • ",wsh ip-ph~· ,h· . ,.. Q<'" ",ad, ,h" "., ... pl u,al ir~""), ..·hil" K«hib uk", il'" dua]

pu'!""'" 'P""'"

"'·.'M ). ,., Th" "'""" of

~,,=,=. (P;gg<"ed

to.", '" h>hit ... l; lhu" "an,b,
MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

i"''Y

'="

p : . 1:"'

:.,' M''''

md. myriod (upon) myri>
In tn"", Ar.om:nc p.... g.. the mernl><, of di"ine b
1«""

...:I d . 49); ..,d d . NASB. I, m.y "P"''' ,h, """,,,m ... rvi« "I ,he dei,"" to ,hei, god. M' TIte ,I>< A,.", . P d.no<", "judg""'''' " (CHALOT 40l; HALDT 1SSl) . y", it .... m' '" I>< u«d 11<", i•• ",n .. of jt< ", .. «I", LXX , ..d. .. h ~',h (d. p, 82.1). M' TIt ... "u"",rou, ,"vin, figu,., i.dic", ,be ",«1 do.. ly to ,he ",," ,hou<.UlJ, of holy on"," in Dru, 33.2 (,)'" d. 1 Kg> 22.19; Jer 33.22; z...:h 14.1), ideotili«l" ",b ... "goo." of ,1-1< divin, .""",bly .. ,d "1>", bero-n" , h, ' ''''gek'' (J.,o" 14); d . Wy," (19'%, 391 n. 40). During ,II< mn,]om,,,ion of , I>< pol)'th'i"'" vi,,.. i",,, ,h, ,heology of "o>onon ,,""" '" h.,·, 1>«" ,.", 1.. ,«1 wi,h ,h" .. II>< ".ng,h" "" i,h Il>«n , ul#,,«I .. '0 II>< l""T ~'n':, Ug., ,,/eren« h ... 1>«. li"ki Nckg",und. Henco i, Iu, b<en ",I"ed '" ,h< UP'~" ph,,,,, mik "b I"m (KlU 1.1 iii 2~; [1 .2 iii I} [1 .3. 8~ 1.4 iv 24; [1.1 <" ,r.""lued :os ,he "King, F"h ... of Brigh, On"," (>C. F;,h ... of!esser dei,i«; d . Oldenbu~ 1%9, 17_8), ... ho.. "",.ni" g
"'>
ri,,,

"';0".""

"'tIUO'"

LE5-IER DEITIES ing ov ow n th ro ne •• the judge. Then other divine .ntiti .. • re ponu y«l .... ttending the CQun of iudgement, held by th.ir .uprem. god . Whilst the member-. of the divine legal "coun" (Kl"";) ",it" (::r1" in v, IDb), other divine beings ""."d" (X'~ Ki' , in ,-, 16"" d . D.n 7.16) .... The po.ition. of "'i"ing" .nd "standing" explicitly oct •• nonverbal indicat ions, de.ignating the "Ink betwee n the highe, deiti.. and the I...., "'. Th. scene of th e divine .... mbly i. pictured ,'err . imilarly to th>! of I Kg, 12.19. Thu., num berl ... "" Yant deiti .. of y .hwe h in the text "'p,<>t .. the hier>IThie. 1 "ruot ure of the di,-ine •• ",mbly. which comi", of th e supreme god md hi. I.."" deiti ... A, in the UgMitic texU, the divine ..mk of I.... , deiti", in the Heh", ... Bible i, di"in· gui.hed .1", by non·,'erl,.1 indicato", e.g., the I...., deitie" ".rnding postu.-. in the heavenly council (Deut 3J.l _J, I Kg.l!.19_21 [ _ 2 Chr 18.18_! IJ; p, 29, .nd D.niel 7. lD b). CoNCLUSION TO CHAPTER I The Ug. ritie conception th>! I.... r deiti .. " . member'< of the divine ..,,,,mbly i> . 100 fo und in t he Hebrew Bible. Thi, .pparent polyth.i>tic ",tt ing of Ugaritie 'm d Hebrew description< impli .. the fact th., the divine :=embly comi... of the ,upreme god .nd other I=r god. .nd

MEMBERSIlJPOF LESSER DEmES

th~t

n

the ro,-.,eignty of the supreme god i, ..soci>1ed with hi> I"", doiti ... Thu" he .ummom the divine ><>embly .nd.,h opinion. from them in order to m.k • • dec,.. or deci.ion, . Ithough the .uprem. god seem. to luv. hi. own .b",IU1< authority. Th. doci.ion m.de in the .,~mbly i. brought by the mo=enge, doiti .. , who are idontifi", .. go re.. in so m. mythologic.I1<,m, by which the e,rli." "ructur. of 'he divine ..", mbly crn be In the • .,-Iy pe,iod of [",.,li1< religion, the . nt ity of divine being> other th.n Y.b · w.h h .. not bNn doni",. In the lat« period the Hebrew wri1<", how_ ""« , 11ively; he i> only the he>c, hi. serv",,' doiti...

2 KI NS HII' OF LESSER DEITIES IN TH E UGARITI C TEXTS AND THE H EBREW BIBLE

] "'TROD UCTIOS

The identity of I.,~r deit'., :u "son'" of their m:uter deity, which i, ~u<"ed in , nriety of 'heir titl .. , i, the crux of the di«m';o n in thi. ch.pter. It ;, d euly J..,cribed in Ug.rit'c mytholagic,l tex" that the , up",me goo EI h:u , paternol ",I.. ion,hip with the «condMy gods. To find relerence, to thi, thritic 'ex" i, not difficult, the cor.. invoh..,d >
' 1\.0;] h .. been ~utd ... """ of D>gan (M agn, KTU 1.2 i 19. "0.), BOt ., 0 KIn 01 n K'pelrud (1951 , 51-6, boI-6). Yet n, i, ",f"",d to. too"']>
(I

K TU1 . ~iv47..g),

""Y I

y,.

!< il .M

Sif;!Un ~

ll< '';''''0 & 11 EI hi, I... ll<, il .. II d )·"M (10) El lll< kins ... l>o ""...,.[ him. CI. WY'll (1001 , 87 n. 75; for hi, funh" on 1m ,Ig"; >/so, , I. Wy,". 1980; 19"11" f08 [ S 6 ~ and 1m, fl n. ~~) . UK. clb .. nd J." "",ur he", .. h.-7 De"t 31 .6). The ph, ... ali),,, b. b'l occun only'""'" in KTU 1.5 " 17_ IS, whil" the norm;] .1", "'., KTU 1.5 ii 6 ""d 10. U~. bt, .. ,hi, pl",e i. undo",ooJ '"'. di,· to!:"'I"'Y' del 01"", (198 1, 111) . Since B>.tl i, d.=ribed '" h .. 1 (KTU 1.3 iv 39; 1.10 ii 16, 10) and c.lltd 1>1 id.."gh«r1 by El (KTU 1.3 . 17; US i 16) . ' CI. 1m 11m m', "So .. 01 [I, MOl" ' KTU 1.4 "Ii f5..o, «0.; .od in tbe de"" ;I"ioo. MOl;' >dd .... «
di",,,,,,,,,,,

cr.

I

,n

LE5-IIR DEITIES

goo" . pp..r :u hi, son or hi. '" them with ";mil., cbign .. ion, fo und in the Hebrew Bible' .nd the biblie"! H.b,,,w referenc ..'. Th. outw.,d ' pp<.,.nce of I"",r J"iti .. portroyed in the Ug.ntie tex,," will . 1<0 be in,·"'tig.. ed through iconogr.lphy. The ,,,,ul,, from th" "udy will be comp.ued with th" d.",nption, fo und in the Hebr",.. Bibl,,". PART I. KJ"SIllP REUTIO" 0 1' LESSER D EITIES T O THEIR M As. TER GoD INTlIE V GARITIC T EXTS

Some Ug. nti, term. th .. indie .." the kinship ... I.tion of I..",r deiti", to thei, mOlSte, god(de,,) ... ill be exomined in th i, p. rt. Th. out .... rd .pp<".n« of Ug.ntic I.."" deiti", will be :oJ", ocru tin i",d to "'" if there i, my clu< to confi,m thei, kin, hip ",I.. ion.

'Cf. c.... u!O (197 1, 5.). ' d .KTUI.1) .

• TO. '''"'' .. ;11 be ",I«t«l from th. wor k of W)'''' (1998b, 41. 58),

,hu~

U" db ;"'''; iHI ilM (ub iHI ii, il iHI i/); iHI, il (hoI; iHI, il; iHI, hi!); iHI ~JrI; iHI <j
"'

, It ~';II """io, >0"" im""".ot Ug.o";,", , .." "I,v.." '0 ,h. KTU 1.1 i 19-11 ; U v J.6_.C; I.. ii 21-6; 1.4 vi •• -6; 1.6 v 1-4, 1.16 i

ill"", ~ · II ,

, Som, HI
~-,-

",-

'

• In P.,., II. >om, bibl;c>l H.b",., p.> ... ge< will be ..,>lyl"1yw KTU 1.1 ill · ); 1.11 ; 18- 32, "c. "It will,«"" ""inly judg 13,6..,d Icd 10.lO.

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

"

1. TIlE KiKSIIIJ> TERMS FOR LESSER D EITIES IN TilE UGARITIC TEXTS

EI ;, known as the Qlk " , tho "Progenitor" of . ll individtul g<> i>" if ", "Father of tho Son. 01 EI"", or tho i/ i>n it", "EI of the Son. of EI". From th.", f.ct., I",..,r deiti", can be in, I ..ffll.! "sons" of EI, with. fiJi..! ..,ns<, 1.1. I"", ·' Fo,h., of Bright Ones"

Alt hough the ph..,. ill> '"m " i•• design ... ion lor the mprome ~od, it m.y be ,ugge>t. d ••• n indication of the kin,hip rel.,ion oi l."", dei· ti", to EI, Whilst it has be
" Ug. I"., 'pr,,!:,nilOr, /.,h<1 1.0i,· II. " KTU UQ.!, 1 0,1~, 33, ~1;.fill LllU. " rode""" (19)9,~) ",m.,.k, th .. EI is ,he -b,h" of goo.". " KTU1.M.1. ~ KTU 1.1 iii !~; 1.2 ; Ie; 1.2 ;i; [51; 1.3 • 8; I.~ i. l~; 1.5 <; 2, 1.6 i 36; .. >OC<jXrJ b)' Pope (1955, 31. 5); Oldenburg (1%9 , 17). Th ... it ;, nO! .-.1"rJ;n any <>'" to Heb", ... diy;"" ,p;t"'" ,"'" ? 'r.o:, "A",,;'m of D,y'", in Don 7.9. " h " l
B,,,,,

,h,

LE5-IER DEITIES

How",'« , the «mnd term of the <x p",,,ion ab Slim = m. t o bo mo", ""p lic.ble in r"1lm l t o H • • b ",l ute .uth orit y in the pantheo n. Whe n Ug , mit occur> wit h the p hr ... a b film it «< m, t o b.. ",mewh .. ,moci>ted "'m.ntic~lly w ith the film , . Ithough it ' pp'"'''' to mod ify t he p re<:Ming no un 4", ·p.vilion · ll : t hu" qri mit "b illm". Ug. ml* . nd ab occur . , boi ng paralleiM in t hi. u '" to indicA" the t wo po,it io n. 1 ch.~ .. ri"ic< of the , up",me god ruling in t he p. nt hoon ,
" M..".,.hik, Ug. ,"m oocut< aI", in 'p,;, of noun,; d . 1m", V' should b< ",.d .. {",,") ... 'nm: KlU L_H; ,1<0, KlU 1.39.3, 6, 1.40.18. 17, 151 3•. ~3; HQI 2. 15131 : 1.87.1•. 17,33-1 , Lll .:18· 9; Ll21.[. 1...,d U13 .8. Thu, . • DN' ,nd, DN'. Ei"f,IJr.'< v;"-'" (19. 5. 9; 1951: 66-9), ...·hi.eh ",Lt,« ond ",m of ,bt ab.l"'" to, DN of, K..,;" citi,y (Shu maliy.) i, "'j«,tJ b~ Pop< (19SS: 32. 3) fo, ;t! "mioo,. noncit«,;"" and probl'''' ''i.e ,ok in ,h, Up';';" p'mh"'o" . I"" ..d Pop< (ibid.: 3!) ",f,,, ;, to "Shu""",' , ..-' ,hoU! "'~ citr.n ;,;"". Wym (1m: , _g, 1m: ~ S n. S• . 227·9: 2002:._ n. 39 •• 10 n. 3S) hypo,h~·n1!oddtss of lnd"n V,die o';~;n, "b rough, to B:thylon;, by ,h, K ...;,« und.. ,h, n,m, of S.-.Ji.,.."; btn", bt ;demi!,« , p.>i' of DN, ",- i,h ,h, K""" dei, i",. Shuq..o.mun. ",d Shunuliy'. With ,h, '-"fl' vilion·: V;roll<>ud (193 1: 199); 'il?Y'" (2002: 46 ",d " . 3g): """ " ,hPP<'" '" ,h, ,,,,ide.-.c, of EI in ,h, Upo btfOI>O'
,h, "",.

KIKSl lIP OF LESSER DEITIES to the "King, the F~h
EI". 1.2.

b~

il(",,,) ''Sons of EI"

T h. ph~ impli .. evickntlr th. th«>gony of I..... r deiti", ~. A, othor "",,o nd.ry god. I. ..", deiti", m'r b< . 1"" r~.rcl.d., ".em,· of the t h" aI ,t.< L;~h,,' 1.1!). '" Old
cr."""

m"

,«'"

KTU 1.10; loS, wh"h ,,>oJ b. il [ 1>1" (/bm [ Jdr J, Jmm, "So", aI EI; I t h< ", .. mbly 01 St =; <;''''' of t ho« aI h.. «",·; d . Job 38.7; I.. 14.ll. v Whan ,h, «p",s;"n M iim 'PP""" '" ,h, ,p;t h« 10, Mot ;" 1.4 _;; 45-1>; L4 v;;; Ib, lO, n ., KTU I . ~ ;;; I~ , phr b.t ilm, ,ho " .... "'bly of ,h, ..,n, of [I' ; ,t.< ..... Ooleq,,>tg' of t h. ph r... b.t il or b.t ilm ;mo =ego'; .. , r""ly. for ,h, gods """,,,, of [I' (K.TU I.~O; 1.65; .nd Llll, <" .); =ondly, for, hph."Uo PN, ;n "',,1< «0"001" '"'' (K.TU ~.b3; ~ . 8~ . .. e). H, (C"nch;no<, ;bid., .109) "y' .1<.0 t h.. ,h. Ug>r;t ;",. be!;,,'''' ,t.< k;n,h;p of hum", be;"P !O gods ""d "de< &.". '" f.;, 1'" gi"'r>t;oo· . Ho ..',"". ,h< <XV"";o,, ab adm, -F"h" of hun,.",' (K.TU I . I~ ; 37, ~3; 1.14 ;;; ll, ~ 7; 1.1 ~ v ~ ); I . I~ v; II ".1 ll) 00", no< ;nd;c>t< I;terally [I', p,m",al ,d,,;on,h;p !O • hum.n being; d . Ry.n (195 ~, n), ,h. ];f. ",d h.al,h 01 K.,.. ,.,. normal hun,,,,. dq>ltd WY'!l (19'9 4" 1~7_8), ,h, ub 0./", 00", "'" me", "' f.. h" of nunk;"d' ;n •

I

,n,,, ,h,

LE5-IIR DEITIES

Tn KTU 1.23, it i< d. ", rib.d t b.t from bi< two
gen">li«n (Ad>.m)'", .1", d. W)'''' (198bc (22) . Thi, c"h" impli'" • diyin< kingohip in Ug"';,ic roy.1 id.p'"ion' , >nd Wy." (100); 183-4 n. 30) . King K,,,,, i, .1", call«l idy bt f<'g.td, Ph __ Pu" . • 'm, DNWSI738. >Om< (G",,,, 19~6" 67_8. 69_72; Wy ... , 2001, 33 4 n. S3) .'!u< con<;oc;ngly Ih" Ih< "Gr",,",u, God," at< ;J.n,if;rJ., ·Sh.· !u.. ."d Sh.len,' , wh".", (\';rol!<'ud, 1931 14S, Du .... ud. 1933, 11; .00 Hooke, 1938, ~ I) .. y lh" Ihov."ign, ... oliv;n< lille, Pr;n« . ... roy.l 0' h,roic lille' , DUL S41 (Ill); d . Hd .. btl !I~ l ~ "",,,, 01 Slup[,hr . It !w b1, j{r.. (1)1 ".,n, of • pr;nc< (1)" b)' V;rolle.uj>Sh (d. l{>' in KTU 1.23.25. 5~; ~')''''. 1001, 315..,d". 1). It i, .1"" UsM .. lto< """"d . I<mo"<"';gn" (KTU U3.8). II Wh;l" Ihe G.-.ciou, Goo. Iu,'< b;r of ",al;«ly m;· no, "";1;"'" (p.rdee, 1'J"I7, 274_S), they"" r<\!atdNI. mo ... proo..b ly, ., Ih, ;d",ologic>lly "toy.1 go
oi,,,,

m""

o!"'''

"'Tru,

-""",

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

1.2.1. @

b~

iJ

Ug. hI! il occun ... ith • compl,m,n!>,,. noun in th , , xp,,,,,ion ab bl! iI. "F.. h... of the Son, of [ I"" , which con,-,}", di5lincti""ly the kin'h ip ",n« of le=, deiti.. to th, i, ·Fath... • god In the ritu.1 tex", • · th, "):onic ",m," of the I»r il m.y be .mph.. i",d by the rep.,.tro u ... g. in the following exp",,,io">o (I, bl! il.nd "'I!~Tt 1»1 il " : )'Ifi! db 1m il )'IIi! ~'oo, ] )

[] ) mll'ln 1m il

M.. y i, (<e . .,,,,rifo«J be lifton,ol

"l

[to)

,h. A<s<mbly 01 ,h. Son< of EI" (KTU

U041 _ 2 '~ .

De M()(),', reading to ,.,,, ...,, ah from 1m it (,e -ab, 00 il")" i, not convincing in .. much ...11 ph,.... , whic h denot' the ,,,,, iv.,, of .. ...c,ific. are p,.fixoI..«I· hI! if could make no contribution to the unde"unding of the fint colon . Thus, th.ah hI! if.hould be , ...d ... .ingl. ph,,,,,. Albright construes th e ph,.« 1m il(m) .. denoting the "members of the [lllroup· (>C, ·god,") : hence the te,m b" in the con>tructed

198C). Thu, ,h.y

,,"'.

rer.,- to th. peripberall
~ 0" -F ..h" 01 clivi". Son,". MO]denbu~ (1%9 , 18) , !h. ph,,,,,,, 01 J, 1m il >ncl "'phfl 1m II iden,ify ·[1 .. ,h. f.,h" 01 ,he Ug..,i,ic Kod,,". ,. Tf.e GL fo,,,, of ,h. U,. , I,,!,. to - r..' ''' ]i{," , DUL 648_9. Cf Hob. ~:" HALOT714 _7; Ph .. Ar>n\. "p DNWSI760-3 ; A,. """"',,, AEL 2785; Akk. ""J~ , All", 762_5; GlD 11 /2(N)80-112. " It i, folio ... "" in orde, .. I", by DN~ I ,I"",~' 10m, ·'0 Thunk..."u" and Sn..ni",". Cf. KTU 1.65.1 _4...,d. di"",,,,;o" belo ... . " It i. p.>rall,]«1 in KTU L4CP_8~ [1 1>-11 [14 ~5, 33-4 >ncl L Ill!l-4~ " Dt Moor (1910, 191).

LE5-IER DEITIES

phr ... "p",.s<>, "" ith .ny followi ng «rm, · memb<,., of • dm o r guild', .. fo und in oth ., Sem itic « rm.". ~Iy,ltt .,]'" ",fe,., to the phr.,e th ....... function. 1 u,.. of the «rm bn, it m.. ns ·m<mb<,., of the d ... "goo"'. >c. "<\i"ine bl , .nd it i. the fili. 1 rel.. io n of the goo. to EI th .. i... ;'.ue, then ·", n. of EI";, the 'ppropri,« m.. ning"". In thi. ~~, th e ph.,e bn 1/ m,y indie ... both .ides of the "memb do not eonALet with . :>eh ot h.., .. peei .lIy in mythologic.1

...".

P.rker Mgu." th .. the ph<= ab 1m iI w., no longer usM ... n in· dic .. ion for the f.. herhood of EI fo r the bn iI b.c.m• • n idiom .. ic ex· pre"ion for the eoll«tiyity of the 'goo, ; .c. "divi ne being."~. How· ev~r, it> denot .. ion of kin.hi p to be >lill .dd,«sed .ff<eti,'ely .. it ;, =n th.. the two ""t ith«ic mo.nings (S<. lib .nd bn) . re ju. ... posed intention.lI )' to high light their kinship. Even if it ;, so. the pri. m.ry unde",.nding of the 1m iI b.com« it> b.sic ", n« of kinshi p .. I...t . The n its u..ge m.y b< exp.nded to it< « cond.ry ..,nse of memo b<,.,hip. T hu . .... ny ro.., the bn 1/ <xplieitl), denot .. , fili.1 ",b tio n· sh ip of "son gods" to El " .

,..em,

~

Albright (1%8" 72) . It ,tuy be uotJ .. . mu" of cL",if",.,io" , ,uch .. H,b. ph,.... of ':~~ 'l: , the "Biliylo,,""'" (E:tt it i. ui«n .. th, "'..nin~ of divin,bei" l1". "Wym (1'I9&.; 43). ~ P ... ke, (l99k 195). Q Th<,..,for< 0" the " .. i. of KTU 1.23 Cu""hillo< (1985,,; 111.8) ..Jrqu.>t<' Iy co"d..d<-> t h" the b" j!.r< the rOO< "'ho const~u"'. divi ne bmily of EI, t hei, F.,be" thu,. "L.. bn iI ""nt ole< dieux . It. ron ... ituem un, f.mille, Jr 1m ii, 'utOu' du dieu EI. leu, P'r<, ub 1m iI; ptr<, 'u «n, prop"', pui"l"'il 1« e" g'" 1-.7 . V 1.13".

KIKSl lIP OF LESSER DEITIES

"

1.2.2. II bl< jj

The kin. hip of the im il i. "'idO in the fi"It th",. li n•• of a .imi· lor ritu. 1 text, KTU 1.65: a pu y.r fo r the lfiurity of th e city of Ug •. rit ~, ilim il Jr b" il ml,h" b" il

[I of til< Son. of [I~ . Ci,"'. of ,h. So", of [I, A....,mbly <>I til< Son, of E1

(KTU UH_l),

Th, fi",t lin. h", ~n construed ., co nst ituting . p. ir of voc:>ti,'«; th u" il .nd b" il a ... invo ked r<>peccording to the ph"'" ab bn il at KTU U O.H Wy ... t construes the th .... ph "'= "'. tricolon m.de up 01 voc.· ti,'",~ .nd t", ..iat« the li"t lin. '" "god.~ 01 the p.nth..,n" ~ , How· ~

KTU LM i, ... Mle ly ~ ... "Iipou, P"Y" '0 H Gin""'" (19l6.c 88); Ei .. f.ldt (19S I: bO-!), wd WY"t (2002: l63), In th. ",..",im,. Di«ritabl< '0 ,h, ph,,,,,, in lin« 1_3 of KTU LoS, i,. ri,u.1 t"to P"k" (199'k 7'!S) . Hon« KTU l .oS is roof< probably. ",Iig;"u. t<Xt ... h.,h h ... liturpul rom"" ~ Or, -m of divine So,,", .. RinQ",n (19f?: ?~); f01l0"'«1 by Ai" I,;,." (19SS: 3) .. ,d G,..y (1961>: 181), " 0. Moor (19?O: 197), Q Wy.u (200L 363. n, I), Sioc< th.y .... u>! «ns< i, impli
..." h.

,h" ,h.

"

LE5-IER DEITIES

ever, the divine Ii.. he .. ;, p.,.lIeled with tn.. of KTU 1..0 and U l2 .bove, only with the .bs.n« of the p.. po.ition I. In",much .. the ab of the ab hi, il i. = 0 cI ..rlr to b. modifiod by the following con· mucted .Im>gn ised • • • nothor phr ... clogy of the ab bll ii, by pl.>Cing th e iI in" •• d of lh oah. Th. bl! iI her. can b. und..",,<><>ge,» P.rhr .. id, bUI generalised from in prim. ry "fili.l" u»ge, to denote the plu. ,.1 concoption o f the go••"
,h.

1.3.

b", jJ ~D.ugh 'ors of EI~

I.J.I. b>ll

It is , u,.d in a ,"xl th., ther< or" .Iso fern'!. I•• "" """i., in the p.m. th<'On :

,h. O=
[001 M it Y ilm

I
DI I.lm!] b,.. [h )t~ kl

(L« nO!) [,h. Son,>'1 of you, hou"", o £1, I
[p.>~"'"

hou<["'1

"ioi«!

["p,W ;

" The ,m ;, ,...d , imiLuiy .. bit .. ) (CTA); or b , ....[ 1 (KIV') , or b ,m! 1 (K7V',!- If 'bI'm;' "ken for. ",>din, (de Moo" 1987, 17,0'. po .. ibly ";,h" .'/Mm. ; Wym, 1001; U ""d • . 69), i, m.y b< ",1,,«1 odm" (DNWSI, 188_9S) . ~ Whit" i, h" I>«n , ...I .. b", (CTA; KTU' · '; G"",n",in. 1977). i, i, propo>«i mot< probably" 'b.! (d< Moor, 1987, 17) or '/Mm (Dijk",.,4 Moor. 1975; 193). Di!f,,,,m ly, "Tu .. b,i li", C"'l"",.smy«' (1974; 17S), "(In) ,he buiidin&of" , Gih..,n (1978, S3), • ... i, hin"' del Olmo (198 1; 190). or "i. ,he zr.tndoJ. jng (1971: 100- 1) , [I/}'>ri.. ·Thou has< .... "P'" .

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

al ~l]Jhm I> )""')'_1 nln b gJll arkl)' a",(>{~ '-'xl

,u",ly" ] ("'. An,,) ,h .. lI .. i",," ,h,m in my righ' h",d; wi,h ,h, p'"'''' of "'y long .. ,m"' l ,h .. 11 '''' it t<" (,h,,,,)' I (KlU U, 1 9 _ 14 '~ .

If ,h. ,upl""'d r<..ding of b" i,

~ .. pwj, the .ynchroni,m of e:>eh

,<X,

diffe",n' ge nder of 'he god" /m .nd bm, in t he m.y indie .. , t he foct th,t t he divine membe" of t he pantheon comti,ute both m.l", ",d fern. )"" >lthough t he generic ap,-.."ion of the -panth..,n" i. rep, ... nted •• the m=uline indie>tion;!<, bl! iI. Th. uuge of 'he bm .. this p lx e . vid..ntly .mph • • i"" the f~ t hn >II the goo. (m . l. ~nd fem.le) in the p>n,h..,n .", gener-lied by t he ,up,eme god E] ~. Hence ,hey ,r< be .. ucked by An ..t due thei , theogonic ",!at ion EI "',

'0

'0

'0 .. Th, 3. pl . form of ,h. U" ,jJmh, to "be gl..J, "'jo;""", DUL 815. Cf. H,b. r.,=; HALOT 1333_5; A,. Iwna(o<" AEL 1S9S. For lh, ,r,,,,,luion .. -1..<,

",jo;""", = de Moo, (1987; I;'), Wy." (100!; go). W UI. al nd hold" , DUL l6-8 . Cf. H,b. mM, HALOT3 1_1; Akk . , ~ ; AH", 18_10; GlD III[AI In _g. Tb< P""'O' form u,,« 3. pI. ,uff. h"', ",· hifi, i>fil, ""d 'b,,,, of EL ~ Th, -lonK .. m ," "'I'~O"" roy>! g=u'" of m'''M in .""iem N,., ["""n "",<><>graphi.. ,I...wh"" . s"., L'Orang< (J953); >«<) ..00 <xod IS.6; 32.11; o.u, ~J' (y", ... ,h). AI"" ... de Moor', ",f,ron= (1987; P n. 90), Exod J~.J6 ; Num 11.13, I... '>0.1; S9. 1; .. nJ Pi 79 .1L .. Th, D fom >of ,!",h" '0 -",'ouod. beat, e
po''''

' '''',to

1"'_'

,h"

LE5-IER DEITIES

Tn the 1<xt An ... pp<>.l. >trongly to EI with. B... I. Th. vulneu bility of the bn rnd bill by . nother deity indie.t .. the f.o.:t th .. they . re i"'ntified .. I... "" deiti", ... 10'1'," lev.1 in the p.nth..,n . 1.3.2. bod iI

Th. expre"ion bill ii, "Dmgh1,idem< ·.Iso of EI'. l"1<mity of the god •. £1 giv ... birth to two som through hi. two ·wughw--''' , or ·wiv..· " (n,h""n.", inclu.lbout to ... · ,"'K Y:un', "",,,,,ng<", Anat p<~ him not '" do 00 (KTU U i 010-2), ""f>«,in g Yam', .u,hori,y. MOf'o-m m.y rO«. ~ Ci. KTU U3.~~-6, hi .. bl il hi II ~' 'I"'h, "Two dough .. " ,h, dough"" ofEl, ,be dough,,,, 01 EI. .nd fo,",',," . El i, c.lled. I.. h.r hlh ,;h ad ad, 'Lo' She
"''''1''''<1.

,Ju,

a'"

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

"

1.3.3, bm hY

Although the «gh" ,ugg<>"'" Thi, "p",,,ion, "D. ught,,, of Elhl", occur< a, • comp. nion ",ith .mOlh" .pithet ""rI, "Bright On ..- , which may portray t heir ",diant th.ophm)'''. It may denote .1"" the filia! «wion of the "goode""," (ilhr") to the supreme goo. Th. rol. of the go.:ld=« m.y b. inf.. red from their .pithet kin, ·Skilful On..'-". Hence they m.y h< _n '" bnUn;, .. A ...h;< go.! 'AI'" ~'ym, 198k ~2') 0' ,h. G.nuni«·A ... bi< moon gOO h/I/Hililu (Korp<. A", Enlil .nd Enki) 01 ,he p.."h""n in ,he 3~ ",d 2"" Mill,nn;, B.c.E (G.llaghe" ,1M., 131); ho " .tl<.",d in Ebl';'o '''" ..... <11 ... >I, Akkodi>." inc..".,0. (.... Noug.>yrol, 1%9, 397) >nd 001>1< Ii~, 01 ON, ., Ug.>';, (Nou&-,yroi, 1%8, 241>-1, also d . 212); ,hu" "i, ,how, ,h., lIlil ..... "'lu"od wi,h [I, ~'hihly ",imn .. ilII., U",;," (G.lby,." JIM., 138; d. 131, EbJ.. -i" IOU",", h. h ."d y). A, ,ho de;,y Hul"l ., En"" . = P..-dnd del Olmo-S, nnu,,;n

'UlU'"

·,.,.11""",-,

(200-1, U"'). " KTU L 11 ii 26-1, 31 . 33-1, }O, 38, ~O; U~.6. 15. .. ,d ~0-1 . .. Thoi, divi"< ;den,i,y" "",.. l<.d wi,h ,hi, d«ig" .. iO
U~.II,

.. P..-de< (1m, ~9 1); wy.tt (1001, 1&1 .nJ n. 60) . A, ~,'" " i t! p"""I<~ i,m w~h the 001, U" l!n;, f pI. f",m 01 ,h, 11'. ... h;d ;, u""d ... ON to d.es;&">lo," ."if""" god -K",h,,·, Wy .. , (1002 , 1&1 n. 60). Th",

"",,,,..«I,,.

L E5-I ER DEITIES

· mid wi,·.. ·" to u k< c.", of the p,egn~ncy .nd p.rnurition of Nikk.!. 'ffid to gi," .piritu.! viulity to her ~nd t h~ unborn child in KTU l.l~. and also in the , imil" ·childbi rth· ";tuot ion of D.nel in KTU 1.17 iin. Their fu nction i. d 0 .. bei ng "'.pon.ibl. for the whol. procedure en rout< from t he wedding to chi ldbirth" . ThIlS t h... godde .... m~y be cl,m ified .. · . gent · deiti .. , !",ci.li""d in nupt i.!•• nd proc".lt ion , sc . I.."" ""iti .. ~. The >gent deit i.. 'ppe>r .. ~ pluruity ('Tb'"j. Alth ough no cl~~r i ndic~t ion of their number i. m "".J in t he texts" . it c.n be ,u p~ it >l ludr< possibly to the ~~' fu""io n in helpin~ one', p"""r< .. ion : :l.htplit 119&9", 2U) . " KTU Ll 7 oj 20. !,!_30. 33, lS, 37, 40; U4.5-<.. 11. 15. 40, ..,d in the p>Iltt.ffln Ij,,~ 1.4 7~ 13 ~

1.11 8.12 .

" The ~odd<= >t, c.!led in .. , i"voc>lion fo r",: KTU U 4.S-6; II

t.lm ' 1 ,..,d IS. " P,rd<, (1m: ~ 91) d.o:>« n O[ "1'; "" with . vi< ... of Ih,m .. -",id",iv",' .in« t l> unde,,,ooJ .. I>r ",',," from t he p"''''-',i"I. .... KTU U 4 ~'Ylll,l00l : Bo_7" . 5). CI. M' 'l!>l il (1989>0 185-<.): Il>tily- in Ih, urli. " ph,..." of Ih. "'pr<>ibl, fo, b"nyn& II>< coi,,1 ••" to .. ,"",c .. oful rond u ~on in , 0nc"P' 0on ". n Th"", gOOde .... . r< ""gg"'t<.l,h.vi,iw,,·, Ihu~ t l>
'PV'"''

,,'e"

J40 n. 20) . W ilh • ~mil>t ide. M,oy.lil (1989>: 280-7) condud.« Ih .. t l><~.t< III< ·p.",on ~, of n'wly ..... d ~id, ",bo m ~t hic.ll y-.>..-.d my" ic>lly_ >to,,,,", bl .. ~ . od ..... ,h 0'''' II>< CO"iug>! bed "' .. to en,u'" cooe< ",,,.,.1<> >1", Ih .. in D",,,I ', borne, Ih, ~ >t< 'not ... mid· wiv« bUI .. :tj!t KTU 1.17 ii 26 (on 'm b blh il" , "Iud , m emi hi. bous< Skilful 3. f., pl. fot'o, 01 t he UK. ';<,b, to "ente " (Tropp<'. 100:], 466) >od ... Ihe plup<,f""1 ten", of it< "P'ala lot '" (H"'"", 1m : 91 _1). ~

On",'",

KIKSl lIP OF LESSER DEITIES

"

as >even for Ug. DN k!N ;, p.1r...II~IM w;,h • plur.! form of Akk. DN. ' SQ.s';.ra.tum", ;n t he p.m theo n I;,t (RS 10.14. 1lj . nd com.. spond< . 1$0 to . notho, Akk. ON , "NiN. MA-", (RS 16. 142.16; 19'!l; and 200 • .• ) ~. p"' ..;bly

1.4. b" IlP1 HSon. of Athiut H

Gxl, other th.n EI (>c. Y. m, BOlaI, and Ath;,..,,,.!.) . 1", h..·< th. ;r own . gent de;, ;... Amo ng them only 'he 1.. ><, dei, ;es of the godd= Ath;r., aT< c.!IM her "Scm" . I;ke 'Scm" of EI, which me. m th. t they h. ve . fili. 1 "I.,;on to th. ;r mother god. f..I. l . KJV /J , . .J6....4QR

)'In cljrt ", !mh

~

s.. KTU

H< (I<. Il.ul) .. d';m'~ (w) A,hi", ""d h"",n,.

l.lH l-r, hn b 1'1 'prhn b (pty ,"n,hn, "1.0, in my mou, h ;, ,h<1 ",n,;' . ) . I.• pl . ,ull;poo.ds to Akk . .unl,•• ">.mOu" ,. number. "'n"h. ><' (1001, HO), ',um", aloe "'" hi, (ibt,L )40 n. 19 wd ) 41 n. 35) argument .g.oio., 438) ,,,,nsl.,ion .. "H" numbe, ... h" oount;ng" ... J hi, num· bering 01 ,h< II" " ' wo. ~ for ;t< ",,,,1;«,.,;"0 .lnd ;m<'I'",,><;on . . . plu, al, ..., Noug.oyrol (1%8, 50. o)}. Al!" , C1D 171!1~] 141-6 (d . ""'.bly ",,,n, de Moor (19gr, 145 o. 3;r:J. "p""", (1m). ~ A v;" ..' of ,heir num"", '" ""'en is >g'.,..J by Wym (lOOl , ) 40 n. 16 >nJ 19) , ", h< num"", ,",von i. aloe pe,h.lps intrin,ically .no", likely ;f ,h, ~ aloe "'p=m """ n",n,mi,· 'ing it< ch,,:oc«,", .. ><1 he lu"he, ",u,« ,hei, " un,,,,,, pl.l u , i bl~ to ,h. biblical reier.""" .nd ,be UI"i, ic, ,",v,n .piri" ;n I,. II .l>nJ ,he ""'e" B.uls ;n KTU 1.~7. l- l1. Differen,ly. '" liv., "'" M"l.I;, (1m" 285 n. 2). "Th< godd< ... nd Ih<

d",~

of h.".

k;","l
.'" i. bt I h'l J.m 11m

mlb II ",;11 bM

-s.,..", (lh, ... ;,) no hou .. lot Il.ull;k,

""k

(lh< hQu", of) lh< nor lh. J""
~

h ;, d< U,. ,I~b, 10 -",d.;m, ,boUl. ;n\';«, "II. obion- , DUL 781_1 . Cf. H.bl<. from ,f,~I ..,~ , T repp<' (200c; &\5). ~ Ug. m,c, -<"";IY, .... ",bIY. lln"'''u", C>q uOI .S,nY0'lb, to -,il down, , ,,,ide" (DUL 5S!) , DUL /Dol, d . -hom,·, Wy,u (2002, 1!1). a . HI I lh< J.,i,u" d ~'< II; ng in E\", hou",". For lh,

,"''''"C<;

''''I"'''''

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

Four diffe«nt d.. ign>tiom oc,ur hore in par.lld t o inili, ,,. t he ume I<s«r deiti." b"h; pm myh; ilm" : and b" air!, Th. deiti .. . pp..r to b. .iden« , « n" (KTU 1.15 iii 17_19), . nd :oJ"" Koth .. (•• nd.lh,i,)" periph...1,""o nd god, ... « nt-dwelle" Ib' ", I uhllt KOlh>r I.f. !O~'"d.s hi. tont; h.'"" IV I H.yin" l.f, hi. abOOt (KTIJ 1.17 v 31_31).

r,

",,.,,,It

lOW.,,,,

Thm Wy.u remarh "It i, . 11 intended t o mnt .." with t he di· m",ti, .chi.vement of B.. I in g.nni ng hi. own p"1.cNempl •. Th .. e.t interpret. d .. me.ning th ...11 the ot h.. d.i· t i.. (down to hi, own d..ughter.wi,'.. h,,'e hom.'-".

n

f..I.2. K7V 1.4 ,oj #-6

It h .. b.. n :u-gu«l th .. Ath int i, th e mother god who guo birth to th e "", n," of EI", Although ,h. i, k nown .. t he qllw ilm", "Mot h.. 01 the gods' '', how,,'''' it i, not Guite de .. in the Ug.>ritic texU wh«her

diocu<>ion on problem. 01 ,hi. ,,,"nll,Hiott ..-.d fo, mh" vi,w:., .... Wy .. , (1001, 83 n. 1.0), "i, would m.. n ,h", DOn. of lh. mile, >«end 1",.1 dei,." !u." ,h.i, own hom«, bee,"", lhey .11 live with ,h.ir p''''"''" ' "They .... iden,if;ed .. ,h. "~od.s" by lhi, " ,,,, , ., CI. KTIJ U v 39-10, l.4 ; 11_3; .. ,d 1 , ~ iv 51_3 . ., AnOlh" DN of KOlh>r (...-.d.H.si,), d . C ' quOl-S""y'" (197~, 98); del O lmo (1981 ; S41); Lpi';,ki /1988 , 137-11); and del Olm<>-S,"",,,,,,," (101).1, 3>0).

" Wym (100L 83 n. 60) . .. C.<SUlO (1971, S4), ","de,;", "Alhir... " ' 0 iii Hob", ... COUtll"p.>." "A0 lIT_S). " Th, ph ..... oc
<"'''',

%

LE5-IER DEITIES

ot her numerom god> o r ,h" r age n' "" 'ti", .re.1so her 'so n,' , Accord-

ing to KTU H vi 46, the group of Atbi", ', ",m num ber.! o nly",," en,y; , hm, they"", c. II.d .. th e lh'm /", aln, '",'en'y Son. of A,hi·

..

, ' '': "i>h b

blllh

ar)'h b qrb .W,

He (>c, BuI) ;n v;'«! hi, b,OIo", in lo hi, hou«,

(he invited) hi. kimmen into the midst of hi, p.I"". ; he invil.,J«. ,my Sons of A,h''''' '

C"'tlrUC1 U"'~; henco, Wym ",f' l"1 the ,"venty of t he god. to "an .lIu.ion t o the de,ign>tion o f the 1'=_ theon·"". Y.. , the.. interp",u tion, m.y produce som< problem" The fim proble m ... hich they pol< concern, imuffici. nt ",I"e ne<> in the Ug•. ,it ic , .. " , the '",,-e nly' ;, not ,"et (hI! al")' po= • qUet the -",,-e nty' .ignifie> the p~ntheon :md convoy. t he . ignilieane. 01 c05mologiClI origin. Mor. ",'", fu.>l i. por_ tuy.d as ....e k ing th e btl "I"" KTU 1.6 ,. 1.

1111 _3; Ph . q"h, DNWSI !OI~-c; Akk ,,"n~ , AHfJl 898; C-1D I.l[Q1 91 ; Ar, ,,"00, AEL 19'J~; Elh. ¥'''''Y" ' L«l>u (1987, ~37) . CI. ·m;",... · ' G""er (19)0 , 1M; I%L 17~); G . R. Dr;ver (19~, 93); · progenil""'·' G;n"",,, (1%9, !ll); · cre., ,.,,·, GorJon ( 1 9~9 , 18; 1%5, SI9 .11 ~ 9) ; G. R. Dr;,'", (19"'-', 93 n. 1, .herfUl;vely), Oldenbu rg (1%9, 18.9). " Wym (19"l8b 46) "'gu", ,h" UI. "" 01 , he phr.,., ;. !t>n>I.,ed b""er in ...me of """",' ""he, ,han 'chi]Jron' h,,,,, .", pvi"1 p""';ge (here to , 1<cund " G ..", (19~"", 58 ,nd n. 16). " ~'ym (1987b 393) , ,h, '~jXllogi<.J nun,he, oIludes to .. ·w.. """ oon,"!"u.li>«i '" «ven concem,i< 'phe"" or
moIh"r.

of ,.,-e"

K IKSl lIP OF LESSER DEITIES

"

The key to the problem here Ii .. in the loct th>! the .~ilic num_ ber i, on ly u>«l re>! rict ively lor Ath in,', I=er deiti... Thu, it m~y nOl .uppon Ath irat ', m, tem ity 01 the whole p. ntheon . But in = y c.... the fi li.1 ",I>!ion 01 the I"""r deiti .. to Athin< is di",emed in the phr ... bn at"," in the c. .. of the bn iI. In the desc ription" the I..",r deiti.. of At hir... re invited to come to the newly built p. l>,ce lor B.ul . Iter i" co n5truction i, completed. Here the", divine g",,", . re ide ntified ., B",I', broth." (a&b) or re l._ ti,'" (aTJb) in» much .. they occur in • p>nllt ruction, h. nc. th.ir kinship to Bul m~y h< ,uggested. In KTU 1. 6 i, the term aT)" i, used . 1,0 to indic. .. Ath ir>t', ",n" Ilmh h i

arn "' IHIh ill ... wrr ~,,'h

Let he< ",joioo no ... '''; Al hi,,, .. ,d 1><, "'n~ [I\< godol<s[ ""d [he d>n of he< k;,,,men

(KTUI6;19-11).

In the text th e th i,d lin. i, d<>eribed . ddition.lly to m. ke the '"" ond li ne deM , In th i, '"llan!. the phr... 11m "'yh is rd ... d in 1"',,[[.1. ism with Ug, I", h~ ' . IA.J. K71J 1.6 ,. 1-4

Their identity i, . rt iculated more b Y IHI orn rl>m )',"&1 b "1'

) 'jiJd

... foll ow.

B:ul « iud the Son, of At hi,>!; the V" .., 0,,","" he "ruck"· with • «imi· t>!"""

~,

de~rly

,

Wy .. , (1002 , 131) . ~' Albright (1931 , 197 n. ~ 7) nOI<' c",,,,,,,ly th" ,h. ~ry h ... 1"",lIeli,m with ,he a~h, "hi, b' OII><,,", >c . "B.t>I'. brothe,,". S<e t l>< t«t of KTU I.~ vi ~ ~ -I>.nd tl>< e«g< ~", .. , h ,ge", DUL 717_8. Cf. Heb. ~" HALOT 1171>-1; A,.", . rl< DNWSI1O~>31 ; Akx. ",bil, AHw 936-~O ; GlD I4jR1 26_37. ~'U, . ,"~" 10 "wou"d, I><>t, cru.h, kill", DUL ,~O_I ; Wy." (1001; I~O), "" ri ke". Cf. Heb. l"'""~ ' HALOT S71 ; Akk. m~I]il,,,, AH", SSO-1 ; GlD IC/l[M 1 71_ 8~ .

LE5-IER DEITIES

,f.< r>
,ru.c,'''., ,h< ,n,,11 0""" h, pull"" '" ' 0 ,h, ..... h.

C imberg h", co n"rurid dkym., ON, of . Oleh ' ingle deitym. Ag~im' thi, vi.... , de Moo r interpret> them cogently to he p.>r_ •.Hol<' , Wym (100.1; 140 n. 102); ",houlde., ,houlde. bl>ol<. "'imi, ... · , DUL (2004 , 469). I,;'. ilivin, ..... pon, W>t-iOn (19'6 S4'o-o1.); Vi,.· W"wn (2002, 14&-9) . O·C.lI:ogh.n (19,1), Ilord"uil·P.rde, (19'n (8); >nd Vi.. (1m, 442 n. 24) . ... It ",I", to A,. g.,!.f)'". " brill ....,', Albri~h, (1932, 2n3 n. 'IS); "'pi<,,, (1%1 , 22 4); loIIQ ..-ed by Wy.tt (l002 , 140 .. ><1 n. 103) . Thu,. i, "" y po ..... y ,he r>d;.", ,h 01 ,h, .... , Diik"", (1974, boI) .ond Gib"," (1978, 79); or, ',h"", "'ho .,'" lik, Y.",", del 01 010 (1981 , 131) , del O lmo-S>n"" ... in (1004 , 541). Fo, ,h, di",u"ion on oth" op i "io,,~ "'" de Moo, (197 1, 227); ~uot . S2rtyc" (1974, 265 n . c); .nJ del O lmo (198.1; 68_9) . ~' u,. pnd; """Hrued ... di,in< ~' .. po"; ,hu" "mx' or ooubi<-h'..w "". , de Moor (197L 135); del Ol"")&,,,n;. ... ," (1004, 785). '" U,. .gr. ',m>1l, d . Hnm."i" (2004 , 780). Bu, i , i, mo" """",,bl, to re"de. i, .. ",m. 1l on",", B.>u" (193~, 243), 101IQ ...ed by de Moo. (1971; 227); d< 0 10\0 (198 1; 231), Wym (2-:02 , 140). It ...ould be p!"}' ,erm to ,he rbm 1o • • b.>l .. ,,,,; ,hu" "g".>t (l..o.rv).-- ,m.Il ", d< Moor (i"'d.). ~~ u~. Y'">i!, to "pull', d. A •. A Et 2718; de Moor (197 1, 111); van Zijl (1972; 188. 117, 231), D.,tr.,h· Lo,,,, (1987, 20-1). Diff,,,,tlI ly, "ab .. • ,,,", Coquo<-Szny"" (1974, 26S ""d n . d); to ",,,,,,, pi, . ,ump", ~h 'l .>l i, (1980, II!9_90). "'Gin,be,!; (1%9, 141). '" De Moor (1971; 217), .1", ~uot.s""y"'r (1974 , 165 n. c) . '" Wym (2002, 140 n. 103). ~' u, .

cr.

yOU"'·'

""'""'it'"

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

With rog .. d to thi" in Wy ... t'. monogrAph, W.. son mgg. ... th.. "the meming of dle)'m m,)' porh . 1" b. found in Akk. deW, 'to mobi· Ii",' (... CAD, III [D], 113 _18 [Il., Ilb] AHw, 1b6(7) so th .. ..... would h.w the ..ri .. 'gre .. on .. _ , W'!TIO" _ , .m..ll on",'", Although the .. ymology of the term ,nd it> in«'l'reution rem.nn con;":tur.J,,. \l:l y... t no... "', hi, ide, i. nou bl •. If the ,upp<»nth oon , the text ,hould be ... n ., a de>
"n
m Wy.u (1001, 140 ,,_ 103)_ ,,, Wy>" (1001, 140 fl_ 103) , ' A, ,,'e h.v. mem"'" of ,h, p-""hv< indiut< ,h>l ,h, ...,.,od ""k is milj"ry in ch1t>Ct<,'_

,h,...

LE5-IER DEITIES

1.4.4. K7V 1.4 ii 21..Ji

ik "'g." "/i,,, H ik "'g)" b(t~1 '" mi?Y h", [ml(>.r b
Why'" h ... Migh,.,., B.ul oo m< '~) Why b.. V{i,)g;n An>! oom,) W;II my (<<. A,h; ,,,',) ,,,,i,ers"', [,)mit< my
'" U g. i1 i, b<", oon"ruN ""'''' propnn. 19 ~5 , 90, Go,don. 19 ~ 9 , 19; Ai"",i,,,,,,, 1'16-1; ]S, G;n ,bery;, 1%9; 131; Wy"' , 1001 , 9~), , .., be, ,han .. ·ho ... • (G. R. D n v«. 19,., 93; j ;'"U, 1%1 , ~ C; C>quot.>zny""'. 197~ , 198_9; G;bson. 1978; 37; r .. .-.!~'n ..."i« y, ~·b.,h m,y be ,,1;u.1 to ,h, tid 14-5, d . Wy ..u (1mb; ~3). 0"" of ,he po«ibl< ",>son. 10' ,b< , 1I;",;lof"Cfi 01 B.uI· A" ... :og,;n" A,hi,,", ', ",n, oru.y he lound in ,h,;, ro"'pl,;n" 01 ,h< "d no hou«. """'" dei,"" Iud , h , .. n,I",;"n .. , "'in;on "not· (Go« """, Z;j l (19710 83). ,,, · H", __ . con,,· (Goroon. 19 ~ 9 , 19; G. R. Dn,'«, 19,.; 93; Wy... , 1001; 9 ~ ) . d . - i, __ . oom;n,· (van Zijl, 1971; &3, C\e;c. 1976, 9; de Moo,. 1987, ~ g) . '" Gonion (19 49, 19); 'my sn,it<,,·. TIl< .,rb;] root nth/ b",.,. lIy dr-

"0"" to • ... ound. bu,. <""h, 0' "ill·, DUL 5~O-L U,. '"/ro' Iuobeen in",. P'««I ... ""un plut, L '."''''''n, l lJC.1 , 3~ I, 5-41); 0' 'my "",.,.,.. (Coq"",.£>ny<", 197~ , 199; G;w>n, 1975, 57, Wy.u. 1001; 9~) . Dif(,,,mly, ',,, , by m<· (de M"",. 19n ~ I ; 1987, ~8 ; Ca.", 1976; 9), 'Wou ld you mu,de, m<" (M . S. Smith, 1997; 113); ."d ',ho", ... ho ~' ou l d ,,,,i,, m,· ([',.-.!<, m.. nn (19 ~8 , 90); -. ,mi" ,· . mUg. hm h", b«n ..k<" ... 3. d u. pron .; , h u~ ,,>u",; -,h«l. more p, ob,bl)', '" "" inl<'''''Il''';' ' ,r'" ,be p, ««L " g ;"'ti,'< d."",~ th us, iJ.__ . ik; hm __ . hm. CI. de Moo, (197 1; ~ I), M. S. Sm;,h (1997; 113), ",d Wy." (2002; 9~) . ,,, It ."y b< ukn""",n (21)0.1; ~4 1_2).

""y,

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

'"

He ... it i, h.,dly I"'.. ible to iudge th.>t th e bn 'W' m>.y ineli.." the p.nt heon . ince the Ug:rritit .nd Athi"t', own Ie"., deiti ... Thm the thr.,., d.. ign.>tion, in KTV 1.6 v 1_4 prob. bly d.not< the unk of Athi",,', . gent deit i.., who .", killecl hy &.. 1 in divin. bat· >r. rn.)' be ",Lued furthor to the event J=:,ibed in KTU tie. Thi. 1.6 vi 10_11 .nd 14_5 '''. Tn. weight of this circum.unti.! evid.nce [e:od, to the condu,ion th .. the "",enty deiti .. indic.. e Ath i",, ', own I.... r deiti .. who are g.ner-IIecl from the godde .. her .. l!'

w.n

1.5. bn qJJ ~Son' of .he Holy O ne»

Whit" the ..me meaning i, to be di~rnM . lso in the bll qJt, "Son' of th. Holy One""', the ""ond element of the phr= p,,,,,,n" . n i.sue:u to whethor it ,efen; to the epithet of the .upreme god El or to th. t of mot her ~od. 1.5.1. KTU 1.16 i 9--11=

at' ." bnm II 'l'iJ ~. '{'it

'!I'"

Then (i,) Ker
,,, In .he 'wry it ",Iu,"" to how B>.tl might '''''e "'''" (",-,-ybe de.d) >.gem deit;'" of At hi, .. from tbe di" in< ......!.re "od ~i" .hem to Mo< for hi, '" KTU U i 21. J8; U iii{19_201 Ll7 i 3, 8,1 1)-11,13,!!; ""d 1.905. D1 con,,,, . like .he "" il. "So", of

"><"'.

El".

,,, It i, p.... lIeW wi.h KTU Ll6 i 11)-1 ""d LIb ii 48_9. '" U,. "flrtlily, oIl'pn"g.
">I,,

'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

It h .. bftn . rguM t h., t he I." t erm qdl in the text i. t he epithet of . goddo= "'. Ho,,"ev.r , it is res.rnJ..d more co nvincingly .. th e~· ond element of EI'. double i!pn '" qdt' V, i. p.rnl reg.>rd, the qdt of the />" qdJ ,efe" to EI . nd the whol. phr= bn

I

I

qdt doono'", t he t he<:>gon" ", I", ion of 1m" deitie. to th e .upreme god 1.5.2. KTU 1.2; 19--21

In f:oct , t.. ~r dei"", entitiM .. bn qdi occur only in a sett in g wi,h

which EI i, cl<»<10'"' II>' glmm l)'lb

Th<

LoJ,'" d
'"t

down'''.

,,, Thu" "A>her>" " (0<. Alhi, ..); G;n6-bO). '" Wig i.. (19'9 L 3119); Wym (19'98 b, ~~, 2001, 111 n. 203 ",d '>4 n. r S). '" Th'!.j1/J I!f'<' . ' qJ1;'", idg>nd.t ,h., ,h, king i, ,1q;>.I < >fI ,",h,n,ie rul· ing ,u,hori,y lrom ,t.< ,up"''''' KOO. A, ,oy ... t<, ,,", 1m il provide< > lil;,,1 .. n« to god. ". Mo,,,,,',,, , ,orn binod cli.i.., m.tl,·I<m>.i< 'J'i, h" ;.," unw.w.l 10m, >nd i, i, no< in >fly ",h" pi"", in ,h, U~ .. :l.lo rg.tli, (19I19 b, 3n n. II). U" qdJI m,y b< >dop<M to o..i~n"'. godd«, Wiggin' (19'91, 3119); h,.1", ",,,,,,b ,h" ,mo.,,1 i , "",,,, ;"nod "'. ri'" '"'' ,I",... h"". w~""' 1=<, doi, i" , ,,, c.ikd ""'" r.p. "1'C, d. discu""", abovt), 'hu<, i, i, h,nlly .... n th., A,hi", OCnd Akk. "M, AHw 1141 "3. I" du>.I lo'm indiu. ", ,.idomiy ,h .. ,h, """.. fi,,, goo. .." '" in p";,~ Fo, "'or< di>
Th,,.

",.,,,i.td

,h,

",,,,td

1>«",

ci,., ,<x,,

n,,,, ..

'"

KIKSl lIP OF LESSER D EITIES

J1:dt 1"'"') I Ik kr II

)'In

'" phr m" al' !1m IMm) Ylb btl <jdI I jrm

Tlhen (! hei'l f""", I "" ..,.inl ~ ,» !h, y ~ to .... nh !he div;oe '" mC>wll>in. tow~,d, the ~mhly of t h , munciL 11><0 god. '"~ do.,n '0 e"'~ ,he ",'" of ,I>< Holy 0,,,, (w do.,n) !he",,,,I,'",, "'-

to

f,ed

Th. b" qdt;, identifiod", t he ifm, "gOOs"'M, thro ugh i" p~r..JI<1ed construction. At this ",e ne t he anony mou, I,,,,,, "g<>
1<."

'" The oq>; .. iv< fo",", 0/ ,I\< "'p",,,,ioo;, >dd""",d qui« em ph" ic;.lly. It n»y indic» , . qui,k ... "",ns< of ! he ... ,'" gOO, to..-. o ..d", ~i .en fmm ,hei .. god. '" U~. )'lb, to ",i, do~·n. ,oke. "' .. on ,h, 'hrone. io,,>l1 on«-. DNW~1 473_5; Srr. yi"b, Brockelm""n (I%/" 311_1); ..-.d Akk . • 'dMb. , AH", I~ SO--I; GlD l/l[A) 3&6--408. Fo .. oth.". po<Sibl< ">n,l.".,n~ -de l.y·, Wy .. , (2'~L 60). Thi, "ron m.y ... gg«, ,h .., ,I>< '«'"' goill ... er< '''I'l''''< wn«"'M in 'wo oppo«d ",0"''' ei,h" .. n'l:"i,'e "(do) not __ .• 0 .. "",.,e.!i,'e "(do) "",,,ioly· , Go,don (IWoS, $9.19); D>hood (1%5, 11_)). I, i, used her< in ,he 1>"... ",n .. ,in« we '"p<m '0 I>< ol>< ",;d ... il ..., lI<, ,h", n d . dotl Olme (1981 , Srl); M. S. Smi,h (19U); and Wy.u (l9'!k U S..;,; 19%, 4~ ; 2001, 58 n. 10 1). '" UI. I,m. !O ...." feed 00",,11", DUL 931 . Ci. Akk. L",l",,,, AH", 1184_ S; GlD l r I llS ) ~ g..9; M . 10''''''', AEL 335 . ,,, KTU U i 20, )r; U iii 19; .,Id i, occu", p.>roJleled ~' i!h ,he btl ",II, >I,., to dtscrih< ! he ....... de;!;" ""ho >te ",,,,ed io ,he " mple b~ D.nel in KTU 1. P i 2, 6-[r~ 9-[101 11 .. ,d 11. n"y "" .. di,in, medi"o" bet",."n D..,el .00 B.ul, for /u"h" di",u".,n. d . ·MOOi"o, Dei!;" in ,h, U~"';! i< T",,· in Ch.p''' V. ,,, The""", dei,i« ,mi!led ... ,I>< btl '{'iI, ·Son, of !1>< Holy 00'· , .", idotn,ifoed" ,he ilm, -god. ... " KTU 1.1 i 19_11, '"IL; oJ "" ,he 1m 01", -Son,

n,,,,,.

,.,k

LE5-IER DEITIES

The notion th~ the Ie"", doiti •• .,e holy (qds) m~y b< de ,iwd fro m the acknowledgm.. nt th>1 EI i. holy. Th. ~nci.nt Ug.,iti~m might hove ev.!u>t..! the , b",xt 'lu,lity of the god. to be holy from thei, undern.nding of divine ge netic •. T hm, the ",n.god. m,y b< deI<.m in"! ., holy god., following their I"h,,-Sod', >1tribul<, '<'Cog' ni",d from hi, epithet qdl, They or< p,iv il memb< .... ThUl, the ph,~", blr qdi m.y , 1", in· dic.1< the I..... god.' m.mb< r:>hip of the p:mth
So,-. ....I Ug.,it ie term . indic." the kin.hip f<1~t ion of I.."" dother god of the I...., do1 the god""" Athi", h .. hOf own ",n god" hn il!" (KTU 1,3 v 36_. Q; 1,4 vi H -6; 1.6 v 1_.; and d . H ii 21 _6).

1<." ""e

2, TilE O unA'AItD A PPEARANCE OF L ESSER D Ell'IES INTIiE

U GAltrnc TEXTS

In ' egard to th o "'!lument of the kimhip ",btion 01 I."", dotion of th .i, -homed" or ",,-inged" oppear, 'IDe< i, cruei.1. In thi. ' «peet, iconogr>phic.! com p.";,,,n wi ll b< .m· ploy..! fo, the doge, extend..! to!' iI aM '" of A,hi",, ", ",fer< ' 0 ,he ilm, '~C>ds' in KTU U . 38_9, eK

Gu~

""d U~>c, ,he m,,,,engto ulled . 1<0 ,h, ilm in KTU U iii 31; LS i 9,
,

'" Ug. Jr, 'null ' , DUL 930. Cf. Heb. .,,:, HALOT 1.51_); Akk . Ja," , AHw !l&!; CAD 1!/3[S] 369. Thi • ..,im>! [erm i. u«J, ..';[h [he ;.by, .1", fo r

KIKSl lIP OF LESSER D EITIES

lOS

("Bull EI, yom F.rh.r1, !T il "hh '" ("Bull EI , hi. F.r h!., EI ... the progen itor of oth.r god, 01 the p, ntheon ''', Accorn ing to the .p ith«. 01 the I.. her god, I.. ~r god, m>y h< . ugg. sted to h< ;n hom ed lorm, In I.et, th
m;\i,UJ' , ."k< 01 ""'t!>.! ",ldi,,,,, s!> lb'm I!Y 1m">", ;bY)', ·c.1I my ",,'.my Bulls. my . igluy G.,.,n,,· (KTU LIS iv 6-7). For m in,>.! ",m, u...J.,
,n 0 10"0 0",, /1%9 , 18). '" Ug. bo." M.'f. Anoth" l1",io"" '0 EI'. <",,,, ivi,y at, in tun" of """""ion ..-.d P"'" nity". HO~''''"I"' . • nd in • n",.Pun;': in"'';l''ion .. ul"i, M ..yu (,nd .Is<~·h."" < .. P,I"'Y"j , , h. phm. 4" 'rs, "Cr<>lO' 01 th ..."h', , ... I." to EI (pop<, 19S5, 25, S2-4, >nd d . do Moo,', b ibliog,..,hy, 1980. 171 n. 3, on thi, vi.w) >lthough th, «p'""ion i. not .ll«lM in U~"';, ic . Oth<" >rt >Iso w,win«.!'" vi<w«l. EI ;, ;mroJOClO" 0' "P'OC".,o ," (KTU U • 9; 1.10 iii 5). CI. J" Moo, (19so.) . ,,, U,. M m.y to< " I.. «I!O th, rOO! 1>0)'. to "o"i ld", DUL 133-4 . CI. H.b. "'" HALOT 1l9; Ph ., P"". , Ar>m. 1m>, DNWSl I 7S; ,od Akk . I>w!~,

."b.>I

LE5-IER DEITIES

The .ncient Ug.riti.m m.>y h,,'e '1SSoci." d the "I'p".rmce of 1.,«, deiti"" with the Creator god'. 0' Father god', im ooge. T hus, it m.y h< sugg<sted thot if El h",. homed im:tge like . bull, h is 1.... r deiti"" t hen m. y h< h orned like thei r fot h" god. In some c...... t h i. un h< inferred fro m t he ,"Xi<, >.lthough it i, ""mew hat con;..crur.lL 2.1. KTU 1.2; 11_3

Th< t heriomo rphic .f'I'<.r>ne< of I.,..c deit ies occur" mJ~1:m

)''''*.1''''

l~dI !p! "",)

Ib) 'I,' 'I"m .," 'mlOl )

Me<Seng.,.,'" Yam ".', [, h, erub"",y'V of JuJg.'" N>h". J '~ Wi,h ~r<>' "ioi
n, ... '"

cr.

AH", 103, GlD 2[B183-"~, .. ,d .boo, 9~_ S, Akk. M.D , ''''''!o'' beg««r' . Th",. 5onm.,"n (200-1, 159). Cf. Heb. HALDT 836-r, Pun . 'I!, DXWSJ 863; Akk . • 11,", .bu; A fm1 100, I ~ IO-I; CAD ~[EJ 88, 110, Th, ph ..." 'II ~". "'-"""" hp<, I",,·,,·, UT §19.li.SO, dol 0 1"'0 (1981, 1&3); W Y'!l (1001, 57); DUL 635. Cf. Ar. ""lara, AEL lSn -l , Sy', Brock"l· mann (1966 , ~ ~ 1 ) . Thu •. M. S. Smi,h ( 1 99~ ; 183)
ro,

cr.

''''0

"f""

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

U! lbr oplt,"

•

'''''nin ~·n

01

'"

,h, ,Ii,' w 01 ,h,ir

""",,'''. '«'it h reg. rd to the p",viou< lin .. the I.,t ph"", U! Jhr aphm h.. ~n rKogni<e< · th . bill, of th. ir be.k, (op
"I" ""y 'bl! in ,h, ",m'01ic 1.,1d of .vi." fligh,·. Dill,,,,n"y, ,h, -,,,,-ii, on",', Oldenbu,!: (1%9, 191 >nd n. 8), -"",ur', Coqu"..s,n)'Cer (1974, 128 ,nd n.~;

ioHoWN by M. S. Smi,h (1994, 265. 83). ,,, Th, ,·i~h l, only up ,0 ,he «<end OOMon."" wh,,,, ,h,y'''' r..d .. l{ J (CTA) or J>.[ J (KTU'- KTU' uk< ,h,m '0 be Jnim J (d . C-1RTU a .lfmm D; "he'''n', Oidenbu'l (1%9, 191). Cf. de MOXIr (1987, 31), "he,v,nW',,,I<' , which ""y P""'uwo>< • ",>ding 01 j"m[mh ~ 10ilo.,N by Wy.u (2002, 37.00 n. 9;F). H' U'- .1; -"'0"' '''' ' Oid!.S,.yce, (1974 , 128 .. ,d n. j, ,hu~ I< -brui, ! te l,,· ing!O Ar. '0/)", ,0 -,m;, • mNning or c"'king """.d' ; .. , MWl, -"",k, moon' (iEL 66, M''1,]i" 1980, 94; ,nd 'imil>tly, del Olmo, 1978, 45 ,00 •. SI; rli,!. >Iso ,,> Heb. (::)::M' BDS 3L Dif· I,,,,n!ly. Ar. 'M!". "b",ok. rup (19SL 514 ; f<>r ",hor v>riou, opin;"n., = 1984h, 159 n. 383); "B i"".', R'nfroe (1992, 84_5. ,o""",,i.g ,<> Ar. 'aool~,!O "bi«!. "n.,..,·, M. S. Smi,h (1994, 1M, 284); "'pm. holf ,ubi,', deI Olono-S,non''''n (1C().1, 123) . '" U,. lIN, de,iv«i lrom ,h, .JIb" !O -b"' ... • (d . H,b, "", HALOT 1401_4 ; Ph .. M,m. JbI"o D,VWSI llC5-c; Akk . M~r" ; AH", 1106; C-1D I7ISI1J 146-~); ,hu" "opening'; del O lmo-S"''''''''n (2()O.1, 898) . Th, rlw "I>IIm m.y de"",. -,h,i, """rill', Oldenburg (1%9, 191), Wym (2001, 5;F). DiUor,.,ly, ... ,'" b, ,0 'b",ok' , M. S. Sm i,h (1994 , 284). '" Ug. "I'. - """,,', CoqUO!.s2ny<<< (1974, 118 ,,>
leu,,. .'"

"""ce,

LE5-IER DEITIES

the pro'pen of rec.iving instruction. from th.ir m»t.r_ ture before "".iv ing in"ruction, from their >g . re gi".n· '~, In the Ug.ntic tex" el><where, in fw, they .re picturea 'p!"r, ently.,. winged form'~, HowO\'ge of bre.,hing from their nose'" like raging bull •. rather th.n like biro.. A,. ",.ult, it c.n be interpmea th., the >ge nt deiti.,. ". exceedingly re.dy to fly up before receiving the imtruction •. Therefore, thei r 0pp<".nco m.y be mgg",u «i .. . theriomorphic form, "ken from bot h . n ovim im>ge '" and • bull, Although the me.. .. ng .... . re Yam'. I""",r deiti .., the conclu.ion ab>troct«i from the di... eu,';on m.y . pply to the shap< of other >gent deiti ..... wello Cup.., .nd Ug", divine m",senge" of B:.;d. h.v. betu l.ted » being wingea"'. In addition, th e flying function m.y be recogni.. d among the ""', ond g<>, B•• I 'rnd An>!). In icon". graphi.. of B..ul, he i, shown >ometim.... homed '" (d. KTU 1.101,(,) M_ S. Smi,h (1'r14, 184)_ '" Wy." (lOOl, S! n. 9:»_ ,.. 0. Moor (198!, J l n. OJ) rightly mmmen" on ,he "pr Jm(m J '" lin' 11 [n .. -,he m<<seng't< look d" lorm olhirm-. Th. "" "lling of divine "'«"'fig<" Mer • lon~ di .. ",,, ouy .llude to ,hei, flyin~ (u"",io" . ... Hene, ... 'b",,,h i n~ , .. i,I,""",,,,-, de l 01"", (1981, 169, St4) . ~ , Fo, [he dti,;'" in .vt.n lor",. ef_ Korpbly) 1.9_11, 1.l0 iii, ",d D _lI _.\/,_ In ,h, cylinder 01 RS 11.010 (in '>ch>
,<x,

..,>1,

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

or winged '" (d. KTU 1.';;',&"'). In KTU 1.18 An~ h.",lf i. ,bout to In hov" . mo ng, flock of f.Jcon< .nd h.wk. 0"" A'lh>t (d. iv 2 1 ..,y "'ent, Anat ' pp'''''''' flyi ng" , thu" >h< m. )· b. di",.m«l .. b.ing in , winged form ~' ,nd , 1", " b.ing homed ..•.

n,

ho",,,·k qlindr. fogur< 1< di,u B>.tl < p=nd pl. XVI; 19~9 , 121 _30 ,nd pI. XXIV; Yon. I9"9L 19~ _ 9 ""d no . IS; 19"97, 1 ~~ ..,d no. 18; .1", d . Com,'iu~ 1'19 ~; 135_g). C/. • fol n (3) i" sill b'l (10,) ·B>.tl of .. wing·, ,h .... ·win~eJ· B.ul (dol Olmo-S",m."in. llJC.1 , ~SO) . '" 11>< ,h"", ,.ido""" is do«,il>nd ,,, • • ,Ikd in lIigh, · ; >110, d. KTU 1.I0~ . 1!-9. U~. ";I oon"ru«l. pr. ~'ln ",m, Up,;'ic cylindor ...1., An" is I',ured ..... i" g«i'" ,he cy lin. do, num. RS S.CI!9 (on sur<.u ni do"" It< ", ..."" d' Ah-So"x· (;btL 16). ~. In KTU 1.10 ii 11_2 .• h, ;. pon"yeJ " h."ing her own horru, ~,. Jb../k bill 'nl ~r" Jba/I' b'l JmJh, · Y"'" monl hom •. Virpn A",,; y"'" ."on~ hom, 1« B.ul ... oim· (d. W)'.ll. 2002 , 157). So< R.S. 5.0S'J, ,,·i,h. horn,d h
,n

<""'"' ••""

,<x,

",It

'.1'.

no

LE5-IER DEITIES

2.2. KTU 1.12 i 28--32

In the t neogonic contoxt of KTU 1.11, EJ i,

c~lIrJ

amI,

'our I... hoc"

(KTU 1.11 i ~) by two dmghter d.i,i.. 01 hi, ow n (,Il III'" 'iT~. ·T~It.h M.iillernllt '" of y.,in", and Jmg} ami aJn, "Dimgay ~bids off'pnng to h. ... hom" Thu, the ,"xu ru n, itm )'1' ~ 'm,h .. bltm ~'"m 1m j,m '" ghll 1m IMm

EI prodtim
Th. n.I I".' of t he prosen)' are k now n ... t ho " kim" ', . . .... ,, "'".

and the 'qqm '''. -devourers "'·"' , Their bovine ' fOIi" provide ~'id.nt Iy

"'.id"',.... m· '

DUL ~4 . CI. H", . 'me DNWSI 70-1; Akk. AH", ~ 5 ; GW !/l[A1 SO-S. '" U,. , i, b"';o;.lly "ov!&' •• gil'.!". gil'Julu, AH", 181. 1%-1; GlD S/:G] 84. S. Di ffl' (1001; 1i.J n. 9) . ,,, KTU U!; 16,}/,;."d 1. 11 ii " . ,,, U g. 'tl, to "<>t. devour. ron,u""" nuk< u'" of, ur", DUL 43. CI. Hnd 37.

,.. UI_ '''"' ' "(I,male) ,"""ant.

,<, """"""

am'.,

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

'"

a due to the theogonic ,..,Inion,hip of the le.«, deiti., to their

" hom.d" fathe, god. In tni. reg.rni, the I,m may denote EI him .. 11 here '" '" Ug. IT OCCU" "" .n .pit het 01 EI '~, Summary Th. out .... rd 'pp". r=« of Ug.ntic 1.,«, deiti., i. ou!lll""ed, in the Ug.ntic text>, to be homro on the ba<.i. of t he epithet of EI iJr ii, "Bull EI") fo, they .re the .on. of their f.. hor god EL Th.i, ' Pl"':>r.rnc< i. also referred to •• be ing wing..! (KTU U i 11 _3) . The", th.. iomo,_ phic lorm. 01 lesse, deiti .. be.. the kin,h ip rel.tion 01 bser deiti", to the .uprem. god. The flying fu nction of the ",cond gods i. found in the Ug.uitic texU (KTU 1.4 ii 12.... , 21 _4, progen ies to h,,'< no,m, Th ... indienion. condude th .t tne I""" dei· ti.. h. ve . lili.1 rebtion to EI ,

'" u" '<1<1'" occur< . . . p>T>lIoIn",", ... in (2COI , In), -de""""i,'e (o,,",)". from the ';''1'/. rel>ti"& to A,. ' _ (A£L 109S-7). '" Thei, "uprid trai,,- .t"> wnltrupl. com",unication • • up)'0"" convinc;ngly the "kinsh ip' conc",.;on 0/ I",,,,, deit;'" with EI i" thei, .PP".....,e<; then."" on If i. u"demood as .. , eneiitic Although it! j»,.>ll, lg<" E]", ,pith",. it «e m, • plau'ibl' «en.';" , In any us<. the 1'" j, related ,.idemly to th, hQ",ed image 0/ Ie...." deit i... '" Yah",eh i. de><:ribe,d .1", as ho,ned Deut 33.17.

'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

CoNCLUSIO S T O C HAPTER II, P ART I

,<x"

In t he Ug.,,;, ;, the titl .. of I.."" dr< c.JIM "I. _ ther" or "m"'""" , A. the ir progeni.., thei r 'pp<~r>nc<. ore depicted '" horned and winged From th, ,,, it i. ""pliei' tn>! the . gent deiti•• ar< ",b .. d d"",ly to their geno"ltor god. ... divine f.m il y . Th, ,,, !O n, of god, h.". their ow n po.ilion. in the d;" in. council 'r nd th ey ~ .. invoh'ecl in the divine con ni,,, in .. gon! to th e divine kinphip, "ki ng ">ge nt' rol""

f.""

PART II. K ll
In the Heb ..... Bible it i. not diffic ult to fi nd .. plieit ",f
1. Til E KiNS I HPTl!RMS FO R L ESSER D EITIES ISTIIE H EBREW BI BLE

Since so me H. brew «rm. indic.lte the kim hip " I.. ion of I."" , deiti.. to t hei, ,up"m. god, it i. n.ce,,",",}, to invm ig. « th e>< term . t h.. oc· cur in the Heb", ... Bibl•. 1.l. 1I'lk(i"T) '~ or II~ '~ ~s.on5 ofGod H

Although it c>n be . problem.. ic . rgument ,..h .. her th... "p",,,iom de note ' ge n<>logic>l "I.. ion,hip or > g. ne,ic tit I. '" of I...., deit i... it

,,,,,,,,,u.«l "' .

~ ' Th, :-"""1:1) .,~ might be d<si~n"ion of d=ific1!ion, ., ><en in ~:~ -" . the "Babyloni.",· (f.",k ! l .15); :·M·:l.~ 'l:. the "pt,,!,he,,'

(1 Kg. l .l); '" N, ... ",m (I'Jon

1" ~

.::. th, - n...Jr · (p. 72.4). Ole Albright (1%Ii" !l); l~ S); Av;,hu, (1'i"94; 7S) . Ho ... ««. it i. undt",ood prob. bly ... mythologi<>1 " 1'",';"n in th, rome"" G. Cook< (1%4; 14). Cf. j=ro..' (1 898; 10'1) , , ,,,,h term . .. -""n' ."d ·d..>.u~h"r· in th, m)'!hologi<>1 con"" .r< "<mployM in >II Sem iti< I" ' gu_ in .. fi~ur .. iY' sense. to indi<>l< • d<-

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

i. app,rent ly .n:01ogou, to the Ugaritic title bn iI(m)''', which play • • n impon."t role in the UgMitic mythology ""d wh ich indic..,., > fili.l rel.tiomh ip between l. ... r deiti., :rnd t h.ir mm.. god 'v.

1.1.1.

w,,,,,.i. 6.2, 4

Th • .unbiguou< '~ ""premon of :";'~N (:"I) 'I:

. "',

",,,

'ppe." in

Cen 6.1 and

:'M~ r,1l: ... :' ,r,K~ ':: ...,', ':M ~=~ ~'=: 0,"", "i'~ ~:;, ,,:::::

'=

,h, .'"''

Then of God '" S>W ,h, drugh",.. of Ad>m; fo, I.i,'" (... , ...) th,y, '" th,y ,ook for the""",lv"" wiv"" Iron, :011 ,h", they ,~ .. ,~

'"~~ . ,~

~',

~~~

~"

~ ," ,

.

_ .... ~

M ___ , . ~-

..

M~

_ ,~_,~

,,,

-

~ ,

penden' """,ion of ",me " '' ' • . Th ... ~ n .. y ,onuin both ronnou,ion, of ,h, "m<mb<"hip" of deit i", in. divin, group .nd ,hei, -ki" ,hip" wi,h ,hei, 00 ... tet god '" Ci. Hng! ,h..,logy of "mon",hei,m ". H' 111< in"'P'eu,ion of the term h.. been one 01 ,h, "" ....1crue« in ,he OIJ T«t"""'''' "udi"" Cole,an (1941, 4&&); Newn",n (1984). Thu<, dive .... in"'P"""ion, h.ve b<,n made of ,h, ph, ... , d . Edinger (1979, 65). " , For the g0-9) ; Kline (1%1); Cu..,hillo. (1%9); CWUIO (1973 ..); Ch"", (1979); v." ('.. me",n (198 1), We"erm>oln (1984_6, [1 1363- 83); H,ndel (1987>; 1987b). ,0< 0.- "god,", W«l<,m""n (1984-10; [1 13M). u, Th, fem., pI. fo,m of ,h, H,b. ''::':, '0 0b< ple="" >j!,«.bl" &<><>dr.i," (HALOT 370-1), p'''''''y' ho"" the f,male mo,... I, ..... fi,ure.l C""utO (1%1,194).

,h,

cr.

n.

LE5-IER DEITIES

Tn. N"I'hilim '· we", on , he .. "h in tho« y., ""d .. .., .1.. ,

, h.. -

<""'" in "n,o , h. d>u~h",.. 01 "'.Lot, and

... he,,'" , II< oon. of Goo ,hey 00" (child",,,) '" lhem;

, he)' .,'''' ,h< m;Kh,y 00<<,

~'ho

(""'''') of old. m,,,, of lh, "-'''''' .

In th... P' ''''ll<<' m,le deiti .. uk< fe m~l. h"m. m .. thei r wiv ... who b..r th.ir ",no. Due to this divine·hum.n reb tiomh ip, ""cordi ng to th e 01 the mythic.l t radition b mor_

;"""';'Y 01 ,he :'7.' . • "'tlholog"," ,,", ... on. i, not k""wn now , It oce"<> >pin in N um J3.33, """,rib«! .. ~;..,,, (d. LXX). -wl>oo< dt"",,_ ,,, The

cr.

dam. ,",.;v«i ,ill ,h, d.y' of Me,"" ""d )o<1lu.·_ A. -huto (1% Ie 198), ,hu., "1.11,,, 0"""' T atgwn JOOat"," . Th.y art t<1,,,<;, u"de ",ood .. "ml"',"I, C. " uto (1%1 , 198). W"""m",," (198~ ";', [1 ) 377) "pl'; .. , h .. . . ~b "'>! originally . p,inei. pal .. n"n"" in , h< ,Ufrati ,.." anJ • . ~a .oJ • . ok .... ... e;rcum".",ial .. n· ""''''' ••. ~b «PO'' ' ' «<1"'"C< 01 ' ...0 "" ion," (l< . v . .. and • . ok}. In ,h, 10m" ~b ""'ur< .. a , ubotdi" ... W..".mao,,, (198~";', [1] 361.) . ;,,,,, ,h. ""q"""c< 01 w . 1_1; • . ~b, ,nd • . ok, 'hu" • . 3 .. ,d v. 4a at< pl...,
pt"""'

"X" ...

""""n«.

,,...,1>.

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

us

tol."'. it c.n !>. more prob~bly idon" I) the distinction !>'twun divine md hum .n i. conf=d by h"'ing in«r· eou,,", with fem . le hum.n,; and 2) there is no mention of t he ",I"ion· 4ip b"t",.. n Yahweh and th"", entiti ..; y.hweh h", no role in th i. event " ' , Yet th ... problem, c.n be ,olved if their identity i, comidered wit hin the mythologicil con«xt ,ime there 'pp<" the rem:nm of . n ..dier mythologic..! tndition "', \) the «xl< ..11 of. di,ine im p"'gn" tion: it ;, not "'''' to ~ the anthropomorphic motif of the :mc;'nt h...

Do""

,,, Cf. Poo l.. (19.2, 295); Bi,ney (1971} 45) . '" This ,'i<w j, (. . ou,ed hy ,be m.joti, y 0/ iR1erprdi .. tinction '!O tbe : 'lM(~) '"',:, Cf. Child< (1%2, ~S9) ; W, H, Schmid'. (1%7, 2.1-6); L:. ...,,, (1%7; 1%8, 11-18); Cunchillo. (1%9) . "..J. >Ome view ,h, ph,.,., .. "'ng.h", De lim< bein g ,ngel,·, [" (>e,. i , i, not to ",f" ,h. ph,...,!O ·",gel," , ;n« it only con,,;n, th, lill m<>"ing o/·"....,..ng."· ' """ lexic,] di",""ion of ,h. l<,m in Ch,p''' ilL Th", i, un be und! ,h, ,m of C"", 6,1_. ·com'; n, t WO n"""iy", 0/ diff.",m o,ilin ' , thus_ ·one i, P""'[Y inin~ ,h, o,,~in of ,he ,i. ,n,,·, ,nJ tbe ",hor i,. ·my,hic,] "00')' ,hot told 01, d"'g'rou, ,c.""g",,,ion of ,he bo""o. of tbe hum"" ",>!e by t he "'''' of God tlur. cau5<'d Goo to in· ",."",' ,!lut i, c"h" to b< d<,i",d from t"" ",me tr.d it ion . if ~., "" ,h" ,0< :'':-0, >tid ,h< 0"'1'':' ,t< indic"ion, of ,he ... ne P"'Il,ni« ,h" h,,'e ,,,,u[,ed fro", ,he hum,nodi.in. "'[>tio""hip, In I""t. ,he 1m" d<",,,,,,,, th, fU""tion of t he : '7"',

iI"".

'1'1""1''''''

"xer "' W",,,m,,,,,,,

""tn,

'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

",." genomM from god. in tn•• ncien' 1 ....h "'; hence, it can br understood .. the .ut hor', theolog ical in.. rpm.,ion which i. in'pi",d from m . .. Iy biblie..! demonol"'llY in ornoe to expl. in t he , ...>on for the immor.llity of hum." b.inS' h, it probably indic.'« divine b.ings "', Th. '''''tll.l context con',,-," with the argument of Sarna, the 1: "n.. no biologic.1 imph,";on but h .. the ..,n", of ' b.longing to the el ... or·'~. I-[owe,'«, the ~'~~II(;') 'l~ he r< conno'", not only the m<mb< clJ ip of I", .. r ""iti"" hut . 1", their theogonic ",I"ion to the ,upr<me god, in..,much .. the I:~I<;-; .' 11~ i. contr..,tingly juxupo..,.j with;t to "P"''' the diffe",nt origin of <""h entity. Th. g
m e/. Del;,,,.,h (I SSg., 133); Sk;nn" (1910, 140- 1) . C"'UlO (1%1 , 19'1)

,h;, mOl;f to ,he G,,,,,,,u, (,.oJ< (Sh>h. , ""d Sh.l,m) ;n ,h, Ugar;l K: "m. Ho,,·ev
0" ,h ... god, >boo" '" A, ·dtmon," , Del;t"""n (1888:< 115...,). <;,in& K, ;]. s", Gibson (1981_ 1, [ I) 161), ,h, :' '''''' (~) ':: .,'''' 'r'" of ,h, fk>od n.. .....,;v<, 10 inc", ... th, ·,;n, ful """, of nun 1><10 '" ('.00" (Child<. I%L 58), A,..,y D." th, fin>! fo rm of ,h, rg .... ,h .. " ;1 ..... mort p,oo.bly undt",ood ;" • gen<";" "',,"', ,h, of God('j" "'" ,ho", who ..... of ,he ".lIm of tn< god5, who p.,.,>k, of dioin;,y"; and h< "Y' >Iso ,h ... "Th,,..,{Ort, [h, v;"w tlu, fil;,,) ...1.,,,,, ;. P"""Rl h,,, mull depk .,..um"" by >n.tl"l}"",

,,
"<0",

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES ""Iv., through thei, h t he, god; hence, t he de..:,iption. ~llude to the kinship ,d.t ion of the deiti.. to th e .upreme g<>tl. Th.,efo"" the term C";+II(~) "J : m.y '.'ry the (onnoution o f the memb."hip of t he I", .., deiti., in the h ..venly council ", well '" the p,im.ry meoning of their fili...! rel.tiomh ip to t he oupreme god

1=,

1.1.2.

D<'Uleronru"yJ2. ~

o.ut J1.8 :mume, .... imil..,. construC1ion. Th. ""ng of Mo~ in t he text .llow. t he legit imate func tioning of ot her go&; fo, ot her propl ... I'or thi" it h .. b.en ,ugg<sted tht t he ': "~~II (~) "J~ o r :~II "J : i. to b. ",..:I in the text, ~ ~

... ..... '-.. ~

,. I' , .

"

"' .. , ~

Wh,n"" Elyon'" g"e,h, nation, (, h<;r) i nher~.., « . ... h
Whilst MT re..:l, t he I"'t ph~ following th e term 1t:~r, .. ~In=" "J:, """n< o f h,..,I", LXX unde ... unds it ., ~HiJ.",,, 6<00, ".In· geb of God", which prerupp<»<' ,h. =" :l7N(~) "J: 0' C~II "J : , """n, 01 G<>tl"'" or """n, 01 g<>tl,,,,. Other evide nce> .upport t hi" Qumran (4Qo.ut)x<, Symmachu., . nd O ld L.. in, etc. Thu., the 1m.. reading more d.,rly exp<»<. th e inten,ion 01 'he phr.Heology in ... (on""" i,'o

'" H.b. : - i",rOO""'"'. "mpor>l infoni,ivo·d ... "," ... i,h. -"mpor>l "0,ion", IiALOT lOS. ~ , Or, • M"" High" '" • Jivi .. 001 , m. 7%). re, 0. Moor (1997 , 156 n. 131) , ugges" ,hat ,h •• :,,~ "'''' ",moveJ from ,h< H,b" ... ,ex, I",,, on, '" in DOS« ':-It ':': or ~""~ .::; ,h .... Wym (1996, 3-19-10) , ....,,'"', .. i, '" '",n, 0/ EI"; .nd d . G. A. Smith (1918, 341");.nd N'~''''m (1991, lH). '" Qun,,,,n ",>
q".,

LE5-IIR DEITIES

p ... lleli,rn with t he ph ",~ ~ ;Il 'J : , ·so n. of Awrn', Thus, Wy.u expl.im the r• .,.,n thot the C ';-;~Il(;-;) 'J:: ... 'ol&r god, h''''i ng been t",,,,fo rmed in to . ng
'i'i' T '" "'~ "\,~ I< h. not you , f., her, you, «""0"") l":" '1-" ~,~ H. ",.de yo u ""d .,u bli
01>"" ,,.,,,

1>,,,

:, In >ddi,;on, Wym (1m, 3';0) ,h .. "Ang,l! in ""lone, .'" oo", monly ,f.< Xods 0/ ,he oldenheolo&Y· . .. H,b. ~'i'. 10 'acquire, buy, .. ,d ",,.,, ' , HALOT 1111_3; W. H . Schmidt (1?97bo 11 47_9, incl uding hi, bibliOj;r..,hy fo, ,hi, po«ible ".",1>. t ion; .nd 11';1_3) . ]" n",anin&. to ·c"''''·, i, , Iso in t he u'>g' of U" qn.-, 10 ""'quire, <..... ,h.",lore, < ,uKi!<"ed, W. H Schmid, (ibu1., "'p., 1147·9; lot b iblic.1 ",f."",,«, d . Gen 4.1, 0.", 32.6; P. 139.13; .. >hood (19rL %) poi." au, ,h, «",.mi< l"r>l I. ii<m bet~·..,. and 1': G•• po1. 1 fonn) in v . 6 ""d b<'~''''n Ug. "b .nd III in KTU U iv 47· 8 (.... n . I, ,00",) , Th .., . ith", ,h. ,,,,n,l.,ion into "u",w," (Nn1 or 'prOV"iw ,' ~'y .... 1m, 147) would b< ",cbli,h', HALOT < ••.A" de"",,,, ' «",,,', d . UTS 19 .1213, WUS no. 133';; and DUL ~~7. Wym (2002, 155 .nd n. 23) t he ,I,,, of ,h. UI. )'11I '" KTU I. l r i 2'; " to "b<-gn [0 "",ubli,h'; t hus, IT;I ab)- . Bull II my f"",,, . boy""." 0 C","o,-o/-<",,,u,,,,, • . yt. bolo b bI,,,, ,h .. ),., ""y boS" • "'" ;n h" Oou ..

"",,,,ed

'"

.1""

oon",,,,,,

(KTU 1.17; 11_1) .

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

'"

g<>ted"'. God', ueativity, or hi, procreativity, in hi, ..ddre» to the "peopl.' in v. 6 m~y he opplted to hi, "I"" er god," ...... 11. Returning to t he text. the role 01 the presuppo..,.j =";"!'::N (;"!) "I:: or C ~N .:~ i, deu:rihed h.", ... "ogen .. executing ~ Oi,-ine eommi"ion' ''', >c. "ruling god,' or "guordi.n deiti,," 01 the .. rth '''. In the . :.ch 01 the n>tion, ond the territori", ". ",,,nged hy the 1'" , ~, "Elyon ' ''' . ...lloc.,ed to e>ch of hi> divine '!l.n .. '" (el. the eel."i.1 ..." I"'e 01 Mieh .. 1... ith the n .. ional god 01 Pe"i. in Om 10. ll"'). Th. T.r-gum in~rt. "~'-. nty' into the text for their numher (d. the ">e,-enty n.,iom" in C en 10 .nd the "=onty .on."' '' of J:Kob in Cen 46.17 .rnd o""t 10.22). On th e ot her h.rnd, it h... ~n ,ugge".d phmibly th .. the ..,-enty !On, of Cod (or "EI") i. ",hted to the Ugo. riti, fo r mul. rep"~nted in the Jh'm b" alrl, the "~vent y Son, 01 At hi,,"" "', who~ hu,bond "I'~""" EI (KTU \.13); thu, th.y moy .Iso he c.Jled the "~venty som of EI""' .

p.:t""t""

as

~'A "matk Wy." (1m, 147.8) i, n","wo"hy f"" ,he " _" "luio,, of ,hi, .. .-b, ,h< j:', ·,,,,,d.,ichM be, ..-"," _.. be. ~-i,h • ",.u>l n .... '«, mu" be lo", in "on""i, I"ld· . '" S. R. Dri.. , (1m, 81). "'G. A. Smith (19 18, 347). ' " I, i. ,uW"ed pbu>ibly ,h", H,b. F'"'' ro'""pond, to Ug. ali."" b'~' Joh""'" (1%7, \-().. 1 n. 4). '" New",m (1'191, 149) . Thu" Wy." (1m, He) poi"u ou, ,h .. in '''' fo· n.1 form of ,he '"'' i, lh""Jogic.1 ,ullll",ion ,h .. "..,h of ,h, n.,ion, ho. • g"",di>n " ' gnd "",i"". in our 'm . ..,. Block (19SS, 7_11). m Coli in, (1991 374), lhe ·pri""" of lbe kingdom p<,,;.- do,igou,« ,he ·p.. ,.,n ,ngel Pe"i.·. '" Whilst MT re>nl " (1m, 195; .od d. 3SO .,-,d n. 113), ,h,y >r' .p'"

,h,,.,,,,

(I

P'''"UPl'''''''

,h,

as

as

LE5-IER DEITIES

Ei"fddt h", ,upl"". d he", 'hat y.hweh i. on. of , h. ",von'y g<>0 thot Elyon i, an independent god who g"'" the Isr.. li, .. and ,h.ir land to Y>hweh ....xh people i, "'''gned to • ..ch god on the b.,i. of the ir id.ntic.1 numl>
.. ,,~ :.'0"."" :,~"""

~,

c;"'ly idenlif... bl.

~,.~

'J:

.".., 'M:"

Th,n cam. Ih. dty" '; ... h,nlbe"'nlof ('.od~' belo", Y>hw.h,

w~h

Ih, ... ,·.nIY KIn. 01 A.be,ah 01 It.< UP"I;" "adi,;"n, '0 bnd ,be "nl< ph_ol. ogy i. applied in 'xh~, ..",h "nly .null ,· ..,i.. i,,",. ~ 'Wh i l" >onl< i",<tp"" ·,he dty· " ,hi. plx< .... """if,,,,Uy 'W"in<eJ J.y (Morgens<.m, 1939, 44 _ ~ and ". 1'/, i.... ·,h. N.w y, .. ,', O ..y· ; Oho,,,,., 1%1, 'i; .. >
"'''pt•.

KIKSl lIP OF LESSER DEITIES

.-." ... "' .,--, ~" - ~- .-, "-

"

'"

..,d , h. Ad,',,,,,,,y'" .1", c.m. ;"'0 ,h. mi"" of , I><m (Job 1.6) .

Job 1.6 .nd 1.1 d.",rii>< th.u 'he C":"I~~ (:"I) "I : p ..",nt to Ym .... h, and Sa"n w., .mong th.m , D.vidson cl..i med th.. the C':"I~K{:"I) "I: >I thi. phce doe. not mean literally - ' oon, of Cod' '" if they hro actually deriv«l 'hei, nature from Him",. child fro m i" fath .,- , ince th ry wer< C">I«I"'. Strm .m , imilarly . rgu«l th.t 'he C ':"I~K{:"I) 'I: i. not con>1ru«l - in the physic. 1 ",m . 'I>ee ~ .. c.lIed ei' her 'men' 0' 'son. 01 men'. and membeB of the p,ophetic oro.r either 'prophe'" o r '",m 01 the proph""""'. Y e,.. id,ntly .. . mythologic.J exp,=ion, .. in Cen 6. 1_4 ·. bov •. A. >«n in .n y o,her mythologic..! ""scrip, ion< in ' he Hebrew Bibl. , the o rigin.1 "kimh ip' sen", of the ph ... ", may "ill be . ugg<>tro. Thei, identific .. ion " "cre>1«1 m gel" may h"'e bee n in«rp ,"'«1 .nd d"'eloped later to enhme. ' he biblic.1 "monot h... i, m"'" from the early ]" .. lit< concept of I.."" deiti.,. which h",

A, .

,h.

m non,' • .b>l inI;on, v.m denot« ,h.ir '"'u''' k<>< i, nO! 0 1.11.0 "'gge0u , ~' ho rom« wi,h ,I>< o
(19%, 3SI).

112

LE5-IER DEITIES

m.ny .ffiniti., with the Ug. ritic conc~pt of ,hem, who>< "kin.hip· indic" iom ' f< ."""M. Tur·Si n.i he", ..:oJ, the =';,!~II (;,!) 'J~ not .. "so n' of (the one) Goo", but .. the "gooly b.ing'" 0' "divine cre"ur..""'. But the "",,ond
The exp,=ion C'~II: ':~ ' ppe" -' in P, 29,1. 89.7 [ET 89.61.nd prob •. hly in o.ut 31 .8 to indica« I",,,," dei,i .., who.re comp. re.:! to de.. serib. t he wonde .. ""d th~ f.ith fuln..,. of Y.h",eh, It has he< n deb"ed wheth .. the >
~' T""Si n';

(1957; 1(}.11). ,,. Dri,·er.(;<>y (1911; 10) rightly comm<m llul lh, ~''''''' (~) '''' (C",n 6.2, Job 1.1; 3V) btl"n, to lh< <1.... of god • ..,d ",h" ,hi gn".,,,, t h< ~,"" '''' (1), .N.l , IH.!J..-.d lit< (0..-. J.2S) c..-. bt ",f,,""" to lh< ~'~"", "gOO," (1), Rl . l, 6), '" ~"" (1'. 58.2). LXX ...".,15 t h< ",on, .. ei ';Y'l';.o. fru "'00, "th< "",,,,ng<" (,ngJl
r""" "

""1"""

=""

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

1.2. ,";'11 '1:1 ~s.on. of EI)"OnH

r,

Th. " p.."ion 11'~~' 'J:: i, found .... h.p"" I.gomenon " 82.6. In 81 .1_ 5, ",eu,""ion i, brought .nd judgement i, m.& in the col<"lti>l council"'. A, • ,..,uit. t he "" diet m.& by the council i, d. li,·"ed to the ,""cused on«. In ,"v. 6_7, Yahweh .>Ccu.., some -goru ' ''' before the divine a<<< mbly for their f.ilure to keep ju
r,

"

1 h"'e ... id 'you...., goo. ,nd ",n, of [ Iyo"' ~ .• 11 01 you-; 1111""~~ ~"': F~

(bu,) ,rul)' lik< A,u,l\ .lull you di. "',

,,

'" Morg., (1%9; "'p., 1lI._!), ""d Mullen (1980; 2}~) ' g"'" ,h>l di_ine , ri'] ,>1<", pix< in ,he divine «)uncil. '" P"k<, (In" He) .Jef,,,,,, , he x cu«d on .... ,he memO." of , 0. di· _in, """m bl )', ..,h"", rol.,. = to govern " "h; d . Mowinckl (1%9, U8 , 31); T ><e (1972; 593); Mull,n (198C; 130) . Abo. «< Jiingling (1%9) . m Mo,!:,",,,,n (1939; 91) org'"" ,h .. '[Iy"" h'" i, no, iden,;",l ""i,h Y.h.."h, bu, j, ,n ,],"V'h" diffe",n, dei,)" ",ho m.y "' """'I:nisP-P<"" « pliciliy .. 1fl .pi'h'" of Y>h",'en in C",n 1 ~;!! (d. v. 18); "'" , 0. di",,,,';"" unOld DUL 595-6, A"m. ","'~ DNWSl WI-!; Akk. mm~; AHUI e3~_5; CAD IO/IIM ) ~1 1 _ 7 . CI. O·C,]logh.., (195]; 311, n.~) ",'ho « >ill ,he "",
,h.

,h,

cr.

,<x,,,

114

LE5-IER DEITIES

.. >11yO" lal l

(P,81 ...... ;».

It ho, b.en pmtub t! the >ccusM on .. . ", morub. T h u,. C'OI':K . nd 1"';= 'J::' ref" to t he corru pt hum= judg .. in Ior... I" ' , o r king> of JuWh or [.,...,1. wh o>< government h", b.en f .. removed fro m t he "ide.J, of true monA"hy· '~. on the h.:t,i, of the previou. vee><' 1" 4. They hA'" .1", b.en ",fo rred to .. t he rul." of fo"'ign n>!ion. who opprns t h, [.~[it<" ~nd who comider them",k"" god"w. How.y", their immon.Jity, pr""uppo=! in v. 7, ~Ilud.,. to t heir sUtu, '" "god,,""', Y>hw,h', "'lement of t heir ' ''tm a, "god,," in v. 6 i< [ogic.lly ,,[oted to hi< ""diet on th.m to h< demoted from t heir "divine .Ut u," ·m d to boo reduced to mon , [, in v. 7. Accordingly. t he four term" ::; 11, r-;:r., ~'= .nd ,r::, in th e texu , ""ulting from t heir failure to b. ju.., . '" intc. m H.,.,. : ., ~ i, ~all'l0 .. Gnd Ru,h U . Ci. Wym (1m; 36) >nd". 14. ,h, royal ideoloc-. m Heb. .,=;.....,d 10' ,h, J'<=n' " i, h. hi~h rank in ,h,ir poli,ic.I . ..,. <;",,1, >nd ,di~iou' "nu', ,hu~ i,. m"ni"~ i, vW(lUiI)' ",ndeml "" -"'P'''' .. mni," (of ,ru, kin&). commande" I..d" (of , h, group). h"d" (HALOT I)~»); 0' "",I,," (CHALOT, 154). W~h ,hi, .. n« il rd,,, , i ,M, to mortal mi l~ • .-y Cll'u';n, (Judj; 4.2; 1 S.m 17.55) or to djvin, >olen" (Josh 5 . 1~- 5; D.lJl 1O.13,11;..-.d lLl). Tru, ",m ""y inl ,hi, plac, . '" c"h", (19 ~S 270-1); O'Calt.gh"" (1953), ..-.d Mh ..·,h .. >< O,,,,,li«) ", 459. 461). N ' Iki W (1'101>-7 , [2 J2J5). N ' Morvn",m (1919; H).

".m,

u,.ro

cr.

KIKSl lIP OF LESSER DEITIES C';-;~I( W .nd i1'''~ 'J: '~. Thu., ",me point out cogently th., th"",

115

>C.

eu"", entiti« "I.. to "angel." m or "god," '" of the p>nt heon. Tur·Si n.i h.. Hgued that in v. 6 the ]101;:1 ':~, "may hue origi. n. .. d in • I... r p! the expr=ion 1,,1;:1 ':~ m.y h.v< h<en u",d I... r than th< C'~ '; : il we con,id.. its corre>pondi ng Ug",itic <xpr=ion. Therelor<. it i. mo" prob.ble th .. they both m.y h.ve h.d <",Iier t=lition> lor their w.ge. 1.2.1.

"F.IJ.-"n~

Gods

Morgem .. m ,ugg"" th .. th"", divine hnion" to h< ide ntified with the Neph ilim (lit. "I. lle n on«1 016 .4""'. Alt hough t he text of the I""lm h... h<en r, ce. N' The "p",, p•.,;]I,li,n, with :.~"" . The.., IWO ep~hm n»y he , vide"". of Ihe f..,. ,n.. ,he """" Xotk.", ,losely ,,1 .. «1 to Elyon Y>lt."eh in ,h.i, kinsll ip . ... Le~i< (19.9, Ilr, 23D), Ki=ne (I"'" 3n_S), ""d £ .. on (I%r, 1().1)_ ,., D>ltood (l%6-rO, 12) 1i.1l); MO\"ing.n 10000c./t...,i" 100.", Mo."inekel (I%!, 11 1 2!!); Hol1>d..oy (1~3, 21)_ ~' T ""Si ..i (19S7, II) N. Mo'Vn",m (1939, 83- 107)_ ... Heb. ~."" m.y .JeM,e ·f.ll
",,,,sed

116

LE5-IER DEITIES

entiti., ." incorpo rated with the mot if of "f. llinS" (d. fu k 28). Mor"",'." the ide. of y.hweh', puni4ment of I..",r deiti., for the crim. i> found .Is"".. h.", (d. I•• H. l1 '~; 2• .11, . nd Zech },1_1, ,.
If we find an Ug.ritic p.r.tllel to the I.... r deiti .. in p, 81 .6_7, it m.y be connect.d to the Graciou. Go.k >C. Sh.h.r .nd Sh . lom. Accepti ng Morgen"em', idea th at p, 82. (",7 ." "b.:.>ed on . neient Cm.anite my· thology" , Casler sugg.... that the three terrru C'~~II , 11'''~ .:~ , . nd C" ;:: in the ve"" ••bove refer to Shah.. . nd Shalem in KTU Ln. who wer. called ilm, "goJ ... hn irm, "prine«", md '1.1""n , "th"", on high' '''. ThtH, KTU Ln.l _J re..d, i~'" il",

n'lmm J . ' )" "'''' 0" J,r!{ J

F"'"qrrIY){

)

Leo. me i,wok.'" tl>< g'"ciou, h od< >nd I><."t i(ul'~, ..,n' ofSh.p(, h J Le,tl><mp"K10'Y"" toXXX.

Gaster r.,tor., th e bll 'A I ... bll lfrml ("prine.,") on the basi> 01 irm .. KTU UJ,22 ~'. Y
~,

,h, " "". .. Morg
Jn king, or of the

OPP""~«

~' Cast« (1~ 4 6 b ,

~'U,. 4'"',

point< Out. t l>< (all of tl>< B.byloni.n ",1, ... , ;. ,"",,,,,mM m)"'hoqically,

71).

to "cal l. in voke, proc loim", DUL 708. Cf. H,b. M'i" HALOT 1118_31; Akk. q.>,J'o. 4"ji, AH", ~Ig, CAD O[Q) 242 _3, ""d Aero.. q.>'cl'a , AEL nO!_4. It nuy be ,;ken h,,,, in, ooOO,,,,iv, n\ODd, Wy'" (2001, 31S) . n, UK- Y"". "h.ut<,u,iful", VT$19.1119 . C I. Ak k. ~'cl,,"., ~·.".m", AH", 1474, 1498 ; CAD I/!\A) 337. '" Ug. qrl. "&lory, honou,' , Gin11), DUL 713 OJ). C I. Heb. ,,', HALOT4)!.

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

vi.ible, tho SI>( J i. 1><" roM", Ji>(f]. Thu", th. y m~y I>< idontifiNl .. tho "", n. of Sh.p.h" '~, H. >150 ",.d, tho '1)[ ] as 'I)[nm], "th.m on hi(gh)""', idont ifying tho p«.uppo""! '1ynm os tho Grxiou. God •. 'll:'y .. t t.ke. tho I"'t lino as "let thorn gi ..... . f."'t to [th"",] of high .. nk""', Ot he" « ndor it '" follow>: "who .... bli,h • city on high' '''; Of "m. y glory I>< giv.n to tho • .,1",,1 on .. ""' . 'll:'hil" .om. I form, '1)[",,,]' it i. po"ibly re.d .. thi> ploc•• , •• inguh r, '1)[n]"', Thu., the I... lin. m.y I>< 1><" unde"tood ... . human •• pir.. ion fo r tho I= r deiti", to wOr.lhip the .u prome god enthronro in the p.nt h..,n (d. m! '" i,'" in li n. 8) , A. tho Graciou. God, aro c.lled t he son, of Sh"P'h, they c. n I>< di.<:ernNl .. tho "', 'IYII, the "So.. of H igh One (or Mo" H igh)"'" lik< tho P" ';] "J:l in tho p... lm. Sin« they .ll "Pf><~'" >on.

~' G... "

(19460, 51 and 71 n. 1(0). ViroU .. ud (1933 , 119, 132) .1", ,,3d< il" "" J\,,,,(>n ·",n. of. pn n«(>)"; d . Gi,,,borg (193,bo bol) who , .... '" dinl. bUI · ",n. of pri"""," . '" Wy." (2002, 325) . ". G ... tid n. 101), lollo ... in, • r<>olin& of Gin,borg (1935b, ~b). '" Wy.u (2002; 32>, .ndd. n. 3) . M' C"'I"",,'WIy«' (197~, J.69), Gibson (1978, 123); de (1987, 118); .. '" Potd« (1'fI7, 276) . .., Gin""'" (1935h , ~6 . bol), X,llt (19730 ~1 _ 2); dol O lono (1981; ~~O);..,d H .. "",", (19119_9C; 8l) . • " (ft. po>,ibly. '/.>I n jj ~' ~'ym (1977; 1'fI!b, .. ", 2002 , 326 n. IO) convi",in&ly ,hi. '" an .pilh.<, of EI. ~ , D< M"", (19~, 65!_3; 1'/9C; 69) h .. din g of KTU 1.1 11.17_8, "" ,h. b»i, of ,h, phOl<>&,.ph, diSlnbu,rd in Vg VII; ,hw, lh' «II"" 'hl"l it mit. "So"n """ (fo,) ,h, MO<'l Hi&". El t n, King". Cf. G.n lH8; king M'khi=l
,h.

,:un. ,...

M"",

n

"f."

,,>I,

LE5-IER DEITIES

118

of EI (KTU 1.23.52-66) the '1m i. rd.. red to, mo.t probably, ... n epithet of El In . ny C"'", the ilm, bn irtt], and 'l)tnl in the t<xI< "'" roLlI«I to Slu.h. r :rnd Sh.lem. Thu" the ilm (KTU 1.23 . 1, 23, 58, 60, .nd 67) :rnd 'ly" (KTU LD.)), with m oth.. opithet /n irm , "two Prine •• (KTU 1.13.12), m.y be rugge"ed '" p,,,,ibly p.,.,lIeled ""pr",io n. to th e doe· scription. of th e f..llen gexh in p, 82 .&-7. On the other hmd, I... prolu.bly, the interpret.,ion of the . ceu"", figur .. in p, 82 h., been ",b ted .100 to t he Ug.ritic roy. 1 ideol· ogy. O'C.lb gh.n h .. tried to fi nd . moti f 01 the figu"" in p, 81.2_4 fro m the ropl fig ure, D.n.1, ,,·ho "tried the e:o>< of the wido ... (. nd) iudg«l the I.w,uit 01 the orph:rn· ... , hut preferr«l to connoct it to King Ker., "', who ..... ull«l more mythologically .. the /m ii, ·son of EI· "'. In foct, the "ory of Ker., in • ,itu.,ion of d ying like. mort.1 fro m hi. ill n<>.'" "",m. to be p.ralleled with p, 82, in the point that

on ,be idoemi[,cation aI [] .,i,h , h. epi,he, " M""

Hi~h"

i. "ill ","o"hy 0/ ou,

""n!lon . ... Th"" , h. t . ., ,,>ok yJn J" "/mrtr H/¥ Uil Y'm (KTU I. 17 v 7_8). Wy.u (2I)(J2, 267 >nd n. 73) ''iu« du., ,be", "',ivi,i<, .... "'ypic,] roy,] du,i«,,,., KTU 1.16.i 33 _34, 43_4S" . AI",d. Wy.!! (1m, 149_51). M' O'C']i>gl"n (1953, 311 >ad n. 7). ~, O·C.II>g1un (1953, 313) deni", it< w"n""i"" to Gen 1--4, "1;uin&,n .. -,h, K,,,,, P""C;" ,ugg... ,h.... "'" 1--4 . hould be ",.. in«l .nd tlu.. ,h,,,, i, 00 ''''''0 to . . II

upo" Gn 6, 1_4 \ 0 expi>in ,h,m· . immo".li,y i, ..Jd ...=d in hi, "'n', i>m,m.,ion 01 hi, jll n"~ 01' ob i t m'm ""'n, -bu, I.. be" ob. lik, oloolli 00 ) "OU cii<' (KTU 1. 16 i 3--4. 17_18); 01' 1:1-1 bn".."in. 1004 : 2'17) ) ~In. "in your iromo , ,]i,y w, rejoiot " (KTU 1.16 i IS), ~ 11m '''''n 'pi) III'" I )"~, ·or 00 ,be loci< di<, ,h, oll,pri,,& of ,h,

... K,,,,,',

Wi« On, nO! Ii .. ?· (KTU 1.16 i 11_13).

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

hi. f.ul iUn ... i. duo to hi. f>.ilm. in ...cuting hi> ropl duti.."'. y"" it i. mo", pl' lHible to " ,. the figu"" .. I. ... r god, ch.rged with ruling the e""h, .nd probmly ",I. ted to other mythologic. 1 ri .. , .uch .. tho C ';-;~K;-; ': : in C en &.1_. or the Cr:oCiOUl Cod. in Ug . • ritic mythology.

.IT""'"

"0.

1.2.3. Nau'on;i/ COO.

The ';"iti.. in the p",lm m"y h.n bNn obliged to pr",id. ov. r the n.· tion, ... "ruling god," or "n",ion.1 gods", ... ugge". d in [kut ]2,S _9"'; but th. ir mi"ion ",em, to h"," f>.iled with rrd to the k""ping of jUltice, Thus, it m. y h< condu,;"d th .. th ... divine h "'" ch"rged with the t..,k of making judgement> on hum.no. Yet, .. " re.ult of their f..ilure in the u,k, they .re di",h'rgM . nd oxpeUed from their divine priviloge. 1.3. D'tl"l'

~Hol}"

0 ..... »

Whilst . ..ctiy th e .. me exprernon for the Ug>ritic phc.... b" qJi i, not ."."ed in the biblic.1 H.br.... texts, H. b. :·=V'" m.y cor ...... • pond to Ug. 1m qdI .nd rep",,,nt th .ir f",h.r god' , .!tribute, just like the Uguitic ph.....,.

t""

no O'Call"!!han (I~Sl JI3) . Thu •. U~>rit"' inlotm ,h .. I iii. d. al",", I 'IP! /J~ 'II' I lil)' q!m ~ dl, " you h,,'e nO! lfieJ ,he cas< 01 ,h, wido ... ; you h.« not judge.! ,h. lo... ,ui, of ,h. w..k , pir~; you h•• , nO! hm· i,h"" ,he "PPr".,,,, of ,he ]>00'- (KTU 1. 16.i .S .... S; d . 33_3.) . v , Thu~ T",<" (1%9, 133) propo"" De", J!.8_9 .1", .. ,h. b.a-1) as ,h, m"". pI. 10m, of :-.p. '0 'I>< holy' . Cf. Akk. ""Jb!"; 'I<'!-7, 14 ..... 7; Ug. qJJ, UJ ~ 1 ~.l1 1 0; WUS no. 1J9J; DUL 695-6; Pu., Pun. , A"m . ¥" D,\'WY'I'!._7. I, i, uoh""eh Ooh",·eh . Thu.,;, mould I>< d«id
""j

"""u"

teI,,,,,,,,,,!O

"'''!!'

,h,

LE5-IER DEITIES

I.J.I.

P. ~/m

89.6-9 f ET 5-81

In p, 89.6_~, Yah~.h i, wdl dr"" iW .. ,urroundrJ by" m ultitudr of I.."" gods; •. 0

-----~""" -"-. ". - - ..

.. ... -

,-

1

",-' -,- ",..-- ~ .-

"

•• • ,~

I'

c ' -- '" -

AnJ h"vI", y"'" "<> (Who) i, I;x< Yahw II;, V".tiy 1..,«1"' ;n ,be wunc;! of Holy On«, ""d (h.;.) f• .rtul>.OO,·, >II ""'" "ct .,,,,,nd h;",D' . Yah .... h. God of Ho"" who i, I;x, you, m;gh,y Yah(.... h)?

,h,

_ --I b _._ - r"r

.,

.~

v, Th, H form of ,h. v"bal '"'~", '0 · ,h", ... , c","; in ,be H. lorm i, CO"V'Y' "",,,,,inl 01 .p"';,., giv. ,hank>. p";"," , BDB 39!; HALOT 389; DCH9S-7. a, Th< '1;. lorm of Hc,; ,hu,. ;,;, par"ll.kd 1V;,h , h. ph, ... ~""~ 'J:: io , h. n<x, 1;0<. ",h"h occut< "" ,h, ,oml"""'o w;,h Yah ... ,", d . P>1 <xp"''''''o of ,h, .1<;, ;"'.,. ·douds" .. v. 7;, foun d ;o" ... ,,;ngly .1", , I«wh'r< io , h< U~"ri , ,, d . '"" ilm, ·Cloud.. of ,h, ~", .. KTV 1.4 v;;; 15. ~, BHS ""',,'. ,h., "I.w M" ",ad 0"'" '" ,h;, pi"",. It i, ",ad >I", .. ",H~ Syrix "oJ T "'gum, t<, >II ,-""",;on, "'''''' ,h, IXl ' "'" ,h, :.~~ ->: """"''''' d,;vi"" be;np" hor• . ~. Th. N . pt<. lotm 01 ,h, v<,N.) .".-~, to·be "mf;'d, be ;n dr,ad" , BDB 1"91 "2, HALOT88S. I, ;, u",d hround, ~o "rouo~ .urrounJ", HALOT738-40, ;oilic",,,, cka=><;_ ,,
,h.

ks""

,<x,.

,h.·

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES T~"":: l"''''Mt

D'

And you, ", ••If""n""" 'u ....

round, you. In the P"'<>-g .., ' >e h of the th",e dffignnion, for the colhtivity of divine b.ing> i. stre,,,,d in. p.>r.Jl. The", plur.ll conception. contr • ., Y.iliweh', uniquene,,"'. Th. po,ition of th ... divine b.ing> i. mled by their po,itio n ,urrounding y . hweh, who ",,'" in the ce ntre of the divine council. Th"" Ken .. remi nd", 01 ~ , im i!'r picture in p, 29.1 _2 01 th e C'7K 'I::, "Som of God~", who g" 'e praise to y . hweh. More",'", the ir re ndrring of pr>i", to Y.hweh m.y d<>.ign.,. their hi e r.lrch ic~l .,>lu., whic h i, subordinate to him. Hence, these indicniom undoubtedly mark y .hweh', di.,inguished ,Utm fro m other divine being' ranked ... l"""r d. ,,"'. Their .ddi· tion . l title I",-:K~~ , "ho","" , in v. 9 confirm' this f. cr (d. 1 Kg> 21. 19). Th. ir role h.,e i, os .. miliu'Y lorce d.momtr.lting Y.h ... eh' •• hwlu,. ",,·erelgnt y. The divine epithet c'::Mp ,ugge't5 th e conclusion th .. the", divine being>.re >on, of y .h weh, ",pr..e nting th e 'holy" pr"",nce of their

r""

V'

P.. r'" (Imh, 719).

". J. M. w.. ,d (1% L 12S) ..,d c.:,ppoJ ~.,.,~ h"",. H ' P.. , . " (199'k 198). H' The term ... ill be diocu=
,0.., ..

LE5-IER DEITIES p .. ern.1 god. It i, ",'ident in other p=g"' th .. holin ... i• • n .."ibut< of divi ne b< in g'" Deut 33,2, D.Ul i.I O, H, . nd 10 lET 13, 17•• nd 131"'. 1.3.2. &0011.• 15.11

The Song of 1>1 0.... pre.uppo~' • polytheitOOng gods. y.h""h, ~ - -~". ~--,- ""ho it hke you, ,Iorif>«l XXX, "'~ :r:, n'>"" ",~ "veo'
.

~ ~

~

L

,

,,--- ~

, ~

,, ---

MT ho< the .. xt .ft<, the ,"111:: •• • ,i ngular t=v::, "in holin=""l, LXX prnrnt< it '1> the plural for m ('v ~~io" , whic h cle. rly p,,",uPP"'" • differe nt Hebrew VQrl.tge ~';;y::, - .mong the Holy On<>"; . 1",. Syro-He ..pl"' ~·. A, «en already, =-"i" i. re. d ... C'::j,<" Deut 33,1_3 ; p, 19.2'"', It< phr><eology i, obtained in p, 89, C';;"" .,;-~.,,~, - in the ",,,,mbl)' of the Holy O n.. • (v , 6) ; .nd C'~ ,1~~, "in the council of th e Holy O n... • (v, 8), For th ...., re"",n., the ,.une ex· pre"ion, C'::j,<,~, i. to b< read in th e pre", nt .. , t. Thus, the ::Mi" [~'=;:, l " thi, pl ace i. identifie.:! ... th e ..m e figur.. '" th. ~." [c';;""li"1 in Deut 33,2_3, indiCAt ing "t h. Holy On ... " in the divine .. ~ m bly , Ao their identity i, ,,,·.. Ie.:! in p.,-,Ueli.m with C', II: .;~, "Son. of God" eI~"'here (P, 19. 1, 89.7; . nd Deut 31,S [LXXD . thei r epith ... may rep",.. nt th.ir attribute inherit
i. u«01< » • ' g__ LXX unde"",nd, i, ... pl . Mo"",,,'er, • numba of M" ",k, i, .. ,he pI. 1o"". ~, S. R. Driver (19 11 , 136). n. CfQ<S.Fre
=v

,h, ..

1<.", ..,.

KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

Furthermo,e, the dof,n't,on of the '="1;: lC'::"1i'l '" ' holy' god, 01 thi> pl.oc. beco m", more ...:«publ. when ",e co n"de, the f.oct th., the ~o/':l lC'~:ll" p.,. lIeleJ ""th the C~I<:l, · .mong th e gods", ,n the prev,ou, ph,,,,,, . Hence, the C~I better ,ecogn ;"'d '" the ·1...., do" t,,,'''' of Y:1hweh, ",herth .n .. · p, g.n god,''', forth. >=1e ,..",n. The "'p"OIed ,hetoric.! que>t,on '" of Y.h",eh', incomp.,.bility .bove pInen" t he f." th>! tin being"'" .uborrnn.,eJ to the , up",me god Y:1hweh. Yet , hi, ' holy' attribute m.y be "'p,,,,,,nteJ th rough hi, >om, '" = n in the" .pithet, C';;-:''' (=~I< l='~1< 'J:]. Summ.ry

Some Heb", ... te,m" ,ueh ... ':';,!~ (:"I) 'J~ . nd C ~I< 'J~, rep, ,,,,,nt the kimhip ",IOIion of the 1.»<, deiti", to thei, rn."er god in the Heb ..", Bible. Th"", mythologic.1 term • • '" fou nd explicitly in the bibhcn referene., and indie... the e.rly !ion..! gods (Deut 32.8, d . P. 82.&-7). Thi. kinship concept,on of the I.."" doiti .. i, ..,.,teJ in the Ug..ntie tex". In . ddition, there.r< other d.. ign .. iom to PEAItANCE 0 1' L ESSER D EITIES INTIIE H llBREIII' B IBLE

The .nquiry will centre on the outw.,d ' Pp".lr.>nce of the I..,,, doiti .. by .n. ly.ing ", m. hiblic.1 ""scription,. 2.1. Judge.

lJ.~

In the .ncounter ",ith M.no.:th'. wif. th e .. ngo, i> do«ribeJ '" being . nth ropomorphic but f.. rfut ,., Hym (19SOc 165) .nd S.m. (1'191; I!O, 248 n. ~ 1') ; ·, he «I<"i >l ,·. ~ 'r."icul..-I~, [g~pn

de;"", S. R. Dn." (1911 ; 130); C""'"'O (1%7,

176). ph .......,k>gy i, «hoed in ,he ",.lm" lS.IO, r 1.l9, !r.14; 89.7_9; 1 D .S, . 1",. ,0> Is.>. 40. 18. l S, ",d Mic 7.1 8. ~' Th.

'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

.,..~ K'" :'''''K~ .,

,II:'"K'"""': ""''''' .~: . . , "'~ =

";11: K~ :."""~ :'K

"T"~

'K

'""'~""= "e"

Tho rtUll of God cam.!O m,; ""J hi. >w<">n< m=n~""'''' to>

-

T h. « rm C'~'K~ ;:;'1': i. u.M .J.. wher, to indic.., Yah ... , h', proph'''''', Thu, it .ug.g.." th" ,he h.d not re,j isM th., he w .. th, divino .sent, but on ly th .. he wa< OM of the proph .., (d. Judg n,lO, 16) "'. Howe'-"f, ,h,,;:"'N m.y mgg"" th ... the di"ine .gent i. f"'ITej""d »h»·ing .. hum," form "'. AC
awl in tho im .ge of gods (Y.hweh .nd hi. I""", dei,i..)"'. In <>ther worill, it can ~ ,.lid tn., the divine .gent 1><." .. ..,.,mbhnco to .. mon.l"'. Y... whil" hi. m.nif",!>,io n w>< comp"",d wit h tn .. of .. divine m,,,eng" !iK~), it w,", "kn owl.dged to be <xc~ingly drudful.

n,"""

~' Tni,

div ,n, .nl" kno~'n lO b< ",onymo,-" fo, h" " ~'onJ<,.. ful" ("'''0) (". IS), ..,hil" Y>h",h', n""" ",xpl"' n«l ""d ", • .,I1;< of Hl "",Iy":. ,00... Th, d' .,,,,, lh«>ph.n)' or "",i. " y j, d,,,,,,,,,h"",h', ",n god5; n: ~: ""', id .. , 'l:, "hi. ""n, -, ",h~',h'. ""i,;'" .,., ..,knowl«lghylon,,,,, " ,.oom li«,atu"" """" ""il i« 'W"" .. young ""n; i J _", · "~ ,!.I., ", r<m..-kabl, YOU"' m,"" (i=,b
n",,.,,

,n,

w",,"",-,

In, P'''''''

,.x« " '"

,n

b
M "O

1<"",

"",,-

at",

~ ' S«

ili lUlu.>I,n>ly'" in eh,,,,,, L '" Tb< .",hromo,ph., 'pp<."n"" of ,It< mvin,

"1:'"' is m'"lion«l >I""

,I",.,h,,,, in G
KIKSllIP OF LESSER DEITIES

l}S

The 1t11l i, u..,d often to d=:rib. ~n .ttribUl< of Yahweh (£xed 15. 11, o.ut 7 ,! I; 10,17; 18 .58; p, 47.3; .,.,d D,n 9 .•) and of holy place.. where y.hweh', p",,,nce i. rrv.,led (Cen !S.I7); it i, now employ..! to por_ tuy the app"a"n« 01 Yahweh', m"",nger"'. It may here rep""'"' the .. nder', p",,,,nco wit h majesty. 2.2. Eccle .;.st •• Hl.20b

Qoheleth describe. ~ divine age nt .. being winged; For ,h, bird 01 he,,·en. will

,h,

<>"y'" ,he "0;"', and lhe po"""'" of ,he wings "" ill ", ,II< "'OM

The CO::::::;"! rI1~, ". bird of the he"'en,' , may be. mtt,phorical or ,ymbolic "p",.. ion of, heavenly "'!lent in a winged form. In the fol· lowing p"<.Ige, the C·tl : ;"! ~=:l, "~]>OS,""",r of the wing." (re.ding .. the Kttib), darifies the identific.. ion of . divine .gent who i. ch. rg..! with delivering the !.&yo<;, It m.y d=ribe the flying function of .eel..· ti.1 m..",nger. Thu •. T.rgum ",,J, I'::I':,,~. .. this point. The p. ralleled ph<= of the ='~::~ ~=:l i, found in the Ug..ntic ritual Ii", (KTU H 6.6), 11'1 tnI', "po=.50r of wing>fwinged one", or "winged B.a!" (11'1 .. a ON), In .ny e.,., it denote •• winged deity, In reg.rd to th;" the ='!)l:~ "~:l poin" to • winged ' Pl"'armce of ~ di· vone agent. Summary The outw.rnl ' Pl"'''=« of I.,,,,r deiti., in the Hebrew Bible i, ,ug· gested .. in hum.n form, sc, .nt hropomorphic Oudg \J.6). Yet in >orne biblic. 1 d=:ription., they . '" recounted .150 .. being winged, wh ich indic ..", their flying function (Eed IO.lOb) like the Ugaritic I..",r deit ies, Unlike the Ug.. itic mythic.1 descriptions, however, the

,.. """ Nieh.", (J'I9.\; 240-3). '" Til< H fo,m of ,he ,'t~. to "I", ..... k· , HALOT 201.... 8, thu!, 1iL. "CO"", (,II< vo;«) to go· .

"lq!1I "' .... q.H 'q' ill "qd.lOwodru q,ur .. AIl'oW f'> ' u...... d.J '! .,""J.xld. JI'q' 'J.A .... Oq '''!"OP J""'I ,!,u.o!n ' q' 10 " q' '~!IUn 'f'>~U1"''' J.xld. "'I' " I)lOf' 1>""1 "' .... q'H , ~, 'UI.J0J J!'~ ' U! I"'~u,." pur P'UJo~ ~U1>q" p.,,.:llI"'.J< ""lOP .I....I moon .~, "1!qL~ - po~ , w",d ·n; .I" ql JO . uo< .. MU"'op .J. ..,,'''? .I>«'I ' q"'q' m W.I0Ju , , .. nd _JO' ,!,u.o!n 'q' pm .....Iq'H ' q' q''''l ·"Op1>~.1 'dltf'U1~ .I" ql JO ' uop!.... <> punoJ" po~ J> ~" J .I! ' ql WOlJ p"!--"qm .mquu. , Aloq. J!"U ':t. M.1~ pur Ct. (i.:)~~i.:. ~ m Allr!»"." . " "'! l!"f' .I "<>I JO uO''''I • .I d' q'UI~ ' q.1 'uo",bouo, .wn . ql .,.ujj,<>p 'WJ., ....Jq. H loo&loq,Aw =0< os '(<"'''pm <>"IOP 1>«'1 . q' lo <>I'" '!)I.Irin . q' 'V

,Ulj.,

" lEIJ.dVII::>

O~

N Olsn'DNo;)

-, '1>p '''''1 'q'jO .l!rw, p'UJoq AU. ,u..,.Id IOU OP <>ou"'J'" In!lq'q <;:IU1~a

HS'>"l

', 0

J MESSENGER DEITIES IN THE UGARITIC TEXTS AND THE HEBREW BIBLE

j "'TROD UCTIOS

Thi. pt .. will ob..rve the role of the Ie"", de it i",., divine m",,,,n · gen,
In thi. pon, the re.,,,.,-
1<.".

".riou.

, The .. plot .. """ of ,h, <01<> of I.... , dei,i.. ""ill b< eXlendM '0 !he follo"in&«lino, dei, ies, g... rru.n dei, ie~ om, .. I""ed biblictl H,b ...... «,,,, will be explo ... d in P.. " II, I Kg> lU!b; Pi 78 .• 9; hod 3.!; Exod l U9; Judg •. 11 _ J..d& 13.20", >Old p, lQ.1 . ~ .

,h.

i"'"' ...

1.,

LE5-IER DEITIES

tity of Cup.n .nd Ug. r as the n.med m",,,,nger deiti .. will b. con,idered. Con>tch will b. studied in th. Ugantic text>. And fin.lly, the "m..",nger" theoph.ny will b. . nmined in the Us>ritic T ex... 1. TI lE UGARJTlC TITLES OF MESSENGE R D EITIES

The , ... rying mod<> of te rminology for m",,,,nger deiti", in the Ug .. ntie «xu point not only to • dive"ity of functiom ~rformed by th. m, but . 1", to th.ir n>ture .~d rmk . '«'hils< • r.lnge of titl., i, .up· plied, <.ch of thorn conuin, 0 fu nction. lly different meming. Thu., di" ine m<>Senge" hue three diver .. asption, through hi. r>"hic.1 film, mlaJ:), cultic ('nn ilm), or politic.1 (dU, 'dd, or t'dt) defm ition •. The", titt.. . '" used in«rchmge.bly for the ",m< m <>Senger dei, ties. ThIH, ..-h.n 8 ••1', two m ..",nger "god>" (ilm) ' .'" ",nt to Anat, th.y H. variolHly noun"" o. *Im(m)', 'nn itm ' , JII " or 'JJ " 1.1. H ie,.,chic. 1 T itle. 1.1.1. ",kd

~Mea.ety,"-' r"

Ug, ml,,* i, • generic titl. for . ny god who ploy•• ·m....,ngerv ing hi> m .. te, god. With. prefixed om, it becomes . for m of th. ":>gent noun' (m"'lt.J!) ' of th. ,-«b. 1 root l'l, to ">end" ", which ",f." • KTU 1.3 iii 31 , «",..,n MOl ... d B...t th,y '''' ,,11«1 iI", . , KTU 1.3 j . S; U ,. 13 (on EI' •• p«
• Huehn,rprd (1987; 82, 91); d . M",,, (1m, 4S). = G . R. D,;v
cog,,,,,,,,

M ESSU>;GER D EmEl

~Iso to tho d.livorin g of . m"" ' go

(.pr d lik', " . ..b let th .. I ..,nt" ") or m=ongo" (mlaim Jill' yin, "Y.un ", nt

to t he sending of """.. nge,," ',}. Through t ho occurrence of cognate. to Ug. mla' in the m.nn Semitic I.ngu. g.. " . it m.y be co nftntleJ th .. it i. etymologiully ~ b. sic Sem itic tef!II w it h the >en .. of t he ". ge nt" of the 1IU,"r onoo teJ th .. th e denotation of Ug. mill' .nd

" KTU 2. 1 ~ . r " KTU l.! i I!. O . KTU

I.~

v ~I; I.I~ iii 19; 1.33 .36, and >I"" d . KTU 1.l~ . 1 6; )'Iak .",~. ·Yarih "'"' .... ; ,h,,,, is no indication of "m<=ng<'" (..1«1), "", of "ubI,," (>pF), no, of " ",<=ge" (lh .. ) at ,hi, pI"",. " "They .... ''''''N in A,,,,, .• Htan,iv;"d p"ni'ip1<. i. u...J to denot,,, ""'.'<11,," 0' "m""""gli,,;ng ,he term; mil,~ l ij!1'in! or mil, Jiprl (""'1'1 lij!1'im for "''''' of ge" .. ",c). The plural marker. how,ver, app<'" ;"",uarly .. ,he ,nd of ,he g,n.,,",". lo' m; d . Hu
,",d"",.

'1:'"'

""""g'.,

r,,,,

"en, .. ,h,

""" 1i",11• • , d... ,

I did "'"

>«

hi, mtt",nl"'{') '

" y"".,hit> (19!S, S!); Cunohill", /19 Sl ); and DUL S4Io. Fo, fu" her ttymologio.1 "udy on VI. mlal, .00 it< ,'1'1'. "'" Cu""hill", (198b ' 31_,9), .. '" fo, ,h, " o",mi< dev
LE5-IER DEITIES

it< .og n.... "'p",,,,nt ~ hi . ... rchic.J " nk o f me»
Ug. illm b.. ic~lIr me.n, "youth "". With thi, 5en"" it un b< ",10,1.."" ., "I.d· ". In t he U g>ritic te.", t he illm(m) ",f.rs t o the . gent deiti .. of B... I" , Y. m " (>e , the mlllk(m) Jm}, Mot~, or t he god&" Athi ... t"." It m.y hve bee n u""; for th eir "nk or ",.Ie, com p.oreJ with th. ir m ..· ter god. Thu., it im pli'" • "Ie=r god" who pl.y, • "m=enger" role fo r com mun ic .. ion betwee n t he ir m ..ter god ~nd oth er gods. Ther~

H Whit" U,. "'IIIl" u5«l '0 ;nd"' .. e. divine """,...,ng"" (oe. y.", ', """"","~e,,", d;,,;nbil 01 Udum (KTU 1.1~ ;,; 19 f.; 1.1~ 31 I.,..,d l.l ~ v; 35). Th,y.><, ,n ,he Je. "" ;pti",, . .. pol i, ",;J """,,,,nge". ~ UTJI9.1%9, IrVS no. 11>0; X, It. (1981. 29_30); Wy," (1001; 58 n . ~ ; d . ~17 n . 9 ..,d ~~7 n. }~); ""d DUL 319_10. Cf. Hob. 0':=; HALOT 835; A"'tIl . q)'ffl ' DN~1 85~_5; Ar. *"IJm; AlL 22&6-7; AI· YHin (1951, no. ~73) . " Oldenburg (1%9; 191) . " Sc. -G"~..,d U~.,." (m"''''nger de;, ,«) , KTU 1.3 ii, 8; 1.3 iv 5; 1.3 v 15; H . ~3, 1 . ~ vii 51_3; 1.8 ii" .. '" 1. 10 ii 3; ",\d "",v,n l>
,n

'v

(I !i=fffl] .

" KTU U i 13, 19,..,d 39. ~ K TUL6vi 8 .

" KTU H i; 29. ~ Whiht other """u,,,,nc,,, el", ... h,,,, h»'e " plie" reie",,,,,,,, to d;vino or roy:ol /igu "". ;, ;, not che whether ,he ",m tl",,,, at KTU L 19 ii 18 , "" h,n ' ... 0 on",,,,nge" =;ve wi,h ,he "ew, 0/ Aqhat', de.,h, indic., .. hu""", or divin, ",,;nt;', whil" Jirku (1%1 , III n. 6) que"ion • ....... her ,h,y .... d;vin, "."..,nger<, P.rd<e (1997 , 351 .nd n. 103) , uP!""« ,h", ,hey.", ""'''"g''' 0/ MOl . Alt hough;' re m.... ' problem .. ic di",u"ion (I\' ym. 1001 , 58 n. 99). ",i,h som, implio.,.,n, ;n «>n"Xl, ,hey >re pr<>l»bly hum .. """"ng't<,

,h,

MESSU>;GER D EmES

for<, it c.n I>< defin.d ... hi... rchie"! >erving other higher deiti••.

cbign~ion

'" for the I..",r deiti ..

1.1.2.2. "He,,"

Th. te rm;' u.M in ",m. imunce. of mon..!" Keret i. c.lI.d 81m iI" . which i. tr.rn,I.w! in. "theologic:u or ideologic.1 numc.· ... n "Heir of EI"". Y .. ib. Keret', heir. i...lied ..!'" glm" . It h.. h<en tr."l>I.ueJ :U"' .. "serv.nt"" . Mo ... inckel rel"eJ the phr ...... ith K.,<1'. other . pithet. th. 'M il" , "", rymt of EI" ~ _ But it ",em. th.u three d<>.ign~iom. hn(m) iI" , glm il,.rnd 'Ix! iI . .,e used in· terchmg• .bly in the K=, 'plC to indic .. e the theologic.1 or i&ologic:u i""ntity of K.rn. With .11 ;mplic.uiom from the con1<1t of the 1<1ts. the glm il i. 1><" .. ken .. hi, roy.1 "".ign .tion. I. 1.1..1. " '.. ~~k;," 'd " Bride"

It. f. mini n. form, glmt, gener>lIy r.f." to. "god.ci.o.' " in the my tho. logic..! sen", in the Ug.rit;e 1<xts. It m.y b< mn"rued ... "bride" in

i ~0- 1 ; l. l ~ ii 8_9; .. ,d l.IS ii 20. N ~'y .lt (2002 , 1 8~ >nJ n. ll). " KTU Ll~ iii ~9 ,nd Ll ~ ,i 3~ . M C/. G. R. Dri." (1956; 29} "",,,,ilO'", G",)' (1%4>, 3S); " .. ",.. \l 0' wo"hiW'"; ,.-..I Gibsoo (1978; SJ); "p.og." . v KTU Ll~ iii ~9. Sl, .nd L1~ vi 3~_~. ~ Mowinckugg.".d i, ""y be .;on· "",,[N. in > roy>i-Jivin, idH>g<S in Deulc. Niklul. For ",her QC _ cu""nO<'<, d . KTU L 119.8; L 123.19, LJ39.10; ",d l.1f8.3~. H KTU

Ll~

"So,,-..,,"

,h"

,u

LE5-IER DEITIES

royal refere ne"," . It i, ..J", ,ugg..

tro t o (on note • 'preg"OUl' worn,,,"

Itk< Heb. ;'::,:1 "1,, 7. 14". 1.Ll.' . "Ag<m 1>"><1" In the c"'" >1 KTV 1. 1l~ .7, Ug. glm (m. ,g.) .. em> to indic . .. not on ord inary III! 81m,,"

> hd f
to

.h,

In the mo", myt hologiul nu:rnco with the ritu.1 co n .. xt>, t he 81m c.n be ide ntified os an "' gent goo" who may h . ve bftn .. en t o int er..cr " Wh il" j, h.., h«. !fan,i.,N" " girl " (G",don, 19M , 519.1%9), j, " .no", prop divOt" ;n""'''''', ;t de.uiy O«u,.. in th. ,»< of ,h, Xod. <1< .. N i kb l ,.. b,;d< (KTU UH). " Sine< V.II',"' (19S2, 119_11), Goroon (195); 1(6), ..,d Loch,m.n (195 ~ , 43) h ••" ~",«o,d ju H,b", ... ~,,"=, Wy'" (1985>c 4S, ,nd d . 52 n . 1'1, 1001, S8 n. 99) Iu, .I<,',I<>p! VI- *'.0'" 'n>logou,!O H,b, """ , >! Is> U ~ , ,,'hi.eh " u««d iJold -7, 1'1%, 4 n. 8). D< T'''agon (1989; 107 n. 191) ,ofiro rrn. ,h, S.mi,i< 'qui. >!, ,,,, ""' ..'«n '~'O «mu. II Wy'" (1001 , ~ 17 n. 9), ,I", '1:'" UT~ 19."-'1; DUL 19 ~_5, '00 d . ' h,if,,' , Wym (1001; 417). Oil· f,,,,"tly, 'tip< (g",n)", W.. ""n (1m, 787) . Cf. H,b. "" , HA LDT 17'1_W. ~ V~. Jql, ·(""tif","~ '~" , ""'«p', i, .1<""«1 from ,h, ,IJq, ',;ny, fin<, ...,.tk., DUL 178_9. O . H,h . .... d Pun. Jq, HALDT 119; DNWSl 2~7 _ 8 , A,am . "'N' DNWSI158, AkK. il<Jqqu, AH", 163, CAD 3[0 ) 107, At. "iW AEL 800 . I, occu" h,t< ... du>l 10m, '0
""1:"'"

.h,

,,,,,.....J

b<.,. ,

A"'''''''''".

M ESSU>;GER DEmES

brtw.. n mort.l, .nd hi, m.,te r god, perh. p' ., • "",, «nger god. Herdner propo«' th.t U!;- ~Im i, prob. bly . n epithet of. yo ung god ~. Following Herdner, dr T"'''gon uh, it '" "Gh.lmu·~. O n the other h. nd, dr Moor interpret, it '" B:uI". Yet, the more plm'ible .rgument i, Wy. tt" propoul. which con· tion .. to whether th e 81m . nd glmlm. in lin.. 7_8, don01< the te mple p1 itU1<, a ph=< to modify the main ,'erb Jdb~. Th. two term, s«m to indicate "divine r<'Cipien"" of ...crifici. 1 offhipe" in the ritu. 1 pi"".,., H<1512 . "Thu •• Wy." (1983>; 32 n. 29) ",m>rk. ,h>! in ,h"",ocngphy for bbl. ~ X,ll. (1981 ; 26); 't>
"f,,,,,,,,,,".

'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

Ug,nt, like EI ,nd (.. yen) B... I, in the p,ev;on, lin. (1.1l9.6). Wptt .murn<> that the glmlm .r< ".v.un of A,hi." and Rahm..y, who .~ pe.r :u EI', brid .. in KTU l.lJ . ~ . But it ,..,m, more prob.ble ' hoy .r< to indie ... the epithet of the agent g<>
it> fem inine form glmt i. ",meti m ... problemn;c in it> , •.""I.,ion, whether it deno... lhe "m.... nge,," or lhe -.pith"" of • •M In ot her

C:=>,

W" j t{1)mh hi .. )"Ih 11 [gpo1.' "8' lKn>glmi mm) )'In

r

hi, l..>ds Il.ul ,u ... ly <<< l';m~ -Look, (('.up.,,] .nd U gar. 'M Son>!1 On<~ [n .. d.>rk«l ~ l ,k, .L.y; Alood "

to

CI. ·,h, ».or«! 8rioo' , Wyatt (1001; 41S 1I\d n. to). ~ U," g, "Q<>udJ "0;"'. ,,,,,",., DUL 190. I, fun«ion ... ;n ad""rb her<, wi,h the .o ,ilme 10110 ..'«1 by KTll""" . Th, "'>O>;,,plog'>phy btornl from ilS p=ll
~.

MESSU>;GER DEmEl M >lml r[m' pr' ~

,II< Gloomy One (h.. darken«l) ,he h l.lIM rrioc<J"~' (KTU 1.4 _ii Sl_S6).

Th. b 81ml h.. boen "'g>-rded " Gupan .,.,d US'" Gordon h.. com'ru.d the phr...., the ·son(.) of (th e goddes.) Galmat".".n . xception.1 c...., in which th. y .", indicat.d .. a " ingle god of 'he A· .,.,d·B" for the «..ding of , h. b 81ml .. bin (,g.) + Salmal" . Whilst d. Moor re..d it .. "t he som of Co ncealment' , which indiu t.. "Gup, n .nd Ug>-r· ~. ~I>rg.lit tr.mb "d it .. ", of the m.iden" " . On the oth1> it .. the 1"'"lIel epithet of Mot; • • the b glml i, p.r:olkl.d with the bn ;:Jml in line 55, it may mean ">on of dark ne« son of gloom" (>c. "the Dark One ... the Gloomy One1; he .,gil<> that the "Dark One" (Heb. f'llmii~"eI) i. a po" ible ougge>tion for the bll glmt in bot h KTU lA vii 5~ ,nd 1.8.7 .inee each of t he titl.. con.. in. the element mt .. a word.pb y for the DN Mot " . Yet it may ",fer .-:ather to Mot in , ,""om ful «nse of hi, youth; th u" the "Small On." ... th e "Gloomy One" , for B""I i. boa,,· ing of hi • .bility of ruling over the coomes in the previmu text (KTU 1.4 ,·ii 49_51) .

lI;, '«10m! from KTU 1.8.9. U,. "". ,o'go up, get up. e""" . ,.;","; .. •" >nne' , M.rplil (198C, 71). h de"",,,, p" rh;p< Sh>psh, WY'\l (2002, 112 n. 172) . " Go rdon (I%S, 19.1%9; .1", d . 19n, 101- 1). ~ De Moo, (1971 , 164) . Uq"""S"'y"'" (19r4 , 219....J n. ",.) .Iso ... i< .. Ihe ,;,Ie. of Gup-'o >nrplil (191!O, 68). w Wym (2001 , 111 _2,00 n. 171). ~

,,,'be

LE5-IER DEITIES

Tn KTU U&9. 10, Ug. glm h .. bege nt god" , .. ~ KTU 1.1 19.7 . hev", M.y Horon~ «pnJ (ouy).11< Agen. Kod (<c •

(KTU 1.169 ,9_10) ,

If it i" t hi. >ge nt god m.y h,,'e beih ly,

'0 fu nc--

,ion . . . d i" in e ",."ior to figh t 'he ""monic 'piri ... Sine< Horon i. evo ked hor. "S"im' t he d emo n" the 81m m.y be con "rued 1> h i. >ge nt deity. or prob.bly ... one of B..I' • • gent (per h.p., w>rrior) d~. At = y rate, it i....,n .. the I.... r deity. A. "", n 50 hr, the identity o f t he glm or 81ml m ust be defined in ,h. con« .. 01 <>cn tex ..

.. Caquot (1978_9, 489), de rrinx i, to .he "you.h·. Ilord"uil.C"'IU01

(1980, 348) vi.e .. , h.. U" hrn >nd ;Im occu' hm ... p.oi" , hu" U~. &1", e.u he" Ho.on', you, h, De ~\oo. (1980<, 43!) '0.'''''''' it .1"' .. .., "P~h", of Horon . • De :Moor (1987, 185 n.ll), " Th ... , Wym (l002 , 447) .".",1".. i, .. -Divine A."lUlll ". ~ Ho",. i. reprdtd ... ,h.honi.n dti,y, d , Alhri~h. (1936, 9); Pop«br; d . Heb. ,~", HALOT 188; Alk , j/,Iw~ , AH", 363_4; GlD l'\I/J] 5_7; -binde, ' , Avi,hu, (198L 16). Diff,rully, 'mmp.nion ", de Moo. (1987, 18S); C"'100!. (1989, lIS n. 353); ,,1<1 del 0Imoo..-.m",'. (2004, 3S3 [ID, "faroijj",-, WY'!l (1001, 447 " ,d n. 2'1); ',h"mer, e""h."",·, Thjk"r' (198S, 149_SO", d n. 2'11, ~ U g. <1'1, "knowledge. inform>!i,,", fri, ndnce, m>!e, .. ," '''''''''"et f", m""""," , DUL 2S9-6O; derivd< (/), Ih'l gJmh (KTU U v 8_9) ,

=-",

·de",,,.,,·, ...

M ESSU>;GER DEmEl

1.2. Cultic/Theoph . nic Ti tle: 'M

1.2.1.

Oi.-;,,,, "Cloud"

Ug. 'm. denot., b.. ic..Jly "cloud''': [)ltlib~,"JipIt\H)

[il

YrdJ "" It\x)

[)OB.ulo/,btmi" M. [Di,i,,,,) H..&iol'he clo...J," (KTU 1.10 i; }2 _ 33) ~ .

In this I..gment 01 t he epic. the ~ic " ructure h. ~ ",mantic p... llel of two noun ph ..",.. thm, il,h of Bul i, • 1"'..lIel to 'm. 01 H.Jd ~. Unlonunotely the I"",.ge ;. I.rgely broken af1ible « >ding"" ipi (geo.)" . C/. oJ< Moor (1987: I D): "d,ink". .. A, , hi, pi"",. ",lo...d.." , G»,er (1939: 176); G . R. Dn,'er (1~S6 , ))7: I ~ I); Lipin'k i (I%~: 119), v,", Iijl (1972: 11); de Moor (1~87: 113), ",d Reofro< (1'191: 13). ~ 111< ",o, lo,ion lollo~" Wym (1001 , ISS). Diffe« ntly. oJ< Moor (1~87 : 10): • __ . ~'ho [ J ,h, drink: __ . ~' ho ( J ,he d.)ud>'". " The .k"n.I.live n'm< 01 &.I: (I'I9L 188); del Olm<>-

s.."m''''n (2004 , 33~_~) .

s.."m.,,'.

.. KTU U iv 59. It ;, referred. mon plous ibly, to H.b. F ' BOB m_8; HALOT gS7~; ,hu" 'Cloud" (d: ~ll), "hil« it! "ym<>Iopc:tl root b«n " • .-iou<.ly propo«d: " ,1'n " 'I)I, to "bt poor, .ffl""ed. hun,ble" (G»"r. 193~: 09~; d . 1935: 17_8 n. ))1; i.e., -""'ilodmini,uan,"): fol lo~'
h.,

'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

-divine

C l oud ,'~;

and ''''th, -hi,

Clouru ·~ .

In the Ih>l Cycle thi,

phr ... i. u .. d " , li nguin;c rurrog... for t he ch>r:>Cttic or the name of the m"""ngm of EI (KTU U iii 17) or B.,I (KTU L. viii 15)". With" cjution of KTV U viii 14_7, Men" >n' "''''''tim., "",d ., an epithet, which exp"""" the th<'Orh.nie cn,u ct.. of. god In the ,..t, hm,-evl. B••I in>lruct. hi. two m..",ngero, Gu!"," ""d Ug' " b.lOr< "' nding t hem t o Mot , the god of t he underworH Bu, P'Y . \l<"l;"n, Clouds" of

.' "8' '"" il'"

lh. ~C>d" .

in"t''''"'" (AEL 1161 _;,); C"'"tO (1971 ,

137,167 [i.• _. -"'p"""nu,iv"'-D ; G. R. Dn.« (1956; 79, S9, 97 [i .• ., ·l",,"y ·~ 141 .nd n. 22); " .;.or (l%L 60 n. 1~2). Oldonbu'1; (1%9; 191 [i.", "de,-",,,,,"] ""d n. 3); 'M nn Zijl (19n 22. 103-1 .nd n. 9), or, >< "utin! to Hd>. 1':", ·pr""tic< """h ..yinX· (BDB n 8; HALOT851), Rio> (1%3, 55); 0'. "" rtinx to A,>b. 'cl.'n. ·h fo, m of th< q'/ wi,h ,h, ,uffix ""; follo ••«1 by Rg"· ' Ai,lI,it"" (1%01 , 13, ~9; 197~, no. 2(610), 0<, · "'11"'<. .."ald·, dotl Olmo (1981; 6(2). Fo, othe, opinion" "" de MOO<' (197L 119_ 30), van Zijl (1972 , 22. 102_. ). .. KTU L1 iii (I?); 1J i,' 31 .. ,d U viii 15. 0,. it oould be con .. ruM " "Cloud> 01 ,h. god" (0< · m ,,,di,;';). C/. Wy," (l99h ~22) . " KTU U i {IS1 and 15. " Giboon (1978, I") provo'" diff,,,n, ",ymologic>l roo" for ~n, ,hu" one for ·"""d.",. l:odlpplipboric>lly 10 ,,,,,,htt u"'g< fo, dotnOling 1 ">g; 422) ,hi, '
"1:'"'

.p'"''''''

·"""oUn,,·

''''0

U"

"""<.I..,,,

,ak,

MESSU>;GER D EmES

al Iq,b I "" ilm ml

do M' "I'pro>o
to

,h, d;v;ne

M",

(KTU 1.4 v;;; 14_ 1!)_ Thi, i. ~ p.ut of t he im'rued here» ~n imptiv< form; with r
.' 1" il' .' ~" Ill; I. 'nn ilm]

And K"'h ........ d·H .... "'ph.-d "Go, got C", ud, of ,h, god'"_

KTU' r<..ru the I.mn •• fter ~n .. I, I, 'nn il", on the b,.". 01 KTU 1.3 iv 31_33, Th. m",,,,nge.. of EI m.y be c.lled 'mt iI", .. thi. pi"" •. Th"", m"""nge" t",vel to An .. (KTU L1 ii 13 If.), ,nd then to Koth,._.nd·H.. i. (KTU 1.1 iii 1 ff.) to .tion of th ... deiti .. .. Q.de.h.~nd.Amurr" i. not .upponod by .ny .tion of Ug. "~III «em, pl.u.ibl<_ H. write" "The clouds .re to b. .. en now .. compmion" now ... ,-ehid . fo r t ho god. The ,-ery ch ..· iot i. anim .... nd divin <· ~ . " 0" "d;.;ne C","""'"_ Menden lull (1973, SS) ie."", ;, "n"..,d.,.-d, 'Jle. n",. 'n" aI,h, gobe" (J9~~, 28), ,he " Godl)-

°

On,", who« n."", 101",,,,, Moo • ..-..J wh ;ch den",,,, • -"ny." de;, y, Yn .nd UK",," ;n ,he ""meXl of'he ''''S; ,h",;, denot .. ",wo" goo., ~ D< Moor (1987, ! l) . C'quot-S,nY"" (197~ , 30 1_3) , Oth." ..k< ,he", to I>< \ woo del 0 1mo (198 1, 163), M, S_ Sm;,h (1'l9~, 1%-101)_ '" Wym (1'I92oo ~12)_

LE5-IER DEITIES

1.2.2. D k;ne "Labourer"

Ug. '"" app"''' to deno... n ." i,,:mt deity of Athi ..... It i, >1t <>tro in the following description wher< EI repli.. to Athi.. t: Am J • ", r",nt " , , Cloud " of A[hi· "It)

I' 'DJ a"t a/;!d "If hm amr "J" rib.. Ibn, )'bo

hli bi'" ilm

.' ~.,. /: bn dir!

Am J. ",,,,-.nt to gr .. p:> mould, or • m.i hou", he built for B.. I like (th .. ot) the god., . nd . m:m,ion like (that ot) the >om of Athir.. ! (KTUHivS9 . vl).

Th. p.",II! the function of the 'bJ i> to "gr.!p . mould". Ug. amt, the "",ond titl. of the ." i... nt deity of At hir .. , h" ., its functio n to "truth brich", In this p=lleled mn"ruction, it i> de... th>! ami of At hi"'t i, . .. m.mtic . quiv..!ent to ',," of Athint. Th. m n",uct ph, ... 'nn 'W' implies the fOlet that the term "~III un b. emplorro to

-",,,,.m,

" Ug. 'bit, ; CAD I/I [A] SI, Al brighl (l%Sb, 112 • . 30), Gin!l' ing p>r>ll!ll · , 10 V"'p • mould fo r lhe ,on,,,,,,,,;o. of • bous< . AI", d . "m,!:",>l ."p<""""".' v.., Zij l (19720 98, 103-~); "",,,,,i>l-, W.. ",n (1977, 18~; 1 98~ , 151). ,. Thu". m>id><"""l lik. Di"'Xay 0) , J"'8Y""" ajrl (KTU 1.11 i 10..7, and d . KTU 1.1 i 12_26). Furt"" di", ... ~on oi U~. ","' ll be m.o" in lh, <.. ~ry of 'M "",,,,,., - ;. Ch>pt
MESSU>;GER DEmES

'"

.ignify • .,i,unt doi,i", of my o,hor god, ., .... 11 ., B.,I, A,hi", or pc. ",moke1. \XIhil" t h~ m",,,,nge,, of Y.m . pp<ar .. hl>zi ng figure" the """" nge" of B""I ar~ de.cribM " ,moky figur",. It may b. inf..",d , h.t the "fi",' .nd "cloud" ("'moke") imply .. mpl~ im. gery (oc. "fi",' and · >.moke" .rou nd th~ . It.r). In any ovent, Ug. 'mr i, used h
'0

'0

1.2.3.

"C/ou d ~ ~s

,<X,

a Poetical M etaphor

Ug. 'mr i• • 1", used ... lingui"ic repr"", nut iw of ,h. pOn":

~ (,,oed

(1978, ~3 7) .

"Th, UI"';I;" "'" """,ribe, Ihat when Al h;,,,, It", ",k«l EI 10 ,uW ly. hou .. fot B.uJ, El grurnbln ..,d Upr "" y be ;nclud
form ... h;"h ;, "",,«'" w;,h El. " Cf. M,ndonh:olJ (19730 SS).

'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

[ ~"/wl Ibk

I," [ I

YO" at< 1"'''' ofh .." Oi k,) d o w!< 01 . (KTU 2.8 .4).

If the " rrn fo llowi ng Us_',m i, to be ~nr DN ~. th e '"" u n be cO"'trued ., • "J.."" do ity' of the ON". In ,hi, c, '''. ;, moy be ..... garded.., • portic.1 met . phor to oxpr"" the ..."ibut. of I.."" deiti ... Ug. brr, the , 'orb.1 root 01 br<. applie, the . u Tibu," of 'ml .... moU · phor. However, it j. difficult to prov, th is b".,,= of the f~menury n"'u", of th~ ublrt •. 1.3. Poli,ical T i!l~ . I.J.I. JU

~nd

'Jd

Th. me.llling of Ug. ,1/1 h.. ~n ,au .nod.., "gui"'- · , on the b..i, of A,. (ill /i l". "brohr". or "' m rcom .. 'he li ngui"i< "lui". len' of Ug. mlak, JII al iwk I 1m Um mf

A m",.eng"' ,urely 1 (
Perh • .,.. il or b'l. 61< ;< douboJul lh" U,. bin, · ~' h j, e · , follo ..-• .f,er ,h. «rm >ut, ,h...· p«t
MAlh';ghl (1933, IS n. 48) , G . R. Driv (198 L 536). ~ s..oo,.,,;n (198C; 347); ~h ,!: .oJ ;, (198C, 69, 245) . • J;,ku (l%.r 52). MAH", ISO; CAD3/D127- 8. Ci. de Moor (1971, 168) ., De l Olrno-S..om. ,,'o (lOO4 , 270- 1).

MESSU>;GER DEmES

ill 1) JJ II 8'-'

'"

~ her.Jd" (I will ",nd) to 'he fi<..

loyed" of EL Hero" (KW 1.4 ,ii 41-;Fj, The term d/l con",in. 0 diplomnieolly nu, ncM exphntio n n th i, point. It occur< in , p~u ll tic «rm 'dd in the next lin<. It m or b. uhn >< the epithet for m ..",nger ""i·

1.3.2.

~dr:

In the Ug, ritic ,<xu, thre< term • ..,.., "'mmtic.Jly "'lu>1ed with ..eh ot her, indic.,ing 'm«",nger ""iti..· , ch~rgM legitim. te ly hy their m.. 'er go& IIIlai(m) (KTU 1, 2 il l, 2l, 26, 28. 30, 4 L 41, and H), glm {KTU 1.2 i n, 19, ""d 3~}, ~nd ,'d, (KTU 1.1 i n l6, 28, 30, H, ,nd H ). All th, .. o.,ignnion... for to the ·"",.",ng" dei, i.," of Y~m. Thu., Ug. ,',I" t","dned., "emb",'Y"" in the "me""nger" texu, m~y ~ Ug. 'dd. from th< .J'JJ, to -dedate, ""pond-, DUL 149 (d. At.

'udoo/'ddo, AEL 1%9_71; 2188_92) . Cf. A",,,,. 'J.J, -m<""ngnd d . Wym (2002 , l11Jc -oJ;. fo,,,, of th< -i,'dd, DUL 956. Cf. H
" UK- iI'-" "yoU!h. htrio,", nn ""1m, (1934, 93-1»; Mill" (1970:< 161_4); l ipj nd!i (1970, 11), bly. to """i,n",," (d. H11-6); lhu~ G,,), (I%S, 14; -",i'"","" 1 ; r .. rd« (1978b, 2(6), 'UlI!:«linX lh>< i( U" ,'d, ;, <eng"'·. -il ",,'oold b< th< li«",o')' «,m 10' ' wi,,,,,,,,'"; .. nd M. S. Smit h (19'14 , 26S. !8! .. nJ n. 103). m1, 143_4). Ev,n ,hough ll-

.,,=,

.,,=,

LE5-IER DEITIES

expr'" implicitly ~ 1,..JI
,h. god".",," ,h.""

hi.. il'" rphhm

U:.,

rpiur mli•• )'''' I 'ttl U)~ 0"'1

, h.), .. w ,h,

m<$ . . n~'"

of Y"",

, h. ,n,"=y of Judg, [Noh"1

(KTU U;2I_11). The « rm I'dl i, relatN only to the "",,,,,nge,,, of Y. m in the B•• I Cyde, the Ii", ph. .... , m/"k }m, i• ..!w~,.. p.",II:.r·, v.. \ Sel"" (1970; 1SS ",d d . 2S2 n. 2), C"'IUOl.$myc" (1974, 128), ",I.,;ng H.b. """ ' ''. · "«;n,,,ny, .. , .. ,.,ion" «bid.,". ,,), .. ;u OOU""'I'-"' . Cf. eoog..-. (197S, g1), · m;,,;on ". o;ff.r<" ,ly, from , he ';'1""d,!O .'1'1"';.,,' , G. R. D ri v" (19J<., H 1 , · """,",M """"'"ge>!,)), A;"tI.,;,"" (1~7~ , "". 119S), Gr.y (iM ., 187 " . 9; ."""';.... , oIh" ,) ; del O l""'"' •.-uru"'!'n (200-1, 8S6); or, from 't!.t G."" (19SO, U 1), .1",. of. "oo"ncil .nvoy", Cros, (I~H 27~ , " . 1) ,.,] m ,h. ' '''" '0 U, 'dl . • """" ing, .... robly· . For funh" d;",u" ion. "'" de Moor (1971 , 13:-'1); " ,d M . S. Smi, h (199 ~ , !8l ",d n. 103, 4). " Gr.y (I%S, 2 ~ n. 8); follo ..,.d by de Moor (197 1, 130). Cf.· .bc, fot' =e"",", Gi""," (1978, IS~), M. S. S", i,h (19"14, 181), .nd del 0 1"'0-

""''''.!o

s..um""in (.'004 , 8J<.) . .. A «m"k of ... \ ,.,Ims

( 1 ~70 ,

2S! n. 2) ;, pl,,,,,;ble, "m"""nger<.'" 01·

.... y • ..,m" 1.><, ;n l";"" oooeS, or of ,h......; 'n .... ', ""II • eh"". b< , "",;ned ', 0.",- 19,15". Aud he funhe, m.m;on, , h .. ",h;, .1", «pl,;n, ,he u" of ,h. ",oro I'dr, ·,.. ,imony', ... l"r>lI. 1' 0 miaC . ., Th, G. 3. "'. pl. form of U, ,j,my, to .""" .. py, loo k ." know, ~ 1 ", .,.;,". OUL 667. Cf. RS Akk. (. 'j.I>/l, AH", 1~59..;,() ; ('.AD !l1[A )

,h,

101-1.

M ESSU>;GER D EmES

ISS

Summ.ry

E:och Ugaritic title of me",nger doiti", conuin,. diff.r
\I:'hi l« the m.jority of m..... nger do iti", rem';n . nonymou, .• few of them . re known p.rt icularly hy their own name in the Ug.ritic tab. I.." "'p",,,,nutively, G up. n .rnd U ~ .. (Bill' , menenge,,) .nd Q.o..h . and·A mu .. (Ath iut', war,-ior.m"""nger). They may be regard..! .. chief. menenger doiti", in the divine :,.,embly , . nd m.y be pmit ..! .. the prototype 01 arch.ngel, in the Heh",w Bible. Qadeili .• nd..AmuIT will be di>cu",d in the following ch'p'er of ·Le,... r Deiti", .. Warri· 0"" 2.1. D u.1 N . "",. of Ddd""

In the Ugaritic po<m, it i. "''''''time. uncle .. whether the title of dei· ti", indic . ... two "'pa"" deiti .. or • • ingle deity, like othe" who h.ve "douhl.. b.,-rell. d" n.m ...•. The Ug. ritic . rt;'.n god H h.. hi, douhl. ·b.rrelled n.m", lir "' ~" ·Koth ..·.nd..H..,i.. ''''. In the de>crip" tion., he evidently .pe.k> of him ",!f in th e . ingub" r~"'t, "I uy" (KTU l.4 vii lJ) and I hwt}, "to my word" (KTU l.4 vii 25). Similarly. ",m. other deiti .. h.ve their n,m", in the form of A·.nd·B. They m.y refer to either the ""imilation of two figur<' into a .ingle deity Of the a« of two epith et. for one figure "': qdJ ~- aln", "Q. de,h ..:md.Amarr" .. G;nobert; (19 ~~, lS) >Old Pope (19SS, 44) . ~ CI. M. S. Sm;,h (19SS) >o,d H",d)' (199 ~ , llJ-6) . '" U,- . ' i. he", ,,,,d .. " oonjunc,ion be,.-"," ,he ',,",0 noun" ,hu., "K",Iur-""d·H.,i ,"_ in • hyphen.. «l fo'm. CI. M. S. Smi,h (199~ , 170-1, 161). '" M. S. Smi,h ( 1 99 ~, 170).

.1""

LE5-IER DEITIES

(KTU 1. 4 'v lJ, etc.); nkl w ib, "N tkbj·~nd-Ib· (KTU 1.2... 1,37); ml ~' Jr, "Hero' ~ ""d Sov..e'gn" {KTU 1.21. 8)"'; md 1!l'n ... qJl, "W,~ .nd Holy O ne" (K TU 1.16 t 1\, 11; ..Jso r<storN at 1.16 " -19) . The t ... o elemenu of the dtv,ne ch. nete".re woven t"Seth .. ,nto one n.me. In foct, bino m;"1 nun<,.r< common in the Ug .. itic texts. How· """, they do not ..J ....y> constitute ~ ~nge". While they ' ''' in,i1 they ar. two divine figu ... '~. Hence the mi to indic .. e . , ingl. deity.

'" U,. mr m.y ...,fer 10 "nun, h",o»>
""",er",

,tI,,,

proo.ol)' '0 Heo. j") ..,d Akk. _~. ' _;n," , Alorigh, (1941; 41 n. 19), followed by Pop< (1%5b; 284. 5); de Moo< (197L 53); and del O lmo-'anm''''n (2004; 305). Thff"e ntly, e:,,-,u,o (197L n 1) ;n",!,,,,,, ,h., ;, co ......pcmJ.. to Heb. ~: (?:), " ..';n,"; Y"," 0< >dn,;neJ. ,h, bt-con",n""iI lener;, ;n...Jeq ... " 10 prov,;to ",Ie.."" y '0 ,he ";
""et.

c..-

"" Obtmun.> (1948, 27). ~' A l br ; gh,

(1%8>0 8').90).

". Gonion (1949, )7. 8); G .."r (195(1; 127-8 and n. 45); K.p
M ESSU>;GER

DEmES

'"

2.2. Th. Duality of Gupao and Uga, Th. titl., of Cupan ""d Ug.>r in KTU 1.3 iii >Ild iv m.y indiut< the foct th.. they are . pair of """"ng"'" the 81'" w "sr (KTU 1.3 iii 36; I.~ vii s-4) ;, interchang.. bly u>«l ,..ith ilm (KTU 1.3 iii 31). glm{m} {KTU 1.3 iii S, iv 5, I.J i,' 5; H vii 51_3, 1.8 ii 5}, and '"" ilrn (KTU 1.3 iv 31; and I.~ ,·iii 15}'''. It i, true that it i, someti m", not ea,y to dete rmine whether the", titles are u..a in th e >c. B...J; and ilm i. ",en h."" as il (>g.) plu< _m enclitic, thUl, "Cloud> of the god" i, better. C imbe'l\ t",o.lat., th e ph~ 'm' ilrn.., ".tt endmt> of divinity' . indio eati ng also that ilrn denot ... ' ingle "deity''''. But , ince the 1II denote also a pair of m",,,,nger< as a dual form, he t",n ,lat<> the 'n" ilrn at KTU 104 viii 15 al-7); ....d Renf"", (1992, 13), -From th;, ;t; , ,h, ,h" 'nn C>rl de>;gn". ,u b.:",Ln.m . W"""} ... ho fu"",ion;n !.Om< ,." " .. me<..,ngers bu, ...1>0, de",;" ,he;,"""" ,,,n,,,, ,,, none,hel.,., div;ne"; Renfroe (ibid.. 23 n. J.6) fu ... be, oomn,.n" th .. in KTU 1.3 iv 32_S, -'"" ;, modified by t he >dj«:<;v< ilm ..,d " ... oli pM,.]I.! to ,h, 'god,. (ilm) >oJ 'di vin< (iI.,'m)". "'el. R,nf"", (1991, 23 n. 3S). H ' h c.on ,.]'" be ,he d",,] 'ndi,,~. Ci. llTj8.S. H' Gin,",,'l (19 •• , 27 n. 10) . m Gin,",,'l (19 •• , 27), -d;.ine .."..Lo"". ,,, W)·,,, (1001, 81), "A"e..Lo" 0/ t he gods", .. , construct pi "" g
0"""

'" Wy.u (1001, 113).

"""n,

'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

Other sr:>m m>1iu l
id.. th., Gupan and Ug.>' >r. du.!. In the deocriptio n. , they uk. .n import"'" role to com'ey mess.g« betwoen de iti.>; hence. thq we r< ;n<1nK" d by B...I (KTU l.J iii 8_31) .nd t hey wore ..,nt to t he godden An.! (KTU 1.3 iii 31 If., d, lin< J6); :oft« doliv. ring the me,"'ll< from Bul t o An .. (KTU l.J iv S_!O), t hey llid ,h en c.me ".>Ok t o B... I (KTU 1,3 ;v 32 fl.); .. th .. ti me , An •• u id to them, Ik Ik '''' il.. b"", '" an j",

a,,"

Go, ~o! Cloud" o f the god! You m.y go .Iowly"';

but I , h.llle. v. ,,. (K TU 1.3 iv3!_33; ,,{ LI ;i; 17_8").

In ' ,d to the term bitm, t he ! duo suffix _m m.y be employed with t he ,JbJ in o rder t o "P"'" t he two mes .. nge rs of B".,l'''. T h.

bt,,,,

'" The r"", of U,. h"" h«n "'gg«tM .. bJ, to "dq>.>,." (de Moor, 1979 , 647 n_ 5 ~ ) _ Y«. i, t, oon",..,«i to bt db.bly, fro m ,h. , Ib!, 10 "go ,lowly. be 1>,,", UTS'9.53l; DUL 1~1, s...m."t. (1978,3>4 n. ~~). Cf. H&i';] ",I"<no",, _ M. S. Smi,h (1'H ~ ; ~~ n. 78). Th"~ "Jtl>y., G ib",. (1978, 51), W)">u (1001 , 81) . Dill<",ntl y. Si v1I'I (lOOL 286) te f<" it! Up,;,je rom 10 ,f.< ,lbnJ; "!;ain,, ,hi,. _ dtl 01010 (1981 , 530) . G il/ord (19n 86_7 n. 59) .oy;u« , h1l ,f.< ,'<m;, ..... ;v< 1"'.-1"",- Bu" .. M. S. Sm;,h (199~, ~4) ...,Iu,,,, i,. i, .... h" _m, . of mo.ion . ,,, U~. I",. dtri v<;1 fro m ,h< ../1" "', 10 "1>< Jj,figured. dtlorn"d, '''''''/0'01, ch.ng< 10<.. .,."; h. ~ := , HALOT 159!-ll, A kk. lwI~, Aih! 116b-~, CAD 1 !11[~1 ~03_8; Syr. J", BrockqUOl-Szny'" (1 97~, 171 • . v.) . h m.y b< ,on· "rued .. <" (1%9, 137); Clifford (19n 86), "qui. ' , G ;bso. (1978, 51), " hurry· , Wy .. , (2001 , 81). '" In ,h"", p.>r.Jlekd Ii",.. ,h, '1'1''''''' .. K"'h ........ d-H ..;, (KTU l.l ;i; 17). '" Cf M. S. Sm;,h (I'H ~ , 1~9 •. 73).

""h

"P'""'"

'1"''''''

MESSU>;GER DEmES

'"

tOf!II i, U.M with t he 2 du. '" pron. aim, hence, aim Mlm , ·two of you m. y go .lowly· '''. Thi, mppon. the ,-iew th>t Cup. n .nd Ug., .r< B... I', m.,,,,ng' " ' ' ~ p.ir. Tn other c..... , ,imihr gr>mm>1iul .vidence i> found; "' II> I

'"'p' .. kilo/.. i l"""

to,"" n>tc.t!i., ..,h,n

1'0100' ""um , "" Lad, ~-e"

..n1

(KTU L. , .•1-13). In thi. editori,l not., Ug. Ilakn i, U.M here.,. ,.,rb.:tl predic ... of Ug. glmm. The). m. du. '" pr du.1 for m, thus t he glmm , which r.fe" to Gup,n and Ug. r her<, are rrded .. ., p,ir of me""nge". Thi, "" liution obvi.... the n..d to r1ch of hi> me<>ir of entiti.. get. "conger. A, envoy. of n...J, Cup.n ...,d Ug.>r ~ .. comm.ndM to go to the god Mot in the under· wodd (KTU I. ~ ,·ii . 5_. 6, 51 -5. ). Hence, in KTU L4 viii, Cup.ut and Ug>r (d. lin• • 7, l gpn/><. ug,) , .. in",uc-t. d by Bul ""for< being di•. patched; 01 y 'riNAt I. i.,r b 1m

;n

h~

mou,h

(KTU H . ;;;

I~- Ig) .

Ug. y'd"km con,i>" of • prefixed conjugation and • ·km . uffix, he.. to be uhn '" du>l, to the verbal "em 'd". In the following lin .. of 10-11, another c= of, du,l indic .. ion 'pl"'~n:

~' 11 could >I", bt "'.d .... 1. pI. p,on . Ho.,evet. " ;, roo", proh.ble '" ",>d;, ... du.

'" Cf. G ,n
,,, AI1hoogh ,h;, form an bt ".ul .. I", .. 3. m. pl., ;,;, hudly '<"'1,,,,J ;n ,he com"", c.r ve. ""., DUL 1.8. Cf. Heb. ~,=, HALOT 806-7; Akk. ,,}b.. . AH", 167 fl.; CAD oIjEl . I6-16. It n",y he u«
160

LE5-IER DEITIES

1~ld"
iI.. JI'1

)'OU ! i b< ~round up '" (by) lh< Llmpo! ,"" goJ~

'h.>p
Ug. 1~lan h" h<en eonstruM" ~ . ingub r enorgie''': but the ".,. b.1 form indie>!" more prob.bly 2. Co du>!' ~ ""ith prefix t _ and .uffix _ no Thu •• B.lU" indie.,., th., Ug. t~wn is reh t"! to the two m,,«n · ge" previously mention..!' ~ , In the description. of KTU 1,5 i. Cup.n .nd Ug" were inst'"ctM hy Mot and they brought M",·. mrn>ge b..ck to B.. I (d. KTU 1. 5 i 11). In the Ixun, hg. in -'~ , They were ..,nt >g,in to Mot with an ob",,!uio", reply from B""I (KTU 1.5 ii 8_10). At thi. time their 'pp,,.,,,nce occur>

.Iso ... pai" II>'~'

The XOOs del"ned >Old did

1.I'lb il..

no!

ob~' n .

id( I )'1. P" <;., &" ilm mr

Then """.i"ly ,hey"" (,h,ir) Ix" to~..ro. Son 01 EI, MOl (KTU U ii 13 _ I~).

Eithe, the « m.l!ltic .ubject or .ynuctic.1 .uhit eomtruM .... 3. m. duoform"'; the text run, .. follow" Th
,,, U,. ~t', 10 -vind up, crush, ",nihiJ",- , DUL 4ll Ci. Akk. Itol" , AHw HI>; GlD 6W l 1~1 - 1 . Th< i, u«d h,,,, ... N lorm. ,,, Gin,b<'l (1944; 19). 1>. TroW' (lOC':} 4'1'1). ,,. s..""r (19l1; , 56) . ,,, Wyau (1001; 111 n. 33). ,,, They bt .. ken .1", ... l. m. pI. lo'm . How ..", '" di"",=ci '00"<, ,he divine figu"" ' ''', mOl< proo..bly , d,n-edlO .. '''-0. m V&. >/:, ' 0 -<<!I. d.im" , UT! 19.11"'-', DUL ni_ l . C/. Hell. ~," , HALOT 1011 _1; Sy,. i"'ah; Brocke im>Jln (1%1.; "n); A,. .«l{>a; AEL 1751 _1; Akk . ~~"; AH", 10%; CAD 16[~1 1.4_5. I" 10m , ~'i,h ,he preli' ,. hOI" could >!so b< ",>oJ ... l. pI.

.,rb

<."

MESSU>;GER DEmEl

'"

"Me=g< of Mi,h,i«t ll.oaJ" (KTU U ii Ii>-Irj, Y.. the two v"l» (,ra and '1M . bove occur in the ,.fo rm>, which m.y ref" to the fem . I• . Gimberg "id th .. if they >Ie m.. «ngers of B... I, the ),form, m.y be congruent gumm .. ic.Jly with 11m in line n. He fun her .. gued th. t the gender of the two tneS« nger> i, ..:1u.lly f, m. le .nd th .. they . re pern.p' m= ngers of Mot "'. 1,lowO\'", Gin,berg h ter eh.nged hi, mind ", th.. the two vern. ref.r to two m.le individu.;o], bee""" .ny e.... of ,. e.n ",rve .... 'prefix of the th ird per",n dwl m.«ulin,"; th u., they . re identified ... Gup.n .nd Ug" '''' Th, two deiti., who com'eyetruct< hi, ilrn . g'; n for moth" mi"ion (KTU 1. 5 ii 8 " 12), T he conte xt of the text< .llude, to the fw th .. Mot', m"<>g< h.. prob.bly been brought to B•• I by Gu!"n and Upr. Thm, it ern be interpreted th.t they m. y be 'lualilie
", Gin,beO} ( 19 ~ ~ , 19 • . 2D) . '" Gin,beO} (19~0 , 010). The p...,jixed " i, ""'''' oom"",. ,han Y'" lor m. pI. lorm. Hell<e, Tropp<' (XOO, 021 . /AS) .1"" ro.~""" both '" • l . m. duo '" d . KTU 1.3 ii ll-l ; ,hey (11m) >ee <en, from 8>..tl to Mot "1:'; • . Tnu" d . de Moor (197J, 119), ' 11 i, likely , h., occ .. ionaJly ,h,y ..,rved ",het god< (00 (CTA UIl.l r, i, be "",.lIed ,h., (be Qd, .' 'Am", regul>r .",n, don, on Ali",u, <er~ "'. n,.""nge' 10< 8.>.>1 in C7A H')". ,,, Gib",n (19rS, n . 2) . ,,, U" b', (0 · en", . rome, ",,,,h", DUL 20l . Cf. Hell . K"J: , HALOT 112_ ~; Ph., Pun. b'; DNWS! 146, Ar. M'~ , AEL lJ0-2 ; Akk . bll'. , AH", 11 6; CAD

,h.

."Y n

1[8117&- &1 .

,h.

LE5-IER DEITIES

be con"n=! •• • L dlL form ; "h"lY]''', "[wI< h. ve turned .round-'" (line< J-( ~ D, mg"y, Ow. c.me" (li n.. 5, 8) ' ~.

In Ug.ritic gr1mm.u any du.1 form of the t
Among other .nonymou. m..",nge" the n1m",; me"enger deiti .. QCoo cur ... q<1i ... am" (-Qadeili ..rnd-Amurr", Ath irat '. wurior.m.... ngero KTU 1. ~ i,' lJ, (KTU 1.5 vi I, }-I.~ 5, S). Thry ",rv. Mot (KTU U vii ~5""6. 51 _54) as woll as B.al (KTU LJ iii Jl ff.; LJ iv S_10) , T hu. , they . ", ident ified .. the int< rmediuy m..",nse ... between the higher gods.

'" U~. ,bb (!bb). !O ·,u,n round, go rou"d .. >oJ round go 'hrough, 'u,n ' OWatd<, 'u,n. 'urn ;nto", DUL rS2 . Cf. H,b. ~~:, IIALOTrlB-40. ,,. Cf. Joo 1.7; 1.2. '" Th< fun"" ... mpl' of , h< I. duo ,,"run~ _n)' un be .... n in ,h< ",m hi",", ,h< p=id, hi pl ... , h< I. du . ,ufr.x _"y, ,h .... ·br ('Vin .... nd.F;.,Id·W .

MESSU>;GER D EmES

'"

l . THE P ROCEDU RE OF D IVINE M ESSENGER DI SPATCIiIN H IE UGARITICT=s

The gene,..] procMu", of divine "m..",nge," di.p.>tch in the Ug>ritic t .." con.i,,, of Ii,·e . u ge" 1) the .. nding of m..",ngen by thei, .. nde" 2) the t,.,·elling of me""nge"" 3) the >rri,..,) of m..",nge", 4) the ",,!ivering of the m' ''' ge to the recipient, ~nd 5) the r
The fi"'t con.ider:;ltion in the pro<Mure of divine "me=nger'" di'p.>tch i. the 'lue"ion of how divine me ... nge" ~r< chA'1lM for the mi..ion. When Y~m commmge to the di· vine council. he t<.leh .. them wh~t they h~ve to do when they Arri,·. bdore di,potching them (KTU U i 13 _9). B..ul al50 in"rUC1' hi. me .. .. nge", I>ending them to An .. (KTU l.J iii 8_31). ThIH, it i...· plicit that the in",uC1ion of the ",n""r to hi. divine m..",ng"rs nor· mally precede. thei r dep.>rture on the mi"ion '~. In Ug. ritie poetry, the me"~ge of the ",nde, i. oh.n repe~ted in the imtruct ion of the .. nOer himself and in the ""h,·.ry by m..",ngen. Thus, it i. ,,·i""nt th.t repetition. m~y h ..·• !>Nn ~imed .. the .udi· enee in the ancient <1"',' 6.

w' The", pm""' at< c""1;Oti...J 0" ,he b.Liis of ,he division de",ribM b)· M,;er (1988) . Thlfe",,,dy. C .. ",lO (197 1; ~l ) divide, ,h, ..·hol< proc1) ,ul#'" ,h .. ,he", are fou, pm<en, de ..ilnd detibe,,,;",,· oommu" ",,,;on), .1",. d . del Olmo (19S-l,) . '" The ,n"""";,,n oonn;lIy ron"", of , wo el,m,,,,,, ,he """de,·, oornn,,,,,d to h " m.... !O "'0'" , he" hom>g< ' 0 ,he di v,ne , <<'p,en! >nd ,h, """de,·, m"'<>Ke of ~·h .. ,bey ,!, pU'l"""'. CI. ,he lourtold "'p
..." ,

""""u'" .,( ,h,

n". .

"ric,

LE5-IER DEITIES

3.2. The T ra.-elling of M ...e"""" 3.2.1. The

Fo'muJ~

"f ·'.lfe..e"l!"r" Di'p"tch

A c,.,nger· ee toward," ON ""dlor TN' ''. In f.>Ct, it i, a Semitic phr.H<, .... hich i• ., ,,,,ed in Akhdian tex", thu., ptllulmll'<jni (ana + info verb) ",MIllInI, ·to 5d the f.c< (to do)" '''. Thi, h .. been mgge"ed, proh..bly, .. We" Semitic influeme,g. It i. fou nd .1", in Hebrew ve".", ~n 31.11; Num H .• ; .nd Neh ~.17 '~. The ph ..s twenty.two time, in the Ug .. itic ,".ts ''', whe.. eight out of tw.nty.t .... o ",I.,e to the di.p.tch of divine m"""nge", KTU 1.1 ii D · H (Mmeng ... of El), 1.2 i 13 · [~, 19_20 (M ..",nger< of y..",); l.3 vi 11_13 (Q.&.h.."d-Amurr); U viii I, 1()..1l, 1.5 i 9_10. and 1.5 ii [}· H (Cup.n ""d U!;"r, m ..",nger< of S.,I). Thu" the phr ... {,f,)m 1'"111 It mAy .ignify f.ature> of the dep.rtur< of m..",n· g.t> on th.ir journey.

,J:.

3.2.2. The Le"Klh oflhe Joum.ey

With regard to the mi"ion of """"nge", their journey i, often ,:oid to eo,'., • gre., dilunc•. The fo rmula i, used typiCAlly in KTU 1. [ iii; the di" ance i. along w.y from th e ho",e of El to Egypt ,

,.. E., ., ["bub, lh, d ~" lli,,, of Alion 01 Ih. jou.",,~ ... KTU 1.1 ii 14. ,,, Cf. EA 148,1;,,34; ISU7""O. ,,, AH", 702, 819_20. ''' Cf. L.yron (1986) . ,'" CPU 1688_9.

M ESSU>;GER DEmES

b alp ld r[bI t mn1

16S

>
1<>1;"'" '''j'''

··U . . ,", \ ~,

U ,,, _

.

The .stim.,. of t he J ist.nee m.y be the length t hot the divine ll1«>verv between the piKe of dep.rtu" 1lld th e de.. ti n>tion'~; it gives the imp" .. ion that t he mo»vee i, ,ynucti. e.Jly ,,1.1«1 not to the movement 01 m ..... ngers, h ut to t he following ... rb hbr, to "oow' (ot the [.. t 01 M"'l' ~. How,,'
'I!! I""" ", b 'i "n'm II'" b alp ld ,bI 1m.

,,, U~ . !ii, -. "rip, • I,ngth of i..-.d, pmh-, DUL Sil'I_l0, -m;]<" , Wyau (2002, ~3). Cf. Akk . JiM., AHw 1230; GW 1 712l~ J 403_7. H. Ug.Im .. , -"''''"' DUL ~~5-6 0), "I}n" , AH", ~~ ; CAD 1IfK1531 . ,,, Wym (1m, 34_5) i",<tp""" ,h< /o,""uu" ,ndi<>tinil -, """.'u'" 01 dimn« ,hon .",,"; hIe 01 'p>« ;, •• ymbol 01 po"""' y", , n< .wo «m". !ii and J.m • ., ,n KTU 1.1 '" 10 md 11, o... ,1so b< ·",ml.. ed .. ,"'. «rot! <<dy u""d in, hn<ar ..,ns< (, .&- KTU U;" 2)", Wy." (looL ~3 n. 6g). ». T~ fo<mul,alp;,) ,hi."", oc,"" ,I"" ,n KTU 13 . ; 17_18. 1 . ~ .,;, 1~ _ 10, «0, », G,,,,,,n (1978, 53); Coogan (1978,%); dol Olme {198L 101)"nd d . Caquot&n),«r (1974, 178). ,.. Th, phr"""logy of clip JJ. __ ,hll:mn ;, u«l"'" ,n KTU 1.4 • '>6-7. », r .. .-.lee (1976, 117) . ,,, Cf. M. S. Sm" h (1994 , log).

,,,,h<,

,h<

,he"

LE5-IER DEITIES

TI\<~

«,,.inly ,h. "'" (\1<,) 1><. toward< R ... I (in) ,h. s..phon. "'''''.. ,OOu<>oo m il<>, "n ,hou<.>nd I,""u",

h
of

(KlU U iv 37_38; d . 1.S i 9_11).

Incidenully, the di.,.Ulc, i> comPlied wit h th, diplomatic grnm' of obei.. nce before ropl figur.. "'" >t ,h. f"", of our l>n be given h.re for comp.,i . ..,n ~' ,

(E
Th. two UgHit ic lin", . boov. describe t h. rend ering of homog•. In t h... C.I5<., t h. p hr= m.. ning "from . di>unc." m. y be rel . ted to th, . xpr ...ion of hom. g• . How.v«, '" ..,en in the c • .., of KTU 1.1 iii 1 ,,. Ug. ml)"'; "l\<;gll\, ,op, ,urn",i, (of. ",ooo,.in)", DUL S7'I_80. CI. H,b. 0\-': , HALOT 633, Pun. ""m, DNII"Y 69 •. .., l.o<~·.n".,nm (191!O, 2.6-8) . M' A f. l()t", . ..-i,h. m_ p",r, • ."d _m ",Ir... 01 U~ . ,hq, ·di"",,·, DUL n8 . Cf. H.b. ~",." HALOT 121._6, Akk. r/~., '"'I'" AH.., 971, 'rI5-6; CAD 1.[R1261-8, . 21_5. In. not' on KTU 1.12.8_10, Gi"oberg (1938b, 19",d n. 7) ,h. ,ulf,. _m 01 Ug. m'!><1 b",x", on ,h. b"i, of ,h. Am"n. lormu l. 7_.1. & 7.",,,,,;, ""v." ,h .., ."d ,hi,-, no",',v,", in An. l.u,,, lrom ,h. >tchiv, 0/ , he roy.1 p.>I",. 0/ Ug ... i" i" Akk. par.lI,1 ph,... ,.qi! g;"" -,"",he, J'O"ihi!i,y to int.rp"" -nt; ,hu~ No,,!;.yrol (19Jot;, lll, 216), a"" SiP#"" Mil),,, ill. ril. lS. clm<j~I, -Au pi«! de mo" nllirr• . de loin. 2 loi, ~ 10;, i< n,',flo,",,,,-; .. ,h. od"rb;>i-m, "" ("",.-.Jo" (I%S, SI1.S); """'p<<
,m,,!,,,,,

",,'.n

ii,.

_m,

M ESSU>;GER D EmES

'"

~boye, ~

g"''' dist ..m e in "m",,.nger" d=:riptio n. i> not runco of the journey for the m..",ngen. Th. bet th .. divine m.,,. nger> could re"" h their de"in ... ion only .iter. long journey need not be understood., •• ign of their w. ... n. " . The remoten.,. of region. "'"' ..·.. n the sender .nd the r« ipient im· pli., the boumhry of v. st independent dimemion. of t he divine rule of e>oh ~od. The n the lengthy journey ",",ween two divine re. lm. m.y denote the legitim ... . ctivity of the divine >gen" as . nmy."'.

3.3.1. Showi"g

Hom~'"

to [he Oil-i,,,, Recipient

When divi ne rr=,.nger> .mve ~t their de.!in .. ion , .. described in KTU 1.1 i, they bo,,' down to the r«:ipient ... gesture of hom.:.ge. In the mcient Ne .. E.st . pro" ming one.. lf wit h ""pect before ~ ' upe' rior figure """" • convention rep",,,,nting • mm of gre .. ly inf the re~lm of the deit i... Thu, • ge .. ture of "prmtr>ting on . .. lf before someone' refer> to. nom·erb.1 in· dic .. ion of the r.lnk difference bet"'«n deiti .. in the div ine worH an inferior god usu.lIy bow. down to • ,uperior god. Thus, ... soon ... they .. rive fro m their long divine m.,· ,.ngen ~re .uppo",d to render hom.:.ge to the divi ne recipi. nt of higher rank. One of the ""tion, uken by m.,senge" i• • prostr>tion at the f..,. of the recipi. nt, thus they bo,,' down to Mot for p. ying their hom.ge ..... KTU 1.-1 viii 11,..2'1, Al th. f.... of MOl bow .. 1<1 f.11do.,n.

",,'<1.,

~'w)·.u ~.,,'

(1..... , 3.,Sj "'g"'" lh., lh. kmg di".f>C. of lh. ," ,in. m=
journey i, her. l>k.n "'" ... li«," m..nin~ hu, .. lh. ,h"lOnc. 1 <X. v,,,,,",n . .. lh. '
'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

pro"",,, you",,]« •• nd I"Y honug< (' 0 him)"'_

dj'l"tc hing ,hem, in (>Ct , the sende, instruct> hi, me""n· ge" to .how homage tot he rec ipient{,) .. . diplom ... ic gestu,.., BefOrt

[1 p'n iI 1 ~! rpl 01 Ii,h,,')' [m'd1

rA)'

[A! th, f~ of El l «"'i nly you .1uI1 (>11;

",,,,;,,Iy you , lull pro", .. , you .... l... (to) ,h. lli<mbly of [lb, oouncil~ (KTU U; 1~ _IS) _

Some h,,'e con>lrued Ug. al in , neg>tive .. n", "'. Yet it em be in· torpruppo= the fact tn>! they h. ve .Jre~y p,..", ,,,,M

them"lve. belo '" the !Kip;.nt. In other word" their p"',ition of bow_ p ..",qui,it< for the U"s' of Ug. qm"', ing down

i,.

3.4. The DeU <.. ing o f ,h. Me. uge

In the US. ,i,ic ' ox" me" ' g"' from the .. nder we", wrinen on u blet.'" but deh,-erM o .. lI y to t he r« ipient by divi ne m"s."nge,, ''' . '" ·F"u"","" p"",;"n< ""'y b< gi,'e"_ '" "",",;"ned undo, diocu";oo of U'- mrMjlm ("'" n. 161 .oov.); ",",«im", i " lh. wU"'lion of ,he lly, del O lmo-S..-.m''''n (2()O.1, 8iJ.1). M' Ai<,leiln« (19M , ~8) ; Gin,",,'l (1%9, BO); C"l"",.su,yc" (1974 , 129 " . m); Mullen (198~ 114); de Moor (198r 31); M. S. Sm ilh (1'1')~, l6S, 288 ); ,nd P.,on (1978, ~O); del Olm" (1981, 169);..-.d W)'", (2002, S8 n. 10l). ,.. WY"1 (2002, S9 n. 10}). ''' !" KTU U i 1 ~· 1 7, Y.m ",nl hi< """«nge", to lhe di,ine bk-t ~hl, KTU U i 26). " , II "uy I... ' .n .,,>logy from -,""","I Semil;" """"y; he""", .n Ak· k>g< inform' lh" it h.. h«n ",ndu","'; ",o<- by • m;n who ·",ius worm in hi, mou,h· _sa d,,
..,'e"

cr.

"'''''''ii'

MESSU>;GER DEmEl

.

,

J.4.1. A Formula of !If<~ng('' S".,.>ch

A. won ., the divine me"enge" Mri,'e at th eir destin ... ion, they con· fo rm to the diplomat ic norm, they introduce them~h'" to the recipi. ent b)' rendering their hom:.ge to him or her, . nd they ~in to deliver the m e" ' ge in • formul. of M....,nger Spe«h. Thi. fo rm ul> i. constitU1«1 by the di" in . m.. ~nge" thm"eh-.. in order to .uthenti... e their role .. the emi ...uie. who deliv m.y be fou nd .. LJ iii Il_H. They Me comm, nded fin! to .pea to the r«ipient . nd then to ded~re who« m<">ge it i" .' '8m! bill ", i .\ mml !imm

1",·

And "",.k'''!O Vi~n An>!, ... y to Do"e' " of POlen! One 'N,

iM I)im i~l" (ARM! 76.17); lhat i, !O "'y, ,h< one '"00 "h ... good mem0'Y"; d. Moo>"n" (Exod } US; Deu, S.ll, 9.!0). BUl il i, not d<sn, """<", hen"", "1I; 158), "u'm;,,", d< Moor (1%9, IS}; 1971 , 9r); "N.,ion,", de Moo, (1~8r , r ",d n. }~) . Bu, i, ;, ,0""",tJ. po .. ;bly, ., • Jivin< ,iti, of B... I, "Pr;n"," , Gray (1%5 , 43); b"" more prob>bly, , he ·P",<m, PO""0 417_9; 2002, 77).

'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

rh", "Ii>'" H h~' r oliy 4"1,,,

• M<=>g< '" of ),Iogh,;"" B.ul.

Word'" 01 Po.,.,ful

H,ro " ~

(KTV U ;;;

11 _ 1~) .

H.", the !< ndor of th e =>Ug< " B...I; ,h ....!"", t h e b • • ;c or,] fo. mu t. of the divi ne me"" nse" can be formug< of DN' (K.

the > in numerouo Ug.ritic leue,,' ~ . In ~ .;mih r w. y two Ug~ rit i c ter m, 'gm . nd In}, "'pe.k _ , repeat'" ___ ', in KTU 2.72 ~'" involved in making> p>r.llel ,,all epi>lolH)' formul~, '8m i, u.M for "" int roductory~. tion in KTV 2.72 .6; .nd !ny initi" .. the following p.n in KTU 1.72.12"'. Th. on let«, formu l~ h... . , ;mihr form of M.... ng;-;' _mil

Ug. rh"', .'''''=g<, <1«",<" , DUL US. Fo, i" v,'''''' «ymoloppinion" "'" Virolk.ud (193L 117), ">n Z ijl (19710 55, 74), d< Moo, (1971 , 101), >nd W.,,,,,, (1'198, 745-8). ,,, U" h.'r, · "'ON, ,u«n",n,-, DUL 349. Cf. Akk . a~'m", AH", 89_'10; CW IIl[A1.!9-44 . '" Ug 4,d"" -h<.o, po~' i, found in KTU 1.1 iii 4.... ; KTU 1.4 viii 19_15, «0. Cf. U;v 7_8. ,,, Lo<w<mum m (19~~, 1St> on. 4 .. ,d 4.) . ,,, Ug. l"Y, !O .,"1"'>< , "';«r>!<-' DUL 92~ _ 5 . Cf. H11 , AEL 1St>~,

61; 1474 ..... ,,, r •.-.le-t (1977 , 7).

,,, Cf.

Hutd

(10C(l, 260) .

MESSU>;GER DEmES

'"

The emb.lIi,hed introduct ion m~y b. :odmitted, hence, .Iter the op
••,.n,

aN. ubi.'" !l. Ma,J", uJx.llurl". ~ibl"", """"" S;n,oo"i, mJ,Q/(J"""

-Spe.Lk to my f", he, "'hom Mar· duk 0....,. ... eil; thus (oop) Sin·n .. i, you, >on ,

, '"

The fo,mul. i, fo und .,]'" on 50me 'm"""ng«" 'p«'Ch., in the Heb,ew "yle ·~. \lh".rm.:mn h., e".bli>hed . ,ignific. nt work "' in ~ "udy of prophetic for m in th e Heb ... ", t""", "Me"" nger Formul.'. The role 01 the prophet. '" m",,,,ng,n from y.hweh i. S.Jge fol· 10.... . fter thi> formub . Yet the formul. i, nO! fou nd ",.hen y.hweh '1"'.' to ~ hum. n di=tly (\ Kg. 3.5). Thu., ;t m.y be pting b.tw«n Yoh .... h ""d" hum.n. It introduces ... orm from Y""weh, '''K "",~ K' ~''''

And ..y to him; t hu, ")~ Y>h.,.eh.

-:::K ~ ~

(E. od ~, Ub).

In :oddition,. verb. l fo,m

:"'''K 7'K ~~,=

.:It

:",':>It rr"'~\

rl,=m.y p...«de the Nsic

lorrn ul .' ~,

I,m .. nding'· Y"" 10 ,hem, ,nd you
"' Cf. Huen""'gard (10C(); 160). • , E. g.. Judg 11.15; 1 Kg> 19 ,J; and 1<. 37.3. <'l0. '" W«t m"""ngel'< is employed hefore lhe Ug.nt io fo , mul.> of Me""nge' Sf>"'-ll; Akk. ;"11.; A H", 115!; GW 1 7! 1(~1 171; U" JI~, DUL 816.

"",,,cn

m

LE5-IER DEITIES

"thm "y' the Lord

Y~ .... h __ "

(Euk Hb)_

Both Ak k. urn,",':lJld Heh. 11:: in the form ul. function., Mvorb> r=~ning "thm", which introduce a di",,, quoution ' ~. A, 5«n .bove , "'I""' i.lly in t h e Aklu.di= . pistl.., th e formul~ of M ..",nger Sp« JO th ... the m= nge" 'I"',k in the Ii ", I"'=n .. if the >ende, of the m... »g< 'p.,.k,. I'[owe,-", whe n the p",f.ltory formul>, ' PN or DN (th• .. nder) uy. to you', pn""de •• uch "ftrst p"rmn· 'I"'«h of the m e.. .. nge"" it b.com", clo~r th.t the divine m .... nge'" .re not identifi.d with thetr "'nder .lthough th"}' 'p"~ in the first I"'"",n; they only deliver the m""'ge aTrut;m. [n other words , . [most . [.... y• • f1
,.me

3.5.11,. Remm of Mo • ..,nge ...

After the m.... g.;, delivered, divine m..",ngers.re ",nt b..rk with the recipient', reply (el. KTU l.J iv 11_3 1) and comm.ndeJ by the = ipi. ent to dep.>n quickly, Illt '"" iflll mill bt,," wan Jill, "Go, go! Cloud. of t he godl You m,y go .Iowly, but [ .h. 1I 1,,,·.· (d. KTU 1.1 iii 17 _I S [by Koth.r.• nJ.H..,i.j; . nd 1.3 iv Jl_JJ [by An"D.

,.. Not ;nf"q... ntl)',. lUoordin1l< ol>u", ;, ;mro:iu«
'''1fI''

""""" follo"ed by ,he PN'. with ,h, pattie'" _""', whi
1~1) ;

d, loe ... ,ns,,",m (1980,

1 ~ I).

MESSU>;GER DEmEl

'"

One of the , ignific:rnt description. of "meuenger octivity' i, . n oddr.., that they He dow (Mlm). It h.. been po,i.. d th .. Ug. h,'m ho> • cogn.te root of H.b. :::i: ('~1::), to ·del.y· ~ ' ..... Judg 5.18, and ExodJl. l ''':

And the _

I.

,h .. Mooe< del.y.d !o rom. do ... n from !h,

moum .. n.

In the 'me!>ting that )..\0=, the mo ... .. ngtrof Y:oh .... h, i> .10'" in hi> 1IIO,'ement to dohn: "1' "go'''! Go do ... n ,.~. (v. 7) '''. In the Ug. ritic description •. divine m"",ng'" .re ..!"" urged to ""p.n rapidly by their .. nder: in KTU 1.2 i, Y.m co mm. nd. hi. di· vine meneng'''' to I.. v< Guickly; hence, Ib' gln(m al l!b], "depm , L:od., do not .it down!" (line 0). Th, phrI'" I Jib. ' they did not , it do ... n· (line 19) d
i".

M.ss
,,, For ill Ie,;"..! 00« . .... n. 118 abo ... '" Cf. G inmerg (1944; 1? n. 9); C",rdo" (1%5, § IH32), Cliffotd (1972; 86 n. 59), >nd del 010\0 (1981, 5}o) . " , The 1m"". form o/ ! be H..t>. ,'t~,!O -~o. com< . .... Ik· , BDB 1l'J_3?; HALOT 141.-8; Ph .. Pun., Mo.tb., Aram ., hit, DNW'S! 280_1 ; Akk . o/,}"' ; AH", 31 _4; ColD 1/ 1!A ) 300-18; At. ItllM", AU JC.I4 . ~'Tbe In,p_. fo rm of ,h, Heb. h.,,,!O -CO"",. go do.,", de",.nd", BOB 431-1; HALOT 43 4 _~ ; Ph .. PU"., yrtf DNWS! 46S_9; Akk. (~'}d. ,h,!txt pot«, ,II ",to.;. "go quickly-.

'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

idk I"""

' i'" "'m ,>hi mil

,..,,, (lhe,r) f""" «,,.iniy ''''y "" IO ... rd, Kin, Pob;]. (KTU 1.14 vi J I-3S) ,

Summ . ry

It i, att""ecl that th.", are ..,me Ug .. ',ic fo rmul .. in the d.>criptiom of the "m<"" ng'"
"de.

found in oth .. Semitic ' ox"_ When thry .rrive . , the &";.";00 .fte, their long journey, m=engers tende, to the ""'ipient their hom . ge. which indic.' .. their I. " ..... nk. Their delivery of the m'''' ge folio",,, • formul. of M..",ngg' of ON',. whi.h i. ",<st.J .1", in oth., S<mitic d<>criptio n•. After completi ng their mi .. ion, they .r< urged to le.v•. 4. M ESSENGER TIIEOPIIANV1" THE UGARITIC TEXTS Thi. ",,..,,h will di>c",. the """""'ngeT" th roph.ny ,,,e>ted in the Ug.ritic .. xu. When Ug",itic m",,,,nger deiti", .rri,·. .. thei, "">tin.. tion after th. ir long journey, thei, ' pp". r.mce i. deocrihM ...."oci,ted with. light (KTU 1.1 i J l _JJ). Now the fi.ry moo. of the theophany of m.. ~nge" to <xp«te nc<. 4.1. Yam'. ""e.. enge ..

Alt., hi. coronat io n, Y. m n« dod to r... run .n y th",., to hi. rul.; thu •. Y.m ",nt hi. two "unn.m.J" m=enge" to domand the .urr.n· der of Bw. According to the u blet. of KTU 1.2 i and iii, hi. m=. n· ge" to the p.>nthron. the .,,,,mhl y of the gods, we", intended to <arry out th is task. When mlal: ym, """,,,,, nge,,, of Y.m· (p .... lI<1.J with another epithet ,'d, II'![ nhr), the "emb=y of Judge [N.J. .. )", in KTU 1.1 i 21), .rriv.J, the ilm. "gods", wer< g.. her
M ESSU>;GfR D EmES

I~I)'

175

ilm riJ,hm I If hr',h",.' I thJ ,plh .. b hm

Th< God> Io..,eml'" , he;, h,..k on 'OP of" ' , he;, xn«<. ,.d ""' 0 , he ,hm.","· " f ,he;, p,; """,h;p' ''' (KTV U; 23_14)_

BefO,. Jel;verin& m "'~.., m<»g"', but now the gods in t he p=. thl "''"' irk..! by thi" , ine< Y.m W,", h'. riv"), &.,1 ",buk..! th ;, k,nd 01 ""I"'n>< of th e god, to t he m .. « ngen (KTU 1,2 i H fl.). So the '1"""ion 01 why they h,ve p.id ho m.>ge to the m ..",ngen ,-,i... some h.",. The ,utu, o f the me=ngen i, emph"i...d .. the -.mh=y" 01 the ne"' ly enthmnM di,',ne ruler (KTU 1.1 i ll), Hene., the me"" ng'" are reg.,Jed .. the on .. w ho repre .. nt the .uthority 01 Y.m wh en they deliver t he the god, of lh e p.nt heon wh y they were .f..id 01 t he divine m .... ng .."

,,,uo>

aM jJm '''.' Ihl mM: y.. l>i, !i¥ "n < r >

'" V I- Sl)" to "(>I I (00"".), lower, bo ....· , Je Moo, (197L 68, !ll), DUL l11 _2. Cf. A,_ gald, AEt !! 87_ ~ .

'" U,. If, "I=k-; _·;,h. P"1"'~l;"n, ;, ftUy ""nOle "0"' lh< ,houIJe, 01, on lop (oQ, upon- , DUL lOOS. Cf. Heb . ..~~ , HALOT 1008; Akk. lir~, AH", 1000l; C-ID 16[~ J 1M, A,_ ;p/u-, AfL 1917_JO_ ,.. UI. I~!, · , hron, ", DUL ~H . CI. fA Akk . J:i.l]Iu, AH", 410, GlD &[KJ "" V ~_ ,1>1, ·prin«" (pUL 998), w;,h • p,,,,,om;n.l ,uffi. ohm ""y h,,.. b< ;nlerp«Cely" (G . R_ Driver, 1956, 79, C"l"",,-S,ny«', 197 ~, HO; CI<>" 1976 , ~; G;bi!
'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

["'" (lh><j 100. ,«pond"" (to) l h< uhlttl, of lh. ' m b.. .. y of Judi;< Nah. < r;> (KTU U ilI-16).

An .ddition.l conside,," ion i. the f, ct t hat t he mrnengo" appur«I .... bbzing exi>1.nce in , h. divin< . "" mbly, qmm d!",,"'

l!o/l' J,/tm

Standing up., I>
[""""«i ,""i,

'" TIl< Ii", "rro of'h< ph, ... ftUy b< ,.,.d ... G. 1. '1;_ form 0/ ,h • .J1,>Jy (DUL 3'>6-7; d . Hell . ~", (",r ); HALDT 191,331, Ph ., A"m . ~'Y' DNWSJ 337-61); G. R. Ori." (195/" 7'1 ...1 n. 10), Ji'ku (1%1; 11); Ginsb< rg (1%9; 130), O ide" bu'i; (1%9; 191); Co,,!!>" (197&, 87); ,nd Wy." (2002 , 60 and n. 109)_ Diff,,,,mly, " un ;"", .. "" ;mp<, .. i,'r (1974; ~)_ U~. "ny i, d<';VM prob>bly (ro," ,he ,I,• .'., to " .. " ... " . (d . Hell . 'm). 1\ !w b«n uk0 (1981 , 111); Wym (ibut., bu, lrom ,b< J'.y), and .1<1 01",0s.." m,,,i. (2004, 112). CI, "I", ... ",>d ", .. , mbo,... iv<; Go,OO" (1949, Il). Tf.< im<'I', ,,,,,",n 01 U,. uJ.>d .. ,h, ,ub;'e<, ",unin, -0"'-, oc." n", ~c.lll"tl>lie,lIy wi,h , h< 3. OL pl . v"b "")" "l 'un ny""', 19n 130), .. . i"lhly . .. , h< , ub j«' ol'h< pluc.1 v<m "",,,,. Cf. . ,,, U""," "'ill ,f.< godo ""..-"., M . S. Sn,i,h (1994 , 2M); -", 00< ,h, god, ",,,,,,,,. , r.ro.< (1991, 1%). ~ , U,. Ih, ",>hI"" "'<=g<", DUL 49 ~_ S. d . Hh"'" co", ,"n , h. of ,f.< .. nJ." Cf. Wy." (2002, bO n. 10), -,f.< on .... ould bt on, t . Th "~ Il.ul is p,od.;rn;ng to bring ,b< wu '0 "" 1. <'t il-1; C-1D 11/11S) 398-103; A,. lund, A EL 35661; 147S-6.

>g'"

,.,",,?-

"'u"

"'=>g'

""i"."

""""'.go" ,hei, """,,;00>

go ..

M ESSU>;GER D EmES

ilr iii", )'ilm' ~rb

i,,,

[11)tth",

'"

''''at

(A,) • f,,,,'" ,hey .pp<>r
The fiery t h
~,

U,. d'i, "xnowl<Jge. ;nfo,mation, oomm uniq..<, fri< ndship· , DUL 159-60. Cf. H,b ..• "" HALDT 118- 9, Pun. iI'i, DNWSI ~~O; Akx. dila lap" , AHw 168; CAD 3{Dj l50-L I, ;nd;c ...... '" ,he of Y.m . Cf. D ]denbu'l (1%9, 191), "m.. <>g<· . '" The ph" ••• ill ilIm;, u"de moOO bet< . . . oon"ruct ph,,,,, o,i ,h ..... perl .. i" <en", (.m nin (101).1; 71.1); Trowr (1000. ,19), "". Y.m·, , wo n""""nger<. Cf. Akx. ampp<""d· . Dilfe"""ly, Ginsberg (1%9, DO) , ·n... h· ; Si Y>fI (1001 , I}~ , "he Yi,~" ,' , ><. l . m. ding. Cf. ylmr bq b"'h, ·B.ul hi, d .. ugh" ... • (KTU I J i n . l). '" The G . p"" . p!L f. lo,m of , he U" , II!!. 10 ".rwpnnufl in (Nn 1M. 70), M. S. Smi,h (19'J~ , lO7),

"""""'g<.

at.

,"i, ...,

="

'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

Wptt inte'Pre" the .i.union, "It i. pre>um.bly l be text on ,h. u blet" c"'rying Y.m', demands (the ·Word 01 Goo"), which cow. the g<>e . nother "'. _ ,on for the "'pon5< of oln .. I..... , gods to them in KTU l.! ill_H . A•• f. du_ fo rm. Ug. iilm ref.... here to the fiery theoph m y of the two m=ns"",. Fi"" hue ~n rogarded ., the ,wo,d. of ,h. me,,,,n· go,,'". Yet it i. "I:>ted mor< prob.bly to the ",rib,,', d=:ription of the theoph'flY i",,,lf. Wit h "'gud to the f.K t th .. the goo. in the panth..,n were . fr.nd, 'he giwn , it ..... cau""! by Y.m', ~""g< iuTIlly h< unde"tood otherw;" th.n .. the . ugg<5word, in th e Ug .. itic text. Some h"" rKomtru"ed the lin .. Jl _JJ .. ~,b il.il [b)-'m]IIhm, -a , h"p"n«l.word w .. [in] their rigiht h.n
Iso be.n t.ken, Ie"

'" Wy .. t (1OCl, W" . lOS). '" CoqUOl-SmyC" (197~ , 131 n. u), -~ 1",,< ",m c
deu,,· .

'" Simil>, im"!:,,y to lou"d in ",her bibl",>1 deoc,il""""" '" 1'1], judg J3.10, I... 0.6; >nd d . 1 Kg< l.ll. '" G..,,, (19~, 139); G. R. D,iv" (19SO, Sl); ji'ku (I%L 13), .. ,d C>qU""~2")'C<' (197~, 131 .. 1<1 n. v). m

Mil!., (I%S, 2S7 >nd M.7_S; 1973; 31); H
MESSU>;GER D EmEl

prob.bly, ., [')"hm, '.", their [ey}<,""'. But the ",.ding >< [I.\)nhm i. preferred hero"'. It m.:ty be • metaphoric expr=ion of th.ir 'pe<"Ch, conveying the ~n""" . dem.nd. 4.2. Athi ..,'. Me.""nge' Q:>de,h .• nd.Amurr' ~ "PP"" ,I", ... luminou. figure. wh ilst ho lere. the w'y, p,.eeding Athi, .. who i. riding upon. donkey; qdJyol]J",jb~

Qw'h beg""" to inumin .. e him· ",II'''·,

amrr l J.b
Amu" (b
,,,r

to

ilium;n". hirn..,IQ like.

(KTU H iv 11.-1;1).

Whilst the Ii", verb in the li"t phrne h.. b""n ... mbted with. p:m iv. me.ning (Q."".h "wn kindled like • to,eh OJ"', it h., b""n r<:>d >.1", ...n "",iv< morning (Q""",.h "took. to"h1"'. Following the

'" Ai" l. itner (['itA, 49), Gi",l><" (1%9 , 130), O l""nburg (1%9 , In). '" c...,.. (19n 190. n. 187); Gib"," (1978; 42), de Moor (1987; 33), M. S. Smi,h (1'1'14, 267); P..-d« (1'197; 246), (1001 , 61). Th. ,,,"oro im.>gltd, '0 ·,un", ."n inoho"i. , ""'>n i"g' c...Uto (1975 , 181.-;1), DUL 36-8 . Cf. Ht'b. 'C", HALOT ,,·1; Ar"". ¥" DNWSI 35·8; Akk. a~,"; AH", 18·10; CAD 1/1 [,0,]1 73.8; Ar. '1.1>.4" , AEL 18·31. Diff.... ntly, W",o" (1978 , 3'1'1) , to "kindle"; . 1<0, W:..."" (1'192; 2U n. 31). mUg. fb I--; ,II< ~ form of 'M Jb~, to "igni«, burn, o<1" , Gin.l><" (1%9; l33); d< Moor (1987; 51) '" 1< ""wI ish", • con, ...,,;,,&,tt""'urt wi,h aI' in ,h, nm Ii"" >1' bill ' nt, "Vi "in An" followed" (KTU L4;. 18). mG. R. D
Wr'"

LE5-IER DEITIES

acti ..... trill.iAtio n, Wpu tn .. to r«on"ruct the t<xt •• yu&J msb', ~'. How",·. r, t he fi", phr= i. mo .. probably to be con"rued . , h.ving .n octi"e .uxih. ry verb rnd the infin itive ~ form of the w rb b'r'D; henco, the ""ond ,·.. b, ib'" i. ,",soci... d with the first v..h J"iJdm. Their ..di.nt theoph.>ny ;, , ugge"ed po .. ibly by the following phr"'" in the next lin" • eoml"wi,'< I"nicie plu •• noun me.>ning ",u, (t .btb)"'. The qdJ ... am" "'p..sen!> the p ..",me of hi. mi"r"", '"' pro· viding. light himself for hor on the w. y. Sumn,.'Y Th. "me,seng"" th.ophAny i. ",soci. .. d with . light .ymbol in the Ug.ntic tex!> (d. KTU L2 i 21. 31 _33), He ne< the "Pp"... nce of the divine me.seng. " i. recogni ... d 5Omet im.. '" frightening. The ir fiery thoophmy <xp""'" th. i•• uthonty =eived from t he sendrr, . nd al", rep", ... n" t he p",sence of the ", ndrr. It m.y be comp,r.bl. with the ".".,ssenger" th.oph.ny in Exod 3.1_6. The qd!", "IIIrr ("Q.de'h-andAmurr") ()Ceu,., •• • radi.nt form whil" performing •• the le"" r drity of Ath irat (KTU I.' iv 16-17) , ThtU, he rep"".en" the p ..", nco of the goddr .. At hi.. t, .upplying • light for heron the w' y, CoNCLUSION TO CUA PTER III, PART I

Alt hough di,'e"" titl .. . re used to indicate messenger deiti., in the Ug.ntic "x,", implying th",. other different sen .... of hi ....,hic.1 (gim, mlat), eulti, ('nn ifm), or polit ic.l (dU, 'dd, or I'dl) dr,ignation •. thq.ll designate th. ir l..",r I"'e!, Among ot her .nonymous m"""n · g" driti .., Cup. n . nd Ug .. ' pp". r as . poir of messengers of Bul. Befo", drp>rt ing, the sendrr Ulw.lly in"rue" hi. m"",ng'''. Th. y h"'e to t ..,·."". long di"",,,co , Even the l..", r deiti .., functioning .. h..· aids, conform to the diplom>tic nOf!Il. When they .rrive >t the """in.' tion. thq .how their hom. g. to the r«ipie nt of the m. ... ge from th e ",nder; "",d, obeying the "me""nger formul.", they begin to drli ... r ~' Wyat,

(100!, 9'1 n. 124). '" Cf. S.utm"""n ( 1~7L 178 n. 19), "Q.
,hu~

MESSU>;GER DEmEl

'"

the m<>ug' , Af1.. nge, th..,ph.rny i, ",soci",ed with. ""'imt li~t , which m.y rep'"~ sent the >
Although the expe<1 "m. >.. nger"'''. It m.y be rela1ge"'. Whil" the verb.1 root a i, not " " >led in Heb .."" or Aum.ic or Akbdi.n, it i, >11<". d in Ug•. ritie :rnd in the South Semitic I""ga'g« "'. Du. to the .b",nee of its w rn..! root, Heb. ~.,~ lIUy be construed., .Io.n word from .n other

'" Dill"",,," (1897, 233) poi"" Oul th .. ..,he. -"'g.I,- (ks"" d dUI ~ .. ,he biddi"& of C.od", thi&OUIM .. ~·:M"". ,,. ~hnd< J kem (1915. 625-6); ~ ! ,i. , DUL s.!6; Ar . mal',,/;, A EL XI07, 3013; ""d E,h . ",1'1, 1.«1." (1987, 303). ~~ UT SI9.IH. ; WUS no . 1.31; ,nd DUL .8&-7. Cf. Gree"",i" (1979 , 319_330). ~~ E. g.. A r. I,,'a"", H»', (I ..... , 673) and El h. la'ah. , Le.J"" (191!7, lOl).

LE5-IER DEITIES

s.m 't;" langu, ge. prol>:tbly borrowro fro m it> USAr't'c cogn,. •. III/al m .

S' nc. ,t h.., pol)'morp hic u"S.>, it m, y indic .... imm ort,1 or mor_ " I b
m=nge", di.patched from y . hweh, it "Ppli.. to hi> h ~m'n . g.nt" >e. proph ... (Is, H .26; H . g Ll3), pri«" (M.! 1.7),.rnd king. (1 s..m 29.9, 1 S,m 14 .17, 2iJ", 19.28 [ET 27~. In ", m. biblic'! n'''Ati,'' p.,,,se •. it h., been difficult to id.. ntify which figure this term r"P",,,,n" due to i" polymorphic u..g. to indic ... e . ith .. , humAn or divine me.«nger (d. Judg 2 , 1_~; 5.23, M.! J,I, .nd Ecd 5.5)'~ . Hence it m. y be "",,,. mined in th e co ntext of the text. In .pite of the v, riety of '" u"Se . however, i.. b.,ic sen« "PP'''''' . xplicitly ... ·Ies«r -'ge nt" 01. m.""~·. When it i. utili..,d to ref.. to '" Me;"r (1m, 4S) prop""'" ,n., , be ,'.ro>! for", of , he, now> m.y Iu.. ·di"ppe,<ed in Hob"' ... • d",,!O, -.."",,,, ie 0.,,111' wi,h. p",f,n-«l .. 1<1 ks, .pedic «mI· e"'=, ' 0 -.."d- (HALOT 1511 ....); ,h.",for<. i, i, r«! . It ..'ould be bet,,, '0 .... i, ... bo...-owed «rrn .. in m""y c",," of ,It. obviou. '" ymologic>! oon· """,ion betw". U"",ie ",d H. b" .... , .. h" ,b.... " "n>tur>! H, brew form.. ion" . I. ,his cas< H.b. ..'... would b< , be 010"" -."u",1 H,b", ... fo,m .. ,ion, h. denot>tion 01 . "",,,,,"&g.n, noun bu, dono",. -.. nding· ... con.",.", nou" form; ,hu~ • · pl"". or 1 'hing '0 ... hieh ' "y,hi", i, ..", . 0.. ns, Dtu, 15.10. «0.), GHCLOTS SIS . ~ , TDOTS,J09_IO. ~' Son,«in,,, hum. . . ."" "'ho ,>1<, • mi" ion 01 "'ptoo >g' ,l't <1I 1ed O':K'" (loth c .IT, 25; .. 1<1 . Iso. 7.22). i l l I" other .. ",;"n, Nu, r...tem "".''''', ,h. tem, for divi"" """",n&,Mt m=n~'~ Sum. lin.gi_" 0' Ak•. mJrli) ' i,,' im; E,. "p.,,),..-.J E,h. malai . m Moo" (UN5, 185) point> ou, , h.. H. b. jM'" m.y b< """.I>ted .. · '>g<m'. , hu, m.king ,h, ",I.,too 01 , be Wot'dlO O:M'" "\()r< obv ;"",·.

f",

,."ko';

MESSU>;GER D EmES

'"

~

di,-;ne · m..... ng.,·, it denot"" ~n >ge nt of y .hwe h ",.ho C>fri . . hi. me">ge 0' will. It thm indic ..... the hierm:hic. lIy mbo,din ... r=k of the 1<>.., deiti"" who com'ry their mimon. > a m;" ion .. ~ m e.. ",ngec"'. Summary The term iN'::~' occur> in . he Hehrew Bihle to indic ... the hi.,Hchi· colly)."", unk of m.,,,,ng" dei. io,. A •• "I.,,,,, agent· of. m:ntee goo, it i, u",d to denote . "divine >gent" of y.hweh who com'e,.. hi, 0. _ 2 . NA.I1 ED M ESSENGER D ElTYINTIiE H EBREW B IBLE

In t he divine hi.",rehic.l "ruc'ure in t he Hebrew Bible, th.,. ONm,'o be • chief.m", .. nger group d;'t ingui.b.d between the ,upre= god Y>h •.-eh .nd o.her I.,,,,, deiti"", G. briel, Michul U>. er "" ~. 2.1. G.b,iel

The term "W1~) , which i. .. ken to denote, me"" ngec dei.y, m.y be compoundeJ etymologic.lIy by two element" the 1::) , ·"rong

'" Cu""hiU", (1981>: 41). '" I. LXX. H...,. 7"~ h", b<en ">tl~,,,eJ 10 it! 'qui".I,", Gk '''Ill oy"t';.o,;. ·m...."!"· . M"" E.~li,h « "'on> !;", ,h, ,,,"~.,;on of ,I\< '''"' .. ·"",~.l·. In English nu"",", ho,"","", it w".o<",.n imm.u'-'::oi , ,up""""u<>l bti"g. I" ,he N.w T""Illen, iiyy.-;.o,; ""'''''". ~en''-':c «m>,h .. 'ign ;' li« :011 kind ol ' up<m,.,uru ",i.".m. ol God Cf. in lh, Vulpt<. ,he ', l w;1l be .:I;",u""] in Ch.."" IV. '" Gili";"l.oo M;ch.. l """u' i. lh. Ii" of ",ven .",h"'gel,;n I £m..:h 10, wi,h U,;"I, R.ph",], R"!!,,,l, s..,.,l, .. >< l (0..., 10.13, 11; ILl) >te Ihe o.>ly "'... ",ng'''' memion«! by n.me in Ihe H,b"w B;ble.

,m,.

LE5-IER DEITIES m.n ' ''', .nd the ~K , 'EI', the >upreme god', title or n.me'~, which therefor< d<note ooltogether . 'strong m.rn of EI" ' ''. Thm the term m.y convoy the pow

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