Library classification

Library classification

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Contents Articles Main article Library classification

Universal, taxonomic classification systems

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Taxonomy

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Dewey Decimal Classification

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Library of Congress Classification

Universal, faceted classification systems

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Faceted classification

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Bliss bibliographic classification

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Colon classification

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Cutter Expansive Classification

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Universal Decimal Classification

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References Article Sources and Contributors

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

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Article Licenses License

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Main article Library classification A library classification is a system of coding and organizing library materials (books, serials, audiovisual materials, computer files, maps, manuscripts, realia) according to their subject and allocating a call number to that information resource. Similar to classification systems used in biology, bibliographic classification systems group entities together that are similar, typically arranged in a hierarchical tree structure. A different kind of classification system, called a faceted classification system, is also widely used which allows the assignment of multiple classifications to an object, enabling the classifications to be ordered in multiple ways.

Description Library classification forms part of the field of library and information science. It is a form of bibliographic classification (library classifications are used in library catalogs, while "bibliographic classification" also covers classification used in other kinds of bibliographic databases). It goes hand in hand with library (descriptive) cataloging under the rubric of cataloging and classification, sometimes grouped together as technical services. The library professional who engages in the process of cataloging and classifying library materials is called a cataloguer or catalog librarian. Library classification systems are one of the two tools used to facilitate subject access. The other consists of alphabetical indexing languages such as Thesauri and Subject Headings systems. Library classification of a piece of work consists of two steps. Firstly the "aboutness" of the material is ascertained. Next, a call number (essentially a book's address), based on the classification system in use at the particular library will be assigned to the work using the notation of the system. It is important to note that unlike subject heading or thesauri where multiple terms can be assigned to the same work, in library classification systems, each work can only be placed in one class. This is due to shelving purposes: A book can have only one physical place. However in classified catalogs one may have main entries as well as added entries. Most classification systems like the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) and Library of Congress classification also add a cutter number to each work which adds a code for the author of the work. Classification systems in libraries generally play two roles. Firstly they facilitate subject access by allowing the user to find out what works or documents the library has on a certain subject.[1] Secondly, they provide a known location for the information source to be located (e.g. where it is shelved). Until the 19th century, most libraries had closed stacks, so the library classification only served to organize the subject catalog. In the 20th century, libraries opened their stacks to the public and started to shelve the library material itself according to some library classification to simplify subject browsing. Some classification systems are more suitable for aiding subject access, rather than for shelf location. For example, UDC which uses a complicated notation including plus, colons are more difficult to use for the purpose of shelf arrangement but are more expressive compared to DDC in terms of showing relationships between subjects. Similarly faceted classification schemes are more difficult to use for shelf arrangement, unless the user has knowledge of the citation order. Depending on the size of the library collection, some libraries might use classification systems solely for one purpose or the other. In extreme cases a public library with a small collection might just use a classification system for location of resources but might not use a complicated subject classification system. Instead all resources might just be put into a couple of wide classes (Travel, Crime, Magazines etc.). This is known as a "mark and park"

Library classification classification method, more formally called reader interest classification.[2]

Types There are many standard system of library classification in use, and many more have been proposed over the years. However in general, Classification systems can be divided into three types depending on how they are used. • Universal schemes covering all subjects. Examples include Dewey Decimal Classification, Universal Decimal Classification and Library of Congress Classification • Specific classification schemes for particular subjects or types of materials. Examples include Iconclass, British Catalogue of Music Classification, and Dickinson classification, or the NLM Classification for medicine. • National schemes specially created for certain countries. An example is the Swedish library classification system, SAB (Sveriges Allmänna Biblioteksförening). In terms of functionality, classification systems are often described as • enumerative: produce an alphabetical list of subject headings, assign numbers to each heading in alphabetical order library classification is the technical process • hierarchical: divides subjects hierarchically, from most general to most specific • faceted or analytico-synthetic: divides subjects into mutually exclusive orthogonal facets There are few completely enumerative systems or faceted systems, most systems are a blend but favouring one type or the other. The most common classification systems, LCC and DDC, are essentially enumerative, though with some hierarchical and faceted elements (more so for DDC), especially at the broadest and most general level. The first true faceted system was the Colon classification of S. R. Ranganathan.

Universal classification systems used in English-speaking world • Bliss bibliographic classification (BC) • Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) • Library of Congress Classification (LCC) (The above systems are the most common in the English-speaking world.) • BISAC Subject Headings: The publishing industry standard for classification that is being adopted by some libraries.[3] • Harvard-Yenching Classification: An English classification system for Chinese language materials. • V-LIB 1.2 (2008 Vartavan Library Classification for over 700 fields of knowledge, currently sold under license in the UK by Rosecastle Ltd. (see http://rosecastle.atspace.com/index_files/Page382.html).

Universal classification systems in other languages • A system of book classification for Chinese libraries (Liu's Classification) library classification for user • • • •

• New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries Nippon Decimal Classification (NDC) Chinese Library Classification (CLC) Korean Decimal Classification (KDC) Library-Bibliographic Classification [4] (BBK) from Russia.

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Library classification

Universal classification systems that rely on synthesis (faceted systems) • • • •

Bliss bibliographic classification Colon classification Cutter Expansive Classification Universal Decimal Classification

Newer classification systems tend to use the principle of synthesis (combining codes from different lists to represent the different attributes of a work) heavily, which is comparatively lacking in LC or DDC.

Comparing Classification Systems As a result of differences in Notation, history, use of enumeration, hierarchy, facets, classification systems can differ in the following ways • Type of Notation: Notation can be pure (consisting of only numerals for example) or mixed (consisting of letters, numerals, and other symbols). • Expressiveness: This is the degree in which the notation can express relationship between concepts or structure. • Whether they support mnemonics: For example the number 44 in DDC notation usually means it concerns some aspect of France. For example 598.0944 concerns "Birds in France". the 09 signifies country code, and 44 represents France. • Hospitality: The degree in which the system is able to accommodate new subjects • Brevity: Length of the notation to express the same concept • Speed of updates and degree of support: The best classification systems are constantly being reviewed and improved. • Consistency • Simplicity • Usability

References [1] http:/ / www. iva. dk/ bh/ lifeboat_ko/ concepts/ subject_access_points. htm [2] Lynch, Sarah N., and Eugene Mulero. "Dewey? At This Library With a Very Different Outlook, They Don't" The New York Times, July 14, 2007. (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 07/ 14/ us/ 14dewey. html) [3] http:/ / laureltarulli. wordpress. com/ 2007/ 12/ 05/ bisac-to-replace-dewey-in-the-future/ [4] http:/ / www. indiana. edu/ ~libslav/ slavcatman/ bbkover. html

• Chan, Lois Mai. Cataloging and Classification: An Introduction, second ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. ISBN 9780070105065, ISBN 9780071132534.

External links • A Preview of the New Cataloging Code (http://www.mlaforum.org/volumeV/issue1/article2.htm)

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Universal, taxonomic classification systems Taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification. The word finds its roots in the Greek τάξις, taxis (meaning 'order' or 'arrangement') and νόμος, nomos (meaning 'law' or 'science'). Taxonomy uses taxonomic units, known as taxa (singular taxon). In addition, the word is also used as a count noun: a taxonomy, or taxonomic scheme, is a particular classification ("the taxonomy of ..."), arranged in a hierarchical structure. Typically this is organized by supertype-subtype relationships, also called generalization-specialization relationships, or less formally, parent-child relationships. In such an inheritance relationship, the subtype by definition has the same properties, behaviors, and constraints as the supertype plus one or more additional properties, behaviors, or constraints. For example: car is a subtype of vehicle, so any car is also a vehicle, but not every vehicle is a car. Therefore a type needs to satisfy more constraints to be a car than to be a vehicle. Another example: any shirt is also a piece of clothing, but not every piece of clothing is a shirt. Hence, a type must satisfy more parameters to be a shirt than to be a piece of clothing.

Applications Originally taxonomy referred only to the classifying of organisms (now sometimes known as alpha taxonomy) or a particular classification of organisms. It is also used to refer a classification of things or concepts, as well as to the principles underlying such a classification. Taxonomy is the science which deals with the study of identifying, grouping, and naming organisms according to their established natural relationship. Almost anything—animate objects, inanimate objects, places, concepts, events, properties, and relationships—may then be classified according to some taxonomic scheme. Wikipedia categories illustrate a taxonomy schema,[1] and a full taxonomy of Wikipedia categories can be extracted by automatic means.[2] Recently, it has been shown that a manually constructed taxonomy, such as that of computational lexicons like WordNet, can be used to improve and restructure the Wikipedia category taxonomy.[3] The term taxonomy is sometimes applied to relationship schemes other than parent-child hierarchies, such as network structures with other types of relationships. In that case, they might include single children with multi-parents, for example, "Car" might appear with both parents "Vehicle" and "Steel Mechanisms"; technically, this merely means that 'car' is a part of several different taxonomies.[4] A taxonomy might also be a simple organization of kinds of things into groups, or even an alphabetical list. However, the term vocabulary is more appropriate for such a list. In current usage within Knowledge Management, taxonomies are considered narrower than ontologies since ontologies apply a larger variety of relation types.[5] Mathematically, a hierarchical taxonomy is a tree structure of classifications for a given set of objects. It is also named Containment hierarchy. At the top of this structure is a single classification, the root node, that applies to all objects. Nodes below this root are more specific classifications that apply to subsets of the total set of classified objects. The progress of reasoning proceeds from the general to the more specific. In scientific taxonomies, a conflative term is always a polyseme.[6] In contrast, in a context of legal terminology, an open-ended contextual taxonomy—a taxonomy holding only with respect to a specific context. In scenarios taken from the legal domain, a formal account of the open-texture of legal terms is modeled, which suggests varying notions of the "core" and "penumbra" of the meanings of a concept. The

Taxonomy progress of reasoning proceeds from the specific to the more general.[7]

Taxonomy and mental classification Some have argued that the adult human mind naturally organizes its knowledge of the world into such systems. This view is often based on the epistemology of Immanuel Kant. Anthropologists have observed that taxonomies are generally embedded in local cultural and social systems, and serve various social functions. Perhaps the most well-known and influential study of folk taxonomies is Émile Durkheim's The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. A more recent treatment of folk taxonomies (including the results of several decades of empirical research) and the discussion of their relation to the scientific taxonomy can be found in Scott Atran's Cognitive Foundations of Natural History

Various biological taxonomies Biological classification (sometimes known as "Linnaean taxonomy") is still generally the best known form of taxonomy. It differs from the above in that it is an empirical science, with classifying only the final step of a process, and a classification only the means to communicate the end results. It also includes the prediction, discovery, description and (re)defining of taxa. It uses taxonomic ranks, including, among others, (in order) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (various mnemonic devices have been used to help people remember the list of "Linnaean" taxonomic ranks. See Zoology mnemonic). In zoology, the nomenclature for the more important ranks (superfamily to subspecies), including the allowed number of ranks, is strictly regulated by the ICZN Code, whereas there is more latitude for names at higher ranks. Taxonomy itself is never regulated, but is always the result of research in the scientific community. How researchers arrive at their taxa varies; depending on the available data, and resources, methods vary from simple quantitative or qualitative comparisons of striking features to elaborate computer analyses of large amounts of DNA sequence data.

Phylogenetics Today, the alternative to the traditional rank-based biological classification is phylogenetic systematics, which is postulating phylogenetic trees (trees of descent), rather than focusing on what taxa to delimit. The best-known form of this is cladistics. The results of cladistic analyses are often represented as cladograms. It is held by cladists that taxa (if recognized) must always correspond to clades, united by apomorphies (derived traits) which are discovered by a cladistic analysis. Some cladists hold that clades are poorly expressed in rank-based hierarchies and support the PhyloCode, a proposed ruleswork for the formal naming of clades, based on the model of the ICZN, ICBN etc. in rank-based nomenclature.

Numerical taxonomy In numerical taxonomy, numerical phenetics or taximetrics, the taxonomy is exclusively based on cluster analysis and neighbor joining to best-fit numerical equations that characterize measurable traits of a number of organisms. It results in a measure of evolutionary "distance" between species. This method has been largely superseded by cladistic analyses today; it is liable to being misled by plesiomorphic traits.

Non-scientific taxonomies Other taxonomies, such as those analyzed by Durkheim and Lévi-Strauss, are sometimes called folk taxonomies to distinguish them from scientific taxonomies that focus on evolutionary relationships rather than similarity in habitus and habits. Though phenetics arguably places much emphasis on overall similarity, it is a quantitative analysis that attempts to reproduce evolutionary relationships of lineages and not similarities of form taxa.

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Taxonomy The neologism folksonomy should not be confused with "folk taxonomy", though it is obviously a portmanteau created from the two words. "Fauxonomy" (from French faux, "false") is a pejorative neologism used to criticize folk taxonomies for their lack of agreement with scientific findings. Baraminology is a taxonomy used in creation science which in classifying form taxa resembles folk taxonomies. The phrase "enterprise taxonomy" is used in business to describe a very limited form of taxonomy used only within one organization. An example would be a certain method of classifying trees as "Type A", "Type B" and "Type C" used only by a certain lumber company for categorising log shipments.

Military taxonomy Military theorist Carl von Clausewitz stressed the significance of grasping the fundamentals of any situation in the "blink of an eye" (coup d'œil). In a military context the astute tactician can immediately grasp a range of implications and can begin to anticipate plausible and appropriate courses of action.[8] Clausewitz' conceptual "blink" represents a tentative ontology which organizes a set of concepts within a domain. The term "military taxonomy" encompasses the domains of weapons, equipment, organizations, strategies, and tactics.[9] The use of taxonomies in the military extends beyond its value as an indexing tool or record-keeping template[10] -- for example, the taxonomy-model analysis suggests a useful depiction of the spectrum of the use of military force in a political context.[11] A taxonomy of terms to describe various types of military operations is fundamentally affected by the way all elements are defined and addressed—not unlike framing. For example, in terms of a specific military operation, a taxonomic approach based on differentiation and categorization of the entities participating would produce results which were quite different from an approach based on functional objective of an operation (such as peacekeeping, disaster relief, or counter-terrorism).[12]

Economic taxonomies Taxonomies are also often used to classify economic activity, including products, companies and industries. Widely used industry taxonomies include the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC); national and regional taxonomies such as the United States Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community (NACE), the United Kingdom Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities, the Russian Economic Activities Classification System (OKVED); and proprietary taxonomies such as the Industry Classification Benchmark and Global Industry Classification Standard. The international and national taxonomies are used by official statistical agencies. The proprietary taxonomies are often used in the financial services industry to group similar investment vehicles and to construct sectorial stock market indices. Pavitt's Taxonomy classifies firms by their principal sources of innovation.

Safety taxonomies The creation of taxonomies is very important in safety science. For example there exist numerous taxonomies to classify and analyze human error and accident causes. Examples of these include the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System based on Reason's Swiss Cheese Model, the CREAM (Cognitive Reliability Error Analysis Method), the taxonomy used by CIRAS [13] (Confidential Incident Railway Analysis System) in the UK rail industry, and others.[14]

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Notes [1] Zirn, Cäcilia, Vivi Nastase and Michael Strube. 2008. "Distinguishing Between Instances and Classes in the Wikipedia Taxonomy" (http:/ / www. eswc2008. org/ final-pdfs-for-web-site/ onl-4. pdf) (video lecture). (http:/ / videolectures. net/ eswc08_zirn_dbi/ ) 5th Annual European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2008). [2] S. Ponzetto and M. Strube. 2007. "Deriving a large scale taxonomy from Wikipedia" (http:/ / www. eml-research. de/ nlp/ papers/ ponzetto07b. pdf). Proc. of the 22nd Conference on the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, pp. 1440-1445. [3] S. Ponzetto, R. Navigli. 2009. "Large-Scale Taxonomy Mapping for Restructuring and Integrating Wikipedia" (http:/ / ijcai. org/ papers09/ Papers/ IJCAI09-343. pdf). Proc. of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2009), Pasadena, California, pp. 2083-2088. [4] Jackson, Joab. "Taxonomy’s not just design, it’s an art," (http:/ / www. gcn. com/ print/ 23_3/ 24814-1. html?topic=interview& page=2) Government Computer News (Washington, D.C.). September 2, 2004. [5] Suryanto, Hendra and Paul Compton. "Learning classification taxonomies from a classification knowledge based system." (http:/ / ol2000. aifb. uni-karlsruhe. de/ final/ HSuryanto_5. pdf) University of Karlsruhe; "Defining 'Taxonomy'," (http:/ / www. greenchameleon. com/ gc/ blog_detail/ defining_taxonomy/ ) Straights Knowledge website. [6] Malone, Joseph L. (1988). The Science of Linguistics in the Art of Translation: Some Tools from Linguistics for the Analysis and Practice of Translation, p. 112. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=PEY0U3umLRkC& pg=PA112& dq=conflation& client=firefox-a) [7] Grossi, Davide, Frank Dignum and John-Jules Charles Meyer. (2005). "Contextual Taxonomies" in Computational Logic in Multi-Agent Systems, pp. 33-51 (http:/ / www. springerlink. com/ content/ 9yj2lfa5cy67c78m/ fulltext. pdf?page=1). [8] Clausewitz, Carl. (1982). On War, p. 141; (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=_La4qTgECD0C& pg=PA141& lpg=PA141& dq=clausewitz+ coup+ d'oeil& source=web& ots=8UCKTI28o4& sig=0ntr9cQoagmpsJVuulXii533H8U& hl=en& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=10& ct=result) "Defining 'Taxonomy'," (http:/ / www. greenchameleon. com/ gc/ blog_detail/ defining_taxonomy/ ) Straights Knowledge website. [9] Cycorp: Structured information (http:/ / www. cyc. com/ products/ overview) [10] Fenske, Russell W. "A Taxonomy for Operations Research," (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ 168881) Operations Research, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Jan.-Feb., 1971), pp. 224-234;] United Nations. "Taxonomy for Recordkeeping in Field Missions of UN Peacekeeping Operations." (http:/ / archives. un. org/ unarms/ doc/ taxonomy/ 20060609_Taxonomy_-_Version_1. pdf) June 2006. [11] Cohen, Stuart A. and Efraim Inbar. "A taxonomy of Israel's use of military force," (http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ smpp/ content~content=a782379359~db=all~order=page) Journal Comparative Strategy, Vol. 10, No. 2 (April 1991), pp. 121 - 138. [12] Downie, Richard D. "Defining integrated operations," (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0KNN/ is_38/ ai_n15631260/ pg_3?tag=artBody;col1) Joint Force Quarterly (Washington, D.C.). July, 2005. [13] http:/ / www. ciras. org. uk/ [14] Wallace,B, and Alastair Ross. Beyond Human Error: Taxonomies and Safety Science; (CRC Press 2006).

References • Atran, S. (1993) Cognitive Foundations of Natural History: Towards an Anthropology of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10-ISBN 0521438713 13-ISBN 9780521438711 • Carbonell, J. G. and J. Siekmann, eds. (2005). Computational Logic in Multi-Agent Systems, Vol. 3487. (http:// www.springerlink.com/content/fb5lq38pu0c7/?p=55d6f2e6622046f5909b8b3d31994ddb&pi=0) Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 13-ISBN 978-3-540-28060-6 • Clausewitz, Carl. (1982). On War (http://books.google.com/books?id=_La4qTgECD0C&dq=clausewitz+ coup+d'oeil&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0) (editor, Anatol Rapoport). New York: Penguin Classics. 10-ISBN 0-140-44427-0; 13-ISBN 978-0-140-44427-8 • Malone, Joseph L. (1988). The Science of Linguistics in the Art of Translation: Some Tools from Linguistics for the Analysis and Practice of Translation. (http://books.google.com/books?id=PEY0U3umLRkC& client=firefox-a) Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 10-ISBN 0-887-06653-4; 13-ISBN 978-0-887-06653-5; OCLC 15856738 (http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/15856738) • *Marcello Sorce Keller, "The Problem of Classification in Folksong Research: a Short History", Folklore, XCV(1984), no. 1, 100-104. • Chester D Rowe and Stephen M Davis, 'The Excellence Engine Tool Kit'; ISBN 978-0-615-24850-9

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External links • Hjørland: Scientific classification and taxonomy. IN: The epistemological Lifeboat (http://www.db.dk/jni/ lifeboat/info.asp?subjectid=15) • Wikispecies Main Page (http://species.wikimedia.org/) • Integrated Taxonomic Information System (http://www.itis.gov/) • Taxonomy at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/) • Taxonomy at the European Bioinformatics Institute (http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/) (formerly known as "New EBI Web Taxonomy (NEWT)") • Library of Taxonomy Resources (http://www.taxonomystrategies.com/html/bibliography.htm) • Metadata? Thesauri? Taxonomies? Topic Maps! - Making sense of it all (http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/ materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html) • Taxonomies & Controlled Vocabularies Special Interest Group of the American Society for Indexing (http:// www.taxonomies-sig.org/) • Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (http://www.cetaf.org)

Dewey Decimal Classification The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC, also called the Dewey Decimal System) is a proprietary system of library classification developed by Melvil Dewey in 1876; it has been greatly modified and expanded through 22 major revisions, the most recent in 2003.[1] This system organizes books on library shelves in a specific and repeatable order that makes it easy to find any book and return it to its proper place. The system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries.[2] [3] A designation such as Dewey 16 refers to the 16th edition of the DDC.

Design The DDC attempts to organize all knowledge into ten main classes. The ten main classes are each further subdivided into ten divisions, and each division into ten sections, giving ten main classes, 100 divisions and 1000 sections. DDC's advantage in using decimals for its categories allows it to be both purely numerical and infinitely hierarchical. It also uses some aspects of a faceted classification scheme, combining elements from different parts of the structure to construct a number representing the subject content (often combining two subject elements with linking numbers and geographical and temporal elements) and form of an item rather than drawing upon a list containing each class and its meaning. Except for general works and fiction, works are classified principally by subject, with extensions for subject relationships, place, time or type of material, producing classification numbers of at least three digits but otherwise of indeterminate length with a decimal point before the fourth digit, where present (e.g. 330 for economics + .9 for geographic treatment + .04 for Europe = 330.94 European economy; 973 for United States + .05 form division for periodicals = 973.05 periodicals concerning the United States generally). Books are placed on the shelf in increasing numerical order of the decimal number, e.g. 050, 220, 330, 330.973, 331. When two books have the same classification number the second line of the call number (usually the first letter or letters of the author's last name, the title if there is no identifiable author) is placed in alphabetical order. The DDC has a number for all books, including fiction: American fiction is classified in 813. Most libraries create a separate fiction section to allow shelving in a more generalized fashion than Dewey provides for, or to avoid the space that would be taken up in the 800s, or simply to allow readers to find preferred authors by alphabetical order of surname.

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Dewey Decimal Classification Some parts of the classification offer options to accommodate different kinds of libraries. An important feature of the scheme is the ability to assign multiple class numbers to a bibliographical item and only use one of them for shelving. The added numbers appear in the classified subject catalog (though this is not the usual practice in North America). For the full benefit of the scheme the relative index and the tables that form part of every edition must be understood and consulted when required. The structure of the schedules is such that subjects close to each other in a dictionary catalog are dispersed in the Dewey schedules (e.g., architecture of Chicago quite separate from geography of Chicago).

Classes listed The system is made up of seven tables and ten main classes, each of which are divided into ten secondary classes or subcategories, each of which contain ten subdivisions. The tables are: • • • • •

standard subdivision areas subdivision of individual literatures subdivisions of individual languages racial, ethnic, national groups

• languages • persons The classes are: • • • • • • • • • •

000 – Computer science, information and general works 100 – Philosophy and psychology 200 – Religion 300 – Social sciences 400 – Language 500 – Science (including mathematics) 600 – Technology and applied Science 700 – Arts and recreation 800 – Literature 900 – History, geography, and biography

Administration and publication While he lived, Melvil Dewey edited each edition himself: he was followed by other editors who had been very much influenced by him. The earlier editions were printed in the peculiar spelling that Dewey had devised: the number of volumes in each edition increased to two, then three and now four. The Online Computer Library Center of Dublin, Ohio, United States, acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the DDC when it bought Forest Press in 1988. OCLC maintains the classification system and publishes new editions of the system. The editorial staff responsible for updates is based partly at the Library of Congress and partly at OCLC. Their work is reviewed by the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee (EPC), which is a ten-member international board that meets twice each year. The four-volume unabridged edition is published approximately every seven years, the most recent edition (DDC 22) in mid 2003.[4] The web edition is updated on an ongoing basis, with changes announced each month.[5] The work of assigning a DDC number to each newly published book is performed by a division of the Library of Congress, whose recommended assignments are either accepted or rejected by the OCLC after review by an advisory board; to date all have been accepted.

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Dewey Decimal Classification In September 2003, the OCLC sued the Library Hotel for trademark infringement. The settlement was that the OCLC would allow the Library Hotel to use the system in its hotel and marketing. In exchange, the Hotel would acknowledge the Center's ownership of the trademark and make a donation to a nonprofit organization promoting reading and literacy among children.

Influence DDC's numbers formed the basis of the more expressive but complex Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), which combines the basic Dewey numbers with selected punctuation marks (comma, colon, parentheses, etc.). Adaptations of DDC for specific regions outside the English-speaking world include the Korean Decimal Classification, the New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries and the Nippon Decimal Classification (Japanese).

Comparison with Library of Congress Classification Besides its frequent revision, DDC's main advantage over its chief American rival, the Library of Congress Classification system developed shortly afterward, is its simplicity. Thanks to the use of pure notation, a mnemonics system and a hierarchical decimal place system, it is generally easier to use. DDC and UDC are more flexible than Library of Congress Classification because of greater use of facets (via auxiliary tables) while Library of Congress Classification is almost totally enumerative. DDC's decimal system means that it is less hospitable to the addition of new subjects, as opposed to Library of Congress Classification, which has 21 classes at the top level. DDC notations can be much longer compared to other classification systems. Another disadvantage of DDC is that it was developed in the 19th century essentially by one man and was built on a top-down approach to classify all human knowledge, which makes it difficult to adapt to changing fields of knowledge. The Library of Congress Classification system was developed based mainly on the idea of literary warrant; classes were added (by individual experts in each area) only when needed for works owned by the Library of Congress. As a result, while the Library of Congress Classification system was able to incorporate changes and additions of new branches of knowledge, particularly in the fields of engineering and computer science (the greater hospitability of the Library of Congress Classification was also a factor), DDC has been criticized for being inadequate in covering those areas. It is asserted that, as a result, most major academic libraries in the US do not use the DDC because the classification of works in those areas is not specific enough, although there are other reasons that may truly be more weighty, such as the much lower expense of using a unique "pre-packaged" catalog number instead of having highly skilled staff members engaging in the time-consuming development of catalog numbers. The Library of Congress Classification system is not without problems. For example, it is highly US-centric because of the nature of the system, and it has been translated into far fewer languages than DDC and UDC.

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Dewey Decimal Classification

References [1] DDC 22 Print Edition (http:/ / www. oclc. org/ dewey/ versions/ ddc22print/ default. htm) [2] "Dewey Services" (http:/ / www. oclc. org/ dewey/ default. htm). Online Computer Library Center. 2009. . Retrieved 2009-11-04. "Offers library users familiarity and consistency of a time-honored classification system used in 200,000 libraries worldwide" [3] "Countries with libraries that use the DDC" (http:/ / www. oclc. org/ dewey/ about/ translations/ countries. htm). Online Computer Library Center. 2009. . Retrieved 2009-11-04. "Libraries in more than 135 countries use the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system to organize their collections for their users. [Only 135 countries are actually listed.]" [4] Latest versions - OCLC - Dewey Services (http:/ / www. oclc. org/ dewey/ versions/ default. htm) [5] Updates - OCLC - Dewey Services (http:/ / www. oclc. org/ dewey/ updates/ default. htm)

External links • OCLC's Dewey Decimal website (http://www.oclc.org/dewey/) • Dewey Summaries as Linked Data (http://www.worldcat.org/devnet/wiki/DeweyInfoTechOverview) • Full text of A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library (Dewey Decimal Classification) (http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/12513) (1876) from Project Gutenberg • " What's so great about the Dewey Decimal System? (http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mdeweydecimal. html)" at The Straight Dope, 31 January 2006 • A History of the D.D.C. System and its Creator Melville Dewey (http://www.slais.ubc.ca/courses/libr517/ 02-03-wt2/projects/dewey/P1Section1.htm) by University of British Columbia's mission, the School of Library, Archival and Information Studies • Easy Navigation to Search for DDC Code (http://globaljournals.org/global-journals-research-portal/gjportal/ dewey-decimal-classification/) by Dean, Global Journals • 025.431: The Dewey blog: Everything you always wanted to know about the Dewey Decimal Classification system but were afraid to ask... (http://ddc.typepad.com/)

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Library of Congress Classification

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Library of Congress Classification The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U.S. and several other countries. It is not to be confused with the Library of Congress Subject Headings or Library of Congress Control Number. Most public libraries and small academic libraries continue to use the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). The classification was originally developed by Herbert Putnam in 1897, just before he assumed the librarianship of Congress. With advice from Charles Ammi Cutter, it was influenced by Cutter Expansive Classification, and the DDC, and was specially designed for the special purposes of the Library of Congress. The new system replaced a fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson. By the time of Putnam's departure from his post in 1939, all the classes except K (Law) and parts of B (Philosophy and Religion) were well developed. It has been criticized as lacking a sound theoretical basis; many of the classification decisions were driven by the particular practical needs of that library, rather than epistemological considerations. Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature. It provides a guide to the books actually in the library, not a classification of the world. The National Library of Medicine classification system (NLM) uses the classification scheme's unused letters W and QS–QZ. Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCC's R (Medicine). Others prefer to use the LCC scheme's QP-QR schedules and include Medicine R.

The system

Java programming books in the QA subclass.

Letter

Subject area

A

General Works

B

Philosophy, Psychology, and Religion

C

Auxiliary Sciences of History

D

General and Old World History

E

History of America

F

History of the United States and British, Dutch, French, and Latin America

G

Geography, Anthropology, and Recreation

H

Social Sciences

J

Political Science

K

Law

Library of Congress Classification

13

L

Education

M

Music

N

Fine Arts

P

Language and Literature

Q

Science

R

Medicine

S

Agriculture

T

Technology

U

Military Science

V

Naval Science

Z

Bibliography, Library Science, and General Information Resources

Class A - General Works • • • • • • • • • •

Subclass AC - Collections. Series. Collected works Subclass AE - Encyclopedias Subclass AG - Dictionaries and other general reference works Subclass AI - Indexes Subclass AM - Museums. Collectors and collecting Subclass AN - Newspapers Subclass AP - Periodicals Subclass AS - Academies and learned societies Subclass AY - Yearbooks. Almanacs. Directories Subclass AZ - History of scholarship and learning. The humanities

Class B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion • Subclass B - Philosophy (General) • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Subclass BC - Logic Subclass BD - Speculative philosophy Subclass BF - Psychology Subclass BH - Aesthetics Subclass BJ - Ethics Subclass BL - Religions. Mythology. Rationalism Subclass BM - Judaism Subclass BP - Islam. Bahaism. Theosophy, etc. Subclass BQ - Buddhism Subclass BR - Christianity Subclass BS - The Bible Subclass BT - Doctrinal Theology Subclass BV - Practical Theology Subclass BX - Christian Denominations

Library of Congress Classification

Class C - Auxiliary Sciences of History (General) • • • • • • • • •

Subclass CB - History of Civilization Subclass CC - Archaeology Subclass CD - Diplomatics. Archives. Seals Subclass CE - Technical Chronology. Calendar Subclass CJ - Numismatics Subclass CN - Inscriptions. Epigraphy Subclass CR - Heraldry Subclass CS - Genealogy Subclass CT - Biography

Class D - World History (except American History) • • • • •

Subclass D - History (General) Subclass DA - Great Britain Subclass DAW - Central Europe Subclass DB - Austria - Liechtenstein - Hungary - Czechoslovakia Subclass DC - France - Andorra - Monaco

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Subclass DD - Germany Subclass DE - Greco-Roman World Subclass DF - Greece Subclass DG - Italy - Malta Subclass DH - Low Countries - Benelux Countries Subclass DJ - Netherlands (Holland) Subclass DJK - Eastern Europe (General) Subclass DK - Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics - Poland Subclass DL - Northern Europe. Scandinavia Subclass DP - Spain - Portugal Subclass DQ - Switzerland Subclass DR - Balkan Peninsula Subclass DS - Asia Subclass DT - Africa Subclass DU - Oceania (South Seas) Subclass DX - Gypsies

Class G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation • • • • • • • • •

Subclass G - Geography (General). Atlases. Maps Subclass GA - Mathematical geography. Cartography Subclass GB - Physical geography Subclass GC - Oceanography Subclass GE - Environmental Sciences Subclass GF - Human ecology. Anthropogeography Subclass GN - Anthropology Subclass GR - Folklore Subclass GT - Manners and customs (General)

• Subclass GV - Recreation. Leisure

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Library of Congress Classification

Class H - Social Sciences • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Subclass H - Social sciences (General) Subclass HA - Statistics Subclass HB - Economic theory. Demography Subclass HC - Economic history and conditions Subclass HD - Industries. Land use. Labor Subclass HE - Transportation and communications Subclass HF - Commerce Subclass HG - Finance Subclass HJ - Public finance Subclass HM - Sociology (General) Subclass HN - Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform Subclass HQ - The family. Marriage. Women Subclass HS - Societies: secret, benevolent, etc. Subclass HT - Communities. Classes. Races Subclass HV - Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology Subclass HX - Socialism. Communism. Anarchism

Class J - Political Science • Subclass J - General legislative and executive papers • Subclass JA - Political science (General) • • • • • • • • • • •

Subclass JC - Political theory Subclass JF - Political institutions and public administration Subclass JJ - Political institutions and public administration (North America) Subclass JK - Political institutions and public administration (United States) Subclass JL - Political institutions and public administration (Canada, Latin America, etc.) Subclass JN - Political institutions and public administration (Europe) Subclass JQ - Political institutions and public administration (Asia, Africa, Australia, Pacific Area, etc.) Subclass JS - Local government. Municipal government Subclass JV - Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration Subclass JX - International law, see JZ and KZ (obsolete) Subclass JZ - International relations

Class K - Law • • • • • • • • • •

Subclass K - Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence Subclass KB - Religious law in general. Comparative religious law. Jurisprudence Subclass KBM -Jewish law Subclass KBP - Islamic law Subclass KBR - History of canon law Subclass KBU - Law of the Roman Catholic Church. The Holy See Subclasses - KD-KDK United Kingdom and Ireland Subclass KDZ - America. North America Subclass KE - Canada Subclass KF - United States

• Subclass KG - Latin America - Mexico and Central America - West Indies. Caribbean area • Subclass KH - South America

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Library of Congress Classification • Subclasses KJ-KKZ - Europe • Subclasses KL-KWX - Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area, and Antarctica • Subclass KZ - Law of nations

Class L - Education • • • • • • • • • • •

Subclass L - Education (General) Subclass LA - History of education Subclass LB - Theory and practice of education Subclass LC - Special aspects of education Subclass LD - Individual institutions - United States Subclass LE - Individual institutions - America (except United States) Subclass LF - Individual institutions - Europe Subclass LG - Individual institutions - Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific islands Subclass LH - College and school magazines and papers Subclass LJ - Student fraternities and societies, United States Subclass LT - Textbooks

Class M - Music • Subclass M - Music • Subclass ML - Literature on music • Subclass MT - Instruction and study

Class N - Fine arts • • • • • • • •

Subclass N - Visual arts Subclass NA - Architecture Subclass NB - Sculpture Subclass NC - Drawing. Design. Illustration Subclass ND - Painting Subclass NE - Print media Subclass NK - Decorative arts Subclass NX - Arts in general

Class P - Language and Literature • • • • • • • • • • •

Subclass P - Philology. Linguistics Subclass PA - Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature Subclass PB - Modern languages. Celtic languages Subclass PC - Romanic languages Subclass PD - Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages Subclass PE - English language Subclass PF - West Germanic languages Subclass PG - Slavic languages and literatures. Baltic languages. Albanian language Subclass PH - Uralic languages. Basque language Subclass PJ - Oriental languages and literatures Subclass PK - Indo-Iranian languages and literatures

• Subclass PL - Languages and literatures of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania • Subclass PM - Hyperborean, Native American, and artificial languages

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Library of Congress Classification • Subclass PN - Literature (General) • • • •

Subclass PQ - French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature Subclass PR - English literature Subclass PS - American literature Subclass PT - German literature - Dutch literature - Flemish literature since 1830 - Afrikaans literature -Scandinavian literature - Old Norse literature: Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian - Modern Icelandic literature Faroese literature - Danish literature - Norwegian literature - Swedish literature • Subclass PZ - Fiction and juvenile belles lettres

Class Q - Science • • • • • • •

Subclass Q - Science (General) Subclass QA - Mathematics Subclass QB - Astronomy Subclass QC - Physics Subclass QD - Chemistry Subclass QE - Geology Subclass QH - Natural history - Biology

• • • • •

Subclass QK - Botany Subclass QL - Zoology Subclass QM - Human anatomy Subclass QP - Physiology Subclass QR - Microbiology

Class R - Medicine • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Subclass R - Medicine (General) Subclass RA - Public aspects of medicine Subclass RB - Pathology Subclass RC - Internal medicine Subclass RD - Surgery Subclass RE - Ophthalmology Subclass RF - Otorhinolaryngology Subclass RG - Gynecology and obstetrics Subclass RJ - Pediatrics Subclass RK - Dentistry Subclass RL - Dermatology Subclass RM - Therapeutics. Pharmacology Subclass RS - Pharmacy and materia medica Subclass RT - Nursing Subclass RV - Botanic, Thomsonian, and eclectic medicine Subclass RX - Homeopathy Subclass RZ - Other systems of medicine

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Library of Congress Classification

Class S - Agriculture • • • • • •

Subclass S - Agriculture (General) Subclass SB - Plant culture Subclass SD - Forestry Subclass SF - Animal culture Subclass SH - Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling Subclass SK - Hunting sports

Class T - Technology • • • • • • • •

Subclass T - Technology (General) Subclass TA - Engineering (General). Civil engineering Subclass TC - Hydraulic engineering. Ocean engineering Subclass TD - Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering Subclass TE - Highway engineering. Roads and pavements Subclass TF - Railroad engineering and operation Subclass TG - Bridge engineering Subclass TH - Building construction

• • • • • • • • •

Subclass TJ - Mechanical engineering and machinery Subclass TK - Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Subclass TL - Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics Subclass TN - Mining engineering. Metallurgy Subclass TP - Chemical technology Subclass TR - Photography Subclass TS - Manufactures Subclass TT - Handicrafts. Arts and crafts Subclass TX - Home economics

Class U - Military Science • • • • • • • • •

Subclass U - Military science (General) Subclass UA - Armies: Organization, distribution, military situation Subclass UB - Military administration Subclass UC - Maintenance and transportation Subclass UD - Infantry Subclass UE - Cavalry. Armor Subclass UF - Artillery Subclass UG - Military engineering. Air forces Subclass UH - Other services

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Library of Congress Classification

19

Class V - Naval Science • • • • • • • • • •

Subclass V - Naval science (General) Subclass VA - Navies: Organization, distribution, naval situation Subclass VB - Naval administration Subclass VC - Naval maintenance Subclass VD - Naval seamen Subclass VE - Marines Subclass VF - Naval ordnance Subclass VG - Minor services of navies Subclass VK - Navigation. Merchant marine Subclass VM - Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering

Class Z - Bibliography, Library Science • Subclass Z - Books (General). Writing. Paleography. Book industries and trade. Libraries. Bibliography • Subclass ZA - Information resources (General)

References • Library of Congress classification outline [1], loc.gov

External links • • • • • •

Library of Congress - classification [2], loc.gov Cataloging Distribution Services [3] - source of Library of Congress Classification schedules. loc.gov Classification outline [4], loc.gov How to read LCC call numbers [5], geography.about.com How to use LCC to organize a home library [6], zackgrossbart.com Easy Navigation and Search for LCC code [7], globaljournals.org

Content listings Lists Featured content · Overviews · Portals · Lists · Outlines · Glossaries Reference · Culture · Geography · Health · History · Mathematics · Nature · People · Philosophy · Religion · Society · Technology Academic disciplines · Anniversaries (today) · Countries and territories · Current events · People (deaths this year) · Timelines (centuries · decades) Indices A–Z index · Categories · Dewey Decimal classes · Library of Congress Classification · Roget's Thesaurus · Spoken articles · Wikipedia books

Library of Congress Classification

References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

http:/ / www. loc. gov/ catdir/ cpso/ lcco/ http:/ / www. loc. gov/ aba/ cataloging/ classification/ http:/ / www. loc. gov/ cds/ http:/ / www. loc. gov/ catdir/ cpso/ lcco/ lcco. html http:/ / geography. about. com/ library/ congress/ blhowto. htm http:/ / www. zackgrossbart. com/ hackito/ the-library-problem/ http:/ / globaljournals. org/ global-journals-research-portal/ gjportal/ library-of-congress-classification/

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Universal, faceted classification systems Faceted classification A faceted classification system allows the assignment of multiple classifications to an object, enabling the classifications to be ordered in multiple ways, rather than in a single, pre-determined, taxonomic order. A facet comprises "clearly defined, mutually exclusive, and collectively exhaustive aspects, properties or characteristics of a class or specific subject".[1] For example, a collection of books might be classified using an author facet, a subject facet, a date facet, etc. Faceted classification is used in faceted search systems that enable a user to navigate information along multiple paths corresponding to different orderings of the facets. This contrasts with traditional taxonomies in which the hierarchy of categories is fixed and unchanging. The Colon classification developed by S. R. Ranganathan is an example of faceted classification applied to the physical world, specifically for the purpose of organizing library materials. In the Colon classification system, a book is assigned a set of values from independent facets. It differs from traditional library classification schemas like the Dewey Decimal System and Library of Congress classification system, in which each document has a unique assignment in a single, hierarchically organized classification system.[2] Faceted classification systems are also distinct from folksonomies or other tagging systems that do not break out the tags into independent facets.

References [1] Taylor, A. G. (1992). Introduction to Cataloging and Classification. 8th ed. Englewood, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited. [2] Colon Classification (6th Edition) (http:/ / www. essessreference. com/ servlet/ esGetBiblio?bno=000374) by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, published by Ess Ess Publications, Delhi, India.

External links • How to Make a Faceted Classification and Put It On the Web (http://www.miskatonic.org/library/ facet-web-howto.html) - an article by William Denton • How to Reuse a Faceted Classification and Put It On the Semantic Web (http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/21488/ ) • Thesaurus Building & Use (http://www.imresources.fit.qut.edu.au/vocab/) - further links to classifications schemes online • Carl Linnaeus Invented The Index Card. ScienceDaily. Retrieved September 9, 2010, from http://www. sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2009/06/090616080137.htm (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/ 090616080137.htm) - a mention of Linnaeus's use of faceted classification in the original index card system • OpenMeta tagging system for the Mac (http://code.google.com/p/openmeta/) - a (currently) flat system for making Facets. (Requesting links for hierarchical tagging systems)

Bliss bibliographic classification

Bliss bibliographic classification The Bliss bibliographic classification (BC) is a library classification system that was created by Henry E. Bliss (1870–1955), published in four volumes between 1940 and 1953. Although originally devised in the United States, it was more commonly adopted by British libraries than by American ones. A second edition of the system (BC2) has been developed in Britain since 1977.

Origins of the system Bliss was born in New York in 1870 and in 1891 began work in the library of the College of the City of New York (now City College of the City University of New York). Bliss had a lifelong interest in the organization, structure and philosophy of knowledge and was very critical of the library classification systems that were available to him. He believed that because the popular Library of Congress system had been designed for a specific library (the Library of Congress) it had no use as a standard system outside that library. He also greatly disliked the Dewey Decimal system. Bliss wanted a classification system that would provide distinct rules yet still be adaptable to whatever kind of collection a library might have, as different libraries have different needs. His solution was the concept of “alternative location,” in which a particular subject could be put in more than one place, as long as the library made a specific choice and used it consistently. In 1908 Bliss reclassified 60,000 of his library’s books, and in 1910 he published an article with a rough scheme of his general ideas. But as he continued to develop his system he realized that it was going to be a much larger project than he had anticipated. The first of his four volumes appeared in 1940 (the year he retired) and the last in 1953, two years before his death. Some of the underlying policies of the BC system were: • • • •

alternative location brief, concise notation organizing knowledge according to academic expertise subjects moving gradually from topic to topic as they naturally related to one another.

Examples Bliss deliberately avoided the use of the decimal point because of his objection to Dewey's system. Instead he used capital and lower-case letters, numerals, and every typographical symbol available on his extensive and somewhat eccentric typewriter. In the revised edition (BC2), only capital letters are used, with numerals occasionally used for special purposes. Here is an extract: HJ        Preventive medicine . . . HL        Curative medicine HLK           Primary care; general practice HLY           Secondary care, aftercare

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Bliss bibliographic classification

Adoption and change BC was not used by many North American libraries. The system was not without its flaws (the result of being largely a one-person project), and the layout of Bliss’s text was difficult to read. A few library schools sometimes taught the BC system to their students, but only in a minor way. The failure of the system to catch on in North America was partly because of its internal deficiencies but also because the Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress systems were already well established. The City College library continued to use Bliss’s system until 1967, when it reluctantly switched to the Library of Congress system. It had become too expensive to train new staff members to use BC, and too expensive to maintain in general. Much of the Bliss stacks remain, however, as no-one has recatalogued the books. The case was different, however, in Britain. BC proved more popular there and also spread to other English-speaking countries. Part of the reason for its success was that libraries in teachers’ colleges liked the way Bliss had organized the subject areas on teaching and education. By the mid-1950s the system was being used in at least sixty British libraries and in a hundred by the 1970s. In 1967 the Bliss Classification Association was formed. Its first publication was the Abridged Bliss Classification (ABC), intended for school libraries. In 1977 it began to publish and maintain a much-improved, revised version of Bliss’s system, the Bliss Bibliographic Classification (Second Edition) or BC2. This retains only the broad outlines of Bliss's scheme, replacing most of the detailed notation with a new scheme based on the principles of faceted classification. Fifteen of approximately 28 volumes of schedules have so far been published. The top level organisation is: • • • • • •

2/9 - Generalia, Phenomena, Knowledge, Information science & technology A/AL - Philosophy & Logic AM/AX - Mathematics, Probability, Statistics AY/B - General science, Physics C - Chemistry D - Astronomy and earth sciences

• • • • • • •

• DG/DY - Earth sciences E/GQ - Biological sciences GR/GZ - Applied biological sciences: agriculture and ecology H - Physical Anthropology, Human biology, Health sciences I - Psychology & Psychiatry J - Education K - Society (includes Social sciences, sociology & social anthropology) L/O - History (including area studies, travel and topography, and biography)

• • • • • • •

• LA - Archaeology P - Religion, Occult, Morals and ethics Q - Social welfare & Criminology R - Politics & Public administration S - Law T - Economics & Management of economic enterprises U/V - Technology and useful arts (including household management and services) W - The Arts

• WV/WX - Music • X/Y - Language and literature • ZA/ZW - Museology

23

Bliss bibliographic classification

References • Bliss, Henry E. (1910). A modern classification for libraries, with simple notation, mnemonics, and alternatives. Library Journal 35, 351–358. • Bliss, Henry E. (1935). A system of bibliographic classification. New York: H. W. Wilson. • Bliss, Henry E. (1940-1953). A bibliographic classification, extended by systematic auxiliary schedules for composite specification (4 volumes). New York: H. W. Wilson. • Maltby, Arthur & Gill, Lindy (1979). The case for Bliss. London: Clive Bingley. ISBN 0-85157-290-1. • Thomas, Alan R. (1997). Bibliographical classification: the ideas and achievements of Henry E. Bliss. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 25 (1), 51–104.

External links • Bliss Classification Association [1]

References [1] http:/ / www. blissclassification. org. uk/

Colon classification Colon classification (CC) is a system of library classification developed by S. R. Ranganathan. It was the first ever faceted (or analytico-synthetic) classification. The first edition was published in 1933. Since then six more editions have been published. It is especially used in libraries in India. Its name "Colon classification" comes from the use of colons to separate facets in class numbers. However, many other classification schemes, some of which are completely unrelated, also use colons and other punctuation in various functions. They should not be confused with Colon classification. As an example, the subject "research in the cure of tuberculosis of lungs by x-ray conducted in India in 1950" results in a call number L,45;421:6;253:f.44'N5 The components of this call number represent Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray:Research.India'1950

Organization The Colon Classification uses 42 main classes that are combined with other letters, numbers and marks in a manner resembling the Library of Congress Classification to sort a publication.

Facets CC uses five primary categories, or facets to further specify the sorting of a publication. Collectively, they are called PMEST: , personality ; matter or property : energy . space ' time

24

Colon classification

25

Classes The following are the main classes of CC, with some subclasses, the main method used to sort the subclass using the PMEST scheme and examples showing application of PMEST. z Generalia 1 Universe of Knowledge 2 Library Science 3 Book science 4 Journalism B Mathematics B1 Arithmetic B13 Theory of numbers B2 Algebra B23 Algebraic equations B25 Higher Algebra B3 Analysis B33 Differential Equations [equation] , [degree] , [order] : [problem] B331,1,2:1 Numerical solutions (:1) of ordered (331) linear (,1) second order (,2) differential equations B37 Real Variables B38 Complex Variables B4 Other Methods B6 Geometry B7 Mechanics B8 Physico-Mathematics B9 Astronomical Mathematics C Physics C1 Fundamentals of Physics C2 Properties of Matter C3 Sound C4 Heat C5 Light and Radiation C6 Electricity C7 Magnetism C8 Cosmic Hypothesis D Engineering E Chemistry facets :1 General Chemistry :2 Physical Chemistry :3 Analytical Chemistry

Colon classification

26 :33 Qualitative Chemistry :34 Quantitative Chemistry :35 Volumetric Chemistry

:4 Synthetic Chemistry :5 Extraction Chemistry E1 Inorganic Chemistry E10 Group 0 E11 Group 1 E110 Hydrogen E1109 Lithium E111 Sodium E2 Hydroxl (Base) E3 Acid E4 Salt E5 Organic Substance F Technology G Biology H Geology H1 Mineralogy H2 Petrology H3 Structural Geology H4 Dynamic Geology H5 Stratigraphy H6 Paleontology H7 Economic Geology H8 Cosmic Hypothesis HX Mining I Botany J Agriculture facets :1 Soil :3 Propagation :4 Disease :5 Development :6 Breeding :7 Harvest :91 Nomenclature :92 Morphology :93 Physiology

Colon classification :95 Ecology material facets ,2 Bulb ,3 Root ,4 Stem ,5 Leaf ,6 Flower ,7 Fruit ,8 Seed ,97 Whole Plant J1 Horticulture J2 Feed J3 Food J4 Stimulant J5 Oil J6 Drug J7 Fabric J8 Dye K Zoology (same facet schedule as I Botany) KZ Animal Husbandry (same facet schedule as I Botany) L Medicine [organ]:[problem],[cause]:[handling] LZ3 Pharmacology [substance].[action],[organ] LZ5 Pharmacopoeia M Useful arts M7 Textiles [material]:[work] Δ Spiritual experience and mysticism [religion],[entity]:[problem] N Fine arts NA Architecture [style] , [utility] , [part] : [technique] ND Sculpture [style] , [figure] ; [material] : [technique] NN Engraving NQ Painting [style] , [figure] ; [material] : [technique] NR Music [style] , [music] ; [instrument] : [technique] O Literature P Linguistics Q Religion R Philosophy S Psychology T Education U Geography

27

Colon classification V History W Political science X Economics Y Sociology Z Law

Example The most commonly cited example of the Colon Classification is the classification for: • "Research in the cure of the tuberculosis of lungs by x-ray conducted in India in 1950s": • Main classification is Medicine • (Medicine) • Within Medicine, the Lungs are the main concern • (Medicine,Lungs) • The property of the Lungs is that they are afflicted with Tuberculosis • (Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis) • The Tuberculosis is being performed (:) on, that is the intent is to cure (Treatment) • (Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment) • The matter that we are treating the Tuberculosis with are X-Rays • (Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray) • And this discussion of treatment is regarding the Research phase • (Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray:Research) • This Research is performed within a geographical space (.) namely India • (Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray:Research.India) • During the time (') of 1950 • (Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray:Research.India'1950) • And translating into the codes listed for each subject and facet the classification becomes • L,45;421:6;253:f.44'N5

Publication information Colon Classification (6th Edition) [1] by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, published by Ess Ess Publications, Delhi, India,

References • Chan, Lois Mai. Cataloging and Classification: An Introduction. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, c1994. ISBN 0070105065.

External links • More Detail about the Colon Classification at ISKO Italia [2]

References [1] http:/ / www. essessreference. com/ servlet/ esGetBiblio?bno=000374 [2] http:/ / www. iskoi. org/ doc/ colon. htm

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Cutter Expansive Classification

Cutter Expansive Classification The Cutter Expansive Classification system is a library classification system devised by Charles Ammi Cutter. It uses all letters to designate the top categories of books. This is in contrast to the Dewey Decimal Classification, which uses only numbers, and the Library of Congress classification, which uses a mixture of letters and numbers. The system was the basis for the top categories of the Library of Congress classification. "No one, perhaps, can remember it all; it cannot be learned, even in part, very quickly; but those who use the library much will find that they become familiar in time unconsciously with all that they have much occasion to use." from How to Get Books by C. A. Cutter, 1882

History of the Cutter classification Charles Ammi Cutter (1837–1903), inspired by the decimal classification of his contemporary Melvil Dewey, originally developed his own classification scheme for the collections of the Boston Athenaeum, at which he served as librarian for two dozen years. He began work on it about 1880 and published the first schedules in the early 1890s. His five-volume catalogue of the Athenaeum collection is a classic in bibliographic history. The Cutter classification, although adopted by comparatively few libraries, mostly in New England, has been called one of the most logical and scholarly of American classifications. Its outline served as a basis for the Library of Congress classification, which also took over some of its features. It did not catch on as did Dewey's system because Cutter died before it was completely finished, making no provision for the kind of development necessary as the bounds of knowledge expanded and scholarly emphases changed throughout the 20th century.

Outline of the Cutter classification Like the LC classification system, texts are organized by subject. Users of Cutter, however, will find the subject headings more general than those of the LC system. • • • • • • • • •

A General works (encyclopedias, periodicals, society publications) B–D Philosophy, Psychology, Religion E, F, G Biography, History, Geography and travels H–J, K Social sciences, Law L–T Science and technology U–VS Military, Sports, Recreation VT, VV, W Theatre, Music, Fine arts X Philology (expanded by language) Y Literature (expanded by language, and in English form—e.g., YY is English and American literature, YYP is poetry in English) • Z Book arts, Bibliography

29

Cutter Expansive Classification

How Cutter call numbers are constructed Most call numbers in the Cutter classification follow conventions offering clues to the book's subject. The first line represents the subject, the second the author (and perhaps title), the third and fourth dates of editions, indications of translations, and critical works on particular books or authors. All numbers in the Cutter system are (or should be) shelved as if in decimal order. Size of volumes is indicated by points (.), pluses (+), or slashes (/ or //). For some subjects a numerical geographical subdivision follows the classification letters on the first line. The number 83 stands for the United States—hence, F83 is U.S. history, G83 U.S. travel, JU83 U.S. politics, WP83 U.S. painting. Geographical numbers are often further expanded decimally to represent more specific areas, sometimes followed by a capital letter indicating a particular city. The second line usually represents the author's name by a capital letter plus one or more numbers arranged decimally. This may be followed by the first letter or letters of the title in lower-case, and/or sometimes the letters a,b,c indicating other printings of the same title. When appropriate, the second line may begin with a 'form' number—e.g., 1 stands for history and criticism of a subject, 2 for a bibliography, 5 for a dictionary, 6 for an atlas or maps, 7 for a periodical, 8 for a society or university publication, 9 for a collection of works by different authors. On the third line a capital Y indicates a work about the author or book represented by the first two lines, and a capital E (for English—other letters are used for other languages) indicates a translation into English. If both criticism and translation apply to a single title, the number expands into four lines.

Cutter Numbers One of the features adopted by other systems, including Library of Congress, is the Cutter number. It is an alphanumeric device to code text so that it can be arranged in alphabetical order using the fewest characters. It contains one or two initial letters and Arabic numbers, treated as a decimal. To construct a Cutter number, a cataloguer consults a Cutter table as required by the classification rules. Although Cutter numbers are mostly used for coding the names of authors, the system can be used for titles, subjects, geographic areas, and more.

References • Bliss, Henry Evelyn. The Organization of Knowledge in Libraries: and the Subject-Approach to Books, 2nd ed. New York: H. W. Wilson, 1939. • Cutter, Charles A. Rules for a Dictionary Catalog. W. P. Cutter, ed. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904. London: The Library Association, 1962. • Cutter, William Parker. Charles Ammi Cutter. Chicago: American Library Association, 1931. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1969. • Foster, William E. "Charles Ammi Cutter: A Memorial Sketch". Library Journal 28 (1903): 697-704. • Hufford, Jon R. "The Pragmatic Basis of Catalog Codes: Has the User Been Ignored?". Cataloging and Classification Quarterly 14 (1991): 27-38. • Immroth, John Philip. "Cutter, Charles Ammi". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Allen Kent and Harold Lancour, ed. 47 vols. New York, M. Dekker [1968- ] • Slavis, Dobrica. "CUTT-x: An Expert System for Automatic Assignment of Cutter Numbers". Cataloging and Classification Quarterly. Vol 22, no. 2, 1996. • Tauber, Maurice F., and Edith Wise. "Classification Systems". Ralph R. Shaw, ed.. The State of the Library Art. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers U. Graduate School of Library Service, 1961. 1-528.

30

Cutter Expansive Classification

External links • The Boston Athenaeum's Guide to the classification system developed by Cutter for their collection [1] • Forbes Library's Outline of Cutter's Expansive Classification system [2] • Rules for a dictionary catalog, by Charles A. Cutter, fourth edition [3], hosted by the UNT Libraries Digital Collections [4] • Library of Congress Guidelines for using the LC Online Shelflist and formulating a literary author number: Cutter Table [5] • LC Cutter Tables [5] • Dewey Cutter Program [6]

References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

http:/ / catalog. bostonathenaeum. org/ cutterguide. html http:/ / www. forbeslibrary. org/ books/ cutter. shtml http:/ / digital. library. unt. edu/ permalink/ meta-dc-1048:1 http:/ / digital. library. unt. edu/ http:/ / www. loc. gov/ catdir/ pcc/ 053/ table. html http:/ / www. oclc. org/ dewey/ support/ program/ default. htm

Universal Decimal Classification The Universal Decimal Classification is a system of library classification developed by the Belgian bibliographers Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine at the end of the 19th century. It is based on the Dewey Decimal Classification, but uses auxiliary signs to indicate various special aspects of a subject and relationships between subjects. It thus contains a significant faceted or analytico-synthetic element, and is used especially in specialist libraries. UDC has been modified and extended through the years to cope with the increasing output in all disciplines of human knowledge, and is still under continuous review to take account of new developments. The documents classified by UDC may be in any form. They will often be literature, i.e. written documents, but may also be in other media such as films, video and sound recordings, illustrations, maps, and realia such as museum pieces. UDC classifications use Arabic numerals and are based on the decimal system. Every number is thought of as a decimal fraction with the initial decimal point omitted, which determines filing order. For ease of reading, a UDC identifier is usually punctuated after every third digit. Thus, after 61 "Medical sciences" come the subdivisions 611 to 619; under 611 "Anatomy" come its subdivisions 611.1 to 611.9; under 611.1 come all of its subdivisions before 611.2 occurs, and so on; after 619 comes 620. An advantage of this system is that it is infinitely extensible, and when new subdivisions are introduced, they need not disturb the existing allocation of numbers.

31

Universal Decimal Classification

32

The main categories • • • • • • • • • •

0 generalities 1 philosophy, psychology 2 religion, theology 3 social sciences 4 5 natural sciences 6 technology 7 the arts 8 language, linguistics, literature 9 geography, biography, history

A document may be classified under a combination of different categories through the use of additional symbols. For example: Symbol

Symbol name

Meaning

Example

+

plus

addition

e.g. 59+636 zoology and animal breeding

/

stroke

extension

e.g. 592/599 Systematic zoology (everything from 592 to 599 inclusive)

:

colon

relation

e.g. 17:7 Relation of ethics to art

[]

square brackets

algebraic subgrouping

e.g. 311:[622+669](485) statistics of mining and metallurgy in Sweden (the auxiliary qualifies 622+669 considered as a unit)

=

equals

language

e.g. =111 in English; 59=111 Zoology, in English

The design of UDC lends itself to machine readability, and the system has been used both with early automatic mechanical sorting devices, and modern library OPACs. A core version of UDC, with 65,000 subdivisions, is now available in database format, and is called the Master Reference File (MRF). The current full version of the UDC has 220,000 subdivisions.[1]

UDC Classes Table Main Table 0 Generalities 000 Computer science, knowledge & systems 001

Science and knowledge in general. Organization of intellectual work

002

Documentation. Books. Writings. Authorship

003

Writing systems and scripts. Including: signs and symbols

004

Computer science and technology. Computing

004.2

Computer architecture

004.3

Computer hardware

004.4

Software

004.5

Human-computer interaction

004.6

Data

004.7

Computer communication

004.8

Artificial intelligence

004.9 005

Application-oriented computer-based techniques Management (Revision from 2001)

Universal Decimal Classification 005.1

33

Management Theory

005.2

Management agents. Mechanisms. Measures

005.3

Management activities

005.32

Organizational behaviour. Management psychology

005.5

Management operations. Direction

005.6

Quality management. Total quality management (TQM)

005.7

Organizational management (OM)

005.9

Fields of management

005.92

Records management

005.93

Plant management. Physical resources management

005.94

Knowledge management

005.95/.96

Personnel management. Human Resources management

006

Standardization of products, operations, weights, measures and time

007

Activity and organizing. Information. Communication and control theory generally (cybernetics)

008

Civilization. Culture. Progress

009

Humanities. Arts subjects in general

010 Bibliographies 020 Library and information sciences 030 Encyclopedias & books of facts 040 [Unassigned] 050 Magazines, journals, periodicals & serials 060 Associations and organizations & museums 070 News media, journalism, Mass media & publishing 080 Quotations 090 Manuscripts & rare books

1 Philosophy. Psychology 100 Philosophy 110 Metaphysics 120 Epistemology 130 Parapsychology & ism 140 Philosophical schools of thought 159.9 Psychology 159.91 Psychophysiology (physiological psychology). Mental physiology 159.92 Mental development and capacity. Comparative psychology 159.93 Sensation. Sensory perception 159.94 Executive functions 159.95 Higher mental processes 159.96 Special mental states and processes 159.97 Abnormal psychology. Insanity. Mental deficiency 159.98 Applied psychology 160 Logic 170 Ethics 180 Ancient, medieval & eastern philosophy 190 Modern western philosophy

Universal Decimal Classification 2 Religion. Theology 200 Religion 21 Prehistoric and primitive religions 22 Religions of the Far East 221 Religions of China 221.3 Taoism 223 Religions of Korea 225 Religions of Japan 23 Religions of the Indian subcontinent 233 Hinduism narrowly 234 Jainism 235 Sikhism 24 Buddhism 241 Hinayana (Theravada) Buddhism 242 Mahayana Buddhism 243 Lamaism 244 Japanese Buddhism 25 Religions of antiquity. Minor cults and religions 252 Religions of Mesopotamia 254 Religions of Iran 257 Religions of Europe 26 Judaism 262 Ashkenazi Judaism 264 Sephardi Judaism 265 Orthodox Judaism 266 Progressive Judaism 267 Modern movements arising from Judaism 27 Christianity 271 Eastern church 272/279 Western church 272 Roman Catholic church 273 Non-Roman Catholic episcopal churches 274 Protestantism generally. Protestants. Dissenters. Puritans 275 Reformed churches 276 Anabaptists 277 Free churches. Non-conformists 278 Other protestant churches 279 Other Christian movements and churches 28 Islam 282 Sunni. Sunnite Islam 284 Shi'a. Shi'ite Islam 285 Babi-Baha'i 286 Baha'i 29 Modern spiritual movements 210 Philosophy & theory of religion 220 Religions of the Far East 230 Religions of the Indian subcontinent

34

Universal Decimal Classification 240 250 260 270 280 290

Buddhism Religions of antiquity. Minor cults and religions Judaism Christianity Islam Modern spiritual movements

3 Social Sciences 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390

Social sciences, sociology & anthropology Statistics Political science Economics Law Public administration & military science Social problems & social services Education Commerce, communications & transportation Customs, etiquette & folklore

4 Vacant This section is currently vacant. 5 Mathematics and natural sciences 500 Science 510 Mathematics 510 Fundamental and general consideration of mathematics 511 Number theory 512 Algebra 514 Geometry 515.1 Topology 517 Analysis 519.1 Combinatorial analysis. Graph theory 520 Astronomy 530 Physics 531 General mechanics. Mechanics of solid and rigid bodies 532 Fluid mechanics in general. Mechanics of liquids (hydromechanics) 533 Mechanics of gases. Aeromechanics. Plasma physics 534 Vibrations. Acoustics 535 Optics 536 Heat. Thermodynamics 537 Electricity. Magnetism. Electromagnetism 539 Physical nature of matter 540 Chemistry 542 Practical laboratory chemistry 543 Analytical chemistry 544 Physical chemistry 546 Inorganic chemistry

35

Universal Decimal Classification 547 Organic chemistry 548 Crystallography 550 Earth sciences & geology 560 Fossils & prehistoric life 570 Life sciences; biology 580 Plants (Botany) 590 Animals (Zoology) 6 Applied sciences. Medicine. Technology 600 Technology 610 Medicine & health 611 Medicine 612 Pharmacy 613 Biomedical Sciences 614 Public Health 615 Kinesitherapy - Physical Training 620 Engineering. Technology in general 620 Materials testing. Commercial materials. Power stations. Economics of energy 621 Mechanical engineering in general. Nuclear technology. Electrical engineering. Machinery 621.3 Electrical engineering 622 Mining 623 Military engineering 624 Civil and structural engineering in general 625 Civil engineering and land transport. Railway engineering. Highway engineering 626 Hydraulic engineering in general 627 Natural waterway, port, harbour and shore engineering. Navigational, dredging, salvage and rescue facilities. Dams and hydraulic power plant 628 Public health engineering. Water. Sanitation. Illuminating engineering 629 Transport vehicle engineering 630 Agriculture 640 Home & family management 650 Management & public relations 660 Chemical engineering 670 Manufacturing 680 Manufacture for specific uses 690 Building & construction

7 The arts. Recreation. Entertainment. Sport 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780

Arts Landscaping & area planning Architecture Sculpture, ceramics & metalwork Drawing & decorative arts Painting Graphic arts Photography & computer art Music

36

Universal Decimal Classification 790 Sports, games & entertainment 8 Language. Linguistics. Literature 800 General questions. Including: Philology. Rhetoric 810 Linguistics and languages 820 Literature 9 Geography. Biography. History 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990

History Geography & travel Biography & genealogy History of ancient world (to ca. 499) History of Europe History of Asia History of Africa History of North America History of South America History of other areas

Table 2 (Geographic Areas, Historical Periods, Persons) -1 Place in general -2 Physiographic designation -3 The ancient world -4 Europe -41 British Isles (geographical whole) -410 United Kingdom of Gt Britain and N Ireland -410.1 England -410.3 Wales -410.5 Scotland -410.7 Northern Ireland -415 Ireland (geographical whole) -417 Republic of Ireland -430 Germany -436 Austria -437.1 Czech Republic -437.6 Slovak Republic -438 Poland -439 Hungary -44 France -450 Italy -4549 San Marino -45634 Vatican City -4585 Malta -460 Spain -469 Portugal -47 Former European USSR -470 Russia

37

Universal Decimal Classification -48 Scandinavia -480 Finland -481 Norway -485- Sweden -489 Denmark -492 Netherlands -493 Belgium -494 Switzerland -495 Greece -497 Balkan States -5 Asia -61 Tunisia, Libya -7 North and Central America -71 Canada -72 Mexico -728 Central America -729 West Indies -73 USA -74 N E States -75 S E States -76 S Central States -77 N Central States -78 W States -79 Pacific States -8 South America -9 South Pacific and Australia. Arctic. Antarctic

Table 5 (Ethnic and National Groups) -5 Italians, Romanians, related groups -591 Romanians -5994 Ladins -5998 Sardinians and Corsicans -59982 Sardinians -59984 Corsicans

Table 6 (Languages) -21 English language -59 Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican -5992 Friulian language -5994 Ladin language -5996 Romansch language -59982 Sardinian -59984 Corsican -67 Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) -9455 Sami

38

Universal Decimal Classification

References [1] "UDC Summary: About" (http:/ / www. udcc. org/ udcsummary/ about. htm). UDC Summary. UDC Consortium. 2009. . Retrieved 2010-12-14. "UDC Summary is the intellectual property of the UDC Consortium and was released by the UDC Consortium in October 2009 under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 license. With this licence you may copy and reuse the UDC Summary on condition that you attribute the work to the UDC Consortium. Any redistribution should be under the same licence."

External links • Universal Decimal Classification Consortium (http://www.udcc.org/) • Outline (http://www.udcc.org/outline/outline.htm) • Universal Decimal Classification Printer friendly List (http://globaljournals.org/global-journals-research-portal/ gjportal/universal-decimal-classification/)

39

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors Library classification  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=418012507  Contributors: 203.109.250.xxx, 62.253.64.xxx, A. Parrot, AaronSw, Aarontay, Adiel, Akerans, Alain Caraco, Alansohn, Alex Sims, Ancheta Wis, Arcadian, Barticus88, Baumfreund-FFM, Bender235, Bobo192, Borodino21, Bryan Derksen, CapitalR, Churale, Conversion script, Cww, DGG, Dnjansen, DocWatson42, Dyfrgi, EALacey, Elisedawn, Erianna, Erusse estelinya, FayssalF, Feedmecereal, Finn-Zoltan, GUllman, Graham87, IMtheEyeInTheSky, JohnRonald, Joymmart, Kolyma, Lambdoid, LarryQ, Lexor, Liblarva, Mauls, Mkauzlar, Mouchoir le Souris, Murtasa, Nichtich, Nurg, Palaeovia, Pawyilee, Pegship, Publunch, RichardF, Robert Lau, Rror, SDC, SEWilco, SalmanHaider, Sanxiyn, Shadowjams, Sonia, StaticGull, Stephen Gilbert, Telso, The Transhumanist, TheNewPhobia, ThomasPusch, TimBentley, Topbanana, Twas Now, Walshga, Whight owl, Zhenqinli, 92 anonymous edits Taxonomy  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=417621390  Contributors: 01011000, 21655, 24.45.94.xxx, A Macedonian, ABMH, APH, Abercrombiexfellas, Adambro, Addit, Addy "The Welsh Plumber", Adhominem, Adibob, AdjustShift, Agencius, Ahoerstemeier, Airconswitch, Alansohn, Alcarreau, Alcmaeonid, Alex43223, Alexei Kouprianov, Alias Flood, Alphachimp, Altenmann, Amcbride, AnakngAraw, Anclation, Andres, Andrewpmk, AndriesVanRenssen, Andycjp, Anthere, Antonio Prates, Argav, Auminski, AxelBoldt, Ayla, Azzors, Baa, Bas3ball1, Bdbbigdaddybumpewewew, Beano, Bejnar, Bernd in Japan, Bittner, Blackburn.greg, Blanchardb, Blueboy96, Bobo192, Bodnotbod, Boomshadow, Bornslippy, Brandon, Brya, Bsadowski1, Bugboy52.40, Bugone, BullRangifer, C+C, C4duser, CallumDarch, Caltas, Cbrodersen, Chaleyer61, Chapiown, Charles Matthews, CharlotteWebb, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Clone A, Cocytus, Cometstyles, ConfuciusOrnis, Conversion script, Courcelles, Cpl Syx, Craigy144, Cryptic, Curtis Clark, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DMacks, Dagwood Agonistes, DanielEng, Dank, Davidlchandler, Dbaird31919bnerq, Dbfirs, Deconstructhis, Den fjättrade ankan, Dendrid, Dfmchfhf, Discoleo, Discospinster, Diwas, Doulos Christos, Dpotter, Dpv, Dyanega, Dycedarg, Dysepsion, Dysmorodrepanis, Dysprosia, Eclecticology, Elbbom, Ellywa, Emily Jensen, Emprovision, Epbr123, Erik9, Eug, Ewright12, Fastily, Francesco sclano, Frankenpuppy, Freakofnurture, Fusionmix, Fæ, Gdr, George100, Gerrywhite, Gilliam, Gimme danger, Gnorkel, Gnostrat, Godzig, Granitethighs, Greenguy1090, Grendelkhan, Grondemar, GrooveDog, Grundle2600, Gyrlapple, Hahahahakid, HalJor, Hassocks5489, Herbal Lemon, Hhedden, Hordaland, Huku-chan, Husond, Igoldste, Imcoolyeahyeahyeah, Invertzoo, Iridescent, IronChris, Ismedvedev, Ivan007, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JALockhart, JPPINTO, Jabowery, Jag123, Jamenshively, Jamesontai, Jeff G., Jembooth, Jfab6, Jnk1, Jodi.a.schneider, JoeOnSunset, JosebaAbaitua, Josh Grosse, Jozif, Jtwang, Junnoske, Jusjih, Jwsmith708, Kane5187, Kanonkas, Karebh, Kedawa, Khatru2, Kingpin13, Krauss, Kupirijo, Kuru, L Kensington, Langec, Lateg, Lauranrg, Lenov, Leptictidium, Lewisskinner, LilHelpa, Lindsay658, Little Mountain 5, LizardJr8, Llull, Looktothis, Loren.wilton, Lyoko is Cool, MPF, MPerel, Macrakis, Mandarax, Marek69, Mark Dingemanse, Markus.zhang, Martarius, Masterjamie, Mav, Maver1ck, MaxHund, Mdd, MeHereAtWiki, MickWest, Minneapolismark, Modify, Moreschi, Mozmac, Mtindia, Mxn, Myrvin, MythosRaconteur, Nabeth, NawlinWiki, Nekolady, NeoJustin, Neverquick, NewEnglandYankee, Nick, Nicknoltevstheworld, Nihiltres, No Junk, NorwegianBlue, Nrbelex, NuclearWarfare, Nurg, O, OMCV, Obryan.23, Ohnoitsjamie, Oodles of toodles, OverlordQ, Paddles, Pascal.Tesson, Pavel Vozenilek, Pcb21, Philip Trueman, Philipp Wetzlar, Phishsauce, Picknchewz, Pihka, Pilotguy, Pinethicket, Piotrus, Pippu d'Angelo, Plantsurfer, Pleather, Plumbago, Pol098, Poor Yorick, PranksterTurtle, Premond, Proficient, Prolog, Quais indy, Quiddity, Qxz, R'n'B, R.O.C, RainbowOfLight, Random contributor, Ranna, Redgolpe, Rettetast, RexNL, Roberta F., Robykiwi, Ronhjones, Ronz, RoyBoy, Rtkw, Rumphius, RupertMillard, Rursus, RxS, SHIMONSHA, Sam Korn, Sango123, Scarian, Scarpy, SchfiftyThree, Schmeitgeist, Scilit, Seglea, Segoeb, Sgt.Kallle, Shadowjams, Sheeana, Shirik, Shizane, Shizhao, ShurikenStar98, SiobhanHansa, Slrubenstein, Sluzzelin, SmurfyK, Snek01, Snoofleglax, SoCalSuperEagle, SpacemanSpiff, Spalding, Speedeep, Spitfire, Stanskis, StaticGull, Stemonitis, Steven Zhang, Styrofoam1994, Subwiz, Superiority, THE MIST, TLEberle, TUF-KAT, Tamaratrouts, Tannin, Tau666666, Taxonomyyeti, Template namespace initialisation script, Tempodivalse, Tenmei, TeunSpaans, The Cunctator, The Rambling Man, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheLeopard, Thewayforward, Tide rolls, TigerShark, Tinkerbell411, Tinton5, Tomisti, Tony1212, Treisijs, Tresiden, Vald, VashiDonsk, VictorChu, VictorianMutant, Vildricianus, Voyagerfan5761, Vrenator, Vsmith, Wavelength, Wb5hvh, WhatamIdoing, WhyAskWhyNot, Wi-king, Wikid77, WikipedianMarlith, Wimt, Woohookitty, Wtmitchell, XJamRastafire, Yaco, Yamakiri, Yamamoto Ichiro, Zazazawewqedqwcdwsd, Zeno Gantner, Zidane tribal, Zippy, ZooFari, Zsinj, Zzuuzz, Ô, Александър, 840 anonymous edits Dewey Decimal Classification  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=415407414  Contributors: 130.94.122.xxx, 1337Bwner, 1exec1, 62.253.64.xxx, AaronSw, Aarontay, Acjelen, Alain Caraco, Alansohn, Alriode, Amaltsev, Analogue Kid, Anetode, Animum, Augusto maguina, AutoFire, Autoreplay, Avono, AxelBoldt, Barticus88, Beeblebrox5000, Bellhalla, Benjamin Mako Hill, Biker Biker, Blanchardb, Blowdart, Bobo192, Booksworm, BozMo, Branciforte3241, Brian the Editor, Bucephalus, Bwefler, CBDroege, CG janitor, CaliforniaAliBaba, Calmypal, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadaGirl, Causa sui, Celestianpower, CesarB, Chowbok, Chrislk02, Ckatz, Cleared as filed, Complex (de), Comrade009, Conversion script, Courcelles, Crystal Yeung, Cybercobra, Czolgolz, D6, DCEdwards1966, DVD R W, Daisydaisy, Darth Panda, Davewild, DavidCary, DavidLevinson, DeadEyeArrow, DerHexer, Dewey process, Dirkbb, Discospinster, Dizzymontega, DocWatson42, Docu, Dogah, Dogcow, Dogman652, Dosalvo, Dreadstar, E Pluribus Anthony, EALacey, Ebelular, Ed g2s, Ed!, ElKevbo, Eluchil404, Elwikipedista, Emhoo, Eog1916, Epbr123, Erianna, Esrever, Evanreyes, Everyguy, Evil Monkey, Fabrictramp, Fastily, Felix Folio Secundus, Feydey, Finalius, FisherQueen, Flygirl364, Formulax, Frederick12, Freedomlinux, Fuddle, Fudoreaper, Future Perfect at Sunrise, GUllman, Garzo, GeekyTwin, Gildir, Giles Martin, Gilliam, Glen, Gnusmas, Gravecat, Gregmweir, Grstain, Hadal, Hagaland, HairyWombat, Hemlock Martinis, Heron, HistoryBA, Huepia, Hydrogen Iodide, Iridescence, Iridescent, It Is Me Here, JYolkowski, Jackol, Janfrie1988, Jedidawg, Jeffq, Joaopaulo1511, Jodie44, JohnMarcelo, K33l0r, KYPark, Karafias, Karl-Henner, Keecheril, Kellenoa, Kerowyn, Kevin, Killiondude, Kleinzach, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kraftlos, Kristamaranatha, Kubigula, LaMona, Lambiam, Lazulilasher, LeaveSleaves, Leithp, Linmhall, Llywrch, Lobstermitten, Looxix, Lunchboxhero, Lwyx, M, M7, MER-C, Maethordaer, Malcolm Farmer, Marlahall, Marquez, Martarius, Masque, Mboverload, Mdd, MercuryChaos, Mexicans, Mikeblas, Moby-Dick3000, Montrealais, Musical Linguist, MuzikalNotes, Natkeeran, Nawatsgirl, Ncmvocalist, Ned Scott, NicF, Nick, Nicke L, Nightscream, Nowimnthing, Nvw, Odie5533, Omassey, Optakeover, Orphan Wiki, PMHauge, Pegship, Pete142, Petershank, Philip Trueman, Phoebe, Pinkadelica, Piotrus, Plumpy, Pne, Prodego, Prosfilaes, Ptdecker, Pwt898, Quiddity, R, R'n'B, RDF, Ramalho, Ranveig, Raul654, Raysonho, Reconsider the static, Referenceguy, RexNL, Rhymes With Music, Rich Farmbrough, Rigaudon, Robert Lau, Roberta F., Ronhjones, Royboycrashfan, Ruud Koot, S3000, SEWilco, SJK, SalmanHaider, Salsa Shark, Sam Hocevar, Sare hickey, Sceptre, SebastianHelm, Seftsirag, Septegram, Shadowjams, Shimgray, Sklocke, Skysmith, Smarkflea, Smith Jones, Snowolf, Stephen Gilbert, Stifle, Suidafrikaan, SummerPhD, Suyogdean, Tainter, Technopat, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Transhumanist, Think outside the box, Thumperward, Tim Ivorson, Tslocum, Twas Now, Tydaj, Updatehelper, Violetriga, Vipinhari, WadeSimMiser, Waldir, Wateradept24, West Brom 4ever, Wikiborg, Woodsy, Writtenright, Zenohockey, Zondor, 523 anonymous edits Library of Congress Classification  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=416528415  Contributors: 119, 130.94.122.xxx, 203.109.250.xxx, 2D, Alain Caraco, Alecmconroy, Amorymeltzer, Amoxiuhtlatiani, Andries Van den Abeele, Angela, AnonMoos, Ap, Atropos, Bjoh, Blanchardb, Blazotron, Bob the Wikipedian, Bryan Derksen, Chaleyer61, Conversion script, D.E. Cottrell, D6, DGG, Deh, DocWatson42, Eclecticology, Epbr123, Epolk, Escapepea, Evil Monkey, Exert, Fatrabbit, Fenice, FiP, Frecklefoot, Fredbauder, Gniw, Gurch, HarlandQPitt, Harrinsl, Heleneld, Helperzoom, IanManka, Jengod, John Vandenberg, Jonwik, Jusdafax, Kallog, Karl-Henner, Kenb215, Khukri, Kinston eagle, Kozuch, Kristamaranatha, Kryptonite Kid, LarryGilbert, Lightmouse, Lotje, Lowellian, MarcoTolo, Markjoseph125, Mikeblas, Mikerussell, Moe Epsilon, NielsenGW, Niemeyerstein en, Olivier, Pawyilee, Pegship, Quiddity, R'n'B, Raysonho, Rich Farmbrough, RichardF, Rick Block, Robert Lau, Rosenzweig, SEWilco, Sadads, SarekOfVulcan, Senori, Stephen Gilbert, Stevey7788, Sugarfish, Suidafrikaan, Suyogdean, The Anome, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Transhumanist, Tim Starling, Trevor MacInnis, Typochimp, Verbal, Wapcaplet, Wavelength, Woohookitty, Zenohockey, Zollerriia, 95 anonymous edits Faceted classification  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=399502457  Contributors: AlainV, Barticus88, Beroca, Calimo, Cheggery, Conskeptical, David Johnson, DeKreeft27, Downchuck, Dreamyshade, Dtunkelang, Dweinberger, Edward, Erianna, Gravbox, Greenrd, Grutness, Ipeirotis, Kku, Lenin1991, Letranova, Nichtich, Papppfaffe, Pegship, Pfaff9, Popsracer, PurpleHz, RichardF, Robert Lau, Ronz, Ryan Roos, SEWilco, Snoyes, Teaperson, Tedder, Wikiolap, Wipe, Woohookitty, 50 anonymous edits Bliss bibliographic classification  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=402673111  Contributors: 64.26.98.xxx, Alain Caraco, Angela, Avalon, Bobblewik, BrainMagMo, Branddobbe, Calton, Conversion script, Denverjeffrey, Finn-Zoltan, Historyexpert, Josh Parris, Jossi, Mdd, Pegship, Red Deathy, Rich Farmbrough, Rmhermen, SEWilco, Satyadasa, Stephen Gilbert, Suidafrikaan, Tomt, Woohookitty, 11 anonymous edits Colon classification  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=405293658  Contributors: 203.109.250.xxx, Alain Caraco, Biopresto, BirgerH, Conversion script, Dhidalgo, DocWatson42, Elwikipedista, Gouwepv, Guroadrunner, Jeff3000, JoanneB, Kurykh, Martin Kozák, Mboverload, Merosonox, Nichtich, Nick, Olivier, Owen, Pegship, Preslethe, Rich Farmbrough, RichardF, SEWilco, SalmanHaider, Salsa Shark, Srjenkins, Stephen Gilbert, Suidafrikaan, Telso, Thywindcries, Vicharam, Wipe, Zippanova, 22 anonymous edits Cutter Expansive Classification  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=412840994  Contributors: 64.26.98.xxx, Ardric47, Axxgreazz, Big Bob the Finder, Cbustapeck, Conversion script, DocWatson42, Emperorbma, Felix Folio Secundus, GUllman, JoeSmack, MaxHund, Mr. Kalish, Onyx7, Pegship, RJO, Raynitra.pugh, Rich Farmbrough, RussBlau, Serein (renamed because of SUL), Shangrilaista, SimonMayer, Snoyes, Tornadox, 12 anonymous edits Universal Decimal Classification  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=409895224  Contributors: 12345 lewis, 130.94.122.xxx, 1874Rankine, Afiler, Alain Caraco, Alberto da Calvairate, Amikake3, AndriuZ, Angr, Boivie, Bryan Derksen, Chaleyer61, Chick Bowen, Chris 73, Conversion script, Cybercobra, Dch, Deeptrivia, Diotti, Drw25, Felix Folio Secundus, Francisco Leandro, Fudoreaper, Goolic, Helder.wiki, Hetus, Islandist, Jeandré du Toit, JohnBlackburne, KnightRider, Nestorius, Nichtich, Olegkagan, Pearle, Pegship, Pihka, Pink!Teen, Red Deathy, Rich Farmbrough, Robert Lau, Roberta F., Rod57, SEWilco, Stephen Gilbert, Suidafrikaan, Suyogdean, Telso, Tregoweth, Yerpo, Zinoviev, Zzmonty, 52 anonymous edits

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors Image:LibraryOfCongressClassification.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LibraryOfCongressClassification.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Raysonho

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License

License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/

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