Locating the Proper Authorities: The Interaction of Domestic and International Institutions

Locating the Proper Authorities

Locating the Proper Authorities The Interaction of Domestic and International Institutions Daniel W. Drezner, Editor

Ann Arbor

Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2003 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America ! Printed on acid-free paper 2006

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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Locating the proper authorities : the interaction of domestic and international institutions / Daniel W. Drezner, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-472-11289-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. International relations—Congresses. 2. Comparative government— Congresses. 3. International relations—Public opinion—Congresses. I. Drezner, Daniel W. JZ43 .L63 2002 327.1—dc21

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Contents

Acknowledgments Introduction: The Interaction of Domestic and International Institutions Daniel W. Drezner

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Part 1. Contracting Democratization, Credible Commitments, and Joining International Organizations Jon C. Pevehouse Giving the Unrecognized Their Due: Regional Actors, International Institutions, and Multilateral Economic Cooperation in Northeast Asia Jean-Marc F. Blanchard

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Part 2. Coercion Tying Hands without a Rope: Rational Domestic Response to International Institutional Constraints Eric Reinhardt

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Tying Hands and Washing Hands: The U.S. Congress and Multilateral Humanitarian Intervention Kenneth A. Schultz

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Part 3. Persuasion The Social Effects of International Institutions on Domestic (Foreign Policy) Actors Alastair Iain Johnston

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International Commitments and Domestic Politics: Institutions and Actors at Two Levels Duncan Snidal and Alexander Thompson

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References

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Contributors

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Index

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Acknowledgments

The idea for this book started with the observation that Robert Putnam’s pathbreaking work on two-level games has led to an unbalanced development in research about the interaction between domestic and international institutions. A great deal of work has built on Putnam to show how domestic politics can constrain the ability of states to cooperate internationally. However, there has been much less work on the flip side of Putnam’s argument—that foreign policy leaders can use international institutions as a means of circumventing or co-opting domestic opposition. From this idea came a three-day conference in Boulder, Colorado, in June 1999 entitled “The Interaction of Domestic and International Institutions,” where eight papers were presented and the larger points debated. Six of these papers, thoroughly revised, along with Duncan Snidal and Alexander Thompson’s concluding chapter, make up the present volume. From the origins of the idea for the book to its publication, the contributors and I have accumulated several debts. Steve Chan was instrumental in turning my idea into a tangible conference proposal. Funding for the 1999 conference was provided by grants from the University of Colorado at Boulder’s Council on Research and Creative Work and its Institute for International Relations. Jana Murphy and Nicole Wittenstein made sure that the trains ran on time at the conference, which allowed the contributors to focus on the larger themes. The contributors were fortunate to have an able corps of discussants—Steve Chan, Kathryn Hochstetler, Helen Milner, and Dimitris Stevis. Their advice proved indispensable in our later revisions. Two other participants presented papers but later withdrew from the project because of other obligations. We are grateful to Delia Boylan and Stephen D. Krasner, whose papers and critiques were both constructive and stimulating. In the process of turning the conference papers into this edited volume, the contributors are grateful to Jeremy Shine, political science editor at the University of Michigan Press. Jeremy’s tenacity and

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patience proved most valuable during the review process. The two anonymous reviewers for the Press provided excellent suggestions for revisions. Kevin Rennells was instrumental in converting this book from bytes to pages. I am also grateful to Bonnie Weir for her vital contributions at the final stages of publication. Everyone mentioned here is absolved from any errors contained in this book. This includes the two computers that I used to compose and compile this work: the Compaq Deskpro, serial number 6731BPM5Q888, and the Dell Inspiron 3500, serial number 24969312A. These machines were kind enough not to crash. From this project’s inception, I received a steady drumbeat of advice from my colleagues and peers on the mechanics of this project. The content of this advice was remarkably uniform: edited volumes serve little purpose but to act as a constant drain on the editor’s time and resources. In response, I took on a much more ambitious project. The first day of the conference was also my first day as a dog parent. For not chewing up anything related to this project, this book is dedicated to Chester Drezner, a very sweet three-year-old beagle.

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costs in preparing new cases. As a Colombian representative put it, “The problem is not a lack of information but too much of it” (ibid.). In part due to such hurdles, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico let the United States take the lead in their (meritorious) complaint against the EU’s banana import regime. The nominal Agures on WTO litigation costs are relatively low: the average case, by one estimate, costs about two hundred thousand dollars, once Aled. But the problem goes deeper: LDCs are “less sophisticated buyers of legal advice” and are less able to “manage and absorb legal advice by virtue of a welldeveloped institutional structure” (Trade and Development Centre 1999, 45). As the Malaysian trade minister has noted, without adequately trained in-house staff, LDCs lack the ability to proactively identify and pursue the best cases (Business Times (Malaysia), April 30, 1997, 20). To resolve such difAculties, the WTO has ostensibly increased technical assistance but in practice rules out aid to the many members who fail to pay their dues, that is, precisely those states that need it the most (Michalopoulos 1998; South Centre 1999, 23–24). That many LDCs have put increases in legal aid at the top of their priorities for the Millenium Round testiAes to the high transaction costs of dispute settlement in the existing regime (WTO 1999). Model Setup With these two features in mind, I will now proceed to the model. The model contains two players, the defendant state’s chief executive (which I will call the president, or P), who has monopoly agenda control, and the median legislator (labeled congress, or C), who has a veto role only. Since I am exploring the potential for tying hands, I will focus on the special case in which the president prefers to liberalize and the median legislator, or congress, prefers to maintain a protectionist status quo. In this model, a nonstrategic WTO panel issues a ruling when called upon, and a foreign state threatens exogenously probabilistic retaliation, conditioned on the type of ruling issued, if the defendant fails to sufAciently liberalize. The sequence of action is as follows (see Ag. 1). First, nature selects the president’s type !, ! {!lo, !hi}, where Prob(! " !hi ) " #, !lo, !hi, # [0,1], and !lo ! !hi. The type ! reBects the president’s private information about the probability of an adverse ruling by the WTO. Type !lo is more likely to win its WTO litigation than is type !hi, but keep in mind that the president wants to lose, that is, have WTO condemn his state’s protectionist policy,4 so !hi is P’s “strong” type

Contributors

Daniel W. Drezner is an assistant professor of political science at the University of Chicago. He is the author of The Sanctions Paradox (1999). Jean-Marc F. Blanchard is a lecturer with the International Relations Program at the University of Pennsylvania. He is the coeditor of Power and the Purse (2000). Alastair Iain Johnston is a professor in the Government Department at Harvard University. He is the author of Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History (1995). Jon C. Pevehouse is an assistant professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin. Eric Reinhardt is an assistant professor of political science at Emory University. Kenneth A. Schultz is an associate professor of political science at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is the author of Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy (2001). Duncan Snidal is associate professor of political science at the University of Chicago. Alexander Thompson is an assistant professor of political science at Ohio State University.

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Abbott, Kenneth W., 118, 188, 216, 221 Abramson, Hillel, 189n. 10 Acharya, Amitav, 161, 192n. 30 actors, subnational. See subnational actors Adler, Emanuel, 52, 73n. 11, 141n. 3 Afghanistan, 108 Agénor, Pierre-Richard, 77 Aguero, Felipe, 34 Alexseev, Mikhail A., 69, 70 Anderson, Jennifer, 57, 68, 69, 73n. 15 Archer, Clive, 27 Arnold, R. Douglas, 110 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Regional Forum (ARF). See Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Regional Forum (ARF) Asiwaju, Anthony I., 73n. 12 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Regional Forum (ARF), 17, 70, 191n. 26, 222, 223, 224. See also China, participation in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Auerswald, David P., 111, 141n. 3 Australia, 71 Axelrod, Robert, 7, 17, 79, 98, 149, 193n. 40 Axsom, Danny, 155

bargaining, political, 4–5. See also cooperation, international Barnum, Christopher, 193n. 40 Barshefsky, Charlene, 104n. 15 Barsoom, Peter N., 186 Bar-Tal, Daniel, 153 Basle Committee on Banking Supervision, 5 Beck, Nathaniel, 42 Berger, Charles R., 152, 190n. 18 Berger, Peter L., 150 Betz, Andrew L., 165 Bilveer, S., 73n. 15 Bird, Graham, 77 Bisanz, Gay L., 152 Blanchard, Jean-Marc F., 72nn. 2, 10, 73n. 16, 74nn. 20, 33 Bleaney, Michael, 77 bloc, Eastern. See Eastern bloc Bollen, Kenneth, 40 Booster, Franklin J., 165 Bosnia, 105. See also intervention, humanitarian, in Bosnia Braithwaite, John, 2, 9 Brody, Richard A., 152, 154 Broz, J. Lawrence, 212 Bulgaria, 206 Bundesbank, German, 52 Burns, Katherine G., 50, 70 Burton, Michael, 31 Busch, Marc L., 27 Bush, George H. W., 129 Byrd, Robert, 127, 136

Ball, R., 77 Banks, Arthur S., 39 Banks, Jeffrey, 10

Calvo, Guillermo A., 30, 32, 37 Cameron, David R., 52 Canada, 51 267

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Caporaso, James A., 72n. 3 Cassata, Donna, 130 CCP (Chinese Communist Party). See China, Chinese Communist Party Cederman, Lars-Eric, 149 Cedras, Raoul, 126 Cerny, Philip, 2 Chafetz, Glenn, 189n. 10 Chaiken, Shelley, 155 Checkel, Jeffrey T., 5, 7, 189n. 5 Chen Xueyin, 177, 195n. 58 Cheung, Peter T. Y., 58 Chigas, Diana, 191n. 24 Chile, 35 China, People’s Republic of, 20, 21, 50, 212, 225 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 57 the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and, 176–85, 218 domestic structure of, 56, 57–58, 73n. 17 Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group, 175 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), 159, 161, 162, 163 participation in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 150, 151, 152, 157–65, 186, 218, 221 People’s Liberation Army, 162, 163, 177 recent history of, 57–58 relationship with Russia, 56–57, 66, 67–69, 73n. 16 subnational units of (see Tumen River Area Development Programme [TRADP], subnational actors’ inBuence on) Choi, Young Back, 167, 189n. 9 Christensen, Thomas J., 189n. 11 Christoffersen, Gaye, 49, 50, 58, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 74n. 18 Chu, Shulong, 158

Cialdini, Robert, 166 Clark, Ann Marie, 216 Claude, Inis, 4, 11 Clinton, William Jefferson, 1, 20, 44, 108, 176. See also intervention, humanitarian, U.S. president and coercion, 11, 22n. 17, 198 deAnition of, 12–13 ideal structure of international organizations (IOs) for, 17 use of, by international organizations (IOs) in multilateral bargaining, 6 Cohen, William, 130, 132 Cold War, 40, 56, 67, 70, 105, 108, 128 Collier, David, 19 communities, epistemic. See epistemic communities Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 21, 176, 222, 224. See also China, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and Conference on Economic Cooperation in Northeast Asia, 65 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 161–62. See also Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe conAdence-building measures (CBMs), 158, 163, 164. See also Five Power Treaty on CBMs constructivist approach in academic literature, 3, 149, 168, 189n. 8, 198, 219, 227n. 2 critique of, 5, 7–8 view of international organizations, 5, 7 contracting, 22n. 17, 50, 198, 217 deAnition of, 11–12 ideal structure of international organizations (IOs) for, 17

Index incentive for use by domestic policy-initiating institutions, 15 international organizations’ (IOs) use of, 12, 19, 50 state structure and, 15 contractual institutionalism, 145–46, 147, 168, 182, 185, 186, 188–89nn. 1, 2 Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines, 216 cooperation, international, 145, 147, 197 domestic political costs of, 1 multilateral, 50, 53–54, 69, 70, 72, 151 and states’ choice to join or form international organizations (IOs), 25–28, 44 Cortell, Andrew, 5, 7, 216, 227n. 1 Cottarelli, Carlo, 77 Cotton, James, 62 Council of Europe, 35 Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia PaciAc (CSCAP), 158 Cowhey, Peter F., 2, 6, 96, 111, 141n. 3, 197 Cox, Christopher, 125, 131 Crescenzi, Marc J. C., 31 Cultural Revolution, Chinese, 57 Dai, Xinyuan, 28 Davis, David R., 28, 41 Davis, James, Jr., 5, 7, 216, 227n. 1 Dayton peace talks, 128, 129, 130 Defense Appropriations Act (1995), 135 democratization. See also nationstates, democratizing; reform, economic and political reformers’ credibility problems during process of, 29–38, 43, 45, 207–8 of Russia, 60 and states’ choice to join or form

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international organizations (IOs), 25–29, 34–39, 41, 43–45, 217 Desch, Michael, 15 Des Forges, Alison, 134 Destler, I. M., 111, 117 Dewitt, David, 191n. 25 Dhonte, Pierre, 77 Diamandouros, P. Nikiforos, 31, 32 Diermeier, Daniel, 30 DiMaggio, Paul J., 5, 168 Dittmer, Lowell, 168 Doherty, Carroll J., 120, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129 Dole, Robert, 123, 126, 129, 131 domestic institutions, 197. See also politics, domestic acquiescence to international obligations, 2 (see also intervention, humanitarian) and contracting, 12, 15 in democratizing states, 27–37 (see also democratization) distributional winners and losers, 29–37, 56, 214, 217 (see also elites, economic and political) international organizations’ (IOs) social inBuence on, 147–50, 185–88 (see also China, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and; China, participation in the ASEAN Regional Forum [ARF]; persuasion; “social inBuence” process) long-term effects of interaction with international organizations (IOs), 18, 213–16 state structure and, 15–16, 54–55, 70, 197, 198, 199, 201–13, 225–26 use of international organizations (IOs), 12, 16–17, 44–45, 197 (see also reform, economic and political, leaders of)

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Dorian, James P., 67 Dornan, Robert, 131 Downs, George W., 186 Drahos, Peter, 2, 9 Drazen, Allen, 228n. 10 Drew, Elizabeth, 121, 128 Drogin, Bob, 135 Duchacek, Ivo D., 53, 55, 71 Eastern bloc, 29 Economic Commission for Latin America, 51 economic reform. See reform, economic and political Ecuador, 82 Eichengreen, Barry, 54 Eldridge, Robert D., 52 elites, economic and political in democratizing states, 1, 19–20, 32–33 role in transnational policy, 14 epistemic communities, 5, 8, 12 equilibrium, “pooling,” 85–90, 93 EU. See European Union European Community, 52. See also European Union European Monetary Union, 1, 52, 77 European Union (EU), 40, 70, 77, 82, 93, 94, 101, 102, 220 as an academic case study, 19 and domestic political policies, 1 membership conditions of, 35, 36, 37 Evangelista, Matthew, 54, 71, 189n. 7 Evans, Peter, 2, 4, 9, 28, 49, 111, 197, 228n. 4 Eyre, Dana, 149 Fabrigar, Leandre R., 154, 166 Fairman, David, 77 Fearon, James, 22n. 14, 38, 113, 118, 141n. 5 Feld, Werner J., 27

Feldman, Elliot J., 56 Feldman, Lily Gardner, 56 Feldmann, Linda, 124 Fernandez-Arias, Eduardo, 36 Financial Stability Forum, 14 Finnemore, Martha, 3, 7, 8, 22n. 10, 105, 149, 189n. 6, 7, 193n. 44, 230n. 27 Firmage, Edwin B., 110 Fisher, Louis, 110, 141n. 3 Five Power Treaty on CBMs (conAdence-building measures), 159, 163, 164 Fortna, V. Page, 40 France, 51, 181, 183 Franck, Thomas M., 206 Francois, Joseph F., 77 Frank, Robert, 167 Frankel, J. A., 30 Frieden, Jeffry, 77, 189n. 3 Friedman, Elisabeth, 216 Fry, Earl H., 55 Frye, Timothy, 30, 32 Fu Chengli, 194n. 48 Fujimori, Alberto, 32 Fundenberg, Drew, 90, 141n. 6 Galvin, Kevin, 32 Garrett, Banning, 158, 193n. 36 Gasiorowski, Mark J., 29 GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gaubatz, Kurt T., 38 Geddes, Barbara, 38 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 20, 53. See also World Trade Organization Georgia, 120 Gerard, H. B., 193n. 40 Gershenfeld, Matti K., 155 Giannini, Curzio, 77 Giavazzi, Francesco, 77 Gibson, James L., 152, 154, 190n. 20 Gilman, Benjamin, 127

Index Gilpin, Robert, 167 Glaser, Bonnie, 158, 193n. 36 globalization, 8–9, 12, 21n. 6 global standards. See standards, global Goldstein, Avery, 57 Goldstein, Judith, 6, 28, 221, 227n. 1 Gompert, David C., 128 Goodman, John, 2 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 67 Gorton, Slade, 133 Gould, David M., 77 Gow, James, 128 Graham, Bob, 124 Graham, Thomas W., 123, 134 Grams, Rod, 132 Great Britain, 181. See also United Kingdom Greece, 35 Green, Donald P., 187 Greenhouse, Steven, 124 Gregg, Judd, 124 Gregg, Robert W., 52 Grieco, Joseph M., 25 Grillot, Suzette, 189n. 10 Grimmett, Richard F., 106 Grossman, Sanford, 10 Gruber, Lloyd, 12 Guatemala, 82 Guisinger, Alexandra, 113 Gunther, Richard, 31, 32 Haas, Peter M., 9, 11, 14, 73n. 11, 221 Habermas’s theory of communicative action, 153 Haggard, Stephan, 1, 29 Haiti, 105. See also intervention, humanitarian, in Haiti Hamman, Henry L., 149 Hanson, Philip, 69, 70 Harding, Harry, 57 Harding, James, 121

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Harre, Rom, 167, 168 Hart, Oliver, 10 Hasenclever, Andreas, 153 Hatch, Elvin, 168 Hayes, Monte, 32 HeBey, Joel, 130, 131 Helms, Jesse, 123 Hendrickson, Ryan C., 111, 129, 131, 137, 138 Higley, John, 31 Hinckley, Barbara, 108, 110 Hochstetler, Kathryn, 216 Hoekman, Bernard M., 81 Holbrooke, Richard, 22n. 8 Honduras, 82 Hong Kong, 64 Horn, Henrik, 81 Hurd, Ian, 4, 11, 12, 14 Hurley, Norman L., 155, 164 Husband, David, 67 Hyde-Price, Adrian G. V., 37 Hyer, Eric, 68 Ibarra, Luis Alberto, 77 Ichilov, Orit, 150 Ikenberry, G. John, 5, 10 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 1, 5, 7, 35, 77, 206 India, 81, 181 Institute of Far Eastern Studies (Russian Academy of Sciences), 49 institutionalist approach, neoliberal. See neoliberal institutionalist approach institutions, domestic. See domestic institutions institutions, international. See international institutions intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), 41. See also international institutions International Campaign to Ban Landmines, 216

272

Index

international institutions, 21n. 1 authority of, 6 as a commitment device, 50, 51–54, 56, 62, 64, 65, 66–67, 70, 79, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100– 101, 211, 214, 223 (see also cooperation, international; intervention, humanitarian, international organizations’ (IOs) involvement in; liberalization; reform, economic and political; World Trade Organization, and transaction costs for states) deAnition of, 26 as distinct political actors, 4–5, 198, 223 domestic interests and, 1, 5–6, 11, 16–18, 19–20, 25–26, 34–39, 44–45 enforcement power of, 7, 10, 13, 17, 27, 35, 37, 38, 40, 45, 47, 77, 78–79, 92–93, 99, 100, 101, 209, 217 formal vs. informal, 221–23, 226 inBuence of states’ domestic structures on power of, 54, 56, 70, 71–72 legitimacy of, 4–5 membership conditions of, 35–38, 41, 45, 77, 79 and range of bargaining strategies, 9–10 and reform in democratizing states, 19–20, 25–26, 34–40, 223 retaliation for noncompliance, 101 (see also World Trade Organization, and retaliation for noncompliance) states’ choice to join or form, 25–29, 34–41, 43–45 structure or design of, 17, 25, 26, 37–43, 45, 146, 148, 155–56, 185–86, 200, 217–23, 226–27, 226 International Monetary Fund. See IMF

international organizations (IOs), 21n. 1, 197. See also international institutions international regimes, 21n. 1. See also international institutions intervention, humanitarian, 209, 219 in Bosnia, 22n. 8, 105, 106, 109, 113, 118, 119, 127–33, 141n. 4, 209 developments that have facilitated, 105 domestic institutional arrangements inBuencing, 109, 110–17, 128, 132, 135, 138 forms of Congressional opposition to, 106 in Haiti, 105, 106, 109, 118, 119–27, 128, 133, 141n. 4, 209 international organizations’ (IOs) involvement in, 105, 106, 108–9, 113, 114, 117–19, 120–23, 125, 128, 132–33, 134, 135–36, 137–38, 222, 223 (see also NATO; United Nations) multilateralism in, 108, 118, 121–23, 141–42n. 9 in Rwanda, 105, 109, 113, 119, 133–36, 209 U.S. Congress and, 105, 106, 108, 109, 119–20, 123–27, 128, 129–33, 134–38, 141n. 4 U.S. president and, 105, 108–9, 118–19, 120, 125, 126, 128, 129–30, 131–32, 133–35, 136, 137, 138 IOs. See international institutions; international organizations Iraq, 108 Isen, Alice M., 155 Ivanov, Vladimir, 49 Jackman, Robert, 40 Jacobson, Harold K., 2, 4, 9, 26, 28, 29, 40, 41, 49, 51, 111, 197

Index James, Michael Rabinder, 153, 190n. 17 Japan, 16, 21n. 6, 52, 61, 63, 72n. 9, 158, 163, 224 Jehl, Douglas, 121 Jilin, Chinese Province of. See Tumen River Area Development Programme (TRADP), subnational actors’ inBuence on Johnson, James, 190n. 15, 196n. 67 Joint Border Demarcation Committee, 69 Jones, Edward E., 166 Jordan, Robert S., 27 Jorgensen, Charlotte, 191n. 22 Kahler, Miles, 21n. 4, 51 Kamp, Christophe, 191n. 24 Kaplan, Jeffrey H., 26, 28, 29, 41 Karns, Margaret P., 51, 53, 72n. 6 Katz, Jonathan N., 42 Katzenstein, Peter J., 15, 189n. 1, 228n. 5 Kaufman, Robert, 29 Kazakhstan, 159 Keck, Margaret E., 189n. 7, 216, 230n. 27 Keohane, Robert O., 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 17, 21n. 1, 25, 45, 51, 52, 54, 72nn. 8, 11, 79, 98, 100, 189n. 1, 193n. 41, 221 Killick, Tony, 77 Kim, Samuel S., 168 Kim, Won Bae, 57 Kireev, Genrikh, 61 Kirkow, Peter, 59, 60, 69, 70, 74n. 19 Klotz, Audie, 3, 5, 7 Knight, Jack, 29 Knoke, David, 153 Kock, Christian, 191n. 22 Kohut, Andrew, 117 Komuro, Norio, 102n. 2 Koremenos, Barbara, 17, 229n. 19 Korkunov, Igor, 49

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Kosovo, 105, 106 Kouriatchev, Mikhail, 63 Kovrigin, Evgenii B., 67 Krasner, Stephen D., 4, 10, 11, 13, 21n. 1, 73n. 14, 105, 189n. 1, 228n. 4 Kreps, David M., 90, 167 Krueger, Anne O., 30 Kuklinski, James H., 154, 164 Kull, Steven, 5, 111, 117 Kuphchan, Charles, 5 Kydland, Finn E., 228n. 10 Kyrgyzstan, 159 Laffey, Mark, 189n. 1 Lake, Anthony, 134 Lake, David A., 149 Lane, Frederic C., 29 Leeds, Brett Ashley, 38 Leippe, Michael R., 153, 154, 156, 165 Levy, Marc, 221 liberalization, 9, 20, 70, 71, 96–97, 211. See also reform, economic and political; World Trade Organization, and liberalization in democratizing states, 25, 29–38, 46 and level of domestic commitment, 79, 99 Liberia, 105 Lieberthal, Kenneth G., 57, 58, 74n. 17 Lindell, Ulf, 157 Lindsay, James M., 108, 110, 124 Linz, Juan J., 29, 31 Lippman, Thomas W., 134 Lipset, Seymour M., 40 Lipson, Charles, 17, 38, 221, 229n. 19 Liu Gongliang, 177 Liu Xuecheng, 159 Li Yuetang, 195n. 58 Londregan, John B., 38 Lovaglia, Michael J., 167 Luckman, Thomas, 150

274

Index

Lukin, Alexander, 67, 68 Lupia, Arthur, 190n. 21 Lynch, Marc, 221 Lynne, Nicholas J., 58, 60 Maastricht Treaty, 1, 6 MacLaren, Robert, 191n. 23 Mahoney, James, 19 Makabenta, Leah, 191n. 25 Malone, David, 120 MansAeld, Edward D., 39, 40, 41 Martin, Lisa L., 8, 12, 25, 26, 51, 77, 85, 99, 118, 146, 186, 191n. 23, 197, 216 Martinez, Oscar J., 55 Matthews, Todd, 40 Mattli, Walter, 223, 227 Mavroidis, Petros C., 81 MaxAeld, Sylvia, 212 Mayer, Peter, 153 Mayhew, David R., 110 McCain, John, 124, 125, 127, 129 McClintock, Elizabeth, 191n. 24 McCubbins, Matthew, 10, 190n. 21 McNeely, Connie L., 230n. 27 Mearsheimer, John J., 10, 25 Mekong River Commission, 67 MERCOSUR (Southern Cone Common Market), 1 Chile and, 35 Paraguay and, 37 Mexico, 82 Meyer, John W., 149 Michalopoulos, Constantine, 81, 82 Michel, Robert, 127 Michelmann, Hans J., 71 Milgrom, Paul, 10 Milner, Helen V., 1, 2, 3, 4, 27, 40, 45, 51, 54, 71, 72n. 3, 80, 197 Minakir, Pavel A., 57, 67 Mingst, Karen A., 51, 52, 72n. 6 minimum deterrence, 184–85 Mitchell, George, 123, 125, 129 Miyagi, Etsujiro, 52

Mizen, Paul, 77 Mochizuki, Mike, 52 Moe, Terry, 10 Mohr, Lawrence B., 155 Moltz, James Clay, 56, 57, 67, 68 Mongolia, 64, 66 Montreal Protocol, 12, 13 Moon, Chung-In, 56 Moose, George E., 134 Moravcsik, Andrew, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 54, 189n. 5 Morgan, Joseph, 62 Morgenthau, Hans, 5 Morrow, James, 230n. 29 Mower, A. Glenn, 5 Mueller, Thomas C., 39 multilateralism, 151, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164. See also intervention, humanitarian, multilateralism in Murphy, Sean D., 105, 125 Mutz, Diana C., 152 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 28, 35, 77 Napier, Rodney W., 155 Nass, Klaus Otto, 52 National People’s Congress, 65 nation-states and autonomy during globalization, 8 centralized and decentralized (see domestic institutions, state structure and) choice to join or form international organizations (IOs), 25–29, 34–38, 40–41, 43–45 collapse of (see intervention, humanitarian) democratizing, 19–20, 25–26, 29–45, 202 (see also democratization) determining regime types, 40–43, 71

Index as distinct political actors, 4–5 effect of state structure on policy making, 15–16, 19–20, 25–26, 29–35, 38, 54–55, 70, 71 individual and small group actors in, 148–49, 175, 185 (see also domestic institutions, international organizations’ [IOs] social inBuence on) “novice” (newly liberated, created, or integrated), 150 treatment as unitary actors, 148–49, 175, 201 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 6, 11, 22n. 8, 35, 37, 113, 128, 129, 132, 220. See also intervention, humanitarian, international organizations’ (IOs) involvement in Nazdratenko, Evgenii, 60, 68–69, 70, 74n. 19 Nemeth, Charles J., 165 neoliberal institutionalist approach in academic literature, 3, 25 association with contracting and coercion, 13 critique of, 5, 7, 20, 44 view of international organizations, 6, 7, 25–26, 44 neorealist approach, 182. See also realist approach association with contracting and coercion, 13 view of international organizations, 25 Noll, Roger, 10 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 216, 226 norms, international. See standards, global North, Douglass, 10, 16, 33, 34, 212 North American Free Trade Agreement. See NAFTA

275

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See NATO North Korea, 20. See also Tumen River Area Development Programme (TRADP) Novikov, Alexei V., 58, 60 Nye, Joseph, 2, 8, 14, 51, 52, 54, 72n. 11 Okinawa, 52 Oksenberg, Michel, 51 Olson, Hal F., 62 Olson, Mancur, 187, 227n. 2 Oneal, John R., 28, 39, 41 opposition, political leaders’ use of international organizations (IOs) to circumvent, 2, 20–21, 26, 28, 34–35, 43, 45, 77, 91, 99–100, 213 (see also intervention, humanitarian, U.S. president and; reform, economic and political, leaders of) military as, 32, 34 rational, 77–78, 79, 90, 99–100 and reform in democratizing states, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 two-level games approach view of, 4 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 158, 159. See also Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Organization of African Unity, 105 Organization of American States, 105 organizations, international (IOs). See international organizations Orive, R., 193n. 40 Ostrom, Thomas M., 165 Pagano, Marco, 77 Pahre, Robert, 2 Papayoanau, Paul, 2

276

Index

Paraguay, 37 Pauly, Louis, 2 Perry, William, 135 Persian Gulf War, 129 persuasion, 11, 50, 184, 190n. 21, 197. See also sociological approaches description of processes of, 14–15, 152–55, 229n. 20 (see also Habermas’s theory of communicative action) environments especially conducive to, 155, 156 international organizations (IOs) and, 17, 50, 147, 148, 156 (see also China, participation in the ASEAN Regional Forum [ARF]) Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich, 93, 102n. 2 Petro, Nicolai N., 67 Petty, Richard E., 154, 166 Poland, 206 political reform. See reform, economic and political politics, domestic, 197. See also domestic institutions international cooperation and, 1, 25–28 and reasons for states to join international organizations (IOs), 25–29, 34–36, 38, 41, 43–45 Pomfret, Richard, 66, 67 Pomper, Miles A., 136, 138 Poole, Keith T., 38, 141n. 4 Portugal, 35 Portyakov, Vladimir, 49, 57, 68, 69, 74n. 32 Powell, Robert, 149 Powell, Walter W., 5, 168 Power, Samantha, 134, 135 Power, Timothy J., 29 Pratt, John, 10 preferential trade agreements

(PTAs), 40, 41 Prescott, Edward C., 228n. 10 Primorskii Kray territory. See Tumen River Area Development Programme (TRADP), subnational actors’ inBuence on Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD), 163, 164, 169, 170, 186 Prunier, Gérard, 134 Przeworski, Adam, 29, 33, 38 PTAs (preferential trade agreements). See preferential trade agreements Puhle, Hans-Jurgen, 31, 32 Putnam, Robert, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 18, 28, 49, 54, 111, 197, 227n. 1. See also two-level games approach Qian Qichen, 158, 159 Qian Shagun, 180 Quebec, 51 Qu Geping, 175, 176 railway, Trans-Siberian. See TransSiberian railway Ramsay, Clay, 111, 117 Raustiala, Kal, 7, 72n. 6, 216 realist approach, 181. See also neorealist approach critique of, 44 view of international organizations (IOs), 25 reform, economic and political. See also liberalization in democratizing states, 19, 25–38, 41, 43, 45 (see also democratization) leaders of, 19, 25–26, 27, 29–30, 33, 38, 41, 45, 46, 47, 77, 78, 79, 99–100, 102 (see also equilibrium, “pooling”; World Trade Organization, domestic leaders of reform and)

Index opponents of (see opposition, political) and the use of international organizations (IOs) by policy initiators, 19–20, 25, 27–28, 34–38, 41, 43, 45, 102 regimes, international. See international organizations (IOs) Regio Basiliensis, 52 regionalism political economy of, 27 and security issues, 27–28, 40, 41 (see also China, participation in the ASEAN Regional Forum [ARF]) trade agreements, 77 (see also Tumen River Area Development Programme [TRADP]) Reisinger, William, 40 Remington, Thomas F., 59, 60 Ripsman, Norrin M., 54, 71, 72n. 10, 73n. 16 Risse, Thomas, 190n. 16, 191n. 23, 221 Risse-Kappen, Thomas, 15, 22n. 8, 51, 54 Rittberger, Volker, 153 Rocke, David M., 186 Rodrik, Dani, 2, 30, 32, 36, 77, 102 Rogowski, Ronald, 2, 156, 218 Root, Hilton, 33 Rorbech, Lone, 191n. 22 Rosendorff, B. Peter, 40 Rosenthal, Howard, 141n. 4 Rosner, Jeremy D., 118 Ross, Michael, 77 Rotte, Ralph, 1, 6 Rowlands, Dane, 77 Rozman, Gilbert, 68, 70 Rubinstein, Alvin Z., 67 Rueschemeyer, Dierich, 228n. 4 Ruggie, John G., 230n. 26 Ruggiero, Renato, 93 Rule, Brendon Gail, 152

277

Russett, Bruce, 28, 39, 41 Russia, 20, 50, 159, 183, 206, 212 domestic structure of, 56, 58–61 recent history of, 58–61 relationship with China, 56–57, 66, 67–69, 73n. 16 subnational units of (see Tumen River Area Development Programme [TRADP], subnational actors’ inBuence on) sanctions, economic, 6, 12, 13, 79, 85, 101, 120, 145, 151, 172, 181 Sandholtz, Wayne, 77 Sartori, Anne, 113, 141n. 5 Saxe, Leonard, 153 Schelling, Thomas, 18, 36 Schiff, Maurice, 35, 40 Schmitter, Phillipe, 35 Schoppa, Leonard, 21n. 3, 22n. 18, 72n. 9 Scott, James Wesley, 52 Sea of Japan, 61 Sell, Susan, 14 Sevilla, Christina R., 93, 101 Sforza, Michelle, 12 Shaffer, David R., 154 Shanks, Cheryl, 26, 28, 29, 41 Shapiro, Ian, 187 Sha Zukang, 179, 180 Shi Chunlai, 192n. 28 Shirk, Susan, 58 Shisheng, Ding, 65–66 Sikkink, Kathryn, 189nn. 6, 7, 193n. 44, 216, 230n. 27 Simmons, Beth, 1, 8, 51, 77, 99, 191n. 23, 216 Sino-Russian 1991 boundary agreement, 50, 61, 68 Skaggs, David, 125 Skocpol, Theda, 228n. 4 Skowronski, John K., 165 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 2 Smith, Alastair, 113

278

Index

Smith, Gary, 162, 192n. 33 Smith, Michael E., 128 Smith, Mitchell P., 77, 78, 99 Smith, R. Jeffrey, 134, 135 Sniderman, Paul M., 152, 154 Snyder, Jack, 2, 39 Sobel, Richard, 5, 117 “social inBuence” process, 147, 148. See also China, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and; sociological approaches anticipated effects of, 174, 187 back-patting, 170–71, 172, 173, 174 description of, 165–69, 229n. 20 environments conducive to, 174 free riding, 169–70 material incentives and, 172–73, 174, 187 opprobrium of, 170–72, 173, 174 status and image of, 166–68, 169, 175–76, 182, 183–84, 185, 187 socialization. See also China, participation in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF); persuasion, international organizations (IOs) and; “social inBuence” process deAnitions of, 150 “noviceness,” 150, 151, 152, 153, 156 sociological approaches, 145, 146–50, 185–88, 215, 218, 223. See also persuasion, international organizations (IOs) and; “social inBuence” process Soldatos, Panayotis, 51, 53 Solingen, Etel, 27, 28 Somalia, 105, 106, 111, 133 South Africa, 55 South China Sea, 164 Southern Cone Common Market. See MERCOSUR South Korea, 64, 66, 70 Soviet Union, 29, 58, 150. See also Russia

Specter, Arlen, 125 Spiegel, Mark M., 36 standards, global, 5, 51, 105, 149 Statham, Anne, 150, 193n. 40 Status of Forces Agreement, 52 Steiner, Jurg, 191n. 24 Stepan, Alfred, 29 Stephan, John J., 67, 70 Stone, Randall, 22n. 13, 206 Strange, Susan, 10 Stryker, Sheldon, 150, 193n. 40 subnational actors, 49, 50. See also Tumen River Area Development Programme (TRADP), subnational actors’ inBuence on borderland status of, 55–56, 73nn. 12, 13 inBuence of states’ domestic structures on power of, 54–55, 56, 70, 71–72 inBuence on policy by, 51–56, 62, 64–65, 66, 67, 69–70 Suchman, Mark, 149 Sudan, the, 108 Summers, Robert, 40 Switzerland, 71 Tajikistan, 120, 159 Taylor, Gene, 125 Tetlock, Philip E., 154 Tirole, Jean, 10, 90 Toloraya, Georgi D., 49 Tomikhin, Evgeni, 69 Tonelson, Alan, 12 Torricelli, Robert, 127 Toth, Robert C., 117 Towell, Pat, 123, 130, 131 TRADP. See Tumen River Area Development Programme Trans-Siberian railway, 64–65. See also Tumen River Area Development Programme (TRADP) Treaty of Asuncion, 35 Treaty of Beijing, 61 Troyakova, Tamara, 69, 70

Index Tucker, Richard, 42 Tumen regional investor service (TRIS) network, 65–66 Tumen River Area Development Programme (TRADP), 17, 20 China and, 49, 50, 58, 64–65, 66, 69, 70, 202, 210, 221 description of, 61 nonstate actors’ inBuence on, 50, 51–54, 56, 62, 64, 65, 66–67, 70, 72nn. 6, 11 (see also United Nations Development Program [UNDP]) North Korea and, 49, 64, 65, 66, 70 Russia and, 49, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70 subnational actors’ inBuence on, 49–50, 61–62, 64–65, 66, 67, 69–71, 72nn. 5, 11, 73n. 15, 209, 214, 215 Tumen River Economic Development Area (TREDA), 61, 65. See also Tumen River Area Development Programme (TRADP) Tumen secretariat, 67 Turkey, 35 two-level games approach, 19, 28, 54. See also Putnam, Robert in academic literature, 3 actors in, 4 critique of, 3–7, 51 and typology of institutional actors in policy-making, 9 Ukraine, 206 UN. See United Nations UNCTAD. See United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Underdal, Arild, 6, 21n. 5 UNDP. See United Nations Development Program UNEP. See United Nations Environmental Program

279

UNIDO. See United Nations Industrial and Development Organization United Kingdom, 183. See also Great Britain United Nations (UN), 5, 11, 13, 21, 64, 105, 111, 132, 220. See also intervention, humanitarian, international organizations’ (IOs) involvement in United Nations Conference on Disarmament (UNCD), 176, 177, 181, 222 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 14 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 17, 20, 224 Tumen River Area Development Programme and, 49, 50, 62–63, 65, 66–67 (see also Tumen River Area Development Programme [TRADP], nonstate actors’ inBuence on) United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), 12 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), 179 United Nations Industrial and Development Organization (UNIDO), 64, 65, 66 United Nations Security Council. See United Nations United States, 4, 11, 14, 22nn. 8, 19, 41, 52, 55, 71, 82, 93, 94, 101, 151, 158, 162, 163, 176, 179, 182, 183, 184, 206, 224. See also intervention, humanitarian U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement, 6 U.S.-Japanese Security Treaty, 52 Valliant, Robert, 59 Velasco, Andrés, 77

280

Index

Vietnam, 67, 112 Vogel, David, 2, 6, 12 Wallace, William, 40 Wallach, Lori, 12 Wallander, Celeste, 146 Waltz, Kenneth, 2 Wang Deli, 195n. 58 war, civil. See intervention, humanitarian War, Persian Gulf. See Persian Gulf War Warburg, Gerald Felix, 108, 110 War Powers Act, 112, 124, 125, 126, 129, 141n. 3 War Powers Resolution. See War Powers Act Warsaw Pact, 37 Weaver, R. Kent, 110 Weber, Axel, 77 Wegener, Duane T., 154, 166 Weingast, Barry, 10, 16, 33, 34, 212 Weldes, Jutta, 189n. 1 Wendt, Alexander, 7, 22n. 17 Wetherell, Margaret, 154 Whalley, John, 77 Whitehead, Laurence, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37 Wilson, James Q., 196n. 68 Winters, L. Alan, 35, 40 World Bank, 36, 40, 63 World Trade Organization (WTO), 13, 20, 77, 78, 79, 85, 88, 102n. 3, 210, 218, 220, 221 advanced industrialized states and, 79, 95 dispute settlement process of, 80–82 domestic leaders of reform and, 79–80, 82–97 less developed countries (LDCs) and, 79, 81–82, 93–94, 95 and liberalization, 77, 78, 79, 82, 85, 86, 88, 90–95, 98, 100, 101–2

(see also international institutions, as a commitment device) litigating a defense in a dispute, 98–99, 102n. 4 and protectionism, 82–84, 86, 89, 91, 98 and retaliation for noncompliance, 81, 84, 88, 93, 97–98, 100, 101 (see also international institutions, enforcement power of; sanctions, economic) and transaction costs for states, 79, 82, 84, 85, 89, 91, 92–93, 94–95, 97, 100, 101 transparency of, 101 World Weather Watch, 52 Wormuth, Francis D., 110 WTO. See World Trade Organization Wu Chenhuan, 154 Wu Zhan, 177 Wu Zheng, 194n. 48 Xiaoping, Deng, 57, 176, 185 Xu Jian, 192n. 28 Yan, Gao, 64 Yates, Suzanne, 155 Yeltsin, Boris, 59, 67, 68, 69 Young, Oran, 21n. 11 Yuan, Jing-Dong, 158 Yu Lixing, 73n. 16 Zabrovskaya, Ludmila, 70 Zeckhauser, Richard, 1 Zemin, Jiang, 68, 175, 176 Zhang, Ming, 56 Zhang, Yunling, 160, 193n. 37 Zhao, Quansheng, 57 Zhou Bisong, 195n. 58 Zimbardo, Philip G., 153, 154, 156, 165 Zinberg, Yakov, 68, 69, 70 Zou Yunhua, 180, 181, 184, 194–95nn. 48, 54–56, 65