MENIERE’S DISEASE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Meniere’s Disease: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84033-4 1. Meniere’s Disease-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Meniere’s disease. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MENIERE’S DISEASE .................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Meniere’s Disease ......................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MENIERE’S DISEASE ........................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding Nutrition Studies on Meniere’s Disease ........................................................................ 63 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 66 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MENIERE’S DISEASE .................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 69 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 75 General References ....................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON MENIERE’S DISEASE.................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Dissertations on Meniere’s Disease ............................................................................................. 77 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MENIERE’S DISEASE .................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 79 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 80 Chapters on Meniere’s Disease .................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MENIERE’S DISEASE .................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 85 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 87 Academic Periodicals covering Meniere’s Disease....................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 89 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 90 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 95 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 97 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 99 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 101 Associations and Meniere’s Disease .......................................................................................... 105 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 105 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 107 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 107 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 107 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 113
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Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 115 MENIERE’S DISEASE DICTIONARY ...................................................................................... 117 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 157
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Meniere’s disease is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Meniere’s disease, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Meniere’s disease, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Meniere’s disease. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Meniere’s disease, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Meniere’s disease. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MENIERE’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Meniere’s disease.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Meniere’s disease, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Vertigo and Dysequilibrium with Associated Hearing Loss Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 33(3): 535-562. June 2000. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. Summary: There are numerous disorders that can present with hearing loss and vertigo (a spinning sensation) or dysequilibrium (loss of balance), some common, some rare. This article provides a practical brief review of each of these disorders to provide the clinician with a framework for the management of patients manifesting these complaints. The author discusses congenital conditions, acquired conditions, trauma to the temporal bone, barotrauma (trauma attributed to changes in the barometric
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pressure, including from airplane flights and diving), perilymph fistula, metabolic conditions, otosclerosis (a genetic disease of the ear bones), neoplasm (benign and cancerous tissue changes), infectious conditions, labyrinthitis, syphilis, ototoxicity (chemicals that damage the ear), immunologic conditions, autoimmune ear disease, Cogan's syndrome, and Meniere's disease. For each condition, the author discusses the etiology, epidemiology, the clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and prognosis. 2 tables. 113 references. •
Management Options for Acute Versus Chronic Vertigo Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 33(3): 483-493. June 2000. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. Summary: Vertigo (a spinning sensation) is one of the most frequent and disturbing sensations that the practicing otolaryngologist is called upon to treat. This article deals with the treatment options for acute versus chronic vertigo. Vertigo is defined as a false illusion of motion with a distinct rotational component. Acute attacks are well defined isolated spells of vertigo with a distinct onset and offset, whereas chronic vertigo is defined as a continuous or chronic sensation. Recurrent attacks of vertigo are addressed as chronic vertigo. The author points out the differences in peripheral sensory input and central compensation in the acute versus chronic cases. Diagnostic methods are reviewed, including patient history, physical examination, laboratory tests, radiographic studies, audiologic studies, and vestibular function tests. The author then offers suggestions for targeted therapy for a number of chronic ailments, including Meniere's disease, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), and migraine. Treatment of acute vertigo usually entails suppression of nausea and vomiting with central acting medications, which are to be discontinued as soon as possible. Medical therapy for chronic or recurrent vertigo is more preventive in nature. 1 table. 11 references.
Federally Funded Research on Meniere’s Disease The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Meniere’s disease. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Meniere’s disease. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Meniere’s disease. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Meniere’s disease:
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
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Project Title: BME 265 04 LABORATORY EXERCISE: MAGENTIC RESONANCE MICROSCOPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hsu, Edward W.; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Endolymphatic hydrops is an enlargement of the scala media which occurs in various pathological conditions, e.g. Meniere's disease. Study of hydrops is highly clinically relevant in that it is one of the most common causes of hearing impairment in humans. The purpose of the present research is to follow the normal progression of endolymphatic hydrops as it occurs in the Guinea pig and/or gerbil. To date, this has not been possible because of the lack of a noninvasive technique for assessing the dimensions of the scala media. The guinea pig is currently an accepted model of endolymphatic hydrops and it can be artificially created by occluding the endolymphatic duct; preliminary data obtained with the mustached bat cochlea ex vivo has shown the feasibility of such a study. After the normal sequence of development of hydrops is described, then various manipulations, i.e., different drugs without serious side effects to the animals, can be used to try to alleviate this condition. Since the final goal of this research is to observe the in vivo the progression of endolymphatic hydrops, the smaller gerbil may be the animal of choice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CELLULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF VASCULATURES IN INNER EAR Principal Investigator & Institution: Jiang, Zhi-Gen; Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Strong evidence suggests that blood circulation disturbances contribute to hearing losses in loud sound induced trauma, aging, Meniere's disease, ototoxic drugs and some forms of sudden deafness. To understand and treat these hearing conditions, knowledge of inner ear vascular physiology is a prerequisite. Little is known about the regulating mechanisms of cochlear vessels. The long-term objective of this proposal is to increase our understanding of the cellular and subcellular physiology of these vessels and how they differ from vessels of other vascular beds. Specifically, this proposal aims to: 1) determine the membrane channels and mechanisms that cause two distinct levels of resting potentials in smooth muscle cells of cochlear spiral modiolar artery (SMA); 2) determine the actions of candidate neurotransmitters and neuropeptides on the ion channels, the responsible receptors and the intracellular signaling pathways; 3) identify the nature of neuromuscular transmission in the SMA; 4) determine how the contractile and cellular properties of the SMA differ from small arteries of the brain and intestine. These goals will be achieved by experiments using conventional and whole-cell current- and voltage-clamp recording methods on in vitro smooth muscle cells in segments of the SMA, as well as single-cell labeling and vasotone measurements. Comparative studies of contractile and membrane properties between the SMA and the arterioles from the brain and intestine will be conducted to evaluate the heterogeneity among the vessel beds. With these studies, we expect to describe the unique contractile and membrane properties, key ionchannel features, functional neuromuscular transmitters and related receptors, and mechanisms by which these functioning properties are regulated in the SMA; in addition, we expect to understand how these mechanisms of the SMA differ from those of other vessel beds.
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The knowledge obtained will improve our understanding of how cochlear blood flow is uniquely regulated, thus contributing to the understanding of circulation-related hearing losses and leading to prevention and treatment of these hearing conditions. The acquired knowledge should also be of significance in broad areas of cardiovascular physiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COCHLEAR BLOOD FLOW AND NEUROPEPTIDES Principal Investigator & Institution: Nuttall, Alfred L.; Professor; Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The migraine related inner ear symptoms for phonopobia , tinnitus, hearing fluctuation, hearing loss, and increased noise sensitivity provide evidence for a possible neurological substrate connecting basilar artery migraine and cochlear pathophysiological mechanisms. Recently we have identified a previously unreported sensory innervation of the cochlear blood vessels originating from the trigeminal ganglia. We have shown that this sensory innervation has a significant effect on cochlear blood flow (CBF) in both normal and pathological conditions (e.g., in the animal model of endolymphatic hydrops, one of the symptoms of Meniere's disease). This proposal seeks to further define the anatomical basis and mechanisms of the trigemino-sensory network around the vertebrovasilar and cochlear vascular system. The proposal offers the hypothesis that the trigemino-sensory system and its related neuropeptide system are important factors contributing to basilar migraine and vascular homeostasis of the cochlea. The study has three specific aims. Aim 1. To establish if there is a physiological basis for the cochlear symptoms in basilar artery migraine headache. Positive results will confirm a common functional basis for basilar migraine and cochlear symptoms, the basis could be neurogenic inflammation. Aim 2. To demonstrate if vanilloid receptor (VR1) and substance P (SP) are co-localized around cochlear blood vessels, the basilar artery and its related branches. Positive immunocytochemical results will demonstrate: (a) network of the VR1 and (b) SP co-labeled primary sensory neurons around the basilar artery; anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), spiral modiolar artery (SMA) and radial artery; (c), Capsaicin will cause a significant reduction in the density of labeled sensory fibers. Aim 3. To determine the vasoregulatory disturbance of the trigemino-sensory neurons in endolymphatic hydrops. In this study positive results will demonstrate that endolymphatic hydrops causes a reduction in the stimulated trigeminal ganglion induced CBF change. The studies of the proposal will help clarify how trigemino-sensory neurons regulate the vertebro-basilar vascular system and cochlear fluid balance under normal and pathological conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EARLY DETECTION OF ENDOLYMPHATIC HYDROPS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ator, Gregory A.; Ophthalmology; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: An ongoing problem in clinical otology has been the difficulty in identifying patients with endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) in the early stages when the presentation of the classic triad of tinnitus, fluctuating hearing loss, and episodic vertigo is incomplete. Consequently, delays in diagnosis and subsequent treatment lead to progressive sensorineural hearing loss, recurring vertigo and eventually deafness. Most
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cases of ELH are idiopathic and thus such patients are diagnosed with what is termed Meniere's disease. The long term goal of this investigation is to identify patients in the early stages of Meniere's disease, thus permitting early treatment. The symptoms with which Meniere's patients present are commonly seen in other diseases, making an accurate diagnosis difficult to obtain. Therefore, proper identification of patients early in the course of the disease requires indices which are sensitive to subtle changes in cochlear function and which are also specific to the pathology of endolymphatic hydrops. The specific aim of this project is to use the guinea pig model of ELH to derive an index sensitive and specific to endolymphatic hydrops from measures which reflect cochlear mechanics such as otoacoustic emissions and electrocochleography. A new nonlinear systems identification (NLSI) technique will be used to measure cochlear mechano-electric transduction. The index will be derived from conventional electrocochleography measures (i.e. SP/AP ratio, N1 latency) and otoacoustic emissions as well the NLSI measures. Once such an index has been developed in our animal model, we will apply it to measurements made in human patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION
ELECTRICAL
STIMULATION
TO
RESTORE
VESTIBULAR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Della Santina, Charles C.; Otolaryn & Head & Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Vestibular dysfunction due to ototoxic hair cell injury is a common cause of significant disability due to disequilibrium and inability to stabilize gaze during head movements. Although some patients with bilateral vestibular dysfunction are able to compensate through physical rehabilitation and reliance on other senses, those who fail to compensate currently have no good therapeutic options. Because the vestibular nerve should be intact in these patients, selectively applied electrical currents should be able to drive the nerve and elicit eye movements that can stabilize gaze. The central goal of this project is to further development toward an implantable neuroelectronic prosthesis capable of restoring vestibular function to people with symptomatic bilateral vestibular dysfunction. Although vestibular prosthesis development has lagged that of cochlear implants, one group has recently described a first prototype vestibular prosthesis. However, the eye movements it evoked were insufficient to stabilize gaze during natural head movements, and the experiments were performed on animals with normal vestibular function. It is unclear whether their results generalize to the case of a labyrinth damaged by ototoxicity or Meniere's disease. The proposed project will establish a physiologic and morphologic basis for vestibular prosthesis development, by refining a mammalian model of vestibular ototoxicity and by testing the biologic premises upon which prosthesis design is based. Because viable vestibular nerve afferents must exist for a prosthesis to stimulate, we will determine the effects of gentamicin toxicity on morphology and physiology of afferent fibers in semicircular canal crista. We will characterize the vestibulo-ocular reflex before and after bilateral treatment with ototoxic doses of intratympanic gentamicin. We will characterize the eye movements of bilaterally vestibular-deficient animals in response to single- and multi-canal patterned electrical stimulation of the semicircular canal cristae. We will test whether stimulation of canals in a single labyrinth can be combined to drive eye movements that cover the normal physiologic range. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EVALUATION OF VESTIBULAR FUNCTION IN MENIERE'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Minor, Lloyd B.; Professor; Otolaryn & Head & Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: provided by applicant) The objective of the proposed research is to understand the pathophysiology of the vestibular disturbances in Meniere's disease and how to treat them. The specific effects (both qualitative and quantitative) on vestibular function of both Meniere's disease itself and of intratympanic gentamicin used to alleviate vertigo are unknown and will be determined in the proposed research. The research strategy is to analyze the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) in three dimensions from responses to stimuli that activate the semicircular canals or the otoliths. Vestibular function will also be evaluated from measurements of the subjective visual vertical and from vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. The angular VOR evoked by highfrequency, high-acceleration head thrusts will be studied in order to determine the effects of Meniere's disease and of intratympanic gentamicin on the function of individual semicircular canals. The translational VOR in these patients will be evaluated from the responses to rapid, lateral translations of the head. Through comparisons with findings in subjects with normal vestibular function and those with known surgical unilateral vestibular destruction (UVD), these studies will provide a new understanding of the effects of Meniere's disease itself, and the effects of treatment with gentamicin, on individual vestibular end organs. Recovery of the VOR after intratympanic gentamicin and after surgical UVD will be assessed through analyses of the trajectories of eye velocity. The corrective eye movements that reduce the gaze errors that occur as a consequence of diminished vestibular function in the responses to high acceleration angular and translational head movements will also be analyzed. The information derived from this research will have practical import on which vestibular tests are most useful in Meniere's disease, and on deciding when and with what to treat patients with Meniere's disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HERPESVIRUSES IN VESTIBULAR NEURITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Vrabec, Jeffrey; Otolaryngology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Vestibular neuritis is one of the most common causes of vertigo. The etiology is unknown, though it is widely assumed to be a viral illness. This project intends to investigate the role of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) in the pathogenesis of vestibular neuritis. These viruses are selected for study for several reasons. First, they are known to establish latent infection in the vestibular ganglion. Second, reactivation of latent herpes virus can result in acute dysfunction of a cranial nerve as is seen in acute facial paralysis in Bell's palsy (HSV) and Ramsay Hunt syndrome (VZV). Third, vestibular symptoms occur in conjunction with acute facial palsy in a minority of cases. Finally, inoculation of animals with HSV can produce acute vestibular dysfunction. Some surgeons remove the vestibular ganglion when performing vestibular neurectomy to treat patients with chronic vertigo. Excised surgical specimens from patients with the pre-operative diagnosis of vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease and other miscellaneous chronic vestibulopathies will be analyzed for the presence of herpes virus DNA using contemporary molecular
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diagnostic techniques. The prevalence of each virus in the ganglion will be compared with the prevalence in a randomly selected group of cadavers. A significant increase in the prevalence of one or both viruses in the vestibular neuritis group would constitute a firm epidemiological link between the virus and the disease. The sub-aims of the project will attempt to quantify the number of ganglion cells harboring latent virus and the number of copies of the viral genome per ganglion in the study and control groups. Experimental evidence suggests the potential for reactivation is proportional to the percentage of ganglion cells infected and the viral load per cell. This information can help determine why some individuals with latent virus in the vestibular ganglion develop clinical symptoms due to reactivation and some do not. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMMUNE RESPONSES IN TUBULIN INDUCED HEARING LOSS IN MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Yoo, Tai J.; Medicine; University of Tennessee Health Sci Ctr Memphis, Tn 38163 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long term objective of this project is to develop a new gene vaccination therapy for the autoimrnune hearing loss and Meniere's disease in humans. The immediate goal of this study is to induce autoimmune hearing loss induced by beta,-tubulin in mice to quantify immune responses and to modulate the hearing loss by immunologic methods. The specific aims are as follows. 1. To induce autoimmune hearing loss in mice strains -using varying concentrations of Tubulin. 2. To quantify the Immune response by analyzing Thl and Th2 cell functions. 3. To modulate tubulin-induced hearing loss by immunological means. 4. To determine if oral feeding of tubulin would prevent or improve hearing loss. This will eventually enable us to develop a new therapeutics: a naked DNA vaccine for hearing loss; Meniere's disease and autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss. These goals will be achieved as follows. 1. Mice w ill be immunized with varying concentration of tubulin to enhance the incidence of hearing loss. 2. The immune response will be quantified by a. By measuring IgG classes of immunoglobulin : circulating (by ELISA), and detect tubulin specific IgG classes of antibodies in the ear tissues by immunohistochemistry. b. By measuring cytokines IL-2, IFNg]amma, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-beta following tubulin immunization and induction of hearing loss. 3. Tubulin induced hearing loss will be modulated by following immunologic methods. a. By administering dendritic cells engineered to express tubulin (plasmid transfection) b. By administering plasmid DNA expressing IFN-gamma to enhance the disease severity. c. By administering plasmid DNA expressing TGF-beta, IL-10 or IL-4 to reduce the disease severity. 4. Oral tolerance study will be carried out by feeding (low dose, medium dose or high dose and cholera toxin B chain linked antigen) of tubulin in mice before or after immunization with tubulin to determine the efficacy of oral tolerance as either preventative measure or therapeutics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INNER EAR FLUID INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Salt, Alec N.; Professor; Otolaryngology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1992; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Cochlear fluid disturbances are a major facto in a number of pathologies affecting the inner ear, such as Meniere's
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disease. The goal of our studies is to provide a scientific basis for the diagnosis and treatment of endolymph volume disturbances. A direct approach is used, based on sensitive techniques, which measure endolymph volume and flow in vivo. Using these measures, we will establish a number of methods, which influence endolymph volume, including infrasonic, and low frequency tones and pressure pulses delivered to the cochlear fluids or ear canal. Ossicular movements induced by some of these stimuli are comparable to those induced by middle middle muscle contractions which have been shown to generate endolymph movements. Mechanisms underlying volume disturbance and those contributing to volume recovery will be investigated. During volume manipulations, indirect methods for quatifying endolymph volume changes will be correlated with direct measurements of endolymphatic cross-sectional area. These studies will lead to improved diagnostic tests for endolymphatic hydrops. A second project will examine physiologic changes occurring in the endolymphatic sac during manipulations of endolymph volume in the cochlea. The magnitude and time course of electrolyte changes in the sac will be measured during disturbances. The time course and spatial distribution of induced anatomical changes of the sac will be documented and quantified using 3-D magnetic resonance microscopy, light and electron microscopy. The functional role played by the endolymphatic sac will be incorporated into quantitative mathematical models of solute dispersion in the inner ear. These studies will identify possible mechanisms by which the sac regulates endolymph volume and will lead to more sophisticated methods for treating endolymph volume disturbances. They will also direct future studies to the tissues and processes underlying specific aspects of volume regulation. The project as a whole will establish the fundamental physiological processes contributing to endolymph volume regulation and will have relevance to the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cochlear fluid disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INNER EAR ION TRANSPORT MECHANISMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schulte, Bradley A.; Professor, Director of Research; Pathology and Lab Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1989; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The generation and maintenance of large ion and voltage gradients between cochlear endolymph and perilymph is essential for normal hearing. Alterations in these gradients underlie the auditory dysfunction in Meniere's disease and certain metabolic and genetic disorders, and account for a large amount of the hearing loss seen with age. The stria vascularis is generally accepted as the main tissue site responsible for generating the cochlea's electrochemical gradients. More recent studies, however, have provided evidence for the active participation of complex networks of supporting cells and fibrocytes in the regulation of inner ear ion and fluid balance, and point to the need for more comprehensive studies of cochlear ion transport mechanisms. The overall goal of this project is to increase understanding of inner ear ion homeostasis in general, and of the specific molecular and cellular mechanisms mediating cochlear K+ flux, in particular. There are three complimentary Specific Aims. Aim 1 seeks to identify and define the cell-type specific distribution of members of three ion transport protein families suspected to reside in several of the unique cell types thought to be involved with intercellular K+ recycling. Aim 2 will characterize, in vitro, the membrane conductance and K+ transport properties of several different cell types in the lateral K+ recirculation pathway. Aim 3 proposes to
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pharmacologically manipulate various ion transport mediators in the putative recycling pathways in vivo, and to ascertain electrophysiological, as well as potential histochemical and histopathological changes resulting from these perturbations. Data obtained through this comprehensive yet highly focused study will serve to verify and extend current models of inner ear ion homeostasis and provide information of importance in the design of therapies for disorders associated with inner ear electrochemical imbalances. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MEASUREMENT OF VESTIBULAR FUNCTION IN MENIERE'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rauch, Steven D.; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The overall objective of the investigators is to apply both classic and new measures of vestibular function to the study of Meniere's disease (MD). These measures would enable earlier diagnosis which, in turn, could lead to better treatment response. These methods have the potential to provide a superior means of monitoring the course of the disease and its response to therapy. Finally, these vestibular function measures may provide new insights into the pathophysiology of MD symptoms since they are based upon the physiology of specific parts of the vestibular end-organs. To accomplish these goals, this project will apply vestibular function tests to three groups of subjects: normal controls, subjects with total unilateral vestibular hypofunction (UVH) after acoustic neuroma removal, and MD subjects who, by the nature of their disease, have partial UVH. The three specific aims of this grant are: 1) Characterize the temporal relationship between acute vertigo attacks and long-term loss of vestibular function in MD subjects by correlating results of serial vestibular test batteries with clinical vestibular symptom status; 2) Test the hypothesis that otolith organ dysfunction is an early and consistent finding in MD by applying two new tests of otolith function, positional optokinetic afternystagmus (pOKAN) and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP); and 3) Lay the groundwork for detailed clinicopathological studies of the correlation between vestibular function tests and temporal bone vestibular otopathology by soliciting enrollment of study subjects as future temporal bone donors to the NIDCD National Temporal Bone, Hearing and Balance Pathology Resource Registry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISM-BASED MEASURES OF OTOLOGIC PATHOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Don, Manuel; Head; House Ear Institute 2100 W 3Rd St Los Angeles, Ca 90057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The project's long-term goal is to understand the effects of otologic pathology on mechanisms underlying human cochlear and brainstem processes. It proposes a mechanism-based approach that will provide (1) critical neuro-patho-physiological information, and (2) a scientific framework for early diagnoses of difficult-to-identify otologic diseases. In this approach, it uses newlydeveloped non-invasive measures of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) to investigate known and hypothesized pathological changes in the mechanisms underlying specific processes in the peripheral auditory system caused by small acoustic
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Meniere’s Disease
tumors and Meniere's disease. The specific aims are (1) to demonstrate that small (<1 cm) acoustic tumors alter the synchrony and/or amount of neural output to an extent greater than that predicted by audiometric thresholds, and (2) to determine if patients diagnosed with Meniere's disease have abnormal cochlear temporal-related measures consistent with the presence of cochlear hydrops. In addition, a comparative analysis of the results of these studies will determine whether the proposed measures can distinguish between small acoustic tumors and early Meniere's disease. The significance of the proposed work is that it will (1) provide new insight into the effects of otologic pathology on the theoretical and basic scientific mechanisms underlying the human peripheral auditory system, (2) demonstrate that non-invasive physiologic measures guided by a mechanism-based approach can lead to sensitive diagnoses for small acoustic tumors and early Meniere's disease with good specificity, (3) fill the need for non-invasive measures of peripheral auditory system functionality in humans as new therapeutic measures to improve, prevent destruction of, or possibly restore cochlear function are developed, and (4) test the predictive power of currently emerging models of cochlear and brainstem function across the domains of cochlear physiology, neurophysiology, electrophysiology, and pathology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT AND SAC Principal Investigator & Institution: Choo, Daniel I.; Assistant Professor; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 02-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (from applicant's abstract): Homeostasis of inner ear endolymph is critical to sensory transduction in the inner ear. Failure to maintain endolymph homeostasis is thought to result in deafness, vestibular dysfunction and tinnitus in pathologies such as Meniere's disease or certain forms of hereditary hearing impairment. The endolymphatic duct and sac (ELDS) are key structures in maintaining this fluid homeostasis. Therefore, data on the molecular development of the ELDS are very relevant. By focusing on a mouse mutant (kreisler) with an ELDS phenotype, this application seeks to define the molecular pathways involved in induction and differentiation of the ELDS. To determine early targets of kr signaling, this application will test the hypothesis that expression of early molecular markers of the ELDS anlage is down-regulated in homozygote kr embryos at embryonic day 10-11 compared to controls. The effects of kr mutation on cellular differentiation within the developing ELDS will be studied by testing the hypothesis that expression of a battery of genes specific for cells in the embryonic day 12 to 18 ELDS is down-regulated in kreisler homozygotes compared to controls. To facilitate direct experimental manipulation of the developing ELDS, this application will develop an in vitro model of the developing kreisler otocyst and ELDS. Experiments will first test the hypothesis that cultured kreisler otocysts developmentally mimic the in vivo system morphologically and functionally. This model will then be used to test the hypothesis that virally mediated expression of kr can rescue the ELDS phenotype in vitro. To test the hypothesis that hindbrain sources of kr induce ELDS differentiation, we will culture kreisler otocysts with wild-type hindbrain explants. Such data will provide insights into the molecular pathways involved in kr signaling and in development of the ELDS. The PI's obvious commitment to medicine and science has been demonstrated by his extensive pursuit of training in the clinical and basic science facets of inner ear biology. The success of these efforts are reflected in his publications which also demonstrate his ability to accomplish
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quality basic science investigation. In combination with the outstanding academic environment at Children's Hospital Research Foundation, the RCA will allow the PI to continue a rigorous scientific training and successfully address the specific aims outlined in the application. The proposed program of study and the science generated will undoubtedly advance the PI toward his goals of successfully competing for a future R01, and in the long term, becoming a successful independent Clinician scientist. Significantly, this proposal includes challenging but achievable goals that will provide important knowledge to the field of inner ear development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROGENIC CONTROL OF COCHLEAR BLOOD FLOW Principal Investigator & Institution: Wangemann, a P.; Father Flanagan's Boys' Home Boys Town, Ne 68010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This project will focus on the neurogenic regulation of cochlear blood flow and on the interactions between neurogenic and endothelium-mediated mechanisms. Receptors controlling vascular diameter of the spiral modiolar artery and the identity of locally released vasoactive substances will be determined. Locally-released vasoactive substances will include those from neuronal elements innervating the spiral modiolar artery and those from endothelial cells lining the lumen of this vessel. The spiral modiolar artery is the main blood supply of the cochlea. Aberrations in the regulation of cochlear blood flow have been suspected to play a major part in the etiology of a variety of inner ear disorders including sudden and fluctuating hearing loss, Meniere's disease, tinnitus and autoimmune-related hearing loss. Fundamental to these etiologies are the receptors present on the cochlear blood vessels and their function in the regulation of cochlear blood flow. Hypotheses pertaining to the presence of receptors and to the identity of released vasoactive substances will be tested with a functional assay based on newly-developed in vitro preparations of the isolated spiral modiolar artery. The vascular diameter and the release of vasoactive substance from neuronal elements and from the endothelium will be measured. The measurement of the vascular diameter is the most physiologically- relevant parameter since change in the vascular diameter is the single most effective means of regulating blood flow. Receptors will be determined pharmacologically utilizing selective agonists and antagonists. Release of neurotransmitter from neuronal elements which remain with the isolated spiral modiolar artery will be triggered by electric field stimultation. The identity of the released neurotransmitters will be determined by their functional effect on their respective target receptors and by a highly specific bioluminescence assay. All techniques are well established in this laboratory. This project evolved out of the previous one on isolated medial efferent nerve terminals. Common to both projects is the focus on the function of isolated nerve terminals. Whereas the experimental access was previously limited to prejunctional processes, the proposed studies include both pre- and post junctional mechanisms and their complex interactions leading to the regulation of cochlear blood flow. The completion of the proposed studies are expected to provide a foundation for the pharmacologic management of inner ear disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NOVEL INNER EAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Petelenz, Tomasz J.; Sarcos Research Corporation 360 Wakara Wy Salt Lake City, Ut 84108
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Sarcos Research Corporation proposes a novel microinfusion system for administration of medications for treatment of middle ear and cochlear diseases, such as sudden hearing loss, Menieres disease, instances of tinnitus, and for providing pharmacological hearing protection in chemotherapy. Methods that are currently in use cause systemic toxicity, do not provide suffient dose control (injections, wicks) or are impractical (waist-mounted pumps) and expensive. The proposed system will be small size, light-weight, will fit safely and comfortably behind the patient's ear, and will deliver medications into the middle ear in precise, controlled programmable and convenient manner, increasing effectiveness, reducing side effects and improving compliance with the therapy. In the future, the system will evove into totally implantable unit for treatment of chronic and/or recurrent conditions. In addition to improving the existing treatment regimens, the system will enable application of chronotherapy and other temporal dose patterns to increase effectiveness and reduce side effects, and will allow administration of medications in the head-andneck area for treament of cancer in both hospital and at-home settings. For this application, Sarcos will adapt its microinfusion pump and microcatheter technologies to create a system that will consist of a micropump, a programmer with a wireless data link, and a drug delivery catheter. Due to the significant advancement of the already developed technology base that is available at Sarcos for this project, and in order to accelerate the development of the commercial product, Sarcos proposes a joint Phase I/Il (Fast Track) effort that will result in a validated system ready for commercialization and clinical implementation. Phase I of this project will result in a definitive feasibiility prototype, wherease the projected Phase II will end with a commercial product and completed regulatory submission to the FDA. The proposed system will have significant health and economic impact as it it is estimated that more than 28 millions Americans suffer from preventable hearing loss, at least 3 million are affected by Menieres disease, and 40 to 45 million have life-impairing tinnitus, resulting in an estimated cost of lost productivity that exceeds 30 billion dollars per year. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHARMACOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF IONIC BALANCE IN HAIR CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mroz, Edmund A.; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1990; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The proper function of hair cells, the sensory transducing cells of the auditory and vestibular systems, depends on proper ionic compositions both extracellular and intracellular. Several forms of hair cell injury and loss of function (e.g., acoustic overstimulation, Meniere's Disease, aging) may result from loss of proper ionic balance. The long-term objective is to determine how hair cells regulate their intracellular ionic status. Understanding these regulatory processes may eventually help to prevent or to minimize some forms of hearing loss. Previously in this project, the major cellular processes of ionic balance, and the net transport rates under control conditions, were determined for isolated goldfish hair cells. In one aim, a combination of experimental methods (electron-probe microanalysis, microfluorometry, and quantitative microscopy) and theoretical analysis will be used to determine how these processes work together in the intact cell. An examination of how transport rates and solute contents change after different disturbances of ion-transport processes will be conducted. An inference from the results of specific major interactions among the solutes and the regulatory processes
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involved in the maintenance of the steady state of the cell will be made. Such predicted interactions will be tested in further experiments. A second aim extends the analysis of ion balance to a more natural state: hair cells with apically located transduction channels open will be examined under conditions of a different fluids bathing the apical versus the basolateral surfaces of these cells, as is the case in vivo. The proposal will test hypotheses about how the presence of these channels and the composition of the endolymphatic fluid that bathes them may affect the dynamics of ion regulation. Further, this experimental approach will be used for further tests of interactions among solute-transport processes. A third aim will test the hypothesis that mammalian outer hair cells have a difficulty in meeting some acid/base challenges, perhaps due to their membrane specializations for auditory transduction. It was found that a surprisingly high fraction of the metabolic load of goldfish hair cells is devoted to regulating acid/base balance. Theoretical studies suggest that there may be an advantage to having a high rate of leaking and pumping acid. If so, then mammalian (guinea-pig) outer hair cells do not seem to have this advantage. These studies will determine the acid-handling characteristics of several types of hair cells, to see if mammalian outer hair cells are particularly sensitive to certain types of challenges to ionic balance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF CA CHANNELS IN HAIR CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Yamoah, Ebenezer N.; Associate Professor; Center for Neuroscience; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Hearing loss affects tens of millions of Americans. For many of these individuals, the deficit arises from damage to hair cells. Hair cells are the sensory cells of the inner car; they are essential for our appreciation of sound and our sense of balance. Voltage-gated calcium (Ca) channels (VGCC) play several important roles in hair-cell functions. In fact, hearing and balance disorders, e.g. Meniere's disease, may result from VGCC dysfunction. Ca influx through the VGCC represents the principal source of Ca in hair cells. Previous studies have suggested that hair cells express only L-type Ca channels and concluded that this Ca channel subtype controls neurotransmitter release and activation of potassium (K) channels, which mediate electrical tuning in lower vertebrates. However, the properties of these channels, which render the diverse roles of Ca are unknown. Contrary to previous investigations that suggested a single Ca channel subtype, we have recently obtained physiological data which suggest that hair cells may express more than one type of Ca channel. We hypothesize that hair cells may express two classes of Ca channels (L- and non-L-type channels) to produce multiple Ca-dependent processes. Whereas the L-type Ca channels may mediate the activation of K channels, the L-type channels may trigger neurotransmitter release. Alternatively, the L-type channel may mediate evoked neurotransmitter release while the non L-type channel may trigger tonic neurotransmitter release. However, we predict that there will be functional overlap of the two Ca channel subtypes because of similar voltage-dependent properties and co-localization of the two channels. We further hypothesize that Ca channel clusters may consist of more than one channel subtype. Finally, we hypothesize that membrane cytoskeleton (e.g. actin) may be involved in Ca channel clustering. We will test these hypotheses, using hair cells from the bullfrog saccule and chicken basilar papilla. These studies will provide invaluable information on the properties of Ca channels that confer hair cell functions. Through these studies, rational design of Ca channel subtype-specific
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drugs may be realized as our understanding of the gating, permeation and pharmacology of Ca channels becomes more defined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AFFERENTS
QUANTITATIVE
MORPHOPHYSIOLOGY
OF
VESTIBULAR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kevetter, Golda A.; Otolaryngology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Meniere's disease and other incapacitating vestibular disorders derive from an abnormal input from vestibular afferents. We have little understanding of how afferent input is integrated. The hypotheses developed in this proposal address directly morphophysiological correlates of vestibular afferents. One central hypothesis to be tested is that synapses from different classes of vestibular primary afferents are distributed differentially on vestibuloocular (VOR) and vestibulospinal (VST) neurons. Preliminary data suggests that there are markers that specifically label morphologically and/or physiologically distinct classes of afferents, e.g., calretinin. These experiments will extend this data, documenting significant correlations between the afferent's distal terminal morphology, physiological properties, and immunohistochemical staining characteristics. The first specific aim (SA) will test the hypothesis that calretinin stained calyxes are the physiologically distinct, irregular firing, low gain afferents. The first criterion is to demonstrate, by combining tracers with immunohistochemistry, that calretinin is restricted to calyx-only afferents. The second step is to demonstrate, by combining intracellular labeling and immunohistochemistry, that calretinin-containing primary afferents are irregular-firing, phasic, low gain afferents. SA2 will test the hypothesis that peripherin-stained boutons are the most regular firing, low gain afferents. We will utilize the steps and criteria outlined for SA1 to establish this morphophysiological and immunohistochemical correlation. SA3 will test the hypothesis that a subset of the population of afferent neurons with dimorphic endings stains with calbindin. The same morphophysiological and immunohistochemical criteria will be used. SA4 will use rigorous stereological measures to accurately access the number and proportion of afferents that stain with calretinin, peripherin, and calbindin. This will be the first unbiased determination of subpopulations of vestibular afferents. SA5 will test directly the hypothesis that VST neurons receive more of their afferent input from irregular afferents and that VOR neurons receive more of their afferent input from regular afferents. We will determine the ratio of close oppositions of immunohistochemical stained afferents on retrogradely-labeled VST neurons that project to the first cervical segment and on VOR neurons. The confirmation of the morphophysiological hypotheses will support quantitative models of afferent input and provide novel approaches to experimentally test new hypotheses about central integration. This could prove important for treatment of patients with vestibular disorders, such as those suffering with Meniere's disease or even normal aging. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE OF NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES IN THE COCHLEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Trachte, George J.; Professor; Pharmacology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a second messenger that has been implicated in cochlear function. In the cardiovascular system, cGMP can be generated by natriuretic peptide (NP) stimulation of guanylyl cyclase. The proposed experiments will investigate the role of two NP receptors in cochlear homeostasis and pathology: NPR-A, a particulate guanylyl cyclase, and NPR-C, a clearance receptor that removes NPs from the circulation, resulting in decreased activation of NPR-A. In the inner ear, components of the NP system have been localized to the stria vascularis and spiral ganglion, but there are few functional studies of NPs. NPs are primary regulators of fluid transport in other tissues; therefore, our overarching hypothesis is that aberrations in the NP system alter endolymph composition, resulting in hearing loss. Preliminary studies have shown that only NPR-A stimulates cGMP production in the mouse cochlea, and that mutation of NPR-C results in a high frequency hearing loss. The proposed study has two specific aims. First, the effect of NPR-A ablation (i.e., a deficient guanylyl cyclase system) on inner ear function will be assessed in transgenic mice lacking NPR-A. Second, the effects of increased NPR-A activation (i.e., an overactive guanylyl cyclase stem) will be determined using mice deficient in NPR-C. In these experiments, endolymph potassium ion concentrations, endocochlear potentials and auditory brainstem responses will be used to assess cochlear function. In addition to the physiological measurements, guanylyl cyclase responses to NPs will be measured in vitro to ensure that the NP system is either attenuated or stimulated by the mutations. This study will provide critical information regarding the influence of this essential fluid regulating system on auditory function, potentially facilitating the development of novel treatments for disorders such as Meniere's disease and age-related hearing loss. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE EFFECT OF COCHLEAR LOSS ON SPECTRO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hall, Joseph W.; Professor; Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1986; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (from applicant's abstract) The long-term aim of this project is an understanding of the causes for the hearing disability experienced by cochlear-impaired listeners. The project has two main areas of focus. The first area addresses the importance of comodulation in across-frequency processing of speech. Here we test the hypothesis that speech understanding at low signal-to-noise ratios may depend critically upon the ability of the auditory system to integrate information present at a given frequency and time with other information that has occurred recently at other spectral regions. This issue will be addressed by investigating vowel perception for nonsimultaneous formants, and the recognition of speech that is interrupted either synchronously or asynchronously across frequency. Another main goal in this area is to determine whether part of the advantage for speech perception in modulated noise is related to comodulation masking release (CMR). New methods are proposed that should realize important advances in this area. In addition, we will determine whether the magnitude of CMR for speech is related directly to the difficulty/redundancy of the speech material, a relation that is predicted from recent suprathreshold psychoacoustical results. The initial studies in this area will involve normal-hearing listeners. The second area of study will investigate the effect of cochlear hearing loss on the coding of fine temporal information (in terms of temporal fine structure and high-frequency envelope).
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Such temporal coding may be critically important for pitch perception, binaural analysis, and speech perception. Sensitivity to fine temporal cues will be measured via pitch discrimination for unresolved harmonics and binaural interaural time discrimination (ITD). We will also establish a new pitch perception method using unresolved harmonics to estimate sensitivity as a function of frequency to temporal fine structure and temporal envelope in the human auditory system. Once established, this method will be used to determine effects of hearing impairment on the ability to temporally code the fine structure and envelope of the stimulus. A main goal will be to test the hypothesis that there is a relation between monaural tasks of pitch discrimination and binaural ITD in cochlear-impaired listeners, and that both of these measures will be related to speech perception performance. A related goal is to test the hypothesis that the enhanced speech recognition found for Meniere's patients during the glycerol test is due to an improvement in the coding of the fine temporal features of the stimulus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VESTIBULAR EFFECTS OF INTRATYMPANIC GENTAMICIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Carey, John P.; Professor & Chief; Otolaryn & Head & Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: The goals of this project are: (1) to determine the minimum dose of intratympanic gentamicin necessary to control vertigo in unilateral Meniere's disease, and (2) to determine what effects this dose has on the structure and function of the vestibular organs of the inner ear. Multiple intratympanic injections, if spaced 1 week apart and halted at the first signs of loss of vestibular function, can control vertigo in >90% of patients with no greater hearing loss than the disease itself causes. We will conduct a clinical trial in which gentamicin will be given every 2 weeks until vertigo is controlled. We wish to determine if lower total doses can control vertigo yet preserve some vestibular function as measured by 3-dimensional vestibulo-ocular reflexes, vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, subjective visual vertical, and caloric tests. By following patients for one year we can also determine if some vestibular function returns over time. We also want to know what these doses of gentamicin do to the vestibular part of the inner ear and the vestibular nerve afferents. Are all or most of the hair cells destroyed? Do the vestibular nerve afferents stop responding? Is there some return of some function over time? If so, why? Do hair cells recover, do afferents become more sensitive, or does the brain adjust its responses to make up for the peripheral loss. These questions will be answered in an animal model. The candidate has a background in vestibular physiology and now seeks a long-term career in academic otolaryngology, focusing physiologic principles on clinical vestibular problems. The short-term goals are to master the fundamentals of clinical trial design and analysis, 3D eye movements, and afferent neurophysiology. Johns Hopkins is uniquely suited to this training because it has a core group devoted to vestibular research, and the mentor's laboratory has successfully used all of the techniques required. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VESTIBULAR PATHOLOGY IN MENIERE'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ishiyama, Akira; Surgery; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 07-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The Overall goal of the proposed project is to describe the effects of Meniere's disease on the individual endorgans and vestibular ganglion, and how the pathology relates to the clinical history and vestibular function on routine testing. We propose a prospective study of the vestibular periphery in Meniere's disease using specimens obtained from ablative inner ear surgery and postmortem specimens. The project will use 1) histopathologic analysis, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy to study vestibular pathology 2) unbiased stereology to obtain morphometric measures at multiple levels: neuroepithelium, the nerve fibers, and Scarpa's ganglion neurons in the same subject 3) clinico-pathological correlations and comparisons between morphometric parameters and standarized vestibular testing. Morphometric parameters to be studied include 1) regional total type I, type II, and supporting cell counts in each of the five vestibular endorgans 2) vestibular nerve fiber counts and diameter distribution 3) Scarpa's ganglion neuronal counts and volume distribution. Archival temporal bones from patients with Meniere's disease will be used for Scarpa's ganglion neuronal counts. Using this systematic, prospective design we hope to answer important clinical questions such as 1) Does Meniere's disease affect the individual endorgans differently? 2) Can the patterns of neuroepithelial endorgan damage be correlated with clinical history? 3) Does Meniere's disease affect the vestibular nerve and ganglion? 4) Is Meniere's disease associated with an atrophy of the Scarpa's ganglion neurons? 5) Are clinical phenomenon such as Tumarkin falls, delayed endolymphatic hydrops, and chronic dysequilibrium associated with particular patterns of neuroepithelial or differential endorgan damage? or with alterations in neuronal number or size? 6) What are the morphometric correlates to abnormalities on traditional vestibular testing: caloric paresis, and decreased gain and time constant on step rotational testing? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Meniere’s disease, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Meniere’s disease (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A case against spiral ligament atrophy as a cause of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Harris JP, Keithley EM. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2002 MarchApril; 64(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021504&dopt=Abstract
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A critical study on the evaluation of the effect of treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kitano H, Kitahara M. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1983; 30: 362-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12325224&dopt=Abstract
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A pilot suffering from Meniere's disease. A case report. Author(s): Kortschot HW, Oosterveld WJ. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1995 November-December; 57(6): 316-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8789480&dopt=Abstract
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A review of medical treatment for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Claes J, Van de Heyning PH. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2000; 544: 34-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10904799&dopt=Abstract
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Accurate diagnosis of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Green K, Saeed S. Source: The Practitioner. 2002 January; 246(1630): 26, 29-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816416&dopt=Abstract
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Aldosterone assessment in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Mateijsen DJ, Kingma CM, De Jong PE, Wit HP, Albers FW. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2001 September-October; 63(5): 280-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11528270&dopt=Abstract
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Alternobaric oxygen therapy in long-term treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Fattori B, De Iaco G, Nacci A, Casani A, Ursino F. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 2002 Winter; 29(4): 260-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797667&dopt=Abstract
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An anatomic variant of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery in a patient with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Scoleri P, Widner SA, Cass SP. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2001 July; 22(4): 519-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11449111&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of lifestyle and behavioral characteristics in Meniere's disease patients and a control population. Author(s): Takahashi M, Ishida K, Iida M, Yamashita H, Sugawara K. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2001 January; 121(2): 254-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349790&dopt=Abstract
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Antibodies of type II collagen and immune complexes in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Yoshino K, Ohashi T, Urushibata T, Kenmochi M, Akagi M. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 522: 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8740816&dopt=Abstract
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Antigenic excitation in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Wilson WH. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1972 September; 82(9): 1726-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5079596&dopt=Abstract
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Anti-heat shock protein 70 antibodies in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kumar V, Rajadhyaksha M. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 March; 111(3): 552-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11224793&dopt=Abstract
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Anti-heat shock protein 70 antibodies in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Rauch SD, Zurakowski D, Bloch DB, Bloch KJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 September; 110(9): 1516-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10983953&dopt=Abstract
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Antisecretory factor: a clinical innovation in Meniere's disease? Author(s): Hanner P, Jennische E, Lange S. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 August; 123(6): 779-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953783&dopt=Abstract
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Application of multivariate statistics to vestibular testing: discriminating between Meniere's disease and migraine associated dizziness. Author(s): Dimitri PS, Wall C 3rd, Oas JG, Rauch SD. Source: Journal of Vestibular Research : Equilibrium & Orientation. 2001; 11(1): 53-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673678&dopt=Abstract
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Aquaporin-2 expression in the mammalian cochlea and investigation of its role in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Mhatre AN, Jero J, Chiappini I, Bolasco G, Barbara M, Lalwani AK. Source: Hearing Research. 2002 August; 170(1-2): 59-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208541&dopt=Abstract
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Assessing the stage of Meniere's disease using vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Author(s): Young YH, Huang TW, Cheng PW. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 August; 129(8): 815-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925337&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of serum antibodies in patients with rapidly progressive sensorineural hearing loss and Meniere's disease. Author(s): Gottschlich S, Billings PB, Keithley EM, Weisman MH, Harris JP. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1995 December; 105(12 Pt 1): 1347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8523990&dopt=Abstract
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Association of HLA-DR and type II collagen autoimmunity with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Koo JW, Oh SH, Chang SO, Park MH, Lim MJ, Yoo TJ, Kim CS. Source: Tissue Antigens. 2003 January; 61(1): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622783&dopt=Abstract
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Autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss as an aggravating factor in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Shea JJ. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1983; 30: 254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12325197&dopt=Abstract
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Basal lamina pathology of the utricle and endolymphatic duct in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Fitzgerald O'Connor AF, Bagger-Sjoback D, Friberg U, Rask-Andersen H. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1985; 47(6): 288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4080336&dopt=Abstract
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Basic audiometric findings in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Eliachar I, Keels E, Wolfson RJ. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1973 February; 6(1): 41-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4220286&dopt=Abstract
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Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in patients with Meniere's disease treated with intratympanic gentamycin. Author(s): Perez N, Martin E, Zubieta JL, Romero MD, Garcia-Tapia R. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 June; 112(6): 1104-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160282&dopt=Abstract
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Betahistine dihydrochloride versus flunarizine. A double-blind study on recurrent vertigo with or without cochlear syndrome typical of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Fraysse B, Bebear JP, Dubreuil C, Berges C, Dauman R. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1991; 490: 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1763646&dopt=Abstract
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Betahistine for Meniere's disease or syndrome. Author(s): James AL, Burton MJ. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (1): Cd001873. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11279734&dopt=Abstract
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Betahistine hydrochloride in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Frew IJ, Menon GN. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1976 August; 52(610): 501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=790351&dopt=Abstract
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Betahistine in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Wilmot TJ, Menon GN. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1976 September; 90(9): 833-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=787460&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral aspects of Meniere's disease. Meniere's disease with bilateral fluctuant hearing loss. Author(s): Kitahara M. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1991; 485: 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1843174&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral aspects of Meniere's disease: an underestimated clinical entity. Author(s): Balkany TJ, Sires B, Arenberg IK. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1980 November; 13(4): 603-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7454321&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral electrocochleographic findings in unilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Moffat DA, Baguley DM, Harries ML, Atlas M, Lynch CA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1992 September; 107(3): 370-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1408220&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral endolymphatic hydrops in Meniere's disease: review of temporal bone autopsies. Author(s): Yazawa Y, Kitahara M. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1990 July; 99(7 Pt 1): 524-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2195960&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral Meniere's disease in surgical versus nonsurgical patients. Author(s): Rosenberg S, Silverstein H, Flanzer J, Wanamaker H. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1991 September; 12(5): 336-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1789301&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kitahara M, Matsubara H, Takeda T, Yazawa Y. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1979; 25: 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=484343&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral Meniere's disease. Treatment with intramuscular titration streptomycin sulfate. Author(s): Graham MD. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1997 December; 30(6): 1097-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9386244&dopt=Abstract
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Bilaterality of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Paparella MM, Griebie MS. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1984 March-April; 97(3-4): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6720298&dopt=Abstract
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Biochemical studies of inner ear fluid in man. Changes in otosclerosis, Meniere's disease, and acoustic neuroma. Author(s): Silverstein H, Schuknecht HF. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1966 October; 84(4): 395-402. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5921712&dopt=Abstract
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Blood glucose and insulin levels, thyroid function, and serology in Meniere's disease, recurrent vestibulopathy, and psychogenic vertigo. Author(s): Charles DA, Barber HO, Hope-Gill HF. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1979 August; 8(4): 347-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=316014&dopt=Abstract
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Blood levels of glucose and insulin in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kirtane MV, Medikeri SB, Rao P. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1984; 406: 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6382920&dopt=Abstract
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Branch retinal artery occlusion in a young woman with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Recupero SM, Mollo R, Abdolrahimzadeh S, Occhiuto A, Tripodi G. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1998; 212(1): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438592&dopt=Abstract
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Can electrocochleography in Meniere's disease be noninvasive? Author(s): Ghosh S, Gupta AK, Mann SS. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 December; 31(6): 371-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593550&dopt=Abstract
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Cerebellar metastasis from papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary mimicking Meniere's disease. A case report. Author(s): Chang TC, Jain S, Ng KK, Hsueh S, Tsai CS, Chen HL, Chang CN. Source: J Reprod Med. 2001 March; 46(3): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11304872&dopt=Abstract
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Cervical signs and symptoms in patients with Meniere's disease: a controlled study. Author(s): Bjorne A, Berven A, Agerberg G. Source: Cranio. 1998 July; 16(3): 194-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9852812&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in distortion product otoacoustic emissions from ears with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kusuki M, Sakashita T, Kubo T, Kyunai K, Ueno K, Hikawa C, Wada T, Nakai Y. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1998; 538: 78-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9879406&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in Meniere's disease responses as a function of the menstrual cycle. Author(s): Morse GG, House JW. Source: Nursing Research. 2001 September-October; 50(5): 286-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570713&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex after a single dose of intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Carey JP, Hirvonen T, Peng GC, Della Santina CC, Cremer PD, Haslwanter T, Minor LB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 April; 956: 581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960873&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in the three-dimensional angular vestibulo-ocular reflex following intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Carey JP, Minor LB, Peng GC, Della Santina CC, Cremer PD, Haslwanter T. Source: Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : Jaro. 2002 December; 3(4): 430-43. Epub 2002 March 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486598&dopt=Abstract
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Changing trends in the surgical treatment of Meniere's disease: results of a 10-year survey. Author(s): Silverstein H, Lewis WB, Jackson LE, Rosenberg SI, Thompson JH, Hoffmann KK. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2003 March; 82(3): 185-7, 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696238&dopt=Abstract
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Chemical and physical labyrinthectomy for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Berryhill WE, Graham MD. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): 675-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486847&dopt=Abstract
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Chemical labyrinthectomy and cochlear implantation for Meniere's disease--an effective treatment or a last resort? Author(s): Morgan M, Flood L, Hawthorne M, Raje S. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1999 July; 113(7): 666-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605567&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical characteristics of audio-vestibular impairment in Meniere's disease: does vestibular function deteriorate in accordance with cochlear function? Author(s): Tsutsumi T, Kobayashi M, Koda H, Kitamura K. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 April; 123(3): 396-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737297&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical indicators useful in predicting response to the medical management of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Devaiah AK, Ator GA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 November; 110(11): 1861-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11081600&dopt=Abstract
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Clinimetrics of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Gates GA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 March; 110(3 Pt 3): 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10718407&dopt=Abstract
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Cochlear blood flow measurement in patients with Meniere's disease and other inner ear disorders. Author(s): Selmani Z, Pyykko I, Ishizaki H, Marttila TI. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2001; 545: 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677718&dopt=Abstract
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Cochleosacculotomy for the treatment of Meniere's disease in the elderly patient. Author(s): Kinney WC, Nalepa N, Hughes GB, Kinney SE. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1995 September; 105(9 Pt 1): 934-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7666728&dopt=Abstract
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Combined vestibular neurectomy and endolymphatic sac shunt via the retrosigmoid approach in the treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Rivas JA, Guzman JE. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2000 August; 79(8): 571-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10969464&dopt=Abstract
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Continuous gentamicin therapy using an IntraEAR microcatheter for Meniere's disease: a retrospective study. Author(s): Seidman M. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 March; 126(3): 244-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11956532&dopt=Abstract
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Continuous intratympanic infusion of gentamicin via a microcatheter in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Schoendorf J, Neugebauer P, Michel O. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 February; 124(2): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226958&dopt=Abstract
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Control of symptoms in patients with Meniere's disease using middle ear pressure applications: two years follow-up. Author(s): Densert B, Sass K. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2001 July; 121(5): 616-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583396&dopt=Abstract
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Craniomandibular disorders in patients with Meniere's disease: a controlled study. Author(s): Bjorne A, Agerberg G. Source: J Orofac Pain. 1996 Winter; 10(1): 28-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8995914&dopt=Abstract
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Definition, classification and reporting of Meniere's disease and its symptoms. Author(s): Van de Heyning PH, Wuyts FL, Claes J, Koekelkoren E, Van Laer C, Valcke H. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1997; 526: 5-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9107347&dopt=Abstract
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Dehydration testing and the diagnosis of Meniere's disease: case report. Author(s): Yellin MW, Waller M, Roland PS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 1993 November; 4(6): 432-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8298180&dopt=Abstract
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Demonstration of autoantibodies to the endolymphatic sac in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Alleman AM, Dornhoffer JL, Arenberg IK, Walker PD. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 February; 107(2): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9023245&dopt=Abstract
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Demyelination of vestibular nerve axons in unilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Spencer RF, Sismanis A, Kilpatrick JK, Shaia WT. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2002 November; 81(11): 785-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472033&dopt=Abstract
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Derived-band auditory brain-stem response estimates of traveling wave velocity in humans: II. Subjects with noise-induced hearing loss and Meniere's disease. Author(s): Donaldson GS, Ruth RA. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1996 June; 39(3): 534-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8783132&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of antibody to sialyl-i, a possible antigen in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Ikeda A, Komatsuzaki A, Kasama T, Handa S, Taki T. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2000 June 15; 1501(2-3): 81-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10838182&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of viral DNA in endolymphatic sac tissue from Meniere's disease patients. Author(s): Welling DB, Daniels RL, Brainard J, Western LM, Prior TW. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1994 September; 15(5): 639-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8572065&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of viral DNA in vestibular ganglia tissue from patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Welling DB, Miles BA, Western L, Prior TW. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1997 November; 18(6): 734-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9391669&dopt=Abstract
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Dexamethasone inner ear perfusion for the treatment of Meniere's disease: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Author(s): Silverstein H, Isaacson JE, Olds MJ, Rowan PT, Rosenberg S. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1998 March; 19(2): 196-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9520056&dopt=Abstract
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Dexamethasone perfusion of the labyrinth plus intravenous dexamethasone for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Shea JJ Jr, Ge X. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1996 April; 29(2): 353-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8860933&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosing and treating Meniere's disease. Author(s): Bottrill I. Source: The Practitioner. 1998 June; 242(1587): 482-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492964&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of cochlear Meniere's disease with electrocochleography. Author(s): Dornhoffer JL. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1998 November-December; 60(6): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9742276&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of Meniere's disease: routine and extended tests. Author(s): de Sousa LC, Piza MR, da Costa SS. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): 547-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486839&dopt=Abstract
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Direct round window membrane application of gentamicin in the treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Silverstein H, Arruda J, Rosenberg SI, Deems D, Hester TO. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 May; 120(5): 649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229588&dopt=Abstract
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Disability in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Cohen H, Ewell LR, Jenkins HA. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1995 January; 121(1): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7803019&dopt=Abstract
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Distortion product otoacoustic emmissions in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Cianfrone G, Ralli G, Fabbricatore M, Altissimi G, Nola G. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 2000; 29(2): 111-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10888348&dopt=Abstract
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Do middle ear muscles trigger attacks of Meniere's disease? Author(s): Franz P, Hamzavi JS, Schneider B, Ehrenberger K. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 January; 123(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701727&dopt=Abstract
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Does evidence-based medicine exist in the treatment of Meniere's disease? A critical review of the last decade of publications. Author(s): Thorp MA, Shehab ZP, Bance ML, Rutka JA. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2000 December; 25(6): 456-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122279&dopt=Abstract
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Does intratympanic gentamicin treatment for Meniere's disease cause complete vestibular ablation? Author(s): Hone SW, Nedzelski J, Chen J. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2000 April; 29(2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819105&dopt=Abstract
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Dynamic platform sway measurement in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Morrison G, Hawken M, Kennard C, Kenyon G. Source: Journal of Vestibular Research : Equilibrium & Orientation. 1994 NovemberDecember; 4(6): 409-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7850037&dopt=Abstract
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Early vestibular rehabilitation in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Dowdal-Osborn M. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): 683-90, Ix. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486848&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of intratympanic gentamicin on hearing and tinnitus in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Eklund S, Pyykko I, Aalto H, Ishizaki H, Vasama JP. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1999 May; 20(3): 350-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337977&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of a structured questionnaire for diagnosis of Meniere's disease in the first visit. Author(s): Lopez-Escamez JA, Lopez-Nevot A, Gamiz MJ, Moreno PM. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2000; 54(4): 451-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205447&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of exposing the opened endolymphatic sac to large doses of steroids to treat intractable Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kitahara T, Takeda N, Mishiro Y, Saika T, Fukushima M, Okumura S, Kubo T. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001 February; 110(2): 10912. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11219515&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of middle ear pressure changes on clinical symptoms in patients with Meniere's disease--a clinical multicentre placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Odkvist LM, Arlinger S, Billermark E, Densert B, Lindholm S, Wallqvist J. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2000; 543: 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10908991&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of increased gentamicin concentration for intratympanic injection therapy in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Abou-Halawa AS, Poe DS. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 July; 23(4): 494-502; Discussion 502-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170152&dopt=Abstract
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Electrocochleographic and audiometric evaluation of hypobaric effect in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Konradsson KS, Carlborg B, Grenner J, Tjernstrom O. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 January; 109(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9917042&dopt=Abstract
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Electrocochleographic changes after intranasal allergen challenge: A possible diagnostic tool in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Gibbs SR, Mabry RL, Roland PS, Shoup AG, Mabry CS. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 September; 121(3): 283-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10471872&dopt=Abstract
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Electrocochleography and gentamicin therapy for Meniere's disease: a preliminary report. Author(s): Adamonis J, Stanton SG, Cashman MZ, Mattan K, Nedzelski JM, Chen JM. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 2000 July; 21(4): 534-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10912700&dopt=Abstract
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Electrocochleography and intranasal allergen challenge as investigational tools in patients with inhalant allergy and Meniere's disease. Author(s): Eaton DA, Roland PS, Mabry RL, Shoup AG. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 January; 113(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514378&dopt=Abstract
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Electrocochleography in the diagnosis of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Conlon BJ, Gibson WP. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2000 June; 120(4): 480-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958398&dopt=Abstract
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Endolymphatic hydrops in asymptomatic ears in unilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Friedrichs I, Thornton AR. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 May; 111(5): 857-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11359166&dopt=Abstract
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Endolymphatic sac ballooning surgery for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Mangham CA Jr. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1995 September; 104(9 Pt 1): 748. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7661528&dopt=Abstract
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Endolymphatic sac surgery for Meniere's disease: experience with over 3000 cases. Author(s): Huang TS. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): 591-606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486842&dopt=Abstract
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Endolymphatic sac-vein decompression for intractable Meniere's disease: long term treatment results. Author(s): Ostrowski VB, Kartush JM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 April; 128(4): 550-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707660&dopt=Abstract
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Endolymphatic shunt for the treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Denham D. Source: Nurs Times. 1972 October 12; 68(41): 1287-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4646625&dopt=Abstract
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Etiology, pathophysiology of symptoms, and pathogenesis of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Paparella MM, Djalilian HR. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): 529-45, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486838&dopt=Abstract
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Evoked otoacoustic emissions in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): de Kleine E, Mateijsen DJ, Wit HP, Albers FW. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 July; 23(4): 510-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170154&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of A, B, C and DR antigens in definite Meniere's disease in a Spanish population. Author(s): Lopez-Escamez JA, Lopez-Nevot A, Cortes R, Ramal L, Lopez-Nevot MA. Source: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2002 August;259(7):347-50. Epub 2002 May 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189399&dopt=Abstract
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External aperture of the vestibular aqueduct in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Shea JJ Jr, Ge X, Warner RM, Orchik DJ. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 2000 May; 21(3): 351-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10821548&dopt=Abstract
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Factors influencing quality of life in patients with Meniere's disease, identified by a multidimensional approach. Author(s): Soderman AC, Bagger-Sjoback D, Bergenius J, Langius A. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 November; 23(6): 941-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438860&dopt=Abstract
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Familial Meniere's disease: a genetic investigation. Author(s): Birgerson L, Gustavson KH, Stahle J. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1987 July; 8(4): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3631240&dopt=Abstract
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Fluctuating hearing loss in West African and West Indian racial groups: yaws, syphilis or Meniere's disease? Author(s): Black RJ, Gibson WP, Capper JW. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1982 September; 96(9): 847-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7153647&dopt=Abstract
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Fluid-solute regulation systems in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Colletti V, Sittoni V, Bonnanni G, Pavarin A. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1983 April; 4(4): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6305200&dopt=Abstract
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Follow-up vestibular examination in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Hulshof JH, Baarsma EA. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1981 November-December; 92(5-6): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7315260&dopt=Abstract
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Fortnightly review. Diagnosis and treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Saeed SR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 January 31; 316(7128): 368-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9487176&dopt=Abstract
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Frequency analysis of evoked otoacoustic emissions in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kubo T, Sakashita T, Kusuki M, Nakai Y. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1995; 519: 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7610886&dopt=Abstract
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Frequency characteristics of summating potential in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Mori N, Asai H, Shugyo A, Sakagami M. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 1994; 23(1): 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8184281&dopt=Abstract
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Furosemide loading vestibular evoked myogenic potential for unilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Seo T, Node M, Yukimasa A, Sakagami M. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2003 March; 24(2): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621345&dopt=Abstract
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Further observations in the eighth nerve in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Ylikoski J, Collan Y, Palva T. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1981; 54(2): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7246057&dopt=Abstract
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Further remarks on the mechanism producing the symptoms of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Dohlman GF. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1980 August; 9(4): 285-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7420519&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic basis of familial Meniere's disease. Author(s): Fung K, Xie Y, Hall SF, Lillicrap DP, Taylor SA. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 February; 31(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883436&dopt=Abstract
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Genetics (molecular biology) and Meniere's disease. Author(s): Morrison AW, Johnson KJ. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): 497-516. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486836&dopt=Abstract
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Gentamicin and other ototoxic antibiotics for the transtympanic treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Lange G. Source: Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1989; 246(5): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2590032&dopt=Abstract
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Gentamicin treatment in peripheral vestibular disorders other than Meniere's disease. Author(s): Brantberg K, Bergenius J, Tribukait A. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1996 September-October; 58(5): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8936479&dopt=Abstract
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Glomus tympanicum presenting as Meniere's disease. Author(s): Fitzgerald DC. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1985 January; 64(1): 68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2982565&dopt=Abstract
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Glycerin and urea tests in Meniere's disease. A multifactorial analysis using a quantification method. Author(s): Imoto T, Stahle J. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1983 February; 16(1): 37-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6856310&dopt=Abstract
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Glycerol affects vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Murofushi T, Matsuzaki M, Takegoshi H. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2001 August; 28(3): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11489361&dopt=Abstract
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Glycerol induced changes of acoustic conductance in Meniere's disease. Author(s): O'Connor AF, Morrison AW, Shea JJ. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1983 January; 4(3): 200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6829734&dopt=Abstract
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Glycerol test in Meniere's disease diagnosis. Author(s): Zhang CC, Zou LD. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1986 September; 99(9): 727-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3100230&dopt=Abstract
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Glycerol test in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Klockhoff I, Lindblom U. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1966 June 27; : Suppl 224: 449+. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5992698&dopt=Abstract
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Headache in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Eklund S. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1999 October; 26(4): 427-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10530738&dopt=Abstract
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Hearing in patients with Meniere's disease after exposure to low ambient pressure and after ingestion of glycerol and urea. Author(s): Larsen HC, Angelborg C, Klockhoff I, Stahle J. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1988; 42: 144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3213722&dopt=Abstract
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Hearing loss and tinnitus in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Havia M, Kentala E, Pyykko I. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2002 April; 29(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893444&dopt=Abstract
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Hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Katsarkas A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1996 March; 116(2): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8725510&dopt=Abstract
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Hearing loss following intratympanic instillation of gentamicin for the treatment of unilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kaplan DM, Nedzelski JM, Al-Abidi A, Chen JM, Shipp DB. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 April; 31(2): 106-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019738&dopt=Abstract
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Hereditary Meniere's disease: report of two families. Author(s): Martini A. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1982 May-June; 3(3): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7102953&dopt=Abstract
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Hereditary otovestibular dysfunction and Meniere's disease in a large Belgian family is caused by a missense mutation in the COCH gene. Author(s): Verstreken M, Declau F, Wuyts FL, D'Haese P, Van Camp G, Fransen E, Van den Hauwe L, Buyle S, Smets RE, Feenstra L, Van der Stappen A, Van de Heyning PH. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2001 November; 22(6): 874-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11698812&dopt=Abstract
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Herpes simplex virus and Meniere's disease. Author(s): Vrabec JT. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 September; 113(9): 1431-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12972911&dopt=Abstract
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Herpesvirus DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of some patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Takahash K, Aono T, Shichinohe M, Tamura M, Iwata Y, Yamanishi K, Shigeta S. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2001; 45(9): 635-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694075&dopt=Abstract
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High prevalence of symptoms of Meniere's disease in three families with a mutation in the COCH gene. Author(s): Fransen E, Verstreken M, Verhagen WI, Wuyts FL, Huygen PL, D'Haese P, Robertson NG, Morton CC, McGuirt WT, Smith RJ, Declau F, Van de Heyning PH, Van Camp G. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 1999 August; 8(8): 1425-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10400989&dopt=Abstract
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High-resolution MR imaging of the inner ear: findings in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Tanioka H, Zusho H, Machida T, Sasaki Y, Shirakawa T. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1992 July-August; 15(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1396797&dopt=Abstract
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Histopathologic findings in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Wackym PA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1995 January; 112(1): 90-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7816463&dopt=Abstract
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Histopathology of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Sennaroolu L, Linthicum FH Jr. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 2000 November; 21(6): 889. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11078081&dopt=Abstract
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History of Meniere's disease and its clinical presentation. Author(s): Mancini F, Catalani M, Carru M, Monti B. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): 565-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486840&dopt=Abstract
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HLA antigens in the pathogenesis of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Xenellis J, Morrison AW, McClowskey D, Festenstein H. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1986 January; 100(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3456006&dopt=Abstract
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HLA associations with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Koyama S, Mitsuishi Y, Bibee K, Watanabe I, Terasaki PI. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1993 September; 113(5): 575-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8266781&dopt=Abstract
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Horizontal eye response to an abrupt lateral head drop in normal subjects and patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Okada T, Kato I, Katsumi N, Miyamoto Y, Hattori K, Koizuka I. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2003 February; 30 Suppl: S47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543160&dopt=Abstract
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Human leukocyte antigen-A, -B, -C and -DR alleles and soluble human leukocyte antigen class I serum level in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Clin Evid. 2002 Dec;(8):499-506 Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2002; (548): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12603896
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Hyperomosis of endolymph as primary pathogenic mechanism of Meniere's disease and its clinical management. Author(s): Godlowski Z. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1972; 299: 1-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4272470&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperosmotic solutions and hearing Meniere's disease. Author(s): Angelborg C, Klockhoff I, Larsen HC, Stahle J. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1982 January; 3(3): 200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6798878&dopt=Abstract
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Immunologic and serologic testing in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Ruckenstein MJ, Prasthoffer A, Bigelow DC, Von Feldt JM, Kolasinski SL. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 July; 23(4): 517-20; Discussion 520-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170155&dopt=Abstract
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Immunological responses in acute low-tone sensorineural hearing loss and Meniere's disease. Author(s): Fuse T, Hayashi T, Oota N, Fukase S, Asano S, Kato T, Aoyagi M. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 January; 123(1): 26-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625569&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of Meniere's disease on quality of life. Author(s): Anderson JP, Harris JP. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2001 November; 22(6): 888-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11698814&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro growth of human endolymphatic sac cells: a transmission electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study in patients with vestibular schwannoma and Meniere's disease. Author(s): Linder B, Bostrom M, Gerdin B, Rask-Andersen H. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2001 November; 22(6): 938-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11698823&dopt=Abstract
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Increased CD4+ T cells during acute attack of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Mamikoglu B, Wiet RJ, Hain T, Check IJ. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2002 December; 122(8): 857-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542205&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of human leukocyte antigen in the pathogenesis of Meniere's disease in the South Korean population. Author(s): Yeo SW, Park SN, Jeon EJ, Lee HY, Pyo CW, Kim TG. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2002 December; 122(8): 851-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542204&dopt=Abstract
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Inhalant allergy and Meniere's disease: Use of electrocochleography and intranasal allergen challenge as investigational tools. Author(s): Noell CA, Roland PS, Mabry RL, Shoup AG. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 October; 125(4): 346-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593169&dopt=Abstract
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Initial symptoms and retrospective evaluation of prognosis in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Tokumasu K, Fujino A, Naganuma H, Hoshino I, Arai M. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 524: 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8790762&dopt=Abstract
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Insertion of tympanic ventilation tubes as a treating modality for patients with Meniere's disease: a short- and long-term follow-up study in seven cases. Author(s): Sugawara K, Kitamura K, Ishida T, Sejima T. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2003 February; 30(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589846&dopt=Abstract
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Intentional ablation of vestibular function using commercially available topical gentamicin-betamethasone eardrops in patients with Meniere's disease: further evidence for topical eardrop ototoxicity. Author(s): Kaplan DM, Hehar SS, Bance ML, Rutka JA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 April; 112(4): 689-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150525&dopt=Abstract
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Intermittent pressure therapy of intractable Meniere's disease using the Meniett device: a preliminary report. Author(s): Gates GA, Green JD Jr. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 August; 112(8 Pt 1): 1489-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172267&dopt=Abstract
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Intratympanic dexamethasone, intratympanic gentamicin, and endolymphatic sac surgery for intractable vertigo in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Sennaroglu L, Sennaroglu G, Gursel B, Dini FM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 November; 125(5): 537-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700457&dopt=Abstract
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Intratympanic gentamicin for intractable Meniere's disease. Author(s): Perez N, Martin E, Garcia-Tapia R. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 March; 113(3): 456-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616197&dopt=Abstract
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Intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease; a survey of current UK practice. Author(s): Obholzer RJ, Wareing MJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 June; 117(6): 459-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818054&dopt=Abstract
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Intratympanic gentamicin for the treatment of unilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kaplan DM, Nedzelski JM, Chen JM, Shipp DB. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 August; 110(8): 1298-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10942130&dopt=Abstract
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Intratympanic gentamicin for unilateral Meniere's disease: results of therapy. Author(s): Bottrill I, Wills AD, Mitchell AL. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2003 April; 28(2): 133-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680832&dopt=Abstract
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Intratympanic gentamicin in Meniere's disease: the impact on tinnitus. Author(s): Yetiser S, Kertmen M. Source: International Journal of Audiology. 2002 September; 41(6): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353609&dopt=Abstract
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Intratympanic steroid injections for intractable Meniere's disease. Author(s): Barrs DM, Keyser JS, Stallworth C, McElveen JT Jr. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 December; 111(12): 2100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11802004&dopt=Abstract
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Intratympanic therapy for Meniere's disease: effect of administration of low concentration of gentamicin. Author(s): Quaranta A, Scaringi A, Aloidi A, Quaranta N, Salonna I. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2001 April; 121(3): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425206&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a relation between acoustic trauma or noise-induced hearing loss and a subsequent appearance of Meniere's Disease? An epidemiologic study of 17245 cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Segal S, Eviatar E, Berenholz L, Kessler A, Shlamkovitch N. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2003 May; 24(3): 387-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12806289&dopt=Abstract
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Juvenile Meniere's disease. Author(s): Filipo R, Barbara M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1985 February; 99(2): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3973487&dopt=Abstract
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Labyrinth anesthesia--a forgotten but practical treatment option in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Adunka O, Moustaklis E, Weber A, May A, von Ilberg C, Gstoettner W, Kierner AC. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2003 MarchApril; 65(2): 84-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824729&dopt=Abstract
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Living with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Hooter LJ. Source: Semin Perioper Nurs. 2000 October; 9(4): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12029774&dopt=Abstract
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Local pressure protocol, including Meniett, in the treatment of Meniere's disease: short-term results during the active stage. Author(s): Barbara M, Consagra C, Monini S, Nostro G, Harguindey A, Vestri A, Filipo R. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2001 December; 121(8): 939-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11813899&dopt=Abstract
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Longitudinal followup of patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Green JD Jr, Blum DJ, Harner SG. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1991 June; 104(6): 783-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1908968&dopt=Abstract
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Longitudinal non-invasive perilymphatic pressure measurement in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Rosingh HJ, Wit HP, Sulter AM, Albers FW. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1997 MayJune; 59(3): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9186967&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term effects of Meniere's disease on hearing and quality of life. Author(s): Kinney SE, Sandridge SA, Newman CW. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1997 January; 18(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8989954&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term efficacy of endolymphatic sac surgery for vertigo in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Telischi FF, Luxford WM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1993 July; 109(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8336972&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term follow-up after middle fossa vestibular neurectomy for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Iurato S, Onofri M. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1995 MayJune; 57(3): 141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7603693&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term follow-up of electrocochleogram in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Ohashi T, Ochi K, Okada T, Takeyama I. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1991; 53(3): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1852408&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term hearing outcome in patients receiving intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Wu IC, Minor LB. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 May; 113(5): 815-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792316&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term hearing results following vestibular surgery in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Wazen JJ, Spitzer J, Kasper C, Anderson B. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 October; 108(10): 1470-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9778285&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term outcome of Meniere's disease: endolymphatic mastoid shunt versus natural history. Author(s): Quaranta A, Marini F, Sallustio V. Source: Audiology & Neuro-Otology. 1998 January-February; 3(1): 54-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9502541&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term postoperative results following selective section of the vestibular nerve in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Fluur E. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1972 December; 74(6): 425-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4656172&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term progression of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Stahle J, Friberg U, Svedberg A. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1991; 485: 78-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1843175&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term results of low dose intramuscular streptomycin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Shea JJ, Ge X, Orchik DJ. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1994 July; 15(4): 540-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8588611&dopt=Abstract
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Low- and high-frequency hearing in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Rahko T, Karma P. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1990; 247(5): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2393567&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose intratympanic gentamicin and the treatment of Meniere's disease: preliminary results. Author(s): Driscoll CL, Kasperbauer JL, Facer GW, Harner SG, Beatty CW. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 January; 107(1): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9001270&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose intratympanic gentamicin treatment for dizziness in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Longridge NS, Mallinson AI. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2000 February; 29(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10709170&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose intratympanic gentamicin treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Inoue H, Uchi Y, Nogami K, Uemura T. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1994; 251 Suppl 1: S12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894767&dopt=Abstract
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Low-pressure chamber test in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Larsen HC, Angelborg C. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1991; 481: 474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1927447&dopt=Abstract
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Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporal bone in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Lorenzi MC, Bento RF, Daniel MM, Leite CC. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2000 August; 120(5): 615-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11039871&dopt=Abstract
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Medical management of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Sajjadi H. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): 581-9, Vii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486841&dopt=Abstract
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Medical treatment in Meniere's disease: avoiding vestibular neurectomy and facilitating postoperative compensation. Author(s): Colletti V. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2000; 544: 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10904798&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease and delayed endolymphatic hydrops in children. Author(s): Mizukoshi K, Shojaku H, Aso S, Asai M, Watanabe Y. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2001; 545: 6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677744&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease and gentamicin: preliminary results using the minimum effective dose and integrated therapy. Author(s): Sala T. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2003 April; 23(2): 78-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14526554&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease as a manifestation of vestibular ganglionitis. Author(s): Gacek RR, Gacek MR. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2001 July-August; 22(4): 241-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464320&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease in childhood. Author(s): Akagi H, Yuen K, Maeda Y, Fukushima K, Kariya S, Orita Y, Kataoka Y, Ogawa T, Nishizaki K. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2001 December 1; 61(3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700197&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease in military aircrew. Author(s): McKinnon BJ, Lassen LF, Phelan J. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 October; 125(4): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593180&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease in the elderly. Author(s): Ballester M, Liard P, Vibert D, Hausler R. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 January; 23(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773851&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease. Author(s): Woodworth BA, Fitzpatrick PC, Gianoli GJ. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2000 July; 152(7): 314-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10986841&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease. Author(s): James A, Thorp M. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 458-65. Review. No Abstract Available. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230670&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease. Histopathological changes: a post mortem study on temporal bones. Author(s): Salvinelli F, Greco F, Trivelli M, Linthicum FH Jr. Source: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 1999 July-August; 3(4): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073127&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease: a 3-year follow-up of patients in a double-blind placebo-controlled study on endolymphatic sac shunt surgery. Author(s): Thomsen J, Bretlau P, Tos M, Johnsen NJ. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1983; 30: 350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12325222&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease: overview, epidemiology, and natural history. Author(s): da Costa SS, de Sousa LC, Piza MR. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): 455-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486835&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease: pathophysiology and treatment. Author(s): Thai-Van H, Bounaix MJ, Fraysse B. Source: Drugs. 2001; 61(8): 1089-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465871&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease: some patients benefit significantly from SSRIs. Author(s): Overton M. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2003 January-February; 32(1-2): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12647651&dopt=Abstract
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Microdose gentamicin administration via the round window microcatheter: results in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Hoffer ME, Kopke RD, Weisskopf P, Gottshall K, Allen K, Wester D. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 October; 942: 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11710484&dopt=Abstract
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Migraine and Meniere's disease: is there a link? Author(s): Radtke A, Lempert T, Gresty MA, Brookes GB, Bronstein AM, Neuhauser H. Source: Neurology. 2002 December 10; 59(11): 1700-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473755&dopt=Abstract
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Multivariate vestibular testing: laterality of unilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Dimitri PS, Wall C 3rd, Rauch SD. Source: Journal of Vestibular Research : Equilibrium & Orientation. 2001-2002; 11(6): 405-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12446965&dopt=Abstract
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Multivariate vestibular testing: thresholds for bilateral Meniere's disease and aminoglycoside ototoxicity. Author(s): Dimitri PS, Wall C 3rd, Rauch SD. Source: Journal of Vestibular Research : Equilibrium & Orientation. 2001-2002; 11(6): 391-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12446964&dopt=Abstract
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Natural course of Meniere's disease in surgically-selected patients. Author(s): Filipo R, Barbara M. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1994 April; 73(4): 254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8020423&dopt=Abstract
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Natural history of Meniere's disease: staging the patients or their symptoms? Author(s): Filipo R, Barbara M. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1997; 526: 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9107348&dopt=Abstract
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Natural history vs. surgery for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Silverstein H, Smouha E, Jones R. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1989 January; 100(1): 6-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2493618&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroepithelial changes of the vestibular system in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Friedmann I. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1977 NovemberDecember; 86(6 Pt 1): 875. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=596788&dopt=Abstract
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Neurotological studies on Meniere's disease and sudden deafness. Author(s): Ino H, Mizukoshi K, Ishikawa K, Watanabe Y, Yamazaki H, Aoyagi M, Kato I. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1979; 25: 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=314734&dopt=Abstract
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Neurovascular compression syndrome with Meniere's disease--a report of the treatment of a patient with microvascular decompression. Author(s): Fujita N, Nario K, Yamanaka T, Ueda T, Matsunaga T. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1998 May; 25(2): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9673735&dopt=Abstract
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New immunobiological tests in the investigation of Meniere's disease and sensorineural hearing loss. Author(s): Lejeune JM, Charachon R. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1992; 112(2): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1604974&dopt=Abstract
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New observations on changes in hearing in the temporal course of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Goodman AC. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1965 December; 74(4): 9911010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5854715&dopt=Abstract
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New pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of Meniere's disease. Author(s): de Vincentiis I, Ralli G. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1987; 37: 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3673828&dopt=Abstract
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New technology to control symptoms in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Densert B, Arlinger S, Odkvist LM. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2000 August; 120(5): 672-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11039882&dopt=Abstract
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New treatment for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Chung A. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2002 November; 31(11): 982; Author Reply 982. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471951&dopt=Abstract
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New treatment for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Tonkin J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2002 August; 31(8): 749-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189669&dopt=Abstract
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No increased serum levels of antifood antibodies in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Boulassel MR, Alost M, Tomasi JP, Deggouj N, Gersdorff M. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2001 January-February; 63(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174058&dopt=Abstract
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Noninvasive perilymphatic pressure measurement in patients with Meniere's disease and patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Author(s): Rosingh HJ, Albers FW, Wit HP. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 2000 September; 21(5): 641-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10993451&dopt=Abstract
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Non-invasive perilymphatic pressure measurement in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Rosingh HJ, Wit HP, Albers FW. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1996 August; 21(4): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8889301&dopt=Abstract
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Noninvasive recordings of cochlear evoked potentials in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Podoshin L, Ben-David Y, Pratt H, Fradis M, Feiglin H. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1986 August; 112(8): 827-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3718686&dopt=Abstract
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Nystagmus during attack in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Nishikawa K, Nishikawa M. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1986; 13 Suppl 2: S147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3827752&dopt=Abstract
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Oculomotor pathology in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Isotalo E, Pyykko I. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1997; 529: 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288289&dopt=Abstract
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On genetic and environmental factors in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Morrison AW, Mowbray JF, Williamson R, Sheeka S, Sodha N, Koskinen N. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1994 January; 15(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8109627&dopt=Abstract
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Onset and duration of positive responses to the glycerin test in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Lehrer JF, Poole DC. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1982 July-August; 3(4): 262-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7149138&dopt=Abstract
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Operations upon the saccus endolymphaticus for the relief of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Cawthorne T, Pickard BH. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1967 October; 60(10): 966-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6057977&dopt=Abstract
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Oral acetazolamide in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Brookes GB, Booth JB. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1984 November; 98(11): 1087-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6491498&dopt=Abstract
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Osmotic treatment of cochleopathies other than Meniere's disease. Author(s): Celestino D, Orofino A. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1978 June; 92(6): 467-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=659972&dopt=Abstract
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Otoadmittance changes following glycerol dehydration in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Brookes GB, Morrison AW, Richard R. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1984 July-August; 98(1-2): 30-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6464724&dopt=Abstract
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Otolaryngology quiz #10. Meniere's disease. Author(s): Estrem S. Source: Mo Med. 1995 December; 92(12): 731-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8587564&dopt=Abstract
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Otorrhoea as a presenting feature of a spontaneous round window rupture in a patient with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Swift AC. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1985 October; 99(10): 1009-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4056578&dopt=Abstract
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Otosclerosis involving the vestibular aqueduct and Meniere's disease. Author(s): Yoon TH, Paparella MM, Schachern PA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1990 July; 103(1): 107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2117717&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome-based assessment of endolymphatic sac surgery for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Smith DR, Pyle GM. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 September; 107(9): 1210-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9292605&dopt=Abstract
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Overpressure in treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Densert B, Densert O. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1982 November; 92(11): 1285-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6983015&dopt=Abstract
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Pathogenesis of Meniere's disease: treatment considerations. Preface. Author(s): Paparella MM. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): Xi-Xiii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486834&dopt=Abstract
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Pathology and pathophysiology of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Sando I, Orita Y, Hirsch BE. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): 517-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486837&dopt=Abstract
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Patients' subjective evaluations of quality of life related to disease-specific symptoms, sense of coherence, and treatment in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Soderman AC, Bergenius J, Bagger-Sjoback D, Tjell C, Langius A. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2001 July; 22(4): 526-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11449112&dopt=Abstract
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Perilymphatic fistula and Meniere's disease. Clinical series and literature review. Author(s): Fitzgerald DC. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001 May; 110(5 Pt 1): 4306. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372926&dopt=Abstract
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Perilymphatic pressure measurement in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Mateijsen DJ, Rosingh HJ, Wit HP, Albers FW. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 January; 258(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11271426&dopt=Abstract
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Periodic alternating nystagmus provoked by an attack of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Chiu B, Hain TC. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2002 June; 22(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131470&dopt=Abstract
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Posterior fossa vestibular neurotomy as primary surgical treatment of Meniere's disease: a re-evaluation. Author(s): Pareschi R, Destito D, Falco Raucci A, Righini S, Colombo S. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 August; 116(8): 593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389685&dopt=Abstract
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Postural control and glycerol test in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Di Girolamo S, Picciotti P, Sergi B, D'Ecclesia A, Di Nardo W. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2001 October; 121(7): 813-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11718244&dopt=Abstract
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Prediction of progression from atypical to definite Meniere's disease using electrocochleography and glycerol and furosemide tests. Author(s): Kimura H, Aso S, Watanabe Y. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 April; 123(3): 388-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737296&dopt=Abstract
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Preliminary results of a new delivery system for gentamicin to the inner ear in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Thomsen J, Charabi S, Tos M. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2000; 257(7): 362-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052245&dopt=Abstract
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Presence of autoantibodies in the sera of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Yoo TJ, Shea J Jr, Ge X, Kwon SS, Yazawa Y, Sener O, Mora F, Mora R, Mora M, Barbieri M, Du X. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001 May; 110(5 Pt 1): 4259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372925&dopt=Abstract
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Pressure treatment versus gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Odkvist L. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2001 January; 121(2): 266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349793&dopt=Abstract
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Prognosis of hearing impairment in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kotimaki J, Sorri M, Muhli A. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2001; 545: 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677728&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic value of electrocochleography in patients with unilateral Meniere's disease undergoing saccus surgery. Author(s): Camilleri AE, Howarth KL. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2001 June; 26(3): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437853&dopt=Abstract
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Proto-oncogene Raf-1 as an autoantigen in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Cheng KC, Matsuoka H, Lee KM, Kim N, Krug MS, Kwon SS, Mora M, Yoo TJ. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2000 December; 109(12 Pt 1): 1093-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11130817&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological aspects of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Van Cruijsen N, Wit H, Albers F. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 April; 123(3): 340-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737288&dopt=Abstract
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Pure-tone and speech audiometry in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Mateijsen DJ, Van Hengel PW, Van Huffelen WM, Wit HP, Albers FW. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2001 October; 26(5): 379-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678945&dopt=Abstract
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Quantification of vestibular compensation in unilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Stefanelli M, Mira E, Schmid R, Lombardi R. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1978 May-June; 85(5-6): 411-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=307330&dopt=Abstract
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Radical scavengers for Meniere's disease after failure of conventional therapy: a pilot study. Author(s): Takumida M, Anniko M, Ohtani M. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 August; 123(6): 697-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953767&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction in sick leave and costs to society of patients with Meniere's disease after treatment of temporomandibular and cervical spine disorders: a controlled six-year cost-benefit study. Author(s): Bjorne A, Agerberg G. Source: Cranio. 2003 April; 21(2): 136-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723860&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine in diagnosis of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Matsunaga T, Yoshida J, Tagami E, Okada M. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1983; 30: 245-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12325196&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of the cochlear aqueduct and inner ear pressure in Meniere's disease and in a normal population. Author(s): Yilmazer C, Sennaroglu L, Basaran F, Sennaroglu G. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2001 July; 22(4): 534-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11449113&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of vestibular aqueduct and inner ear pressure in Meniere's disease and the normal population. Author(s): Sennaroglu L, Yilmazer C, Basaran F, Sennaroglu G, Gursel B. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 September; 111(9): 1625-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568617&dopt=Abstract
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Results of serial vestibular testing in unilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Proctor LR. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 2000 July; 21(4): 552-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10912702&dopt=Abstract
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Results of vestibular autorotation testing at the end of intratympanic gentamicin treatment for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Perez N, Martin E, Garcia-Tapia R. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 May; 123(4): 506-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797586&dopt=Abstract
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Revision of endolymphatic sac surgery for recurrent Meniere's disease. Author(s): Paparella MM. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): 607-19, Viii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486843&dopt=Abstract
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Revision surgery after saccotomy for Meniere's disease: does it make sense? Author(s): Schwager K, Baier G, El-Din N, Shehata-Dieler W, Carducci F, Helms J. Source: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2002 May;259(5):239-42. Epub 2002 March 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107525&dopt=Abstract
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Round window gentamicin mu-catheter--a new therapeutic tool in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Charabi S, Thomsen J, Tos M. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2000; 543: 108-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10908994&dopt=Abstract
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Serum antibodies against heat shock protein 70 in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Rauch SD, San Martin JE, Moscicki RA, Bloch KJ. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1995 September; 16(5): 648-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8588671&dopt=Abstract
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Serum antidiuretic hormone levels in patients with unilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Lim JS, Lange ME, Megerian CA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 August; 113(8): 1321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897553&dopt=Abstract
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Short term effects of induced middle ear pressure changes on the electrocochleogram in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Densert B, Sass K, Arlinger S. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1995 November; 115(6): 732-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8749192&dopt=Abstract
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Short-lasting drop attacks in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kentala E, Havia M, Pyykko I. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 May; 124(5): 526-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337657&dopt=Abstract
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SP/AP area ratio in the diagnosis of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Ferraro JA, Tibbils RP. Source: American Journal of Audiology. 1999 June; 8(1): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10499115&dopt=Abstract
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Stress in hearing and balance in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Horner KC, Cazals Y. Source: Noise & Health. 2003 July-September; 5(20): 29-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14558890&dopt=Abstract
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Subjective and objective evaluation of medical treatment for Meniere's disease, with special reference to the dose response for adenosine triphosphate. Author(s): Mizukoshi K, Watanabe Y, Watanabe I, Okubo J, Matsunaga T, Matsunaga T, Takayasu S, Kato I, Tanaka T. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1983; 30: 355-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12325223&dopt=Abstract
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Surgical procedures in the treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Lieberman RL. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1972 February; 71(6): 513-23. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4551213&dopt=Abstract
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Surgical treatment of the high jugular bulb in patients with Meniere's disease and pulsatile tinnitus. Author(s): Couloigner V, Grayeli AB, Bouccara D, Julien N, Sterkers O. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1999; 256(5): 224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10392295&dopt=Abstract
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Symptom relief after treatment of temporomandibular and cervical spine disorders in patients with Meniere's disease: a three-year follow-up. Author(s): Bjorne A, Agerberg G. Source: Cranio. 2003 January; 21(1): 50-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555932&dopt=Abstract
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The AAO-HNS Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapy in Meniere's disease: have they been applied in the published literature of the last decade? Author(s): Thorp MA, Shehab ZP, Bance ML, Rutka JA; AAO-HNS Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2003 June; 28(3): 173-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755750&dopt=Abstract
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The cervicogenic otoocular syndrome: a suspected forerunner of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Franz B, Altidis P, Altidis B, Collis-Brown G. Source: Int Tinnitus J. 1999; 5(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10753431&dopt=Abstract
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The endolymphatic sac in patients with Meniere's disease: correlation between the MRI and the surgical findings. Author(s): Kobayashi M, Fukaya T, Noda M. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2000 October; 120(8): 955-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11200591&dopt=Abstract
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The ultrasonic treatment of Meniere's disease. 1960. Author(s): Angell James J, Dalton GA, Bullen MA, Freundlich HF, Hopkins JC. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 October; 116(10): 761-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437829&dopt=Abstract
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The ZB mastoid oscillation protocol (ZBMOP) in Meniere's disease and ductolithiasis. Author(s): Becvarovski Z, Zappia JJ. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 November; 127(5): 491-2; Author Reply 492. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12447255&dopt=Abstract
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Three-dimensional Fourier transformation constructive interference in steady state magnetic resonance imaging of the inner ear in patients with unilateral and bilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Mateijsen DJ, Van Hengel PW, Krikke AP, Van Huffelen WM, Wit HP, Albers FW. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 March; 23(2): 208-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11875351&dopt=Abstract
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Transcranial Doppler sonography in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Gortan D. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 2000; 54(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914435&dopt=Abstract
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Transtympanic gentamicin perfusion for the treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Schwaber MK. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 April; 35(2): 287-95, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391619&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of Meniere's disease by intratympanic gentamicin application. Author(s): Assimakopoulos D, Patrikakos G. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 January; 117(1): 10-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590850&dopt=Abstract
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Tympanic membrane displacement analyser tracing modifications induced by glycerol in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Albera R, Cavalot A, Musto R, Fadda GL, Staffieri A, Di Girolamo S. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 2001 JulyAugust; 40(4): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521710&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Hillerdal M, Friberg U, Svedberg A, Rask-Andersen H, Angelborg C. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1994 April; 27(2): 337-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8022613&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrastructural analysis of the vestibular nerve in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kitamura K, Kaminaga C, Ishida T, Silverstein H. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1997; 24(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9148724&dopt=Abstract
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Update on intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Blakley BW. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 February; 110(2 Pt 1): 236-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10680922&dopt=Abstract
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Use of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions for auditory evaluation in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Perez N, Espinosa JM, Fernandez S, Garcia-Tapia R. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1997; 254(7): 329-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9298669&dopt=Abstract
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Use of electrocochleography for assessing endolymphatic hydrops in patients with Lyme disease and Meniere's disease. Author(s): Selmani Z, Pyykko I, Ishizaki H, Ashammakhi N. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2002 March; 122(2): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936909&dopt=Abstract
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Use of electrocochleography in the diagnosis of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Clin Otolaryngol. 1999 Feb;24(1):81 Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 July; 108(7): 993-1000. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10357610
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Use of glycopyrrolate in the treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Storper IS, Spitzer JB, Scanlan M. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 October; 108(10): 1442-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9778280&dopt=Abstract
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Use of nimodipine in the medical treatment of Meniere's disease: clinical experience. Author(s): Lassen LF, Hirsch BE, Kamerer DB. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1996 July; 17(4): 577-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8841703&dopt=Abstract
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Use of sustained release vehicles in the treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Hoffer ME, Balough B, Henderson J, DeCicco M, Wester D, O'Leary MJ, Kopke R. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1997 December; 30(6): 1159-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9386250&dopt=Abstract
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Use of the round window microcatheter in the treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Hoffer ME, Kopke RD, Weisskopf P, Gottshall K, Allen K, Wester D, Balaban C. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 November; 111(11 Pt 1): 2046-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801994&dopt=Abstract
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Vascular occlusion in the endolymphatic sac in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Friberg U, Rask-Andersen H. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2002 March; 111(3 Pt 1): 237-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11913684&dopt=Abstract
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Vertigo and electronystagmography in uni- and bilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Mateijsen DJ, Hengel PW, Kingma H, Oreel MA, Wit HP, Albers FW. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2001 November-December; 63(6): 341-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713422&dopt=Abstract
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Vestibular aqueduct and endolymphatic duct in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Yuen SS, Schuknecht HF. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1972 December; 96(6): 553-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4621042&dopt=Abstract
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Vestibular findings in a patient with a history of tinnitus before developing Meniere's disease. Author(s): Brookler KH. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2003 August; 82(8): 552. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14503087&dopt=Abstract
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Vestibular nerve section in a child with intractable Meniere's disease. Author(s): See GB, Mahmud MR, Zurin AA, Putra SH, Saim LB. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 May 31; 64(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020915&dopt=Abstract
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Vestibular ocular reflexes in Meniere's disease patients evaluated by passive high frequency head rotation (yaw) and sidewards acceleration. Author(s): Kingma H, Meulenbroeks A, De Jong I. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2000; 544: 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10904797&dopt=Abstract
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Vestibular schwannoma mimicking Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kentala E, Pyykko I. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2000; 543: 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10908964&dopt=Abstract
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Vestibular surgery for Meniere's disease in the elderly: a review of techniques and indications. Author(s): Rosenberg SI. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1999 June; 78(6): 443-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10388195&dopt=Abstract
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Vestibulo-ocular reflex in patients with Meniere's disease between attacks. Author(s): Funabiki K, Naito Y, Honjo I. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1999; 119(8): 886-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728928&dopt=Abstract
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Visual vestibular mismatch in patients treated with intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Longridge NS, Mallinson AI, Denton A. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 February; 31(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881774&dopt=Abstract
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What is Meniere's disease, and how is it treated? Author(s): Mason TP. Source: Health News. 2003 April; 9(4): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710400&dopt=Abstract
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When and how to use gentamicin in the treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Odkvist LM, Bergenius J, Moller C. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1997; 526: 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9107358&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MENIERE’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Meniere’s disease.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Meniere’s Disease The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Meniere’s disease” (or a synonym): •
A newly recognized etiology of Meniere's syndrome. A preliminary report. Author(s): ECHO Foundation, Birmingham, Alabama. Source: Pappas, D G Banyas, J B Acta-Otolaryngol-Suppl. 1991; 485104-7 0365-5237
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Ablation of luteal phase symptoms of Meniere's disease with leuprolide. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Greenville Hospital System, SC. Source: Price, T M Allen, T C Bowyer, D L Watson, T A Arch-Otolaryngol-Head-NeckSurg. 1994 February; 120(2): 209-11 0886-4470
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Allergic management of Meniere's disease: an outcome study. Author(s): House Ear Clinic and House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA. Source: Derebery, M J Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 2000 February; 122(2): 174-82 01945998
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Autoimmune endolymphatic hydrops: five-year review. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Disorders, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44106. Source: Hughes, G B Barna, B P Kinney, S E Calabrese, L H Hamid, M A Nalepa, N J Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 1988 March; 98(3): 221-5 0194-5998
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Clinical indicators useful in predicting response to the medical management of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA. Source: Devaiah, A K Ator, G A Laryngoscope. 2000 November; 110(11): 1861-5 0023852X
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Diuretic and diet effect on Meniere's disease evaluated by the 1985 Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines. Author(s): Division of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield 62794-9230. Source: Santos, P M Hall, R A Snyder, J M Hughes, L F Dobie, R A Otolaryngol-HeadNeck-Surg. 1993 October; 109(4): 680-9 0194-5998
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Drop attacks with Meniere's syndrome. Author(s): Department of Neurology, UCLA Medical Center 90024-1769. Source: Baloh, R W Jacobson, K Winder, T Ann-Neurol. 1990 September; 28(3): 384-7 0364-5134
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Effects of prostaglandin E2 on the fluctuating hearing loss in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Universitats-HNO-Klinik, Koln, Germany. Source: Michel, O Matthias, R Auris-Nasus-Larynx. 1992; 19(1): 7-16 0385-8146
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Endolymphatic hydrops induced by chronic administration of vasopressin. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Takeda, T Takeda, S Kitano, H Okada, T Kakigi, A Hear-Res. 2000 February; 140(1-2): 1-6 0378-5955
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Etiology and treatment of fluid retention (hydrops) in Meniere's syndrome. Source: Proctor, C A Proctor, T B Proctor, B Ear-Nose-Throat-J. 1992 December; 71(12): 631-5 0145-5613
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Innovar treatment for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
[email protected] Source: Gates, G A Acta-Otolaryngol. 1999 March; 119(2): 189-93 0001-6489
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Intratympanic steroid injections for intractable Meniere's disease. Author(s): Carolina Ear and Hearing Clinic, Raleigh, North Carolina 27609, USA.
[email protected] Source: Barrs, D M Keyser, J S Stallworth, C McElveen, J T Jr Laryngoscope. 2001 December; 111(12): 2100-4 0023-852X
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Long-term effects of Meniere's disease on hearing and quality of life. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology/Communicative Disorders, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195-5034, USA. Source: Kinney, S E Sandridge, S A Newman, C W Am-J-Otol. 1997 January; 18(1): 67-73 0192-9763
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Medical management of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Minnesota Ear, Head, and Neck Clinic, Suite 200, 701 25th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. Source: Sajjadi, H Otolaryngol-Clin-North-Am. 2002 June; 35(3): 581-9, vii 0030-6665
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Meniere's disease in congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: report of two twins. Author(s): Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy. Source: Comacchio, F Boggian, O Poletto, E Beghi, A Martini, A Rampazzo, A Am-JOtol. 1992 September; 13(5): 477-81 0192-9763
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Meniere's disease. Author(s): Tulane University Medical Center, Dept of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, New Orleans. Source: Mixon, T Letta, C Amedee, R J-La-State-Med-Soc. 1994 December; 146(12): 511-3 0024-6921
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Meniere's disease: pathophysiology and treatment. Author(s): Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles ORL et Audiophonologiques, Hjpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
[email protected] Source: Thai Van, H Bounaix, M J Fraysse, B Drugs. 2001; 61(8): 1089-102 0012-6667
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Meniere's syndrome and allergy. Author(s): House Ear Clinic and House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, California. Source: Derebery, M J Valenzuela, S Otolaryngol-Clin-North-Am. 1992 February; 25(1): 213-24 0030-6665
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Meniere's syndrome: an approach to therapy. Author(s): Neurotologic Associates, P.C., New York, NY 10021, USA. Source: Brookler, K H Glenn, M B Ear-Nose-Throat-J. 1995 August; 74(8): 534-8, 540, 542 0145-5613
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Natural history of Meniere's disease: staging the patients or their symptoms? Author(s): Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy. Source: Filipo, R Barbara, M Acta-Otolaryngol-Suppl. 1997; 52610-3 0365-5237
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Pressure treatment versus gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden. Source: Odkvist, L Acta-Otolaryngol. 2001 January; 121(2): 266-8 0001-6489
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Results of endolymphatic sac to mastoid shunt surgery for Meniere's disease refractory to medical therapy. Source: Arenberg, I K Am-J-Otol. 1987 July; 8(4): 335-44 0192-9763
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Rotatory recovery nystagmus: an important localizing sign in endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. Source: Parnes, L S McClure, J A J-Otolaryngol. 1990 April; 19(2): 96-9 0381-6605
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Treatment of Meniere's disease by acupuncture: report of 75 cases. Source: Xu, B R Ge, S H J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1987 March; 7(1): 69-70 0254-6272
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Use of glycopyrrolate in the treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA. Source: Storper, I S Spitzer, J B Scanlan, M Laryngoscope. 1998 October; 108(10): 1442-5 0023-852X
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Use of nimodipine in the medical treatment of Meniere's disease: clinical experience. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia 23708, USA. Source: Lassen, L F Hirsch, B E Kamerer, D B Am-J-Otol. 1996 July; 17(4): 577-80 01929763
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to Meniere’s disease; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Low-Salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MENIERE’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Meniere’s disease. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Meniere’s disease and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Meniere’s disease: •
A critical evaluation of the glycerol test in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Thomsen J, Vesterhauge S. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1979 April; 8(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=430581&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind clinical trial of hydroxyethylrutosides in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Moser M, Ranacher G, Wilmot TJ, Golden GJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1984 March; 98(3): 265-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6366100&dopt=Abstract
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A psychological contribution to the management of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Elwood S, Carlton JH, Cliffe MJ.
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Source: The Practitioner. 1982 June; 226(1368): 1149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7050950&dopt=Abstract •
Action potential latency shift by rarefaction and condensation clicks in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Orchik DJ, Ge NN, Shea JJ Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 1998 April; 9(2): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9564674&dopt=Abstract
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Alternobaric and hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the immediate and long-term treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Fattori B, De Iaco G, Vannucci G, Casani A, Ghilardi PL. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1996 November-December; 35(6): 322-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9018366&dopt=Abstract
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Alternobaric oxygen therapy in long-term treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Fattori B, De Iaco G, Nacci A, Casani A, Ursino F. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 2002 Winter; 29(4): 260-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797667&dopt=Abstract
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An experimental evaluation of the effects of transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) and applied relaxation (AR) on hearing ability, tinnitus and dizziness in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Scott B, Larsen HC, Lyttkens L, Melin L. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1994 June; 28(3): 131-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841897&dopt=Abstract
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An introspective account of Meniere's syndrome. Author(s): Bartemeier LH. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1967 July; 31(4): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6047285&dopt=Abstract
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Classification of patients with Meniere's disease using otoacoustic emissions. Author(s): van Huffelen WM, Mateijsen NJ, Wit HP. Source: Audiology & Neuro-Otology. 1998 November-December; 3(6): 419-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9732134&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical significance of positive summating potential in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Mori N, Koshimune A, Asai H.
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Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1990; 52(1): 10-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2304756&dopt=Abstract •
Continuous monitoring of SP and CAP during glycerol test in Meniere's disease: preliminary results. Author(s): Dauman R, Charlet de Sauvage R. Source: Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 1984; 105(2 Suppl): 219-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6463443&dopt=Abstract
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Critical bandwidth in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Bonding P. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1979 MayJune; 18(3): 197-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=464893&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops by low-frequency masking. Author(s): Mrowinski D, Scholz G, Krompass S, Nubel K. Source: Audiology & Neuro-Otology. 1996 March-April; 1(2): 125-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9390796&dopt=Abstract
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Diaphoresis and Meniere's disease. Author(s): Herman LE, Stroud MH, Carver WF, Arenberg IK. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1977 December; 103(12): 700-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=588123&dopt=Abstract
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Distortion product otoacoustic emmissions in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Cianfrone G, Ralli G, Fabbricatore M, Altissimi G, Nola G. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 2000; 29(2): 111-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10888348&dopt=Abstract
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Early vestibular rehabilitation in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Dowdal-Osborn M. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 35(3): 683-90, Ix. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486848&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of hearing loss in electrocochleographic investigation of endolymphatic hydrops using tone-pip and click stimuli. Author(s): Koyuncu M, Mason SM, Shinkwin C.
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Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1994 February; 108(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8163912&dopt=Abstract •
Electrocochleographic study of a case of lermoyez's syndrome. Author(s): Schmidt PH, Odenthal DW, Eggermont JJ, Spoor A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1975 March-April; 79(3-4): 287-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1136768&dopt=Abstract
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Electrocochleographic study of experimentally induced endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): van Deelen GW, Ruding PR, Veldman JE, Huizing EH, Smoorenburg GF. Source: Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1987; 244(3): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3675299&dopt=Abstract
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Electrocochleography in endolymphatic hydrops using tone-pip and click stimuli. Author(s): Koyuncu M, Mason SM, Saunders MW. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1994 February; 19(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8174307&dopt=Abstract
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Emotion as a precipitating factor in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Hinchcliffe R. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1967 May; 81(5): 471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6024989&dopt=Abstract
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Eriodictyol glycoside in meniere's disease. Author(s): WILLIAMS HL Jr. Source: Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1964 January-February; 68: 45-59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14116421&dopt=Abstract
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Evoked otoacoustic emissions in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): de Kleine E, Mateijsen DJ, Wit HP, Albers FW. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 July; 23(4): 510-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170154&dopt=Abstract
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Frequency characteristics of summating potential in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Mori N, Asai H, Shugyo A, Sakagami M. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 1994; 23(1): 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8184281&dopt=Abstract
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Interpretation of electrocochleography in Meniere's disease and normal subjects. Author(s): Campbell KC, Harker LA, Abbas PJ. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1992 June; 101(6): 496-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1610066&dopt=Abstract
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Intraoperative electrocochleographic monitoring of inner ear surgery for endolymphatic hydrops. A review of cases. Author(s): Arenberg IK, Obert AD, Gibson WP. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1991; 485: 53-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1843172&dopt=Abstract
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Intraoperative electrocochleography of endolymphatic hydrops surgery using clicks and tone bursts. Author(s): Arenberg IK, Kobayashi H, Obert AD, Gibson WP. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1993; 504: 58-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8470535&dopt=Abstract
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Lipoflavonoids in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Goffin FB. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1970 June; 49(6): 290-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5481613&dopt=Abstract
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Low-frequency masking for detection of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with glaucoma. Author(s): Kabudwand EA, Nubel K, Gerdemann M, Scholz G, Mrowinski D. Source: Hearing Research. 1998 February; 116(1-2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9508036&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease and the cervical spine. Author(s): LEWIT K. Source: Rev Czech Med. 1961; 7: 129-39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13761764&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease: subjective and objective evaluation of medical treatment with betahistine HCl. Author(s): Bertrand RA. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1972; 305: 48-69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4353750&dopt=Abstract
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Meniere's disease: the selection and assessment of patients for surgery using electrocochleography. Author(s): Booth JB.
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Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1980 November; 62(6): 41525. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6776867&dopt=Abstract •
Meniere's disease--is surgery really necessary? Author(s): Fahey D. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1967 June; 77(6): 918-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6025944&dopt=Abstract
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Personal and family medical history in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Hinchcliffe R. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1967 June; 81(6): 661-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6027270&dopt=Abstract
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Personality profile in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Hinchcliffe R. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1967 May; 81(5): 477-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4381611&dopt=Abstract
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Pre and post-glycerol special audiometric tests battery results in endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Swanson SN, Arenberg IK, Carver WF, Spector GJ, Stroud MH. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1976 April; 86(4): 490-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1263718&dopt=Abstract
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Selective vestibular ablation by KTP laser in endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Adamczyk M, Antonelli PJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 June; 111(6): 1057-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11404621&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship of SP and AP findings to hearing level in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Mori N, Asai H, Sakagami M. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 1988; 17(4): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3232026&dopt=Abstract
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The treatment of Meniere's disease by acupuncture. Author(s): Steinberger A, Pansini M. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1983; 11(1-4): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6660197&dopt=Abstract
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The Tullio phenomenon in patients with Meniere's disease as revealed with posturography. Author(s): Ishizaki H, Pyykko I, Aalto H, Starck J. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1991; 481: 593-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1927479&dopt=Abstract
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The use of electrocochleography in the diagnosis of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Gibson WP. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1991; 485: 46-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1843171&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic options in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Arenberg IK, Bayer RF. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1977 October; 103(10): 589-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=303093&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of Meniere's disease by acupuncture: report of 75 cases. Author(s): Xu BR, Ge SH. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1987 March; 7(1): 69-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3613642&dopt=Abstract
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Tympanic electrocochleography for evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Levine SC, Margolis RH, Fournier EM, Winzenburg SM. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1992 June; 102(6): 614-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1602909&dopt=Abstract
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Use of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions for auditory evaluation in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Perez N, Espinosa JM, Fernandez S, Garcia-Tapia R. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1997; 254(7): 329-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9298669&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to Meniere’s disease; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Tinnitus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vertigo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Herbs and Supplements Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON MENIERE’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to Meniere’s disease. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “Meniere’s disease” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Meniere’s disease, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Meniere’s Disease ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to Meniere’s disease. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Study of the Intratympanic Gentamicin Therapy for Unilateral Meniere's Disease by Dr. Eduardo Martin Sanz from Universidad De Navarra (Spain), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f794945
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The Efficacy of Streptomycin Vestibular Neurectomy to Alleviate Vertigo and Fluctuant Hearing Loss Associated with Meniere's Disease by Grace, Stephanie Lubitz; PhD from University of Cincinnati, 2002, 75 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053376
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MENIERE’S DISEASE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic addition to online booksellers such sources for book titles on Meniere’s Database and the National Library of these titles available for loan.
book references relating to Meniere’s disease. In as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent disease include the Combined Health Information Medicine. Your local medical library also may have
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Meniere’s disease” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Meniere’s disease” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Meniere’s disease” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Controversial Aspects of Meniere's Disease by C.R. Pfaltz (Editor); ISBN: 086577224X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/086577224X/icongroupinterna
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Human Endolymphatic Sac: With Particular Regard to Meniere's Disease by N. Lilliestron (1998); ISBN: 915543827X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/915543827X/icongroupinterna
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Meniere's Disease by Jeffrey P. Harris (Editor); ISBN: 9062991629; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9062991629/icongroupinterna
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Meniere's Disease; ISBN: 9062990525; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9062990525/icongroupinterna
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Meniere's Disease by M. Kitahara (Editor); ISBN: 3540700560; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540700560/icongroupinterna
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Meniere's Disease - Perspectives in the 90's by R. Filipo, M. Barbara; ISBN: 9062991122; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9062991122/icongroupinterna
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Meniere's Disease - Update 1999 by Fran International Conference on Acoustic Neuroma Surgery 1995 Paris, et al; ISBN: 9062991289; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9062991289/icongroupinterna
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Meniere's Disease : What you need to know by P. J. Haybach, Jerry Underwood; ISBN: 0963261118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963261118/icongroupinterna
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Meniere's Disease: A Comprehensive Appraisal by W. J. Oosterveld (Editor); ISBN: 0471901660; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471901660/icongroupinterna
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Meniere's Disease: An Information Book for People with Meniere's Disease by V. K. Barton; ISBN: 0646050222; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0646050222/icongroupinterna
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Treatment Options for Meniere's Disease: Endolymphatic Sac Surgery: Do It or Don't Do It and Why? by I. Kaufman Arenberg (Editor), Malcolm D. Graham; ISBN: 1565937341; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565937341/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:5
Chapters on Meniere’s Disease In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Meniere’s disease, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Meniere’s disease using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on Meniere’s disease: 5
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Types of BPPV Source: in Hayback, P.J. BPPV: What You Need to Know. Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. 2000. p. 29-32. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $34.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963261142. Summary: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is an inner ear balance disorder characterized by sudden brief bouts of intense vertigo and nystagmus (rapid eyeball movements) induced by specific head movements. This chapter on the types of BPPV is from a book that was written for people who have or suspect they have BPPV and who want to know more about its nature, causes, diagnosis, and treatments as well as strategies for coping with its effects. This chapter notes that physicians sometimes classify BPPV by pattern, intensity, the canal (s) affected, and the involvement of one ear or both ears; some also categorize it by debris. BPPV can affect any of the three semicircular canals in either ear and can affect more than one canal simultaneously. BPPV can occur in only one ear or in both. The author notes that not all physicians agree on the existence of the different patterns and intensities of BPPV, particularly the persistent and extreme varieties. Many believe that if the symptoms are constant or nearly so, the disorder must be something other than BPPV. BPPV can occur with, or be caused by, other vestibular (balance system) disorders such as vestibular neuronitis, ototoxicity, perilymph fistula, Meniere's disease, endolymphatic hydrops, and inner ear syphilis. BPPV accompanied by another vestibular problem will usually have many symptoms beyond those of unaccompanied BPPV. The author stresses that most cases of BPPV are self limiting, mild, unilateral (only on one side), and involve only the posterior canal; they are not difficult to diagnosis or treat. The book is published by the Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA), a nonprofit organization that provides information and support to people with inner ear disorders. 7 references.
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Balance and Other Vestibular Functions Source: in Haybach, P.J. Meniere's Disease: What You Need to Know. Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. 1998. p. 33-42. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963261118. Summary: This chapter is from a book that provides information for people who have or suspect they have Meniere's disease and want to know more about its diagnosis and treatment, as well as strategies for coping with its effects. Written in nontechnical language, the chapter discusses the physiology of balance and other vestibular functions. The author states that balance is so important to normal functioning that is should be regarded as the sixth sense. Vestibular function includes the collection, transmission, and reflex use of movement, gravity, and position information. The vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, vestibulo-cochlear nerve, brain, and the vestibular reflexes are all involved. The author reviews the vestibular damage and changes that can occur in endolymphatic hydrops, including utricular and saccular enlargement, ruptured semicircular canal walls (the membranous labyrinth), abnormal collections of blood, hair cell disintegration, lifting of the otolithic membrane, and chemical environment changes. 1 figure. 1 table. 17 references.
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Medical and Surgical Evaluation and Management of Tinnitus Source: in Tyler, R.S., ed. Tinnitus Handbook. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. 2000. p. 221-241. Contact: Available from Singular-Thomson Learning. P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 477-3692. Fax (606) 647-5963. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $65.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565939220. Summary: This chapter is from an audiology textbook that offers clinicians and recent graduates information on tinnitus (ringing or other sounds in the ears). In the chapter, the authors focus on the medical evaluation of tinnitus patients, including both radiological (x ray) and laboratory testing, as well as medical and surgical management. The authors stress that often treatment of the underlying pathological condition, or withdrawal from the offending medication (many drugs have tinnitus as a side effect) will alleviate the symptom of tinnitus. Topics include the importance of obtaining an adequate patient history, the physical examination of the patient, diagnostic classification, laboratory evaluation, and diseases and disorders associated with tinnitus, including: endolymphatic hydrops (Meniere's disease), cerebellopontine angle tumors, temporomandibular joint syndrome, sensorineural hearing loss, myoclonus, vascular abnormalities, arteriovenous malformations and fistulae, carotid artery abnormality, skull base neoplasms (growths, including cancer), benign intracranial hypertension (BIH), and systemic disease. The authors conclude that for many patients, reassurance that there are no underlying tumors or impeding medical emergencies can reduce their anxiety and symptoms of tinnitus. However, the authors reiterate that a thorough medical evaluation must accompany the management of tinnitus, as underlying medical etiologies (causes)of tinnitus may go undiagnosed for years with increased morbidity for the patient. 9 figures. 116 references.
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Common Neurotological Disorders Source: in Baloh, R.W. Dizziness, Hearing Loss, and Tinnitus. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company. 1998. p. 139-198. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc. Business Office, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513. (800) 451-7556 or (919) 677-0977. Fax (919) 677-1303. PRICE: $65.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This chapter on common neurotological disorders is from a textbook that presents a concise approach to evaluating patients with dizziness, hearing loss, and tinnitus. The first section outlines infections of the ear and temporal bone, including acute otitis media, chronic otomastoiditis, malignant external otitis, intracranial complications of otitic infection, toxic (serous) labyrinthitis, viral neurolabyrinthitis, herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome), and syphilitis labyrinthitis. The next section considers vascular disorders, including labyrinthine ischemia and infarction, labyrinthine hemorrhage, vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attacks, lateral medullary infarction (Wallenberg's syndrome), lateral pontomedullary infarction, cerebellar infarction, and cerebellar hemorrhage. Additional topics covered include benign positional vertigo (canalithiasis), Meniere's disease (endolymphatic hydrops), autoimmune inner ear disease, migraine (benign recurrent vertigo), tumors, trauma (otitic barotrauma, perilymph fistula, labyrinthine concussion, and noise-induced hearing loss), ototoxicity, otosclerosis, aging (presbycusis and disequilibrium of aging), developmental disorders (maldevelopment of the inner ear, and Chiari malformation), and multiple sclerosis. For each condition, the author summarizes the symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, and management strategies. Numerous tables and flowcharts guide the
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reader through the diagnostic workup. Important points are highlighted and presented in the margins of the text. 29 figures. 2 tables. 133 references.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MENIERE’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Meniere’s disease.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Meniere’s disease is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Meniere’s disease. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Meniere’s disease: •
Meniere's disease may have allergic component Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 01, 1999
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Allergies may play role in Meniere's disease Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 29, 1999 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Meniere’s disease, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms).
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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on Meniere’s disease: •
Vestibular Injury: Compensation, Decompensation, and Failure to Compensate Source: On the Level. 17(1): 2-3. Winter 2000. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. Summary: The balance system of the inner ear and brain can be damaged in many ways. Viral infections (labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis), disorders that affect the fluid levels in the inner ear (Meniere's disease and endolymphatic hydrops), trauma from head injury, benign tumors (acoustic neuroma), and degeneration of the balance organ cells with aging can all cause permanent damage to the balance organ or balance nerve. This newsletter article explores the compensation and decompensation processes involved with vestibular injury. The author notes that when the balance system is damaged, it has little ability to repair itself. The body recovers from the injury by having the part of the brain that controls balance recalibrate itself to compensate for the unmatched signals being sent from the damaged and well ears. This compensation process occurs naturally in most people. Some patients require help from vestibular rehabilitation therapy in order to recover from an injury to the balance system. The author explores acute and chronic compensation, decompensation, and failure to compensate. The author also describes the types of treatment options available for people with balance disorders.
Academic Periodicals covering Meniere’s Disease Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Meniere’s disease. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Meniere’s disease that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for Meniere’s disease. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with Meniere’s disease. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).
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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to Meniere’s disease: Gentamicin •
Ophthalmic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202604.html
•
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Gentacidin; Gentafair; Gentak; OcuMycin; Spectro-Genta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202604.html
•
Topical - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Gentamar; G-Myticin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202258.html
Kanamycin •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Kantrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202312.html
Quinine •
Systemic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202457.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.
PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter,
Researching Medications
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Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
6
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
7
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway9 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 4946 79 596 0 0 5621
HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.13 Simply search by “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
9
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
10
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12 13
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists14 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.15 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.16 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
14 Adapted 15
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 16 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Meniere’s disease can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Meniere’s disease. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Meniere’s disease. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Meniere’s disease”:
102 Meniere’s Disease
•
Guides on Meniere’s disease Meniere's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/menieresdisease.html
•
Other guides Acoustic Neuroma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/acousticneuroma.html Dizziness and Vertigo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dizzinessandvertigo.html Ear Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eardisorders.html Ear Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/earinfections.html Hearing Disorders & Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersdeafness.html Movement Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/movementdisorders.html Speech & Communication Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/speechcommunicationdisorders.html Tourette Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tourettesyndrome.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to Meniere’s disease, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Meniere's Disease Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/096.xml
•
Diagnosis/Symptoms Diagnostic Tests Source: Vestibular Disorders Association http://www.vestibular.org/tests.html Hearing Problems: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/508.xml
•
Treatment Gentamicin: Problem or Solution? Source: Vestibular Disorders Association http://www.vestibular.org/gentamicin.html
Patient Resources
•
103
Coping Dining Out Source: Vestibular Disorders Association http://www.vestibular.org/dining.html
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Endolymphatic Hydrops Source: Vestibular Disorders Association http://www.vestibular.org/endolym.html
•
From the National Institutes of Health Meniere's Disease Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/balance/meniere.asp
•
Pictures/Diagrams Atlas of the Body: The Ear Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZYXNW46JC &sub_cat=198
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on Meniere’s disease. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Meniere's Disease Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2000. 4p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. One Prince St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. TTY: (703) 519-1585. Web site: www.entnet.org. PRICE: Available free online; print brochure is $30.00 for 100 for non-members, plus shipping and handling. Discounted for members.
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Summary: This brochure provides basic information about Meniere's disease, also called idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops. Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear and is one of the most common causes of dizziness originating in the inner ear. Topics include symptoms, how a diagnosis is made, and treatments for the disease, including medication, diet, surgery, and lifestyle recommendations. The symptoms of Meniere's disease are episodic rotational vertigo (attacks of a spinning sensation), hearing loss, tinnitus (a roaring, buzzing, or ringing sound in the ear), and a sensation of fullness in the affected ear. The symptoms of Meniere's disease may be only a minor nuisance, or can become disabling, especially if the attacks of vertigo are severe, frequent, and occur without warning. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the specialty of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. (AA-M). Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: Summary: This consumer health information brochure discusses causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this Ménière's disease -- an abnormality of the inner ear that causes vertigo or severe dizziness, Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Information Clearinghouse http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=52 The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Meniere’s disease. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
Patient Resources
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Associations and Meniere’s Disease The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to Meniere’s disease: •
Meniere's Disease and Dizziness Support Group Telephone: (248) 585-8519 Fax: (248) 585-8519 Email:
[email protected] Background: The Meniere s Disease and Dizziness Support Group is a not-for-profit selfhelp organization dedicated to helping individuals affected by Meniere s Disease to cope in society, family, and employment. Meniere s Disease is characterized by recurrent dizziness (vertigo), possible hearing loss, and ringing sounds (tinnitus). Established in 1989, the organization provides educational materials and maintains support groups for affected individuals and their families. Monthly meetings include professional speakers such as a specialist in the medical treatment and surgery of the ear (otologist); a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders (neurologist); ear, nose, and throat specialist; physical therapist; and nutritionist. In addition, the Group helps affected individuals to help themselves to prevent an episode of symptoms. Relevant area(s) of interest: Labyrinthine Hydrops, Labyrinthine Syndrome, Lermoyez Syndrome, Meniere's Disease
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Meniere’s disease. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Meniere’s disease. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Meniere’s disease. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations.
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The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Meniere’s disease” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Meniere’s disease”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Meniere’s disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Meniere’s disease” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.17
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
17
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)18: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
18
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
112 Meniere’s Disease
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
113
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on Meniere’s disease: •
Basic Guidelines for Meniere’s Disease Meniere's disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000702.htm Otitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001336.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Meniere’s Disease Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Eye movements, uncontrollable Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003037.htm
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Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Hearing loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003044.htm Loss of balance Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Loss of hearing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003044.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Nausea and vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Noises or ringing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003043.htm Pallor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Tinnitus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003043.htm Vertigo Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Meniere’s Disease Audiology/audiometry Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003341.htm
Online Glossaries 115
Audiometry Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003341.htm Caloric stimulation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003429.htm EEG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003931.htm Electronystagmography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003448.htm Head CT scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003786.htm Head MRI scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003791.htm •
Nutrition for Meniere’s Disease Sodium in diet Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002415.htm
•
Background Topics for Meniere’s Disease Alcohol use Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Head injury Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000028.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Smoking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
117
MENIERE’S DISEASE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acoustic Maculae: Thickened areas of the saccule and utricle where the termination of the vestibular nerve occurs. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Triphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps
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to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the
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lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to
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strains of unusual type. [EU] Audiology: The study of hearing and hearing impairment. [NIH] Audiometry: The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds, and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Barotrauma: Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basilar Artery: The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Betahistine: N-Methyl-2-pyridineethanamine. A physiological histamine analog vasodilator agent that also acts as a histamine H1 receptor agonist. It is used in Meniere's disease and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its
Dictionary 121
composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binaural: Used of the two ears functioning together. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Conduction: Sound transmission through the bones of the skull to the inner ear. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the
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brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Caloric Tests: Elicitation of a rotatory nystagmus by stimulating the semicircular canals with water or air which is above or below body temperature. In warm caloric stimulation a rotatory nystagmus is developed toward the side of the stimulated ear; in cold, away from the stimulated side. Absence of nystagmus indicates the labyrinth is not functioning. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular Physiology: Functions and activities of the cardiovascular system as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH]
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Central retinal artery: The blood vessel that carries blood into eye; supplies nutrition to the retina. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellopontine: Going from the cerebellum (the part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement) to the pons (part of the central nervous system located near the base of the brain.) [NIH] Cerebellopontine Angle: Junction between the cerebellum and the pons. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chronotherapy: The adaptation of the administration of drugs to circadian rhythms. The concept is based on the response of biological functions to time-related events, such as the low point in epinephrine levels between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m. or the elevated histamine levels between midnight and 4 a.m. The treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms or modifying therapy based on known variations in body rhythms. While chronotherapy is commonly used in cancer chemotherapy, it is not restricted to cancer therapy or to chemotherapy. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH]
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Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Duct: Spiral tube in the bony canal of the cochlea, lying on its outer wall between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani. [NIH] Cochlear Implantation: Surgical insertion of an electronic device implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Nucleus: The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all
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consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH]
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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cost-benefit: A quantitative technique of economic analysis which, when applied to radiation practice, compares the health detriment from the radiation doses concerned with the cost of radiation dose reduction in that practice. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-
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leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decompensation: Failure of compensation; cardiac decompensation is marked by dyspnea, venous engorgement, and edema. [EU] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention
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of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diving: An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU]
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Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electronystagmography: Recording of nystagmus based on changes in the electrical field surrounding the eye produced by the difference in potential between the cornea and the retina. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endolymph: The fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. [NIH] Endolymphatic Duct: Duct connecting the endolymphatic sac with the membranous labyrinth. [NIH] Endolymphatic Sac: The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU]
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Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Paralysis: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. Facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. Neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH]
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Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
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Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadorelin: A decapeptide hormone released by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Head Movements: Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Herpes Zoster Oticus: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]
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Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygote: An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH]
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Hypesthesia: Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU]
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Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one
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direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthine: A vestibular nystagmus resulting from stimulation, injury, or disease of the labyrinth. [NIH] Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leuprolide: A potent and long acting analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gonadorelin). Its action is similar to gonadorelin, which regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH]
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Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mandibular Nerve: A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the
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endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH]
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Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephrogenic: Constant thirst and frequent urination because the kidney tubules cannot respond to antidiuretic hormone. The result is an increase in urine formation and excessive urine flow. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurogenic Inflammation: Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU]
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Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystagmus: Rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs, either pendular or jerky. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmic Artery: Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures. [NIH] Opsin: A visual pigment protein found in the retinal rods. It combines with retinaldehyde to form rhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the
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suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an ENT doctor. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Otolith: A complex calcareous concretion in the inner ear which controls man's sense of balance and reactions to acceleration. [NIH] Otolithic Membrane: A gelatinous membrane surmounting the acoustic maculae of the saccule and utricle and containing minute calciferous granules, known as otoconia, otoliths, or statoconia. [NIH] Otology: The branch of medicine which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of the disorders and diseases of the ear. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU]
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Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perilymph: The fluid contained within the space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age.
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[NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Pitch Discrimination: The ability to differentiate tones. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Presbycusis: Progressive bilateral loss of hearing that occurs in the aged. Syn: senile deafness. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a
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designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH]
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Prosthesis Design: The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis. [NIH]
Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radial Artery: The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons,
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alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rarefaction: The reduction of the density of a substance; the attenuation of a gas. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Artery: Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina. [NIH]
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Retinal Artery Occlusion: Occlusion or closure of the central retinal artery causing sudden, usually nearly complete, loss of vision in one eye. Occlusion of the branch retinal artery causes sudden visual loss in only a portion of the visual field. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Round Window: Fenestra of the cochlea; an opening in the medial wall of the middle ear leading into the cochlea. [NIH] Saccule: The smaller of the 2 sacs within the vestibule of the ear. [NIH] Saccule and Utricle: Two membranous sacs within the vestibule of the inner ear. The smaller, the saccule, lies near the opening of the scala vestibuli. The larger, the utricle, is in the superoposterior part of the vestibule. Both receive filaments from the vestibulocochlear nerve. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are
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the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Skull Base: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface. [NIH] Skull Base Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the base of the skull specifically, differentiated from neoplasms of unspecified sites or bones of the skull (skull neoplasms). [NIH] Skull Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the
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large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Speech Perception: The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes). [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spiral Ganglion: The sensory ganglion of the cochlear nerve. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stria: 1. A streak, or line. 2. A narrow bandlike structure; a general term for such
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longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. [EU] Stria Vascularis: A layer of highly vascular pigmented granular cells on the outer wall of the cochlear duct. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synchrony: The normal physiologic sequencing of atrial and ventricular activation and contraction. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
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Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH]
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Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transient Ischemic Attacks: Focal neurologic abnormalities of sudden onset and brief duration that reflect dysfunction in the distribution of the internal carotid-middle cerebral or the vertebrobasilar arterial system. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translations: Products resulting from the conversion of one language to another. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Ganglion: The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH]
Dictionary 153
Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Headaches: A group of disorders characterized by recurrent headaches associated with abnormal dilation and constriction of cerebral blood vessels. Representative disorders from this category include migraine, cluster headache, and paroxysmal hemicrania. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibular Aqueduct: A small bony canal linking the vestibule of the inner ear to the posterior part of the internal surface of the petrous temporal bone. It surrounds the endolymphatic duct. [NIH]
154 Meniere’s Disease
Vestibular Nerve: The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position. [NIH] Vestibular Neuronitis: That due to a lesion in the labyrinth or vestibule. [NIH] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Dictionary 155
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yaws: A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]
157
INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 18, 117 A Abdomen, 117, 121, 135, 136, 149 Ablation, 17, 30, 41, 64, 74, 117 Acoustic, 11, 14, 24, 36, 42, 80, 87, 102, 117, 141, 154 Acoustic Maculae, 117, 141 Actin, 15, 117, 138, 139 Acuity, 117, 120 Adaptation, 117, 123 Adenine, 117 Adenocarcinoma, 25, 117 Adenosine, 57, 117, 142 Adenosine Triphosphate, 57, 117, 142 Adenylate Cyclase, 117, 123 Adjuvant, 117, 130 Adrenal Medulla, 117, 130, 140 Adverse Effect, 117, 148 Afferent, 7, 16, 18, 117 Agonist, 117, 120 Algorithms, 117, 121 Alkaline, 118, 121 Alleles, 39, 118, 133 Allergen, 32, 40, 118 Alternative medicine, 86, 118 Alveoli, 118, 153 Amino Acid Sequence, 118 Amino Acids, 118, 140, 142, 143, 145, 153 Ammonia, 118, 153 Anaesthesia, 118, 134 Analog, 118, 120, 136 Analogous, 118, 152 Anatomical, 6, 10, 118, 134, 147 Anesthesia, 42, 118 Anesthetics, 118, 130, 132 Animal model, 6, 7, 18, 118 Antibiotics, 35, 118 Antibodies, 9, 21, 22, 50, 56, 118, 119, 120, 134, 137, 143 Antibody, 29, 119, 125, 126, 133, 134, 146, 148, 149 Antidiuretic, 56, 119, 139 Antigen, 9, 29, 39, 40, 118, 119, 125, 127, 133, 134, 148 Antigen-presenting cell, 119, 127 Anti-inflammatory, 119, 127, 131 Antispasmodic, 119, 132
Anxiety, 82, 119 Aperture, 33, 119 Aponeurosis, 119, 131 Aqueous, 119, 120, 127 Arachidonic Acid, 119, 144 Arterial, 119, 133, 145, 152 Arteries, 5, 119, 120, 121, 123, 126, 138 Arterioles, 5, 119, 121 Arteriovenous, 82, 119 Assay, 13, 119 Asymptomatic, 32, 119 Atmospheric Pressure, 119, 133 Atrial, 119, 150 Atrophy, 19, 20, 119 Attenuated, 17, 119 Attenuation, 119, 146 Atypical, 53, 119 Audiology, 28, 30, 35, 42, 44, 56, 59, 70, 71, 72, 74, 82, 114, 120 Audiometry, 54, 114, 115, 120 Auditory, 10, 11, 14, 17, 28, 59, 75, 120, 124, 130, 132 Autoantibodies, 28, 53, 120 Autoantigens, 120 Autoimmune disease, 120, 138 Autoimmunity, 22, 120 Autonomic, 120, 140, 142 Axons, 28, 120, 139, 140 B Bacteria, 119, 120, 121, 129, 138, 143, 152, 153 Bacteriophage, 120, 152 Barotrauma, 3, 82, 120 Basal Ganglia, 120, 131 Base, 14, 15, 117, 120, 123, 127, 136, 148, 151 Basilar Artery, 6, 120 Benign, 4, 23, 81, 82, 87, 120, 131, 132, 139, 147 Benign tumor, 87, 120 Betahistine, 23, 73, 120 Bilateral, 7, 23, 24, 48, 58, 60, 120, 141, 143 Bile, 120, 136, 149 Binaural, 18, 121 Biochemical, 24, 118, 121 Bioluminescence, 13, 121 Biotechnology, 19, 80, 86, 97, 121 Bladder, 121, 138, 139, 153
158 Meniere’s Disease
Blood Coagulation, 121 Blood pressure, 55, 121, 133, 140, 142 Blood vessel, 6, 13, 121, 122, 123, 129, 136, 142, 149, 151, 153 Bone Conduction, 120, 121 Bone Marrow, 121, 134, 137 Bowel, 121, 135 Brachial, 121, 145 Brachial Artery, 121, 145 Brain Stem, 121, 123, 124, 149, 152, 154 Branch, 25, 111, 121, 129, 137, 141, 147, 149, 151 Bronchial, 120, 121, 133 C Calcium, 15, 121, 122, 125, 130, 140 Calmodulin, 121, 130 Caloric Tests, 18, 122 Carbohydrate, 122, 131, 132, 143 Carcinogenic, 122, 135, 149 Carcinogens, 122, 140 Cardiac, 122, 127, 130, 139, 149 Cardiovascular, 6, 17, 122 Cardiovascular Physiology, 6, 122 Cardiovascular System, 17, 122 Carotene, 122, 146 Case report, 20, 25, 28, 122 Caudal, 122, 143 Cell Count, 19, 122 Cell membrane, 122, 131, 135 Central Nervous System, 122, 123, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 139, 141, 143 Central Nervous System Infections, 122, 132, 133 Central retinal artery, 123, 146, 147 Cerebellar, 6, 21, 25, 82, 123, 124 Cerebellopontine, 82, 123 Cerebellopontine Angle, 82, 123 Cerebellum, 123, 143 Cerebral, 120, 121, 123, 130, 133, 136, 148, 152, 153 Cerebral Arteries, 120, 123 Cerebrospinal, 123, 133, 148 Cerebrospinal fluid, 123, 133, 148 Cerebrovascular, 123, 140 Cervical, 16, 25, 55, 57, 73, 123 Cervix, 123 Chemotherapy, 14, 123 Cholera, 9, 123, 154 Cholera Toxin, 9, 123 Cholesterol, 121, 123, 149 Chromosomal, 123, 143
Chronic, 4, 8, 14, 19, 64, 82, 87, 115, 123, 125, 127, 128, 131, 134, 137, 145, 150 Chronic renal, 123, 131 Chronotherapy, 14, 123 Circadian, 123, 124 Circadian Rhythm, 123, 124 CIS, 124, 146 Clamp, 5, 124 Clinical trial, 4, 18, 69, 97, 124, 126, 145, 146 Cloning, 121, 124 Cochlea, 5, 6, 10, 13, 17, 22, 124, 135, 147 Cochlear, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 23, 26, 27, 29, 50, 55, 81, 124, 149, 150, 151, 154 Cochlear Diseases, 14, 124, 151 Cochlear Duct, 124, 150 Cochlear Implantation, 26, 124 Cochlear Implants, 7, 124 Cochlear Nerve, 81, 124, 149, 154 Cochlear Nucleus, 124, 154 Cofactor, 124, 145 Colchicine, 124, 152 Collagen, 21, 22, 124, 144 Complement, 125 Complementary and alternative medicine, 69, 76, 125 Complementary medicine, 69, 125 Computational Biology, 97, 125 Concretion, 125, 141 Conduction, 120, 125 Cones, 125, 146 Conjunctiva, 125, 152 Connective Tissue, 121, 124, 126, 131, 137 Constriction, 126, 136, 145, 153 Contraindications, ii, 126 Control group, 9, 126 Controlled study, 25, 28, 31, 47, 126 Conventional therapy, 54, 126 Conventional treatment, 126 Coordination, 123, 126, 138 Cornea, 126, 129, 132, 155 Coronary, 126, 138 Coronary Thrombosis, 126, 138 Cortex, 123, 124, 126, 130, 144 Cortisone, 126, 127 Cost-benefit, 55, 126 Cranial, 8, 123, 124, 126, 132, 135, 137, 139, 140, 142, 152, 154 Craniocerebral Trauma, 126, 132, 133, 151 Criterion, 16, 126 Cues, 18, 126 Curative, 126, 151
Index 159
Cyclic, 17, 117, 122, 126, 144, 148 Cytokines, 9, 126 Cytoplasm, 122, 123, 127, 150 Cytoskeleton, 15, 127 D Databases, Bibliographic, 97, 127 Deamination, 127, 153 Decompensation, 87, 127 Decompression, 33, 49, 127, 128 Decompression Sickness, 127 Dehydration, 28, 51, 123, 127 Dendrites, 127, 140 Dendritic, 9, 127 Dendritic cell, 9, 127 Density, 6, 127, 140, 146 Dexamethasone, 29, 41, 127 Diabetes Insipidus, 65, 127 Diagnostic procedure, 86, 127 Diffusion, 127, 134, 135 Digestion, 121, 127, 135, 136, 142, 149 Dilatation, 127, 144 Direct, iii, 10, 12, 30, 89, 127, 145, 146, 150 Discrimination, 18, 128 Disease Progression, 128, 154 Distal, 16, 128, 145 Diuretic, 64, 128, 131 Diving, 4, 128 Dizziness, 22, 45, 70, 82, 102, 104, 105, 113, 128, 153 Dominance, 128, 136 Dorsal, 124, 128, 143 Dorsum, 128, 131 Drive, ii, vi, 3, 4, 7, 63, 128, 136 Drug Interactions, 90, 128 Drug Tolerance, 128, 151 Dyspnea, 127, 128 E Edema, 127, 128, 131, 135 Effector, 125, 128, 140 Effector cell, 128, 140 Efficacy, 9, 31, 43, 77, 128 Elastin, 125, 128 Elective, 74, 128 Electrolyte, 10, 128, 143 Electrons, 120, 129, 136, 145 Electronystagmography, 60, 115, 129 Electrophysiological, 11, 129 Embolus, 129, 134 Embryo, 129, 134 Emollient, 129, 131 Endemic, 123, 129 Endolymph, 10, 12, 17, 39, 129
Endolymphatic Duct, 5, 12, 22, 60, 129, 153 Endolymphatic Sac, 10, 27, 28, 29, 31, 40, 41, 43, 47, 52, 55, 58, 60, 66, 79, 80, 129 Endometrium, 129, 138 Endothelial cell, 13, 129 Endothelium, 13, 129 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 129 Endothelium, Vascular, 129 Environmental Exposure, 129, 140 Environmental Health, 96, 98, 129 Enzymatic, 121, 122, 125, 129, 133, 146 Enzyme, 117, 128, 129, 138, 150, 154 Epidemiological, 9, 129 Epinephrine, 123, 130, 140 Epithelial, 117, 123, 130 Epithelial Cells, 123, 130 Epithelium, 129, 130, 132, 155 Eustachian tube, 120, 130 Evoke, 130, 149 Evoked Potentials, 50, 130 Excitation, 21, 130 Extracellular, 14, 126, 130 Extremity, 130, 141 Eye Movements, 7, 8, 18, 130 F Facial, 8, 130, 140 Facial Paralysis, 8, 130 Family Planning, 97, 130 Fat, 119, 121, 122, 129, 130, 136, 138 Fatty acids, 130, 144 Fistula, 4, 52, 81, 82, 130 Flunarizine, 23, 130 Forearm, 121, 130, 145, 146 Fossa, 43, 53, 123, 130 Fructose, 131, 132 Fungi, 121, 131, 138, 155 Furosemide, 35, 53, 131 G Ganglia, 6, 29, 131, 139, 142 Ganglion, 8, 19, 131, 132, 140, 149, 152, 154, 155 Gap Junctions, 131, 150 Gas, 118, 127, 131, 133, 146, 153 Gas exchange, 131, 153 Gastrin, 131, 133 Gastrointestinal, 130, 131, 132, 150, 154 Gastrointestinal tract, 131, 132 Gene, 9, 37, 38, 80, 118, 121, 128, 131, 140 Genotype, 131, 142 Germ Cells, 131, 141
160 Meniere’s Disease
Gland, 117, 126, 131, 132, 137, 141, 149, 151 Glucocorticoid, 127, 131 Glucose, 25, 131, 132, 135, 147 Glycerol, 18, 36, 37, 51, 53, 59, 69, 71, 74, 131 Glycopyrrolate, 60, 66, 132 Glycoside, 72, 132, 147 Gonadal, 132, 149 Gonadorelin, 132, 136 Gonadotropin, 132, 136 Governing Board, 132, 143 Growth, 40, 118, 120, 132, 137, 139, 140, 143, 147, 148, 151, 152 H Hair Cells, 14, 15, 18, 124, 132, 149, 154 Head Movements, 7, 8, 81, 132 Headache, 6, 36, 132, 133, 153 Headache Disorders, 132 Hemorrhage, 82, 126, 132 Hereditary, 12, 37, 132 Heredity, 131, 132 Herpes, 8, 37, 82, 132 Herpes virus, 8, 132 Herpes Zoster, 82, 132 Herpes Zoster Oticus, 82, 132 Heterogeneity, 5, 133 Histamine, 120, 123, 130, 133 Homeostasis, 6, 10, 12, 17, 133 Homologous, 118, 133, 150 Homozygote, 12, 133 Hormonal, 119, 133 Hormone, 56, 124, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 139, 144, 147, 151 Host, 120, 133, 134, 153, 154 Hydrocephalus, 133, 135 Hydrogen, 120, 122, 133, 138 Hydrolysis, 133, 136, 143 Hydroxylysine, 125, 133 Hydroxyproline, 125, 133 Hyperbaric, 20, 70, 133 Hyperbaric oxygen, 70, 133 Hypersensitivity, 118, 133 Hypertension, 133, 135 Hypesthesia, 134, 139 I Id, 67, 75, 104, 110, 112, 134 Idiopathic, 7, 50, 104, 134 Illusion, 4, 134, 153 Immune response, 9, 117, 119, 120, 126, 134, 150, 153, 154 Immune Sera, 134
Immune system, 119, 120, 128, 134, 137, 138, 153, 154 Immunization, 9, 134 Immunoglobulin, 9, 118, 134 Immunohistochemistry, 9, 16, 19, 134 Immunologic, 4, 9, 39, 134 Impairment, 5, 12, 18, 26, 54, 120, 134 In vitro, 5, 10, 12, 13, 17, 40, 134, 148 In vivo, 5, 10, 11, 12, 15, 134 Incision, 134, 135 Indicative, 79, 134, 153 Induction, 9, 12, 134 Infarction, 82, 126, 133, 134, 138 Infection, 8, 82, 132, 134, 137, 150, 154, 155 Infiltration, 132, 134, 155 Inflammation, 119, 132, 135, 136, 139, 141 Infusion, 27, 135 Ingestion, 37, 135, 143 Initiation, 135, 149 Innervation, 6, 135 Insight, 12, 135 Instillation, 37, 135 Insulator, 135, 138 Insulin, 25, 135 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 135 Intermittent, 41, 135, 137 Intestinal, 122, 123, 135 Intestine, 5, 121, 135, 136 Intoxication, 135, 155 Intracellular, 5, 14, 16, 134, 135, 143, 144, 147 Intracranial Hypertension, 82, 132, 133, 135, 151 Intramuscular, 24, 44, 135 Intravenous, 29, 135 Invasive, 11, 43, 50, 135, 137 Involuntary, 132, 135, 139, 146 Ion Channels, 5, 135, 140 Ion Transport, 10, 135 Ions, 120, 122, 128, 133, 135, 136 Ischemia, 82, 119, 136 J Joint, 14, 82, 127, 136 K Kb, 96, 136 L Labyrinth, 7, 29, 42, 81, 122, 124, 129, 135, 136, 141, 142, 148, 154 Labyrinthine, 82, 105, 136 Labyrinthitis, 4, 82, 87, 136 Large Intestine, 135, 136, 149 Latency, 7, 70, 136
Index 161
Latent, 8, 136 Laterality, 48, 136 Lesion, 136, 154 Leukocytes, 121, 126, 136 Leuprolide, 64, 136 Library Services, 110, 136 Ligament, 20, 136 Lipid, 131, 135, 136, 138 Liver, 119, 120, 136, 153 Localization, 15, 134, 136 Localized, 6, 17, 134, 137, 143 Long-Term Care, 18, 137 Lumen, 13, 129, 137 Luteal Phase, 64, 137 Lymph, 123, 129, 137 Lymph node, 123, 137 Lymphatic, 129, 134, 137, 151 Lymphocyte, 119, 137 Lymphoid, 119, 137 Lytic, 137, 148 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 58, 137 Malformation, 82, 137 Malignant, 82, 117, 137, 139, 147 Malnutrition, 119, 137 Mandibular Nerve, 137, 152 Mastication, 137, 152 Maxillary, 137, 152 Medial, 13, 124, 137, 147 Mediate, 15, 124, 137, 154 Medical Records, 137, 147 MEDLINE, 97, 137 Medullary, 82, 137 Membrane, 5, 10, 15, 30, 59, 122, 125, 135, 137, 141, 146, 150, 152 Menstrual Cycle, 26, 137, 144 Menstruation, 137, 138 Metabolic disorder, 127, 138 Metastasis, 25, 138 MI, 115, 138 Microbe, 138, 151 Microbiology, 38, 117, 119, 138 Microorganism, 124, 138, 154 Microscopy, 10, 14, 19, 138 Modification, 138, 145 Molecular, 8, 10, 12, 35, 38, 97, 99, 121, 125, 138, 152 Molecule, 119, 120, 125, 128, 130, 132, 133, 138, 143, 146, 153 Mononuclear, 38, 138 Monophosphate, 17, 138 Morphology, 7, 16, 138
Motion Sickness, 138, 139 Mucinous, 131, 138 Multiple sclerosis, 82, 138 Muscle Contraction, 10, 138 Muscular Diseases, 130, 138 Myelin, 138, 139 Myocardium, 138, 139 Myoclonus, 82, 139 Myosin, 138, 139 N Nausea, 4, 114, 139, 145 Necrosis, 134, 138, 139 Need, 3, 10, 12, 80, 81, 87, 106, 123, 139, 151 Neoplasm, 4, 139, 152 Nephrogenic, 65, 139 Nerve Fibers, 19, 124, 139, 154 Nervous System, 117, 122, 132, 139, 140, 142, 150 Networks, 10, 139 Neural, 12, 117, 139 Neuritis, 8, 87, 139, 154 Neurogenic, 6, 13, 139 Neurogenic Inflammation, 6, 139 Neurologic, 133, 139, 152 Neurologist, 105, 139 Neuroma, 11, 24, 80, 87, 102, 139 Neuromuscular, 5, 130, 139 Neuronal, 13, 19, 140 Neurons, 6, 16, 19, 124, 127, 131, 139, 140, 150, 154 Neuropeptide, 6, 140 Neurophysiology, 12, 18, 140 Neurosyphilis, 140, 141 Neurotransmitters, 5, 13, 138, 140 Nimodipine, 60, 66, 140 Norepinephrine, 55, 140 Nuclear, 120, 129, 131, 139, 140 Nuclei, 124, 129, 130, 137, 140, 149, 154 Nucleus, 124, 126, 127, 138, 140, 152 Nystagmus, 50, 53, 66, 81, 122, 129, 136, 140 O Ocular, 7, 18, 26, 61, 140 Oncogene, 54, 140 Opacity, 127, 140 Ophthalmic, 90, 140, 146, 152 Ophthalmic Artery, 140, 146 Opsin, 140, 146 Optic Nerve, 140, 145, 146 Ossicles, 141 Otitis, 82, 113, 141
162 Meniere’s Disease
Otitis Media, 82, 141 Otolaryngologist, 4, 141 Otolith, 11, 141 Otolithic Membrane, 81, 141 Otosclerosis, 4, 24, 51, 82, 141 Ototoxic, 5, 7, 35, 141 Ovary, 25, 141 Ovulation, 137, 141 P Palliative, 141, 151 Palsy, 8, 141 Pancreas, 135, 141 Papilla, 15, 141 Papillary, 25, 141 Paralysis, 130, 141 Paresis, 19, 130, 139, 141 Paresthesias, 139, 141 Paroxysmal, 4, 23, 81, 132, 141, 153 Particle, 141, 152 Pathogenesis, 8, 33, 38, 40, 52, 142 Pathologies, 9, 12, 142 Pathophysiology, 8, 11, 33, 47, 52, 65, 142 Patient Education, 103, 108, 110, 116, 142 Peptic, 120, 142 Peptic Ulcer, 120, 142 Peptide, 17, 123, 142, 143, 145 Perception, 17, 142, 147 Perforation, 119, 142 Perfusion, 29, 58, 142 Perilymph, 4, 10, 81, 82, 142 Peripheral blood, 38, 142 Peripheral Nervous System, 141, 142, 147, 150 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 130, 142 Pharmacologic, 13, 118, 142, 151 Phenotype, 12, 142 Phosphorus, 121, 142 Physical Examination, 4, 82, 142 Physiologic, 7, 10, 12, 18, 117, 137, 138, 139, 142, 144, 146, 150 Physiology, 5, 7, 11, 12, 18, 81, 117, 129, 140, 143 Pigments, 122, 143, 146 Pilot study, 54, 143 Pitch, 18, 143 Pitch Discrimination, 18, 143 Plants, 131, 132, 138, 140, 143, 147, 151 Plasma, 55, 119, 122, 129, 143, 154 Plasma cells, 119, 143 Plasmid, 9, 143, 153 Poisoning, 135, 139, 143 Polypeptide, 118, 124, 143
Polysaccharide, 119, 143 Pons, 120, 121, 123, 130, 143 Posterior, 53, 81, 120, 123, 128, 141, 143, 153 Postoperative, 44, 45, 143 Postsynaptic, 143, 150 Potassium, 15, 17, 143 Practice Guidelines, 98, 143 Presbycusis, 82, 143 Presynaptic, 143, 150 Prevalence, 9, 38, 143 Probe, 14, 144 Progesterone, 144, 149 Progression, 5, 44, 53, 118, 144 Progressive, 6, 22, 123, 128, 132, 139, 143, 144, 152 Projection, 140, 144 Proline, 125, 133, 144 Prophylaxis, 130, 144, 153 Proportional, 9, 144 Prospective study, 19, 144 Prostaglandin, 64, 144 Prostaglandins A, 144 Prosthesis, 7, 144, 145 Prosthesis Design, 7, 145 Protein C, 118, 120, 145, 153 Protein S, 80, 121, 145, 149 Proteins, 118, 119, 122, 125, 126, 129, 131, 138, 142, 143, 145, 148, 151 Protocol, 43, 58, 145 Protozoa, 121, 138, 145 Proximal, 128, 143, 145 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 135, 145 Psychiatry, 145, 153 Psychic, 145, 148 Psychogenic, 25, 145 Psychotherapy, 145, 146 Psyllium, 76, 145 Public Policy, 97, 145 Pulmonary, 121, 145, 153 Pulmonary Artery, 121, 145 Q Quality of Life, 34, 40, 43, 52, 65, 145 R Radial Artery, 6, 145 Radiation, 117, 126, 129, 133, 145, 146 Radiation therapy, 117, 133, 146 Radiological, 82, 146 Radiology, 38, 146 Radius, 145, 146 Randomized, 29, 128, 146 Rarefaction, 70, 146
Index 163
Reactivation, 8, 146 Reassurance, 82, 146 Receptor, 6, 17, 117, 119, 120, 130, 146 Refer, 1, 125, 128, 131, 132, 136, 146, 153 Reflex, 7, 8, 26, 61, 81, 130, 146 Refractory, 66, 146 Regimen, 128, 146 Respiratory Physiology, 146, 153 Restoration, 146 Retina, 123, 125, 129, 140, 146, 147 Retinal, 25, 140, 146, 147 Retinal Artery, 25, 146, 147 Retinal Artery Occlusion, 25, 147 Retinol, 146, 147 Retrospective, 27, 40, 147 Retrospective study, 27, 147 Ribose, 117, 147 Risk factor, 144, 147 Rod, 124, 147 Round Window, 30, 47, 51, 60, 147 S Saccule, 15, 117, 141, 147, 154 Saccule and Utricle, 117, 141, 147 Salivation, 132, 147 Saponins, 147, 149 Schizoid, 147, 155 Schizophrenia, 147, 155 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 147, 155 Schwannoma, 40, 61, 147 Sclerosis, 138, 147 Screening, 124, 147 Second Messenger Systems, 140, 147 Secondary tumor, 138, 148 Secretory, 148, 150 Seizures, 141, 148 Semicircular canal, 7, 8, 81, 122, 135, 148 Senile, 143, 148 Sequencing, 148, 150 Serologic, 39, 148 Serology, 25, 148 Serous, 25, 82, 129, 148 Serum, 22, 39, 50, 56, 125, 132, 134, 148 Shock, 21, 56, 139, 148, 152 Shunt, 27, 33, 44, 47, 66, 148 Side effect, 5, 14, 82, 89, 117, 148, 151 Signs and Symptoms, 25, 148 Skeletal, 124, 138, 148 Skeleton, 117, 136, 144, 148 Skull, 82, 121, 126, 148, 151 Skull Base, 82, 148 Skull Base Neoplasms, 82, 148 Skull Neoplasms, 148
Small intestine, 133, 135, 148 Smooth muscle, 5, 133, 138, 149, 150 Social Environment, 145, 149 Solvent, 131, 149 Spatial disorientation, 128, 149 Specialist, 105, 149 Specificity, 12, 149 Speech Perception, 17, 149 Sperm, 149, 152 Spinal cord, 121, 122, 123, 131, 139, 142, 146, 149 Spiral Ganglion, 17, 124, 149, 154 Spirochete, 149, 150 Staging, 48, 65, 149 Steady state, 15, 58, 149 Steel, 124, 149 Steroid, 42, 65, 126, 147, 149 Stimulus, 18, 128, 130, 135, 136, 139, 141, 146, 149 Stomach, 120, 131, 133, 139, 148, 149 Streptomycin, 24, 44, 77, 149 Stress, 56, 82, 114, 139, 149 Stria, 10, 17, 149, 150 Stria Vascularis, 10, 17, 150 Subacute, 134, 150 Subarachnoid, 132, 150 Subclinical, 134, 148, 150 Subspecies, 150, 155 Substance P, 149, 150 Substrate, 6, 150 Support group, 105, 150 Suppression, 4, 150 Sympathomimetic, 130, 140, 150 Symptomatic, 7, 150 Synapses, 16, 140, 150 Synaptic, 150 Synaptic Vesicles, 150 Synchrony, 12, 150 Syphilis, 4, 34, 81, 140, 150 Systemic, 14, 82, 90, 121, 130, 134, 135, 146, 151, 152, 155 Systemic disease, 82, 151 T Temporal, 3, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 24, 45, 47, 49, 82, 132, 151, 152, 153 Therapeutics, 9, 91, 151 Thrombosis, 145, 151 Thrombus, 126, 134, 151 Thymus, 134, 137, 151 Thyroid, 25, 151 Tinnitus, 6, 12, 13, 14, 31, 37, 42, 57, 61, 70, 76, 82, 104, 105, 114, 141, 145, 151, 154
164 Meniere’s Disease
Tolerance, 9, 151 Tonic, 15, 151 Topical, 41, 90, 151 Torsion, 134, 151 Toxic, iv, 82, 129, 151 Toxicity, 7, 14, 128, 151 Toxicology, 98, 151 Toxins, 119, 134, 151 Trachea, 151 Traction, 124, 151 Transcutaneous, 70, 152 Transduction, 7, 12, 15, 152 Transfection, 9, 121, 152 Transfer Factor, 134, 152 Transient Ischemic Attacks, 82, 152 Translational, 8, 152 Translations, 8, 152 Transmitter, 135, 140, 150, 152 Transplantation, 123, 134, 152 Trauma, 3, 5, 42, 82, 87, 139, 152 Triad, 6, 152 Trigeminal, 6, 137, 152 Trigeminal Ganglion, 6, 152 Trigeminal Nerve, 152 Tryptophan, 125, 152 Tubulin, 9, 152 Tumour, 131, 152 U Unconscious, 118, 134, 152 Urea, 36, 37, 153 Urinary, 133, 153 Urine, 119, 121, 127, 128, 139, 153 Uterus, 123, 129, 138, 144, 153 V Vaccination, 9, 153 Vaccine, 9, 117, 145, 153 Varicella, 8, 153 Vascular, 5, 6, 13, 60, 82, 120, 129, 132, 134, 139, 150, 151, 153 Vascular Headaches, 120, 153 Vasoactive, 13, 153 Vasodilator, 120, 133, 153 Vector, 152, 153
Vein, 33, 119, 135, 140, 153 Venereal, 150, 153, 155 Venous, 119, 127, 145, 153 Ventilation, 40, 153 Ventricular, 133, 150, 153 Venules, 121, 129, 153 Vertebral, 120, 153 Vertigo, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 18, 23, 25, 41, 43, 60, 76, 77, 81, 82, 102, 104, 105, 114, 130, 141, 153, 154 Vesicular, 132, 153 Vestibular Aqueduct, 33, 51, 55, 153 Vestibular Nerve, 7, 18, 19, 28, 44, 59, 117, 154 Vestibular Neuronitis, 81, 154 Vestibule, 124, 135, 147, 148, 153, 154 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 124, 147, 151, 154 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 151, 154 Veterinary Medicine, 97, 154 Vibrio, 123, 154 Vibrio cholerae, 123, 154 Vinblastine, 152, 154 Vincristine, 152, 154 Viral, 8, 12, 29, 82, 87, 152, 154 Viral Load, 9, 154 Virulence, 119, 151, 154 Virus, 8, 37, 120, 122, 132, 152, 154, 155 Visual field, 145, 147, 154 Vitro, 12, 154 Vivo, 5, 154 W White blood cell, 119, 136, 137, 143, 154 Windpipe, 151, 155 Withdrawal, 82, 155 X Xenograft, 118, 155 Y Yaws, 34, 155 Yeasts, 131, 142, 155 Z Zoster, 8, 155
Index 165
166 Meniere’s Disease
Index 167
168 Meniere’s Disease
