MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001) RESULTS FROM 25 YEARS OF MID-WINTER COUNTS CARRIED OUT AT THE MOST IMPORTANT BULGARIAN WETLANDS Tanyo Michev & Lyubomir Profirov
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MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001) RESULTS FROM 25 YEARS OF MID-WINTER COUNTS CARRIED OUT AT THE MOST IMPORTANT BULGARIAN WETLANDS
Tanyo Michev & Lyubomir Profirov
Sofia – Moscow 2003 III
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001) Results from 25 Years of Mid-winter Counts Carried out at the Most Important Bulgarian Wetlands Tanyo Michev & Lyubomir Profirov National delegates of Wetlands International Contributors for the period 1977-1996 (in alphabetical order by family names): Lyubomir Andreev, Plamen Arsov, Milko Dimitrov, Dimitur Georgiev, Bozhidar Ivanov, Khristo Khristov, Tanyo Michev, Nikola Mikhov, Boyan Milchev, Dimitur Nankinov, Konstantin Nyagolov, Vladimir Pomakov, Lyubomir Profirov, Pavel Simeonov, Iliya Vatev, Petar Yankov. Contributing organisations for the period 1997-2001 (in alphabetical order): Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds, Bulgarian-Swiss Biodiversity Conservation Programme, Central Laboratory for General Ecology; Federation “Green Balkans”, Foundation “Le Balkan”, Ministry of Environment and Waters. Drawings: Georgi Pchelarov
First published 2003 ISBN 954-642-175-8
This book has been published with the financial support from the ornithological society ‘Nos Oiseaux’, Switzerland
© PENSOFT Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Marketed and distributed by Pensoft Publishers, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 6, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Fax: +359-2-70-45-08, E-mail:
[email protected] www.pensoft.net Printed in Bulgaria, March 2003 IV
Contents Foreword ............................................................. 1 Acknowledgments .............................................. 2 Abbreviations ...................................................... 2 Introduction ......................................................... 3 Materials and Methods ....................................... 5 General Review of the Results ........................ 11 PART I: WETLANDS ........................................... 13 General Comments ........................................... 15 A Brief Description of the Wetlands with the Main Results Obtained .......................................... 17 1. The Danube (The Danube River) ...................... 17 1.1. General Information .................................. 17 1.2. Description of the Wetlands ..................... 1.2.1. Timok - Tsibur Stretch ....................... 1.2.2. Tsibur - Somovit Stretch .................... 1.2.3. Somovit - Svishtov Stretch ................. 1.2.4. Svishtov - Rouse Stretch ................... 1.2.5. Rouse - Toutrakan Stretch ................. 1.2.6. Toutrakan - Silistra Stretch ................ 1.2.7. Sreburna Lake Complex ....................
18 18 18 18 19 19 19 20
1.3. Assessment and Comparison of Individual Wetlands ................................................. 20
3.2.4. Kavarna - Kranevo Coast ................... 3.2.5. Varna Lake Complex ......................... 3.2.6. Kamchiya - Obzor Coast ................... 3.2.7. Other Sites in the Region ..................
30 30 31 31
3.3. Assessment and Comparison of Individual Wetlands in NBSC .................................. 31 3.4. Description of the Wetlands in Sbsc ........ 3.4.1. Dalyana-Vlas Coast .......................... 3.4.2. Slunchev Bryag-Akheloy Coast ......... 3.4.3. Pomorie Lake Complex ..................... 3.4.4. Atanasovsko Lake Complex .............. 3.4.5. Vaya (Bourgasko) Lake ..................... 3.4.6. Mandra Lake Complex ...................... 3.4.7. Kraymorie- Chernomorets Coast ....... 3.4.8. Chernomorets-Dyuni Coast ............... 3.4.9. Alepou Marsh Complex ..................... 3.4.10. Arkoutino Marsh Complex ............... 3.4.11. Primorsko-Tsarevo Coast ................. 3.4.12. Tsarevo-Sinemorets Coast ............... 3.4.13. Other Sites in the Region: ...............
32 32 32 33 33 34 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39
3.5. Assesment and Comparison of the Different Wetlands in SBSC .................................. 39 4. South Bulgaria (SBg) ....................................... 40 4.1. General Information .................................. 40
23 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 26
4.2. Description of the Sites ............................ 40 4.2.1. Iskur Reservoir Complex .................... 40 4.2.2. Ivaylovgrad Reservoir ......................... 41 4.2.3. Koprinka (Georgi Dimitrov) Reservoir ..... .......................................................... 41 4.2.4. Kurdzhali Reservoir ............................ 42 4.2.5. Malko Sharkovo Reservoir ................. 42 4.2.6. Ovcharitsa Reservoir .......................... 42 4.2.7. Pyasuchnik Reservoir ........................ 43 4.2.8. Rozov Kladenets Reservoir ................ 43 4.2.9. Stouden Kladenets Reservoir ............ 44 4.2.10. Trakiets Reservoir ............................ 44 4.2.11. Tserkovski Reservoir ........................ 45 4.2.12. Zhrebchevo Reservoir ....................... 45 4.2.13. Other Sites in the Region ................ 46
2.3. Assessment and Comparison of Individual Wetlands. ................................................ 27
4.3. Assesment and Comparisons of Particular Wetlands ................................................. 47
3. Black Sea Coast (BSC) ................................... 27
Assessment and Comparison of Individual Regions and Wetlands in Bulgaria ............ 48
2. North Bulgaria (NBg) ........................................ 22 2.1. General Information .................................. 22 2.2. Description of the Wetlands ..................... 2.2.1. Gorni Dubnik Reservoir ...................... 2.2.2. Sopot Reservoir ................................. 2.2.3. Stamboliyski (Rositsa) Reservoir ....... 2.2.4. Suedinenie Reservoir ......................... 2.2.5. Telish Reservoir ................................. 2.2.6. Ticha (Vinitsa) Reservoir .................... 2.2.7. Tsonevo (Georgi Traykov) Reservoir ... 2.2.8. Other Sites in the Region ..................
3.1. General Information .................................. 27 3.2. Description of the Wetlands on NBSC ..... 3.2.1. Dourankoulak Lake Complex ............. 3.2.2. Shabla Lake Complex ....................... 3.2.3. Tyulenovo-Kaliakra Coast ..................
28 28 28 29
PART II: SPECIES .............................................. 51 General Comments ........................................... 53 Short Description of the Species by Orders ... 54 V
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
1. Order Gaviiformes ............................................ 54 1.1. Red-throated Diver (Gavia stellata) ........... 54 1.2. Black-throated Diver (Gavia arctica) ......... 54 2. Order Podicipediformes ................................... 54 2.1. Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis) ......... 54 2.2. Great-crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus) .... ................................................................ 54 2.3. Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena) . 56 2.4. Slavonian Grebe (Podiceps auritus) .......... 56 2.5. Black - necked Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) . ................................................................ 56 3. Order Procellariiformes .................................... 56 3.1. Yelkouan Shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan) 56 4. Order Pelecaniformes ...................................... 56 4.1. Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) ............. 56 4.2. Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) ............... 57 4.3. Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) ................................................................ 57 4.4. White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) .... 59 4.5. Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus) .... 59 5. Order Ciconiiformes ......................................... 5.1. Bittern (Botaurus stellaris) ........................ 5.2. Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) .......... 5.3. Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) ................... 5.4. Great Egret (Egretta alba) ........................ 5.5. Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) ...................... 5.6. Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) ................. 5.7. Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) ....................... 5.8. White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) ................... 5.9. Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) ................. 5.10. Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) ..
59 59 59 59 60 61 61 61 61 61 61
6. Order Anseriformes ......................................... 61 6.1. Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) ......................... 61 6.2. Bewick’s Swan (Cygnus columbianus) ..... 62 6.3. Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) .............. 62 6.4. Bean Goose (Anser fabalis) ..................... 62 6.5. White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) ..... 63 6.6. Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus) ................................................................ 64 6.7. Greylag Goose (Anser anser) ................... 65 6.8. Snow goose (Anser caerulescens) ........... 66 6.9. Barnacle Goose (Branta leucopsis) .......... 66 6.10. Brent Goose (Branta bernicla) ................ 66 6.11. Red- breasted Goose (Branta ruficollis) .. 66 6.12. Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) ..... 67 6.13. Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) .................... 68 6.14. Wigeon (Anas penelope) ........................ 68 6.15. Gadwall (Anas strepera) ......................... 68 6.16. Teal (Anas crecca) .................................. 69 6.17. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ................. 70 6.18. Pintail (Anas acuta) ................................ 70 6.19. Shoveler (Anas clypeata) ........................ 71 6.20. Marbled Duck (Marmaronetta angustirostris) ................................................................ 72 VI
6.21. Red-crested Pochard (Netta rufina) ........ 72 6.22. Pochard (Aythya ferina) .......................... 72 6.23. Ferruginous Duck (Aythya nyroca) .......... 72 6.24. Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) .................. 73 6.25. Scaup (Aythya marila) ............................ 74 6.26. Common Eider (Somateria mollissima) .. 74 6.27. Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis) ..... 74 6.28. Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra) ........... 74 6.29. Velvet Scoter (Melanitta fusca) ............... 75 6.30. Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) ............ 76 6.31. Smew (Mergus albellus) ......................... 76 6.32. Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator) ................................................................ 77 6.33. Goosander (Mergus merganser) ............. 77 6.34. White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala) ................................................................ 77 7. Order Gruiformes ............................................. 7.1. Water Rail (Rallus aquaticus) ................... 7.2. Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) .................. 7.3. Coot (Fulica atra) ...................................... 7.4. Crane (Grus grus) .....................................
78 78 78 78 79
8. Order Charadriiformes ...................................... 79 8.1. Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) .. 79 8.2. Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) ................................................................ 79 8.3. Avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta) ................ 80 8.4. Little Ringed Plover (Charadrius dubius) ... 80 8.5. Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula) ......... 80 8.6. Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) . 80 8.7. Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria) ............ 80 8.8. Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola) ............. 80 8.9. Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) ..................... 80 8.10. Knot (Calidris canutus) ........................... 81 8.11. Sanderling (Calidris alba) ........................ 81 8.12. Curlew Sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea) .... 81 8.13. Dunlin (Calidris alpina) ............................ 81 8.14. Little Stint (Calidris minuta) .................... 81 8.15. Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) ..................... 82 8.16. Jack Snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus) ...... 82 8.17. Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) ..................... 83 8.18. Great Snipe (Gallinago media) ................ 83 8.19. Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) .............. 83 8.20. Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) ...... 83 8.21. Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) ..... 83 8.22. Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) ............. 83 8.23. Slender-billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris) ................................................................ 83 8.24. Curlew (Numenius arquata) .................... 83 8.25. Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus) .... 84 8.26. Redshank (Tringa totanus) ...................... 84 8.27. Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) ................ 84 8.28. Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus) ........ 84 8.29. Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) ........... 84 8.30. Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) . 84 8.31. Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) ................ 84 8.32. Great Black-headed Gull (Larus ichthyaetus) ................................................................ 84
CONTENTS
8.33. Mediterranean Gull (Larus melanocephalus) ................................................................ 85 8.34. Little Gull (Larus minutus) ...................... 85 8.35. Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) ..... 86 8.36. Slender-billed Gull (Larus genei) ............. 86 8.37. Common Gull (Larus canus) ................... 86 8.38. Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus) ... ................................................................ 87 8.39. Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) ............... 88 8.40. Yellow-legged Gull (Larus cachinnans) ... 88 8.41. Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus) ... ................................................................ 88 8.42. Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) ..................... 88 8.43. Sandwich Tern (Sterna sandvicensis) ..... 88 8.44. Black Tern (Chlidonias niger) .................. 88 8.45. Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) ............... 88
8.46. Guillemot (Uria aalge) ............................. 88 General Review on the Midwinter Numbers of Waterbirds .................................................... 89 Conclusions and Recommendations .............. 95 References ......................................................... 97 Appendices ...................................................... 101 Appendix 1 ................................................... 102 Appendix 2 ................................................... 148 Appendix 3 ................................................... 151 Summary in Bulgarian Language ................. 153 Index of Wetlands ........................................... 157 Index of Species ............................................. 158
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Foreword Bulgaria is well known amongst ornithologists for its concentrations of migratory birds, especially the large soaring birds like storks, pelicans and raptors. The country also harbours a great variety of breeding birds with raptors and pelicans being again particular highlights. However, Bulgaria and its wetlands are also very important for wintering waterbirds, above all geese, ducks and Coots. The authors are to be congratulated for having compiled and analysed the long series of data collected since the late 1960s including 25 years of their own systematic mid-winter counts, as they illustrate not only the great importance of Bulgaria and of individual sites within its borders for wintering waterbirds along the western Black Sea flyway but also the trends in numbers and distribution that have to be interpreted in the wider context of the Black Sea region. This is the reason why the first few and by now many field ornithologists and birdwatchers who have collected the information during these 25 years fully deserve the gratitude of the scientific and conservation community.
When I visited Bulgaria on a goose research mission of the former IWRB (now Wetlands International) with Alan Johnson and Tanyo Michev in December 1970, I had the opportunity to appreciate the prevailing conditions for the wintering of waterbirds, especially ducks and coots. Although the White-fronted and Red-breasted Geese concentrated farther north in Romania at that time, the potential habitats for wintering geese also existed in Bulgaria. I am happy to know that the conditions have at least remained such that large flocks of White-fronts and good numbers of Red-breasts now regularly winter in Bulgaria. Increasing numbers of White-fronted and Red-breasted Geese will hopefully lead to the designation of further Ramsar sites and other conservation measures underlining the responsibility and commitment of Bulgarian authorities helped by highly motivated and dedicated conservationists.
Olivier Biber
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MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Acknowledgments First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere thanks to all participants in this very long and comprehensive survey, normally carried out under most adverse winter weather. We would like to thank the executives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences’ Central Laboratory of General Ecology and the Institute of Zoology for the overall support and financial aid extended to enable survey teams to carry out the fieldwork in the course of 25 years. We feel obliged to the Ministry for Environment and Water for having undertaken in 1992 the necessary steps Bulgaria to become an IWRB (now Wetlands International) member and having supported the midwinter counts by providing vehicles and experts on protected areas and species control.
We would also like to thank the ornithological society “Nos oiseaux” without the help of which this book would have hardly been published. We are grateful to Dr. Luc Hoffman, Mr. Pierre Galland, Mr. Simon Delany, Mr. Georgi Pchelarov and Dr. Maya Stoyneva for the encouragement, the help and advice we received during the entire work on the mid-winter counts in Bulgaria. Special thanks to Mr. Vladimir Pomakov for his editing the text and to Dr. Stanislav Abadzhiev for the excellent UTM map of Bulgaria he kindly placed at our disposal. We wish to thank Wetlands International (former IWRB), the body that inspired, organised and supported in all possible ways the mid-winter counts in Europe, North Africa and Southwest Asia.
Abbreviations The following abbreviations have been used in this book: BAS – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences BOS – Bulgarian Ornithological Society BSC – Black Sea Coast BSPB – Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds BSBCP – Bulgarian – Swiss Biodiversity Conservation Programme CLGE – Central Laboratory for General Ecology The Danube – Bulgarian Right riverside (of the river) Emed – East Mediterranean FGB – Federation “Green Balkans”
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FLB – Foundation “Le Balkan - Bulgaria” LC – Lake Complex LCs - Lakes MC- Marsh Complex MoEW – Ministry of Environment and Water NBg – North Bulgaria NBSC – North Black Sea Coast RIOSW – Regional Inspectorate for Environment and Waters SBg – South Bulgaria SBSC – South Black Sea Coast UTM – Universal Transverse Merkator
Introduction The midwinter counts are a scheme for the monitoring of wintering waterbirds in Bulgaria, aimed at providing basic data for the conservation of their populations and wetland habitats. The data collected have been used to assess the size of water bird populations, to determine the trends in the dynamics of their numbers and distribution, and to assess the importance of individual sites for wintering waterbirds, in line with the requirements of international conservation Conventions and Directives. The mid-winter counts in Europe started in 1967 and were carried out in some West European countries and Iran. The first Bulgarian mid-winter survey of the most important wetlands was carried out two years later (December 1969-January 1970) by a team from Biological station “Tour du Valat”, Camargue, France, consisting of Alan Johnson and Heinz Hafner whom Tanyo Michev accompanied as a local ornithologist and guide. With the objective to search for concentrations of wintering geese they visited the following wetlands: Stamovo (=Podslon) Reservoir, Zhrebchevo Reservoir, and Koprinka (Georgi Dimitrov) Reservoir, the Danube at the town of Toutrakan, Sreburna Lake, Dourankoulak Lake, Shabla Lake and Varna Lake. The result from their survey (Appendix 2, Table 1) was the record of 51,500 observed and counted waterbirds (of these 23,000 were Coots, 22,500 Mallards and only 885, White-fronted geese). Their report (Johnson & Hafner, 1970) concludes: “…Several areas in the east of Bulgaria proved to be rich in wildfowl, and this country is certainly very important to geese during winter and on migration.”
cies having been counted at Vaya Lake. It is worthy to mention that both those French missions were organised by the Biological Station Tour du Valat, France on the initiative of the great conservationist Dr. Luc Hoffman. The regular mid-winter counts in Bulgaria were started by a team of ornithologists from Bulgarian Academy of Sciences’ former National Co-ordination Centre for Ecology and Nature Protection (Tanyo Michev) and the Institute of Zoology (Bozhidar Ivanov and Dimitur Nankinov) in January 1977. At that time the team visited the most important wetlands in the country. In the next year, 1978, the count was accomplished by two teams: one consisting of B. Ivanov and V. Pomakov for the northern half of the country and the other consisting of T. Michev and D. Nankinov for South Bulgaria (SBg). We stuck to this scheme of the survey for almost all the years till 1997. The research was carried out with only occasional personal changes in the teams. Since 1983, Lyubomir Profirov has taken active part in carrying out mid-winter counts as well as in organizing them through the Ministry for Environment regional inspectorates. Both Lyubomir Profirov and Tanyo Michev were approved as IWRB national del-
That same winter, Smith & Philippona (1970) had made another mid-winter survey of some Bulgarian wetlands. They had visited Varna (only for a couple of hours) and Bourgas regions (two full days). There they had counted a total of 28,000 waterbirds, of them 1350 White-fronted geese (Appendix 2, Table 2). In December 1970, another team from the Biological station “Tour du Valat” (Alan Johnson and Olivier Biber), accompanied by Tanyo Michev visited several wetlands in the interior of the country and on the Black Sea coast. Between December 6 and 11, 1970, they had counted 100,000 White-fronted geese and over 9300 Red-breasted geese at Sinoe Lake in Romania. Several days later (December 17, 1970) at Dourankoulak and Shabla Lakes they found no geese at all (Johnson, Biber, 1971). During their visit to Bulgaria, they counted 129,000 waterbirds (Appendix 2, Table 3). Their most impressive observations were the 37,000+ Pochards and 56,500 Coots, both spe3
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
kan” have been among the most active participants in the counts during the past several years. The results from the mid-winter counts have been processed and sent as annual reports to IWRB (now Wetlands International) for the period 1992-2001 (Michev, 1992, Michev, Profirov, 1993-1999; Michev et al, 2001). Results from individual mid-winter counts were presented to international conferences and symposia (Thesaloniki 1999, Valencia 2000, and Odessa 2000).
egates for Bulgaria in 1992, their status having been re-confirmed later, in 1996, as Wetlands International delegates. It is noteworthy that during these 25 years many university students and ornithologists from other institutions have also taken part in the mid-winter counts and have gained invaluable experience in field identification of waterbirds, in techniques of counting and in practical conservation. Some of these onetime assistant-participants at present are leaders of big applied conservation projects or are involved in carrying out different research projects on waterbirds. In January 1994, a group of British birdwatchers led by Mr. Bob Scott took part in the midwinter count on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, the results from their observations having been summarized by Scott (1994). After 1996, some important changes were made in the scheme of the surveys. Bird counts at any given wetland have since been carried out mostly by local bird-watchers from some of the conservation NGOs who send the data to the national co-ordinators of Wetlands International upon completing each annual census. Members of the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds (BSPB), the Foundation “Green Balkans”, Bulgarian-Swiss Biodiversity Conservation Programme (BSBCP) and the Foundation “Le Bal-
4
Data from the counts have also been included in the description of the 10 most important Bulgarian wetlands along the Black Sea basin (Profirov, Michev, 2002). The proposals for designating Varna Lake, Pomorie Lake, Vaya Lake, Mandra Lake, the Ropotamo Wetland Complex were based on data on species of birds exceeding the 1% Ramsar criterion according to Rose, Scott (1997). The new Ramsar criteria published by Wetlands International (2002) also have been used. A huge amount of information has been amassed during the 25 years of IWC surveys. Part of it, which concerns geese species, was published in several papers (Michev et al., 1981, 1991; Michev & Profirov, 1997). Another part of the information on IWC counts 1977-2001, was published by Simeonov et al. (1990), Kostadinova (1997, 2000), Nankinov et al. (1997), Nankinov (1998), Heath & Evans (2000), Kostadinova & Dereliev (2001) etc., in whose publications numerical data on some species or wetlands differs somewhat from data presented in this work. This holds true also for data on Bulgaria published by Rose (1992, 1993), Rose & Scott (1997), Delany et al. (1999), Gilissen et al. (2002). In all such cases of uncertain or dubious information, the present study should be regarded as the most comprehensive and reliable source about the IWC counts of waterbirds in Bulgaria.
Materials and Methods Material was collected during two main periods: 19771996 and 1997-2001. The periods have been so selected because of the substantial changes in the manner of collecting and representing data after 1996. Material concerning the period of 1977 through 1996 had been collected without interruption in the course of 20 years with the exception of 1986, when only the more important wetlands on the Black Sea coast were visited. Observations were made mainly on land, by the two teams described above the composition of which changed from year to year but persons experienced in mid-winter counts were always at the lead of both. Individual ornithologists who participated in the counts are mentioned below:
1977, 11-23 January, The Danube, NBg, NBSC, SBSC, SBg: T. Michev, D. Nankinov. B. Ivanov, jointed alond BSC by J. L. Roberts. 1978, 10-25 January, The Danube, parts of the NBg, and NBSC: B. Ivanov, V. Pomakov; SBSC and SBg: T. Michev, D. Nankinov. 1979, 9-21 January, The Danube, parts of NBg, and NBSC: B. Ivanov, V. Pomakov, P. Simeonov; T. Michev, D. Nankinov, I. Vatev. 1980, 11-21 January, The Danube, parts of NBg, and NBSC: B. Ivanov, V. Pomakov; SBSC and SBg: T. Michev, D. Nankinov. 1981, 13-27 January, The Danube, parts of NBg, and NBSC: B. Ivanov, V. Pomakov; SBSC and SBg: T. Michev, D. Nankinov, I. Vatev. 1982, 13-22 January, The Danube, parts of the NBg and NBSC: B. Ivanov, V. Pomakov; 1983; SBSC and SBg: T. Michev, D. Nankinov, I. Vatev. 1983, 14-26 January, The Danube and NBSC: B. Ivanov, V. Pomakov; SBSC and SBg: L. Profirov, K. Nyagolov, P. Arsov. 1984, 12-17 January, The Danube and NBSC: B. Ivanov, L. Profirov; SBSC and SBg: D. Nankinov. 1985, 9-21 January, The Danube and NBSC B. Ivanov, L. Profirov; SBSC and SBg: T. Michev, P.Arsov, L. Andreev. 1986, 15-19 January, NBSC and SBSC: L. Andreev, G. Gerasimov, A. Ignatov. 1987,14-23 January, The Danube, NBg and NBSC: T. Michev, V. Pomakov, B. Milchev, S. Minekov, L. Profirov; SBSC and SBg: T. Michev, V. Pomakov, B. Milchev, S. Minekov; Ovcharitsa Reservoir: K. Nyagolov. 1988, 11-23 January, The Danube: M. Dimitrov, K. Nyagolov; V. Pomakov, P. Yankov, P. Arsov 1989,13-22 January, The Danube: M. Dimitrov; NBg and NBSC: V. Pomakov, P. Arsov, I. Vatev;
SBSC and SBg: B. Milchev, V. Pomakov, L. Profirov, P. Arsov, I. Vatev, L. Andreev. 1990, 13-26 January, The Danube: B. Ivanov; NBg and NBSC: T. Michev, I. Vatev, P. Yankov, P. Arsov; SBSC: L. Profirov, K. Nyagolov, M. Dimitrov, B. Milchev; SBg: T. Michev, I. Vatev, P. Yankov, P. Arsov. 1991, 17-19 January, NBSC: D. Georgiev; SBSC: L. Profirov, M. Dimitrov; SBg: G. Gerasimov, A. Ignatov, M. Marinov. 1992, 20-30 January, The Danube, NBg, NBSC, SBSC and SBg: P. Yankov, P. Arsov, B. Milchev, L. Andreev, N. Vekov. 1993, 7-20 January, The Danube: E. Oundzhiyan, M. Marinov, N. Mikhov; NBg and NBSC: T. Michev, P. Yankov, P. Arsov, D. Georgiev, S. Dereliev; SBSC: M. Dimitrov, K. Nyagolov, L. Profirov, J. Madsen, J. Black; SBg: T. Michev, P. Yankov, P. Arsov. 1994, 12-21 January: NBSC and SBSC: L. Profirov and B. Scott with a group of birdwatchers; SBg: T. Michev, P. Yankov, P. Arsov. 1995, 14-23 January, The Danube: M. Marinov, N. Mikhov, Y. Kutsarov, M. Kurtev; NBSC: D. Georgiev, S. Dereliev, L. Andreev, D. Simeonov, V. Haynadzhieva; SBSC: T. Michev, L. Profirov, M. Dimitrov, K. Nyagolov, D. Georgiev, U. Georgieva; SBSC: L. Andreev, Kh. Khristov, S. Avramov. 1996, 14-19 January, The Danube: B. Ivanov, P. Zekhtindzhiev, N. Mikhov; NBg: L. Profirov, P. Yankov, V. Vasilev; Ts. Khristova, S. Petrova; NBSC: D. Georgiev, S. Dereliev, K. Ruskov, A.Tinchev, V. Vasilev; SBSC: T. Michev, M. Dimitrov, K. Nyagolov; SBg; L. Profirov, P. Yankov, T. Petrov, B. Ivanov, S. Avramov, S. Marin, K. Dichev, L. Andreev, E. Stoynov, Kh. Khristov, D. Ganev. As it may be seen, participation of ornithologists in the mid-winter counts has gradually increased over the years. For the sake of convenience, the area of the country has been divided into five main regions, each with wetlands of specific importance (almost the same division has been used by Michev, 1993). The five regions are: The Danube (Danube); the North Bulgaria (NBg); the Black Sea Coast (BSC) with the Northern Black Sea Coast (NBSC) and Southern Black Sea Coast (SBSC) subdivisions; and Southern Bulgaria (SBg) - Fig. 1.
5
Fig. 1. An UTM map of Bulgaria with squares of visited wetlands
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Every year in mid-January the two teams visited the most important wetlands in these five regions in accordance with the dates set by the IWRB (now Wetlands International). In 1978, some of the Western Rodopi Mountains’ dams were also visited in order to confirm the assumption that they were of no importance to the wintering waterbirds. Counts of waterbirds conducted from vessels on the Danube and on foot from its banks were performed on the Bulgarian sector of the river between Nikopol and Svishtov on a boat kindly placed at the team disposal by the Danube Navigation Maintenance and Control Administration. Dr. Bozhidar Ivanov, Mr. Lyubomir Profirov, Mr. Milko Dimitrov and Mr. Konstantin Nyagolov used to be the most active participants in those on-board counts of waterbirds. Researchers employed standard and widely used methods of identification and counting of waterbirds in the process of collecting the data. The flocks and individual birds have been sought, identified and counted with the aid of field glasses (binoculars) and telescopes (predominantly a binocular Zeiss Ikon 20÷40 x 100). Counting at any one of the wetlands was performed from a point giving the best horizontal view to the observer. Some of these observation points were abandoned or discovered in the very process of the survey. Depending on the particular conditions, the wetlands where wintering geese used to concentrate were visited before dawn or at nightfall. In foggy weather, the presence of waterbirds and a very rough assessment of their numbers were done acoustically, by birds’ calls. In 1994, following an IWRB request, a reduced list of most important Bulgarian wetlands (44 wetlands) was applied and used in the next years.
delov, Stefan Staykov, Iliyan Stoev. Counted regions: SBg. Federation “Le Balkan”: Pavel Simeonov. Counted regions: NBSC, Sreburna LC. Ministry of Environment and Water (MoEW)’ Lyubomir Profirov with several regional inspectorates mainly in the towns of Bourgas, Khaskovo, Pazardzhik, Pleven, Sofia, Stara Zagora, Varna, Veliko Turnovo. It is obvious that some of the regions overlap. In such cases results have always been carefully assessed and most often the higher number accepted as a final one. Methods applied in counting and identification as well as the observation points visited during the first period were more or less the same for the entire period. During the 1997-2001 period the list of wetlands to be monitored in mid-winter was extended by a number of small reservoirs, rivers (mainly Maritsa, Toundzha and Strouma), and other water bodies, usually not surveyed in previous years. Kostadinova & Dereliev (2001) published part of the results obtained in the 1997-2001 period. Data collected during this period are not presented in all details in the present book. They have been used mostly for tracing down the long-term trends in wintering populations of Bulgarian waterbirds. We have prepared and sent to IWRB and Wetlands International annual national reports for both subperiods of the research. After 1992, we discharged this duty as officially nominated by MoEW national delegates of this international organisation.
Central Laboratory for General Ecology: Tanyo Michev and Nikola Mikhov. Counted regions: Danube, SBSC.
Two types of wetlands have been included in the book: separate homogeneous wetlands, i.e. composed of only one type of wetland according to the Ramsar classification, and complexes of wetlands or those composed of several individual types of wetlands connected with each other. An example of a separate homogeneous wetland is the Bourgas Lake (Vaya), which includes only one brackish lake (firth). Compound wetland complexes are: The Shabla Lake with the Shablenska Touzla, the sea beach and adjacent sand dunes; the Atanasovsko Lake with its many, more or less separate water bodies of varying salinity, the sea shore, canals, etc., and particularly the Mandra Lake Complex. The types of wetlands participating in each one of the complexes are listed below in their descriptions.
Federation Green Balkans (FGB) with main participants: Borislav Borisov, Konstantin Dichev, Ivelin Ivanchev, Simeon Marin, Khristo Nikolov, Stoyan Nozh-
Along with the wetlands within their boundaries, the above-mentioned five regions are described in Part I: Wetlands.
In the period 1997-2001 several governmental and nongovernmental organisations took part in the counts as follows: Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds (BSPB) with main participants: Sergey Dereliev, Bozhidar Ivanov, Irina Kostadinova, Petar Yankov. Counted regions: Danube, NBg, NBSC, SBSC, SBg. Bulgarian Swiss Biodiversity Conservation Program (BSBCP) with main participants: Milko Dimitrov, Dimitur Georgiev, Khristo Khristov, Konstantin Nyagolov, Lyubomir Profirov. Counted regions: NBSC, SBSC, SBg.
7
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
The wetland complexes as well as the individual wetlands are described in the following standard way: Name: the officially adopted topographic name is given. For some of the wetlands, a synonym is given in parentheses. In the ornithological literature, in the Wetlands International database, and in a lot of other sources of information the names of wetlands are transcribed in most arbitrary and varying ways. This at times may lead to quite a few inconveniences and even make someone doubt the identity of a given wetland. Here below the sounds of the Bulgarian language, both vowels and consonants, which usually cause certain difficulties when transcribed with Latin letters and for which we have adopted the following individual letters or their combinations are listed: ‘Ç’ = ‘Z’, Æ’ = ‘ZH’, ‘É’ = ‘Y’, ‘Ó’ = ‘OU’, ‘Õ’ = ‘KH, ‘×’ = ‘CH’, ‘Ú’ = ‘U’, ‘Þ’ = ‘YU’ and ‘ß’ = ‘YA’. The names of wetlands have been transcribed in this work according to Danchev et al. (1989). Exceptions from this rule were made only for the names of wetlands, which have been firmly established in the English language for quite a long time already, like ‘The Danube’, etc. Authors have come upon other difficulties that become apparent when one rummages through research works published in the 19th or the beginning of the 20th century. In those publications, the names of a number of marshes and lakes are Turkish, which have been replaced with Bulgarian long time ago. These wetlands have been identified according to Michev et al. (1980) where the curious reader may also find some synonyms. Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: there is a short description of any particular wetland only regarding its importance to the mid-winter numbers of waterbirds, i.e. characteristic features of the wetland without any bearing to the numbers of birds, are omitted from the description. (More limnological characteristics and data on the wetlands may be found in the publications of Bonchev, 1929; Ivanov et al., 1964; Popov & Mishev, 1974; Michev, 1993, etc.). The wetlands’ description includes their location (geographic co-ordinates, the UTM grid or riverside kilometres in the case of the Danube Riverside wetlands) as well as their surface area in hectares. Geographic co-ordinates of wetlands’ complexes refer to the main wetland of the complex. In research literature, data on the size of individual wetlands differ at times substantially. This is mostly due to the difference between the size of the wetland proper and the size of that part of it, which has been designated as a protected area. Thus for instance the Atanasovsko Lake’ surface area is 1690 ha but 8
the reserve ‘Atanasovsko Lake’ is organised only on a part of the wetland and its surface area is 1074.5 ha, while the total surface area of the reserve and its buffer zone is 1974.5 ha. The Shabla Lake has an area of 755 ha, but the protected site “Shabla Lake” area is 510 ha, the IBA site “Shabla Lake” has a surface area of 3100 ha and the Corine Site “Shabla Lake” encompasses 1430 ha. In view of the above, all data on size in this book refer to the specific wetland or wetland complex of importance to waterbirds, and not to the total protected area on it, if there is one. Exceptions from this rule are explicitly mentioned wherever present. It has also been indicated which exactly wetland’ sections have been checked during the mid-winter counts. The area of the wetland complexes on the Danube Riverside and on the Black Sea Coast includes also the adjacent water area of the river flow or the coastal sea of 200 m width. This makes a total of 9420 ha for the Danube Riverside (471 km x 0.2 km), and 7650 ha for the Black Sea Coast (378 km x 0.2 km). These data are rather approximate and should be made more precise during possible future studies. Wetland type: the wetland types have been identified according to the Ramsar classification of wetlands, included in Appendix 3 and are given in alphabetcal order. Conservation status: it is given according to the following 6 categories of the Protected Areas Act (published in 1999): reserve, national park, natural monument, maintained reserve, natural park, and protected locality. The international conservation status (a Site according to the Convention on the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, a Ramsar Convention Site, an Important Bird Area or IBA, Corine Biotopes, an Action Plan for the Threatened Bird Species Key Site) has also been adduced. IWC visits: the number of surveys in the period 19771996 is indicated. In Table 1 that follows below, all wetlands included in the IWC have been divided into the following groups: those visited in the course of between 20 and 18 years belong to the group that has received ‘an excellent site coverage’; those visited in the course of between 17 and 10 years - a ‘very good coverage’; those visited for between 9 and 5 years, a ‘good coverage’; and finally wetlands visited between 4 and 1 year belong to the group that has received ‘an insufficient site coverage’. The number of visits in the period 1997-2001 (if there were any) is indicated after that for the previous period. Average total numbers of waterbirds: average total numbers of waterbirds during the period 1977-2001 and during the two sub-periods is given in the follow-
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Table 1. IWC visits to Bulgarian wetlands during the period 1977-1996 Group\Region Regularly visited in the course of 20–18 17-10 9-5 4-1 Total
Danube
4 3 7
NBg
3 4 7
NBSC
SBSC
SBg
6
8 4
2 11
6
12
13
ing way: 16,000 (20,000; 7000). The first number before brackets refers to the entire 1977-2001 period; the first number in brackets refers to the period of 1977 through 1996, the latter, for the period of 1997 through 2001. The number values were in some cases rounded off. Maximum total numbers of waterbirds and year: the total maximum number of waterbirds for the respective wetland and in the 1977-2001 period is given in the following way: 25,000/1997, i.e. the greatest number of birds counted was 25,000 in 1997. Average total numbers of the recorded species: the average number of waterbirds in the period 1977-2001 is given in the following way 12 (12, 11). The first number before brackets refers to the species number for the entire 25-year period; the first number in brackets refers to the period of 1977-1996, the latter refers to the period of 1997-2001. Maximum number of the recorded species and year: this column shows the maximum number of species recorded during the 1977-2001 period along with the year when that datum was recorded – for instance 18/1994. The first three most numerous wintering species with their average and maximum numbers: the three most numerous species for the period 1977-2001, ranked by their average numbers are included here. The first figure in the brackets is the average species numbers, the second is the species’ maximum numbers in the respective year (for instance Anas platyrhynchos (10,000; 50,000/1997), Larus ridibundus (1000; 2000/1982), Aythya ferina (10,000; 25,000/2001). Globally threatened species: the globally threatened waterbirds species are given with their average and maximum numbers in the following way: 6000 (2000; 1000). The first number before brackets refers to the entire 1977-2001 period; the first number in brackets refers to the period of 1977 through 1996, the latter, for the period of 1997 through 2001. These figures are followed by the maximum number of globally threatened species recorded during the 1977-2001
Total Number of visited wetlands
% of total number
16 19 6 4 45
35.5 42.2 13.3 8.9 100.00
period along with the year when that datum was recorded – e. g. 18/1994. Species whose numbers exceed regularly the 1% Ramsar criterion: Species, whose winter populations regularly exceed the 1% Ramsar level, are included here. Only the average numbers for a relatively longer period has been used in assessing whether a certain wetland meets this criterion. In our opinion using maximum numbers, numbers “up to…” is not appropriate here as it will not reflect the actual conservation value of a given wetland. The number of years, when the species numbers has exceeded 1% level is shown in brackets. Species with the highest average total numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: waterbird species mentioned here had the biggest winter populations in Bulgaria during the period of 1977-2001. Another large portion of the results obtained during the 25 mid-winter counts of waterbirds in Bulgaria has been included in Part II: Species. The status of each species was determined according to one of the following categories, adopted in “The Status of Birds in Britain and Ireland (BOU, Oxford, 1971) with two additional categories of ‘Very rare’ and ‘Rare’ as is shown below (Table 2). The following categories of “Numbers” are used in this book: Annual numbers. This is the mid-winter numbers of a given species in a given year; it differs from the average numbers by the presence of the four digits of a year after the value. Average numbers. This is the mean value from all years in the period of counts for a given species, zero values included; it could be told by that no year is indicated after the mean value. Average total numbers. This is the mean value of the sum of species‘ numbers in a given wetland, region or for the whole country; it could be told by that no year is indicated after the mean value. 9
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Table 2. Categorisation of species of waterbirds according to their winter numbers Category Very rare Rare Scarce Uncommon Fairly common Common Abundant
Numbers Occurring at intervals of at least 10 years Occurring less than every year Less than 10 birds occurring every year Between 10 and 99 birds occurring every year Between 100 and 999 birds occurring every year Between 1000 and 9999 birds occurring every year More than 10000 birds occurring every year
Maximum numbers. The highest numbers the species has had in all years of the count; it may be told by that the year when the value was recorded is indicated. Regular numbers. This is the range between –10% of the average numbers and +10% of the average numbers of a given species or wetland for the period 1977-2001. The value calculated from the value of the average numbers plus 10%, and the last but one maximum numbers is identified as ‘numbers higher than regular one’. Any value for the waterbirds’ numbers exceeding the last but one maximum numbers in the 25-year period has been identified as an ‘extremely high numbers’. The values calculated from the average numbers minus 10%, and the zero numbers are identified as ‘numbers lower than regular one’. Any values for waterbirds numbers close to zero has been identified as ‘‘extremely low numbers’. For example the regular numbers of the Dalmatian Pelican in Bulgaria is between 270 ind. (the average numbers of 300 ind. during the period 1977-2001 minus 10%) and 330 ind. (the average numbers of 300 plus 10%). All values standing out of these limits and of the period (say in the years after 2001) should be regarded as lower (less than 270 ind.) or higher (over 330 ind.) than the regular, normal winter numbers. Rate of concentration. This is the share of the species’ numbers from the first three wetlands in its total numbers for the country. A species with very high rate of concentration (100%) is for instance Branta ruficollis whose winter population in Bulgaria is concentrated exclusively in the lakes of Shabla and Dourankoulak. Species of low rate of concentration are: Cygnus cygnus with 8%, Ardea cinerea with 28%, Egretta alba with 35%, etc. The winter populations of these species are dispersed over many wetlands in the country. During this study the following wetlands were excluded from the survey: the high-mountain lakes, bodies of running water (with the exception of the Bulgarian
10
riverside of the Danube, the Maritsa river from the town of Septemvri to the border with Turkey, the Tundzha river to the border with Turkey, the river Strouma valley and the mouths of the rivers flowing into the Black Sea). In all data followed by dates without the day and month indicated but the year only, the reader should assume that the data refer to the middle of January when the mid-winter counts are traditionally carried out. Some data about the distribution and species numbers in Europe have been taken from Hagemeijer & Blair (1997), Scott & Rose (1996) and Madsen, Cracknell, Fox (1999). In cases of data not available on a certain period and/ or on various wetlands, the gaps have been made up for by using the available data from the previous or the next time period (for instance missing data on waterbirds observed at the mouth of river Timok with data on the Danube at the village of Tsibur, missing data on the Danube at the village of Tsibur with data on the Danube at Somovit, etc.). The 20-year period of the research between years 1977 and 1996 has been split into two sub-periods, 1977 through 1986 and 1987 though 1996, which are being compared below. Because of the different manner by which Kostadinova and Dereliev (2001) have divided the Danube riverside and the Black Sea Coast after 1999, the present book does not include information on the midwinter counts carried out by the BSPB in these regions in the years 2000 and 2001. In certain cases when very rare wintering species have been observed we have used information collected outside January. During the surveys research teams have collected also valuable information on other groups of birds (diurnal and nocturnal birds of prey, songbirds, etc.), which are not included in this book.
General Review of the Results During the survey data on the species composition, numbers, behaviour and human impact (as well as other negative factors) about 106 species of waterbirds have been collected from 45 main wetlands in the country and on sectors of the Danube riverside and the Black Sea Coast. These wetlands are distributed in the five already described above regions as follows: The Danube - 6 stretches and one wetland complex NBg – 7 reservoirs NBSC – 3 wetland complexes and 4 stretches of the Black Sea Coast SBSC- 6 wetland complexes and 6 stretches of the Black Sea Coast SBg – 12 reservoirs. After 1997 4 river stretches were included additionally: two along Matitsa River and other two along Toundzha River. The numbers of individual species of birds in all those wetlands (with exception of Maritsa and Toundzha) in mid-January by years of the indicated period are included in Appendix 1. During the period 1977-2001 this numbers ranges from 101,017 ind. in 1991 to 468,420 ind. in 1995 (the year 1986 when only a couple of wetlands on the Black Sea Coast were counted has been excluded). The average total numbers for the period stood at 352,828 ind. The number of species found in different years varies from 45 in 1988 to 71 in 1994. The average number of the wintering waterbirds species for the country has been 56.
During the period 1997-2001 the data have been collected by the same standard technique and have been presented with the data collected during the period 1977-1996 in Appendix 1. The total numbers of wintering waterbirds in Bulgaria has varied from 805,621 ind. in 1997 to 216,704 ind. in 2001. The average total numbers for the period stood at 420,274 ind. The number of species found in different years varied from 59 in 1998 to 71 in 1999. The average number of wintering waterbird species in the country was 66. Results obtained during this period show noticeable increase both in the average and in the maximum total numbers of the wintering waterbirds populations in Bulgaria. The average number of the species found has also increased (Fig. 2). The increase in numbers in the second period is statistically authentic (bi-serial correlation coefficient 0.1341, p= 0.1282; Portney & Watkins, 1993). The main question that arises here is whether this noticeable increase has been due to the increased number of observers and to the increased number of wetlands visited after 1996 or has come up as a result of the impact of objective environmental factors e. g. the climate overall warming-up among the others. It is our opinion that the second hypothesis is much more likely because of the following arguments based on the results obtained: 45 wetlands having the highest average numbers of waterbirds for a period of 20 years (Reduced List)
1000000
80
800000
70 60
600000
50
400000
40 30
200000
20 10
0 Aver. Total Numbers
Max. Total Numbers
1977-96 1997-01
0
1977-96 Ave r. Spe cie s Numbe r
Max. Spe cie s Number
1997-01
Fig. 2. Comparing the average and maximum numbers during the periods 1977 through 1996 and 1997 through 2001. 11
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
comprise 95.5% of their total numbers. Monitoring the rest of the wetlands is largely important only with respect to species of low rate of concentration as Grey Heron (28%), Great White Egret (35%), Redbreasted Merganser (41%), and Black-throated Diver (47%). Regardless of the above, some species have shown a trend towards decrease. The valleys of rivers Maritsa, Toundzha, and Strouma, which have been included in the monitoring during the second period are largely important for the Pygmy Cormorant wintering population.
ed in recent years a definite trend for a significant increase. These are the Dalmatian Pelican, Pygmy Cormorant, Cormorant, White-fronted Goose, Redbreasted Goose, Smew, White-headed Duck, and Coot.
In wetlands that have been checked regularly since 1977 some species of waterbirds have demonstrat-
We will revert to this issue again when considering individual wetlands and species of waterbirds below.
12
In total, 26 wetlands holded an average total numbers of more than 1000 ind. In 13 of them the maximum numbers occurred during the period 1977-1996, and in the other 13 - during the period from 19972001; in 21 wetlands this occurred after 1990.
PART I: WETLANDS
13
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
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14
General Comments Bulgaria’ wetlands are not numerous and are of relatively small surface area. Despite the scarcity of this type of ecosystems, they play an important role in the breeding, migration and wintering of a number of Western Palearctic waterbirds, due to the country’ specific biogeographic location in the continent of Europe and in the Balkan Peninsula in particular. During the last century, wetlands have undergone many changes, which will be described shortly below. The first published works devoted to Bulgarian wetlands belong to Hodek (1882), who wrote a valuable article about Sreburna Lake. Kalbermatten (1891), Khristovich (1892), Lorenz-Liburnau (1893), Reiser (1894), Yoakimov (1907), Petkoff (1911), and Vurbanov (1912) collected significant amount of data. However, it was Bonchev (1929) who had carried out the most comprehensive study of Bulgarian wetlands of that time. According to his data, the total area of all Bulgarian natural wetlands (lakes and marshes), the mountain lakes excepted, was 39,000 ha. In the meantime, several works on some particular wetlands had been published. The most comprehensive of them is the publication of Iordanov (1930-1931) on Bulgarian marshes and their vegetation. Bulgarian wetlands are also described in the significant work of Ivanov et al. (1964). This book contains many useful hydrological and hydrobiological data on different wetlands, including the lakes in Rila Mountain, Pirin Mountain and Rodopi Mountains. Popov and Mishev (1974) present valuable information on the location and geologic origin of the wetlands on the Black Sea coast. The “National Action Plan for the Conservation of the Most Important Wetlands in Bulgaria” worked out by a team of ornithologists (Michev, 1993) made the last in time but not in importance contribution to the knowledge, and mostly to the conservation of Bulgarian wetlands.
The first Bulgarian wetland with relatively detailed checklist of its plant and animal species and bibliography is Sreburna Lake (Michev et al.,1998). The last more significant publication, dedicated to Bulgarian wetlands is about wetlands on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast (Michev & Profirov, 2002). During the second half of the 20th century Bulgaria’s wetlands underwent substantial changes affecting their surface area and nature, a fact that stands out well when comparing data supplied by Bonchev (1929) with those collected in recent years (Table 3). It allows for making a couple of conclusions, some of which will be at variance with the long-established opinion: • The surface area of the natural lakes and marshes has decreased by about 30,000 ha or more than four-fold. • The total surface area of the wetlands in Bulgaria has increased by nearly 10,000 ha on the expense of man-made wetlands like dams, fishponds, sandand gravel pits. • Artifical types of wetlands like salt-works, fishponds, reservoirs, gravel- and sand- pits have come into being. Irrespective of their small number and the important role Bulgarian wetlands play, they have been exposed to significant human pressure since the 1920s and particularly in 1950s, when a bigger part of the Danube Riverside wetlands were drained. The process of draining of Bulgarian wetlands has started with draining of the biggest Bulgarian inland marsh, the “Straldzhansko Blato”, with its 13,775 ha or 35% of the country’ wetlands total surface area. During the late 1950s and in 1960s, the government built 55 of the country’ big dams, their lakes covering a total area of 337.5 sq. km as well as hundreds of
Table 3. Long-term changes in wetlands area (in ha) in Bulgaria according to Bonchev (1929) and the present study. Source Bonchev (1929) Present study
Lakes & Marshes 39,059 8991
Reservoirs
Fishponds
Pits
29,695
2907
1200
Danube & Shelf 17,070 17,070
Salinas
Total
2540
56,129 62,403*
*Several big reservoirs in Western Rodopi Mountains have been excluded from this survey, with them the total area of Bulgarian wetlands would grow to 66,258 ha. 15
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
small man-made water bodies. Two of the bigger dams (Ovcharitsa and Rozov Kladenets Reservoirs) were built to serve as cooling lakes of thermoelectric power plants and usually do not freeze in winter. Nowadays, Bulgaria’ biggest dams are Iskur near Sofia and Stouden Kladenets near the Eastern Rodopi Mountains’ city of Kurdzhali.
excepted) have not exceeded 40,000 ha. The biggest number of natural marshes and lakes drained were located in South Bulgaria (17,683 ha or 96% of all natural wetlands existing there), followed by those on the Danube Riverside (7495.7 ha or 81.2% of all riverine wetlands) and on the Black Sea coast (4998.6 ha or 44% of all the seaside wetlands).
The table shows very clearly how enormously the structure of Bulgarian wetlands in the period after 1950s has changed. It has also made it apparent that the natural wetlands in the past (mountain lakes
Nevertheless of the enormous reduction, the Bulgarian wetlands still support extremely high biodiversity and especially significant populations of wintering waterbirds.
16
A Brief Description of the Wetlands with the Main Results Obtained The different regions into which Bulgaria has been divided are not equal in territory and wetland area as may be seen on Table 4 below. Because of that, and because of the substantial difference in climatic and meteorological conditions, the wintering populations do not spread evenly in the different regions. Each one is characterised by its specific features, which will be considered consecutively.
1. The Danube (The Danube River) 1.1. General Information The Bulgarian Danube Region (Danube) is 471 km long and includes the water surface of the river course with the islands and sand strips; the right-hand riverside lowlands with their natural and artificial wetlands. The total area of the region is 3500-sq.- km or 3.2% of the country’ total surface area. The total area of all wetlands within the region (incl. half of the surface area of the Danube River course proper) is about 13,700 ha. The Danube hilly plain belongs to the temperate continental sub-region of the European continental climatic region. It has the typical characteristics of the continental climate, with well-expressed contrast between the different seasons. The winter is rather cold, with average January temperatures varying between 1.5o C to 3o C below the zero. In some occasions, the temperatures in January may fall down to minus 18o C to 20o C. Mists and frozen water bodies are typical for the region during the winter. The Bulgarian riverside of the Danube possesses great morphological diversity. At places, the bank is 100 m to 120 m above the river proper, very steep and bare. For its greater part, the riverside consists of
lowlands covering more than 60% of the riverside’ total length. Nowadays, the total number of lowlands is 15 with an overall surface area of about 1300-sq.km. In the past these lowlands had their own wetlands of different types. According to Bonchev (1929), their area totalled 9232.9 ha. After almost complete draining and reclamation of them in 1950s, only three natural wetlands have survived there. These are the Maluk Preslavets Marsh, the Garvan Marsh and the Sreburna Lake. All of them have been designated in one time or the other as protected sites of different status. Other parts were turned into fishponds (Orsoya, Mechka, and Nova Cherna) some of which have now been abandoned and remained derelict for years. The non-governmental environmental organisation “Green Balkans” bought one of these, the Nova Cherna fish farms, for conservation purposes. The prevailing types of the Bulgarian Danube wetlands are the water surface of Danube River proper and the flooded islands in the river. These wooded islands are of different size and surface area, depending on the Danube water level. In January, the water level is usually at its lowest and at that time the large sand bars and banks emerge, which are used by the variety of wintering waterbird species for roosting and spending the nights on. During the mid-winter counts, wetlands in this region were visited usually on 4WD vehicles of cross-country capability from which observations were made and data gathered. In some occasions, the Danube River Management Administration was kindly placing one of its motorboats at our services. Despite the hardships the mid-winter counts’ teams faced regularly in the Danube region due to the adverse weather conditions (low temperatures, frequent fogs or snowfalls, moving mostly along countryside dirt roads, etc.), carrying out the counts at 4 wetlands was usually regarded as a very good achievement (i.e.
Table 4. Land surface and wetlands area of different regions. Region
Region’ land surface area (in km2)
Area of wetlands (in km2)
% from the region’ land surface area
Danube NBG BSC SBG Total
3500 46,417 7420 53,601 110,938
137.33 122.50 177.20 187.00 624.03
3.9 0.1 2.3 0.3 0.5 17
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
being visited between 17 and 10 years out of the entire period of the survey), and at 3 wetlands was considered as a good one (visited between 9 and 5 years).
1.2. Description of the Wetlands To facilitate the survey, the Bulgarian Danube riverside has been divided into 6 stretches (Sreburna LC is considered separately). The 7 sites are described below (with the exception of Sreburna LC) only for the period 1977 through 1996 with its two sub-periods: 1977-1986 and 1987-1996.
1.2.1. Timok - Tsibur Stretch A brief description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a stretch of the Danube between Km 845.5 and Km 715 with 22 islands and sand strips. The total length of the site is 131 km. The total water surface area (on the Bulgarian side of the river only) is about 2970 ha (Orsoya fishponds with a surface area of 360 ha included; though they are most often completely frozen and do not shelter wintering waterbirds). Wetland type: M, P, Xf, 1, 3, 4. Conservation status: 360 ha of Orsoya fishponds are declared as an IBA site. A part of Ibisha Island has been declared as Managed Reserved and Ramsar Site (372 ha).
Km 607) with 24 islands and sand strips. The total length of the site is 108 km. The total water surface area (on the Bulgarian side of the river only) is about 2370 ha (the Dam “Asparoukhov Val” with 210 ha included, but not counted during this specific survey). Wetland type: M, P, Xf, 1, 3, 4, 6. Conservation status: unprotected. IWC visits: 8, 2 (App. 1, Table 1.2). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 6363 (9839, 2887) with maximum of 25,820/1978. Number of the recorded species: average 13 (13, data not available) with maximum of 16/1977. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos (6453; 17,629/1978), Anser albifrons (2112; 6703/1977), Anas crecca (865; 4450/1984). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus (7; 42/1979), Pelecanus crispus (1/1977), Aythya nyroca (1/1977). Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Anser albifrons, Anser anser and all waterbirds (per 2 years).
IWC visits: 7, 1 (App. 1, Table 1.1).
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Anas crecca – 4450/1984.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 5007 (6971, 3043) with maximum of 15,255/1977.
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 5800 ÷ 7000 ind. from 8 to 16 species.
Number of recorded species: average 11(11, data not available) with maximum of 17/1979.
1.2.3. Somovit - Svishtov Stretch
The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos (5953; 10,959/1977), Anas crecca (584; 3118/1977), Larus ridibundus (160; 295/1983). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus (48; 137/1979). Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none. Species with the highest in Bulgaria during the survey: none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 4500 ÷ 5500 ind. from 6 to 17 species.
1.2.2. Tsibur - Somovit Stretch A brief description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a stretch of the Danube (between Km 715 and 18
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a stretch of the Danube Riverside and river proper between Km 607 and Km 554 with 21 islands and sandbars. The biggest of these is the island of Persina (12 km long and 5 km wide on the average) with three marshes. They often are frozen or completely dry and because of that, they are of little if any importance to wintering of waterbirds. The site total length is 53 km. The total water surface (with the reserve “Persinski Blata” and Kaykousha Protected Site) is 1745.2 ha. Wetland type: M, O, P, Xf, 1, 3, 4. Conservation status: two nature reserves (‘Persinski blata’ with 385.2 ha and ‘Island of Kitka’ with 24.5 ha surface area) and two protected sites (‘Persina’ with 718.9 ha and ‘Kaykusha’ with 300 ha surface area). Recently 21,762 ha along the Danube bank were declared as a Nature park and Ramsar Site (6898 ha). IWC visits: 13, 3 (App. 1, Table 1.3).
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 4877 (4816; 4937) with maximum of 19,157/1984
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 3600 ÷ 4400 ind. from 7 to 18 species.
Number of the recorded species: average 10 (7; 12) with maximum of 13/1996.
1.2.5. Rouse - Toutrakan Stretch
The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos (3551; 16,409/1984), Anas crecca (359; 2302/1988), Anser albifrons (223; 894/1978). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus (20; 194/1984), Pelecanus crispus (2; 15/1996), Branta ruficollis (12; 46/1988). Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Anser anser (per 3 years). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none.
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a stretch of the Danube between Km 496 and Km 432 with 15 islands, many sandbars and the Nova Cherna (= Kalimok) fishponds spread on 1000 ha. The total length of the site is 64 km. The total water surface (Nova Cherna fishponds included) is 2280 ha. Wetland type: M, O, P, Xf, 1, 3, 4. Conservation status: Nova Cherna fishponds are declared a protected site under the management of the Federation “Green Balkans”. Recently, it was extended significantly and now covers an area of 6000 ha. IWC visits: 8, 4 (App. 1, Table 1.5).
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 4500 ÷ 5500 ind. from 7 to 21 species.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 3584 (1729; 5439) with maximum of 13.512/1999.
1.2.4. Svishtov - Rouse Stretch Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a stretch of the Danube between Km 554 and Km 496 with 12 islands and many sandbars. The total length of the site is 58 km. The total water surface area including Mechka fishponds (800 ha), is 1960 ha.
Number of the recorded species: average 8 (5; 12) with maximum of 23/1997. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos (1300; 10,115/1999), Larus ridibundus (143; 928/1984), Phalacrocorax carbo (84; 339/1999).
Wetland type: M, O, P, Xf, 1, 3, 4.
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus (2; 15/1999), Pelecanus crispus (5; 21/1999).
Conservation status: There is only one protected site, ‘Stariyat Dub’ (98.7 ha) on Vardim island.
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none.
IWC visits: 12, 2 (App. 1, Table 1.4).
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 4135 (5124; 3146) with maximum of 38,381/1984. Number of the recorded species: average 9 (10; 9) with maximum of 22/1996. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos (3704; 33,164/1984), Anser albifrons (339; 3340/1978), Larus ridibundus (293; 1922/1984). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus (33; 363/1984), Pelecanus crispus (9; 26/1996), Branta ruficollis (26; 77/1996). Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Pelecanus crispus, Anas platyrhynchos and all waterbirds (per 1 year). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Clangula hyemalis 57/1982.
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 3200 ÷ 4000 ind. from 5 to 21 species.
1.2.6. Toutrakan - Silistra Stretch Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a stretch of the Danube between Km 432 and Km 375 with 12 islands, some sandbars and marshes (Pozharevo, Maluk Preslavets and Garvan). Pozharevo Marsh was turned into a fishpond on a 50 ha area, but has been abandoned in recent years. Maluk Preslavets Marsh (38.5 ha) is a freshwater wetland located at some 200 m from the riverbank. It has a small area of open water in its middle surrounded by Typha sp. and Phragmites australis. The Garvan Marsh (280 ha) is a freshwater wetland located in close vicinity of the village of Garvan. Due to its connection with the Danube having been cut long ago, the marsh is in a very advanced stage of succession. It is covered by Phrag19
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
mites australis and there is no area of open water anywhere within its limits. In winter, all these wetlands are usually frozen and are of no importance to the wintering waterbirds. The site total length is 57 km and the total area of the stretch (incl. both marshes and Pozharevo fishpond) is 1448.5 ha. Wetland type: M, O, P, Xf, 1, 3, 4. Conservation status: two protected sites: ‘Maluk Preslavets Marsh’ (declared in 1986 with an area of 38.5 ha) and ‘Garvan Marsh’ (declared in 1985 with and area of 280 ha). IWC visits: 11, 4 (App. 1, Table 1.6). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 6566 (4201; 8932) with maximum of 26,444/1999. Number of the recorded species: average 8 (5; 10) with maximum of 25/1999. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos (3463; 23,143/1999), Larus ridibundus (219; 730/1990), Aythya ferina (161; 1694/1999). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus (4; 141/1999), Pelecanus crispus (3; 30/1999). Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Pelecanus crispus, Anas platyrhynchos and all waterbirds (per 1 year). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: - none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 5800 ÷ 6500 ind. from 6 to 19 species.
Wetland type: M, O, P, Xf, Zk. Conservation status: A managed reserve with a total surface area of 902.1 ha since 1948, a Ramsar Site since 1975, a Biosphere Reserve since 1977, a World Heritage Site since 1983, an IBA Site since 1980. There is an Ecological Station at Central Laboratory for General Ecology. A Checklist of Sreburna’ plants and animals has been published (Michev et al., 1998) and a Management Plan has been prepared (Hiebaum et al., 2001). IWC visits: 16, 4 (App. 1, Table 1.7). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 6416 (10,500; 2300) with maximum of: 55,253/1992; Number of the recorded species: average 5 (8, 3) with maximum of 18/1977; The first three most numerous wintering species: Anser albifrons: 3800 (7600; 30) with maximum of 45,155/1992, Anas platyrhynchos: 1300 (2300; 270) with maximum of 15,000/1978, Phalacrocorax carbo: 1000 (10; 2000) with maximum of 10,000/2001. Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: average 3 (7; 0) with maximum of 36/1984; Pelecanus crispus: average 3 (0; 6) with maximum of 32/ 2001; Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Anser albifrons (5 years); Anser anser (4 years), Phalacrocorax carbo (1 year), Pelecanus crispus (1 year), total waterbirds numbers (2 years). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Phalacrocorax carbo (10,000/2001), Anser anser (1000/1978).
1.2.7. Sreburna Lake Complex Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a hypertrophic lake located on the Bulgarian (righthand) bank of the Danube between Km 391 and Km 393, with a surface area of about 600 ha (44-07’ N, 2703’ E; UTM grid NJ 08). The complex includes also about 100 ha of water surface of the Danube (on the Bulgarian side of the river only) and two islands, Vetren and Devnya, with big sandbars in front of the lake. Until 1975, there was commercial fishing and mowing of Reed, Reed mace and Bulrush in the reserve. Since then, all commercial activities in the lake have been stopped. During the last decade, the lake ecosystem has undergone significant negative changes, but fortunately, the gravest ones have already been more or less overcome. One of the proofs for the start of lake recovering is the significant increase of the overall numbers of waterbirds during the last few winters. The wetland complex’ total area is about 960 ha. 20
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 5800 ÷ 7000 ind. from 6 to 12 species. (Fig. 3).
1.3. Assessment and Comparison of Individual Wetlands The above data prove the essential importance of the Bulgarian Danube Riverside wetlands to the wintering of waterbirds in Bulgaria. In the period 1977-1996 this region (with about 13,700 ha of wetlands) had supported an average total numbers of 37,000 ind. of waterbirds. The highest numbers in the Danube region, some 100,000 individuals of wintering waterbirds was recorded in 1984. The wetlands in the region with their average total numbers of waterbirds found in them are shown on Table 5 below.
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
As can be seen, the relatively small area of the Sreburna Lake does not affect negatively the numbers of wintering waterbirds and the lake has a highest density of wintering waterbirds in the region. The average number of wintering waterbirds’ species in the wetlands on the Bulgarian riverside of the Danube is relatively low, 20, while their maximum number stood at 38. It is easily seen on the table below (Table 6) that in the Danube Riverside wetlands the numbers of the recorded waterbirds (with the exception of Rouse– Silistra Stretch where the numbers have slightly increased) had steadily decreased. Two sites were not surveyed during the second sub-period of the survey for different reasons. In general terms, the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) has been identified as the most abundant species during the two sub-periods of the survey in this region, its total numbers averaging 20,500 ind. (26,000; 14,500). This figure is about ¾ of the entire wintering population of waterbirds along the
Bulgarian Danube Riverside. The White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) comes second followed by the Teal (Anas crecca) with average total numbers of 1500 ind. (2000; 500). During the second sub-period, the Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) displaced it and has ranked third by its numbers since. Its wintering population in the region has been steadily increasing. Two other waterbird’ species, the Pochard (Aythya ferina), and the Coot (Fulica atra), are typical only for the eastern part of the region. All wetlands along the Bulgarian Danube Riverside are wintering grounds for some globally threatened waterbirds like the Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus), and the Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus). The Red-breasted Goose (Branta ruficollis) was recorded at Somovit-Svishtov and Svishtov-Rouse stretches, as was the Ferruginous Duck (Aythya nyroca) at Tsibur-Somovit stretch. In all such cases, their average numbers were relatively low and did not exceed regularly the 1% population level (Ramsar Criterion 6).
Table 5. Area of Bulgarian Danubian wetlands, average total numbers of waterbirds and their density in the period of 1977-2001.
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Wetland
Area (in ha)
Average Total Numbers 1977-2001
Watebirds Density (average total numbers per 1 ha)
Timok – Tsibur Stretch Tsibur – Somovit Stretch Somovit – Svishtov Stretch Svishtov – Rouse Stretch Rouse – Toutrakan Stretch Toutrakan – Silistra Stretch Sreburna Lake Complex Total in Danube Region Percentage from total numbers.
2970 2370 1745 1960 2280 1448 960 13,733 22.0%
5007 6363 4877 4135 3584 6566 6416 36,948 8.8%
1.68 2.68 2.79 2.11 1.57 4.53 6.68 2.69
Table 6. Average total numbers (ind.) of waterbirds obeserved in the Bulgarian Danube riverside wetlands with a trend. Wetland /period 1.1. 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Timok – Tsibur Stretch Tsibur – Somovit Stretch Somovit – Svishtov Stretch Svishtov – Rouse Stretch Rouse –Toutrakan Stretch Toutrakan – Silistra Stretch Sreburna Lake Complex Total in Danube Region Percentage from the total numbers
1977-1986
1987-1996
1997-2001
Trend
6971 9839 3489 5810 1669 3037 7604 38,419 11.8%
6971* 9839* 6144 4439 1790 5364 13,404 47,951 12.8%
3043 2887 4937 3146 5439 8932 2327 30,711 6.3%
D D D D I I D D
*As there were no data for the second sub-period, we have used the data collected in the first sub-period of the survey. 21
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
100000 80000 60000 40000
Danube
20000
Sreburna LC 20 01
19 99
19 97
19 95
19 93
19 91
19 89
19 87
19 85
19 83
19 81
19 79
19 77
0
Fig. 3. Annual mid-winter numbers of waterbirds in Sreburna LC and Danube, 1977- 2001.
During this period of the survey, no wetland along the Bulgarian riverside of the Danube has supported over 20,000 wintering waterbirds (Ramsar Criterion 5). Some sites, however, have exceeded the numbers required for this criterion in some years like TsiburSomovit (25,820/1978), Svishtov-Rouse (38,381/ 1984), and Sreburna Lake (55,253/1992; 21,352/ 1978). Among the regularly wintering species that have exceeded the 1% criterion there is only one in Sreburna Lake, the White-fronted Goose, whose average numbers of 7608 ind. exceeds the 1% level of 6500. During this period, several wetlands along the Bulgarian riverside of the Danube, have supported the highest average total numbers in Bulgaria of the following species: Anas crecca in Tsibur-Somovit Stretch, Rallus aquaticus in Somovit-Svishtov Stretch, Mergus albellus and Mergus merganser in ToutrakanSilistra Stretch. The region has been more regularly surveyed in the period 1997-2001, but the average total numbers dropped from about 43,000 ind. to 26,000 ind., the maximum numbers - from 99,000 ind. to 55,500 ind. (Fig. 3). Nevertheless, the average number of species in the second period has increased from 20 to 30 and the maximum one - from 31 to 38, which could be explained with the better coverage of the region.
2. North Bulgaria (NBg) 2.1. General Information North Bulgaria (NBg) comprises the country’s area to the north of the Balkan (Stara Planina) Mountains, the Danube right-hand riverside and the Northern Black 22
Sea Coast (NBSC) regions excluded. The total surface area of this region is 46,417 km2 or 41.8% of the country’ entire territory. The Danube Hilly Plain belongs to the moderate continental sub-region of the European continental climatic region. Its climate is of the best-expressed continentality, with well-emphasised contrasts between different seasons, with winter minimum and a summer maximum of precipitation. The winter is markedly cold, the January mean ambient temperatures varying from 1.5oC to 3oC below the zero, falling down to 18oC to 20oC below the zero during especially cold spells. When Mediterranean cyclones pass over the country a foehn descends causing a sharp rise in temperatures. Summer is hot, the mean monthly ambient temperature in July standing at 22oC to 24oC, the maximum ones reaching 38oC to 40oC. The annual temperature amplitude for the country is 22oC to 24oC, for North Bulgaria it exceeds 25oC. Precipitation minimum has been recorded for FebruaryMarch, and the maximum is in June, the difference between the winter and summer precipitation reaching 20% to 22%. The number of natural wetlands in North Bulgaria is comparatively small. Most of them are rivers (righthand tributaries to the Danube) with frequently flooded areas along their sides, flooded old arms and riverbeds, etc. In the past, the total area of these natural wetlands, as described by Bonchev (1929) was relatively small. Nowadays several reservoirs were built and the total area of wetlands (predominantly reservoirs and fishponds) has increased to about 6000 ha. Almost all of them do freeze each winter and are of almost no importance for wintering of waterbirds. Despite the difficulties (low temperatures and frequent mists), the coverage of 2 wetlands was good (i.e. being visited between 9 and 5 years) and of another 5 wetlands it has not been sufficient (visited between 4
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
and 1 years for the entire period of 1977 through 1996). Seven wetlands in North Bulgaria (NBg) were included in the survey. Some wetlands of relatively small importance to the mid-winter counts (Rabisha Reservoir for example) are listed under the heading “Other sites”.
The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos: 2100 (3300; 1000) with maximum of 4100/1993, Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 170 (340; 1) with maximum of 1015/1996, Fulica atra: 140 (2; 273) with maximum of 610/1999.
The description of NBg most significant wetlands follows below.
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: (see the previous paragraph).
2.2. Description of the Wetlands
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Phalacrocorax pygmeus (1 year).
All sites included here are man-made wetlands. They are only reservoirs, built in late 1950s and after. During the second period (1997 through 2001) two new reservoirs were constructed: Ogosta with a surface area of 1790 ha and Bebresh with an area of 100 ha. There are also some fishponds, which usually freeze or are drained in winter.
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 2700 ÷ 3300 ind. from 7 to 12 species (Fig. 4).
2.2.2. Sopot Reservoir 2.2.1. Gorni Dubnik Reservoir Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a reservoir, located in the Danube Plain near the town of Pleven, Region of Pleven (43-23’N, 24-20’ E; UTM grid KJ 80). The dam was built on the Bara Rivulet for supplying water to industry and for irrigation. Set in use since 1974. The site’ total area is 1180 ha.
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a reservoir located in the Stara Planina Mountains between the villages of Sopot and Golyama Zhelyazna, Region of Lovech (43-00’N, 24-26’E; UTM grid KH 96). The dam was built on the Kalnik Rivulet for irrigation purposes, in usage since 1962. The site’ total area is 550 ha.
Wetland type: 6.
Wetland type: 6.
Conservation status: unprotected.
Conservation status: unprotected.
IWC visits: 3, 5 (App. 1, Table 2.1).
IWC visits: 3, 3 (App. 1, Table 2.2).
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 2825 (4090; 1560) with maximum of 5023/1996.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 205 (318; 192) with maximum of 509/1983.
Number of the recorded species: average 10 (8; 12) with maximum of 18/1997.
Number of the recorded species: average 5 (3; 6) with maximum of 8/2001.
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000
Gorni Dubnik R Stamboliyski R Sopot R
1000 0 77 19
79 19
81 19
83 19
85 19
87 19
89 19
91 19
93 19
95 19
97 19
99 19
01 20
Fig. 4. Annual mid-winter Numbers of waterbirds in three reservoirs (Gorni Dubnik, Stamboliyski and Sopot) in North Bulgaria, 1977- 2001. 23
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos: 130 (180; 80) with maximum of 431/ 1983), Fulica atra: 65 (130; 0) with maximum of 330/ 1994), Tachybaptus ruficollis: 4 (7; 1) with maximum of 12/1983).
close to the village of Suedinenie, Region of Turgovishte (43-20’ N; 26-35’ E; UTM grid MH 69). The dam was built on the Anadere Rivulet for irrigation purposes, in usage since 1959. The site total area is 250 ha. Wetland type: 6.
Globally threatened species: none. Conservation status: unprotected. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none.
IWC visits: 2, 3 (App. 1, Table 2.4).
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 145 (209; 81) with maximum of 401/1984.
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 180 ÷ 220 ind. from 5 to 7 species (Fig. 4).
Number of the recorded species: average 2 (2; 3) with maximum of 6/2001.
2.2.3. Stamboliyski (Rositsa) Reservoir
The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos: 140 (200; 70) with maximum of 400/ 1984), Egretta alba: 4 (1; 7) with maximum of 31/2001), Cygnus olor: 4 (9; 0) with maximum of 17/1983).
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a reservoir located in the Danube Plain near the village of Gorsko Kosovo, Region of Veliko Turnovo (43-06’N; 25-08’E; UTM grid LH 47, 57). The dam was built on Rositsa River for the purpose of power production, in usage since 1954. The site’ total area is 1700 ha.
Globally threatened species: none. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none.
Wetland type: 6. Conservation status: unprotected. IWC visits: 7, 5 (App. 1, Table 2.3). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 985 (1273; 696) with maximum of 4447/1982. Number of the recorded species: average 5 (3; 6) with maximum of 13/1997. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos 750 (1200; 350) with maximum of 4200/ 1982), Phalacrocorax carbo 85 (0; 170) with maximum of 703/1999), Fulica atra 50 (30; 80) with maximum of; 370/1997).
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 130 ÷ 170 ind. from 2 to 3 species (Fig. 5).
2.2.5. Telish Reservoir Short description of the wetland: a reservoir located in the Danube Plain, close to the village of Telish, Region of Pleven (43-19’N, 24-15’E; UTM grid KH 79). The dam was built on the Bara Rivulet for irrigation purposes, in usage since 1969. The total area of the site is 230 ha. Wetland type: 6.
Globally threatened species: none.
Conservation status: unprotected.
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none.
IWC visits: 1, 3 (App. 1, Table 2.5).
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 900 ÷ 1100 ind. from 4 to 9 species (Fig. 4).
2.2.4. Suedinenie Reservoir Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a reservoir located in the north-east of the country, 24
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 680 (1097; 263) with maximum of 1166/2001. Number of the recorded species: average 9 (13; 6) with maximum of 17/2001. The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra: 360 (570; 150) with maximum of 750/ 2001), Anas platyrhynchos: 220 (350; 90) with maximum of 350/1996), Anser albifrons: 50 (100; 0) with maximum of 100/1996).
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 2 (4; 0) with maximum of 4/1996).
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none.
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none.
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none.
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none.
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 2200 ÷ 2800 ind. from 8 to 14 species (Fig. 5).
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 600 ÷ 750 ind. from 8 to 13 species.
2.2.7. Tsonevo (Georgi Traykov) Reservoir
2.2.6. Ticha (Vinitsa) Reservoir Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a reservoir located in Northeast Bulgaria, between Preslavska Planina and Dragoevska Planina Mountains, Region of Shoumen (43-03’N, 26-45’E; UTM grid MH 76, 86, 87). The dam was built on Ticha River for irrigation purposes, in usage since 1972. The site total area is 480 ha (according to other data - 1800 ha).
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a reservoir located near the village of Tsonevo, Region of Varna (42-58’ N; 27-24’ E; UTM grid NH 25, 35; 36). The dam was built on Kamchiya River for supplying water to industry and for irrigation, in usage since 1974. The site total area is 1735 ha. Wetland type: 6. Conservation status: unprotected.
Wetland type: 6.
IWC visits: 7, 5 (App. 1, Table 2.7).
Conservation status: unprotected.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 1192 (964; 1420) with maximum of 4302/1997.
IWC visits: 3, 5 (App. 1, Table 2.6). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 2476 (2631; 2322) with maximum of 6915/1997. Number of the recorded species: average 8 (5; 12) with maximum of 17/1999. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos 2150 (2570; 1750) with maximum of 5885/1997), Anser albifrons 110 (0; 225) with maximum of 578/2001). Fulica atra: 70 (0; 140) with maximum of 687/1997). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 1 (0; 2) with maximum of 7/1999.
Number of the recorded species: average 9 (6; 12) with maximum of 18/2000. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos 850 (540; 1200) with maximum of 3682/ 1997), Anser albifrons 160 (260; 60) with maximum of 950/1995), Fulica atra 90 (130; 60) with maximum of 280/1996). Globally threatened species: Branta ruficollis: 2 (0; 3) with maximum of 14/1997. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none.
6000 4000 Tsonevo R 2000
Ticha R Suedinenie R 20 01
19 99
19 97
19 95
19 93
19 91
19 89
19 87
19 85
19 83
19 81
19 79
19 77
0
Fig. 5. Annual mid-winter Numbers of waterbirds in three reservoirs (Tsonevo, Ticha ans Suedinenie) in North Bulgaria, 1977- 2001. 25
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 1100 ÷ 1300 ind. from 7 to 16 species (Fig. 5).
2.2.8. Other Sites in the Region These are several smaller artificial wetlands, which have been occasionally visited, for they are often frozen in winter. The following wetlands are listed under this heading: Bebresh Resrvoir- with an area of 100 ha, located to the south of the town of Botevgrad (GN25) and built in 90-ies. Beli Lom Reservoir - with an area of 170.6 ha, located to the north of the town of Turgovishte (MJ70). Visited in 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1985: every time found solidly frozen. Dubnika Reservoir - with an area of 128.2 ha, located to the southeast of town of town of Vratsa (GN18).
Ogosta (Montana) Reservoir - lake behind the dam built up since 1986 of an area of 1770 ha. Located in the vicinity of the town of Montana (FP70). For the first time included in the IWC monitoring scheme in 1997. Rabisha Reservoir: a natural lake, turned into reservoir in 1963, located not far from the village of Rabisha, Region of Vidin. Its total water surface area is 320 ha. Often forms an ice cover. Most numerous are Anas platyrhynchos (maximum 2000/1979), Fulica atra (maximum 48/1979) and Podiceps cristatus (39/1983). Sheremetya Reservoir - a small dam by the village of Sheremetya, Veliko Turnovo Region. Visited for 4 years in a row and in 2 of these found solidly frozen. Only Anas platyrhynchos observed with a maximum 400/1984. There are some other small reservoirs (so called microreservoirs) in this region without any significant importance for wintering of waterbirds. Data about these sites are published by Kostadinova & Dereliev (2001).
Table 7. Wetland areas in NBg, average total numbers of waterbirds and their density in the period 19772001. Wetland
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
Area (in ha)
Gorni Dubnik Reservoir Sopot Reservoir Stamboliyski Reservoir Suedinenie Reservoir Telish Reservoir Ticha Reservoir Tsonevo Reservoir Other Sites Total in NBg Percentage from the total numbers
1180 550 1700 250 230 480 1735 6125 12,250 19.6%
Average Total Numbers 1977-2001
Watebirds Density (average total numbers per 1 ha)
2825 205 985 145 680 2476 1192 7803 16,312 3.9%
2.39 0.37 0.58 0.58 2.96 5.16 0.69 1.33
Table 8. Average total numbers of waterbirds (ind.) in the NBg wetlands along with a trend. Wetland /period 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
26
Gorni Dubnik Reservoir Sopot Reservoir Stamboliyski Reservoir Suedinenie Reservoir Telish Reservoir Ticha Reservoir Tsonevo Reservoir Other Sites Total in NBg Percentage from the total numbers.
1977-1986
1987-1996
1997-2001
Trend
4090 1127 2092 2138 382 1097 318 209 11,452 3,5%
4090 5310 3171 409 1622 1097 318 209 16,225 4,3%
2825 205 985 145 680 2476 1192 7803 16,312 3.5%
D D D D F I I I
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
2.3. Assessment and Comparison of Individual Wetlands. The coverage of this region is not complete, especially between the years 1986 and 1992. The results obtained show relatively low numbers of waterbirds during the winter in this region. The wetlands with their average total numbers of waterbirds found in them are shown on Table 7. As one may see, the most important wetlands for wintering of waterbirds in this regions are Gorni Dubnik Reservoir, Ticha Reservoir and Tsonevo Reservoir. The other sites take also significant parts or the mid-winter numbers of waterbirds. The winter numbers dynamic of waterbirds numbers is shown on Table 8.
3. Black Sea Coast (BSC) Bulgarian Black Sea Coast is especially important for wintering of waterbirds in Bulgaria and in the Balkan Peninsula because of its key location: along its entire length goes one of Europe’ major flyways, the Via Pontica; its mild climate: relatively thin snow cover of short duration, predominantly positive mean annual ambient temperatures; and the presence of significant by their number and surface area natural lakes & marshes close to the largest cultivated fields under winter wheat in Bulgaria. While in South Bulgaria waterbirds have to spend the winter in mostly manmade wetlands like dams, fishponds, etc., on the Black Sea Coast the winter waterbirds concentrations are on wetlands of natural origin: seaside lakes, marshes and the coastal sea proper.
3.1. General Information The Black Sea coast is 378 km long of about 7400 sq. km surface area or 6.7% of the country’s total surface area. Bulgarian Black Sea Coast is a land strip of varying width running along the Black Sea shoreline. The Danube Plain, the Eastern Stara Planina Mountains, the Bourgas lowland and the Strandzha Mountain touch the Black Sea coast with their easternmost parts. To the west, the coastal area reaches a limit determined conditionally by the Black Sea basin’ climatic influence. The climate is transitionally continental influenced by the Black Sea. Winters are tangibly milder than further inland. The Black Sea Coast (BSC) includes the surface of the coastal sea proper where less than 6 m deep;
the coastal cliffs; the sand and gravel beaches (28% of the whole coastal area); the river mouths, lagoons, firths, the man-made lakes, fishponds, sand and clay pits, some hyperhaline water bodies (called with the Turkish word “touzla”), the freshwater and brackish marshes and lakes, salinas. According to Bonchev (1929), the natural lakes and marshes on the coast totalled about 12,000 ha. Of the wetlands of those times, the marshes near the village of Obrochishte, Staro Oryakhovo and Tunkovo with a total surface area of 1970 ha do not exist anymore. The Dyavolsko blato’ (Devil’s marsh) area has been reduced from once 198.4 ha to 80 ha, which are no more suitable for wintering of waterbirds. According to Popov & Mishev (1974), there are 26 firths: Dourankoulak, Shabla-Ezerets, Bolata, Batova, Varnenski, Kamchiya, Fundukliy, Kara Dere, Dvoynitsa, Irakli (shown on the map as Vaya), Khadzhiyski, Akheloy, Atanasovski, Bourgasko-Mandrenski, Marinka, Gerena, Ropotamo, Dyavolska reka, Karaagach, Potournashki, Lisovo Dere, Papiyski, Veleka, Botamyata, Silistar, and Rezovski; and 5 lagoons: Shablenska Touzla, Pomoriyska Touzla, Alepou, Arkoutino and Stomoplou. Additionally, we will mention two more lagoons: The Nanevska Touzla and Balchishka Touzla. Since the time of Bonchev’ publication (1929) and until recently, the surface area of marshes and lakes on the Black Sea coast that are still in their natural state has decreased from 11,280 ha to 6300 ha or by about 5000 ha. Of these, 1970 ha or the marshes near the villages of Obrochishte, Staro Oryakhovo and Tunkovo were drained, reclaimed and possibly lost for the wildlife forever. The only realistic way of their recovery is to have the cultivated land they have been turned into bought back by conservation organisations. Of the former lake Mandra, 1611 ha have been turned into a reservoir. 2360 ha comprising the Pomoriysko Lake with an increased surface area of 850 ha and the Atanasovsko Lake have been transformed into salt-works. New man-made wetlands have sprung up, like the lakes behind the dams Yasna Polyana, Akheloy, Orizare; the fishponds Vaya and Cherni Vrukh, and aggregate and clay extraction pits around the lakes Mandra and Atanasovsko. Because of all that, the total surface area of all natural and man-made wetlands on the Black Sea Coast has increased considerably. A greater part of them with an area of 11,550 ha has been reviewed in the present book. The largest wetlands on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast are the river mouths and the coastal sea 6 m and less deep, the latter alone covering about 7500 ha. Unfortunately, this area has not been studied sufficiently and needs to be surveyed more closely in the future. 27
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
The most important wetlands on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast have been designated as Ramsar Sites (Dourankoulak Lake, Shabla Lake, Atanasovsko Lake, Vaya Lake, Poda Lagoon and Ropotamo Wetland Complex); as nature reserves (Kaliakra, Kamchiya and Ropotamo); as managed nature reserves (Baltata and Atanasovsko Lake); as protected sites (Dourankoulak Lake, Shabla Lake, Irakli, Vaya, Poda, Chengene Skele, Izvorska River Mouth, Alepou, Veleka River Mouth); and as a natural park (Strandzha Mountain Coast). They are also the sites where the mid-winter counts during the period of the survey have been carried out. For the sake of convenience, the coastal wetlands are divided into the Northern Black Sea Coast (NBSC) and Southern Black Sea Coast (SBSC), the dividing line between the two groups being Cape Emine.
& Information Centre on the west shore of the lake has been erected and managed by the Foundation “Le Balkan Bulgaria”.
3.2. Description of the Wetlands on NBSC
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 70 (116; 23) with maximum of 1243/1983), Pelecanus crispus: 1/1996, Branta ruficollis 3166 (1721; 4610) with maximum of 17,733/2000), Oxyura leucocephala: 6 (13; 0) with maximum of 214/1983.
The Northern Black Sea Coast runs from the land border with Romania to the Cape Emine. The sites in this region are described below (with the exception of Dourankoulak LC, Shabla LC and Varna LC) only for the period 1977 through 1996 with its two subperiods of 1977-1986 and 1987-1996:
3.2.1. Dourankoulak Lake Complex Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: very important natural wetland complex, located in the north-easternmost part of the country, not far from the villages of Dourankoulak, Vaklino and Krapets (43-37’ N, 28-33’ E; UTM grid PJ 23). This wetland complex’ main component is a brackish to freshwater lake with some reed beds separated from the sea by a sandbar (total area of 446 ha). The shoreline proper is an extensive sand beach with high sand dunes, which have so far been very little affected by human activity, in particular by tourism. A strip of coastal sea/shelf about 13 km long (from the land border with Romania to the village of Krapets) with an area of about 260 ha also forms a part of the wetland complex. The entire complex covers 706 ha. Wetland type: A, E, J, O. Conservation status: Dourankoulak Lake has been protected as a Natural Monument since 1980 with a total surface area of 350 ha, of which the lake’ mirror proper (the area of open water) is 253 ha. A Ramsar site, of crucial importance to the conservation of Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Branta ruficollis and Oxyura leucocephala (Heredia et al., 1996). The entire territory of this nature complex of 2043 ha has been included in the list of Important Bird Areas. Management Plan for Dourankoulak Lake has been prepared within the framework of the Bulgarian-Swiss Biodiversity Conservation Programme. A new Wetlands Conservation 28
IWC visits: 19, 5 (App. 1, Table 3.1). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 33,431 (38,134; 28,728) with maximum of 130,972/1987. Number of the recorded species: average 28 (19; 25) with maximum of 32/1994. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anser albifrons: 20,700 (26,800; 14,600) with maximum of 50,383/1984, Anas platyrhynchos: 4200 (5600; 2800) with maximum of 27,520/1985, Branta ruficollis: 3200 (1700; 4600) with maximum of 17,733/2000.
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Anser albifrons (17 years), all waterbirds (16 years), Branta ruficollis (10 years), Phalacrocorax pygmeus (3 years), Anser anser (3 years), Anas platyrhynchos (2 years), Oxyura leucocephala (1 year). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Mergus merganser (24/1977). Regular numbers of waterbirds: 33,000 ÷ 37,000 ind. from 23 to 31 species (Fig. 6).
3.2.2. Shabla Lake Complex Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a very important natural wetland complex, located in north-easternmost part of the country, in the vicinity of the town of Shabla, Region of Dobrich (43-35’00" N, 28-34’00" E; UTM grid PJ 22). The wetland complex consists mainly of brackish to freshwater lake with rather small reed-beds, separated from the sea by a sandbar (total area 755 ha). There is a Governmental Residence “Shabla” where a special entry permission is needed for a visit to the lake’ eastern shore. The sand beaches are extensive, dotted with high dunes. A unique hypersaline marsh called Shablenska Touzla (surface area 19 ha) is located to the southeast of the town of Shabla. A coastal strip about 13-km long (from the village of Krapets to the village of Tyulenovo) forms an inseparable part of this wetland complex, with a surface area of about 260 ha. The complex total area is 1034 ha. Wetland type: A, E, J, O, Q.
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
Anser fabalis (6/1994), Anser albifrons (193,873/ 2000), Branta ruficollis (55,845/1993), Anas platyrhynchos (66,515/1978), Somateria mollissima (48/1994), Larus minutus (394/1980),
Conservation status: Some 300 ha of Shabla Lake including the lake’ mirror with a surface area of about 150 ha have been designated as a protected site since 1979. It also includes a 500-m wide buffer zone along the coast. The protected site total area is 510 ha. Fishing, hunting and use of pesticides have been prohibited everywhere within the wetland’ boundaries. The entire territory of this nature complex of 3100 ha has been included in the list of Important Bird Areas. 403 ha of it have been designated as a Ramsar Site since 1996. A key site for the conservation of wintering Branta ruficollis (Heredia et al., 1996). Management Plan for Shabla Lake has been prepared within the framework of the Bulgarian-Swiss Biodiversity Conservation Programme.
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 96,000 ÷ 118,000 ind. from 21 to 33 species (Fig. 6).
3.2.3. Tyulenovo-Kaliakra Coast Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a stretch of the Northern Black Sea Coast between the villages of Tyulenovo and Bulgarevo, Region of Dobrich (43-27’ N, 28-35’ E; UTM grid PJ 10, 20, 21). This wetland complex includes mainly limestone cliffs, the Nanevska Touzla (area of 10 ha, wetland type J), the Bolata Marsh, (area of 1.9 ha, wetland type F), Cape Kaliakra (wetland type D), and a shallow sea area of about 300 ha off the coast with total length of the shore about 15 km (wetland type A). The total area of this stretch of the coast is about 640 ha.
IWC visits: 19, 5 (App. 1, Table 3.2). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 106,852 (94,062; 119,642) with maximum of 272,575/1997. Number of the recorded species: average 24 (20; 27) with maximum of 36/1997.
Wetland type: A, D, E, F, J. Conservation status: Kaliakra reserve (declared in 1966) includes steppe, sea cliffs and shallow sea on 687.5 ha, of which the coastal sea is on 400 ha. Since 2000, an Information Centre has been set up in the village of Bulgarevo managed by the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds with the financial support from Bulgarian-Swiss Biodiversity Conservation Programme.
The first three most numerous wintering species: Anser albifrons 73,600 (67,000; 80,200) with maximum of 193,873/2000, Branta ruficollis 16,500 (13,000; 20,000) with maximum of 55,845/1993), Anas platyrhynchos 12,500 (11,000; 14,000) with maximum of 66,515/1978. Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 6 (3; 8) with maximum of 21/2000, Branta ruficollis: 16,519 (13,080; 19,958) with maximum of 55,845/ 1993, Oxyura leucocephala: 1/2000.
IWC visits: 18, 4 (App. 1, Table 3.3). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 2466 (1405; 3528) with maximum of 12,528/1999.
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: all waterbirds (21 years), Branta ruficollis (21 years). Anser albifrons (17 years), Anas platyrhynchos (6 years), Anser anser (4 years), Cygnus cygnus (1 year).
Number of the recorded species: average 10 (10; 10) with maximum of 22/1997. The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra: 830 (440; 1230) with maximum of 5828/ 1999, Anser albifrons: 650 (60; 1250) with maximum
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Phalacrocorax aristotelis (202/1999),
300000 200000 Shabla LC Dourankoulak LC Varna LC
100000
01 20
99 19
97 19
95 19
93 19
91 19
89 19
87 19
85 19
83 19
81 19
79 19
19
77
0
Fig. 6. Annual mid-winter numbers of waterbirds in three lake complexes (Shabla, Dourankoulak and Varna) along the North Black Sea Coast, 1977- 2001. 29
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
of 6030/1999, Podiceps cristatus: 380 (480; 290) with maximum of 8003/1980).
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Larus canus (6176/1997).
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 6/1985, Branta ruficollis 8 (4; 12) with maximum of 71/1993).
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 6300 ÷ 7700 ind. from 13 to16 species.
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Podiceps cristatus (1 year). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Gavia stellata (11/1983) Podiceps cristatus (8003/1980). Regular numbers of waterbirds: 2200 ÷ 2800 ind. from 10 to16 species.
3.2.4. Kavarna - Kranevo Coast Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a stretch of the Northern Black Sea Coast between the town of Kavarna and the village of Kranevo, Region of Dobrich (43-25’ N, 28-13’ E; UTM grid NJ 80, 90, PJ 00). Within its boundaries are some limestone cliffs, the Balchiska Touzla (wetland type J) with a surface area of 14 ha, the riparian forest at the mouth of Batova rivulet (wetland type Xf) and the shallow sea off the coast (wetland type A). In the past, there was the socalled “Tekensko Blato” with 250 ha (Bonchev, 1929), drained after the World War 2. The site’ overall length is about 23 km and its total area–460 ha. The biggest concentrations of waterbirds have usually been recorded in the Bay of Kavarna. Wetland type: A, D, J, Xf. Conservation status: the Baltata Reserve (197.7 ha).
3.2.5. Varna Lake Complex Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a large and important wetland complex located to the west from the city of Varna, Region of Varna (43-11’ N, 27-50’ E; UTM grid NH 58, 68, 78, 88, and 89). The complex consists of several water bodies of different type: Varna Lake (1740 ha), Beloslavsko (Gebedzhensko) Lake (390 ha) and the coastal sea from Zlatni Pyasutsi Resort to Cape Galata off the Varna Lake seafront, a stretch of the coast about 22 km long with an area of 440 ha. Both lakes have undergone serious hydrological changes, and have been exposed to heavy water and air pollution. Nowadays, there is significant decrease of the human induced influence on the region. This wetland complex’ total area is 2570 ha. Wetland type: A, E, F, K, O, Tp, 8, 9. Conservation status: Protected site “Yatata” (154 ha), located on Varna Lake south shore; protected site “Kazashko” (125.1 ha), on its north shore, a key site for the conservation of Phalacrocorax pygmeus (Heredia et al., 1996). Proposed in 2002 for a new Ramsar site. IWC visits: 19, 5 (App. 1, Table 3.5). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 18,095 (11,294; 24,896) with maximum of 46,775/1998. Number of the recorded species: average 25 (18; 32) with maximum of 39/2000.
IWC visits: 18, 4 (App. 1, Table 3.4). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 7001 (4346; 9856) with maximum of 24,415/1999. Number of the recorded species: average 12 (12; 11) with maximum of 26/1997. The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra: 2500 (2200; 2750) with maximum of 5870/ 1996), Anser albifrons: 2300 (280; 4300) with maximum of 18,480/1999), Larus canus: 730 (220; 1250) with maximum of 6176/1997). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 1 (0; 1) wtith maximum of 5/1997, Branta ruficollis: 5 (0; 10) with maximum of 48/1999. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Podiceps cristatus, Anser albifrons and all waterbirds (per 1 year). 30
The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra: 9900 (4400; 15,400) with maximum of 32,256/1998), Aythya ferina: 2400 (2400; 2400) with maximum of 10,621/1993), Aythya fuligula: 870 (490; 1260) with maximum of 2826/1998). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 114 (33; 195) with maximum of 217/2001), Aythya nyroca: 5/1978 and 1/1999. Species whose numbers exceeds the 1% Ramsar criterion: all waterbirds (7 years) and Podiceps nigricollis, Cygnus olor, Aythya ferina, and Fulica atra (per 1 year). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Tachybaptus ruficollis (285/1978), Podiceps nigricollis (1030/1998), Netta rufina (320/1984), Bucephala clangula (60/1978), Mergus serrator (768/ 1998), Rallus aquaticus (28/200), Fulica atra (32,256/ 1998), Larus melanocephalus (99/1988).
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 16,000 ÷ 20,000 ind. from 22 to 34 species (Fig. 6).
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none.
3.2.6. Kamchiya - Obzor Coast
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 2400 ÷ 3000 ind. from 12 to 25 species.
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a riparian forest at the Kamchiya River Mouth, a long sand beach and a coastal sea area between the Kamchiya Mouth and the village of Obzor about 14 km long. Region of Varna (42-56’ N, 27-54’ E; UTM grid NH 73, 74, 75, and 76). The site’ total length is about 19 km with a surface area of 380 ha. Wetland type: A. D, E, Xf, 4. Conservation status: Kamchiya Biosphere Reserve, most of it being a flooded riverine forest called “longoz” in Bulgarian (842 ha), surrounded by a buffer zone of cultivated fields. In 2002, the reserve was proposed for a new Ramsar site. IWC visits: 18, 3 (App. 1, Table 3.6). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 2656 (1246; 4066) with maximum of 10,193/1996. Number of the recorded species: average 11 (8; 14) with maximum of 28/1999. The first three most numerous wintering species with their average and maximum numbers: Fulica atra 900 (240; 1500) with maximum of 3780/1999), Aythya ferina 530 (400; 650) with maximum of 5090/1996), Anas platyrhynchos 420 (170; 660) with maximum of 2260/ 1996). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 1/1987 and 1/1996, Branta ruficollis: 4 (7; 0) with maximum of 98/1985. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Cygnus cygnus (1 year).
3.2.7. Other Sites in the Region There are some small reservoirs and one natural marsh not far from the railway station at Sindel, all of little if any importance for wintering of waterbirds. The latter average total numbers of 2425 ind. had been recorded in the period of 1987 through 1996 only.
3.3. Assessment and Comparison of Individual Wetlands in NBSC In both sub-periods of the period of 1977 through 1996 the greatest concentrations of waterbirds were found at Shabla Lake followed by Dourankoulak Lake, Varna Lake, etc. This order of the wetlands by their importance to wintering waterbirds has remained unchanged during the 25 years of mid-winter counts, a fact that indicates that there have been no substantial changes in the ecological conditions or in the waterbirds populations wintering in this area. A trend for an increase of average total numbers in 5 wetlands and for a decrease in 2 has been found. As a whole the mid-winter populations of waterbirds in wetlands on the NBSC have increased in numbers. Wetlands in the region rated according to the average total numbers of waterbirds found in them are shown on Table 9. The site with the highest density of waterbirds for the period has been Shabla LC; a fact typical for the entire region where on only 10.5% of the wetlands total area for the country an average of 42.8% of all wintering waterbirds used to concentrate.
Table 9. Wetland areas in NBSC, with average total numbers of waterbirds and their density in the period of 1977 through 2001. Wetland
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
Area (in ha)
Dourankoulak Lake Complex Shabla Lake Complex Tyulenovo–Kaliakra Coast Kavarna – Kranevo Coast Varna Lake Complex Kamchiya – Obzor Coast Other Sites Total in NBSC Percentage from the total numbers
706 1034 640 460 2570 380 ? 5890 10.4%
Average Total Numbers 1977-2001
Watebirds Density (average total numbers per 1 ha)
33,431 106,852 2466 7101 18,095 2656 8005 178,605 33,431
47.35 103.34 3.85 15.43 7.04 7.01 ? 25.97
31
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Table 10. Average total numbers of water bird (ind.) in NBSC’ wetlands with a trend. Wetland /period 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
Dourankoulak Lake Complex Shabla Lake Complex Tyulenovo–Kaliakra Coast Kavarna – Kranevo Coast Varna Lake Complex Kamchiya – Obzor Coast Other Sites Total in NBSC Percentage from the total numbers
1977-1986
1987-1996
1997-2001
Trend
43,494 81,576 1606 4191 8594 378 2425 142,263 43.1%
32,774 106,547 1203 4502 13,994 2113 2425 163,556 43.5%
28,728 106,078 21,366 12,320 24,896 5082 13,586 212,055 41.7%
D I I I I I I I
3.4. Description of the Wetlands in SBSC
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 1200 ÷ 1400 ind. from 8 to14 species (Fig. 7).
Bulgaria’ Southern Black Sea Coast (SBSC) spreads from Cape Emine to the border with Turkey, which runs midstream of river Rezovska. The following wetlands of this important region are described below:
3.4.2. Slunchev Bryag-Akheloy Coast
3.4.1. Dalyana-Vlas Coast Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a part of the Black Sea Coast between the tourist campsite “Dalyana” (very close to the resort village of “Elenite”) and the village of Vlas (or Sveti Vlas), Region of Bourgas (42-43’ N, 27-46’ E; UTM grid NH 62, 72). Numerous cliffs and small bays are typical for the place. There are no other wetlands in this area with the exception of the coastal sea off the shore. The total length of the site is about 5 km with a surface area of 100 ha.
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a part of the Black Sea Coast between the seaside resort “Slunchev Bryag” (Sunny beach) and the campsite “Akheloy”, Region of Bourgas (42-43’ N, 27-43’E; UTM grid NH 52, 62). The site includes the sea off an about 13-km long strip of the coast, two former clay pits (always full of water), the mouth of Khadzhiyska rivulet and the mouth of Akheloy rivulet, the latter turned into a small reservoir (with surface area of about 10 ha). This coastal area includes also a town, Nesebur, and a village, Akheloy. The site total area is about 270 ha. Wetland type: A, E, F, 2, 7.
Wetland type: A, D, E. Conservation status: unprotected. Conservation status: none. IWC visits: 18, 5 (App. 1, Table 4.2). IWC visits: 14, 5 (App. 1, Table 4.1). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 1322 (1286; 1358) with maximum of 6066/1996. Number of the recorded species: average 8 (9; 7) with maximum of 16/1993. The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra: 540 (520; 550) with maximum of 1225/ 1996), Aythya ferina: 380 (500; 260) with maximum of 4800/1996), Anas platyrhynchos: 230 (20; 450) with maximum of 2200/2000). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 4/2000. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none. Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Podiceps auritus - (34/1985). 32
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 3630 (2569; 4691) with maximum of 9409/1985. Number of the recorded species: average 13 (12; 14) with maximum of 21/1985. The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra: 2600 (1500; 3600) with maximum of 6715/ 1985), Anas platyrhynchos: 330 (250; 400) with maximum of 1374/2000), Larus cachinnans: 200 (120; 270) with maximum of 780/1996), Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 16 (9; 24) with maximum of 106/1990). Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none. Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: - Melanitta fusca (90/1985).
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 3200 ÷ 4000 ind. from 12 to 19 species (Fig. 7).
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Cygnus olor and all waterbirds (per 1 year).
3.4.3. Pomorie Lake Complex
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Cygnus olor (1110/1997),
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a hyperhaline lake located not far from the town of Pomorie and near the seashore, Region of Bourgas (4235’N, 27-37’ E; UTM grid NH 51). This wetland complex consists of one natural hyperhaline lake (‘Pomorie’ with an area of 850 ha), the salt pans surrounding it, and the coastal sea along about 10-km length of shore. There is a small town, Pomorie, and a resort village, built on the beach between Pomorie Lake and the Black Sea within the boundaries of the lake complex.
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 8300 ÷ 16,000 ind. from 18 to 27 species (Fig. 7).
3.4.4. Atanasovsko Lake Complex Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a very important wetland complex formed around the northernmost lake of the three Bourgas Lakes, Region of Bourgas (42-34’N, 27-28’ E; UTM grid NH 30, 31, 41). This wetland area includes: the hyperhaline Atanasovsko Lake (Ludzha, Bourgas Salinas), located not far from the city of Bourgas and near to the shoreline (with a surface area of 1690 ha). Long ago it has been divided into two parts by the Bourgas–Varna highway. The lake’ water level is by about 1 m below the sea level. The northern part resembles an estuary and has been designated as a nature reserve since 1980. The southern part forms the reserve’ buffer zone and has recently been proposed for the enlargement of the existing Ramsar site.
Wetland type: A, E, J, 5. Conservation status: Pomorie Lake has been assigned the status of protected site (760.8 ha) since January 2001; it has been designated an IBA Site since 1997. In 2002, it has been declared as a new Ramsar site.with area of 814 ha. A ‘Museum of the Salt’ was open with financial support from the EU PHARE programme’ project “All About Salt”. IWC visits: 19, 5 (App. 1, Table 4.3). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 8342 (6487; 10,197) with maximum of 20,012/1982.
Both parts of Atanasovsko Lake cover 1690 ha and have been turned into salt-works since 1906 (wetland type 5). To the east, the reserve borders with Varna-Bourgas highway. The area that surrounds it from the other three sides has also been designated as the reserve’ buffer zone. The coastal sea off an about 4-km long strip of the coast (from the village of Sarafovo to the Bourgas Sea Garden) also forms a part of the wetland complex (wetland type A). The total area of the complex is 1770 ha.
Number of the recorded species: average 19 (18; 19) with maximum of 28/1994. The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra: 6000 (4600; 7400) with maximum of 18,135/1982), Aythya fuligula: 630 (360; 900) with maximum of 2074/1997). Aythya ferina: 530 (460; 590) with maximum of 2807/1992),
Wetland type: A, E, J, Ts, 5, 6, 7, 9. Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 6 (4; 9) with maximum of 38/2000); Branta ruficollis: 3/1989.
Conservation status: nature reserve since 1980 with a surface area of 1074.5 ha; Ramsar Site since 1984
20000 15000
Pom orie LC
10000
Dalyana-Vlas C
5000
Sl. Bryag-Akheloy C 0
77 19
79 19
81 19
83 19
85 19
87 19
89 19
91 19
93 19
95 19
97 19
99 19
01 20
Fig. 7. Annual mid-winter numbers of three wetlands (Pomorie LC, Dlyana-Vlas Coast and Sl. Bryag-Akheloy Coast) along South Black Sea Coast, 1977- 2001. 33
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
with area of 1403 ha, IBA Site since 1989 and GIBA since 1997; key site for the conservation of Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Pelecanus crispus and Numenius tenuirostris (Heredia et al., 1996). IWC visits: 20, 5 (App. 1, Table 4.4). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 13,744 (7729; 19,760) with maximum of 39,936/2000. Number of the recorded species: average 30 (26; 34) with maximum of 37/1997.
it. Previously, at this place at times of the lake’ highest water levels, water from Vaya used to pour out periodically into the sea. The shores as well as the lake’ shoals (mostly in its western part) are overgrown with reed beds. During the past 50 years the lake has been exposed to significant human-induced negative impacts: water being heavily polluted by oil and oil derivatives, changes in water salinity, etc. Nowadays, the overall pollution of the lake has been greatly reduced. The Vaya Lake is the biggest one in Bulgaria and covers 2760 ha. Wetland type: F, O, Ts.
The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra: 3000 (600; 5300) with maximum of 10,475/2000, Anser albifrons: 2300 (220; 4400) with maximum of 16,010/2000), Tadorna tadorna: 1900 (2100; 1800) with maximum of 4141/1982), Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 26 (6; 47) with maximum of 91/2000), Pelecanus crispus: 38 (12, 64) with maximum of 202/ 1998), Branta ruficollis: 42 (0; 85) with maximum of 380/1997.
Conservation status: an area of 75 ha in the western part of the lake has been designated as a protected site since 1973; in 1997 it was enlarged to 379.4 ha; designated as IBA Site since 1989, and as GIBA since 1997. A key site for the conservation of Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Pelecanus crispus and Oxyura leucocephala (Heredia et al., 1996). In 2002, it has been declared as a new Ramsar site with area of 2900 ha. IWC visits: 20, 5 (App. 1, Table 4.5).
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Tadorna tadorna (25 years), Pelecanus crispus (6 years), Recurvirostra avosetta (3 years), all waterbirds (3 years), Cygnus olor (2 years) and Anser albifrons (1 year). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Tadorna tadorna (4141/1982), Anas acuta (4107/1977), Recurvirostra avosetta (800/ 1984), Charadrius dubius (43/1977), Pluvialis squatarola (149/1999), Vanellus vanellus (845/1986), Calidris alpina (380/2001), Calidris minuta (1130/ 1978), Gallinago gallinago (130/1987), Numenius arquata (111/1982), Tringa erythropus (26/1986), Tringa totanus (46/2001), Larus genei (100/1977), Larus fuscus (6/1977). Regular numbers of waterbirds: 12,500 ÷ 15,500 ind. from 28 to 35 species (Fig. 8).
3.4.5. Vaya (Bourgasko) Lake Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a very important natural wetland located to the southwest from the city of Bourgas, Region of Bourgas (42-30’N, 27-25’ E; UTM grid NH 20, 30). The lake is the largest natural lake in Bulgaria, formed by the end of Pliocene. Its northern and southern shores, where the villages of Gorno Ezerovo and Dolno Ezerovo are located, are higher than its western and eastern ones. The lake’ east shore is a sand strip, which separates the lake from the sea. In recent times, an industrial zone has started to develop on this particular sand strip. There is a shallow bay to the south of 34
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 26,660 (14,093; 39,228) with maximum of 67,176/2000. In December 1970 Johnson & Biber (1971) recorded 101,579 ind. Number of the recorded species: average 21 (17; 24) with maximum of 30/1997. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anser albifrons-11,000 (2100, 19,800) with maximum of 42,370/2000), Aythya ferina: 4000 (2300; 5600), 12,400/1987), Aythya fuligula: 2300 (2100; 2400) with maximum of 15,803/1992. Johnson & Biber (1971) recorded over 37,000 ind. of Aythya ferina in December 1970. Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 1384 (58, 2709) with maximum of 5800/1999), Pelecanus crispus: 73 (6; 140) with maximum of 323/ 1999), Oxyura leucocephala: 154 (5; 303) with maximum of 785/2001. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: all waterbirds (10 years), Phalacrocorax carbo, Phalacrocorax pygmeus and Anser albifrons (per 6 years), Pelecanus crispus (5 years), Anas clypeata and Oxyura leucocephala (per 3 years), Aythya fuligula (2 years), Egretta alba (1 year), Branta ruficollis (1 year). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Phalacrocorax pygmeus (5800/1999), Anas clypeata (7878/1988), Aythya fuligula (15,803/ 1992), Oxyura leucocephala (785/2001).
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 24,000 ÷ 30,000 ind. from 18 to 25 species (Fig. 8).
D, E). The wetland complex’ total area is about 4000 ha.
3.4.6. Mandra Lake Complex
Wetland type: A, D, E, F, J, 1, 6, 7, 8.
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a very important large wetland complex, located at some 3 km south of the city of Bourgas, Region of Bourgas (42-25’N, 27-24’ E. UTM grid NH 30, NG 29, 39, 49). The largest wetland in the whole area is Mandra Lake (a sea bay in antiquity). Until 1934, when a dike was built in the lake SW part to separate the lake proper from its marshy seeward area, the lower reaches of the rivers emptying its waters into the lake have been regulated (corrected and straightened). Until 1962, the lake used to be a brackish basin, with a very shallow mud flat at its SW part where the main feeders entered it. Then it was transformed into a reservoir and has become a freshwater basin with an area of 3611 ha and a mean depth of about 3.9-m. Behind the dam, the lake is almost completely freshwater. Four relatively high-water rivers flow into the lake: Sredetska (Mandrenska), Rusokastrenska, Fakiyska and Izvorska. The shores along the lake greater length are hilly, and near the Black Sea and to the southwest they are flat. The other water bodies of the complex are:
Conservation status: The protected sites “Mouth of Izvorska Rivulet” with a surface area of 151 ha, “Ouzoun Geren” with a surface area of 210 ha, and “Poda” with a surface area of 100.7 ha are the existing protected areas within the complex. The entire wetland complex is a key site for the conservation of Phalacrocorax pygmeus and Pelecanus crispus, while the Ouzoun Geren and Poda in particular are key sites for the conservation of Oxyura leucocephala (Heredia et al., 1996). In 2002, the Poda Lagoon with the Foros Bay has been declared as a Ramsar site wit area of 307 ha. At Poda Protected site there is a Nature Conservatrion Centre built and operated since 1999 by the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds with the financial support of Bulgarian-Swiss Biodiversity Concervation Programme.
Komloushka Valley (wetland type 7, 8).
The first three most numerous wintering species: Anser albifrons: 14,600 (3000, 26,200) with maximum of 61,150/1997, Aythya ferina: 3700 (5200, 2200) with maximum of 16,720/1993), Larus cachinnans: 3000 (5800, 370) with maximum of 29,146/1986.
Poda Marsh (wetland type A, E, J,). Ouzoun Geren Lake (wetland type F). Cherny Vrukh fishponds (wetland type 1). Foros Bay (wetland type A). The coastal sea off Mandra Lake and a strip of shore about 4 km long, from Bourgas harbor to the village of Kraymorie (area of 80 ha, wetland type, A,
IWC visits: 20, 5 (App. 1, Table 4.6). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 34,429 (27,293; 41,565) with maximum of 106,602/1997. Number of the recorded species: average 29 (29; 29) with maximum of 43/1994.
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 456 (221; 692) with maximum of 1280/1984); Pelecanus crispus: 55 (23; 88) with maximum of 420/1997); Branta ruficollis with maximum of 16,860/1997; Aythya nyroca: 1 (1; 1) with maximum of 9 /1985), Oxyura leucocephala: 11 (21; 1) with maximum of 183/1993).
120000 100000 80000 60000 40000
Mandra LC Vaya Lake Atanasovsko LC
20000 20 01
19 99
19 97
19 95
19 93
19 91
19 89
19 87
19 85
19 83
19 81
19 79
19 77
0
Fig. 8. Annual mid-winter numbers of waterbirds in three lakes (Mandra, Vaya and Atanasovsko) along the South Black Sea Coast, 1977- 2001. 35
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 3568 (3388; 3749) with maximum of 10,650/1995.
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: all waterbirds (18 years), Phalacrocorax pygmeus (7 years); Pelecanus crispus (6 years), Cygnus columbianus (5 years), Phalacrocorax carbo and Anser albifrons (per 4 years), Aythya ferina and Aythya fuligula (per 3 years), Egretta alba and Cygnus cygnus (per 2 years), Podiceps cristatus, Branta ruficollis and Oxyura leucocephala (per 1 year).
Number of the recorded species: average 12 (12; 13) with maximum of 20/1995. The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra 1500 (1400; 1600) with maximum of 5445/ 1988), Aythya ferina 800 (580; 1000) with maximum of 4515/1995); Aythya fuligula: 530 (390; 670) with maximum of 2130/1997.
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Pelecanus onocrotalus (69/1988), Pelecanus crispus (420/1997), Botaurus stellaris (10/1994), Egretta alba (411/1997), Cygnus columbianus (25/ 1994), Cugnus cygnus (440/1993), Aythya marila (100/ 1994), Melanitta nigra (25/1980), Mergus albellus (442/1997), Calidris alba (40/1989), Philomachus pugnax (300/1986), Larus ridibundus (11,338/1985), Larus cachinnans (29,146/1986).
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 4 (2; 5) with maximum of 16/1977, Branta ruficollis: 1 (0; 2) with maximum of 10/1997, Numenius tenuirostris: 2/1993. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Numenius tenuirostris.
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 31,000 ÷ 38,000 ind. from 28 to 40 species (Fig. 8).
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Charadrius alexandrinus - 34/1983.
3.4.7. Kraymorie- Chernomorets Coast
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 3100 ÷ 3900 ind. from 12 to 20 species (Fig. 9).
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: part of the Black Sea Coast between the villages of Kraymorie (42-27’ N; - 27- 29’ E) and Chernomorets, Region of Bourgas (42-27’ N; 27- 39’ E; UTM grid NG 58, 59, 68). The site includes the coastal sea between the above villages and the small seashore marsh “Chengene Skele” with a small bay in front of it. The total length of the site is about 9 km. The total area of this stretch of the coast is 340 ha.
3.4.8. Chernomorets-Dyuni Coast Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: this is a part of the Black Sea Coast between the village of Chernomorets, Region of Bourgas (42-27’ N, 27-39’ E; UTM grid NG 59) and the seaside resort “Dyuni” (42-25 N, 27-28’ E; UTM grid NG 67, 68). The site includes only the coastal sea off the about 16-km long seashore between the two above-mentioned points with a surface area of about 320 ha.
Wetland type: A, D E. Conservation status: Protected Site “Chengene Skele” with an area of 160 ha.
Wetland type: A, D, E.
IWC visits: 17, 5 (App. 1, Table 4.7).
Conservation status: unprotected.
12000 10000 8000 6000 4000
Kraym.-Chernom. C Chernomorets-Dyuni C Primorsko-Tsarevo C
2000 0 19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
Fig. 9. Annual mid-winter numbers of waterbirds in three wetlands (Kraymorie - Chernomorets, Chernomorets - Dyuni and Primorsko - Tsarevo) along the South Black Sea Coast, 1977- 2001. 36
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
site “Ropotamo Wetland Complex” with total area of 5550 ha.
IWC visits: 19, 5 (App. 1, Table 4.8). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 3462 (3935; 2989) with maximum of 9487/1979.
IWC visits: 19, 5 (App. 1, Table 4.9).
Number of the recorded species: average 11 (12; 10) with maximum of 18/1994.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 1836 (1537; 2136) with maximum of 7430/1997.
The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra: 1900 (1800; 1900) with maximum of 4373/ 1980), Larus cachinnans: 890 (1150; 630) with maximum of 6022/1979), Phalacrocorax carbo: 140 (110; 180) with maximum of 1480/1996.
Number of the recorded species: average 11 (12; 10) with maximum of 26/1994.
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 1 (1; 0) with maximum of 8/1980). Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Phalacrocorax carbo (1 year). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 3100 ÷ 3900 ind. from 11 to 17 species (Fig. 9).
3.4.9. Alepou Marsh Complex Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a relatively small natural wetland complex, located south of the town of Sozopol, Region of Bourgas (42-22’N, 27-42’ E; UTM grid NG 58, 59, 68) consisting of the Alepou Marsh with an area of 166.7 ha and the coastal sea off a strip of the shore over 4 km long (between the resort of Dyuni and the southern tip of the longest Bulgarian sand strip in front of the Alepou Marsh). The site’ total area is about 250 ha. Wetland type: A, E, J. Conservation status: the whole marsh has been designated as a National Monument (167 ha) since 1986. Since 2002 the wetland is a part of the new Ramsar
The first three most numerous wintering species: Aythya ferina: 820 (400; 1200) with maximum of 3970/ 1997), Aythya fuligula: 440 (320; 560) with maximum of 2365/1997), Fulica atra: 390 (550; 240) with maximum of 2250/1980). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 4 (7; 0) with maximum of 75/1988, Aythya nyroca: 1/ 1993. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none. Species with highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Anas strepera (110/1979). Regular numbers of waterbirds: 1600 ÷ 2000 ind. from 11 to 18 species (Fig. 10).
3.4.10. Arkoutino Marsh Complex Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a relatively small wetland complex, located south of the town of Sozopol, Region of Bourgas (4220’ N, 27-44’ E; UTM grid NG 67). The complex consists of a marsh of the same name with a surface area of 97 ha (wetland type J); the coastal sea off the shore strip between the island “Zmiyski ostrov” and the mouth of Ropotamo River (wetland type A, E, F, M); the Ropotamo River proper (from its mouth to the bridge on the road Bourgas - Tsarevo). It is worth mentioning that the open water area in the middle of
8000 6000 4000
Alepou MC Arkoutino MC Tsarevo-Sinem . C
2000 0 77 19
79 19
81 19
83 19
85 19
87 19
89 19
91 19
93 19
95 19
97 19
99 19
01 20
Fig. 10. Annual mid-winter numbers of waterbirds in three wetlands (Alepou MC, Arkoutino MC and Tsarevo - Sinemorets) along the South Black Sea Coast, 1977- 2001. 37
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
the marsh gradually overgrows with Nymphaea alba. The total area of the site is about 1200 ha.
The site total length is about 15 km and its total area with importance for mid-winter counts is about 300 ha.
Wetland type: A, D, E, F, J, Xf. Wetland type: A, D, E, F, J, M. Conservation status: the wetland complex forms a part of the Ropotamo Reserve. Designated as a Ramsar site since 1975, and in 2002 has been aproved for enlargement with the Ropotamo wetland complex (5550 ha).
Conservation status: unprotected. IWC visits: 17, 5 (App. 1, Table 4.11).
IWC visits: 18, 5 (App. 1, Table 4.10).
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 1886 (1307; 2465) with maximum of 8008/1997.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 1772 (1136; 2409) with maximum of 5682/1998.
Number of the recorded species: average 12 (14; 11) with maximum of 22/1994.
Number of the recorded species: average 13 (11; 15) with maximum of 20/1994.
The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra 990 (750; 1220) with maximum of 2880/ 1997, Anas platyrhynchos: 490 (60; 910) with maximum of 4460/1997, Podiceps nigricollis 90 (130; 50) with maximum of 476/1990).
The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra: 570 (660, 480) with maximum of 2747/ 1980), Aythya fuligula: 540 (180; 900) with maximum of 3350/1998), Aythya ferina: 430 (80; 800) with maximum of 1833/1997). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus 7 (3; 10) with maximum of 48/1997, Aythya nyroca: 1/1993. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none. Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 1600 ÷ 2000 ind. from 12 to 20 species (Fig. 10).
3.4.11. Primorsko-Tsarevo Coast Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a sector of the Black Sea Coast between the towns of Primorsko, Region of Bourgas (42-16’ N, 27-46’ E) and Tsarevo (42-10’ N, 27-51’ E; UTM grid NG 67, 76). The area includes several wetlands of different types: Mouth of the Dyavolska Rivulet (wetland type F, M). “Dyavolsko Blato” Marsh (wetland type F), almost drained and without importance to the IWC. Stomoplou Marsh (wetland type J), with no importance to the IWC.
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 1 (2; 0) with maximum of 19/1990). Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criteria: none. Species with highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 1700 ÷ 2100 ind. from 12 to 21 species (Fig. 9).
3.4.12. Tsarevo-Sinemorets Coast Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a sector of the Black Sea Coast between the town of Tsarevo (42-10’ N, 27-51’ E) and the village of Sinemorets (42-04’ N, 27-59’ E; UTM grid NG 76, 85), Region of Bourgas, and the coastal sea off a shore strip about 16 km long between the above two settlements (wetland type A). At some times the counts used to include the coast between the village of Sinemorets and the mouth of Rezovska Rivulet (it marks the Bulgarian-Turkish border). However, due to the difficult access to the site and the relatively scarce wintering waterbirds, this site was abandoned. Its total length is about 8 km. The total area of the coast between Tsarevo and Sinemorets with importance for the mid-winter counts is about 320 ha. Wetland type: A, D, E, F, M.
Karaagach Rivulet Mouth (wetland type F). Coastal sea between the towns of Primorsko and Tsarevo (wetland type A, D, E). 38
Conservation status: the protected sites “Mouth of the River Veleka”(1511 ha) and “Silistar” (773) have been both designated in 1992 and now are
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
part of Nature Park “Strandzha”(designated in 1995).
3.5. Assesment and Comparison of the Different Wetlands in SBSC
IWC visits: 16, 5 (App. 1, Table 4.12).
The wetlands in the region with their area, average total numbers of waterbirds found in them, and the density are shown on Table 11 bellow. It is apparent that the wetlands holding greatest numbers of waterbirds in this region are two freshwater bodies-Mandra and Vaya-followed by two salt-works-Atanasovsko Lake and Pomorie Lake, some of the coastal sea areas, etc. Surpirsingly, the wetlands of greatest density of waterbirds are not the inland water bodies but the coastal sea off the shore between ‘Slunchev bryag’ (Sunny beach) and Akheloy, between Dalyana & Vlas, between Chernomorets and Dyuni. Of the lakes, Pomorie has the greatest density of wintering populations of waterbirds. As a whole, the SBSC rates second place with respect to density of waterbirds’ populations in winter.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 1644 (2197; 1091) with maximum of 4868/1990. Number of the recorded species: average 14 (16; 11) with maximum of 28/1994. The first three most numerous wintering species: Fulica atra: 830 (1100; 550) with maximum of 2626/ 1988), Larus cachinnans: 150 (210; 90) with maximum of 790/1979), Podiceps nigricollis: 140 (160; 130) with maximum of 568/1990). Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 1 (2; 0) with maximum of 13/1984. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none. Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Gavia arctica (58/1993). Regular numbers of waterbirds: 1400 ÷ 1800 ind. from 13 to 26 species (Fig. 10).
3.4.13. Other Sites in the Region Yasna Polyana reservoir with area of 130 ha, located at some 10 km west from the town of Primorsko. The IWC teams have visited the site in the course of 8 years. There used to be 6 species of waterbirds on the average numbering about 300 ind. The most numerous were Fulica atra, Anas platyrhynchos and Podiceps cristatus.
In order to illustrate the long-term changes that have taken place in the wetlands on the SBSC, Table 12 shows the waterbirds’ average total numbers in three consecutive periods of 1977 through 1986, 1987 through 1996, and 1997 through 2001. During the period of 1977 through 1996 of all the wetlands on the SBSC only Mandra Lake has held regularly more than 20,000 wintering waterbirds (Ramsar criterion 5). One may see that only in 2 out of 12 wetlands, the total numbers of birds decrease, most significantly at wetlands on the Chernomorets–Dyuni coastal stretch. Of the four Bourgas lakes, the numbers of waterbirds have increased to the greatest extent in Vaya Lake. It may be stated that as a whole the numbers of waterbirds wintering on the SBSC have increased significantly.
Table 11. Wetland area in SBSC, average total numbers of waterbirds and their density for 1977-2001. Wetland
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12
Area (in ha)
Dalyana – Vlas Coast Slunchev Bryag – Akheloy Coast Pomorie Lake Complex Atanasovsko Lake Complex Vaya Lake Mandra Lake Complex Kraymorie – Chernomorets Coast Chernomorets – Dyuni Coast Alepou Marsh Complex Arkoutino Marsh Complex Primorsko – Tsarevo Coast Tsarevo – Sinemorets Coast Total in SBSC Region (incl. Ot. sites) Percentage from the total numbers
100 270 850 1770 2760 4000 340 320 250 400 300 320 11,830 20.9%
Average Total Numbers 1977-2001
Watebirds Density (average total numbers per 1 ha)
1322 3630 8342 13,744 26,660 34,429 3568 3462 1836 1772 1886 1644 104,218 24.6%
13.22 13.44 9.81 7.76 9.66 8.61 10.49 10.81 7.34 4.43 6.29 5.14 7.15
39
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Table 12. Average total numbers of waterbirds for three consecutive periods of 1977 through 1986, 1987 through 96, and 1997 through 2001 in the SBSC wetlands. Place 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13
Wetland /period Dalyana – Vlas Coast Slunchev Bryag – Akheloy Coast Pomorie Lake Complex Atanasovsko Lake Complex Vaya Lake Mandra Lake Complex Kraymorie – Chernomorets Coast Chernomorets – Dyuni Coast Alepou Marsh Complex Arkoutino Marsh Complex Primorsko – Tsarevo Coast Tsarevo – Sinemorets Coast Other sites Total in SBSC Region Percentage from the total numbers
1977-1986
1987-1996
1997-2001
Trend
705 1983 7646 9885 9710 32,107 3054 4575 1446 1589 1121 1588 3762 79,162 24.0%
1867 3156 5328 5572 18,476 22,479 3721 3295 1628 683 1493 2807 3761 74,257 19.8%
1358 4691 10,197 19,760 39,228 41,565 3749 2989 2136 2409 2465 1091 19 131,657 26.9%
F I I I I I S D I I I D
4. South Bulgaria (SBg) 4.1. General Information South Bulgaria (SBg) includes the country’s area south of the Balkan (Stara Planina) Mountains (with the exception of the SBSC region) to the borders with Greece and Turkey. To the west, SBg borders with Macedonia. There are many rivers, rivulets, large reservoirs, and fishponds and aggregates (gravel and sand) extraction pits in South Bulgaria. Natural lakes are located high in the mountains of Rila, Pirin and Rodopi Mountains. The region’ total surface area is 53,600 km2 or 48.4% of the entire country. The mountain lakes in Rila, Pirin and Rodopi Mountains are not included in the total area of wetlands. Reservoir ‘Batak’, built where Batak marsh was in the past, was not included too, in the South Bulgarian wetlands of importance to the wintering waterbirds. All of them were visited once in January 1978, all of them were found fast frozen, and it was obvious that they were of no importance to the wintering waterbirds. There are three natural wetlands in SBg’ western part: Aldomirovsko Marsh, Dragomansko Marsh and Choklyovo Marsh. The first suddenly disappeared in the begining of 1990s. No explanation has yet been given for this phenomenon. The second one has been partialy drained in the last 30 or so years and therefore could not support wintering waterbirds. The third wetland has been for years on end a place for the industrial extraction of peat. After a short period of complete drained-out, since 1981 the marsh has been restored. 40
I
During the second half of 20th century, several reservoirs have been built in SBg. Of these, the reservoirs Ovcharitsa and Rozov Kladenets, built as cooling basins for the two big thermoelectric power plants (TePP) Maritsa-Iztok 1 and Maritsa-Iztok 2, never freeze in winter. Because of this, they are of greatest importance to the wintering waterbirds in the whole of SBg. Reservoirs built along the valley of the Arda River become increasingly important to waterbirds in winter, as do those along the river of Maritsa valley like Pyasuchnik, Trakiets, Tserkovski, and along the valley of Toundzha River like Koprinka and Zhrebchevo.
4.2. Description of the Sites The wetlands in this part of the country are only dams and the lakes behind them built after the World War 2. The wetlands located within their limits are described for the whole survey of 25 years. Those described below are of greatest importance to the wintering waterbirds:
4.2.1. Iskur Reservoir Complex Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a big complex of man-made wetlands to the south of city of Sofia, on the Iskur River, surrounded by mountains, Region of Sofia (42-28’ N, 23-33’ E). The site incorporates the Iskur reservoir (the largest one in Bulgaria with UTM grid GN 00, 01, 10 covering a surface area of 3000 ha), the Pasarel reservoir (50 ha; UTM grid GN 01), and Pancharevo reservoir (80 ha; UTM grid FN 91). The complex has been built and commissioned since early 1960s for power production and supply of tap water to the city of Sofia and the settlements around it. The total area of this wetland complex is 3130 ha.
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
Wetland type: 6.
IWC visits: 11, 5 (App. 1, Table 5.2).
Conservation status: unprotected.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 1374 (855; 1893) with maximum of 5116/1997.
IWC visits: 10, 5 (App. 1, Table 5.1). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 1624 (1333; 1914) with maximum of 3240/1999. Number of the recorded species: average 9 (7; 11) with maximum of 17/1998. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos: 1300 (1100; 1500) with maximum of 3100/1999; Fulica atra: 80 (70; 90) with maximum of 402/1997, Phalacrocorax carbo: 70 (3; 130) with maximum of 303/1998).
Number of the recorded species: average 11 (8; 14) with maximum of 22/1997. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos: 660 (480; 840) with maximum of 3122/ 1997; Fulica atra: 280 (20; 540) with maximum of 1174/2001, Aythya ferina: 170 (90; 250) with maximum of 776/1996. Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 4 (1; 8) with maximum of 24/1997, Aythya nyroca: 2/ 1983.
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 1 (0; 2) with maximum of 8/1998).
Species whose numbers exceed regularly the 1% Ramsar criterion: none.
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none.
Species with highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none.
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none.
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 1300 ÷ 1500 ind. from 12 to 19 species (Fig. 11).
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 1400 ÷ 1800 ind. from 8 to 15 species (Fig. 14).
4.2.3. Koprinka (Georgi Dimitrov) Reservoir
4.2.2. Ivaylovgrad Reservoir Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a large reservoir located in Eastern Rodopi Mountains, Region of Khaskovo (41-39’ N, 25’58" E; UTM grid MG 10, 11, 20). It is a long and narrow artificial lake on Arda River, built in 1950s with the purpose of power supply. The site total area is 1500 ha.
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a rather big reservoir located in the Valley of Roses between Stara Planina and Sredna Gora Mountains, Region of Stara Zagora (42-37’ N, 25-18’ E; UTM grid LH 52, 61, 62). Built on Toundza River in 1959 for the purpose of irrigation. The site total area is 840 ha. Wetland type: 6.
Wetland type: 6.
Conservation status: unprotected.
Conservation status: unprotected.
IWC visits: 11, 5 (App. 1, Table 5.3).
6000 4000 2000
Ivaylovgrad R Stouden Kl. R Kurdzali R 20 01
19 99
19 97
19 95
19 93
19 91
19 89
19 87
19 85
19 83
19 81
19 79
19 77
0
Fig. 11. Annual mid-winter numbers of waterbirds in three reservoirs (Ivaylovgrad, Stouden Kladenets and Kurdzhali) in South Bulgaria, 1977- 2001. 41
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 1418 (509; 2328) with maximum of 4443/1999.
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 450 ÷ 550 ind. from 5 to 8 species (Fig. 11).
Number of the recorded species: average 10 (5; 15) with maximum of 22/1999.
4.2.5. Malko Sharkovo Reservoir
The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos: 460 (100; 820) with maximum of 2000/ 1999, Phalacrocorax carbo: 410 (10; 810) with maximum of 1746/1999, Anser albifrons: 200 (50; 340) with maximum of 1500/1997.
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a reservoir of average size located in the western foothills of Strandzha Mountain, Region of Yambol (42-06’ N, 26-52’ E; UTM grid MG 86, 96). Built on Popovska River in 1964 for irrigation. The site total area is 380 ha.
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 2 (0; 4) with maximum of 14/1997, Pelecanus crispus: 1/1988.
Wetland type: 6.
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Phalacrocorax carbo (2 years).
IWC visits: 15, 5 (App. 1, Table 5.5).
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 1300 ÷ 1500 ind. from 22 to 34 species (Fig. 14).
4.2.4. Kurdzhali Reservoir Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a rather big reservoir located in the Eastern Rodopi Mountains, Region of Kurdzhali (41-36’ N, 2519 E; UTM grid LG 51, 61). Built on Arda River for power production, in use since 1963. The site total area is 1640 ha. Wetland type: 6. Conservation status: unprotected.
Conservation status: unprotected.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 4345 (4451; 4239) with maximum of 17,200/1992. Number of the recorded species: average 8 (9; 7) with maximum of 16/1978. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anser albifrons: 3500 (2900; 4100) with maximum of 16,810/1997, Anas platyrhynchos: 600 (1150; 40) with maximum of 5727/1980, Larus ridibundus: 135 (270; 1) with maximum of 4273/1977. Globally threatened species: Pelecanus crispus: 1 (0; 1) with maximum of 5/2001, Branta ruficollis: 2/1989. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criteria: Anser albifrons (2 years). Species with the highest average total numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none.
IWC visits: 10, 5 (App. 1, Table 5.4). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 538(638; 438) with maximum of 1555/1990. Number of the recorded species: average 5 (6; 5) with maximum of 11/1979. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos: 230 (150; 310) with maximum of 661/ 2001, Larus cachinnans: 90 (180; 85) with maximum of 1010/1990, Podiceps cristatus: 90 (95; 85) with maximum of 354/1996. Globally threatened species: none. Species whose numbers exceed regularly the 1% Ramsar criterion: none. Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none. 42
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 3900 ÷ 4700 ind. from 7 to 13 species (Fig. 12).
4.2.6. Ovcharitsa Reservoir Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a reservoir located in the country’ southeast in a hilly semi-mountainous area, Regions of Stara Zagora and Yambol (42-19’0 N, 26-05’ E; UTM grid MG 27, 28, 37, 38). Built on Ovcharitsa River in 1966 as a cooling basin for the thermo-electric power plant Maritsa-Iztok 2 of Maritsa-Iztok Power Producing Complex. Never freezes in winter. The site total area is 630 ha. Wetland type: 6, 8. Conservation status: none at present, but having been proposed several years ago to be designated as a protected site, a key site for the conservation of Pha-
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
lacrocorax pygmeus and Pelecanus crispus (Heredia et al., 1996). In 2002 it has been proposed for a new Ramsar site.
Wetland type: 6. Conservation status: unprotected. In 2002 it has been proposed for a new Ramsar site.
IWC visits: 19, 5 (App. 1, Table 5.6). IWC visits: 15, 5 (App. 1, Table 5.7). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 22,541 (23,210; 21,873) with maximum of 43,691/1995. Number of the recorded species: average 16 (13; 19) with maximum of 22/1990. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anser albifrons: 15,500 (16,600; 14,300) with maximum of 34,755/1995, Anas platyrhynchos: 2400 (3600; 1200) with maximum of 18,666/1982, Phalacrocorax carbo: 1600 (1100; 2100) with maximum of 8020/1995. Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 86 (28; 144) with maximum of 384/1990, Pelecanus crispus: 102 (29; 174) with maximum of 228/2001. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Anser albifrons (13 years). Pelecanus crispus and all waterbirds (per 12 years), Phalacrocorax carbo (7 years), Phalacrocorax pygmeus and Egretta alba (per 2 years). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Podiceps grisegena (34/2001), Anas penelope (2800/1977). Regular numbers of waterbirds: 20,000 ÷ 25,000 ind. from 17 to 22 species (Fig. 12).
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 22,902 (15,047; 30,756) with maximum of 66,691/1989. Number of the recorded species: average 15 (10; 21) with maximum of 23/1996 and 2000. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos: 11,000 (11,300; 10,900) with maximum of 50000/1989, Anser albifrons: 9000 (3000; 15,000) with maximum of 36,753/1999, Anas crecca: 1000 (320; 1800) with maximum of 4013/1997. Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus 8 (0; 17) with maximum of 72/2000, Anser erythropus: 1/1996, Branta ruficollis: 2 (1; 2) with maximum of 12/1997, Aythya nyroca: 1/1997. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Anser albifrons and all waterbirds (per 6 years), Anas platyrhynchos (2 years). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 21,000 ÷ 25,000 ind. from 15 to 22 species (Fig. 13).
4.2.8. Rozov Kladenets Reservoir 4.2.7. Pyasuchnik Reservoir Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a reservoir of average size located in Sredna Gora Mountains, Region of Plovdiv (42-24’ N, 24-34’ E; UTM grid KG 99, LG 09, LH 00). Built on Pyasuchnik River in 1959 for irrigation. The site total area is 910 ha.
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a medium-sized reservoir located in south-eastern part of the country, Region of Stara Zagora (4209’ N, 25-55’ E; UTM grid MG 06, 16). Built in 1960 on Sokolitsa River; used as a cooling pool for the thermoelectric power plant Maritsa-Iztok 1 in the
50000 40000 30000 20000 Ovcharitsa R
10000
Rozov Kl. R Malko Sharkovo R
0 19
77 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fig. 12. Annual mid-winter numbers of waterbirds in three reservoirs (Ovcharitsa, Rozov Kladenets and Malko Sharkovo) in South Bulgaria, 1977- 2001. 43
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
50000 40000 30000 20000
Pyasuchnik R 10000
Tserkovski R Trakiets
19 77 19 78 19 79 19 80 19 81 19 82 19 83 19 84 19 85 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 89 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01
0
Fig. 13. Annual mid-winter numbers of waterbirds in three reservoirs (Pyasuchnik, Tserkovski and Trakiets) in South Bulgaria, 1977- 2001. Maritsa Iztok Power Producing Industrial Area. Never freezes in winter. The site total area is 600 ha.
production. There is a unique breeding colony (on rocks) of Grey Herons on the left shore of the reservoir. The site total area is 2700 ha.
Wetland type: 6, 8. Wetland type: 6. Conservation status: unprotected; a key site for conservation of Phalacrocorax pygmeus (Heredia et al., 1996). IWC visits: 14, 5 (App. 1, Table 5.8).
Conservation status: unprotected. A Nature Conservation Centre “Eastern Rodopi” at the town of Madzharovo since 1998 managed by the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds with financial support from Bulgarian-Swiss Biodiversity Conservation Programme.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 4204 (4553; 3855) with maximum of 12,425/1990.
IWC visits: 12, 5 (App. 1, Table 5.9).
Number of the recorded species: average 14 (12; 16) with maximum of 19/1997, 1998, 1999.
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 1442 (1060; 1823) with maximum of 3565/1995.
The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos: 1900 (2600; 1200) with maximum of 7607/1982, Phalacrocorax carbo: 750 (880; 610) with maximum of 8063/1990, Anser albifrons: 560 (200; 910) with maximum of 3900/1997.
Number of the recorded species: average 13 (11; 15) with maximum of 27/1995.
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 42 (23; 62) with maximum of 194/1999, Pelecanus crispus: 5 (1; 8) with maximum of 20/2001.
The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos: 650 (620; 670) with maximum of 2225/ 1995, Aythya ferina: 280 (10; 550) with maximum of 1473/1999, Larus cachinnans: 130 (160; 100) with maximum of 1554/1994.
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Phalacrocorax carbo (3 years).
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 2 (1; 3) with maximum of 8/1993, Pelecanus crispus: 5/1988.
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none.
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: none.
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 3800 ÷ 4600 ind. from 13 to 17 species (Fig. 12).
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none.
4.2.9. Stouden Kladenets Reservoir
Regular numbers of waterbirds: 1300 ÷ 1500 ind. from 13 to 17 species (Fig. 11).
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a relatively large reservoir located in the Eastern Rodopi Mountains, Region of Kurdzhali (41-39’ N, 25-30’ E; UTM grid LG 60, 61, 70, 71, 80, 81). The reservoir was built in 1958 on Arda River for power 44
4.2.10. Trakiets Reservoir Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a medium-sized reservoir located in the north-
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
eastern parts of Rodopi Mountains, Region of Khaskovo (41-51’ N, 25-22’ E; UTM grid LG 63, 73). The dam was built in 1964 on Kharmanliyska River for irrigation. The site total area is 820 ha. Wetland type: 6.
imum of 8500/1996, Anas platyrhynchos: 400 (770; 30) with maximum of 2400/1983 and Phalacrocorax carbo: 185 (320; 50) with maximum of 2578/1994. Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 95 (1; 189) with maximum of 842/1999, Branta ruficollis: 4 (7; 0) with maximum of 46/1995.
Conservation status: unprotected. IWC visits: 15, 5 (App. 1, Table 5.10). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 2348 (3741; 1156) with maximum of 16,731/1985. Number of the recorded species: average 8 (6; 9) with maximum of 21/1997. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos: 1900 (3600; 300) with maximum of 16636/1985, Anas crecca: 90 (75; 110) with maximum of 670/1984, Aythya ferina: 90 (10; 160) with maximum of 810/1997. Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 14 (1; 26) with maximum of 128/1999. Species whose numbers exceed regularly the 1% Ramsar criterion: none. Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 2200 ÷ 2600 ind. from 9 to 18 species (Fig. 13).
4.2.11. Tserkovski Reservoir
Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Anser albifrons (2 years), Phalacrocorax carbo, Phalacrocorax pygmeus and Egretta alba (per 1 year). Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: none. Regular numbers of waterbirds: 4500 ÷ 5500 ind. from 3 to 11 species (Fig. 13).
4.2.12. Zhrebchevo Reservoir Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a medium-sized reservoir located in a valley between Stara Planina and Sredna Gora mountains, on the border of Stara Zagora and Sliven Regions (42-37’ N, 25-52’ E; UTM grid MH 01, 02, 11). The dam was built in 1964 on Toundzha River for irrigation. The place is surrounded by a hilly and mountainous countryside making the access and counting of birds rather difficult in winter. The site’ total area is 2500 ha. Wetland type: 6. Conservation status: unprotected. A rehabilitation centre for rare, threatened, injured and distressed birds, located in the town of Stara Zagora and managed by Green Balkans Federation.
Short description of the wetland and the adjacent area: a not very large reservoir located in Southeast Bulgaria, Region of Bourgas (42-38’ N, 26-50’ E; UTM grid MH 81, 82). The dam was built in 1963 on Mouchouritsa River on the very place where the vast Straldzha Marsh (covering an area of about 120 sq. km) had existed until mid-1920s, for irrigation. The site total area is 500 ha.
IWC visits: 13, 5 (App. 1, Table 5.12).
Wetland type: 6.
The first three most numerous wintering species: Anas platyrhynchos: average 2600 (3100; 2000) with maximum of 10,000/1983 (in the beginning of January 1970 19,000 ind. of this species were counted, see Johnson & Hafner, 1970), Anser albifrons: average 2300 (40; 4500) with maximum of 13,850/1997, Anas crecca: average 740 (520; 950) with maximum of 2952/1997.
Conservation status: unprotected. IWC visits: 12, 5 (App. 1, Table 5.11). Total numbers of waterbirds: average 5027 (3446; 6608) with maximum of 8582/1995. Number of the recorded species: average 6 (5; 7) with maximum of 11/1998 and 1999. The first three most numerous wintering species: Anser albifrons: average 1150 (2150; 150) with max-
Total numbers of waterbirds: average 6406 (3959; 8852) with maximum of 25,917/1997. Number of the recorded species: average 11 (8; 13) with maximum of 19/1997.
Globally threatened species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus: average 3 (0; 6) with maximum of 30/1997. Species whose numbers exceed the 1% Ramsar criterion: Anser albifrons (2 years), Phalacrocorax carbo and all waterbirds (per 1 year). 45
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Species with the highest numbers in Bulgaria during the survey: Ardea cinerea (100/1997). Regular numbers of waterbirds: 5800 ÷ 7000 ind. from 10 to 19 species (Fig. 14).
4.2.13. Other Sites in the Region Several reservoirs of varying size and a landfill are listed under this group of wetlands. They were surveyed mainly during the first sub-period of the project and were dropped from the list of regularly monitored wetlands because of the low numbers of wintering waterbirds. Here below follows these wetlands’ very brief description: Dolni Bogrov Landfill: a rather small (about 100 ha) water body located to the north from the village of Dolni Bogrov, Region of Sofia-City. It had been visited during the first 10 years of the period of survey. On the average 4 species of waterbirds had been observed there with average numbers of 1200 ind. (maximum 6290/1985). The most numerous of these were Anas platyrhynchos (maximum 4500/1985), Larus ridibundus (maximum 938/1982), Anas crecca (maximum 1500/1985). Domlyan Reservoir: a small reservoir (160 ha) located in Sredna Gora Mountains, Region of Plovdiv. It had been visited during the first 8 years of the project. On the average 3 species had been observed with average numbers of 450 ind. The most numerous of these were Anas platyrhynchos (maximum 1000/1980 and 1981), Anas crecca (maximum 200/1981) and Anas clypeata (50/1982). Dyakovo Reservoir: a small reservoir (107 ha) located to the north of the town of Doupnitsa for collecting part of the runoff within the watershed of Topolnitsa Rivulet, Region of Kyustendil. It had been visited during the first 6 years of the period of survey. On the average 5 species had been observed with average numbers of 550 ind. (maximum 1453/1980). The most
numerous of these were Anas platyrhynchos (maximum 480/1980), Fulica atra (maximum 914/1980) and Anas crecca (maximum 53/1978). Kamchiya Reservoir: a slightly bigger reservoir (850 ha) located in Stara Planina Mountains, to the north of the town of Karnobat. Built on the Kamchiya River, Region of Bourgas, it had been counted during the first 6 years of the project. On the average 3 species had been observed with average numbers of 537 ind. Of these, the most numerous were Anas platyrhynchos (maximum 480/1980), Fulica atra (maximum 914/1980), and Anas crecca (maximum 53/1978). Maritsa River 1: from the town of Septemvri to the town of Purvomay. The site has been ranked first during the survey with the higest mid-winter numbers of Egretta garzetta 18/2000, Gallinula chloropus 81/ 2000, Tringa ochropus 77/1998, Actitis hypoleucos 12/2000, in Bulgaria. Maritsa River 2: from Purvomay to Svilengrad. The area holds the highest number (shared with Zhrebchevo Reservoir) of A. cinerea registered in Bulgaria during the survey 100/2001, Limosa limosa 7/ 1999. Pchelina Reservoir: 500 ha, located to the north of the town of Kyustendil, on Strouma River, Region of Kyustendil. It had been visited during the first 4 years of the survey. On the average 3 species had been observed with average numbers of 1300 ind. (maximum 1900/1981). Of these, the most numerous were Anas platyrhynchos (maximum 1900/1983), Podiceps cristatus (maximum 71/1979), and Ardea cinerea (maximum 13/1979). Topolnitsa Reservoir: 560 ha, built on a river with the same name, located in the western part of Sredna Gora Mountains on the border between Sofia and Pazardzhik Regions. It had been counted in the first 2 years of the survey without any results (the lake was frozen; mist).
30000 20000
10000
Zhrebchevo R Koprinka R Iskur R
19 77 19 78 19 79 19 80 19 81 19 82 19 83 19 84 19 85 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 89 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01
0
Fig. 14. Annual mid-winter numbers of waterbirds in three reservoirs (Zhrebchevo, Koprinka and Iskur) in South Bulgaria, 1977- 2001. 46
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WETLANDS WITH THE MAIN RESULTS OBTAINED
Toundza 1: from the dam of Koprinka Reservoir down to the village of Zavoy, Region of Yambol.
4.3. Assesment and Comparisons of Particular Wetlands
Toundza 2: from the village of Zavoy, Region of Yambol down to the state border with Turkey.
The wetlands in the region with their average total numbers of waterbirds and density found in them are shown on Table 13.
The average total numbers of waterbirds in these wetlands in the period of 1977-1996 stands at 3420 (3260; 3580). There are some other small reservoirs, fishponds and quarries in this region without any significant importance for wintering of waterbirds. Data about these sites are published by Kostadinova & Dereliev (2001).
The site with the highest density of wintering waterbirds in this region is Ovcharitsa Reservoir. Three other reservoirs have a density over 10 birds per ha. From 12 wetlands listed on Table 14, 7 have increased numbers, 3 fluctuating and per 1 – stable and decreasing. As a whole the midwinter numbers of waterbirds in SBg is increasing.
Table 13. Wetlands in SBg, average total numbers of waterbirds and their density in the period 1977-2001. Wetland
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12
Area (in ha)
Iskur Reservoir 3130 Ivaylovgrad Reservoir 1500 Kardzhali Reservoir 1640 Koprinka Reservoir 840 Malko Sharkovo Reservoir 380 Ovcharitsa Reservoir 630 Pyasuchnik Reservoir 910 Rozov Kladenets Reservoir 600 Stouden Kladenets Reservoir 2700 Trakiets Reservoir 820 Tserkovski Reservoir 500 Zhrebchevo Reservoir 2500 Total in SBg Region 18,700 Percentage from the total numbers. 33.0%
Average Total Numbers 1977-2001
Watebirds Density (average total numbers per 1 ha)
1624 1374 538 1418 4345 22,541 22,902 4204 1442 2348 5027 6406 89,680 20.6%
0.52 0.92 0.33 1.68 11.43 35.78 25.17 7.01 0.53 2.86 10.05 6.28 4.79
Table 14. Average total waterbirds numbers (ind.) found in SBg wetlands with a trend (numbers in 1997-2001 compared with those established in 1977-1986). No 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.0
Wetland /period Iskur Reservoir Ivaylovgrad Reservoir Kardzhali Reservoir Koprinka Reservoir Malko Sharkovo Reservoir Ovcharitsa Reservoir Pyasuchnik Reservoir Rozov Kladenets Reservoir Stouden Kladenets Reservoir Trakiets Reservoir Tserkovski Reservoir Zhrebchevo Reservoir Other Sites Total in SBg Region Percentage from the total numbers
1977-1986
1987-1996
1997-2001
Trend
952 792 335 653 4807 20,410 10,263 3705 807 6286 1613 4928 3260 58,812 17.8%
1715 918 941 365 4094 26,009 19,830 5401 1314 1196 5279 2991 3580 73,635 19.6%
1914 1893 438 2328 4239 21,873 30,756 3855 1823 954 6608 8852 14,719 106,695 21.8%
I I F I S F I F I D I I I
47
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Assessment and Comparison of Individual Regions and Wetlands in Bulgaria As may be seen, six wetlands had exceeded regularly the required numbers to meet Ramsar Criterion 5 for regular wintering of more than 20,000 waterbirds but only three of these (Shabla, Dourankoulak and Vaya Lake) have been designated as wetlands with international importance (Ramsar Sites). Five wetlands are natural lakes, 3 are reservoirs, and 2 are salt-works.
The results obtained show the share of waterbirds populations wintering in each one of the five regions into which Bulgaria is divided for IWC (Fig. 15). Undoubtedly, the prevalent part (some 65% on the average) of waterbirds wintering in Bulgaria concentrate on the Black Sea coast. Depending on the weather conditions - thickness of the snow cover, extent of freezing of the Danube and the reservoirs and lakes in the country - this percentage is different in different years.
During the period 1997-2001 the waterbirds’ total numbers for the country have noticeably increased with 2 more wetlands from the above list exceeding the Ramsar criterion 6 of 20,000 ind. wintering in them. These two are the Vaya Lake with an average numbers of watersbirds over 36,000 ind. and Pyasuchnik Reservoir with average numbers of wintering water-
Ten Bulgarian wetlands listed below have been arranged according to the average and maximum numbers of waterbirds they have sheltered in winter in the period 1977-2001 (Table 15 ).
300000 250000 200000 150000
NBSC SBSC SBg Danube NBg
100000 50000
20
01
99 19
97 19
95 19
19
93
91 19
89 19
19
87
85 19
83 19
81 19
79 19
19
77
0
Fig. 15. Total midwinter numbers of waterfowl in all five IWC regions of Bulgaria during the period 1977-96. Table 15. Average and maximum numbers of the first ten Bulgarian wetlands, ranked according to their average numbers for the period 1977-2001. Wetland 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Shabla Lake Complex* Dourankoulak Lake Complex* Mandra Lake Complex Vaya Lake* Pyasuchnik Reservoir Ovcharitsa Reservoir Varna Lake Complex Atanasovsko Lake Complex* Pomorie Lake Complex Sreburna Lake Complex*
*Ramsar sites 48
Average numbers
Maximum numbers
Ratio An/Mn
106,852 33,431 34,429 26,660 22,902 22,541 18,095 13,744 8342 6416
272,575 130,972 106,602 67,176 66,691 43,691 46,775 39,936 20,012 55,253
0.39 0.25 0.32 0.40 0.34 0.51 0.39 0.34 0.42 0.12
ASSESSMENT AND COMPARISON OF INDIVIDUAL REGIONS AND WETLANDS IN BULGARIA
birds over 24,000 ind. Both these wetlands have been proposed in 2002 to be designated as wetlands with international importance.
As a whole, an average of 61 species of waterbirds have wintered in the country’ wetlands in the period 1977-2001, with a maximum of 71 species in 1994 and 1999.
The ratio between average and maximum total numbers of the wintering waterbirds in individual wetlands indicates the degree to which they could sustain stable wintering waterbirds populations in them. Wetlands of small values of this ratio like Sreburna Lake (0.12) and Dourankoulak Lake (0.25) freeze more often and could sustain not so stable wintering populations. And vice versa: wetlands for which the ratio is of bigger value like Ovcharitsa Reservoir (0.51) and Pomorie Lake (0.42), which never freeze, sustain rather stable wintering populations of waterbirds.
Individual regions of the country were arranged in Table 17 according to their average total mid-winter numbers.
The average and maximum species number of the first ten wetlands, ranked according to their average species number are shown on the next Table 16. Seven of them are located on the Black Sea Coast (3 on the Northern BSC and 4 on the Southern BSC). Three are natural lakes, 2 are reservoirs, 1 is a stretche of the Danube Riverside and the Black Sea coast, and 2 are salt-works. Of these wetlands, the lake Mandra, has not yet been designated as Ramsar Site though it meets the Ramsar criterion 5 and criterion 6.
It is obvious that during the whole period of the survey the highest total numbers of waterbirds has been recorded on the Northern Black Sea Coast, followed by the Southern Black Sea Coast, and so on. In all regions (the Danube excluded) a trend of increase in the mid-winter numbers of the waterbirds has been noted. The following Table 18 shows the most interesting general results from the survey 1977-2001. As may be seen, the NBSC is the region with the waterbirds’ highest average total numbers and density in the country. Nearly half of the waterbirds wintering in Bulgaria use the Black Sea coastal water bodies as their wintering grounds. Assuming that the total surface area of wetlands in Bulgaria is about 62,500 ha and that the total surface area of the Bulgarian Northern Black Sea Coast’ (NBSC) wetlands is about 5890 ha, then the NBSC’
Table 16. Average and maximum species number of the first ten wetlands, ranked according to their average species number. No
Wetland
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Atanasovsko LC Mandra LC Varna LC Shabla LC Dourankoulak LC Vaya Lake Pomorie LC Ovcharitsa R Pyasuchnik R Tsibur-Somovit Stretch
Av. Species Number
Maximum Species Number
Ratio AN/MN
30 29 25 24 28 21 19 16 15 13
37 43 39 36 32 30 28 22 23 16
0.81 0.67 0.64 0.66 0.87 0.70 0.67 0.74 0.66 0.81
Table 17. Average total numbers (ind.) of waterbirds in the 5 regions with a trend for the period 1977-2001. Wetland / Period Danube NBg NBSC SBSC SBg Total
1977-1986 Av. Numbers % 38,419 11,452 142,263 79,162 58,812 330,108
11.6 3.5 43.1 24.0 17.8 100
1987-1996 Av. Numbers % 47,951 16,225 163,556 74,257 73,635 375,624
12.8 4.3 43.5 19.8 19.6 100
1997-2001 Av. Numbers % 30,711 16,312 204,301 131,657 106,695 489,676
6.3 3.3 41.7 26.9 21.8 100
Trend D I I I I I 49
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Table 18. Area, average total numbers of waterbirds and their density in 5 regions of Bulgaria for the period 1977-2001. Place
Region
Area (in ha)
Average Total Numbers of Waterbirds
Percent of the Total Bulgarian Numbers
Waterbirds Density (average total numbers per 1 ha)
4 5 1 2 3 Total
Danube NBg NBSC SBSC SBg 62,403
13,733 12,250 5890 11,830 18,700 420,274
36,948 16,312 178,605 104,218 89,680 100.00
8.25 3.88 42.50 24.80 20.57 6.73
2.69 1.33 25.97 7.15 4.79
Table 19. Species number in 5 regions of Bulgaria for the period 1977-2001. Region/Species number Danube NBg NBSC SBSC SBg
1977-1986
1987-1996
1997-2001
Trend
19 5 30 44 22
21 4 35 47 27
30 28 46 47 39
I I I S I
share will be 9.4% only of the wetlands total area for the country. However, these 9.4% support 42.5% of the wintering waterbirds’ numbers. The average density of wintering waterbirds there is the highest in the country - 25.97 birds per one hectare. Due to these facts, the lakes and marshes in NBSC Region are so extremely vulnerable. This in turn has forced upon us the conclusion that these wetlands are very vulnerable and fragile, and need the strictest protection of all wetlands in the country. According to the species richness there are also some interesting features, presented on Table 19. Without any doubth the leading position belongs to SBSC, which has taken the first place during the whole period of the IWC survey. There is a clear trend to increasing in all regions, with exception of SBSC. The significant increase of species number in NBg could be explaned with the better coverage during last years. With regard to species richness in the particular wetlands, they may be ranked as follows below:
50
From 1 to 10 species From 11 to 20 species From 21 to 30 species
18 wetlands 21 wetlands 6 wetlands
In concluding this part of the book, we may say that Bulgarian wetlands could be characterized in the following way with regard to the mid-winter numbers of waterbirds in the period 1977-2001: Numbers of surveyed wetlands .............................. 45 Average total numbers of waterbirds in the country . ........................................................... 420,274 ind. Average species number ........................................ 47 Average species density .................. 6.24 ind. per ha Wetland with highest average total numbers: Shabla LC with .............................................. 106,852 ind. Wetland with highest average species number: Atanasovsko LC with ................................. 30 species Wetland with highest maximum species numbers: Shabla LC with ................................. 272,575 ind. Wetland with highest maximum species number: Mandra LC with .................................. 43 species Wetland with highest density: Shabla LC with ......... ..................................................103.34 ind. per ha
PART II: SPECIES
51
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General Comments More than 400 bird species have so far been recorded in Bulgaria. A considerable part of these are waterbirds, from 8 orders and 151 species (Simeonov et al., 1990, Nankinov et al., 1997). They have been a subject to quite a number of research publications, devoted to different aspects of their numbers, distribution, ecology, ethology, etc. However, only small part of this data is devoted to their winter distribution and numbers. This study deals with 106 species from 8 orders. Of the above total 8 are globally threatened species. To
four of these - Pygmy Cormorant, Dalmatian Pelican, Red-breasted Goose and White-headed Duck Bulgarian wetlands are of high conservation importance. During the survey one species of goose, the Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens) has been observed in Bulgaria for the first time (Michev et al., 1983). Valuable data on several very rare bird species have been collected during the study. The data on individual species are presented below in a taxonomical order according to Snow & Perrins (1997).
53
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Short Description of the Species by Orders 1. Order Gaviiformes
2. Order Podicipediformes
1.1. Red-throated Diver (Gavia stellata)
2.1. Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis)
Rare wintering species during both periods. Observed only few times: 11/1983 at Tyulenovo-Cape Kaliakra Coast, 1/1990 at Kamchiya-Obzor Coast, 1/1994 at Mandra Lake Complex and at Iskur Reservoir (in the interior of the country): 6/1977 and 3/1998. The wintering population of the species could be considered as a stable one during the whole 25-year period of the survey. Out of the IWC survey the species was registered in the reservoir Mramor near Sofia on December 21, 1975 (Nankinov et al., 1998). Maximum numbers during the whole survey were recorded in Tyulenovo-Kaliakra sector of the Coast: 11/ 1983.
1.2. Black-throated Diver (Gavia arctica) In 1977-1996 an uncommon wintering species with average total numbers of 44 (43; 45), maximum total 117/1994 and rate of concentration 47%. Blackthroated Divers have been recorded regularly in almost all regions of the country (North Bulgaria excluded) but have been most widespread in wetlands on the SBSC, where 74% of the entire population visiting Bulgaria winter. The species’ main wintering sites are on the southernmost part of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast: between Tsarevo and Sinemorets with average 11 ind. (there the highest annual numbers of 58/1993 birds for a single site were recorded as well); between Primorsko and Tsarevo with 5 ind.; and in Arkoutino Marsh (the sea coastal waters included) with 4 ind. On the entire Strandzha Mountain’ Black Sea Coast Milchev (1994) counted 37 ind. in January 1989. Unusually high number of 42/1977 wintering birds was recorded on Iskur Reservoir. In general, the Black-throated Diver’ wintering population in Bulgaria has registered a slight increase during the past three or so decades. After 1996 this trend continues and the average total numbers reached 74 birds with maximum total of 143/ 1998. No changes in the regions rating have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded at Tsarevo-Sinemorets Coast – 58/1993.
54
Tachybaptus ruficollis
In the period 1977-1996 fairly common wintering species with average total numbers of 210 (327; 92), maximum total of 563/1978 and rate of concentration 57%. Recorded in all regions but the highest numbers registered on the SBSC (46% of the total) followed by the NBSC (23%), SBg, the Danube and NBg. During both sub-periods of the survey, Mandra LC supported the highest numbers (the average of 89 and the average of 22 resp. with maximum of 242/ 1982). However, the highest annual numbers of 285/ 1978 were recorded at Varna LC. In all the regions, the species has been decreasing since 1984; the decline being particularly apparent in wetlands on the SBSC (from 160 during the first half of the period the numbers dropped down to 27 during the second half). After 1996 its average total numbers has increased again and has reached 635 ind. with maximum total of 881/2000 (Fig. 16.1). The highest mid-winter numbers of the species has moved from SBSC to SBg. Maximum numbers during the whole survey were recorded in Varna LC - 285/1978.
2.2. Great-crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus) During 1977-1996 a common wintering species with average total numbers of 2192 (2830; 1554), maximum total of 12,031/1980 and rate of concentration 46%. Occurs in wetlands in all regions, the highest average numbers recorded in wetlands on the NBSC (51% of the entire Bulgarian wintering population). The rest of it used to winter in SBg (average 530, maximum 1256/1996) and in wetlands on the SBSC (average 401, with maximum of 1558/1980). The high-
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
Fig. 16. Mid-winter numbers of Little Grebe, Great-crested Grebe and Black-necked Grebe in Bulgaria, in the period 1977-2001. est numbers in a single site was registered on the coastal sea between the village of Tyulenovo and Cape
Podiceps cristatus
Kaliakra (average 474, maximum 8003/1980). It is worth mentioning that not far from the huge concentration of 8003 birds, 2144 Great-crested Grebes were additionally counted on the Kavarna-Kranevo coastal sea. A phenomenon like that has not been observed again in Bulgaria. Other places with more important concentrations are Varna Lake (average 368 and maximum 1339/1993), and Mandra Lake (average 165 and maximum 1229/1992). In general, during the second half of the period 1977-1996 the wintering population in Bulgaria has decreased almost two-fold. The decline was registered in all regions (with the exception of SBg), being most noticeable on the NBSC. In the period 1997-2001 a slight increase of the whole Bulgarian wintering population to average 2638 ind. 55
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
with maximum total of 5356/1997 has been registered (Fig. 16.2). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey were recorded on Tyulenovo and Cape Kaliakra Coast - maximum 8003/1980.
2.3. Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena) During 1977-1996 a rare wintering species with average total numbers of 2 ind. Recorded more often in wetlands on the SBSC, where the highest winter numbers in the country were observed (9/1981 in Mandra LC). Single birds have occasionally been observed on the NBSC. In SBg, the largest flock consisted of 4 Red-necked Grebes seen in 1977 on Ovcharitsa Reservoir. Recorded once, in January 1989, on the Danube, too. There are no mid-winter records from NBg. During the next period 1997-2001 the whole winter population of the Red-necked Grebe has increased to average 18 ind. with maximum total of 34/2001. Maximum numbers during the whole survey was recorded on Ovcharitsa Reservoir - 34/2001.
2.4. Slavonian Grebe (Podiceps auritus) Rare wintering species in the period 1977-1996 recorded more often on the SBSC. The highest numbers were registered on the sea off the Slunchev Bryag coast, 67/1985 and off the sector of TsarevoSinemorets SBSC, 52/1978. Single birds and small flocks have been occasionally seen off the NBSC. In SBg, there was only one observation of 3 birds in 1995 on Ovcharitsa Reservoir. There are no mid-winter records from NBg. During the second half of the period 1977-96, the species’ average total numbers has dropped eight-fold. It is quite possible to have the mid-winter numbers of this species underestimated due to its rather difficult identification in the field. During 1997-2001 the average total numbers of this species has dropped to zero and its status remains unclear. Maximum numbers during the whole survey was recorded on Dalyana-Vlas Coast – 34/1985.
2.5. Black - necked Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) During 1977-1996 a common winter visitor with average total numbers of 1573 (1415; 1732), maximum
56
total of 3049/1994 and rate of concentration 40%. The species almost entire mid-winter population used to concentrate on the sea off the Bulgarian BSC (more on the SBSC than on the NBSC). The species used to be rather scarce in SBg (single birds or small groups seen on Ovcharitsa, Rozov Kladenets, Pyasuchnik, and Stouden Kladenets reservoirs (in the past also in the vicinity of Plovdiv – Boev et al, 1964). During the second half of the period 1977-96 it was occasionally observed additionally in the region of the Danube and in NBg. The highest wintering numbers was recorded in Mandra LC: average 288 and maximum 913/1995; Varna LC: average 226 and maximum 678/1994; and Pomorie LC: average 110 and maximum 771/1977. As a whole, during these 20 years the Bulgarian winter population has marked a slight increase. After 1996 the average total numbers of this species has slighty increased to average 2130 ind. with maximum total of 3015/1997 (Fig. 16.3). The highest midwinter numbers of the species has moved from SBSC to NBSC. Maximum numbers during the whole survey was recorded in Varna LC – 1030/1998.
3. Order Procellariiformes 3.1. Yelkouan Shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan) Very rare winter visitor during both periods of the study. The species was observed only twice: a flock of 22 ind. on January 26, 1992 at Atanasovsko Lake by Mr. Milko Dimitrov and Mr. Konstantin Nyagolov (Michev et al., 1999) and 120/2001 at the town of Akhtopol. According to Nankinov et al. (1990) the species does not winter in Bulgaria.
4. Order Pelecaniformes 4.1. Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) During 1977-1996 a common wintering species with average total numbers of 4337 (1120; 7553), maximum total of 16,181/1996 and rate of concentration 54%. More than half of the Bulgarian winter population concentrates in SBg (according to Ivanov et al, 1997, on the SBSC), the remaining part being divided among the SBSC, the Danube, NBg and NBSC. The main wintering ground is Ovcharitsa Reservoir with average 1132 and maximum 8020/1995), followed by Rozov Kladenets Reservoir with average 877 and maximum 8063/1990; and Tserkovski Reservoir with average 323 and maximum 2578/1994. The highest
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
and maximum total of 74/1990. The Shag in Bulgaria winters only on the Black Sea coast. More than 75% of the wintering population stays on the South Dobroudzha BSC (part of the NBSC). The highest annual numbers has been recorded at Tyulenovo-Kaliakra sector of the NBSC, 62/1990. This site coincides with the species’ breeding range in Bulgaria and its wintering numbers, with the size of the breeding population. Occasionally, single birds move southwards reaching the region of Bourgas Lakes, Ropotamo Mouth and Tsarevo-Sinemorets sector of the SBSC, where the highest recorded numbers was 10/ 1988. Significant increase of species’ wintering population to average total numbers of 337 ind. and maximum total 468/1999 has been registered in the period 19972001. The explanation of this phenomenon needs collecting of additional data. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey was recorded in Shabla LC: 202/1999, where for the first time so many birds of this species wintered. Phalacrocorax carbo
annual numbers at a single site in Bulgaria was recorded at Rozov Kladenets Reservoir (8063/1990). In the past, the Cormorant was a fairly common wintering species in Bulgaria. In December 1970, Johnson & Biber (1970) have observed only 200 ind. in the area of Bourgas lakes. The numbers of this bird has started to rise since 1982, with a slight decline between 1985 and 1987. (Fig. 17.1). During the second half of the period 1977-1996, the population wintering in Bulgaria has been more than 6 times as numerous as during the survey’ first subperiod.
According to Nankinov (2001) “…in different years only between 7 and 60 specimens rest wintering along the whole Bulgarian seashore”.
4.3. Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) During 1977-1996 a common wintering species with an average total numbers of 1199 (1184; 1215), maximum total of 5583/1996, and rate of concentration Phalacrocorax pygmeus
This clear-cut trend continued after 1996 as well. In 1997-2001 the mid-winter average numbers of this species in the country reached an average of 16,861 ind. with maximum total of 20,926/2000. An unusually big concentration of about 10,000/2001 was found on the island “Vetren” at Sreburna LC. During this period the average winter numbers of this species in Mandra Lake exceeded twice the 1% level and Vaya Lake was very close to it (average 851 ind.). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey was recorded in Sreburna LC: 10,000/2001.
4.2. Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) During 1977-1996 an uncommon wintering species with average total numbers in Bulgaria of 28 (23; 33) 57
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Fig. 17. Mid-winter numbers of Cormorant, Pygmy Cormorant and Dalmatian Pelican in Bulgaria, 1977-2001. 56%. The most important wintering grounds were on the SBSC where the species’ average numbers have stood at 315 birds (or 31,5%) and its maximum numbers, at 1419/1984, followed by SBg (251 with maximum of 3784/1996). The species’ basic wintering grounds were Mandra Lake: average 221, maximum 1280/1984, and Dourankoulak Lake: average 116, maximum 1243/1983. Unusually great numbers of 1015/1996 was observed only once, at a roosting place on the Gorni Dubnik Reservoir. The species’ winter population has been increasing since 1982 and more obviously, since 1995 (Fig. 17.2). In 1996 a team of birdwatchers from the Green Balkans Federation (Nikolov et al., 1999, 2000) found four permanent large concentrations of the species in SBg numbering up to 6000-7000 birds on Maritsa River valley between Pazardzhik and Svilengrad. The 58
counts carried out in the years that followed confirmed the assumption that the birds were regularly using these roosting sites. The relatively low rate of concentration shows that, apart from the wintering sites holding the largest number of Pygmy cormorants, there were other, not so well known haunts of the species. Nevertheless, the trend towards the increase of its numbers has been clearly marked. During the period 1997-2001 the species wintering population continued to increase and the average total numbers has already reached about 8500 ind. with maximum total of 13,095/2000 (according to Nikolov et al., 2000 it was 7000 -11000 ind.). The site with highest numbers was Maritsa 1 (average 1940 ind. with maximum of 4405/2000). The Pygmy Cormorant began using additional wintering places in largescale numbers. Such sites have been Bourgas Lakes
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
since 1997, when its numbers jumped from average of 221 to average of 692 ind. in Mandra LC and from average of 58 to average of 745 ind. in Vaya Lake. Nevertheless the highest mid-winter numbers has moved from SBSC to SBg. The species numbers has been in excess of the 1% level of 250 ind. in Mandra LC (7 years), Vaya Lake (6 years), Maritsa 2 (4 years), Maritsa 1 (3 years), Dourankoulak LC (3 years), Ovcharitsa Reservoir (2 years), Toundzha 2 (2 years), Gorni Dubnik Reservoir (1 year), Toundzha 1 (1 years). Maximum numbers during the whole survey was recorded in Vaya Lake: 5800/1999.
4.4. White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) During 1977-1996 a rare winter visitor with average total numbers of 9 (6; 12), maximum total of 74/1988, and rate of concentration 92%. Observed on a relatively regular basis only on the SBSC (average 8 ind.). Occasionally, up to 5 birds seen in SBg, once seen on the NBSC. The main wintering sites are Mandra Lake: average 7 and maximum 69/1988; and Vaya Lake: average 1, maximum 19/2000 but these sites have not been regularly visited. In the past, single birds were observed in the interior of the country (Nankinov et al., 1997). A flock of 50 birds was observed during the whole of January 1972 in the reservoir ‘Pravets’ near the town of Botevgrad (Simeonov et al., 1984). After 1996 the average total numbers dropped to 8 ind, with maximum total of 22/2000. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey was recorded in Mandra LC: 69/1988.
4.5. Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus) During 1977-1996 an uncommon wintering species with average total numbers of 82 (6; 159), maximum total of 383/1996, and rate of concentration 77%. Half of the wintering population stayed on SBSC, about a third spent the winter in SBg, and the remainder, on the Danube (but not in Sreburna Lake where part of the birds breeds). The species’ main wintering grounds in Bulgaria were Ovcharitsa Reservoir: average 29 and maximum 224/1996); Mandra Lake: average 23, maximum 120/1994; and Atanasovsko Lake: average 12, maximum 83/1996. Dalmatian Pelican did not winter in NBg and did so on the NBSC only occasionally. The highest numbers at a single site was recorded on Ovcharitsa Reservoir, where the 1% level was regularly exceeded during the second half of the period 1977-96. The Mandra and Atanasovsko LCs have only occasionally met the 1% Ramsar criterion during the last years of the second half of the period. A significant increase in the numbers of the species’ population wintering in Bulgaria has been recorded since 1985 (Fig. 17.3).
The trend has kept on after 1996 too. The species’ average total numbers has increased to 526 ind. with maximum total of 607/1999. In this period new sites exceeding regularly the 1% level have sprung up: Mandra LC with av. 141 ind., Atanasovsko LC with av. 43 ind. and Vaya Lake with av. 41 ind. Ovcharitsa R. continued to keep the highest mid-winter numbers of the Dalmatian Pelican in Bulgaria with av. 174 ind. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. As one may see, the significant increase of Dalmatian Pelican winter numbers is a well documented and proved fact. There is no reasonable explanation yet of this phenomenon. Maximum numbers during the whole survey was recorded in Mandra LC: 420/1997.
5. Order Ciconiiformes 5.1. Bittern (Botaurus stellaris) During the first period rarely and irregularly seen in winter and only in wetlands on the BSC: average total numbers 3/1994 on the SBSC, and maximum 15/1994. The highest numbers was observed in Mandra LC: 10/1994; in Atanasovsko LC: 3/1986, 1/1991, 1 every year of the period 1993-1995; on the sector of Primorsko-Tsarevets of SBSC: 1/1990. According to Nankinov et al. (1997), the Bittern winters occasionally in the interior of South Bulgaria (SBg). Since 1996 the average total numbers has increased to 7 ind. with maximum of 22/1997 (Fig.18.1). Maximum numbers was recorded at Mandra LC: 10 / 1994 and Vaya Lake: 10/1999.
5.2. Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) Rare wintering species during both periods. Single birds recorded occasionally in wetlands on the Danube riverside (18/1984 in Mechka Fishponds and 13/ 1984 in Sreburna Lake); on the SBSC (2/1978 in Atanasovsko LC,1/1985 in Pomorie LC,). Nikolov (1988) reports three wintering places along Maritsa River (at Plovdiv, Popovitsa and Purvomay) with total numbers of 316 ind. Data about the species’ January appearance in the period 1997-2001 are published by Kostadinova & Dereliev (2001): 60/2001, wintering also along Maritsa River.
5.3. Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) Rare wintering species during 1977 through 1996. Single birds recorded occasionally in all regions with exception of NBg (2/1996 in Svishtov-Rouse Stretch; Dourankoulak LC: 1/1994 and 2/1995, 1/1977 at Kamchiya 59
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Fig. 18. Mid-winter numbers of Bittern, Great Egret and Grey Heron in Bulgaria, 1977-2001. River and per 1 ind. in Other Sites of SBg in 1989 and 1996). The highest recorded wintering numbers was 3/ 1986 at Atanasovsko LC. According to Nankinov & Kantardzhiev (1988) the species is not a regularly wintering species, which corresponds to our data. In the period 1997-2001 the species was a more frequent and regular winter visitor. Then its average total numbers reached 2 ind. with maximum total of 18/2000.
5.4. Great Egret (Egretta alba) During 1977 through 1996 a fairly common wintering species with average total numbers of 201 (194; 209), maximum total of 622/1996 and rate of concentration 35%. The greater part of the winter population occurs mainly in SBg (average 136 with a maximum 60
of 521/1996) and on the SBSC (average 44 and maximum 219/1982). Wetlands with greatest numbers are the reservoirs along Arda river, Stouden Kladenets: average 30 and maximum 118/1982; Ivailovgrad: average 24 and maximum 100/1980; and Kurdzhali: average 17 and maximum 56/1980. The population wintering in Bulgaria in this period may be considered a stable one, with three peaks in its mid-winter numbers: in 1982, 1989 and 1996). During the period of 1977 through 1996, not a single Bulgarian wetland has reached the 1% level of 120 ind. even once. In the period 1997-2001 a significant increase of species’ winter population was observed and the average total numbers reached 974 ind. with maximum total of 1217/1997 (Fig. 18.2). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. During this period the 1% level of 120 ind. was reached and regularly maintained
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS Egretta alba
with maximum total of 1072/1999 (Fig. 18.3). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers (100 ind.) during the whole survey were recorded at Zhrebchevo Reservoir in 1997 and at Maritsa 2 in 2001.
5.6. Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) Very rare wintering species. During the survey’ both periods this heron was observed only once, 1/1984 at Mandra Lake. According to Nankinov et al. (1997), the species does not winter in Bulgaria.
5.7. Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) Rare wintering species recorded only once in the period 1997-2001: 2/2000 at the fishponds “Troud”. At the same site Darakchiev & Nikolov (1984) observed 8 ind. on 8 January and 18 ind. on 21 January 1984. According to Nikolov (1989) in 1987 the number of wintering birds at those fishponds jumped to 86 ind. and the place became a unique winter haunt of this species in Western Palearctic.
5.8. White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) above it in Mandra LC with average 136 ind. Extremely high numbers were recorded out of IWC survey in Vaya Lake: 650 ind. in January 2000 and 687 in December 2001. If this trend contiunues in the coming years, the 1% level will again be exceeded. Maximum numbers during the whole survey was recorded in Mandra LC: 411/1997.
5.5. Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea)
During both periods a rare wintering species without any changes in winter status and numbers. Single birds were recorded on the SBSC (1/1994, 1/1996 and 1/2000) and SBg (1/1995).
5.9. Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) Very rare wintering species. In the period 1977-1996 there was only one observation of a single bird at Atanasovsko Lake in 1994.
During 1977 through 1996 a fairly common wintering species with average total numbers of 155 (134; 176), maximum total of 422/1996 and rate of concentration 28%. The bigger part of the population wintered in SBg (average 97 with maximum of 393/ 1996), followed by SBSC (average 29 with maximum of 97/1994) and the Danube (average 18 and maximum of 78/1984). The numbers in NBg and on the NBSC was quite small. The wetlands holding the highest numbers are Stouden Kladenets Reservoir: average 19 and maximum 77/1978; the Danube riverside between Svishtov and Rouse: average 13 and maximum 74/1983; and Mandra LC: average 12 and maximum 65/1994. At Stouden Kladenets Reservoir, one of the sites holding the highest numbers there is the unique breeding colony on rocks. The population wintering in Bulgaria has been on the increase since 1995.
During 1997 through 2001 there were two observations: 7 ind. (6 immat. and 1 ad.) on Vaya Lake in the year 2000 and a flock of 30 ind. on Atanasovsko Lake in 2001, which stayed in the lake until spring.
During 1997 through 2001 this trend has continued and the average total numbers has reached 672 ind.
During 1977-1996 fairly common wintering species with average total numbers of 671 (481; 860), maxi-
5.10. Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) During both periods a rare winter visitor. Recorded only in Atanasovsko Lake: 1/1982. Out of the scheme of the survey data on this species’ winter distribution were published by Johnson & Biber (1971), Nankinov & Drakchiev (1981), Boev (1985), Nankinov et al. (1990).
6. Order Anseriformes 6.1. Mute Swan (Cygnus olor)
61
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Cygnus olor
mum total of 2082/1994 and rate of concentration 29%. Recorded in all regions of the country but most widespread on the SBSC with average of 289 and maximum of 973/1994. The NBSC ranked second during this period of the study with average of 260 ind. and maximum of 1020/1994. The average numbers on the Danube and the whole of NBg was under 100 ind. Wetlands with the highest numbers are the sea off the coast between the Slunchev Bryag resort and the village of Akheloy with average of 69 and maximum of 323/1987; Shabla LC, with an average of 67 and maximum of 306/1979; and Varna LC with an average of 60 and maximum of 315/1996. Winter concentrations of the Mute Swans have nowhere exceeded the 1% level of 450 ind., even occasionally. Since 1992 the population wintering in Bulgaria has shown significant increase (Fig. 19.1). Nevertheless, according to Delany et al. (1999), the species’ numbers in the Black Sea/East Mediterranean has decreased significantly in the period 1987-1996. In the period 1997-2001 the upward trend has continued and the average total numbers of the Mute Swan has reached almost 1800 ind. with the highest ever mid-winter numbers of 4335/1997. Two sites have come very close to the 1% level of 450 ind.: Atanasovsko LC and Pomorie LC, where the average species numbers jumped from average 42 ind. and average 27 ind. in 1977-1996 to average 413 ind. and average 327 ind. respectively during the last five years. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey were recorded in Pomorie LC: 1110/1997.
6.2. Bewick’s Swan (Cygnus columbianus) A new winter visitor recorded for the first time in Bulgaria by Koenigstedt, Robel (1978), who observed a young bird on January 30, 1978 at Dourankoulak Lake. In the same region an adult bird was recorded on January 15, 1985 by IWC team (Nankinov et al., 1997). 62
The species has became an already scarce wintering species with average total of 9 ind., maximum total of 37/1994, and rate of concentration of 98%. During 1977 through 1996 the Bewick’s Swan was recorded in NBSC, SBSC and NBg, but the species main wintering grounds remained the surrounding areas of Mandra Lake with average of 3 ind. and maximum of 25/1994; Gorni Dubnik Reservoir with average of 1 ind. and maximum of 8/1993; and in the sea off the Kamchiya - Obzor sector of the NBSC with average of 1 ind. and maximum of 12/1994. The species was usually observed in small mixed flocks with the Whooper Swan, staying on cultivated fields under cereals and located close to wetlands, where the birds spent the night. In the last years of the period, the species winter numbers in Bulgaria were between 11 and 37 birds. During 1997 through 2001 there has been a slight decrease in species’ numbers (Fig. 19.2) with average total of 6 ind. with maximum total of 21/1997. Maximum numbers during the whole survey was recorded in Mandra LC: 25/1994.
6.3. Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) Fairly common wintering species with average total numbers of 129 (58; 200), maximum total of 561/ 1993, and a very low rate of concentration standing at 7%. Recorded in all regions of the country with average numbers from 2 (NBg) to 46 ind. (SBSC). The main wintering sites are Dourankoulak LC: average of 6 ind. and maximum of 49/1985; Shabla Lake: average of 3 ind. and maximum of 19/1987; and Sreburna LC: average 1 ind. and maximum of 17/1977. The species has been observed in small flocks (frequently mixed with Bewick’s Swan) on cultivated fields under cereals in the vicinity of wetlands, where they stay overnight. Since 1992 the population wintering in Bulgaria has registered significant increase. Nevertheless, according to Delany et al. (1999), the species’ numbers in the Black Sea/East Mediterranean region has significantly decreased in the period of 1987 through 1996. During 1997 through 2001 the average total numbers was 477 ind. with maximum of 1107/1997. The annual species’ numbers marked big fluctuations from 1107/1997 to 60/2001 (Fig. 19.3). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Mandra LC – 440/1993.
6.4. Bean Goose (Anser fabalis) During 1977 nthrough 1996 a rare wintering species with average total numbers of 2 (3; 1) and maximum total of 18/1982. Recorded predominantly on NBSC,
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
Fig. 19. Mid-winter Numbers of the Swans in Bulgaria, 1977-2001.
but seen also on the SBSC (2/1993 in Atanasovsko LC) and in SBg (6/1993 at Trakiets Reservoir and 1 at Ovcharitsa Reservoir). The wintering site with the species highest numbers for the period was the TyulenovoKaliakra sector of the NBSC with 18/1982. The species has also been recorded at Douranloulak LC (5/ 1994), and at Shabla LC (1/1979 and 6/1994), where Donchev (1980) saw a flock of 30 ind. on January 6, 1976. During 1997 through 2001 there were no changes in the species’ numbers. Single birds or small flocks up to 3 ind. have been observed in SBG (3/1997), Shabla LC (1/1999) and Dourankoulak LC (2/2001). Maximum numbers during the whole survey was recorded in Shabla LC: 6/1994.
6.5. White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) In the period 1977-1996 an abundant (the most numerous in Bulgaria) water bird with average total of 138,365 ind. (101,621; 175,108), maximum of 316,094/1995 and rate of concentration 80%. The species wintering population was concentrated in wetlands on or close to the NBSC with an average of 94,231 (or 69% of the wintering White-fronted Geese in the country) and a maximum of 212,102/ 1987 (roosting only in two wetlands). Substantially smaller was the species’ population wintering in SBg (18%), on the Danube (7%), and in wetlands on the SBSC (4%). The numbers found in the interior of NBg was very small (average 2900 ind. with a maximum of 6000/1993), but has been growing steadily since. This order of the regions of the country by 63
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Anser albifrons
the number of wintering White-fronted Geese has remained without any changes during both sub-periods of the survey. The biggest regular concentrations of the species were recorded at Shabla LC: average of 66,983 and a maximum of 177,335/1995; Dourankoulak LC: average 26,796 and a maximum of 111,665/1987; and Ovcharitsa Reservoir: average 16,561 and a maximum of 34,755/1995. The importance of Pyasuchnik Reservoir as the species wintering ground has been rapidly increasing: during the first half of the period 1977-96 the average numbers were 506 birds with a maximum of 2402/1985, while in the second half it had already reached an average of 4132 ind. and a maximum of 16,200/1989. The other wetland where the numbers of this goose exceeded regularly the 1% level (6500) was Sreburna LC (average of 7608 and a maximum of 45,155/ 1992). After 1996, the part of the species’ population wintering in Bulgaria as a whole has been on the increase with average total number of 206,222 ind. with maximum total of 407,759/2000, a recordbreaking high since 1977, when the regular midwinter counts have started. (Fig. 20.1). New sites where the numbers of White-fronts exceeds the 1% were: Mandra LC with average of 26,200 ind., Vaya Lake with average of 15,200 ind. and Atanasovsko LC with average of 4500 ind. It is worth noting that this remarkable increase has taken place simultaneously with the increase of the numbers of Redbreasted Goose (Fig. 20.3). There were two waves clearly seen on the figure 20.1: the first one between 1982 and 1991 with a peak of about 250,000/ 1987 and another one between 1992 and 2001 with a peak of over 407,000/2000. In the period 19972001, the species’ wintering population in Bulgaria has remained on the top of the ‘Most numerous species’ list since 1987. Before that, the Mallard’ numbers prevailed over the White-fronted Goose’ ones. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Does this phenomenon of simultaneous increase in numbers have any explanation? According to the information supplied by Madsen et al. (1999): “... it is 64
prudent to accept the hypothesis that there is no real increase in White-fronts’ numbers in the Western Palearctic.” The wintering populations of waterbirds in Bulgaria are easily monitored thanks to the country’ relatively small surface area (about 111,000 sq. km) and the small number of wetlands. On the other hand, data contained in several key ornithological studies published in the past (Patev, 1950; Petrov & Zlatanov, 1955; Johnson & Hafner, 1970; Johnson & Biber, 1971; Donchev, 1987) showed there were practically none or a very little number of wintering White-fronted Geese. Our data have also supported this conclusion by pointing out to the early 1970s as the beginning of geese’ concentrating in Bulgaria for the winter. We recorded the first big wintering concentrations of White-fronts in Bulgaria in 1977, at several wetlands of the country. Despite the significant increase in numbers, the species’ population wintering in Bulgaria has been properly monitored and well documented, so the question whether the phenomenon we have observed was an increase of the overall numbers of the Western Palearctic population or was simply a shift from other wintering grounds to Bulgaria, remains open. Sites supporting regularly certain number of Geese exceeding the 1% Ramsar criterion in the period 1996-2001 were Shabla LC, Dourankoulak LC, Sreburna LC, Mandra LC, Ovcharitsa Reservoir, Pyasuchnik Reservoir, and Malko Sharkovo Reservoir. Obviously, the latter four wetlands should also be declared as Ramsar sites. Maximum numbers during the whole survey were recorded in Shabla LC: 193,873/2000.
6.6. Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus) During both periods a very rare wintering goose, which having been recorded only occasionally for the entire 25-year period of the research: 2 ind. seen at Vaya Lake in 1979, a bird was found shot at Pyasuchnik Reservoir on 15 January 1996 and a bird was seen at Atanasovsko Lake in 1997. Several times we heard the Lesser White-fronts’ calls in flocks of White-fronted Geese in 1977 and 1978 at Lakes Shabla, Dourankoulak and Bourgas (Michev et al., 1983). Whereand whenever possible, we have checked what the hunters had bagged during a hunting day and results have always been negative. The data on large concentrations of Lesser White-fronts on the Danube Riverside in South Dobroudzha produced by Baumgart (1984) and Zommer (1987) have never been confirmed. Neither were the data produced by Nankinov (1993) on newly discovered wintering site near the village of Morava (UTM grid LJ51, Region of Veliko Turnovo, Municipality of Svishtov), holding more than 1000 ind. Our visit to the place in February 1994 were unproductive. The information of Madsen et al. (1999), referring to about 1000 wintering Lesser White-fronted Geese
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
Fig. 20. Mid-winter Numbers of White-fronted Goose, Greylag Goose and Red-breasted Goose in Bulgaria, 1977-2001. at Ovcharitsa Reservoir were not proved either. Apparently, the species was indeed a very rare one. In the period after 1996, there were several winter observations of single birds in the region of Dourankoulak-Shabla lakes (Mosman, 1997; Aarvak et al. 1997; Kostadinova, Yankov, 1997; P. Simeonov – pers. comm.). In the same region Donchev (1980) saw a flock of 12 birds on December 17, 1965. According to Kostadinova & Dereliev (2001) the mid-winter population of this species in the above region has been estimated at 30 to 40 to 100 ind. in different years.
6.7. Greylag Goose (Anser anser) In the period 1977-1996 a fairly common wintering species with average total numbers of 793 (873; 713), and
maximum total of 3241/1978 and rate of concentration 64%. The greater part of the wintering population was observed mainly in the region of the Danube Riverside (average of 419 with maximum of 2044/1978) and on the NBSC (252 with maximum of 1219/1987). Wetlands where the Greylag’ highest numbers have been recorded are Dourankoulak LC: average of 177 and maximum of 890/1978; Sreburna LC: average of 175 and maximum of 1000/1978; and Somovit - Svishtov sector of the Danube Riverside: average of 155 and a maximum of 870/1984. In the past the species was observed also in SBg (4 ind. on January 30, 1973 in Sofia region at Chelopechene sandpits - Nankinov, 1982). The site with the highest numbers of the species for the entire period of the survey is Sreburna LC (1000/ 1978), which is also one of the species’ most impor65
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Shabla on 13 February 1997 (Yankov et al., 1997); a bird recorded on 27 November 1999 at of Mandra Lake’ western outskirts by Profirov (2000). Out of the present survey there is only one record: two birds shot in November 1928 at the village of Srem, Yambol District (Arabadzhiev, 1965).
6.11. Red- breasted Goose (Branta ruficollis)
Anser anser
tant breeding grounds. The population wintering in Bulgaria has decreased considerably since 1987 and has remained in this state until 1994 (Fig. 20.2). The species has recovered to its previous numbers after 1995. During the last several years of this period, the Greylags’ mid-winter numbers may be considered as being stable. According to Madsen et al. (1999), there is no evidence that about 20,000 Greylag Geese wintering in the Danube Delta fly south across the Romanian border and enter Bulgaria as a response to harsh winters and freezing of the Delta but the data we have produced support this statement. In the period 1997-2001 the species’average total numbers has dropped significantly (from average of about 800 ind. to average of 500 ind. with maximum total of 1557/1997). The highest mid-winter numbers has moved from the Danube to the NBSC.
In the period ending by mid-20th century, there were only 8 observations of this species in Bulgaria (Patev, 1950). Since then, the history of the species’ wintering population has been traced down in detail by Michev & Profirov (1997), Nankinov et al. (1997). Here it will only be noted that Donchev (1967) thinks the species has apparently started to shift its wintering grounds to the region of Shabla-Dourankoulak Lakes and concentrate there some time in January 1964. In the period 1977-1996 a numerous wintering species with average total numbers of 14,855 (8835; 20,875), maximum total of 59,290/1993 and a very high rate of concentration 100%. The species overwinters only in wetlands on the NBSC with the exception of very small numbers on the Danube Riverside, on the SBSC and elsewhere in SBg. The wintering flocks stay in two only relativelly small lakes, the Shabla and Dourankoulak. Since 1992 the wintering numbers of the species in Bulgaria has marked
Maximum numbers during the whole survey were recorded in Sreburna LC – 1000/1978.
6.8. Snow goose (Anser caerulescens) During both periods a very rare wintering species, recorded in Bulgaria only once during the 25 years: two birds seen on 22 January 1979 in the vicinity of Dourankoulak Lake (Michev et al., 1983).
6.9. Barnacle Goose (Branta leucopsis) Rare wintering species, recorded three times in the period 1977-2001: one bird seen for the first time in Bulgaria on 25 February 1997 at Dourankoulak Lake by Simeonov, Hindermeyer (1997) and on 15 March 1997 at the same place by Petkov (1997). Another bird was seen on 21 January 2000 at Atanasovsko Lake Buffer zone (Profirov, 2000).
6.10. Brent Goose (Branta bernicla) Rare wintering species, with few winter records: one adult bird seen 6 km NW from Svishtov on 22 November 1996; one bird seen at reserve Kamchiya on 9 February 1997 and one bird recorded 4 km E from 66
Branta ruficollis
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
Fig. 21. Mid-winter Numbers of Ruddy Shelduck, Shelduck and Wigeon in Bulgaria, 1977-2001. significant increase (Michev & Profirov, 1997; Kostadinova & Dereliev, 2001). After 1996 the average total numbers has increased to 28,500 ind. with maximum total of 67,795/1997, which shows a clear trend to increase. Nevertheless, big fluctuations in species’ numbers have been registered from a total of 200/1999 to record-breaking average total numbers of about 67,800/1997 (Fig. 20.3). In that year huge flocks of Red-breasted Geese reached Bourgas Lakes: 16,860 ind. in Mandra LC, 860 ind. in Vaya Lake and 380 ind. in Atanasovsko LC for the first time since the begginining of the survey but no changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed.
6.12. Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) Rare wintering species during the entire 25-year period of the research (Fig. 21.1). In 1977-1996 it was recorded several times: 2/1985 and 1/1986 at Mandra LC, 1/1983 at Atanasovsko LC and 1/1996 at Sreburna LC. In the period 1997-2001 there were some changes in its numbers: 15/1999 at Rouse-Toutrakan Danube Stretch, 2/1997 and 1/2001 at Atanasovsko LC, and 1/1999 at Koprinka Reservoir. The average total numbers was 5 ind. with maximum total of 16/1999. Maximum numbers during the whole survey, 16/1999, were recorded at Rouse-Toutrakan Danube Stretch.
Maximum numbers during the whole survey were recorded in Shabla LC: 55,845/1993. 67
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
dra LC: average of 124 (215, 33). Maximum single site numbers recorded at Ovcharitsa Reservoir, 2800/1977 but no wetland has held more than 5600 ind. (the 1% level). During the first half of the period 1977-1996, the population wintering in Bulgaria was more numerous. According to Delany et al. (1999), the numbers in the Black Sea/East Mediterranean region has considerably decreased in the period 1987-1996.
Tadorna tadorna
6.13. Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) During 1977 through 1996 a common wintering species with average total numbers of 2221 (2665; 1777), maximum 4306/1985 and a high rate of concentration of 97%. Recorded on the Black Sea Coast and occasionally in the interior of the country (up to 29 at Malko Sharkovo Reservoir in 1980, 2 at Trakiets Reservoir in 1985). The main wintering sites are located on the SBSC region. In mid-winter this species is concentrated mainly in Atanasovsko LC where the highest numbers of 4141 were recorded in 1982. Holding an average of 2075 regularly wintering birds, the site exceeds significantly the 1% population level of 750 ind. for the region. During the first half of the period 1977-1996, the wintering population in Bulgaria was more numerous. According to Delany et al. (1999), the species’ numbers in the Black Sea/East Mediterranean region has considerably decreased in the period 1987-1996.
During 1997-2001 the average total numbers of the species has increased to about 2800 ind. with maximum total of 5387/1999. As a whole it has fluctuated significantly during all the years of the survey (Fig. 21.3). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey were recorded in Ovcharitsa Reservoir - 2800/1977.
6.15. Gadwall (Anas strepera) During 1977 through 1996 an uncommon wintering species with average total numbers of 67 (72; 61), maximum total 129/1991 and rate of concentration 67%. During both sub-periods of the research the population wintering in Bulgaria was relatively stable. According to Delany et al. (1999), the species’ numbers in the Black Sea/East Mediterranean region has significantly decreased in the period of 1987 through 1996. Recorded in all regions, but has been most widely spread in wetlands on the SBSC with an average of 37 birds (48, 26). Wetlands holding the highest average numbers were Alepou MC with an average of 14 (24, 4); Atanasovsko LC with an average of 9 (6, 11); and Arkoutino MC. Maximum num-
After 1996 the average total numbers of this species have slightly declined to 2055 ind. with maximum total of 3060/1997(Fig. 21.2). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey were recorded in Atanasovsko LC 4141/1982.
6.14. Wigeon (Anas penelope) In the period 1977-1996 a common wintering species with average total numbers of 1808 (2091; 1524), maximum total 5331/1984 and rate of concentration 62%. Recorded in all regions of the country but numbers on the Danube and in NBg wetlands used to be very low. The biggest concentrations have been recorded in wetlands on the SBSC, followed by SBg and the NBSC. Wetlands of the highest average numbers were Atanasovsko LC: average of 676 (990, 363) and 6020/1976 counted by Roberts (1978) out of the IWC survey; Ovcharitsa Reservoir: average of 345 (326, 364); and Man68
Anas penelope
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
Fig. 22. Mid-winter Numbers of Gadwall, Teal and Mallard in Bulgaria, 1977-2001. bers during the survey were recorded in Alepou MC: 110/1979. During 1997-2001 the Gadwall population wintering in Bulgaria has remained stable (average total of 70 ind. and maximum total 99/1997) with some fluctuations in certain years (Fig. 22.1). The highest midwinter numbers of the species has moved from SBSC to SBg. Maximum numbers during the whole survey were recorded in Alepou MC- 110/1979.
6.16. Teal (Anas crecca) During 1977-1997 a common wintering species with average total numbers of 4901 (5103; 4699), maximum total of 13,964/1984 and rate of concentra-
tion 36%. Recorded in all regions, but most widely spread in the Danube (maximum 7604/1984) and in SBg (maximum 4462/1996). According to Paspaleva (1963), the species’ major concentrations occur along Maritsa River valley between the towns of Pazardzhik and Purvomay and along Toundzha River valley (between the towns of Kazanluk and Yambol). Apparently, the Teal prefers to winter in wetlands in the interior of the country. Wetlands holding the highest average numbers were the Timok-Tsibur Stretch of the Danube Riverside with a maximum of 4450/1984; the Somovit-Svishtov Stretch of the Danube Riverside with a maximum of 2302/1988; and Zhrebchevo Reservoir with a maximum of 2014/1988. During both sub-periods, the population wintering in Bulgaria was relatively stable. According to Delany et al. (1999), the Teal numbers in the Black Sea/East Mediterrane69
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
ranean region has also declined in the period 1987 through 1996.
Anas crecca
an region has increased significantly in the period 1987 through 1996. After 1996 the species’ average total numbers was increased to about 7066 ind. with maximum total of 11,116/1997 (Fig. 22.2). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Timok-Tsibur Stretch of the Danube Riverside with a maximum of 4450/1984.
6.17. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) During 1977-1996 the most numerous wintering duck in Bulgaria with average total numbers of 94,683 (114,573; 74,792), maximum total of 165,398/1978 and rate of concentration 30%. Recorded in all regions but most widely spread in the region of the Danube Riverside (maximum 83,385/1984) and in SBg (maximum 51,538/1989). Apparently, the Mallard, like the Teal, prefers to winter in wetlands in the interior of the country (3000 counted at Kremikovtsi tailings pond on January 30, 1973 by Nankinov, 1982). Wetlands with the highest numbers were the Pyasuchnik Reservoir with an average of 11,283, maximum of 50,000/1989; Shabla Lake with an average of 11,085, maximum of 66,515/1978; Dourankoulak LC with an average of 5637, maximum 27,520/1985 (Roberts, 1978 counted there 120,000 in January 1976). The 1% level of 20,000 was exceeded in Shabla LC but during the first sub-period of the study only. In the second half of the period 1977-96, the overall winter numbers have drastically declined in almost all wetlands with the exception of Pyasuchnik Reservoir. The average numbers there has increased from 9176 to 13,389 ind. The most significant decline was observed in wetlands on the NBSC: ranking second by the number of wintering Mallards during the first subperiod, the NBSC dropped down to being the last during the second half of the period 1977-96. This was due to the catastrophic decrease of the wintering population in Shabla from the average of 21,482 (during the first sub-period) to about 700 (during the second sub-period). According to Delany et al. (1999), the Mallard’ numbers in the Black Sea/East Mediter70
After 1996 the trend of decrease has continued and the average total numbers has dropped to 75,200 ind. with maximum total of 151,300/1997. As a whole there were two “waves” in species Bulgarian numbers during the last 25 years: one between 1977 and 1991 with a peak of 165,000/1979 and an other one between 1992 and 2001 with a peak of 151,300/1997 (Fig. 22.3). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Shabla LC - 66,515 /1978. Sites wich have exceeded the 1% level of this species are Shabla LC (6 years), Dourankoulak LC (2 years) and Pyasuchnik Reservoir (2 years).
6.18. Pintail (Anas acuta) During 1977 - 1996 a common wintering species with average total numbers of 1094 (1734; 454), maximum total of 6682/1977 and rate of concentration 82%. Recorded in all regions, but having been most widely spread in wetlands on the SBSC with an average of 838 (1334, 332). Wetlands holding the species’ highest numbers were: Atanasovsko LC with an average of 670 and a maximum of 4107/1977; Vaya Lake with an average of 134 and a maximum of 2036/1977; and Rozov Kladenets with an average of 95 and a maximum of 1132/ 1984. The wintering population’ total has dropped dramatically almost 4-fold during the survey second subperiod and the negative trend has been on after 1996 (Kostadinova & Dereliev, 2001; Michev et al., 2001). According to Delany et al. (1999), the species’ numbers in the Black Sea/East Mediterranean region has also dropped significantly in the period 1987-1996. During 1997-2001 the average total numbers of this species dropped to 352 ind. with maximum total of 659/1997 and the trend for decline has continued (Fig. 23.1). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed.
Anas acuta
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
Fig. 23. Mid-winter Numbers of Pintail, Shoveler and Red-crested Pochard in Bulgaria, 1977-2001.
Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Atanasovsko LC-4107/1977.
6.19. Shoveler (Anas clypeata) During 1977-1996 a common wintering species with average total numbers of 2310 (2162; 2459), maximum total of 7955/1988, and rate of concentration 94%. Recorded in all regions of the country, but most widely spread in wetlands on the SBSC where its numbers averaged 2171 (1946, 2396). The wetland with the species’ highest numbers was Vaya Lake with an average of 1808 and maximum of 7878/1988 (13,000/1976 counted by Roberts, 1978 out of the IWC survey). Despite the slight increase in the numbers of the entire wintering population during the second half of the period 1977-96, the species’ total num-
Anas clypeata
bers could be considered as stable. According to Delany et al. (1999), the numbers of the Shoveler in the Black Sea/East Mediterranean region in the peri71
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
od of 1987 through 1996 is stable too (but not well known). After 1996 the average total numbers of the Shoveler dropped to about 1694 ind. with maximum of 2666/ 2000 and the trend for decline continued (Fig. 23.2). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Vaya Lake – 7878/1988. Aythya ferina
6.20. Marbled Duck (Marmaronetta angustirostris) Very rare visitor to the country. A single bird has been observed at Atanasovsko Lake on December 3, 1993 by Nankinov et al., (1997) and of an other one at Danube River in January 2000 by Kostadinova & Dereliev (2001).
6.21. Red-crested Pochard (Netta rufina) During 1977-1996 a fairly common wintering species with average total numbers of 114 (173; 56), maximum total of 381/1982, and rate of concentration 46%. Recorded in all regions, but having been most widespread in wetlands on the NBSC with average of 66 (123, 9). In the past, a few specimens were collected in the Region of Sofia’ Koumanitsa Marsh on December 27, 1938 (Nankinov, 1982). The wetland holding the species’ highest numbers has been Varna LC with an average of 22 and a maximum of 320/ 1984. Since 1988 the species’ total numbers in Bulgaria has dropped significantly. This negative trend has persisted through the following years too, with exception of 1993, when the total numbers in Bulgaria reached 232 ind. According to Delany et al. (1999), the Red-crested Pochard’ numbers in the Black Sea/ East Mediterranean region also declined in the period of 1987 through 1996. During 1997-2001 the average Bulgarian numbers of this species has declined slightly to 80 ind. with maximum total of 360/1997 (Fig. 23.3). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. During 1997-1999 there is a significant increase of Central European/West Mediterranean wintering population of this species (Gilissen et al., 2002). Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Varna LC – 320/1984.
6.22. Pochard (Aythya ferina) During 1977-1996 an abundant wintering species with average total numbers of 16,883 (9425; 24,343), maximum of 42,146/1996 (the maximum numbers recorded in December 1970 by Johnson & Biber, 1971 exceeded 37,000 birds), and rate of concentration 59%. 72
Recorded in all regions of the country, but most widely spread in wetlands and coastal waters on the SBSC where its numbers were on the average 12,001, maximum of 22,640/1996.The main wintering places are located on the Black Sea coast. Wetlands holding the species’ highest average numbers are Mandra LC with an average of 5220, maximum of 16,720/ 1993; Varna LC with an average of 2395, maximum of 10,621/1993; Vaya Lake with an average of 2352, and a maximum of 12,400/1987 (in December 1970 over 37,000 counted by Johnson & Biber, 1971). Apparently, the Pochard prefers big wetlands with large open water areas, as is the case with the above three lakes, which anyway are the biggest lakes in Bulgaria. In almost all its winter haunts, the species forms great flocks with Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula). During the second half of the period 1977-96, there was a significant increase of the Bulgarian winter population. This may be regarded as a part of the overall trend of increase of the species’ numbers in the Black Sea/East Mediterranean region (Delany et al., 1999). After 1996 the trend for increasing continued and the average total numbers of the Pochard reached 20,386 ind. with maximum total of 36,284/1997. As a whole from 1977 till now there were registered three “waves” with growing peaks: the first one between 1977 and 1982 with a peak of 15,000/1978; an other one between 1983 and 1990 with a peak of 18,800/1987 and the last one between 1991 and 2001 with a peak 42,100 ind. (Fig. 24.1). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Mandra LC – 16,720/1993.
6.23. Ferruginous Duck (Aythya nyroca) During 1977-1996 a rare wintering species with average total numbers of 2 (2; 1), maximum of 10/1985. We have recorded it in small numbers (1 to 9 birds) in SBg (5 times), on the SBSC (4 times) and on the NBSC (3 times). The highest winter numbers has been recorded in Mandra LC, 9/1985. During the period of the research, no trend towards increase has
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
Fig. 24. Mid-winter Numbers of Pochard, Tufted Duck and Scaup in Bulgaria, 1977-2001.
manifested itself. According to Delany et al. (1999), the Ferruginous Duck’ numbers in the Black Sea/ East Mediterranean region marked significant decrease in the period of 1987 through 1996. Petkov (1998) claims that the last winter locations of this species in Bulgaria remain the lakes along the Black Sea coast and the sea itself. During 1997-2001 the average total numbers of the Ferruginous Duck in the country was increased to 9 ind. with a peak of 32/1999.
6.24. Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) During 1977-1996 a common wintering species with average total numbers of 8167 (5254; 11,081), maxi-
mum of 18,643/1992; and rate of concentration 34%. Recorded mostly in wetlands on the Black Sea coast. The biggest concentrations were observed on the SBSC with an average of 7071, and a maximum of 18,643/1992. The main wintering places are Mandra LC with an average of 2688 and a maximum of 13,167/ 1990; the Kamchiya-Obzor sector of the NBSC with an average of 128 and a maximum of 1590/1996; the Tyulenovo-Kaliakra sector of the NBSC with an average of 14 and a maximum of 203/1996. In almost all its winter haunts, the species forms great flocks with the Pochard (Aythya ferina). Since 1989 there was a significant increase in the numbers of the Bulgarian population. A trend towards an increase in numbers has also been noted in the Black Sea/East Mediterranean region (Delany et al., 1999). 73
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
numerous during the second sub-period of the survey. In the past, Peshev (1967) has recorded the species at Varna Lake on January 30, 1964. During 1997-2001 the average total numbers was 5 ind. with maximum total of 20/2001. The highest numbers was observed at Ivailovgrad Reservoir (19/2001). Other sites with records were: Tyulenovo-Kaliakra Coast, Dourankoulak LC, Dalyana-Vlas Coast and Chernomorets-Dyuni Coast – per one bird in 1997. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed.
Aythya fuligula
After 1996 this trend continued and the average total numbers reached 11,600 ind. with maximum total of 17,700/ 1997 (Fig. 24.2). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Vaya Lake – 15,803/1992.
6.25. Scaup (Aythya marila) During 1977-1996 an uncommon and irregular wintering species with average total numbers of 10 (2; 17), maximum of 107/1994. We have observed the species several times off the coast, more often on coastal waters off the SBSC (average 6 and maximum 105/1994). According to Nankinov et al. (1997), the species occasionally overwinters in the interior of the country too (a bird was shot at the Negovan Marsh on January 30, 1932). The wetlands sheltering the species highest numbers in winter are Mandra LC with 100/1994 and Kamchiya-Obzor sector of the coast with 38/1996.
Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Shabla LC – 48/1994.
6.27. Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis) Observed for the first time in Bulgaria in April 1976 in coastal waters off the Black Sea coast near the village of Shkorpilovtsi (Nankinov et al., 1980). During the first 20 years of the survey, the Long-tailed Duck has been a scarce and irregular wintering species with average total numbers of 6 (8, 4), and a maximum of 57/1982. Recorded on sea off the Black Sea coast and in 3 sites in the interior of the country: on Svishtov-Rouse Stretch of the Danube, 57/1982 (the site with the species highest numbers observed); Mandra LC, 11/1981; and on Somovit-Svishtov Stretch of the Danube Riverside, 4/1984. According to Nankinov et al. (1997), the biggest wintering flock in Bulgaria has numbered 53 birds. No significant changes in species wintering numbers have been registered after 1996. The species started to winter along Black Sea Coast more regularly in small flocks up to 7 ind. The average total numbers was 2 ind. with maximum of 4/1999. (Fig. 25.1). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed.
During 1997-2001 the average total numbers increased to 35 ind. with maximum total of 160/1997 (Fig. 24.3). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed.
Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Svishtov - Rouse Stretch 57/ 1982.
Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Mandra LC – 100/1994.
During 1977-1996 a scarce wintering species with average total numbers of 3 (5; 1), maximum 27/1980. Recorded predominantly on coastal waters off the SBSC and only twice in the sea off the NBSC (at Kamchiya-Obzor sector of the coast where a single bird was seen once in 1982 and once in 1996). The site holding the species’ highest numbers for the period has been Mandra Lake Complex, 25/1980. Other wintering sites of the species were the sea off the Slunchev Bryag–Akheloy sector of the coast, 17/ 1985 and 1/1978; and off the Dalyana–Vlas sector of the coast, 2/1980. There are no midwinter data from the interior of the country.
6.26. Common Eider (Somateria mollissima) Rare wintering water bird, recorded during the 19771996 period of the research only in five wetlands on the SBSC (Pomorie LC, 15/1994; Arkoutino MC, 11/ 1989; Chernomorets-Dyuni Coast, 9/1994; TsarevoSinemorets Coast, 4/1994; and Mandra LC, 1/1983) and in two wetlands on the NBSC (Shabla LC, 48/ 1994 and 1/1995; and Tyulenovo-Kaliakra Coast, 4/ 1995). The maximum numbers for the country was 76/1994. The species seemed to have become more 74
6.28. Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra)
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
Fig. 25. Mid-winter Numbers of Long-tailed Duck, Goldeneye and White-headed Duck in Bulgaria, 1977-2001. During 1997-2001 there is only one record of 1 ind. on 15 January at Poda Protected Site. This fact shows thate there is a clear trend of decline of wintering Common Scoter in Bulgaria during the last years. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed.
in South Bulgaria. One bird observed in each Ovcharitsa Reservoir (1979) and Rozov Kladenets Reservoir (1992). The main wintering places are located in the region of the SBSC. The site holding the highest numbers of the species is coastal sea off Slunchev Bryag–Akheloy sector of the SBSC with 90/1985.
Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Mandra LC – 25/1980.
During 1997-2001 registered 2/1997 at Poda Protected Site, per 1/1998 at Iskur Reservoir and 4/1999 at Kamchiya - Obzor Coast. It is obvious, that similar to the previous species the wintering numbers of Velvet Scoter is declining. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed.
6.29. Velvet Scoter (Melanitta fusca) During 1977-1996 a scarce wintering species with average total numbers of 11 (13; 9) and maximum of 96/1985. More frequent winter visitor than the Common Scoter. Recorded predominantly in coastal waters off the Southern Black Sea coast and only twice
Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded at Sl. Bryag-Akheloy Coast – 90/1985. 75
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
6.30. Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) During 1977-1996 an uncommon wintering species with average total numbers of 47 (34; 60), maximum 106/1978, and rate of concentration 47%. The species has been observed in all regions of the country, with the exception of NBg but was found to be most widely spread on the Danube: average 20, maximum 68/1996. The main wintering places are Varna LC with average of 6, maximum 28/1990; Mandra LC with average of 9, maximum 56/1994. The recorded increase in the species numbers during the second sub-period of the research has not been in accordance with the data produced by Delany et al. (1999) on the species numbers in the Black Sea/East Mediterranean region, where a significant decrease in numbers has been found.
After 1996 the established trend of increase in Bulgaria has continued and the species reached average total numbers of 110 ind. with maximum total of 258/1997, which is unusual high total numbers for this species (Fig. 25.2) and the highest mid-winter numbers has moved from SBSC to SBg. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Varna LC - 60/1978.
6.31. Smew (Mergus albellus) During 1977-1996 a fairly common wintering species with average numbers of 124 (96; 153), maximum of 333/1996, and rate of concentration 44%. Recorded in all regions, but having been most widespread on the Danube: average of 64 and maximum of 263/1996.
Fig. 26. Mid-winter Numbers of Smew, Red-breasted Merganser and Goosander in Bulgaria, 1977-2001. 76
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
The main wintering grounds were the Toutrakan-Silistra Stretch of the Danube Riverside, average 22 and maximum 153/1996; Mandra LC, average 20 and maximum 133/1985; Svishtov-Rouse Stretch of the Danube Riverside, average 14 and maximum 71/1996. The insufficient coverage of the first of the above places (visited 8 out of the 25 years of the period) does not allow for deducing the extent of regularity of the relatively high numbers of Smews there. Since 1995 a slignificant increase in the numbers of the Bulgarian winter population has been recorded coinciding with data supplied by Delany et al. (1999) on the Black Sea/East Mediterranean region where the increase is the more likely trend. In 1997-2001 the average total numbers was increased to 277 ind. with unusual high maximum total of over 1104/1997. During the next years the species numbers has dropped to the previous level (Fig. 26.1). An other change is the moving of the highest mid-winter numbers from Danube to SBSC. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Mandra LC – 442/1997.
6.32. Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator) During 1977-1996 a fairly common wintering species with average total numbers of 700 (787; 612), maximum of 1250/1980 and rate of concentration 41%. Recorded only in the sea off the Black Sea coast with the exception of 2 birds seen in 1978 on the Danube Riverside’ Svishtov-Rouse Stretch and a single bird in 1984 on the Toutrakan-Silistra Stretch of the Danube Riverside. More numerous off the SBSC (average 462 and maximum 889/1980); off the NBSC (average 237, maximum 396/1990). Wetlands where the highest average numbers have been recorded are the sea off Tsarevo-Sinemorets Coast: average 111, maximum 208/1981; the sea off Slunchev BryagAkheloy Coast: average 92, maximum 266/1981; Pomorie LC: average 85, maximum 360/1977 (which is the highest Bulgarian site numbers). During the second half of the study’ period, a slight decrease in numbers has been recorded for the entire Bulgarian winter population coinciding with the data produced by Delany et al. (1999) on the Black Sea/East Mediterranean region where the decrease has been found to be the more likely trend. During 1997-2001 the species’ average total numbers was increased to 767 ind. with maximum total of 1314/1998, but one may consider that the Bulgarian numbers was stable during the 25 years of survey (Fig. 26.2). The highest mid-winter numbers has moved from Danube to SBSC from Danube to SBSC. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Varna LC – 768/1998.
Mergus serrator
6.33. Goosander (Mergus merganser) During 1977-1996 an uncommon and irregular wintering species with average total numbers of 23 (22; 23), maximum of 66/1977 and rate of concentration 65%. Recorded in small numbers in all regions of the country being most widely spread on the Danube: average 16 and maximum 48/1996 (in the more remote past, 3 birds were collected, probably shot by hunters on the river Iskur near Sofia - Khristovich, 1890). The average numbers in other regions has been 2 or 3 ind. All wetlands with the highest average numbers are located also on the Danube Riverside: the Tsibur-Somovit Stretch with an average of 7 and maximum of 24/1979; Toutrakan-Silistra Stretch with an average of 6 and maximum of 46/1996; Timok-Tsibur Stretch with an average of 2 and maximum of 12/1979. The population of Goosander wintering in Bulgaria in this period regarding its numbers is stable. According to Delany et al. (1999), the trend in this species’ population numbers in the Black Sea/East Mediterranean region is more likely towards decline. During 1997-2001 the average total numbers was 26 ind. with maximum total of 72/1999 (Fig. 26.3). No changes in ranking of regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Dourankoulak LC – 24/1977.
6.34. White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala) During 1977-1996 an uncommon wintering species with average total numbers of 40 (33; 46), maximum of 233/ 1983 and rate of concentration 97%. Our records were from the Black Sea coast and only once we have seen the species in the interior of the country (a single bird on Rozov Kladenets Reservoir in 1982). More than 100 years ago a bird was shot on December 15, 1890 in the region of Sofia, near the village of Peturch (Reiser, 1894). The main wintering grounds were located on the SBSC. In mid-winter, the species concentrates mainly in Mandra LC with the highest numbers of 183/ 1993. The site maintaining highest numbers in winter has been Dourankoulak LC with 214/1983. The 1% 77
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
level of 115 ind. has been exceeded only occasionally in Dourankoulak LC and Mandra LC. The White-headed Duck’ numbers during the second half of the period 1977-1996 has shown a slight increase (Fig. 25.3). However, according to Delany et al. (1999), the Black Sea/East Mediterranean’ population of the species has shown significant decrease in the period of 1987 through 1996. During 1997-2001 there was a great increase of the average total numbers to 304 ind. with maximum total of 785/2001. This increase, very close to eruption (if we take into account the spring numbers in Vaya Lake – 2260/1999) was well documented by Dimitrov et al. (2000), Dimitrov & Profirov (2001), Michev et al. (2001), Ivanov & Jankov (2001). In 1999 its mid-winter numbers has reached 455 ind., in 2000 – 730 ind. and in 2001 – 785 ind. So Vaya Lake already exceeds regularly the 1% level of 115 ind. and is becoming one of the most important wintering places of this species in Europe. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Vaya Lake – 785/2001.
7. Order Gruiformes 7.1. Water Rail (Rallus aquaticus) Scarce wintering species with average total numbers of 7 (1; 13), maximum of 41/1994, and rate of concentration 67%. Most numerous in wetlands on the SBSC: average 3, maximum 34/1994. Twice recorded on the NBSC, once in the region of the Danube Riverside, no records from SBg. The relatively high numbers of 26/1995 in wetlands on the Somovit-Svishtov Stretch of the Danube Riverside could be regarded as unusual and actually as being a new fact. Wetlands holding the species’ highest numbers were the Somovit-Svishtov Stretch of the Danube Riverside, Shabla LC, and Atanasovsko LC, where 17 ind. were seen on January 4, 1996.
(average 19, maximum 78/1977), and in SBg (average 12, maximum 204/1996). The unusually high numbers for SBg has been found in wetlands, not included into the so-called “Reduced list”, which has suggested that the winter numbers of this species has been underestimated. Atanasovsko LC is the wetland where the highest average numbers of 12 and maximum of 74 have been recorded in 1994. After 1996 the average total numbers was increase to 128 ind. with maximum total of 350/2000. The highest mid-winter numbers has moved from SBSC to SBg. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Maritsa 1 - 81/2000.
7.3. Coot (Fulica atra) During 1977-1996 an abundant wintering species with average total numbers of 31,691 (34,644; 28,738), maximum of 57,523/1982, and rate of concentration 36%. Recorded in all regions of the country, but most numerous on the coastal sea off the SBSC with an average of 16,559 and a maximum of 35,783/1982, and off the NBSC with an average of 12,498 and a maximum of 23,361/1983. Wetlands supporting the highest numbers in winter were Pomorie LC, average 4636, maximum 18,135/1982; Varna LC, average 4423, maximum 12,429/1993; Mandra LC, average 2498, maximum 10,102/1982. During this period, the species’ numbers in Vaya Lake did not exceed 2100 ind., while Johnson & Biber (1971) in December 1970 had counted there 56,500 ind. Between 1987 and 1996 the Coot numbers showed to be stable. According to Delany et al., (1999), the species’ Black Sea/East Mediterranean population also has been stable in the period of 1987 through 1996 (but not well known). During 1997-2001 the average total numbers of the Coot has been twice bigger – 65,519 ind. with maximum total of 90,600/1998. As a whole there were identified two “waves’ of species numbers from 1977 till now: first one between 1977 and 1990 with a peak of 60,000/1982 and second one between 1992 and
During 1997-2001 there is increase of the average total numbers to 15 ind. with maximum total of 36/2000. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Varna LC – 28/2000.
7.2. Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) During 1977-1996 an uncommon wintering species with average total numbers of 33 (25; 40), maximum of 218/1996. Recorded only in wetlands on the SBSC 78
Fulica atra
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
2001 with a peak of 90,600/1998 (Fig. 27.1). The highest mid-winter numbers has moved from SBSC to NBSC.
8. Order Charadriiformes
Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Varna LC - 32,256/1998.
Very rare wintering species recorded only once during the 25 years of the survey: 2/1994 at Pomorie LC. Out of the IWC survey three birds have been recorded on 9.02.1995 and per 1 ind on 13.02.1993 and on 15.02.2000, all at Poda Protected Site by K. Nyagolov and M. Dimitrov.
7.4. Crane (Grus grus) Very rare winter visitor recorded during the 25 years of the survey only at Shabla LC - 2/1984, at Slunchev Bryag-Akheloy Coast - 1/1997 and 9/1997 at Varna LC. Out of the IWC survey a flock of 13 Cranes has been seen near the village of Tyurkmen, Region of Plovdiv on January 15, 1972 (Simeonov et al., 1990). Three birds were also seen at Atanasovsko Lake on December 15, 1996 (Michev et al., 2000) and 9/1997 in Varna LC (Kostadinova & Dereliev, 2001).
8.1. Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus)
According to Nankinov et al. (1997) the species does not winter in Bulgaria.
8.2. Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) Very rare wintering species recorded only once during the 25 years of the survey: 1/1979 at Mandra LC.
Fig. 27. Mid-winter Numbers of Coot, Avocet and Lapwing in Bulgaria, 1977-2001. 79
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
According to Nankinov et al. (1997) the species is a rare winter visitor in Bulgaria.
8.3. Avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta) During 1977-1996 a fairly common wintering species with average numbers of 118 (152; 84), maximum of 809/1984 and rate of concentration 98%. Recorded only in wetlands on the SBSC, with two exceptions: Varna LC (7/1978, 4/1979) and Rozov Kladenets Reservoir (2/1982). The entire winter population concentrates in Atanasovsko LC with average of 114, maximum of 800/1984. There, the 1% population level of 250 has been exceeded only in 4 of all the 25 years of the survey. After 1986, we found a decrease in the species’ numbers. During 1997-2001 the species’ numbers has declined significantly to 29 ind. with maximum total of 114/ 2001. From Fig. 27.2 it is obvious, that in Bulgaria the species does winter irregularly and in small numbers. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Atanasovsko LC-800/1984)
8.4. Little Ringed Plover (Charadrius dubius) A rare wintering species recorded four times during the 25 years of the survey: 43/1977 in Atanasovsko LC, 1/1995 in Pomorie LC, 6/1997 in SBg and 3/ 1999 in Kamchiya-Obzor Coast. According to Nankinov et al. (1997), the species is rare winter visitor, which is in agreement with our data. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Atanasovsko LC – 43/1977.
8.5. Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula) Very rare wintering species recorded once during the 25 years of the survey in Pomorie LC – 2/1985.
8.6. Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) During 1977-1996 a scarce wintering species with average numbers of 4 (5; 2), maximum 13/1990. Recorded in 6 of the 25 years of the survey in wetlands on the SBSC with a maximum of 34/1983; and in 2 of the 25 years on the NBSC with a maximum of 5/ 1991. The wetland holding the species’ highest numbers has been the Atanasovsko LC with 13/1990 and 11/1977. A small flock of 34/1983 was recorded at Kraymorie-Chernomorets Coast. After 1996 there was only one record – 3/1999 on the Maritsa River between Purvomay and Svilengrad. 80
8.7. Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria) Very rare wintering species with 2 records during the 25 years of survey: one from the Tsarevo-Sinemorets Coast with 7/1994, and the other from Dourankoulak LC with 3/1985. It seems likely that observers have missed to check the large cultivated fields with alfalfa where the species could be found. So in such a field near the village of Neykovo, Region of Dobrich, P. Simeonov and T. Michev counted more than 1100 Golden Plovers in January 2001.
8.8. Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola) During 1977-1996 an uncommon wintering species with average numbers of 18 (17; 18), maximum 92/ 1994. Its only wintering grounds in Bulgaria is the Black Sea Coast where it occurs mostly on the SBSC with average numbers of 17, maximum of 87/1994. On the NBSC the species was recorded in 6 of the 25 years of the survey with 1 or 2 ind., maximum 5/ 1994. The wetlands where the species highest numbers were recorded are Atanasovsko LC, with average of 8, maximum of 55/1994 Pomorie LC, with average of 2, maximum of 13/1980; Mandra LC, with average of 1, maximum of 8/1979. The species’ wintering population could be considered as stable. After 1996 the average total numbers has increased to 58 ind. with a peak of 171/1999 (149 ind. of them in Atanasovsko LC). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Atanasovsko LC – 149/1999.
8.9. Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) During 1977-1996 a fairly common wintering species with average numbers of 131 (185; 77), maximum 1122/1986 and rate of concentration 84%. The largest wintering numbers were found on the SBSC: average 99, maximum 1122/1986 followed by the NBSC: average 25, maximum 377/1994; and SBg: average 8, maximum 80/1980. During this period, there were no winter records from NBg. The winter population usually concentrates in the Atanasovsko LC with average 62, maximum 845/1986; Mandra LC, average 28, maximum 277/1986; and at the Kamchiya-Obzor sector of the SBSC with average of 21, maximum of 376/1994. A significant decrease has been registered in the second half of the research period. After 1996 the average total numbers of this species has increased to 316 ind. with maximum total of 1253/ 1999. The biggest winter populations have moved to SBg. As a whole one may conclude that the Lapwing does winter in Bulgaria irregularly with some
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
numbers’ eruptions in 1986, 1994 and 1999 (Fig. 27.3). The highest mid-winter numbers has moved the highest mid-winter numbers from SBSC to SBg. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Atanasovsko LC - 845/1986.
8.10. Knot (Calidris canutus) A rare to rare wintering species recorded three times during the 25 years of the survey and only on the Black Sea Coast: on Kraymorie-Chernomorets Coast with 4/1992, at Atanasovsko LC with 1/1987 and at Shabla LC with 1/1997. According to Nankinov et al. (1997), the species is very rare migrating and summering bird, seen 7 times between May and September.
8.11. Sanderling (Calidris alba) During 1977-1996 a scarce wintering species recorded only on the Black Sea Coast: once on the SBSC with an average of 6, maximum 50/1989, and the second time on the NBSC with an average of 25 and a maximum of 25/1984. The wetlands holding the species highest numbers were Mandra LC with a maximum of 40/1989; Dourankoulak LC with a maximum of 25/1984; and Slunchev Bryag-Akheloy Coast with a maximum of 15/1985. After 1996 the species has been recorded more often: 23/1997 and 3/1999 at Kamchiya-Obzor Coast, 1/1999 at Dourankoulak LC, 1/2000 and 7/2001 at Pomorie LC. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Mandra LC – 40/1989.
8.12. Curlew Sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea) The species has been recorded only twice during the 25 years of the survey: 112/1987 and 5/1980 in Atanasovsko LC and 40/1982 in Pomorie LC. Out of the period of the mid-winter counts there were some winter observations of the species in Atanasovsko Lake, published by Michev et al. (2000), namely 13 ind. on December 1, 1998; 22 ind. in January 1986 and 5 in January 1990. The most numerous counted flock consisted of 900 ind. seen on December 8, 1980 (Nankinov et al., 1997).
8.13. Dunlin (Calidris alpina) During 1977-1996 a fairly common wintering species with average numbers of 136 (129; 143), maximum of 464/1992 and rate of concentration 91%. The wintering birds were concentrated exclusively on the SBSC. There used to be a couple of observations of 1 to 5 birds on the NBSC. The wetlands holding the species maximum numbers were Atanasovsko LC with an av-
Calidris alpina
erage of 79, maximum 340/1977; Kraymorie-Chernomorets Coast with an average of 41, maximum 420/ 1992; and Tsarevo-Sinemorets Coast with an average of 4, maximum 27/1990. The wintering population of the species during both subperiods seemed to be stable. However, in the past a rather high wintering numbers used to occur in Atanasovsko LC, 1000 ind. (in the Salinas proper) on December 20, 1970 (Johnson, Biber, 1971); 1082 ind. in December 1976 (Roberts, 1981). These data show a significant decrease of Dunlin’ winter population in the period of 1976 through 1996, when compared with the previous counts. During 1997-2001 the annual numbers in the country started to grow continuously and the average total numbers reached 336 ind. with maximum total of 559/ 2001. As a whole one may conclude that the Dunlin does winter in Bulgaria irregularly with significantly fluctuating numbers (Fig. 28.1). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Pomorie LC – 430/2000.
8.14. Little Stint (Calidris minuta) During 1977-1996 a fairly common wintering species with average numbers of 101 (170; 32), maximum of 1270/1978 and rate of concentration 99%. The wintering birds were recorded exclusively on the SBSC. From the NBSC there was only one record of 2/1994. The wetlands sheltering the species’ maximum numbers have been Atanasovsko LC with an average of 90 and a maximum of 1130/1978; Kraymorie-Chernomorets Coast with an average of 8 and a maximum of 130/1978; and Mandra LC with an average of 2 and a maximum of 20/1989. The wintering population of the species during the second sub-period of the study showed a significant decrease. After 1996 there are not observations of this species. From Fig. 28.2 is obvious, that the species numbers 81
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Fig. 28. Mid-winter Numbers of Dunlin, Little Stint and Snipe in Bulgaria, 1977-2001. has decreased significantly, but without any changes in ranking of the regions. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Atanasovsko LC – 1130/1978.
8.15. Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) During 1977-1996 an uncommon wintering species with average numbers of 39 (68; 9) and a maximum of 498/1986. Wintering Ruffs have been observed only on the SBSC: average 35, maximum 498/1986 and in SBg: average 35, maximum 70/1996. The wintering population used to concentrate in Atanasovsko LC: an average of 18 and a maximum of 198/ 1986; Mandra LC: an average of 300/1986; and Vaya Lake: an average of 2 and a maximum of 40/1978. A significant decrease in the species’ numbers has 82
been noted during the second half of the period of the survey. Nankinov et al. (1997), have reported 200 wintering birds in Atanasovsko Lake on December 4, 1980. After 1996 the species was recorded at Atanasovsko LC –4/1997 and 40/1999, Dourankoulak LC-1/1999 and Ovcharitsa R – 20/2001, but its average total numbers dropped significantly to 5 ind. with maximum total of 20/2001. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Mandra LC – 300/1986.
8.16. Jack Snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus) A rare wintering species recorded during the 25 years of the survey only several times: 15/1999, 2/2000 and
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
4/2001 at Dubnika Reservoir; 2/1997 at Shabla LC and 1/2001 at Maritsa River.
sa River between Purvomay and Svilengrad and 1/ 2000 at Mandra LC.
8.17. Snipe (Gallinago gallinago)
Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded at Maritsa 2 – 7/1999.
During 1977-1996 an uncommon wintering species with average numbers of 15 (1; 30) and maximum of 130/ 1987. Recorded only in 3 years of this period (Fig. 28.3). Wintering Snipes have been found on the SBSC: average 11, maximum 130/1987 and in SBg: average 4, maximum 72/1996. During the entire survey, there were only 2 winter records of single birds from NBg. The wintering population has been usually concentrated in the Atanasovsko LC: average 11, maximum 130/1987. The species numbers marked a significant increase during the second half of the period 1977-96. In the more distant past, 40 birds were counted on January 30, 1973 at a marsh near Kremikovtsi landfill and tailings ponds (Nankinov, 1982). After 1996 regularly recorded in SBg and BSC with average total numbers of 79 ind. and maximum total of 134/2001. The highest numbers are from SBg: 108/ 1999 and 113/2001. During this period the highest mid-winter numbers has moved from SBSC to SBg, where the biggest concentrations of the species have been recorded along Maritsa River. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Atanasovsko LC – 130/1987.
8.18. Great Snipe (Gallinago media)
8.21. Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) Very rare wintering species not recorded during the 25 years of the survey. Out of that period there has been a single winter observation of a bird in Atanasovsko Lake in January 1970, published by Johnson, Hafner (1970).
8.22. Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) Very rare wintering species recorded during the 25 years of the survey only twice: 3/1979 at Mandra LC and 14/1997 at Vaya Lake. Observations of single wintering birds at Atanasovsko LC and in Poda Protected Site have been published by Roberts (1980, 1980a)
8.23. Slender-billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris) Very rare wintering species recorded during the 25 years of the survey only twice: 2/1993 on the Kraymorie-Chernomorets sector of the SBSC (on the very shore of a small bay in front of the Chengene Skele Marsh) and one bird at Atanasovsko Lake West pools on 15 January 1993.
A rare wintering species recorded during the 25 years of the survey only several times: 8/1997 at Drenovets Reservoir, 4/1997 at Danube River, 12 at Lom River and 4/1999 at Malazmak Reservoir (Kostadinova & Dereliev (2001).
In the more distant past, Prostov (1964) and Donchev (1984) had recorded single wintering birds and flocks of up to 7 birds on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast.
8.19. Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola)
A rare wintering species recorded during 1977-1996 only twice: 1/1981 at Atanasovsko LC and 1/1985 at Pomorie LC.
During 1977-1996 an uncommon wintering species with average numbers of 29 (39; 19) and a maximum of 135/1982). Winter concentrations of the species in more significant numbers have been found only on the SBSC with an average of 26 and a maximum of 135/1982 and on the Danube Riverside with an average of 3 and a maximum of 15/1983 and 1993. During the entire period of the survey, there were 2 winter records from the NBSC and one from SBg. The wintering population has usually concentrated in Atanasovsko LC with an average of 22 and a maximum of 111/1982 (a maximum of 90 ind. in January 1977, according to Roberts, 1981); Vaya Lake with an average of 1 and a maximum of 24/1982; and Mandra LC with an average of 1 and a maximum of 14/1980. A slight decrease has been registered during the second sub-period of the survey.
After 1996 there are other winter observations: 4/1998 and 1/2000 at Atanasovsko LC, 7/ 1999 along Marit-
During 1997-2001 the average total numbers of this species has increased to 42 ind. with maximum to-
A rare wintering species recorded during the 25 years of the survey three times: 1/1991 at Shabla LC, 1/ 1993 at the village of Sarafovo and 1/1996 on Kraymorie-Chernomorets Coast. However, according to Nankinov et al. (1997), in mild and snow less winters single birds happen to over winter by wetlands in lowlands and plains all over the country. One bird is observed on Danube in 1997 and in Debur Reservoir on 13 January 2001 (Kostadinova & Dereliev, 2001).
8.20. Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa)
8.24. Curlew (Numenius arquata)
83
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
tal of 85/1999 and without any other significant changes (Fig. 29.1). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Atanasovsko LC – 111/1982.
8.25. Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus) A rare wintering water bird, recorded during the 25 years of the survey few times: at Atanasovsko LC 26/1986 and 1/1997, Pomorie LC 1/1979, Mandra LC 2/1997 and Tsarevo-Sinemorets Coast 1/1989. According to data presented by Nankinov et al. (1997), the species seemed to have been more numerous in the past.
8.26. Redshank (Tringa totanus) During 1977-1996 an uncommon wintering species with average numbers of 16 (21; 10) and maximum of 65/1978. More numerous wintering concentrations of the species occur predominantly on the SBSC: an average of 15 and a maximum of 65/1978. On the NBSC, the species has been recorded 3 times with 1 to 5 birds. The wetland holding the species’ highest numbers in winter has been the Atanasovsko LC with an average of 4 and a maximum of 28/1978. There was significant decrease in the Redshank numbers during the second half of this period. A single wintering bird was recorded in February 1982 in Koprinka Reservoir (Nankinov et al., 1997). After 1996 there was recorded a permanent annual increase (with exception of 1999) of species’ numbers and the average total numbers reached 43 with maximum total of 68/2001 (Fir. 29.2). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Atanasovsko LC – 46/2001.
Recorded in 14 years of this 29 years period (Fig. 29.3). The species’ highest wintering numbers has been found in SBg: an average of 3 and a maximum of 62/1996, and on the SBSC: an average of 1 and a maximum of 16/1994. There were also three records of single birds from the region of the Danube Riverside and one from NBg of 3/1996. There were no winter records from the NBSC. The species’ wintering population has been observed mainly in the Atanasovsko LC with a maximum of 8/1994; in Mandra LC with a maximum of 6/ 1994; and in Pomorie LC with a maximum of 3/1992. After 1996 recorded annually with increased average total numbers of 72 ind. and maximum 120/1998. Almost all birds were found along Maritsa and Toundzha River, where the counts were made by foot. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded at Maritsa 1 – 77/1998.
8.29. Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) A rare wintering species with only 3 records at Maritsa 2: 3/2000 and at Tsonevo Reservoir: 2/2000 and 1/2001 (Kostadinova & Dereliev, 2001). Out of the survey, however, there has been a observation of a single bird on January 19, 1958 near the town of Teteven, Region of Lovech (Nankinov et al., 1997).
8.30. Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) During 1977-1996 a rare wintering species with only 3 records: at Mandra LC 1/1994, on the Tsarevo-Sinemorets Coast 1/1993; and at Ovcharitsa Reservoir in SBg 1/1994. Single wintering birds have been recorded not far from the villages of Purvenets and Tri Voditsi, Plovdiv District and 2 to16 birds on December 6, 1980 at Atanasovsko Lake (Nankinov et al., 1997).
8.27. Greenshank (Tringa nebularia)
After 1996 recorded annually with average total numbers of 8 ind. and maximum 21/2000. The species is most frequent in SBg. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed.
Very rare wintering species with only one record during the period 1977-1996: 1/1983 in Vaya Lake.
Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded at Maritsa 1 – 12/2000.
During 1997-2001 there is one record of 3/1999 at 40-te Isvora Reservoir (Kostadinova & Dereliev, 2001).
8.31. Turnstone (Arenaria interpres)
Out of IWC survey wintering birds have been noticed at Atanasovsko Lake, the River Maritsa Valley (Khristovich, 1890), in the vicinity of village of Tri Voditsi, Region of Plovdiv (Nankinov et al., 1997).
A rare wintering species with only 3 records during the whole period of the survey, all from the TsarevoSinemorets Coast: 5/1990, 4/1994 and 2/1997. Out of the IWC survey Nankinov et al. (1997) had recorded 2 birds at Atanasovsko Lake on December 3, 1980.
8.28. Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus)
8.32. Great Black-headed Gull (Larus ichthyaetus)
During 1977-1996 a scarce wintering species with average numbers of 6 (2; 10) and a maximum of 65/1996.
A rare wintering species recorded only twice for the 25 years of the survey: 2/1993 at Shabla LC and oth-
84
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
Fig. 29. Mid-winter Numbers of Curlew, Redshank and Green Sandpiper in Bulgaria, 1977-2001. er 2/2000 at Vaya Lake. Out of the mid-winter period 1977-96, 3 birds had also been observed on Shabla Lake on December 11, 1991 and other 2, on December 9, 1993 (Nankinov et al., 1997).
After 1996 there are not significant changes in the winter numbers of this species: average total numbers 9 ind. with maximum total of 20/1998. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed.
8.33. Mediterranean Gull (Larus melanocephalus)
Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Varna LC – 99/1988.
During 1977-1996 a scarce wintering species with average numbers of 9 (1; 17) and maximum of 104/ 1988. Recorded only on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, more often and in greater numbers on the NBSC: average 8, maximum 101/1988; on the SBSC: average 1, maximum 4/1985 and 1992. The wintering population used to concentrate at Varna LC, average 10 and maximum 99/1988; at Shabla LC, maximum 12/1994; and on the Kamchiya-Obzor Coast, maximum 8/1994.
8.34. Little Gull (Larus minutus) During 1977-1996 a fairly common wintering species with average numbers of 100 (136; 64) and maximum of 493/1985. The species’ highest numbers in winter has been found on the NBSC: average 42, maximum 395/1980, followed by the SBSC: average 39 and maximum 243/1985; and in SBg with an average of 18 and a maximum of 250/1985. During the entire period of the survey, there were no winter records 85
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
from NBg. The greater part of the wintering population has been usually concentrated at Shabla LC with an average of 26 and a maximum of 394/1980; at Vaya Lake with an average of 10 and a maximum of 138/1992; and at Dourankoulak LC with an average of 7 and a maximum of 64/1996. During the second half of the period 1977-96, the species’ wintering population had decreased substantially. During 1997-2001 the average total numbers of the species has dropped to 51 ind. with maximum of 147/ 1997. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Shabla LC – 394/1980.
8.35. Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) During 1977-1996 a common wintering species with average numbers of 8115 (12,899; 3340), maximum of 27,560/1978, and rate of concentration 49%. The species has been most numerous in winter on the SBSC with an average of 4630 and a maximum of 15,454/1979; followed by the NBSC with an average of 1321 and a maximum of 5518/1978; the SBg with and average of 991 and a maximum of 1713/1988; the Danube Riverside with an average of 1100 and a maximum of 3718/1984; and NBg with an average of 78 and a maximum of 820/1984. The wintering population has been concentrated in wetlands around the town of Bourgas: Mandra LC with an average of 2521 and a maximum of 11,338/1985; Vaya Lake with an average of 996 and a maximum of 5080/1978; and Atanasovsko LC with an average of 430 and maximum 2060/1977. During the second half of the period 1977-96, the species’ wintering population had decreased substantially.
Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Mandra LC – 11,338/1985.
8.36. Slender-billed Gull (Larus genei) During 1977-1996 a scarce wintering species with average numbers of 13 (21; 4), maximum 120/1977. Recorded in 9 years of this 20 years period. Almost the entire wintering population stayed on the SBSC: average 12 and maximum 120/1977. On the NBSC the species has been observed twice with 1 to 4 ind. and once in SBg, 3/1995. The wintering population used to concentrate in Atanasovsko LC: average 9, maximum 100/1977; Pomorie LC: average 3, maximum 20/1977; and Mandra LC: average 1, maximum 10/1988. During the second half of the period 197796, the species’ wintering population had decreased substantially. After 1996 recorded annually with average total numbers of 22 ind. and maximum 34/1999. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Atanasovsko LC – 100/1977.
8.37. Common Gull (Larus canus) During 1977-1996 a common wintering species with average numbers of 1193 (446; 1940), maximum 6198/1996 and rate of concentration 54%. The species overwintered mainly on the NBSC with an av-
After 1996 this negative trend continued, the wintering population in the country dropped twice (Fig. 30.1) and reached average 4768 ind. with maximum of 6484/ 2000. The highest mid-winter numbers has moved the highest mid-winter numbers from SBSC to SBg.
Larus ridibundus
86
Larus canus
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES BY ORDERS
erage of 931 and a maximum of 5236/1996; followed by the Danube with an average of 151 and a maximum of 719/1996; the SBSC with an average of 96 and a maximum of 1539/1993; SBg with an average of 12 and a maximum of 100/1989; NBg with an average of 4 and a maximum of 9/1996. The wintering population has usually concentrated in Dourankoulak LC: average 272 and maximum 1900/1996; Kavarna-Kranevo sector of the coast: average 218 and maximum 867/1996; and Tyulenovo-Kaliakra Coast: average 153 and maximum 4305/1996. During the second half of the period 1977-96, the species’ wintering population had increased considerably. After 1996 the trend for increasing continued and the average total numbers of the Common Gull in Bulgaria reached 6680 ind. with maximum of 15,700/
1997 (Fig. 30.2). The relatively great fluctuations of species’ numbers shows that this gull is overlooked or misidentificated. No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded at Kavarna-Kranevo Coast - 6176/1997.
8.38. Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus) During 1977-1996 a scarce wintering species with average numbers of 2 (2; 3), maximum 8/1977. The Lesser Black-backed Gull has been seen in all regions except NBg: on the NBSC the species was observed 5 times with maximum of 3/1980; on the SBSC, 3 times with maximum of 8/1977; on the Danube, once with maximum of 4/1990; and in SBg, once with maximum of 4/1990.
Fig. 30. Mid-winter Numbers of Black-headed Gull, Common Gull and Yellow-legged Gull in Bulgaria, 1977-2001. 87
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
After 1996 the species is recorded only once: 2/2000 at Vaya Lake. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Atanasovsko LC – 6/1977.
8.39. Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) In the period 1977-1996 this gull was identified as Larus argentatus without specifying whether it belonged to the subspecies L. argentatus argentatus or L. argentatus cachinnans, which were later divided into two separate species. Because of this all IWC data were referred to the latter species Larus cachinnans. In recent years it has been found that L. argentatus, mostly young 2- to 3-year old birds, occurs occasionally in Bulgaria during winter.
8.40. Yellow-legged Gull (Larus cachinnans) During 1977-1996 an abundant wintering species (counted together with the Herring Gull, Larus argentatus) with average numbers of 10,988 (15,104; 6871), maximum of 30,570/1986 and rate of concentration 68%. The highest wintering numbers have been found on the SBSC: average 8536, maximum 29,370/1986; followed by the NBSC: average 1552, maximum 4885/ 1996; the SBg: average 728, maximum 1954/1994; the Danube Riverside: average 156, maximum 350/ 1990; and the NBg: average 16, maximum 19/1996. The wintering population concentrates in Mandra LC: average 5743 and maximum 29,146/1986; Chernomorets-Dyuni sector of the SBSC: average 1153 and maximum 6022/1979; and Varna LC: average 620 and maximum 2700/1996. During the second half of the period 1977-96, the species’ wintering population decreased substantially.
After 1996 the wintering population of this species wass relatively stable with average total numbers of 7400 ind. and maximum 10,191/2001 (Fig. 30.3). No changes in ranking of the regions have been noticed. Maximum numbers during the whole survey has been recorded in Mandra LC – 29,146/1986.
8.41. Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus) During 1977-1996 a rare wintering species, recorded 3 times only on the SBSC: Mandra LC, 1/1989 and 1/1992; Chernomorets-Dyuni Coast, 1/1994. After 1996 recorded at Kraymorie - Chernomorets Coast: 1/1997 and 1/2001, Chernomorets – Dyuni Coast: 1/1997 and 1/1998, Unusual record of 6 ind. is registered at Toundzha River in January 2000.
8.42. Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) Very rare wintering species, recorded during the 25 years of the survey only once - 2/1980 at Cape Kaliakra.
8.43. Sandwich Tern (Sterna sandvicensis) Very rare wintering species not recorded during the 25 years of the survey. Out of the mid-winter period 1977-2001, the Sandwich Tern has been seen in Atanasovsko Lake in January by Donchev (1984) and Michev et al., (2000).
8.44. Black Tern (Chlidonias niger) Very rare wintering species, recorded during the 25 years of the survey only once – 2/2001 at Vaya Lake. According to Nankinov et al. (1997) the species does not winter in Bulgaria.
8.45. Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) A rare wintering species, recorded twice: 27 ind. at Ticha Reservoir on 14 January 2001 (Kostadinova & Dereliev, 2001) and at Arda River – 20 ind. on 15 January 2001.
8.46. Guillemot (Uria aalge)
Larus cachinnans
88
Very rare winering species with first Bulgarian winter record of 1 bird in flock of Mergus albellus on 5 January 1997 at km 429 on Danube River (Koutsarov et al., 1997).
General Review on the Midwinter Numbers of Waterbirds The average mid-winter numbers of individual species of waterbirds for the period 1977-2001 in 5 different region and total for Bulgaria is shown on Table
20, on which the species are arranged in descending order. Species with mean mid-winter numbers bellow 1 are excluded.
Table 20. Average mid-winter numbers of individual species of waterbirds for the period 1977-2001 in 5 regions and total for Bulgaria (the species are arranged by their descending mean numbers). No
Species Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Anser albifrons Anas platyrhynchos Fulica atra Branta ruficollis Aythya ferina Phalacrocorax carbo Aythya fuligula Larus cachinnans Larus ridibundus Anas crecca Phalacrocorax pygmeus Larus canus Podiceps cristatus Anas penelope Tadorna tadorna Anas clypeata Podiceps nigricollis Cygnus olor Mergus serrator Anas acuta Anser anser Egretta alba Tachibaptus ruficollis Ardea cinerea Cygnus cygnus Pelecanus crispus Calidris alpina Vanellus vanellus Mergus albellus Phalacrocorax aristotelis Oxyura leucocephala Pluvialis apricaria Netta rufina Bucephala clangula Gallinula chloropus Larus minutus Recurvirostra avosetta Anas strepera Gavia arctica Calidris minuta Gallinago gallinago Tringa ochropus Pluvialis squatarola
Danube
NBg
NBSC
SBSC
SBg
Bg
6499 21,720 215 14 478 1564 140 333 756 1522 185 161 18 54 3 8 1 44 2 51 268 9 10 15 15 28 0 0 64 0 0 0 2 26 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0
5240 7934 1640 67 130 368 15 43 91 114 201 17 102 27 0 2 6 53 1 1 37 29 50 30 43 2 1 0 8 0 0 0 3 9 2 0 0 8 1 0 1 2 0
98,943 19,092 22,092 19,706 4649 647 2178 1875 951 348 195 3608 1192 139 32 61 935 386 408 6 280 12 78 8 138 0 4 30 45 177 7 110 53 18 6 35 1 12 14 0 2 3 1
28,117 8449 21,032 1817 12,385 2725 7408 5748 3200 881 1906 115 510 1325 2081 1916 878 602 321 567 27 158 73 54 68 166 231 69 70 5 165 0 22 17 22 29 73 28 38 50 8 2 37
33,494 30,718 3626 51 992 5296 158 1386 1444 3118 2334 36 595 774 22 16 32 159 1 98 29 379 211 307 39 107 0 124 14 0 0 0 17 17 49 11 0 15 6 0 37 32 0
172,294 87,912 48,605 21,655 18,634 10,599 9900 9386 6441 5983 4821 3937 2415 2319 2138 2002 1852 1244 733 723 640 588 422 413 304 304 236 224 201 182 172 110 97 87 80 75 73 68 59 50 47 39 38 89
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Table 20. Continued. No
Species Number
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
Numenius arquata Tringa totanus Mergus merganser Aythya marila Philomachus pugnax Larus genei Rallus aquaticus Podiceps grisegena Larus melanocephala Pelecanus onocrotalus Calidris alba Melanitta fusca Aythya nyroca Somateria mollissima Cygnus columbianus Podiceps auritus Actitis hypoleucos Botaurus stellaris Clangula hyemalis Egretta garzetta Platalea leucorodia Limosa limosa Tadorna ferruginea Charadrius alexandrinus Anser fabalis Larus fuscus Charadrius dubius Melanitta nigra Larus marinus Tringa erythropus Gavia stellata Ciconia ciconia Tringa glareola
Danube
NBg
NBSC
SBSC
SBg
Bg
1 0 16 17 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 4 2 0 1 6 2 8 0 4 0 0 2 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
33 27 2 3 18 16 3 1 1 6 3 4 1 1 3 4 0 1 1 0 3 1 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 4 0 1 6 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 1 0 3 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
35 29 25 22 22 17 11 10 9 8 8 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
The species with the highest mean numbers is the White-fronted Goose, followed by the Mallard and the Coot. Several globally threatened species of waterbirds also winter with relatively big numbers in Bulgaria, among them the Red-breasted Goose, the Pygmy Cormorant, the Dalmatian Pelican and the White-headed Duck. If we trace down which species of birds have had highest region’ numbers in Bulgaria we will get the following arrangement: South Black Sea Coast (SBSC) – 42 species as follows: Fulica atra, Aythya ferina, Larus cachinnans, Aythya fuligula, Larus ridibundus, Anas clypeata, Tadorna tadorna, Anas penelope, Podiceps nigricollis, Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Anas acuta, Mergus serrator, Cygnus olor, Tachybaptus ruficollis, Calidris alpina, Vanellus vanellus, Recurvirostra avosetta, Calidris minuta, Pelecanus crispus, Anas 90
strepera, Gavia arctica, Oxyura leucocephala, Philomachus pugnax, Gallinula chloropus, Numenius arquata, Pluvialis squatarola, Tringa totanus, Gallinago gallinago, Larus genei, Melanitta fusca, Aythya marila, Podiceps auritus, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Calidris alba, Cygnus columbianus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Melanitta nigra, Charadrius dubius, Egretta garzetta, Pluvialis apricaria, Tringa erythropus, Arenaria interpres. Among them are 3 globally threatened species (marked with bold). North Black Sea Coast (NBSC) – 16 species as follows: Anser albifrons, Branta ruficollis, Podiceps cristatus, Larus canus, Cygnus cygnus, Netta rufina, Larus minutus, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Larus melanocephalus, Somateria mollissima, Podiceps grisegena, Botaurus stellaris, Anser fabalis, Anser erythropus, Aythya nyroca, Gavia stellata, Larus ichthyaetus.
GENERAL REVIEW ON THE MIDWINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS
Among them are 3 globally threatened species (marked with bold) and one species - Anser albifronswith importance for hunting. Danube - 8 species as follows: Anas crecca, Anser anser, Mergus albellus, Bucephala clangula, Mergus merganser, Rallus aquaticus, Clangula hyemalis, Larus fuscus. Among them is one species – Anas crecca- with importance for hunting.
North Bulgaria (NBg) – no any species of waterbird has such a numbers. In order to find what changes have come to the mean numbers in recent years, we compared the mean numbers for the period 1977-1996 with the mean numbers found for the waterbirds in the next period (Table 21). Clearly defined trends have been established for 48 species.
South Bulgaria (SBg) - 5 species as follows: Anas platyrhynchos, Phalacrocorax carbo, Egretta alba, Ardea cinerea, Tringa ochropus.
An increase is obvious and well documented for following species: Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Phalacrocorax carbo, Pelecanus crispus, Branta ruficollis, Cygnus olor, Oxyura leucocephala, etc.
In this region the most popular hunting species - Anas platyrhynchos - has highest winter numbers in Bulgaria.
Stables are the winter population of: Tadorna tadorna, Anas clypeata, Anas strepera, Netta rufina, Mergus serrator, Mergus merganser.
Table 21. Comparison of 1% Ramsar criterion and the mid-winter average numbers during two periods of the survey (the species are arranged by their trend degree from increase to decrease; globally threatened species are in bold).
Species/Period Phalacrocorax aristotelis Oxyura leucocephala Phalacrocorax pygmeus Ardea cinerea Pelecanus crispus Larus canus Gallinago gallinago Phalacrocorax carbo Egretta alba Cygnus cygnus Aythya marila Pluvialis squatarola Tachybaptus ruficollis Cygnus olor Tringa totanus Bucephala clangula Calidris alpina Vanellus vanellus Mergus albellus Fulica atra Branta ruficollis Larus genei Gavia arctica Anas penelope Anser albifrons Aythya fuligula Anas crecca Numenius arquata Podiceps nigricollis Aythya ferina Podiceps cristatus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser
1% Ramsar Criterion 1977-1996 1997-2001 Year 2002 300 75 400 2200 30 10,000 20,000 1450 470 170 1500 2500 3400 450 3400 200 13,300 20,000 350 20,000 880 1800 10,000 3000 5300 7000 10,600 4200 2800 10,000 10,000 500 100
28 40 1199 155 82 1193 15 4337 201 129 10 18 210 671 16 47 136 131 124 31,691 14,855 13 44 1808 138,965 8167 4901 29 1573 16,889 2192 700 23
337 304 8500 1072 526 6680 79 16,861 974 477 35 58 635 1800 43 127 336 316 277 65519 28,500 22 74 2800 206,222 11600 7066 42 2130 20,386 2524 767 26
Proportion between Trend the two Period 12.0 7.6 7.1 6.9 6.4 5.6 5.3 3.9 4.8 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1
III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I S S 91
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Table 21. Continued.
Species/Period
1% Ramsar Criterion 1977-1996 1997-2001 Year 2002
Anas strepera Tadorna tadorna Anas platyrhynchos Netta rufina Larus cachinnans Cygnus columbianus Anser anser Larus ridibundus Anas clypeata Larus minutus Anas acuta Recurvirostra avosetta Philomachus pugnax Melanitta fusca Calidris minuta
1100 750 20,000 320 10,000 170 850 15,000 4500 1000 10,000 470 1000 15 2000
A decrease is observed for following species: Anser anser, Anas platyrhynchos, Anas acuta, Melanitta fusca, Recurvirostra avosetta, Calidris minuta, Philomachus pugnax. Most significant it is for the last five species. As a whole the average total mid-winter numbers of waterbirds in the period 1997-2001 is significantly bigger then the average total waterbirds numbers for the period 1977-1996. There is also some increase of the species number in 1997-2001 compared with species number in 1977-1996 (from 56 to 62). The issue to what extent the trends for the changes in the mid-winter numbers in Bulgaria follow those for
67 2221 94,683 114 10,988 9 793 8115 2310 100 1094 118 39 11 101
70 2055 81142 80 7784 6 500 4768 1694 51 355 29 5 1 0
Proportion between Trend the two Period 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.4 2.0 3.1 4.1 7.8 11.0 101.0
S S D D D D D D D DD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD
bigger biogeographical regions is also quite interesting. In order to answer a question like this, in the table below we compare our data for the period 1987 through 1996 with the data for the same period supplied by Delany et al. (1999) for Black Sea/Eastern Mediterranean (Table 22). As is clearly seen on the table, the trend in the numbers’ dynamics found during both studies fully corresponds with the species of Tadorna tadorna, Anas platyrhynchos, Anas acuta, Netta rufina. Estimates have partially tallied in the case of Anas penelope, Anas strepera, Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Mergus albellus and Mergus serrator. The trends are in
Table 22. Long-term changes in water bird mid-winter numbers according to Delany et al., 1999 and the present study. Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 92
Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Oxyura leucocephala Fulica atra
Black Sea/EMed., 1987-1996 (Delany et al., 1999)
Bulgaria, 1987-1996 (Present Study)
Significant decrease Significant decrease Significant decrease Significant decrease Significant decrease Significant increase Significant decrease Significant decrease Significant decrease Increase more likely Increase more likely Significant decrease Increase more likely Decline more likely Decline more likely Significant decrease Stable-poorly known
Significant increase Significant increase Significant decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease Significant decrease Significant decrease Significant decrease Significant increase Significant increase Increase Increase Decrease Stable Increase Decrease
GENERAL REVIEW ON THE MIDWINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS
full conflict in the case of Cygnus olor, Cygnus cygnus, Anas crecca and Oxyura leucocephala. The trend towards increase of the last species was well manifested during the second sub-period of the survey (Dimitrov et al., 2000). There is another interesting aspect, namely how different species may be grouped according to their ‘rate of concentration’ (the percentage of the first three wetlands holding the highest numbers of the species out of its overall numbers for the country). The following species have rather low rate of concentration (7-30%): Cygnus cygnus, Ardea cinerea, Anas patyrhynchos, Aythya fuligula, Cygnus olor, Fulica atra, Egretta alba.
bers of individual species of waterbirds or groups of such species is regular (normal) or is too low, to high, etc.?’ In other words, what is the regular, normal mid-winter numbers of a given species? Delany et al. (1997) have chosen a given year at random and then compare the waterbirds numbers with that from this year.
All the other species have a medium rate of concentration of 31% to79%.
Our approach was different by taking the mean value (with fluctuation of 10%) over the 25-year period of mid-winter counts as a regular, normal numbers. The value calculated from the value of the average numbers and the last but one maximum numbers is identified as ‘numbers higher than regular one’. Any value for the waterbirds’ numbers exceeding the last but one maximum numbers in the 25-year period has been identified as an ‘extremely high numbers’. The values calculated from the regular, normal numbers and the zero numbers are identified as ‘numbers lower than regular one’. Any values for waterbirds numbers close to zero has been identified as ‘‘extremely low numbers’. Using this approach then the regular, normal numbers of individual waterbirds’ species for Bulgaria will be as shown on Table 23 below:
Another problem of the mid-winter counts of waterbirds poping up relatively often is ‘To what extent the num-
As a whole the regular total mid-winter numbers of waterbirds in Bulgaria based on the 25 years of mid-
The following species have a very high rate of concentration (80-100%): Branta ruficollis, Recurvirostra avosetta, Tadorna tadorna, Oxyura leucocephala, Anas clypeata, Anser albifrons, Vanellus vanellus, Anas acuta.
Table 23. Regular* Mid-winter Numbers of some Waterbirds in Bulgaria. Species
Regular numbers
Gavia stellata 0-2 Gavia arctica 45-65 Tachybaptus ruficollis 380-465 Podiceps cristatus 2150-2650 Podiceps grisegena 9-11 Podiceps auritus 4-6 Podiceps nigricollis 1700-2100 Phalacrocorax carbo 9600-11,600 Phalacrocorax aristotelis 180-220 Phalacrocorax pygmeus 4300-5300 Pelecanus onocrotalus 7-9 Pelecanus crispus 270-330 Botaurus stellaris 3-5 Egretta garzetta 0-1 Egretta alba 540-660 Ardea cinerea 360-440 Ciconia ciconia 0-1 Platalea leucorodia 0-2 Cygnus olor 1100-1400 Cygnus columbianus 4-6 Cygnus cygnus 270-330 Anser fabalis 1-3 Anser albifrons 155,000-189,000 Anser erythropus 0-1 Anser anser 575-700 Branta ruficollis 19,800-24,200 Tadorna ferruginea 2-5 Tadorna tadorna 1900-2300
Species Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Oxyura leucocephala Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Recurvirostra avosetta Charadrius dubius Charadrius alexandrinus Pluvialis apricaria Pluvialis squatarola Vanellus vanellus Calidris canutus Calidris alba Calidris alpina Calidris minuta Philomachus pugnax Gallinago gallinago Scolopax rusticola Limosa limosa Numenius tenuirostris Numenius arquata Tringa erythropus Tringa totanus Tringa nebularia Tringa ochropus
Regular numbers 78-96 180-220 660-805 22-28 155-190 10-12 70-90 43,700-53,500 66-80 1-3 1-3 100-120 34-42 200-245 0-1 7-9 215-265 45-55 20-24 42-52 0-1 2-4 0 30-40 0-2 27-33 0 35-43 93
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Table 20. Continued. Species Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula Aythya marila Somateria mollissima Clangula hyemalis Melanitta nigra Melanitta fusca
Regular numbers 1600-2000 63-77 5400-6600 79,000-97,000 630-770 1800-2200 90-110 16,700-20,600 4-6 8900-10,900 20-24 4-6 3-5 1-3 5-7
Species Tringa glareola Actitis hypoleucos Arenaria interpres Larus ichthyaetus Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus genei Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans Larus marinus Total Waterbird Numbers Total Species Number
Regular numbers 0-2 0-1 0-1 0-1 8-10 68-82 5800-7200 15-20 3600-4400 1-3 8500-10,500 0-2 370,000-451,000 56-68
*See Part Materials and Methods
winter counts could be set between 368,000 and 411,000 ind. Numbers below this value should be considered lower that the regular, and above it, higher than the regular. The last but one and the last numbers may be identified as an extraordinary high numbers, which has been exceeded in Bulgaria only twice, in years 1997 and 2000. Years when waterbirds’ total numbers have been substantially higher than the regular were: 1978, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1995 and 1999. Years with regular mid-winter numbers of waterbirds were only two: 1987 and 1996. Years of very low numbers of waterbirds were: 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989,1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998 and 2001. Juxtaposing the mid-winter numbers in a given year to the regular one is of importance both to conservation and to the game management allowing them to respond more quickly and flexibly to the changes the populations of these valuable game resource and rare species undergo. Apparently, in 5 to 10 years these regular numbers will undergo some corrections
94
corresponding to possible changes in the size of their populations. In conclusion we have highlighted the following most typical characteristics of the waterbirds that wintered in Bulgaria in the period 1977-1996: -Total number of wintering waterbirds species in Bulgaria: 106 species; -Species with the highest mid-winter numbers – Anser albifrons with average 138,365 ind. with maximum 407,759 ind. in year 2000; -Species with the greatest rate of concentration Branta ruficollis with100%; -Species with the lowest rate of concentration (or greatest dispersion) – Cygnus cygnus with 7%. -Species with significantly and permanently increasing numbers: Phalacrocorax carbo, Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Pelecanus crispus. -Species with significantly declined numbers: Melanitta fusca, Recurvirostra avosetta, Calidris minuta, Philomachus pugnax.
Conclusions and Recommendations The numbers of the waterbirds wintered in Bulgaria in the period 1977-1996 ranged from 101,017 ind. in 1991 to 468,420 ind. in 1995. The average total numbers for the entire period was 333,500 ind. The number of the species found in different years has varied from 45 in 1988 to 71 in 1994, the average number of species for the country in the period was 56. In the period 1997-2001 the total numbers of the wintering waterbirds in Bulgaria has increased considerably and has varied from 216,704 ind. in 2001 to 805,621 ind. in 1997. The average total numbers for this period has stood at 487,500 ind. The total average numbers for the whole period of survey is 410,500 ind. with maximum of 805,621 ind. in 1997. The number of the species of waterbirds found for the country in different years has varied from 56 in 1988 to 67 in 1999, its average value standing at 62. During the survey six wetlands have supported regularly mid-winter numbers of waterbirds over 20,000 ind., but three of them ate not Ramsar sites yet: Mandra LC (18 years with total numbers over 20,000 ind.), Ovcharitsa Reservoir (12 years with total numbers over 20,000 ind.) and Pyasuchnik Reservoir (6 years with total numbers over 20,000 ind.). Additionally the numbers of several waterbird species in these wetlands regularly exceeds the 1% Ramsar criterion. Without any doubt they have international importance and should be declared as Ramsar sites as soon as possible. Species with significantly declined numbers during the period of survey were: Anas acuta, Melanitta fusca, Recurvirostra avosetta, Calidris minuta, and Philomachus pugnax. In the second period wintering populations of the following fish eating waterbird species were increasing
significantly and permanently: Phalacrocorax carbo, Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Pelecanus crispus and Egretta alba. Without any doubt the International Waterbirds Counts in Bulgaria win recognition as a good tool for monitoring of waterbirds’ wintering populations. They are getting more and more popular (in 1977 only 3 professional ornithologists with one telescope took part in the count, in 2003 there were over 150 birdwatchers with a lot of modern equipment). To our opinion, in the future the mid-winter counts should be made regularly each January at least in wetlands from so called “Reduced List’. Apparently they will be conducted by several non governmental organizations, scientific institutions and governmental bodies. If there are enough funds available following changes in the monitoring scheme could be proposed for improvement of the census: - Improving the coordination and synchronization of the participating organizations; - Publishing of annual report with combined results of each count not later than 3 months after its finishing; publishing each five years of annual results with conclusions and recommendations; - Introducing aerial surveys of Danubian Riverside and of shelf strip at Black Sea Coast of Bulgaria with regard of improving the coverage; - Starting two additional counts: the first one in the middle of December and the second one in the middle of February; these counts will help to avoid the gaps in data or unrealistic results, due to unfavorable or unstable weather conditions. All these measures will contribute to better protection and management of Bulgarian wetlands and their exclusive biological diversity.
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Michev, T., V. Pomakov, D. Nankinov, B. Ivanov. 1981. Wetlands of International Importance in Bulgaria. Coll. of Reports, Reg. Symp. of the Project 8 MAB, 20-24.10.1980, Blagoevgrad, Res. and Coord. Center for Environment, Sofia, 448 - 462.
Kostadinova, I., S. Dereliev. 2001. Results from the MidWinter Counts of Waterbirds in Bulgaria for the Period 1997-2001. BSPB Conservation Series, Book 3, BSPB, Sofia, BG, 96 pp (in Bulgarian and English). Kostadinova, I., P. Yankov. 1997. Some data about the Lesser White-fronted Goose in Bulgaria. - Za ptitsite, prolet/lyato, p. 13 (in Bulgarian). Khristovich, G, K. 1890. Research materials on Bulgarian Fauna. - Sbornik Narodni oumotvoreniya, v. 2. (in Bulgarian). Koutsarov, Y., I. Klisourov, Kh. Khristova. 1997. Second observation of Uria aalge in Bulgaria. - Za ptitsite, prolet/lyato, p. 13 (in Bulgarian). Kumerloeve, H. 1957. Ornithologishe Beobachtungen im Zubringenraum (Bulgarish-Rumanische Schwarzmeerkuste) des Bosphoruszuges. - Bonn. Zool. Beitr., 8, 248-274. Lorenz-Liburnau, L. 1893. Ornithologische Bruchstucke aus dem Gebiete der Unteren Donau. - Orn. Jahrbuch, 4, 12-23. Madsen, J., G. Cracknell, T. Fox. 1999. Goose Populations of the Western Palearctic Wetlands International, National Environmental Institute, Denmark, 344 pp. Marushevsky, G. (Editor). 2002. Directory of Azov-Black Sea Coast Wetlands. Kyiv, Wetlands International, 229 pp. Michev, N., T. Mikhaylov, I. Vaptsarov, S. Kiradzhiev. 1980. Geographical Dictionary of Bulgaria. Publ. House “Naouka i izkustvo”, Sofia, 561 pp. (in Bulgarian). Michev, T. (Editor). 1993. National Action Plan for the conservation of the Most Important Wetlands in Bulgaria. Ministry of Environment, Sofia, 55 pp. Michev, T., B. B. Georgiev, A. V. Petrova, M. P. Stoyneva (Editors). 1998. Biodiversity of Sreburna Biosphere Reserve - Checklist and Bibliography. MoEW, 130 pp. Michev, T., P. Iankov, L. Profirov. 1990. Atlas of Breeding Distribution of Birds in Bulgaria (manuscript). 98
Michev, T., V. Pomakov, B. Ivanov, L. Profirov. 1991. A short note on wild Geese in Bulgaria during the period 1977 through 1989. - Ardea, 79, 167 – 168. Michev, T., L. Profirov, 1997. Midwinter Numbers of the Redbreasted Goose (Branta ruficollis) in Bulgaria. Branta, Sofia, 2, 10-14 (in Bulgarian and French). Michev, T., L. Profirov, S. Marin, P. Simeonov. 2001. Midwinter Waterbirds Counts in Bulgaria. Report 2001. Manuscript. 14 pp. Mountfort, G., J. Ferguson - Lees. 1961. Observations on the Birds of Bulgaria. - Ibis, 103 a, 443-471. Nankinov, D.1989. The Status of Waders in Bulgaria. Wader Study Group Bull., England, 56, 16 - 25. Nankinov, D.1992. Check List of Bird Species and Subspecies in Bulgaria. - Avocetta, 16, 1-17. Nankinov, D. 1993. A new wintering area of the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus in Bulgaria. - Ornis Svecica, 3, 165-166. Nankinov, D. 1998. Origin and distribution of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.), inhabiting the Balkan countries. -Forestry Considerations, 4, 1, 61-74 (in Bulgarian). Nankinov, D. 2001. State of Black Sea Population of Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis).- Journal of Balkan Ecology, v. 4, No 4,367-374. Nankinov, D., A. Darakchiev. 1981. Phoenicopterus roseus Pall. in Bulgaria. - Scientific Papers of Plovdiv University “P. Hilendarski”, 19, 4, 209-212 (in Bulgarian). Nankinov, D., S. Simeonov, T. Michev, B. Ivanov. 1997. The Fauna of Bulgaria. Vol. 26. Aves. Part II. Publ. Houses “Marin Drinov” & Pensoft, 427 pp. (in Bulgarian with a summary in Russian and English). Nikolov, H. 1988. Changes and recommendations for protection of herons in the Upper Thracian Valley. - Scientific youth conference devoted to the ecological problems, Vratsa, 1-2 December 1988, 181-187 (in Bulgarian).
REFERENCES
Nikolov, H., S. Marin, A. Darakchiev. 1999. The Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Pallas, 1773) in Bulgaria. Distribution, Numbers and Threats. -Trav. Sci. Univ. Plovdiv, Animalia, 6, 67-81.
Radakoff, W. 1879. Ornithologishe Bemerkungen uber Bessarabien, Moldau, Walachei, Bulgarien und Ost-Rumelien. - Bull. Soc. des Nature, Moskou, 13, 150-178.
Nikolov, H., S. Marin, A. Darakchiev. 2000. Pygmy Cormorant in Bulgaria. Status of the Population. Action Plan. Green Balkans, Plovdiv, 39 pp. (in Bulgarian).
Reiser, O. 1894. Materialien zur einer Ornis Balcanica. II. Bulgarien. Wien. In Commission bei Carl Gerold’s Sohn, 204 pp.
Paspaleva, M. 1963. Origin and Distribution of Wintering Waterbirds (order Anseriformes). - Bull. de l’Institute de Zoologie et Musee, 14, 127-140 (in Bulgarian with a summary in German). Paspaleva, M., T. Michev. 1971. Numbers and Seasonal Dynamic of some Waterbirds in the Reserve “Sreburna”. Coll. of Zool. Inst. with Museum, 33, 1322, (in Bulgarian with a summary in German). Patev, P. 1950. The Birds of Bulgaria. Zool. Inst. and Museum, No 1, 364 pp (in Bulgarian with a summary in English). Peshev, I. 1967. A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Ornithofauna on Varna Coast. - Coll. of Varna Natural History Museum, 3, 18, 188-212 (in Bulgarian). Petkov, N. 1997. New species for the Bulgarian Ornithofauna – the Barnacle Goose (Branta leucopsis). Za ptitsite, prolet/lyato, p. 13 (in Bulgarian). Petkov, N. 1998. Current Status of the Ferruginosus Duck (Aythya nyroca) in Bulgaria. - Partimadar, 6-7, 44-49. Petkoff, S. 1911. Recherches preliminaries concernant la flore des etangs sue la rive bulgare du Danube. - Ann. Univ., Sofia, 6, 2, 3-45. Petrov, B. M., S. I. Zlatanov. 1955. Materials on the Ornithofauna of Dobrudzha. Coll. of Ministry of Agriculture Research Institute, 22, 93-113, (in Bulgarian with a summary in English). Portney, L. R., M. P. Watkins. 1993. Foundation of Clinical Research, Applications to Practice. ISBN 0-83851065, 449-451. Profirov, L.2000. Rare Siberian Guests in Bourgas Lakes. - Bull. Bourgas Lakes, No 4, p. 9 (in Bulgarian). Profirov, L., M. Dimitrov. 2001. White-headed ducks at Lake Vaya, Bulgaria. TWSG NEWS Bull., No 13, p. 9. Profirov, L., T. Michev. 2002. Bulgaria. In: Marushevsky, G. (Editor). Directory of Azov-Black Sea Coastal Wetlands. Wetlands International, Kyiv, 16-45.
Robel, D., D. Koenigstedt, H. Muller. 1978. Zur Kenntnis der Avifauna Bulgariens. Beitr. zur Vglk., 24, 4, 193-225. Roberts, J. 1978. Observations on migrant and winter wildfowl populations on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. - IWRB Bull., 45, 19-27. Roberts, J. 1980. The Status of Charadriiformes in Bulgaria. - Bonn. Zool. Beitr., 31, 38-57. Roberts, J. 1981. A contribution to the Avifauna of Lake Atanasovsko, Bourgas. Regional Symp. under Project 8 - MAB - UNESCO, 20 - 24 October, 1980 - Blagoevgrad, Proceedings, Sofia, BAS. Rose, P. 1992. Western Palearctic Waterbirds Census. IWRB, 108 pp. Rose, P., V. Taylor. 1993. Western Palearctic and South West Asia Waterbirds Census. IWRB, 215 pp. Rose, P. 1995. Western Palearctic and South West Asia Waterbirds Census 1994. IWRB Publication No 35, 119 pp. Rose, P., D. Scott. 1997. Waterbirds Population Estimates - Second Edition. Wetlands International Publ. 44. Wageningen, The Netherlands, 106 pp. Scott, D., A. & Rose, P. M. 1996. Atlas of Anatidae Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia. Wetlands International, Publications No 41, Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 336 pp. Simeonov, P., X. Hindermeyer. 1997. Premiere obsevation d’une Bernache nonnettte (Branta leucopsis) en Bulgarie. - Branta, 2, Sofia, p. 14 (In French and Bulgarian). Simeonov, S., V. Penkov, Ts. Tsvetanov. 1984. The Birds of Botevgrad Valley. - Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 25, 16-30 (in Bulgarian with a summary in English). Smith, E., J. Philippîna. 1970. Preliminary report on observations of waterbirds and other birds in Rumania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Hungaria. Autumn and winter 1969-1970 (manuscript), 17 pp. Snow, D., S. M. Perrins. 1997. The Birds of Western Palearctic (concise edition in two volumes). Oxford 99
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
University Press, Oxford, New York, 1, 1008 pp, 2, 686 pp. Tsanov, Ts. 1992. The Riverine Forests along the Bulgarian Bank of the Danube. Sofia, BAS, 183 pp. (in Bulgarian). Tucker, G., M. Heath. 1994. Birds in Europe and their Conservation Status. BirdLife Conservation Series, No 3, 600 pp. Udvardy, M., D., F. 1975. Biogeographical Provinces of the World. N. York, 50 pp. Vurbanov, V. 1912. Hunting of Waterfowl around the Town of Bourgas. - Lovets, Sofia, 5, 50-51 (in Bulgarian).
Wetlands International. 2002. Waterbird Population Estimates-Third Edition. Wetlands International Global Series No 12, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 226 pp. Wilson, A. M., M. Moser. 1994. Conservation of the Black Sea Wetlands. A Review and Preliminary Action Plan. IWRB, Techn. Publ. No 33. 90 pp. Yankov, P. T. Aarvak, I. Oyen, P. Mosiman, I. Kostadinova, N. Petkov. 1997. Unexpected winter visitor. - Za ptitsite, prolet/lyato, p. 13 (in Bulgarian). Yoakimov, D. 1907. The Straldzha Marsh. Priroda, Sofia, XIII, 2, 153-155 (in Bulgarian).
* * * Red Data Book of Bulgaria. v. 2, BAS, Sofia, 1985, 184 pp.
100
APPENDICES
101
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Appendix 1 The regions and the wetlands which they contain are arranged in the following order: Danube - from West to East North Bulgaria (NBg) - in alphabethical order North Black Sea Coast (NBSC) - from North to South South Black Sea Coast (SBSC) - from North to South South Bulgaria (SBg) - in alphabethical order Empty cell = the given wetland is not counted; cell with zero value = the given wetland is counted, but no birds recorded
102
1977
9
17
187 2
1
3 3
14
4
2
1982
6
1983
5
2312
295 1
595 9
85
1 2
15
1981
2326
174 36
182 1831
6007 433
3306 74
13
1980
5920
291 3
21
1
52 18
2 142 1852
3
1983
2
42
1 3 1
1979
1956
138 2
43
21 166 5170 2 28 32 20 4
1
2
22
2 1
1982
8 4
7
1978
11
15255 10718 10311
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis 9 Podiceps cristatus 1 Podiceps grisegena Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus crispus 1 Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor 31 Anser albifrons 6703 Anser anser 46 Anser spp.
1.2. Tsibur-Somovit Stretch
Species Number
1.1. Timok-Tsibur Stretch Totals
3 120 13 1
1
5
12
7
4
1
2 38 1739
1
3 6
4 408 9575 6
2
9 2
1
131
22
137
1
2 6
3 2
1981
Tachybaptus ruficollis 3 3 Podiceps cristatus 3 Phalacrocorax carbo 1 Phalacrocorax pygmeus 2 22 Pelecanus onocrotalus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Anser albifrons 1000 Anser anser 4 Anser spp. Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna 11 Anas penelope Anas strepera 3 Anas crecca 3118 34 Anas platyrhynchos 10959 10547 Anas acuta 141 17 Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Tringa ochropus Larus minutus Larus ridibundus 26 75 Larus canus 2 Larus cachinnans 2 Other water birds
1980
1979
1977
1978
1.1. Timok-Tsibur Stretch
14
43 1
1 3
1984
1984
1985
1985
1986
1986
1987
1987
1988
1988
1989
1989
1990
1990
1991
1991
1992
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1995
1995
1996
1996
94 10 5 6 3 22 515 56 100
5 1
1997
1997
1998
1998
170
3 139 157 10 1 3
1 3
1999
19
3043
1 1
26
25 19
3
288 2236 3 9 49
202
13
129 1 3 6 3 25
1
1999
2000
2000
2001
2001
APPENDIX 1
103
104
596 61
12 37 13
3189 3
1799 10
2 20
1
3
1982
5
74
49 1
18
1
120
4
1983
14 1988
524 310 16409 22 162
1
3 1
2302 13212 4 3
40 24 250 46
4 24 1
826 4
1987
216 194
1986
9
3
1985
1 5 9
1984
11
6482 18283
525 32 20
15
10
32
13 16 589 4450 4575 13630 59
660 870
56 10
1981
15
5384
23 43
32
3 15
10
11
364 4680 7
894 261
5
1980
10
267
6 3
1
1
1 162
4
34 122
5
1979
15
9291
12 14
5
80 24
12
622 5094 1
5
2
10
1978
1.3. Somovit-Svishtov 1977 Stretch
Gavia arctica 1 Tachybaptus ruficollis 1 Podiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus crispus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus 12 Cygnus spp. Anser albifrons 336 Anser anser 193 Anser spp. Branta ruficollis Anas penelope Anas crecca 1 Anas platyrhynchos 4560 Anas acuta 64 Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina 2 Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula
15
13109 25820
4
1 53
2 11
1
3 6 32 865 5832 17629 282 139 100
16
Species Number
1.2. Tsibur-Somovit Stretch Totals
Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Aythya ferina Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus merganser Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Vanellus vanellus Numenius arquata Tringa ochropus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans Larus spp. Other water birds
1699
4
299 10
1
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
315
1 105 515
6 12
8 7 27 20
1995
10
105
10 504 6709 6
1300 23
182 81 4
2
1998
19
4
35
125 3
1 1
24 107
1
1997
20 765
4 23 1736
756 46
214 30 15 3 1 84 9
16
1
1996
22
1833
7 12 33
3 4 2
5 3
44
890
13
201
240 2645
577
1213
338 53 15 8 1
11 3
1999
17
3941
32 2 1 12 1
25 43 2
28
3308
2000
2001
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus crispus Egretta garzetta Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Anser anser Anser spp. Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Aythya marila Clangula chyemalis Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
1.4. Svishtov-Rouse Stretch
10
8
16
2
293 28 32
8 2 3
31 2329
3340 180
1
3
1 4
1 8
1978
8
1977
11
4378
1.3. Somovit-Svishtov 5188 Stretch Totals
Species Number
4 9
2
3 3
16
Clangula hyemalis Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus merganser Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans Larus spp. Other water birds
5
66
12
70 2 1
4
14
8
1
1979
1
8
32
1
1
1980
2
7 1 2
1
797
1
14
1981
15
214
72 1
12 2 17 363
1984
1987
17 1988
1
32 48
26 301 60 30
14
5
1993
1994
12 1995
23
77
20 468 12
4 25 616 18 26 2 2
1996
14
6015
6 263 349 305
22 71
370 415
1992
62 12
1991
4007
33
47 54
56 20 2738
1990
1095
52 1
26
4 39 2
5
1
4 3 150 44
1989
6
2713
600
4 51
1986
16761
23 141 11
50 1922 23 62
1
170
1
13
1985
4
172
700
6
77 181 8 6
6 4 6 1520 2330 3502 33164 8 65 12 6 68
230
74
8
4 2
1983
1
310 19157
6
8
4
57
70 20 403
7
12
17
1982
4
84
4
1
2040
226 9
60
4
30 15
13 6 3
1997
14
374
12 22
4
3 32
20 296 14 51
3
7 1386 4398
122 5
1 1
3 151 52 6
1998
16
9040
7
167 13
3
30 3
50
6 2
2 1
2 11 5
10 210 1293
980 120 100
80 12 6
1999
21
5396
4
10
1 2 2 25 32
1 2 12
2000
2001
APPENDIX 1
105
106
1983
15
56
1978
2
1982
1
1
1983
8
2754
1
1
503
17
152 2570 6
1
39
2 33
1984
8
4881
5
86 928
10 3800
30
9 13
1984
17
5638 38381
150
2
179
1.6. Toutrakan-Silistra 1977 Stretch
Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus crispus
1981
56
1982
11
765
6
1980
1981
7
823
170
1979
1980
4
42
1
6
150
150
1979
7
100
1
1
Species Number
1.5. Rouse-Toutrakan Stretch Totals
Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps auritus Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus onocrotalus Pelecanus crispus Botaurus stellaris Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Anser anser Anser spp. Tadorna ferruginea Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Aythya marila Clangula hyemalis Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus merganser Fulica atra Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
1978
1.5. Rouse-Toutrakan 1977 Stretch
6260
14
38
6
Species Number
1.4. Svishtov-Rouse Stretch Totals
4
1985
1985
7
241
1986
1986
1987
1987
1988
1988
1993
1993
1994
1994
1 4
27 3
1989
9
2165
30
1
5
70
6 1
1995
9
342
4
125 1 6
2 1
1996
17
2863
189
2 82 114
26
4
165 22
1712
6 8 216
7
9
11
295 3
1 11
1996
22
5885
40 1
1995
72
1992
1992
10 15
1991
1991
200
1990
1990
8
516
1927
15
1
165
1
1989
12
6916
164 11 1
23 51
1997
23
1076
29
21 123 2 4 40 140
9 10 160 1
346
11 31 22 56
5 1 3
46 13
2 1
1997
15 1
20 1037 6
2 3
15
1 57 22
7
1999
18
2923
1681 2
2 196 209
110 7 3
1998
11
1 6 4 286 141 30
1999
21
7161 13512
60
321 55
2 10
28 598 5681 10115 10 53 97 12
339 15 1
1998
16
6516
3
2000
1
5
5
2000
2001
2001
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
1977
1978
5
1460
227
12
3 685
533
Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus 2 Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus 34 Pelecanus crispus Egretta alba 5 Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor 348 66 Cygnus cygnus 17 4 Anser albifrons 11493 5000 Anser anser 813 1000 Branta ruficollis 9 Tadorna ferruginea Anas penelope Anas strepera 15 Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos 1695 15000 Anas acuta 12 27 Anas clypeata Netta rufina 2 Aythya ferina 10 Aythya nyroca
1.7. Sreburna Lake Complex
Species Number
1.6. Toutrakan Silistra Stretch Totals
Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Anser anser Anser spp. Branta ruficollis Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Fulica atra Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
2000
3000 9 23
29
1979
3
35
9
6 20
4
1980
1
9
9
200
50
24
1988 5
1989
9
33
1 4000 2
1
6
50 20 330
30 1276
11005
26 1722
1000 2
60
94
32
1987
1 3
1986
10
1
1 18
1985
4
13979
40 350
12
2 10
13461
73 1
36
1984
14
330
100
222
4
12
5757
6
31
22
14
1
1983
7
2
1982
1568 10816 28 40
1981
4
27
2898 16443
17 85
6
5
1 3 50 482
425 12
11 260 2490 15106 2
16 360
61
14
1
4
1990
3
1082
730 2 350
1991
3
10000
45155
2 3 1 3
1992
200
4500 500
56
1993
1994
23
2
2 30
1996
18
4603
46 3 4 202 14
16 153
734 344
2624
30 18 280
60 1
10
20 50
2 20
1 15500 505
1 1
100
1
1995
17
1792
14
30
20
300 2
200 2 5 1000 4
30 100
3
2
1997
19
2438
104 11
105 46 2 4 5
10
84 1398
13 11 367 28
1 31 251 19 147 4
4 49
1694 326
120
8
1998
15
135
1999
25
6816 26444
201 71 57
14
650 100
611 50 3689 23143 2
21
1266 14
1 56 9 113 52 20 1 5
2000
4
30
5 2
20
40 50 1220
10
5
32
10000
2001
APPENDIX 1
107
108
4
240 2
9
1977
18
1978
10
19508 21352
9
3 1 40 5000
1979
5
5061
Gavia arctica 1 Tachybaptus ruficollis 13 4 4 Podiceps cristatus 3 19 11 Podiceps grisegena 1 Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo 1 Phalacrocorax pygmeus 36 32 179 Pelecanus onocrotalus Pelecanus crispus 1 Botaurus stellaris Egretta garzetta Egretta alba 5 8 9 Ardea cinerea 8 7 10 Cygnus olor 379 70 29 Cygnus cygnus 29 4 Cygnus spp. Anser fabalis Anser albifrons 19533 15774 6346 Anser anser 1056 2044 225 Anser spp. Branta ruficollis 9 23 Tadorna ferruginea Tadorna tadorna 3 14 Anas penelope 6 2 Anas strepera 15 3 4 Anas crecca 3151 933 1030 Anas platyrhynchos 23048 49558 18491 Anas acuta 499 186 17 Anas clypeata 100 Netta rufina 2 Aythya ferina 12 12 Aythya nyroca 1 Aythya fuligula 19 Aythya marila Clangula hyemalis Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula 3 21 16 Mergus albellus 51 62 96 Mergus serrator 2 Mergus merganser 2 19 39 Anatinae spp.
Danube
Species Number
1.7. Sreburna Lake Complex Totals
Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Fulica atra Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans
15
4
5
18
42
5
57
52
39
20 8
1
2 21 39 530 1947 10847 9
12
1012 870
44 78 4
243 648
1 19 44
1984
8
1493
13
40
16
41
1 3
4
84
437
7 4 70 19 16 2 162 2480 7604 2460 17000 83385 73 89 33
40
6596 15
76 6
1 14 14
6
15
3 4
49
4 4
1983
12
8159
5
550 7
66
2 5
1812 10824 12 32
132
22
8 1982
87
5 9
1981
2
1768 11072
1 2
1980
1
4
100
1
1 572
2 4
17
3
1985
3
21
2
1986
2 11
1
3150 16791 423 100
7703 50
31
1
2
12 1
1987
12
9 3 32
641 237
13 10 1
1989
13
20 37
36
27 3 92
14 6 5 3 54 3202 1050 45388 38101 162 7 3 6 2 3 94 1 1 27
7047 14400 459 79 250 46 60
8 8 48 1
827 26
3 19
1988
6
5029 11932
112
310
5
4
1
2 39 1901
6
86
2 4
22
1 2
1990
1
4 11
2
3
3 25
2 3
1992
15
20 7
42
39
21 530 9850 9
30 2
51
3 52
2 142 11870
187 45156 2 4
1
132
5 9
1991
55253
33 30 1 22
16
14
43 1
1 3
1994
20
58
64 4
771 4450 6606 13630 59
13
5396 569 30
16 56 26
5 9
1993
5
5276
20
11
2 5 1 143 55
20
2
372
200 2 320 1260 5
48
68 263
4
886
20 2044
63 8860
80
136 17220 616 563 4 77 2
11 1
7 16
56
1280 52
7 237 21 14
1 7 55
1996
7 9
1995
9
169 16164
3
1
66
2688 42
1 1 8
782 155 1 13
5
1998
3
133
3648 178 710 1 15 1 217
17 11 81 29
1 23 9 3 1 4 1029 386 3 76
1999
1
135
134 204 2 6
10 160 1
4 63
17
110
722
9 87 3 62 25
426 5
2003
84 3099 788 2669 20597 42740 18 3
13
1029 143 100
10 4 46 42
11 1
328 141
30 56
1997
1
2
5
9
2 1
2001
35
3938
12 34 5
109
6 9 10 8 800
7 4 3
1 193
1 14
51
6
16 3 9 825 64 4582 13162 1 2 15
3 921 42 2000
4 6 9
19
1 4 1037 10290 263 306
5 6
2000
11365
6
2
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Phalacrocorax carbo Egretta alba
2.2. Sopot Reservoir
Species Number
2.1. Gorni Dubnik Reservoir Totals
1347 100
37
15
240
253
1
5000
3
3 232 44
5
7
1977
1977
29
1978
1978
24
1979
1979
25
53248 70491 26838
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Anser anser Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Fulica atra Tringa ochropus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans
2.1. Gorni Dubnik Reservoir
Species Number
Danube Totals
Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Vanellus vanellus Numenius arquata Tringa ochropus Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans Larus spp. Other water birds 2
321 47
75
17
369 48
204
38
1385 41
15
643
112
3718 32
186
1980
1980
18
1981
1981
19
1982
1982
21
1 12
1983
1983
21
10
1984
1984
24
2283 13961 14462 28553 98638
152 5
1 1
1
1985
1985
10
764
1
151
12
1986
1986
671 63 1
3 1812 139
5
1987
1987
17
1988
1988
26
1989
1989
31
28364 58328 57307
6
79
1
357
314 46
75
223 37
43
20
820 33
15
1
120
1990
1990
19
1991
1991
18
1992
1992
19
11
25
1993
2
4108
1995
5
3138
3000
4100
1 2
1995
5 130
1994
1994
541
396 719
11
1996
16
5023
5 3 20 9 4
24
71 2770 250 1
23
33 781 1015 10 4
1996
29
3398 33522
4 69 1
31
26
8
1993
19
3309 11304 57653 14586 18283
350
874 7
1 1
1
175
985 158
23
1870 12 15
2 580 262
5 54
207 100 1
226 97
3 27
224 62
1 2 214 60
1 20
1997
18
2605
1
3 33
46 41 3 1 14 2356 5
3 3 31 32 1 1 5 26
1997
31
1998
7
302
10
12 261
1
2 9 7
1998
21
3
1999
12
2183
200
610
474 2 2
1
10 4 35 33 810
2
1999
38
3
2000
10
1299
550
5 2
600 66 25
18
4
18 11
2000
30
4 1
2001
12
1412
3
3
170
6 1
1200
3
5 15 4 1 1
2001
30
5723 29666 55394 11247 28842
73
59 278
3 17 2
APPENDIX 1
109
110
Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Anser albifrons Anas platyrhynchos Larus cachinnans
1980
1979
2.4. Suedinenie Reservoir
1978
1
Species Number
1977
2
2
2.3. Stamboliyski R. Totals
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis Podiceps spp. Phalacrocorax carbo Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser spp. Anas penelope Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas clypeata Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Larus ridibundus Larus cachinnans
1981
2
187
184
3
1981
17
1982
5
4447
182
4200
38
26
1
1
1980
1982
1979
2.3. Stamboliyski Reservoir
1978
Species Number
1977
509
6
2.2. Sopot R. Totals
1983
3
2204
2200
2
2
1983
6
10
431
54 1
6
Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Anas penelope Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Mergus albellus Anatinae spp. Rallus aquaticus Fulica atra Larus ridibundus
400
1
1984
6
3909
80 820
3000
6
1
2
1984
3
438
330
98
1985
9
2077
56 27
6
15 6 1930 25
4 8
1985
1986
1986
1987
1987
1988
1988
1989
1989
1990
1990
1991
1991
1992
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1995
1995
1996
2
409
400
9
1996
1 1 1
1997
13
1200
370 3 6
8 2
15 391
37 300
27 3
4 34
1997
1998
5
271
5
250
3 6
7
1998
300
5 2
1999
7
1573
40
36
735
55
2
703
2
1999
7
170
1
1
2000
3
32
1
28
3
2000
3
32
1
1 2
28
2 160
1 60 1
31 2
2001
3
405
300
3
102
2001
8
260
50
2 8 186 2
7
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus crispus Egretta garzetta Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Anas penelope Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra
2.6. Ticha Reservoir
Species Number
2.5. Telish R. Totals
Podiceps cristatus Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus merganser Fulica atra Larus ridibundus Larus cachinnans
2.5. Telish Reservoir
Species Number
2.4. Suedinenie Reservoir Totals
1977
1977
1978
1978
1979
1979
1980
1980
1981
1981
1985
1986
1986
1987
1987
1988
1988
1989
1989
1990
1990
1991
1991
1992
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1995
1995
25
1996
13
1097
15
3 2 571
100 7 15 6 350
2 11
4
11
1996
17
1
40
3100 2
1984
1985
3462
600
2 1984
3
8
1983
1983
401
1
93
1982
1982
1
17
687
3
250 5 30 5885
10
8 34 3
1997
2
7
6
1
1997
3
3
1 5 20 4
318 4
5 3 14 31 12
2 2
49
1998
1998
148 12 23
297
4 2 36 38 287 16
21 25 9 7 1
1999
3
143
140
2 1
1999
3
307
977
6 9 5
25 21 148
2000
2000
1222
578
2 10 17
32 128
2001
17
1166
1 750 2 2
2 50 300 30 10 5
4 2 1 2 1 2 2
2001
6
96
APPENDIX 1
111
112
Gavia arctica Gavia spp. Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis Podiceps spp. Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus crispus Egretta garzetta Egretta alba Ardea cinerea
North Bulgaria (NBg) 1977
Species Number
1978
1979
40 96
1980
5
3 115
1981
3
130
12
3
115
1981
20 49
2 1
4
3
1983
3
18
8
2
8
1983
4 126
2
1982
10
463
9 229 7
1
200
6
3
1 4 3
1982
2
10 1
2
1984
1
1
1
1984
4 8
1985
1985
1986
1986
1987
1987
1988
1988
1989
1989
1990
1990
1991
1991
1992
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
2 2
8 2
1995
6
2516
230
1325
950
1
8 2
1995
10 8
133 8
801 1089
13 15
13 134 8
3
1997
16
4302
139
10
1 2
4
1 3682
205 14
29 135
52 4 16 4 4
1997
6 144 4
1996
9
728
280
11 1
330
1
6 75 4 20
1996
10
6915
31 20
3 12 28
58 44
2
1998
6
1638
25
1578
1 16 6
12
1998
14
470
89 66
978 48 2
61 88 5
1999
8
10
108
72
2
36 1 4
1999
17
1014
1
917
5
28 750
40 94
1980
6
3171
234
1979
2
608
1
87
2.7. Tsonevo R. Totals
1978
5
3575
2
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Cygnus spp. Anser albifrons Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Calidris alpina Tringa glareola Actitis hypoleucos Larus canus Larus cachinnans
2.7. Tsonevo Reservoir 1977
Species Number
2.6. Ticha R. Totals
Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
37 59
546 69 19
116 94 35
2000
18
601
1
2
1 1 70
6
2 5 407
1 3
3 6 16
1 30 35 11
2000
9
1193
1
1
27
4 93 106
684 58
4 168 84
2001
11
326
178 6 1 1
71
21 2 10 1
10 25
2001
7
2016
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Gavia arctica Gavia spp. Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus onocrotalus
3.1. Dourankoulak Lake Complex
Species Number
NBg Totals
Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Cygnus spp. Anser fabalis Anser albifrons Anser anser Anser spp. Branta ruficollis Tadorna ferruginea Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Anatinae spp. Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Vanellus vanellus Calidris alpina Gallinago gallinago Tringa ochropus Tringa glareola Actitis hypoleucos Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans Larus spp. Other water birds
1
4
25
70
47
3
37
1243
90 8
2
14
17
43
54
19
10 1983
13
7 1 81
13 1982
4235
26
5
4
1981
9594
48
11
5
1980
1217
38 1 1 262
2 35
1984
4
4749
820
6
36
1979
919
410
54
3
1978
2056
2
182
10
5
4089 1
48
24
9 8891 3498
1096
28 750
5 2000
5
1977
700
700
6
1
3
3
260 22
67
2
226 5
40
1985
9
2077
27
56
6
25
6 1930
15
1986
397
32
1
1987
34
18
1988
42 51
18
1989
2
1
67
9
3
1990
1991
5
1992
29 32 12
1993
4
10358
4100
6000 250
8
2
770 42
2 14
3
1994
131 223
20 9 19
3
856
2
27
3
301
9 147 29
1362
3
4 117 1 4 7 8
7 108 15 1 77 274 6950 13420 2
4391 32940 41 300 666 3
41 3
109
126 93
11 118
1
1995
8
356
356 1
90
1
1996
24
84
1997
30
5654 14798 50115
230
4325
1080
5
62 22 16
376
3
1 1 6173
332 28 48 10 4
386 5128
94
1456
172 109
41 31
2
1534 2 6 13 8 1 1 104
1 100
19 52 1
60
1 2 2 284 7229 2 7
1647 1 15
3 2
2 30 1 13
1
2603
1
56 21 6 2
230
5 6541
3
1 2 523
24
10
46 124
1 50
12
1998
25
75
20 65
13
5
1999
25
19
42 27
1 41
1
2000
27
13
24 9
3 26
2001
35
4829 15758 11042 12370
204
20 424
5
2 2 2 5
2 30
16 2894 4
17
900
36 68
APPENDIX 1
113
Pelecanus crispus Botaurus stellaris Egretta garzetta Egretta alba Ardea cinerea 1 Cygnus olor 7 4 3 Cygnus columbianus Cygnus cygnus Cygnus spp. Anser fabalis Anser albifrons 18612 29869 13010 Anser anser 475 890 605 Anser caerulescens 2 Anser spp. Branta ruficollis 182 228 158 Tadorna tadorna 30 Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca 10 Anas platyrhynchos 2241 17785 9933 Anas acuta 15 Anas clypeata Netta rufina 21 Aythya ferina 38 22 102 Aythya fuligula 2 37 120 Aythya marila Aythya spp. Somateria mollissima Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator 33 89 43 Mergus merganser 24 Oxyura leucocephala Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra 4811 739 1815 Charadrius alexandrinus Pluvialis apricaria Pluvialis squatarola Vanellus vanellus 4 Calidris alba Calidris alpina Calidris minuta Philomachus pugnax Gallinago gallinago Numenius arquata Tringa totanus Actitis hypolecos Charadrii spp. Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus 52 67 Larus genei Larus canus Larus fuscus 1
114
20
10 129
2
9 20
296 3
8881
2698
1340
2 24
23
130 503
21 99 23131 12 4 20 11 31 1197 200 1085
19
4
10
25
40
6
3 2
2
2
1010
12
214
16
1860
24
7378
1 54 5
125 4130 27520 2 684 10 2 515 207 195 250
7
57
723 836
636
103
1711 588
230
1 7
14 220 23
2012 1
4
93
9988 50383 86170 83 4 151
1871 10756 34064 131 13 103
3 3 96 1 49
1 2 24
1 10
1
770
6
2210
90
5
12
4
3 120
49 165
50
1 51
6
930
89
120 30
33
11110
3000 46375
3 236 254
13840
40
111665 816
9
120
12
1098
131
330 332
70
437
3
213
1740
300
650
146
326
5
2
15
2520
265 24000
13
550
4
58
24
163 37
4
50 3361
1304
7 16 6
2
5
5
2449
1
33
7
106 1 1 3 69 146
4
242
2
2
4 1 2644 1
7 2 18
3
129 155
13
34 210
19
2880 10630
1900 1
64 3
1
1
2
2170
2
28
5
35 1361
4
980
700
124
4350
47 83
2
2 1
19
14
54
8
1 1 1 55
2
61
27 374
60 59
2077
113
2
2
1173
1
1
1165
1 4 1 2
1230 382
381
7
160
1
2
1 2090
6 16 14
159 454
8851 1
187 12
43 17733
6606 10788 40919 12 3 85
1 1 56
1
1509 13225
5
1065 622
3623
1536 17 54 4
7283 30
43
5 5675 17000 25497 17678 3
18
1 1
7
74
15
54
2 11 4
23
22
1 3
1 1
1 86
3
2144
61
1
440 330 4
996
1660
4 2 7213 8
2 1 5
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
229
95
Gavia arctica Gavia spp. Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis Podiceps spp. Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus Botaurus stellaris Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser fabalis Anser albifrons Anser erythropus Anser anser Anser caerulescens Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Aythya marila Aythya spp. Somateria mollissima Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Oxyura leucocephala Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Charadrius alexandrinus Pluvialis squatarola Vanellus vanellus
15
13
1
5 1
99
306
34
74
2
28
1979
33
1978
8
26
650
60
142 9
1 3
8
1 27
1980
21
76
31 5
110
64
1
1981
18
21
16
24
2 18 10
13 2 5 25
232
3 57
23
1983
46
169
1982
21
49
3 9 6
27
2 139 1
1984
25
183 16
2 1
2
44
13 14
1985
23
6231 14354 70984 22697 58415 115836
105
1722
766
3
2660
22 40
5840
20 28
1576
1 14
4160
2 57
8593
17
1 160
6
30 31 13 24
1 75
35 578
83
9922 28 725
92
2 507 428 27454
15
81 270 24 92 5874 66515 30083 35300 3 18 4 2 20 191 26 6 78 3 41 55 112 117 40
44
2015 10492 44 118
209
664 14890 16468 4 116 2
1235
256
126
43
1280
2
2880
27 5
120 4281 22829 9 50 121 9 75 112 128
6890 14043 2 38 23
27
1 9556 37327 19680 52624 26569 37929 58169 71540 110599
36
2
40
22
1977
3.2. Shabla Lake Complex
26898 50064 25963
269
Species Number
3.1. Dourankoulak LC Totals
Larus cachinnans Other water birds
1986
11
1
4
7
78
22
5 17 45
3
1989
8
1988
13
3485 58868
70
5 3
33
17
1990
16
4469
21
110
377
214
15
127
450
6 1
2100
15120
382
25
210
20
150
1
3000
19
316
34
70 30
65
260
169
1000
40
2131 10761 11
11
597
52 39
60
32
1
29
1 6
2
1991
4
3
3
6
1992
9
68
1
18 2
89
23
1993
15
5 2 1
192
94
5 105
6
1994
32
15
49
66
7 62
1995
31
6 2 1
131 25
3 173
1996
29
56 24 1 4 1
52
86 5
1997
23
20
66
5
43
700
321
7
210 298
50
740
11 1 49
91 36
268
5150 33372 55845 1 6 10
10
32
876
1
1
910
2
4 283
6 4
492 369
48 4 9 8
6 224 1
3
915
5
3 16
90 735
795
2
1 15 12
115 181
1430 29867 19800 47008 14 42 2 89 35 13 15 1 7 6 43 409 3045 62210 2 4 4 6 42 14 1
3
4080
9
35
4
19 101
43 80
17
300
1824
5 1 55 29
40 82
131
50
15
1998
23
28
5
1
21
320
2
3 5
2000
24
4
15 9 17
55
1 13
2001
1 9211
49
3
14 164 3 1 1 102 26
1
1 2 2 2786
1
72 730
2
21 5812
715
7
50
1
4 1303
39 32442 20000 12 18 53 1 40
1 1231 193873 46950 1 5 20 341
71
2
29 202 2
168
54
25 11
1999
25
1228 27021 10131 25333 40323 25905 20587 23517 15528 70941 13068
2
218 9 338 4 17 261 6 94724 160660 65183 51673 25570 67504 46166 115550 177335 64200 157333
1 19
2
13 2
52
9
1
1987
18
130972
450
APPENDIX 1
115
116
2
240
140
303
298
60 19
63
394 5
87
296 246
31
294
2
3 4
5
264
140
1
190
82
1
60
300
1
30 18
5
27
4
1977
15
21
107
37
22
6
72
2
1
18
11 10
7
8
2
9
37
15
1
1982
26
91
148
4
2
38
9
1981
19
22
92
7
52
2 40
15
11
8003
1980
23
21
1979
19
3 106
1978
21
29
5
13
91
122
11 2
1983
23
32
8
25 10 23
1
1984
21
30
18 3
305
11
23 35 3 6 1 80
2
1985
26
19138 106776 68501 111176 31809 81279 79100 84695 151709
Gavia stellata Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Cygnus spp. Anser fabalis Anser albifrons Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Aythya marila Somateria mollissima Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Anatinae spp. Rallus aquaticus
3.3. TyulenovoKaliakra Coast
Species Number
3.2. Shabla Lake Complex Totals
Calidris canutus Calidris alba Gallinago gallinago Scolopax rusticola Numenius arquata Tringa totanus Charadrii spp. Larus ichthyaetus Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus genei Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
1986
10 1
212
1
1
46
4 1
410
2
97
14
12 1
312 1 60 150
790
8 1
1
7
51
17 2 3 3039
6 2 2
1
1
21
1
58 43 6
18
1
1987
16
1
21 7
36
9
35
1988
17
30 130
8
9
21 4 62
9
1990
14
29
41
13
6
1989
12 1991
14
19
4 2
200
9
4
1992
13
18
5
8
800 71
110
7 2
1993
21
17
32
60 14 15
1994
33
41
4
6 10
8
1
171 9 36
1995
25
8 2
389 203 9
101
3
8
170 1 51
192
1996
29
2
1 1 41
1 106 12
2 29
3
10
183 47 112 1
634 6
1
1997
36
113152 164182 67950 64186 31525 101844 103898 118399 210141 90195 272575
270
6
1
1
1
347 44
387
1
65
120
173
37
17
16
204 59
2
73 35 251
220
2
1998
24
67
44
6030 2
15 96
76 9 266 1
11
15
1999
28
2000
26
1 14
1
264 14 102
574
2
2001
22
7293 12247 236324 69771
244
111
17
1
4
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Species Number
Kav.-Kranevo C Totals
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Anser anser Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Fulica atra Tringa totanus Tringa ochropus Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
6
672
600
4
36
10
2372
16
6486
201
12
2973
236
43 5
1 89 197
84
116
2276
85
30
2273
154
3 30 6
1252
1
200
2
3 64
28
1
1981
8
592
50 4
443
1663
83
233
123
71
4
25
35
6 45
3
1980
9
9403
2 950 41
242
5 2144
1979
9
575
23
154
3 16
1978
3.4. Kavarna-Kranevo 1977 Coast
147
29
20
8
134
17
3
30
8
Species Number
Tyul.-Kaliakra C Totals
Fulica atra Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans
13
3789
501
272 92
2393
61
81 100 2
68
14
168
6 31
1982
16
1067
1 4
769
10
6207
251
133 103
5560
43
9
2
68
8 30
1983
9
1117
2
842
13
3945
235
290
2
3039
19
1
80 183
8
47 13
20 8
1984
8
449
50
300
15
7086
83
170 12
2230
109
16 120
4112
84 19 2
1 3
62
63
1985
15
973
10
1
445
1986
15
14209
61
10
3540
7
3446 1 1 1680 131
2 3
19
123
72
1987
9
688
60
480
9
3332
54
1850 1
150 50
1181
39 6
1
1988
10
957
10 2
835 1
7
1035
55
803
2
140 21
4
10
1989
6
173
76
14
1821
707
4 1
1
1031
2
13 2
12
1
40 1 1
5
1990
12
1066
5 24 33
719
3
2151
1750
1
400
1991
14
3585
475
331
2020 1
13
134 122
378 1
5
14
2
63
26
1992
9
333
71 14
10
3
1915
3 1911
1
1993
10
2848
802
1025
16
3475
2 284
90
6
1965
39
641 151
121
1
2
50
1
89 20
13
1994
9
300
32
1
128 1
620
40 867
1
5870
1 39
1404 397
782
27
1
119 4 2
34
1996
15
2982
2 1538
305
205
50 6176
154 664 798 6 9 169 9 5156
62 13 4 772
207 8 2846 1
233 42 2 5
78 2
1
1997
22
1866
422 13
1
238
16
16
26
3284 10208 17672
50
30 674
737
3
1112 243 2
20 300
32
9
3
56 3
10
1995
12
1477
56 100
1035
68
5828
503
27 5
7
4220
16
122 437 4
222
48
1 7 18480
1
131 81
2 101
1999
14
13
19
5208 24415
289
61
3955
84
181 16
229
3
2 3
183 152
50
1998
11
1297 12528
377
58
2000
12
1983
119 55
3
452
203
1 891
5
1
14 166 9
64
2001
11
1949
295 680
2
APPENDIX 1
117
118
1977
Gavia arctica 1 Gavia spp. Tachybaptus ruficollis 39 Podiceps cristatus 17 Podiceps grisegena Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis Podiceps spp. Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus Botaurus stellaris Egretta garzetta Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Cygnus spp. Anser albifrons Anser anser Anser spp. Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna 62 Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos 97 Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina 62 Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula 39 Aythya marila Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Oxyura leucocephala Anatinae spp. Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus 6 Fulica atra 3983 Recurvirostra avosetta Pluvialis squatarola Calidris alpina Gallinago gallinago Numenius arquata Tringa totanus Tringa ochropus Tringa glareola Actitis hypoleucos
3.5. Varna Lake Complex
2476 7
60 32 114 5 13
2 4374 5 891
995 4
26 18
567
355
5150
27
695
116 45
8
2579
4529
6 63
31
53 259
1 1 122
3
1 7
1
763
282
3
18
88
1 264 1
7 245
1983
18 345
1
1982
17 368
1
192
13 535
1981
148 406
86 277
1024 372
668 2135
19
234 12
22
148
118
514
1
158
440
114 95
1980
3
8 52
1979
285 841
1978
3136
320 625
277
2
26
9
256
132 583
1984
1603
35
858
5328
3 1532
58 4
9
38
41
45 539
1985
1986
4472
2000
20
619
107
521
122 1116 23 9
71
2 5
29
18
413
245
1988
44
69
300
1331 5
26
17 23
49
2
60
1 108
1987
2
6563
129
33
1139
328
7
3
44 4 5
87 2
1989
8453
28 14 30
11
4578
191 1685
2
33
61 7 11
150
34 530
1990
700
500
20
1991
2 159 638 1
11
2 53 13
1 248
27
67
304
1 16 1339
1993
3
2093 8 1 2 60
5 2 5
2
11042
100 2
63
24
1235
5972
35
14 35 2 311 1872
122 5
239 23
63
6
678
6 358
1994
1
660 12429
1 161
400
1110 10621
256
6
2
1
9
3
22
12 17
1992
1
7996
3
1 20 64
2441
16 4068 1 21 28 3615
11
1 14 75
2 197 2
30
76
269
3 176 1
1995
4 9990
4 22 128 1 1
647
4590
3 38 6 84 952 8 30
1222 5
1 3 2 315 6
147
335
415
12 859
1996
50 4 768 2
2826
27 2 5006
1 4 14 370 147
91
1 18 483 12
169
676
1030
180 1381
2
1998
6 2 352 8
1686 1 1979
2 5 2 16 830 778 1 32
1282
2 166 168
204
179
641
194 503
2
1999
5 3 1
875
1420
31 5 12 689 589 14 31
492 14
7 15 32 18
181 1
22
441
108 234
2000
33
245
285
25
418
2
14
7 5
217
160
248
2 295
2001
4 1
2 6 18
8
2 2 1 5 1 1 7
6 28 1 3 36 9230 32256 11137 11259 13125 2
1
26 291 24 3
372
8 7 91 26 181 1889 3 4 36 3767
2780 115
3 415 84
202 3
62
197
24 940
2
1997
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
1050
620
3
12
1 5 2
1
380
15
30
1978
3.6. Kamchiya-Obzor 1977 Coast
Gavia stellata Gavia arctica Gavia spp. Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus Botaurus stellaris Egretta garzetta Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Ciconia ciconia Cygnus olor Cygnus columbianus Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Anser anser Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Aythya marila Clangula hyemalis Melanitta nigra Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Charadrius dubius Vanellus vanellus
22
6608 17787
5429
1682
11
Species Number
3.5. Varna Lake Complex Totals
Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus genei Larus canus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
3
1979
12
8747
1016
3100
30
19
7 14
5
3
162 180
23
1 2
1
19
490
5 163
1
6
53 3
18
1982
21
8
5
1983
9
2184
430
121 520 9350
348
2741
1 19
40
69 2
6
1981
14
8666
350
1712
17
20
6
4
1980
16
6377
170
1141
1212
98
2
1
41
8
1984
13
8 7
50
98
1985
15
6221 11403
14 226
615
1986
267
30 61
2
10
1
22
1987
18
30
15 40
2
50
1 350
19
41
7
2 28 57 5
1989
16
1
34
4
4
2
32 1
1 1
1990
20
9354 16053
936
1 71
34
12
13
59 27
1988
18
3327 10312
3
50
99 61 999
1991
4
2220
1000
30
230
480
645 4 6 1990
1 25 180
1 4 272 1 82 2700 9 618
66 4 1180
62
864 2 357 1042 6
7 4 1279 3 242 401 6 129
1
1185
6
1196 79
26
14
39 100
3
1992
18
37 2
5
15
35 1
10
1993
28
376
1 1669
106
17 18 5 15 3 245 357 1 4
443 12 269
6 2
53 24
5 1
12
1994
28
3 1
69 66
47
15
1995
31
2 705
14
3
2260 4 5090 1590 38 4 1
18
27 90
1 1 11
1 1
12 1 1 71 47
1996
34
668
6 204
370 1019
29 35 1934
29
1
139 110
22
1
1997
35
3260
112
484 1183
6 3 1280
15 280
13
35 4
410 430
124
11 2
1998
30
3780 3 96
78
4 1
1
2405 615
3 1 101
1
17 130
55
2
169 183
29
4 3
1999
35
2000
39
2001
18
2736 28362 23348 21334 22890 21486 46775 22490 18517 15212
21
3 10 42
APPENDIX 1
119
120
1977
6
24
1978
3
425
1979
1
3
1980
13
490
157 18 30
13 1981
1982
18
1261
3 224 12 161
8 302 2 87 870
224
4
4 1983
1984
6
126
14
14 40
60
13
1985
5
164
1
Gavia stellata 11 Gavia arctica 10 2 2 28 Gavia spp. Tachybaptus ruficollis 40 285 14 120 13 24 18 156 58 Podiceps cristatus 120 946 265 10278 649 597 483 832 658 Podiceps grisegena 1 1 Podiceps auritus 8 3 1 Podiceps nigricollis 13 587 323 629 554 605 588 434 396 Podiceps spp. Phalacrocorax carbo 3 1 1 2 17 28 36 80 Phalacrocorax aristotelis 5 16 7 3 40 9 31 33 4 Phalacrocorax pygmeus 19 121 26 221 53 9 1253 294 22 Pelecanus onocrotalus Pelecanus crispus Botaurus stellaris 1 1 Egretta garzetta 1 Egretta alba 5 2 31 1 3 Ardea cinerea 3 1 2 12 5 3 1 Ciconia ciconia Cygnus olor 43 128 309 249 76 71 246 73 501 Cygnus columbianus 1 Cygnus cygnus 29 1 66 9 88 Cygnus spp. Anser fabalis 1 18 Anser albifrons 28168 67196 32813 54519 37525 71993 68191 121923 196771 Anser erythropus Anser anser 475 1176 814 175 13 119 175 31 277 Anser spp. Branta ruficollis 1417 892 15048 16578 2245 12223 9922 6890 14142 Tadorna ferruginea Tadorna tadorna 92 238 20 47 28 4 92 Anas penelope 83 128 6 708 838 7 39 Anas strepera Anas crecca 91 1294 692 183 150 545 165 205 123 Anas platyrhynchos 8212 84687 42476 39004 1003 51583 1400 9081 56298 Anas acuta 18 18 5 12 4 2 9 Anas clypeata 2 20 21 41 642 684 60
North Black Sea Coast (NBSC)
Species Number
3.6. Kamchiya-Obzor Coast Totals
Calidris alba Gallinago gallinago Numenius arquata Tringa totanus Charadrii spp. Larus melanocephala Larus miutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
10
8
18
13 2
96 9 33
21
4
37
2 1
72 74 11 2
14
29
1 6
22
1991
2
17
106 9 9
136
12 52
1992
12
2921
267
5
1
81 2
558
1
1
119 14 27
581
1 16 1382 2
1993
9
375
200 70
1020 12 311
2 1 11 2
298 15 70
1744
13 553 1
21
1994
28
3923
3 258 8
8
2
200
20
206
2 14 7
245 36 154
688
21 366 1
1
1995
11
81
1 3 1 4 4 1 362
1 15 1440 1 1 1396 25 533 59 508
1996
25
405 10193
1 14 2 107 80
1385 11 464
3 6
14
382 138 210
1165
24 1857 16
5
1997
19
4858
1 65 187 15
23
26
1219 23 15163
11
70
191 2183
123 2534 23 59
467
5
72
11
3006 13241 10974
19
1600
6
729 3
5 6
20
1 20 2 159 947 1
79 50 5800 35892 59288
10
49 5 1022 75 4310 40497 19924 48552 3 45 3 76 60 151 821 251 2 6 60 317 77 90 228 2367 5042 8132 70480 1 3 12 7 42 76 48 5
8
11 212102 163660 111558 53583 25835 91718 52728 132674 202833 83190 171670
28
199
2
12 20717 6
26
2
58 8 1
145
343
712
134
5 597
34 570
176 2 2 153 4 192 46 3
11 1990
1 239 272
13 1989
82
80
1988
223
1
1
1 4
1987
499
3
2 1 3
6
3
1986
398
1
1
3
27
1 27 17 476 1795
2436
58
171
19 16
3
1753 295 239
1086
140 667 1
16
2000
15
17 16
1690 422 278
1068
8 1169
7
2001
5 49 68 204 16 24 847 727 1690 19230 4 15 33 33
26
5 4484
20 45
135 50209 21660
554
364
17 2
1
546 468 282
1205
51 14 196 713
1999
28
7742
2 12 36 1
6
10 19 1 2 9005 37941 245459 54182 1 12 8 149 349
56
620
42 26
1
1464 333 179
1900
43 2 181 1875
1998
21
7728
10 10 36
20
2 2
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
60 3203
1548
5518
1 2148
482
1461 3 610
931
17 2371
395 1404
4
5
1299
277
8 3241
224
2
1646
667
533
2
775
14
3 40 1047
2
25
2 43
9615
8495 10080 12143 20755 23361 4
3985 7
307
320 1150
12
8
1096
9 1125
214
11 229
1
1167
287 1569
79
3 1 191
465
1 285
196
137 360
778
249
50 332
17 2877
26 882
60 32 227 5 13
215 4890 5 1048
1365
18
569
2
10
3 2
8168
8 34 195
1239
189 5748
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis
4.1. Dalyana-Vlas C
Species Number
1977
31
3
1978
30
3
1979
24
7
1980
29
3
1981
32
2
1982
35
12 1
1983
31
23
1984
35
6
1985
34
North Black 52802 175871 107646 140163 59264 167730 112976 154135 287171 Sea Coast Totals
Netta rufina 33 Aythya ferina 106 Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula 96 Aythya marila Aythya spp. Somateria mollissima Clangula hyemalis Melanitta nigra Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula 3 Mergus albellus Mergus serrator 63 Mergus merganser 42 Oxyura leucocephala Anatinae spp. Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus 6 Fulica atra 10546 Recurvirostra avosetta Charadrius dubius Charadrius alexandrinus Pluvialis apricaria Pluvialis squatarola Vanellus vanellus 4 Calidris canutus Calidris alba Calidris alpina Calidris minuta Philomachus pugnax Gallinago gallinago Scolopax rusticola Numenius arquata Tringa totanus Tringa ochropus Tringa glareola Actitis hypoleucos Charadrii spp. Larus ichthyaetus Larus melanocephala Larus minutus 3 Larus ridibundus 1874 Larus genei Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans 1209 Other water birds 454
1161
1 16 50
3
7566
20
198 1
3
454
34 2278
12
101 61 1072
1
1061
2 2 74
6
2
9946
1 7807
25
8
2 285
126
1698
5 2000
174
4
222
741
793
249
2 16 49
11562
130
28 14 396
345
5921
1000
1
1
5
2450
44
300
825
552
3 15 42
1
1048
3476
267
2 2
2
3
36 3 235
2273 8
8 11313
35 9 266
48 4
2113 2
6 6965
10 28 133
3 5
3284
12 34 274 1 3
4 1
4966 47
33 322 538 12
1
1
4116
28 4 193 5423 13278 12231
54 4 1113 3
5450 1
4 5737
4 15 3 497 10
1 4
1 5621 1 3439
20 20 270
3
2487 1
2047
1 481
1
575 4
784
34 17 745 4 1576 2 1278
2 5
1397 1 2494
2 39 214
2 2
7 6 1
2 80 72 394 338 1 3 5236 14409 1 4885 2261
1
1
2729
239
152
20
1
1 5 1 1 7
2057 90
2108 6
4 894 1437 2 3 1934 14417
13
6 25
1840 55
7 63 80 1 424
1
1 100 10 7 10 5 5 15 30 1 1 1 6 3 1 53 4522 14423 17536 13322 22755 22136 58384 35396 24176 18336 2 3 1 1100 5 1 5 2 377 2 75 96 1 1 1 5 1 8 23 3 5 1 30 8 3 2 1 1 2 5 2 2 6
8 204
901
2650
1986
14
1987
31
1988
31
1989
25
3
1990
32
1991
17
1992
27
1
1993
39
1994
54
1995
44
1996
53
1997
51
2
1998
39
7
1999
51
2000
49
2
2001
38
6298 262746 182767 139088 87677 37124 138440 149160 175062 276964 168671 354857 94429 95290 367683 109247
1200
59
4 76
2800
47
33
1680
APPENDIX 1
121
122
Gavia stellata Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Netta rufina Aythya ferina
4.2. Sl. BryagAcheloy Coast
18
2
7 15
63 6 2 1
10
404
714 5
1
2 37 118
1978
8
2 2 14
1977
232
4.1. Dal.-Vlas C Totals
Species Number
58
14
23
33 36
37
26
62
119
200
1 280
25
93
447
32
68
2
1980
11
1633
50
2
15
16
2
205 4
3 4 13
1981
7
428
42
22
1
85
245
52
61
3
741
2 4 6
50
13
52
672
1
1979
6
136
28
57
8
3
39
Podiceps cristatus Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Anser albifrons Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas platyrhynchos Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Somateria mollissima Melanitta nigra Bucephala clangula Mergus serrator Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Charadrius alexandrinus Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans
51
111
2
26
78
2 1 43
1982
7
122
28
50
13
14
14
1
14
31
31
1
26 1
4
17
1983
9
361
124
120
46
1
27
28
2
163
1
16
101 1
1
4
1984
9
1452
165
10
1113
9
26
25
72
9
17 75
1293
1 136
4
9 62
560
4
323
35 3
67 3 4
1987
5
1986
11
1570
21
845
19
4 51 369 20
207
27 3
4
3 31
1985
14
1272
13
2
6 7 996 1
51 7
120
1
1 53
34 8
76
118
8
119 13
1
1988
200
4
20
9
1989
2
177
170
7
200
520
1
1 39
106
22 28
6
1990
13
1307
24
2 1
11 400 330
73 4 430 8
19 2
1991
8 7
329
103
1
49 17
20
1992
10
567
4
1
415
6
70 10
7
3
45
6
92 51
100
1
274 4 25
55
3
1993
16
1517
18 84
7 10 796
12 1 59 11 228 18
234
27 1
10
61
103
50 23 3
2 2 7 1
1994
130
1
3
68
1995
3530
48
1
22
30 1
1
1996
7
6066
12
1225
4800 11
12 3
3
370
104
147 21 1
47
1997
5
1234
18
310
800 81
25
11
6
35 1
44
15 2
42 67
67 1
5
1998
6
1294
9
864
336
74
9
639
3
43
20 1
80 25
21
11
1999
9
1187
3
951
150 16 1
23
22 14
17 1374 4
1 295
2
7 3
19 28
1 1 9
2000
11
3007
42
613
2
20
2200
2 1
78 44 4
1
76 1 1
64 88
2
2
2001
5
69
18
22
2 25
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
41
1
11
300 1616
4
9 52 182
38 8
1036 604
2
1 85 2 1 161 17
177
360 200
265 31
212
185
36
87
135
1 179 4
1984
152
220
363
28 4 453 402 2
56 132 5 249
26
29
173
36 18
1985
21
9409
267 3247
11
15
6715 1
520
19
17 90
24
25
2545
123
92
14
82
6 20
1
19
21
6
1983
9
198
73
36
73 9 19
162 3
126
37 121
1982
10
395
7 74
25
2 3 8
44 1 4
6 1 175
1
1981
12
604
266
24
130
12
34
4 1 116
1980
10
1542
1 121
372
1 50
16
4
39
50
26
1
1 71
1 62 5
1979
6
444
162
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis 4 Podiceps cristatus 7 Podiceps grisegena Podiceps nigricollis 771 Podiceps spp. Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus Botaurus stellaris Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor 30 Cygnus columbianus Cygnus cygnus 3 Anser albifrons 184 Anser spp. Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna 65 Anas penelope Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos 27 Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina 421 Aythya fuligula 1213 Aythya marila Aythya spp. Somateria mollissima
15
1944
221
1978
8
61
9
1
351
1977
4.3. Pomorie Lake Complex
Species Number
4.2. Sl. BryagAcheloy C Totals
Aythya fuligula Clangula hyemalis Melanitta nigra Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Anatinae spp. Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Pluvialis squatarola Vanellus vanellus Calidris alba Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans
3
2
9 2 30 23
1
1
39
1 59 5
1986
120
13
5
46
2
1987
13
4565
126
3
2
3375
58
321
4
4
64
3
1988
9
888
1
535
17
1 1600 400
3
33
11
18
2 1 18
1989
7
1325
17
1050
25
2
290 3
90 900
230
3
30 3 22
9
1990
13
4582
400
3230
28
1
1991
2807 720
590
55
130
2 1
207
33
1992
16
3592
116
4 1 2 2
2770
152
11
521 295
381
42
2 27
11 1
18
35
68
3
1993
15
2807
1 6 100
1995
97
3
15
238 976 3
16 48
70
17 750
2 108
47
83
1
40
1994
15
3869
416
25
7 2930
192
47
220 170
107
8
1900
29
3
42
75
16
1
1995
9
1045
41 11 57
725
9
177 35
10
40
13
33
3
1996
11
5731
313
1678
12
95
897 2074
124
372 180 275 448
1110
171
126 1 252
2
1997
9
5587
780
117
4000
1 1 335 761 2
23 52 12 43
5 8 200
12 17
31
1 11
1998
19
6602
11 1 336
5910
45 2
1
1416 922
391
132 4
188
5
17
65
6 24
1999
12
5931
119
4947
22
303 786
118 7
28 9
137
1
38
144
101
4 34 6
2000
18
4265
59
4
6 2418
17
6
2
1
2
2
2001
11
1071
58
14
759
6
APPENDIX 1
123
124
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus crispus Botaurus stellaris Egretta garzetta Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Platalea leucorodia Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Cygnus spp. Anser fabalis Anser albifrons Anser erythropus
4.4. Atanasovsko Lake Complex
Species Number
4.3. Pomorie Lake Complex Totals
22
20
70
16
100 26 63
270
1 1 8
3 2
2 23
547
16
1979
5 11
6
1
1978
1235
48
20
3795
4
460 17
13
1
400
889
17
101
15
115
3
1977
22
5539
Melanitta nigra Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula 6 Mergus albellus Mergus serrator 360 Mergus merganser 22 Anatinae spp. 34 Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra 1628 Recurvirostra avosetta Charadrius dubius Pluvialis squatarola Calidris alba Calidris alpina 37 Calidris minuta 8 Calidris spp. Limosa limosa Numenius arquata Tringa erythropus Tringa totanus Tringa ochropus Larus melanocephala Larus minutus 8 Larus ridibundus 400 Larus genei 20 Larus canus 15 Larus cachinnans 276 Other water birds 70
296 2 50
33
482
567
336 40
191 14
4
62
60
23
4
4
1
5
1980
18
1
6
5
15
6
1
1981
20
21
39
1
30
13
1982
24
35
20 4
13 5
1983
11
1991 13706 20012 16242
85
24 109
1
5
13
1211 10678 18135 15260 10
162
3 5
40
2
11
26
36
1
1984
16
7107
78
89
18
5734
16
43
50
1 1
1 1 19 7 8
1985
27
5114
127 3
11
4
5
1
14
1
3211 15
70
4 2 33
480
1
3 5 2
12 1
18
1986
21
1715
28
1 71
25
3
1389
3
19
1
143
24 3
5 3
8 2 7
4
1987
10
3431
40
1
2976
200
28
31
3
1
17
45 26
7
1988
9
5535
3
1 5057
78
350
3
23 1 10 26
2
1989
13
6354
9
4255
3
160
7
3 4
2
1990
16
5318
2
3
3
3711
17
82
22
2
9 31 1
1
1991
120
1
62 15 12
17
1992
18
7816
208
2 5 40
5
2
18
2894
97
2 6
53
4
59 9 10 6 2
12
1993
21
4048
110
15
7 3
2 11 14
2348
134
300
9 8 1 220
2 1 12 46 1 6
1994
28
6498
250 3
19
1
2 13 5
1 3704 2
76
3 3
2250
34 5
39
54
25 17
5
1995
17
3463
93
3 127
1
662
6
8 2 7
13
45
70 277
20
22
16
1
120
10
20
41
42
430
6
4 9141 12644 11284
180
1
3
4
3682
20
155 1
43
197 1 4 83
1996
9
5440 1
753
202 140 7 6 1 1 10 4
14 34
1997
21
256
15 10
4 202 2
4
1
1998
23
22
279
11 5
1 91 6
33 7
2000
300 16010
768
16 2
8 1 51 6
3 3 1
1999
18
5489 10270 10776 15971 13550
13
5165
21
186
24 13 30 8
7 6 80 101
1
2001
12
418
5
10
12
41 7 120
210
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
13
35
3 1 273 56
1217 4107 5
260 1830
1
1 74 2578 56 43 11 10
77
28
625
41
1
2060 100
Species Number
32
26
8065
58
140
2
6 532
201 1130
340 282
2
359 200
3 1003 1114 450
21
6941
356
560
3
1
12 50 3000
12 254 52
11
1651 385
1980 755
2124 1450
4.4. Atanasovsko LC 18156 Totals
Anser anser Anser spp. Branta leucopsis Branta ruficollis Tadorna ferruginea Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Aythya spp. Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Anatinae spp. Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Recurvirostra avosetta Charadrius dubius Charadrius alexandrinus Pluvialis squatarola Vanellus vanellus Calidris canutus Calidris alba Calidris alpina Calidris minuta Calidris spp. Philomachus pugnax Gallinago gallinago Scolopax rusticola Limosa limosa Numenius arquata Tringa erythropus Tringa totanus Tringa ochropus Tringa spp. Charadrii spp. Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus genei Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
23
6074
20 5
514 24
1
5 1
3
10
3
1
15
70 30
1775 200 5
1620 1735
220 1
21 38
111
21
351 37
4 111
2
14 3
190 2919 1121 2
4141 1151
26
23
8728 10562
30
785
12
1 33
112
1
7 341 3
26 320
25
2549 1324 51 100 1845 865 264
1655
1549
8
50
3
240
13 194 800
9
45
769 3049 2074 79
3505 1451
298 1
314
2 1
34
9
1 2
558 51
9 10
55 2
80 3947 251 1
4036 754
25
23
29
5857 15609 10547
180
1 1
17
335
6 32
52 550 161
5
55
1 1359 613 8 785 1163 169 287
33
8311
8 26
36
9165
80
224 22
27
20
609
3
62
103 163 150 16 130
1
2
6 4 40 1 19 335 486
1
2866 977 82
2226 935 5
7 26 8
198 3
54 845
30 325 4 21 899 230
1
1493 277 1 704 1225 355 411
9
16
3936
556 5
177 5
682 590 15
1094 682
24
4180
25
10
7
5
70
6
5 464 36
30
32 22
159 408 594
1763 129
18
3623
4
180 1
28
13
3 40
19
2000 115 1
993 50
24
3189
30
158
6
2
4
25
7 30
1 5 20
90 540 411 183 18
1511
22
5056
84 22
1
400
1
40 1
3
395
110
308 6
36 669 131
2160 462
27
7885
393
421
1
1
1
12
5 1480
117
549 1571
2155 641 2 65 298 10
36
8547
200
107 2
1 8
21
78
101
55 58
5 18 1090 307
68
1
8 23
2491 547 17 277 2044 247 167
27
6217
103
1 61
1
15
2
106
555
1
4 3
926 323
58 428 27 61
1102
11
206
275 24 32
29
11
4
53
7
4450
3
7 9 145
1210 72
240 1193 410 230
63
474 14
11
4 48
146
39 32
12 2884 18
8 11 18
25
2620 895 5 381 2251 221 274
18
5
3
98 28
1042 2447 53 155 6479 215 72
1 24
42
70 13
133 32
6
42
14
185
149 117
224 1
2000 6
1
1 11 1 10
1
51
10
2 13 32 7676 10475 10
1 15
606 3344 374 722 20 3085 656
1823 2098
1
24
23
37
33
35
36
3923 20147 10971 22378 39937
87
7
7
35
102 3 3 928
40 7
165 250 67 3
1555 180
380 2 2498 2034
11
30
5369
131
200 20 1
46
21
380
8
6 1055 114
3
961 77 2 363 1061 189 261
14
APPENDIX 1
125
126
1977
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus 108 Pelecanus onocrotalus Pelecanus crispus 1 Botaurus stellaris Egretta garzetta Egretta alba Ardea cinerea 32 Ciconia ciconia Platalea leucorodia Cygnus olor 22 Cygnus cygnus 5 Cygnus spp. Anser albifrons 61 Anser erythropus Anser anser Anser spp. Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna 36 Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos 170 Anas acuta 2036 Anas clypeata 10 Aythya ferina 644 Aythya fuligula 439 Aythya marila Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus 4 Mergus serrator Oxyura leucocephala Anatinae spp. Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra 2053 Recurvirostra avosetta Vanellus vanellus Calidris minuta Philomachus pugnax Gallinago gallinago Limosa limosa Numenius arquata Tringa totanus Tringa nebularia Larus ichthyaetus Larus minutus Larus ridibundus 1500
4.5. Vaya Lake
5080
1 10
10 40
2 30
288 58 19 681 859 88
150 7130 171 962 4827 1269
1 4253
1
51
100
1
22
2
38
31
1445
35
315
752
62 2
1810
1 150
800
2420 222 50
2105
24
2 353
44 4 5 300 7294 75 4590 160 40 1
1
5
1 900
1
28
1 2060
19
800 1718 26 2735 610 3650
135
1
63
189 9
1365 3500 130 3382 120
1787
51
1 5
461
4 913
500
2
152 14 1
6380
1 25
10
14 33
3 6
4 1 102 7950
1 5
10
53
5
1987
13
1 11
1
259
1
160 2560 468 12400 2220 1620
190 350
10
18 7 3
13
111
1986
2042
1
361
2 12
48
41
9 4 1400
1989
7 112
16 38
50 220
4 266
20 28
7878 2740 8191 4079 3583 10424
55 215
4
552
3
25
1 18 274
1988
1000
230
4511 40 82
7600
10
300 4 47
180
1990
76 4
1070
1991
500
4
40
12
2
1
1993
1
138 386
7 187
5
12
13
19 6
200
2
62 1 17
6765
215 10016
9
6
6 88 5
1992
10 1967 1 893 3920 310 9918 3 15803
210 1900
5
51
44
41
12 5
1
2 9
1985
2
95 35
18 4
902
1
1984
2
1
192
870 25 33
15
1983
6
18
50
1982
1 4
52
20
1981
1
11
41
2
1980
1
50
1979
70
1978
60
4
156
3 1 2
1
460 3700 400
26 97
44
1 1 12 11 1
65
400
1994
33
1
34
24
104 355 3
55
14 12
23931
4 1
7 1
122
7 28 16 206
1995
37
313 48
101 2
745
2 540 274 1227
1997
100
208
345 2163
2
13 1
37 1253
14
2 23 2433
4 22
116 4 490 3001 44 860 5513 970
860
24
20 2 6593 20360
3
15
22
1996
41
60 17
5800 3 323
20 2 2800
1999
4 5
20 17
5700 19 275
6092
140
2000
34
1
16 167
175
4530 3360
900 430
70
3 66
455
1
1270 5860 3330
2 4 150 1902
1
574
2
1
1 97
100
24
2550 6106 2068
2 15 450
5109 30306 42370
1
49 2
934
21 1 3950
1998
120
15
4 60
785
60 450 3 1080 5930 2320
20
915
63 16
2
367
243
5 49
2001
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
318
Gavia stellata Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis 29 Podiceps cristatus Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis 1 Phalacrocorax carbo 6 Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus 6 Pelecanus onocrotalus Pelecanus crispus Botaurus stellaris Egretta garzetta Egretta alba 1 Ardea cinerea 11 Cygnus olor 17 Cygnus columbianus Cygnus cygnus 21 Cygnus spp. Anser albifrons 20 Anser anser Anser spp. Branta ruficollis Tadorna ferruginea Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera 35 Anas crecca 202 Anas platyrhynchos 1635 Anas acuta Anas clypeata 12 Netta rufina Aythya ferina 768 Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula 10 Aythya marila Aythya spp. Somateria mollissima Clangula hyemalis Melanitta nigra Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula 2 Mergus albellus 7 Mergus serrator 2
17
1977
4.6. Mandra Lake Complex
1553
903
21
20
2
11
1 2 36
25 18 23 8 199
19 2 121
11
1896
1208 8257 110 276
1900
2 2
122
789 38
191 39
1981
3354 17
2670
514
85
126
2 27 53
2701 1
4620
25 86 29 310 3228 3 22
296
45 16 13
606 14 1
250 1259
1 242 506
1982
21
13
1
9
117
1310
635
35
2840
27 6 38
580 201 4 652
5 226
1983
21
25
1
1234
1568 6480
1 2062
631
9 13 5
1280 10
273 434
21 14
1984
17
6031 15889 13754 11653
539
6139
100 2054 6 450
544 2
1578
1 42
21
116 52
165 20
1980
9
3190
525
3860 10349
2583
195
3430 2 1893
36 3708
3 1 1 137 6232
5
1 9 37
1 179 161 1 101 33 6 202
1979
19
6709
174
51 7 15
145
9 24
37 14
1978
22
7261 20188
1 139
Species Number
4.5. Vaya Lake Totals
Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans Larus spp. Other water birds
9 133 64
3 6882 2 7 8 1243 9 1817
2 2 94
61 3 1412
12 43
193 214 3 13 22 27
16 142
1985
22
8668
120
200
3
39
47
147 1022 23 11
1 66
1280 10 9
1 5 6
19
739
308 116
9 65
1986
15
3 2 32 2 57
1017 2
39 6 3710
1648
38 35
12
22
1 15 55
40
259 230
87 120
1987
16
12 19
30
5018
127 4209 46
10
42
1072
43 8 2
31 69 3
105 282
40
1988
16
12
6630
1028 160
40
7
1 1
122
10 72
1990
2 1
4 14
1300 13167
2 5 2648
20 453
4024
2 1 21
27 12
154 319
5 18
1989
21
3763 25576 20972 24967 14204
188
4 63 3149 2706
4 3 67
8220
5810
30
18 450 1410
1410
8 52 26
21 12 72
571 1043
416
1991
16
13
2
1 3 63 3 440 36 5373 2
14 1
37
38 13
1 6 7
1993
2 45 60
1
749
9 6 23
4845
507 79 1682 980 7 5 2 5 9250 16720
3 240
15
5318 19
26 9 27 15 95
117
60
202 476
8 1229
1992
21
5099 35391 17116
30
1 296
21
1 17 1
83 1 74
913 86
23 102
1995
56 22 89
3
6458 100
70 20 25 192 1015 4 332 2 11136
17
2 81 1
44 7 9001 1 1582
31 12 5 225 1747
20 30370
19 65 111 25 123
587 304 1 203 2 120 10
75 89
1
1994
22
6546 25254
1100
1 957
1086
1205
1720 2
4
2050
2676
221 1763 16
13 9
218
33 4 10
4
124
190 361
1 18
1996
14
1 2 30 442
860 10 4874 6 4433
72 220 6 66 1672
16860
61150 130
411 41 138 7 207
420 2
1225
366 1955
15 1640
1997
30
5
2814
1480
265
130
10
17 18 4
1
65
144 71
36 18
1998
18
26
63
193 48 54
1054
76 512
14 15
2000
17
24
3840
730
1 20 2 363 690 2 1
10
22
282
1560
6 1 2 858 1147 3
8704 61142
42 67 32 4 66
2
889
108 3842
36 23
1999
24
14
210
1952
2 18 189 1
1
14 45 26 6 58
17
228
47 175
21 49
2001
21
9634 40276 20766 53691 67176 14229
147
4 2 534
APPENDIX 1
127
128
5198
5395
4154
2228
14
1
4685
623
6500
165
1500 18477
80
90
2
5370
4 11050 29146
1
2
6
1 3909 2
1 4002
1
17
300 2
2 277
99
1 5
423
16 11338
4944
2675
14 1947
20 4 4246 10102
2 3320
1400
3 12 200
7
1 30 550
97
1
953 5
15
309 1
30 10
40 22 20 38
3
1235
4
180
10
5
2
700
8
4 2229 1
1 77
17
2 16
3 903
76 500
1015 1346
546
4 1
2
4 2 5 23
3 1602
183 300
1520
315
6 1
9 1
55
21 21 3400
34
911
145
3 1205
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Anser albifrons Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Aythya ferina
45 1 4
1
112 309 4 2 180
41
15
4
16
1
15
29
1978
22
340
20
1
1979
30
418
7 3 330 5
9
5 1 2
8
1980
29
400
1 4
63 2
1981
23
2 2202 5 10 85
10
2
15 7
25
1982
31
29
1983
22
180
36
1
2
1
1984
21
250
4 5 267
1
5
1985
35 1986
30
540
3
2
6 1
15
14
1987
34
41 223
39 1 1
5
1
1988
24 1989
28
2
6 8
1
1990
15
20
1991
24
17
212
1
13 9
1
1992
39
1
2
1993
40
1994
43
4515
490
6
43 11 3
1 11
1995
28
14334 41038 43390 30365 35988 31173 11691 41878 37019 34193 20732 12239 10722 21440 20368 24001 33742 26679 46674
4.7. Kraymorie-Cher- 1977 nomorets Coast
Species Number
4.6. Mandra Lake Complex Totals
Mergus merganser 7 Oxyura leucocephala 1 Anatinae spp. 10640 410 Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus 1 Fulica atra 618 1401 6316 Recurvirostra avosetta 18 Pluvialis squatarola 8 Vanellus vanellus 16 Calidris alba Calidris alpina 6 Calidris minuta Calidris spp. Philomachus pugnax Gallinago gallinago Numenius arquata Tringa erythropus Tringa totanus 4 7 Tringa ochropus Actitis hypoleucos Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus 283 7989 8587 Larus genei Larus canus Larus cachinnans 8 18062 12563 Larus marinus Other water birds 4 340 831
1739
3 1 2 2 9
31
6370
5
11
3775
3
29
5
1996
24
1202
9
14 650 10
122
10
1997
41
8196 106605
48
35
15
5 308
1 73
269
129
1
43
6 29
614 5 5 417 1
2 2
3
43
5
1071
2540
56
10
4
43 3 7
1998
18
544
41
3
1
39
10
1999
33
750
120
4 8 15
2
5
2000
31
5720 21381 69230
123
50
469
2 1 1392
4
2
44 2 2
2001
25
4892
183
312
2
1
28
1293
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Gavia arctica Gavia spp. Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Somateria mollissima
4.8. ChernomoretsDyuni Coast
Species Number
4.7. Kraym-Chern. Coast Totals
Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Anatinae spp. Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Recurvirostra avosetta Charadrius alexandrinus Pluvialis squatarola Calidris canutus Calidris alba Calidris alpina Calidris minuta Gallinago gallinago Scolopax rusticola Numenius tenuirostris Numenius arquata Tringa totanus Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans Larus marinus
1
1763
2 27
200
11
20
7
95 156
120 658
450
277 31 431 651
14 15
22
1 1
33 36
1987
13
2576
305
4
7
1 14 210 1
1
1988
10
5859
1989
24
4 70 30
1990
7
1125
972
25
33
26
108
1985
16
1547
143
295 116
136 2 3
1986
37
1
280
1991
8
869
300
200
400
700
30
2 245 101
5445
8
1
75
6
1404
2
2
4
1
575
5 200
42
221
27
1 66
46 7
2
1984
9
1134
500
200
195
2 19
10
2
52 3
1
1983
7
573
130
25
75
34 30
250
19
2
192
1
17 70 125 3
7
1982
17
6051
335
430
1
7
1
2910
4
22
2
90
12
1
1
2
39 154
1
1981
11
2674
4
219
1
954
6
1020
2
1
8
1
7
1 157 84 17
1980
19
5954
376
474
4 2
6 29 1
3 35 51 10
111 133
1979
4
1978
2515
32
1
1977
4479
1009
228
2563
399
330
1
10
3
4246 1
22
23
20
385
1433
304
57 130
1 3
447
1685
210 67
10 54
13
3
1 4 39 284
1992
16
2406
850
58
17 12
420
11 4
741
1
39
47
157 81
5
31 55 94 5 1 1
7
1993
4
643
2
150
490
1370 9
27
9
1 1 30
23 49 6
1
1994
83 170
10
6
2 31 183 1
1
1995
20
10650
2482
50
1 49 6
3
931
1
2012 3 5 27
850 70
1
36 5 1480
1996
11
5641
18 60
8
1
1140
2
600
148
4 11 15
9
5 68
4
1997
14
6574
90 60 303 1
1960
13
2130
252
21
2 101 503
23
1998
12
5615
369
107
2420
6
50
227 200 1
10 12 243
1999
12
2984
91
6
2 1379
13
855
41
2 8 136
2000
12
2856
29
1
1620
2
300
72 12
3
2001
13
715
62 1
6 3 4 20
25
530
14
APPENDIX 1
129
130
Gavia arctica Gavia spp. Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus Botaurus stellaris Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula Clangula hyemalis Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Anatinae spp. Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus
4.9. Alepou Marsh Complex
Species Number
4.8. Chern.-Dyuni Coast Totals
Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Pluvialis squatarola Tringa ochropus Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans Larus marinus
54 25 13
304
37
2 2 28
7
16
5
3 2
12
7
3
1
2 14
2
2 14
51
1
1978
13
3225
1
1977
10
1034
450
500
102
110
79
4
10
1979
13
9487
6022
1269
10
130
2030
1644
230
17
37
8
1
2
5
1
16
22 50
1
16 15
32
15
36
27
103
36 2
4 44
47
17
4
1982
13
3974
8
2
10
1
1981
11
5667
1405
195
1994
16
4
1
20 1
5
1980
14
6071
468
55
5 359
564
3892
57
4373
59
1 10
1116
376
75 10
1
13
10
5
1983
9
3640
480
140
2930
7
800
202
50 7
4
9
3
27 6
3
3
1984
11
2242
333
63
1240
7
6 10
21
28 67
127 1
2
1
79
16
1985
14
5833
1976
1080
1193
6 1 1 19
1986
2
27
4
1
1987
11
2056
165
130
1637
2
5
500
900
500 25
6
75
19 21
3 2
1988
12
3162
70
212
1
2579
62
11
18
1989
3
719
25
670
12
1
1 2 24
3
6
2
1990
9
637
150
50
220
69
550
640
140
22
7
30
1991
1
180
180
220
340
11
1 1 84
23 2
1 17
3
1992
17
5737
1 1400
1 1 35
3559
55
38 809 1 165
10
80
174
53 4
1
3
1993
16
5318
2816
41 500
1456
21
1 1
3
1060
320
2
1 44 80 9
181 3
34 2
1 50 75
11
16
1994
18
4394
769 1
32
2016 12 1
37
5
757
966
3 35
11
1
1 1
1995
14
2041
520
30
1
1000
3
2
180
2790
10
18
7
21
1996
11
8707
4005
22
5 500 1733
2365 2 1
3970
2
61 34
17
1997
14
3574
733 1
11 68
2460
37
27
57
904
43
2
41 1
2
23
1998
9
5783
1170 1
3710
287
970
1 1 3
13 2
1999
10
2620
110
5
1810
2
112
330
1 1 7
5 1
2000
7
1837
115
21
1514
5
8
1
3 10
2001
7
1129
1016
7 10
9
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis 1 Podiceps cristatus 6 Podiceps grisegena Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis 52 Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor 9 Tadorna tadorna 16 Anas penelope Anas strepera 12 Anas crecca 18 Anas platyrhynchos 83 Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina 2 Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula 449 Somateria mollissima Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator 4 Anatinae spp. Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus 4 Fulica atra 93 Pluvialis squatarola Gallinago gallinago Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus
18
1977
5.10. Arkoutino Marsh Coast
1319
Species Number
4.9. Alepou Marsh Complex Totals
Fulica atra 1044 Recurvirostra avosetta 2 Charadrius alexandrinus Pluvialis squatarola Calidris alba Tringa totanus 1 Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus 26 Larus canus Larus fuscus 1 Larus cachinnans 113
16
8
18
4 1
1
2
425
1252
1 3
1 1171
2330
80
26
12
550
91
28
2
1
61
1
1981
9
1465
2747
4
9
205
70
76
10
40
52
66
2
1980
50
13
1979
5 1
1
37
19
4 25 7 24 1 7 22
14 10
1978
1504
105
42
54
2623
2
33
100
1 41
904
1194
666
2250
372
1346
22 400
78
24
2
52 40
10 11 10
1982
13
425
92
140
992
11
4
4 2
2
8
1983
11
2367
750
216
7
4
10 15 41
25 1 1 5
36
16 4
1984
14
1648
153
30
351
28 50
6
15
1985
15
761
230
29 87
57
1986
1
1
2
2
2
1987
5
194
160
30
10
10
14
1
1988
13
2516
72
388
504
1
438 11
23
4
13 1
21
1989
4
486
2
455
520
2
800
422 11
23 15
1990
8
51
1991
7
1689
300
4
1185 1
2
4
69
1 105
13
7
42 2
4
1
1992
14
784
2
29
50
1 4 6
2 270 1 213
180
19
2 1 1 49
6
1993
13
2093
82
673
145
2
5 2 1
4
27
6 34 65
4 3 73
61 27
12 2 10 1
1994
26
2825
310
4
1
2 4 5
605
20
3
8
2 22
17
2
1995
11
2358
12
566
9
135
40
120
30 2
4 2
13 3
4
1996
10
3288
108
12
140
3
238
44 5
1104
1833
6 21 126
48 15 3 21
67 21
7
2
1997
12
7430
44
33 6
895
880
12
1
3350
1 1303
10 45
3 14 2
36 1
9 1
1998
10
1310
210
220
2 2
22
718
1
41 58
3
2 5
70 7
1
2
1999
9
1347
40
30
1065
1
3
15 10
3 1 5
26 83
2 2
2000
9
516
6
53
1
1
1
2 70 250
1 2 1 2
7
2
2001
8
75
44
3 1
APPENDIX 1
131
132
47
4
Species Number
4.11. PrimorskoTsarevo C Totals
12
284
175
9
1
1
733
6
2 528
21
12
17
1526
127
173
710
35
91
3
91
17 50 3
526 617 2 4
2901
29
5 1987
5
2
2 1 3
83 15
2
5
1988
15 9 9 176
1 3
469 140 5
8
14
1989
9
1016
1 65 14 305
476 21 19 1 22 12
6 3 27
1990
7
1793
1991
7
68
2 8 74 4 17 29
1 13 25
1 41 25
1 1 16
2
3
1993
15
823
6
1992
15
1447
55
1 91
124 6
9 2 3 4
1994
20
539
14
1766
133
157
1258
47
1
17
624
53
1
93
10 20 14 1
2
9
1834
14
3 1590
15
18
9
902
67
2
198
245
10
638
87
132
182
12
30 20
1
29
11
1835
1
1708
13
20
3356
89
43
4 1
1
2211
88
54 16
13
972
20
1119
2 129 2 55
460
13
230 32
11
251
1
138
4
30 5
22
2203
18
1
22 2 1 1530 1
71 150
2
2 153
104 36
24 43
72
1986
65
6 142 5
166 210
2
7
5 1985
8
9
143
44 1
6
14 1984
120 219
9
4 9
231 10
17 6 40
7 1983
65 446
6
34 36 13 9
1
12 1982
1023
1
84 1
1129
72 2067
122
25 20
1 2
86
1 7 27
1981
10
3156
145
15
1
16
8
1980
15
3181
1
1979
7
736
128
12 21 1 3 7
4 1
118 6 2
4 23 29
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus 25 Podiceps grisegena Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis 22 Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Botaurus stellaris Egretta alba 5 Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus 3 Anser albifrons 4 Anser anser 1 Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca 2 Anas platyrhynchos 14 Anas acuta 2 Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina 5 Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra 171 Charadrius alexandrinus Pluvialis squatarola Vanellus vanellus Calidris alba Tringa totanus Tringa ochropus Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans 30
19
2679
1978
14
796
1977
4.11. PrimorskoTsarevo Coast
Species Number
5.10. Arkoutino Marsh Coast Totals
Larus cachinnans
1995
7
74
18
15
714
43 5
37
1
464
17
3 23 1
8
1 24
68 6
13
1996
12
380
67
16
8008
77
31
2880
4 39
70 90
4460
60
38 3 130
79 7
39
1
1997
18
3631
14
10
2176
8
2077
7
40
14
4
18 1
2 5
1998
16
5682
16
12
1124
106
311
74
500 2
56
1 1 1
42
1
29
1999
16
1170
4
9
756
46
1
659
2
38 7
1 1 1
2000
13
1220
6
261
13
4
150
5
64 25
2001
12
340
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Species Number
4.12. Tsarevo-Sinemorets C Totals
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax aristotelis Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Anser albifrons Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Aythya marila Somateria mollissima Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Fulica atra Pluvialis apricaria Pluvialis squatarola Calidris alba Calidris alpina Calidris minuta Tringa erythropus Tringa totanus Tringa ochropus Actitis hypoleucos Arenaria interpres Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
4.12. TsarevoSinemorets C
1977
16
16
2906
790
314
1068
10 394
17
207 1226
4
2
11 277
6
193 117
1
13
2097
137
55 139
3
208 1346
10
2
10
2737
556
240
167 1654
1
16
1083
187
1 99
1
112 402
6
49
64
128
17
8
1
8
175 7
17
6
1982
105 4
7
2
1981
5
98
8 6 22 1
1980
10
58 22 9 1
32
4
1979
1 4
18 1
52
2 26 18
1978
6
82
10
40
5
1
3 23
1983
12
1500
139
6 40
38 1157
18
13
61 14
3 4 7
1984
13
1229
214
36 11
38 708
20
51
24
62 5 1
1 58
1985
1986
1987
13
2981
7
160
20
3658
95
26
4868
432
33
5 1 3 13 25
2
27
191 1953
1
2 19 4
370
2 5 6 6 945 7 28 1
568 188
23
42
1990
8 1
1
166 1043
68 52
1280 2
5
12 3 6 1
470 311
81
21
1989
1
80 2626
54
4
1
29 6 10
1
1988
1991
16
1292
11
2 13
2
2
4 335
790 24
40
13
11
29 12
2 2
1992
20
3491
278
1
5
2
133 1660
1
29 41
197
17 3
3 1 84 670
271 36
1
58
1993
28
2440
89
8
4
1
102 1520 7 14 2 22
41 63 2 4 5 1
144
3
5 6 12 3
288 69 1
16 2 6
1994
1995
12
916
33
25
2
28 530
14 1
180
6
89 6
2
1996
10
1072
90 137
2
1
57 580
156
13
34
2
1997
13
1884
104
57
58 947
3
161
3 3 29
389 98
31 1
1998
12
1480
81
102
126 894
1 2
48
2
121 45
33
25
1999
13
635
26
3 16 342
7
3 1 2
95 130
7 2 1
2000
9
385
80 120
6 43
4 3
53
2 72
2
2001
APPENDIX 1
133
134
1977
1978
Gavia stellata Gavia arctica 3 15 Gavia spp. Tachybaptus ruficollis 38 202 Podiceps cristatus 195 277 Podiceps grisegena Podiceps auritus 52 Podiceps nigricollis 1628 346 Podiceps spp. Phalacrocorax carbo 6 198 Phalacrocorax aristotelis 1 10 Phalacrocorax pygmeus 137 226 Pelecanus onocrotalus Pelecanus crispus 1 Botaurus stellaris 1 Egretta garzetta Egretta alba 11 73 Ardea cinerea 54 19 Ciconia ciconia Platalea leucorodia Cygnus olor 198 157 Cygnus columbianus Cygnus cygnus 58 15 Cygnus spp. 63 Anser fabalis Anser albifrons 539 1021 Anser anser 1 1 Anser spp. Branta ruficollis 5 Tadorna ferruginea Tadorna tadorna 2241 2051 Anas penelope 1450 761 Anas strepera 51 81 Anas crecca 224 427 Anas platyrhynchos 3176 15745 Anas acuta 6145 1294 Anas clypeata 27 1614 Netta rufina 7 Aythya ferina 2421 10080 Aythya nyroca 2 Aythya fuligula 5758 8504 Aythya marila Aythya spp. Somateria mollissima Clangula hyemalis 2 Melanitta nigra 1 Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula 8 22 Mergus albellus 13 5 Mergus serrator 416 649 Mergus merganser 22 7 Oxyura leucocephala
South Black Sea Coast (SBSC)
3580
4550 17
1
1 25 36 563
2348 2563 4224 1749 1324 1318 51 94 36 111 1308 906 5726 13209 16155 211 1217 1206 770 590 4626 71 70 11307 7477 5063
1709 405 110 324 5014 220 3264 11 4890
27 18 51 8 889 1 30
38
1723
3 25 2 824 7
11
4752
1901
12 27 703 5
2885 2
318
132
1565
32
85
347
219 70
1538 3 806 14 1
4 3
12 9
111 1 154
1143
314 863
49
1982
7 17
1
96
73
1661
704
147 15 223
205 205 3
179 1558 1
250 236 1 1 427
9
1981
36
1980
28
1979
852
69
97 19
1419 14
1661
955
231 42
37
1984
1465
94 3
362
4 21
330 4 37 27 27
64 460 1 67 561
1985
19
1 218
1
498
12
17 96 14 140 225
3 1 2 1394 3598 4212 781 5300 921 8 10 4 1664 3767 93 3928 13537 19629 195 2204 254 4332 3461 188 45 138 1518 2500 2659 9 4976 832 2947 2
2875
71
80 51
5
1120 29 716
764
6 253
49
1983
759
25
675
9 23
64
300
426
87 184
1987
1631
60
1 46 15
643 10 140 69 20
732
10 2 1 74
1988
1
2 56
1
43
2720
3 2 33 8 173 1 6
2674 2
1335
71 7 7
29 23
436 4 51 1
1339 3 500
14 178
51
1990
1763 1130 144 989 14 4 188 4582 12347 596 289 2742 4512 6 6 8492 8133
3
4768 1
51
8 22
115 12 74
2190
1202
5 141 1
35
1989
38
12 464
28
2 334
11
1 4 359
1
38
4113 12652 13261
42 1 1568 2268 1094 340 974 1021 1 11 10 1091 102 723 5649 13690 5532 400 977 636 584 2681 7893 66 4015 16556 14195
1760 10 18
7
3 6 7
770 7 23
130
383
69 185
6
1986
9 8
20 5
200 5 61
6 136 2 2 655
82
1993
15
2
945 3 444 36 2 5653 16170 19 2
436 15 95
28 18
117
842 2 74
1 718
19 1420
4
1992
5
87
545 1 211 1 135 1 1 63 2
1189
1 1 32 167
1995
1074 58451 25 17 12
1046 11 303 2 126 13 1 50 97 1 1 973 25 143
1278
94 118 8
1 96
1994
8
4 3 97
81
2 57 500
1
183
11 12 542
34
28 3 3 8 63 25 590
5 119 49
2219 2197 2631 1141 744 672 589 12 2 6 92 5 572 144 627 288 5740 9156 3663 2894 143 10 251 27 3942 64 963 209 13 224 2 7 6760 24016 19208 15541 16204 2 1 8773 17685 7710 10551 5020 105
1511 5 108 1340 3741 183 941
1565
55
10 54
106 16 103 2
2143
571
1 416
1991
2324 7 218
527 5 1 789 99
3576 10 2025
1697
31 2465 1
11
1997
10
649
100 55
202 3
4707 17 1025
859
44 122 1
95
1998
1061 4 107
129 88
6767 3 331
6996
582
63 120
83
1999
2 70 1 73
2 1 3 41 521 317 11
9 16 193 2 175
459
24 12 273
2
100
22 27 59
785
2 60
2530
7898
984 78 6 543 2115 193 1342
1106 14
30 53 6 58
4 493 63
111 83
120
757
767
318
41 202
4
2001
235 73
6909 19 281
7186
450
87 184
20
2000
6811 87675 5239 39310 119524 13 165 5 25 42 11 18110 18 1 24 2 1568 2942 2688 1956 1371 241 2550 948 2130 2457 16 5 6 57 454 1092 1303 1160 1067 5253 11065 3334 7169 11939 115 454 227 376 229 3 2074 275 1994 2625 3 10 2 20 22640 20887 11694 14201 9168 6 5753 13319 10418 10132 3576 2
22 2
269
79 9
102
150
1874
705
2 89
5
1996
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
62
210 1
1511
14
1 5 1549
5
370
858
12
12 1
4
4
4 4
8 30
22
8 1 7672 1
4 185 1140
34
18
4 4 464 19
35
5278
1539
1037
1 4
1
3
4727 1
570 2 1
2
16
2
5
16
4462
53
5 457
2
15
4695
233
74 155
2
15
22
50
2 3
2
1 49 112
1
1
91
20 183
3
4430 2
1 73 3702 24 660
2
10
30 2 34
4 3
84
7
3327 1
746 14 1
31
49
4
168
39 32
13
2126
439 32
8
85
14
305
171 146
5
3255 11 9 2 1522 1
2 1
2
14 1 55
2
1
524
21
602 2 3 10 2 2 3 8 23 28 19 43 5698 13954 30258 29679 32320 31211 18 10 1
1
16 49
8 2
3 7 87 214
500 510 1 34 5 10 27 50 1520 13894 12304 16942 309
3 28
13
3 11114
400
122
3395 1
3 24 730 20 1
66
21
2
7 553
49 20
10 4061 114
4
6 42 81 18
1
3 7 9 19
1978
5.1. Iskur Reservoirs 1977 Complex
Gavia stellata Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea
48
1
35 4
1979
45
1 2 6
1980
44
1
2 1
1981
38
1
16 14
1982
42
6
8 97 29
1983
41 1984
32 1985
54 1986
48 1987
48
1988
36
1989
48
1990
47
1991
37
1992
49
2
1993
52
1994
64
1995
48
9 4
4 1 7 1 12
1996
41
4 6
255
12
9
1997
57
3 3 6 74 3 303 8 3 3
1998
47
6
1999
43
30
1 6
2000
49
5 2
50
4
3
2001
44
51347 90518 76713 66324 82950 92377 57622 88818 82256 55438 69873 59988 56960 59997 31394 89208 79734 64540 97776 66112 214408 78579131264 204985 29405
48
Species Number
SBSC Totals
Anatinae spp. 10674 410 100 550 1120 1976 1317 435 440 25 Rallus aquaticus 1 3 2 7 1 Gallinula chloropus 78 4 15 29 7 58 13 18 21 20 8 9 Fulica atra 8615 8803 13329 22626 26942 35783 27822 15807 17061 2601 14901 19989 12323 Recurvirostra avosetta 58 74 52 4 3 47 161 809 66 230 488 10 36 Charadrius dubius 43 Charadrius alexandrinus 11 3 34 1 Pluvialis apricaria Pluvialis squatarola 10 9 8 27 2 1 36 4 59 2 10 Vanellus vanellus 17 150 405 2 1122 3 Calidris canutus 1 Calidris alba 3 15 44 Calidris alpina 377 275 18 28 112 7 410 18 27 115 92 Calidris minuta 290 1270 50 21 50 163 20 Calidris spp. 3000 5 25 150 38 Philomachus pugnax 2 180 1 498 16 Gallinago gallinago 1 5 130 Scolopax rusticola Limosa limosa 1 1 Numenius tenuirostris Numenius arquata 41 78 1 14 33 135 17 34 7 64 5 Tringa erythropus 1 26 1 Tringa totanus 2 65 27 9 12 6 26 8 9 25 5 1 Tringa nebularia 1 Tringa ochropus 1 1 2 Tringa spp. 7 Actitis hypoleucos Arenaria interpres Charadrii spp. 20 27 Larus ichthyaetus Larus melanocephala 4 1 3 3 Larus minutus 8 11 11 85 1 1 6 243 1 1 65 Larus ridibundus 4599 14933 15452 7297 9233 3664 1400 8571 13610 1103 4434 647 328 Larus genei 120 17 24 52 22 10 Larus canus 15 4 Larus fuscus 8 4 Larus cachinnans 1503 20520 20222 4198 7754 7927 2405 22025 14741 29370 6107 77 632 Larus marinus 1 Larus spp. 3149 Other water birds 4 5 41 6 26 4
APPENDIX 1
135
136
Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis Podiceps spp. Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Ciconia ciconia Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula Somateria mollissima Clangula hyemalis Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Anatinae spp.
10
1977
5.2. Ivaylovgrad Reservoir
207 39
15 4
28 3
450
23
430
8
1979
5
365
46
279
8 22
1978
10
2110
5.1. Iskur Reservoirs 2271 Complex Totals
Species Number
65
93
350 1475
130 51
3
168 1738
118
Cygnus olor Anser albifrons Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Gallinago gallinago Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
76
41
43 5
1 100 10
1982
9
494
11
1981
3
4
5
13
2
2040 31
137 1 14
11
1983
9
658
202
66
1
32
2
1 2
217
440
3 3
1980
9
818
1 3
3
1
1
800
1984
3
927
15 6
4
2 26
1985
3
893
3 60 830
1986
477 14
86
40 4
27
2 11
1987
6 4
3
7
1988
1989
510
3
2 1
17
1990
1991
1992
1993
2
624
622
1994
11
7
43 4 15 58 2 3 179 3 3 82
5
44
12 81
1995
30
36 6 147 349 1 165 876 46 7 776
37 1 3 7
11 133
1996
13
2806
7
2
225
3
2526
5
1 17 6 114
386
189 12 20 3122 7
115
80 24 11 5
19 56 2
1997
15
2677
80 402
32 1611 95 6 2
10 150 3
328
108
67 12 22 11 1 2
31 30
1998
17
2614
19
15
20
3 5
1
125 2020
6
258
118
49
1 1
22
11 16
1999
4
3240
6
100
28
3100
95
328
2
27
3 2
110
27 9
2000
7
459
1
1
20
400
19
5 190
527
11
64 2 15 3
26 8
2001
13
581
5
1 100
16
10 10
40 335
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
45 130
1978
5.4. Kurdzhali R
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis
6
Species Number
5 17 52 2
1979
4
1980
2
3
7 80
1981
1
1982
3
1184
1983
3 1984
4
330
6
7 310
7
7
2 28
1985
8
70
3
1
17 44 1 1
1985
1
1633
1
1984
18
1213
73
1100
11
7 1983
983
139
1977
5 1982
2236
5.3. Koprinka R Totals
1
2
1981
103
2
1
1500
130 2
1980
6
193
120
140
360 101
8
600
4
1979
6
930
3
Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus crispus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus columbianus Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Tadorna ferruginea Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula Mergus albellus Mergus merganser Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Vanellus vanellus Gallinago gallinago Tringa ochropus Actitis hypoleucos Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans
6
1978
1977
5.3. Koprinka R
307
Species Number
5.2. Ivaylovgrad Reservoir Totals
Fulica atra Gallinago gallinago Numenius arquata Larus ridibundus Larus cachinnans
1986
1986
1987
2
6
1 5
1987
8
661
1
1988
7
651
2
63
80 500 1
1
4
1988
4
20
1989
1989
80
1990
3
345
300
43
2
1990
5
533
1991
1991
1992
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1995
1995
18
608
1
55
354
1996
10
458
30
7
110 130 1
4 4 2
60
110
1996
19
2766
1
134
150
1997
20
2206
4
80
1998
18
1639
24
1 3 1 34
1 2
20
14
13
263 346
110
67 32
12 557 5
30 107
1998
13
674
3
2
57
48
4 3
12 1 2 360 50
4 1 32 3 18 1500
138 14
9
1997
22
5116
7 7
915 1
27
1999
22
4443
28
130
14
185
3 8
8
16 89 1 7 3 150 2000
11 6 7
8 10 7 6 1746
1999
11
485
1 2
5
2000
10
2111
15
170
100 500
2
11 3 9 1300 1
2000
11
1143
1
539
162
2001
6
1239
2
900
1 12
317
7
2001
13
2047
3
1174
APPENDIX 1
137
138
Species Number
5.5. M. Shark. R Totals
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Pelecanus onocrotalus Pelecanus crispus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Anser anser Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Philomachus pugnax Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans
5.5. Malko Sharkovo Reservoir
Species Number
1977
5.4. Kurdzhali R Totals
Phalacrocorax carbo Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Anser albifrons Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Aythya spp. Mergus albellus Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus cachinnans
12 368
20 300 8
16
8
1990
1
3
6348
1
1 4273
1
4
3
1570
2
33
1979
11
325
3 64
2 1458 20
34
4 153
1978
8
1279
504
67 1
72
557
4 3
36 33 13 27
23 13
11
9114
1
29 60 1 40 5727 29 21
1 3200
5
1980
7
217
1 57 11
1 67
56 24
7
2521
1
60 10
1420
1000 10
20
1981
7
204
11
1 44 55 6
12
4741
1
21
390 1
25 3210 1
120
4 910
2
56
1982
5
156
48
100
5 2
5
2796
1
350
32
2400
13
1983
1
3
3
4
7356
1100
6085
4
167
1984
13
3592
10
2
60
16
59 1200
13 2028
1
2 3
196 2
1985
8
162
21 46
3 7
49 6
1986
1987
6
237
1
150
3 2
79
2
1988
6
45
30
2
1 8 3
8
5631
2
11
4
500
2
2 5000
110
1989
11
3290
4 5
2
146 1455 6
6
1500
3
2
161
1990
7
1555
203 1010
250
9 1 2
1991
7
17200
5
3
1186
16000 4
1 1
1992
4
1209
500
700
1
8
1993
5
199
2
62
127
1
7
1994
12
894
1
4
80
19 4
1 270
471
5
1
35
3
1995
1996
5
1224
12
540 53
265
7
16939
10
100
1
16810
3
1
14
1997
5
450
6
256
1
37
1
1
1
1998
6
766
3 11
635
4
33
7
1468
92
67 25 1248
5
12
19
1999
3
41
7
7
9
2614
18
5
1
100
2340
1
55
88
6
2000
2
55
50
10
171
6
2
20
30
40
5 3 9
12
44
2001
6
878
8 4
661
6
37
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
5
1979
4
1980
236
679
66
233
2
18 1436
210
1
81
160
470 80
8248 12 2
56
11730 15000 30680
5 4
3 7
2 111
1978
1900
11 5
6 1
2800 19 31 9775 20 220
2000
17 14
184 4 11
1977
5.7. Pyasuchnik Reservoir
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis
19
1977
Species Number
1978
12
1979
4
1980
10
5.6. Ovcharitsa 17253 14297 15216 39793 Reservoir Totals
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps nigricollis Podiceps spp. Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus onocrotalus Pelecanus crispus Egretta garzetta Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Ciconia ciconia Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Cygnus spp. Anser albifrons Anser anser Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Melanitta fusca Mergus albellus Anatinae spp. Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Vanellus vanellus Philomachus pugnax Actitis hypoleucos Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans Larus spp. Other water birds
5.6. Ovcharitsa Reservoir
1 10
8
51
1982
1
85
1983
230
84
431
6
20
300
20 900 1
30
10 6
1
348
1985
11
1314
524
524 4144 6
77
225
62
508
7505 14402 40 2
2 3
1 2 82
1984
1981
12 1982
15 1983
10
22
1984
13 1985
10
2876 39588 24871 14158 15641
46
179
547
14
58 4 200 33 1757 18666 1 5
50
14
10 20000 23500
8
1 1 63
1981
1986
1986
1987
4
28127
100
28000
2
25
1987
89 4
44
2799 20
9
62
1989
1
28
800 5
119
1991
2
16
6 2
77
1992
1
71
3916 95
345
1993
4
37 1
5
1 151
1994
14 1 1 16
8020 45 1 107
5
1 91
1995
284
284
36
27 4
31 1034 1 65
526
288
386
1500 1 1315
10 10
10
552 15 785 6258
219
21
5 281
10
150 6 1613
249
100
28
87 3053 7 7
1515
3
9
2 2091
54
17 1515
851
91
1
1 281 52
495
47
416
2
979
2 14
3
12 7
52 8 31
8
2 94
1997
520
50
2 3200
640 40
50 8400 3
160
90
3
784
15
93 26
120 920 5
12
5100 18500 11
4
44 27
224
6635 10
4
1 143
1996
1988
10
1989
18
1990
22
1991
11
31
1992
18
1993
18
1994
15
1995
16
1
1996
20
1
1997
21
7322 15689 43526 16044 35870 29102 15466 43691 25257 20796
342
130
220
52 611
11
8
13 44
451 384 1 55
117
1990
8 1 25 5906 10370 31298 14555 28924 20092 13520 34755 25 28 6
2
2
46
1988
23 19
195
5 60 2920 315
4 113
1999
130 37
5100 130 3 210
115
1
2000
305 300 600
1207
2100
12
1 215 238
30 1376 1
2 140
300
125
6 5020
45 60
115 1393
18
6
1998
19
24
1999
22
49
2000
18
9066 27881 42808
1300
1400
655 2
1 35
200 1330 5
120
3300 17700 30000
30 30
250 84 1 206
2 115
1998
6 16
2001
16
8813
100
250
20
2300
20
40 1000
2000
280 85
2300 140 1 228
15 34
2001
APPENDIX 1
139
140
Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus onocrotalus Pelecanus crispus Botaurus stellaris Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor
5.8. Rozov Kladenets 1977 Reservoir
Species Number
5.7. Pyasuchnik Reservoir Totals
Podiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus spp. Anser albifrons Anser anser Anser erythropus Anser spp. Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Aythya ferina Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula Aythya marila Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Vanellus vanellus Tringa ochropus Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
28 3900 5
1290 2030
175
4
4 15
7
72
1982
3
6436
38
1981
8
4748
6422
5
1980
4
8156
21
50 4506 5
9
59
1979
7
3987
4
150 8000
2
11
1 145
1
1 87
1978
9
4271
2 1
3
16 1
30
24
5
7
904
12
13
185
92
1983
10
2402 2
8
1
250 82
9
350 54
10 58
1984
9
1
505
1 6
1985
10
29177 15067
1 89
15 300 27375 12000 23 12
1628
1
23
1986
1 6
210 9
2 62
1987
8
1 200
970
1
30 100
200
9
1
5
3 453
3 25
1988
10 1989
140
1
11
12 5
8063 71
25
1990
1 25
80 1 32 1190 21
45
32 8
8
15 142
36 15
1992
14
1993
12
6148 16113
430
100 50
325
30
30
75 1 78 11 5 1 7 7 21
77 4 520 50 19
159 8 20
12 2 78
12
194
690
9 2
120
36
925
40
857 4013 7965 12986 41 2 8 15 105 1 342 100
1 535
35
7
120 4 1 2 17 588
3 140
56 2618 11500
1 38
35
1701
23 5
173
1250 25 2040 20000 7 1 8
11060 25388 13092 36753 22 5 4 1
71 2 81 1 14 5
14 17 1 300
2102
21 4
138
11
369 7171 2
1 136
30
101 6 76 72 17 11 12
25 2
16
1 1654 5
14
1994
6
1 7
6
23 435 26
2
1995
17
12
15 332 20
8
1996
23
16 1 3 5 4
67 700 30
4 30
1997
22
23 2
2
30 1 15 17 500 35
1998
21
6 2
2
4 534 194
8
1999
21
8 6
550 30
27
2000
23
3517 16913 21929 43985 28825 62344 10661
60
2
52
7
21
20 7525 1
4
2
9072 1
8 11
9 26
1
500 4
1
3400
1
25
122
1991
80
35
17
2
755 121 3155 15440 2 2
116
600 1
4
400
6
75
8719 66691 18612
181
1500
59
55 140 1004 6820 50000 16209 10
90
1
4 3
16200 5
7
7
4 3
20
800 20
20 3
2001
16
7967
4400
29
460
10
2
84 2635
23
150
5 3
63 4 77
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pelecanus onocrotalus Pelecanus crispus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus columbianus Cygnus cygnus Cygnus spp. Anser albifrons Anser anser Anser spp. Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera
1979
40
13
10
22 22 5
1
10 62
87 77
1
210
13
1978
1977
5.9. Stouden Kl. Reservoir
4590
4
2
13
14
1980
10
6140
1981
2
2
12
16
29
118 13 3
44 1
1
1982
12
8115
6
3
6
161 2
1
7607 1
28
1 57
60
1 60 20 5880
32
551
28
11 255 3600 2 5
Species Number
5.8. Rozov Kladenets Reservoir Totals
Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Oxyura leucocephala Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Recurvirostra avosetta Limosa limosa Tringa ochropus Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus genei Larus canus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
1 6
14
1983
4
602
120
205
1984
9
2049
27
29
380
1132
1985
8
735
84
50
21
67
1986
1987
14
3703
21
48
230
5
16 46 3036
11
13
8
5 19 8
12
2
1988
1989
1
5
39 9
33
34
1990
15
12425
16
1 1 1031
31
497
24
90 602 2390 2 2
5
1
33
100 400
595
1991
17
3343
646
12 6 130 1097 2 4 4 91 1
13
9
3 96
1992
19
1155
2
14
2 52
2
19 2 6 1
104 109 621 4 1
39 15 5 1 1
60 8
5
1993
5
9 41
26 36
1994
15
2757
12
21
174
6
1
39 286 501
30
8
300
68
1900
4
200 1700 4000
1500
15
1 2
20 256 8 6 41 10 7
17 49
215
167
1996
5 2 15
2 3 1 1
28 30
1995
14
8700 10097
9
210 3
127
51
6800
1000
16
32
47
4 123
38 55 7
7 86
1997
19
6325
55
10
135
2
8
5
650 700
3900
2 13 16
4
6
8 5 3
152
81
1998
19
5120
15
20
370
100
1000
1
905 2080
3 1
2
21
14 98
1999
19
3498
10 11
73
79
4
30
530
1
680 8 2 340 980
2
61
15 11 9
138 7
60 21
2000
9
2074
86
60
1300
7
4 4 1
68
1 120
2001
13
2259
5 1
100
3
200
80 1000
APPENDIX 1
141
142
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser fabalis Anser albifrons Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Mergus albellus Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Vanellus vanellus Gallinago gallinago Tringa ochropus Larus ridibundus Larus cachinnans
5.10. Trakiets Reservoir
Species Number
5.9. Stouden Kl. Reservoir Totals
Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Aythya spp. Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Gallinago gallinago Numenius arquata Larus ridibundus Larus cachinnans
1977
29 1
101 2
2 503
373
2
350
1984
1985
1986
1987
5 3
39
1989
13
15
6 240
1991
2 16
7
146
1
11
981
3000
60
1
6
1978
10
660
35
2
3 1
5 3713
99
1982
10
788
47 2411 2 5000
1981
8
1270
7
4800
1980
9
686
50
258
11
1979
11
1063
1983
5
1
1 16
24
3
2
5 4
6 9 2 14 2 670 2 7058 16636 2 2
1
25
3
200 3050
10
1
2 1
7
1988
9
101
8
2
28
14
20 270
1990
10
395
35 480
16 6
9
77
1992
7
146
500
1993
10
3 6
1111
8
13
16
41
1994
9
2656
3 1554
59 22
1179
68
50
2
520
1
86
101 713 1
1
3
190
59 1 57
6
5 3
1 2 4
48 9 18 2103 4
2
5
2 20 14 13
1 2 128
1996
17
2191
35 272
1
6 2
151 1203 4 3 1 62
8
94 995
30 3
1995
27
3565
7 104 79 1 1 2 387
51
269 2225 4
5 19
201 335 2
4 810
536 1116 30
300 2 521
8 14
7 17 4 7
171
2
1997
21
2784
27 27
33
21 126
6
5 3
1 10
4 26
1998
17
2041
48 149
98
142 12
2 50 986 1
2 17 146
251 1051
6 1105
4 3
412
31
3 145 128 22 16 94
57
1999
10
2336
21
10
1473 7
1 689
10
34
10
140
134
1 4
2000
16
1096
28 255
179
1
161
6 142
1
19
2
1
69
2001
10
859
36 14
279
332
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus 11 Podiceps grisegena Podiceps nigricollis 1 Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea 18 Cygnus olor Cygnus cygnus Anser albifrons 1 Anser anser Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope 34 Anas crecca 1040 Anas platyrhynchos 5404 Anas acuta
3
1977
5.12. Zhrebchevo Reservoir
1978
8 65
9
26 8678
28
1 2
14 552
1979
2
907
7
11
1211
900
1979
7
2814
300
900
Species Number
5.11. Tserkovski Reservoir Totals
Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax pygmeus Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Cygnus olor Anser albifrons Anser anser Branta ruficollis Tadorna tadorna Anas penelope Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Aythya ferina Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Tringa ochropus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus cachinnans Other water birds
1978
1977
5.11. Tserkovski Reservoir
3067
4
5.10. Trakiets R Totals
Species Number
12 391 2260
2
6
1980
1
1600
1600
1980
1
4800
30 7088 1
176
1
17
1981
6
2285
2 9
3
1983
9
3896
1112 10000
5
3 3
1982
1
80
120
16
350
920 2400 2
3
4
12
1983
85
80
1982
6
3828
16
2000 3
22
228
1981
2
5002
557 2196
209
4 7
6
1984
11
2434
1
40
620 1340
209
25 142 13 10 23 11
1984
5
12 3684
10
10
1 2 90
1985
3
493
92
400
1
1985
17
7757 16731
1986
1986
1432
2 7
11 46 3
1
1987
1987
2014 2740 2
4
4
25
1988
1988
7
3271
1989
1989
4
52
1990
3
92
65
25
2
1990
2
290
1991
1991
1992
1992
6
623
40
2 1
1993
1993
1
500
1994
9
3865
191
18
12
1029
2 4
21 10
2578
1994
7
1198
1995
7
8582
5 8
500
8000 21 46
2
1995
10
1145
370 1270 2900
10 2 36 48 120 6
55
120
1996
2
8575
75
8500
1996
18
2492
405 2952 4838
7 2534 30 3 100 17 20 13850
109
1997
1
2
2
1997
21
4111
175 860 1000
583
4 38
11
7 33 3
1998
11
797
200 17
1 47
2 20
209 103 153 29 2
14
1998
10
235
104 430 4484
3 2 6 35 270
5 97
2 133
1999
11
1395
38
93 3 215
2
21 842 8 94 53 25
1
1999
11
915
8000
3 1
6 29
1 100
2000
5
484
7 19
7
448
3
2000
7
333
521
1
25
10
2001
10
929
10
46
1 282
129 129
1 260
69
2
2001
5
92
APPENDIX 1
143
144
1979
6
8794
8
1980
5
2671
1981
10
7592
5
220 4
50
60 8
1982
6 1983
7
1129 10092
4 2
10
1984
8
2987
3 5
1985
9
3857
28
20
Gavia stellata 6 Gavia arctica 42 3 5 1 1 1 8 4 4 Tachybaptus ruficollis 81 72 74 12 14 27 97 59 7 Podiceps cristatus 213 795 375 97 236 400 270 510 756 Podiceps grisegena 4 1 Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis 12 19 3 2 1 8 Podiceps spp. Phalacrocorax carbo 5 1 38 17 183 322 363 527 Phalacrocorax pygmeus 1 1 1 1 64 Pelecanus onocrotalus 2 Pelecanus crispus 3 Botaurus stellaris Egretta garzetta Egretta alba 17 176 75 173 57 167 25 29 76 Ardea cinerea 36 129 84 51 64 57 31 36 44 Ciconia ciconia Cygnus olor 16 24 7 6 3 9 Cygnus columbianus Cygnus cygnus 6 1 4 28 Cygnus spp. 1 Anser fabalis 6 Anser albifrons 2909 14765 17332 33882 1561 20910 25903 15636 18908 Anser anser 20 10 40 4 Anser spp. Branta ruficollis 33 14 Tadorna ferruginea Tadorna tadorna 3 3 86 2 2 Anas penelope 2834 117 82 138 59 213 62 2 27 Anas strepera 19 1 4 2 Anas crecca 1389 2397 2797 796 834 73 990 2388 1933 Anas platyrhynchos 17617 14708 20371 39856 25791 44189 20179 43262 40744 Anas acuta 20 86 10 45 9 3 34 1471 58 Anas clypeata 220 6 6 55 3 Netta rufina 2 6 1 Aythya ferina 6 36 35 28 64 8 34 49 Aythya nyroca 2 1
7
1978
11
620
1
13
6608
22
77
1 8
South Bulgaria (SBg) 1977
Species Number
5.12. Zhrebchevo Reservoir Totals
Aythya ferina Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Mergus albellus Mergus serrator Anatinae spp. Fulica atra Vanellus vanellus Tringa ochropus Larus ridibundus Larus cachinnans
1986
2
1 280 31
44
2799 22
9
207
1989
2
5917 31626 5
73 178
5 6
8 3 457
4 7 273
1988
9
4810
18
7
70
247
4 8 111 526 5 143 2578 171 5878 17924 51538 14 4 1 9 65
2 23
28101
3
55 61
237 9
5
8 124
1987
9
1528
10 16
1
2
1 26
28
1990 26
32
199 1
1991
33 25
16
442 158
70 265
1992
3
14 1 2 25
42 26
71
4028 106
364
1993
44
89
1 58 105
57
4564 5
27
1 261
1994
15
41 17
54 29 1 91
80 2
147
1 521 393
224
11693 3784
3 39 8660 226 2 113
24
43 240
1996 6 146 1256
1995
449 3 160
8664 4508 8 49 2 7 405 356
1 145
11 216 844
1997
19
5581 25917
1 6 3
557
3
32
450
10
385 368 1 72
4296 4399 1 208
37
3 3 443 627 18
1998
14
3643
600 130
194
5
7 533 492 3
2000
8
8303
163
136
4 9
56 21 60 9300 10404 4151 5615 3 198 210 3 18 940 491 905 458 2 2 788 109
392 796 7
1999
18
5809
3 13
200
1 3 18
3 34411 14556 45524 20832 17092 53594 26533 87366 17125 62027 41332 25 33 46 30 28 186 9 50 35 6 341 48 467 1 1 12 4 41 1 42 2 10 82 868 16 1748 951 75 72 1675 1419 320 2878 179 19 5 9 11 22 72 33 4 2563 435 986 738 290 391 4462 9438 5480 5286 912 27525 2878 8502 31142 4808 18623 31006 53672 20802 55669 14502 18 2 13 27 9 99 198 6 18 3 12 4 8 68 3 3 15 11 4 3 8 4 2 3 8 149 4 109 112 47 54 127 295 3883 2986 1658 2555 410 1 2 1 1 3 2
11
117 75
8620 489 1 56
457
1990
43
20
330
4
290
1 5 482
939 8801
30 62
2460
3
16
885 493
6757 3409 1 253
4
9 301 538 34
2001
5
588
31
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Gavia stellata Gavia arctica Gavia spp. Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps auritus Podiceps nigricollis Podiceps spp. Phalacrocorax carbo
Bulgaria
Species Number
SBg Totals
691
1
872
2
1
237
2
1
5762
75
1
1950
1
134
1
3 4
117
3
1 324
80
2458
50
1
3
64
248
647
290
251
1 405
599 2
1 1491
1 2
166
650
10
961
1
1
44
1 1475
904
248
250 1285
242
66
1
4
6
1653
172 531 4
6 56
1977
23
207
52 952
563 2037
18
1978
29
37
1980
28
149
112
342 352 887 12031 2 1 9 753 1335
33
1979
22
130
240 1214 4 3 2215
12
1981
22
1738
371 1991 1 1 1749
54
1982
28
1470
1352
145 1059
11 88
1983
21
2303
1389
475 1429 1
44
1984
18
937
136 1882 1 67 965
4
1985
31
27901 40215 44154 78258 30010 69053 49761 66294 65298
Aythya fuligula 4 Aythya marila Aythya spp. Somateria mollissima Clangula hyemalis Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula 1 Mergus albellus 19 Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Oxyura leucocephala Anatinae spp. 5 Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra 2095 Recurvirostra avosetta Charadrius dubius Charadrius alexandrinus Vanellus vanellus Calidris spp. Philomachus pugnax Gallinago gallinago Limosa limosa Numenius arquata Tringa erythropus Tringa totanus Tringa nebularia Tringa ochropus Tringa glareola Tringa spp. Actitis hypoleucos Larus minutus Larus ridibundus 350 Larus genei Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans 2 Larus marinus Larus spp. Other water birds
275
517
69 265
6
1986
584
1
1713
1
40
260
286
100
326
36
4 1607
658
7
2116
59
267
2 305
36 1814 865
600
2
1
6
1800
265
11
48
8
41
2 2416
1
1954
308
1
651
6
536
249 3 9
1
1
1
928
104
30
7
76
1947
1
1664
62
70 72 34
5
204 5568
1
14 7
59
482
1971
17
37
2371
2
120
2
55
99
115 1 39 2135
1 1 21 3 5
267 4
452
211
9 2 1857
48
27
67
6
412 3 89 5155
43 49 9 8
246
300 979
776
70
2980
3
3 71
108 8
3 1011
3 7953
71
50 42 1
654
24 1 2335 6 12 2
15 3 10 12 14 1536
2
38
26 14
868 5 251 9658
41 5 1
198
800 1
4691
738
7 3
53
2
3 16 20 119 3
47 4498
279
26
19
32
595
1143
108 548
3
1987
19
5 1337 3 2023
14 2 11 638
1988
25
18 534 4 2 1364 4 5822
35
1989
24
1682 3 9192
49 1207
1 55
1990
27
4162
6 646 1 1 609
1991
20
1393
1 854
103 1740
4
1992
25
4352
82 1 22 1882 4 2 1236
1993
26
5909
3049
108 932 9
1 117
1994
24
1996
41
1997
48
12 30 1 176 314 2984 5356 1 17 1 1 2129 3015 25 9687 16181 13083
2 1 103 790 1 3 1925
1995
39
1999
46
2000
49
2001
38
135 43 20 14 4 735 881 520 1726 1443 1994 10 4 34 1 2796 1852 1593 1394 3 60 11261 18849 20926 20188
3 143 2 726 2673 19
1998
42
35499 30228 88336 81622 21195 61230 61093 30533 84628 96190 180518 63569161316 91231 36840
37
60
723
2
4
APPENDIX 1
145
Phalacrocorax aristotelis 6 Phalacrocorax pygmeus 192 Pelecanus onocrotalus Pelecanus crispus 2 Botaurus stellaris Egretta garzetta 1 Egretta alba 38 Ardea cinerea 101 Ciconia ciconia Platalea leucorodia Cygnus olor 620 Cygnus columbianus Cygnus cygnus 87 Cygnus spp. 63 Anser fabalis Anser albifrons 51149 Anser erythropus Anser anser 1532 Anser spp. Branta ruficollis 1426 Tadorna ferruginea Tadorna tadorna 2336 Anas penelope 4367 Anas strepera 85 Anas crecca 4855 Anas platyrhynchos 52053 Anas acuta 6682 Anas clypeata 349 Netta rufina 42 Aythya ferina 2545 Aythya nyroca 1 Aythya fuligula 5877 Aythya marila Aythya spp. Somateria mollissima Clangula hyemalis Melanitta nigra Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula 15 Mergus albellus 83 Mergus serrator 479 Mergus merganser 66 Oxyura leucocephala Anatinae spp. 10679 Rallus aquaticus 1 Gallinula chloropus 84 Fulica atra 26256 Recurvirostra avosetta 58 Charadrius dubius 43 Charadrius alexandrinus 11 Pluvialis apricaria Pluvialis squatarola 10 Vanellus vanellus 4 Calidris canutus Calidris alba
146
175
173
2281 12263
35
287
422 153
12 882 14 1
80 66
8 76 29 30 1
57 1
281
1 4
2
1
36 160
27 80
9 2
8 18
34
1 3 6 2 25
2 448 28
27 17 18 3 96 54 48 13 9 22 149 11 45 1 174 1250 1015 932 414 578 421 6 22 5 1 3 30 1 233 12 12 600 1410 3467 1383 2 15 1 29 7 58 13 18 22570 35169 39807 57523 52841 26922 25539 56 4 3 49 161 809 66
2 41 182 895 39 1 2050
11
941
146
175 136
33 2425 14
9948 6890 14145 1 2 1429 3606 4306 1700 5331 1002 8 10 6 5299 13964 2156 46596 152763 119173 303 3766 321 5007 4145 276 54 326 328 2718 4087 8456 2 10 6098 1223 4197 2
190
323
108 164
5
60 2019
3
106 103 878 32 13 544 3 4 13900 81
2 1
2306 1712 2454 2565 4272 1012 492 1893 1383 2309 84 114 54 115 42 5051 4848 1157 2822 1695 165398 88352 87283 51946 123278 1584 247 261 1247 1213 1620 3264 796 611 4722 215 37 88 3 381 15006 5819 14213 7865 6692 7 9552 4799 4358 5259 4070 17 2 38
897 15071 16584
1 98756 58056 2 3241 1039
25
114
69 90
1
41 339
874 1 30 5 66 9 214 1 3 18 6 90211 42799 104305 103565 139423 217144
709
371
345
177 58
91 111
259 155
3 340
1
22 428
1
26 380
53
908
64 84
1 2
8 76
1
126
1 140 203
19 199 74 26
2
104
1 297 56
46 377 12 118
1269 23 15163
478 85 250 3094 13306
59 1122
1 435 7 21 5401 230
2 103
1
2 3 1 3
65 50
12
3 2 27 38 24 3 19 49 96 371 638 619 2 13 36 6 43 28 460 2027 8 1 20 9 9 23190 28056 22662 488 10 36
1 1568 2296 1112 1782 340 997 1210 675 1 11 18 68 1091 3395 6626 1409 5661 57076 71378 94688 400 1420 825 604 584 2790 7955 2813 100 8 5695 18841 15009 10531 1 1 1 2753 3128 4335 12809 2 43 11
10 18
1760 248665 178255 162352
33
3 6 7
772 7 23
69
11 81
264 16 131 2
453 15 95 2
61 45
136
11 266
51 51
91 6
19 203
26 381 2 183 15 3 162 205 1 1 2082 37 498
37 612 3 262 1 3 140 56 1 383 3 4 622 422 1
59 5583
1573 384 962 4 561 82 241 63 18 4 2 11 89415 42143 188051 101126 150854 316094 138145 1 36 12 76 946 8 720 609 50 115 17 97 11 10980 5800 35907 59290 4310 40545 20001 2 1131 1523 2219 2198 2680 1182 1572 1862 27 2497 1656 740 435 2824 25 129 10 13 94 16 32 2793 2305 1700 1812 5684 1076 5146 43956 18069 26841 51951 24468 32144 60201 307 194 159 97 252 44 228 4594 945 3950 132 1008 288 66 6 4 16 232 10 38 35 14164 6911 26765 30639 22633 22294 42146 1 2 2 1 1 13617 9115 18643 10041 12674 8382 12090 8 107 47 303 3 59 76 5 1 1 7 7 8 3 1 1 8 29 24 32 48 98 15 94 22 10 69 35 34 197 333 755 141 704 777 856 182 344 5 15 52 8 81 186 34 76 2330 1100 510 100 104 603 1 41 38 8 40 5 12 29 51 4 218 24490 4910 18764 29143 35129 20209 43144 309 1 13 5 3 1 7 3 8 35 8 92 4 5 28 30 2 591 2 6 4 5 16 25 2 8
112 7 22
148 101
74 958 7 107 1
7 144 1 23
6
412 18 115 58928
1 3 2 3 258 1104 866 40
1557 400 67795 8 3060 4341 99 11116 151306 659 2090 360 36284 8 17695 160
3 380680
4335 21 1107
148 6892 8 587 22 8 1217 473
3
20
3
7
1 4 1 66 108 110 92 60 148 67 4 1314 774 342 541 10 72 8 2 175 459 101 785 120 96 1679 572 16 3 37 1 90 29 350 58 90645 81896 67675 28449 18 2 10 114 3 3 1100 39 171 23 49 131 1253 27 25
3 4
350 468 295 422 5786 11634 13095 4808 2 6 22 1 423 607 529 482 4 4 3 18 4 559 1192 786 1118 470 1072 612 732 1 2 2 4 30 1385 2466 806 92 4 6 144 935 125 73 10 19 1 5 2 34957 144382 407759 63333 1 59 220 233 364 710 2341 50 2454 137 50233 21660 16 2691 1972 1502 1051 1378 5387 2858 190 94 55 85 17 10374 8467 3536 1835 49422 112396 56794 35791 255 401 248 195 306 2030 2666 1378 8 25 5 19841 24712 11862 9230 32 6 16247 14699 6320 3207 7 5 1 4
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Year
Species Number
Bulgaria Totals
Calidris alpina Calidris minuta Calidris spp. Philomachus pugnax Gallinago gallinago Scolopax rusticola Limosa limosa Numenius tenuirostris Numenius arquata Tringa erythropus Tringa totanus Tringa nebularia Tringa ochropus Tringa glareola Tringa spp. Actitis hypoleucos Arenaria interpres Charadrii spp. Larus ichthyaetus Larus melanocephala Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus genei Larus canus Larus fuscus Larus cachinnans Larus marinus Larus spp. Other water birds
181
78
65
1
2
41
2
1
1
6 1 27
18 50 3000
4
12
38
1
112
5
481 17 9177 12173 24 1469 529 3 4925 8751
1
9
15
5 1
28
41
9494
10 7679 52 327
224
8
135
1
7 21
10
18 50
1
11
34
1
27
46
22
59
1 5 1179
20
7 26 25
25 498 5
6
26
4255 22956 16355 30570
708
2 3 4 1 47 493 3974 15631 15642
26 1 1
32
410
4
6604
1 17 4623 22 1161
27
1
5
64
115 163 150 16 130
661
76
104 61 4103
3
1
5 70 2540 10 239 4 1980 1 3149
7
10 1 1
92 20 38
270 4 4261
3 21 3130
5
2
12
5
210 1
7 200 1672
35
18
464 19
22
656 1 370 10613 1
46
2179
1
12
4
1
4 4
62
6394
5056
2165
2 2
1
5
18
2 18
1 1
49
3
36 17 1743 6 1577 2 7960 1
2 4
16
7
24
93
188 2
1
65
2
16
70 72 1 34
50
11 2 2
59
37 2 40
4 35
114
2 2 1 44 154 147 920 2629 5965 3 1 27 1459 6198 15705 5 1 7561 12087 7245 2 1 37
1
2
16
3
50 112
17
8406 1
4254 14 398
20
2
120
31
52
4
57
168
18 4 10 21
15 3 60
2
46
14
527
63 1 7 4
68
21
3
16 20 134
559
2 13 1 10 2 18 89 5269 6484 1866 34 14 21 2266 14548 485 3 6891 6185 10191 7 1 334 112 862 1113 16 209
3
14 3 99
85
8
1 124
313
1977
55
1978
54
1979
51
1980
53
1981
47 1982
53 1983
50 1984
44 1985
60 1986
49 1987
60 1988
48 1989
59 1990
55 1991
48
1992
52
1993
58
1994
71
1995
63
1996
69
1997
70
1998
59
1999
71
2000
68
2001
70
185298 377795 257407 287947 187402 353216 253147 412634 437566 61736 396482 331311 341691 232605 101017 346531 314931 288418 468420 379293 805621 271072459022 686188 216704
4
11 11 74 7076 27560 19124 120 17 15 100 44 8 1 2729 22780 21775
275 1270
377 290
APPENDIX 1
147
WETLANDS
Appendix 2 Results of Smith & Filippona (1970) survey. Species P. cristatus P. ruficollis P. nigricollis Ph. carbo Ph. pygmeus N. nycticorax E. alba A. cinerea T. tadorna A. albifrons A. anser B. ruficollis A. crecca A. penelope A.acuta A.clypeata A. platyrhinchos N. rufina A.fuligula A. ferina M. albellus M. serrator Unident. ducks Unident. Ducks/coot F. atra O. tarda V. vanellus T.ochropus T. totanus Ca. alpina R. avosetta Total
148
SW of G. Toshevo
Varna L
Atanas L.
Vaya L.
Mandra L. 3
40 50 5 11 10 275 20 275
9 4 6 1350 100
Total 3 40 59 5 15 10 281 1350 120 275
few few 10
1000
350
10 350
1
1
580
30 16 4
610 16 4
18000 500
4000 550 100 1
22000 2050 20 100 1 15 550 60
6173
27945
20
15 550 60 20
1000
910
19842
Total
447
400
16
30 1
19310
10
19000 50 100 100 5
5
40
110
100
10
Podslon Zhrebchevo G. Dimitrov R.
Gavia arctica P. cristatus P. nigricollis A. cinerea A. albifrons Br. ruficollis C. olor C. cygnus A. platyrhinchos A. crecca A. penelope A.acuta A.clypeata A.fuligula A. ferina M. serrator M. albellus T. tadorna Unident. Ducks Unident. Ducks/coot F. atra O. tarda V. vanellus Pl. squatarola N. arquata Limosa lapponica Tringa totanus Cal. alpina R. avosetta L. argentatus L. melanocephalus L. ridibundus
Species
Results of Johnson & Hafner (1969) survey.
107
7
100
Tutrakan
300
300
Silistra
1612
5
4
100 1500
3
Dourankoulak L.
175
175
Dour/ Shabla
335
300
35
Shabla
750
100 50 350
250
Kav/Balchik
8150
2000 6000
150
2581
700
650
650
1981
2 54
1
1350
44
22
1
1 30 25
150
5 350
1 1
Nesebar Pomorie
1700 100
25
Varna L. Gebedzhe L.
14178
35 15 1 25 515 220
12000
103
40
300 100
4 820
Burgas
208
200 8
Aitos
615
100
335 180
Karnobat/ Sliven
51509
4 22436 150 100 402 105 37 68 22 35 147 100 2100 22900 175 5 35 15 1 27 569 220 105 50 360
1 256 1 10 885 188
Total
APPENDIX 2
149
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Results of Johnson & Biber (1971) survey. Species Gavia arctica P. cristatus P. nigricollis P. ruficollis Ph. carbo Ph. pygmeus P. crispus A. cinerea E. alba B. stellaris Ph. ruber A. platyrhinchos A. crecca A.strepera A. penelope A.acuta A.clypeata N. rufina A.fuligula A. ferina M. serrator M. albellus O. leucocephala T. tadorna A. albifrons B. ruficollis C. olor Unident. Ducks Unident. Ducks/coot G. chloropus F. atra O. tarda Pl. squatarola G. gallinago N. arquata Tringa ochropus Tringa totanus Cal. minuta Cal. alpina Ph. pugnax R. avosetta L. argentatus L. canus L. melanocephalus L. ridibundus L. minuta Total
150
Srebarna
Durankulak L. Burgas L. S. Burgas Mandra L. Shabla L.
Vaya L.
Salinas Pomorie Venets Stamovo Total
13 2 6
750 700 25
1
4 5
10
200 200
2 2
4
5
150
32 2
13 756 721 25 201 202 6 42 173 1 1 4150 1601 396 752 520 742 413 300 39055 63 1
10 15
1
1 850
310 21
2 1
450 120 300 22 20 100 5
15 2
18
11 7
500 100
310 1000 90 20
500 400 300 2000
130 7
1 1200 360 6 710 500 10
30
500
20 20 1
20
23
37000
7
25 55
2 57 6
780
30
1 28 1
5700
2000
56500
100
500
50 9
911 96 1 3
3
3 1600
3000
1 3
1
20 30 1
4 6
900 15 1000
20 100
50
50 2 2
2 2
3853
363
1623
3 69450 9 1 24 30 1 924 15 1106
?
? 1
6000
?
?
7489
6785
101579
5721
722
6000 1 609
21
128765
APPENDIX 2
Appendix 3 RAMSAR WETLAND TYPE Marine/Coastal A — Permanent shallow marine waters less than six metres deep at low tide; includes sea bays and straits. B — Marine subtidal aquatic beds; includes kelp beds, sea-grass beds, tropical marine meadows. C — Coral reefs. D — Rocky marine shores; includes rocky offshore islands, sea cliffs. E — Sand, shingle or pebble shores; includes sand bars, spits and sandy islets; includes dune systems. F — Estuarine waters; permanent water of estuaries and estuarine systems of deltas. G — Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats. H — Intertidal marshes; includes salt marshes, salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes; includes tidal brackish and freshwater marshes. I — Intertidal forested wetlands; includes mangrove swamps, nipah swamps and tidal freshwater swamp forests. J — Coastal brackish/saline lagoons; brackish to saline lagoons with at least one relatively narrow connection to the sea. K — Coastal freshwater lagoons; includes freshwater delta lagoons. Inland Wetlands L — Permanent inland deltas. M — Permanent rivers/streams/creeks; includes waterfalls. N — Seasonal/intermittent/irregular rivers/streams/creeks. O — Permanent freshwater lakes (over 8 ha); includes large oxbow lakes. P — Seasonal/intermittent freshwater lakes (over 8 ha); includes floodplain lakes. Q — Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes. R — Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes and flats.* Sp — Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools. Ss — Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/ pools.* Tp — Permanent freshwater marshes/pools; ponds (below 8 ha), marshes and swamps on inorganic soils; with emergent vegetation water-logged for at least most of the growing season. Ts — Seasonal/intermittent freshwater marshes/pools on inorganic soil; includes sloughs, potholes, seasonally flooded meadows, sedge marshes.* U — Non-forested peatlands; includes shrub or open bogs, swamps, fens. Va — Alpine wetlands; includes alpine meadows, temporary waters from snowmelt. Vt — Tundra wetlands; includes tundra pools, temporary waters from snowmelt. W — Shrub-dominated wetlands; Shrub swamps, shrub-dominated freshwater marsh, shrub carr, alder thicket; on inorganic soils.* Xf — Freshwater, tree-dominated wetlands; includes freshwater swamp forest, seasonally flooded forest, wooded swamps; on inorganic soils.* Xp — Forested peatlands; peatswamp forest.* Y — Freshwater springs; oases. Zg — Geothermal wetlands. Zk — Subterranean karst and cave hydrological systems. As appropriate, includes: floodplain wetlands such as seasonally inundated grassland (including natural wet meadows), shrublands, woodlands or forest. “Man-made” wetlands 1 — Aquaculture (e.g. fish/shrimp) ponds. 2 — Ponds; includes farm ponds, stock ponds, small tanks; (generally below 8 ha). 3 — Irrigated land; includes irrigation channels and rice fields. 151
APPENDIX 3
4 5 6 7 8 9
— — — — — —
Seasonally flooded agricultural land. Salt exploitation sites; salt pans, salines, etc. Water storage areas; reservoirs/barrages/Reservoirs/impoundment; (generally over 8 ha). Excavations; gravel/brick/clay pits; borrow pits, mining pools. Wastewater treatment areas; sewage farms, settling ponds, oxidation basins, etc. Canals and drainage channels, ditches.
# To include intensively managed or grazed wet meadow or pasture.
152
Среднозимна численост на водолюбивите птици в България (1977-2001) Резултати от 25 годишни среднозимни преброявания на водолюбивите птици в най-значимите влажни зони на България Taню Mичeв и Любомир Профиров Национални делегати на Wetlands International
(Резюме) В уводната част на книгата, след предговора, написан от известния швейцарски орнитолог и природозащитник Оливие Бибер, се дава информация за значението и историята на среднозимните преброявания в Европа и България. Книгата е съставена от две части. В първата са описани 45 влажни зони в България разпределени в пет географски района на страната – Дунав, Северна България, Северно Черноморско крайбрежие, Южно Черноморско крайбрежие и Южна България. Във втората са описани 106 вида водолюбиви птици установени като зимуващи в средата на месец януари през изследвания период. През периода 1977-96 г. са събрани данни за видовия състав, числеността, поведението и антропогенното въздействие (и други негативни фактори) за водолюбивите птици на територията на страната. Те се разпределят в петте вече описани региона както следва: Дунав – 6 крайбрежни участъка и една влажна зона, Северна България – 7 язовира, Северно Черноморско крайбрежие - 3 комплекса от влажни зони и 4 крайбрежни участъка, Южно Черноморско крайбрежие – 6 комплекса от влажни зони и 6 крайбрежни участъка, Южна България – 12 язовира и 4 участъка от крайбрежието на реките Марица и Тунджа. В книгата са включени два вида влажни зони: отделни хомогенни влажни зони, т. е. съставени само от един тип (по Рамсарската класификация) и комплекси от влажни зони - няколко отделни типа влажни зони, свързани екологично помежду си. Пример за отделна влажна зона е Бургаското езеро (Вая), което включва само един тип влажна зона - бракично езеро. Сложни комплекси от влажни зони са: Шабленското езеро с Шабленската тузла, морския бряг и прилежащите дюни, Атанасовското езеро с различно солени водоеми, морски бряг, канали и др. и особено Мандренското езеро. Типовете влажни зони в съответните комплекси са изброени при описанието им.
Материалите са събирани през два основни периода 1977-1996 г. и 1997-2001 г., които са подбрани по този начин, поради съществените промени, настъпили при събирането и представянето на данните след 1996 г. През първия период изследванията са провеждани основно с два екипа от орнитолози, които в продължение на 10 дни са извършвали обиколка на основните влажни зони в северната и южна половина на страната. Включването на много доброволци от неправителствени организации като БДЗП, Федерация Зелени Балкани, Фондация “БШПОБ”, Фондация “Льо Балкан” и др, както и осигуряването на средства по международни проекти позволи организирането на национални преброявания едновременно с повече от 100 доброволци и орнитолози. През отделни години в преброяванията са взели участие и чужденци (Джон Лаутън Робертс, 1 датчанин, 1 англичанин, една английска група орнитолози водена от г-н Боб Скот и др.) Резултатите от среднозимните преброявания са обработвани и изпращани под формата на годишни доклади до IWRB (сега Wetlands International) за периода 1992- 2001 (Michev, 1992, Michev, Profirov, 1993-1999; Michev et al, 2001). Отделни резултати от среднозимните преброявания са представени на международни конференции и симпозиуми (Солун, 1999, Валенсия, 2000, Одеса, 2000). Данни от среднозимните преброявания са включени и при описанието на 10 най-значими български влажни зони от басейна на Черно море (Profirov, Michev, 2002). В основата на предложенията за новите Рамсарски места като Варненското езеро, Поморийското езеро, езерото Вая, Мандренското езеро, комплекса от влажни зони в Ропотамо, язовирите Пясъчник и Овчарица са данни от среднозимните преброявания,
153
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
спомогнали за установяване превишаването на 1% рамсарския критерий за международна значимост при редица видове водолюбиви птици. Влажните зони са описани по стандартна схема както следва: Име: официалното географско наименование, така както съществува в орнитологичната литература и представени в базата данни на Wetlands International. Кратко описание на влажната зона: посочени са нейните географски координати, UTM грид или речните километри по р. Дунав и техните площи (в ha). В площта на комплексите от влажни зони по Дунавското и Черноморското крайбрежие е включена и съответната акватория с ширина 200 m. Това прави 9420 ha за Дунавското крайбрежие (471 km х 0.2 km) и 7650 ha за Черноморското крайбрежие (378 km x 0.2 km). Тези данни са твърде приблизителни и при евентуални бъдещи проучвания следва да бъдат прецизирани. Природозащитен статус: той е посочен съгласно 6-те категории на защитени природни територии в България: резерват, национален парк, природна забележителност, поддържан резерват, природен парк и защитена местност. Международният природозащитен статус като обекти на Конвенцията за Световното природно и културно наследство, Рамсарски места, Важни орнитологични места, Корине биотопи, както и планове за действие за Световно застрашени видове птици също са представени в текста. Броят на посещенията през 1997-2001 г. (ако е имало такива) е указан след този от предишния период. Средната численост на водолюбивите птици за периодите 1977-1986, 1987 – 1996 и 1997 –2001, както и средна численост за целия 25 годишен период. Максимална численост и годината за първия 20 годишен период и за последните 5 години. Среден брой на установените видове за тази влажна зона през трите периода на изследване. Максимална численост на установените видове и годината за първия 20 годишен период и за втория 5 годишен. Първите три най-многочислени видове с тяхната средна и максимална численост.
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Световно застрашените видове установени в тази влажна зона. Видовете, чиято численост редовно отговаря на Рамсарските критерии за международна значимост. Единствено средната численост за 20 годишния период е взета под внимание за тези критерии. Ако през периода 1997-2001 са се появили нови глобално застрашени зимуващи видове, те са указани след видовете за първия период. Видовете, чиято средна численост е максимална за България по време на изследвания период. Статусът на видовете е посочен съгласно приетата категоризация в “ The Status of Birds in Britain and Ireland (BOU, Oxford, 1971). При всички данни с дати, в които не е посочен ден и месец, а само година, да се разбира, че се касае за средата на месец януари, когато се извършват среднозимните преброявания. Поради различния начин на разделянето на Дунавското и Черноморско крайбрежие, използван след 1999 г. от Костадинова, Дерелиев (2001) в настоящата книга не e включена информация от среднозимните преброявания на БДЗП в тези райони за 2000 и 2001 г. В някои случаи при наблюдения на твърде редки зимуващи видове е поместена информация и извън месец януари. По време на проучванията са събрани ценни данни и за други групи птици (дневни и нощни грабливи, пойни и др.), които не са включени в настоящата книга. В 45 влажни зони, съдържащи най-голямата средна численост за период от 20 години (Reduced List), обхващат 95,5% от цялата численост на водолюбивите птици. Мониторингът на останалите влажни зони има значение до голяма степен само за видове с ниска степен на концентрация. Независимо от това, някои от тези видове проявяват тенденция към намаление. Долините на реките Марица, Тунджа и Струма, включени в мониторинга през втория период имат до голяма степен значение предимно по отношение на зимната популация на малкия корморан. Друга основна част от резултатите е представена във Втората част на книгата за установените 106 вида водолюбиви птици и тяхното разпределение по влажни зони в страната. Броят на установените видове през различните години варира от 59 през 1998 г. до 71 през 1999 г. Средният брой на зимуващите водолюбиви птици в
СРЕДНОЗИМНА ЧИСЛЕНОСТ НА ВОДОЛЮБИВИТЕ ПТИЦИ В БЪЛГАРИЯ (1977-2001)
страната е 66. Броят на установените видове през различните години варира от 45 през 1988 г. до 71 през 1994 г. Средният брой на зимуващите водолюбиви птици в страната е 56 За всеки вид е представена следната информация: Средна обща численост за страната, максимална численост и година на установяване, основни зимовища по географски райони за страната и конкретни влажни зони, местата където установените средни числености покриват Рамсарските критерии за международна значимост, установени тенденции в числеността на вида през 2 – та периода на проучването. Числеността на отделните видове през периода 1977-1996 варира от 101,017 екз. през 1991 до 468,420 екз. през 1995 г. (изключена е 1986 г., когато са броени само някои влажни зони по Черноморското крайбрежие). Средната обща численост за периода е 352,866 екз.
През периода 1997-2001 г. общата численост на зимуващите водолюбиви птици в България численост варира от 216,704 екз. през 2001 г. до 805,621 екз. през 1997 г. Средната обща численост за периода е 487,500 екз. Във влажни зони, контролирани редовно от 1977 г. насам, няколко вида водолюбиви птици през последните години проявяват стабилна тенденция към забележимо увеличение: къдроглав пеликан, малък корморан, обикновен корморан, голяма белочела гъска, червеногуша гъска, малък нирец, тръноопашата потапница и белочела водна кокошка. В заключение е представена таблица за най – многочислените видове водолюбиви птици в 5 географски района на страната както и установеното в тях общо видово разнообразие. Представена е тенденцията в промените на числеността при 49 вида водолюбиви птици (някои от тях световно застрашени) през различните периоди на изследване, като е потърсено обяснение за тези промени.
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MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
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Index of Wetlands The page with basic information for a given wetland is shown with bold number. It is possible one page included in the index to contain information about given wetland on two or more places. Akheloy Reservoir: 27. Aldomirovsko Marsh: 40. Alepou Marsh Complex: 27, 28, 37, 40, 69, 130. Ankhialsko Lake: see Pomorie Lake. Arkoutino Marsh Complex: 27, 37, 40, 54, 68, 131. Asparoukhov Val Reservoir: 18. Atanasovsko Lake Complex: 7, 8, 27, 28, 33, 39, 40, 48, 49, 50, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,86, 124, 148, 150. Balchishka Touzla: 27, 30. Batak Marsh: 40. Batak Reservoir: 40. Bebresh Reservoir: 23, 26. Beli Lom Reservoir: 26. Beloslavsko Lake: 30. Bolata Marsh: 29. Bourgas Lakes: 57, 58, 67, 149. Bourgas Salinas: see Atanasovsko Lake. Bourgasko Lake: see Vaya Lake. Chelopechene Sandpits: 65. Chengene Skele Protected Site: 28, 36, 83. Chernomorets-Dyuni Coast: 36, 39, 40, 74, 88, 129. Cherny Vrukh Fishponds: 35. Chetirideset Izvora Reservoir: 84. Choklyovo Marsh: 40. Dalyana-Vlas Coast: 32, 37, 40, 74, 121. Dolni Bogrov Landfill: 46. Domlyan Reservoir: 46. Dourankoulak Lake Complex: 3, 28, 48, 49, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 77, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 113, 149, 150. Dragomansko Marsh: 40. Drenovets Reservoir: 83. Dubnika Reservoir: 26, 83. Dyakovo Reservoir: 46. Dyavolsko Blato: 27, 38. Foros Bay: 35. Garvan Marsh: 17, 19, 20. Gebedzhensko Lake: 30. Georgi Traykov Reservoir: see Tsonevo Reservoir. Gorni Dubnik Reservoir: 23, 27, 58, 59, 62, 109. Irakli: 28. Iskur Reservoir Complex: 16, 40, 46, 47, 54, 135. Ivaylovgrad Reservoir: 41, 47, 60, 74, 136. Izvorska River Mouth Protected Site: 28, 35. Kamchiya - Obzor Coast: 31, 62, 73, 74, 75, 80, 119. Kamchiya Biosphere Reserve: 28, 31. Kamchiya Reservoir: 46, 66. Kavarna - Kranevo Coast: 30, 55, 87, 117, 149. Kaykousha Protected Site: 18. Komloushka Valley: 35.
Koprinka (Georgi Dimitrov) Reservoir: 3, 40, 41, 46, 47, 67, 84, 137, 149. Koumanitsa Marsh: 72. Kraymorie - Chernomorets Coast: 36, 40, 80, 81, 85, 128. Kremikovtsi Tailing Pond: 70, 83. Kurdzhali Reservoir: 41, 42, 47, 60. Lake Ludzha: see Atanasovsko Lake. Malazmak Reservoir: 83. Malko Sharkovo Reservoir: 41, 42, 47, 64, 67, 138. Maluk Preslavets Marsh: 17, 19, 20. Mandra Lake Complex: 4, 27, 35, 39, 40, 48, 49, 50, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 95, 127, 148. Maritsa River 1: 46, 59, 78, 83, 84. Maritsa River 2: 46, 59, 80, 83. Mechka Fishponds: 17, 19, 59. Nanevska Touzla: 27, 29. Negovan Marsh: 74. Nova Cherna Fishponds: 17, 19. Orizare Reservoir: 27. Orsoya Fishponds: 17, 18. Ouzoun Geren Lake: 35. Ovcharitsa Reservoir: 16, 40, 42, 47, 48, 49, 56, 59, 64, 65, 68, 75, 82, 84, 95, 139. Persinski Blata Reserve: 18. Pirin Lakes: 40. Poda Lagoon: see Poda Protected Site. Poda Marsh: see Poda Protected Site. Poda Protected Site: 28, 35, 75, 83. Podslon Reservoir: 3,149, 150. Pomorie Lake Complex: 4, 27, 33, 39, 40, 48, 49, 56, 62, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 123, 149, 150. Pomoriyska Touzla: 27. Poroy Reservoir: see Orizare Reservoir. Pozharevo Fishponds: 20. Pozharevo Marsh: 19, 20. Primorsko-Tsarevo Coast: 38, 40, 54, 132. Pravets Reservoir: 59. Pyasuchnik Reservoir: 40, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 56, 64, 70, 95, 139. Rabisha Reservoir: 23, 26. Rezovska Rivulet Mouth: 38. Rila Lakes: 40. Ropotamo River Mouth: 37, 57. Ropotamo Wetland Complex: 37. Rositsa Reservoir: see Stamboliyski Reservoir. Rouse-Toutrakan Stretch: 19, 67, 106. Rozov Kladenets Reservoir: 16, 40, 43, 47, 56, 57, 70, 75, 80, 140. 157
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Shabla Lake Complex: 3, 7, 8, 28, 48, 49, 50, 57, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 70, 74, 83, 84, 85, 86, 115, 149, 150. Shablenska Touzla: 27, 28. Sheremetya Reservoir: 26. Silistar Protected Site: 38. Sindel Marsh: 31. Slunchev Bryag-Akheloy Coast: 32, 39, 40, 56, 62, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 122, 149. Somovit - Svishtov Stretch: 18, 65, 69, 104. Sopot Reservoir: 23, 109. Sreburna Lake Complex: 3, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 48, 57, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 107, 150. Stamboliyski (Rositsa) Reservoir: 24, 110. Stamoplou Marsh; see Stomoplou Marsh. Stamovo Reservoir: see Podslon Reservoir. Stomoplou Marsh: 27, 38. Stouden Kladenets Reservoir: 44, 61, 141. Straldzhansko Blato: 15. Suedinenie Reservoir: 24. Svishtov - Rouse Stretch: 19, 22, 61, 74, 77. Tekensko Blato: 30. Telish Reservoir: 24, 111. Ticha (Vinitsa) Reservoir: 25, 27, 111.
Timok - Tsibur Stretch: 18, 69, 70, 77, 103. Toundzha River 1: 46. Toundzha River 2: 46. Toutrakan - Silistra Stretch: 19, 77, 106, 149. Trakiets Reservoir: 40, 44, 47, 63, 68, 142. Troud Fishponds: 61. Tsarevo-Sinemorets Coast: 38, 40, 54, 56, 57, 77, 81, 84, 133. Tserkovski Reservoir: 40, 44, 45, 47, 56, 143. Tsibur - Somovit Stretch: 18, 22, 49, 77, 103. Tsonevo (Georgi Traykov) Reservoir: 25, 27, 84, 112. Tyulenovo-Kaliakra Coast: 29, 55, 56, 57, 74, 87, 116. Varna Lake Complex: 3, 4, 30, 49, 54, 55, 56, 62, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 85, 88, 118, 148, 149. Vaya (Bourgasko) Lake: 4, 7, 28, 34, 39, 40, 48, 49, 57, 59, 61, 64, 67, 70, 71, 72, 74, 78, 82, 83, 86, 88, 126, 148, 150. Veleka River Mouth: 38. Vinitsa Reservoir: see Ticha Reservoir. Yasna Polyana Reservoir: 27, 39. Yatata Protected Site: 30. Zhrebchevo Reservoir: 40, 45, 46, 47, 61, 69, 143, 149.
Index of Species The page with basic information for a given species is shown with bold number. It is possible one page included in the index to contain information about given species on two or more places. Actitis hypoleucos: 46, 84, 90, 94. Anas acuta: 34, 70, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95. Anas clypeata: 34, 71, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94. Anas crecca: 18, 21, 22, 43, 45, 46, 69, 82, 91, 92, 93. Anas penelope: 43, 68, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94. Anas platyrhynchos: 3, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 70, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94. Anas strepera: 37, 68, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94. Anser albifrons: 2, 12, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45, 63, 89, 90, 91, 93. Anser anser: 18, 19, 29, 65, 89, 91, 92, 93. Anser caerulescens: 53, 66. Anser erythropus: 43, 64, 90, 93. Anser fabalis: 29, 62, 90, 93. Ardea cinerea: 12, 46, 61, 89, 91, 93. Ardea purpurea: 61. Arenaria interpres: 84, 90, 94. Avocet: 34, 80, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95. Aythya ferina: 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 44, 45, 72, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94. Aythya fuligula: 30, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 73, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94. Aythya marila: 36, 74, 90, 91, 94. 158
Aythya nyroca: 18, 21, 30, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 72, 90, 94. Barnacle Goose: 66. Bar-tailed Godwit: 83. Bean Goose: 29, 62, 90, 93. Bewick’s Swan: 36, 62, 90, 92, 93. Bittern: 36, 59, 90, 93. Black - necked Grebe: 30, 38, 39, 56, 89, 90, 91, 93. Black Stork: 61. Black Tern: 88. Black-headed Gull: 18, 19, 20, 36, 46, 86, 89, 90, 92, 94. Black-tailed Godwit: 46, 83, 90, 93. Black-throated Diver: 12, 39, 54, 89, 90, 91, 93. Black-winged Stilt: 79. Botaurus stellaris: 36, 59, 90, 93. Branta bernicla: 66. Branta leucopsis: 66. Branta ruficollis: 10, 12, 19, 21, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 45, 66, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94. Brent Goose: 66. Bucephala clangula: 30, 76, 89, 91, 92, 93. Calidris alba: 36, 81, 90, 93. Calidris alpina: 34, 81, 89, 90, 91, 93.
INDEX OF SPECIES
Calidris canutus: 81, 93. Calidris ferruginea: 81. Calidris minuta: 34, 81, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95. Charadrius alexandrinus: 36, 80, 90, 93. Charadrius dubius: 34, 80, 90, 93. Charadrius hiaticula: 80. Chlidonias niger: 88. Ciconia ciconia: 61, 90, 93. Ciconia nigra: 61. Clangula hyemalis: 19, 74, 90, 91, 94. Common Eider: 74, 89, 90, 94. Common Gull: 30, 86, 89, 90, 91, 94. Common Sandpiper: 46, 84, 90, 94. Common Scoter: 74, 90, 94. Common Tern: 88. Coot: 3, 12, 21, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 41, 46, 78, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93. Cormorant: 12, 20, 24, 34, 36, 37, 41, 42, 44, 45, 56, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95. Crane: 79. Curlew Sandpiper: 81. Curlew: 34, 83, 90, 91, 93. Cygnus columbianus: 36, 62, 90, 92, 93. Cygnus cygnus: 10, 29, 31, 36, 62, 89, 90. Cygnus olor: 30, 33, 34, 61, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93. Dalmatian Pelican: 10, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 59, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95. Dunlin: 34, 81, 89, 90, 91, 93. Egretta alba: 10, 12, 24, 34, 36, 43, 45, 60, 89, 91, 93, 95. Egretta garzetta: 46, 59, 90, 93. Ferruginous Duck: 18, 21, 30, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 72, 90, 94. Fulica atra: 3, 12, 21, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 41, 46, 78, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93. Gadwall: 37, 68, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94. Gallinago gallinago: 34, 83, 89, 90, 91, 93. Gallinago media: 83. Gallinula chloropus: 46, 78, 89, 90, 93. Gavia arctica: 12, 39, 54, 89, 90, 91, 93. Gavia stellata: 30, 54, 90, 93. Golden Plover: 80, 89, 90, 93. Goldeneye: 30, 76, 89, 91, 9 2, 93. Goosander: 22, 28, 77, 90, 91, 92, 93. Great Black-backed Gull: 88, 90, 94. Great Black-headed Gull: 84, 90, 94. Great Egret: 10, 12, 24, 34, 36, 43, 45, 60, 89, 91, 93, 95. Great Snipe: 83. Great-crested Grebe: 30, 36, 42, 46, 89, 90, 91, 93. Greater Flamingo: 61. Green Sandpiper: 46, 84, 89, 91, 93. Greenshank: 84, 93. Grey Heron: 12, 46, 61, 89, 91, 93. Grey Plover: 34, 80, 89, 90, 91, 93. Greylag Goose: 18, 19, 29, 65, 89, 91, 92, 93. Grus grus: 79. Guillemot: 88. Haematopus ostralegus: 79.
Herring Gull: 88. Himantopus himantopus: 79. Jack Snipe: 82. Kentish Plover: 36, 80, 90, 93. Kittiwake: 88. Knot: 81, 93. Lapwing: 34, 80, 89, 90, 91, 93. Larus argentatus: 88. Larus cachinnans: 32, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 44, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94. Larus canus: 30, 86, 89, 90, 91, 94. Larus fuscus: 34, 87, 90, 91, 94. Larus genei: 34, 86, 90, 91, 94. Larus ichthyaetus: 84, 90, 94. Larus marinus: 88, 90, 94. Larus melanocephalus: 30, 85, 90, 94. Larus minutus: 29, 85, 89, 90, 92, 94. Larus ridibundus: 18, 19, 20, 36, 46, 86, 89, 90, 92, 94. Lesser Black-backed Gull: 34, 87, 90, 91, 94 Lesser White-fronted Goose: 43, 64, 90, 93. Limosa lapponica: 83. Limosa limosa: 46, 83, 90, 93. Little Egret: 46, 59, 90, 93. Little Grebe: 24, 30, 89, 90, 91, 93. Little Gull: 29, 85, 89, 90, 92, 94. Little Ringed Plover: 34, 80, 90, 93. Little Stint: 34, 81, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95. Long-tailed Duck: 19, 74, 90, 91, 94. Lymnocryptes minimus: 82. Mallard: 3, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 70, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94. Marbled Duck: 72. Marmaronetta angustirostris: 72. Mediterranean Gull: 30, 85, 90, 94. Melanitta fusca: 32, 75, 90, 92, 94, 95. Melanitta nigra: 74, 90, 94. Mergus albellus: 12, 22, 36, 76, 89, 91, 92, 93. Mergus merganser: 22, 28, 77, 90, 91, 92, 93. Mergus serrator: 30, 77, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93. Moorhen: 46, 78, 89, 90, 93. Mute Swan: 30, 33, 34, 61, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93. Netta rufina: 30, 72, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94. Night Heron: 59. Numenius arquata: 34, 83, 90, 91, 93. Numenius phaeopus: 83. Numenius tenuirostris: 34, 36, 83. Nycticorax nycticorax: 59. Oxyura leucocephala: 12, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 45, 77, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93. Oystercatcher: 79. Pelecanus crispus: 10, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 59, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95. Pelecanus onocrotalus: 36, 59, 90, 93. Phalacrocorax aristotelis: 29, 57, 89, 90, 93. Phalacrocorax carbo: 12, 20, 24, 34, 36, 37, 41, 42, 44, 45, 56, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95. Phalacrocorax pygmeus: 12, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 57, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95. 159
MID-WINTER NUMBERS OF WATERBIRDS IN BULGARIA (1977-2001)
Philomachus pugnax: 36, 82, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95. Phoenicopterus ruber: 61. Pintail: 34, 70, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95. Platalea leucorodia: 61, 90, 93. Pluvialis apricaria: 80, 89, 90, 93. Pluvialis squatarola: 34, 80, 89, 90, 91, 93. Pochard: 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 44, 45, 72, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94. Podiceps auritus: 32, 56, 90, 93. Podiceps cristatus: 30, 36, 42, 46, 89, 90, 91, 93. Podiceps grisegena: 43, 56, 90, 93. Podiceps nigricollis: 30, 38, 39, 56, 89, 90, 91, 93. Puffinus yelkouan: 56. Purple Heron: 61. Pygmy Cormorant: 12, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 57, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95. Rallus aquaticus: 22, 30, 78, 90, 91, 93. Recurvirostra avosetta: 34, 80, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95. Red- breasted Goose: 10, 12, 19, 21, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 45, Red-breasted Merganser: 30, 77, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93. Red-crested Pochard: 30, 72, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94. Red-necked Grebe: 43, 56, 90, 93 Redshank: 34, 84, 90, 91, 93. Red-throated Diver: 30, 54, 90, 93. Ringed Plover: 80. Rissa tridactyla: 88. Ruddy Shelduck: 67, 90, 93. Ruff: 36, 82, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95. Sanderling: 36, 81, 90, 93. Sandwich Tern: 88. Scaup: 36, 74, 90, 91, 94. Scolopax rusticola: 83, 93. Shag: 29, 57, 89, 90, 93. Shelduck: 34, 68, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93. Shoveler: 34, 71, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94. Slavonian Grebe: 32, 56, 90, 93. Slender-billed Curlew: 34, 36, 83.
160
Slender-billed Gull: 34, 86, 90, 91, 94. Smew: 12, 22, 36, 76, 89, 91, 92, 93. Snipe: 34, 83, 89, 90, 91, 93. Snow goose: 53, 66. Somateria mollissima: 74, 89, 90, 94. Spoonbill: 61, 90, 93. Spotted Redshank: 34, 84, 90, 93. Sterna hirundo: 88. Sterna sandvicensis: 88. Tachybaptus ruficollis: 24, 30, 89, 90, 91, 93. Tadorna ferruginea: 67, 90, 93. Tadorna tadorna: 34, 68, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93. Teal: 18, 21, 22, 43, 45, 46, 69, 82, 91, 92, 93. Tringa erythropus: 34, 84, 90, 93. Tringa glareola: 84, 90, 94. Tringa nebularia: 84, 93. Tringa ochropus: 46, 84, 89, 91, 93. Tringa totanus: 34, 84, 90, 91, 93. Tufted Duck: 30, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 73, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94. Turnstone: 84, 90, 94. Uria aalge: 88. Vanellus vanellus: 34, 80, 89, 90, 91, 93. Velvet Scoter: 32, 75, 90, 92, 94, 95. Water Rail: 22, 30, 78, 90, 91, 93. Whimbrel: 83. White Pelican: 36, 59, 90, 93. White Stork: 61, 90, 93. White-fronted Goose: 2, 12, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45, 63, 89, 90, 91, 93. White-headed Duck: 12, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 45, 77, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93. Whooper Swan: 10, 29, 31, 36, 62, 89, 90. Wigeon: 43, 68, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94. Wood Sandpiper: 84, 90, 94. Woodcock: 83, 93. Yelkouan Shearwater: 56. Yellow-legged Gull: 32, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 44, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94.
