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66
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the Indian, being two hundred talents of
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thirty
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68
mare rose
up under him and threw him on the ground, and
she refused
now she was been born
up
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he could lead
until
her;
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the
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at the
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And
Alexander thought that he would be conquered,
and he was
in
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about his soldiers. "(9)
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when he
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tell
Alexander marries
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all
is
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is
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M
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were heard beating jungle,
seen."
all
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to
and generally reside
which are constructed
afford the best pasturage
numerous herds
of cattle.
in
in
breadth,
They have few
length.
in
in
temporary grass
such
localities
and water
as
for their
They are known under
the domination of Khurruls, Khattias, Wattoos,
Fatwanas, and other names, and are
of Jat
lineage." (42)
"On the very evening 14th of
September
Mahomedan
of the
memorable
(the assault of Delhi) a
official of
the postal department
arrived at Lahore from Googaira,
85
came
before
the Chief Commissioner, and reported, with a
somewhat malicious
twinkle of the eye, that
all
the wild and predatory tribes inhabiting the jungly
country between Lahore and Mooltan had risen. In
reply to a question, he further informed the
Chief Commissioner that the numbers of the
insurgents
ammounted
125,000
to exactly
men. "(43)
^;/ (J; ii Jjyt
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6* 6* a/^. ^>£j'\j>£tJ
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-tijfi
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2-^L te UV Jt £-"»><-> Ji>^j£
(ffjs
fyj
2-
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iji
&
ijj.
b ijA
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lib b (J> <£- ji\
87
& b>
-^ Jij \jib
J$
Jzs b Ji^jr" lj& <^>
daybreak
"At
I
the
boat
in
in
me
in
in
had received return,
Khurral; that
had crossed had
latter
a creek on the opposite side
beyond the reach chowkeedar
that he had not
Uhmud,
intercepting
which the
been moored
of
charge strict
musketry; and that the of
it
had declared
orders not to
let
an order he was determined
Uhmud,
l*/-^ J*
received a note from Mr. L
Berkeley informing succeeded
<*b
Khurral, had
become
he
that
the boat
as
to obey,
king of the
country." (44) ail
-f~ fas
J?\ *Sj
J. (jfjf
^
J/^Js>^
-&* d$\y*s o* J^i y
J.
tUiivb b
J?
\jy?otfP c^cA
dS^fluiU^Uyv^t-tA
(J
j&
/^ 1857 \J£20Jjyt
"An investigation took place, which resulted in
the dismissal of the
Jail
Darogah
and a circumstance was then
for neglect;
elicited
which
at
the time appeared insignificant, but to wihch
subsequent events have
led
me
to attach
importance. The Darogah had allowed
Khan, the chief without
more
Uhmud
of the Khurrals, to visit the
my knowledge,— a
88
fact
b
jail
he then explained
JUL
d&
that
Uhmud Khan
known him
many
for
protected
his religious father; that
his
he had
years; and that he had
faimily
during former
insurrections. "(45)
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2J
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vl (jA ufl
l£* J' Jt" b
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89
ijil-lSl
c/
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vl
b/
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iJj
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:yCi
"These
d$
J US Jb
^
Lkr
iT>?
<^>
UW &b» *->
o^ -<~ W£/j C^v 1
had been cattle-stealers and
tribes
thieves from time immemorial; but being of no political
importance, the Sikhs, after two
unsuccessful attempts to conqure them, took only the precaution of having
when passing through them
to
of their
remain
in
the
armed escorts
district,
and allowed
almost undisturbed indulgence
predatory propensities, especially as
extended beyond
these rarely
their
own
immediate neighbours; thus they were generally left
to settle their raids
fight out their quarrels
and
their thefts,
and
among themselves
to
the
predatory tastes of these tribes were now
checked by laws vigorously enforced, involving
punishment and
restitution;
and under the
influence of these stringent measures, the road
from Lahore to Mooltan had become as safe as
any
in
Bengal."
(46)
"The Chief
Ahmed in
of the Khurrul tribe,
Khan, was a
traitor at heart;
by
name
he had been
constant communication with the rebels of
Delhi
and Hansi, and (as he boasted) with the
90
(jrK
king of Delhi himself." (47)
"Ahmad was average— bold and
if^cLiJjCi/u^ljb o*,\
&l J\
,ij
a
man above
crafty." (48)
^ ^jflJ\
(/<£
& -tf '<-j£tJ d ^A- L-b 1
i/i ji\ Z_
d*'~
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^(SSLf
&4
<£- Jji; T
j£
the
i£ *1857
& ^>' U^ (
6^if^ (jvi^vL
-^ j£*
ULiiJ
J>
^ UJ^«Lf -ujj*
uj»#
J>Lf JiL
t/il
utcflb
j?
jJ
cJ^Wuk^ u Wf ui=> u^ 4^ 11
91
S*
£ 1
i-
(jOKjLO
*-)
&?
Aj -ct)
4 u'iuy>
6>
ijW
»*
-£-
^\$>\j~^
\->&
J>.
<-&? Jt
s
<^jf'£- '<^» -L bf JL"
"In
^
& (W/JS>. & '1857 -^ <4 & 0* i^
m d> hi U[M~f[ <^> yy \$>
u^>} u?\5> u\fjr &>
~^\ <^>
w£
oyj ^~^
JijW ^
the district around were
'-»
c/
u^i Utif
6^
numerous
Mohammedan tribes of Jut origin, at present degenerated into cattle-feeders and cattle-stealers, who nevertheless retaind somewhat
of their ancestral love of
war and
plunder; hundreds and thousands of
whom
wanted only the opportunity and encouragement to spring
up armed--for though nominally
disarmed, what Punjabee does not know where to
lay
hands on
need?— and
at the first
"Deen! Deen!"
weapon
his
sound
(religion), in
they would have
in
time of
of the
war-cry,
Moslem
fanaticism,
made Mooltan
rallying-point." (49)
92
their
'-^
U£
"Nor was
only, or indeed chiefly,
it
in
concurrence with the brigadier that the Judicial
Commissoner of Sir
distinguished himself: the mantle
John Lawrence rested indeed
on one worthy
for the
time
whose
to take his place-one
every act bore testimony to his English energy
and
his Christian
courage. "(50)
2Jjr jfjfjy^jQsj Jlj jyfci 2-
JjJ
Jl/gj
bl^j^^J Jit &(~s.s<^
if'Jl
U
jbM 2L
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tf»
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9j>1
vblfc
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Jt
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bs
*-£
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fjl
& w& -£- jbi Jt
^A Jt}j 'Jsssft- W) If^L
j&j£jP(j^ jifiji (f[5» 6> wfi jltfiLji
\$jJ*
LJ»
'ijjlji'
'ijjbli/
I
&Jf iJj <^jf
^j ^ ^ & &/ 6> ^ y& f~ ^ ciV i£ U'A &j w& _y& jfijj ^L JT<£"I -^U £4 x
j%2—£- '>? oil j\J& L~ Jf
ty
Si
a,
^j
(if
&j ^i>
lb/c^4 AcT* J
93
2-
(ii'v
Ut> ./^j
^ A JU
"There
two
tribes
is
very
little
to
choose between the
on the Ravi. There the Wattus rose
1857, and are :y£j>
still
in
addicted to cattle thieving. "(51
Aj> <^> "jjis 'tLSc-A
ji& <^j (X
"The Wattus pride themselves on their politeness and hospitality. They are of only
moderate special
industry, profuse
L-
\x/t
o'i ^<.j
Jji
i>
cattle. "(52)
^i^L tf;X h *—)
6->i
L
expenditure on
occasions, indifferent to eduction and
exceedingly fond of -jh\i*
in
Jyj. iv>V
ijsb -eft
'->
6> 6
UUt
J%
mi
J.<^jJ££~ *fj
/<$- \ftfJ
b
&ti '&A
cL\ .«£_ U*f (/^ (jy (JW>1»
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U*Uy>A J>
(jM
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lit
<-<)£•
94
j?Ui)ty
<-} {jA
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ofob&Lt-ix
i£
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96
-/I b
tt/jjf
j2jl -<Jl j#
Buddha Prakash,
I
History of Poros (Patiala: Punjabi
University, 1967) 38.
-266-76:
G 1993) 80 <(JjU
-22 G2006 J.\s
"jjj \,Sj"<\fcj?>
2
Jl/JlT <\fijf
3
^^
4
\j£)
-40 Jl/JlT 5
Arrian, Arrian's History of Alexander's Expedition Trans.
Mr Rooke. co,
vol.2 (London:
R
Lea; J Nunn; Lackingtion, Allen
And
1814)7.
6
Arrian 27.
-46 (jl/Ul/ 8
J.W.IVT Crindle, ed.
The Invasion
The Great (London: Methuen & 9
of India
<&jf
7
By Alexander
co, 1969) 236.
E.A. Wallis Budge, Trans,
The
Alexander The Great Being A series
Life
And
Exploits of
of Ethopic Texts, vol.2
(London: C.J. Caly and sons, 1896) 121.
-29 (j(/Jl^ l^>^ I I
Politcal
Paul Weinfield, "The Islamic Alexander
Theme
in
Arabic
And Persian
97
A
Religious
Literature," diss.,
10
And
Columbia
U, 2008, 61.
-31 (jl/JlT
13
^^
12
Weinfield 61.
<J\)s)
^iPl
J;W &b&\ 3
:^!/) (V Jf
<(/;;/
^£
14
<&>)
-1366 ((/ 1370 15
Prakash 20.
16
N.
India,"
Gopala
Pillai,
Proceedings
"Skanda: The Alexander
of the All India Oriental
Romance
in
Conference, vol IX
(Trivandrum: Government Press, 1937) 955-97.
17
IVT
Crindle 4.
-42 (jl/Jtf
20
<&jf
18
-AA &\fJ\f c&j?'
19
Weinfield 31.
Sant Singh Sekhon, Kartar Singh Duggal,
21
Punjabi Literature
(New
Delhi: Sahitya
-91-92 :G2008)2 .4
<
1st
\J, 1780
\pj3
"d/^"^^
22
-92/J>"j^^K>^
23
J}
d/ b ^v/iLl233
u/jt
Jj h
J<X* 2- \ bb bJ'ljbvjljit-j
f
History of
Akademi, 1992)27.
ij^X r
24
¥ "{/& w& J/'
25
-\t*j£"j¥"jh
-^
A
y^i
::
^ »Jf ijj>7
'
\j)\j*J>. (Jjf 1857 J^VJj ,lvl
98
jy<^;
26
Bhagat Singh,
A
History of
THE SIKH MISALS
(Patiala:
Punjabi University, 1993)256. i<(
,55:G2004)6.6^(j^(//
"l
-1
16G1986
M &\
(jif~
dl^l
:jtft))
-57/'l
Syed Muhammad
Latif,
27 28
\)J'\&jS"<\b*j*'
ijj<£j{
-56/'l
32
J^U^^ ^^ ,
^64:G2005)7^-2^iX/J6^Ly
<M (JL^t
29
jy&tjrt"'^^
30
JXd^^^i^^
31
The Punjab
(Lahore:
History of
progressive Books, 1984)379.
33
Latif
34
Dr Bakhshish Singh
(1849-1947)
35
,
572.
vol.
I
(Lahore:
Norman G.
Punjab Under the
Book Traders,
Barrier,
1900 (Durham: Duke
Nijjar,
The Punjab
British
Rule
n.d) 35.
Alienation of
Land
Bill
University, 1966) 4.
36
Nijjar,
37
Punjab Government, Mutiny Records: Reports Part
49.
(Lahore: Punjab
38
of
Government Press, 1911)
II
44.
Punjab Government, Mutiny Records: Reports part
II
46.
39
Thomas Benjamin.
"Preface. "Encylopedia of Western
Colonialism Since 1450, 2007 ed.
40
Barbara D. Metcalf, Thomas R.Metcalf, A Concise 99
History of India, (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2005)
103.
Rev.
41 Part
ii
42 Part
43
J.
(London: William Blackwood And Sons, 1861) 206.
Punjab Government, Mutiny Records: Correspondence, ii
(Lahore: Punjab
Government Press, 1911)
83.
Punjab Government, Mutiny Records: Reports, Part
(Lahore: Punjab
44
Cave-Browne, The Pujnab And Delhi IN 1857,
ii
Government Press, 1911) 358.
Punjab Government, Mutiny Records: Reports, Part
ii
46.
45
Punjab Government, Mutiny Records: Reports, Part
ii
43.
46
Cave-Browne, Part
ii
202.
47
Cave-Browne, Part
ii
203.
48
Punjab Government, Punjab
Montgomery
District,
(Lahore: Punjab
District
Gazetteers:
Government Printings 933)
44.
49
Cave-Browne, Part
50
Cave-Browne, Part
51
Punjab Government, Punjab
Montgomery 52
i
i
122. 133.
Gazetteers:
District
Gazetteers:
District,95.
Punjab Government, Punjab
Montgomery
District
District, 95.
100
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