Nutrition Almanac
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Nutrition Almanac FIFTH EDITION
Lavon J. Dunne
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CONTENTS
Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Potassium and Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Selenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
SECTION I
Nutrients
1
Macronutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Carbohydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Fats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
SECTION II
Alternative Medicine and Therapies
Micronutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Vitamins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Vitamin A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 B Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Thiamine (Vitamin B1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Niacin (Vitamin B3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Vitamin B12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Folic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Pantothenic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Biotin, Choline, Inositol, and PABA . . . .12 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Vitamin D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Vitamin E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Vitamin K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Iodine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
19
Aromatherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Ayurvedic Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Bodywork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Therapeutic massage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Deep Tissue Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Movement Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Energy Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Reflexology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Chinese Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Chiropractic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Herbal Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Homeopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Mindbody Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Meditation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Biofeedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Hypnotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
v
vi
CONTENTS
SECTION III
Health Conditions
Fibromyalgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
35
Abscess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Acne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Allergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Athlete’s Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Back Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Bronchitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Bruises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Bursitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Canker Sores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . .66 Colds and Flu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Constipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Crohn’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Cystitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Diverticulitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Ear Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Gallbladder Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Gingivitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Gout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Heart Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Heartburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Hemorrhoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Hepatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 Herpes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Hypertension—High Blood Pressure . . .100 Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Insomnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Irritable Bowel Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . .106 Kidney Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Lupus—Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Menopause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Menstrual Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Multiple Sclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 Overweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) . . . . . . .120 Prostate Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Psoriasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Raynaud’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Ulcers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Vaginitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Eczema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Eye Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Cataracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Conjunctivitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Glaucoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Macular Degeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Night Blindness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Fibrocystic Breast Disease . . . . . . . . . . . .85
SECTION IV
Foods
133
Food Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Fruits and Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Legumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Nuts and Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
CONTENTS
Meats and Poultry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Seafood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Eggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Dairy Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Seaweed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Fermented Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Sweeteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
vii
SECTION V
Diet and Food Composition
155
Weights and Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 Recommended Dietary Intake Chart . . .158 Table of Food Composition . . . . . . . . . .162
Food Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
Pharmacological Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Rich Sources of Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Glycemic Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 Selected Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
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PREFACE
When I began research for the Nutrition Almanac in the early seventies, scientific information on health and nutrition was scarce and difficult to find. In recent years, however, there has been a plethora of studies and most are easier to access. The database of the National Library of Medicine, for example, lists over 40,000 articles specifically on alternative medicine. Alternative therapies focus on the underlying cause. The side effects often experienced from prescription drugs become unneccessary as there are, in many cases, viable and equally effective remedies that are natural and work in tandem with the body. Over 100,000 deaths a year are associated with prescription or over-the-counter drugs; as a contrast, U.S. mortality statistics from 1981 to 1993 registered one death as a result of vitamins and minerals, and since then, several deaths connected to the herb ephedra. One aspect of wellness that has become clear is the interrelationship between the body, mind, and emotions, a concept that goes beyond the limited vision of allopathic medicine which views the body as functioning like a machine. Studies have shown that a negative attitude can hinder the healing process. Often called the placebo effect, as any physician will acknowledge, it is impossible to determine whether the effect of an intervention, be it a prescription drug or a natural therapy, is due to the medicinal activity and/or its placebo response. A positive outlook often enhances the efficacy of any treatment, including surgery. The wisest course of action in keeping well and healthy throughout life is prevention, keeping the internal environment inhospitable to disease by reinforcing the body’s instrinsic defense mechanisms and controlling the variable risk factors. Food is not only the best alternative medicine, but one of the most effective preventive measures. Scientific studies have proven that elements in food can affect health right down to the cellular level. Supplements are excellent short-term therapy, but for the long run, what we eat will determine our fundamental health status as we age. Regular exercise, managing stress, and sufficient sleep are the other crucial factors in maintaining a high quality of well-being. Consistently depriving the body of adequate sleep impairs mental and physical biochemical processes. Exercise improves and stimulates the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, increases muscle mass, and decreases body fat. It also affects the symptoms of stress. In a study at the University of New Mexico, more stress hormones and lower levels of endorphins, which are mood enhancing substances, were found circulating in the bodies of sedentary men as opposed to those who exercised. In this edition, there is an emphasis on the most recent and salient points of the differing aspects of health and nutrition, and on what really works as remedies for many common health conditions. Any questions or comments can be sent to me in care of the publisher. Lavon J. Dunne
ix Copyright © 2002, 1996, 1990, 1984, 1979, 1975, 1973 by Nutrition Search, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
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Nutrition Almanac
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SECTION I
Nutrients
Nutrients
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O
the intestinal tract into the bloodstream. These changes take place in the digestive tract, which includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Beginning in the mouth, chewing breaks large pieces of food into smaller pieces. Food that is masticated well allows for more complete enzymatic action. If left in chunks, food that passes into the stomach and intestine will likely remain undigested as enzymes are only able to work on the surface of these larger particles. The enzyme that is secreted in the mouth from the salivary glands is ptyalin, which is necessary for the breakdown of carbohydrates. Ptyalin breaks the starch chain into smaller subchains. Certain links of a fibrous nature cannot be broken and their components are left inaccessible to the body. The masticated food mass passes back to the pharynx under voluntary control, but from there on, through the esophagus and into the stomach the process of movement is carried on by peristalsis, a slow wavelike motion occurring along the entire digestive tract. As there are no enzymes released in the stomach for further starch digestion, ptyalin continues to work if an alkaline condition remains. Division into simple sugars occurs later in the small intestine where the pancreas secretes the enzyme amylase. The stomach has six different sets of glands, and the most important substances they secrete
ptimal health and well-being require that carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, minerals, and other micronutrients be supplied to the body in adequate and balanced amounts. These macro- and micronutrients are vital for normal organ development and functioning, for cell reproduction, growth, and maintenance; for high energy and working efficiency; for resistance to infection and disease; and for the ability to repair bodily damage or injury. No nutrient works alone; each is dependent on the presence of others for its best effects. Although everyone needs the same nutrients, each individual is different in his or her genetic and physiological makeup and therefore individual quantitative nutritional needs differ. Prevention is the wisest strategy in keeping healthy by getting periodic health checks, eating a nutrientdense diet, exercising on a regular basis, and reducing or managing stress. The foods eaten by humans are chemically complex. They must be broken down by the body into simpler chemical forms so that they can be absorbed through the intestinal walls and transported by the blood to the cells. There they provide energy and the correct building materials to maintain human life. Digestion is a series of physical and chemical changes by which food, taken into the body, is broken down in preparation for absorption from
3 Copyright © 2002, 1996, 1990, 1984, 1979, 1975, 1973 by Nutrition Search, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
4
SECTION I
are hydrochloric acid (HCl) and a number of enzymes, including pepsin, which digest protein. These enzymes need an acid environment in order to break the amino acid bonds. The stomach actually begins secreting HCl and other enzymes while protein food is still being chewed, as the body reacts to the sight and taste of the food. The first stages in the digestion of protein can take several hours after which the partially digested food passes into the small intestine where further breakdown of the amino acids takes place as the pancreas secretes the enzyme protease. Experiments with animals have shown that the stomach has a built-in timetable for gastric secretion. When bread, which contains both carbohydrate and protein, is swallowed, little HCl is released at first while a large amount of pepsin keeps the climate in an alkaline condition and allows ptyalin to continue digesting the starch. Meanwhile, the pepsin begins working on the protein. Once the carbohydrate process is near completion, more gastric juice is released that rapidly accelerates the digestion of the protein. It was also discovered that foods arranged in the stomach remain in the order they are eaten even while the contents are being churned; and liquids consumed while food is in the stomach pass around the food mass and enter the small intestine. Liquid alone leaves the stomach rather quickly unless it is a thick mixture or puree. Fruits are next, then vegetables, unless eaten with fat or sauces, followed by starches, and then starches mixed with legumes or meats because of the added protein content. Fats take the longest and slow emptying of the stomach if combined with any other food. Stimulants such as coffee, tea, and strong spices can hasten emptying time of the stomach and may also affect digestion by irritating the stomach walls. Certain food additives and excess salt may have the same effect. Cells in the stomach also secrete mucus. Mucus inhibits the gastric acids from digesting the stomach itself. The mucus constantly flows across the surface of the stomach to maintain the acid and enzyme balance. Too much acid can result in an irritated or ulcerated stomach. Over-
abundance of mucus, however, can encourage bacterial growth because gastric acid is necessary to keep the intestinal tract free of bacteria. It is estimated that nearly half of the population may be deficient in HCl, especially among the elderly. After one to four hours, depending on the combination of foods ingested, peristalsis pushes the food, now in the liquid form of chyme, out of the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine through a valve called the duodenum. The pancreas secretes proteolytic enzymes in varying proportions depending on what kind of food is present. If there is any fat, bile, which is produced by the liver from cholesterol, is released from the gallbladder where it has been stored. Bile disperses the fat globules into small droplets so that the pancreatic enzyme lipase can break them down into fatty acids. If bile contains large amounts of cholesterol, crystals or stones can form in the gallbladder. The crystals obstruct the flow of bile into the small intestine and inhibit fat digestion. Cholesterol levels rise, and if the stones become so large they completely block the bile ducts, pain results. After the bile salts are finished they are transported out of the body through the elimination tract. Quick exit time through bowel action decreases the amount of cholesterol that remains in the body as bile salts. If contents of the bowel move more slowly, the cholesterol can be reabsorbed and recirculated in the system. Food molecules continue to be broken down as they move along the remaining 20 ft or so of the small intestine, which is lined with millions of fingerlike projections called villi that give a furlike appearance. These villi contain microvilli which greatly increase the surface area available for absorption. Nutrients are absorbed by the villi and carried through their tiny blood vessels into the bloodstream. Normally, the villi act as a filter and barrier for undesirable and harmful elements by preventing their absorption. However, this defense mechanism can be compromised and weakened by a number of conditions including chronic irritation from harsh stimulants, undesirable microbes, pharmaceutical and recreational drugs, pesticides used on foods, and other environmental pollutants.
NUTRIENTS
Once the nutrients have been transported into the bloodstream they are ushered into a large vein called the portal vein which flows into the liver and branches out into numerous capillaries. From this blood, cells in the liver begin to filter out the nutrients, processing them either to be sent out to cells in the rest of the body or to be stored in the liver for future use. Amino acids are reformed into new protein configurations and rereleased into the blood. Sugars that are not needed by the body at the moment are hooked together to create huge storage molecules called glycogen. When the liver is in a healthy condition, sugars are readily processed then released or stored while sugar content of the blood remains at a constant level. If the liver is not functioning properly, however, sugars may not be modified appropriately and can flood into the bloodstream unprocessed. The liver not only processes nutrients but must detoxify all the harmful substances the villi were unable to prevent from being absorbed into the bloodstream. Other situations that can tax the liver considerably include overeating and eating foods that are refined. Refined foods are missing the nutrients they need to be properly metabolized. If the liver can no longer filter and cleanse the blood, or properly metabolize nutrients, or take care of its own health, it is because liver cells are damaged or begin to die. Liver damage is not easily detected by conventional testing and its condition may not be known until dysfunction becomes apparent through illness. Symptoms may range from headache, diarrhea, constipation, food sensitivities, flatulence, sleeplessness, and aching joints to cirrhosis and hepatitis. On the lower right-hand side of the abdomen, the small intestine ends and the large intestine, or colon, begins via the ileocecal valve. The colon is mainly for elimination and contains a thriving population of bacteria. Most nutrients have been removed and what remains is fiber and water, which is soon absorbed. Bacteria, while simultaneously feeding on the food mass, begin to break down the tough fiber molecules, creating an appropriate texture for elimination. The kinds of bacteria found in the colon determine what effects the last stage of the
5
digestion process will have on health. A predominance of beneficial bacteria will protect the lining of the intestinal tract from damage and irritation or infection that can be caused by undesirable bacteria, and will detoxify or neutralize any harmful substances. A diet that includes plenty of whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and fermented products like miso, soy sauce, and yogurt or acidophilus encourage growth of these beneficial bacteria. They in turn exert their considerable influence in keeping the colon in a healthy and vibrant condition.
Macronutrients Carbohydrates, fats, and protein are the three macronutrients the human body needs. Carbohydrates and fats supply energy while protein, in addition to energy, provides the structural components necessary for the growth and repair of tissues.
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the chief source of energy for all body functions and muscular exertion. They are necessary for the digestion and assimilation of other foods. They help regulate protein and fat metabolism, and fats require carbohydrates to be broken down in the liver. Carbohydrates are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules arranged structurally in the form of rings. Simple carbohydrates like glucose, fructose (fruit sugar), and galactose (milk sugar) are composed of one single ring and are called monosaccharides. Sucrose from sugar cane and sugar beets, maltose (which is a component of grains), and lactose (in milk) are composed of two rings linked together and are called disaccharides. The two rings in sucrose are made up of glucose plus fructose; maltose is glucose plus glucose; and lactose is glucose plus galactose. When individuals are said to be lactose-intolerant, it means that they lack the enzyme necessary to break the disaccharide links into a monosaccharide, an action necessary for further metabolism. Fiber is a car-
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bohydrate but consists of very large molecules that are resistant to enzymatic action. The human body, especially the brain, needs a constant supply of glucose. There are hormonal mechanisms that regulate glucose metabolism, a process that can go awry in cases of obesity and diabetes. Glucose levels that drop too low can result in weakness and fatigue. (A condition of low blood sugar is recognized as hypoglycemia. Minimizing sugar in the diet and eating small frequent meals focusing on whole grains, seeds, nuts, legumes, fresh fruits, and vegetables, lowfat dairy, yogurt, and fish can aid in stabilizing blood sugar levels. Blood sugar levels can be stabilized with 200 mcg of chromium GTF. Hypoglycemia is often an indication of an underlying health condition.) The body converts some of these simple sugars into a starch in which the molecules are larger and structurally different. This starch is called glycogen and is stored in the liver and muscles as a short-term energy reserve. The starch we obtain from plants (which the plants have converted, just like the human body, from glucose) consists of two kinds, amylose and amylopectin. Both are similar in structure and are glucose rings linked together in long chains. Amylopectin starch chains also branch out on the sides, which provides more surface area for enzymes to work on. This makes it easier and faster for the human body to convert amylopectin starch back into glucose. Glycogen also has this branching structure. The conversion rate, or how fast the body turns starches into sugars, is a measure of the glycemic index (GI). Amylopectyin starches have a higher GI. High GI carbohydrates raise blood sugar levels quite rapidly, providing bursts of energy that may be followed by an energy let-down. Low GI starches, because they take longer to be converted into glucose, maintain blood sugar at normal levels and provide energy at a more sustained pace. For the glycemic index of various foods see Section IV. An important element in sugar processing is insulin. Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas to manage blood glucose levels. The more the blood is flooded with glucose, the more insulin is required. Excess insulin can cause the
body to store fat, damage the arteries, and accelerate the growth of tumors. In some individuals, if the release of insulin is too frequent, cells, which have receptor sites to receive the insulin, can eventually become desensitized to the hormone, a condition associated with cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, adult-onset diabetes, blood fat abnormalities, and some cases of obesity. It is important to moderate high GI foods in the diet by eating foods that are low in GI value. The selection of higher GI foods should be nutrient-dense as opposed to the more refined ones like white bread and sugar. Wholewheat bread and white bread are in the same GI range because when wheat is ground into the fine particles of flour, the surface area is much greater for digestive enzymes to work on and the yeast factor that puffs up the bread also increases surface area, so the result is faster glucose conversion. However, whole wheat is nutrient-dense and more wholesome in that it contains more vitamins, minerals, and fiber. A starch food that contains fiber and fat have a lower GI because these substances slow down the digestion process. Although fiber is not digestible, it has important functions in the body. Fiber protects the health of the intestinal tract by increasing stool bulk and decreasing transit time, which minimizes the contact of carcinogenic and microbial elements with the intestinal walls. Colon and rectal cancers are not caused by a lack of fiber, but in susceptible individuals fiber may help prevent the diseases. A diet that supplies 40 g of fiber per day is suggested for most people; estimates are that most people ingest only 20 g. There are two kinds of fiber, soluble and insoluble. Water-soluble fibers are gums, found in grains such as oats, seeds, and legumes, and pectins, which make up part of the edible portions of seeds, vegetables, and fruits, notably apples. Soluble fibers can lower cholesterol and they do this by binding up cholesterol-containing bile acids and cholesterol, preventing their absorption. Insoluble fibers are cellulose and lignins, found in the bran of wheat and other whole grains, and hemicellulose, found in whole grains, nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables. Insolu-
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ble fibers may help alleviate diverticulitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Increasing fiber foods in the diet may cause flatulence in some individuals because as complex carbohydrates are digested by bacteria in the intestine, methane gas is released. Eating smaller amounts frequently helps eliminate the problem; so does selecting complex carbohydrates, through experimentation, that are better tolerated. Sometimes foods in combination cause gas while eating them singly does not. Ginger, garlic, peppermint, and fennel are carminatives or gas expellers and can be eaten or drunk as tea with or after meals. If a fiber supplement is necessary, a mucilaginous kind like psyllium husks or flaxseed is less irritating than crude bran fiber.
Fats Fats are converted for storage in the body from glucose. We also derive fats directly from foods. Fats are a mixture of fatty acids composed of carbon molecules linked together with attached hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The carbon–carbon configuration is of high-energy and therefore twice the caloric value of carbohydrates. Fats are our energy reserve; they insulate the body and cushion vital organs. Almost all the cells in the body can convert fats into energy, a process called fatty-acid oxidation. Most fatty acids are in the form of triglycerides, a combination of fatty acids and a carrier molecule, glycerol. When we eat fats and oils, the body separates the fatty acids from their carrier; likewise when triglycerides in fat tissue are taken out of storage for conversion to energy. Every cell in the body needs fatty acids to produce and build new cells. They are critical in the transmission of nerve impulses and for normal brain development. There are three kinds of fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are comprised of carbon bonds that are saturated with hydrogen molecules. The body prefers these fats to burn as energy. Monounsaturated fats (MUFAs) have a link in their carbon chain where two carbon molecules share, not one, but two bonds with each other. Body fat contains MUFAs and can be converted into energy that the body burns as easily as
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saturated fats. Polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) have two or more double bonds in their carbon chain. Some PUFAs are used for energy but most have other vital functions in the body. All fats and oils are a mixture of fatty acids; for example, beef fat is 51% SFA, 44% MUFA, and 4% PUFA. Olive oil is 14% SFA, 77% MUFA, and 9% PUFA. Safflower oil is 9% SFA, 12% MUFA, and 78% PUFA. Whichever fatty acid predominates determines classification. For a list of foods containing the three kinds of fatty acids, see Section IV. There are two fatty acids that are from the PUFA category and that the body cannot make, therefore called essential fatty acids (EFAs). They are linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA). LA has two double bonds in its carbon chain, the first being between the numbers 6 and 7 carbon. LNA contains three double bonds, the first being between the 3 and 4 carbon. Because the human body does not have the enzyme that is necessary for inserting these obligatory double bonds, it needs to obtain them from an outside source. The presence of a double bond in a carbon chain is noted by the Greek letter for omega, hence, LA is in the omega-6 series and LNA is in the omega-3 series. Once the body has omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, it can make other necessary fatty acids from them. The ability of the omega-3s to make other fatty acids can be interfered with, however, if the ratio of omega-6s are too high in the diet as they both compete for the same enzymes in performing their conversions. Omega-6s are more prevalent in the diet principally because of the extensive use of polyunsaturated oils in cooking and food processing. For a list of foods containing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, see Section IV. EFAs are invaluable for the production and movement of energy throughout the body. They regulate the transport of oxygen and are vital in maintaining the integrity of cell structure. They are crucial for blood clotting, for support of the immune system, and for synthesizing hormones such as prostaglandins which regulate numerous biological processes including the healing mechanism. Omega-3s are particularly important in protecting the nervous system and the integrity of cell membranes in the brain, especially important
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to fetal and early childhood development. A deficiency can impair mental functions like learning and intelligence; and there may be an association with depression, attention deficit disorder, and autism. The chemical configuration of PUFAs, the double bonds in the carbon chain, tend to be unstable making them very susceptible to oxidation, a process that can create free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can cause extensive damage in the body involving enzymes, DNA, cellular structure, and the immune system. As a result, premature aging of cells and tissues, arterial disease, and even cancer are some of the conditions that can develop. When fatty acids oxidize they begin to turn rancid. Most PUFAs oxidize quickly when exposed to heat or air. Oils that are not commercially coldprocessed are exposed to heat as well as chemical solvents. Safflower and flaxseed oils oxidize most rapidly when heated; grapeseed oil can be heated to 485 degrees before damage occurs. Once nuts and seeds have been roasted or chopped, they begin to oxidize. Buying them raw and toasting them in a fry pan right before eating minimizes harmful effects. Never reuse fat in cooking; deep fried foods in restaurants are especially hazardous. A recent study showed significant damage to the lining of arteries in participants soon after they ate foods cooked with used fat in restaurants.1 MUFAs are more resistant to oxidation, supply fat needed by the body for energy, and are rich in omega-3s. They also lower blood cholesterol. Extra-virgin olive oil, which is the first pressing, or cold-pressed canola oil, are good oils to use in cooking. Pesticide use is heavy on crops of its source, rape. Hydrogenated fats or partially hydrogenated fats contain trans fatty acids (TFAs). TFAs are unnatural forms of fatty acids that develop when unsaturated fatty acids are exposed to heat during commercial extraction to make oils, when exposed to heat and light after extraction, and when hydrogen is added to their molecular structure, as in the making of margarine. TFAs increase cholesterol levels in the body, which can result in atherosclerosis. TFAs can have damaging effects on cell membranes, the immune sys-
tem, hormonal function, and can promote heart disease and cancer. Cholesterol is a hard waxy substance critical to many body functions. Made by the liver, it is involved in the synthesis of hormones including estrogen, testosterone, and cortisone, which helps regulate metabolism. While EFAs keep cell membranes pliable, cholesterol gives them enough rigidity to prevent their collapse. If the cell structure becomes too stiff, the body removes any excess cholesterol from it; if too soft, more cholesterol is added. Vitamin D and bile are made from cholesterol and cholesterol is an important component in secretions of the oil glands. Too much cholesterol in the body has definite adverse effects. It is the main component of the plaque that builds up on the walls of arteries. This buildup leads to heart attacks, strokes, and other problems from poor blood circulation. Except for those individuals whose genes prevent cholesterol from building up no matter what they eat, diet is the major influence on cholesterol’s production. The body uses carbon or acetate fragments to make cholesterol. Acetate fragments are the end-product of fatty-acid oxidation and an intermediate product of carbohydrate metabolism. Saturated fats are the main source of acetate fragments because they are the preferred fuel of the body for energy. High GI carbohydrates produce acetate fragments rather quickly and so diets high in saturated fats and refined carbohydrates have great influence on cholesterol production. Comparatively, cholesterol in foods actually has a lesser effect on blood cholesterol levels. Another important aspect of cholesterol is how it is transported throughout the body. When fat droplets are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine, they are picked up by protein-coated carriers called lipoproteins. These particular lipoproteins are called highdensity lipoproteins, or HDL. They carry the fat globules composed of both cholesterol and triglycerides to the liver. The liver then metabolizes the fat. Some of the cholesterol is deposited in the bile. The fats that are sent out to various parts of the body are carried by low-density lipoproteins, or LDL.
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All cells in the body have receptors for LDL, but when each cell has absorbed enough fat and cholesterol for its needs, the receptor closes. The remaining LDL keeps circulating in the blood and eventually is either stored as fat or transferred back to an HDL carrier for return to the liver. HDL is known as good cholesterol and LDL as bad cholesterol. The reason is that when it’s in the form of LDL, cholesterol can damage arterial walls, which increases the risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack. Diets high in saturated fats and refined carbohydrates increases the amount of LDL circulating in the blood, elevates blood serum triglycerides and cholesterol, and places extra burden on HDL as it tries to carry the excess back to the liver. PUFAs lower LDL but lower HDL as well. MUFAs moderately lower LDL but do not affect HDL.
Protein Proteins are more complex than carbohydrates or fats. They make up most of the body weight after water. When a protein food is ingested, the body breaks it down into amino acids. Ribosomes in each cell receive coded messages from DNA in the cell nucleus on how to put these amino acids together in chains. There are 20 amino acids and they can be combined in numerous ways, like the letters in the alphabet. When a protein chain is finished, its chemical, electrical, and sequential (the sequence of amino acids) characteristics result in a unique coiled three-dimensional shape which is important because the shape alone enables the protein to perform a specific function. For example, the distinctive shape of the proteins that make up muscle fibers allows them to easily slide back and forth over one another during muscle contraction. Proteins are of primary importance in the growth and development of all body tissues. They are the major source of building material for muscles, blood, skin, hair, nails, and internal organs, including the heart and brain. Most of the transmitters relayed by the brain that affect muscular and emotional activity are composed of amino acids. Protein is needed for the formation of hormones which control a variety of body functions such as growth, sexual development,
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and rate of metabolism. Protein also helps prevent the blood and tissues from becoming either too acid or too alkaline and helps regulate the body’s water balance. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for all chemical reactions in the body. If it were not for enzymes, life would not continue because these reactions would not happen fast enough. Enzymes are essential for digestion, cellular energy, tissue and organ repair, and brain activity. Each enzyme, with its specialized configuration, binds with another specific molecule known as a substrate. The enzyme attaches to a specific site on that substrate that is geometrically and electrically compatible. The enzyme, highly energetic, initiates a reaction in the substrate that often forces it to change its chemical configuration in order to effect a desired result. Enzymes divide, snip off pieces, put parts together, and do whatever it takes; all with maximum speed and precise orchestration. There is a unique enzyme for every substrate, so the body needs to produce a substantial number of different enzymes. Specific enzymes are also obtained directly from foods in the diet. A deficient or defective enzyme can have significant consequences. For example, a deficiency of one or more pancreatic enzymes (amylase, protease, or lipase) results in incomplete digestion of food. An enzyme that is defective or slightly off in its configuration is not able to bind with its substrate, and, consequently, the intended chemical reaction will not be able to proceed. Enzymes are also carriers of information within and between cells by playing the role of receptors. Receptors are found on almost every cell in the body. For example, once the hormone insulin gets a pass from its receptor, the cells allow glucose to enter and the production of energy begins. If there is a deficiency of insulin receptors, the cells will not respond to the insulin and energy production is hindered; meanwhile there will be an elevation of blood glucose. Protein that is not needed for construction, maintenance, or repair of the body’s structure can be used for energy production. Excess protein in the diet, once broken down into amino acids, is turned into glucose or glycogen, or put into storage as fat. When protein is burned for energy, it does not burn clean like carbohydrates and fat
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but leaves a toxic residue, ammonia. This the body must eliminate. First, the liver turns ammonia into urea, which is less toxic. Then the kidneys remove the urea from the bloodstream, using extra amounts of water in the flushing process. This in turn causes an increased loss of minerals, especially calcium. If there is insufficient carbohydrate in the diet, in order to meet energy demands especially of the brain, protein in muscle tissue is used, which results in a loss of lean body mass. High dietary intake of protein can also exacerbate allergies and autoimmune diseases by aggravating the immune system. Amino acids are synthesized by the body except for eight of them which are called the essential amino acids. Meats, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products furnish the eight essential amino acids. From the vegetable kingdom, soybeans contain them as well. All essential amino acids can be obtained by combining vegetable proteins: serving beans with brown rice, corn, nuts, seeds, or wheat; or by combining brown rice with beans, nuts, seeds, or wheat, for example. It is also possible for the body to find the deficient or missing amino acid in a meal from amino acids in the small intestine or those that naturally slough off the walls of the digestive tract.
Micronutrients Vitamins and minerals are needed in minute quantities by the body but are essential for normal growth, muscle response, health of the nervous system, digestion, production of hormones, and metabolism of nutrients. Vitamins often act as coenzymes and minerals are constituents of bones, teeth, soft tissue, muscles, blood, and nerve cells. There are two kinds of vitamins: water-soluble—B complex, C, the bioflavonoids, and beta carotene—that are easily eliminated from the body; and fat soluble—A, D, E, and K— that can accumulate if an excess is ingested. Vitamins and minerals can be supplied by a varied diet of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds, fish, and low-fat animal products.
Phytochemicals are a recently discovered compound that shows the importance of eating a nutrient-dense whole foods diet, for it is inevitable that more nutrients are yet to be discovered. These elements are powerful antioxidants that protect the body from the oxidative effects of, for example, environmental pollution, and contain protective properties against illnesses including cancer and coronary heart disease. The pigments in fruits, vegetables, and some beans and grains contain a group of phytochemicals called polyphenols; polyphenols are also found in olive oil. The red and purple pigments called anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins found in such foods as grapes, cherries, berries, plums, and red cabbage act to prevent degenerative diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs. The carotenoids in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and, invisibly, in dark green leafy vegetables have strong anticancer properties. Lutein and zeaxanthin are protective of the eyes and help prevent macular degeneration and cataract formation; and lycopene lowers the risk of prostate cancer. Polysaccharides are another group of phytochemicals found in plants, especially the mushrooms, shiitake, oyster, enoki, and maitake, that improve the effectiveness of the immune system. Phytoestrogens found in plants like soybeans and flax interrelate with estrogen receptors on the cellular level and are beneficial for women during menopause and may help prevent breast cancer; and for men in reducing the risk of prostate cancer; and for both in preventing coronary heart disease.
Vitamins VITAMIN A
Vitamin A is essential in the formation of visual purple, a pigment found in the retina of the eye that is needed for vision at night. Health and the resiliency against infection of the outer skin, and internally of the mucous membranes that line the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts as well as the mouth, nose, and ears depend on vitamin A. The vitamin is an antioxidant and may be important in preventing cancer of the lungs and
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cervix in women. It helps cells reproduce normally. Vitamin A is fat-soluble and can accumulate in the body becoming toxic if more than 50,000 IU are ingested daily. Pregnant women should not take more than 10,000 IU each day. Approximately 90% of the body’s vitamin A is stored in the liver with small amounts deposited in the fatty tissues, lungs, kidneys, and retinas. Under stressful conditions the body uses this reserve supply if it doesn’t receiving enough of the vitamin from the diet. The liver needs a sufficient supply of zinc in order to mobilize and release stored vitamin A into the bloodstream. The liver converts beta carotene obtained from foods into vitamin A. Carotene is nontoxic and along with other carotenoids is an antioxidant and offers more protection against cancer than vitamin A by itself. These other phytochemicals include alpha carotene, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin, and cryptoxanthin and are found in the red, yellow, and orange pigments of fruits and vegetables. B COMPLEX
Foods that are especially rich in one of the B vitamins will also contain several other members of the complex as their functions in the body are closely interrelated. The B vitamins are also made by bacteria in the intestinal tract. The complex is most important for the health of the nervous system. B vitamins have a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein, and are essential for maintaining the muscle tone of the gastrointestinal tract and heart. The B vitamins are water-soluble. They are not stored in the body in any great quantity and need to be supplied daily by the diet. The need for the complex increases during chronic illnesses, stress, and when alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drugs are used. Taking a single B vitamin should be accompanied by the complex in order to avoid an imbalance or deficiency of the others. THIAMINE (VITAMIN B 1)
Mental efficiency, health, and a feeling of wellbeing are dependent on thiamine. It is required for nerve cells to function normally. It is essential
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for the formation in every cell of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy fuel that the body runs on. The vitamin easily dissolves in water, is vulnerable to heat during cooking, and to baking soda and powder in baked goods. It is a component of the germ and bran of wheat, the husk of rice, and that portion of all grains that is commercially milled out to give the grain a lighter color and finer texture. RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B 2)
Riboflavin is a constituent of enzymes involved in cell respiration. It is also necessary for the maintenance of good vision and healthy skin. The vitamin helps convert carbohydrates to ATP, the energy fuel. It has a yellow pigment and colors the urine. NIACIN (VITAMIN B 3)
Niacin is a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Besides its presence in food, the vitamin is manufactured in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan. It is important for blood circulation and reducing cholesterol levels in the blood. Large doses cause a flushing of the skin as a result of the dilation of blood vessels but the effect is not harmful. A form of niacin, niacinamide, does not cause any skin sensations, however, large doses can damage the liver and cause depression in some people. The form inositol hexanicotinate lowers serum cholesterol without harming the liver. Doses of the vitamin should not exceed 1000 mg a day, unless under the supervision of a physician. High doses of niacin should not be taken during pregnancy, or in cases of ulcers, gout, diabetes, gallbladder or liver diseases, or recent heart attack. PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B 6)
Pyridoxine is extremely important in the development of the nervous system. It helps process amino acids and is involved in the production of serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine. The vitamin has been used to reduce morning sickness during pregnancy. A hormonal shift leading to PMS (premenstrual syndrome) in women, and nerve compression injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome,
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have been helped by the vitamin. Because of its role in fat metabolism, a deficiency is associated with atherosclerosis. A lack of the vitamin can cause depression. Oral contraceptives can create a pyridoxine deficiency, and much of the vitamin is lost in the processing of foods and is not one of the vitamins that is replaced in so-called “enrichment.” Nerve damage has been observed in individuals taking more than 300 mg a day. VITAMIN B 12
Absorption of B12 depends on the presence in the stomach of the intrinsic factor, a mucoprotein enzyme. Autoimmune reactions in the body may either bind the intrinsic factor to prevent B12 absorption or prevent cellular ability to produce the enzyme. B12 is closely related to the activity of four amino acids, pantothenic acid, and vitamin C. It also helps iron function better in the body and aids folic acid in the synthesis of choline. It has a role in the production of DNA and RNA, which are the body’s genetic material, and in s-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), a mood altering substance. The vitamin, along with folic acid, regulates homocysteine levels. Homocysteine is an amino acid which, in excess, is associated with heart disease, stroke, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. The vitamin is found in meats, fish, eggs, and milk and is not provided in vegetarian diets. Sublingual and nasal forms are effective as supplements. The daily recommended dose is 2 to 3 mcg. FOLIC ACID
Folic acid is involved in the duplication of chromosomes during cell reproduction, a process that is accelerated during pregnancy when new tissue is being formed. The vitamin is important in preventing birth abnormalities such as neural tube defect which involves poor brain and spinal cord development, and mental disorders that may be obvious or may be subtle in effect and not noticed at birth or in infancy but become evident later in life. It can help in preventing cleft palate. Folic acid regulates blood homocysteine
levels, an amino acid associated with risk of heart disease, strokes, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. It is necessary for the production of the mood related substance SAMe. Birth control pills and diets high in fat and refined carbohydrates can cause a folic acid deficiency. The vitamin is easily destroyed by high temperatures. PANTOTHENIC ACID
There is a close correlation between pantothenic acid tissue levels and function of the adrenal glands. The adrenals are, for example, important in responding to stress. Pantothenic acid is a part of the energy cycle and the production of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. It is involved in cholesterol and hormone synthesis. The vitamin is widely available in almost all natural foods; however, food processing destroys substantial amounts. Fifty percent of pantothenic acid is lost in the milling of grains and 37% in meat during cooking. BIOTIN, CHOLINE, INOSITOL, AND PABA
These vitamins have been isolated in foods and their chemical structures identified as part of the B group, although the activity of para amino benzoic acid (PABA) is quite different from other B vitamins. Biotin acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. Prolonged use of antibiotics and antiseizure medicines interfere with its production. It is destroyed by raw egg white. The vitamin strengthens brittle nails and lowers blood glucose levels preventing diabetic neuropathy. Deficiency symptoms include fatigue, lack of appetite, dermatitis, hair loss, anemia, nausea, and depression. Choline and inositol are constituents of lecithin and are primarily associated with the use of fats and cholesterol in the body and for cell membrane integrity. Choline is a component of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, and has been helpful in treating neurological and psychological disorders. Inositol is also involved in nerve transmissions. Diabetics excrete the vitamin at a rate greater than normal. PABA occurs in combination with folic acid and plays an important role
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in determining skin health, hair pigmentation, and health of the intestines. VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
Vitamin C is necessary for the formation of collagen, the connective tissue in skin, ligaments, and bones, and is important for the healing of wounds. The vitamin aids in forming red blood cells and preventing hemorrhaging and bleeding gums. It maintains the activity of white blood cells which act as bacteria fighters, but too high amounts of C reverses that effect and white blood cells actually become less active. Vitamin C acts as an inhibitor of histamine, a compound that is released during allergic reactions. Vitamin C has shown protective effects against heavy metal exposure, pesticides, and food additives such as nitrates which have been associated with cancer. The vitamin is an antioxidant, protects LDL cholesterol from oxidative damage, supports the immune system, and helps prevent cancer. Recent studies have shown vitamin C affects nitric oxide activity, which is important in the dilation of blood vessels beneficial in preventing artery spasms leading to heart attacks and in lowering blood pressure.2 Birth control pills and aspirin deplete the tissues of vitamin C. Ingestion of above 100 mg at one time results in decreased efficiency of absorption and an increased rate of excretion of unmetabolized ascorbic acid. Tissues reach saturation at 200 to 250 mg. Large doses may inactivate vitamin B12, have caused demineralization of bones in animals, may prevent the absorption of calcium, interfere with the absorption of copper, and result in the formation of kidney stones. The bioflavonoids are part of the C complex and enhance the effectiveness of vitamin C. They are important in increasing the strength of the capillaries and regulating their permeability. Some act as antihistamines, have antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties, and protect LDL cholesterol from oxidative damage. Bioflavonoids are categorized as isoflavones, anthocyanins, flavans, flavonols, flavones, and flavanones. Subcategories include rutin, hesperetin, eriodictyol, quercetin (in onions), quercetrin, hesperidin, and genistein (in soy), and
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are found in the edible portions of fruits and vegetables and in the white segments of citrus fruits. VITAMIN D
Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestinal tract reducing its urinary loss, and for the assimilation of phosphorus which is required in bone formation. The vitamin aids in the synthesis of enzymes in the mucous membranes that are involved in the transport of calcium. When the skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D is formed from a cholesterol derivative and absorbed into the circulatory system. The more pigment there is in the skin, the less of the vitamin is produced. Vitamin D is involved in cell reproduction, blood cell formation, and enhances the immune system. It is needed for regulating glucose. Dietary sources of vitamin D are egg yolks, butter, fortified milk, and fish livers or oil. After absorption, vitamin D is transported to the liver for storage and deposits are found in the skin, brain, spleen, and bones. Excessive amounts may cause a rise of calcium and phosphorus in the blood and excessive excretion of calcium in the urine. This may lead to calcification of soft tissues and of the walls of the blood vessels and kidney tubules, a condition called hypercalcemia. Too much vitamin D for prolonged periods can result in weight loss, headaches, and kidney stones. VITAMIN E
Vitamin E plays an essential role in cellular respiration of all muscles. This makes it possible for muscles and their nerves to function with less oxygen, thereby increasing endurance and stamina. Studies have shown that vitamin E can reduce the stickiness of blood preventing its tendency to form blood clots. It also acts as a powerful antioxidant and protects LDL cholesterol from oxidation. Recent studies have shown vitamin E supplementation of 100 IU daily for 2 years reduced the risk of heart attack3 and in another, 400 to 800 IU daily produced a 77% drop in nonfatal heart attacks.4 The d-alpha form of supplemental E is natural and more effective
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than the synthetic dl form. The gamma tocopherol may better protect against oxidation and supplements should include the mixed tocopherols. In animal studies, rats were exposed to ozone levels that are normally found in industrial areas. Ozone is a single reactive oxygen molecule that does much injury to cellular structures. Those that received little of the vitamin had the most damage, those given larger doses essentially had no damage. Tissue damage can also occur from the diet; the same reactive oxygen molecules are present when unsaturated vegetable oils are exposed to air and heat and become rancid. The antioxidant properties of vitamin E may retard the aging process. Topically the vitamin can reduce scar formation (applied after the wound has closed) from burns, surgery, or other injuries. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin, absorbed in the presence of bile salts and fat. From the intestine, it is absorbed into the lymph and transported in the bloodstream as tocopherol to the liver where high concentrations are stored. It is also stored in the fatty tissues, heart, muscles, testes, uterus, blood, and adrenal and pituitary glands. The vitamin is one of a group of compounds called tocopherols which include beta, delta, epsilon, gamma, and zeta. Vitamin E is mainly found in the oily portions of foods like whole grains and seeds. The milling process reduces vitamin E content by as much as 85%. The vitamin has a tendency to raise blood pressure if given in supplemental form, therefore, initial intake should be low and gradually increased. High doses can interfere with iron metabolism; at dosages of 300 to 400 IU a day, nausea, intestinal distress, fatigue, weakness, and urinary abnormalities may be experienced in some individuals. VITAMIN K
Vitamin K is necessary for the formation of prothrombin, a chemical required in blood clotting. It is also involved in a body process, phosphorylation, in which phosphate, when combined with glucose, passes through the cell membranes and is converted into glycogen. It is involved in bone formation by transporting calcium. The vitamin is absorbed in the upper intestinal tract with the aid
of bile salts, transported to the liver and stored in small quantities. Besides dietary sources, it is manufactured in the intestinal tract by certain bacteria. Synthetic vitamin K can be toxic. Supplemental vitamin K can interfere with the actions of some blood thinners.
Minerals CALCIUM
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Ninety-eight percent is found in the bones, 1% in teeth, and 1% in other tissues. When the body is at rest, calcium is pulled out of the bones to be used elsewhere, establishing the importance of daily adequate intake of the mineral and of exercise. Calcium helps regulate nerve transmissions and along with magnesium, is important for cardiovascular health. If muscles do not have enough calcium, they cannot contract or if contracted, do not relax, which results in cramps. The mineral is good for relaxation and improves the quality of sleep. During the hormonal shifts of menopause, the dominance of the parathyroid hormone causes calcium to be removed from bone resulting in osteoporosis. Requirements for calcium may vary depending on how much each individual absorbs and retains. Pregnant women need to ingest at least 1200 mg a day, especially in the last two months because over half of the calcium in an infants body is deposited at that time. Moderate amounts of protein, lactose, and butterfat enhance absorption of calcium, therefore, low-fat rather than nonfat milk products should be part of the diet, especially for children. Excess protein in the diet causes a urinary loss of calcium. High intakes of calcium interfere with the absorption of other minerals including iron, zinc, and manganese, disrupt the functioning of the nervous and muscular systems, and may prevent blood coagulation. CHROMIUM
A trace element, chromium is essential in producing a substance called glucose tolerance factor (GTF) which is important in the utilization of insulin, a hormone that stabilizes blood sugar lev-
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els. The mineral is also involved in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. Eating refined sugar can cause depletion of body chromium as sugar lacks sufficient amounts of the mineral for its own digestion. The chromium content of refined sugar is 0.02 parts per million (ppm) whereas the by-product, molasses, has 0.2 ppm; sugar cane juice has approximately 0.1 ppm. COPPER
Copper assists in the formation of hemoglobin and red blood cells by facilitating the absorption of iron and may protect against atherosclerosis. Iron metabolism depends on copper. Zinc and copper have similar elemental properties and have a balancing effect on each other. Both are related to the functioning of the nervous system and compete in the intestinal tract for absorption. Excess zinc supplementation affects the absorption of copper. Too much vitamin C can impair its metabolism. Copper is a component of superoxide dismutase (SOD), an antioxidant enzyme; and it is necessary for the production of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, the body’s energy source. Synthesis of collagen, certain hormones, and enzymes depend on copper. High levels of copper may aggravate PMS and it can be increased by the use of birth control pills. Excess copper can cause mental and emotional problems and may be prominent in schizophrenia. Anemia not helped by iron may be an indication of elevated copper levels. Serum copper, elevated by estrogens, rises progressively during pregnancy and takes several months to return to normal after delivery, during which time the mineral could be a factor in the depression and psychosis women often experience right after giving birth. Excess copper may be getting into the diet from contaminated food and water and copper pipes through which drinking water flows. IODINE
Iodine aids in the development and functioning of the thyroid gland and is an integral part of thyroxine, a principal hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones are important for normal cellular metabolism. Sea plants and animals absorb iodine from seawater and are good sources of the mineral.
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IRON
At the center of a hemoglobin molecule is iron and when combined with oxygen, it gives arterial blood its bright red color. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to the tissues which need oxygen to maintain basic life functions. Iron is also necessary for the formation of myoglobin, found only in muscle tissue, which supplies oxygen to the muscle cells. Significant amounts of iron can be lost during menstruation and needs are higher for pregnant women. Protein and vitamin C aid in the absorption of iron by chelating or attaching onto the iron ion and carrying it across the intestinal walls. Excess iron can accumulate in the body to toxic levels. Take iron supplements only on the advice of a physician. MAGNESIUM
Along with calcium, magnesium is found in bones and is important in the conduction of electrical impulses of the muscles and nerves. Magnesium, like calcium, is a relaxant yet either one in excess causes a malfunction of the nervous system. Keeping both minerals in balance is important. Most magnesium is found in the cell where it activates the enzymes necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. It is involved in insulin secretion and function. Magnesium has been shown to reduce hyperactivity in children who had low magnesium levels. It may improve vision in glaucoma patients, lower blood pressure, and may be a factor in chronic fatigue syndrome. The mineral is refined out of many foods and amounts are lost during cooking of foods. MANGANESE
Manganese plays a role in activating numerous enzymes and in skeletal development involving connective tissue which provides the framework for bone and its growth. Along with zinc, the mineral lowers serum copper levels and balances histamine levels, a substance that is released during allergic reaction. Manganese stimulates activity of the antioxidant enzyme SOD, or superoxide dismutase, and helps maintain glucose levels.
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POTASSIUM AND SODIUM
Potassium and sodium exist in important ratios, potassium concentrated inside the cell and sodium remaining outside. They regulate water balance in the body and their equilibrium enables them to stimulate nerve impulses for the heart and other muscle contractions. Depletion of either element would depress cell response. The typical American diet of processed and convenience foods do not contain sufficient amounts of potassium creating an imbalance between the two minerals. Diuretics can cause an excessive urinary loss of potassium. An excess of sodium is related to high blood pressure and fluid retention which taxes the heart and kidneys. SELENIUM
Selenium is a natural antioxidant and appears to preserve the elasticity of tissues by delaying oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. It supports the immune system, protects against cancer, is a factor in fertility, and is necessary for the production of prostaglandin, a substance that affects blood pressure. Selenium content of foods depends on the extent of its presence in soil whether directly as plant food or indirectly as animal products when selenium levels are derived from feed. Sulfur content in commercial fertilizers inhibits plant absorption of the mineral. Refining, processing, and cooking of foods reduce selenium levels. High doses are toxic and no more than 300 mcg a day are recommended. ZINC
Zinc is a constituent of at least 25 enzymes involved in digestion and metabolism. It is a component of insulin and essential in the synthesis of nucleic acids which control the formation of different proteins in the cell. Zinc is important for the proper development of the reproductive organs and normal functioning of the prostate gland. The mineral speeds the healing of wounds and bone fractures, keeps the skin healthy, and is involved in the formation of keratin, a substance in hair and nails. It supports the immune system and protects against free radicals. Zinc content of foods depends on soil content. Chemical fertilizers impair its absorption into
plants. The milling process removes substantial amounts of the mineral. Although moderate doses enhance immunity, excessive amounts depress it. It is recommended that no more than 100 mg be taken daily.
Water Respiration, digestion, assimilation, metabolism, elimination, waste removal, and temperature regulation are bodily functions that can only be accomplished in the presence of water. Water is essential in dissolving and transporting nutrients such as oxygen and mineral salts via the blood, lymph, and other bodily fluids. Water also keeps the pressure, acidity, and composition of all chemical reactions in equilibrium. Only oxygen is more essential than water in sustaining the life of all organisms. Human beings can live around 5 weeks without protein, carbohydrates, and fats but just 5 days without water in a moderate climate. Its circulation between the blood and bodily organs is perpetual and always maintained in proper balance; however, a certain amount is eliminated daily through evaporation or excretion and must be replaced. Most of this water is removed by the kidneys, through which the entire blood supply passes and is filtered 15 times each hour. Whenever the body becomes overheated, two million sweat glands excrete perspiration which is 99% water. The heat of the blood evaporates the sweat, cooling the body and keeping the internal organs at a constant temperature. A minimal but consistent loss of water occurs during the processes of breathing and tearing. Moisture is breathed out from the water-lined nasal passages and the lungs. Dry air draws off more water than humid air. Tiny tear ducts carry a liquid solution to the upper eyelids, which lubricate the eyes 25 times every minute. The tears then pass down to the nose where they evaporate. To replace lost water, approximately 3 qt is needed by the body each day under normal conditions. More strenuous activity, a high climate temperature or a diet too high in salt may increase this requirement. The sense of thirst is controlled by a part of the forebrain called the hypothalamus. Metabolic water is produced as a
NUTRIENTS
by-product of the food combustion process yielding as much as a pint per day. Foods can provide up to 11⁄2 qt. For example, fruits and vegetables are more than 90% distilled water. Even dry foods like bread and crackers are 35 and 5% water, respectively. Drinking water is the other source of replenishment. Municipal water treatment systems are mainly concerned with disinfection and do not remove
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most chemicals. Because of environmental pollution, there is probably not a water source that is not contaminated to some degree. The most efficient removal and reduction of the widest range of contaminants is in bottled water, purified by ozone, reverse osmosis, and distillation, or a combination. Needed minerals do not have to be obtained from drinking water as they are found in a wide range of foods in a varied and wholesome diet.
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Alternative Medicine
Alternative Medicine and Therapies
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A
lternative medicine asks the questions: What are the underlying reasons for an illness? And, why was the body not able to stimulate its own intrinsic mechanisms in defense? The human body has immense resources for healing and rejuvenation. Alternative medicine and therapies assist in this endeavor. The body is viewed as an integrated whole with all aspects of life having an influence on health—lifestyle, work, diet, genetics, and mental and emotional constitution. For this reason, although a particular health condition may appear the same, the cause may be different, and therefore each individual is treated accordingly. Conventional or allopathic medicine is superior for trauma, emergencies, and complex surgical procedures, but alternative medicine is often better at managing common illnesses, degenerative diseases, mental illnesses, stress, and cancer. Alternative disciplines place great emphasis on prevention and encourage changes in diet, exercise, reducing stress, and becoming an active participant in one’s own health and well-being.
oily volatile compounds are the result of plant metabolism and each plant has a particular organ for producing then storing an oil. The oil can be produced in the flowers, leaves, seeds, fruit, rinds, roots, or in wood like cedar. They are also found in grasses, herbs, needles, and branches of trees, in resin, balsam, and bark. The oils are extracted from the plant through a variation of distillation processes or by cold pressing. Different components can come from different parts of a single plant. Sometimes there are a number of varieties of the same plant; for example, there are hundreds of eucalyptus varieties throughout the world, each with a different oil, chemical composition, and therapeutic use. The pharmaceutical effects of essential oils are due to their inherent chemical constituents and to the fact that these constituents work synergistically. Their specific effects are determined by their structures, whether they have lipophilic or hydrophilic properties, and if they attract or repel electrons. They are so complex on the molecular level that one oil can have many different uses. The physical nature of oils, a low molecular weight, and an affinity for lipids or fats allow them to penetrate body tissues with great ease. When an oil is inhaled, it is absorbed in the nasal cavity and picked up by smell receptors that pass information to the limbic system of the brain where emotions and memory are controlled and
Aromatherapy Genuine essential oils contain diverse complex substances comprising active ingredients, secondary components, and trace compounds. The
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to the hypothalamus which controls digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, hormone balance, sexuality, and stress. Placed on the tongue or taken in gelatin capsules, the oil is absorbed along the digestive tract and travels to the liver where it is metabolized. Rubbing oils into the skin or inhaling them can be more effective delivery systems because they bypass liver processing. Massaging an oil into the feet is particularly efficacious. High potency oils are expensive; however, they tend to be cost-effective because results can be obtained with smaller doses. The interaction of all the various compounds within an oil are qualitatively more effective than the isolation of a particular component or components. The oils can be inhaled, ingested, or applied topically. When delivered through a vaporizer, microparticles of the oil are dispersed into the air and inhaled. This system is effective for respiratory illnesses, to calm nerves, or to clear airborne infectious microbes. The oils can be used for massage, dispersed in the bath, mixed with water and sprayed into the air or on the skin, applied as a compress, or placed directly on the skin full strength or diluted with vegetable oil. When using a base or carrier oil for combining with the essential oil, use a cold-pressed unrefined vegetable, nut, or seed oil; essential oils can also be added to creams or lotions. Internal ingestion should be done only under the supervision of an aromatherapist. Essential oils can be toxic when taken internally; as little as one teaspoon of some oils can be fatal. Aromatherapy is especially effective for infectious illnesses, for maintaining hormonal balance, and for psychological and nervous system conditions. Essential oils can harmonize moods and emotions and alter brain waves in such a manner as to have a tranquilizing effect that produces a sense of well-being and calm. Certain oils act as stimulants and have an energizing effect. Treatments may be less effectual for diseases that are genetic or have been chronic for a number of years; metabolic and degenerative illnesses may not respond at all. Extensive studies, many of which have been conducted in Germany, have shown the beneficial effects of essential oils. For example, as antibacterial agents, certain oils were
found to prevent the spread, and eliminate the presence, of a number of pathogens including E. coli, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Candida albicans in an enclosed room.5 Their ability to prevent microorganism proliferation in the body may be through their ability to penetrate cellular membranes and influence cell metabolism. At the same time, they do not destroy valuable intestinal flora as conventional antibiotics tend to do. Certain essential oils have antiviral properties, act as expectorants for respiratory ailments, have sedative and antispasmodic qualities, and give support to the immune system. Some oils have an effect on the autonomic nervous system, moderating an overactive sympathetic system. In a clinical study, 80% of the participants reported positive improvement for symptoms affecting the nervous system including depression, tension, headache, fatigue, insomnia, and loss of appetite.6 Some oils have shown in studies to have an antiinflammatory effect by stimulating the adrenal glands and releasing cortisone-like substances. Brain waves were shown to be altered on another group who experienced improved visual search tasks. The manner in which the oils are taken is very important. Sometimes oral ingestion has no effect while inhalation presents clear results. If doses are too high, a secretion-stimulating effect reverts to a secretion-inhibiting one. The most effective dosages are usually the lowest (1 mg per kilogram of body weight), while raising the dosage reduces efficacy. An individual weighing approximately 150 lb would normally use between two and five drops. In a clinical study, blood samples were taken from participants after they had inhaled certain essential oils. Therapeutic levels of the compounds were found but within an hour levels decreased by half, showing that the oils did not accumulate in the blood.7 Some essential oils can cause a reaction in certain individuals who are susceptible to allergies. To test for potential sensitivity, place a small amount of oil on the inside of the elbow for 24 hours. If no reaction is evident, it is advisable to repeat the process in 20 to 48 hours. Certain oils are to be used either externally or internally exclusively; some can exacerbate or complicate
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
existing health conditions; and yet others are poisonous, although those are not usually available commercially. Ketones are the toxic elements in essential oils and these molecules can penetrate the bloodbrain barrier causing damage to the nervous system and irreversible liver damage. The ketone most widely found in oils is thujone, a component in mugwort, sage, thuja, wormwood, and yarrow oils. Although sage oil has a high content of the ketone, it appears to have low toxicity and can be used by adults with caution. The toxic effects of ketones depend on how it is administered; inhalation being the safest, followed by skin contact, vaginal, rectal, and oral ingestion. Anise, atlas cedar, eucalyptus dives, yarrow, clary sage, chamomile, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils are not to be used during pregnancy; spike lavender and niaouli, which have hormone-like properties, should be used with caution. Fennel oil stimulates the production of estrogen and is not to be used if an individual has breast cancer or if there is a family history of the disease. Basil and possibly tarragon oils can be carcinogenic in large quantities. Thuja, wormwood, mugwort, tansy, and hyssop are toxic when taken internally. Pine is not to be used internally. Hyssop and thuja should be administered only in small doses externally. Pennyroyal is poisonous in large doses. Savory and oregano dosages are not to exceed three drops taken internally and not to be used for more than a 21-day period. Oregano, thyme, and savory are not for external use; although thyme and oregano are well tolerated if rubbed into the soles of the feet. Internal use of thyme should not exceed three drops per day. Clove oil, clove leaf oil, cinnamon bark oil, and cinnamon leaf oil can cause skin irritation and may cause swelling of the entire body and severe shortness of breath in susceptible individuals. Bergamot, bitter orange rind, khella, lemon, and mandarin should not be applied to the skin. Juniper oil can be damaging to the kidneys whereas the berries of the juniper are not irritating. Crested lavender, anise, atlas cedar, basil, cinnamon, eucalyptus dives, eucalyptus globulus, rosemary, sage, and yarrow are not suitable for children. Niaouli and peppermint should be used with caution. Spike
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lavender should be mixed with benign oils. Camphor induces abortion and is toxic to the nerves. If the following health conditions are present do not take the listed oils: Abdominal pain—clove Asthma—marjoram, oregano, rosemary, yarrow Breast cancer—angelica, anise, caraway, cypress, fennel, sage Epilepsy—anise, fennel, hyssop, nutmeg, parsley, sage Glaucoma—cypress, hyssop, lemon balm, tarragon, thyme Hemorrhaging—lavender if taking an anticoagulant High blood pressure—hyssop, lemon Hypothyroidism—fennel Insomnia—peppermint, pine Menstrual complaints—angelica, anise, caraway, cypress, sage Prostate cancer—angelica, cypress, hyssop, Thymus serpyllum Tumors—anise, caraway, fennel Urinary tract infection—eucalyptus, juniper For more information contact: National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy, P.O. Box 17622, Boulder, Colorado 80308–0622, 303-258-3791; Lotus Light, P.O. Box 1008, Wilmot, Wisconsin 53170, 414-889-8501; The Pacific Institute of Aromatherapy, P.O. Box 6842, San Rafael, California 94903, 415-479-9121.
Ayurvedic Medicine Ayurvedic means the science of life, and is probably the oldest system of healing. It encompasses a philosophy that is both subtle and complex. In treating an individual, an assessment is first made of metabolic body type or dosha. There are three doshas: vata, pitta, and kapha, and the dominance of one over the others determines classification. Doshas are blueprints, or a health profile of an individual, encompassing physiology, innate ten-
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dencies, strengths, weaknesses, and susceptibilities to ill health. Once a diagnosis of the illness has been made, the methods of treatment may include cleansing the body of toxins, whether of an environmental, bacterial or viral nature, appropriate changes in diet, herbal and mineral preparations to rebuild and rejuvenate body tissues, and stress management through activities such as meditation, deep breathing, and sound therapy. The purpose is to balance the doshas within the individual. Several factors are believed to be at the basis of physiological imbalance and disorder. There may be a genetic predisposition to an illness that is prompted by something in the surrounding environment or triggered while still in the womb by the activities of the mother. Individuals usually have natural tendencies toward a particular habit or behavior such as alcoholism, overeating, or overworking. A disease may be the result of a congenital defect acquired during development in the uterus. Environmental pollutants, poor diet, or eating the wrong foods according to dosha type can cause illness; and each dosha may be susceptible to seasonal influences. Other conditions affecting health are physical and emotional trauma, and electrical or magnetic imbalances along the spinal cord. The foremost characteristic of the vata metabolic type is changeability. People of this type are active, energetic, moody, imaginative, and impulsive; prone to erratic sleep patterns, intestinal problems, nervous disorders, and premenstrual syndrome. There is a sensitivity to cold and dry and their vulnerable season is autumn. Pitta types are predictable, aggressive, intense, efficient, articulate, moderate in daily habits, short-tempered, and impatient. They tend to perspire more and may be open to poor digestion, ulcers, skin inflammations, hemorrhoids, and heartburn. In summer they are sensitive to the sun and heat. Kapha is relaxed, stable, conservative, with a tendency to laziness and procrastination. They sleep long and move, eat, and digest food slowly. There is an inclination toward overweight, allergies, sinus, and lung congestion and they are highly susceptible to the cold of winter. An important aspect of Ayurvedic medicine is the categorization of food according to taste and
other inherent properties, then using that information to establish the proper diet for each dosha. Ayurvedic medical schools often teach pharmacology and cooking in the same course. Whether a food is sweet, sour, salty, pungent, bitter or astringent, heavy or light, solid or liquid, dry or oily as well as its hot or cold-producing abilities, all have an effect on the health of an individual. There is also a consideration of food transformation once digested, for example, from sweet to pungent, as is the case with honey. Honey is sweet when eaten but once processed in the body becomes pungent. From a health aspect it would not have the affect that sweet foods do. The pharmacological effect of a meal can be altered by adding or subtracting a spice or herb. The Ayurvedic method of nutrition is ultimately to observe the reactions that different foods have on each patient. Ayurvedic medicine is very effective in treating metabolic, stress related, or chronic conditions and for relieving the deleterious effects of surgery and debilitating treatments such as chemotherapy. Many Ayurvedic herbal preparations have been clinically tested and documented as improving a wide range of health conditions. A number of studies have shown guggul (an extract from the mukul myrrh tree) to lower cholesterol. For example, in a study of 40 patients with high cholesterol, the herb was shown to reduce in a 16week period, serum cholesterol levels by 21%, triglycerides by 27%, a 35% rise of HDL cholesterol, and a decrease in LDL levels.8 Guggul properties have an anticoagulating effect on blood platelets and prevent LDL cholesterol from oxidizing.9 Other illnesses that have responded to therapy in studies are metabolic and endocrine gland dysfunctions, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, mental disorders, inflammation of the musculoskeletal system, and the prevention of cancer. For more information contact: American Association of Ayurvedic Medicine, P.O. Box 598, South Lancaster, Massachusetts, 01561, 1-800-843-8332; American School of Ayurvedic Sciences, 10025 NE 4th Street, Bellevue, Washington 98004, 206-453-8022; Sharp Institute for Human Potential and Mind-Body Medicine,
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
8010 Frost Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92123, 1-800-82SHARP; The College of Maharishi Ayur-Veda Health Center, P.O. Box 282, Fairfield, Iowa 52556, 515-472-5866; Canadian Association of Ayurvedic Medicine, P.O. Box 749 Station ‘B’, Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1P 5P8, 613-837-5737; Ayurvedic Institute, 11311 Menaul NE, Suite A, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87112, 505-291-9698.
Bodywork Therapeutic massage, deep tissue manipulation, movement therapies, and energy balancing are forms of bodywork that are used to correct the structure and improve the functioning of the human body. The various techniques increase the energy flow throughout the system, thereby stimulating natural physiological healing mechanisms.
Therapeutic Massage Manipulation of the soft tissues of the body affects the skin, blood vessels, nerves, lymph systems, and muscles as well as some internal organs. When nerve endings in the dermis, the inner layer of the skin, are stimulated, they send nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain. Touch nerve impulses can prevent pain nerve impulses from reaching the brain. Endorphins are also released. These are the body’s own pain killers that can minimize or alleviate pain. There are four basic movements in soft-tissue massage. Effleurage relaxes superficial muscles. Pettrisage releases tension from superficial and deep-muscle tissue and increases blood flow to the area. The third stroke, friction, breaks down adhesions between tissues and releases the tension of muscle spasm. The fourth, tapotement, has a stimulating effect on the skin and soft tissues and increases blood circulation. A familiar method of this technique appears like a karate chop—a movement that is swift and rhythmical. Massage is beneficial for numerous health conditions including pain, respiratory ailments, circulatory and digestive problems, and psycho-
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logical and stress-related illnesses. The therapy aids in the elimination of toxins from the body, for example, by stimulating the lymphatic glands. It acts as a sedative on the nervous system, and is the most frequently used therapy for musculoskeletal (muscle and skeleton) disorders. Muscle nerve fibers can become compressed by tension and stress, which causes muscle fatigue and pain. If prolonged, this contraction can interfere with the elimination of metabolic waste in muscle and surrounding tissue. Tension can also cause headaches and neck, shoulder, and lower back pain. At the University of Miami School of Medicine, a study found that premature babies who received a daily massage gained weight faster than those who did not. Another study found that individuals with eating disorders felt better about themselves and their bodies after massage treatments. For more information contact: American Massage Therapy Association, 820 Davis Street, Suite 100, Evanston, Illinois 60201, 312-761-2682; National Association of Massage Therapy, P.O. Box 1400, Westminster, Colorado 80030, 800776-6268.
Deep Tissue Manipulation Manipulation and stretching of the fascia, which is the thin, elastic membrane that envelops every muscle, connects muscles and muscle fibers, and creates bands to form tendons and ligaments, is the primary focus of deep-tissue massage. Rolfing, Hellerwork, and Aston-Patterning are the better known methods of this therapy. Dr. Ida Rolf compared the body to a stack of bricks, each one squarely and firmly on top of one another. If just one of the bricks was out of alignment, the entire structure would be unstable and under duress. When the body is properly aligned, the muscles use little tension in maintaining any given position; however, improper posture puts such stress on the muscles, especially of the back, neck, and legs, that the muscles become over-contracted. After months or years in this condition, the movement of fascial tissues, because they have to hold everything in an out-ofbalance state, become shortened and inflexible, and eventually lose their pliability. The muscles
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underneath become stiff and rigid. Because the neuromuscular system adapts, the body does not know it is in misalignment. Meanwhile, the stress factor depletes energy and interferes with the intrinsic healing abilities of the body. The belief is that physical or mental trauma can also affect the mobility of the fascia and prevent the muscles from full-range movement. Deeptissue massage loosens the fascial tissues so that muscles underneath can move more freely. The muscles lengthen, become relaxed, and posture is realigned. A University of Maryland study found that rolfing reduced stress and improved the body’s neuromuscular function in the participants. For more information contact: Rolf Institute, 205 Canyon Boulevard, P.O. 1868, Boulder, Colorado 80302, 303-449-5903. The Body of Knowledge/Hellerwork, 406 Berry Street, Mt. Shasta, California 96067, 916-926-2500. The Aston Training Center, P.O. Box 3568, Incline Village, Nevada 89450, 702-831-8228.
Movement Therapies The Alexander technique, Feldenkrais method, and Trager approach reeducate muscle movements to improve body flexibility, balance, coordination, and release of muscle tension. There is an increase in energy level and breathing becomes easier and deeper. Children move with great ease and grace but as adults, poor posture and incorrect movements eventually become natural habits. Meanwhile, the body is misaligned and muscles are tense and over-stretched. These unconscious habits can be reprogrammed and new messages relayed to the brain by practicing new patterns of movement that eventually become involuntary and automatic. Movement therapies are especially effective for the prevention of illness, and their techniques have improved conditions such as stress, chronic pain, neuromuscular (nerve and muscle) and musculoskeletal disorders, and respiratory and digestive problems. For more information contact: North American Society of Teachers of the Alexander Technique, P.O. Box 517, Urbana, Illinois 61801, 1-217-3676956 or 800-473-0620. Feldenkrais Guild, P.O. Box 489, Albany, Oregon 97321, 503-926-0981.
Trager Institute, 21 Locust Avenue, Mill Valley, California 94941, 415-388-2688.
Energy Balancing Meridians are invisible pathways through which energy or life force flows in the human body. These channels are connected to specific organs that can become diseased if the energy to them is blocked. Acupressure, shiatsu, qigong, t’ai chi, and polarity therapy use various techniques in restoring energy flow. Acupressure manipulates the same points as acupuncture but uses the hands and fingers instead of needles. Shiatsu is a Japanese therapy and a form of acupressure. Qigong is practiced by millions in China. It is a system of gentle exercise and breathing techniques that restore the circulation of energy. The theory behind qigong is that the energy or life force that is inherent in all matter has two aspects, yin and yang. Illness, whether physical or emotional, develops when the energy flow between these two opposites moves out of balance or is depleted. Because of its ease and slowness, qigong can be practiced by all ages including the elderly, helping them maintain their strength and agility. Among the conditions that are benefited by the discipline are gastrointestinal ailments, ulcers, arthritis, high blood pressure, and heart disease. T’ai chi also incorporates the life force and yinyang principles in its exercise program and can be practiced by all age groups as well as the disabled. Research compiled in Atlanta, Georgia, showed that a group of elderly individuals who practiced t’ai chi had improvements in the functioning of the nervous, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems and delays in osteoporosis development. Polarity therapy uses both Eastern and Western philosophies of energy. The right side and head of the body represent the positive electric pole, and the left side and feet the negative; the spine is neutral. The practitioner uses a light touch on specific points in the body in order to encourage the free flow of energy and facilitate the process of healing. For more information contact: Acupressure Institute, 1533 Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, California 94709, 510-845-1059; American Oriental
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
Bodywork Association, 6801 Jericho Turnpike, Syosset, New York 11791, 516-364-5533. American Shiatsu Association, P.O. Box 718, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130. National Qigong Association of the USA, P.O. Box 20218, Boulder, Colorado 80308, 1-888-218-7788; Qigong Academy, 8103 Marlborough Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44129. American Polarity Therapy Association, 2888 Bluff Street, Suite 149, Boulder, Colorado 80301, 1-303-545-2080; Polarity Wellness Center, 10 Leonard Street, Suite A, New York, New York 10013, 212-334-8392.
Reflexology Areas in the feet have reflex points that correspond to every part of the body, which can be affected when these points are stimulated. When pressure is applied to nerve endings in the feet, the spinal cord and the sensory cortex of the brain respond by sending information via the nervous system to other parts of the body. Lactic acid and calcium crystals can accumulate at reflex points in the feet, and massage can break them up allowing nerve energy to flow more freely. The treatment is relaxing and beneficial as an adjunct to a number of health conditions including PMS, anxiety, hypertension, stress, headache, and skin inflammations. The belief is that reflexology encourages the body’s own healing mechanisms. For more information contact: International Institute of Reflexology, P.O. Box 12462, St. Petersburg, Florida 33733, 813-343-4811; Reflexology Association of America, 4012 S. Rainbow Boulevard, Box K585, Las Vegas, Nevada 891032509.
Chinese Medicine Chinese medicine, or traditional Chinese medicine, is thousands of years old and one of the most traditional healing systems on earth. Central to Chinese medicine is the principle of qi, or energy, which travels along invisible meridians, on the surface of the body, and through internal organs. A balance of this energy is crucial for maintaining good health. To a physician of Chinese medicine,
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visible illness is preceded by invisible illness, and detection of nascent diseases is a main focus and a potentially powerful approach to health care. The polarities of yin and yang are an important aspect of Chinese medicine, describing the interdependence and relationship of opposites. Yin refers to the tissue of an organ and yang to its activity. A yin deficiency means the organ does not have enough raw materials to function; in a yang deficiency, the organ does not react adequately when needed. The organs of the body work synergistically, each one either nourishes or inhibits the proper functioning of another. The methods of diagnosis are observing the patient’s outward appearance, demeanor, body language, complexion, and tongue; the smell of the breath, skin, and secretions; and the tone and strength of the voice. Questions are asked regarding symptoms, medical history, diet, and lifestyle. A palpation test, which is the taking of the pulse, is conducted at six different locations at three depths on each wrist, with an analysis involving 28 different qualities. Once a diagnosis is made, the treatments involve one or more of the following: acupuncture which reestablishes the flow of energy to affected organs through needle stimulation, herbs and herbal combinations, diet adjustments, massage and manipulation, and therapeutic exercise specifically qigong. In China, methods for conducting clinical studies differ from the West in that they consider giving a placebo to a sick person unethical. If they do use a placebo, they first offer the patient a choice. When double-blind studies are conducted, there is an application of two substances in which both are presumed to be effective. They believe the West relies too much on laboratory tests and not enough on how patients feel and their quality of life. Chinese medicine therapy is individualized and so there is not a standard treatment for any one condition. Studies in both the East and West have proven Chinese medicine to be effective in the treatment or prevention of nearly all common health conditions including infertility, digestive problems, respiratory ailments, cancer, brain dysfunctions, cardiovascular irregularities, and AIDS. For more information contact: American Association of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine,
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4101 Lake Boone Trail, Suite 201, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, 919-787-5181; National Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine Alliance, P.O. Box 77511, Seattle Washington 98177.
Chiropractic Chiropractic means doing by hand which is the method chiropractic practitioners use in adjusting misaligned vertebrae and other joints. Vertebrae are the 26 bones that make up the spinal column or backbone. The vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord. Between each vertebrae are disks made of cartilage with a gelatinous center that enables them to act as shock absorbers. Spinal nerves branch out from the spinal cord from which they send messages throughout the body, to the muscles, glands, organs, and bones. The spinal column is the central station for the nervous system. The nervous system consists of three parts: the central nervous system which is the brain and spinal cord; the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary functions such as digestion, heart rate, and breathing; and the peripheral nervous system which connects the central nervous system to voluntary muscles and other body tissues. When the vertebrae are in proper alignment, nerve impulses flow freely along the spinal cord and out to other parts of the body. However, if a vertebrae falls out of alignment, called a subluxation, it impinges on the spinal nerves as they try to leave the spinal cord. Consequently, the nerves are unable to continue their functions properly and the recipient organs are adversely affected. A subluxation can occur from a physical trauma or injury, poor posture, muscle spasm or weakness, or birth defect. Stress, chemical toxicity, temperature extremes, and a genetic predisposition are also possible conditions that can have an affect on the vertebrae and nerve transmission. Methods used in treatment involve several types of adjustments including the manipulation of a joint by stretching it beyond its normal range in which an audible click can be heard due to
the release of gases from the joint fluid. There are also nonforce techniques applied along the spine, skull, or pelvis. Some chiropractors give additional advice on nutrition and exercise. Chiropractic treatment has been used for the neuromusculoskeletal (nerve, muscle, and skeleton) system, lower back, upper back, neck and head pain, and for extremity, joint, and muscle problems. It has also been beneficial for respiratory illnesses, the common cold, sinusitis, bronchial asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, high blood pressure, heart trouble, menstrual difficulties, and emotional problems such as depression and schizophrenia. For more information contact: American Chiropractic Association, 1701 Clarendon Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22209, 703-276-8800; International Chiropractors Association, 1110 North Glebe Road, Suite 1000, Arlington, Virginia 22201, 703-528-5000; World Chiropractic Alliance, 2950 N. Dobson Road, Suite 1, Chandler, Arizona 85224, 800-347-1011; Association for Network Chiropractic Spinal Analysis, P.O. Box 7682, Longmont, Colorado 80501, 303-6788086; The American College of Addictionology and Compulsive Disorders, 5990 Bird Road, Miami, Florida 33155, 305-661-3474.
Herbal Therapy Approximately 25% of all prescription drugs are an extract of an herb or a synthetic replica. Although they work rapidly, enter the bloodstream quickly, and have dramatic responses, these derivatives are of short duration and often have toxic side effects. The whole plant, on the other hand, has chemical properties that work synergistically, containing secondary compounds that not only have their own pharmacological effects but that modify or mitigate the reactions of the more dominant active ingredients. They enter the bloodstream more slowly because they are bound up in inert compounds that take longer to break down. Herbs may take several days, weeks, or even months for their effects to be fully experienced but the result will be more qualita-
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
tive and lasting than many comparable conventional drugs. Extensive documentation shows the usefulness of herbs in a wide variety of health conditions including respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal disturbances, PMS, insomnia, heart disease, cancer, and for immune system support. The definitive text on herbal medicine is the German government’s Commission E, an extensive compendium on herbs and their efficacy and safety. Efficacy was determined in most cases by two or three different constituents of the plant. For example, in St. John’s wort, the three compounds in the flowers and leaves used are hyericins, hyperforins, and flavonoids. The Commission stressed the greater therapeutic range of activity and effects of standardized extracts that contain not only the primary active components but secondary and accompanying compounds as well, as opposed to individual isolated compounds, for example, found in conventional drugs. They also emphasize that variations in dosage of phytomedicines have differing effects. For example, extracts of goldenrod in low doses have no diuretic effect but adequate doses do, while too high doses have a diuretic-inhibiting effect. The Commission also cautions that the quality of the plant material affects intended results. Certain herbs contain compounds that can be toxic, so herbal therapy should be conducted under the supervision of an herbal practitioner. The most popular way to ingest herbs is by infusion—pour one cup of boiling water over one or two teaspoons of dried herb or one or two tablespoons of fresh herb. Infusions are appropriate for leaves, flowers, or stems. Steep 10 to 20 minutes to allow the phytochemicals to seep into the water. Decoctions are used for roots, twigs, bark, nuts, or certain seeds; prepare by simmering the plant material for 10 to 20 minutes. Herbal capsules, tablets, and ointments are commercially available. Extracts and tinctures are advantageous since the body assimilates them rather quickly. A poultice is made by moistening dried or cut up fresh herbs and applying them directly to the wound or infection and then covering the wound with a bandage. Compresses are cloths that have been dipped in infusions, decoc-
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tions, or tinctures and placed directly on the skin. Do not take the following herbs under the listed conditions: Aloe vera—may cause allergic reaction in some people; test on skin and if stinging or rash appears do not use. Barberry—do not use during pregnancy or lactation. Bitter melon—do not take in the presence of hypoglycemia. Black Cohosh—do not take during pregnancy or lactation. Bloodroot—do not use during pregnancy or lactation; take only small amounts internally; long-term use has been linked to glaucoma. Blue Cohosh—do not use during pregnancy; should only be used in limited amounts. Boneset—do not use during pregnancy or lactation; do not use in the presence of liver disease; do not use for more than 6 months consecutively. Buchu—do not use during pregnancy or lactation. Cat’s claw—do not use during pregnancy or lactation; do not use in combination with hormonal drugs, insulin, or vaccines. Celery—do not use in large amounts during pregnancy. Chamomile—may cause ragweed allergy if used for long periods of time; do not use in presence of ragweed allergy. Chaparral—large amounts taken internally or for long periods of time can be toxic to the liver. Cinnamon—do not use during pregnancy. Clove—clove oil can cause irritation, dilute with vegetable oil. Comfrey—do not use during pregnancy or lactation; taken internally can be toxic to the liver, use only under the supervision of a professional. Dandelion—do not use in the presence of gallstones; use cautiously in the presence of stomach ulcer or gastritis.
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Devil’s claw—do not use in the presence of ulcers, heartburn, or gastritis; in the presence of gallstones consult a physician. Dong quai—do not take during pregnancy or lactation; may cause sensitivity to sunlight in some individuals if taken for long periods of time. Echinacea—do not take in the presence of lupus, tuberculosis, multiple sclerosis, or HIV infection; do not take if allergic to plants in the daisy family. Ephedra or ma huang—do not use during pregnancy or lactation; do not use in the presence of an anxiety disorder, glaucoma, high blood pressure, diabetes, or heart disease; do not use if monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor drugs commonly prescribed for depression are being taken. Eucalyptus—for external use only; do not put on broken skin or open cuts and wounds. Feverfew—do not use during pregnancy or lactation. Garlic—if taking anticoagulants or preparing for surgery, consult with a physician. Ginger—in the presence of gallstones consult a physician; may cause stomach distress if taken in large amounts. Ginseng—Siberian, American, and Korean/Chinese have similar properties; do not use during pregnancy or lactation or in the presence high blood pressure. Goldenseal—do not use during pregnancy or lactation. Horse chestnut—do not use in the presence of liver or kidney disease unless under the supervision of a physician. Hydrangea—do not ingest the leaves as they contain cyanide and are toxic. Juniper—do not use during pregnancy or in the presence of kidney disease. Kava kava—do not use during pregnancy or lactation; can cause drowsiness, if so, adjust dosage; do not take with alcohol, barbiturates, antidepressants, or antipsychotic drugs. Licorice—do not use during pregnancy; do not use in large doses or for long periods of time as
it can cause high blood pressure in sensitive individuals. Lobelia—do not use during pregnancy or lactation or internally for more than one month consecutively. Meadowsweet—do not use if sensitive to aspirin; not to be used by children to lower fever. Mustard—can irritate skin if applied topically. Oak—do not bath in water with oak bark in the presence of open sores or high fever or infection. Oregon grape—do not use more than 2 or 3 weeks consecutively; use with caution during pregnancy or lactation. Passion flower—do not use during pregnancy or lactation or with MAO inhibiting antidepressant drugs. Pau d’arco—do not use during pregnancy or lactation. Peppermint—in the presence of gallstones, consult a physician. Primrose—do not take in the presence of breast cancer if estrogen related as the herb promotes the production of estrogen. Red clover—do not use fermented red clover. Rhubarb—do not take during pregnancy. Sage—decreases milk supply in lactating women; do not use alcohol extract internally during pregnancy; do not take in the presence of fever. Sandalwood—do not use internally in the presence of kidney disease. Sarsaparilla—do not use with digitalis or bismuth. Scullcap—do not use during pregnancy or lactation. St. John’s wort—may interact with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs such as Prozac causing side effects, use only under the supervision of a practioner; do not use during pregnancy or lactation; taken internally in large amounts can cause a heightened sensitivity to the sun especially in fair skinned people. Tea tree—may cause skin irritation in sensitive individuals if used topically, if so, dilute with vegetable oil.
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
Turmeric—do not take in the presence of gallstones. Uva ursi—do not use during pregnancy or lactation; do not use for more than 2 or 3 weeks consecutively. Vitex—do not use during pregnancy. White willow—because of the aspirinlike properties, caution should be used in the presence of gastritis and ulcers or those allergic to aspirin; do not use to treat fever in children. Wild indigo—do not use for more than 2 or 3 weeks consecutively. Wormwood—do not take during pregnancy or lactation; do not use for long periods of time. Yarrow—may increase sensitivity to sunlight. Yohimbe—do not use during pregnancy or lactation or in the presence of kidney disease, peptic ulcer or psychological disorders; do not combine with antidepressant drugs unless under the supervision of a physician; may cause elevated blood pressure, heart rate, headache, dizziness, skin flushing; may precipitate anxiety attacks and hallucinations in some people. Yucca—do not use for more than 3 months consecutively. For more information contact: American Botanical Council, P.O. Box 201660, Austin, Texas 78720, 512-331-8868; Herb Research Foundation, 1007 Pearl Street, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80302, 303-449-2265; American Association of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, 4101 Lake Boone Trail, Suite 201, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, 919-787-5181; American Association of Naturopathic Physicians, 2366 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 322, Seattle, Washington 98102, 206-323-7610.
Homeopathy Homeopathy is a complete health care system that can therapeutically effect a wide range of illnesses and dysfunctions. The principle behind homeopathy is the Law of Similars—the same substance that in large doses produces a symptom
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of an illness will cure the same symptom by using a small dose (the theory behind vaccines and allergy desensitizing); and the Law of Infinitesimal Dose—the higher the dilution, the more potent the remedy. Remedies can be diluted to such an extent that no molecule of the original substance remains, which is where homeopathy enters the realm of quantum physics. In a study of 23 different homeopathic remedies, through the use of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, subatomic activity was observed in all samples tested. Homeopathic remedies are prepared by diluting a substance with pure water or alcohol, then shaken vigorously by a process called succussion. The procedure is repeated a number of times which not only dilutes the substance but removes any risk of toxicity. A remedy diluted more than 24 times will no longer have an original molecule present but the electromagnetic frequencies of the substance will have been stored in the water molecules. Homeopathic treatment is individual and specific. For example, chronic headaches are conventionally treated with analgesics or antiinflammatory drugs, but in homeopathy, there are over 200 symptom patterns of headache with corresponding remedies for each one. A patient is profiled according to physical, emotional, and mental qualities before a remedy is prescribed. If an incorrect remedy is taken, it will work either superficially or not at all, so it is recommended that therapy be conducted under the supervision of a homeopathic practitioner. Homeopathy can reverse and benefit many acute or chronic diseases including allergies, vascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, viral and bacterial infections, arthritis, flu, respiratory illnesses, female health problems like PMS, epilepsy, mental and emotional disorders, skin eruptions, and digestive disorders. The therapy is especially effective for children in cases such as ear and bladder infections, teething, colic, diarrhea, hyperactivity, emotional problems, and learning disabilities. Pregnant and lactating women benefit as well in not passing on toxic elements from conventional drugs to the fetus or infant. For more information contact: National Center for Homeopathy, 801 North Fairfax, Suite
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306, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, 703-548-7790; International Foundation for Homeopathy, 2366 Eastlake Avenue, East, Suite 301, Seattle, Washington 98102, 206-324-8230; Homeopathic Educational Services, 2124 Kittredge Street, Berkeley, California 94704, 800-3599051; British Institute of Homeopathy and College of Homeopathy, 520 Washington Boulevard, Suite 423, Marina Del Rey, California 90292, 310-306-5408.
Mindbody Therapy Mindbody therapy recognizes the connection between the mind and the body. How individuals think and feel, their attitudes and habits are a determining factor in either wellness or ill health. Researchers in the new science field of psychoneuroimmunology have found that peptides and neuropeptides, amino acids that act as biochemical messengers in the body and influence pain, pleasure, and mood, are found not only in the brain but in other parts of the body as well including the immune system and the endocrine system which produces secretions that are distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream. Therefore, emotional states and fluctuations affect the ability of the immune system to defend against diseases and of the endocrine glands to produce hormones. It has also been discovered that the immune system has memory and can learn, which means that there is intelligence in every cell and that individuals can influence that intelligence by conscious effort. Studies have shown that attitude, emotions, thoughts, stress, depression, lifestyle, as well as food, exercise, and environment, can have a direct affect on health conditions from chronic pain and coronary heart disease to cancer and AIDS. Disciplines in mindbody therapy include meditation and yoga, biofeedback, imagery, and hypnotherapy. They are often used as an adjunct to other healing systems and are practiced in many clinics and hospitals across the country and around the world.
Meditation Meditation is a state of relaxed yet alert awareness in which control of the autonomic nervous system that regulates involuntary actions such as heartbeat, secretion, and peristalsis, can be turned over to its parasympathetic system which induces secretion, increases muscle tone and slows heart rate as opposed to its sympathetic system, which depresses endocrine secretions, decreases tone, and increases heart rate. Meditation can lower heart and respiration rates, reduce plasma cortisol which is a stress hormone, slow the pulse rate, and promote the relaxed brain wave state of alpha. Meditation techniques have been used in clinical setting to enhance the immune system, reduce stress, manage pain, lower blood pressure, reduce anxiety and depression, and improve blood circulation. Those adept at yoga have learned to control the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems.
Biofeedback In biofeedback, patients are taught to consciously regulate unconscious body functions. By learning to depress the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, improvements can be realized in blood circulation and pressure, heart rate, digestion, and spastic conditions of the stomach and colon. The sympathetic system is for emergencies, a fight-or-flight situation, and it is thought that this system is also activated when anger and anxiety remain unexpressed which can keep the body in a constant state of tension. As a result, organs become chronically stressed and eventually give way to illness and disease. Biofeedback uses computers to give instant feedback on brain wave activity, respiration, skin temperature, electric resistance of skin and muscle tension, and can also monitor conditions of the bladder, esophagus motility, stomach acidity, and of the rectal sphincter in cases of incontinence. Patients are taught through various techniques to effect a desired response while computers reflect the progress that is being made. Once the patient has learned to stabilize and control body func-
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
tions, the machine is no longer necessary and the exercises can be performed whenever needed. Hyperactivity and behavioral problems in children, poor muscle control, back pain, temporomandibular joint syndrome, brain and nerve damage, cerebral palsy, and insomnia are some of the health conditions that have responded to biofeedback training.
Imagery Positron emission tomography, an advanced imaging technology, has recorded the effects of imagery. When individuals imagine, the same parts of the cerebral cortex are activated as when the situation is actually experienced; imaginary seeing, hearing, or feeling stimulates the same optic, auditory, and sensory cortexes. Consequently, messages are sent from the cerebral cortex to the limbic system of the brain that influence the endocrine and autonomic nervous system. Imagery has helped reduce stress, lower heart rate, stimulate the production of immune cells, and in a study of elderly patients increase killer T-cells. The practice can reduce pain and anxiety, has helped cancer patients tolerate chemotherapy, managed chronic arthritic pain, and aided patients in preparing for surgery and post surgery.
Hypnotherapy The hypnotic state is one of relaxation and increased alpha and theta brain wave activity which allows for the opportunity to control the autonomic nervous system and to make changes in thinking and behavior. Properly applied, hypnosis can be used for a variety of conditions including the reduction of stress, pain, and anxiety, in lowering blood pressure, slowing the heart rate, producing analgesia during surgery, supporting the immune system, and treating sleep disorders and depression. For more information contact: The Center for Mindbody Studies, 5225 Connecticut Avenue NW,
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Suite 414, Washington, D.C. 20015, 202-9667338; Mind-Body Clinic, New Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Pilgrim Road, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02215, 617-632-9530; Stress Reduction and Relaxation Program, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue, North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, 508-856-2656; The Center for Applied Psychophysiology, Menninger Clinic, P.O. Box 829, Topeka, Kansas 66601, 913-273-7500 ext. 5375; The Center for the Improvement of Human Functioning, 3100 North Hillside Avenue, Wichita, Kansas, 67219, 316-682-3100. Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, P.O. Box 4437, Stanford, California 94305, 415-327-2066; Maharishi International University, 1000 North 4th Street, Fairfield, Iowa 52556, 515-472-5031; Himalayan Institute of Yoga, Science and Philosophy, RRI, Box 400, Honesdale, Pennsylvania 18431, 800-822-4547; International Association of Yoga Therapists, 109 Hillside Avenue, Mill Valley, California 94941, 415-383-4587. Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 10200 West 44th Avenue, Suite 304, Wheat Ridge, Colorado 80033, 303-4228436; Center for Applied Psychophysiology, Menninger Clinic, P.O. Box 829, Topeka, Kansas 66601, 913-273-7500 ext. 5375; Tools for Exploration, 4460 Redwood Highway, Suite 2, San Rafael, California 94903, 415-499-9050. The Academy for Guided Imagery, P.O. Box 2070, Mill Valley, California 94942, 800-7262070; Exceptional Cancer Patients, 1302 Chapel Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, 203-8658392; Simonton Cancer Center, P.O. Box 890, Pacific Palisades, California 90272, 310-4594434. The American Society of Clinical Hypnosis, 2200 East Devon Avenue, Suite 291, Des Plaines, Illinois 60018, 708-297-3317; International Medical and Dental Hypnotherapy Association, 4110 Edgeland, Suite 800, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, 313-549-5594; National Society of Hypnotherapists, 2175 North West 86th, Suite 6A, Des Moines, Iowa 50325, 515-270-2280.
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SECTION III
Health Conditions
Health Conditions
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C
ommon health conditions are listed alphabetically with explanations regarding the nature of the condition and treatments that have been used by physicians in a clinical setting as well as research findings that have been shown to be efficacious. This section is designed to be a guide for individuals in finding the appropriate treatment or adjunct treatment for a particular health condition. The information here is not meant to be a substitute for the advice and care of a professional practitioner. The foods listed contain nutrients that can be beneficial for the health condition under discussion. For a list of foods containing specific nutrients, see Section IV. For a complete nutrient breakdown of single foods, see the food composition chart in Section V. Health food stores and pharmacies that carry homeopathic remedies have literature that explains in detail the various symptoms for a particular remedy. William Boericke’s Materia Medica Repertory is extensive and available in paperback. Combination formulas for common diseases are also available. For more complex situations, it is advisable to consult a homeopath to assure that the appropriate remedy is selected and the desired response results. The amounts given of a treatment represent those that researchers have found to be effective in some people, but are not necessarily reflective of everyone’s needs. The amounts are not prescrip-
tive. If you are using a pharmaceutical drug or are pregnant, consult your physician before taking a nutrient supplement or herbal remedy as there may be contraindications. For more information on a specific type of therapy, see Section II.
Abscess An abscess is a localized infection with a collection of pus in any part of the body, including the gums, externally or internally. A boil is an abscess. Pus is composed of dead tissue, living and dead bacteria, and white blood cells. The body responds to the bacteria by increasing blood flow to the area that results in redness and swelling as white blood cells from the bloodstream travel to the infection and engulf the bacteria. An abscess may be caused by lowered resistance to infection, bacterial contamination, or injury. As a result of the large numbers of bacteria entering the bloodstream, symptoms of abscess may include fever, chills, vomiting, muscle aches, and headache. Recurrent abscess formation can indicate chronic conditions such as diabetes or kidney malfunction. Antibiotics may be used to treat the infection and if conditions are severe, surgery is required to drain the pus. Antibiotics destroy intestinal flora so supplemental B complex and acidophilus
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may be necessary. Alternating hot and cold compresses can have a soothing affect and hasten natural discharge of the pus. Increase fluid intake. Nutrients
Vitamin A—25,000 to 50,000 IU, also apply topically. Carotenoid complex. Vitamin B complex—if antibiotics are taken. Vitamin C—250 mg four times a day. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C. Vitamin E—400 IU with mixed tocopherols. Zinc—oxide, apply topically. Foods
Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Berries Whole grains Garlic Raw honey—also apply topically, has antibacterial properties and heals wounds. Juices
Fruits Vegetables Beet Carrot Celery Cucumber Spinach Wheat grass Herbal therapy
Tea tree oil—apply topically, contains the powerful antiseptic compound terpinen-4-ol. Clove oil—an antiseptic and pain killer, dilute with vegetable oil. Calendula—compress or cream, reduces inflammation and heals wounds. Comfrey—cream, compress, or poultice, contains allantoin which heals wounds.
Goldenseal—tea and poultice, has antibacterial properties. Echinacea—tea or tincture, for support of immune system. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Arsenicum album Belladonna Bryonia Calendula Echinacea angustifolia Hepar sulphuris calcareum Mercurius solubilis Silicea Tarentula cubensis Aromatherapy
Lavender Bergamot, chamomile, or lavender—hot compress. Ayurvedic medicine
Kalanchoe Chinese medicine
Consult a qualified practitioner. Bodywork
Reflexology
Acne Acne is a common disorder of the oil glands in the skin and can appear on the face, back, shoulders, chest, and arms. In adolescents during puberty, sex hormones stimulate the sebaceous glands resulting in excess secretion of sebum, a fatty oil that lubricates the skin. The glands become blocked and inflamed, which causes blackheads and pimples. If the glands become infected, sebum and pus build up under the skin and larger pimples and cysts appear which can eventually lead to scarring and pitting.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
In adults, stress, hormonal fluctuations, and possibly food allergies may be the cause of acne. Oral contraceptives can cause breakouts. Excess dietary iodine irritates the pores and can induce flareups. Iodine is found in iodized salt, shellfish, seaweed, and fast foods in which an average meal can contain 30 times the RDA, and in milk, which can be contaminated from milking equipment and cow medication.10 Acne may be caused by a deficiency in zinc. It is important to keep the skin clean and free from oil. Facial steaming opens blocked skin pores and clears out sebum. Do not squeeze acne spots as they may become infected and leave scars. Reduce stress and avoid refined sugar and foods. For mild cases of acne, topical exfoliants and face washes are usually sufficient; for medium cases, beneficial preparations should contain benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid; for severe acne, topical or oral antibiotics may be necessary or vitamin A derived drugs which include topical Retin A and Accutane taken internally. Long-term antibiotic use should be avoided and vitamin B complex and acidophilus supplemented as antibiotics destroy intestinal flora. Sunlight and ultraviolet light are beneficial if not undertaken excessively. Rosacea is a chronic acnelike skin disorder. The nose and cheek areas are abnormally reddish in color and may be covered with pimples. Large doses of the B vitamins has shown to be very effective in treating rosacea patients, who often have a deficiency. Hydrochloric acid tablets have been effective for those that show a deficiency. Patients who have a low secretion of the pancreatic enzyme lipase can benefit from supplementation.
Nutrients
Vitamin B6—50 mg, for premenstrual flareups. Niacinamide—gel containing 4%, apply topically twice a day. Zinc—30 mg two or three times daily for several months, reduce to once daily, has been found to be as effective as oral antibiotics; use a more absorbable form such as gluconate for maximum effectiveness.
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Foods
Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Dandelion greens Whole grains Brown rice Legumes Peanuts Soybeans Pecans Sunflower seeds Pumpkin seeds Eggs Poultry Shellfish Juices
Beet Carrot Celery Cucumber Dark green lettuce Red lettuce Spinach. Herbal therapy
Calendula—cream and infusion as a face wash. Calendula or tea tree soap. Tea tree oil—5 to 15% dilution apply topically, contains terpinen-4-ol an antimicrobial agent, more effective overall than benzoyl peroxide. Burdock—2 to 4 ml tincture or 1 to 2 g capsules three times daily, has a cleansing action on the skin. Vitex—40 drops daily for premenstrual acne. Chickweed, elderflower, and marigold—use as facial steam, add to boiling water, place towel over head and allow steam to penetrate face. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Antimonium tartaricum Arsenicum album
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Belladonna Berberis vulgaris Calcarea carbonica Carbo vegetabilis Hepar sulphuris calcareum Ledum palustre Pulsatilla Silicea Sulfur Aromatherapy
Tea tree oil or lavender (Lavandula hybrida)— apply topically, both contain terpinen-4-ol and this particular lavender contains borneol, another strong antiseptic component. Thyme (linalol type)—strong antiseptic properties, mild on skin. Bergamot—has relaxing properties. Rosemary (verbenone type)—has cell regenerating properties. Ayurvedic medicine
Sunder Bati—for acne vulgaris not the severe cystic form. Shanka bhasma—for vatta and pitta types. Aloe vera—1⁄2 cup juice twice daily. Chinese medicine
Effective topical treatments and capsules are prescribed. Cai Feng Zhen Zhu an Chuang Wan/Margarite— acne pills, contain pearl, an effective remedy. Cucumber, watermelon—apply juice topically. Dandelion, honeysuckle—drink as tea. Bodywork
Massage—assists in drainage of the lymphatic system. Acupressure Shiatsu Reflexology
Mindbody therapy
Meditation—relieves tension and stress. Yoga Biofeedback Imagery
AIDS AIDS is thought to be caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV. The virus destroys the body’s infection fighting T-cells. After exposure to the virus, 3 to 6 months will elapse before tests show evidence that antibodies to the virus have or have not developed in the blood; until then tests read HIV negative. Early symptoms appear as flulike and may take 7 to 11 years to develop. Later stage symptoms are fatigue, appetite and weight loss, chronic diarrhea, fever, swollen lymph nodes, skin tumors, and night sweats. Pneumonia, herpes, gastroenteritis, cancer, tuberculosis, and meningitis are associated with AIDS. HIV is transmitted through body fluids such as semen, breast milk, and blood; through sexual intercourse, sharing syringe needles, and from blood transfusions of unscreened blood. Mothers can pass the virus during pregnancy and at delivery. Some people do not develop AIDS from the virus and it is thought that the reason is a strong immune system. A Chinese medical journal has reported success with administration of intravenous garlic against a fungal infection of the brain, cryptococcal meningitis,11 found in some AIDS patients. A nutrient-dense diet, rest, and stress reduction are beneficial for the illness. Deep breathing aids relaxation, improves circulation, and increases oxygen intake. Drink pure water frequently. Resolve unexpressed emotional issues that may be suppressing the immune system. Nutrients
Multivitamins and minerals Vitamin A—a deficiency is common in HIV infected individuals.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Beta carotene—30 mg twice daily, low levels are often found in HIV infected individuals, can be taken with the carotonoid complex. Vitamin B complex—low levels are often found in AIDS patients. Vitamin C—500 to 1000 mg three times daily (larger doses may interfere with lymphocyte function) improves resistance against infection, inhibits HIV replication in test tubes. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C. Vitamin E—400 to 800 IU, with mixed tocopherols, reduces toxicity of AZT and improves its effectiveness in test tubes, an antioxidant, aids immune system. Iron—for children if deficient. Selenium—reduces infection, improves heart and intestinal function, stimulates appetite. Zinc—reduces infections, commonly deficient in AIDS patients. Coenzyme Q10—200 mg, prevents infections, improves white blood cell counts. N-acetyl cysteine—enhances function of immune system, taken with glutamine it stimulates production of glutathione, a powerful antioxidant many AIDS patients are deficient in. Carnitine—6 g, often deficient in AIDS patients, increases white blood cell proliferation and levels of circulating tumor necrosis factor, supports immune system. Acidophilus—encourages healthy bacteria in intestine. Bromelain—enhances absorption of supplements and herbs, has protease inhibitor activity with less side effects than the drugs commonly prescribed. Foods
Organic fresh fruits and vegetables—contain concentrated amounts of glutathione, carotenoids, and vitamin C Whole foods—contain large amounts of valuable nutrients Bitter melon
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Dandelion greens Shiitake mushrooms Reishi mushrooms Maitake mushrooms Spinach Whole grains Legumes Peanuts Seafood Tuna Oysters Crab Sardines Turkey Low-fat yogurt Nuts Brazil nuts Sunflower seeds Pumpkin seeds Flaxseed oil Extra virgin olive oil Turmeric Garlic—a natural antibiotic against infections Herbal therapy
Licorice root—2 g daily or 2 to 4 ml extract two to three times daily or 150 to 225 mg glycyrrhizin, inhibits the reproduction of HIV in test tubes and is shown in human studies to be beneficial taken orally due to the constituent glycyrrhizin; improves immune system, monitor blood pressure if taken for long periods of time. Curcumin—1 to 2 g, from turmeric, inhibits replication of HIV virus, may increase CD4 cell counts, an antioxidant with up to 300 times the activity of vitamin E. Asian and Siberian ginseng—immune system boosters. St. John’s Wort—10 to 30 drops tincture, has antiviral properties; slows progression of mild HIV infection and reduces some symptoms.
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Aloe vera—250 mg four times daily of acemannan, the constituent active against HIV in test tubes, or 21⁄2 cups juice, minimizes side effects of AZT. Bitter melon—increases CD4 and T4 cell counts and blocks HIV infected macrophage and lymphocytes.12 Boxwood extract—990 mg daily, delays progress of infection due to CD4 cell count decline.13 Garlic—extract, reduces infections and relieves diarrhea. Echinacea—stimulates production of white blood cells and antibodies, enhances immune system. Homeopathy
Hypericum Remedies available to support immune system according to individual symptoms. Aromatherapy
Tea tree oil, eucalyptus or thyme—massage that benefits the lymphatic system, and stimulates the immune system. Bergamot, lavender, and ylang ylang—help depression and relieves stress. Ayurvedic medicine
Ashwagandha—enhances immune system. Chinese medicine
Herbal combinations prescribed to reduce side effects and increase efficacy of conventional medicine. Chinese Angelica—stimulates white blood cell and antibody formation, increases energy. Acupuncture—increases white blood cells and T-cell production,14 alleviates symptoms such as skin reactions, diarrhea, fatigue, and sweating, and the side effects from chemotherapy and radiation treatments. Bodywork
Massage—reduces stress, improves circulation, and promotes toxin removal from lymph glands.
Acupressure—for diarrhea and gastroenteritis through the stomach and spleen meridians. Shiatsu—restores energy to internal organs. Qigong and T’ai chi—unblocks the flow of qi. Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation Biofeedback Imagery
Allergy An allergy is the body’s reaction to a substance that may be harmless in itself but the immune system misidentifies and treats it as a pathogen. Antibodies, called immunoglobulin E or IgE, react by attacking the substance and in the process histamine is released by the surrounding cells which causes an allergic reaction. The allergic reaction may include itchy nose and throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin irritations, hay fever, hives, asthma, high blood pressure, abnormal fatigue, constipation, or hyperactivity. A severe reaction called anaphylactic shock will swell the larynx, obstruct the airway, and may be fatal. This is an emergency situation and remedied by an injection of adrenalin. Allergens can enter the body in numerous ways. They can be taken in by the mucous membranes of the nose from pollen or dust, absorbed through the intestinal tract from foods, bacteria, molds or drugs; they may be injected from drugs or vaccines; or they can enter through the skin from cosmetics, insect bites, or poison oak or ivy. (For spider bites, apply a comfrey poultice or compress; for stings and bites in general, apply a cold compress.) Susceptibility to allergy can be genetic or precipitated by emotional stress. A wide range of chemicals in the environment can act as irritants. Common food allergens are peanuts, cow’s milk, soy, egg whites, wheat, and shellfish. Excessive protein in the diet can exacerbate symptoms by causing the immune system to overreact. Rotating foods and eating a wide variety minimizes exposure to food allergens.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Skin and blood tests may be required to find the source of an allergy. For chronic hives, check with a physician that the thyroid is functioning properly and that there are no antithyroid antibodies present. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy may be necessary. Although they may be necessary in acute situations, commercial antihistamines merely suppress allergy symptoms and can cause drowsiness and depression. Vitamin C is a natural antihistamine. For hives and itching, a colloidal oatmeal product or cornstarch added to the bath can relieve symptoms. Nutrients
Vitamin C—250 to 1000 mg several times a day, prevents secretion of histamine by white blood cells and helps break down the compound. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C. Quercetin—400 mg twice daily between meals, start taking 2 weeks before and throughout allergy season; also helpful for hives. Bee pollen—from local bees, start slowly before season begins; do not take if allergic to pollen. Foods
Organic foods Fresh fruits Citrus fruits Fresh vegetables Seeds Nuts Low-fat protein Low-fat yogurt Whole grains Brown rice Corn Buckwheat Amaranth Legumes Ginger, garlic, onions, black pepper, and cayenne pepper—stimulate the production of IgA, an antibody in the gastrointestinal tract that coats a potential allergen and prevents its absorption.
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Juices
Beet Carrot Celery Cucumber Herbal therapy
Ephedra—20 mg capsules, relieves symptoms of hayfever. Astragalus, echinacea—normalize immune function. Stinging nettle—1 to 2 freeze dried capsules every 2 to 4 hours, relieves symptoms of hayfever, hives, and itching. Garlic—has a high concentration of quercetin which retards inflammatory reactions. Chamomile—topical preparations for hives and itching. Yarrow, myrhh—contract tissues, reduce secretions, and discharges. Calendula—lotion and compress, relieves itching eyes. Tiger balm—relieves itching. Witch hazel—apply topically, relieves itching. Homeopathy
Remedies are often minute doses of the allergic substance that stimulates the body’s natural healing mechanism and neutralizes the allergic reaction. Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconite, veratrum, arnica—helpful for anaphylactic shock until help arrives. Allium cepa Apis—for bee stings Arsenicum album Eurphrasia officinalis Ferrum phosphoricum Gelsemium Natrum muriaticum Nux vomica Sabadilla
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Similisan—relieves redness and itching. Wyethia Aromatherapy
Lavender—dilute with vegetable oil and massage on chest or sinus area around eyes. German chamomile (Matricaria recutita)—has strong anti-inflammatory properties and soothes allergic rashes, is nontoxic and can be used topically in undiluted form. Khella—relieves spasms in smooth muscle of the bronchi in hayfever, do not use on skin. Moroccan chamomile—apply externally or through inhalation, relieves allergic reactions. Melissa—relieves stress and soothes reactions. Myrtle hydrosol (myrtle water)—spray on eyelid or into eye, relieves allergic reactions and inflammation of eyes, do not use after expiration date on label. Niaouli—a strong antiallergenic. Ayurvedic medicine
Triphala—aids digestion and eliminates toxins from the body as allergies are believed to be a result of faulty digestion; also use daily as a preventive. Harithaki—for eczema. Bitter orange—for respiratory allergies. Stramonium—supports immune system. Pancha karma—a cleansing and detoxifying program. Chinese medicine
Herbal prescriptions prescribed for specific symptoms. Acupuncture—strengthens immune system response on a systemic level. Bodywork
Acupressure—alleviates allergic responses. Shiatsu Reflexology Polarity therapy Imagery
Mindbody therapy
Hypnotherapy—very effective in desensitizing allergic reactions and reducing stress. Biofeedback—training to recognize the body’s response to an allergy.
Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s is a progressive brain disease characterized by impaired memory, mood swings, confusion, and mental deterioration in how the brain receives and processes information. Symptoms include fatigue, depression, fear, aggressive behavior, restlessness, and repetitive actions. An accurate medical diagnosis is important because other diseases can have the same symptoms. The cause of Alzheimer’s is unknown. Oxidative damage is part of the disease progression. Patients often have an acetylcholine deficiency. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in cognition and reasoning. The only treatment now available for Alzheimer’s is to maintain quality of life. Relaxation and deep breathing improve circulation and help memory. Ginkgo biloba has been found to increase the blood flow to the brain affecting cognitive function. High blood levels of vitamin E correlate with improved brain function in older individuals.15 Music therapy has been found to be of great benefit; as other abilities decline, sensory stimulation promotes emotional well-being and facilitates a way of communication. For individuals with symptoms of memory or attention problems not diagnosed as Alzheimer’s, the nutrients vitamin A, the carotenoid complex, vitamin E (400 to 800 IU) with mixed tocopherols, vitamin C (1 g), selenium (100 to 300 mcg) and ginkgo biloba (2 cups twice daily) are beneficial. Nutrients
Phosphatidylserine—100 mg three times daily, a naturally occurring compound in the brain, improves mental function.16 Acetyl-L-carnitine—500 mg to 1 g three times daily, delays progression of the disease,17 improves memory and performance, involved in the production of acetylcholine.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Vitamin E—400 to 800 IU with mixed tocopherols, an antioxidant, may slow progression of the disease. Zinc—27 mg, if deficient, improves memory and communication skills.
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Ayurvedic medicine
Dietary and herbal remedies prescribed depend on metabolic type and blood chemistry. Ashwagandha—improves memory. Chinese medicine
Foods
The following are foods that contain lecithin or choline from which the body makes acetylcholine: Brazil nuts Legumes Soybeans Mung beans Fava beans Whole wheat Eggs Fish Herbal therapy
Ginkgo biloba—80 mg extract three times daily, improves memory, and especially helpful during early stages of the disease. Huperzine A—200 mcg twice daily, slows the progression of the disease improving memory and cognitive and behavioral function, inhibits the destruction of acetylcholine, a compound found in the Chinese medicinal herb Huperzia serrata. Rosemary—an antioxidant and memory enhancer, contains compounds that prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine. Dandelion flowers—contain lecithin. Fenugreek leaves and shepherd’s purse—contain choline. Ginseng—improves mental concentration, memory and attention. Aromatherapy
Rosemary Balm Fennel Sage
Acupuncture—treatments on the scalp that clear pathways in the brain. Ginseng, dong quai, hoshou-wu—herbs that enhance energy and mobility. Bodywork
T’ai chi—helps mental agility. Qigong—improves circulation of the blood to the brain; stimulates mental activity due to the concentration and visualization involved in the exercise. Mindbody therapy
Yoga—beneficial affects are relaxation and deep breathing which increases blood circulation and oxygen flow.
Anemia Abnormally low numbers of red blood cells and a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in those cells results in anemia. Because red blood cells are needed as carriers of oxygen to the tissues, oxygen supply to the body is subsequently interrupted. The exact cause of anemia must be diagnosed by a physician before any treatment can begin. Anemia can be caused by an iron deficiency due to blood loss from excessive menstrual flow, gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers, during pregnancy, breast-feeding, from frequent blood donations, colon cancer, or a lack of iron in the diet. It can result from autoimmunity, a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks itself, in this case the red blood cells; or from a malfunction of the bone marrow system when it is adversely affected by infection, cancer, or toxic chemical exposure or radiation. Anemia can also occur because of a deficiency of vitamins B6, B12, folic acid, or copper; and from certain antiinflammatory drugs or antibiotics or an excessive
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consumption of alcohol. Genetics may also be a factor. Symptoms of anemia include lethargy, fatigue, pale skin, weakness, dizziness or faintness, poor concentration, breathlessness, irritability, recurrent infections, or loss of appetite. In severe cases, there is irregular and increased heart rate because the body is pumping more blood to compensate for the lack of oxygen. Pernicious anemia is a form of anemia resulting from a deficiency of vitamin B12 characterized by a gradual reduction in the number of mature red blood cells as the bone marrow fails to produce them. This form of anemia could be a genetic inability to secrete the intrinsic factor which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. Vegetarians are susceptible to pernicious anemia because vitamin B12 is found mainly in animal proteins. In addition, high levels of folic acid contained in vegetarian diets can mask a B12 deficiency. Symptoms of pernicious anemia include weakness and gastrointestinal disturbances causing a sore tongue, slight yellowing of the skin and tingling of extremities. Disturbances of the nervous system such as partial loss of coordination of the fingers, feet, and legs; some nerve deterioration; and disturbances of the digestive tract such as diarrhea and loss of appetite may occur. Sickle cell anemia is characterized by red blood cells that become bent (sickled) and hard, and clog the circulation system, depriving the body tissues of oxygen. It has been observed that these patients seem to have a high requirement for folic acid. Treatment for anemia depends on the cause of the disease. Black tea contains tannins that can interfere with the absorption of iron as can excessive amounts of dietary fiber.
Folic acid—0.5 to 1.5 mg, if deficient. Copper—2 mg, if deficient.
Nutrients
Roman chamomile—as massage oil.
Depending on cause: Iron—follow physician advice. Vitamin A—10,000 IU, helps effectiveness of iron. Vitamin C—100 to 500 mg, aids absorption of iron. Vitamin B6—50 to 100 mg, if deficient. Vitamin B12—20 to 100 mcg, injections or sublingual.
Foods
Fresh fruits Dried apricots Raisins Dried fruit Dark berries Fresh vegetables Green leafy vegetables Watercress Asparagus Beets Legumes Soymilk Whole grains Oats Pumpkin seeds Low-fat dairy Fish Eggs Poultry Meats Liver Juices
Dark berry, cherry—contain iron Beet Carrot Aromatherapy
Herbal therapy
Alfalfa, dandelion, nettle—contain iron. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Calcarea phosphorica Ferrum phosphoricum—helps assimilation of iron in food.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Natrum muriaticum Picric acid Ayurvedic medicine
Anemia is due to an imbalance of pitta. Kalyaraka ghritha Kishor Avipathi choorna Pancha karma Chinese medicine
Chinese Angelica Gui Pi Wan Acupuncture—acupoints on back, arm, lower trunk, and legs are stimulated. Bodywork
Shiatsu—energies are rebalanced along the spleen and stomach meridians. Mindbody therapy
Yoga—helps to restore hormonal imbalance that leads to heavy menstruation; inverted asanas should not be practiced during menstruation, pregnancy, or in the presence of high blood pressure.
Arthritis Arthritis means fire in the joints and is a condition characterized by joint inflammation, pain, swelling, and redness and causes a limitation in joint movement. The two most common forms are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a deterioration of the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones; consequently, bone begins to move against bone causing pain. A buildup of synovial fluid in the joint causes swelling and inflammation. Symptoms are intermittent pain at affected joints that becomes more frequent, an audible creaking sound, swelling, inflammation, and restricted movement. Osteoarthritis is age-related, a normal wearing and tearing process, but may also be genetic or caused by injury. Psychological stress and allergies can exacerbate the disease.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is considered an autoimmune disease and can be caused by a viral infection. Dysfunctional antibodies attack the lining of the joints which secrete the lubricant necessary to keep bones moving smoothly against each other. Joints become swollen, stiff, and painful. Stress and food allergies are possible triggers of the disease. Symptoms include vague joint pain, morning stiffness, fatigue, low-grade fever, night sweats, and poor circulation. Inflammation of the tendons, eyes, lining of the heart, and fibrosis of the lungs can also occur. Overweight is a risk factor in arthritis because of the pressure put on weight-bearing joints increasing the pain. Early diagnosis is essential in limiting the long-term effects of the disease. The kind of fat in the diet influences the symptoms. Omega-3fatty acids help regulate hormone-like substances called eicosanoids that control inflammation and pain. The fats in meat have the opposite effect by stimulating the production of inflammatory agents. Food allergies may play a prominent role in precipitating arthritis. Common allergens are milk products, refined sugar, citrus fruits, and nightshade vegetables such as tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, peppers, and chili. It is recommended that these foods or any food suspected of causing an allergic reaction be eliminated from the diet for a period of 2 months and then be reintroduced to observe the reaction. Moderate exercise is very beneficial for arthritic individuals in relieving stress, improving circulation, and increasing mobility. An electrical nerve stimulating unit (TENS) can effectively reduce chronic pain. Nutrients
Glucosamine sulfate—500 mg three times a day, repairs joint cartilage, reduces symptoms of osteoarthritis.18 Chondroitin sulfate—400 mg two or three times a day, reduces pain, increases mobility and healing of joints,19 a major component of the lining of the joints. SAMe—400 mg three times a day, reduces pain, stiffness, and swelling. Niacinamide—250 mg four times a day, improves joint mobility, muscle strength and reduces fatigue.
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Vitamin B6—100 mg twice a day, for osteoarthritis. Pantothenic acid—1 mg, relieves symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Vitamin E—400 to 600 IU with mixed tocopherols, reduces symptoms. Selenium—if deficient, take with vitamin E, for rheumatoid arthritis. Boron—3 to 6 mg, helps relieve symptoms of osteoarthritis, aids the retention of calcium in the bones. Evening primrose or black currant oil—for rheumatoid arthritis, if taking anti-inflammatory drugs, contains gamma linolenic acid which is a precursor to anti-inflammatory prostaglandins. Flaxseed oil—1 T, for rheumatoid arthritis. Bromelain—250 to 750 mg three times daily between meals, helps reduce symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. DMSO—apply topically, alleviates pain. Copper—1 mg, has anti-inflammatory activity. Foods
Fatty fish Salmon Herring Sardines Albacore tuna Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Fresh fruits Pineapple Cherries Dark berries Raisins Grapes Fresh vegetables Asparagus Broccoli Brussel sprouts Cabbage Celery
Mustard greens Yams Onions Nuts Brazil nuts Sunflower seeds Whole grains Legumes Eggs Garlic Turmeric Ginger Cinnamon Cayenne Oregano Juices
Beet Cabbage Carrot Celery Cherry Cucumber Parsley Pineapple Watermelon Herbal therapy
White willow—containing 100 mg salicin daily, has anti-inflammatory and pain relieving properties; slower acting but lasts longer than aspirin. Turmeric—400 mg curcumin three times daily for rheumatoid arthritis; has an anti-inflammatory effect due to the compound curcumin. Garlic—has anti-inflammatory properties. Ginger—1⁄6 oz fresh or 1⁄3 tsp powdered three times a day, an anti-inflammatory agent, relieves pain and increases mobility, superior to the NSAIDs with no side effects.20 Feverfew—1 to 2 capsules twice a day, prohibits the synthesis of inflammatory agents.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Devil’s claw—1 to 2 g root powder or 4 to 5 ml tincture three times daily, an anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Cayenne—cream, capsaicin compound relieves pain. Yucca—2 to 4 g three times daily, saponin content reduces symptoms. Burdock root—relieves pain in the joints. Horsetail—silicon content strengthens connective tissue. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to the symptoms: Aconitum napellus Apis mellifica Arnica montana Aurum metallicum Belladonna Benzoicum acidum Bryonia Calcarea carbonica Calcarea fluorica Calcarea phosphorica Causticum Cimicifuga Colchicum Dulcamara Kali bichromicum Kali carbonicum Kalmia latifolia Ledum palustre Medorrhinum Pulsatilla Rhus toxicodendrum Rhododendron Ruta graveolens Aromatherapy
Juniper berry, black pepper, Roman chamomile, lavender—mix together as massage oil with carrier oil, omit juniper berry if pregnant. Rosemary, lavender, marigold—mix together as massage oil.
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Rosemary, chamomile—place 10 drops in bath water. Lavender, rose, eucalyptus, juniper berry—mix together as warm compress. Moroccan thyme—borneal content beneficial for autoimmune disease. Everlasting—high content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons which are effective anti-inflammatory compounds, relieves joint pain. Ayurvedic medicine
Vata types are prone to arthritis. Guggul—reduces swelling and pain. Boswellia—400 mg boswellic acids three times daily, prevents further damage of joints and increases mobility. Sesame or mustard oil—whole body massage as well as specific joint areas; relieves pain. Calmus oil—massage, improves circulation and drainage. Chinese medicine
Herbal formulations prescribed for arthritis. Chinese throroughwax—2 to 4 g dried root or 5 to 10 ml tincture or 2 to 4 ml extract three times daily, contains the anti-inflammatory compounds saikosaponins, increases release of cortisone and other adrenal hormones, prevents adrenal gland atrophy caused by corticosteroids. Licorice and ginseng—2 to 4 g dried root or 10 to 20 ml tincture or 4 to 6 ml extract three times daily and 4 to 6 g or 500 mg extract, respectively, enchances effectiveness of thoroughwax, have anti-inflammatory properties. Acupuncture—relieves pain; improves immune system functioning. Chiropractic
Consult a qualified practitioner. Bodywork
Massage—soothing to sore areas; see practitioner who is knowledgeable about arthritis. Movement therapies
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Acupressure Shiatsu—adjusts flow of qi. Qigong—reduces stress. T’ai chi—deep breathing is beneficial; helps stiffness and keeps joints supple; reduces stress. Polarity therapy Reflexology—relieves pain and inflammation. Mindbody therapy
Meditation—reduces stress. Yoga—relaxes muscles and keeps joints supple, specific poses for various joints. Imagery Hypnotherapy
Asthma Asthma is caused by spasms of the bronchial passages restricting the flow of air in and out of the lungs. The bronchi are chronically inflamed and hypersensitive. Asthmatic attacks can be triggered by allergens such as food, tobacco smoke, pet hair, or chemicals; or by stress, viral infection, physical exertion, or inhaling cold air. The body also releases histamines in reaction to an allergen which results in coughing and further constricting of the bronchial muscles. Treatment involves managing acute attacks and long-term prevention and control. In acute attacks, the herbs ephedra and lobelia have been used. Caffeine can help prevent asthmatic attacks; up to three cups of coffee a day have a bronchodilating effect relaxing the bronchial muscles. Finding and eliminating allergens is important. Some allergic reactions may not occur for a day or more after exposure to an allergen. Milk, besides being a possible allergen, contains a protein that causes an increase in mucus secretion. In asthmatics, airways in the lungs become clogged with mucus and other secretions. Other possible allergens are food additives, eggs, colas, nuts, chocolate, and MSG. Meat and dairy products contain fats that are inflammatory. Regular exercise expands lung capacity and strengthens the heart. Ionized air can help counteract allergenic reac-
tions. Drinking plenty of water keeps the respiratory tract secretions in a fluid condition. Nutrients
Vitamin B6—50 to 200 mg, decreases frequency of attacks. Vitamin B12—1 g, especially effective for sulfite sensitive asthmatics. Vitamin C—10 to 30 mg per 2-lb body weight, taken in divided doses, an antihistamine. Quercetin—400 to 1000 mg three times daily, an antihistamine. Magnesium—200 to 400 mg, prevents spasms of the bronchial passages. Selenium—45 to 200 mcg, if deficient. Bromelain—an anti-inflammatory. Foods
Fresh fruits, vegetables—especially those high in vitamin C Pineapple Apricots Jerusalem artichokes Yams Nuts Seeds Whole grains Legumes Fatty fish Sardines Salmon Albacore tuna Mackerel Chili peppers, garlic, onions, horseradish, and mustard—open air passages by thinning mucus Ginger Turmeric Juices
Carrot Celery Grapefruit
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Lemon Orange Radish Spinach Tomato Pineapple Herbal therapy
Ephedra—12 to 25 mg capsules every 4 hours or 1 to 2 cups tea or tincture every 2 to 4 hours for an asthma attack;21 do not overdo amounts as ephedra has side effects including insomnia, anxiety, restlessness and possible high blood pressure. Lobelia—mix three parts tincture to one part tincture of capsicum and take 20 drops in water at start of attack and repeat every 30 minutes three or four times.22 Stinging nettle—an antihistamine. Anise, fennel—have compounds that loosen bronchial secretions. Marshmallow, mullein, licorice—have soothing actions on the respiratory tract. Ginkgo biloba—120 to 140 mg extract or 3 to 4 ml tincture three times daily, contains compounds that block the action of a platelet activating factor that can cause asthmatic symptoms. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Arsenicum album Carbo vegetabilis Chamomilla Ipecacuanha Lachesis Lobelia Natrum sulphuricum Nux vomica Pulsatilla Spongia tosta Aromatherapy
Eucalyptus, juniper, wintergreen—dilute mixture with carrier oil and apply to chest nightly.
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Moroccan chamomile—an anti-inflammatory and antiasthmatic; relieves allergic symptoms. Chamomile, lavender or eucalyptus—can be used as steam inhalation during and after attack, opens airways and relieves panic. Khella—relieves spasms of the bronchial muscles; can be combined with creeping hyssop to prevent attacks; do not apply to skin. Frankincense—an antiasthmatic; strengthens immune system. Ayurvedic medicine
Tylophora asthmatica—200 mg dried or 40 mg extract twice daily, has antihistamine and antispasmodic activity. Sida cordifolia Triphala Ashwagandha Licorice—1 to 2 g powdered root or 2 to 4 ml extract three times daily, has anti-inflammatory and antiallergenic properties, an expectorant, glycyrrhetinic acid component has cortisol-like activity, can be taken with ephedra or tylophora. Ginger Chinese medicine
Ephedra Almond Acupuncture—relieves symptoms; controls bronchial spasms. Chiropractic
Upper thoracic vertebrae may be out of alignment putting pressure on the lungs. Bodywork
Massage Deep tissue manipulation Rolfing—breaks up restriction patterns of the nerves and muscles. Movement therapies Alexander technique—improves posture and allows chest to expand fully thereby relieving strain; breathing is easier and airways are cleared.
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Acupressure Shiatsu T’ai chi Qigong Mindbody therapy
Meditation—lowers body tension. Yoga—improves respiratory endurance; encourages relaxed breathing. Biofeedback—lessens number of attacks and use of medicines. Imagery Hypnotherapy
Atherosclerosis At birth, human arteries are smooth and elastic and the blood flows freely. In as little as a year, streaks of fat can begin to appear under the layer of cells that line the arteries. Turning into plaque, fatty deposits build up and bulge into the arterial cavity and restrict the circulation of blood. The plaque attracts cholesterol and calcium, which have a solidifying effect. Arteries become thick and lose their elasticity preventing the blood from passing through easily and allowing clots to develop. Symptoms of atherosclerosis are not apparent until the arteries are nearly 90% blocked in diameter. If the coronary artery is narrow, chest pains result from exertion, an effect called angina; if coronary arteries become blocked, there is a sudden, severe, and persistent chest pain that can lead to heart attack. If the cerebral arteries are narrow, there is a temporary disturbance in balance, speech, vision, and the use of arms and legs, or the symptom may be a transient ischemic attack (TIA). In a blocked cerebral artery, loss in the use of limbs, speech impairment or stroke, and sometimes unconsciousness develop. Reduction in blood flow can also cause abnormal heart rhythms that may result in sudden death. Atherosclerosis of the legs can cause intermittent claudication or leg pain in the calf while walking or a sudden pain of the femoral artery. An inherited defect that creates high levels of the amino acid
homocysteine may cause atherosclerosis by increasing the rate of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol damage. Treatment involves the administration of vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid. If levels are not reduced, adding 6 g of betaine (not HCl) may be efficacious. Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include high blood LDL cholesterol, which becomes dangerous when oxidized by free radicals, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, and a family history of the disease. Overeating, which results in food being deposited as fat, stress, physical inactivity, and type A personalities, people who tend to be impatient and aggressive, are contributing factors. Stress results in the formation of free radicals and stimulates the release of adrenalin that can increase platelet aggregation and blood viscosity. Autopsy studies have shown that individuals who had the clearest arteries had the highest levels of omega-3 fatty acids in their tissues; and the most clogged arteries had the least amount of omega-3 in body tissues. The higher the proportion of omega-3 to omega-6 in the diet, the lower the risk of the disease. Omega-3s are found most abundantly in fatty fish; and omega-6s are found in margarine, vegetable oils including safflower, sunflower, and corn, and processed foods made with vegetable oils. Saturated fats, most abundant in meats and full fat dairy products, and trans-fatty acids, from margarine and processed foods using vegetable oils, promote atherosclerosis. Foods containing cholesterol do not increase serum cholesterol as much as saturated fats, nor do they increase serum cholesterol if the diet is low in fat. Atherosclerosis can be reversed by eating a lowfat, basically vegetarian diet, exercise, and yoga, meditation, or other forms of stress reduction. Nutrients
Vitamin C—100 to 200 mg, an antioxidant, protects LDL cholesterol from oxidation, reduces high homocysteine levels. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C. Vitamin E—100 to 200 IU with mixed tocopherols, protects LDL cholesterol from oxidative damage, prevents abnormal blood clot forma-
HEALTH CONDITIONS
tion; increases walking distance and blood flow in cases of intermittent claudication. Selenium—100 to 200 mcg, an antioxidant, reduces platelet aggregation. Quercetin—35 mg, protects LDL cholesterol from oxidation. Inositol hexaniacinate—1500 mg to 3 g, lowers serum cholesterol and triglycerides;23 2 g twice daily, improves walking distance in intermittent claudication. L-carnitine—1
to 3 g, reduces serum cholesterol and triglycerides; 4 g, increases walking distance in cases of intermittent claudication.24
Evening primrose oil—3 to 4 g, lowers cholesterol levels; increases exercise tolerance in intermittent claudication. Chromium—200 mcg or 2 T brewers yeast, reduces LDL cholesterol and increases HDL cholesterol. If homocysteine levels are high: Vitamin B6—50 mg Vitamin B12—100 to 300 mcg Folic acid—500 to 800 mcg Foods
Fatty fish Salmon Sardines Mackerel Herring Albacore tuna Anchovies Atlantic sturgeon Fresh fruits Prunes Fresh vegetables Reishi mushrooms Shiitake mushrooms Cucumber Artichokes Onion Whole grains
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Oats Legumes Soybeans Soymilk Lentils Almonds Low-fat yogurt Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Garlic Fenugreek Ground flaxseeds—1 to 2 T Juices
Beet Carrot Celery Cucumber Dark berries Herbal therapy
Gingko biloba—interferes with the chemical PAF that the body can make in excess and that causes platelets to stick together,25 increases blood circulation to the brain and legs; 120 mg extract, increases walking distance in cases of intermittent claudication and reduces pain; protects LDL cholesterol from oxidation. Garlic—protects LDL cholesterol and reduces triglycerides; prevents excessive platelet adhesion due to its components, allicin and ajoene;26 400 mg extract twice daily, improves walking distance in cases of intermittent claudication. Turmeric—the component curcumin has high antiplatelet activity. Bilberry—prevents platelet aggregation. Hawthorne—increases blood circulation to the heart. Motherwort—tincture helps palpitations. Wild yam—2 to 3 ml tincture or 1 to 2 capsules three times daily; raises HDL cholesterol and reduces triglycerides.27 Fenugreek, green tea—reduce triglycerides.
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Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Baryta carbonica Glonoinum Vanadium Aromatherapy
Juniper and lemon—massage can help break up fatty deposits. Peppermint, rose, lavender, marjoram, rosemary—massage may help strengthen heart muscle; if pregnant avoid marjoram. Lavender, melissa, neroli, ylang-ylang—for palpitations. Ayurvedic medicine
Guggul—lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels, prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol.28 Pancha karma and specific prescribed herbs— reduces free radicals and oxidized fats. Chinese medicine
Herbs prescribed and acupuncture—dissolve plaque, lower cholesterol, increase circulation. Fo-ti—3 to 5 g, lowers blood cholesterol. Bodywork
Massage—reduces stress and stimulates circulation. Movement therapies Acupressure Shiatsu Qigong—improves memory, insomnia, dizziness, numbness, and tinnitus. T’ai chi—encourages flow of qi, does not strain the heart. Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation—focuses mind in calmness and reduces stress. Yoga—relaxes, reduces stress, and improves circulation. Biofeedback—training in anticipating stress and modes of relaxation.
Imagery Hypnotherapy
Athlete’s Foot Athlete’s foot is a fungal infection related to ringworm and jock itch, and grows in warm dark moist places. Keep affected areas clean and dry and exposed to air and sunlight as much as possible. Tea tree oil is as effective as pharmaceutical antifungal products. Herbal drying powders such as arrowroot can be placed in shoes or socks. Herbal therapy
Tea tree oil—apply directly to skin or dilute with water or vegetable oil three or four times a day, keep applying for 2 weeks after fungus has cleared; also effective for fungal infection under the nails. Grapefruit seed extract—apply as above. Garlic—contains ajoene, a potent antifungal component, eat one or two cloves a day with meals; steep several cloves fresh crushed garlic in olive oil for 3 days, strain, and apply to affected area with a cotton ball once or twice a day. Chamomile oil—apply topically, has antifungal properties. Myrrh—tincture, apply topically. Ginger, licorice—contain numerous antifungal compounds.
Back Pain Acute back pain can result from lifting a heavy object, from a misstep, falling, or a sudden motion. Chronic back pain can develop from a viral infection, stress, muscle tension, emotional problems, poor posture and movement, weak muscle strength, as a result of pregnancy, or a congenital defect. Smokers often have back pain that may possibly be due to a deficiency of vitamin C that is destroyed by tobacco. The brain can sometimes mistake signals from another part of the body such as the kidney, prostate gland, or uterus as originating from the back;29 back pain may also be an indi-
HEALTH CONDITIONS
cation of cancer somewhere in the body. If back pain is accompanied by numbness or tingling in the legs, pain shooting down a leg to the knee or foot, inability to move legs and feet, urinary incontinence or stomach cramps, chest pain or fever, see a physician immediately. Otherwise, most back pain will subside in a matter of days, weeks, or possibly several months with proper rest and care. In most cases, acute back pain results from a muscle spasm and not from a pinched nerve, slipped disk, torn muscle or ligament, or spinal subluxation. Because there is a complex relationship between the mind, brain, nerves, and muscles, chronic back pain is often psychosomatic in origin. For acute pain, immediately apply an ice pack for 15 to 20 minutes and repeat every hour or two. Alternating cold and heat may be helpful. Remain immobilized for at least a day or two. Avoid any positions that add pain or stress to the injury. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory such as aspirin may be necessary. Because of the emotion-brain-nerve interplay, participate in activities that encourage a pleasant state of mind. After pain diminishes, apply heat compresses, or bathe in warm water. Chronic pain may require changes in mental and emotional attitude and lifestyle. An osteopathic method called counterstrain may be helpful in correcting nerve patterns.30 Drinking lots of water for back pain is beneficial because dehydration, which occurs even though not thirsty, allows acidic wastes to build up in muscles, causing pain. Avoid animal fat in the diet as it contains substances that are inflammatory. Prevention is the best way to guard against back pain by lifting properly—always bend knees, improve posture, lose excess weight, and strengthen the abdominal muscles and the extensor muscles of the back. Stretching promotes flexibility and nonjarring exercises are beneficial. Nutrients
Vitamin C—1 to 3 g, strengthens connective tissues. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C. Calcium, magnesium—500 mg, relaxes muscles.
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Foods
Fatty fish, salmon, mackerel, herring, sardines, albacore tuna—contain omega-3 fats which are anti-inflammatory Fresh fruits Vegetables Dark green leafy vegetables Whole grains Nuts Walnuts Seeds Pumpkin seeds Black sesame seeds Legumes Low-fat dairy Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oi Ground flaxseeds—1 to 2 T Ginger Cayenne Black pepper Herbal therapy
Willow bark—contains salicylate, the painrelieving compound from which aspirin is derived. German chamomile—has anti-inflammatory properties. Wintergreen oil—apply topically, contains salicylate, relieves pain. Capsaicin—cream or balm apply topically, compound from hot peppers that relieves pain; crush hot pepper and apply directly to affected area or can be mixed in cream. Peppermint—contains menthol, eases muscle tightness. Homeopathy
Arnica montana—for acute muscle spasm; 30× potency—take four tablets every hour on the first day while awake, four tablets every two hours the second day, and four tablets four times a day for four to five days.
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Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconite napellus Aesculus hippocastanum Arsenicum album Bryonia Calcarea carbonica Calcarea phosphorica Cimicifuga Dulcamara Ignatia amara Kali carbonicum Natrum muriaticum Nux vomica Rhus toxicodendron Ruta graveolens Sulfur Aromatherapy
Sage, rosemary—add several drops to carrier oil and massage, contain compounds that relax muscles. Birch, lavender, clary sage—massage, help relieve pain; add lavender to warm bath.
Bodywork
Massage—relieves pain of muscle spasms. Deep tissue massage—reduces spinal curvature and eases back pain; massage may not be possible until severe pain diminishes. Movement therapies—correct postural defects; teach how to use body correctly; prevent or alleviate pain; develop body awareness, flexibility, and coordination. Acupressure—stimulates points to ease pain. Shiatsu Qigong—relaxes muscles and reduces stress. Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation—reduces stress. Yoga—strengthens back, promotes flexibility, and reduces stress; deep breathing acts beneficially on the nervous system. Biofeedback—training to recognize and anticipate habitual muscle contraction and learn relaxation techniques. Imagery Hypnotherapy
Ayurvedic medicine
Kaishore guggula—200 mg twice daily after meals. Dashamoola basti Mahanarayan oil—use as massage on affected area. Mustard oil—use as massage, reduces pain and aching.
Bronchitis
Teasel root, ginseng, acanthopanax—can relieve pain. Jing Jie, pseudoginseng root—helps relieve swelling and pain. Acupuncture—stimulates certain acupoints to relieve pain.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the breathing, or bronchial, tubes. Acute bronchitis follows a cold or flu when the viral infection moves to the chest. Chronic bronchitis is a result of smoking or exposure to polluted air or allergens. Bacteria is present if phlegm is yellow-green in color. Eating spicy foods liquifies the mucus and helps to open air passages. Identify allergens if they are the cause. Avoid dairy products as they contain components that suppress fluid secretions that thin mucus in the respiratory tract.
Chiropractic
Nutrients
Corrects misalignment of the vertebrae that can press on a nerve causing pain; restores normal movement to joints of the back.
N-acetyl-cysteine—200 mg twice daily, breaks up mucus and protects lung tissue, an antioxidant. Vitamin A—25,000 IU, protects lung tissue.
Chinese medicine
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Beta carotene—an antioxidant. Vitamin C—300 to 500 mg, has mucus thinning properties, neutralizes free radicals. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C. Vitamin E—with mixed tocopherols, protects lung tissue and increases oxygen supply. Carnitine—2 g twice daily, eases breathing during exercise. Magnesium—if deficient, deficiency may not be reflected in blood tests; needed for normal lung function. Bromelain—decreases bronchial secretions. Foods
Fresh fruits Citrus fruits Pineapple Raspberries Apricots Fresh vegetables Onions Shiitake mushrooms Legumes Soybeans Whole grains Amaranth Flaxseeds Nuts Seeds Fatty fish Salmon Herring Mackerel Sardines Albacore tuna Garlic Horseradish Hot mustard Chili peppers Ginger
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Juices
Beet Carrot Celery Cucumber Hot lemon and honey Radish Spinach Wheatgrass Herbal therapy
Eucalyptus—steam inhalation or tea, an expectorant (loosens phlegm). Garlic—has antiviral and antibacterial properties. Mullein—tincture in steam or tea, an expectorant; soothes throat, helps prevent coughing and has antibacterial activity; also for bacteria infected bronchitis. Stinging nettle—infusion with raw honey, relieves symptoms. Couchgrass—relieves symptoms of respiratory inflammation. Ginger—use as tea. Elecampane—an expectorant and antiseptic. Horehound, wild cherry, yerba santa, lobelia— expectorants. Marshmallow—a demulcent and anti-inflammatory, soothes respiratory tract. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconitum napellus Antimonium tartaricum Arsenicum album Bryonia Calcarea carbonica Calcarea phosphorica Causticum Ferrum phosphoricum Hepar sulphuris calcareum Kali bichromicum Phosphorus
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Pulsatilla Silicea Sulfur Aromatherapy
Cypress—an antibiotic, use at first sign of sore throat; can prevent development of bronchitis; take one drop on tongue, repeat when soreness returns. Eucalyptus dives—thins mucus; mix with eucalyptus radiata to enhance affects. Thyme—contains antiviral properties. Marjoram—for acute bronchitis with accompanying cough. Oregano—1 to 2 drops, has high concentrations of carvacol, an antibacterial; for acute bacterial infection of the bronchi. Pine—use in diffusor, has strong antiseptic effect. Rosemary (verbenone type)—has mucolytic effect. Marjoram—has spasmolytic esters and the antiseptic terpinen-4-ol. Ayurvedic medicine
Kapha type most susceptible to bronchitis. Herbal mixture of the following, take one quarter tsp with raw honey twice a day after meals: Sitopaladi—500 mg Punarnava—300 mg Trikatu—100 mg Mahasudarshan—300 mg Ginger—grate root and add honey and lemon or lime juice. Chinese medicine
Effective treatments prescribed. Honeysuckle, forsythia, and scullcap—reduce symptoms of cough, fever, and wheezing. Ephedra Fritillary bulb, plantain seed, balloon flower root—for acute conditions. Gardenia fruit, honeysuckle flowers, mulberry leaves—for chronic conditions. Acupuncture—dilates throat muscle walls.
Bodywork
Massage—helps dislodge phlegm; improves breathing. Acupressure Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Yoga—for relaxation and deep breathing.
Bruises Sufficient trauma to the skin causes a bruise in anyone as blood leaks out of the capillary walls underneath the skin. As soon as possible after injury, apply a cold compress and reapply for most of the next 12 hours. Cold constricts the blood vessels allowing less blood flow to the area. Bruising easily can mean a deficiency of vitamin C and the bioflavonoids which are necessary for strong capillary walls. Sudden bruising may indicate a defective clotting system and should be checked by a physician. For sprains, apply ice immediately. The homeopathic remedy, arnica, is helpful. Topically apply DMSO and/or tincture of arnica, bandage, and alternate heat and cold for the next 24 hours. Comfrey helps mend broken bones. Consult a physician to make sure the bone is properly set. Homeopathic remedies listed below can help pain, swelling, and the healing process. If there is a cut in the skin, disinfect with hydrogen peroxide. Goldenseal powder can be mixed to a paste with water and placed on cut. Cover with bandage. Vitamin E applied topically after wound has closed will help prevent scarring. Nutrients
Vitamin C—1 to 3 g, helps capillary walls to heal more rapidly. Bioflavonoids—200 mg, works synergistically with vitamin C. Rutin—a bioflavonoid, helps strengthen capillary walls. Bromelain—200 to 400 mg three times a day on empty stomach, stimulates production of prostaglandin E1, an anti-inflammatory agent.
HEALTH CONDITIONS Foods
Fresh fruits Pineapple Blueberries Fresh vegetables Green leafy vegetables Green peppers Whole grains Buckwheat Legumes Juices
Beet Carrot Citrus fruits Dark berries Green leafy vegetables Herbal therapy
Horsechestnut—gel, apply topically twice daily; contains active ingredient, aescin. Comfrey—apply topically as salve or compress; contains allantoin for its healing property; do not take internally. Sweet clover—ointment or compress, apply topically. Witch hazel—apply topically several times daily, disperses blood and facilitates healing. Homeopathy
Arnica—salve, apply topically, tincture, or compress; massage tincture directly on injury; if there is irritation, dilute with rubbing alcohol; do not use on broken skin. Take remedy according to symptoms: Arnica montana Bellis perennis Calcarea phosphorica Hamamelis Hypericum perforatum Ledum palustre
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Millefolium Phosphorus Ruta graveolens Symphytum officinale Sulphuricum acidum For broken bones: Arnica montana Bryonia Calcarea phosphorica Eupatorium perfoliatum Hypericum perforatum Ruta graveolens Symphytum officinale Aromatherapy
Everlasting—apply topically immediately to injury to prevent swelling and bruising; mix with comfrey ointment to increase effectiveness; apply directly or dilute in vegetable oil; also reduces pain. Lavender—apply topically, place several drops on compress. Chinese medicine
Effective treatments are prescribed. Acupuncture—bruising responds well; relief for acute and chronic pain. Mindbody therapy
Imagery
Burns Immerse burned area immediately in cold water for 5 to 10 minutes then intermittently for another 10 or 15 minutes. This helps prevent blisters. Wash with soap and dry. Apply herbal salve or raw honey. Honey is a soothing antiseptic and has healing properties. First degree burns are superficial like a sunburn; second degree burns develop blisters; third degree burns penetrate deeper and can destroy nerve tissue. If burns are third degree, cover a large area, have a charred appearance or become
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infected, see a physician. To remove melted substances such as tar or plastic, use ice water. Nutrients
Vitamin C—stimulates collagen synthesis and tissue repair. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C. Vitamin E—ointment, apply topically, an antioxidant (damage to skin is oxidative), helps prevent scarring. Foods
Fresh fruits Raisins Fresh vegetables Seafood Oysters Crab Low-fat dairy Eggs Whole grains Legumes Almonds Pumpkin seeds Turkey Lean meat Garlic Juices
Berry Cantaloupe Carrot Herbal therapy
Aloe vera—gel, apply topically, soothes minor burns. Calendula—cream or tincture, apply topically three times daily, an anti-inflammatory, aids tissue repair and soothes pain. Garlic—poultice, apply topically, mash several cloves.
St. John’s wort—tincture, apply topically, an antiinflammatory, accelerates healing and reduces scarring. Slippery elm powder—poultice, apply topically, mix with water. Gotu Kola—tea, 3 cups daily or 10 to 20 ml tincture three times daily or 60 mg extract, saponin content inhibits buildup of scar tissue. Homeopathy
Calendula or Hypericum—tincture, apply topically several times daily, 10 drops in 1 oz water, soothes burns and promotes healing of tissues. Take remedy according to symptoms: Arnica montana Belladonna Cantharis Causticum Hepar sulphuris calcareum Hypericum perforatum Phosphorus Urtic urens Natrum muriaticum—helps prevent sunburn. Aromatherapy
Lavender—apply topically and cool with ice, very effective in preventing blisters and loss of skin; reduces pain. German chamomile—apply topically and cool with ice, an anti-inflammatory, very effective. Moroccan chamomile—an anti-inflammatory; for burns and sunburn. Ayurvedic medicine
Aloe vera gel, coconut oil, tikta ghee—mix into paste and apply topically. Chinese medicine
Ginger juice—apply topically. Zicao and black sesame oil—apply topically. Mindbody therapy
Imagery
HEALTH CONDITIONS
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Foods
Bursitis Bursitis is the inflammation of the bursae, which are fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions in reducing the friction where muscle and tendon meet bone. Excess fluid collects in the sacs resulting in pain, swelling, heat, and restricted movement. Bursitis is most often caused by overuse; other causes include infection, injury, arthritis, or gout. Areas most affected are the shoulder, elbow, knees, hips, and heels. Tendonitis is a similar condition affecting the tendons, which are the fibrous tissues that connect muscle and bone, also caused by overuse and responds to the same treatments as bursitis. Immobilize and rest the affected area, although once the swelling has diminished, exercise is advisable to prevent a permanent situation from developing. Applying a cold compress (such as a bag of frozen peas or ice pack after rubbing skin with oil to prevent frostbite) is helpful and then alternate or use just hot compresses when pain and swelling subside. TENS, an electrical nerve-stimulation unit, is beneficial in alleviating the pain. Nutrients
Vitamin B12—by intramuscular injection, relieves symptoms, prevents calcification in chronic bursitis. Niacin—by intramuscular injection, with vitamin B12, nicotinic acid form. Bromelain—250 mg three times a day between meals, from pineapple, has anti-inflammatory properties, reduces bruising, pain, and swelling, and promotes healing. Curcumin—250 to 500 mg, from turmeric, an anti-inflammatory, as effective as cortisone treatments. DMSO—apply topically, 70% solution two or three times a day for 10 days, promotes healing of affected tissues. Bioflavonoids—500 to 100 mg two or three times daily, stabilizes collagen structures, have antiinflammatory properties, an antioxidant preventing free radical damage.
Fresh fruits Pineapple Papaya Fresh vegetables Dark green leafy vegetables Extra virgin olive oil Soybeans Pumpkin seeds Walnuts Fatty fish Salmon Mackerel Albacore tuna Herring Sardines Ginger Red pepper Turmeric Juices
Beet Carrot Celery Cucumber Leafy greens Pineapple Spinach Herbal therapy
Ginger—tea or tincture, has anti-inflammatory properties, grate 1⁄2 tsp fresh, steep in one cup boiling water 15 minutes. Willow bark, meadow sweet, wintergreen—tea or tincture, have anti-inflammatory properties, contain salicylate, the precursor of aspirin. Turmeric—tea or tincture, has anti-inflammatory properties. Capsaicin—ointment, apply topically, compound from hot pepper, soothes and reduces pain.
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Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Apis Arnica montana Belladonna Bryonia Ferrum phosphoricum Kalmia latifolia Pulsatilla Rhus toxicodendron Ruta graveolens Sanguinaria canadensis Silicea Sticta Sulfur Aromatherapy
Lavender—dilute with carrier oil, massage every day, soothes inflamed tissue and relieves pain. German chamomile—has anti-inflammatory properties. Ayurvedic medicine
Boswellia—has anti-inflammatory properties. Barberry—as tea or compress, alleviates pain and inflammation. Calamus oil—improves circulation and facilitates drainage. Ginger Coriander Aloe vera Chinese medicine
Pupleuri root, licorice, Chinese skullcap—have anti-inflammatory properties. Acupuncture—relieves pain, increases mobility, promotes healing. Bodywork
Deep tissue massage Movement therapy Acupressure Reflexology
Cancer Cancer develops when changes to DNA, nucleic acids that are the basis of heredity and contain the genetic blueprint, result in the production of malignant cells that replicate but are not controlled or killed by natural defense mechanisms in the body. Cells are most vulnerable to intrusion and damage from cancer-causing agents when cells normally divide and their DNA uncoils so that the gene information can be copied. Often cancers are hereditary, meaning there is a predisposition to the disease but that it needs to be triggered by an environmental factor. Cancers can develop from free radicals that harm DNA or the immune system. Free radicals are created as the result of an oxidative process triggered by sources such as chemical toxins and certain fats in the diet; from viruses, exposure to industrial pollutants and chemicals including pesticides, herbicides, toxins in household products, food dyes and cigarette smoke; and as a result of radiation exposure from, for example, X-rays, nuclear waste, electronic instruments and dental enamel caps. No exposure is too small to initiate cellular damage. The cumulative effect from various sources of cancer-causing substances stresses the immune system. It may take 5 to 30 years from the time of exposure to a carcinogen before a cancer actually appears. Ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer; especially hazardous are midday sun and high altitudes because the rays have a shorter path to travel and less time to be filtered. The thinness of the ozone layer allows for stronger sun exposure. The kind of light used in tanning beds is also not safe. Topical applications for skin cancer that are beneficial are tea tree oil, a hot comfrey compress, or dry mustard poultice. For women, breast and reproductive cancers can be caused by high levels of estrogen in the blood. Estrogen stimulates cell reproduction. Contributing to estrogen in the body are birth control pills and hormone replacement at menopause. Meat, poultry, and dairy foods may contain traces from animals that have been given the hormone for growth; and pesticides and industrial pollutants contain what are called xenoestrogens or foreign estrogens.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Cervical dysplasia is usually a precancerous lesion that if not treated can become cancerous. It is a condition of abnormal cells on the cervix surface. Pap smears, a sampling of cells, are taken to detect cancer of the cervix. Women susceptible to cervical cancer often have low nutrient levels such as vitamin C, the carotenoids, vitamin B6, and selenium. A folic acid deficiency can cause an abnormal papsmear; 10 mg daily for three months then 2.5 mg daily until Pap smears are normal is recommended. Diet is a big factor in cancer. Foods can either promote or prevent the disease. Meats, high-fat foods, polyunsaturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, and excess alcohol are major cancer causers. Frying, grilling, broiling, and barbecuing foods produce cancer-causing chemicals. Studies have shown the more fruits and vegetables in the diet, the less the risk of cancer. Foods rich in antioxidants prevent free radicals from forming and can repair cellular damage. Practicing safe sex prevents the viral transmission that damages DNA or weakens the immune system. Exercise stimulates immune system function and for women, lowers the level of estrogen in the blood. Nutrients
Vitamin A—for lung and cervical cancer. Carotenoid complex—enchances effectiveness of vitamin A. Vitamin C—an antioxidant, protects immune system. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C. Vitamin E—400 IU with mixed tocopherols, an antioxidant, take with meals as fat is needed for absorption. Selenium—100 to 300 mcg, an antioxidant, interferes with the absorption of vitamin C so take separately. Coenzyme Q10—300 mg, for breast cancer. Foods
Organic whole foods, fresh fruits—especially citrus
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Apples, mandarins, fresh vegetables, shiitake mushrooms, carrots, tomatoes, green, and yellow vegetables, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, cruciferous vegetables, asparagus, dandelion greens, enoki mushrooms, spinach, kale, whole grains, legumes, peanuts, soybeans—contain numerous anticancer agents Fatty fish Salmon Albacore tuna Herring Mackerel Sardines Nuts Brazil nuts Walnuts Almonds Low-fat dairy Low-fat yogurt Eggs Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Cold pressed flaxseed oil Fennel Garlic Onions Ginger Juices
Apple Beet Carrot Cabbage Celery Cherry Grape Berries Spinach Wheatgrass Fruits Vegetables
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Herbal therapy
Ayurvedic medicine
The following have anticancer or immune supporting properties: Garlic Green, black, and oolong tea Licorice Rosemary Turmeric Ginger
Treatments prescribed for various forms of cancer.
Thyme Sage Echinacea Ginseng Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Arsenicum album Cadmium sulfuratum Carbo animalis Carcinosin Conium maculatum Cundurango Hydrastis canadensis Phytolacca Thuja For chemotherapy support: Cadmium sulphuratum Gelsemium Ipecacuanha Kali phosphoricum Nux vomica Sepia Aromatherapy
Do not massage prior to or right after chemotherapy as it may cause the spread of cancer cells. Use a vaporizer or drops in the bath at the early stages of cancer. Geranium, rose—helps depression. Rosemary, sandalwood, bergamot—for fatigue. Fennel—for nausea.
Chinese medicine
Herbal treatments prescribed for symptoms of cancer. Fu Zheng therapy—includes ginseng and astragalus. Huang Qi—stimulates immune system, acts as a tonic on the nervous system. Acupuncture—adjunct therapy to cancer, reduces side effects of chemotherapy and radiation treatments. Bodywork
Massage—releases anxiety, promotes well-being and helps relieve pain. Qigong Mindbody therapy
Meditation—reduces stress supporting immune system; deep breathing increases blood circulation and oxygen supply. Biofeedback Imagery Hypnotherapy
Canker Sores Canker sores are small often painful ulcers inside the lip and mouth. The cause is unknown but may be exacerbated by allergies and food sensitivities. Stress may also be a factor. A component in some toothpastes, sodium lauryl sulfate, may be a cause of recurrent canker sores. Adding acidophilus to the diet has been beneficial for some individuals who experience recurrent episodes. Rinsing the mouth with salt water is helpful and placing ice on sore relieves pain. Bee propolis has healing and antiseptic properties; put tincture directly on sore. Nutrients
Vitamin B complex—50 to 100 mg, if deficient. Iron—if deficient.
HEALTH CONDITIONS Foods
Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Whole grains Nuts Seeds Legumes Low-fat yogurt Juices
Cantaloupe Carrot Celery Herbal therapy
Myrrh—tincture, extract, or powder as mouthwash; tannin component is an antiseptic with antibacterial and antiviral properties; place powder directly on sore. Goldenseal—as mouthwash, an antiseptic, heals wounds and infections; steep 2 tsp in one cup boiling water, cool and rinse mouth several times a day; 2 tsp powdered with 1⁄4 tsp salt in one cup warm water as mouthwash. Licorice—200 mg powdered DGL (glycyrrhizic acid) as mouthwash; contains the wound healing component, glycyrrhizic acid. Aloe vera—1 to 3 T as mouthwash. Echinacea—4 ml, swish in mouth 2 to 3 minutes then swallow three times daily, has antiviral and wound healing properties, supports immune system. Chamomile—tincture, swish in mouth, soothes mucous membranes. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Arsenicum album Borax Calcarea carbonica Hepar sulphuris calcareum Mercurius solubilis Natrum muriaticum
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Nux vomica Sulfur Chinese medicine
Watermelon frost powder Mindbody therapy
Imagery
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome is the compression of a nerve as a result of repetitive motions of the fingers and wrist. Numbness, tingling, and pain may be felt along the entire arm and neck. Osteopathic therapy may be beneficial. The condition can be helped by reducing stress and massaging the affected areas. Nutrients
Vitamin B6—80 to 100 mg two or three times daily, relieves symptoms,31 and may eliminate the need for surgery; in some individuals 300 mg taken for long periods of time may cause numbness and difficulty walking; discontinue use. Vitamin B complex—enhances effectiveness of B6. Bromelain—250 to 1500 mg between meals, an anti-inflammatory, from pineapple. Foods
Whole grains Legumes Soybeans Fresh fruits Bananas Pineapple Fresh vegetables Green leafy vegetables Cauliflower Okra Seeds Nuts Fatty fish
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Salmon Sardines Mackerel Albacore tuna Cumin Cayenne Turmeric Ginger Herbal therapy
Willow bark—relieves pain and inflammation, contains salicylate, precursor of aspirin. Meadowsweet, wintergreen—pain relievers, contain salicylate. Chamomile—an anti-inflammatory. Capsaicin—ointment, relieves pain and inflammation, from red pepper. Comfrey—add 2 tsp powder to hand cream, relieves pain, inflammation, and swelling. Turmeric—an anti-inflammatory from the component, curcumin. Ginger, cumin, sage—have anti-inflammatory properties. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconitum napellus Arnica montana Calcarea phosphorica Causticum Guaiacum Hypericum perforatum Rhus toxicodendron Ruta graveolens Viola odorata Aromatherapy
Use as massage oil, mix several drops with carrier oil: Lavender—relieves pain, a relaxant. Chamomile, yarrow, lemon verbena—have anti-inflammatory properties.
Chinese medicine
Acupuncture—relieves pain and discomfort. Chiropractic
Consult a qualified practitioner Bodywork
Deep tissue massage Movement therapies Acupressure Qigong Mindbody therapy
Biofeedback
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Chronic fatigue syndrome is characterized by profound fatigue that is not alleviated by sleep, and a myriad of other symptoms including impairment of memory and concentration, muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes. There is no single cause of the illness and a physician should be consulted to explore all possibilities. Causes may be a viral infection, adrenal gland dysfunction, chemical sensitivity, autonomic nervous system disorder, or food allergy. Common allergens are found to be wheat, corn, and milk. It is important to exercise daily and reduce stress. Home oxygen therapy may be helpful. Nutrients
Vitamin B complex Vitamin B12—injections, increases energy. Magnesium—200 to 300 mg, if deficient, take with potassium; in aspartate form. Carnitine—1 g three times a day, necessary for energy production in the mitochondria of cells. Foods
Whole organic foods Fresh fruits
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Fresh vegetables Green leafy vegetables Shiitake mushrooms Maitake mushrooms Oyster mushrooms Whole grains Legumes Low-fat yogurt Fatty fish Albacore tuna Herring Sardines Salmon Mackerel Garlic Ginger Basil Juices
Wheatgrass
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Aromatherapy
Bergamot, rose, neroli—use for massage or drops in bath, enhances mood. Tea tree, niaouli—use for massage or in bath, strengthens immune system. Ayurvedic medicine
Effective treatments are prescribed. Ashwaganda Amla Bala Triphala Lomatium Cluster fig Ginger Chinese medicine
Chinese angelica—restores energy. Acupuncture Chiropractic
Consult a qualified practitioner. Herbal therapy
Astragalus—has antiviral properties, enhances the immune system. Echinacea—supports the immune system. Garlic—has antiviral properties, supports the immune system. Ginseng—2 to 4 g dried root, 10 to 20 ml tincture, or 2 to 4 ml extract three times daily, improves stamina and energy; alternate after 6 to 8 weeks of licorice. Licorice root—2 to 3 g powdered root or 2 to 4 ml extract, strengthens adrenal gland function which may be weak in individuals with the illness, has antiviral properties. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Baptisia China Gelsemium Mercurius corrosivus
Bodywork
Massage—stimulates drainage of lymph systems. Deep tissue massage Movement therapy Qigong T’ai chi Mindbody therapy
Meditation
Colds and Flu A cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract; flu is an infection of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Both are caused by the same viruses of which there are 200 known. The walls of the upper respiratory tract swell and produce excess mucus resulting in a stuffy nose. Symptoms of cold are a runny nose, sore throat, and general malaise. The flu is more debilitating with
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symptoms that include diarrhea, vomiting, fever, chills, and fatigue. The mucus that forms is full of viruses infecting the surrounding air when coughing and sneezing. Viruses can survive for several hours to several days outside the body and on inanimate objects. Individuals who do not develop colds after contact with a virus may have stronger immune systems; and susceptibility to the illness is closely related to stress levels. Drink lots of fluids to hydrate the mucus membranes as viruses prefer dry environments; hot liquids are best at killing viruses. Avoid milk because it contains components that suppress secretions that thin mucus; hot spicy foods have the opposite effect. Take a hot bath and rest. Nutrients
Vitamin C—1 to 3 g, lessens severity of symptoms and has antibacterial and antiviral properties, stimulates the immune system. Zinc—15 to 25 mg lozenges for several days, gluconate form. Foods
Fresh fruits Citrus fruits Acerola Pineapple Fresh vegetables Leafy greens Bell peppers Asparagus Mustard greens Shiitake mushrooms Onions Low-fat yogurt Garlic Basil Ginger Horseradish Chili peppers
Juices
Beet Berry Carrot Citrus fruits Cucumber Hot lemon and honey—for sore throat Spinach Tomato Fruits Vegetables Herbal therapy
Echinacea—3 ml tincture three times daily or 300 to 600 mg capsules three times daily, use at first sign of symptoms daily for 10 to 14 days, has antiviral properties, reduces symptoms; may be combined with wild indigo, boneset, and homeopathic arnica that effectively reduce cold symptoms.32 Ginger—tea, grate fresh, steep and strain, add cayenne and honey. Goldenseal—tincture or 4 to 6 g powder three times daily, soothes mucous membranes of the throat, tea helps sore throat, has antiviral properties. Garlic—has antiviral properties, strengthens immune system. Licorice—has antiviral properties, enhances immune system. Elderberry—has antiviral properties. Willow bark, meadowsweet—relieve symptoms of cold and flu, have aspirinlike components. Slippery elm, marshmallow—mucilagents, soothe mucous membranes. Red raspberry, sage, yarrow—for sore throat. Homeopathy
Oscillococcinum—take at first sign of illness, reduces the symptoms. Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconitum napellus Allium cepa
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Arsenicum album Baptisia Baryta carbonica Belladonna Bryonia Dulcamara Eupatorium perfoliatum Euphrasia officinalis Ferrum phosphoricum Gelsemium Kali bichromicum Mercurius solubilis Natrum muriaticum Nux vomica Phosphorus Pulsatilla Rhus toxicodendron Aromatherapy
Tea tree, peppermint, rosemary—massage face and throat. Eucalyptus, lavender, tea tree, peppermint—as steam inhalation; add several drops to bath water. Cypress—one drop at sign of sore throat, repeat when soreness returns, an antibiotic. Lemon—use diffusor, an antiseptic, has calming effect. Thyme—has antiviral properties. Ayurvedic medicine
Various treatments are used including ginger tea and breathing exercises. Chinese medicine
Yinqiao—effective for the first stage. Loquat syrup—relieves cough with phlegm and congestion. Bo ying powder—relieves symptoms for infants and children. Forsythia, honeysuckle—herbs have antiviral properties. Plantain seed
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Peppermint Mulberry Skullcap Acupuncture—improves functioning of the immune system. Bodywork
Acupressure—certain points relieve symptoms. Shiatsu Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Yoga—boosts the immune system reducing frequency of colds; breathing exercises strengthen respiratory tract.
Constipation Too little fiber and fluids are the most likely cause of constipation; others are drugs such as painkillers, antidepressants, antihistamines, and heart medications; lack of exercise, stress, anxiety, laxative overuse dull intestinal nerve reflexes; pregnancy, and aging due to the loss of muscle tone. If constipation develops suddenly, see a physician as it may be an indication of colon cancer or impaction. Chronic constipation may be triggered by food allergies. Fiber acts like a sponge, absorbing water, producing softer stools, and allows quicker passage by stimulating nerve reflexes along the colon wall. However, fiber must be accompanied by plenty of fluids or further constipation could develop. Increase fiber foods gradually over a 4 to 6 week period. Coffee also stimulates bowel reflexes. Exercise increases muscular contraction along the intestinal tract. Nutrients
Vitamin C—1 g, can encourage regular bowel movement. Magnesium—400 to 800 mg, helps muscle contraction. Folic acid—2 to 5 mg, if deficient. Pectin—500 mg, source of fiber.
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Foods
Whole grains Legumes Fresh vegetables Cabbage Carrots Beets Root vegetables Asparagus Celery Chard Jerusalem artichoke Okra Spinach Fresh fruits Banana Pear Persimmons Prunes Rhubarb Dried fruits Almonds Pistachios Pine nuts Black sesame seeds Sunflower seeds Low-fat yogurt Basil Apples, peaches, pears, and berries—high in pectin Ground flaxseeds—1 to 3 T daily with lots of water Juices
Apple Carrot Celery Pear Prune Black radish Tomato
Spinach Watercress Herbal therapy
Psyllium, flaxseed, fenugreek—high fiber and mucilage content; mild, best for long-term use. Senna, cascara bark, aloe, rhubarb root—high in anthraquinone glycosides that stimulate contractions; use occasionally. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Alumina Bryonia Calcarea carbonica Causticum Graphites Lycopodium Nux vomica Opium Sepia Silicea Sulfur Aromatherapy
Marjoram, rosemary, or fennel—several drops in grapeseed or other carrier oil as massage. Ayurvedic medicine
Treatments may include herbs, medicated enemas, massage, and steambaths. Triphala Chinese medicine
Fo-ti—roots are a mild laxative. Ma Ren Wan Run Chang Wan Acupuncture—stimulates points along the large intestine and liver meridians. Bodywork
Massage—stimulates bowel function. Movement therapies
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Acupressure Shiatsu Qigong Reflexology—massage of areas relating to the intestine and liver.
Vitamin B12—800 mcg, if deficient. Zinc—25 to 50 mg, if deficient; may need to be balanced with copper. Vitamin D—if deficient. Pancreatic enzymes—under the supervision of a physician.
Mindbody therapy
Yoga—certain asanas and deep breathing are beneficial. Biofeedback Hypnotherapy
Crohn’s Disease Crohn’s disease is an inflammation of the wall of the colon and may affect the entire intestinal tract. Colitis is closely related but involves only the colon. Inflammations evolve in cycles and go into remission. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and often bloody diarrhea. The cause for both is unknown but could be stress-related or an autoimmune disorder. Food allergies are another possibility. The illness has been successfully treated when allergens have been removed from the diet. The most common offenders are wheat, dairy, yeast, sugar, eggs, corn, and vegetables of the cruciferous family—broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower. Histamine that is released during an allergic response may not be broken down properly in affected individuals. Malabsorption can be a complication and a diagnosis should be made for any nutritional deficiencies. Smoking aggravates Crohn’s disease. Avoid animal fats and omega-6 vegetable oils as they have an inflammatory effect on the system. Nutrients
Multivitamins and minerals Quercetin—400 mg, take 20 minutes before meals, for allergies, a bioflavonoid with antiinflammatory and antihistamine properties. EPA/DHA—2 to 3 g, enteric coated free fatty acid form, has anti-inflammatory properties, reduces recurrence rate.33 Folic acid—800 mcg, if deficient.
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Foods
Whole foods Fresh fruits Pineapple Papaya Underripe bananas Fresh vegetables Yams Fatty fish Salmon Mackerel Albacore tuna Herring Sardines Low-fat yogurt Garlic Onions Ginger Cumin Juices
Fruits Vegetables Green leafy vegetables Apple Beet Carrot Celery Cucumber Parsley Papaya Pineapple Spinach Wheatgrass
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Herbal therapy
Mindbody therapy
Slippery elm, marshmallow—has mucilaginous properties, soothes inflamed tissues. Aloe vera—1 tsp juice after meals, contains healing properties. Wild indigo—an astringent, inhibits growth of harmful bacteria in intestinal tract. Goldenseal—antimicrobial, soothing to the intestines. Green tea, raspberry—contains tannins that help clear up diarrhea; tannins have astringent qualities that contract tissues. Licorice root—has anti-inflammatory properties. Chamomile, peppermint—relieves muscle spasms and gas. Echinacea—supports the immune system. Hops—have antispasmodic activity; aid digestion.
Meditation Yoga Biofeedback Imagery Hypnotherapy
Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Arsenicum album Colocynthis Nux vomica Pulsatilla Aromatherapy
Basil—an antispasmodic. Roman chamomile—massage abdomen, helps relieve pain. Ayurvedic medicine
Boswellia—350 mg three times a day. Henbane—has sedative and antispasmodic properties. Coriander—has anti-inflammatory properties. Hollyhock—for bowel irritation.
Cystitis Cystitis is a bacterial infection of the lining of the bladder affecting mainly women. It is usually caused by E. coli which travels from the anus through the urethra and into the bladder. Food allergies, vaginal yeast infections, chemical sensitivities, tissue abrasion from friction during intercourse, and a too large diaphragm may increase exposure to bacteria. Stress and oral contraceptives can lower resistance to infection. Symptoms of cystitis include burning pain upon urination, pain in the lower abdomen, pressure, frequent urge to urinate but unable to do so, strong urinary odor, fever, and low back pain. If infection is recurrent, see a physician as the disease could spread to the kidneys. Drink plenty of fluids. Urinate frequently, completely, and always after intercourse. Wipe the genital area from front to back, wear cotton underwear, and avoid scented products. Nutrients
Vitamin A—for infection. Vitamin C—1 g, for infection, inhibits growth of E. coli. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C. Bromelain—for infection, has anti-inflammatory properties, from pineapple. Cranberry extract—400 mg twice daily, decreases bacteria.
Chinese medicine Foods
Consult a qualified practitioner. Bodywork
Qigong Reflexology
Fresh fruits Blueberries Watermelon Fresh vegetables
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Cilantro Celery Parsley Barley Low-fat yogurt Horseradish Garlic Juices
Cranberry or blueberry—16 oz daily, contains substances that prevent bacteria from sticking to bladder walls34 including arbutin which is an antibiotic and diuretic compound. Sweeten cranberry juice with apple or grape juice. Carrot Celery Cucumber Parsley Herbal therapy
Goldenseal—0.5 to 2 ml extract or 4 to 6 ml tincture or 1 to 2 g dried root three times daily, contains berberine which prevents bacteria from adhering to the walls of the bladder. Uva ursi—3 to 5 ml tincture three times daily or 100 to 250 mg arbutin capsules three times daily, heals inflammation, arbutin content kills bacteria. Corn silk—soothes inflammation. Dandelion—a diuretic, helps flush urine out of the bladder. Hibiscus—for painful urination. Echinacea—supports immune system in fighting infection. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconitum napellus Apis mellifica Belladonna Berberis vulgaris Borax Cantharis
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Chimaphila umbellata Clematis Equisetum Mercurius Nux vomica Pulsatilla Sarsaparilla Sepia Staphysagria Aromatherapy
Rosemary—massage legs. Juniper Lavender, bergamot, sandalwood—have antiseptic properties, add to bath. Chamomile Ayurvedic medicine
Shatavari 500 mg, punarnava 300 mg, guduchi 300 mg, kamadudha 100 mg—mix and take 1⁄4 tsp twice daily after meals. Hollyhock Coriander Chinese medicine
Plantain seeds Bodywork
Acupressure—stimulates points along the stomach meridian. Qigong Mindbody therapy
Yoga
Depression There are two general types of depression. Situational depression in which there are normal reactions to external events and endogenous depression, indicating an internal cause such as a biochemical or hormonal imbalance or nutritional deficiency. If depression is recurrent, constant, or severe, a physician should be consulted to find out
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the cause. Treating symptoms with antidepressants does not solve the underlying reason for the illness. Situational depressions can often be handled through psychotherapy or counseling. Depression may be associated with low thyroid, hypoglycemia, PMS, or sensitivity or allergy to foods, chemicals, and pesticides; certain pharmaceutical drugs and recreational drugs can be a factor, as can addiction to caffeine, although moderate amounts for many individuals can lift depression and improve mood. Oral contraceptives can cause a depletion of vitamin B6, which is necessary for mental health, and of tyrosine, an amino acid that converts to norepinephrine, a mood-affecting neurotransmitter. Depressed individuals not taking oral contraceptives may also be low in these nutrients. Symptoms of depression include weight loss or gain, insomnia or sleeping excessively, fatigue, hyperactivity or inactivity, loss of interest, poor concentration, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, and recurring thoughts of death and suicide. Serotonin, melatonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters in the brain that affect mood. In some individuals, these chemicals may need to be replenished. Vitamins, minerals, and amino acids supply the building blocks for this process and because these compounds are found in foods, diet is important. Foods affect mental health. Exercise is beneficial as it increases the production of endorphins, the body’s natural pain killers that increase a sense of well-being.
Vitamin B6—20 mg twice daily, if deficient. Folic acid—if deficient, often low in depressed individuals, improves efficacy of lithium. Iron—if deficient. Vitamin B1—if deficient. Vitamin B12—if deficient. Biotin—if deficient. 5-HTP—100 to 200 mg three times daily, an extract from the plant Griffonia simplicifolia, increases serotonin, endorphin, and other neurotransmitter levels. Foods
Whole organic foods Whole grains Whole grain pasta Whole grain cereal Whole grain breads Seafood Fatty fish Salmon Albacore tuna Herring Mackerel Sardines Turkey Nuts Brazil nuts
Nutrients
Assays on vitamin and mineral levels are helpful; supplement any that are deficient. Take the following three nutrients with fruit juice or fruit before breakfast;35 precursors to the synthesis of neurotransmitters that influence energy and alertness. DL-phenylalanine—200
to 1500 mg Vitamin B complex—100 mg Vitamin C—500 mg SAMe—raises dopamine and serotonin levels, improves binding of neurotransmitters to reception sites.
Seeds Sunflower seeds Legumes Dried beans Vegetables Green leafy vegetables Mustard greens Fresh fruits Melons Watermelon Garlic Cayenne
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Ginger Fennel Dill Coriander Basil Herbal therapy
St. John’s wort—300 mg three times a day or two cups of tea daily, as effective as Prozac, for mild to moderate depression;36 take 4 to 8 weeks to feel full effect. Take before or with meals to prevent stomach problems; can be combined with 5-HTP. Licorice—has antidepressant compounds, add to other teas. Siberian ginseng—promotes a sense of wellbeing. Gingko biloba—80 mg extract three times daily, relieves depression especially in the elderly; can be combined with St. John’s wort and/or 5-HTP. Damiana—may relieve depression. Yohimbe—has an MAO inhibitor compound; can have side effects including increased heart rate and blood pressure, hallucinations, anxiety, and headache, use only under the supervision of a physician. Ginger—an antidepressant. Cayenne—stimulates production of endorphins. Kava kava—45 to 70 mg kavalactones three times daily, relieves depression and has a calming effect; reduce dose if drowsiness is experienced. Valerian—relieves insomnia. Walnut tea—high in serotonin.
Kali phosphoricum Lycopodium Natrum carbonicum Natrum muriaticum Phosphoric acid Pulsatilla Sepia Staphysagria Aromatherapy
Melissa—relieves depression. Creeping hyssop—for nervous depression. Lemon verbena—works on the psychohormonal level. Frankincense—relieves depression. Bergamot, chamomile, rosemary, clary sage, jasmine, geranium, lavender, orange, ylang ylang—antidepressants and sedatives; use several in combination as massage. Ayurvedic medicine
Treatments prescribed have proven effective. Chinese medicine
Angelica Peony root Licorice Thorowax Acupuncture—treatments are as effective as conventional antidepressant medications. Chiropractic
Consult a qualified practitioner. Bodywork
Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Arsenicum album Aurum metallicum Calcarea carbonica Causticum Cimicifuga Ignatia amara
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Massage—helps relieve symptoms. Deep tissue manipulation Movement therapies Acupressure Shiatsu T’ai chi Qigong Reflexology
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Mindbody therapy
Meditation Yoga Biofeedback Imaging Hypnotherapy
Diabetes Diabetes is a condition in which there is too much sugar in the blood and the insulin that is required for processing it is either absent, insufficient, or ineffective. Diabetes is an inherited disease. There are two forms of diabetes, Type I, or juvenile-onset, and Type II, or adult-onset. Type I begins in childhood and is an autoimmune disorder in which the cells of the pancreas are eventually destroyed by the body’s own immune system. Consequently, the pancreas cannot produce any insulin and the individual is dependent on insulin injections to prevent coma or death. Diet and lifestyle can at the most reduce the amount of insulin required. Type II is less severe and affects adults usually over the age of 40. Insulin is available but there is either not enough to meet the demand, or the cells are resistant to accepting it, thereby not allowing the glucose to pass through the cell membrane. Type II can be controlled by diet, exercise, and maintaining proper weight. Oral medication may or may not be necessary, 90% of all diabetes is Type II, and half may not know they have it. Symptoms of diabetes are excessive thirst and urination due to the excess of sugar in the blood, fatigue, weakness, and slow wound healing. Diabetics are more prone to cardiovascular disease because of faulty fat metabolism. They may have poor circulation, due to the narrowing of blood vessels, which leads to complications involving the feet, eyes, and kidneys, and susceptibility to infections. Inadequate diet, food allergies, viral infections, and stress can aggravate diabetes Type II. During stress, adrenaline levels increase, which causes a rise in blood sugar.
What is eaten can either cause blood sugar to rise or keep it at a moderate level. The more fiber in the diet, the lower the glycemic index of foods, the slower the rise in blood sugar. See Section IV for more information on glycemic index. Type II diabetes takes years to develop. Although genetically predisposed, diet will determine if the disease becomes manifest. Studies have shown that a protein in milk can act as an antigen causing the immune system to dysfunction and begin to attack the beta cells of the pancreas. This process can trigger Type I diabetes when infants are fed cow’s milk, especially in the first year. For infants from families who have a history of diabetes, breast-feeding is an alternative. Maintaining proper weight is extremely important, because if too much food is eaten, all systems get overloaded. The pancreas overworks in trying to meet the insulin demand and the cells get weary of having to handle so much of the glucose that insulin brings to them. Eventually, diabetes is the result. Exercise is equally vital to the extent that it can actually prevent or stabilize diabetic conditions.
Nutrients
GTF chromium—200 mcg to 1 g, improves glucose tolerance and stabilizes blood sugar. Coenzyme Q10—100 mg, may stabilize blood sugar in some diabetics. Vitamin C—1 to 3 g, improves glucose tolerance reducing insulin needs, fights infections, strengthens blood vessels. In presence of renal insufficiency, see physician before taking megadoses. Bioflavonoids—1 to 2 g, work synergistically with vitamin C. Vitamin E—800 IU with mixed tocopherols, prevents vascular complications, improves glucose tolerance;37 supplement may keep Type II from needing insulin. Vitamin B6—improves glucose tolerance; levels are low in diabetic neuropathy. Vitamin B12—500 mcg three times daily, reduces nerve damage in diabetics.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Biotin—9 to 16 mg, can reduce blood sugar levels, helps diabetic neuropathy. Vitamin B1—if deficient. Vitamin D—can increase insulin secretion and lower blood sugar levels. Magnesium—300 to 400 mg, diabetics tend to be low in the mineral, can improve insulin production; for diabetics with normal kidney function. Zinc—15 to 25 mg, diabetics are prone to deficiency, can lower blood sugar levels. Inositol—500 mg twice daily; may reverse diabetic neuropathy. Alpha-lipoic acid—600 mg, improves diabetic neuropathy and reduces pain. Carnitine—1 g, reduces diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers blood fats. Evening primrose oil—4 to 6 g, helps reduce nerve damage.
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Cabbage Alfalfa Onions Mushrooms Bitter melon Water chestnuts Jerusalem artichokes Kohlrabi Spinach Dandelion greens Winter squash Nuts Garlic Fenugreek seeds Cinnamon, cloves, turmeric, bay leaves—spices that stimulate production of insulin. Herbal therapy
Foods
Whole foods Whole grains Buckwheat Barley Brown rice Oats Legumes Soymilk Lentils Peanuts Fish Lean meats Eggs Fresh fruit Avocado Rhubarb Blueberries Plums Mandarins Pear Fresh vegetables Broccoli
Blueberry leaf—two cups daily, morning and evening, lowers blood sugar levels. Tea (Camellia sinensis)—reduces blood sugar levels. Bilberry—40 to 80 mg extract three times daily, can improve diabetic retinopathy. Aloe vera—1 T juice twice daily, lowers blood sugar. Capsaicin—apply topically, reduces pain in diabetic neuropathy, from red peppers. Fenugreek—50 g defatted powder, reduces fasting blood sugar levels and improves glucose tolerance. Salt bush—3 g, improves glucose regulation and tolerance for Type II according to studies conducted in Israel. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Bovista lycoperdon Lycopodium Phosphoric acid Phosphorus Plumbum Uranium nitricum
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Aromatherapy
Camphor, eucalyptus, geranium, juniper, lemon, rosemary—mix and massage back, balance pancreatic secretions. Juniper—mix with olive oil and massage spleen area. Ayurvedic medicine
Pancha karma Gymnema—400 mg extract, stimulates insulin production, reduces blood sugar levels. Bitter melon—extract or 1 to 2 oz juice three times daily, stimulates pancreas, lowers blood sugar. Karella—eat with seeds twice daily. Chinese medicine
Herbal combinations prescribed that are effective. Ginseng—200 mg extract, stimulates production of insulin and increases the number of cellular insulin receptors,38 stabilizes blood sugar and increases energy.39 Astragalus Wild yam Lotus seed Lilyturf root Grassy privet Rehmannia Acupuncture—reduces autoimmune aspect and can reverse diabetic neuropathy, can lower insulin requirement. Bodywork
Massage—relaxing and reduces stress. Qigong Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation—reduces stress. Yoga—improves function of the pancreas, stabilizes blood sugar levels. Biofeedback—reduces stress. Imagery
Hypnotherapy—reduce stress and lower insulin requirements through suggestion.
Diarrhea Diarrhea is the accumulation of too much water in the large intestine that the intestinal walls fail to absorb. The immediate concern is replacing lost fluids in order to prevent dehydration. The best way to do this is by eating thick starchy soups and cereals. Eating frequently leads to a faster recovery. Diarrhea can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites; antibiotics, allergies or food sensitivities, milk, caffeine, fructose and sorbitol from fruit juices especially apple, pear, and grape; dietetic foods that contain sorbitol; stress, large amounts of supplemental vitamin C or magnesium; or health conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn’s disease. If the illness lasts for more than several weeks or is accompanied by fever, severe cramps, or blood or mucus in the stool, call a physician. Because of diarrhea, beneficial bacteria are flushed out of the intestine and need to be replaced with acidophilus. Nutrients
Multivitamins and minerals S. boulardii—prevents antibiotic-induced and infectious diarrhea.40 Foods
Thick soups Brown rice soup Corn soup Lentil soup Carrot soup Wheat soup Barley soup Potato soup Chicken noodle soup Tapioca pudding Amaranth Low-fat yogurt Underripe bananas
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Applesauce Apples Citrus fruits Persimmons Blackberries Raspberries Olives Root vegetables Tomatoes Chestnuts Nutmeg Cumin Fenugreek seeds—1⁄2 tsp with water three times a day, for adults. Juices
Apple Carrot Celery Coconut Orange Parsley Spinach Vegetable Herbal therapy
Psyllium seed—9 to 30 g, solidifies stool. Blackberry, raspberry, bilberry—tea or tincture, one cup every 2 to 4 hours, contains tannins that have an astringent or binding effect on the mucous membranes of the intestinal walls reducing inflammation. Aloe vera—soothes inflamed intestines. Goldenseal—has antimicrobial properties. Carob—powder, mix 1 T with applesauce and take on empty stomach, contains tannins that have a binding effect on mucous membranes; for children and adults. Chamomile—2 to 3 g powder or 3 to 5 ml extract three times daily, reduces cramps, irritation, and inflammation. Marshmallow, slippery elm—mucilaginous, soothe intestinal tract.
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Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconite Apis mellifica Argentum nitricum Arsenicum album Bryonia Calcarea carbonica Chamomilla China Colchicum Colocynthis Gelsemium Ipecacuanha Mercurius solubilis Natrum sulphuricum Nux vomica Phosphorus Podophyllum Pulsatilla Sulfur Veratrum album Aromatherapy
Lavender, neroli—relieve stress. Eucalyptus, chamomile—antispasmodics. Myrrh—has antibacterial and antiviral properties. Ayurvedic medicine
Triphala Cassia pods Henbane Coriander Chinese medicine
Herbal remedies are prescribed. Skullcap root, golden thread, kapok flowers, dandelion root—for acute diarrhea. Psoralea fruit, codonopsis root, astragalus—for chronic diarrhea. Acupuncture—aids recovery from bowel infection.
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Bodywork
Acupressure Reflexology
Pineapple Papaya Prune
Mindbody therapy
Herbal therapy
Biofeedback
Aloe vera—gel, take after meals, soothes intestinal tract. Chamomile—tincture or tea, an anti-inflammatory, soothing to the digestive tract. Slippery elm—powder, one to two cups tea daily, soothes irritated intestinal walls. Peppermint—tea or enteric-coated oil of peppermint capsules, an anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic. Wild yam—reduces pain and inflammation.
Diverticulitis Diverticulitis is an inflammation of abnormal pouches called diverticula on the walls of the lower intestine which results in cramps, bloating, and pain in the lower left side of the abdomen, and constipation, or both constipation and diarrhea. The cause is lack of fiber in the diet, consequently, the sigmoid part of the colon has to exert so much pressure to propel the feces that the walls of the intestine herniate. If the pouches become infected or if there is an obstruction, antibiotics or surgery may be necessary. Many individuals have diverticula that do not become inflamed. The solution is to eat high fiber foods, although in the acute stage, vegetables may not be tolerated. Drink plenty of fluids.
Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Belladonna Bryonia Colocynthis Chinese medicine
Acupuncture
Foods
Whole foods Whole grains Whole wheat Bran cereals Unprocessed wheat bran Oat bran Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Prunes Ground flaxseed or psyllium seed—1 to 3 T. Juices
Apple Beet Cabbage Carrot Celery Lemon
Bodywork
Massage Acupressure Chiropractic
Consult a qualified practitioner. Mindbody therapy
Biofeedback
Ear Infection Inflammation and infection of the middle ear, called otitis media, is a result of blockage of the Eustachian tubes that run from the back of the throat to the middle ear. Fluid gathers and pressure builds up, causing pain. Symptoms are a throbbing pain and sometimes fever. If there is a sudden sharp pain and pus drains from the ear, the eardrum has been perforated. Ear infection
HEALTH CONDITIONS
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can be of a bacterial, viral, or fungal nature. It can also be the result of a structural obstruction or an allergic reaction to food, air, pollen, mold, or dust. In a study, 86% of the children affected with ear infections were relieved of the condition when foods they were allergic to were removed from the diet, taking several months for the infection to clear totally. Most common offenders are milk, wheat, eggs, peanuts, and soy products. Allergies cause an inflammation and swelling of the middle ear, which allows fluid to become trapped and infection to fester. Craniosacral manipulation by an osteopath has cured middle ear infection caused by restriction of the respiratory apparatus. While fluid is not able to drain because of the restriction, it stagnates and bacteria is allowed to breed. For more information contact: the Cranial Academy, 8606 Allisonville Road, Suite 130, Indianapolis, Indiana 46250, 317-595-0411. Breast-feeding has shown to prevent middle ear infection;41 the longer the infant is nursed the greater the protection. The reason is likely due to antibodies in the milk.
Chamomilla Ferrum phosphoricum Hepar sulphuris calcareum Magnesia phosphorica Mercurius solubilis Pulsatilla Silicea
Nutrients
Gentian, honeysuckle, forsythia—powders, combine and add to juice or applesauce, have antibiotic properties.
Vitamin C—500 mg to 1 g, for infection, supports the immune system. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C.
Aromatherapy
Rosemary, peppermint—mix and massage area around ear, along lymph nodes, and unto neck. Lavender—place several drops in ear with Qtip. Tea tree, lavender—use in vaporizer, have antiseptic properties. Ayurvedic medicine
Treatments are given to drain the lymphatic fluids. Garlic Vitamin C Chinese medicine
Chiropractic
Spinal manipulation
Herbal therapy
Bodywork
Mullein or garlic oil—warm and drop into ear and keep in with cotton. Do not place oil in ear if eardrum is ruptured. Take garlic oil in capsules orally. Echinacea—1 to 2 ml tincture or 0.5 to 1 g dried root or 2 to 4 ml extract three times daily with ear drops, an antibiotic, supports the immune system. Goldenseal—tea or tincture three times daily, an antibiotic.
Massage—of ear area, helps keep Eustachian tubes open.
Peppermint tea—relieves pain, an antiseptic. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconitum napellus Belladonna
Eczema Eczema is an inflammation of the skin with persistent itching and often weeping blisters that then dry into scabs or crusts. Also known as atopic dermatitis, the disease is caused by allergies and in some cases is hereditary. Stress may also be a factor. Individuals with eczema may not be able to properly metabolize fatty acids. Symptoms of the disease have improved when heavy coffee drinkers have stopped drinking the beverage. Determine any allergy and remove from diet or environment.
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Nutrients
Evening primrose or black currant oil—500 mg twice daily, reduces symptoms; children under 12—250 mg twice daily; evening primrose oil can also be applied topically. EPA/DHA—540 and 360 mg, respectively, or 1 T flaxseed oil, for individuals when primrose oil proves ineffective. Vitamin C—can reduce symptoms. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C. Zinc—45 to 60 mg, if deficient. Foods
Organic whole foods Dandelion greens Purslane Fatty fish Albacore tuna Mackerel Herring Salmon Sardines Juices
Beet Black currant Carrot Cucumber Red grape Parsley Spinach Wheatgrass Herbal therapy
Licorice root—1 to 2 g or 2 to 4 ml extract or 2 to 5 ml tincture three times daily, take orally or apply cream topically, glycyrrhizin component reduces inflammation and itching. Chamomile or calendula—cream, apply topically, have anti-inflammatory properties. Chickweed—cream, apply topically, relieves itching.
Aloe vera—gel, apply topically. Witch hazel—apply topically. Red clover—relieves symptoms. Green tea—200 to 300 mg extract or cups of tea drunk throughout the day, has antiallergenic properties. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Antimonium crudum Arsenicum album Arum triphyllum Calcarea carbonica Calendula Dulcamara Graphites Hepar sulphuris calcareum Mezereum Petroleum Rhus toxicodendron Sulfur Aromatherapy
Lavender, 1 ml, palmrosa 1 ml, calophyllum 10 ml, rose hip seed oil 30 ml—in base of carrier oil 1:1, for dry eczema; apply topically three to four times daily, relieve itching and regenerate skin tissue. Thyme, thujonal type 1 ml, eucalyptus citriodora 1 ml, calophyllum 10 ml, rose hip seed oil 30 ml— in base of carrier oil 1:1, for weeping eczema; apply topically three to four times daily. Lavender, bergamot, geranium—very diluted with carrier oil, by professional therapist, reduce inflammation and itching. Ayurvedic medicine
Kutki 200 mg, manjista 300 mg, turmeric 200 mg, neem 200 mg—mix and take 1 tsp twice daily after meals. Neem oil—apply topically. Cassia pods Aloe vera
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Chinese medicine
Nutrients
Herbal preparations prescribed improve symptoms. Wormwood Peony root Chinese gentian Dittany bark, puncture vine fruit—for itching. Acupuncture
Calcium, magnesium—1 g each before bedtime and half the dose 12 hours later,42 in citrate, gluconate, or chelated form, moderates the nervous system.
Bodywork
Acupressure Shiatsu Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation Yoga Biofeedback Imaging Hypnotherapy
Herbal therapy
Valerian—tincture, one dropperful in water three to four times daily, a mild relaxant and depressant. Scullcap—1 tsp tincture three times daily for petit mal. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms after seizure has expired: Aconite Belladonna Chamomilla Ignatia Zinc Aromatherapy
Epilepsy Epilepsy is a dysfunction of the electrical activity in the brain. Seizures may involve loss of consciousness or be of a milder form with symptoms such as momentary loss of awareness, rapid heart beat, sweating, and high blood pressure. The illness is not always, but can be, inherited. Children in a study who had both migraine headaches and epileptic seizures had no seizures or had fewer when foods they were allergic to were eliminated from the diet. The common offenders are cow’s milk and cheese, citrus fruits, eggs, wheat, corn, pork, tomatoes, and chocolate. The dose of anticonvulsant drugs may be able to be lessened only after pursuing other alternatives and doing so gradually over many weeks. Drug therapy may always be necessary but at a level that has lesser side effects. The intention of adjunct or alternative therapy is to moderate brain activity. Eliminate stimulants that activate brain activity such as coffee, alcohol, tea, tobacco, colas, and chocolate.
Rosemary—small doses may be helpful, use only under the supervision of a aromatherapist. Ayurvedic medicine
Saraswati churna 200 mg, brahmi 300 mg, jatamansi 200 mg, punarnava 300 mg—mix and take 1⁄4 tsp twice daily after meals. Chinese medicine
Sweet flag root Bamboo juice Chiropractic
Consult a qualified practitioner. Bodywork
Massage Shiatsu Deep tissue massage Movement therapy Reflexology
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Mindbody therapy
Biofeedback—learn to produce slower brain waves through controlling the autonomic nervous system. Hypnotherapy
Eye Problems Cataracts In cataracts damage to the protein of the lens of the eye clouds the lens and impairs vision. Oxidation of the lens from exposure to the sun and other sources in the environment is partly responsible for the destruction and nothing can reverse the situation once it has developed. Nutrient deficiencies, selenium, for example, may contribute to cataract formation. Symptoms are blurred or hazy vision, seeing spots, or the feeling of a film over the eye. Vitamin C supplementation may help improve vision. Glutathione, an antioxidant, is found to be especially lacking in cataracts as well as vitamin C, vitamin E, and folic acid. Vitamin A and the carotenoids are important for eye health, lutein a carotenoid is found in the lens. Foods containing these antioxidants are fruits and vegetables, spinach and other green leafy vegetables, broccoli, asparagus, legumes, avocados, oranges, dark berries, plums, and cherries. The herb bilberry is high in antioxidants, 240 to 480 mg of extract daily are recommended to protect the lens and retina, as are rosemary, turmeric, and ginger. Homeopathy remedies include Calcarea carbonica, Calcarea fluorica, Causticum, Natrum muriaticum, phosphorus, and Silicea. Take remedy according to symptom. Chinese medicine includes wolfberry, chrysanthemum, and rumania.
Conjunctivitis This condition is an inflammation of the membrane that lines the eye, also known as pinkeye. Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelid. The cause may be a bacterial infection, a virus, or it may be an allergic reaction. A cool compress can be placed on the eye; or bathe the eye in tepid boiled water to which a little salt has been added. An eye-
wash made from an infusion of calendula, eyebright, or chamomile, kept sterile, can reduce swelling and redness; add goldenseal if there is an infection. Use echinacea, eyebright, sage, and goldenseal as tea. A warm aromatherapy compress with a few drops of lavender, chamomile, or rose oil can soothe the area and help heal the infection. Green myrtle oil is an anti-inflammatory and can be mixed with water and sprayed into the eye or onto a closed eye and then blink several times. Homeopathy remedies include Apis mellifica, Argentum nitricum, Euphrasia, Hepar sulphuris calcareum, Mercurius solubilis, Natrum muriaticum, Pulsatilla, and sulfur. Take remedy according to symptoms. Chinese medicine includes violet, chyrsanthemum flowers, and bamboo leaves—boil, strain, cool, and use as eyewash.
Glaucoma Glaucoma is pressure within the eyeball that damages nerve fibers of the optic nerve. Increased pressure evolves when the passage that allows fluid into the eye becomes clogged. The cause is unknown although in some cases there may be an underlying condition. Allergies can exacerbate the situation. Vitamin C, 2 to 5 g, can reduce elevated pressure, as well as rutin at 20 mg three times daily. In studies, 250 mg magnesium has lowered pressure. Cranial osteopathy is helpful in dispersing fluid within the head which relieves pressure in the eyes. The homeopathic remedy belladonna is effective for chronic simple glaucoma. Diets high in fatty fish and fresh fruits and vegetables are recommended for prevention of glaucoma.
Macular Degeneration A degeneration of the macula, which is a portion of the retina in the back of the eye. It is the leading cause of blindness. The cause of the disease is oxidation from the sun and other environmental agents; smoking is also linked to the condition. Antioxidants protect the eye from free radical damage; the carotenoids are important for eye health especially lutein and zeaxanthin which are concentrated in the macula. Zinc is needed for the synthesis of enzymes that are necessary for retinal cell function.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Nutrients recommended for macular degeneration are vitamin C 1 g, bioflavonoids, vitamin E 400 IU with mixed tocopherols, selenium 200 mcg, and the carotenoid complex. Foods containing antioxidants and carotenoids include fresh fruits and vegetables, spinach, kale, carrots, asparagus, dark berries, sweet potatoes, dried fruits, garlic, ginger, and Brazil nuts. Oyster, crab, turkey, and pumpkin seeds are good sources of zinc. Gingko biloba 120 to 240 mg extract, has been shown to help macular degeneration in the early stages. Bilberry, 40 to 80 mg extract three times daily, has a high concentration of bioflavonoids called anthocyanosides that act as antioxidants. They also strengthen the capillaries of the retina reducing any possibility of hemorrhage.43
cantly; allow 6 months for results. Eat a low-fat diet and eliminate dairy, meats, eggs, and poultry unless they are certified hormone free. Aerobic exercises have shown to alleviate breast tenderness. Natural progesterone applied topically days 15 to 25 of the menstrual cycle can result in the disappearance of the cysts. Nutrients
Vitamin E—200 to 600 IU with mixed tocopherols, for 3 months, can reduce symptoms. Vitamin B6—25 to 50 mg three times daily, may reduce symptoms. Evening primrose oil—may reduce symptoms. Foods
Night Blindness Night blindness is an inability to see well in dim or dark light. It is an indication of vitamin A deficiency, a nutrient necessary for the production of visual purple. Nutrients recommended are vitamin A, the carotenoid complex, and zinc, if there is a deficiency. The herb bilberry is high in bioflavonoids and aids in the regeneration of visual purple. Other alternative medicine and therapies that aid in the prevention and improvement of eye problems are Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine including acupuncture, chiropractic, craniosacral therapy, shiatsu, movement therapies that help alleviate the physical and emotional stress that is induced by vision problems, Qigong, reflexology, and yoga.
Fibrocystic Breast Disease Most premenopausal women experience fibrocystic breast disease characterized by tenderness, sometimes painful breasts, and small lumps that can be felt. It may be part of PMS and is associated with an excess of estrogen. If the lump is tender or painful, it is likely a cyst and not a tumor. Avoiding coffee and any foods or drugs containing caffeine can reduce symptoms signifi-
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Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Dark leafy greens Sea vegetables Parsley Shiitake mushrooms Onions Fatty fish Salmon Albacore tuna Herring Mackerel Sardines Soy products Whole grains Low-fat yogurt Nuts Seeds Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed walnut oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Garlic Herbal therapy
Chasteberry—alleviates tenderness. Dandelion—for cysts.
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Parsley—for swelling. Mullein—helps reduce pain. Echinacea—supports the immune system. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Carbo animalis Phytolacca Silica Mindbody therapy
Meditation Biofeedback Hypnotherapy
Fibromyalgia Similar to chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia involves bodily aches and pains with fatigue as a secondary symptom accompanied by insomnia and depression. The cause is unknown but stress may be a factor. Exercise is very important in reducing the symptoms. Individuals with the disease often have low serotonin levels. Herbs that are beneficial for chronic fatigue syndrome may also help fibromyalgia. Nutrients
Magnesium—300- to 600-mg citrate or aspartate and malic acid 1200 to 2400 mg taken together may lessen muscle pain. Vitamin E—100 to 300 IU with mixed tocopherols, can reduce symptoms. SAMe—800 mg, reduces pain and depression. 5-HTP—50 to 100 mg three times daily, from the plant Griffonia simplicifoli, increases synthesis of serotonin, decreases pain, improves sleep quality; can be combined with magnesium and 300 mg St. John’s wort for maximum effectiveness.
Whole grains Fatty fish Salmon Albacore tuna Sardines Herring Mackerel Nuts Seeds Extra virgin olive oil Ginger Turmeric Herbal therapy
Licorice root—2 g three times daily for 8 weeks. Ginseng—1 to 2 g, take following time span of licorice root. Black cohosh—has anti-inflammatory properties. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Arnica montana Bryonia Calcarea carbonica Causticum Cimicifuga Kalmia latifolia Ranunculus bulbosus Rhus toxicodendron Ruta graveolens Aromatherapy
Camphor—massage, has a warming effect and promotes healing. Ayurvedic medicine
Boswellia—two capsules twice daily, has antiinflammatory properties.
Foods
Chinese medicine
Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables
Acupuncture—very effective in relieving pain and other symptoms.
HEALTH CONDITIONS Chiropractic
Spinal manipulation—helpful for some individuals. Bodywork
Massage—stimulates circulation and easing pain in stiff areas. Deep tissue manipulation Movement therapies Polarity therapy Mindbody therapy
Meditation—reduces stress. Yoga—stretching asanas relaxes muscles and relieves symptoms. Biofeedback Imagery Hypnotherapy—reduces muscle pain, fatigue, and insomnia.
Gallbladder Disease Gallstones and inflammation of the gallbladder, which rarely happens without the presence of gallstones, are most common in women. Pain felt in the upper-right quarter of the abdomen, then often moving to the back, is frequently the result of a stone blocking the bile duct. Stones are formed when there is an excess of cholesterol in the bile or a deficiency of substances such as lecithin needed to disperse the fat. Gallstones are primarily composed of cholesterol that crystalizes and hardens into stones ranging from the size of tiny seeds to one inch in diameter. They are formed usually as a result of too much saturated fat and cholesterol in the diet, and it is recommended that consumption of saturated fats be reduced and cholesterol containing foods kept at 300 mg daily. Too much sugar and too little fiber in the diet have been shown in studies to promote gallbladder attacks. Coffee, regular or decaffeinated, stimulates gallbladder contractions and can bring on an attack. Skipping meals can cause a gallbladder attack because the gallbladder needs to be
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active in producing bile acids which keep cholesterol dissolved. Some individuals may be deficient in HCl (stomach hydrochloric acid). Obesity and constipation are risks for forming stones. Food allergies have been shown to precipitate gallbladder inflammation but not stones; eggs, onions, and pork are the most common offenders. Nutrients
Phosphatidyl choline—300 to 2000 mg, extract from lecithin, protects against stone formation by increasing lecithin content of bile. Vitamin C—2 g in divided doses, shown in studies to reduce cholesterol stone formation. Foods
Fresh fruits Oranges Apples Pears Cherries Fresh vegetables Beets Spinach Artichokes Parsley Radish Watercress Whole grains Oat bran Flaxseeds Corn Beans Soybeans Lentils Peas Almonds Low-fat yogurt Turmeric Extra virgin olive oil—shown to discourage stone formation.
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Juices
Mindbody therapy
Apple Beet Carrot Citrus Cucumber Grape Pear
Yoga
Herbal therapy
Turmeric—100 to 200 mg curcumin three times daily increases solubility of bile preventing gallstone formation.44 Milk thistle—600 mg extract, keeps bile soluble. Celandine—reduces symptoms. Peppermint—tea or several drops oil mixed in water or 1 to 2 capsules enteric-coated peppermint, drink with meal, can help symptoms, helps dissolve gallstones. Chamomile Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Berberis vulgaris Calcarea carbonica Chelidonium majus China Colocynthis Dioscorea Lycopodium Nux vomica Podophyllum Aromatherapy
Lavender, rosemary—massage over gallbladder area, help relieve pain. Ayurvedic medicine
Kalanchoe Chinese medicine
Lysimachia, pyrrosia leaf, rhubarb—can help dissolve small stones. Acupuncture—reduces inflammation.
Gingivitis Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums and periodentitis is the inflammation of the gums and surrounding tissues that can eventually result in loss of bone support. Symptoms are gums that are red, swollen, and bleed easily. They often recede and bad breath may be present. A good diet and proper oral hygiene are essential in preventing gum disease. Sugar significantly increases plaque formation while adversely affecting white blood cell function. Toothpaste or mouthwash containing sanguinarine, an alkaloid from the herb bloodroot, helps prevent plaque formation and has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Centella extract, 30 mg twice daily, a triterpenoid from gota kola, has effective wound healing properties especially effective for severe gum disease and after surgery. TMJ (temporomandibular joint syndrome) can also cause a loss of bone support. Ear and jaw pain and difficulty in opening the mouth are symptoms, often a result of underlying muscle tension. Bruxism, or grinding of teeth, is usually a part of the syndrome. Calcium, 1 g, and magnesium, 350 mg, taken twice daily can relax muscles. Acupuncture, biofeedback, imagery, and craniosacral osteopathy are therapies that can bring relief. Nutrients
Coenzyme Q10—50 to 100 mg, reduces symptoms. Vitamin C—100 to 300 mg, if deficient, more effective when taken with bioflavonoids. Bioflavonoids—300 mg, as effective as vitamin C. Calcium—500 mg twice daily, reduces bleeding and inflammation, helps loose teeth. Folic acid—0.1% solution as mouthwash, rinse for 1 to 5 minutes, reduces inflammation and bleeding. Carotenoid complex—safer than vitamin A with equal effectiveness; deficiency can cause plaque formation and infection.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Zinc—60 mg if deficient; severity of gum disease associated with low zinc levels; can be used as mouthwash, 5% zinc solution, twice daily. Vitamin E—400 to 800 IU, beneficial for severe peridontal disease. Foods
Whole foods Whole grains Fresh vegetables Dark green leafy vegetables Fresh fruits Citrus fruits Dark berries Grapes Peanuts Low-fat dairy Fish
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Mercurius solubilis Natrum muriaticum Phosphorus Silicea For abcesses: Belladonna Hepar sulfuris Mercurius solubilis Silicea Aromatherapy
Niaouli—rub into gums, an antiseptic, reduces inflammation; use as floss to cleanse between teeth. Myrrh—as mouthwash, has anti-inflammatory properties. Peppermint, anise, thyme or sage—a few drops in glass of water as a disinfectant mouthwash.
Juices
Ayurvedic medicine
Carrot Cantaloupe Citrus Dark berries
Coconut oil, goldenseal, or myrrh—massage bleeding gums. Amla—5 g powder in one cup water daily.
Herbal therapy
Acupuncture—effective treatment for gingivitis.
Chamomile, echinacea, or myrrh—tincture or infusion as mouthwash, have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Goldenseal—as mouthwash, has antibacterial properties. Aloe vera—gel, mix 1 T in water as mouthwash or apply directly to sore gums; soothes inflammation and heals tissues. Green tea—200 to 300 mg extract twice daily or several cups of tea drunk throughout day, contains flavonoids and has polyphenol content, inhibits plaque formation. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Calendula Chamomilla Kreosotum
Chinese medicine
Gout Gout is a painful condition affecting the joints, especially in the toes, and is caused by the deposition of urate crystals. There is either an overproduction of uric acid or an inefficiency in eliminating it from the body. The acidic compound results from the breakdown of proteins, specifically purines. Foods that are high in purines should be restricted or avoided in the diet; they include organ meats, meats, sardines, mackerel, anchovies, herring, chicken, dried beans and peas, turkey, shellfish, and yeast. Caffeine can raise uric acid levels; limiting alcohol consumption can reduce the number of attacks. Drinking a lot of water aids the excretion of uric acid. Being overweight exacerbates the condition and a slow weight-loss program should be followed.
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Nutrients
Vitamin C—500 to 1000 mg in divided doses, increases excretion of uric acid; amounts of 3 g may increase uric acid production in some individuals. Quercetin—200 to 400 mg between meals, inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidase from producing uric acid, has anti-inflammatory properties. Foods
Fresh fruits Cherries Strawberries Dark berries Pineapple Avocado Fresh vegetables Celery Asparagus Dandelion greens Whole grains Ginger Turmeric Garlic Cayenne Juices
Beet Cabbage Carrot Celery Cherry Cucumber Dark berry Watermelon Herbal therapy
Devil’s claw—1 to 2 g dried powdered root three times daily or 4 to 5 ml tincture three times daily, relieves joint pain and reduces uric acid levels.
Celery seed—extract, 2 to 4 tablets daily, reduces uric acid levels. Chiso—contains xanthine oxidase inhibitors that help prevent synthesis of uric acid.45 Feverfew, turmeric—have anti-inflammatory properties. Cayenne—reduces pain. White willow bark—relieves pain, a precursor of aspirin. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Arnica montana Belladonna Berberis vulgaris Bryonia Calcarea fluorica Colchicum autumnale Ledum palustre Lycopodium Pulsatilla Rhododendron Rhus toxicodendron Sulfur Urtica Aromatherapy
Rosemary, chamomile—mix in carrier oil and massage; place several drops in warm water and soak affected area. Lavender, frankincense—mix with carrier oil and massage affected area. Ayurvedic medicine
Consult a qualified practitioner. Chinese medicine
Cinnamon Aconite root Angelica root Wild ginger Acupuncture
HEALTH CONDITIONS
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Bodywork
Nutrients
Deep tissue massage Reflexology
5-HTP—200 to 600 mg, increases serotonin and endorphin levels which are pain killers, from an herbal plant, as effective as pharmaceuticals for migraines without the side effects, most effective when taken for longer periods of time. Headache sufferers often have low serotonin levels. Vitamin B2—400 mg, may relieve symptoms.
Mindbody therapy
Meditation Yoga Imagery
Headache Most headaches, characterized by a dull pain, are tension or stress related. Other sources may be a musculoskeletal problem in the upper back and neck that can be helped with craniosacral therapy by an osteopath; or pressure from the sinuses. A headache on awakening may be an indication of high blood pressure. About 10% of headaches are called migraines—throbbing in nature, genetic in origin, they are the result of constriction and dilation of blood vessels in the brain. Severe headaches that appear suddenly or that increase in severity may be caused by an underlying condition and should be checked by a physician. Allergies, especially to certain foods, and food sensitivies are suspected of being the major causes of migraines, in children as well as adults. The effect from the allergen may not be felt for days following ingestion. Hormonal fluctuations and stress can also be factors in the illness. Migraines will usually appear when there are simultaneous triggers or when there is an excess of one, such as eating too much of an allergic food. Foods contain elements that effect changes in the blood vessels which precipitate migraines in predisposed individuals. These compounds are found in foods such as cow’s milk, chocolate, red wine and other alcoholic beverages, aged and hard cheeses, citrus fruits, cured meats and fish, yeast products, nuts, figs, dates, raisins, onions, aspartame, MSG, and caffeine. Smoking and birth control pills can contribute to headaches. Saturated fats contain chemicals that stimulate the production of substances that can cause migraines.
Magnesium—350 mg, may relieve and reduce migraines especially in young women and individuals with low tissue or low ionized magnesium serum levels, take with vitamin B6, 50 mg, which increases intracellular accumulation of magnesium; intravenous injection, 1 to 3 g, is effective for acute migraine and cluster and tension headaches. Calcium—800 mg, may relieve symptoms, take with vitamin D. Vitamin D—400 IU SAMe—may relieve symptoms. Evening primrose oil—6 to 8 capsules, has antiinflammatory properties, relieves pain. Foods
Whole organic foods Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Onions Whole grains Rye Legumes Soybeans Fatty fish Salmon Mackerel Sardines Albacore tuna Black sesame seeds Basil Cilantro Garlic
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Ginger Turmeric Cayenne Juices
Beet Carrot Celery Cucumber Parsley Spinach Watercress Herbal therapy
Feverfew—125 mg leaf extract or 50 mg freezedried capsules daily, taken consistently can prevent or decrease frequency of migraines.46 Ginger—1⁄3 tsp powdered four times a day, or 2 to 3 ml tincture three times a day or 21⁄2 tsp fresh, prevents and alleviates pain and inflammation, blocks prostaglandin synthesis in the same way aspirin does.47 Gingko biloba—increases blood circulation to the brain. Willow bark, lemon balm aka melissa—relieves pain. Homeopathy
Take according to symptoms: Aconite Apis Belladonna Bryonia Cimicifuga Cyclamen Gelsemium Hypericum Ignatia amara Iris versicolor Kali bichromicum Lachesis Natrum muriaticum
Nux vomica Pulsatilla Ruta Sanguinaria canadensis Sepia Silicea Spigelia Aromatherapy
Melissa, mandarin petitgrain, Roman chamomile, lemon verbena, ylang ylang, clary sage—any one or combination as massage oil; acts on the central nervous system calming nerves, dilating blood vessels, and lowering blood pressure. Ayurvedic medicine
Brahmi—an herbal preparation. Asnayilwadi thaila oil—use externally, can help relieve headaches. Chinese medicine
Ginger Ginseng Acupuncture Chiropractic
Consult a qualified practitioner. Bodywork
Deep tissue massage Movement therapies Shiatsu Polarity therapy Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation Yoga—relieves tension and stress. Biofeedback—improves control over autonomic body functions specifically tension and the dilation of blood vessels. Imagery
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Heart Attack A common predictor of heart attack is angina, a pain in the chest usually experienced upon exertion or after eating. The pain occurs because there is not sufficient blood reaching the heart due to atherosclerosis or a narrowing of the arteries. The actual cause of most heart attacks is the formation of a blood clot in a coronary artery that has been narrowed by atherosclerosis. The clot blocks the supply of blood carried by the artery and that portion of the heart subsequently dies. What happens mechanically at the time of death from a heart attack is ventricular fibrillation, an erratic heartbeat that interrupts delivery of oxygenated blood to the brain. The determining factor of whether the death of a portion of the heart muscle actually results in the whole heart expiring may depend on the condition of the autonomic nervous system that governs involuntary actions like breathing, digestion, and heartbeat. If the autonomic nervous system is in sympathetic mode, which has a contractility effect, as opposed to the parasympathetic, which is relaxing, fibrillation is more likely to happen. In some cases, death from heart attack is due to an artery spasm. Artery spasms occur when the sympathetic nervous system is dominant and the adrenals are overactive. Heart arrythmias or irregular heartbeats can be the result of an activated sympathetic system as well. Genetic predisposition can play a role in heart disease but no matter what condition the arteries are in, heart disease can be halted and reversed through changes in diet and lifestyle. Stress not only raises serum cholesterol but increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal glands. Smoking affects the sympathetic nervous system in the same way and damages the arteries by constricting the blood vessels, which inhibits blood circulation and the oxygenation of tissues. Excessive caffeine puts the sympathetic system and the adrenals into overdrive and should be avoided in sensitive individuals, or limited to two cups daily. Obesity puts added strain on heart muscles and high blood pressure stresses the arteries. The diet should include the right kinds of fat and other foods to keep the arteries from devel-
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oping atherosclerosis and to dissolve any plaque that has already formed. Omega-3 fats, found in fatty deep cold-water fish and in some vegetable sources, the highest concentrations being in walnuts, flaxseed, rapeseed (source of canola oil), and purslane, a green leafy vegetable, inhibit blood clotting, encourage activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, increase blood flow, protect against heart arrythmias, dissolve clots, lower blood triglycerides, raise HDL cholesterol, and have anti-inflammatory properties. Antioxidants and other compounds found in fruits and vegetables prevent plaque from building up on the arterial walls, reduce blood pressure, and strengthen heart muscles. Excellent blood thinners that prevent clotting are the omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and garlic, onions, and cayenne. Exercise is vitally important in maintaining the integrity of the arteries and heart muscles as well as facilitating the circulation of oxygenated blood. Nutrients
Vitamin E—400 to 800 IU with mixed tocopherols, an antioxidant and blood thinner. Vitamin C, bioflavonoids—500 to 100 mg in divided doses, aid tissue elasticity and arterial integrity. Flaxseed oil—1 T, an omega-3 fatty acid. Coenzyme Q10—60 mg three times daily, improves oxygen utilization at the cellular level, allows exercise to be performed without problems.48 Carnitine—1 g twice daily, an amino acid, aids heart muscle metabolism49 and the transport of fats. Arginine—an amino acid, stimulates dilation of blood vessels; enables exercise after angina; reduces platelet aggregation.50 Bromelain—a blood thinner and antiinflammatory, decreases pain from angina; derived from pineapple. Foods
Fatty fish Salmon Mackerel
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Sardines Herring Albacore tuna Anchovies Sea bass Fresh fruits Apple Pineapple Fresh vegetables Green leafy vegetables Spinach Asparagus Carrots Shiitake mushrooms Oyster mushrooms Onions Nuts Brazil nuts Walnuts Seeds Whole grains Brown rice Corn Legumes Soybeans Soymilk Peanuts Garlic Cayenne Ginger Turmeric Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Ground flaxseeds—1 to 2 T. Juices
Beet Carrot Celery Cucumber
Dark berries Grapes Pineapple Tomato Herbal therapy
Hawthorne—1 tsp tincture in warm water four times daily or 1 to 2 capsules freeze-dried extract four times daily, increases blood flow, contains anthocyanidins which strengthen and protect blood vessels from damage; improves heart function.51 Gingko biloba—improves circulation. Ginseng—lowers cholesterol, normalizes blood pressure. Motherwort—prevents palpitations. Cayenne—a blood thinner. Garlic—an antioxidant, helps dissolve clots, lowers cholesterol and blood pressure. Ginger—lowers cholesterol. Turmeric—lowers cholesterol. Homeopathy
As preventive—Cactus and Crataegus, act on heart muscle, arteries, blood pressure, and circulation. Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconitum napellus Arnica montana Cactus grandiflorus Digitalis Glonoinum Lachesis lanceolatus Latrodectus mactans Lilium Naja Oxalicum acidum Rhus toxicodendron Aromatherapy
Ylang Ylang—massage, for heart palpitations; a relaxant.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Lavender, peppermint, rosemary—strengthen heart muscle. Ayurvedic medicine
Treatments prescribed are effective in treating heart disease. Guggul—reduces cholesterol. Chinese medicine
Herbal preparations prescribed are effective in treating heart disease. Tree ear—mushroom available in dried form, has anticoagulant effect. Kudzu—for angina. Acupuncture Chiropractic
Improves cardiovascular function. Bodywork
Massage Shiatsu Movement therapies Qigong—lowers blood pressure. T’ai chi Reflexology—reduces high blood pressure. Mindbody therapy
Meditation Biofeedback—regulates autonomic nervous system. Imagery Hypnotherapy—modifies pain and anxiety.
Heartburn Heartburn or acid reflux occurs when hydrochloric acid and pepsin from the stomach seep into the lower part of the esophagus, irritating the lining which is not suited for the strong acids. Sometimes the pain is mistaken for a heart attack. Acids are allowed to pass into the esophagus because of the relaxation of the esophageal sphincter, a small ring-shaped mus-
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cle that opens to let food into the stomach but closes tightly to keep contents in. This muscle can become weakened. A hiatal hernia can develop in this area, which also causes acid reflux. Eating too fast or too much puts pressure on the sphincter muscle, weakening it, as does too much body weight. Eating the wrong foods or food combinations can cause heartburn. Foods that can act as muscle relaxants causing the sphincter muscle to open inappropriately are chocolate, fatty foods, and alcohol. Foods that increase the acidity of the stomach are coffee, beer, milk, and colas. Coffee, citrus foods, hot spicy foods, and tomatoes can irritate an already sensitive esophagus. Anxiety and stress can interfere with digestion. It is best to eat 3 hours before lying down. Lying on the left side eases symptoms because the esophagus enters the stomach on the right. Drinking water at the first sign of pain can dilute irritating acids. Foods
Fresh fruits Pineapple Papaya Kiwi Fresh vegetables Parsley Ginger Garlic Fennel Dill Juices
Carrot Celery Herbal therapy
Chamomile—3 to 4 cups daily between meals, soothes inflamed and irritated mucous membranes of the digestive tract. Peppermint—relieves heartburn. Licorice—two tablets or 1⁄2 tsp powder of DGL (an active component) extract before or between
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meals, reduces production of stomach acid;52 protects and soothes lining of the stomach and duodenum. Gentian—take 30 minutes before meals, relieves or prevents heartburn. Aloe vera—gel, soothes stomach membranes.
the condition. A sitz bath, sitting in warm tub water for 15 minutes several times a day, is helpful.
Homeopathy
Foods
Take remedy according to symptoms: Ammonium carbonicum Conium maculatum Kali carbonicum Lobelia Natrum phosphoricum Sulfur
Whole foods Whole grains Buckwheat Fresh fruits Citrus fruits Blackberries Blueberries Cherries Persimmons Fresh vegetables Dark green leafy vegetables Purslane Legumes Lentils
Chinese medicine
Acupuncture Chiropractic
Manipulation of the lower thoracic area of the spine clearing blood and nerve pathways to digestive organs. Bodywork
Massage Qigong—relieves stress. T’ai chi Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Yoga Biofeedback
Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids are distended, enlarged veins around the anus, internally or externally. Repeated straining causes them to swell, itch, and become painful. If they rupture, they bleed a bright red. Pregnancy, sitting or standing for long periods, constipation, diarrhea, weak veins, heavy lifting, and irritating foods like coffee, alcohol, and hot spices can cause
Nutrients
Vitamin C, bioflavonoids—500 to 1000 mg in divided doses, strengthen capillary walls.
Juices
Carrot Celery Parsley Spinach Watercress Herbal therapy
Witch hazel—use as compress, an astringent, eases itching and soothes irritation. Aloe vera—apply directly to area, an astringent, contains healing properties. Butcher’s broom—100 mg three times daily, contains chemicals called ruscogenins which are anti-inflammatory and have a tightening effect on blood vessels; prevents hemorrhoids from developing. Calendula—salve, apply topically, eases pain and itching.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Goldenseal, bayberry, yarrow, spearmint, or mullein—tea, ease itching and irritation. Pilewort aka collinsonia—tea or apply topically.
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Mindbody therapy
Yoga Imagery
Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Aesculus hippocastanum Aloe socotrina Arnica montana Berberis vulgaris Calcarea fluorica Graphites Hamamelis virginiana Ignatia amara Nux vomica Pulsatilla Ratanhia Sepia Sulfur Aromatherapy
Niaouli—apply topically, tightens tissues. Do not use during pregnancy; has estrogenlike compounds. Cypress, juniper, lavender, lemon, or rosemary— mix in carrier oil and apply topically. Ayurvedic medicine
Preparation available in health food stores. Aloe vera—as juice, drink 1⁄2 cup three times daily. Triphala guggulu—200 mg twice daily after meals. Abhayarishta Dadimadi ghritha Chinese medicine
Acupuncture Bodywork
Qigong Reflexology
Hepatitis Hepatitis can be acute and short in duration or chronic and long-lasting. Liver cells are either inflamed and damaged or they die, leaving a malfunctioning liver. Viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis, indicated by alphabetical letters; other causes are alcohol, exposure to industrial chemicals, fumes, and drugs, recreational or pharmaceutical, including acetaminophens like Tylenol. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and possibly dark urine and a yellowing of the skin called jaundice. Hepatitis A can be transmitted by poor hygiene and through food. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted by sexual contact and blood. The objective of treatment for any liver disease including cirrhosis is allowing the liver to regenerate itself as it is an organ that has great capability to do so. To minimize stress on the liver, the diet should be low in protein and fat and contain plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables. Drink lots of water and take specific herbs that have been shown to contain protective and regenerative properties. Alcohol, tobacco, and most drugs are metabolized by the liver and should be avoided. Getting sufficient rest is important and taking steam baths or saunas will help in the detoxification process. Nutrients
Phosphatidyl choline—3 g, reduces liver damage.53 Thymus extracts—200 mg three times daily crude extracts or 40 mg purified proteins three times daily, helps repair liver damage and increase immune cell numbers.54 Take only under the supervision of a physician. Catechin—500 to 750 mg three times daily; can improve viral hepatitis; a bioflavonoid. Vitamin C—2 g, may prevent infective hepatitis during blood transfusions and treat viral hepa-
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titis; for acute cases, 50 to 100 g intravenously daily. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C. Vitamin E—1200 IU with mixed tocopherols, can repair liver damage. Beta-carotene Vitamin B complex Foods
Fresh fruits Grapes Grapefruit Plums Fresh vegetables Dandelion greens Enoki mushrooms Water chestnuts Whole grains Barley Legumes Low-fat yogurt Ginger Turmeric Garlic Coriander Juices
Beet Carrot Wheatgrass Fruits Vegetables Herbal therapy
Dandelion—tea, capsules, or tinctures, detoxifies and rejuvenates liver cells. Milk thistle—extract, regenerates and protects liver cells from injury;55 silymarin, a flavonoid, is the active compound; treatment should contain 140 to 210 mg silymarin three times daily.
Licorice—1 to 2 g powdered root or 2 to 4 ml extract three times daily, protects liver cells from injury. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Bryonia Chelidonium Hydrastis Lachesis Lycopodium Magnesia muriatica Mercurius Natrum sulphuricum Nux vomica Phosphorus Sulfur Aromatherapy
Thyme (thujanol type)—regenerates liver cells. Peppermint—regenerates the liver. Greenland moss—detoxifies and regenerates the liver. Carrot seed—stimulates regeneration of liver cells due it its sesquiterpene alcohol carotol (50%) content. Basil—for viral hepatitis. Clove—dilute 1 drop to 20 ml solution, has antiviral and antibacterial properties; external use only. Ayurvedic medicine
Treatments prescribed are effective for acute and chronic hepatitis. Aloe gel, shatavari, Chyavan prush—for chronic hepatitis. Kutki 200 mg, guduchi 300 mg, shanka pushpi 400 mg—take two times daily after meals, for hepatitis B. Chinese medicine
Schisandra—extract or berries, contains ligands that regenerate liver tissues.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Gardenia fruit, oriental wormwood—for hepatitis A. Ginseng, peony root, mulberry, licorice, astragalus—for hepatitis B.
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Qigong
Vitamin E—apply topically, reduces pain. Zinc sulfate—0.025% solution, apply topically three times daily, dries blisters and prevents viral replication. Vitamin C and bioflavonoids—600 mg three times daily, reduce blister formation and symptoms, take at first sign of appearance.
Mindbody therapy
Foods
Imagery
Fish Chicken Turkey Eggs Low-fat dairy Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Dandelion greens Dulse Potatoes Rye Legumes Cayenne Garlic
Bodywork
Herpes The herpes simplex virus causes sores in and outside of the mouth, in the genital areas, as well as other parts of the body. A sign of eruption is a tingling sensation followed by blisters that eventually crust over and disappear. The virus lives in nerve cells, protected from immune-system defenses, and remains dormant most of the time for life. The virus is contracted by skin to skin contact. Triggers that can cause an outbreak are fatigue, viral infections, sunlight, menstruation, and stress. In some people, foods high in the amino acid arginine can bring about an eruption; the highest amounts are found in chocolate, nuts, and gelatin. To test for sensitivity to arginine, eat a handful of nuts or chocolate and see if there is a reaction overnight. Shingles or herpes zoster, which is the same virus that causes chicken pox, is characterized by a painful rash usually on one side of the body. Nerve pain, called postherpetic neuralgia, may persist after the rash has disappeared and can be helped by 1200 to 1600 IU vitamin E orally and 30 IU applied topically; and by intramuscular injections of Vitamin B12. Intramuscular injections of 100 mg three times weekly of adenosine monophosphate, a naturally occurring compound in the body, can accelerate healing of shingles, reduce pain, and may prevent postherpetic neuralgia. Capsaicin containing cream from red pepper applied topically can help relieve pain. Nutrients
Lysine—500 mg, twice daily, reduces symptoms and recurrence.
Juices
Beet Apple Carrot Celery Cranberry Grape Pear Prune Strawberry Herbal therapy
Tea tree oil—has antiviral properties, dries up blisters, and reduces recurrence. Melissa aka lemon balm—infusion or cream, apply topically several times daily, speeds healing.
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Echinacea—tincture three times daily, has antiviral properties, supports immune system. St. John’s wort—cream or infusion, contains hypericin which has antiviral activity. Licorice—glycyrrhizin-containing gel, apply three to four times daily, inhibits viral replication; also helpful for shingles.
Hypertension—High Blood Pressure
Melissa—contains antiviral components, dries up blisters. Tea tree—has antiviral properties, dries up blisters and reduces recurrence. Geranium 1 part, melissa 1 part, lavender 1 part, tea tree 10 parts—apply to lesions three times daily.
When pressure exerted by blood on the walls of the arteries is greater than normal, blood pressure rises. Usually, blood pressure falls when at rest. It rises in response to strenuous physical activity, stress, or a perceived danger in which the sympathetic nervous system dominates, arteries constrict, and more blood is sent to the brain increasing blood pressure. This heightened state of the sympathetic system does not seem to retreat in individuals with hypertension and damage to the heart, kidney, arteries, and other organs becomes inevitable. Blood pressure is considered high at a reading of 140/90. There are no symptoms of the illness and it is recommended individuals over 40 be checked. Hypertension can be controlled by permanent diet and lifestyle changes; this includes reducing stress, maintaining proper weight (not more than 5 lb overweight), and eating foods containing compounds that reduce blood pressure such as celery, garlic, and fresh fruits and vegetables. Having a home monitor is helpful. Smoking, alcohol, refined sugar, food allergies, and highsodium foods can contribute to hypertension. Some people may need extra calcium to stabilize blood pressure. Some individuals are salt sensitive which causes a rise in their blood pressure. Daily exercises and various stress reduction techniques lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Ayurvedic medicine
Nutrients
Shatavari 500 mg, guwelsattva 200 mg, kamadudha 200 mg, neem 300 mg—mix and take 2 tsp twice daily. Tikta ghee—apply topically.
Calcium—800 to 1000 mg in citrate form, lowers blood pressure, especially effective in salt sensitive individuals. Magnesium—350 mg, lowers blood pressure, especially in individuals taking potassium depleting diuretics. Coenzyme Q10—50 mg twice daily, significantly reduces blood pressure.56
Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Apis mellifica Arsenicum album Borax Dulcamara Graphites Hepar sulphuris calcareum Mercurius solubilis Natrum muriaticum Petroleum Rhus toxicodendron Sepia Aromatherapy
Chinese medicine
Acupuncture—relieves pain. Mindbody therapy
Meditation—reduces stress. Biofeedback Imagery
Selenium—may be especially beneficial for women at risk of hypertension. Vitamin C—1 g, may be helpful in reducing blood pressure.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Taurine—6 g, may lower blood pressure by reducing adrenaline levels. Arginine—2 g three times daily, may help in reducing blood pressure. Foods
Fresh fruits—contain potassium which lowers blood pressure Banana Melons Citrus fruits Fresh vegetables Green leafy vegetables Dandelion greens Kelp Arame Potatoes Celery Tomatoes Onions Fatty fish Salmon Albacore tuna Anchovies Sardines Mackerel Herring Seafood Whole grains Legumes Lentils Soymilk Nuts Low-fat dairy products Extra virgin olive oil Garlic Oregano Black pepper Ginger Basil Tarragon
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Saffron Cayenne Juices
Beet Carrot Celery Cucumber Parsley Spinach Herbal therapy
Garlic—600 to 900 mg extract, prevents and reduces blood pressure; eat one raw clove daily. Hawthorne—100 to 250 mg extract three times daily, normalizes blood pressure. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Argentum nitricum Aurum metallicum Belladonna Calcarea carbonica Glonoinum Lachesis Natrum muriaticum Nux vomica Phosphorus Plumbum Sanguinaria canadensis Aromatherapy
Marjoram, lavender, geranium, sandalwood, rose, clary sage—reduce blood pressure by relaxing tension. Ayurvedic medicine
Treatments are given according to metabolic type. Convolvolus pluricaulis Ashwaganda Respirine—an extract from rauwolfia, use only under the supervision of a physician.
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Chinese medicine
Herbal treatments prescribed are effective in reducing blood pressure. Acupuncture Chiropractic
Consult a qualified practitioner. Bodywork
Massage Deep tissue manipulation Shiatsu Movement therapies Qigong—lowers blood pressure. T’ai chi—improves heart rate and blood pressure. Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation—reduces blood pressure. Yoga—relaxes autonomic nervous system. Biofeedback—learn to monitor blood pressure and recognize relaxed state, controlling sympathetic nervous system. Imagery—reduces stress and heart rate. Hypnotherapy—decreases blood pressure by affecting the sympathetic nervous system.
Infection Whether microorganisms, usually viral or bacterial, cause infection depends on the condition of the immune system which is made up of the lymph nodes, thymus gland, bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, appendix, and white blood cells. Swollen lymph nodes, night sweats, and fevers of unknown origin may indicate a hidden infection, and a physician should be consulted. Infection of the gums is often not evident so dental checkups and good oral hygiene are important. Although genetics and stress play a role, diet has a great influence on the strength of the immune system. Certain components in food increase the potency and concentration of white bloods cells that are the body’s primary line of
defense against foreign elements. White blood cells, which search and destroy bacteria, viruses and even cancer tumors, include T-cells that produce the chemicals interferon and interleukin, Bcells that produce antibodies, and cells called natural killer cells. Immune suppressors are an excess of saturated fats, polyunsaturated fats such as safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils, which are often used in cooking and found in many processed foods, and refined sugar, all of which inhibit the activity of white blood cells. Carotenoids and antioxidants in fruits and vegetables, garlic, and yogurt (must contain live cultures) are major immune boosters by, for example, enhancing the potency of T-cells and increasing the blood concentration of natural killer cells and the production of antibodies. Tonsilitis is an infection of the tonsils which are part of the immune system. At the first sign of the illness, gargle with one-half warm water and onehalf hydrogen peroxide four times daily as a disinfectant. Follow herbal remedies and diet for infections, especially using garlic and echinacea. Inflammations are a normal response of the body to infection. The immune, hormone, and circulatory systems begin working to heal the affected area. Hormones called prostaglandins respond to inflammations. Prostaglandins are made from fatty acids and some of them can exacerbate the inflammation while others can reduce it. Polyunsaturated and trans-fatty acids stiumlate production of inflammatory prostaglandins. Gamma linolenic acids (GLA) found in black currant, borage, and evening primrose oils, and in fatty fish, produce anti-inflammatory prostaglandins. Ginger, turmeric, and the herb boswellia are also anti-inflammatories. To heal wounds before infection sets in, the nutrients vitamin A, vitamin C (1 to 3 g), zinc (150 mg), vitamin E, vitamin B complex, and bromelain (from pineapple) are beneficial. Herbal antiinflammatories are calendula, St. John’s wort, and chamomile. Apply topically comfrey, witch hazel, horsetail, or aloe vera. Nutrients
Vitamin A—a deficiency creates environment for infection.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Beta carotene—25,000 to 100,000 IU, can be taken instead of vitamin A. Vitamin C—1 to 3 g, has antiviral properties, can reduce symptoms and length of infection. Bioflavonoids—1 g in divided doses, work synergistically with vitamin C. Vitamin E—200 IU with mixed tocopherols, enhances immune cell activity. Zinc—15 to 25 mg, aids the production of antibodies and T-cells; especially helpful for recurrent infections. Multivitamin and mineral—for the elderly. Propolis—tincture, apply topically and take orally, product from bees, an antiseptic and has healing properties. Foods
Fresh fruits Figs Plums Fresh vegetables Spinach Cabbage Carrots Kale Maitake mushrooms Enoki mushrooms Shiitake mushrooms Onions Water chestnuts Sweet potatoes Pumpkin Low-fat yogurt Fatty fish Salmon Albacore tuna Herring Sardines Mackerel Seafood Shellfish Oysters
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Raw honey Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Cold pressed flaxseed oil Ginger Raw garlic Dill Horseradish Basil Ground flaxseeds—1 to 2 T Juices
Apple Berry Carrot Grape Orange Citrus Fruits Vegetables Leafy green vegetables Herbal therapy
Echinacea—0.5 to 1 g dried root or 2 to 4 ml tincture or extract three times daily, boosts the immune system. Astragalus—1 to 2 g dried root or 2 to 4 ml tincture or extract three times daily, elevates antibody levels. Pau d’arco—has antifungal properties. Goldenseal—has antibacterial properties. Juniper, melissa, eucalyptus, licorice—have antiviral properties. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconitum napellus Belladonna Bryonia Calcarea carbonica Calendula Ferrum phosphoricum
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Graphites Hepar sulphuris calcareum Mercurius solubilis Silicea Sulfur Aromatherapy
Tea tree, eucalyptus, thyme—massage, have antiviral properties; stimulates immune system. Cedarwood—for fungal infections. Frankincense—strengthens immune system. Ayurvedic medicine
Ashwagandha—stimulates immune system. Chinese medicine
Schisandra Forsythia Honeysuckle Acupuncture—stimulation of acupoints supports the immune system. Bodywork
Qigong—boosts immune system by encouraging flow of qi, reduces stress. T’ai chi Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Biofeedback—reduces stress. Imagery
Insomnia Insomnia may be caused by anxiety, stress, depression, too much caffeine, overeating, numerous health conditions, and the use of stimulating drugs. Food allergies can cause insomnia and narcolepsy, a condition in which an individual falls asleep suddenly, at any time, and anywhere. Eating carbohydrates 30 minutes before bedtime increases production of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that can reduce anxiety and promote sleep. For some individuals, warm milk has
a sedative effect. As we age, the body requires less sleep. Natural progesterone may be helpful for PMS and menopause-related sleeplessness as a hormone imbalance can cause irritability and sleep disturbances. Exercise in the late afternoon or early evening can promote better sleep. Melatonin is only effective if there is a deficiency or body levels are low. Restless leg syndrome and sleep apnea, a condition in which there is intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep that may be caused by a problem in the central nervous system affecting the diaphragm or a blockage in the upper airway, can benefit by weight loss if overweight and by regular exercise. Caffeine, drugs, and alcohol should be avoided and stress reduced. Food allergies or a deficiency of iron or folic acid may be a factor in restless leg syndrome; taking 200 to 800 IU vitamin E can alleviate symptoms of the condition by increasing blood circulation to the legs; 80 mg gingko biloba extract three times daily may be beneficial. Rhus toxicodendron or causticum are homeopathic remedies that can be beneficial for restless leg syndrome; and for sleep apnea, lachesis, or homeopathic opium. Nutrients
Calcium—600 to 1000 mg, take with magnesium in the gluconate, chelate, or citrate forms for best absorption 45 minutes before bedtime, a neuromuscular relaxant. Magnesium—250 to 400 mg, take with calcium. 5-HTP—100 to 300 mg, take near bedtime preferably with a carbohydrate such as fruit or juice, decreases time to fall asleep, decreases awakenings, increases REM and deep sleep, more effective than tryptophan, from an herbal plant. Foods
Fresh fruits Bananas Figs Dates Fresh vegetables Lettuce Whole grains
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Legumes Peanuts Walnuts Cashews Almonds Sunflower seeds Turkey Low-fat milk Low-fat yogurt Fatty fish Albacore tuna Salmon Herring Sardines Mackerel Basil
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Arsenicum album Calcarea phosphorica Chamomilla Cocculus Coffea cruda Ignatia amara Kali phosphoricum Lycopodium Muriaticum acidum Nux vomica Pulsatilla Rhus toxicodendron Silicea Sulfur Zincum metallicum Aromatherapy
Juices
Carrot Celery Lettuce Spinach
Melissa—a sedative. Lavender—contains calming properties; inhaling oil can be as effective as tranquilizers. Bergamot—relieves tension. Chamomile, jasmine, rose—have a calming effect and alleviate anxiety.
Herbal therapy
Valerian—150 to 400 mg or 4 to 6 ml tincture or 1 to 2 ml extract, 30 minutes before bedtime, facilitates sleep and induces deep sleep; also effective when taken with melissa (80 mg), also known as lemon balm; is not habit forming, does not produce hangover side effects like drugs and melatonin;57 do not take if pregnant or if taking antidepressants or sedatives. Hops—2 capsules freeze-dried extract, a sedative and relaxant. Chamomile, passionflower, skullcap—contain mild sedative properties. Passionflower, 6 to 8 ml tincture, 2 to 4 ml extract, or 300 to 450 mg, can be taken with 5-HTP. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconitum napellus Arnica montana
Ayurvedic medicine
Treatments are applied according to metabolic type. Brahmi—a mild sedative. Henbane Chinese medicine
Herbal preparations are prescribed to relieve insomnia. Hoelen Fleeceflower stem Wild jujube Acupuncture—effective in promoting sleep possibly due to the production of endorphins. Chiropractic
Consult a qualified practitioner.
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Bodywork
Foods
Massage Shiatsu Qigong T’ai chi Polarity therapy Reflexology
Whole grains Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Legumes Cilantro Anise Ginger
Mindbody therapy
Meditation Yoga Biofeedback Imagery Hypnotherapy—methods are taught to induce sleep.
Juices
Carrot Cabbage Celery Parsley Herbal therapy
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome, also known as spastic colon, is a condition in which the intestinal muscles go into spasm. It can be caused by food sensitivities, caffeine, and other stimulants including alcohol, tobacco, and drugs; malabsorption of sugars—the lactose in milk, high fructose content in fruit juices and dried fruit, and sorbitol and xylitol used in dietetic products; or as the result of a bacterial imbalance in the colon. Symptoms include alternating diarrhea and constipation, distended colon, gas, pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. Stress can exacerbate the condition. The most common food offenders are wheat and corn cereals, dairy, coffee, tea, chocolate, citrus fruits, onions, and potatoes. Eating a high fiber diet is recommended to help alleviate symptoms. Nutrients
Acidophilus—as liquid, take with meals. Psyllium seeds—three times daily, regulates bowel activity. Evening primrose oil—400 mg, prior to and during menstruation.
Peppermint oil—90 mg or 0.2 to 0.4 ml entericcoated capsules two or three times daily between meals, to bypass stomach acids, three times daily between meals, reduces symptoms;58 can be combined with 50 mg caraway seed oil in enteric-coated capsules three times daily. Chamomile—3 to 5 ml extract three times daily between meals, a carminitive (gas-relieving). Fennel, wormwood—carminitives. Slippery elm, marshmallow—soothes lining of digestive tract. Homeopathy
Asafoetida—3⫻ Take remedy according to symptoms: Aloe Argentum nitricum Carbo vegetabilis Colchicum Colocynthis Lilium tigrinum Lycopodiium Mercurius solubilis Natrum carbonicum
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Nux vomica Podophyllum Sulfur Aromatherapy
Peppermint—1 to 2 drops three or four times daily. Chamomile, lavender—massage abdomen, have antispasmodic properties. Ayurvedic medicine
Treatments prescribed are effective in treating the condition. Coriander Hollyhock Pancha karma Chinese medicine
Rhubarb Dandelion Magnolia Angelica Bodywork
Acupressure Qigong T’ai chi Mindbody therapy
Meditation Yoga Biofeedback Imagery Hypnotherapy
Kidney Stones Kidney stones are hardened crystalized deposits that form from an excess of minerals and oxalates that concentrate in the urine, grow, and can block the flow of urine through the kidneys. Symptoms include pain in the lower back or pelvic area and
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possibly blood in the urine. It is often a hereditary condition and can also be caused by infection or from medications. Testing the kind of stones passed determines which foods need to be restricted in the diet. Most often the stones are made up of calcium and oxalates. Excessive calcium excretion may be due to a parathyroid abnormality but is more likely caused by an excess of protein in the diet. It is recommended that daily protein intake from meat, chicken, and fish be limited to 7 or 8 ounces. Oxalates are found in many foods, but according to a study only a few, other than protein, actually raise urinary oxalate levels—spinach, rhubarb, beet greens, chocolate, tea, wheat bran, nuts, almonds, peanuts, and strawberries. Calcium should not be restricted in the diet; lower calcium intake actually increases the risk of stone formation. Calcium binds with oxalates in the gut and prevents their absorption and consequently leads to the formation of stones. Sodium stimulates excretion of calcium and should be restricted to 2500 mg daily. Caffeine increases calcium excretion. High sugar drinks and citrus juices are risks for stone formation. Drinking water throughout the day is very important in keeping the mineral content of the urine in dilution; 16 ounces every 4 hours is recommended. A high fiber diet reduces urinary excretion of calcium; however, some individuals do not absorb calcium well and eating too much fiber can result in an overall calcium deficiency. Nutrients
Magnesium—200 to 400 mg, in citrate form with meals, lowers risk of stone formation.59 Vitamin B6—10 to 50 mg, reduces elevated urinary oxalates. Glucosamine sulfate—60 mg, can reduce urinary oxalate levels. Chondroitin sulfate—60 mg, can reduce urinary oxalate levels. Foods
Fresh fruits Avocado
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Banana Cranberries Black cherries Kiwi Fresh vegetables Green leafy vegetables Potato Asparagus Parsley Radish Whole grains Brown rice Barley Oats Corn Legumes Peanuts Sesame seeds Cashews Almonds Cumin Coriander Fennel
Homeopathy
Juices
Bodywork
Lemonade—4 oz lemon juice to 2 qt water daily, sweeten lightly Beet Carrot Cranberry Cucumber Kiwi Watermelon
Acupressure Qigong—reduces tension, improves circulation. T’ai chi Reflexology
Herbal therapy
Couchgrass, stinging nettle, lovage, horsetail, parsley, Java tea—diuretics, help prevent stone formation. Khella, gravel root—relaxes the ureters allowing stones to pass.
Take remedy according to symptoms: Berberis Lycopodium Magnesia phosphorica Nux vomica Sarsaparilla Tabacum Aromatherapy
Juniper, fennel, geranium, lemon—mix with carrier oil and massage bladder area, add drops to bath. Ayurvedic medicine
Barley soup with 1⁄4 tsp punarnava three times daily. Chinese medicine
Ginseng Water plantain Cinnamon twigs Poria Ephedra Acupuncture
massages
kidney,
Lupus—Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE Lupus is an autoimmune disease, which means the immune system is confused and attacks the body’s own tissues. Damage from lupus may affect the kidneys, lungs, and vascular system. The illness can cause arthritis and is characterized by a red rash, painful and sore joints, weak-
HEALTH CONDITIONS
ness, and fatigue. Discoid lupus erythematosus is a milder form of the disease. The type of fat in the diet is important; saturated fats and polyunsaturated fats including sunflower, corn, and safflower oils are inflammatory and can exacerbate the condition. In studies, improvement has been shown when omega-3 fatty acids are included in the diet. Alfalfa seeds and sprouts aggravate the disease and food allergies may precipitate an inflammation. Nutrients
Flaxseed oil—source of omega-3 fatty acids. Black currant oil—500 mg twice daily, has antiinflammatory properties. Foods
Whole foods Fatty fish Sardines Salmon Mackerel Albacore tuna herring Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Walnuts Pistachios Macadamia nuts Brazil nuts Pumpkin seeds Garlic Ground flaxseeds—1 to 2 T, sprinkle over foods. Juices
Carrot Celery Herbal therapy
Feverfew—for arthritic symptoms.
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Ayurvedic medicine
Consult a qualified practitioner. Chinese medicine
Herbal combinations prescribed are effective in improving lupus. Bodywork
Deep tissue massage Qigong Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation Biofeedback Imagery Hypnotherapy
Menopause Menopause is a natural life transition for women and usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55. Hormonal changes result in a decline of estrogen and some women experience symptoms such as hot flashes, mood swings, and vaginal dryness. These changes may begin 4 to 6 years before the cessation of menstruation. Certain foods contain plant estrogens that are helpful in balancing hormone levels in the body. Phytoestrogens are similar in structure to estrogen and can alleviate and prevent menopausal symptoms. Soybeans, for example, contain natural estrogens called isoflavones that help prevent osteoporosis, heart disease, and estrogen-related cancers such as breast cancer. In a study, soybeans and flaxseed were tested and found to increase estrogenic activity in postmenopausal women; when they stopped eating the foods, estrogen cell activity also dropped. One cup of soybeans contains 300 mg isoflavones which equals the estrogenic effect in one Premarin (a synthetic hormone) tablet. For those taking hormone replacements, natural forms are available. It is recommended that the hormone progesterone accompany estrogen.
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Low-dose estrogen creams are effective for vaginal dryness. Antihistamines, diuretics, caffeine, and alcohol have a tendency to dry mucous membranes including those in the vagina. Regular exercise reduces hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms. Nutrients
Vitamin E—800 IU with mixed tocopherols, reduces symptoms; also apply topically for vaginal dryness. Vitamin C—1 g, take with bioflavonoids. Bioflavonoids—help to alleviate hot flashes. Boron—3 mg, increases estrogen blood levels. Gamma-oryzanol—300 mg, relieves hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms, from rice bran oil.
Beets Parsley Legumes Peanuts Potatoes Seeds Nuts Almonds Hazelnuts Honey Dill Cumin Cinnamon Coriander Fennel Juices
Foods
Soybeans Soy milk Tofu Soy nuts Tempeh Miso Whole grains Brown rice Flaxseeds Fresh fruits Apples Srawberries Pears Grapes Dates Figs Pomegranates Raisins Peaches Fresh vegetables Tomatoes Asparagus Broccoli
Apple Beet Celery Carrot Grape Parsley Peach Pear Spinach Herbal therapy
Chasteberry aka Vitex—1 to 2 g powdered berries or 4 ml extract three times daily, regulates hormone levels; reduces hot flashes and mood swings. Black cohosh—1 to 2 g powdered rhizome or 3 to 4 ml extract or 4 to 6 ml tincture twice daily; relieves hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms. Dong quai—1 to 2 g powdered root, 4 ml tincture, or 1 ml extract three times daily reduces symptoms including hot flashes. Licorice, red clover—have estrogenic activity; licorice—1 to 2 g powdered root or 4 ml extract three times daily. Skullcap—reduces anxiety.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Motherwort—for palpitations and anxiety. Ginkgo biloba—40 mg extract, increases blood flow, helpful for cold hands and feet that often accompanies menopause. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Belladonna Calcarea carbonica Glonoinum Graphites Ignatia amara Lachesis Lilium tigrinum Natrum muriaticum Pulsatilla Sepia Staphysagria Sulfur Aromatherapy
Clary sage—has estrogenlike components, eases symptoms. Rose—stabilizes nervous system, helps irritability and mood swings. Ylang Ylang—a relaxant. Ayurvedic medicine
Menopause is a vata imbalance and a natural transition that should not be a cause for disease if doshas are in balance. Cinnamon—especially effective during menopause. Calamus root Celery seeds Aloe vera—taken internally helps hot flashes, nightsweats, and swelling. Coriander—acts as a diuretic, has a cooling effect. Chinese medicine
Herbal preparations prescribed are effective in relieving symptoms.
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Shan Zhu Yu, ginseng—for hot flashes and sweating. Chinese senega—for insomnia, depression, and irritability. Angelica, peony root, thorowax root—relieve symptoms. Acupuncture Bodywork
Acupressure Qigong—exercises are relaxing and relieve tension. T’ai chi Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation—relieves tension. Yoga
Menstrual Problems Dysmenorrhea is a condition of painful menstruation and there are two classifications: primary, which occurs soon after menstruation begins and declines with age and after childbirth; and secondary, which develops later in life and is the result of endometriosis or other pelvic diseases. The development of cramps, when the uterus goes into spasm, is caused by high levels of hormonelike fatty acids called prostaglandins. Endometriosis develops when cells from the lining of the uterus migrate outside the uterus. These cells still respond to the monthly hormonal cycles and release blood during menses. However, the blood has nowhere to go and so the area becomes inflamed and painful. Uterine fibroids are benign muscle tumors produced when estrogen activity is high as they depend on estrogen for growth. They appear in premenopausal women and shrink at menopause and in the absence of estrogen replacement therapy. They do not turn malignant. Birth control pills add to estrogen levels in the body. Symptoms of uterine fibroids include a feeling of fullness, frequent urination, and heavy and cramping menstruation.
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Menorrhagia is heavy menstruation and should be tested to determine if there is any underlying condition. If none, there may be an iron deficiency because of excessive blood loss. If deficient, iron supplements help decrease excess blood flow. Vitamin A deficiency, intrauterine devices, and hypothyroidism are other possible causes of the condition. Amenorrhea is irregular or absent menstruation. A major cause is too little fat in the diet. Estrogen regulates the menstrual cycle, and the hormone is partly made from fat and cholesterol, so sufficient fat is needed to keep menses on a regular schedule. Extra virgin olive oil is a good source of the right kind of fat. Fluid retention is a normal and benign reaction to the hormonal activity during the menstrual cycle and can be alleviated by limiting salt intake and getting exercise. It is recommended that saturated fats found in meats, eggs, and full-fat dairy products be limited or avoided in the diet as they are inflammatory and can exacerbate menstrual problems. Nutrients
Vitamin A—50,000 IU, normalizes blood loss. Vitamin C—200 mg, take with bioflavonoids three times daily, protects blood vessels and reduces blood loss. Bioflavonoids—200 mg, work synergistically with vitamin C. Vitamin E—800 IU with mixed tocopherols, relieves symptoms. Niacin—200 mg, reduces cramps; take 100 mg every 2 to 3 hours during cramping. Calcium—800 to 1000 mg, antispasmodic, relieves cramps; take 250 to 500 mg every four hours during cramping. Magnesium—300 mg, relieves cramps, take with calcium; take 100 mg every 4 hours during cramping. Pyconogenol—200 mg, from the bioflavonoid group, relieves cramping. Black currant oil—500 mg, reduces cramping. Foods
Fatty fish Salmon
Sardines Mackerel Herring Albacore tuna Fresh fruits Pineapple Berries Fresh vegetables Asparagus Carrots Eggplant Whole grains Ground flaxseeds Seeds Nuts Legumes Soybeans Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Ginger Basil Cinnamon Juices
Fruits Vegetables Berries Pineapple Herbal therapy
Black cohosh—2 to 4 ml tincture three times daily, eases cramps; take for no longer than 6 months. Blue cohosh—1 to 2 ml tincture three times daily; eases cramps; also for amenorrhea, uterine fibroids, endometriosis. Dong quai—eases cramps. Chasteberry (Vitex)—2 capsules or 40 drops, relieves cramps, balances hormonal system; also for amenorrhea, uterine fibroids, endometriosis. Crampbark—relieves cramps. Yarrow—antispasmodic, diuretic, relieves cramps, reduces inflammation; also for menorrhagia, endometriosis.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
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Uva Ursi—reduces symptoms by constricting blood vessels in the lining of the uterus. Cinnamon, Shephard’s purse—for menorrhagia. Red clover—contains phytoestrogens that balance hormone levels, relieves cramps. Strawberry, raspberry—anti-inflammatory, reduce cramps. Ginger, white willow bark—pain reliever. Dandelion leaf—diuretic, for fluid retention; also for menorrhagia. Squaw vine—for menorrhagia.
Geranium, rose, or cypress—for menorrhagia, massage, or put drops in bath.
Homeopathy
Chinese medicine
Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconite Belladonna Bovista Caulophyllum thalictroides Chamomilla China Cimicifuga Cocculus Colocynthis Ignatia Ipecac Lachesis Lilium tigrinum Magnesia phosphorica Nux vomica Pulsatilla Sabina Sepia Veratrum album Aromatherapy
Anise—for amenorrhea, contains estrogenlike properties. Clary sage—for amenorrhea, has estrogenlike qualities due to the sclareol content. Roman chamomile—antispasmodic, for cramps. Rosemary, camphor type—relieves cramps.
Ayurvedic medicine
Treatments given according to metabolic type. Shatavari, manjistha—in equal portions for menorrhagia. Aloe vera—can help induce menstruation. Basil Caraway—for cramps. Cedar Celery seeds—for amenorrhia.
Herbal treatments are prescribed. Ginger Ginseng Cinnamon Cornelian Asiatic cherry—for menorrhagia. Acupuncture Chiropractic
Consult a qualified practitioner. Bodywork
Massage Acupressure Shiatsu—pressure is applied to meridians that can relieve menstrual difficulties. Qigong Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Yoga—relieves stress, balances hormone levels, toning of pelvic area. Biofeedback Imagery Hypnotherapy
Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is an inflammation of the myelin sheaths that surround and protect nerve
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fibers causing nerve electrical transmissions to become dysfunctional. The cause is not known but the two most prominent theories are a virus or autoimmunity in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the sheaths. Stress, environmental toxins, and food sensitivities can exacerbate the condition. Symptoms vary and include muscle weakness, loss of coordination, loss of vision and bowel and bladder control, and paralysis. The illness can stabilize or go into remission. In studies, a low-fat diet has been shown to improve symptoms significantly. The Swank diet is recommended. Regular exercise is beneficial. Some individuals have experienced benefits from apithery, a treatment involving bee venom which has anti-inflammatory properties. Nutrients
Black currant oil—500 mg, contains gammalinolenic acid (GLA), an anti-inflammatory; evening primrose oil is an alternative. Vitamin B complex—50 to 100 mg Vitamin B12—if low levels are found in the serum, red blood cells and cerebral spinal fluid, 2 mg for deficiency, up to 60 mg therapeutically, methylcobalamin form. Carotenoid complex Vitamin C Bioflavonoids Vitamin E—400 to 800 IU Multivitamin and mineral Magnesium—350 to 400 mg Selenium—100 to 300 mcg Soy lecithin—5 g granules Coenzyme Q10—100 mg Foods
Organic whole foods Fatty fish Salmon Sardines Albacore tuna Herring Mackerel
Fresh vegetables Spinach Purslane Fresh fruits Pineapple Blueberries Whole grains Legumes Garbanzos Nuts Seeds Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Ginger Turmeric Juices
Fruits Vegetables Herbal therapy
Padma 28—2 pills three times daily, increases muscle strength and improves other symptoms. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Agaricus Kali phosphoricum Phosphorus Tarantula Aromatherapy
Lemon verbena—an anti-inflammatory. Juniper, rosemary—mix with carrier oil and use for massage. Ayurvedic medicine
Ashwagandha Chinese medicine
Acupuncture
HEALTH CONDITIONS Bodywork
Massage Deep tissue massage Mindbody therapy
Meditation Yoga Biofeedback Imagery Hypnotherapy
Osteoporosis Loss of calcium from bone causes osteoporosis and is found most frequently in postmenopausal women and men in their 70s. Symptoms are low back pain, stooped posture, loss of height, and increased risk of fracture. Heredity, exercise, and diet are the most important factors in the condition. After the age of around 30, calcium no longer builds bone or adds to bone mass. However, sufficient dietary calcium is still necessary to maintain bone mass and retard bone loss. After menopause women need to eat sufficient amounts of estrogenic foods such as soy to prevent further bone loss. Weight-bearing exercises such as walking, weight lifting, yoga, and T’ai chi help build bone density. Excess protein in the diet leaches calcium out of the bones; salt, caffeine (over 2 or 3 cups daily), carbonated soft drinks, smoking, and excessive exercise also cause calcium excretion. Magnesium, vitamin D, boron (found in fruits and nuts), manganese, and zinc are necessary for calcium bone metabolism. Isoflavones from soy protein in the amount of 90 mg daily has been found to increase bone density. It is recommended that optimal intake of calcium be 1500 mg daily, although it will not prevent a genetic predisposition to the disease. Nutrients
Calcium—800 to 1000 mg, if diet only provides 500 to 700 mg; citrate, lactate, aspartate are the most absorbable forms. Magnesium—250 to 350 mg, deficiency often found in osteoporosis patients, can improve bone density.
115
Vitamin D—220 IU, take with calcium for maximum effectiveness. Boron—3 mg Manganese—10 to 20 mg Zinc—10 to 30 mg Copper—2 mg, helps prevent bone loss; balances zinc. Vitamin K—1 mg, for postmenopausal women, prevents calcium loss and increases bone density.61 Silicon—increases bone mineral density. Strontium—1 to 3 mg, reduces bone pain and increases bone mass. Foods
Whole grains Oats Fresh fruits Pineapple Apples Pears Grapes Raisins Dates Peaches Fresh vegetables Green leafy vegetables Broccoli Cabbage Dandelion greens Kale Avocado Spinach Asparagus Onions Parsley Legumes Soy products Low-fat dairy Fatty fish Salmon Herring
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SECTION III
Mackerel Albacore tuna Sardines Seafood Eggs Honey Garlic Black pepper Ginger Juices
Apple Beet Berry Carrot Celery Green leafy vegetables Lemon Parsley Pineapple Herbal therapy
Horsetail—contains silicon, helps maintain bone mass. Black cohosh—improves bone density, has estrogenic activity. Licorice—has estrogen and progesterone effects. Dong quai, false unicorn, fennel—have estrogenic activity. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptom: Calcarea carbonica Calcarea fluorica Calcarea phosphorica Phosphorus Silicea Symphytum officinale Ayurvedic medicine
Black sesame seeds, shatavari, ginger—mix and eat one ounce daily. Amla
Chinese medicine
Herbal preparations are prescribed. Acupuncture Chiropractic
For back pain. Bodywork
T’ai chi Reflexology Mindbody Therapy
Yoga
Overweight Overweight is caused most often by overeating and underexercising. An individual is considered overweight if 20% over ideal weight. A medical examine is advisable to determine if there is any underlying health condition. Excessive weight can increase the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, some forms of cancer, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and gallstones. Eating high-fiber foods, complex carbohydrates, low-fat foods, and exercising on a regular basis is a healthful way to lose weight. Changing food habits and keeping excess weight off will be easier to maintain if a weight reduction program is undertaken on a gradual basis. Nutrients
5-HTP—600 to 900 mg, can reduce appetite and promote loss of weight,60 a precursor to serotonin. CoEnzyme Q10—100 to 300 mg if deficient, may increase weight loss along with a low-calorie diet. Chromium—200 to 400 mcg, picolinate form, can facilitate weight loss in some individuals by increasing insulin sensitivity which helps stabilize blood sugar levels and stimulates thermogenesis or burning of calories. Foods
Whole foods Whole grains
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Seaweed Low- or nonfat dairy products Fatty fish Salmon Albacore tuna Sardines Herring Seafood Skinless poultry Legumes Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Cayenne Ginger Garlic Black pepper Hot mustard Fenugreek—spices that raise metabolic rate Juices
Beet Celery Citrus Carrot Grape Parsley Pineapple Spinach Watercress
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side effects as ephedra plus hypertension and heart palpitations; use under medical supervision only. Aromatherapy
Fennel Juniper Rosemary Ayurvedic medicine
Guggul—lowers cholesterol, helps burn fat. Garcinia cambozia—suppresses appetite, aids digestion. Boswellia—increases metabolic rate. Chinese medicine
Acupuncture—auricular acupuncture, in which needles are placed in the ear, points are pressed when there is a food craving. Bodywork
Massage Mindbody therapy
Meditation—reduces stress. Yoga—relaxing; helps gain control over the mind. Imagery Hypnotherapy
Metropolitan Life Height and Weight Chart Men
Herbal therapy
Ephedra—20 to 30 mg ephedrine, ephedrine content stimulates metabolism; can have side effects including insomnia, irritability, and hyperactivity, tolerance level varies between individuals; promotes fat loss but preserves lean body mass; use under medical supervision only. Yohimbine—stimulates the burning of fat; especially effective for lower-body fat; has same
Height Feet
Inches
Small Frame
Medium Frame
Large Frame
5
2
128–134
131–141
138–150
5
3
130–136
133–143
140–153
5
4
132–138
135–145
142–156
5
5
134–140
137–148
144–160
5
6
136–142
139–151
146–164
5
7
138–145
142–154
149–168
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SECTION III
Metropolitan Life Height and Weight Chart (Continued)
Pregnancy
Men Height Feet
Inches
Small Frame
Medium Frame
Large Frame
5
8
140–148
145–157
152–172
5
9
142–151
148–160
155–176
5
10
144–154
151–163
158–180
5
11
146–157
154–166
161–184
6
0
149–160
157–170
164–188
6
1
152–164
160–174
168–192
6
2
155–168
164–178
172–197
6
3
158–172
167–182
176–202
6
4
162–176
171–187
181–207
*Weights at ages 25 to 59 based on lowest mortality. Weight in pounds according to frame (in indoor clothing weighing 5 lb, shoes with 1-in heels).
Women Height Feet
Inches
Small Frame
Medium Frame
Large Frame
4
10
102–111
109–121
118–131
4
11
103–113
111–123
120–134
5
0
104–115
113–126
122–137
5
1
106–118
115–129
125–140
5
2
108–121
118–132
128–143
5
3
111–124
121–135
131–147
5
4
114–127
124–138
134–151
5
5
117–130
127–141
137–155
5
6
120–133
130–144
140–159
5
7
123–136
133–147
143–163
5
8
126–139
136–150
146–167
5
9
129–142
139–153
149–170
5
10
132–145
142–156
152–173
5
11
135–148
145–159
155–176
6
0
138–151
148–162
158–179
*Weights at ages 25 to 59 based on lowest mortality. Weight in pounds according to frame (in indoor clothing weighing 3 lb, shoes with 1-in heels).
Pregnancy lasts 40 weeks from the last day of menstruation. Changes in hormonal levels cause symptoms such as nausea in the first trimester, digestion problems and constipation in the second, and, in the third trimester, the growth of the fetus may result in back pain and swelling of the legs. Varicose veins, which can develop in susceptible individuals, may be due to an inherited weakness in the structure of the veins. Blood gathers in pools causing the vein to bulge. Topical application of a cream used in Europe that contains horsechestnut or escin, has shown to be beneficial in affecting venous circulation. A drop in the hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone can cause depression and weepiness after birth. A nutrient-dense diet and avoiding certain substances before conception and throughout pregnancy can help bring about the birth of a healthy baby. For example, intake of 0.4 mg folic acid has been found to be necessary one month before conception to prevent neural birth defects that occur in the first 28 days of pregnancy. The vitamin should be continued during the first trimester. In the last trimester sufficient amounts of omega-3 fatty acids should be included in the diet. Good sources are fatty fish and fortified eggs. Calcium needs are doubled during pregnancy and the diet should include 1500 mg. Calcium also helps prevent preeclampsia and premature births. Alcohol, drugs, including some prescription drugs, cigarettes, and excessive caffeine (more than 2 to 3 cups coffee) should be avoided to minimize the risk of conditions such as low birth weight, sudden-death syndrome, retarded growth, hyperactivity, attention deficit disorder, and emotional problems of the child. It is important to get sufficient rest, sleep, nonjarring exercise, and to reduce stress. Exercises that strengthen the abdominal muscles ease pain in the lower back. Nutrients
Folic acid—400 mcg Iron—on consultation with a physician; large amounts can cause a zinc deficiency.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Vitamin B6—10 to 25 mg three times daily, for morning sickness. Vitamin C—25 to 500 mg daily, for morning sickness. Vitamin K—5 mg, take with vitamin C for morning sickness. Foods
Whole organic foods Whole grains Whole wheat Amaranth Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Green leafy vegetables Low-fat dairy Fortified eggs Fatty fish Salmon Albacore tuna Herring Sardines Mackerel Legumes Soybeans Lentils Nuts Walnuts Seeds Pumpkin seeds Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Ginger Herbal therapy
Raspberry—relaxes the uterus, most commonly used pregnancy herb, eases discomforts of pregnancy including morning sickness; good for breastfeeding; helps prevent miscarriage. Partridge berry—use for 3 weeks prior to, and during, delivery, eases discomforts.
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Crampbark—soothes uterus, helps prevent miscarriage. Dandelion, nettles—tone and nourish. Vitex—15 drops three times daily, promotes lactation. Sage—dries up milk production when breastfeeding is no longer desired. Ginger—250 mg four times daily or 1.5 to 3 ml tincture three times daily, for morning sickness. Homeopathy
For pregnancy and delivery, take remedy according to symptoms: Arnica montana Calcarea phosphorica Carbo vegetabilis Caulophyllum thalictroides Cimicifuga Ferrum metallicum Ferrum phosphoricum Nux vomica Pulsatilla Sepia For varicose veins: Arnica montana Calcarea carbonica Carbo vegetabilis Hamamelis virginiana Lycopodium Pulsatilla Zincum metallicum For postpartum depression: Arsenicum album Aurum metallicum Calcarea carbonica Cimicifuga Ignatia amara Natrum muriaticum Phosphorus
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SECTION III
Pulsatilla Sepia For morning sickness: Asarum Colchicum autumnale Ipecacuanha Kreosotum Lacticum acidum Nux vomica Pulsatilla Sepia Tabacum Aromatherapy
Lavender, geranium, neroli—massage or by diffuser, have relaxing and calming properties. Clary sage, jasmine—ease depression and anxiety. Chamomile—massage abdomen and lower back, eases pain. Mandarin 4 ml, rosehip seed oil 20 ml, and hazelnut oil 200 ml—prevent stretch marks. Ayurvedic medicine
Clove—tones uterine muscles. Aloe vera—apply topically for stretch marks. Chinese medicine
Acupuncture—alleviates morning sickness and pain during labor. Chiropractic
Consult a qualified practitioner. Bodywork
Massage Movement therapies Acupressure Mindbody therapy
Yoga Imagery Hypnotherapy
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) PMS is characterized by symptoms including mood swings, irritability, insomnia, joint pain, tender breasts, headache, and bloating and starts approximately 2 weeks before menstruation begins. The cause is likely a hormonal imbalance, too much estrogen being produced by the body as opposed to the amount of progesterone. In studies, eating complex carbohydrates such as bread, potatoes, pasta, rice and oats throughout the day has relieved symptoms due either to the release of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that elevates mood, or to the stabilization of blood sugar levels. Caffeine-sensitive individuals have experienced relief when the beverage has been eliminated from the diet. Estrogenic foods such as soy and other legumes stabilize hormone levels by interfering with and limiting the uptake of estrogen that the body produces. Regular exercise has been shown to reduce symptoms of PMS. Nutrients
Vitamin B6—50 to 200 mg, relieves symptoms. Vitamin B complex Evening primrose oil or black currant oil—500 mg twice daily throughout the month increasing during symptoms if necessary. Magnesium—200 to 400 mg, may help reduce symptoms. Calcium—1000 to 1300 mg, prevents mood swings and other symptoms. Vitamin A—10,000 to 25,000 IU Vitamin E—200 to 300 IU with mixed tocopherols, may reduce symptoms. Foods
Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Carrots Dandelion greens Whole grains Legumes
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Soybeans Lima beans Black beans Peanuts Nuts Seeds Fatty fish Salmon Sardines Mackerel Albacore tuna Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Herbal therapy
Vitex aka chasteberry—2 ml extract or 175 to 225 mg, decreases estrogen to balance progesterone; in a study was as effective as vitamin B6.62 Dong quai—1 to 2 g powdered root, 4 ml tincture, or 1 ml extract three times daily, relieves PMS symptoms, normalizes hormone balance; known as the “female ginseng.” Scullcap, valerian—sedative and tranquilizing effect, relieve tension and irritability. Dandelion—a diuretic, for water retention. Crampbark, raspberry—for cramps.
Sepia Veratrum album Aromatherapy
Geranium—apply topically to relieve pain in breasts. Clary sage—has estrogenlike properties, eases PMS symptoms. Neroli, jasmine, ylang ylang—use as full body massage, beginning several days before symptoms begin. Juniper—for water retention. Auyurvedic medicine
Treatments are prescribed according to metabolic type and to balance the doshas. Angelica Chinese medicine
Herbal preparations are prescribed. Angelica Peony Hoelen Skullcap Acupuncture Chiropractic
Consult a qualified practitioner. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Bovista Calcarea carbonica Caulophyllum thalictroides Chamomilla Cimicifuga Kreosotum Lachesis Lilium tigrinum Lycopodium Natrum muriaticum Nux vomica Pulsatilla
121
Bodywork
Massage Deep tissue manipulation Movement therapies Acupressure Shiatsu Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation—relaxing and reduces tension. Yoga Biofeedback Imagery Hypnotherapy
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Prostate Problems Prostate problems include inflammation, enlargement, or cancer of the prostate gland which surrounds the urethra, the tube through which urine flows. An inflammation of the gland is called prostitis resulting in pain during urination and ejaculation, frequent urination and possibly low back pain. The causes include infection, too much or too little ejaculation, jarring exercises such as horseback and bicycle riding, and food irritants like caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, and red pepper. Drinking plenty of water is important in keeping a flow of urine and in preventing dehydration, which can be in effect even though not thirsty, and is a condition that is very stressful for the prostate. Enlargement of the prostate, called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), usually occurs in men over 50 and causes difficulty in urination because enlargement squeezes the urethra it surrounds and interferes with urine flow. BPH is due to an excess of testosterone in the gland. Symptoms are night and frequent urination and a diminishing in force and continuity of the urine stream. It is recommended that foods irritating to the prostate be avoided such as caffeine, tobacco, alcohol, and hot spices. Herbal remedies have shown to be just as effective as prescription drugs without the side effects. Incidences of prostate tumors have been associated with diets high in saturated fats. Impotence is often a psychological problem more than a physical one. Drugs, tobacco, diabetes, and atherosclerosis can affect blood circulation which influences erectile ability. The herb yohimbe has been shown to improve erectile and ejaculatory activity. Hypnotherapy may also be beneficial. Ginseng and the Ayurvedic herb ashwaganda can enhance sexual energy. Nutrients
Zinc picolinate—30 to 60 mg, for prostitis and BHP. Vitamin C—2 mg, three times daily, for prostitis. Flaxseed oil or evening primrose oil—1 to 3 tsp, improves urinary flow and reduces swelling of BPH.
Glycine, alanine, glutamic acid—200 mg each, help maintain urinary flow and reduce swelling for BPH, are amino acids. Beta sitosterol—60 to 130 mg, improves urinary flow and other symptoms of BPH,63 a plant sterol found in foods such as soybeans, brown rice, and whole wheat. Foods
Pumpkin seeds—one handful daily, has more glycine, alanine, and glutamic acid than used in the above study, also contains zinc Whole grains Ground flaxseeds Whole wheat Brown rice Corn Legumes Peanuts Soybeans—reduce risk of cancer due to the phytoestrogen content Cooked tomatoes—contain lypocene, a carotenoid, prevent cancer of the prostate Seeds Sunflower seeds Nuts Almonds Walnuts Brazil nuts Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Garlic Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Cold pressed soybean oil Juices
Beet Carrot Celery Cucumber Pumpkin Radish
HEALTH CONDITIONS Herbal therapy
Saw palmetto—160 mg extract twice daily, inhibits an enzyme that converts testosterone to its more active form that stimulates the proliferation of cells in the prostate, promotes shrinkage of gland and improves urinary function.64 Licorice—prevents testosterone conversion reducing enlargement of gland. Pygeum—50 mg twice daily, relieves BPH symptoms65 due to three compounds: a diuretic, an anti-inflammatory, and a cholesterol reducer that can collect in the gland. Nettle—2 to 3 tsp extract or 2 to 4 ml tincture three times daily, improves urinary flow. Flower pollen—60 to 125 mg two or three times daily, used in Europe for prostatitis and BPH, reduces symptoms. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms for BPH: Apis mellifica Causticum Chimaphila unbellata Clematis Lycopodium Pulsatilla Sabal serrulata Staphysagria Thuja Ayurvedic medicine
Treatments are prescribed. Chinese medicine
Herbal remedies are prescribed. Acupuncture Bodywork
Acupressure Shiatsu Qigong
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T’ai chi Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Yoga
Psoriasis Psoriasis is an acceleration in the growth of skin cells that results in patches of dry scaly itchy skin. The cause is unknown although it tends to run in families. Stress is often a trigger and gluten in foods or alcohol can precipitate the condition in some individuals. A sluggish liver may also be a factor. Getting sunlight is a common and effective remedy to alleviate symptoms. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals that play a role in inflammatory diseases like psoriasis. In studies, fish oil, in amounts equivalent to 5 oz of fatty fish daily, has significantly alleviated symptoms.66 The oil in fish contains antiinflammatory properties. Saturated fats and omega-6 fatty acids should be limited in the diet as they have an inflammatory effect on the body. Bathing in oatmeal (fill cheesecloth and tie to faucet) or sea salt can relieve symptoms. Nutrients
Vitamin C—1 g, an antioxidant. Bioflavonoids—work synergistically with vitamin C. Vitamin E—400 IU with mixed tocopherols, an antioxidant. Flaxseed oil—1 to 3 T, can relieve symptoms, has anti-inflammatory properties. Vitamin A—50,000 IU, if deficient. Zinc—30 mg, if deficient. Foods
Whole foods Fatty fish Salmon Mackerel Sardines Albacore tuna
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Fresh fruits Figs Olives Fresh vegetables Sauerkraut Onion Carrots Celery Parsley Ground flaxseeds Low-fat yogurt Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Fennel Garlic Juices
Fruit—citrus fruits may aggravate symptoms in some individuals. Apple Beet Carrot Cucumber Grape Herbal therapy
Angelica—contains psoralens that inhibit cell division. Capsaicin—cream, apply topically, alleviates redness, scaling, pain and itching, from red pepper. Chamomile—cream, has anti-inflammatory properties, alleviates symptoms. Milk thistle—2 capsules twice daily, cleanses liver, an anti-inflammatory. Oregon grape—an antioxidant, slows cell proliferation; can also be used topically. Burdock root—2 to 4 ml or 1 to 2 g three times daily, blood purifier. Licorice—glycyrrhetinic acid-containing cream, has effect similar to that of topical hydrocortisone.
Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Arsenicum album Calcarea carbonica Graphites Mercurius solubilis Mezereum Petroleum Psorinum Rhus toxicodendron Sepia Staphysagria Sulfur Aromatherapy
Bergamot—use as massage or in vaporizer. Lavender, chamomille—use as massage, creams, or in bath. Ayurvedic medicine
Effective treatments are prescribed. Chinese medicine
Dittany bark, puncture vine fruit—can help itching. Acupuncture—stimulation of appropriate points relieves symptoms. Bodywork
Acupressure Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation—reduces stress. Yoga Biofeedback Imagery Hypnotherapy—learn relaxation techniques.
Raynaud’s Disease Raynaud’s disease is a constriction of the blood vessels of the extremities which go into spasm and
HEALTH CONDITIONS
turn white or bluish in response to cold. It is a painful condition due to the diminished blood supply and affects most often the fingers but sometimes the toes, ears, nose, and cheeks. Raynaud’s phenomenon has similar symptoms and responds to the same remedies but the cause involves connective tissue. Nicotine constricts the flow of blood and should be avoided; birth control pills can also affect circulation. Keep the affected areas warm and if there is no response to warmth, consult a physician. Nutrients
Inositol hexaniacinate—3 to 4 g or 200 mg niacin, improves circulation and decreases spasms. Evening primrose oil—1 to 4 g, reduces the number and severity of attacks; inhibits action of prostaglandins that play a role in blood vessel constriction. L-carnitine—1 g three times daily, reduces spasms.
Foods
Fatty fish Salmon Mackerel Albacore tuna Sardines Herring Fresh fruits Apples Figs Fresh vegetables Leafy green vegetables Legumes Soybeans Nuts Seeds Whole grains Eggs Seafood Low-fat dairy Ginger
125
Garlic Cayenne Mustard Juices
Fruits Vegetables Herbal therapy
Ginkgo biloba—60 to 240 mg extract, improves blood circulation. Garlic—400 to 500 mg, 2 to 4 ml tincture, or one clove raw garlic, improves blood circulation. Indian snakeroot—contains the compound reserpine which dilates blood vessels. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Arsenicum album Cactus Carbo vegetabilis Chelidonium Hepar sulphuris calcareum Lachesis Secale Sepia Veratrum album Aromatherapy
Black pepper, lemon, rosemary, peppermint— massage into affected areas for warmth and increased circulation. Ayurvedic medicine
Mustard and sesame seed oils—warm and massage hands. Chinese medicine
Dong quai Peony Chinese angelica Cinnamon twigs Acupuncture
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SECTION III
Chiropractic
Spinal and neck manipulation improves blood circulation to extremities. Bodywork
Massage—improves circulation and relaxes. Qigong Mindbody therapy
Biofeedback—application of methods to warm hands and feet. Imagery
Stress Stress is inherent in our way of life and is part of the human condition. What is important is how we react to it. Reacting with anger, fear, depression, and anxiety without release of the tension can result in illness, either directly or indirectly. Symptoms include muscle tension, high blood pressure, psychological problems, digestive disorders, a weakened immune system, cancer, and heart disease. When the mind perceives a threat, whether real or imagined, the brain instantly and automatically evaluates the situation. Then the subconscious begins to prepare the body for a response. The sympathetic system causes the blood to flow to the muscles, the muscles and blood vessels constrict, and the body is flooded with hormones from the pituitary and adrenal glands. Heart rate increases and oxygen consumption accelerates. Production of digestive juices is reduced and blood sugar levels increase as the liver releases glucose into the bloodstream. This process becomes harmful when it remains a perpetual state with few periods of full relaxation or full release of the tension. After years pass, many illnesses can develop, including an artery spasm that can result in a heart attack. Stress is caused mainly by emotional or psychological situations. The mind affects the body and vice versa; if the mind is agitated or worried, the body will be tense. If the body is tense, the mind will be in a high state of vigilance. Eventually, resources like hormones and chemicals become
depleted, the body gets tired of adapting to the stressful situation, organs become exhausted and functioning collapses. Only when the mind and body are in a state of calm can energies be directed toward repair, maintenance, and strengthening of the body and the immune system. Physical exercise oxygenates body tissues, dissipates stress hormones, and relieves tension. Hormones called endorphins are produced and give a sense of well-being. The result of regular exercise is a slower heart rate, lowered blood pressure, a normal functioning respiratory system, and relaxed muscles. During stress, breathing becomes shallow and rapid. Because oxygen is necessary for the metabolism of every cell in the body, it affects the functioning of the autonomic nervous system which regulates automatic functions like heart rate, respiration, and digestion. Proper breath control stabilizes and strengthens the tone of the nervous system. Deep breathing uses the full capacity of the diaphragm, a muscle located below the lungs that contracts when breathing in and allows the lungs to expand with air. Shallow breathing only involves the upper lobes of the lungs. This leaves over a million alveoli, the tiny sacs that absorb oxygen which is then transported by the hemoglobin of the blood to all the cells of the body, empty. The consequence is that the cellular structure does not receive enough oxygen to carry out its work. There are various deep breathing methods but basically the idea is to take a slow deep breath through the nostrils, hold to the count of 7, then exhale through the mouth to the count of 8 or 10 and repeat three more times. This can be practiced several times a day. Nutrients
Vitamin B complex—50 mg, regulates nerves. Magnesium—200 to 300 mg, a muscle relaxant. Vitamin C—500 to 1000 mg in divided doses, urinary excretion of the vitamin increases during stress. Foods
Whole foods Fresh fruits
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Fresh vegetables Shiitake mushrooms Potatoes Onions Yam Whole grains Pasta Oats Legumes Low-fat dairy Low-fat yogurt Fatty fish Salmon Sardines Mackerel Albacore tuna Seafood Extra virgin olive oil Cold pressed organic canola oil Honey Garlic
Arsenicum album Calcarea carbonica Gelsemium Ignatia amara Kali phosphoricum Lycopodium Natrum muriaticum Phosphorus Pulsatilla Silicea
Juices
Herbal preparations are prescribed. Astragalus Ginseng Acupuncture
Fruits Vegetables Carrot Lettuce Herbal therapy
Passion flower—1 dropperful tincture three or four times daily or freeze-dried caps, reduces stress. Chamomile, spearmint—have mild relaxant properties, reduce stress. Valerian—a sedative, helps promote sleep. Ginseng—1 to 2 g root or 100 mg extract, tones and strengthens organs of body. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Aconitum napellus Argentum nitricum
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Aromatherapy
Mandarin 1 ml, mandarin petitgrain 1 ml, lemon verbena 1 ml—for anxiety and stress. Roman chamomile 1 ml, clary sage 1 ml, spikenard 1 ml, carrier oil 10 ml—for extreme stress. Lavender, rose, rosemary, bergamot—have sedative and relaxing properties. Ayurvedic medicine
Treatment varies according to body type. Chinese medicine
Bodywork
Massage Deep tissue manipulation Movement therapies—the muscles are interrelated with the nervous and psychological systems. Qigong T’ai chi Acupressure Shiatsu Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation—lowers blood pressure, and heart and respiratory rates.
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SECTION III
Yoga Biofeedback—becoming aware of and control of the autonomic nervous system. Imagery—establishes the connection between the visual cortex of the brain and the autonomic nervous system. Hypnotherapy—learn methods of relaxation.
Stroke Eighty percent of strokes are caused by a clot in an artery of the brain that cuts off blood and oxygen supply. The cells around the clot are damaged or die, and the body organ that is controlled by that particular part of the brain is affected. The remaining 20% of strokes result from hemorrhages, due to a defective clotting mechanism. The blood vessels rupture and blood spills into the brain. Transient ischemic attacks or TIAs are mini strokes that usually clear within minutes but could indicate a more serious attack in the future. Symptoms of stroke include sudden numbness, blurred vision, weakness or paralysis, loss of speech, dizziness, and headache. Risk factors for strokes are diabetes, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, high serum cholesterol, lack of exercise, smoking, and taking birth control pills. Too much salt in the diet, even if it does not raise blood pressure, has been shown to induce strokes. Excessive alcohol consumption can cause strokes. Eating fatty fish can reduce clotting potential. The oils in fish make the structures of cellular membranes more pliable enabling easier passage of blood; saturated fats have the opposite effect, making them more rigid.
Dried apricots Pineapple Fresh vegetables Leafy green vegetables Spinach Carrots Sweet potatoes Pumpkin Potatoes Onions Fatty fish Salmon Herring Mackerel Sardines Albacore tuna Seafood Whole grains Legumes Nuts Seeds Low-fat dairy Ginger Garlic Turmeric Juices
Fruits Vegetables Dark berry Pineapple
Nutrients
Herbal therapy
Vitamin B complex—prevents platelets from aggregating. Evening primrose, borage, or black currant oil— anticoagulants, lower blood pressure.
Ginkgo biloba—60 to 240 mg extract; increases blood flow to the brain; reduces fragility of the capillaries. Willowbark, meadowsweet, wintergreen—an anticoagulant, has aspirinlike properties. Bilberry—contains compounds that help prevent blood clots, breaks down plaque.67
Foods
Fresh fruits Dark berries Avocado
Garlic—an anticoagulant, reduces blood pressure. Ginger—an anticoagulant, as a tea, grate 1 to 2 tsp.
HEALTH CONDITIONS Aromatherapy
Lavender, rosemary—for paralysis, massage spinal column and affected area. Ayurvedic medicine
Treatments are prescribed for rehabilitation after paralysis. Chinese medicine
Peony Wolfberry Acupuncture—helps recover mental and physical function.
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acid in the stomach; smoking hinders the healing process; and salt is a stomach and intestinal irritant. Stress can also affect the strength of the immune system and its ability to prevent illness. A high fiber diet helps heal and prevent ulcers. Eating smaller frequent meals is recommended until the ulcer heals. Nutrients
Vitamin A—20,000 IU, heals mucosal tissue of the lining of the stomach and duodenum. Zinc—25 to 30 mg, speeds healing of ulcers; beneficial for healing bedsores. Foods
Bodywork
Massage—improves circulation to affected limbs. Movement therapies Qigong T’ai chi—rebalances flow of qi. Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation—reduces stress after stroke. Yoga Biofeedback—helps rehabilitate and improve body functions after stroke. Imagery
Ulcers Ulcers usually form in the duodenum, the upper part of the small intestine; a peptic ulcer is in the stomach as well as the duodenum and is so called because of the involvement of pepsin, a digestive enzyme. Ulcers are sores that can bleed. They form when there is too much acid for the mucosal lining to tolerate. They are often caused by an infection of the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori; food allergies are also a possibility. It is believed that this bacteria releases acids into the area and may also be the cause of gastritis. Antibiotics are necessary for its eradication. Stress, coffee, alcohol, aspirin, tobacco, sugar, 7 Up, colas, and milk can increase the amount of
Bananas—stimulate the proliferation of mucosal cells that form a barrier between the lining and acid Fresh fruits Pineapple Blueberries Papaya Fresh vegetables Dark green leafy vegetables Potatoes Enoki mushrooms Whole grains Brown rice Corn Legumes—especially red and white beans Seafood Raw honey Garlic Turmeric Thyme Cinnamon Cardamom Cloves Ginger Juices
Cabbage—one quart daily, strengthens lining of the stomach, increases mucus activity, an
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antibiotic that destroys the Helicobacter bacteria, contains compounds found in antiulcer drugs, heals ulcers in a period from 2 days to 3 weeks Fruits Vegetables Carrot Celery Kale Potato Wheatgrass
Thyme, cinnamon—tinctures, have antibacterial activity. Ginger—contains anti-inflammatory compounds; eat honey-candied ginger, honey has antibacterial compounds. Bilberry—stimulates production of mucus. Meadowsweet—contains compounds that help heal and prevent ulcers. Comfrey—topical treatments for skin ulcers; beneficial for bedsores, or decubitus ulcers, and for diabetic ulcers. Homeopathy
Nutrients
Bioflavonoids—500 mg three times daily, studies show several flavonoids can inhibit H. pylori and can prevent ulcer formation, the flavone compound has effect similar to that of bismuth citrate. Bismuth subcitrate—240 mg twice daily before meals, obtain from a compounding pharmacy, a natural mineral that acts as an antacid and inhibits H. pylori bacteria; more effective than Pepto Bismol. Herbal therapy
Licorice—DGL extract, 2 chewable tablets or 250 to 500 mg 15 minutes before meals, protects and heals lining of the stomach and duodenum, inhibits H. pylori. Peppermint—soothes lining of stomach and intestine. Aloe vera—1 tsp juice after meals, has healing properties. Cayenne—capsules, capsaicin content helps heal ulcers. Green tea—high in antibacterial and antioxidant compounds. Garlic—tincture, prevents damage from ulcers by stimulating production of protective substances, has antibacterial activity. Calendula—has anti-inflammatory and healing properties. Chamomile—3 to 5 ml tincture or 2 to 3 cups tea daily; soothes irritation of mucous membranes.
Take remedy according to symptoms: Arsenicum album Belladonna Calendula Hamamelis Lathesis Nux vomica Silicea Aromatherapy
Chamomile, frankincense, geranium, marjoram— massage abdomen area, help relieve ulcer symptoms. Ayurvedic medicine
Pitta type most likely to suffer ulcers; herbal remedies are prescribed. Licorice—1⁄2 tsp powder three times daily. Coconut—milk and fruit. Ashwagandha Cinnamon, cardamom, cloves—1⁄4 tsp ground mixture. Bitter orange Coriander Kalanchoe Chinese medicine
Dandelion Ginseng Corydalis tuber Acupuncture—reduces acid in stomach.
HEALTH CONDITIONS Bodywork
Shiatsu Movement therapies—relieves strain on digestive system. Qigong Reflexology Mindbody therapy
Meditation Yoga Biofeedback Imagery
Vaginitis Vaginitis is an inflammation of the lining of the vagina. It is caused by a hormonal imbalance during postmenopause or postpartum; by irritations from allergies or irritating substances and chemicals; or by bacteria, candidiasis, or yeast infection, and trichomoniasis. The symptoms include itching, pain, and a white discharge. It is recommended sugar and possibly fruit juices be avoided in the diet as yeast thrives in that particular environment. Boric acid and gentian violet have shown to be as effective as prescribed antibiotics. Nutrients
Vitamin A—improves the integrity of vaginal mucous membranes. Vitamin C Bioflavonoids Vitamin E—orally, applied topically may relieve itching. Lactobacillus—dissolve in water and use as a douche. Foods
Yogurt—1 cup daily, reduces and prevents infections, must contain live cultures Whole foods Fresh fruits
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Fresh vegetables Shiitake mushrooms Whole grains Legumes Soybeans and ground flaxseeds—for hormonal imbalance Garlic Cinnamon—for candidiasis Herbal therapy
Tea tree—terpinen-4-ol component effective against infections; as cream or douche as effective as pharmaceutical antifungals; 2 to 3 drops in 1 T yogurt, soak tampon and insert into vagina daily for six nights; mix with vitamin E oil, place in capsule and insert into vagina daily for 6 weeks. Garlic—juice or capsules, allicin component kills infectious organisms; take orally or mix with warm water and douche. Goldenseal—contains antibiotic compounds berberine and hydrastine. Apple cider vinegar—douche, 2 T in one quart water, helps reestablish vaginal acidity which is an environment that destroys infections. Boric acid—600 mg capsules twice daily, insert into vagina, for chronic cases use for 4 months, has antibiotic properties; burning sensation may occur if acid leaks from vagina—reduce dosage. Gentian violet—soak tampon, effective against Candida albicans, has antibiotic properties; will stain clothes a purple color. Echinacea—an antibacterial, supports immune system, take tea or tincture daily. Homeopathy
Take remedy according to symptoms: Arsenicum album Borax Graphites Hydrastis Pulsatilla Sepia
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Aromatherapy
Tea tree—very effective for candidiasis and trichomoniasis. Thyme, thujanol type—effective against infections, stimulates immune system. Malaleuca alternifolia—controls vaginal infections.
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Foods
Foods
F
oods are the raw material that provide energy for the 60 trillion cells that make up the human body. Each cell is a miniuniverse and the integrity of billions of its chemical reactions that take place every minute depends a great deal on food and specifically the kinds of food that are consumed. Substances in food have an influence on nearly every health condition. They can act as sedatives, tranquilizers, analgesics, decongestants, diuretics, antidepressants, anti-inflammatories, and anticoagulants. Food compounds can stimulate chemical reactions that produce natural killer cells and interferon to fight cancer, infections, viruses, and bacteria. They contain components that can regulate cholesterol, lower blood pressure, relieve ulcers, dissolve blood clots, and stimulate the immune system. They have phytoestrogens that help the body regulate the hormone estrogen. Plant estrogens are weaker and more benign as they occupy estrogen receptor sites on the cells and replace the more potent and aggressive hormones that the body makes and the more harmful estrogens circulating in the body from environmental sources. Elements in food can also cause or exacerbate numerous health conditions including depression, mental confusion, anxiety, inflamed joints, clogged arteries, a malfunctioning cell metabolism, and they can interfere with nerve impulse
transmission and muscle function. For example, hormonelike substances called eicosanoids, which include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes, that control blood clotting and inflammation and affect autoimmune disorders, are made from fatty acids. Two kinds of eicosanoids are omega-6 and omega-3. Omega-6s are the fatty acids from saturated fats found in meats and dairy products, transfats like margarine, and polyunsaturated fats used in salads and cooking and present in processed foods. These particular fatty acids produce eicosanoids that are inflammatory. They aggravate certain diseases like asthma and arthritis, affect the stickiness of blood platelets forming blood clots, and accelerate the proliferation of cells, a factor in cancer. They are an influence in illness such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, high blood pressure, migraines, and atherosclerosis. On the other hand, omega-3s found in fatty fish and some plants produce eicosanoids that reduce inflammation, relax smooth muscle of the blood vessels, and prevent blood platelets from clumping together. The body needs both kinds of fatty acids for various body processes including injury repair, cell growth, proper immune response, and blood clotting. What is important is that the ratio of omega-6s be less than omega-3s. Because most diets contain the reverse, eating 1 to 3 ounces of fatty fish daily or
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the equivalent amount two or three times a week plus reducing omega-6s will help establish a proper balance. Extra virgin olive oil and cold pressed organic canola oil, because of their inherent properties, are the preferable oils to use in salads and cooking. Substances in food can cause food intolerances or sensitivities in some people. Unlike allergies, intolerances create reactions that are more subtle and delayed. In fact, several hours to days may pass before a reaction is noticed. Headaches, depression, fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and mental problems are some of the health conditions that can result. The actual intolerance does not involve the blood or immune system and so it may not be detected by conventional allergy tests. It is recommended that a suspected food be eliminated from the diet for one week, then be reintroduced, while monitoring the effects throughout the process. Organically grown produce and foodstuffs are preferable because pesticides and fungicides are poisonous and are cumulative. The chemicals from a wide range of foods accumulate in the body. Not only can residues remain on the exterior of the plant, but because spraying can be systemic, the chemical is absorbed through the roots and becomes incorporated into the tissues and flesh. In addition, waxes that are often used on selected produce may contain fungicides. One study has shown that organic foods are higher in nutritive value than those grown conventionally.68 Getting nutrients from whole foods in a varied diet is preferable to taking supplements as a substitute in maintaining optimal health. There are nutrients and phytochemicals yet to be discovered in foods that likely play a crucial role. Nutrients work synergistically and isolating them can result in a lessening pharmacological effect. For example, foods containing 40 mg of vitamin C and 10 IU of vitamin E neutralize as many free radicals as 500 mg vitamin C and 800 IU vitamin E. The gamma tocopherol, one of a family of tocopherols, scavenges nitrogen oxides, a class of free radicals that damage DNA, but the alphatocopherol, used in supplements, has no effect.69 Large amounts of alpha can also cause a depletion of gamma in the body. The array of carotenoids are just as important as beta carotene;
lycopene, the red color in tomatoes, for instance, has 10 times more antioxidant activity. EPA and DHA, the beneficial components of fish oil, may not be as effective as eating the whole fish. The internal equilibrium of nutrients in the body can easily be disturbed by arbitrarily ingesting supplements, especially high doses. A deficiency of nutrients has adverse health effects. With adequate amounts of nutrients the body functions properly, but when too much of a nutrient is ingested or if supplements are taken when the body does not need them, certain results can occur including an inhibiting rather than an enhancing effect and causing a deficiency of other nutrients. Excess nutrients can remain unmetabolized, accumulate in the body and interfere with the utilization, metabolism, absorption, and activity of other nutrients and physiological functions. Hormonal and glandular supplements are questionable because the long-term effects are not fully understood. For example, supplemental DHEA, an adrenal hormone that declines naturally with age, can increase insulin resistance, cause the growth of unwanted hair, decrease levels of HDL cholesterol, raise the risk of heart attack, and exacerbate some cancers. Melatonin, a brain hormone, can induce depression, aggravate allergies, constrict blood vessels, suppress fertility and sex drive, and cause hypothermia and retinal damage. Glandulars are extracts from animal adrenal, pituitary, thymus, and reproductive glands. It is advisable to take these supplements only under the supervision of a physician. Protein supplements are usually unnecessary except for specific amino acids when diagnosed as deficient. People in general may be eating too much protein. It is not stored in the body and an excess is converted to carbohydrate, a process that taxes the kidneys and that causes a loss of calcium in the urine. Nutritional yeast is a good food source of the B complex vitamins and trace minerals. Wheat germ is a good food source of vitamin E but turns rancid relatively quickly and should be used within a reasonable amount of time and kept refrigerated. Acidophilus in liquid, capsule, or freeze-dried form contains friendly bacteria and can be taken after meals. It is especially necessary for individuals taking antibiotics, which destroy beneficial intestinal organisms.
FOODS
Because there is no magic pill for any health condition, including aging, the best preventive and healing strategy is to eat a varied nutrientdense diet, exercise on a regular basis, and have a systematic procedure for reducing stress.
Food Groups Fruits and Vegetables The deeper the color of fruits and vegetables, the higher the antioxidant activity. Oxygen renegades are the target of antioxidants. When an oxygen molecule loses an electron, it becomes what is called a free radical and begins searching for a replacement. In trying to steal an electron from other healthy cells, free radicals cause damage to healthy cells and create scores of new free radicals. Free radicals cause mutations in DNA, the genetic material in the cells, and not only destroy healthy cells but turn the fats in many cells rancid, which disrupts cell metabolism. After years of these silent assaults in the body, individuals can develop a chronic disease or illnesses ranging from atherosclerosis to cancer, and experience an acceleration in the aging process. Environmental pollutants and chemicals, drugs, cigarette smoke, pesticides, and radiation are some of the sources that cause cells to oxidate, and antioxidants are the antidote. They can kill, deter, and hinder the destructive elements and even repair cellular damage. Fresh fruits and vegetables have abundant amounts of antioxidants as well as other health-protecting phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Fresh or frozen vegetables and fruits are better than canned or processed in nutritive value; onions and garlic are best eaten raw although onions can also be cooked. The cruciferous family of vegetables are rich in phytochemicals that have anticancer and pathogenic activity but should be lightly cooked as they contain compounds that can be toxic when eaten raw on a regular basis. They include cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, collards, mustard greens, kohlrabi, daikon, radish, turnip, and rutabaga. Raw beet greens, spinach, and chard contain oxalic acid which removes iron and calcium from the body and so
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should be lightly cooked as should mushrooms which contain carcinogenic compounds that are destroyed by heat. Green skins on potatoes are poisonous and should be removed before cooking; and celery that has brown spots indicating a fungus should not be consumed. Some less familiar leafy vegetables that are very nutritious are Swiss chard, a large, crinkly or flat leafy vegetable, red or white in color. Sauté or lightly steam both the stems and leaf. Kale, a good source of calcium, is green and tightly curled and can be lightly steamed or cooked longer if the leaves are older. Collards have large blue-green leaves and can be prepared in the same way as kale. Arugula is a peppery bitter green and is astringent in quality, which is good for digestion. Young leaves or blossoms can be mixed in salads, larger leaves added to stir fries or soups. Beet greens contain calcium, magnesium, and iron, and vitamins A, B complex, and C. Because they contain oxalic acid, they should be lightly steamed or sautéed. Eat raw beet greens sparingly. Dandelion greens are high in vitamins A and C and contain more calcium than broccoli. They can be used raw in salads or lightly steamed. Sauté the roots. Both leaves and roots, fresh or dried, can be made into a tea. Mustard greens have a curly shape and are best sautéed and also can be added to soups and stews.
Legumes Legumes are peas, lentils, peanuts, carob, and beans, including soybean products like soy milk, tofu, and tempeh. They grow in pods on vines; peanuts grow underground. Legumes are high in protein, 25 to 38%, which is more than eggs and many meats, have no cholesterol or saturated fat, and contain numerous vitamins and minerals including calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, and the B vitamins. Soybeans are a complete protein and when the other legumes are combined with grains, they also constitute a complete protein. Legumes contain omega-3 fatty acids, complex carbohydrates which have a low glycemic index, and fiber. They contain phytochemicals that have anticancer activity and that reduce serum cholesterol. They are beneficial for the heart, liver, kidneys, pancreas, lungs, and intestinal tract. Some
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beans are more difficult than others to digest due to the fact that the human body is unable to fully break down the complex carbohydrate. A suggestion is to find the beans that are best tolerated, garbanzo, black, aduki, and anasazi beans, for example. Black soybeans are easier to digest than the lighter colored varieties. Soymilk can be substituted for dairy milk as a beverage or in any recipe cup for cup; soy yogurt for dairy yogurt or sour cream, and tofu for cream cheese. Legumes, including their sprouts and also alfalfa sprouts, should not be eaten raw as they contain toxins that are destroyed when heated. Beans can be stored for several years but as they age, they become tougher and take longer to cook. Soaking beans helps to release the more indigestible starch and phytic acid, which has a binding action on minerals making them inaccessible to the body. Depending on the kind, soak beans for 2 to 24 hours; for the longer times, refrigerate during soaking. Strain, rinse, and cover
with fresh water. Boil uncovered for 10 minutes then cover and simmer until soft and tender. Add acidic ingredients like tomatoes and lemon after beans have softened.
Grains Grains are valuable for their starch content and vitamins, minerals, and fiber as well as some protein. (See illustration.) Refining and processing reduces nutrient values and raises their glycemic index. Complex carbohydrates stabilize blood sugar levels. Grains include wheat, rye, oats, rice, millet, buckwheat, bulgur, couscous, amaranth, barley, kamut, spelt, tef, quinoa, and wild rice. Substitute 7⁄8 to 1 cup whole-wheat flour for 1 cup white flour in bread recipes, and the same for whole-wheat pastry flour in quick breads, cookies, and cakes. Whole grains can become rancid so store in airtight containers in a cool place or in the refrigerator.
TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN THE KERNEL OF WHEAT Germ is 21⁄2% of Kernel
Bran is 14% of Kernel
Endosperm is 83% of Kernel
Of the whole kernel the germ contains:
Of the whole kernel the bran contains:
Of the whole kernel the endosperm contains:
64% Thiamine 26% Riboflavin 21% Pyridoxine 8% Protein 7% Pantothenic acid 2% Niacin
73% Pyridoxine 50% Pantothenic acid 42% Riboflavin 33% Thiamine 19% Protein
70–75% Protein 43% Pantothenic acid 32% Riboflavin 12% Niacin 6% Pyridoxine 3% Thiamine
Endosperm Bran
Germ
Kernel (magnification)
Other nutrients found in the whole wheat grain are: Calcium Chlorine Iron Sodium Phosphorus Silicon Magnesium Boron Potassium Barium Manganese Silver Copper Inositol Sulfur Folic Acid Iodine Choline Fluorine Vitamin E And other trace materials
FOODS
The more unfamiliar grains include blue corn which is sweeter than yellow corn and has a higher content of protein and manganese. It can be substituted for yellow corn in any recipe. Bulgur is whole wheat berries that are steamed and cracked. Bulgur is easier to chew, has a lighter texture, and needs less cooking than cracked wheat. Bulgur is the main ingredient in tabouli. Couscous, a tiny bead like pasta, is made from wheat and is easily prepared by simmering in water for one minute and letting stand covered for 10 minutes. The grain is available as whole wheat or refined. Amaranth is an ancient grain that has a high protein content and contains a variety of components including calcium, magnesium, and silicon. It is categorized by botanists as a C4 plant meaning it is superior in the process of photosynthesis, which makes it a very nutritious food. Amaranth can be cooked as a side dish, added to soups and stews, or popped like popcorn. The amount of amaranth in packaged products and cereals is usually not very significant. Kamut means wheat in Egyptian and can be used in breads, baked goods, and pasta. It has a flavorful, buttery taste and can often be tolerated by individuals who are allergic to regular wheat. Quinoa can be used as a cereal, has the highest protein content of any grain, an amino acid profile similar to milk, more calcium than milk, and contains other nutrients including B vitamins and vitamin E. Prepare as a side dish, a substitute for rice in any recipe, or add to soups. Spelt is an ancient red wheat and is best used in cereals and breads. Easily assimilated by the body, it may be tolerated by individuals allergic to common wheat. Tef is a sweet grain originally from Ethiopia. It has a high mineral content and can be used as a side dish or as flour in baked goods and quick breads. Substitute part wheat flour for tef in recipes. Barley, whole, also known as Scotch barley, is nutritious and chewy and can be eaten alone or combined with brown rice or beans, or as a base for soup. Pearl barley is refined losing fiber and nutrient content. Basmati is a long grain Himalayan rice with a nutty, buttery flavor. White basmati lacks the fiber and nutrient value of brown basmati. Texmati and calmati are basmati hybrids. Buckwheat is gluten-free and suitable
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for cereal/grain induced allergies. It has a high essential amino acid profile and is a good source of the bioflavonoid, rutin. Buckwheat groats can be used as a hot cereal or as a side dish and formed into croquettes or patties. Buckwheat flour is used in pancakes, crepes, and waffles, and can be partly substituted (10%) for wheat flour in baked goods, breads, and pasta. Japanese soba are buckwheat noodles.
Nuts and Seeds Nuts and seeds contain fat, protein, B complex vitamins, vitamin E, iron, magnesium, and other minerals. Some are high in omega-3 fatty acids. To improve digestibility, they can be soaked overnight or toasted lightly before eating. As they are easily susceptible to rancidity, shelled nuts and seeds bought whole and stored in the refrigerator are the safest. Sliced, roasted, blanched, and pieces of nuts and seeds are suspect because they have been exposed to air and light. Whole nuts with a protective covering like almonds and hazelnuts are better preserved. Nuts in the shell keep well up to a year in a dry cool place.
Meats and Poultry Meats are the most concentrated form of protein. The fat is saturated and contains cholesterol which is incorporated throughout the meat and unable to be removed. Meats supply complete protein, B complex vitamins, iron, potassium, and other minerals. Organ meats are usually richer in vitamins and minerals than muscle meats. Luncheon meats, frankfurters and sausages are often high in fats and may contain nitrites that can be converted to cancer-causing nitrosamines in the stomach. Most of the saturated fat and cholesterol in poultry is in the skin and therefore can be removed. Duck and goose have more fat in the meat than chicken or turkey. Poultry is a good source of complete protein, B complex vitamins, and iron. Animals raised for food commercially are given drugs, hormones and other toxic chemicals to increase weight or sale viability, which can affect human health. It is more healthful to
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choose meats and poultry that have been raised free range and without hormones or drugs.
Seafood Fish are the best source of omega-3 fatty acids especially fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, albacore tuna, herring, and sardines. They are also a complete protein and contain valuable trace minerals. Coastal waters are usually more polluted and therefore some fish species and shellfish are especially vulnerable in picking up the toxins. Wild fish are preferable to farmed fish which are often fed drugs to prevent diseases as a result of overcrowding. Fresh fish spoils easily and should be eaten within 2 days.
Eggs Egg whites are an excellent source of complete protein and although the yolk has a cholesterol content, lecithin and choline are also present and these are fat emulsifiers. The yolk also contains vitamins A, B2, niacin, biotin, D and E, and the minerals copper, iron, sulfur, and phosphorus, as well as unsaturated fatty acids. Some eggs are available that are fortified with omega-3 fatty acids. Raw egg white should not be consumed in great quantities because it contains a protein, avidin, that interferes with the absorption of biotin. Eggs should be obtained from free range chickens that are raised hormone and drug free.
Dairy Products Dairy products are a good source of calcium and complete protein. Yogurt has special properties, antibiotic in nature, that stimulate the immune system and the production of interferon which activates natural killer cells that fight viruses and cancer tumors; and it contains cultures that promote healthy intestinal bacteria that ward off numerous pathogens and diseases. The lactose in yogurt, cheese, and buttermilk has already been broken down and may be tolerated by those individuals who cannot metabolize lactose; lactose intolerance causes bloating and flatulence. Goat’s milk may be easier to digest for
some individuals than cow’s milk. Because milk contains saturated fat and cholesterol, especially concentrated in cheese, it is recommended that low-fat or nonfat products be consumed. The protein in milk can adversely affect some individuals by aggravating health conditions such as asthma, sinusitis, and bronchitis. It can also irritate an already overactive immune system in cases of allergies and other autoimmune disorders. Milk products that are not organic may contain residues of drugs and hormones that have been fed to dairy cows.
Seaweed Seaweed or sea vegetables are rich in minerals that are absorbed from seawater. They are a good source of iodine. Dulse is reddish purple in color and mildly tangy and salty in flavor. Tear or cut in pieces and add to salads or vegetable and grain dishes. Toast in the oven for 2 minutes at 350 degrees and use as a bacon substitute. Hiziki is dark brown or black and contains more minerals than other seaweeds. It is available dried in long strands that can be sautéed or simmered with vegetables. Kelp is available in powder or pill forms. It can also be toasted for 2 minutes in a 350-degree oven and eaten as a snack or rehydrated and sautéed. It complements vegetables, grains, legumes, and seafood. Wakame is a tenderizing seaweed that increases the digestibility of foods it is cooked with. Add to legume and vegetable dishes, toast to crisp and crumble over foods or rehydrate and cook until soft. Kombu can be used in almost all foods or toasted as a snack. When rehydrated it becomes mucilaginous. Nori is dark and crisp and available in sheets or flakes. It is used to wrap sushi and rice and can be added to soups and as a condiment for salads, vegetables, and grains. Arame has a mild, sweet taste and can be sautéed, combined with vegetables, or rehydrated and added to salads. Agar is a gelling agent that can be a substitute for commercial gelatin which is made from the bones, cartilage, and hides of horses, pigs, and cattle. Agar is soothing to the digestive tract and adds bulk to the food. It is available in powdered, granular, flaked, and bar form.
FOODS
Fermented Foods Fermented foods are predigested by bacteria, yeast, and molds that change the composition of the food. As part of a daily diet, they encourage the production of beneficial bacteria in the intestine that are necessary for complete and proper digestion, a strong immune system, and as an aid to the production of anticancer compounds. Fermented foods include yogurt with live active cultures, kefir, miso, tempeh, soy sauce, umeboshi, amasake, kombucha, natto, and apple cider and brown rice vinegars. Miso is a fermented paste made from soybeans. It can be used as a bouillon and as a replacement for salt, soy sauce, and worcestershire sauce. Simmer for no longer than 1 minute to preserve the microorganisms. Natto is fermented soybeans and can be used as a condiment with rice, pasta, and other grains or added to soups. Tempeh is fermented soybeans and has a meaty taste that can substitute for burgers and meat in other dishes. It can be fried, grilled, baked, broiled, or steamed. Umeboshi is fermented plums and used as a seasoning to replace salt and vinegar. Amasake is made from fermented sweet rice and available as a beverage in the refrigerated sections of food markets.
Sweeteners Honey is made from the nectar of flowers and the subsequent enzymatic action in the stomach of bees. It is 75% glucose and fructose. Raw, minimally filtered honey, contains the most nutrients. Substitute 1⁄2 to 3⁄4 cup honey for 1 cup sugar. Maple syrup is the sap from the sugar maple tree that is boiled to reduce water content and is 65% sucrose. It can be used in place of honey or sugar in recipes. Substitute 1⁄2 to 2⁄3 cup maple syrup for 1 cup of sugar. Maple sugar is evaporated maple syrup and can be used in place of refined sugar. Molasses is a by-product of the refining of sugar cane and is rich in minerals. It is 35 to 75% sucrose. Blackstrap is 35% sucrose and the most nutrient-dense. Molasses is used as a sweetener in baked goods, specifically rye bread, ginger cakes, cookies, baked beans, and as a syrup.
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Unrefined evaporated cane juice, known as rapadura, is the juice of sugar cane and contains vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. It is 82% sucrose. Use it as a substitute for refined sugar which is 99% sucrose. So-called cane juices and cane sugars in various forms that are found in commercial products are not the same and no better than refined sugar. Barley malt is an extract from roasted barley sprouts and its sugars are 65% maltose. It is less sweet than honey and works well in most baked goods. It is the preferred sweetener of many bakeries. Brown rice syrup is a mild sweetener, not as suitable for baked goods as other sweeteners, but good for toppings on, for example, pancakes and waffles. The sugars are mostly maltose. Date sugar is dehydrated and coarsely ground dates in which most nutrients remain intact. It is 65% fructose and sucrose. Substitute 2⁄3 cup date sugar for 1 cup white sugar. Sprinkle on top of foods and on baked goods after they have been removed from the oven. Date sugar can also be dissolved in hot water and used like honey or maple syrup. Stevia is an herb that is 30 times sweeter than sugar and has no calories. Two drops of extract sweetens 1 cup of liquid. Use to sweeten beverages and desserts. Fruits are a good source of sweeteners. Juices can be added to breads, cookies, and muffins. Soaked dried fruits and dates can be ground, blended, or mashed into a paste or butter and substituted for other sweeteners in a recipe. Mashed bananas, pureed apples, and applesauce add sweetness and moistness to quickbreads, muffins, and cookies. Fruits can be used as cake fillings, frostings, and toppings. Soaked dried fruits, mashed bananas, or berries can be cooked with arrowroot to a gel and spread on cakes, tarts, or other desserts. Raw or turbinado sugar is highly processed like white sugar except for the final filtration. It is 96% sucrose. Corn syrup is corn sugar in a liquid state, highly refined, mostly glucose. Fructose, the sugar in fruits and honey, when commercially processed, is highly refined from corn and not much better in nutrient value than refined white sugar. Brown sugar is refined sugar either burnt or with added molasses and is 98% sucrose. Aspartame, also
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known as Nutrasweet and Equal, is a combination of the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acids made from petrochemicals. Excessive amounts of phenylalanine can cause fetal brain damage and because it changes into aldehyde in the body, can adversely affect liver cells. Aspartame has been implicated in menstrual disorders, headaches, dizziness, seizures, and behavioral problems in children and an increased risk of cancer.70
Food Lists Following are lists of the pharmacological activity of plants, rich food sources of nutrients, including fatty acids, and the glycemic index of various foods. More information can be obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and NAPRALERT or Natural Products Alert, a database of over 100,000 studies at the University of Illinois in Chicago.
Pharmacological Activity Analgesic activity
chili peppers cinnamon clove coffee garlic ginger licorice onion peppermint Antibacterial activity
apple banana basil beet blueberry cabbage carrot cashew celery chili pepper chives coconut
cranberry cumin daikon dill flaxseed garlic ginger honey horseradish licorice lime nori nutmeg olive onion papaya plum purslane radish sage seaweed tea, black, green, oolong umeboshi watermelon yogurt Anticancer activity
asparagus barley basil berries broccoli Brussels sprouts cabbage cantaloupe carrot cauliflower celery chili pepper chives citrus fruits cucumber daikon eggplant fennel fenugreek flaxseed garlic ginger
FOODS
lentils licorice melons mints miso mushrooms, enoki, shiitake, maitake mustard greens oats olive oil onions oregano papaya parsley parsnips peppers potatoes rice, brown rosemary rutabagas sage seafood soybeans tarragon tea, black, green, oolong thyme tomatoes turmeric turnips whole wheat winter squash Anticoagulant activity
amaranth cinnamon cumin fish oil garlic ginger grape melons mushroom, tree ear onion Swiss chard tea watermelon Antioxidant activity
apricots asparagus
avocado basil berries Brazil nut broccoli Brussels sprouts cabbage carrot cauliflower chili peppers clove collards cumin fish garlic ginger grapefruit, pink grapes, red kale licorice marjoram nutmeg oats olive oil, extra virgin onion, red, yellow orange peanut peppers peppermint pumpkin sage sesame seeds spearmint spinach sweet potatoes tomatoes vegetables, green leafy watermelon Antiviral activity
apples barley black currant blueberry chives coffee collards cranberry dandelion
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dill flaxseed garlic ginger gooseberry grapes grapefruit lemon mushroom, shiitake onion orange peach pineapple plums raspberry sage seaweed spearmint strawberry tea, black, green, oolong
persimmons pineapple prunes raspberries tea, black, green, oolong Sedative activity
anise celery seed clove cumin fennel garlic ginger honey marjoram onion parsley sage spearmint
Cholesterol-lowering activity
almonds apple avocado barley beans, dry carrots garlic grapefruit mushrooms, shiitake oats olive oil rice, brown soybeans walnuts
Rich Sources of Nutrients
Salicylate activity
fruits grains, whole legumes sugars vegetables
almonds apples blueberries cherries currants curry powder dates licorice oranges paprika peppers
Protein
amaranth dairy products eggs fish grains, whole legumes meats poultry quinoa soybeans Carbohydrates
Vitamin A
blueberries chilis, red corn dairy products eggs
FOODS
fruits, yellow liver prunes tomatoes vegetables, dark green vegetables, yellow Vitamin B1
eggs fish grains, whole legumes meat molasses, blackstrap nuts organ meats poultry yeast, nutritional Vitamin B2
dairy products eggs fish grains, whole legumes meat meats, organ molasses, blackstrap nuts vegetables, leafy green yeast, nutritional Niacin
dairy products fish grains, whole legumes meat meats, organ peanuts poultry yeast, brewers Vitamin B6
banana fish grains, whole legumes meats
meats, organ molasses, blackstrap potatoes poultry vegetables, green leafy wheat germ yeast, brewers Vitamin B12
dairy products eggs fish meat meats, organ Folic acid
asparagus avocado beans broccoli Brussels sprouts bulgur dairy products fruits, citrus grains, whole liver meat meats, organ okra oyster raspberries salmon sunflower seeds vegetables, leafy green vegetables, root wheat germ whole wheat yeast, brewers Pantothenic acid
dairy products eggs fish fruits grains, whole legumes meat meats, organ nuts
145
146
SECTION IV
royal jelly salmon vegetables wheat germ yeast
oranges raisins wheat, whole yeast, brewers PABA
Biotin
banana dairy products eggs fish, saltwater grains, whole legumes liver meat mushrooms oats peanuts poultry rice, brown soybeans yeast, brewers Choline
cabbage cauliflower eggs fish grains, whole legumes meat meats, organ oats soybeans vegetables wheat germ yeast, brewers Inositol
beans cantaloupe dairy products fruits, citrus grains, whole legumes liver meat molasses nuts
dairy products grains, whole meats meats, organ molasses mushrooms poultry vegetables, green leafy wheat germ Vitamin C
acerola berries beans, sprouted berries broccoli Brussels sprouts cantaloupe cauliflower currants fruits, citrus grains, sprouted guava kale kiwi papaya parsley peas, green peppers, red, green rose hips squash strawberry tomatoes vegetables, green leafy Vitamin D
butter cod-liver oil eggs fatty fish meats, organ sunlight vitamin D fortified foods
FOODS Vitamin E
avocado eggs grains, whole legumes meats, organ molasses nuts seeds vegetables, leafy green vegetable oils wheat germ oil Vitamin K
leafy green vegetables eggs polyunsaturated oils soybeans blackstrap molasses cauliflower broccoli Brussels sprouts cabbage liver oats whole wheat rye dairy products kelp Bioflavonoids
citrus fruits—white segments fruits black currants buckwheat onions apples black tea soybeans blueberries Carotenoids
dark green vegetables yellow/orange vegetables tomatoes watermelon guava apricots peaches
cantaloupe pumpkin pink grapefruit mango Calcium
dairy products mackerel w/bones sardines w/bones salmon w/bones green leafy vegetables dried figs tofu turnip greens kale broccoli okra soybeans beans sesame seeds whole grains quinoa almonds Brazil nuts hazelnuts hiziki molasses amaranth Chromium
brewers yeast whole grains dairy products meat liver mushrooms beets grapes honey raisins clams black pepper Copper
oysters nuts seafood legumes whole grains
147
148
SECTION IV
potatoes green vegetables meat organ meats raisins almonds blackstrap molasses Iodine
seafood iodized salt seaweed Iron
oysters meat organ meats poultry fish dried fruit blackstrap molasses apricots raisins leafy green vegetables eggs cherries whole grains legumes oysters dulse hiziki Magnesium
nuts whole grains beans dark green vegetables fish meat kiwi dairy products molasses Manganese
nuts whole wheat whole grains leafy green vegetables
pineapple blueberries seeds legumes eggs tea avocado seaweed Molybdenum
legumes dark leafy green vegetables whole grains dairy products organ meats Potassium
blackstrap molasses fruits avocado banana legumes green leafy vegetables vegetables potatoes tomatoes dairy products whole grains dried fruits almonds peanuts sunflower seeds fish meats poultry Selenium
Brazil nuts sesame seeds brewers yeast whole grains tuna wheat germ fish herring oysters clams organ meats
FOODS Silicon
cucumbers grains, whole vegetables, root Sulfur
beans Brussels sprouts cabbage dairy products eggs fish garlic horseradish kale meats onions peppers, hot turnips wheat germ Vanadium
corn dill fish meat mushrooms olives parsley radish soybeans whole grains Zinc
brewers yeast crab dulse eggs fish herring kelp meat mushrooms organ meats oysters peas, black-eyed pecans poultry
pumpkin seeds sardines sunflower seeds soybeans turkey wheat germ whole grains Fats
Saturated fatty acids animal fat beef butter coconut oil fatty meats lamb palm kernel oil palm oil pork veal vegetable shortening Monounsaturated fatty acids avocado canola oil cashews macadamia nuts olive oil peanut oil peanuts pistachios pumpkin seeds walnut oil walnuts peanut oil Polyunsaturated fatty acids corn oil cottonseed oil fish flaxseed oil flaxseeds grapeseed oil safflower oil sunflower oil sunflower seeds sesame oil sesame seeds soybean oil soybeans
149
150
SECTION IV
walnuts walnut oil Omega-6 fatty acids black currant oil borage oil corn oil cottonseed oil evening primrose oil grapeseed oil meats nuts peanut oil poultry safflower oil seeds sesame oil soybean oil sunflower oil Omega-3 fatty acids canola oil chia seeds fish oils flaxseed oil flaxseeds greens, dark leafy hemp oil hemp seeds pumpkin seeds purslane soybean oil soybeans walnuts walnut oil roe mackerel anchovies herring salmon sardines whitefish tuna, albacore turbot shark bluefish bass, striped tuna lake trout Atlantic sturgeon
Percent of Fatty Acids %SFA
%MUFA
Beef fat
51
44
4
1
Butter
54
30
4
12
6
62
31
1
Chicken fat
30
47
22
1
Coconut oil
77
6
2
15
Corn oil
13
25
62
Cottonseed oil
27
19
54
9
18
73
Lard
41
47
12
Margarine
18
48
29
Olive oil, extra virgin
14
77
9
Palm oil
51
39
10
Peanut oil
13
49
33
5
Safflower oil
10
13
76
1
Sesame oil
13
46
41
Soybean oil
15
24
61
Sunflower oil
11
20
69
Vegetable shortening
26
43
25
Walnut oil
16
28
56
Canola oil
Flaxseed oil
%PUFA %Other
5
6
Glycemic Index (GI) The glycemic index is an indicator of the effect carbohydrates (starches and sugars) have after ingestion on sugar levels in the blood. Carbohydrates that quickly turn into glucose or sugar have a high glycemic index and cause a rapid rise in blood glucose. The pancreas responds by releasing the hormone insulin into the bloodstream to control the elevation of glucose. The pancreas can eventually become exhausted from overstimulation which can result in adult onset diabetes in genetically susceptible individuals. High blood insulin levels are also associated with heart disease and hypertension. Carbohydrates that break down during digestion and absorption more
FOODS
slowly have a low glycemic index, and release sugars into the bloodstream at a gradual and prolonged pace. Less insulin is necessary for regulation, relieving the pancreas of overwork. There are a number of factors that determine glycemic index values. Amylose starches, because their molecules are in rows and close together, are more difficult for enzymes to break down. Amylopectic starches branch out and are therefore more accessible to enzymatic action. Foods contain both starches, but one is more predominant. Another factor is whether a food is refined or left in its original state. The encasement of whole foods, beans, and seeds in fiber acts as a barrier protecting the starch granules in the interior from rapid enzymatic action, which will slow the rate of digestion, absorption, and conversion to glucose. The smaller the size of the starch granule, the easier it is for enzymes to facilitate conversion to glucose. Steel roller mills commonly used today grind grains to a much finer degree than grains that are stoneground. The more refined, the less fiber present in the finished product, the faster the food will be digested and absorbed, and the faster the rise in blood glucose. The same food that is processed in different ways will result in differing GI values. Foods that contain fat and those of an acidic nature like oranges, lemons, vinegar, and sourdough breads, delay the emptying time of the stomach resulting in slower digestion and absorption of a meal. Because fat takes longer for the the stomach to digest, potato chips or french fries, for example, have a lower glycemic index than baked potatoes. Table sugar, because it is not pure glucose but contains two molecules, one glucose and one fructose, takes longer to digest than some starches. Nuts and meats contain little or no carbohydrate and, when combined with starches and sugars, will slow down digestion and absorption. Combining low GI and high GI foods at the same meal will moderate blood sugar levels. Low glycemic index foods such as whole grains, pasta (because of the large particle size of semolina or whole grains), beans, vegetables, fruit, and low-fat yogurt can help regulate blood
151
sugar levels for diabetics due to the slow digestion rate and consequent gradual release of sugar into the bloodstream. For overweight individuals, low-GI foods tend to contain fewer calories, and because of the prolonged release of sugar into the blood, hunger pangs are abated for longer periods of time. Individudals lacking sustained energy throughout the day can benefit by the gradual and sustained release of energy produced from low-GI foods. The glycemic index of a food is calculated from an approximate average of a group of individuals tested and often from an average of tests that have been conducted in a number of different countries. Most studies use pure glucose as the reference food giving it a GI of 100. All foods are measured in equivalent amounts of 50 g of carbohydrate. This should be kept in mind when reading GI values because, for example, carrots have a high glycemic index but 50 g of carbohydrate grams is far above the normal amount (11 g in one cup) eaten at one time. Blood sugar responses are not consistent, varying in an individual from day to day as well as from one person to another, which can be quite significant, as much as double the effect. Low GI—below 55 High GI—over 70 Breads
English muffins
70
Pretzels
83
Pumpernickel, whole grain
51
Rye
76
Sourdough
52
White
70
Wholewheat
67
Wholewheat, pita
57
Wholewheat, stoneground
53
Dairy
Ice cream
61
Ice cream, lowfat
50
Ice milk
50
Milk, nonfat
32
152
SECTION IV
Milk, whole
23
Oat Bran
55
Yogurt, lowfat
33
Oatmeal
49
Yogurt, nonfat
14
Pasta
Fruits
Couscous
65
Apple
36
Spaghetti
Apple, dried
29
White
41
Apricot
57
Wholewheat
37
Apple juice, unsweetened
40
Apricot, dried
31
Banana
55
Cantaloupe
65
Cherries
22
Popcorn
55
Post Grapenuts
67
Post Shredded Wheat
67
Rice
Dates
103
Grapefruit
25
Grapefruit juice
48
Grapes
46
Kiwi
52
Mango
55
Orange
44
Orange juice
46
Papaya
58
Peach
42
Pear
38
Pineapple
66
Pineapple juice
Basmati
58
Brown
55
Parboiled
48
Rice bran
19
Rice cakes
82
White, short grain
72
Taco shells
68
Wheat, shredded
67
Legumes
Baked beans
48
Black beans
30
Garbanzos
33
Kidney beans
27
46
Lentils
29
Plum
39
Navy beans
38
Raisins
56
Peanuts
14
Pinto beans
39
Soybeans
17
Watermelon
7
Grains
Barley
25
Soymilk
31
Buckwheat groats
54
Split peas
32
Bulgur
48
Split pea soup
60
Cheerios
74
Sugars
Cornflakes
84
Fructose
23
Kelloggs All Bran
51
Glucose
100
Kelloggs Raisin Bran
73
Honey
58
Muesli
56
Lactose
46
FOODS Maltose
85
Pumpkin
75
Sucrose
65
Sweet corn
55
Sweet potato
54 51
Vegetables
Beets
69
Yam
Carrots
90
Miscellaneous
Green peas
48
Chocolate
49
Parsnips
90
Coca Cola
63
Crackers, soda
74
Potato Baked
93
Graham crackers
74
French fries
75
Jam, strawberry
51
New
62
Jelly beans
80
Potato chips
54
Snickers bar
41
153
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SECTION V
Diet/Food Composition
Diet and Food Composition
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Weights and Measures Metric Conversions 1 teaspoon
= 5 milliliters (ml)
1 tablespoon
= 15 milliliters
1 ounce
= 30 milliliters
1 cup
= 235 milliliters or 1⁄4 liter
1 quart
= 0.95 liter
1 gallon
= 3.8 liters
Weights 1 microgram
= 1/1,000,000 gram
1000 micrograms = 1 milligram 1 milligram
= 1/1000 gram
1000 milligrams
= 1 gram
1.00 ounce
= 28.35 grams
3.57 ounces
= 100.00 grams
0.25 pound
= 113.00 grams
0.50 pound
= 227.00 grams
1.00 pound
= 16.00 ounces
1.00 pound
= 453.00 grams
157 Copyright © 2002, 1996, 1990, 1984, 1979, 1975, 1973 by Nutrition Search, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
158
SECTION V
Capacity Measurements 1 quart
= 4 cups
1 pint
= 2 cups
1 cup
= 1⁄2 pint
1 cup
= 8 fluid ounces
1 cup
= 16 tablespoons
2 tablespoons
= 1 fluid ounce
1 tablespoon
= 1⁄2 fluid ounce
1 tablespoon
= 3 teaspoons
Approximate Equivalents 1 average serving = about 4 ounces 1 ounce fluid
= about 28 grams
1 cup fluid Cooking oil
= 200 grams
Water
= 220 grams
Milk, soups
= 240 grams
Syrup, honey
= 325 grams
1 cup dry Cereal flakes
= 50 grams
Flours
= 100 grams
Sugars
= 200 grams
1 tablespoon fluid Cooking oil
= 14 grams
Milk, water
= 15 grams
Syrup, honey
= 20 grams
1 tablespoon dry = 1⁄6 ounce Flours
= 8 grams
Sugars
= 12 grams
1 pat butter
= 1⁄2 tablespoon
1 teaspoon fluid
= about 5 grams
1 teaspoon dry
= about 4 grams
1 grain
= about 65 milligrams
1 minim
= about 1 drop water
Abbreviations and Symbols Used in the Tables avg cal C ckd diam enr g IU lb lge mcg mg oz reg sm sq svg t T tsp unsw w w/o whl grd — / "
average calorie cup cooked diameter enriched gram International Unit pound large microgram milligram ounce regular small square serving trace tablespoon teaspoon unsweetened with without whole ground reliable data lacking of; with; per inches
Recommended Dietary Intake Chart For more than 50 years, nutrition experts have produced a set of nutrient and energy standards known as the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). A major revision is currently underway to replace the RDA. The revised recommendations are called Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and reflect the collaborative efforts of both the United States and Canada. Until 1997, the RDA were the only standards available and they will continue to serve health professionals until DRI can be established for all nutrients. For this reason, both the 1989 RDA and the 1997 DRI for selected nutrients are presented here.
Age, yr
62
+500
2nd 6 mo
1200
1300 11
12
10
65
65
65
90
95
70
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.0
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.2
20
20
17
13
15
2.1
2.1
2.2
1.6
1.6
260
280
400
180
180
180
2.6
2.6
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.0
15
15
30
10
15
15
15
16
19
15
12
12
12
12
200
200
175
150
150
150
150
150
150
75
75
65
55
55
55
50
45
70
70
10
71+
10
71+
Lactating
*
10
5
5
5
51–70
31–50
19–30
14–18
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
51–70
31–50
19–30
Pregnant
*Values are the same as for other women of comparable age. † 1 µg (1 mcg) is 1 microgram. To convert 1-µg RE (microgram of retinol equivalent) to IUs (International Units), multiply 1-µg RE by 3.33. To convert 1-mg α-TE (alpha tocopherol equivalent) to IUs, multiply 1-mg α-TE by 1.49. Source: RDA reprinted with permission from Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th edition © 1959 by the National Academy of Sciences. Courtesy of the National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.: Committee on Dietary Reference Intakes, Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1997).
65
+500
1st 6 mo
Lactating
800
60
1.3
1.6
2.0
12
15
150
70
14–18
60
65
1.1
15
180
15
10
15
150
50
9–13
+300
8
60
1.3
1.5
2.0
2.0
10
15
150
40
Males
Pregnant
800
65
1.1
15
150
200
2.0
10
15
150
30
50
8
60
1.3
1.4
2.0
200
2.0
12
15
120
4–8
1900
800
60
1.1
15
15
2.0
200
2.0
12
10
20
51+
50
8
60
1.3
1.4
19
2.0
200
2.0
10
90
2200
800
55
1.1
1.2
1.7
19
2.0
150
1.4
10
25–50
46
8
50
60
1.5
1.7
20
1.7
100
10
20
2200
800
45
80
60
1.5
1.8
17
1.4
1.0
70
0.5–1.0
19–24
44
8
10
80
60
1.5
1.5
13
75
10
15
0.0–0.5
2200
800
1000
10
70
60
1.3
1.2
1.1
10
50
10
15–18
46
63
1000
10
65
50
1.0
12
0.7
5
40
9–13
2300
51+
63
1000
10
45
45
1.1
50
10
5
2200
2900
25–50
58
1000
10
30
0.9
1.0
0.5
6
11–14
2900
19–24
59
1000
7
45
9
35
0.3
Females
3000
15–18
45
700
20
0.8
0.6
25
Females
2500
11–14
Males
28
7
0.7
6
0.3
2000
500
40
0.5
Niacin, mg NE 5
Vitamin B6, mg
7–10
24
15
0.4
Riboflavin, mg 0.4
Folate, g
1800
6
35
Thiamin, mg 0.3
Vitamin B12, g
4–6
400
10
Vitamin C, mg 30
Iron, mg
1–3
16
4
Vitamin K, g 5
Zinc, mg
1300
375
Vitamin E, mg ␣-TE† 3
Iodine, g
1–3
14
Vitamin A, g RE†
375
Selenium, g Children
850
0.5–1.0
Protein, g
13
Infants
Age, yr
Children
650
Energy, kcal
0.0–0.5
Infants
Vitamin D, g
1997 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
*
1200
1200
1000
1000
1300
1300
1200
1200
1000
1000
1300
1300
800
500
270
210
Calcium, mg
1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
*
*
700
700
700
700
1250
1250
700
700
700
700
1250
1250
500
460
275
100
Phosphorus, mg
Recommended Dietary Intakes
*
+40
320
320
320
310
360
240
420
420
420
400
410
240
130
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.9
2.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.2
2.0
1.1
0.7
0.5
75
80
0.01
Magnesium, mg 30
Fluoride, mg
160
SECTION V
Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals Life stage group
Calcium, mg/d
Phosphorus, mg/d
Magnesium, mg/d
Vitamin D, g/da,b
Fluoride, mg/d
Thiamin, mg/d
Riboflavin, mg/d
Niacin, mg/dc
Infants 0–6 mo
210*
100*
30*
5*
0.01*
0.2*
0.3*
2*
7–12 mo
270*
275*
75*
5*
0.5*
0.3*
0.4*
4*
1–3 y
500*
460
80
5*
0.7*
0.5
0.5
6
4–8 y
800*
500
130
5*
1*
0.6
0.6
8
9–13 y
1300*
1250
240
5*
2*
0.9
0.9
12
14–18 y
1300*
1250
410
5*
3*
1.2
1.3
16
19–30 y
1000*
700
400
5*
4*
1.2
1.3
16
31–50 y
1000*
780
420
5*
4*
1.2
1.3
16
51–70 y
1200*
700
420
10*
4*
1.2
1.3
16
>70 y
1200*
700
420
15*
4*
1.2
1.3
16
9–13 y
1300*
1250
240
5*
2*
0.9
0.9
12
14–18 y
1300*
1250
360
5*
3*
1.0
1.0
14
19–30 y
1000*
700
310
5*
3*
1.1
1.1
14
31–50 y
1000*
700
320
5*
3*
1.1
1.1
14
51–70 y
1200*
700
320
10*
3*
1.1
1.1
14
>70 y
1200*
700
320
15*
3*
1.1
1.1
14
≤18 y
1300*
1250
400
5*
3*
1.4
1.4
18
19–30 y
1000*
700
350
5*
3*
1.4
1.4
18
31–50 y
1000*
700
360
5*
3*
1.4
1.4
18
≤18 y
1300*
1250
360
5*
3*
1.4
1.6
17
19–30 y
1000*
700
310
5*
3*
1.4
1.6
17
31–50 y
1000*
700
320
5*
3*
1.4
1.6
17
Children
Males
Females
Pregnancy
Lactation
Note: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98%) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life-stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. a
As cholecalciferol. 1-mg cholecalciferol = 40-IU vitamin D.
b
In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.
c
As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
161
Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals (Continued ) Vitamin B6, mg/d
Folate, g/dd
Vitamin B12, g/d
Pantothenic acid, mg/d
Biotin g/d
Cholinee, mg/d
Vitamin C, mg/d
Vitamin Ef, mg/d
Selenium, g/d
Life stage group
Infants 0.1*
65*
0.4*
1.7*
5*
125*
40*
4*
15*
0–6 mo
0.3*
80*
0.5*
1.8*
6*
150*
50*
5*
20*
7–12 mo Children
0.5
150
0.9
2*
8*
200*
15
6
20
1–3 y
0.6
200
1.2
3*
12*
250*
25
7
30
4–8 y Males
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
45
11
40
9–13 y
1.3
400
2.4
3*
25*
550*
75
15
55
14–18 y
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
90
15
55
19–30 y
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
90
15
55
31–50 y
1.7
400
2.4 g
5*
30*
550*
90
15
55
51–70 y
400
g
5*
30*
550*
90
15
55
>70 y
1.7
2.4
Females 1.0
1.8
4*
20*
375*
45
11
40
9–13 y
1.2
400
h
2.4
5*
25*
400*
65
15
55
14–18 y
1.3
400 h
2.4
5*
30*
425*
75
15
55
19–30 y
1.3
400 h
2.4
1.5 1.5
300
400 400
5*
30*
425*
75
15
55
31–50 y
2.4
g
5*
30*
425*
75
15
55
51–70 y
2.4
g
5*
30*
425*
75
15
55
>70 y Pregnancy
1.9
600 i
2.6
6*
30*
450*
80
15
60
≤18 y
1.9
600 i
2.6
6*
30*
450*
85
15
60
19–30 y
1.9
i
2.6
6*
30*
450*
85
15
60
31–60 y
600
Lactation 2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
115
19
70
≤18 y
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
120
19
70
19–30 y
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
120
19
70
31–50 y
As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg (mcg) food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. d
e
Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
f As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-steroisomeric forms of α-tocopheral (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, SSS-α-tocopherol) also found in fortified foods and supplements. g Because 10 to 30% of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12. h In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 pg (mcg) from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. i It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
Source: Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine—National Academy of Sciences.
162
SECTION V
Table of Food Composition The foods in the following table have been divided according to food groups and run alphabetically. All figures are averages of different food samples. The dash (—) indicates that meaningful analysis of the food for that nutrient is lacking. The zero confirms the absence of a nutrient. The content of trace minerals depends on the soil in which the foods are grown and where they are grown and will vary significantly in foods from area to area. Updated values are from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 13, November 1999.
Food Groups Beverages Dairy and Eggs Fats and Oils Fruits and Fruit Juices Grains Legumes
Meats Nuts and Seeds Poultry Seafood and Seaweed Vegetables and Vegetable Juices
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
163
Beverages Beer, reg.
Coffee, reg.
Coffee substitute, cereal grain
Cola
Tea, brewed
Measure
12 oz
6 oz
6 oz
12 oz
6 oz
Weight, g
356
178
180
370
178
Calories
146
6
9
152
1.8
Protein, g
1.1
0.18
0.18
0
0
Carbohydrate, g
13
0.71
1.8
39
0.53 0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.02
0
0.01
0
0
Vitamin B2, mg
0.09
0
t
0
0.03
Vitamin B6, mg
0.18
0
0.02
0
0
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.07
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
1.6
0.4
0.4
0
0 0.02
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.21
T
0.02
0
Folic acid, mcg
21
0.18
0.54
0
9.3
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0
0
0
0
0
Calcium, mg
18
3.6
5
11
0
Copper, mg
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.02
Iron, mg
0.11
0.09
0.01
0.11
0.04
Magnesium, mg
21
9
7
4
0.3
Manganese, mg
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.13
0.4
Phosphorus, mg
43
1.8
13
44
1.8
Potassium, mg
89
96
43
4
66
Selenium, mcg
4.3
0.18
0.36
0.37
0
Sodium, mg
18
3.6
7
15
5
Zinc, mg
0.1
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
Total lipid, g
0
0
0
0
0
Total saturated, g
0
t
0.01
0
t
Total unsaturated, g
0
0
0.04
0
t
Total monounsaturated, g
0
t
t
0
t
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.01
—
t
—
0
Threonine, g
0.02
—
t
—
0
Isoleucine, g
0.02
—
t
—
0
Leucine, g
0.02
—
t
—
0
Lycine, g
0.03
—
t
—
0
Methionine, g
t
—
t
—
0
Cystine, g
0.01
—
t
—
0
Phenylalanine, g
0.02
—
t
—
0
Tyrosine, g
0.05
—
t
—
0 0
Valine, g
0.03
—
t
—
Arginine, g
0.03
—
t
—
0
Histidine, g
0.02
—
t
—
0
Alanine, g
0.04
—
t
—
0
Aspartic acid, g
0.04
—
t
—
0
Glutamic acid, g
0.11
—
0.03
—
0
Glycine, g
0.03
—
t
—
0
Proline, g
0.11
—
0.01
—
0
Serine, g
0.02
—
t
—
0
Beverages
Fiber, g Vitamin A, IU
164
SECTION V
Beverages
Beverages
Tea, herb, brewed
Wine, table, red
Wine, table, white
Measure
6 oz
3.5 oz
3.5 oz
Weight, g
178
103
103 70
Calories
1.8
74
Protein, g
0
0.21
0.1
Carbohydrate, g
0.36
1.8
0.8 0
Fiber, g
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.02
0.01
t
Vitamin B2, mg
t
0.03
0.01
Vitamin B6, mg
0
0.04
0.01
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0.01
0
Niacin, mg
0
0.08
0.07
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.02
0.04
0.02
Folic acid, mcg
1
2
0.2
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0
—
—
Calcium, mg
3.6
8
9
Copper, mg
0.03
0.02
0.02
Iron, mg
0.14
0.44
0.33
Magnesium, mg
1.8
13
10
Manganese, mg
0.08
0.62
0.47
Phosphorus, mg
0
14
14
Potassium, mg
16
115
82
Selenium, mcg
0
0.21
0.21
Sodium, mg
1.8
5
5
Zinc, mg
0.07
0.09
0.07
Total lipid, g
0
0
0
Total saturated, g
t
0
0
Total unsaturated, g
t
0
0
Total monounsaturated, g
t
0
0
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
—
—
—
Threonine, g
—
—
—
Isoleucine, g
—
—
—
Leucine, g
—
—
—
Lycine, g
—
—
—
Methionine, g
—
—
—
Cystine, g
—
—
—
Phenylalanine, g
—
—
—
Tyrosine, g
—
—
—
Valine, g
—
—
—
Arginine, g
—
—
—
Histidine, g
—
—
—
Alanine, g
—
—
—
Aspartic acid, g
—
—
—
Glutamic acid, g
—
—
—
Glycine, g
—
—
—
Proline, g
—
—
—
Serine, g
—
—
—
165
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Cheese Blue
Brick
Brie
Camembert
Measure
1 oz
1 oz
1 oz
1 oz
Cheddar
Weight, g
28
28
28
28
28
Calories
100
105
95
85
114
Protein, g
6.07
6.59
5.88
5.61
7.06 0.36
1 oz
0.66
0.79
0.13
0.13
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
204
307
189
262
300
Vitamin B1, mg
0.008
0.004
0.02
0.008
0.008
Vitamin B2, mg
0.108
0.1
0.147
0.138
0.106
Vitamin B6, mg
0.047
0.018
0.067
0.064
0.021
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.345
0.356
0.468
0.367
0.234
Niacin, mg
0.288
0.033
0.108
0.179
0.023
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.49
0.082
0.196
0.387
0.117
Folic acid, mcg
10
6
18
18
5
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.27
0.21
0.28
0.28
0.15
Calcium, mg
150
191
52
110
204
Copper, mg
0.011
0.007
t
0.022
0.031
Iron, mg
0.09
0.12
0.14
0.09
0.19
Magnesium, mg
7
7
5.7
6
8 0.003
Manganese, mg
0.003
0.003
0.01
0.011
Phosphorus, mg
110
128
53
98
145
Potassium, mg
73
38
43
53
28
Selenium, mcg
4
4
4
4
3.9
Sodium, mg
396
159
178
239
176
Zinc, mg
0.75
0.74
0.68
0.68
0.88
Total lipid, gm
8.15
8.41
7.85
6.88
9.4
Total saturated, gm
5.3
5.32
5
4.33
5.98
Total unsaturated, gm
0.23
0.22
0.23
0.21
0.27
Total monounsaturated, gm
2.2
2.4
2.3
2
2.66
Cholesterol, mg
21
27
28
20
30
Tryptophan, g
0.089
0.092
0.091
0.087
0.091
Threonine, g
0.223
0.25
0.213
0.203
0.251
Isoleucine, g
0.319
0.322
0.288
0.275
0.438
Leucine, g
0.545
0.636
0.547
0.522
0.676
Lycine, g
0.526
0.602
0.525
0.501
0.588
Methionine, g
0.166
0.16
0.168
0.16
0.185
Cystine, g
0.03
0.037
0.032
0.031
0.035
Phenylalanine, g
0.309
0.349
0.328
0.313
0.372
Tyrosine, g
0.368
0.316
0.34
0.325
0.341
Valine, g
0.442
0.417
0.38
0.362
0.471
Arginine, g
0.202
0.248
0.208
0.199
0.267
Histidine, g
0.215
0.233
0.203
0.194
0.248
Alanine, g
0.183
0.19
0.243
0.232
0.199
Aspartic acid, g
0.408
0.45
0.383
0.365
0.454
Glutamic acid, g
1.47
1.56
1.24
1.18
1.72
Glycine, g
0.115
0.124
0.112
0.107
0.122
Proline, g
0.596
0.73
0.697
0.665
0.796
Serine, g
0.318
0.366
0.331
0.316
0.413
Dairy and Eggs
Carbohydrate, g Fiber, g
166
SECTION V
Cheese
Dairy and Eggs
Cheshire
Colby
Cottage, creamed, sm curd
Cottage, low-fat, 1%
Cream
Measure
1 oz
1 oz
1C
1C
1 oz
Weight, g
28
28
225
226
28
Calories
110
112
232
164
99
Protein, g
6.62
6.74
28
28
2.14 0.75
Carbohydrate, g
1.36
0.73
5.6
6
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
279
293
367
83
405
Vitamin B1, mg
0.013
0.004
0.05
0.05
0.005
Vitamin B2, mg
0.083
0.106
0.37
0.37
0.056
Vitamin B6, mg
0.02
0.022
0.15
0.15
0.013
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.23
0.234
1.4
1.4
0.12
Niacin, mg
0.02
0.026
0.28
0.29
0.029
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.12
0.06
0.48
0.49
0.077
Folic acid, mcg
5.2
5.2
27
28
4
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
—
0.15
0.4
0.37
0.4
Calcium, mg
182
194
135
137
23
Copper, mg
0.01
0.012
0.06
0.06
0.011
Iron, mg
0.06
0.22
0.32
0.32
0.34
Magnesium, mg
6
7
12
12
2 0.001
Manganese, mg
t
0.003
t
t
Phosphorus, mg
131
129
297
302
30
Potassium, mg
27
36
190
193
34
Selenium, mcg
4
4
20
20
0.68
Sodium, mg
198
171
910
917
84
Zinc, mg
0.8
0.87
0.83
0.86
0.15
Total lipid, g
8.68
9.1
10
2.3
9.89
Total saturated, g
5.5
5.73
6.4
1.5
6.23
Total unsaturated, g
0.25
0.27
0.3
0.07
0.36
Total monounsaturated, g
2.5
2.6
2.9
0.66
2.8
Cholesterol, mg
29
27
34
10
31
Tryptophan, g
0.085
0.087
0.313
0.312
0.019
Threonine, g
0.236
0.24
1.25
1.24
0.091
Isoleucine, g
0.411
0.418
1.65
1.65
0.113
Leucine, g
0.635
0.645
2.9
2.88
0.207
Lycine, g
0.551
0.561
2.3
2.27
0.192
Methionine, g
0.173
0.176
0.846
0.843
0.051
Cystine, g
0.033
0.034
0.26
0.26
0.019
Phenylalanine, g
0.349
0.355
1.5
1.5
0.119
Tyrosine, g
0.32
0.325
1.5
1.5
0.102
Valine, g
0.442
0.45
1.7
1.7
0.125
Arginine, g
0.25
0.254
1.3
1.28
0.081
Histidine, g
0.233
0.236
0.93
0.93
0.077
Alanine, g
0.187
0.19
1.46
1.45
0.065
Aspartic acid, g
0.426
0.433
1.9
1.9
0.151
Glutamic acid, g
1.62
1.64
6
6.1
0.486
Glycine, g
0.114
0.116
0.6
0.6
0.042
Proline, g
0.747
0.759
3.3
3.2
0.195
Serine, g
0.387
0.394
1.6
1.6
0.113
167
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Cheese Edam
Feta
Measure
1 oz
1 oz
Fontina 1 oz
Gjetost 1 oz
Gouda
Weight, g
28
28
28
28
28
Calories
101
75
110
132
101
Protein, g
7.08
4
7.26
2.74
7.07
1 oz
0.4
1.16
0.44
12
0.63
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
260
127
333
316
183
Vitamin B1, mg
0.01
0.04
0.006
0.09
0.009
Vitamin B2, mg
0.11
0.24
0.058
0.4
0.095
Vitamin B6, mg
0.022
0.12
0.024
0.07
0.023
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.435
0.48
0.48
0.69
0.44
Niacin, mg
0.023
0.28
0.043
0.23
0.018
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.08
0.27
0.122
0.95
0.096
Folic acid, mcg
5
9
1.7
1
6
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.31
t
0.15
—
0.15
Calcium, mg
207
140
156
113
198
Copper, mg
0.008
—
t
0.023
0.01
Iron, mg
0.12
0.18
0.06
0.15
0.07
Magnesium, mg
8
5
4
20
8 t
Manganese, mg
0.003
t
t
0.01
Phosphorus, mg
152
96
98
126
155
Potassium, mg
53
18
18
400
34
Selenium, mcg
4
4.3
4
4
4
Sodium, mg
274
316
227
170
232 1.11
Zinc, mg
1.06
0.82
0.99
0.32
Total lipid, g
7.88
6
8.83
8.37
7.78
Total saturated, g
4.98
4.24
5.44
5.43
4.99 0.19
Total unsaturated, g
0.19
0.17
0.47
0.27
Total monounsaturated, g
2.3
1.3
2.5
2.2
2.2
Cholesterol, mg
25
25
33
27
32 0.1
Tryptophan, g
0.1
0.06
0.1
0.038
Threonine, g
0.264
0.18
0.27
0.111
0.264
Isoleucine, g
0.371
0.23
0.4
0.147
0.370
Leucine, g
0.720
0.4
0.76
0.281
0.727
Lycine, g
0.754
0.35
0.66
0.231
0.752
Methionine, g
0.204
0.1
0.2
0.09
0.204
Cystine, g
0.07
0.024
0.074
0.016
0.07
Phenylalanine, g
0.406
0.2
0.424
0.153
0.406
Tyrosine, g
0.413
0.19
0.43
0.154
0.412
Valine, g
0.513
0.3
0.55
0.217
0.512
Arginine, g
0.273
0.133
0.24
0.093
0.273
Histidine, g
0.293
0.113
0.27
0.083
0.293
Alanine, g
0.217
0.18
0.23
0.092
0.216
Aspartic acid, g
0.495
0.22
0.4
0.201
0.494
Glutamic acid, g
1.74
0.69
1.46
0.563
1.74
Glycine, g
0.138
0.03
0.13
0.054
0.137
Proline, g
0.922
0.4
0.94
0.334
0.92
Serine, g
0.439
0.33
0.42
0.133
0.438
Dairy and Eggs
Carbohydrate, g Fiber, g
168
SECTION V
Cheese
Dairy and Eggs
Gruyere
Limburger
Monterey Jack
Mozzarella
Mozzarella part skim
Measure
1 oz
1 oz
1 oz
1 oz
Weight, g
28
28
28
28
1 oz 28
Calories
117
93
106
80
72
Protein, g
8.45
5.68
6.94
5.5
6.88
Carbohydrate, g
0.1
0.14
0.19
0.63
0.78
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
346
363
269
225
166
Vitamin B1, mg
0.017
0.023
t
0.004
0.005
Vitamin B2, mg
0.079
0.143
0.111
0.069
0.086
Vitamin B6, mg
0.023
0.024
0.02
0.016
0.02
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.454
0.295
0.23
0.185
0.232
Niacin, mg
0.03
0.045
0.03
0.024
0.03
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.159
0.334
0.06
0.018
0.022
Folic acid, mcg
3
16
5
2
2
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.15
0.27
0.15
0.15
0.18
Calcium, mg
287
141
212
147
183
Copper, mg
t
t
0.009
t
0.008
Iron, mg
0.05
0.04
0.2
0.05
0.06
Magnesium, mg
10
6
8
5
7
Manganese, mg
t
0.01
0.003
t
0.003
Phosphorus, mg
172
111
126
105
131
Potassium, mg
23
36
23
19
24
Selenium, mcg
4
4
4
4
4.1
Sodium, mg
95
227
152
106
132
Zinc, mg
1
0.6
0.85
0.63
0.78
Total lipid, g
9.17
7.72
8.58
6.12
4.51
Total saturated, g
5.36
4.75
5.4
3.73
2.87
Total unsaturated, g
0.5
0.14
0.26
0.22
0.13
Total monounsaturated, g
2.85
2.44
2.5
1.86
1.3
Cholesterol, mg
31
26
25
22
16
Tryptophan, g
0.119
0.082
0.089
0.08
0.1
Threonine, g
0.309
0.209
0.247
0.21
0.262
Isoleucine, g
0.457
0.346
0.431
0.264
0.33
Leucine, g
0.88
0.593
0.665
0.537
0.671
Lycine, g
0.768
0.475
0.578
0.559
0.699 0.192
Methionine, g
0.233
0.176
0.182
0.154
Cystine, g
0.086
0.03
0.035
0.033
0.041
Phenylalanine, g
0.494
0.316
0.365
0.287
0.359
Tyrosine, g
0.503
0.339
0.335
0.318
0.398
Valine, g
0.636
0.408
0.463
0.344
0.430
Arginine, g
0.276
0.198
0.262
0.236
0.295
Histidine, g
0.317
0.164
0.244
0.207
0.259
Alanine, g
0.272
0.189
0.196
0.168
0.21
Aspartic acid, g
0.466
0.419
0.446
0.399
0.498
Glutamic acid, g
1.69
1.27
1.69
1.28
1.6
Glycine, g
0.151
0.116
0.12
0.105
0.132
Proline, g
1.09
0.691
0.782
0.567
0.708
Serine, g
0.487
0.324
0.406
0.321
0.401
169
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Cheese Muenster
Neufchatel
Parmesan, hard
Parmesan, grated
Port du salut
Measure
1 oz
1 oz
1 oz
1T
1 oz
Weight, g
28
28
28
5
28 100
Calories
104
74
111
23
Protein, g
6.64
2.82
10
2
6.74
Carbohydrate, g
0.32
0.83
0.91
0.19
0.16
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
318
321
171
35
378
Vitamin B1, mg
0.004
0.004
0.011
0.002
t
Vitamin B2, mg
0.091
0.055
0.094
0.019
0.068
Vitamin B6, mg
0.016
0.012
0.026
0.005
0.015
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.418
0.075
0.34
0.07
0.425
0.029
0.036
0.077
0.016
0.017
0.054
0.16
0.128
0.026
0.06 5
Folic acid, mcg
3
3
2
t
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.19
—
0.34
0.06
0.21
Calcium, mg
203
21
336
69
184
Copper, mg
0.009
t
0.101
0.018
t
Iron, mg
0.12
0.08
0.23
0.05
0.12
Magnesium, mg
8
2
12
3
6.9
Manganese, mg
0.002
t
0.006
t
t
Phosphorus, mg
133
39
197
40
102
Potassium, mg
38
32
26
5
39
Selenium, mcg
4
0.85
6.4
1.3
4
Sodium, mg
178
113
454
93
151
Zinc, mg
0.8
0.15
0.78
0.16
0.74
Total lipid, g
8.52
6.64
7.32
1.5
8
Total saturated, g
5.42
4.2
4.65
0.95
4.73 0.21
Total unsaturated, g
0.19
0.18
0.16
0.03
Total monounsaturated, g
2.5
1.9
2
0.44
2.7
Cholesterol, mg
27
22
19
4
35
Tryptophan, g
0.093
0.025
0.137
0.028
0.097
Threonine, g
0.252
0.12
0.373
0.077
0.248
Isoleucine, g
0.325
0.149
0.537
0.11
0.41
Leucine, g
0.641
0.274
0.979
0.201
0.704
Lycine, g
0.606
0.253
0.937
0.192
0.563
Methionine, g
0.161
0.068
0.272
0.056
0.208
Cystine, g
0.037
0.025
0.067
0.014
0.04
Phenylalanine, g
0.352
0.157
0.545
0.112
0.375
Tyrosine, g
0.318
0.135
0.566
0.116
0.403
Valine, g
0.42
0.166
0.696
0.143
0.484
Arginine, g
0.25
0.107
0.373
0.077
0.235
Histidine, g
0.235
0.101
0.392
0.08
0.194
Alanine, g
0.191
0.086
0.297
0.061
0.224
Aspartic acid, g
0.454
0.199
0.634
0.13
0.497
Glutamic acid, g
1.57
0.641
2.32
0.477
1.51
Glycine, g
0.125
0.056
0.176
0.036
0.137
Proline, g
0.735
0.258
1.18
0.243
0.82
Serine, g
0.368
0.149
0.586
0.12
0.385
Dairy and Eggs
Niacin, mg Pantothenic acid, mg
170
SECTION V
Cheese
Dairy and Eggs
Provolone
Ricotta
Ricotta, part skim
Romano
Roquefort
Measure
1 oz
1C
1C
1 oz
1 oz
Weight, g
28
246
246
28
28
Calories
100
428
340
110
105
Protein, g
7.25
27.7
28
9
6.11
Carbohydrate, g
0.61
7.48
12.6
1
0.57
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
231
1205
1063
162
297
Vitamin B1, mg
0.005
0.032
0.052
0.01
0.011
Vitamin B2, mg
0.091
0.48
0.455
0.105
0.166
Vitamin B6, mg
0.021
0.106
0.049
0.024
0.035
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.415
0.831
0.716
0.32
0.182
Niacin, mg
0.044
0.256
0.192
0.022
0.208
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.135
0.52
0.6
0.12
0.491
Folic acid, mcg
3
30
32
2
14
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.15
1.34
0.79
0.3
—
Calcium, mg
214
509
669
302
188
Copper, mg
0.007
0.085
0.08
t
0.01
Iron, mg
0.15
0.94
1.08
0.22
0.16
Magnesium, mg
8
28
36
12
8
Manganese, mg
0.003
0.024
0.03
t
0.009
Phosphorus, mg
141
389
449
215
111
Potassium, mg
39
257
308
25
26
Selenium, mcg
4
36
41
4
4 513
Sodium, mg
248
207
307
340
Zinc, mg
0.92
2.85
3.3
0.73
0.59
Total lipid, g
7.55
31.9
19.4
7.64
8.69
Total saturated, g
4.84
20.4
12.1
4.8
5.46
Total unsaturated, g
0.22
1
0.63
0.17
0.37
Total monounsaturated, g
2.1
8.9
5.7
2.2
2.4
Cholesterol, mg
20
124
76
29
26
Tryptophan, g
0.1
0.31
0.31
0.12
0.086
Threonine, g
0.278
1.27
1.28
0.33
0.274
Isoleucine, g
0.309
1.45
1.46
0.48
0.345
Leucine, g
0.651
3
3.03
0.87
0.6
Lycine, g
0.75
3.29
3.32
0.834
0.524
Methionine, g
0.194
0.69
0.698
0.24
0.16
Cystine, g
0.033
0.243
0.246
0.06
0.036
Phenylalanine, g
0.365
1.36
1.38
0.49
0.3
Tyrosine, g
0.431
1.45
1.46
0.5
0.29
Valine, g
0.465
1.7
1.72
0.62
0.46
Arginine, g
0.29
1.55
1.57
0.33
0.2
Histidine, g
0.316
1.12
1.14
0.35
0.17
Alanine, g
0.2
1.22
1.24
0.26
0.275
Aspartic acid, g
0.494
2.44
2.47
0.56
0.335
Glutamic acid, g
1.76
6
6.08
2.1
1
Glycine, g
0.123
0.725
0.733
0.16
0.04
Proline, g
0.784
2.62
2.65
1.1
0.6
Serine, g
0.417
1.41
1.43
0.52
0.5
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
171
Cheese Swiss
Tilsit
Processed, American
Processed, Swiss
Cheese spread, American
Measure
1 oz
1 oz
1 oz
1 oz
Weight, g
28
28
28
28
1 oz 28
Calories
107
96
106
95
82
Protein, g
8.06
6.92
6.28
7
4.65
Carbohydrate, g
0.96
0.53
0.45
0.6
2.48
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
240
296
343
229
223
Vitamin B1, mg
0.006
0.017
0.008
0.004
0.014
Vitamin B2, mg
0.103
0.102
0.1
0.078
0.122
Vitamin B6, mg
0.024
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.033
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.475
0.595
0.197
0.348
0.113
0.026
0.058
0.02
0.011
0.037
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.122
0.098
0.137
0.074
0.194
Folic acid, mcg
2
5.67
2
1.7
2
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.21
0.3
0.19
0.28
—
Calcium, mg
272
198
174
219
159
Copper, mg
0.036
t
0.017
t
t
Iron, mg
0.05
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.09
Magnesium, mg
10
4
6
8
8
Manganese, mg
0.005
t
t
t
t
Phosphorus, mg
171
142
211
216
202
Potassium, mg
31
18
46
61
69
Selenium, mcg
3.6
4
4.1
4.5
3.2
Sodium, mg
74
213
406
388
381
Zinc, mg
1.11
0.99
0.85
1.02
0.73
Total lipid, g
7.78
7.36
8.86
7.09
6.02
Total saturated, g
5.04
4.76
5.58
4.55
3.78
Total unsaturated, g
0.276
0.2
0.28
2.18
0.18
Total monounsaturated, g
2.1
2
2.54
—
1.76
Cholesterol, mg
26
29
27
24
16
Tryptophan, g
0.114
0.1
0.092
0.102
0.07
Threonine, g
0.294
0.255
0.204
0.227
0.178
Isoleucine, g
0.436
0.421
0.29
0.324
0.236
Leucine, g
0.839
0.722
0.555
0.62
0.505
Lycine, g
0.733
0.578
0.623
0.696
0.427
Methionine, g
0.222
0.214
0.162
0.181
0.152
Cystine, g
0.082
0.04
0.04
0.045
0.03
Phenylalanine, g
0.471
0.385
0.319
0.356
0.264
Tyrosine, g
0.48
0.413
0.344
0.384
0.252
Valine, g
0.606
0.497
0.376
0.42
0.387
Arginine, g
0.263
0.241
0.263
0.293
0.155
Histidine, g
0.302
0.2
0.256
0.286
0.144
Alanine, g
0.259
0.23
0.157
0.176
0.171
Aspartic acid, g
0.445
0.51
0.386
0.431
0.313
Glutamic acid, g
1.61
1.55
1.3
1.45
0.985
Glycine, g
0.144
0.141
0.103
0.115
0.088
Proline, g
1.04
0.842
0.639
0.713
0.658
Serine, g
0.465
0.395
0.303
0.338
0.294
Dairy and Eggs
Niacin, mg
172
SECTION V
Cream
Dairy and Eggs
Half and half
Coffee
Whipping, light
Whipping, heavy
Whipped, pressurized
Measure
1C
1T
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
242
15
239
238
60 154
Calories
315
29
699
821
Protein, g
7.16
0.4
5.19
4.88
1.92
Carbohydrate, g
10.4
0.55
7.07
6.64
7.49 0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
1050
108
2694
3499
548
Vitamin B1, mg
0.085
0.005
0.057
0.052
0.022
Vitamin B2, mg
0.361
0.022
0.299
0.262
0.039
Vitamin B6, mg
0.094
0.005
0.067
0.062
0.025
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.796
0.033
0.466
0.428
0.175
Niacin, mg
0.189
0.009
0.1
0.093
0.042
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.699
0.041
0.619
0.607
0.183
Folic acid, mcg
6
t
9
9
1.56
Vitamin C, mg
2.08
0.11
1.46
1.38
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.4
0.03
2.1
2.2
0.54
Calcium, mg
254
14
166
154
61
Copper, mg
0.024
0.033
0.02
0.014
t
Iron, mg
0.17
0.01
0.07
0.07
0.03
Magnesium, mg
25
1
17
17
6
Manganese, mg
t
0
t
t
t
Phosphorus, mg
230
12
146
149
54
Potassium, mg
314
18
231
179
88
Selenium, mcg
4.4
0.09
1.2
1.2
0.84
Sodium, mg
98
6
82
89
78
Zinc, mg
1.23
0.04
0.6
0.55
0.22
Total lipid, g
27.8
2.9
73.8
88
13
Total saturated, g
17.3
1.8
46.2
54.8
8.3
Total unsaturated, g
1
0.11
2
3.3
0.5
Total monounsaturated, g
8
0.84
22
25
3.9
Cholesterol, mg
89
10
265
326
45.6
Tryptophan, g
0.101
0.006
0.073
0.069
0.027
Threonine, g
0.323
0.018
0.234
0.22
0.087
Isoleucine, g
0.433
0.025
0.314
0.295
0.116
Leucine, g
0.702
0.04
0.508
0.478
0.188
Lycine, g
0.568
0.032
0.411
0.387
0.152
Methionine, g
0.18
0.01
0.130
0.122
0.048
Cystine, g
0.066
0.004
0.048
0.045
0.018
Phenylalanine, g
0.346
0.02
0.25
0.236
0.093
Tyrosine, g
0.346
0.02
0.25
0.236
0.093
Valine, g
0.479
0.027
0.347
0.327
0.129
Arginine, g
0.259
0.015
0.188
0.177
0.07
Histidine, g
0.194
0.011
0.141
0.132
0.052
Alanine, g
0.247
0.014
0.179
0.168
0.066
Aspartic acid, g
0.543
0.031
0.393
0.37
0.146
Glutamic acid, g
1.5
0.085
1.08
1.02
0.402
Glycine, g
0.152
0.009
0.110
0.103
0.041
Proline, g
0.694
0.039
0.502
0.473
0.186
Serine, g
0.39
0.022
0.282
0.265
0.104
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Cream Sour cream
Frozen Desserts
Milk
Ice cream, vanilla
Whole, 3.25% milkfat
⁄2 C
Sherbet, orange
173
Low-fat, 2% added vitamin A
Measure
1C
1
1
⁄2 C
1C
1C
Weight, g
230
66
74
244
244
Calories
493
133
102
150
121
Protein, g
7.27
2.3
0.8
8.03
8.12
Carbohydrate, g
9.82
15.6
23
11.37
11.7
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
1817
543
56
307
500
Vitamin B1, mg
0.081
0.03
0.02
0.093
0.095
Vitamin B2, mg
0.343
0.16
0.06
0.395
0.403
Vitamin B6, mg
0.037
0.03
0.02
0.102
0.105
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.69
0.26
0.14
0.871
0.888
0.154
0.08
0.044
0.205
0.21
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.828
0.38
0.133
0.766
0.781
Folic acid, mcg
25
3.3
3.7
12
12
Vitamin C, mg
1.98
0.4
2.3
2.29
2.32
Vitamin E, IU
1.9
0
0.09
0.36
0.25
Calcium, mg
268
85
40
291
297
Copper, mg
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Iron, mg
0.14
0.06
0.1
0.12
0.12
Magnesium, mg
26
9.2
5.9
33
33
Manganese, mg
t
t
t
0.01
t
Phosphorus, mg
195
69
30
228
232
Potassium, mg
331
131
71
370
377
Selenium, mcg
5.1
1.7
0.96
4.9
5.4
Sodium, mg
123
53
34
120
122
Zinc, mg
0.62
0.46
0.36
0.93
0.95
Total lipid, g
48.2
7.3
1.48
8.15
4.68
Total saturated, g
30
4.48
0.86
5.07
2.92
Total unsaturated, g
1.8
0.27
0.06
0.3
0.17
Total monounsaturated, g
14
2.1
0.4
2.35
1.35
Cholesterol, mg
102
29
4.4
33
18
Tryptophan, g
0.1
0.03
0.01
0.113
0.115
Threonine, g
0.33
0.1
0.03
0.362
0.367
Isoleucine, g
0.44
0.13
0.04
0.486
0.492
Leucine, g
0.71
0.21
0.07
0.786
0.796
Lycine, g
0.58
0.17
0.06
0.637
0.644
Methionine, g
0.184
0.05
0.02
0.201
0.204
Cystine, g
0.067
0.02
0.007
0.074
0.075
Phenylalanine, g
0.35
0.1
0.036
0.388
0.392
Tyrosine, g
0.35
0.1
0.035
0.388
0.392
Valine, g
0.485
0.14
0.05
0.537
0.544
Arginine, g
0.26
0.08
0.03
0.291
0.294
Histidine, g
0.2
0.06
0.02
0.218
0.22
Alanine, g
0.25
0.08
0.03
0.277
0.28
Aspartic acid, g
0.55
0.17
0.06
0.609
0.616
Glutamic acid, g
1.5
0.45
0.15
1.68
1.7
Glycine, g
0.154
0.06
0.016
0.17
0.172
Proline, g
0.7
0.22
0.074
0.778
0.787
Serine, g
0.4
0.117
0.04
0.437
0.442
Dairy and Eggs
Niacin, mg
174
SECTION V
Milk
Dairy and Eggs
Low-fat, 1%, added vitamin A
Nonfat, added vitamin A
Buttermilk, low-fat
Whole, dry
Nonfat, dry
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
244
245
245
128
120
Calories
102
86
99
635
435
Protein, g
8
8.35
8.11
33.6
43.4
Carbohydrate, g
11.8
11.8
11.7
49
62.3
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
500
500
81
1180
43
Vitamin B1, mg
0.095
0.088
0.083
0.362
0.498
Vitamin B2, mg
0.41
0.343
0.377
1.54
1.86
Vitamin B6, mg
0.11
0.098
0.083
0.387
0.433
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.9
0.926
0.537
4.16
4.84
Niacin, mg
0.212
0.216
0.142
0.827
1.14
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.79
0.806
0.674
2.9
4.28
Folic acid, mcg
12.4
13
12.3
47
60
Vitamin C, mg
2.4
2.4
2.4
11
8.11
Vitamin E, IU
0.15
0.15
0.22
2
0.04
Calcium, mg
300
302
285
1168
1508
Copper, mg
0.024
0.027
0.027
0.1
0.05
Iron, mg
0.1
0.1
0.12
0.6
0.38
Magnesium, mg
34
28
27
108
132 0.024
Manganese, mg
t
t
t
0.05
Phosphorus, mg
235
247
219
993
1162
Potassium, mg
381
406
371
1702
2153
Selenium, mcg
2.2
5
4.9
21
32.7
Sodium, mg
123
126
257
475
642
Zinc, mg
0.95
0.98
1.03
4.28
4.9
Total lipid, g
2.59
0.44
2.16
34.2
0.92
Total saturated, g
1.6
0.287
1.34
21.4
0.6
Total unsaturated, g
0.095
0.017
0.08
0.95
0.036
Total monounsaturated, g
0.75
0.115
0.62
10
0.24
Cholesterol, mg
9.8
4
9
124
24
Tryptophan, g
0.112
0.118
0.088
0.475
0.612
Threonine, g
0.364
0.377
0.386
1.52
1.96
Isoleucine, g
0.486
0.505
0.5
2.03
2.62
Leucine, g
0.786
0.818
0.807
3.3
4.25
Lycine, g
0.637
0.663
0.679
2.67
3.44
Methionine, g
0.2
0.21
0.198
0.845
1.08
Cystine, g
0.07
0.077
0.076
0.312
0.401
Phenylalanine, g
0.39
0.403
0.427
1.62
2.1 2.1
Tyrosine, g
0.39
0.403
0.339
1.62
Valine, g
0.54
0.559
0.596
2.25
2.9
Arginine, g
0.29
0.302
0.309
1.22
1.57
Histidine, g
0.22
0.227
0.233
0.914
1.17
Alanine, g
0.276
0.288
0.292
1.16
1.49
Aspartic acid, g
0.61
0.634
0.647
2.55
3.29
Glutamic acid, g
1.68
1.74
1.57
7.05
9.08
Glycine, g
0.17
0.177
0.178
0.713
0.918
Proline, g
0.78
0.809
0.819
3.26
4.2
Serine, g
0.44
0.454
0.422
1.83
2.36
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
175
Milk Nonfat, dry, instant
Condensed, sweetened
Evaporated ⁄2 C
Evaporated, nonfat
Chocolate
Measure
1C
1C
1
1
⁄2 C
1C
Weight, g
68
306
126
128
250
Calories
244
982
169
99
208
Protein, g
23.8
24.2
8.58
9.63
7.92
Carbohydrate, g
35.5
166
12.6
14.4
25.8
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0.15
Vitamin A, IU
18.3
1004
306
500
302
Vitamin B1, mg
0.281
0.275
0.059
0.057
0.092
Vitamin B2, mg
1.18
1.27
0.398
0.394
0.405
Vitamin B6, mg
0.235
0.156
0.063
0.07
0.1
2.71
1.36
0.205
0.305
0.835
0.606
0.643
0.244
0.222
0.313
Pantothenic acid, mg
2.2
2.29
0.804
0.941
0.738
Folic acid, mcg
34
34
10
11
12
Vitamin C, mg
3.79
7.96
2.37
1.58
2.28
Vitamin E, IU
0.02
0.98
0.34
0.009
0.34
Calcium, mg
837
868
329
369
280
Copper, mg
0.03
0.046
0.02
0.02
0.16
Iron, mg
0.21
0.58
0.24
0.37
0.6
Magnesium, mg
80
78
30
34
33 0.19
Manganese, mg
0.014
0.018
t
t
Phosphorus, mg
670
775
255
248
251
Potassium, mg
1160
1136
382
423
417
Selenium, mcg
18.6
45.3
2.89
3.2
4.75
Sodium, mg
373
389
133
147
149
Zinc, mg
3
2.88
0.97
1.15
1.02
Total lipid, g
0.49
26.6
9.53
0.26
8.48
Total saturated, g
0.32
16.8
5.78
0.155
5.26
Total unsaturated, g
0.02
1.03
0.31
0.008
0.31
Total monounsaturated, g
0.127
7.4
2.94
0.079
2.48
Cholesterol, mg
12
104
37
5
30
Tryptophan, g
0.337
0.341
0.121
0.136
0.112
Threonine, g
1.07
1.09
0.387
0.435
0.358
Isoleucine, g
1.44
1.46
0.519
0.582
0.479
Leucine, g
2.33
2.37
0.841
0.943
0.776
Lycine, g
1.89
1.92
0.681
0.763
0.629
Methionine, g
0.599
0.607
0.215
0.241
0.199
Cystine, g
0.221
0.224
0.079
0.089
0.073
Phenylalanine, g
1.15
1.16
0.414
0.465
0.383
Tyrosine, g
1.15
1.16
0.414
0.465
0.383
Valine, g
1.59
1.62
0.574
0.644
0.53
Arginine, g
0.864
0.876
0.311
0.349
0.287
Histidine, g
0.647
0.656
0.233
0.261
0.215
Alanine, g
0.823
0.835
0.296
0.332
0.273
Aspartic acid, g
1.81
1.83
0.651
0.73
0.601
Glutamic acid, g
4.99
5.07
1.79
2.01
1.66
Glycine, g
0.505
0.512
0.182
0.204
0.168
Proline, g
2.31
2.34
0.831
0.932
0.768
Serine, g
1.29
1.31
0.467
0.524
0.431
Dairy and Eggs
Vitamin B12, mcg Niacin, mg
176
SECTION V
Milk
Dairy and Eggs
Eggnog
Yogurt Goat
Human, mature
Plain, whole milk
Plain, low-fat
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
254
244
246
227
227
Calories
342
168
171
139
144
Protein, g
9.68
8.69
2.53
7.88
11.9
Carbohydrate, g
34.4
10.9
17
10.5
16
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
894
451
593
279
150
Vitamin B1, mg
0.086
0.117
0.034
0.066
0.1
Vitamin B2, mg
0.483
0.337
0.089
0.322
0.486
Vitamin B6, mg
0.127
0.112
0.027
0.073
0.111
Vitamin B12, mcg
1.14
0.159
0.111
0.844
1.27
Niacin, mg
0.267
0.676
0.435
0.17
0.259
Pantothenic acid, mg
1.06
0.756
0.549
0.883
1.34
Folic acid, mcg
2
1
13
17
25
Vitamin C, mg
3.81
3.15
12.3
1.2
1.82
Vitamin E, IU
0.86
0.33
3.3
0.32
0.15
Calcium, mg
330
326
79
274
415
Copper, mg
0.033
0.112
0.12
0.022
0.03
Iron, mg
0.51
0.12
0.07
0.11
0.18
Magnesium, mg
47
34
8
26
40
Manganese, mg
0.013
0.044
0.064
0.01
0.01
Phosphorus, mg
278
270
34
215
326
Potassium, mg
420
499
126
351
531
Selenium, mcg
10.7
3.4
4.43
5.4
8.1
Sodium, mg
138
122
42
105
159
Zinc, mg
1.17
0.73
0.42
1.34
2.02
Total lipid, g
19
10
10.7
7.38
3.52
Total saturated, g
11.3
6.51
4.94
4.76
2.27
Total unsaturated, g
0.86
0.36
1.22
0.225
0.108
Total monounsaturated, g
5.67
2.7
4.08
2.18
1.04
Cholesterol, mg
149
28
31
29
14
Tryptophan, g
0.137
0.106
0.041
0.044
0.067
Threonine, g
0.444
0.398
0.112
0.323
0.489
Isoleucine, g
0.583
0.505
0.137
0.43
0.65
Leucine, g
0.937
0.765
0.233
0.794
1.2
Lycine, g
0.758
0.708
0.168
0.706
1.06
Methionine, g
0.222
0.196
0.052
0.232
0.351
Cystine, g
0.097
0.113
0.047
0.078
0.118
Phenylalanine, g
0.463
0.377
0.113
0.43
0.65
Tyrosine, g
0.462
0.437
0.129
0.398
0.601
Valine, g
0.643
0.585
0.156
0.652
0.986
Arginine, g
0.378
0.291
0.105
0.237
0.359
Histidine, g
0.24
0.218
0.057
0.195
0.295
Alanine, g
0.346
0.287
0.089
0.337
0.51
Aspartic acid, g
0.74
0.512
0.201
0.625
0.945
Glutamic acid, g
1.95
1.52
0.414
1.54
2.33
Glycine, g
0.213
0.123
0.064
0.19
0.288
Proline, g
0.89
0.899
0.203
0.933
1.41
Serine, g
0.55
0.441
0.107
0.488
0.738
177
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Yogurt Plain, nonfat
Eggs Fruit, low-fat
Whole, raw
White, raw
Yolk, raw
Whole, dried
Measure
1C
1C
1 lge
1 lge
1 lge
1T
Weight, g
227
227
50
33
17
5
Calories
127
225
79
16
63
30
Protein, g
13
9.04
6.07
3.35
2.79
2.29
Carbohydrate, g
17.4
42.3
0.6
0.41
0.04
0.24
Fiber, g
0
0.27
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
16
111
260
0
313
98
Vitamin B1, mg
0.109
0.077
0.044
0.002
0.043
0.015 0.059
Vitamin B2, mg
0.531
0.368
0.15
0.094
0.074
Vitamin B6, mg
0.120
0.084
0.06
0.001
0.053
0.02
Vitamin B12, mcg
1.39
0.967
0.773
0.021
0.647
0.5
0.281
0.195
0.031
0.029
0.012
0.012
1.45
1.01
0.864
0.08
0.753
0.319
Folic acid, mcg
28
19
32
5
26
9
Vitamin C, mg
1.98
1.36
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.018
0.11
0.78
0
0.78
0.33
Calcium, mg
452
314
28
4
26
11
Copper, mg
0.037
0.194
0.007
0.102
0.004
0.009
Iron, mg
0.2
0.14
1.04
0.01
0.95
0.39
Magnesium, mg
43
30
6
3
3
2
Manganese, mg
0.012
0.157
0.012
0.001
0.015
0.006
Phosphorus, mg
355
247
90
4
86
34
Potassium, mg
579
402
65
45
15
24
Selenium, mcg
8.8
6.86
15.4
5.8
7.5
5.98
Sodium, mg
174
121
69
50
8
26
Zinc, mg
2.2
1.52
0.72
0.01
0.58
0.27
Total lipid, g
0.41
2.61
5.58
0
5.6
2.09
Total saturated, g
0.264
1.68
1.67
0
1.68
0.63
Total unsaturated, g
0.012
0.081
0.68
0
0.698
0.29
Total monounsaturated, g
0.12
0.774
1.9
0
1.9
0.767
Cholesterol, mg
4
10
212
0
212
86
Tryptophan, g
0.073
0.051
0.097
0.051
0.041
0.037
Threonine, g
0.534
0.371
0.298
0.149
0.151
0.113
Isoleucine, g
0.709
0.493
0.380
0.204
0.16
0.143
Leucine, g
1.31
0.911
0.533
0.291
0.237
0.201
Lycine, g
1.16
0.81
0.41
0.206
0.189
0.155
Methionine, g
0.383
0.266
0.196
0.13
0.071
0.074
Cystine, g
0.127
0.08
0.145
0.083
0.05
0.055
Phenylalanine, g
0.709
0.493
0.343
0.21
0.121
0.129
Tyrosine, g
0.656
0.456
0.253
0.134
0.12
0.095
Valine, g
1.07
0.748
0.437
0.251
0.17
0.165
Arginine, g
0.391
0.272
0.388
0.195
0.193
0.147 0.055
Histidine, g
0.322
0.224
0.147
0.076
0.067
Alanine, g
0.557
0.387
0.354
0.216
0.14
0.134
Aspartic acid, g
1.03
0.717
0.602
0.296
0.233
0.227
Glutamic acid, g
2.54
1.77
0.773
0.467
0.341
0.292
Glycine, g
0.314
0.218
0.202
0.125
0.084
0.076
Proline, g
1.54
1.07
0.241
0.126
0.116
0.091
Serine, g
0.805
0.559
0.461
0.247
0.231
0.174
Dairy and Eggs
Niacin, mg Pantothenic acid, mg
178
SECTION V
Fats and Oils
Fats and Oils
Almond
Apricot kernel
Avocado
Beef tallow
Butter
Measure
1T
1T
1T
1T
1T
Weight, g
13.6
13.6
14
12.8
14.1
Calories
120
120
124
115
101
Protein, g
0
0
0
0
0.12
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
0
0.008
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
0
0
433
Vitamin B1, mg
0
0
0
0
t
Vitamin B2, mg
0
0
0
0
0.004
Vitamin B6, mg
0
0
0
0
t
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0.018
Niacin, mg
0
0
0
0
0.006
Pantothenic acid, mg
0
0
0
0
0.016
Folic acid, mcg
0
0
0
0
0.375
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
7.96
1.76
—
0.52
0.33
Calcium, mg
0
0
0
0
3.37
Copper, mg
0
0
0
0
0.004
Iron, mg
0
0
0
0
0.022
Magnesium, mg
0
0
0
0
0.25
Manganese, mg
0
0
0
0
0.006
Phosphorus, mg
0
0
0
0
3.25
Potassium, mg
0
0
0
t
3.62
Selenium, mcg
0
0
0
0.03
0.142 117
Sodium, mg
0
0
0
t
Zinc, mg
0
0
0
0
0.007
Total lipid, g
13.6
13.6
14
12.8
11.5
Total saturated, g
1.1
0.857
1.62
6.4
7.15
Total unsaturated, g
2.37
3.99
9.5
0.512
0.43
Total monounsaturated, g
9.51
8.16
1.88
5.35
3.33
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
—
14
31
Tryptophan, g
0
0
—
0
0.002
Threonine, g
0
0
—
0
0.005
Isoleucine, g
0
0
—
0
0.007
Leucine, g
0
0
—
0
0.011
Lycine, g
0
0
—
0
0.009
Methionine, g
0
0
—
0
0.003
Cystine, g
0
0
—
0
0.001
Phenylalanine, g
0
0
—
0
0.005
Tyrosine, g
0
0
—
0
0.005
Valine, g
0
0
—
0
0.008
Arginine, g
0
0
—
0
0.004
Histidine, g
0
0
—
0
0.003
Alanine, g
0
0
—
0
0.004
Aspartic acid, g
0
0
—
0
0.009
Glutamic acid, g
0
0
—
0
0.025
Glycine, g
0
0
—
0
0.002
Proline, g
0
0
—
0
0.011
Serine, g
0
0
—
0
0.006
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
179
Fats and Oils Canola
Chicken fat
Coconut
Cod liver
Corn
Measure
1T
1T
1T
1T
1T
Weight, g
14
12.8
13.6
13.6
13.6
Calories
124
115
117
123
120
Protein, g
0
0
0
0
0
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
0
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13,600
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B2, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B6, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Pantothenic acid, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Folic acid, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
4.37
0.52
0.057
—
4.28
Calcium, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Copper, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Iron, mg
0
0
t
0
0
Magnesium, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Manganese, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Phosphorus, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Potassium, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Selenium, mcg
0
0.026
0
0
0
Sodium, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Zinc, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Total lipid, g
14
12.8
13.6
13.6
13.6
Total saturated, g
0.994
3.8
11.8
3.08
1.7
Total unsaturated, g
4.14
2.68
0.245
3.07
7.98
Total monounsaturated, g
8.25
5.7
0.79
6.35
3.3
Cholesterol, mg
0
11
0
77.5
0
Tryptophan, g
—
0
0
—
0
Threonine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Isoleucine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Leucine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Lycine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Methionine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Cystine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Phenylalanine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Tyrosine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Valine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Arginine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Histidine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Alanine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Aspartic acid, g
—
0
0
—
0
Glutamic acid, g
—
0
0
—
0
Glycine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Proline, g
—
0
0
—
0
Serine, g
—
0
0
—
0
Fats and Oils
Vitamin A, IU
180
SECTION V
Fats and Oils Cottonseed
Fats and Oils
Measure
1T
Grapeseed 1T
Hazelnut 1T
Margarine 1T
Olive 1T
Weight, g
13.6
13.6
13.6
14.1
13.5
Calories
120
120
120
101
119
Protein, g
0
0
0
0
0
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
0
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
0
465
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0
0
0
0
0 0
Vitamin B2, mg
0
0
0
0.006
Vitamin B6, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0.012
0
Niacin, mg
0
0
0
0.003
0
Pantothenic acid, mg
0
0
0
0.012
0
Folic acid, mcg
0
0
0
0.24
0 0
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0.024
Vitamin E, IU
7.75
—
—
2.68
2.49
Calcium, mg
0
0
0
4.23
0.02
Copper, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Iron, mg
0
0
0
t
0.05
Magnesium, mg
0
0
0
0.36
t —
Manganese, mg
0
0
0
—
Phosphorus, mg
0
0
0
3.24
0.16
Potassium, mg
0
0
0
5.97
—
Selenium, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Sodium, mg
0
0
0
133
t
Zinc, mg
0
0
0
0
0.01
Total lipid, g
13.6
13.6
13.6
11.4
13.5
Total saturated, g
3.5
1.31
1
2.2
1.8
Total unsaturated, g
7.1
9.51
1.39
3.57
1.13
Total monounsaturated, g
2.4
2.2
10.6
5.04
9.95
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0
0
0
0.003
0
Threonine, g
0
0
0
0.006
0
Isoleucine, g
0
0
0
0.006
0
Leucine, g
0
0
0
0.012
0
Lycine, g
0
0
0
0.009
0
Methionine, g
0
0
0
0.003
0
Cystine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Phenylalanine, g
0
0
0
0.006
0
Tyrosine, g
0
0
0
0.006
0
Valine, g
0
0
0
0.009
0
Arginine, g
0
0
0
0.003
0
Histidine, g
0
0
0
0.003
0
Alanine, g
0
0
0
0.003
0 0
Aspartic acid, g
0
0
0
0.009
Glutamic acid, g
0
0
0
0.024
0
Glycine, g
0
0
0
0.003
0
Proline, g
0
0
0
0.012
0
Serine, g
0
0
0
0.006
0
181
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Fats and Oils Palm
Palm kernel
Peanut
Safflower
Sesame
Measure
1T
1T
1T
1T
1T
Weight, g
13.6
13.6
13.5
13.6
13.6
Calories
120
117
119
120
120
Protein, g
0
0
0
0
0
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
0
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B2, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B6, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Pantothenic acid, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Folic acid, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
4.4
0.77
2.59
6.97
0.83
Calcium, mg
0
0
0.01
0
0
Copper, mg
0
0
0.001
0
0
Iron, mg
T
0
0
0
0
Magnesium, mg
0
0
0.01
0
0
Manganese, mg
0
0
—
0
0
Phosphorus, mg
0.02
0
0
0
0
Potassium, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Selenium, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Sodium, mg
0
0
0.01
0
0
Zinc, mg
0
0
t
0
0
Total lipid, g
13.6
13.6
13.5
13.6
13.6
Total saturated, g
6.7
11
2.3
0.84
1.9
Total unsaturated, g
1.27
0.22
4.3
1.95
5.67
Total monounsaturated, g
5
1.55
6.24
10
5.4
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0
0
0
0
0
Threonine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Isoleucine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Leucine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Lycine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Methionine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Cystine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Phenylalanine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Tyrosine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Valine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Arginine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Histidine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Alanine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Aspartic acid, g
0
0
0
0
0
Glutamic acid, g
0
0
0
0
0
Glycine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Proline, g
0
0
0
0
0
Serine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Fats and Oils
Vitamin A, IU
182
SECTION V
Fats and Oils
Fats and Oils
Soybean
Sunflower
Vegetable shortening
Walnut
Wheat germ
Measure
1T
1T
1T
1T
Weight, g
13.6
13.6
12.8
13.6
1T 13.6
Calories
120
120
115
120
120
Protein, g
0
0
0
0
0
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
0
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B2, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B6, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Pantothenic acid, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Folic acid, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
3.68
1.3
0.23
0.65
39
Calcium, mg
0.01
0.03
0
0
0
Copper, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Iron, mg
t
t
0
0
0
Magnesium, mg
t
0.03
0
0
0
Manganese, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Phosphorus, mg
0.03
0
0
0
0
Potassium, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Selenium, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Sodium, mg
0
0.01
0
0
0
Zinc, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Total lipid, g
13.6
13.6
12.8
13.6
13.6
Total saturated, g
2
1.4
5.2
1.24
2.6
Total unsaturated, g
7.9
5.45
1.4
8.6
8.4
Total monounsaturated, g
3.17
6.17
5.68
3.1
2.05
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
7.2
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0
0
0
0
0
Threonine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Isoleucine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Leucine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Lycine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Methionine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Cystine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Phenylalanine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Tyrosine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Valine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Arginine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Histidine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Alanine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Aspartic acid, g
0
0
0
0
0
Glutamic acid, g
0
0
0
0
0
Glycine, g
0
0
0
0
0
Proline, g
0
0
0
0
0
Serine, g
0
0
0
0
0
183
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Fruits and Fruit Juices Apple, med
Apple, dried
Apple juice
Applesauce, unsw.
Apricot
Measure
1
10 rings
1C
1C
3
Weight, g
138
64
248
244
105
Calories
81
155
116
106
51
Protein, g
0.27
0.59
0.15
0.4
1.48
Carbohydrate, g
21
42
29
27.5
11.7
Fiber, g
3.7
5.57
0.52
2.9
2.5
Vitamin A, IU
74
0
2
70
2769
Vitamin B1, mg
0.023
0
0.052
0.032
0.032
Vitamin B2, mg
0.019
0.102
0.042
0.061
0.042
Vitamin B6, mg
0.066
0.08
0.074
0.063
0.057
0
0
0
0
0
0.106
0.593
0.248
0.459
0.636
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.084
0.16
0.156
0.232
0.254
Folic acid, mcg
3.9
0
0.2
1.4
9.1
Vitamin C, mg
7.8
2.5
2.3
2.9
10.6
Vitamin E, IU
0.66
0.52
0.04
0.036
1.39
Calcium, mg
10
9
16
7
15
Copper, mg
0.057
0.122
0.055
0.063
0.094
Iron, mg
0.25
0.9
0.92
0.29
0.58
Magnesium, mg
6
10
8
7
8
Manganese, mg
0.062
0.058
0.28
0.183
0.084
Phosphorus, mg
10
25
18
18
21
Potassium, mg
159
288
296
183
313
Selenium, mcg
0.7
0.83
0.25
0.488
0.42
Sodium, mg
1
56
7
5
1
Zinc, mg
0.05
0.13
0.07
0.06
0.28
Total lipid, g
0.49
0.2
0.28
0.12
0.41
Total saturated, g
0.08
0.033
0.047
0.02
0.029
Total unsaturated, g
0.145
0.06
0.082
0.034
0.027
Total monounsaturated, g
0.021
0.01
0.012
0.005
0.06
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.003
0.006
—
0.005
0.016
Threonine, g
0.01
0.021
—
0.015
0.05
Isoleucine, g
0.011
0.024
—
0.015
0.043
Leucine, g
0.017
0.036
—
0.024
0.082
Lycine, g
0.017
0.037
—
0.024
0.103
Methionine, g
0.003
0.006
—
0.005
0.006
Cystine, g
0.004
0.008
—
0.005
0.003
Phenylalanine, g
0.007
0.017
—
0.012
0.055
Tyrosine, g
0.006
0.011
—
0.007
0.031
Valine, g
0.012
0.028
—
0.02
0.05
Arginine, g
0.008
0.019
—
0.012
0.048
Histidine, g
0.004
0.01
—
0.007
0.029 0.072
Alanine, g
0.01
0.021
—
0.015
Aspartic acid, g
0.047
0.104
—
0.068
0.333
Glutamic acid, g
0.028
0.062
—
0.041
0.166
Glycine, g
0.011
0.024
—
0.015
0.042
Proline, g
0.01
0.02
—
0.015
0.107
Serine, g
0.011
0.024
—
0.017
0.088
Fruits/Juices
Vitamin B12, mcg Niacin, mg
184
SECTION V
Fruits and Fruit Juices
Fruits/Juices
Apricot, dried
Apricot nectar
Avocado
Banana, med.
Blackberries
Measure
10 halves
1C
1
1
1C
Weight, g
35
251
272
175
144
Calories
83
141
324
105
74
Protein, g
1.28
0.92
3.99
1.18
1.04
Carbohydrate, g
21.6
36
14.8
26.7
18.3
Fiber, g
3.15
1.5
10
2.8
7.6
Vitamin A, IU
2534
3304
1230
92
237
Vitamin B1, mg
0.003
0.023
0.217
0.051
0.043
Vitamin B2, mg
0.053
0.035
0.245
0.114
0.058
Vitamin B6, mg
0.055
0.055
0.563
0.659
0.084
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
1.05
0.653
3.86
0.616
0.576
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.264
0.24
1.95
0.296
0.346
Folic acid, mcg
3.6
3.3
124
21.8
49
Vitamin C, mg
0.8
1.4
15.9
10.3
30.2
Vitamin E, IU
0.775
0.3
0.4
0.55
1.52
Calcium, mg
16
17
22
7
46
Copper, mg
0.15
0.183
0.527
0.119
0.202
Iron, mg
1.65
0.96
2.05
0.35
0.83
Magnesium, mg
16
13
79
33
29
Manganese, mg
0.096
0.08
0.454
0.173
1.86
Phosphorus, mg
41
23
83
22
30
Potassium, mg
482
286
1204
451
282
Selenium, mcg
0.77
0.5
0.8
1.5
0.864
Sodium, mg
3
9
21
1
0
Zinc, mg
0.26
0.23
0.84
0.19
0.39
Total lipid, g
0.16
0.23
30.8
0.55
0.56
Total saturated, g
0.011
0.015
4.9
0.21
0.02
Total unsaturated, g
0.03
0.043
3.9
0.12
0.32
Total monounsaturated, g
0.07
0.095
19.3
0.056
0.055
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.023
—
0.042
0.014
—
Threonine, g
0.046
—
0.133
0.039
—
Isoleucine, g
0.039
—
0.143
0.038
—
Leucine, g
0.075
—
0.247
0.081
—
Lycine, g
0.089
—
0.189
0.055
—
Methionine, g
0.006
—
0.074
0.013
—
Cystine, g
0.004
—
0.042
0.019
—
Phenylalanine, g
0.053
—
0.137
0.043
—
Tyrosine, g
0.03
—
0.098
0.027
—
Valine, g
0.047
—
0.195
0.054
—
Arginine, g
0.049
—
0.119
0.054
—
Histidine, g
0.021
—
0.058
0.092
—
Alanine, g
0.063
—
0.239
0.044
—
Aspartic acid, g
0.293
—
0.569
0.129
—
Glutamic acid, g
0.129
—
0.416
0.127
—
Glycine, g
0.04
—
0.167
0.042
—
Proline, g
0.076
—
0.155
0.046
—
Serine, g
0.074
—
0.163
0.054
—
185
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Fruits and Fruit Juices Blueberries
Boysenberries, frozen
Cherimoya w/o skin, seeds
Cherries, w/o pits
Cherry, sour
Measure
1C
1C
1
1C
1C
Weight, g
145
132
547
145
103
Calories
82
66
514
104
51
Protein, g
0.97
1.46
7
1.74
1
Carbohydrate, g
20.5
16
131
24
12.5
Fiber, g
3.9
3.56
13
3.3
1.65
Vitamin A, IU
145
89
55
310
1322
Vitamin B1, mg
0.07
0.07
0.547
0.073
0.031
Vitamin B2, mg
0.073
0.049
0.6
0.087
0.041
Vitamin B6, mg
0.052
0.074
—
0.052
0.045
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
0.521
1.01
7
0.58
0.412
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.135
0.330
—
0.184
0.147
Folic acid, mcg
9.3
83.6
—
6.1
7.73
Vitamin C, mg
18.9
4.1
49
10.2
10
Vitamin E, IU
2.16
0.885
—
0.28
0.134
Calcium, mg
9
36
126
21
16.5
Copper, mg
0.088
0.106
—
0.138
0.11
Iron, mg
0.24
1.12
2.7
0.56
0.33
Magnesium, mg
7
21
—
16
9.27
Manganese, mg
0.409
0.722
—
0.133
0.115
Phosphorus, mg
15
36
219
28
15.5
Potassium, mg
129
183
—
325
178
Selenium, mcg
0.87
0.79
—
0.87
0.412
Sodium, mg
9
2
—
1
3.1
Zinc, mg
0.16
0.29
—
0.09
0.103
Total lipid, g
0.55
0.35
2.2
1.39
0.309
Total saturated, g
0.046
0.012
—
0.313
0.07
Total unsaturated, g
0.24
0.195
—
0.419
0.093
Total monounsaturated, g
0.078
0.033
—
0.38
0.084
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.004
—
—
—
—
Threonine, g
0.026
—
—
—
—
Isoleucine, g
0.03
—
—
—
—
Leucine, g
0.058
—
—
—
—
Lycine, g
0.017
—
—
—
—
Methionine, g
0.016
—
—
—
—
Cystine, g
0.01
—
—
—
—
Phenylalanine, g
0.035
—
—
—
—
Tyrosine, g
0.012
—
—
—
—
Valine, g
0.041
—
—
—
—
Arginine, g
0.049
—
—
—
—
Histidine, g
0.015
—
—
—
—
Alanine, g
0.041
—
—
—
—
Aspartic acid, g
0.075
—
—
—
—
Glutamic acid, g
0.12
—
—
—
—
Glycine, g
0.041
—
—
—
—
Proline, g
0.036
—
—
—
—
Serine, g
0.029
—
—
—
—
Fruits/Juices
Niacin, mg
186
SECTION V
Fruits and Fruit Juices
Fruits/Juices
Crabapple, slices
Cranberries
Currants, black
Dates
Elderberries
Measure
1C
1C
1C
10
1C
Weight, g
110
95
112
83
145
Calories
0.83
46
71
228
105
Protein, g
0.44
0.37
1.57
1.63
0.95
Carbohydrate, g
21.9
12
17.2
61
26.6
Fiber, g
—
4
—
6.2
10
Vitamin A, IU
44
44
258
42
870
Vitamin B1, mg
0.033
0.029
0.056
0.075
0.102
Vitamin B2, mg
0.022
0.019
0.056
0.083
0.087
Vitamin B6, mg
—
0.062
0.074
0.159
0.334
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.11
0.095
0.336
1.82
0.725
Pantothenic acid, mg
—
0.208
0.446
0.647
0.203
Folic acid, mcg
—
1.6
—
10.4
8.7
Vitamin C, mg
8.8
12.8
202
0
52.2
Vitamin E, IU
—
0.14
0.167
0.012
2.16
Calcium, mg
20
7
61
27
55
Copper, mg
0.074
0.055
0.096
0.239
0.088
Iron, mg
0.39
0.19
1.72
0.96
2.32
Magnesium, mg
7
5
27
29
7.25
Manganese, mg
0.127
0.149
0.287
0.247
—
Phosphorus, mg
17
8
66
33
57
Potassium, mg
213
67
361
541
406
Selenium, mcg
—
0.57
—
0.158
0.87
Sodium, mg
1
1
2
2
8.7
Zinc, mg
—
0.12
0.3
0.24
0.16
Total lipid, g
0.33
0.19
0.45
0.37
0.73
Total saturated, g
0.053
0.016
0.038
0.016
0.033
Total unsaturated, g
0.097
0.084
0.2
0.003
0.358
Total monounsaturated, g
0.013
0.027
0.065
0.012
0.116
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.004
—
—
0.042
0.019
Threonine, g
0.015
—
—
0.043
0.039
Isoleucine, g
0.018
—
—
0.039
0.039
Leucine, g
0.028
—
—
0.073
0.087
Lycine, g
0.028
—
—
0.05
0.038
Methionine, g
0.004
—
—
0.018
0.02
Cystine, g
0.006
—
—
0.037
0.022
Phenylalanine, g
0.012
—
—
0.046
0.058
Tyrosine, g
0.009
—
—
0.025
0.074
Valine, g
0.021
—
—
0.055
0.048
Arginine, g
0.014
—
—
0.055
0.068
Histidine, g
0.007
—
—
0.025
0.022
Alanine, g
0.015
—
—
0.083
0.044
Aspartic acid, g
0.077
—
—
0.105
0.084
Glutamic acid, g
0.046
—
—
0.177
0.139
Glycine, g
0.018
—
—
0.079
0.052
Proline, g
0.015
—
—
0.088
0.036
Serine, g
0.018
—
—
0.055
0.046
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
187
Fruits and Fruit Juices Fig
Fig, dried
Gooseberries
Grapefruit, med.
Grapefruit juice
Measure
1
10
1C
1
⁄2
1C
Weight, g
64
190
150
128
247
Calories
47
480
67
38
96
Protein, g
0.48
5.7
1.32
0.75
1.24
Carbohydrate, g
12.2
122
15.2
9.7
22.7
Fiber, g
2.1
23
6.5
1.4
0.247
Vitamin A, IU
91
248
435
149
17.3
Vitamin B1, mg
0.038
0.133
0.06
0.043
0.099
Vitamin B2, mg
0.032
0.165
0.045
0.024
0.049
Vitamin B6, mg
0.072
0.419
0.12
0.05
0.049
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
0.256
1.3
0.45
0.3
0.494
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.192
0.813
0.429
0.34
0.321
Folic acid, mcg
3.84
14.1
9
12.2
25.7
Vitamin C, mg
1.3
1.6
41.6
41.3
93.9
Vitamin E, IU
0.85
—
0.826
0.26
0.185
Calcium, mg
22
269
38
14
22
Copper, mg
0.045
0.585
0.105
0.056
0.082
Iron, mg
0.23
4.18
0.47
0.1
0.49
Magnesium, mg
11
111
15
10
30
Manganese, mg
0.082
0.726
0.216
0.014
0.049
Phosphorus, mg
9
128
40
10
37
Potassium, mg
148
1332
297
167
400
Selenium, mcg
0.384
2.47
0.9
1.79
0.247
Sodium, mg
1
20
1
0
2
Zinc, mg
0.09
0.94
0.18
0.09
0.13
Total lipid, g
0.19
2.18
0.87
0.12
0.25
Total saturated, g
0.038
0.438
0.057
0.017
0.035
Total unsaturated, g
0.092
1.06
0.475
0.031
0.057
Total monounsaturated, g
0.042
0.49
0.076
0.017
0.032
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.004
0.049
—
0.002
—
Threonine, g
0.015
0.187
—
—
—
Isoleucine, g
0.015
0.174
—
—
—
Leucine, g
0.021
0.249
—
—
—
Lycine, g
0.019
0.228
—
0.019
—
Methionine, g
0.004
0.047
—
0.002
—
Cystine, g
0.008
0.094
—
—
—
Phenylalanine, g
0.012
0.138
—
—
—
Tyrosine, g
0.02
0.247
—
—
—
Valine, g
0.018
0.215
—
—
—
Arginine, g
0.011
0.131
—
—
—
Histidine, g
0.007
0.08
—
—
—
Alanine, g
0.029
0.344
—
—
—
Aspartic acid, g
0.113
1.34
—
—
—
Glutamic acid, g
0.046
0.552
—
—
—
Glycine, g
0.016
0.193
—
—
—
Proline, g
0.031
0.376
—
—
—
Serine, g
0.024
0.282
—
—
—
Fruits/Juices
Niacin, mg
188
SECTION V
Fruits and Fruit Juices
Fruits/Juices
Grapes, slipskin
Grapes, seedless
Grape juice
Guava
Kiwi, med.
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1
1
Weight, g
92
160
253
90
76 46
Calories
62
114
155
45
Protein, g
0.58
1.06
1.41
0.74
0.75
Carbohydrate, g
15.7
28.4
37.8
10.7
11.3
Fiber, g
0.92
1.6
0.25
5.04
2.6
Vitamin A, IU
92
117
20
713
133
Vitamin B1, mg
0.085
0.147
0.066
0.045
0.015
Vitamin B2, mg
0.052
0.091
0.094
0.045
0.038
Vitamin B6, mg
0.1
0.176
0.164
0.129
0.068
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.276
0.48
0.663
1.08
0.38
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.022
0.038
0.104
0.135
—
Folic acid, mcg
3.6
6.3
6.5
12.6
29
Vitamin C, mg
3.7
17.3
0.2
165
74.5
Vitamin E, IU
0.466
1.67
—
1.5
1.27
Calcium, mg
13
17
22
18
20
Copper, mg
0.037
0.144
0.071
0.093
0.119
Iron, mg
0.27
0.41
0.6
0.28
0.31
Magnesium, mg
5
10
24
9
23
Manganese, mg
0.661
0.093
0.911
0.13
—
Phosphorus, mg
9
21
27
23
31
Potassium, mg
176
296
334
256
252
Selenium, mcg
0.184
0.32
0.25
0.54
0.456
Sodium, mg
2
3
7
2
4
Zinc, mg
0.04
0.09
0.13
0.21
0.129
Total lipid, g
0.32
0.92
0.19
0.54
0.34
Total saturated, g
0.105
0.302
0.063
0.155
0.022
Total unsaturated, g
0.094
0.27
0.056
0.228
0.183
Total monounsaturated, g
0.013
0.037
0.008
0.05
0.03
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.003
0.005
—
0.006
—
Threonine, g
0.016
0.029
0.04
0.028
—
Isoleucine, g
0.005
0.008
0.018
0.027
—
Leucine, g
0.012
0.022
0.03
0.05
—
Lycine, g
0.013
0.024
0.025
0.021
— —
Methionine, g
0.019
0.035
0.003
0.005
Cystine, g
0.009
0.018
—
—
—
Phenylalanine, g
0.012
0.022
0.03
0.002
—
Tyrosine, g
0.01
0.019
0.008
0.009
—
Valine, g
0.016
0.029
0.025
0.025
—
Arginine, g
0.042
0.078
0.119
0.019
—
Histidine, g
0.021
0.038
0.018
0.006
—
Alanine, g
0.024
0.045
0.218
0.037
—
Aspartic acid, g
0.071
0.13
0.056
0.047
—
Glutamic acid, g
0.121
0.221
0.278
0.096
—
Glycine, g
0.017
0.032
0.03
0.037
—
Proline, g
0.019
0.035
0.04
0.023
—
Serine, g
0.028
0.051
0.033
0.022
—
189
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Fruits and Fruit Juices Kumquat
Lemon juice
Lime juice
Loganberries, frozen
Loquat
Measure
1
1T
1T
1C
1
Weight, g
19
15.2
15.4
147
13.6
Calories
12
3
4
80
6.4
Protein, g
0.17
0.06
0.07
2.23
0.06
3.12
0.99
1.39
19
1.65
1.25
0.06
0.06
7.2
0.23
Vitamin A, IU
57
2
2
52
208
Vitamin B1, mg
0.015
0.006
0.003
0.074
0.003
Vitamin B2, mg
0.019
0.001
0.002
0.05
0.003
Vitamin B6, mg
0.01
0.007
0.007
0.096
0.014
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.095
0.03
0.015
1.23
0.024
Pantothenic acid, mg
—
0.014
0.021
0.359
—
Folic acid, mcg
3
1.5
—
37.8
1.9
Vitamin C, mg
7.1
3.8
4.5
22.5
0.136
Vitamin E, IU
0.07
0.02
0.02
4.8
0.18
Calcium, mg
8
2
1
38
2
Copper, mg
0.02
0.006
0.005
0.172
0.004
Iron, mg
0.07
0.02
0
0.94
0.03
Magnesium, mg
2
1
1
32
1
Manganese, mg
0.016
0.003
0.001
1.83
0.015
Phosphorus, mg
4
1
1
38
3
Potassium, mg
37
15
17
213
36
Selenium, mcg
0.114
0.016
0.015
0.88
0.08
Sodium, mg
1
3
0
1
0.136
Zinc, mg
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.5
t
Total lipid, g
0.02
0
0.02
0.46
0.02
Total saturated, g
0.003
0
0.002
0.016
0.004 0.01
Total unsaturated, g
0.005
0
0.008
0.259
Total monounsaturated, g
0.002
0
0.003
0.044
0.001
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
—
—
—
—
0.001
Threonine, g
—
—
—
—
0.002
Isoleucine, g
—
—
—
—
0.002
Leucine, g
—
—
—
—
0.004
Lycine, g
—
—
—
—
0.003
Methionine, g
—
—
—
—
0.001
Cystine, g
—
—
—
—
0.001
Phenylalanine, g
—
—
—
—
0.002
Tyrosine, g
—
—
—
—
0.002
Valine, g
—
—
—
—
0.003
Arginine, g
—
—
—
—
0.002
Histidine, g
—
—
—
—
0.001
Alanine, g
—
—
—
—
0.003
Aspartic acid, g
—
—
—
—
0.008
Glutamic acid, g
—
—
—
—
0.008
Glycine, g
—
—
—
—
0.003
Proline, g
—
—
—
—
0.004
Serine, g
—
—
—
—
0.003
Fruits/Juices
Carbohydrate, g Fiber, g
190
SECTION V
Fruits and Fruit Juices
Fruits/Juices
Lychee
Mango
Melon, cantaloupe, sm.
Melon, casaba ⁄10
Melon, honeydew
Measure
1
1
1
1
1
Weight, g
16
207
441
164
125
⁄10
Calories
6
135
154
43
46
Protein, g
0.08
1.06
3.9
1.48
0.59
Carbohydrate, g
1.59
35
37
10
11.8
Fiber, g
—
3.7
3.5
1.3
0.77
Vitamin A, IU
—
8060
14217
49
52
Vitamin B1, mg
0.001
0.12
0.159
0.098
0.099 0.023
Vitamin B2, mg
0.006
0.118
0.09
0.033
Vitamin B6, mg
—
0.277
0.5
0.197
0.076
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.058
1.21
2.5
0.656
0.774
Pantothenic acid, mg
—
0.331
0.56
—
0.267
Folic acid, mcg
—
29
75
28
7.5
Vitamin C, mg
6.9
57.3
186
26.2
32
Vitamin E, IU
—
3.46
0.66
0.367
0.28
Calcium, mg
0
21
49
8
8
Copper, mg
0.014
0.228
0.19
0.066
0.053
Iron, mg
0.03
0.26
0.93
0.66
0.09
Magnesium, mg
1
18
49
13
9
Manganese, mg
0.005
0.056
0.2
—
0.023
Phosphorus, mg
3
22
75
11
13
Potassium, mg
16
322
1363
344
350
Selenium, mcg
—
1.24
1.76
0.49
0.5
Sodium, mg
0
4
40
20
13
Zinc, mg
0.01
0.07
0.71
0.26
—
Total lipid, g
—
0.57
1.23
0.16
0.13
Total saturated, g
—
0.137
0.313
0.041
0.031 0.049
Total unsaturated, g
—
0.106
0.485
0.064
Total monounsaturated, g
—
0.209
0.031
0.003
0.003
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.001
0.017
—
—
—
Threonine, g
—
0.039
—
—
—
Isoleucine, g
—
0.037
—
—
—
Leucine, g
—
0.064
—
—
—
Lycine, g
0.004
0.085
—
—
—
Methionine, g
0.001
0.01
—
—
—
Cystine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Phenylalanine, g
—
0.035
—
—
—
Tyrosine, g
—
0.021
—
—
—
Valine, g
—
0.054
—
—
—
Arginine, g
—
0.039
—
—
—
Histidine, g
—
0.025
—
—
—
Alanine, g
—
0.106
—
—
—
Aspartic acid, g
—
0.087
—
—
—
Glutamic acid, g
—
0.124
—
—
—
Glycine, g
—
0.043
—
—
—
Proline, g
—
0.037
—
—
—
Serine, g
—
0.046
—
—
—
191
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Fruits and Fruit Juices Mulberries
Nectarine
Orange
Orange juice
Papaya
Measure
1C
1
1
1C
1
Weight, g
140
136
131
248
304 117
Calories
61
67
62
111
Protein, g
2.02
1.28
1.23
1.74
1.86
Carbohydrate, g
13.7
16
15.4
25.8
30
Fiber, g
2.4
2.2
3.1
0.49
5.5
Vitamin A, IU
35
1001
269
496
6122
Vitamin B1, mg
0.041
0.023
0.114
0.223
0.082
Vitamin B2, mg
0.141
0.056
0.052
0.074
0.097
Vitamin B6, mg
0.07
0.034
0.079
0.099
0.058
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
0.868
1.34
0.369
0.992
1.02
—
0.215
0.328
0.471
0.663 116
Folic acid, mcg
8.4
5.1
39.7
75
Vitamin C, mg
51
7.3
69.7
124
187
Vitamin E, IU
0.94
1.8
0.468
0.33
5
Calcium, mg
55
6
52
27
72
Copper, mg
0.08
0.099
0.059
0.109
0.049
Iron, mg
2.59
0.21
0.13
0.5
0.3
Magnesium, mg
25
11
13
27
31 0.033
Manganese, mg
—
0.06
0.033
0.035
Phosphorus, mg
53
22
18
42
16
Potassium, mg
271
288
237
496
780
Selenium, mcg
0.84
0.54
0.655
0.248
1.8
Sodium, mg
14
0
0
2
8
Zinc, mg
0.168
0.12
0.09
0.13
0.22
Total lipid, g
0.55
0.62
0.16
0.5
0.43
Total saturated, g
0.038
0.069
0.02
0.06
0.131
Total unsaturated, g
0.29
0.313
0.033
0.099
0.094
Total monounsaturated, g
0.057
0.237
0.03
0.089
0.116
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
—
—
0.012
0.005
0.024
Threonine, g
—
—
0.02
0.02
0.033
Isoleucine, g
—
—
0.033
0.02
0.024
Leucine, g
—
—
0.03
0.032
0.049
Lycine, g
—
—
0.062
0.022
0.076
Methionine, g
—
—
0.026
0.007
0.006
Cystine, g
—
—
0.013
0.012
—
Phenylalanine, g
—
—
0.041
0.022
0.027
Tyrosine, g
—
—
0.021
0.01
0.015
Valine, g
—
—
0.052
0.027
0.03
Arginine, g
—
—
0.085
0.117
0.03
Histidine, g
—
—
0.024
0.007
0.015
Alanine, g
—
—
0.066
0.037
0.043
Aspartic acid, g
—
—
0.149
0.186
0.149
Glutamic acid, g
—
—
0.123
0.082
0.1
Glycine, g
—
—
0.123
0.022
0.055
Proline, g
—
—
0.06
0.109
0.03
Serine, g
—
—
0.042
0.032
0.046
Fruits/Juices
Niacin, mg Pantothenic acid, mg
192
SECTION V
Fruits and Fruit Juices
Fruits/Juices
Passion fruit
Peach
Peach, dried
Peach nectar
Pear
Measure
1
1
10 halves
1C
1
Weight, g
18
98
130
249
166
Calories
18
42
311
134
98
Protein, g
0.4
0.69
4.69
0.67
0.65
Carbohydrate, g
4.21
9.65
79.7
34.6
25
Fiber, g
1.97
2
10
1.5
4
Vitamin A, IU
126
524
2812
643
33
Vitamin B1, mg
0
0.015
0.003
0.007
0.033 0.066
Vitamin B2, mg
0.023
0.036
0.276
0.035
Vitamin B6, mg
0.018
0.016
0.087
0.017
0.03
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.27
0.861
5.68
0.717
0.166
Pantothenic acid, mg
—
0.148
0.73
0.169
0.116
Folic acid, mcg
2.5
3
0.39
3.5
12.1
Vitamin C, mg
5.4
6.5
6.3
13.1
6.6
Vitamin E, IU
0.3
1.17
—
0.037
1.24
Calcium, mg
2
5
37
13
19
Copper, mg
0.015
0.059
0.473
0.172
0.188
Iron, mg
0.29
0.1
5.28
0.47
0.41
Magnesium, mg
5
6
54
11
9
Manganese, mg
—
0.041
0.397
0.047
0.126
Phosphorus, mg
12
11
155
16
18
Potassium, mg
63
193
1295
101
208
Selenium, mcg
0.11
0.46
2.86
0.5
1.2
Sodium, mg
5
0
9
17
1
Zinc, mg
0.018
0.12
0.75
0.2
0.2
Total lipid, g
0.13
0.08
0.99
0.05
0.66
Total saturated, g
0.011
0.009
0.107
0.005
0.037
Total unsaturated, g
0.074
0.044
0.48
0.027
0.156
Total monounsaturated, g
0.015
0.033
0.36
0.02
0.139
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
—
0.002
0.013
—
—
Threonine, g
—
0.023
0.183
—
0.017
Isoleucine, g
—
0.017
0.135
—
0.018
Leucine, g
—
0.035
0.265
—
0.033
Lycine, g
—
0.02
0.151
—
0.023
Methionine, g
—
0.015
0.113
—
0.008
Cystine, g
—
0.005
0.038
—
0.007
Phenylalanine, g
—
0.019
0.148
—
0.017
Tyrosine, g
—
0.016
0.122
—
0.005
Valine, g
—
0.033
0.256
—
0.023
Arginine, g
—
0.016
0.12
—
0.012
Histidine, g
—
0.011
0.087
—
0.007
Alanine, g
—
0.037
0.28
—
0.022
Aspartic acid, g
—
0.102
0.783
—
0.128
Glutamic acid, g
—
0.092
0.712
—
0.046
Glycine, g
—
0.021
0.164
—
0.018
Proline, g
—
0.025
0.198
—
0.018
Serine, g
—
0.028
0.217
—
0.023
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
193
Fruits and Fruit Juices Pear, Asian
Pear, dried
Pear nectar
Persimmon
Pineapple
Measure
1
10 halves
1C
1
1C
Weight, g
275
175
250
168
155
Calories
116
459
149
118
77
Protein, g
1.4
3.28
0.27
0.98
0.6
Carbohydrate, g
29
122
39.4
31.2
19.2
Fiber, g
10
13
1.5
6
1.9
Vitamin A, IU
0
6
1
3640
35
Vitamin B1, mg
0.025
0.014
0.005
0.05
0.143
Vitamin B2, mg
0.028
0.254
0.033
0.034
0.056
Vitamin B6, mg
0.06
0.126
0.035
0.168
0.135
0
0
0
0
0
0.6
2.4
0.32
0.168
0.651
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.19
0.268
0.055
—
0.248
Folic acid, mcg
22
—
3
12.6
16.4
Vitamin C, mg
10.5
12.3
2.7
12.6
23.9
Vitamin E, IU
1.38
—
0.253
1.48
0.23
Calcium, mg
11
59
11
13
11
Copper, mg
0.14
0.649
0.168
0.19
0.171
Iron, mg
0
3.68
0.65
0.26
0.57
Magnesium, mg
22
58
6
15
21
Manganese, mg
0.17
0.572
0.075
0.596
2.55
Phosphorus, mg
30
103
7
28
11
Potassium, mg
333
932
33
270
175
Selenium, mcg
1.65
7.9
1.25
1
0.93
Sodium, mg
0
10
9
3
1
Zinc, mg
0.06
0.68
0.16
0.18
0.12
Total lipid, g
0.63
1.1
0.03
0.31
0.66
Total saturated, g
0.03
0.061
0.003
0.034
0.05
Total unsaturated, g
0.15
0.259
0.007
0.072
0.226
Total monounsaturated, g
0.135
0.231
0.007
0.062
0.074
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
9
Tryptophan, g
0.014
—
—
0.017
0.008
Threonine, g
0.036
0.086
—
0.05
0.019
Isoleucine, g
0.038
0.095
—
0.042
0.02
Leucine, g
0.069
0.165
—
0.071
0.029
Lycine, g
0.047
0.116
—
0.055
0.039
Methionine, g
0.017
0.039
—
0.008
0.017
Cystine, g
0.014
0.032
—
0.022
0.003
Phenylalanine, g
0.036
0.086
—
0.044
0.019
Tyrosine, g
0.011
0.028
—
0.027
0.019
Valine, g
0.049
0.116
—
0.05
0.025
Arginine, g
0.025
0.056
—
0.042
0.028
Histidine, g
0.014
0.035
—
0.02
0.014
Alanine, g
0.047
0.109
—
0.049
0.026
Aspartic acid, g
0.27
0.644
—
0.096
0.088
Glutamic acid, g
0.1
0.236
—
0.128
0.07
Glycine, g
0.04
0.095
—
0.042
0.026
Proline, g
0.044
0.089
—
0.037
0.02
Serine, g
0.05
0.117
—
0.037
0.039
Fruits/Juices
Vitamin B12, mcg Niacin, mg
194
SECTION V
Fruits and Fruit Juices
Fruits/Juices
Pineapple juice
Plantain
Plum
Plum, sapotes
Pomegranate
Measure
1C
1C
1
1
1
Weight, g
250
148
70
225
154
Calories
139
181
36
302
104
Protein, g
0.8
1.92
0.52
1.8
1.47
Carbohydrate, g
34.4
47.2
8.59
76
26.4
Fiber, g
0.5
3.4
0.99
5.9
0.92
Vitamin A, IU
12
1668
213
923
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.138
0.077
0.028
0.022
0.046
Vitamin B2, mg
0.055
0.08
0.063
0.045
0.046
Vitamin B6, mg
0.24
0.443
0.053
—
0.162
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.643
1.01
0.330
4.1
0.462
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.25
0.385
0.120
—
0.918
Folic acid, mcg
57.7
32.6
1.4
—
9.24
Vitamin C, mg
26.7
27.2
6.3
45
9.4
Vitamin E, IU
0.075
0.6
0.59
—
1.26
Calcium, mg
42
4
2
88
5
Copper, mg
0.225
0.12
0.028
—
0.108
Iron, mg
0.65
0.89
0.07
2.25
0.46
Magnesium, mg
34
55
4
68
4.6
Manganese, mg
2.47
—
0.032
—
—
Phosphorus, mg
20
50
7
63
12
Potassium, mg
334
739
113
774
399
Selenium, mcg
0.25
2.22
0.33
—
0.92
Sodium, mg
2
6
0
23
5
Zinc, mg
0.29
0.21
0.06
—
0.185
Total lipid, g
0.2
0.55
0.41
1.35
0.46
Total saturated, g
0.013
0.212
0.032
—
0.059
Total unsaturated, g
0.07
0.102
0.088
—
0.097
Total monounsaturated, g
0.022
0.047
0.268
—
0.071
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
—
0.022
—
0.052
—
Threonine, g
—
0.05
0.011
0.131
—
Isoleucine, g
—
0.053
0.011
0.103
—
Leucine, g
—
0.087
0.014
0.189
—
Lycine, g
—
0.089
0.011
0.216
—
Methionine, g
—
0.025
0.004
0.036
—
Cystine, g
—
0.03
0.003
—
—
Phenylalanine, g
—
0.065
0.011
0.119
—
Tyrosine, g
—
0.047
0.004
0.124
—
Valine, g
—
0.068
0.013
0.173
—
Arginine, g
—
0.16
0.009
0.124
—
Histidine, g
—
0.095
0.009
0.095
—
Alanine, g
—
0.075
0.019
0.259
—
Aspartic acid, g
—
0.16
0.164
1.2
—
Glutamic acid, g
—
0.172
0.024
0.486
—
Glycine, g
—
0.067
0.008
0.128
—
Proline, g
—
0.074
0.022
0.128
—
Serine, g
—
0.061
0.013
0.511
—
195
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Fruits and Fruit Juices Prickly pear
Prune
Prune juice
Quince
Raisins packed
Measure
1
10
1C
1
1C
Weight, g
103
84
256
92
165 488
Calories
42
201
181
53
Protein, g
0.75
2.19
1.55
0.37
4.16
Carbohydrate, g
9.86
52.7
44.6
14
12.9
Fiber, g
3.7
6
2.5
1.56
6.6
Vitamin A, IU
53
1669
9
37
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.014
0.068
0.041
0.018
0.185
Vitamin B2, mg
0.062
0.136
0.179
0.028
0.3
Vitamin B6, mg
0.062
0.222
0.558
0.037
0.31
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.474
1.64
2.01
0.184
1.83
—
0.386
0.274
0.075
—
Folic acid, mcg
6.2
3.1
1
2.76
5.5
Vitamin C, mg
14.4
2.8
10.6
13.8
9
Vitamin E, IU
0.015
3.28
0.04
0.75
1.7
Calcium, mg
58
43
30
10
46
Copper, mg
0.08
0.361
0.174
0.12
0.498
Iron, mg
0.31
2.08
3.03
0.64
4.27
Magnesium, mg
88
38
36
7
49
Manganese, mg
—
0.185
0.387
—
0.441
Phosphorus, mg
25
66
64
16
124
Potassium, mg
226
626
706
181
1362
Selenium, mcg
0.62
1.93
1.54
0.55
1.15
Sodium, mg
6
3
11
4
47
Zinc, mg
0.124
0.45
0.52
0.037
0.3
Total lipid, g
0.53
0.43
0.08
0.09
0.9
Total saturated, g
0.069
0.034
0.008
0.009
0.294
Total unsaturated, g
0.219
0.009
0.018
0.046
0.223
Total monounsaturated, g
0.077
0.029
0.054
0.033
0.03
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
—
—
—
—
—
Threonine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Isoleucine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Leucine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Lycine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Methionine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Cystine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Phenylalanine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Tyrosine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Valine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Arginine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Histidine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Alanine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Aspartic acid, g
—
—
—
—
—
Glutamic acid, g
—
—
—
—
—
Glycine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Proline, g
—
—
—
—
—
Serine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Fruits/Juices
Pantothenic acid, mg
196
SECTION V
Fruits and Fruit Juices
Fruits/Juices
Raspberries
Rhubarb
Strawberries
Tangerine (mandarin)
Tangerine juice
Watermelon
Measure
1C
1C
1 C halves
1
1C
1C
Weight, g
123
122
152
84
247
160
Calories
61
26
45
37
106
50
Protein, g
1.11
1.09
0.91
0.53
1.24
0.99
Carbohydrate, g
14.2
5.53
10.4
9.4
25
11.5
Fiber, g
8.4
2.2
3.5
1.9
0.5
0.77
Vitamin A, IU
160
122
41
773
1037
585
Vitamin B1, mg
0.037
0.024
0.03
0.088
0.148
0.128
Vitamin B2, mg
0.111
0.037
0.098
0.018
0.049
0.032
Vitamin B6, mg
0.07
0.029
0.088
0.056
0.104
0.23
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
1.1
0.366
0.343
0.134
0.247
0.32
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.295
0.104
0.507
0.168
0.31
0.339
Folic acid, mcg
32
8.7
26.4
17.1
11.4
3.4
Vitamin C, mg
30.8
9.8
84.5
26
76.6
15.4
Vitamin E, IU
0.82
0.364
0.32
0.3
0.22
0.34
Calcium, mg
27
105
21
12
44
13
Copper, mg
0.091
0.026
0.073
0.024
0.062
0.051
Iron, mg
0.7
0.27
0.57
0.09
0.49
0.28
Magnesium, mg
22
14
16
10
20
17
Manganese, mg
1.24
0.239
0.432
0.027
0.091
0.059
Phosphorus, mg
15
17
28
8
35
14
Potassium, mg
187
351
247
132
440
186
Selenium, mcg
0.74
1.34
1.06
0.42
0.247
0.154
Sodium, mg
0
5
2
1
2
3
Zinc, mg
0.57
0.13
0.19
0.202
0.06
0.11
Total lipid, g
0.68
0.24
0.55
0.16
0.49
0.68
Total saturated, g
0.023
0.065
0.03
0.018
0.059
0.074
Total unsaturated, g
0.385
0.121
0.28
0.031
0.099
0.225
Total monounsaturated, g
0.065
0.048
0.079
0.029
0.089
0.165
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
—
—
0.01
0.005
0.002
0.011
Threonine, g
—
—
0.028
0.008
0.015
0.043
Isoleucine, g
—
—
0.021
0.014
0.012
0.03
Leucine, g
—
—
0.046
0.013
0.025
0.029
Lycine, g
—
—
0.037
0.027
0.017
0.099
Methionine, g
—
—
0.001
0.011
0.005
0.01
Cystine, g
—
—
0.007
0.006
0.01
0.003
Phenylalanine, g
—
—
0.027
0.018
0.015
0.024
Tyrosine, g
—
—
0.031
0.009
0.007
0.019
Valine, g
—
—
0.027
0.023
0.02
0.026
Arginine, g
—
—
0.039
0.037
0.084
0.094
Histidine, g
—
—
0.018
0.01
0.005
0.01
Alanine, g
—
—
0.046
0.029
0.027
0.027
Aspartic acid, g
—
—
0.206
0.065
0.131
0.062
Glutamic acid, g
—
—
0.134
0.054
0.059
0.101
Glycine, g
—
—
0.036
0.054
0.017
0.016
Proline, g
—
—
0.028
0.026
0.077
0.038
Serine, g
—
—
0.034
0.018
0.022
0.026
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
197
Grains Amaranth
Barley, pot or scotch
Barley, pearled
Buckwheat groats
Bulgur
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
195
184
200
164
140
Calories
729
651
704
567
478
Protein, g
28
23
20
19
19
Carbohydrate, g
129
135
155
123
106
30
32
31
17
25
0
41
44
0
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.16
1.19
0.38
0.37
0.32
Vitamin B2, mg
0.41
0.5
0.23
0.44
0.16
Vitamin B6, mg
0.44
0.59
0.52
0.58
0.48
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
2.5
7.4
9
8.4
7.8
Pantothenic acid, mg
2
0.52
0.56
2
1.5
Folic acid, mcg
96
40
46
69
38
Vitamin C, mg
8.2
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
2.98
1.64
0.39
2.5
0.33
Calcium, mg
298
68
58
28
49
Copper, mg
1.5
0.92
0.84
1
0.47
Iron, mg
15
5.4
5
4
3.4
Magnesium, mg
519
245
158
362
230 4.3
Manganese, mg
4.4
3.6
2.6
2.7
Phosphorus, mg
887
485
442
523
420
Potassium, mg
714
832
560
525
574
Selenium, mcg
—
—
75
14
3.2
Sodium, mg
41
22
18
18
24
Zinc, mg
6.2
5
4.3
4
2.7
Total lipid, g
12.7
4
2.3
4.4
2.5
Total saturated, g
3.2
0.88
0.49
0.97
0.34
Total unsaturated, g
5.64
2.1
1.12
1.36
0.76
Total monounsaturated, g
2.8
0.54
0.3
1.36
0.24
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
—
Tryptophan, g
0.35
0.38
0.33
0.28
0.266
Threonine, g
1.1
0.78
0.67
0.74
0.5
Isoleucine, g
1.14
0.84
0.72
0.723
0.64 1.2
Leucine, g
1.7
1.56
1.35
1.2
Lycine, g
1.46
0.86
0.74
0.976
0.475
Methionine, g
0.44
0.44
0.38
0.25
0.266
Cystine, g
0.37
0.51
0.44
0.33
0.4
Phenylalanine, g
1.1
1.3
1.1
0.756
0.8
Tyrosine, g
0.64
0.66
0.57
0.35
0.5
Valine, g
1.3
1.13
0.97
0.98
0.776
Arginine, g
2.1
1.2
0.99
1.4
0.81
Histidine, g
0.76
0.52
0.45
0.45
0.4
Alanine, g
1.56
0.9
0.77
1.1
0.6
Aspartic acid, g
2.5
1.4
1.24
1.65
0.88
Glutamic acid, g
4.4
6
5.2
2.97
5.43
Glycine, g
3.2
0.8
0.72
1.5
0.7
Proline, g
1.36
2.7
2.4
0.74
1.78
Serine, g
2.24
0.97
0.84
0.99
0.8
Grains
Fiber, g Vitamin A, IU
198
SECTION V
Grains
Grains
Cornmeal, degermed, enr.
Cornmeal, whl. grain
Millet
Oats
Pasta, corn
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
138
122
200
156
105
Calories
505
441
756
607
375
Protein, g
11
10.6
22.6
26
7.8
Carbohydrate, g
107
93
146
103
83
Fiber, g
10
9
17
17
12
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
0
0
179
Vitamin B1, mg
0.987
0.47
0.84
1.2
0.24
Vitamin B2, mg
0.56
0.25
0.58
0.22
0.09
Vitamin B6, mg
0.355
0.37
0.77
0.19
0.216
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
6.95
4.4
9.4
1.5
2.55
Pantothenic acid, mg
—
0.52
1.7
2
0.51
Folic acid, mcg
258
31
170
87
26
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.68
0.6
0.54
1.64
1.58
Calcium, mg
6.9
7.3
16
84
4.2
Copper, mg
0.11
0.24
1.5
0.98
0.212
Iron, mg
5.7
4
6
7.4
0.98
Magnesium, mg
55
155
228
276
125
Manganese, mg
0.145
0.61
3.3
7.7
0.51
Phosphorus, mg
116
294
570
816
266
Potassium, mg
223
350
390
670
309
Selenium, mcg
11
19
5.4
—
8.3
Sodium, mg
4
43
10
3
3.2
Zinc, mg
0.99
2.1
3.4
6.2
1.9
Total lipid, g
2.3
4
8.5
11
2.18
Total saturated, g
0.31
0.46
1.4
1.9
0.3 0.97
Total unsaturated, g
0.98
2
4.3
3.95
Total monounsaturated, g
0.57
1.2
1.55
3.4
0.57
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
—
0.07
0.24
0.365
0.056
Threonine, g
—
0.37
0.7
0.9
0.3
Isoleucine, g
—
0.36
0.9
1.1
0.28
Leucine, g
—
1.2
2.8
2
0.96
Lycine, g
—
0.28
0.4
1.1
0.22
Methionine, g
—
0.21
0.44
0.49
0.164
Cystine, g
—
0.178
0.4
0.64
0.14
Phenylalanine, g
—
0.49
1.16
1.4
0.384
Tyrosine, g
—
0.4
0.68
0.9
0.32
Valine, g
—
0.5
1.16
1.5
0.4
Arginine, g
—
0.5
0.76
1.9
0.4
Histidine, g
—
0.3
0.47
0.63
0.24
Alanine, g
—
0.7
1.97
1.4
0.6
Aspartic acid, g
—
0.69
1.45
2.26
0.545
Glutamic acid, g
—
1.86
4.8
5.8
1.5
Glycine, g
—
0.41
0.57
1.3
0.32
Proline, g
—
0.87
1.75
1.46
0.684
Serine, g
—
0.47
1.3
1.2
0.37
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
199
Grains Pasta, couscous
Pasta, macaroni, enr.
Pasta, macaroni, whole wheat, spiral
Pasta, spaghetti, enr.
Pasta, spaghetti, whole wheat
Measure
1C
1C
1C
2 oz
2 oz
Weight, g
173
105
105
57
57
Calories
650
390
365
211
198
Protein, g
22
13
15
7.3
8.4
Carbohydrate, g
134
78
78
43
43
Fiber, g
8.7
2.5
8.7
1.4
—
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.28
1.1
0.5
0.59
0.278
Vitamin B2, mg
0.135
0.67
0.15
0.25
0.08
Vitamin B6, mg
0.19
0.1
0.23
0.06
0.13
0
0
0
0
0
6.04
7.9
5.4
4.3
2.9
Pantothenic acid, mg
2.2
0.45
1.03
0.25
0.56
Folic acid, mcg
35
243
60
132
33
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
—
0.2
—
0.13
—
Calcium, mg
42
19
42
10
23
Copper, mg
0.43
0.27
0.48
0.145
0.26
Iron, mg
1.9
4.1
3.8
2.2
2
Magnesium, mg
76
50
150
27
82 1.7
Manganese, mg
1.35
0.73
3.2
0.4
Phosphorus, mg
294
158
271
86
147
Potassium, mg
287
170
226
92
123
Selenium, mcg
—
65
—
3.5
42
Sodium, mg
17
7.4
8.4
4
4.6 1.4
Zinc, mg
1.44
1.3
2.5
0.7
Total lipid, g
1.11
1.66
1.47
0.9
0.8
Total saturated, g
0.2
0.24
0.27
0.13
0.147
Total unsaturated, g
0.44
0.68
0.58
0.37
0.317
Total monounsaturated, g
0.15
0.2
0.21
0.11
0.111
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.28
0.17
0.197
0.09
0.11
Threonine, g
0.58
0.355
0.4
0.19
0.22
Isoleucine, g
0.85
0.52
0.6
0.28
0.325
Leucine, g
1.5
0.92
1.05
0.5
0.57
Lycine, g
0.42
0.26
0.34
0.14
0.185
Methionine, g
0.34
0.21
0.25
0.11
0.135
Cystine, g
0.62
0.38
0.32
0.21
0.174
Phenylalanine, g
1.1
0.65
0.76
0.354
0.415
Tyrosine, g
0.58
0.35
0.4
0.19
0.22
Valine, g
0.94
0.57
0.667
0.31
0.36
Arginine, g
0.8
0.495
0.54
0.27
0.295
Histidine, g
0.45
0.27
0.36
0.15
0.196
Alanine, g
0.65
0.39
0.48
0.2
0.26
Aspartic acid, g
0.9
0.55
0.69
0.3
0.376
Glutamic acid, g
7.96
4.84
5.33
2.63
2.9
Glycine, g
0.7
0.4
0.56
0.23
0.3
Proline, g
2.43
1.48
1.64
0.8
0.9
Serine, g
0.75
0.63
0.75
0.34
0.41
Grains
Vitamin B12, mcg Niacin, mg
200
SECTION V
Grains
Grains
Popcorn, oil popped
Rice, brown
Rice cake, brown, plain
Rice, flour, brown
Rice, white, enr.
Measure
1C
1C
1
1C
1C
Weight, g
11
196
9
158
195
Calories
54
704
35
574
708
Protein, g
0.99
14.8
0.74
11
13.1
Carbohydrate, g
6.3
152
7
121
157
Fiber, g
1.1
6.5
0.38
7.3
2.7
Vitamin A, IU
17
0
4
0
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.015
0.68
t
0.7
1.1
Vitamin B2, mg
0.02
0.08
0.015
0.13
0.09
Vitamin B6, mg
0.03
1
0.013
1.2
0.3
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.17
9.2
0.7
10
9.9
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.034
2.1
0.09
2.5
2.6
Folic acid, mcg
1.9
32
1.9
25
450
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.02
1.86
0.1
1.7
0.38
Calcium, mg
1
64
1
17
17
Copper, mg
0.04
0.4
0.04
0.36
0.2
Iron, mg
0.4
3.2
0.13
3
8.5
Magnesium, mg
12
272
12
177
68 2.1
Manganese, mg
0.1
7.1
0.34
6.3
Phosphorus, mg
28
502
32
532
211
Potassium, mg
25
509
26
457
168
Selenium, mcg
0.8
43
2.2
—
29
Sodium, mg
97
7.6
29
13
1.95
Zinc, mg
0.3
3.6
0.27
3.9
2.5
Total lipid, g
3.09
5.1
0.25
4.4
1.5
Total saturated, g
0.538
1
0.05
0.88
0.31
Total unsaturated, g
1.5
1.8
0.089
1.57
0.3
Total monounsaturated, g
0.9
1.85
0.09
1.59
0.35
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.007
0.18
0.009
0.15
0.15
Threonine, g
0.037
0.52
0.027
0.42
0.46
Isoleucine, g
0.036
0.6
0.03
0.48
0.56
Leucine, g
0.12
1.18
0.06
0.95
1.1
Lycine, g
0.03
0.54
0.03
0.44
0.47
Methionine, g
0.02
0.3
0.02
0.26
0.3
Cystine, g
0.02
0.17
0.01
0.14
0.26
Phenylalanine, g
0.05
0.74
0.038
0.59
0.69
Tyrosine, g
0.04
0.5
0.03
0.43
0.4
Valine, g
0.05
0.84
0.04
0.67
0.79
Arginine, g
0.05
1.1
0.056
0.87
1.1
Histidine, g
0.03
0.36
0.02
0.3
0.3
Alanine, g
0.07
0.83
0.04
0.67
0.75
Aspartic acid, g
0.07
1.33
0.07
1.1
1.2
Glutamic acid, g
0.19
2.9
0.15
2.3
2.5
Glycine, g
0.04
0.7
0.04
0.56
0.59
Proline, g
0.086
0.67
0.034
0.54
0.61
Serine, g
0.05
0.73
0.04
0.6
0.67
201
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Grains Rice, wild
Breads Quinoa
Bagels, enr.
Cracked wheat, enr.
Measure
1C
1C
1 (4 in dia.)
1 slice
Weight, g
160
170
89
23
Calories
565
636
245
60
Protein, g
22.6
22
9
2
Carbohydrate, g
121
117
48
12
Fiber, g
9.9
10
2
1.4
Vitamin A, IU
30
0
0
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.18
0.337
0.48
0.09
Vitamin B2, mg
0.42
0.67
0.28
0.06
Vitamin B6, mg
0.63
0.38
0.045
0.076
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
9.9
4.98
4
0.9
1.63
1.78
0.3
0.14
Folic acid, mcg
152
83
78
15 0
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
1.7
—
0.05
0.22
Calcium, mg
30
102
66
11
Copper, mg
0.84
1.4
0.145
0.056
Iron, mg
3
16
3.2
0.7
Magnesium, mg
283
357
26
13
Manganese, mg
2
3.8
0.48
0.34
Phosphorus, mg
692
697
85
38
Potassium, mg
683
1258
90
44
Selenium, mcg
4.5
—
28.5
6
Sodium, mg
11
36
475
135
Zinc, mg
9.5
5.6
0.78
0.3
Total lipid, g
1.7
9.9
1.4
0.98
Total saturated, g
0.25
1
0.24
0.23
Total unsaturated, g
1.1
2.6
0.11
0.17
Total monounsaturated, g
0.25
4
0.144
0.48
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.286
—
0.136
0.03
Threonine, g
0.75
0.78
0.33
0.065
Isoleucine, g
0.99
0.8
0.44
0.085
Leucine, g
1.6
1.34
0.8
0.15
Lycine, g
1
1.25
0.276
0.06
Methionine, g
0.7
0.445
0.21
0.037
Cystine, g
0.28
—
0.25
0.05
Phenylalanine, g
1.2
0.9
0.57
0.1
Tyrosine, g
0.995
0.6
0.33
0.06
Valine, g
1.4
1
0.5
0.1
Arginine, g
1.8
1.56
0.4
0.087
Histidine, g
0.6
0.5
0.25
0.05
Alanine, g
1.3
1.1
0.38
0.076
Aspartic acid, g
2.3
1.6
0.53
0.11
Glutamic acid, g
4
2.65
0.854
0.7
Glycine, g
1.1
1.16
0.41
0.08
Proline, g
0.83
0.7
1.3
0.23
Serine, g
1.25
0.8
0.56
0.1
Grains
Pantothenic acid, mg
202
SECTION V
Breads
Grains
English muffin, enr.
English muffin, whole-wheat
French, enr.
Mixed grain, 7 grain
Measure
1
1
1 slice
1 slice
Weight, g
57
66
20
26
Calories
130
134
58
65
Protein, g
4.4
5.8
1.8
2.6
Carbohydrate, g
26
27
11.1
12
Fiber, g
1.5
4.4
0.75
1.7
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.23
0.2
0.13
0.11
Vitamin B2, mg
0.136
0.09
0.08
0.09
Vitamin B6, mg
0.025
0.11
0.01
0.087
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.023
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
2
2.25
1.2
1.14
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.25
0.46
0.08
0.133
Folic acid, mcg
46
32
24
21
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0.078
Vitamin E, IU
0.14
0.69
0.1
0.25
Calcium, mg
99
175
19
24
Copper, mg
0.1
0.14
0.05
0.07
Iron, mg
1.08
1.62
0.6
0.9
Magnesium, mg
12
47
6.8
14 0.39
Manganese, mg
0.2
1.2
0.127
Phosphorus, mg
76
186
26
46
Potassium, mg
75
139
28
53
Selenium, mcg
1.2
27
7.9
7.7
Sodium, mg
265
420
152
127
Zinc, mg
0.4
1.06
0.22
0.33
Total lipid, g
1
1.39
0.64
0.088
Total saturated, g
0.48
0.22
0.14
0.2
Total unsaturated, g
0.51
0.55
0.17
0.24
Total monounsaturated, g
0.17
0.34
0.3
0.4
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.5
0.085
0.025
0.034
Threonine, g
0.14
0.2
0.06
0.08
Isoleucine, g
0.18
0.23
0.085
0.1
Leucine, g
0.32
0.4
0.154
0.18
Lycine, g
0.14
0.2
0.05
0.08
Methionine, g
0.08
0.1
0.04
0.04
Cystine, g
0.09
0.125
0.05
0.056
Phenylalanine, g
0.22
0.275
0.1
0.13
Tyrosine, g
0.13
0.18
0.06
0.074
Valine, g
0.2
0.27
0.1
0.12
Arginine, g
0.17
0.275
0.08
0.115
Histidine, g
0.1
0.135
0.048
0.06
Alanine, g
0.16
0.23
0.07
0.1 0.15
Aspartic acid, g
0.23
0.337
0.1
Glutamic acid, g
1.4
1.7
0.75
0.78
Glycine, g
0.16
0.24
0.078
0.1
Proline, g
0.46
0.55
0.25
0.26
Serine, g
0.2
0.27
0.11
0.13
203
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Breads Pita, enr.
Pita, whole wheat
Pumpernickel
Rolls, dinner, enr.
Measure
1 sm.
1 sm.
1 slice
1
Weight, g
28
28
32
28
Calories
77
75
79
85
Protein, g
2.55
2.7
2.9
2.4
Carbohydrate, g
15.6
15
17
14
Fiber, g
0.6
2.1
2.1
0.85
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.17
0.095
0.07
0.14
Vitamin B2, mg
0.09
0.022
0.04
0.09
Vitamin B6, mg
0.01
0.07
0.05
0.015
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
1.3
0.795
0.99
1.14
0.1
0.23
0.16
0.14
Folic acid, mcg
27
9.8
26
27
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0.03
Vitamin E, IU
0.02
0.38
0.21
0.37
Calcium, mg
24
4.2
27
34
Copper, mg
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.04
Iron, mg
0.7
0.857
0.8
0.9
Magnesium, mg
7.3
19
23
6.5
Manganese, mg
0.14
0.487
0.42
0.13
Phosphorus, mg
27
50
57
33
Potassium, mg
34
48
67
38
Selenium, mcg
7.6
13
7.8
7.7
Sodium, mg
150
149
215
148 0.22
Zinc, mg
0.235
0.43
0.365
Total lipid, g
0.336
0.728
0.9
2.1
Total saturated, g
0.046
0.115
0.14
0.497 0.34
Total unsaturated, g
0.15
0.295
0.396
Total monounsaturated, g
0.029
0.088
0.3
1.05
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0.284 0.028
Tryptophan, g
0.029
0.042
0.03
Threonine, g
0.07
0.08
0.085
0.07
Isoleucine, g
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Leucine, g
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.17
Lycine, g
0.06
0.074
0.08
0.067
Methionine, g
0.045
0.043
0.05
0.043
Cystine, g
0.055
0.064
0.06
0.05
Phenylalanine, g
0.125
0.13
0.135
0.12
Tyrosine, g
0.07
0.08
0.076
0.07
Valine, g
0.11
0.123
0.13
0.1
Arginine, g
0.09
0.127
0.115
0.1
Histidine, g
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.05
Alanine, g
0.085
0.1
0.1
0.08
Aspartic acid, g
0.114
0.14
0.15
0.114
Glutamic acid, g
0.85
0.88
0.87
0.8
Glycine, g
0.09
0.1
0.1
0.08
Proline, g
0.28
0.3
0.304
0.26
Serine, g
0.123
0.13
0.13
0.117
Grains
Pantothenic acid, mg
204
SECTION V
Breads
Grains
Rolls dinner, whole wheat
Rolls, hamburger/ hotdog, enr.
Rye
Wheat incl. wheatberry 1 slice
Measure
1
1
1 slice
Weight, g
35
40
32
25
Calories
90
119
83
65
Protein, g
3.5
3.3
2.1
2.3
Carbohydrate, g
18.3
21.2
12
12
Fiber, g
2.7
1.16
1.9
1
Vitamin A, IU
t
0
2.24
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.12
0.21
0.14
0.1
Vitamin B2, mg
0.05
0.13
0.11
0.07
Vitamin B6, mg
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.024
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
1.1
1.7
1.22
1
Pantothenic acid, mg
1.76
0.23
0.1
0.11
Folic acid, mcg
11
41
26
19
Vitamin C, mg
0
0.04
0.13
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.73
0.99
0.17
0.2
Calcium, mg
37
60
23
26
Copper, mg
0.086
0.05
0.06
0.05
Iron, mg
0.8
1.4
0.9
0.83
Magnesium, mg
40
8.6
10
12
Manganese, mg
0.8
0.14
0.3
0.26
Phosphorus, mg
98
34
40
38
Potassium, mg
102
61
53
50
Selenium, mcg
18
11
9.9
17
Sodium, mg
197
241
211
133
Zinc, mg
0.7
0.21
0.4
0.26
Total lipid, g
1.69
2.2
1.06
1.1
Total saturated, g
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.224 0.227
Total unsaturated, g
0.778
1.08
0.256
Total monounsaturated, g
0.4
0.36
0.42
0.43
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0 0.03
Tryptophan, g
0.048
0.043
0.03
Threonine, g
0.09
0.1
0.08
0.07
Isoleucine, g
0.12
0.14
0.1
0.09
Leucine, g
0.216
0.26
0.185
0.16
Lycine, g
0.1
0.1
0.075
0.065
Methionine, g
0.05
0.065
0.044
0.04
Cystine, g
0.07
0.078
0.055
0.05
Phenylalanine, g
0.15
0.18
0.132
0.11
Tyrosine, g
0.09
0.1
0.07
0.067
Valine, g
0.145
0.16
0.12
0.1
Arginine, g
0.147
0.133
0.1
0.1
Histidine, g
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.05
Alanine, g
0.113
0.12
0.1
0.08
Aspartic acid, g
0.167
0.168
0.14
0.12
Glutamic acid, g
0.97
1.21
0.8
0.73
Glycine, g
0.125
0.13
0.1
0.086
Proline, g
0.32
0.41
0.3
0.24
Serine, g
0.15
0.177
0.13
0.1
205
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Breads White, enr.
Whole wheat
Crackers, graham
Crackers, soda
1 slice
1 slice
1
1
Weight, g
23
28
14.2
2.8
Calories
62
69
55
12.5
Protein, g
2
2.4
1.1
0.26
Carbohydrate, g
11.6
11
10.4
2
Fiber, g
0.58
1.9
0.22
0.09
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.12
0.098
0.01
0.017
Vitamin B2, mg
0.085
0.057
0.03
0.014
Vitamin B6, mg
0.009
0.05
t
t
Vitamin B12, mcg
t
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.99
1.1
0.2
0.03
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.1
0.174
0.075
0.014
Folic acid, mcg
24
13
8.4
3.7
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.14
0.3
0.43
0.07
Calcium, mg
20
23
3.4
3.6
Copper, mg
0.05
0.06
0.03
0.006
Iron, mg
0.6
0.9
0.2
0.16
Magnesium, mg
5
25
5.68
0.81
Manganese, mg
0.07
0.65
0.113
0.02
Phosphorus, mg
22
64
21
2.5
Potassium, mg
24
70
55
3.4
Selenium, mcg
6.44
10
1.4
0.59
Sodium, mg
117
148
95
31
Zinc, mg
0.155
0.5
0.113
0.023
Total lipid, g
0.79
1.17
1.3
0.37
Total saturated, g
0.16
0.257
0.3
0.075
Total unsaturated, g
0.475
0.28
0.53
0.05
Total monounsaturated, g
0.18
0.47
0.57
0.19
Cholesterol, mg
0.25
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.024
0.04
0.013
0.004
Threonine, g
0.06
0.08
0.03
0.01
Isoleucine, g
0.08
0.1
0.034
0.01
Leucine, g
0.145
0.19
0.066
0.02
Lycine, g
0.056
0.085
0.023
0.01
Methionine, g
0.036
0.043
0.017
0.005
Cystine, g
0.04
0.06
0.02
0.006
Phenylalanine, g
0.1
0.13
0.05
0.014
Tyrosine, g
0.06
0.08
0.03
0.01
Valine, g
0.1
0.124
0.04
0.01
Arginine, g
0.08
0.126
0.04
0.01
Histidine, g
0.045
0.06
0.02
0.006
Alanine, g
0.07
0.1
0.03
0.01
Aspartic acid, g
0.1
0.15
0.04
0.01
Glutamic acid, g
0.66
0.83
0.32
0.09
Glycine, g
0.07
0.11
0.036
0.01
Proline, g
0.22
0.27
0.1
0.03
Serine, g
0.1
0.13
0.05
0.014
Grains
Measure
Grains
206
SECTION V
Bread
Flours
Crackers, whole wheat
Buckwheat, whole groat
Corn, degermed
Corn, whole grain
Measure
1
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
4
120
126
117 431
Calories
17
402
472
Protein, g
0.35
15
7
8
Carbohydrate, g
2.7
85
104
89.9
Fiber, g
0.42
12
2.4
16
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
64
548
Vitamin B1, mg
0.01
0.58
0.09
0.23
Vitamin B2, mg
t
0.23
0.07
0.07
Vitamin B6, mg
t
0.578
0.12
0.43
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.18
7.4
3.35
1.6
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.03
0.53
0.07
0.77
Folic acid, mcg
1.1
65
61
29
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.06
1.85
0.62
0.43
Calcium, mg
2
49
2.5
7
Copper, mg
0.02
0.7
0.18
0.27
Iron, mg
0.12
5
1.15
2.1
Magnesium, mg
4
301
23
109
Manganese, mg
0.09
2.09
0.07
0.54
Phosphorus, mg
12
404
76
318
Potassium, mg
12
682
113
369
Selenium, mcg
0.59
6.8
11
18
Sodium, mg
27
13
1.3
6
Zinc, mg
0.086
3.7
0.47
2
Total lipid, g
0.69
3.7
1.75
4.5
Total saturated, g
0.136
0.8
0.215
0.635
Total unsaturated, g
0.264
1.14
0.876
2.1
Total monounsaturated, g
0.235
1.14
0.345
1.2
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.005
0.22
—
0.057
Threonine, g
0.01
0.58
—
0.31
Isoleucine, g
0.013
0.57
—
0.29
Leucine, g
0.024
0.95
—
0.995
Lycine, g
0.01
0.77
—
0.23
Methionine, g
0.005
0.2
—
0.17
Cystine, g
0.01
0.26
—
0.146
Phenylalanine, g
0.017
0.6
—
0.4
Tyrosine, g
0.01
0.276
—
0.33
Valine, g
0.016
0.775
—
0.4
Arginine, g
0.017
1.12
—
0.4
Histidine, g
0.01
0.35
—
0.25
Alanine, g
0.013
0.85
—
0.6
Aspartic acid, g
0.02
1.3
—
0.56
Glutamic acid, g
0.112
2.34
—
1.5
Glycine, g
0.014
1.18
—
0.33
Proline, g
0.037
0.58
—
0.71
Serine, g
0.017
0.78
—
0.385
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
207
Flours Rye, dark
Rye, light
White, enr.
Whole wheat
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
128
102
110
120 400
419
374
455
20.9
8.6
11.6
16
Carbohydrate, g
87.2
81
95
85.2
Fiber, g
29
15
3
15
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
0
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.4
0.34
0.98
0.66
Vitamin B2, mg
0.28
0.09
0.62
0.25
Vitamin B6, mg
0.6
0.24
0.066
0.41
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
5.5
0.82
7.4
5.2
Pantothenic acid, mg
1.7
0.68
0.51
1.32
Folic acid, mcg
77
22
193
65
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
4.9
0.85
0.11
2.19
Calcium, mg
69
18
18
49
Copper, mg
0.96
0.3
0.21
0.6
Iron, mg
8
1.8
5.8
4
Magnesium, mg
317
71
28
136
Manganese, mg
8.6
2
0.85
4.6
Phosphorus, mg
808
198
135
446
Potassium, mg
934
238
133
444
Selenium, mcg
45
36
42
77.4
Sodium, mg
1
2
2
4
Zinc, mg
7.2
1.8
0.87
2.88
Total lipid, g
3.3
1.4
1.1
2.4
Total saturated, g
0.42
0.15
0.19
0.386
Total unsaturated, g
0.5
0.576
0.52
0.98
Total monounsaturated, g
0.42
0.16
0.11
0.278
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.2
0.097
0.16
0.254
Threonine, g
0.6
0.3
0.35
0.474
Isoleucine, g
0.7
0.3
0.45
0.6
Leucine, g
1.24
0.6
0.89
1.1
Lycine, g
0.6
0.3
0.285
0.45
Methionine, g
0.27
0.13
0.23
0.25
Cystine, g
0.355
0.17
0.27
0.38
Phenylalanine, g
0.91
0.43
0.65
0.775
Tyrosine, g
0.355
0.17
0.4
0.48
Valine, g
0.9
0.43
0.52
0.74
Arginine, g
0.8
0.4
0.5
0.77
Histidine, g
0.4
0.2
0.29
0.38
Alanine, g
0.74
0.35
0.42
0.58
Aspartic acid, g
1.24
0.59
0.54
0.84
Glutamic acid, g
5
2.4
4.35
5.2
Glycine, g
0.68
0.325
0.464
0.66
Proline, g
1.9
0.92
1.5
1.7
Serine, g
0.98
0.465
0.65
0.775
Grains
Calories Protein, g
208
SECTION V
Legumes
Legumes
Adzuki beans, cooked
Black beans, cooked
Blackeyed peas, cooked
Carob, flour
Fava beans, cooked
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
230
172
165
103
170
Calories
294
227
178
229
187
Protein, g
17
15
13.4
4.8
13
Carbohydrate, g
57
41
29.9
92
33
Fiber, g
17
15
11
41
9
Vitamin A, IU
14
10
26
14
26
Vitamin B1, mg
0.27
0.42
0.5
0.055
0.17
Vitamin B2, mg
0.15
0.1
0.18
0.475
0.15
Vitamin B6, mg
0.22
0.12
0.18
0.38
0.12
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
1.6
0.87
0.85
1.95
1.2
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.99
0.42
0.66
0.05
0.27
Folic acid, mcg
279
256
357
30
177
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0.68
0.2
0.5
Vitamin E, IU
—
—
0.72
0.967
0.224
Calcium, mg
64
46
40
358
61
Copper, mg
0.69
0.36
0.46
0.59
0.44
Iron, mg
4.6
3.6
3.5
3
2.5
Magnesium, mg
120
120
90.7
56
73
Manganese, mg
1.3
0.76
0.82
0.5
0.72
Phosphorus, mg
386
241
241
81
213
Potassium, mg
1224
611
428
851
456
Selenium, mcg
2.8
2
4.3
5.46
4.4 8.5
Sodium, mg
18
1.7
2
36
Zinc, mg
4
1.9
3
0.95
1.7
Total lipid, g
0.23
0.93
1.3
0.669
0.68
Total saturated, g
0.08
0.24
0.237
0.09
0.112
Total unsaturated, g
—
0.397
0.387
0.22
0.279
Total monounsaturated, g
—
0.08
0.076
0.2
0.134
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.166
0.18
0.16
0.05
0.12
Threonine, g
0.59
0.64
0.51
0.28
0.46
Isoleucine, g
0.7
0.67
0.54
0.22
0.52
Leucine, g
1.45
1.2
1
0.455
0.97
Lycine, g
1.3
1.05
0.9
0.2
0.83
Methionine, g
0.18
0.23
0.19
0.08
0.105
Cystine, g
0.16
0.165
0.15
0.03
0.165
Phenylalanine, g
0.9
0.8
0.776
0.156
0.55
Tyrosine, g
0.52
0.4
0.43
0.124
0.4
Valine, g
0.9
0.8
0.63
0.46
0.58
Arginine, g
1.12
0.94
0.9
0.134
1.2
Histidine, g
0.455
0.43
0.4
0.13
0.33
Alanine, g
1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.53
Aspartic acid, g
2.05
1.8
1.6
0.52
1.4
Glutamic acid, g
2.7
2.3
2.5
0.37
2.2
Glycine, g
0.66
0.6
0.55
0.275
0.54
Proline, g
0.76
0.65
0.6
0.365
0.54
Serine, g
0.85
0.83
0.67
0.3
0.6
209
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Legumes Garbanzos, cooked
Kidney beans, cooked
Lentils, cooked
Lentil sprouts, raw
Lima beans, cooked
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
164
177
200
77
188
Calories
269
225
212
81
208
Protein, g
15
14.4
15.6
6.9
14
Carbohydrate, g
45
39.6
38.6
17
40
Fiber, g
13
13
15
—
13
Vitamin A, IU
44
0
15
35
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.19
0.2
0.33
0.176
0.238
Vitamin B2, mg
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.099
0.163
Vitamin B6, mg
0.23
0.2
0.35
0.146
0.328
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
0.86
1.3
2.1
0.869
0.8
0.47
0.4
1.26
0.445
0.8
Folic acid, mcg
282
230
358
76.9
156
Vitamin C, mg
2
2
3
12.7
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.85
0.21
0.325
—
0.5
Calcium, mg
80
50
38
19
32
Copper, mg
0.58
0.43
0.54
0.27
0.519
Iron, mg
4.7
5.2
6.6
2.47
4.2
Magnesium, mg
79
79
71
28
80
Manganese, mg
1.7
0.84
0.98
0.39
0.97
Phosphorus, mg
276
259
356
133
221
Potassium, mg
477
629
730
248
969
Selenium, mcg
6
2
5.5
0.46
8.5
Sodium, mg
11
3.5
4
8
4
Zinc, mg
2.5
1.9
2
1.16
1.34
Total lipid, g
4.3
0.9
0.75
0.43
0.7
Total saturated, g
0.4
0.13
0.1
0.044
0.167
Total unsaturated, g
1.9
0.487
0.35
0.17
0.32
Total monounsaturated, g
0.96
0.069
0.13
0.08
0.06
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.14
0.18
0.16
—
0.17
Threonine, g
0.54
0.65
0.64
0.253
0.63
Isoleucine, g
0.6
0.68
0.77
0.251
0.745
Leucine, g
1
1.2
1.3
0.484
0.113
Lycine, g
0.97
1
1.25
0.548
0.98
Methionine, g
0.19
0.23
0.15
0.081
0.18
Cystine, g
0.195
0.17
0.23
0.257
0.16
Phenylalanine, g
0.78
0.8
0.88
0.34
0.84
Tyrosine, g
0.36
0.4
0.48
0.194
0.52
Valine, g
0.6
0.8
0.89
0.307
0.88
Arginine, g
1.4
0.95
1.4
0.47
0.9
Histidine, g
0.4
0.43
0.5
0.198
0.393
Alanine, g
0.6
0.64
0.75
0.274
0.75
Aspartic acid, g
1.7
1.86
1.98
1.1
1.9
Glutamic acid, g
2.5
2.3
2.77
0.969
2
Glycine, g
0.6
0.6
0.73
0.246
0.62
Proline, g
0.6
0.65
0.75
0.274
0.67
Serine, g
0.7
0.84
0.8
0.381
0.98
Legumes
Niacin, mg Pantothenic acid, mg
210
SECTION V
Legumes
Legumes
Miso
Mung sprouts, raw
Natto
Navy beans, cooked
Peanuts, raw
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
275
104
175
190
144
Calories
566
32
375
224
838
Protein, g
33
3
31
14.8
37.7
Carbohydrate, g
77
6
25
40.3
29.7
Fiber, g
15
1.8
9.45
12
12
Vitamin A, IU
240
22
0
3.6
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.267
0.088
0.28
0.27
0.46
Vitamin B2, mg
0.688
0.128
0.33
0.13
0.19
Vitamin B6, mg
0.59
0.092
0.23
0.3
0.576
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0 24.6
Niacin, mg
2.37
0.778
0
1.3
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.7
0.396
0.376
0.46
3
Folic acid, mcg
91
63
14
255
350
Vitamin C, mg
0
13.6
23
1.6
0
Vitamin E, IU
0.04
0.015
0.027
—
19
Calcium, mg
181
14
380
95
104
Copper, mg
1.2
0.17
1.17
0.54
0.62
Iron, mg
7.5
0.94
15
5.1
3.2
Magnesium, mg
116
22
201
107
252 2.17
Manganese, mg
2.36
0.19
2.67
1
Phosphorus, mg
421
56
305
281
586
Potassium, mg
451
154
1276
790
1009
Selenium, mcg
4.4
0.6
15
10
10
Sodium, mg
10.029
6
12
2
26
Zinc, mg
9
0.42
5.3
1.8
4.78
Total lipid, g
16.7
0.2
19
1.1
70.1
Total saturated, g
2.4
0.048
2.78
0.269
10
Total unsaturated, g
9.4
0.052
10.9
0.45
22
Total monounsaturated, g
3.7
0.023
4.25
0.1
36
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.4
0.038
0.4
0.187
0.453
Threonine, g
1.76
0.08
1.4
0.67
1.09
Isoleucine, g
2.2
0.138
1.63
0.7
1.45
Leucine, g
3.1
0.182
2.6
1.3
2.8
Lycine, g
1.8
0.172
2
1.1
1.45
Methionine, g
0.4
0.036
0.36
0.24
0.384
Cystine, g
0.27
0.018
0.385
0.17
0.48
Phenylalanine, g
1.64
0.122
1.65
0.86
2.14
Tyrosine, g
0.995
0.054
0.97
0.45
1.8
Valine, g
2
0.136
1.78
0.8
1.7
Arginine, g
2
0.2
1.6
0.98
5.05
Histidine, g
0.91
0.072
0.9
0.44
1.09
Alanine, g
1.57
0.102
1.4
0.66
1.65
Aspartic acid, g
3.6
0.498
3.4
1.9
5.04
Glutamic acid, g
5.78
0.168
5.8
2.4
8.9
Glycine, g
1.5
0.066
1
0.62
2.59
Proline, g
2
—
2.5
0.67
1.82
Serine, g
2
0.034
1.96
0.86
2.09
211
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Legumes Peanut butter, smooth
Peas, green
Peas, split, cooked
Pinto beans, cooked
Soybeans, cooked
Soybean, flour
Measure
1T
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
15
146
200
171
172
84
Calories
86
118
230
234
298
366
Protein, g
3.9
7.9
16
14
29
29
Carbohydrate, g
3.2
21
41.6
44
17
29.5
Fiber, g
0.9
7.4
16
15
10
8
Vitamin A, IU
0
934
14
3.4
15
100
Vitamin B1, mg
0.018
0.387
0.3
0.32
0.27
0.49
Vitamin B2, mg
0.02
0.193
0.18
0.156
0.5
0.97
Vitamin B6, mg
0.05
0.247
0.09
0.27
0.4
0.387
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4
3.05
1.8
0.68
0.69
3.6
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.147
0.152
1.2
0.49
0.31
1.34
Folic acid, mcg
7
95
127
294
93
290
Vitamin C, mg
0
58.4
0.78
3.6
3
0
Vitamin E, IU
2.4
0.84
1
2.38
5
1.64
Calcium, mg
6
36
22
82
175
173
Copper, mg
0.022
0.257
0.5
0.44
0.7
2.45
Iron, mg
0.3
2.14
3.4
4.5
8.8
5.35
Magnesium, mg
26
48
71
94
148
360
Manganese, mg
0.257
0.599
0.78
0.95
1.4
1.9
Phosphorus, mg
59
157
194
273
421
415
Potassium, mg
123
357
709
800
885
2112
Selenium, mcg
1.2
2.6
1.18
12
12
6.3
Sodium, mg
75
7
4
3
1.7
11
Zinc, mg
0.47
1.8
2
1.85
2
3.3
Total lipid, g
8.1
0.58
0.76
0.889
15
—
Total saturated, g
1.5
0.1
0.1
0.186
2.2
2.5
Total unsaturated, g
2.2
0.27
0.3
0.32
8.7
9.8
Total monounsaturated, g
3.9
0.05
0.16
0.18
3.4
3.8
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.055
0.054
0.18
0.167
0.42
0.422
Threonine, g
0.132
0.296
0.58
0.6
1.24
1.26
Isoleucine, g
0.177
0.285
0.67
0.62
1.4
1.4
Leucine, g
0.342
0.472
1.2
1
2.3
3.37
Lycine, g
0.176
0.463
1.2
0.96
2
1.9
Methionine, g
0.047
0.12
0.17
0.2
0.385
0.4
Cystine, g
0.058
0.047
0.25
0.15
0.46
0.467
Phenylalanine, g
0.26
0.292
0.75
0.76
1.5
1.5
Tyrosine, g
0.219
0.165
0.47
0.4
1.1
1.1
Valine, g
0.206
0.343
0.77
0.74
1.4
1.45
Arginine, g
0.613
0.625
1.46
0.87
2
2.25
Histidine, g
0.133
0.156
0.4
0.4
0.77
0.78
Alanine, g
0.201
0.35
0.72
0.59
1.35
1.37
Aspartic acid, g
0.613
0.723
1.9
1.7
3.6
3.6
Glutamic acid, g
1.08
1.08
2.8
2
5.5
5.6
Glycine, g
0.315
0.269
0.7
0.55
1.3
1.34
Proline, g
0.221
0.253
0.67
0.6
1.7
1.7
Serine, g
0.255
0.264
0.72
0.76
1.66
1.68
Legumes
Niacin, mg
212
SECTION V
Legumes
Legumes
Soybean sprouts, raw
Soymilk
Tempeh
Measure
1C
1C
Weight, g
70
245
100
Tofu, firm ⁄2 C
1
126
Calories
90
81
193
97
Protein, g
9
6.7
19
10
Carbohydrate, g
7.8
4.4
9.4
3.7
Fiber, g
0.77
3.2
—
0.5
Vitamin A, IU
8
78
0
10
Vitamin B1, mg
0.238
0.4
0.078
0.12 0.13
Vitamin B2, mg
0.082
0.17
0.358
Vitamin B6, mg
0.124
0.1
0.215
0.08
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0.075
0 0.01
Niacin, mg
0.804
0.36
2.64
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.65
0.12
0.278
0.08
Folic acid, mcg
120
3.7
24
42
Vitamin C, mg
10.6
0
0
0.25
Vitamin E, IU
—
0.04
—
—
Calcium, mg
48
9.8
111
204
Copper, mg
0.3
0.3
0.56
0.3
Iron, mg
1.48
1.4
2.7
1.8
Magnesium, mg
50
47
81
58 0.9
Manganese, mg
0.492
0.42
1.3
Phosphorus, mg
114
120
266
185
Potassium, mg
338
346
412
222
Selenium, mcg
0.4
3.2
0.017
12
Sodium, mg
10
29
9
10
Zinc, mg
0.82
0.56
1.14
1.3
Total lipid, g
4.68
4.7
10.8
5.6
Total saturated, g
0.5
0.5
2.2
0.8
Total unsaturated, g
2
2.04
3.83
3.2
Total monounsaturated, g
1
0.8
3
1.24
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.126
0.11
0.28
0.16
Threonine, g
0.32
0.28
0.796
0.4
Isoleucine, g
0.276
0.35
0.88
0.5
Leucine, g
0.464
0.6
1.43
0.77
Lycine, g
0.386
0.44
0.91
0.67
Methionine, g
0.062
0.1
0.174
0.13
Cystine, g
0.03
0.1
0.32
0.14
Phenylalanine, g
0.222
0.37
0.89
0.5
Tyrosine, g
0.182
0.27
0.664
0.34
Valine, g
0.3
0.345
0.9
0.5
Arginine, g
0.266
0.5
1.25
0.67
Histidine, g
0.148
0.17
0.466
0.3
Alanine, g
0.26
0.3
0.96
0.42
Aspartic acid, g
0.8
0.84
2
1
Glutamic acid, g
0.784
1.35
3.3
1.75
Glycine, g
0.214
0.3
0.75
0.4
Proline, g
0.47
0.4
1
0.55
Serine, g
0.414
0.35
1
0.48
213
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Beef1 Chuck roast
Corned, brisket
Dried
Flank steak
Ground beef, lean
Measure
1 lb
1 lb
1 oz
1 lb
4 oz
Weight, g
454
454
28
454
113
Calories
1164
896
47
888
298
Protein, g
83
66.58
8.25
87.4
20
Carbohydrate, g
0
0.63
0.44
0
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
130
—
—
50
22.5
Vitamin B1, mg
0.485
0.195
0.02
0.499
0.057
Vitamin B2, mg
0.794
0.712
0.09
0.680
0.237
1.7
1.32
—
1.87
0.28
13.7
8.07
0.52
13.4
2.64
Niacin, mg
14.6
16.6
1.06
20.6
5.1
Pantothenic acid, mg
1.4
2.59
—
1.46
0.418
Folic acid, mcg
32
—
—
32
9
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
—
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
—
—
—
—
—
Calcium, mg
32
30
2
22
9
Copper, mg
0.363
0.499
0.045
0.327
0.082
Iron, mg
9.44
7.66
1.28
8.9
1.99
Magnesium, mg
87
66
9
93
20
Manganese, mg
0.054
0.091
—
0.064
0.017
Phosphorus, mg
779
531
49
864
154
Potassium, mg
1374
1348
126
1585
295
Selenium, mcg
—
—
—
—
—
Sodium, mg
266
5519
984
321
78
Zinc, mg
18.06
12.9
1.49
15.7
4.36
Total lipid, g
90
67.6
1.11
57
23.4
Total saturated, g
38.4
21.44
0.45
25.6
9.39
Total unsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
Total monounsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
— 85
Cholesterol, mg
311
245
—
238
Tryptophan, g
0.93
0.608
0.067
0.98
0.246
Threonine, g
3.63
2.51
0.346
3.82
0.837
Isoleucine, g
3.74
2.88
0.338
3.9
0.857
Leucine, g
6.57
4.89
0.616
6.9
1.6
Lycine, g
6.9
5.1
0.673
7.27
1.67 0.467
Methionine, g
2.13
1.55
0.199
2.24
Cystine, g
0.93
0.853
0.098
0.98
0.192
Phenylalanine, g
3.24
2.4
0.309
3.4
0.758
Tyrosine, g
2.8
2.17
0.249
2.9
0.624
Valine, g
4.04
2.93
0.379
4.25
0.968
Arginine, g
5.25
4.1
0.557
5.5
1.35
Histidine, g
2.8
2.1
0.239
2.99
0.636
Alanine, g
5.01
4.8
0.545
5.27
1.3
Aspartic acid, g
7.6
6.5
0.733
7.98
1.8
Glutamic acid, g
12.5
10.8
1.19
13.1
3.14
Glycine, g
4.5
5.56
0.612
4.76
1.48
Proline, g
3.67
4.79
0.449
3.86
1.01
Serine, g
3.18
2.68
0.337
3.34
0.774
1
Beef contains approx. .63 mg vitamin E/100 g; 13.6 mcg biotin/lb; 19 mg zinc/lb (lean, no fat).
Meats
Vitamin B6, mg Vitamin B12, mcg
214
SECTION V
Beef1 Ground beef, regular
Meats
Measure
4 oz
Liver 4 oz
Pastrami 1 oz
Porterhouse steak 1 lb
Rib roast 1 lb
Weight, g
113
113
28
454
454
Calories
351
161
99
1289
1503
Protein, g
18.8
22.6
4.9
78.8
72.8
Carbohydrate, g
0
6.58
0.86
0
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
40
39941
—
300
310
Vitamin B1, mg
0.043
0.292
0.027
0.44
0.349
Vitamin B2, mg
0.171
3.14
0.048
0.739
0.576 1.39
Vitamin B6, mg
0.27
1.06
0.05
1.62
Vitamin B12, mcg
2.99
78.2
0.5
11.85
12.45
Niacin, mg
5.06
14.4
1.44
15.3
12.4
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.39
8.6
—
1.32
1.35
Folic acid, mcg
8
281
—
27
22
Vitamin C, mg
0
25.3
0.9
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
—
1.59
—
—
—
Calcium, mg
10
6
2
29
39
Copper, mg
0.07
3.12
—
0.336
0.259
Iron, mg
1.96
7.71
0.54
7.83
7.63
Magnesium, mg
18
22
5
82
71
Manganese, mg
0.019
0.298
—
0.054
0.054
Phosphorus, mg
146
360
43
770
685
Potassium, mg
258
365
65
1305
1180
Selenium, mcg
23.5
51.5
—
—
—
Sodium, mg
77
82
348
222
241
Zinc, mg
4.01
4.43
1.21
13.64
16.2
Total lipid, g
30
4.34
8.27
105.6
132
Total saturated, g
12.18
1.69
2.95
45.15
57.4
Total unsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
Total monounsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
Cholesterol, mg
96
400
26
316
326
Tryptophan, g
0.232
0.325
0.045
0.885
0.816
Threonine, g
0.788
1.034
0.185
3.44
3.18
Isoleucine, g
0.806
1.034
0.211
3.54
3.27
Leucine, g
1.5
2.13
0.359
6.23
5.75
Lycine, g
1.56
1.57
0.375
6.56
6.05
Methionine, g
0.438
0.572
0.113
2.02
1.86
Cystine, g
0.181
0.347
0.063
0.885
0.816
Phenylalanine, g
0.712
1.2
0.176
3.08
2.84
Tyrosine, g
0.586
0.897
0.16
2.65
2.44
Valine, g
0.911
1.4
0.215
3.83
3.58
Arginine, g
1.26
1.42
0.302
4.98
4.6
Histidine, g
0.598
0.618
0.156
2.7
2.49
Alanine, g
1.23
1.4
0.352
4.75
4.39
Aspartic acid, g
1.7
2.17
0.479
7.2
6.65
Glutamic acid, g
2.95
3.06
0.796
11.8
10.9
Glycine, g
1.39
1.29
0.408
4.3
3.97
Proline, g
0.953
1.19
0.352
3.48
3.21
Serine, g
0.727
1.09
0.197
3.01
2.78
1
Beef contains approx. .63 mg vitamin E/100 g; 13.6 mcg biotin/lb; 19 mg zinc/lb (lean, no fat).
215
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Beef1 Round steak
Short ribs 1 lb
Sirloin steak 1 lb
Smoked, chopped 1 oz
T-bone steak 1 lb
Tenderloin
Measure
1 lb
1 lb
Weight, g
454
454
454
28
454
454
Calories
1093
1761
1179
38
1394
1095
Protein, g
88
65.3
82.7
5.7
76
84.1
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
0.53
0
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
110
—
220
—
300
—
Vitamin B1, mg
0.435
0.322
0.503
0.024
0.422
0.54
Vitamin B2, mg
0.748
0.535
0.88
0.05
0.712
0.97
Vitamin B6, mg
2.02
1.34
1.71
0.1
1.58
1.74
Vitamin B12, mcg
12.21
11.6
12.58
0.49
11.6
12
15.97
11.6
13.9
1.3
14.8
13.9
Pantothenic acid, mg
1.53
1.09
1.38
0.167
1.27
1.41
Folic acid, mcg
35
21
30
—
26
28
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
—
—
—
—
—
—
Calcium, mg
23
41
34
—
30
30
Copper, mg
0.322
0.24
0.37
—
0.322
0.435
Iron, mg
8.5
7.03
10.2
0.81
7.58
10.9
Magnesium, mg
92
62
89
6
79
93
Manganese, mg
0.059
0.05
0.054
—
0.054
0.059
Phosphorus, mg
846
624
798
51
703
842
Potassium, mg
1434
1053
1331
107
1248
1422
Selenium, mcg
165
—
—
—
—
—
Sodium, mg
232
224
234
357
217
223
Zinc, mg
13.7
14.3
15.5
1.11
13.1
14.2
Total lipid, g
79.5
164
91.5
1.25
118.5
81.6
Total saturated, g
33.73
71.5
39.15
0.51
50.9
34.7
Total unsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total monounsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
—
Cholesterol, mg
298
345
315
13
323
313
Tryptophan, g
0.984
0.73
0.925
0.047
0.853
0.943
Threonine, g
3.84
2.85
3.6
0.24
3.33
3.67
Isoleucine, g
3.95
2.93
3.7
0.234
3.42
3.78
Leucine, g
6.95
5.16
6.54
0.428
6.02
6.65
Lycine, g
7.32
5.43
6.88
0.467
6.33
6.99
Methionine, g
2.25
1.67
2.12
0.138
1.95
2.15
Cystine, g
0.984
0.73
0.925
0.068
0.853
0.943
Phenylalanine, g
3.43
2.55
3.23
0.214
2.97
3.28
Tyrosine, g
2.95
2.19
2.78
0.173
2.56
2.83
Valine, g
4.27
3.18
4.02
0.263
3.7
4.09
Arginine, g
5.55
4.13
5.23
0.386
4.81
5.32
Histidine, g
3.01
2.24
2.83
0.166
2.6
2.88
Alanine, g
5.3
3.94
4.99
0.378
4.59
5.07
Aspartic acid, g
8.03
5.96
7.56
0.508
6.95
7.68
Glutamic acid, g
13.2
9.8
12.4
0.825
11.4
12.6
Glycine, g
4.8
3.56
4.51
0.425
4.16
4.59
Proline, g
3.88
2.88
3.65
0.311
3.36
3.72
Serine, g
3.36
2.5
3.16
0.234
2.91
3.22
1
Beef contains approx. .63 mg vitamin E/100 g; 13.6 mcg biotin/lb; 19 mg zinc/lb (lean, no fat).
Meats
Niacin, mg
216
SECTION V
Meats
Lamb1 Leg
Chops
Measure
1 lb
1 lb
1 lb
Liver
Shoulder 1 lb
Weight, g
454
454
454
454
Calories
845
1146
617
1082
Protein, g
67.7
63.7
95.3
59
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
13.2
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
229070
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.59
0.57
1.81
0.53
Vitamin B2, mg
0.82
0.79
14.9
0.73
Vitamin B6, mg
1.05
1.05
1.36
1.05
Vitamin B12, mcg
8.2
8.2
472
8.2
Niacin, mg
19
18.5
76.5
17.1
Pantothenic acid, mg
2
2
32.7
2
Folic acid, mcg
18
18
990
18
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
152
0
Vitamin E, IU
1.4
1.4
—
1.48
Calcium, mg
0.39
35
45
35 0.44
Copper, mg
0.27
0.73
25
Iron, mg
5.1
4.7
49.4
3.9
Magnesium, mg
61
55
64
50
Manganese, mg
0.09
—
1.04
0.086
Phosphorus, mg
593
567
1583
516
Potassium, mg
1083
1019
916
942
Selenium, mcg
94
78
—
87
Sodium, mg
237
223
236
206
Zinc, mg
15
—
—
18
Total lipid, g
77
0.97
19.6
97
Total saturated, g
35
54.3
6.9
42
Total unsaturated, g
6
—
—
7
Total monounsaturated, g
31
—
—
40
Cholesterol, mg
265
270
1361
270
Tryptophan, g
0.95
—
—
0.88
Threonine, g
3.5
—
—
3.2
Isoleucine, g
3.9
—
—
3.6
Leucine, g
6.3
—
—
5.85
Lycine, g
7.2
—
—
6.6
Methionine, g
2.1
—
—
1.9
Cystine, g
0.97
—
—
0.9
Phenylalanine, g
3.3
—
—
3
Tyrosine, g
2.7
—
—
2.5
Valine, g
4.4
—
—
4
Arginine, g
4.8
—
—
4.5
Histidine, g
2.57
—
—
2.4
Alanine, g
4.9
—
—
4.5
Aspartic acid, g
7
—
—
6.6
Glutamic acid, g
11.8
—
—
11
Glycine, g
4
—
—
3.67
Proline, g
3.4
—
—
3.2
Serine, g
3
—
—
2.8
1
Lamb contains approx. 13.6 mg zinc/lb (lean, no fat); 13.6 mcg biotin/lb.
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
217
Pork Bacon, Canadian style
Feet
Ham
Leg
Measure
1 lb
1 lb
1
⁄2
1 lb
1 lb
Weight, g
454
454
95
454
454
Calories
2523
714
251
827
1182
Protein, g
39
93.6
21
79.6
77.4
Carbohydrate, g
0.42
7.61
0
14.1
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
0
0
31
Vitamin B1, mg
1.67
3.4
0.04
3.9
3.24
Vitamin B2, mg
0.472
0.78
0.1
1.14
0.889
Vitamin B6, mg
0.64
1.77
—
1.52
1.81
Vitamin B12, mcg
4.2
3.02
—
3.75
2.79
Niacin, mg
12.6
28.2
1.05
23.8
20.5
Pantothenic acid, mg
1.6
2.36
—
2.02
3.04
Folic acid, mcg
9
18
—
15
33
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
—
3.2
Vitamin E, IU
0.41
—
—
—
1.9
Calcium, mg
34
36
56
0.32
25
Copper, mg
0.29
0.204
—
0.449
0.295
Iron, mg
2.7
3.07
—
4.5
3.87
Magnesium, mg
39
79
7
85
91
Manganese, mg
0.032
0.104
—
0.141
0.014
Phosphorus, mg
646
1102
52
1122
867
Potassium, mg
631
1560
216
1508
1405
Selenium, mcg
—
—
—
—
133
Sodium, mg
3107
6391
49
5974
214
Zinc, mg
5.23
6.31
—
9.69
8.6
Total lipid, g
261
31.6
17.9
47.9
94.4
Total saturated, g
96.4
10
6.18
15.4
34
Total unsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
9
Total monounsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
38
Cholesterol, mg
306
228
101
259
335
Tryptophan, g
0.376
0.93
0.042
0.957
0.993
Threonine, g
1.5
3.76
0.545
3.54
3.57
Isoleucine, g
1.6
3.53
0.335
3.49
3.63
Leucine, g
2.73
6.6
0.881
6.32
6.23
Lycine, g
2.9
7.37
0.902
6.75
7.55
Methionine, g
0.866
2.54
0.21
2.1
1.86
Cystine, g
0.404
1.17
—
1.2
0.98
Phenylalanine, g
1.5
3.04
0.566
3.44
3.08
Tyrosine, g
1.14
2.83
0.314
2.6
2.67
Valine, g
1.89
3.73
0.483
3.45
4.12
Arginine, g
2.4
5.1
1.59
5.17
5.53
Histidine, g
1.13
3.4
0.252
2.85
3.74
Alanine, g
2.2
4.70
1.76
4.7
4.31
Aspartic acid, g
3.24
7.8
1.46
7.54
6.75
Glutamic acid, g
5.39
13
2.28
13
11.3
Glycine, g
2.8
4.03
3.48
4.14
3.32
Proline, g
2.09
3.5
2.3
3.4
2.75
Serine, g
1.47
3.55
0.839
3.26
2.99
Meats
Bacon
218
SECTION V
Pork
Meats
Loin, chop
Shoulder
Spareribs
Measure
1 chop
1 lb
1 lb
Weight, g
151
454
454
Calories
345
1249
804
Protein, g
20
73
48
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
9
30
30
Vitamin B1, mg
0.948
3.08
1.74
Vitamin B2, mg
0.294
1.19
0.768
Vitamin B6, mg
0.45
1.26
1.18
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.86
3.25
2.45
Niacin, mg
5.33
16.8
13.6
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.788
2.87
2.23
Folic acid, mcg
4
16
11
Vitamin C, mg
0.8
3
—
Vitamin E, IU
0.48
1.9
—
Calcium, mg
7
24
19
Copper, mg
0.076
0.376
0.239 2.78
Iron, mg
0.85
4.59
Magnesium, mg
21
77
62
Manganese, mg
0.013
0.05
0.028
Phosphorus, mg
224
803
671
Potassium, mg
346
1325
728
Selenium, mcg
28
115
—
Sodium, mg
63
286
212
Zinc, mg
2.09
11.3
7.58
Total lipid, g
28.7
103
66.3
Total saturated, g
10.3
37.3
26.3
Total unsaturated, g
2.8
9
—
Total monounsaturated, g
11.8
36
—
Cholesterol, mg
81
329
218
Tryptophan, g
0.256
0.934
0.647
Threonine, g
0.923
3.38
2.26
Isoleucine, g
0.939
3.43
2.32
Leucine, g
1.6
5.9
3.9
Lycine, g
1.95
7.14
4.73
Methionine, g
0.481
1.75
1.18
Cystine, g
0.253
0.925
0.624
Phenylalanine, g
0.797
2.91
1.92
Tyrosine, g
0.689
2.52
1.71
Valine, g
1.06
3.89
2.57
Arginine, g
1.43
5.24
3.34
Histidine, g
0.963
3.53
2.44
Alanine, g
1.1
4.06
2.84
Aspartic acid, g
1.73
6.36
4.46
Glutamic acid, g
2.9
10.6
7.47
Glycine, g
0.852
3.13
2.19
Proline, g
0.708
2.6
1.82
Serine, g
0.769
2.82
1.97
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
219
Veal2 Measure
Breast
Chuck
1 lb
1 lb
Cutlet 1 lb
Liver 1 lb
Rib roast 1 lb
Weight, g
454
454
454
454
454
Calories
828
628
681
635
723
Protein, g
65.6
70.4
72.3
87.1
65.7
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
18.6
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
0
102060
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.48
0.52
0.53
0.9
0.48
Vitamin B2, mg
0.87
0.94
0.96
12.3
0.87
Vitamin B6, mg
1.22
1.22
1.22
3.04
1.22
Vitamin B12, mcg
5.7
5.7
5.7
272
5.7
22
23.6
24.2
51.8
22
Pantothenic acid, mg
3.23
3.23
3.23
36.3
3.23
Folic acid, mcg
37
23
23
—
23
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
161
0
Vitamin E, IU
—
—
—
—
1.55
Calcium, mg
39
40
41
36
38
Copper, mg
—
—
1.14
36
1.14
Iron, mg
9.7
10.5
10.9
39.9
9.8
Magnesium, mg
81
—
73
73
52
Manganese, mg
0.045
—
—
—
0.136
Phosphorus, mg
652
722
734
1510
664
Potassium, mg
1050
1126
1157
1275
1051
Selenium, mcg
30
—
—
—
37
Sodium, mg
230
246
253
331
230
Zinc, mg
11
—
—
17
15
Total lipid, g
66
36
41
21.3
49
Total saturated, g
29.3
17
19.7
—
23.5
Total unsaturated, g
4
—
—
—
2.8
Total monounsaturated, g
32
—
—
—
15
Cholesterol, mg
254
320
254
1361
254
Tryptophan, g
0.8
—
—
—
0.86
Threonine, g
3.5
—
—
—
3.74
Isoleucine, g
3.9
—
—
—
4
Leucine, g
6.3
—
—
—
6.8
Lycine, g
6.5
—
—
—
7
Methionine, g
1.8
—
—
—
2
Cystine, g
0.9
—
—
—
0.97
Phenylalanine, g
3
—
—
—
3.45
Tyrosine, g
2.5
—
—
—
2.7
Valine, g
4.4
—
—
—
4.7
Arginine, g
4.7
—
—
—
5
Histidine, g
2.9
—
—
—
3
Alanine, g
4.7
—
—
—
5
Aspartic acid, g
6.8
—
—
—
7.4
Glutamic acid, g
12.5
—
—
—
13.5
Glycine, g
4
—
—
—
4.4
Proline, g
3
—
—
—
3.57
Serine, g
2.9
—
—
—
3
2
Veal contains approx. 12.7 mg zinc/lb (lean, no fat).
Meats
Niacin, mg
220
SECTION V
Veal
Meats
Rump roast
Wild Game Sweetbreads
Rabbit
Venison
Measure
1 lb
1 lb
1 lb
1 lb
Weight, g
454
454
454
454
Calories
573
426
581
572
Protein, g
68
80.7
75
95
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
0
0
136
—
Vitamin B1, mg
0.5
0.37
0.29
1.03
Vitamin B2, mg
0.9
0.76
0.2
2.19
Vitamin B6, mg
1.22
—
1.58
—
Vitamin B12, mcg
5.7
63.6
—
—
Niacin, mg
22.8
11.7
45.9
28.6
Pantothenic acid, mg
3.23
—
2.8
—
Folic acid, mcg
23
—
—
—
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
—
0
Vitamin E, IU
—
—
4.5
—
Calcium, mg
38
41
72
45
Copper, mg
—
0.27
—
—
Iron, mg
10
4.54
4.7
22.7
Magnesium, mg
—
68
—
150
Manganese, mg
—
—
—
—
Phosphorus, mg
699
1521
1261
1129
Potassium, mg
1090
1130
1379
1525
Selenium, mcg
—
—
—
—
Sodium, mg
238
281
154
318
Zinc, mg
—
—
—
—
Total lipid, g
31
9.1
29
18
Total saturated, g
14.9
—
11
11
Total unsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
Total monounsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
Cholesterol, mg
254
1135
295
—
Tryptophan, g
—
—
—
—
Threonine, g
—
—
—
—
Isoleucine, g
—
—
—
—
Leucine, g
—
—
—
—
Lycine, g
—
—
—
—
Methionine, g
—
—
—
—
Cystine, g
—
—
—
—
Phenylalanine, g
—
—
—
—
Tyrosine, g
—
—
—
—
Valine, g
—
—
—
—
Arginine, g
—
—
—
—
Histidine, g
—
—
—
—
Alanine, g
—
—
—
—
Aspartic acid, g
—
—
—
—
Glutamic acid, g
—
—
—
—
Glycine, g
—
—
—
—
Proline, g
—
—
—
—
Serine, g
—
—
—
—
221
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Luncheon and Sausage Bologna, beef
Bologna, beef and pork
Bologna, pork
Bratwurst, ckd
Braunschweiger
Measure
1 oz
1 oz
1 oz
1 link
1 oz
Weight, g
28
28
28
85
28 102
Calories
89
89
70
256
Protein, g
3.31
3.31
4.34
12
3.83
Carbohydrate, g
0.55
0.79
0.21
1.76
0.89
Fiber, g
0
0
0
—
0
Vitamin A, IU
—
—
—
—
3984
Vitamin B1, mg
0.016
0.049
0.148
0.429
0.071
Vitamin B2, mg
0.036
0.039
0.045
0.156
0.432
Vitamin B6, mg
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.18
0.09
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.4
0.38
0.26
0.81
5.69
Niacin, mg
0.746
0.731
1.1
2.72
2.37
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.08
0.08
0.2
0.27
0.96
1
1
1
—
—
t
t
t
1
t
Vitamin E, IU
—
—
—
—
—
Calcium, mg
3
3
3
38
2
Copper, mg
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.07
Iron, mg
0.4
0.43
0.22
1.09
2.65
Magnesium, mg
3
3
4
12
3
Manganese, mg
0.008
0.011
0.01
0.039
0.044
Phosphorus, mg
23
26
39
126
48
Potassium, mg
44
51
80
180
57
Selenium, mcg
—
—
—
—
—
Sodium, mg
284
289
336
473
324
Zinc, mg
0.57
0.55
0.57
1.96
0.8
Total lipid, g
8.04
8.01
5.63
22
9.1
Total saturated, g
3.31
3.03
1.95
7.93
3.09
Total unsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
Total monounsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
Cholesterol, mg
16
16
17
51
44
Tryptophan, g
0.03
0.03
0.042
0.096
0.041
Threonine, g
0.125
0.145
0.182
0.473
0.151
Isoleucine, g
0.143
0.144
0.188
0.437
0.137
Leucine, g
0.244
0.255
0.331
0.802
0.293
Lycine, g
0.254
0.25
0.341
0.91
0.258
Methionine, g
0.077
0.079
0.117
0.291
0.088
Cystine, g
0.042
0.039
0.048
0.121
0.07
Phenylalanine, g
0.119
0.131
0.166
0.4
0.157
Tyrosine, g
0.108
0.102
0.137
0.345
0.122
Valine, g
0.146
0.176
0.209
0.481
0.175
Arginine, g
0.205
0.198
0.285
0.706
0.217
Histidine, g
0.105
0.09
0.137
0.345
0.091
Alanine, g
0.238
0.207
0.278
0.671
0.216
Aspartic acid, g
0.324
0.291
0.398
0.996
0.319
Glutamic acid, g
0.54
0.531
0.651
1.65
0.462
Glycine, g
0.277
0.245
0.305
0.726
0.251
Proline, g
0.238
0.212
0.219
0.558
0.217
Serine, g
0.134
0.144
0.18
0.463
0.167
Meats
Folic acid, mcg Vitamin C, mg
222
SECTION V
Luncheon and Sausage
Meats
Brotwurst
Frankfurter, beef
Frankfurter, beef and pork
Italian sausage, ckd
Kielbasa
1 oz
Measure
1 oz
1
1
1 link
Weight, g
28
45
45
67
28
Calories
92
145
144
216
88
Protein, g
4.04
5.08
5.08
13.4
3.76
Carbohydrate, g
0.84
1.08
1.15
1
0.61
Fiber, g
—
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
—
—
—
—
—
Vitamin B1, mg
0.071
0.023
0.09
0.417
0.065
Vitamin B2, mg
0.064
0.046
0.054
0.156
0.061
Vitamin B6, mg
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.22
0.05
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.58
0.74
0.58
0.87
0.46
Niacin, mg
0.936
1.13
1.18
2.79
0.816
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.02
0.13
0.16
0.3
0.23
Folic acid, mcg
—
2
2
—
—
Vitamin C, mg
t
t
t
1
t
Vitamin E, IU
—
—
—
—
—
Calcium, mg
14
6
5
16
12
Copper, mg
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.03 0.41
Iron, mg
0.29
0.6
0.52
1
Magnesium, mg
4
4
5
12
5
Manganese, mg
0.011
0.015
0.014
0.055
0.011
Phosphorus, mg
38
37
38
114
42
Potassium, mg
80
71
75
204
77
Selenium, mcg
—
—
—
—
—
Sodium, mg
315
461
504
618
305
Zinc, mg
0.6
0.95
0.83
1.6
0.57
Total lipid, g
7.88
13.2
13.1
17.2
7.7
Total saturated, g
2.81
5.38
4.84
6.08
2.81
Total unsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
Total monounsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
Cholesterol, mg
18
22
22
52
19
Tryptophan, g
0.037
0.046
0.037
0.108
0.039
Threonine, g
0.17
0.192
0.183
0.531
0.122
Isoleucine, g
0.172
0.219
0.218
0.49
0.181
Leucine, g
0.306
0.373
0.369
0.9
0.248
Lycine, g
0.323
0.389
0.407
1.02
0.286
Methionine, g
0.105
0.118
0.103
0.326
0.078
Cystine, g
0.046
0.065
0.058
0.135
0.064
Phenylalanine, g
0.153
0.183
0.162
0.449
0.142
Tyrosine, g
0.126
0.166
0.141
0.387
0.139
Valine, g
0.191
0.223
0.212
0.539
0.181
Arginine, g
0.268
0.314
0.382
0.792
0.267
Histidine, g
0.124
0.162
0.158
0.387
0.089
Alanine, g
0.262
0.365
0.346
0.751
0.240
Aspartic acid, g
0.366
0.497
0.502
1.11
0.345
Glutamic acid, g
0.598
0.827
0.833
1.85
0.459
Glycine, g
0.291
0.424
0.371
0.813
0.295
Proline, g
0.21
0.365
0.244
0.624
0.195
Serine, g
0.167
0.205
0.208
0.519
0.15
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
223
Luncheon and Sausage Knockwurst
Liver cheese
Liverwurst
Mortadella
Pepperoni
Measure
1 link
1 oz
1 oz
1 oz
1 slice
Weight, g
68
28
28
28
5.51
Calories
209
86
93
88
27
Protein, g
8.08
4.3
4.01
4.64
1.15
Carbohydrate, g
1.2
0.59
0.63
0.87
0.16
Fiber, g
0
—
—
—
0
Vitamin A, IU
—
4958
—
—
—
Vitamin B1, mg
0.233
0.06
0.077
0.034
0.018
Vitamin B2, mg
0.095
0.631
0.292
0.043
0.014
Vitamin B6, mg
0.11
0.13
—
0.035
0.01
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.8
6.96
24.2
0.42
0.14
Niacin, mg
1.86
3.33
—
0.758
0.273
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.22
1
0.84
—
0.1 —
—
—
8
—
t
1
—
t
0.018
Vitamin E, IU
—
—
—
—
—
Calcium, mg
7
2
7
5
1
Copper, mg
0.04
0.11
—
0.02
0
Iron, mg
0.62
3.07
1.81
0.4
0.08
Magnesium, mg
8
3
—
3
1
Manganese, mg
—
0.057
—
0.008
—
Phosphorus, mg
67
59
65
27
7
Potassium, mg
136
64
—
46
19
Selenium, mcg
—
—
—
—
—
Sodium, mg
687
347
—
353
112
Zinc, mg
1.13
1.05
—
0.6
0.14
Total lipid, g
18.8
7.25
8.09
7.2
2.42
Total saturated, g
6.94
2.54
3
2.7
0.89
Total unsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
Total monounsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
Cholesterol, mg
39
49
45
16
—
Tryptophan, g
0.073
0.058
0.043
0.043
0.011
Threonine, g
0.326
0.185
0.192
0.179
0.047
Isoleucine, g
0.317
0.179
0.187
0.201
0.05
Leucine, g
0.558
0.377
0.326
0.344
0.087
Lycine, g
0.634
0.334
0.331
0.358
0.09
Methionine, g
0.195
0.097
0.081
0.112
0.029
Cystine, g
0.1
0.093
0.043
0.058
0.014
Phenylalanine, g
0.277
0.203
0.177
0.17
0.043
Tyrosine, g
0.245
0.132
0.104
0.15
0.037
Valine, g
0.35
0.229
0.246
0.208
0.054
Arginine, g
0.482
0.237
0.232
0.291
0.074
Histidine, g
0.245
0.111
0.128
0.147
0.037
Alanine, g
0.459
0.264
0.237
0.326
0.077
Aspartic acid, g
0.687
0.383
0.333
0.448
0.108
Glutamic acid, g
1.1
0.52
0.628
0.742
0.178
Glycine, g
0.478
0.265
0.314
0.374
0.087
Proline, g
0.367
0.203
0.244
0.312
0.067
Serine, g
0.324
0.196
0.199
0.188
0.047
⁄8″ thick.
11
Meats
Folic acid, mcg Vitamin C, mg
224
SECTION V
Luncheon and Sausage
Meats
Polish sausage
Pork and beef sausage
Pork sausage
Salami, hard
Summer sausage
Vienna sausage
Measure
1 oz
1 link
1 link
1 slice
1 slice
Weight, g
28
13
28
101
232
1 16
Calories
92
52
118
42
80
45
Protein, g
4
1.79
3.31
2.29
3.69
1.65
Carbohydrate, g
0.46
0.35
0.29
0.26
0.53
0.33
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
—
—
—
—
—
—
Vitamin B1, mg
0.142
0.096
0.155
0.06
0.039
0.014
Vitamin B2, mg
0.042
0.019
0.046
0.029
0.069
0.017 0.02
Vitamin B6, mg
0.05
0.01
0.07
0.05
0.07
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.28
0.06
0.32
0.19
1.06
0.16
Niacin, mg
0.976
0.438
0.804
0.487
0.94
0.258 —
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.13
0.06
0.11
0.11
0.13
Folic acid, mcg
—
—
1
—
—
—
Vitamin C, mg
0
—
—
t
t
0
Vitamin E, IU
—
—
—
—
—
—
Calcium, mg
3
—
5
1
2
2
Copper, mg
0.03
0
0.02
0.01
0.02
0
Iron, mg
0.41
0.15
0.26
0.15
0.47
0.14
Magnesium, mg
4
1
3
2
3
1 0.005
Manganese, mg
0.014
—
—
0.004
0.007
Phosphorus, mg
39
14
34
14
23
8
Potassium, mg
67
—
58
38
53
16
Selenium, mcg
—
—
—
—
—
—
Sodium, mg
248
105
228
186
334
152
Zinc, mg
0.55
0.24
0.45
0.32
0.47
0.26
Total lipid, g
8.14
4.71
11.4
3.44
6.88
4.03
Total saturated, g
2.93
1.68
4.1
1.22
2.77
1.48 —
Total unsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
Total monounsaturated, g
—
—
—
—
—
—
Cholesterol, mg
20
—
19
8
16
8
Tryptophan, g
0.039
0.017
0.027
0.021
0.035
0.017
Threonine, g
0.168
0.072
0.131
0.096
0.158
0.057
Isoleucine, g
0.173
0.069
0.121
0.097
0.177
0.089
Leucine, g
0.305
0.127
0.222
0.173
0.241
0.128
Lycine, g
0.315
0.141
0.252
0.182
0.318
0.127
Methionine, g
0.107
0.043
0.081
0.059
0.081
0.042
Cystine, g
0.045
0.018
0.033
0.026
0.045
0.028
Phenylalanine, g
0.153
0.062
0.111
0.087
0.133
0.068
Tyrosine, g
0.126
0.053
0.096
0.071
0.125
0.055
Valine, g
0.192
0.077
0.133
0.108
0.185
0.092
Arginine, g
0.262
0.111
0.196
0.152
0.228
0.113
Histidine, g
0.126
0.054
0.096
0.07
0.108
0.044
Alanine, g
0.256
0.106
0.186
0.148
0.233
0.104
Aspartic acid, g
0.367
0.154
0.276
0.207
0.331
0.161
Glutamic acid, g
0.6
0.259
0.458
0.338
0.507
0.209
Glycine, g
0.281
0.117
0.201
0.164
0.254
0.162
Proline, g
0.202
0.085
0.154
0.119
0.198
0.097
Serine, g
0.166
0.069
0.128
0.094
0.156
0.069
⁄16″ thick. ⁄8″ thick.
11 21
225
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Nuts and Seeds Almonds
Brazil nuts
Cashews, dry roasted
Chestnuts, raw, peeled
Coconut, shredded
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1 oz
1C
Weight, g
142
140
140
28
80
849
916
785
56
277
26.4
20
24.1
0.46
2.8
Carbohydrate, g
27.7
15.3
41
13
7.5
Fiber, g
17
7.5
4
—
7.2
Vitamin A, IU
14
0
0
7.4
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.34
1.34
0.6
0.04
0.04
Vitamin B2, mg
1.31
0.17
0.35
0.005
0.02
Vitamin B6, mg
0.142
0.238
0.325
0.1
0.035
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
5
2.2
2.5
0.3
0.4
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.668
0.323
1.82
0.135
0.16
Folic acid, mcg
41
5.6
94
16
21
Vitamin C, mg
0
0.98
0
12
2
Vitamin E, IU
55
15.9
1.2
—
0.86
Calcium, mg
332
260
53
5.4
10
Copper, mg
1.18
2.14
2.82
0.12
0.368
Iron, mg
6.7
4.8
5.3
0.27
1.4
Magnesium, mg
386
351
374
8.5
37
Manganese, mg
2.7
3.9
—
0.095
1.05
Phosphorus, mg
716
970
522
11
76
Potassium, mg
1098
1001
650
137
205
Selenium, mcg
11
4144
16
—
8
Sodium, mg
6
1
21
0.57
18
Zinc, mg
4.14
7.1
6.1
0.14
0.88
Total lipid, g
77
93.7
64
0.35
28.2
Total saturated, g
6.2
18.7
10.9
0.067
24.3
Total unsaturated, g
17
34
37
0.14
0.29
Total monounsaturated, g
45
32
11
0.122
1.1
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.508
0.364
0.325
0.005
0.001
Threonine, g
1.05
0.644
0.813
0.016
0.097
Isoleucine, g
1.23
0.841
1
0.018
0.105
Leucine, g
2.2
1.66
1.76
0.027
0.198
Lycine, g
0.946
0.757
1.12
0.027
0.118
Methionine, g
0.322
1.42
0.376
0.011
0.05
Cystine, g
0.508
0.489
0.389
0.015
0.053
Phenylalanine, g
1.58
1.04
1.09
0.02
0.135
Tyrosine, g
1
0.64
0.673
0.013
0.082
Valine, g
1.46
1.28
1.43
0.026
0.162
Arginine, g
3.54
3.35
2.39
0.033
0.437
Histidine, g
0.792
0.563
0.546
0.013
0.062
Alanine, g
1.34
0.798
0.962
0.03
0.136
Aspartic acid, g
3.33
1.89
2.06
0.08
0.26
Glutamic acid, g
8.43
4.4
4.97
0.06
0.609
Glycine, g
1.75
0.92
1.1
0.024
0.126
Proline, g
1.78
1.07
0.946
0.024
0.11
Serine, g
1.28
1.04
1.17
0.023
0.138
Nuts and Seeds
Calories Protein, g
226
SECTION V
Nuts and Seeds
Nuts and Seeds
Coconut liquid
Hazelnuts
Hickory nuts, dried
Macadamia nuts
Pecans
Measure
1C
1C
5
1C
1C
Weight, g
240
135
15
134
108
Calories
792
856
101
940
742
Protein, g
8.7
17
2.1
11
9.9
Carbohydrate, g
16
22.5
2
18.4
15.8
Fiber, g
5.3
13
0.95
11
10
Vitamin A, IU
0
144
20
0
83
Vitamin B1, mg
0.07
0.62
0.08
0.469
0.93 0.14
Vitamin B2, mg
0
0.738
0.02
0.147
Vitamin B6, mg
0.045
0.735
0.03
0.368
0.183
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.2
1.2
0.135
2.87
1
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.63
1.54
0.26
1
1.7
Folic acid, mcg
55
152
6
15
24
Vitamin C, mg
7
8
0.3
1.6
2
Vitamin E, IU
2.6
29.8
1.16
1
5.9
Calcium, mg
26
282
9
94
79
Copper, mg
0.9
1.72
0.214
0.397
1.14
Iron, mg
5.4
4.6
0.4
3.23
2.6
Magnesium, mg
67
313
24
155
142 1.54
Manganese, mg
3
5.67
0.69
5.5
Phosphorus, mg
292
455
49
183
312
Potassium, mg
780
950
64
493
651
Selenium, mcg
—
5.4
1.2
4.8
6.48
Sodium, mg
9
3
0.15
6
t
Zinc, mg
2.3
4
0.61
2.29
5.91
Total lipid, g
83
84.2
10.1
98.8
76.9
Total saturated, g
73
4.2
0.9
14.8
5.4
Total unsaturated, g
0.9
11
3.3
2
23
Total monounsaturated, g
3.5
62
4.89
79
44
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.1
0.248
0.2
0.09
0.215
Threonine, g
0.32
0.515
0.06
0.352
0.273
Isoleucine, g
0.34
0.653
0.082
0.327
0.348
Leucine, g
0.65
1.27
0.146
0.619
0.562
Lycine, g
0.38
0.459
0.07
0.434
0.315 0.201
Methionine, g
0.16
0.189
0.042
0.123
Cystine, g
0.17
0.263
0.038
0.129
0.226
Phenylalanine, g
0.44
0.789
0.1
0.348
0.442
Tyrosine, g
0.27
0.521
0.064
0.452
0.307
Valine, g
0.53
0.761
0.1
0.43
0.417
Arginine, g
1.43
2.48
0.298
1.2
1.19
Histidine, g
0.2
0.376
0.05
0.225
0.245
Alanine, g
0.44
0.814
0.094
0.441
0.365
Aspartic acid, g
0.85
1.85
0.194
1.1
0.765
Glutamic acid, g
2
4.07
0.409
2.39
1.67
Glycine, g
0.4
0.81
0.1
0.497
0.407
Proline, g
0.36
0.585
0.081
0.531
0.389
Serine, g
0.45
0.769
0.115
0.47
0.406
227
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Nuts and Seeds Pine nuts
Pistachios
Pumpkin and squash seeds
Sesame seeds
Sunflower seeds
Measure
1 oz
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
28
128
140
150
145
Calories
180
739
774
873
812
Protein, g
3.7
26
40.6
27.3
34.8
Carbohydrate, g
5.8
31.7
21
26.4
28.9
1.3
13
5.4
17
15
Vitamin A, IU
10
707
100
99
70
Vitamin B1, mg
0.36
1.05
0.34
0.27
2.84
Vitamin B2, mg
0.07
0.223
0.442
0.2
0.33
Vitamin B6, mg
0.031
2
0.31
0.126
1.8
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0 7.8
Niacin, mg
1.3
1.38
3.4
8.1
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.06
0.67
0.47
1.02
2
Folic acid, mcg
16
74
79
140
327
Vitamin C, mg
0.54
6
2.6
0
2
Vitamin E, IU
1.48
8.8
2
4.87
107
Calcium, mg
3
173
71
1404
174
Copper, mg
0.29
1.52
1.9
2.39
2.57
Iron, mg
1.5
8.67
15.7
3.6
10.3
Magnesium, mg
66
203
738
270
57 2.9
Manganese, mg
1.2
0.419
4
3.5
Phosphorus, mg
171
644
1620
888
1214
Potassium, mg
170
1399
1113
610
1334
Selenium, mcg
4.7
8.8
7.7
8.2
86
Sodium, mg
1
7
24
59
4
Zinc, mg
1.21
1.71
10.3
15.4
7.3
Total lipid, g
14.3
61.9
65.4
80
68.6
Total saturated, g
1.7
7.84
11.8
11.2
8.2
Total unsaturated, g
6
16.7
29
31
13
Total monounsaturated, g
5.4
29
19.6
27
47
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.086
0.362
0.595
0.71
0.5
Threonine, g
0.216
0.924
1.25
1.77
1.34
Isoleucine, g
0.265
1.25
1.74
1.93
1.64
Leucine, g
0.491
2.15
2.87
3.22
2.39
Lycine, g
0.256
1.64
2.53
1.24
1.35 0.711
Methionine, g
0.122
0.488
0.76
1.34
Cystine, g
0.124
0.657
0.415
0.785
0.649
Phenylalanine, g
0.261
1.52
1.69
2.28
1.69
Tyrosine, g
0.249
0.914
1.41
1.69
0.959
Valine, g
0.352
1.8
2.72
2.22
1.9
Arginine, g
1.33
2.79
5.57
4.99
3.46
Histidine, g
0.163
0.686
0.94
1.02
0.91
Alanine, g
0.356
1.28
1.6
2.11
1.6
Aspartic acid, g
0.621
2.7
3.42
3.4
3.5
Glutamic acid, g
1.16
6.3
6
7.42
8.03
Glycine, g
0.347
1.4
2.48
2.84
2.1
Proline, g
0.366
1.2
1.4
2.04
1.7
Serine, g
0.289
1.73
1.58
1.97
1.55
Nuts and Seeds
Fiber, g
228
SECTION V
Chicken1
Nuts and Seeds Tahini
Nuts and Seeds
Measure
1T
Walnuts, shelled
Light meat, from a 1-lb bird
1C
4 oz
Weight, g
15
100
116
Calories
89
651
216
Protein, g
2.55
14.8
23.5
Carbohydrate, g
3.18
15.8
0
Fiber, g
1.4
6.7
0
Vitamin A, IU
10
30
115
Vitamin B1, mg
0.183
0.33
0.068
Vitamin B2, mg
0.071
0.13
0.1
Vitamin B6, mg
0.022
0.73
0.56
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0.39
Niacin, mg
0.818
0.9
10.3
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.1
0.9
0.921
Folic acid, mcg
15
98
5
Vitamin C, mg
0
2
1.1
Vitamin E, IU
0.5
4.4
0.51
Calcium, mg
64
99
13
Copper, mg
0.242
1.39
0.046
Iron, mg
1.34
3.1
0.92
Magnesium, mg
14
131
27
Manganese, mg
0.22
1.8
0.021
Phosphorus, mg
110
380
189
Potassium, mg
62
450
237
Selenium, mcg
0.25
4.6
19
Sodium, mg
17
2
76
Zinc, mg
0.69
2.26
1.08
Total lipid, g
8.06
64
12.8
Total saturated, g
1.13
4.5
3.66
Total unsaturated, g
3.5
47
2.7
Total monounsaturated, g
3
8.9
5.24
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
78
Tryptophan, g
0.056
0.227
0.263
Threonine, g
0.106
0.538
0.973
Isoleucine, g
0.11
0.679
1.17
Leucine, g
0.195
1.19
1.71
Lycine, g
0.082
0.466
1.92
Methionine, g
0.084
0.336
0.628
Cystine, g
0.051
0.414
0.313
Phenylalanine, g
0.135
0.754
0.914
Tyrosine, g
0.107
0.527
0.760
Valine, g
0.143
0.868
1.14
Arginine, g
0.378
2.52
1.47
Histidine, g
0.075
0.431
0.693
Alanine, g
0.133
0.731
1.36
Aspartic acid, g
0.237
1.77
2.09
Glutamic acid, g
0.569
3.37
3.44
Glycine, g
0.175
0.906
1.49
Proline, g
0.116
0.664
1.12
Serine, g
0.139
0.938
0.828
1
Chicken contains approx. .25 mg vitamin E/100 g; 4.54 mcg biotin/lb.
229
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Chicken Dark meat, from a 1-lb bird
Light meat, w/o skin, from a 1-lb bird
Dark meat, w/o skin, from a 1-lb bird
Back, bone removed
Measure
5.6 oz
3 oz
3.8 oz
1
Weight, g
160
88
109
99
⁄2
379
100
136
316
26.7
20.4
21.9
13.9
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
273
25
78
248
Vitamin B1, mg
0.98
0.06
0.084
0.05
Vitamin B2, mg
0.234
0.081
0.201
0.115
Vitamin B6, mg
0.39
0.48
0.36
0.19
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.47
0.34
0.39
0.24
Niacin, mg
8.33
9.33
6.8
4.78
Pantothenic acid, mg
1.59
0.723
1.36
0.811
Folic acid, mcg
11
4
11
6
Vitamin C, mg
3.4
1.1
3.4
1.6
Vitamin E, IU
—
—
—
—
Calcium, mg
18
10
13
13
Copper, mg
0.086
0.035
0.069
0.047
Iron, mg
1.57
0.64
1.12
0.93
Magnesium, mg
30
24
25
15 0.018
Manganese, mg
0.03
0.016
0.023
Phosphorus, mg
217
164
177
112
Potassium, mg
285
210
241
142
Selenium, mcg
20
15.7
14.7
12
Sodium, mg
117
60
93
63
Zinc, mg
2.53
0.85
2.18
1.25
Total lipid, g
29.3
1.45
4.7
28.4
Total saturated, g
8.41
0.38
1.2
8.25
Total unsaturated, g
6.4
0.326
1.17
6
Total monounsaturated, g
12
0.34
1.46
12
Cholesterol, mg
130
51
87
79
Tryptophan, g
0.296
0.238
0.256
0.149
Threonine, g
1.09
0.862
0.924
0.564
Isoleucine, g
1.31
1.07
1.15
0.66
Leucine, g
1.93
1.53
1.64
0.985
Lycine, g
2.15
1.73
1.86
1.09
Methionine, g
0.706
0.565
0.606
0.357
Cystine, g
0.358
0.261
0.28
0.192
Phenylalanine, g
1.03
0.81
0.869
0.531
Tyrosine, g
0.85
0.689
0.739
0.43
Valine, g
1.29
1.01
1.08
0.663
Arginine, g
1.68
1.23
1.32
0.9
Histidine, g
0.776
0.634
0.679
0.389
Alanine, g
1.57
1.11
1.19
0.854
Aspartic acid, g
2.38
1.82
1.95
1.24
Glutamic acid, g
3.88
3.05
3.27
2
Glycine, g
1.8
1
1.07
1.08
Proline, g
1.33
0.84
0.9
0.759
Serine, g
0.946
0.702
0.753
0.501
Poultry
Calories Protein, g
230
SECTION V
Chicken
Poultry
Breast, bone removed
Drumstick, bone removed
Leg, bone removed
Neck, bone and skin removed
Thigh, bone removed
Measure
1
⁄2
1
1
1
1
Weight, g
145
73
167
20
94
Calories
250
117
312
31
199
Protein, g
30.2
14
30.3
3.5
16.2
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
0
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
121
69
206
29
136
Vitamin B1, mg
0.091
0.054
0.112
0.011
0.058
Vitamin B2, mg
0.123
0.13
0.274
0.046
0.144
Vitamin B6, mg
0.77
0.22
0.48
0.06
0.24
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.5
0.25
0.54
0.06
0.28
Niacin, mg
14.3
3.97
9.07
0.824
5.1
Pantothenic acid, mg
1.16
0.863
1.85
0.218
0.97
Folic acid, mcg
6
6
19
2
7
Vitamin C, mg
1.5
2
4.1
0.5
2.1
Vitamin E, IU
—
0.32
—
—
—
Calcium, mg
16
8
17
5
9
Copper, mg
0.057
0.043
0.097
0.022
0.055
Iron, mg
1.07
0.75
1.68
0.41
0.93
Magnesium, mg
36
16
34
3
19
Manganese, mg
0.026
0.015
0.033
0.007
0.018
Phosphorus, mg
252
113
249
23
136
Potassium, mg
319
151
331
35
181
Selenium, mcg
19.2
10
21
2.7
12
Sodium, mg
91
61
132
16
71
Zinc, mg
1.16
1.46
2.96
0.54
1.5
Total lipid, g
13.4
6.34
20.2
1.76
14.3
Total saturated, g
3.86
1.75
5.7
0.45
4.08
Total unsaturated, g
2.8
1.4
4.4
0.44
3.1
Total monounsaturated, g
5.54
2.46
8.2
0.54
5.9
Cholesterol, mg
92
59
138
17
79
Tryptophan, g
0.344
0.159
0.341
0.041
0.18
Threonine, g
1.26
0.585
1.25
0.148
0.67
Isoleucine, g
1.54
0.715
1.52
0.185
0.807
Leucine, g
2.22
1.03
2.21
0.263
1.17
Lycine, g
2.5
1.16
2.47
0.298
1.31
Methionine, g
0.816
0.379
0.81
0.097
0.431
Cystine, g
0.397
0.185
0.402
0.045
0.217
Phenylalanine, g
1.18
0.55
1.18
0.139
0.630
Tyrosine, g
0.992
0.46
0.982
0.118
0.521
Valine, g
1.48
0.688
1.47
0.174
0.787
Arginine, g
1.87
0.872
1.89
0.212
1.02
Histidine, g
0.906
0.42
0.895
0.109
0.475
Alanine, g
1.72
0.804
1.75
0.191
0.951
Aspartic acid, g
2.7
1.25
2.7
0.313
1.44
Glutamic acid, g
4.46
2.07
4.44
0.525
2.37
Glycine, g
1.78
0.842
1.91
0.172
1.07
Proline, g
1.38
0.65
1.44
0.144
0.796
Serine, g
1.05
0.493
1.06
0.121
0.574
231
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Chicken Wing, bone removed
Gizzard
Heart
Liver
Canned, boned
Measure
1
1
1
1
5 oz
Weight, g
49
37
6.1
32
142
Calories
109
44
9
40
234
Protein, g
8.98
6.73
0.95
5.75
30.9
Carbohydrate, g
0
0.21
0.04
1.09
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
72
80
2
6576
166
Vitamin B1, mg
0.024
0.013
0.009
0.044
0.021
Vitamin B2, mg
0.043
0.07
0.044
0.628
0.183
Vitamin B6, mg
0.17
0.05
0.02
0.24
0.5
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.15
0.78
0.44
7.35
0.42
2.9
1.74
0.298
2.96
8.98
0.375
0.278
0.156
1.98
1.2
Folic acid, mcg
2
19
4
236
5.7
Vitamin C, mg
0.3
1.2
0.2
10.8
2.8
Vitamin E, IU
0.22
0.66
—
0.69
0.45 20
Calcium, mg
6
3
1
3
Copper, mg
0.02
0.036
0.021
0.126
0.065
Iron, mg
0.47
1.3
0.36
2.74
2.25
Magnesium, mg
9
6
1
6
17
Manganese, mg
0.009
0.024
0.005
0.083
0.02
Phosphorus, mg
65
50
11
87
158
Potassium, mg
76
87
11
73
196
Selenium, mcg
7.5
20.6
0.26
20
22
Sodium, mg
36
28
5
25
714
Zinc, mg
0.65
1.11
0.4
0.98
—
Total lipid, g
7.82
1.55
0.57
1.23
11.3
Total saturated, g
2.19
0.44
0.16
0.42
3.12
Total unsaturated, g
1.6
0.45
0.165
0.2
2.48
Total monounsaturated, g
3
0.396
0.14
0.3
4.5
Cholesterol, mg
38
48
8
140
88
Tryptophan, g
0.096
0.06
0.012
0.081
0.345
Threonine, g
0.363
0.31
0.043
0.256
1.27
Isoleucine, g
0.421
0.317
0.051
0.305
1.54
Leucine, g
0.632
0.472
0.083
0.519
2.24
Lycine, g
0.698
0.465
0.079
0.435
2.5
Methionine, g
0.228
0.176
0.023
0.136
0.815
Cystine, g
0.125
0.088
0.013
0.077
0.422
Phenylalanine, g
0.341
0.28
0.042
0.286
1.19
Tyrosine, g
0.275
0.205
0.034
0.202
0.993 1.49
Valine, g
0.426
0.302
0.054
0.363
Arginine, g
0.585
0.484
0.061
0.352
1.92
Histidine, g
0.248
0.136
0.025
0.153
0.903
Alanine, g
0.558
0.265
0.06
0.334
1.78
Aspartic acid, g
0.801
0.619
0.092
0.547
2.73
Glutamic acid, g
1.28
1.15
0.141
0.745
4.5
Glycine, g
0.723
0.353
0.053
0.334
1.97
Proline, g
0.502
0.35
0.048
0.285
1.47
Serine, g
0.325
0.302
0.038
0.247
1.08
Poultry
Niacin, mg Pantothenic acid, mg
232
SECTION V
Chicken
Poultry
Liver paté
Duck Cornish game hen
Domesticated, from a 1-lb bird
Goose Liver
Domesticated, from a 1-lb bird
Measure
1T
1
⁄2
10 oz
1
11.2 oz
Weight, g
13
168
287
44
320
Calories
26
336
1159
60
1187
Protein, g
175
29
33
8.24
50.7
Carbohydrate, g
0.85
0
0
1.55
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
94
181
483
17559
176
Vitamin B1, mg
0.007
0.12
0.565
0.247
0.272
Vitamin B2, mg
0.182
0.29
0.603
0.39
0.784
Vitamin B6, mg
0.034
0.5
0.55
0.334
1.24
Vitamin B12, mcg
1.1
0.55
0.73
23.7
1.1
Niacin, mg
0.977
9.5
11.3
2.86
11.5
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.34
1
2.73
2.7
1.4
Folic acid, mcg
42
5
37
325
14
Vitamin C, mg
1.3
0.84
8
1.98
13
Vitamin E, IU
0.19
0.74
2.98
5
8.3 38
Calcium, mg
1
19
30
2.62
Copper, mg
0.023
0.08
0.677
13.4
0.864
Iron, mg
1.19
1.3
6.89
—
8 59
Magnesium, mg
1.7
30
42
10
Manganese, mg
0.02
0.027
0.049
0.11
0.06
Phosphorus, mg
23
235
398
118
748
Potassium, mg
12
397
600
101
985
Selenium, mcg
6
19.8
36
30
46
Sodium, mg
50
103
3.91
62
234
Zinc, mg
0.28
1.9
113
1.35
5.5
Total lipid, g
1.7
23.5
37.9
2.04
107
Total saturated, g
0.52
6.5
68.1
0.63
31.3
Total unsaturated, g
0.32
4.65
14.6
0.277
12
Total monounsaturated, g
0.68
10
54
0.312
57
Cholesterol, mg
50
170
218
227
256
Tryptophan, g
0.025
0.32
0.413
0.116
0.66
Threonine, g
0.078
1.18
1.35
0.367
2.26
Isoleucine, g
0.096
1.4
1.54
0.438
2.38
Leucine, g
0.155
2.1
2.58
0.744
4.25
Lycine, g
0.124
2.3
2.61
0.624
4.01
Methionine, g
0.044
0.76
0.835
0.195
1.22
Cystine, g
0.028
0.39
0.517
0.111
0.79
Phenylalanine, g
0.09
1.1
1.31
0.41
2.12
Tyrosine, g
0.064
0.9
1.13
0.29
1.62
Valine, g
0.112
1.4
1.64
0.52
2.48
Arginine, g
0.106
1.8
2.21
0.505
3.15
Histidine, g
0.045
0.84
0.812
0.219
1.41
Alanine, g
0.1
1.7
2.23
0.479
3.12
Aspartic acid, g
0.16
2.56
3.16
0.784
4.56
Glutamic acid, g
0.25
4.2
4.9
1.06
7.54
Glycine, g
0.09
1.9
2.66
0.479
3.21
Proline, g
0.09
1.4
1.97
0.409
2.45
Serine, g
0.089
1
1.4
0.355
2.02
233
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Goose
Turkey
Liver
Light meat, from a 1-lb bird
Dark meat, from a 1-lb bird
Liver
Canned, boned
Measure
1
6.4 oz
5.3 oz
1
5 oz
Weight, g
94
180
152
102
142
Calories
125
286
243
140
231
Protein, g
15.3
39
28.7
20.4
33.6
Carbohydrate, g
5.94
0
0
4.21
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
29138
12
8
18403
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.528
0.101
0.111
0.062
0.02
Vitamin B2, mg
0.838
0.207
0.307
2.21
0.243
Vitamin B6, mg
0.72
0.86
0.49
0.78
0.47
Vitamin B12, mcg
51
0.37
0.58
64.6
0.4
6.11
9.24
4.34
10.35
9.4
5.8
1.1
1.57
7.81
0.97
Folic acid, mcg
694
13
15
752
8.5
Vitamin C, mg
4.2
0
0
4.6
2.8
Vitamin E, IU
—
—
—
—
0.574
Calcium, mg
40
23
26
7
17
Copper, mg
7.07
0.135
0.208
0.512
0.1
Iron, mg
29
2.18
2.57
11
2.64
Magnesium, mg
23
43
31
21
28
Manganese, mg
0
0.032
0.032
0.294
0.024
Phosphorus, mg
245
331
259
319
230
Potassium, mg
216
489
396
303
318
Selenium, mcg
64
40
40
74
0.37
Sodium, mg
132
106
108
98
663
Zinc, mg
2.9
2.82
4.49
2.53
3.4
Total lipid, g
4.03
13.2
13.3
4.05
9.74
Total saturated, g
1.49
3.59
3.92
1.28
2.84
Total unsaturated, g
0.24
3
3.46
0.7
2.5
Total monounsaturated, g
0.76
5
4.56
1
3.2
Cholesterol, mg
484
117
109
475
94
Tryptophan, g
0.216
0.43
0.318
0.288
0.371
Threonine, g
0.684
1.7
1.25
0.908
1.46
Isoleucine, g
0.818
1.95
1.44
1.08
1.68
Leucine, g
1.38
3.02
2.23
1.84
2.6
Lycine, g
1.16
3.54
2.62
1.54
3.04
Methionine, g
0.365
1.09
0.81
0.483
0.939 0.378
Cystine, g
0.207
0.428
0.316
0.274
Phenylalanine, g
0.766
1.52
1.12
1.01
1.3
Tyrosine, g
0.541
1.47
1.09
0.718
1.27
Valine, g
0.97
2.02
1.49
1.28
1.74
Arginine, g
0.943
2.74
2.02
1.25
2.36
Histidine, g
0.409
1.17
0.866
0.543
1
Alanine, g
0.894
2.48
1.83
1.18
2.13
Aspartic acid, g
1.46
3.75
2.77
1.94
3.22
Glutamic acid, g
1.99
6.2
4.59
2.64
5.34
Glycine, g
0.894
2.35
1.71
1.18
2.02
Proline, g
0.763
1.81
1.33
1.01
1.55
Serine, g
0.663
1.71
1.27
0.879
1.47
Poultry
Niacin, mg Pantothenic acid, mg
234
SECTION V
Wild Game
Poultry
Pheasant, from a 1-lb bird
Seafood and Seaweed Quail, from a 1-lb bird
Abalone
Agaragar
Measure
13 oz
14 oz
3 oz
2T
Weight, g
371
405
85
10
Calories
670
780
89
2.6
Protein, g
84.2
79.4
14.5
0.05
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
5
0.68
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0.05
Vitamin A, IU
655
985
4.25
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.267
0.988
0.16
t
Vitamin B2, mg
0.531
1.05
0.12
t
Vitamin B6, mg
2.46
2.43
0.128
t
Vitamin B12, mcg
2.85
1.7
0.62
0
Niacin, mg
23.8
30.5
1.3
t
Pantothenic acid, mg
3.44
3
2.55
0.03
Folic acid, mcg
22
30
4.3
8.5
Vitamin C, mg
19.6
24.6
1.7
0
Vitamin E, IU
1.64
4
5
0.01
Calcium, mg
46
52
27
5.4
Copper, mg
0.241
2.05
0.167
t 0.19
Iron, mg
4.25
16
2.7
Magnesium, mg
72
93
41
6.7
Manganese, mg
0.063
0.08
0.034
0.04
Phosphorus, mg
794
1112
173
0.5
Potassium, mg
900
874
213
23 0.07
Selenium, mcg
58
67
38
Sodium, mg
150
215
255
0.9
Zinc, mg
3.57
9.8
0.69
0.06 0.00
Total lipid, g
34.4
48.8
0.64
Total saturated, g
10
13.7
0.127
0.001
Total unsaturated, g
4.4
2
0.088
0.001
Total monounsaturated, g
16
17
0.09
0
Cholesterol, mg
263
308
72
0
Tryptophan, g
1.12
1.16
0.163
—
Threonine, g
4.11
3.82
0.626
—
Isoleucine, g
4.55
4.1
0.632
—
Leucine, g
6.93
6.53
1.02
—
Lycine, g
7.47
6.66
1.09
—
Methionine, g
2.38
2.39
0.328
—
Cystine, g
1.13
1.37
0.19
—
Phenylalanine, g
3.25
3.34
0.521
—
Tyrosine, g
2.68
3.43
0.465
—
Valine, g
4.56
4.18
0.635
—
Arginine, g
5.24
5.18
1.06
—
Histidine, g
3.2
2.82
0.279
—
Alanine, g
5.23
5.1
0.879
—
Aspartic acid, g
8.11
6.69
1.4
—
Glutamic acid, g
12.2
10.2
1.97
—
Glycine, g
4.56
6.24
0.91
—
Proline, g
3.48
3.5
0.593
—
Serine, g
3.6
3.79
0.651
—
235
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Seafood and Seaweed Anchovy, in oil, drained
Bass, sea
Bluefish
5
3 oz
Weight, g
20
85
3 oz 85
Calories
42
82
105
Protein, g
5.78
15
17
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
14
156
338
Vitamin B1, mg
0.016
0.09
0.049
Vitamin B2, mg
0.073
0.03
0.068
Vitamin B6, mg
0.041
0.34
0.342
Vitamin B12, mcg
0.176
3.25
4.58
Niacin, mg
3.98
1.9
5.06
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.18
0.46
0.704
Folic acid, mcg
2.5
4.3
1.4
Vitamin C, mg
0
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
1
0.64
0.63
Calcium, mg
46
8.5
6
Copper, mg
0.068
0.026
0.045
Iron, mg
0.93
0.71
0.41
Magnesium, mg
14
35
28
Manganese, mg
0.02
0.013
0.018 193
Phosphorus, mg
50
174
Potassium, mg
109
232
316
Selenium, mcg
13.6
31
31
Sodium, mg
734
59
51
Zinc, mg
0.49
0.34
0.69
Total lipid, g3
1.94
1.98
3.6
Total saturated, g
0.441
0.431
0.778
Total unsaturated, g
0.5
0.63
0.9
Total monounsaturated, g
0.75
0.36
1.5
Cholesterol, mg
17
68
50
Tryptophan, g
0.065
0.169
0.19
Threonine, g
0.253
0.66
0.746
Isoleucine, g
0.266
0.694
0.785
Leucine, g
0.470
1.23
1.39
Lycine, g
0.531
1.38
1.56
Methionine, g
0.171
0.446
0.504
Cystine, g
0.062
0.162
0.183
Phenylalanine, g
0.226
0.588
0.665
Tyrosine, g
0.195
0.509
0.575
Valine, g
0.298
0.777
0.877
Arginine, g
0.346
0.902
1.02
Histidine, g
0.17
0.444
0.502
Alanine, g
0.349
0.911
1.03
Aspartic acid, g
0.592
1.54
1.74
Glutamic acid, g
0.862
2.25
2.54
Glycine, g
0.277
0.723
0.818
Proline, g
0.204
0.533
0.603
Serine, g
0.236
0.615
0.695
Seafood/Seaweed
Measure
236
SECTION V
Seafood and Seaweed
Seafood/Seaweed
Carp
Catfish
Caviar, black and red
Clams
Cod
Measure
3 oz
3 oz
1T
9 lge
3 oz
Weight, g
85
85
16
180
85
Calories
108
99
40
133
70
Protein, g
15
15.5
3.9
23
15 0
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0.64
4.62
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
25
43
299
540
34
Vitamin B1, mg
0.008
0.038
0.03
0.18
0.065
Vitamin B2, mg
0.036
0.09
0.1
0.38
0.055
Vitamin B6, mg
0.162
0.1
0.05
0.14
0.208
Vitamin B12, mcg
1.3
0.002
3.2
89
0.772
Niacin, mg
1.34
1.82
0.02
3.17
1.75
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.136
0.424
0.56
0.65
0.13
Folic acid, mcg
13
8.5
8
4.5
5.9
Vitamin C, mg
1.4
0.6
0
23
0.9
Vitamin E, IU
0.8
0.5
1.5
2.68
0.29
Calcium, mg
35
34
42
83
13
Copper, mg
0.048
0.08
0.02
0.619
0.024
Iron, mg
1.05
0.83
1.7
25
0.32
Magnesium, mg
25
21
48
17
27 0.013
Manganese, mg
0.036
0.013
t
0.9
Phosphorus, mg
352
181
54
304
173
Potassium, mg
283
296
27
564
351
Selenium, mcg
10.7
10.7
10.5
43
28
Sodium, mg
42
54
240
100
46
Zinc, mg
1.26
0.61
0.15
2.46
0.38
Total lipid, g
4.76
3.62
2.86
1.75
0.57
Total saturated, g
0.921
0.836
0.65
0.169
0.111
Total unsaturated, g
1.2
1.2
1.18
0.51
0.196
Total monounsaturated, g
1.98
1
0.74
0.14
0.08
Cholesterol, mg
56
49
94
60
37
Tryptophan, g
0.17
0.173
0.052
0.257
0.169
Threonine, g
0.665
0.677
0.202
0.99
0.664
Isoleucine, g
0.699
0.712
0.166
1
0.698
Leucine, g
1.23
1.25
0.341
1.62
1.23
Lycine, g
1.39
1.42
0.293
1.72
1.39
Methionine, g
0.449
0.457
0.103
0.518
0.448
Cystine, g
0.162
0.166
0.072
0.302
0.162
Phenylalanine, g
0.592
0.604
0.171
0.824
0.591
Tyrosine, g
0.512
0.522
0.155
0.736
0.511
Valine, g
0.781
0.796
0.202
1
0.779
Arginine, g
0.907
0.925
0.254
1.68
0.906
Histidine, g
0.446
0.455
0.104
0.441
0.445
Alanine, g
0.916
0.934
0.264
1.4
0.915
Aspartic acid, g
1.55
1.58
0.382
2.22
1.55
Glutamic acid, g
2.26
2.31
0.581
3.13
2.26
Glycine, g
0.728
0.741
0.118
1.44
0.727
Proline, g
0.536
0.547
0.192
0.938
0.536
Serine, g
0.619
0.631
0.304
1.03
0.617
237
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Seafood and Seaweed Crab
Eel
Flat fish, flounder and sole species
Haddock
Halibut
Measure
3 oz
3 oz
3 oz
3 oz
Weight, g
85
85
85
85
3 oz 85
Calories
71
156
78
74
93
Protein, g
15.6
15.7
16
16
17.7
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
20
2954
28
47
132
Vitamin B1, mg
0.037
0.128
0.076
0.03
0.051
Vitamin B2, mg
0.037
0.034
0.065
0.031
0.064
Vitamin B6, mg
0.272
0.057
0.177
0.255
0.292
Vitamin B12, mcg
9.08
2.55
1.29
1.02
1
Niacin, mg
0.934
2.98
2.46
3.23
11.97
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.54
0.204
0.428
0.108
0.28
Folic acid, mcg
3.6
12.8
6.8
1
1.8
Vitamin C, mg
1.8
1.3
1.45
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
—
5
2.4
0.49
1
Calcium, mg
39
17
15
28
40
Copper, mg
0.784
0.02
0.027
0.022
0.023
Iron, mg
0.5
0.43
0.3
0.89
0.71
Magnesium, mg
30.8
16.3
27
33
71
Manganese, mg
0.03
0.03
0.014
0.021
0.013
Phosphorus, mg
186
183
156
160
189
Potassium, mg
173
232
307
264
382
Selenium, mcg
31
5.5
30.4
26
31
Sodium, mg
711
43
69
58
46
Zinc, mg
5.05
1.38
0.39
0.32
0.35
Total lipid, g
0.51
9.9
1
0.61
1.95
Total saturated, g
0.076
2
0.241
0.111
0.267
Total unsaturated, g
0.11
0.805
0.28
0.2
0.62
Total monounsaturated, g
0.068
6.1
0.198
0.1
0.64
Cholesterol, mg
35
107
41
49
27
Tryptophan, g
0.217
0.176
0.179
0.18
0.198
Threonine, g
0.63
0.688
0.702
0.705
0.775
Isoleucine, g
0.754
0.723
0.738
0.74
0.815
Leucine, g
1.23
1.27
1.3
1.3
1.44
Lycine, g
1.35
1.44
1.47
1.48
1.62
Methionine, g
0.438
0.464
0.474
0.476
0.524
Cystine, g
0.174
0.168
0.172
0.173
0.19
Phenylalanine, g
0.657
0.612
0.626
0.627
0.691
Tyrosine, g
0.518
0.53
0.541
0.542
0.598
Valine, g
0.732
0.808
0.825
0.828
0.911
Arginine, g
1.36
0.938
0.959
0.961
1.06
Histidine, g
0.316
0.462
0.472
0.473
0.521
Alanine, g
0.881
0.948
0.969
0.972
1.07
Aspartic acid, g
1.6
1.6
1.64
1.65
1.81
Glutamic acid, g
2.65
2.34
2.39
2.4
2.64
Glycine, g
0.938
0.752
0.769
0.772
0.849
Proline, g
0.513
0.554
0.566
0.569
0.626
Serine, g
0.612
0.640
0.654
0.655
0.722
Seafood/Seaweed
Fiber, g
238
SECTION V
Seafood and Seaweed
Seafood/Seaweed
Kelp
Lobster
Mackerel
Oysters
Perch
Measure
2T
3 oz
3 oz
6 med
3 oz
Weight, g
10
85
85
84
85
Calories
4.3
77
174
58
80
Protein, g
0.168
16
15.8
5.9
15.8
Carbohydrate, g
0.957
0.43
0
3.29
0
Fiber, g
0.13
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
12
60
140
282
34
Vitamin B1, mg
t
0.368
0.15
0.128
0.08 0.094
Vitamin B2, mg
0.015
0.041
0.265
0.139
Vitamin B6, mg
0
0.05
0.339
0.042
0.2
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0.786
7.4
16
0.85
Niacin, mg
0.047
1.23
7.72
1.1
1.7
Pantothenic acid, mg
18
1.39
0.728
0.155
0.306
Folic acid, mcg
0.3
7.7
1
8.3
7.7
Vitamin C, mg
0.087
0
0.3
3
2.72
Vitamin E, IU
—
1.86
1.9
1.06
1.57
Calcium, mg
17
26
10
38
91
Copper, mg
0.013
1.41
0.062
3.74
0.022
Iron, mg
0.285
0.54
1.38
5.63
0.78
Magnesium, mg
12
15.6
64
46
26
Manganese, mg
0.02
0.047
0.013
0.378
0.013
Phosphorus, mg
42
166
184
117
184
Potassium, mg
8.9
236
267
192
232
Selenium, mcg
0.07
35
37.5
44.4
37
Sodium, mg
429
272
76
94
64
Zinc, mg
0.123
2.57
0.53
76.4
0.41
Total lipid, g
0.056
0.76
11.8
2.08
1.39
Total saturated, g
0.025
0.15
2.77
0.53
0.207
Total unsaturated, g
0.005
0.128
2.85
0.8
0.36
Total monounsaturated, g
0.01
0.22
4.64
0.26
0.53
Cholesterol, mg
0
81
60
46
36
Tryptophan, g
0.005
0.223
0.177
0.066
0.178
Threonine, g
0.006
0.647
0.693
0.255
0.694
Isoleucine, g
0.008
0.774
0.728
0.258
0.729
Leucine, g
0.008
1.29
1.28
0.417
1.29
Lycine, g
0.008
1.4
1.45
0.444
1.45
Methionine, g
0.003
0.45
0.468
0.134
0.468
Cystine, g
0.01
0.179
0.169
0.078
0.17
Phenylalanine, g
0.004
0.675
0.617
0.213
0.618
Tyrosine, g
0.003
0.532
0.534
0.19
0.535
Valine, g
0.007
0.751
0.814
0.259
0.816
Arginine, g
0.007
1.4
0.946
0.433
0.948
Histidine, g
0.002
0.325
0.466
0.114
0.466
Alanine, g
0.012
0.905
0.956
0.359
0.957
Aspartic acid, g
0.013
1.65
1.62
0.572
1.62
Glutamic acid, g
0.027
2.73
2.36
0.807
2.36
Glycine, g
0.01
0.964
0.759
0.371
0.76
Proline, g
0.007
0.527
0.559
0.242
0.56
Serine, g
0.01
0.629
0.645
0.265
0.646
239
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Seafood and Seaweed Pike
Pollock
Salmon
Sardines, in oil, drained
Scallops
Measure
3 oz
3 oz
3 oz
2
3 oz
Weight, g
85
85
85
24
85
75
78
121
50
75
Protein, g
16.4
16.5
16.9
5.9
14.3
Carbohydrate, g
0
0
0
0
2
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
60
30
34
54
43
Vitamin B1, mg
0.049
0.04
0.19
0.019
0.01
Vitamin B2, mg
0.054
0.157
0.32
0.054
0.055
Vitamin B6, mg
0.099
0.244
0.695
0.04
0.13
Vitamin B12, mcg
1.7
2.7
2.7
2.15
1.3
Niacin, mg
2.16
2.78
6.68
1.26
0.978
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.64
0.3
1.4
0.154
0.122
Folic acid, mcg
13
2.55
1.8
2.8
13.6
Vitamin C, mg
3.2
0
8.2
0
2.55
Vitamin E, IU
0.25
0.29
—
0.1
1.3
Calcium, mg
48
51
10
92
21
Copper, mg
0.043
0.043
0.18
0.045
0.045
Iron, mg
0.47
0.39
0.68
0.7
0.25
Magnesium, mg
27.2
57
26.2
9
48
Manganese, mg
0.018
0.013
0.009
0.026
0.077
Phosphorus, mg
187
188
170
118
186
Potassium, mg
220
302
417
95
274
Selenium, mcg
11
31
31
12.6
19
Sodium, mg
33
73
37
121
137
Zinc, mg
0.57
0.4
0.54
0.31
0.81
Total lipid, g
0.58
0.83
5.39
2.75
0.64 0.067
Total saturated, g
0.1
0.115
0.834
0.367
Total unsaturated, g
0.17
0.41
2.16
1.24
0.22
Total monounsaturated, g
0.133
0.095
1.79
0.93
0.03
Cholesterol, mg
33
60
47
34
28
Tryptophan, g
0.184
0.185
0.189
0.066
0.16
Threonine, g
0.717
0.724
0.74
0.259
0.614
Isoleucine, g
0.754
0.762
0.777
0.272
0.621
Leucine, g
1.33
1.34
1.37
0.48
1
Lycine, g
1.5
1.52
1.55
0.542
1.06
Methionine, g
0.485
0.49
0.499
0.175
0.322
Cystine, g
0.175
0.177
0.181
0.063
0.187
Phenylalanine, g
0.639
0.645
0.659
0.231
0.511
Tyrosine, g
0.553
0.558
0.57
0.199
0.456
Valine, g
0.843
0.852
0.869
0.304
0.623
Arginine, g
0.979
0.989
1
0.354
1.04
Histidine, g
0.482
0.486
0.496
0.174
0.274
Alanine, g
0.99
1
1.02
0.357
0.863
Aspartic acid, g
1.67
1.69
1.72
0.605
1.38
Glutamic acid, g
2.44
2.47
2.52
0.882
1.94
Glycine, g
0.785
0.793
0.81
0.283
0.893
Proline, g
0.579
0.585
0.597
0.209
0.582
Serine, g
0.668
0.674
0.689
0.241
0.639
Seafood/Seaweed
Calories
240
SECTION V
Seafood/Seaweed
Seafood and Seaweed Shark
Shrimp
Smelt
Snails
Snapper
Measure
3 oz
3 oz
3 oz
3 oz
3 oz
Weight, g
85
85
85
85
85
Calories
111
90
83
117
85
Protein, g
17.8
17.3
15
20
17.4
Carbohydrate, g
0
0.77
0
6.6
0
Fiber, g
0
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
198
8.26
43
72
85
Vitamin B1, mg
0.036
0.024
t
0.022
0.039
Vitamin B2, mg
0.053
0.029
0.102
0.091
0.003
Vitamin B6, mg
0.3
0.088
0.13
0.291
0.34
Vitamin B12, mcg
1.27
0.987
2.92
7.7
2.6
Niacin, mg
2.5
2.17
1.23
0.893
0.241
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.59
0.235
0.542
0.177
0.64
Folic acid, mcg
3
2.6
3.4
5.4
4.3
Vitamin C, mg
0
1.7
0
—
1.4
Vitamin E, IU
1.2
1
0.6
—
0.64 27
Calcium, mg
29
44
51
48
Copper, mg
0.028
0.224
0.118
0.876
0.024
Iron, mg
0.71
2.05
0.77
4.28
0.15
Magnesium, mg
42
31
26
73
27
Manganese, mg
0.013
0.043
0.595
0.38
0.011
Phosphorus, mg
179
175
196
120
169
Potassium, mg
136
157
247
295
355
Selenium, mcg
32
32
31
—
33
Sodium, mg
67
126
51
175
54
Zinc, mg
0.36
0.94
1.4
1.39
0.3
Total lipid, g
3.83
1.47
2.06
0.34
1.14
Total saturated, g
0.786
0.279
0.384
0.026
0.242
Total unsaturated, g
1
0.569
0.75
—
0.39
Total monounsaturated, g
1.5
0.215
0.545
—
0.2
Cholesterol, mg
43
130
60
55
31
Tryptophan, g
0.2
0.241
0.167
0.263
0.196
Threonine, g
0.782
0.699
0.657
0.908
0.764
Isoleucine, g
0.822
0.837
0.69
0.704
0.803
Leucine, g
1.45
1.37
1.22
1.62
1.42
Lycine, g
1.64
1.5
1.38
1.25
1.6
Methionine, g
0.528
0.486
0.444
0.513
0.516
Cystine, g
0.191
0.194
0.161
0.159
0.187
Phenylalanine, g
0.696
0.729
0.585
0.7
0.681
Tyrosine, g
0.602
0.575
0.506
0.645
0.588
Valine, g
0.919
0.813
0.772
0.881
0.898
Arginine, g
1.07
1.51
0.897
2.1
1.04
Histidine, g
0.525
0.351
0.441
0.415
0.513
Alanine, g
1.08
0.978
0.906
1.32
1.05
Aspartic acid, g
1.83
1.78
1.53
2.18
1.79
Glutamic acid, g
2.66
2.95
2.24
3.12
2.6
Glycine, g
0.856
1.04
0.719
1.27
0.836
Proline, g
0.631
0.57
0.53
1
0.616
Serine, g
0.728
0.68
0.611
0.944
0.711
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
241
Seafood and Seaweed Spirulina
Swordfish
Trout
Tuna, bluefin
Tuna, light, in water
1C
3 oz
3 oz
3 oz
1 can
Weight, g
15
85
85
85
165
Calories
44
103
126
123
191
Protein, g
8.6
16.8
17.7
20
42
Carbohydrate, g
3.6
0
0
0
0
Fiber, g
0.54
0
0
0
0
Vitamin A, IU
85.5
101
49
1856
92
Vitamin B1, mg
0.357
0.031
0.277
0.21
0.05
Vitamin B2, mg
0.55
0.081
0.261
0.21
0.122
Vitamin B6, mg
0.055
0.281
1.43
0.387
0.58
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
1.49
6.6
8
4.9
Niacin, mg
1.9
8.23
7.6
7.4
22
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.5
0.35
1.65
0.9
0.35
Folic acid, mcg
15
1.7
11.3
1.6
6.6
Vitamin C, mg
1.5
0.9
0.4
0
0
Vitamin E, IU
1.12
0.6
0.25
1.3
1.3
Calcium, mg
18
4
36
6.8
18
Copper, mg
0.9
0.107
0.16
0.07
0.08
Iron, mg
4.3
0.69
1.27
0.867
2.5
Magnesium, mg
29
23
19
43
45
Manganese, mg
0.285
0.016
0.723
0.013
0.02
Phosphorus, mg
18
224
208
216
268
Potassium, mg
205
245
307
214
391
Selenium, mcg
1.1
41
11
31
133
Sodium, mg
157
76
44
33
558
Zinc, mg
0.3
0.97
0.56
0.5
1.3
Total lipid, g
1.16
3.41
5.62
4.17
1.35
Total saturated, g
0.398
0.932
0.98
1.07
0.386
Total unsaturated, g
0.3
0.78
1.27
1.22
0.556
Total monounsaturated, g
0.1
1.3
2.77
1.36
0.26
Cholesterol, mg
0
33
49
32
50 0.472
Tryptophan, g
0.139
0.189
0.198
0.22
Threonine, g
0.446
0.738
0.774
0.87
1.85
Isoleucine, g
0.48
0.775
0.813
0.9
1.94
Leucine, g
0.74
1.37
1.44
1.6
3.4
Lycine, g
0.45
1.55
1.62
1.8
3.9
Methionine, g
0.17
0.498
0.523
0.59
1.25
Cystine, g
0.1
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.45
Phenylalanine, g
—
0.657
0.689
0.77
1.6
Tyrosine, g
—
0.568
0.596
0.7
1.4
Valine, g
—
0.867
0.91
0.1
2.17
Arginine, g
—
1
1.06
1.2
2.5
Histidine, g
—
0.496
0.519
0.58
1.24
Alanine, g
—
1.02
1.07
1.2
2.55
Aspartic acid, g
—
1.72
1.8
2
4.3
Glutamic acid, g
—
2.51
2.63
2.96
6.3
Glycine, g
—
0.808
0.847
0.95
2
Proline, g
—
0.595
0.624
0.7
1.5
Serine, g
—
0.687
0.72
0.81
1.7
Seafood/Seaweed
Measure
242
SECTION V
Seafood and Seaweed
Seafood/Seaweed
Tuna, white, in water
Wakame
Whitefish
Measure
1 can
2T
3 oz
Weight, g
172
10
85
Calories
220
0.5
114
Protein, g
41
0.3
16
Carbohydrate, g
0
0.9
0
Fiber, g
0
0.05
0
Vitamin A, IU
33
36
2050
Vitamin B1, mg
0.014
t
0.128
Vitamin B2, mg
0.076
0.023
0.108
Vitamin B6, mg
0.37
0
0.255
Vitamin B12, mcg
2
0
0.85
Niacin, mg
9.97
0.16
2.72
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.2
0.07
0.637
Folic acid, mcg
3.4
20
12.8
Vitamin C, mg
0
0.3
0
Vitamin E, IU
4
0.15
0.25
Calcium, mg
24
15
22
Copper, mg
0.067
0.03
0.061
Iron, mg
1.67
0.22
0.31
Magnesium, mg
57
11
28
Manganese, mg
0.03
0.14
0.057
Phosphorus, mg
373
8
230
Potassium, mg
408
5
269
Selenium, mcg
113
0.07
11
Sodium, mg
648
87
43
Zinc, mg
0.826
0.038
0.84
Total lipid, g
5.1
0.06
4.98
Total saturated, g
1.36
0.013
0.77
Total unsaturated, g
1.9
0.022
1.83
Total monounsaturated, g
1.35
0.006
1.7
Cholesterol, mg
72
0
51
Tryptophan, g
0.456
0.004
0.182
Threonine, g
1.78
0.017
0.711
Isoleucine, g
1.87
0.009
0.748
Leucine, g
3.3
0.026
1.32
Lycine, g
3.73
0.011
1.49
Methionine, g
1.2
0.006
0.48
Cystine, g
0.44
0.003
0.174
Phenylalanine, g
1.59
0.011
0.633
Tyrosine, g
1.37
0.005
0.547
Valine, g
2.1
0.021
0.836
Arginine, g
2.43
0.009
0.971
Histidine, g
1.2
0.002
0.478
Alanine, g
2.46
0.014
0.981
Aspartic acid, g
4.2
0.018
1.66
Glutamic acid, g
6.1
0.02
2.42
Glycine, g
1.95
0.01
0.779
Proline, g
1.44
0.009
0.574
Serine, g
1.66
0.008
0.662
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
243
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices Alfalfa sprouts
Artichoke, globe
Artichoke, Jerusalem
Arugula
Asparagus
Measure
1C
1 med
1C
1
⁄2 C
1C
Weight, g
33
128
150
10
134
Calories
10
65
114
2.5
30
Protein, g
1.32
3.4
3
0.258
4.1
Carbohydrate, g
1.25
15.3
26
0.365
4.94
Fiber, g
0.83
1.36
1.2
0.16
1.1
51
237
30
237
1202
0.025
0.1
0.3
T
0.15
Vitamin B2, mg
0.042
0.077
0.09
T
0.166
Vitamin B6, mg
0.011
0.143
0.116
T
0.2
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.159
0.973
1.95
0.03
1.5
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.186
0.329
0.6
0.044
0.234
Folic acid, mcg
12.2
94.2
20
9.7
160
Vitamin C, mg
2.7
13.8
6
1.5
44
Vitamin E, IU
0.01
0.36
0.42
0.06
4
Calcium, mg
10
61
21
16
28
Copper, mg
0.052
0.095
0.2
t
0.2
Iron, mg
0.32
2.1
5.1
0.146
0.9
Magnesium, mg
9
60
26
4.7
24 0.286
Manganese, mg
0.062
0.426
0.09
0.032
Phosphorus, mg
23
99
117
5.2
70
Potassium, mg
26
434
644
37
404
Selenium, mcg
0.2
0.256
1.05
0.03
3
Sodium, mg
2
102
6
2.7
2
Zinc, mg
0.3
0.56
0.18
0.047
0.94
Total lipid, g
0.23
0.19
0.02
0.066
0.3
Total saturated, g
0.023
0.045
0
0.009
0.068
Total unsaturated, g
0.135
0.081
0.002
0.032
0.118
Total monounsaturated, g
0.018
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.008
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
—
—
—
—
0.04
Threonine, g
0.044
—
—
—
0.114
Isoleucine, g
0.047
—
—
—
1.5
Leucine, g
0.088
—
—
—
0.178
Lycine, g
0.071
—
—
—
0.194 0.038
Methionine, g
—
—
—
—
Cystine, g
—
—
—
—
0.048
Phenylalanine, g
—
—
—
—
0.096 0.064
Tyrosine, g
—
—
—
—
Valine, g
0.048
—
—
—
0.158
Arginine, g
—
—
—
—
0.192
Histidine, g
—
—
—
—
0.062
Alanine, g
—
—
—
—
0.192 0.476
Aspartic acid, g
—
—
—
—
Glutamic acid, g
—
—
—
—
0.672
Glycine, g
—
—
—
—
0.132
Proline, g
—
—
—
—
0.218
Serine, g
—
—
—
—
0.156
Vegetables/Juices
Vitamin A, IU Vitamin B1, mg
244
SECTION V
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices
Vegetables/Juices
Beets
Beet green
Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Cabbage, common
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
136
38
88
88
70
Calories
60
0.8
24
38
16
Protein, g
2
0.7
2.6
3.3
0.84
Carbohydrate, g
13.6
1.5
4.6
7.88
2.76
Fiber, g
3.8
1.4
2.6
3.3
1.6 88
Vitamin A, IU
28
2308
1356
778
Vitamin B1, mg
0.068
0.038
0.058
0.12
0.03
Vitamin B2, mg
0.028
0.08
0.1
0.08
0.02
Vitamin B6, mg
0.06
0.04
0.14
0.19
0.066
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.54
0.152
0.56
0.65
0.2
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.2
0.096
0.47
0.27
0.098
Folic acid, mcg
126
5.6
62
54
39
Vitamin C, mg
15
11
82
74
33
Vitamin E, IU
0.6
0.85
2
1
0.1
Calcium, mg
22
46
42
36
32
Copper, mg
0.1
0.07
0.04
0.06
0.016
Iron, mg
1.24
1.2
0.78
1.2
0.4
Magnesium, mg
28
28
22
20
10 0.11
Manganese, mg
0.47
0.15
0.2
0.29
Phosphorus, mg
66
16
58
60
16
Potassium, mg
440
208
286
342
172
Selenium, mcg
0.95
0.34
2.6
1.4
0.63
Sodium, mg
98
76
24
22
12 0.12
Zinc, mg
0.5
0.14
0.36
0.36
Total lipid, g
0.2
0.02
0.3
0.26
0.189
Total saturated, g
0.02
0.004
0.048
0.05
0.023
Total unsaturated, g
0.083
0.008
0.147
0.135
0.085
Total monounsaturated, g
0.045
0.005
0.021
0.02
0.013
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.024
0.012
0.026
0.03
0.008
Threonine, g
0.06
0.02
0.08
0.1
0.03
Isoleucine, g
0.06
0.014
0.096
0.1
0.04
Leucine, g
0.08
0.03
0.116
0.13
0.044
Lycine, g
0.072
0.02
0.124
0.13
0.04
Methionine, g
0.024
0.006
0.03
0.028
0.008
Cystine, g
0.024
0.006
0.018
0.02
0.008
Phenylalanine, g
0.05
0.018
0.074
0.086
0.028
Tyrosine, g
0.05
0.016
0.056
—
0.014
Valine, g
0.07
0.02
0.112
0.136
0.026
Arginine, g
0.03
0.02
0.128
0.178
0.048
Histidine, g
0.028
0.01
0.044
0.066
0.018
Alanine, g
0.07
0.026
0.104
—
0.03
Aspartic acid, g
0.14
0.04
0.188
—
0.084
Glutamic acid, g
0.74
0.084
0.33
—
0.19
Glycine, g
0.04
0.026
0.084
—
0.018
Proline, g
0.05
0.016
0.1
—
0.166
Serine, g
0.07
0.022
0.088
—
0.05
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
245
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices Cabbage, Chinese
Carrots
Carrot juice
Cauliflower
Celery
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
70
110
227
100
120
Calories
9
48
96
24
18
Protein, g
1.05
1
2.47
1.98
0.8
Carbohydrate, g
1.53
11
22
4.9
4.36
Fiber, g
0.7
3
1.9
2.5
2
Vitamin A, IU
2100
30942
24750
16
152
0.028
0.1
0.13
0.076
0.036
0.049
0.064
0.12
0.058
0.036
Vitamin B6, mg
—
0.16
0.534
0.23
0.036
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.35
1
1.35
0.634
0.36
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.06
0.216
0.54
0.14
0.2
Folic acid, mcg
46
15
9
66
10.6
Vitamin C, mg
31.5
10
20
71
7.6
Vitamin E, IU
0.13
0.75
0.035
0.06
0.64
Calcium, mg
74
30
8.3
28
44
Copper, mg
0.015
0.05
0.11
0.032
0.042
Iron, mg
0.56
0.54
1.5
0.58
0.58
Magnesium, mg
13
16
51
14
14 0.164
Manganese, mg
0.11
0.156
0.31
0.2
Phosphorus, mg
26
48
81
46
32
Potassium, mg
176
356
767
356
340
Selenium, mcg
0.35
2.2
1.4
0.7
1.1
Sodium, mg
45
38
105
14
106
Zinc, mg
0.133
0.22
0.43
0.18
0.2
Total lipid, g
0.14
0.2
0.35
0.18
0.168
Total saturated, g
0.018
0.034
0.066
0.028
0.044
Total unsaturated, g
0.067
0.085
0.192
0.099
0.083
Total monounsaturated, g
0.011
0.009
0.017
0.014
0.032
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.011
0.012
—
0.026
0.01
Threonine, g
0.034
0.042
—
0.072
0.022
Isoleucine, g
0.06
0.046
—
0.076
0.024
Leucine, g
0.062
0.048
—
0.116
0.038
Lycine, g
0.062
0.044
—
0.108
0.032
Methionine, g
0.006
0.008
—
0.028
0.006
Cystine, g
0.012
0.008
—
0.024
0.004
Phenylalanine, g
0.031
0.036
—
0.072
0.022
Tyrosine, g
0.02
0.022
—
0.044
0.01 0.032
Valine, g
0.046
0.048
—
0.1
Arginine, g
0.059
0.048
—
0.096
0.024
Histidine, g
0.018
0.018
—
0.04
0.014
Alanine, g
0.06
0.064
—
0.106
0.026
Aspartic acid, g
0.076
0.15
—
0.234
0.136
Glutamic acid, g
0.252
0.222
—
0.266
0.1
Glycine, g
0.03
0.034
—
0.064
0.026
Proline, g
0.022
0.032
—
0.086
0.02
Serine, g
0.034
0.038
—
0.104
0.024
Vegetables/Juices
Vitamin B1, mg Vitamin B2, mg
246
SECTION V
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices
Vegetables/Juices
Celeriac
Chard, Swiss
Chapote
Chicory greens
Chives
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1T
Weight, g
156
36
132
180
3
Calories
65
6
25
41
1
Protein, g
2.3
0.64
1.08
3
0.08
Carbohydrate, g
14
1.34
5.9
8.5
0.11
Fiber, g
2.8
0.58
2
7
0.075
Vitamin A, IU
0
1188
74
7200
192
Vitamin B1, mg
0.078
0.014
0.03
0.11
0.003
Vitamin B2, mg
0.094
0.032
0.038
0.18
0.005
Vitamin B6, mg
0.257
0.036
0.1
0.189
0.005
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
1.1
0.144
0.62
0.9
0.021
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.549
0.062
0.33
2
0.005
Folic acid, mcg
13
5
123
197
3
Vitamin C, mg
—
10.8
10
43
2.4
Vitamin E, IU
0.8
1
0.24
6
0.008
Calcium, mg
67
18
22
180
2
Copper, mg
0.1
0.16
0.16
0.53
0.011
Iron, mg
1.1
0.64
0.45
1.6
0.05
Magnesium, mg
31
30
16
54
2 0.011
Manganese, mg
0.25
0.45
0.25
0.77
Phosphorus, mg
179
16
24
85
2
Potassium, mg
468
136
165
756
8 0.027
Selenium, mcg
1.1
0.32
0.26
0.54
Sodium, mg
156
76
2.6
81
0
Zinc, mg
0.52
0.13
0.98
0.756
0.017
Total lipid, g
0.468
0.08
0.17
0.54
0.02
Total saturated, g
0.123
0.011
0.037
0.13
0.003
Total unsaturated, g
0.23
0.025
0.075
0.236
0.008
Total monounsaturated, g
0.09
0.014
0.013
0.011
0.003
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
—
0.006
0.015
0.056
0.001
Threonine, g
—
0.03
0.053
0.085
0.003
Isoleucine, g
—
0.052
0.058
0.182
0.004
Leucine, g
—
0.046
0.1
0.133
0.005
Lycine, g
—
0.036
0.05
0.12
0.004
Methionine, g
—
0.006
0.001
0.018
0.001
Cystine, g
—
—
—
—
—
Phenylalanine, g
—
0.04
0.06
0.074
0.003
Tyrosine, g
—
—
0.04
—
0.002
Valine, g
—
0.04
0.08
0.14
0.004
Arginine, g
—
0.042
0.05
0.223
0.006
Histidine, g
—
0.012
0.02
0.05
0.001
Alanine, g
—
—
0.067
—
0.004
Aspartic acid, g
—
—
0.121
—
0.008
Glutamic acid, g
—
—
0.165
—
0.017
Glycine, g
—
—
0.054
—
0.004
Proline, g
—
—
0.058
—
0.006
Serine, g
—
—
0.06
—
0.004
247
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices Collards
Corn
Cucumber
Dandelion greens
Eggplant
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
36
154
104
55
82
Calories
11
132
14
25
22
Protein, g
0.8
4.96
0.56
1.5
0.9
Carbohydrate, g
2
29
3
5
5
Fiber, g
1
4
0.8
1.9
2
Vitamin A, IU
1376
432
46
7700
58
Vitamin B1, mg
0.019
0.208
0.032
0.1
0.074
Vitamin B2, mg
0.047
0.09
0.02
0.14
0.016
0.059
0.084
0.054
0.138
0.078
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.267
2.6
0.321
0.44
0.492
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.096
1.17
0.26
0.046
0.066
Folic acid, mcg
60
70.6
14.4
15
14.4
Vitamin C, mg
13
10.6
4.8
19
0.14
Vitamin E, IU
1.2
0.2
0.12
2
0.04
Calcium, mg
52
4
14
103
30
Copper, mg
0.014
0.084
0.042
0.09
0.092
Iron, mg
0.068
0.8
0.28
1.7
0.44
Magnesium, mg
3.2
58
12
20
10 0.1
Manganese, mg
0.1
0.248
0.064
0.19
Phosphorus, mg
3.6
138
18
36
26
Potassium, mg
61
416
156
218
180
Selenium, mcg
0.41
0.9
0
0.275
0.246
Sodium, mg
7
23
2
42
2
Zinc, mg
0.047
0.7
0.24
0.225
0.12
Total lipid, g
0.15
1.8
0.14
0.385
0.08
Total saturated, g
0.02
0.28
0.034
0.094
0.016
Total unsaturated, g
0.07
0.86
0.028
0.168
0.06
Total monounsaturated, g
0.01
0.53
0.104
0.008
0.013
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.011
0.036
0.004
—
0.008
Threonine, g
0.03
0.102
0.198
—
0.032
Isoleucine, g
0.036
0.198
0.018
—
0.04
Leucine, g
0.05
0.536
0.024
—
0.056
Lycine, g
0.04
0.21
0.022
—
0.042
Methionine, g
0.012
0.1
0.004
—
0.01
Cystine, g
0.009
0.04
0.004
—
0.004
Phenylalanine, g
0.03
0.232
0.016
—
0.038
Tyrosine, g
0.024
0.19
0.01
—
0.024
Valine, g
0.043
0.28
0.018
—
0.046
Arginine, g
0.045
0.2
0.036
—
0.05
Histidine, g
0.017
0.138
0.008
—
0.02
Alanine, g
0.038
0.454
0.018
—
0.046
Aspartic acid, g
0.067
0.366
0.034
—
0.146
Glutamic acid, g
0.073
0.98
0.16
—
0.164
Glycine, g
0.034
0.196
0.02
—
0.036
Proline, g
0.038
0.45
0.012
—
0.038
Serine, g
0.028
0.236
0.016
—
0.036
Vegetables/Juices
Vitamin B6, mg
248
SECTION V
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices
Vegetables/Juices
Endive
Garlic
Green beans
Jicama
Kale
Measure
1C
1 clove
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
50
3
110
120
67
Calories
8
4
34
46
33
Protein, g
0.62
0.2
2
0.86
2.21
Carbohydrate, g
1.68
0.9
7.85
11
6.7
Fiber, g
1.4
0.05
3.7
5.9
1
Vitamin A, IU
1026
0
735
25
5963
Vitamin B1, mg
0.04
0.006
0.092
0.024
0.074
Vitamin B2, mg
0.038
t
0.116
0.035
0.087
Vitamin B6, mg
0.1
0.037
0.081
0.05
0.182
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.2
0.02
0.827
0.24
0.67
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.45
0.02
0.103
0.16
0.061
Folic acid, mcg
71
0.1
40
14
19.6
Vitamin C, mg
3.2
0.9
17.9
24
80.4
Vitamin E, IU
0.3
0
0.67
0.8
0.8
Calcium, mg
26
5
41
14
90
Copper, mg
0.05
0.008
0.076
0.058
0.194
Iron, mg
0.42
0.05
1.14
0.72
1.14
Magnesium, mg
8
1
27
14
23 0.519
Manganese, mg
0.21
0.05
0.235
0.07
Phosphorus, mg
14
6
42
22
38
Potassium, mg
158
16
230
180
299
Selenium, mcg
0.1
0.42
0.66
0.84
0.6
Sodium, mg
12
1
6
4.8
29
Zinc, mg
0.4
0.038
0.26
0.19
0.29
Total lipid, g
0.1
0.015
0.013
0.108
0.47
Total saturated, g
0.024
0.003
0.029
0.025
0.06
Total unsaturated, g
0.04
0.007
0.065
0.052
0.226
Total monounsaturated, g
0.002
0
0.006
0.006
0.035
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.002
0.002
0.021
—
0.027
Threonine, g
0.026
0.005
0.087
0.022
0.098
Isoleucine, g
0.036
0.007
0.073
0.02
0.132
Leucine, g
0.05
0.009
0.123
0.03
0.155
Lycine, g
0.032
0.008
0.097
0.03
0.132
Methionine, g
0.008
0.002
0.024
0.008
0.021
Cystine, g
0.006
0.002
0.02
0.007
0.029
Phenylalanine, g
0.026
0.005
0.074
0.02
0.113
Tyrosine, g
0.02
0.002
0.046
0.014
0.078
Valine, g
0.032
0.009
0.099
0.03
0.121
Arginine, g
0.032
0.019
0.08
0.04
0.123
Histidine, g
0.012
0.003
0.037
0.023
0.046
Alanine, g
0.032
0.004
0.092
0.024
0.111
Aspartic acid, g
0.066
0.015
0.281
0.24
0.198
Glutamic acid, g
0.084
0.024
0.206
0.05
0.251
Glycine, g
0.03
0.006
0.072
0.02
0.107
Proline, g
0.03
0.003
0.075
0.03
0.131
Serine, g
0.024
0.006
0.109
0.03
0.093
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
249
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices Kohlrabi
Leeks
Lettuce, iceberg
Lettuce, Romaine
Mushrooms
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
140
124
75
56
70
Calories
38
54
10
8
18
Protein, g
2.38
1.3
0.7
0.9
1.46
Carbohydrate, g
8.68
13
2.2
1.3
3
Fiber, g
4.9
1.6
0.77
0.9
0.84
Vitamin A, IU
50
85
250
1456
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.056
0.072
Vitamin B2, mg
0.028
0.037
0.05
0.056
0.3
Vitamin B6, mg
0.21
0.2
0.028
0.02
0.068
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.56
0.496
0.148
0.28
2.88
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.231
0.12
0.1
0.09
1.54
Folic acid, mcg
22
0.015
31
76
8.4
Vitamin C, mg
86.8
14.9
5
13.4
2.4
Vitamin E, IU
0.96
1
0.23
0.37
0.12
Calcium, mg
34
73
15
20
4
Copper, mg
0.21
0.09
0.035
0.02
0.34
Iron, mg
0.56
2.6
0.4
0.62
0.86
Magnesium, mg
27
35
5
4
8
Manganese, mg
0.16
0.43
0.12
0.36
0.078
Phosphorus, mg
64
43
17
26
72
Potassium, mg
490
223
131
162
260
Selenium, mcg
0.95
0.89
0.1
0.1
8.54
Sodium, mg
28
25
7
4
2
Zinc, mg
0.04
0.1
0.1
0.14
0.344
Total lipid, g
0.14
0.267
0.12
0.12
0.3
Total saturated, g
0.018
0.036
0.02
0.007
0.08
Total unsaturated, g
0.065
0.148
0.055
0.06
0.097
Total monounsaturated, g
0.009
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.014
0.015
0.008
0.006
0.032
Threonine, g
0.069
0.078
0.044
0.042
0.066
Isoleucine, g
0.1
0.064
0.06
0.058
0.058
Leucine, g
0.094
0.119
0.056
0.054
0.09
Lycine, g
0.078
0.097
0.06
0.058
0.048 0.028
Methionine, g
0.018
0.022
0.012
0.012
Cystine, g
0.01
0.031
0.012
0.01
0.004
Phenylalanine, g
0.055
0.068
0.04
0.038
0.056 0.032
Tyrosine, g
—
0.051
0.024
0.022
Valine, g
0.07
0.069
0.048
0.048
0.068
Arginine, g
0.147
0.097
0.052
0.05
0.072
Histidine, g
0.027
0.031
0.016
0.016
0.04
Alanine, g
—
0.092
0.04
0.04
0.11
Aspartic acid, g
—
0.174
0.1
0.1
0.134
Glutamic acid, g
—
0.28
0.128
0.128
0.25
Glycine, g
—
0.086
0.04
0.04
0.066
Proline, g
—
0.082
0.036
0.034
0.1
Serine, g
—
0.114
0.028
0.028
0.066
Vegetables/Juices
Vitamin B12, mcg
250
SECTION V
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices
Vegetables/Juices
Mushrooms, enoki
Mushrooms, portabello
Mushrooms, shiitake, dried
Mustard greens
Okra
Measure
1 med.
4
1C
1C
Weight, g
3
100
15
56
100 38
Calories
1
26
44
15
Protein, g
0.07
2.5
1.4
1.5
2
Carbohydrate, g
0.2
5
11
2.7
7.6
Fiber, g
0.078
1.5
1.7
1.8
3.2
Vitamin A, IU
0.2
0
0
2968
660
Vitamin B1, mg
t
0.077
0.045
0.045
0.2
Vitamin B2, mg
t
0.48
0.19
0.06
0.06
Vitamin B6, mg
t
0.1
0.145
0.1
0.2
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0.05
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.11
4.5
2
0.448
1
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.028
1.5
3.3
0.12
0.246
Folic acid, mcg
0.9
22
25
105
88
Vitamin C, mg
0.36
0
0.525
39
21
Vitamin E, IU
—
0.19
0.03
1.68
1
Calcium, mg
0.03
8
1.65
58
82
Copper, mg
t
0.4
0.775
0.08
0.94
Iron, mg
0.03
0.6
0.258
0.82
0.8
Magnesium, mg
0.48
11
20
18
56 0.99
Manganese, mg
t
0.14
0.176
0.27
Phosphorus, mg
3.4
130
44
24
64
Potassium, mg
11
484
230
198
302
Selenium, mcg
0.48
11
20
0.5
0.7
Sodium, mg
0.09
6
1.95
14
8
Zinc, mg
0.017
0.6
1.15
0.11
0.6
Total lipid, g
0.012
0.2
0.148
0.112
0.1
Total saturated, g
0.001
0.026
0.037
0.006
0.026
Total unsaturated, g
0.005
0.078
0.02
0.021
0.027
Total monounsaturated, g
0
0.003
0.046
0.052
0.017
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.002
0.056
0.005
0.017
0.018
Threonine, g
0.003
0.113
0.075
0.04
0.066
Isoleucine, g
0.001
0.099
0.06
0.055
0.07
Leucine, g
0.004
0.153
0.1
0.046
0.1
Lycine, g
0.005
0.252
0.05
0.069
0.082
Methionine, g
0.001
0.048
0.03
0.014
0.022
Cystine, g
—
0.006
0.03
0.022
0.02
Phenylalanine, g
0.004
0.097
0.07
0.04
0.066
Tyrosine, g
0.003
0.054
0.048
0.08
0.088
Valine, g
0.002
0.115
0.07
0.059
0.092
Arginine, g
0.006
0.123
0.097
0.1
0.084
Histidine, g
0.002
0.067
0.024
0.27
0.032
Alanine, g
0.005
0.187
0.085
—
0.074
Aspartic acid, g
0.008
0.228
0.114
—
0.146
Glutamic acid, g
0.01
0.43
0.387
—
0.272
Glycine, g
0.003
0.11
0.06
—
0.044
Proline, g
0.006
0.176
0.06
—
0.046
Serine, g
0.003
0.13
0.076
—
0.044
251
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices Onions, green
Onions, mature
Parsley
Parsnips
Peppers, sweet
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
100
160
60
133
93
Calories
26
54
26
102
24
Protein, g
1.7
1.88
2.2
2.3
0.86
Carbohydrate, g
5.5
11.7
5.1
23
5.3
Fiber, g
2.6
2.9
1.98
6.5
1.2
Vitamin A, IU
385
0
3120
0
530
Vitamin B1, mg
0.07
0.096
0.07
0.11
0.086
Vitamin B2, mg
0.14
0.016
0.16
0.12
0.05
Vitamin B6, mg
0.06
0.25
0.098
0.13
0.164
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.16
0.7
0.2
0.54
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.144
0.2
0.18
0.9
0.036
Folic acid, mcg
64
31.8
91
89
16.8
Vitamin C, mg
18
13.4
80
16
82
Vitamin E, IU
0.19
0.3
1.5
—
0.9 6
Calcium, mg
60
40
122
50
Copper, mg
0.06
0.064
0.293
0.17
0.1
Iron, mg
1.88
0.58
3.7
0.9
1.2
Magnesium, mg
20
16
24.5
40
14 0.14
Manganese, mg
0.16
0.2
0.563
0.75
Phosphorus, mg
32
46
38
96
22
Potassium, mg
256
248
436
587
196
Selenium, mcg
0.6
9.6
0.06
2.4
0.276
Sodium, mg
4
4
27
12
4
Zinc, mg
0.44
0.28
0.44
0.8
0.18
Total lipid, g
0.19
0.25
0.4
0.4
0.175
Total saturated, g
0.032
0.07
0.079
0.067
0.026
Total unsaturated, g
0.074
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.09
Total monounsaturated, g
0.027
0.037
0.177
0.149
0.012
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.02
0.028
0.022
—
0.012
Threonine, g
0.068
0.044
—
—
0.03
Isoleucine, g
0.074
0.068
—
—
0.028
Leucine, g
0.1
0.066
—
—
0.044
Lycine, g
0.088
0.09
0.132
—
0.038
Methionine, g
0.02
0.016
0.01
—
0.01
Cystine, g
—
0.34
—
—
0.016
Phenylalanine, g
0.056
0.048
—
—
0.026
Tyrosine, g
0.05
0.046
—
—
0.018
Valine, g
0.078
0.044
—
—
0.036
Arginine, g
0.126
0.262
—
—
0.042
Histidine, g
0.03
0.03
—
—
0.018
Alanine, g
0.078
0.052
—
—
0.036
Aspartic acid, g
0.162
0.1
—
—
0.124
Glutamic acid, g
0.36
0.3
—
—
0.1
Glycine, g
0.086
0.078
—
—
0.032
Proline, g
0.1
0.06
—
—
0.038
Serine, g
0.078
0.056
—
—
0.034
Vegetables/Juices
Vitamin B12, mcg Niacin, mg
252
SECTION V
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices
Vegetables/Juices
Peppers, hot
Pickles, dill
Potato
Pumpkin
Purslane
Measure
1
⁄2 C
1 sm
1C
1C
Weight, g
75
37
150
116
1C 43
Calories
30
6
114
30
7
Protein, g
1.5
0.3
3.2
1.16
0.6
Carbohydrate, g
7
1.5
25.7
7.5
1.48
Fiber, g
1.35
0.4
2.4
0.58
—
Vitamin A, IU
8062
121
0
1856
568
Vitamin B1, mg
0.068
t
0.15
0.058
0.02
Vitamin B2, mg
0.068
0.01
0.06
0.13
0.048
Vitamin B6, mg
0.21
0.005
0.4
0.07
0.03
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.713
0.022
2.3
0.7
0.21 0.015
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.046
0.02
0.57
0.35
Folic acid, mcg
17.5
0.37
19.2
19
5
Vitamin C, mg
182
0.7
30
10
9
Vitamin E, IU
0.77
0.09
0.13
1.8
—
Calcium, mg
13
3
11
24
28
Copper, mg
0.13
0.03
0.388
0.147
0.05
Iron, mg
0.9
0.2
0.9
0.93
0.86
Magnesium, mg
19
4
51
14
29
Manganese, mg
0.178
t
0.394
0.145
0.13
Phosphorus, mg
34
8
80
51
19
Potassium, mg
255
43
611
394
212 0.39
Selenium, mcg
0.38
0
0.45
0.348
Sodium, mg
5
474
5
1.2
19
Zinc, mg
0.23
0.05
0.58
0.37
0.07
Total lipid, g
0.15
0.07
0.2
0.015
0.043
Total saturated, g
0.016
0.018
0.04
0.116
—
Total unsaturated, g
0.082
0.028
0.032
0.06
—
Total monounsaturated, g
0.008
0.001
0.002
0.006
—
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.02
0.002
0.048
0.014
0.006
Threonine, g
0.056
0.006
0.1
0.034
0.019
Isoleucine, g
0.049
0.007
0.12
0.036
0.02
Leucine, g
0.079
0.01
0.186
0.053
0.034
Lycine, g
0.067
0.01
0.19
0.063
0.025
Methionine, g
0.018
0.002
0.05
0.013
0.005
Cystine, g
0.029
0.001
0.04
0.003
0.004
Phenylalanine, g
0.047
0.006
0.138
0.037
0.02
Tyrosine, g
0.032
0.004
0.1
0.049
0.009
Valine, g
0.063
0.007
0.176
0.04
0.027
Arginine, g
0.072
0.015
0.14
0.06
0.021
Histidine, g
0.031
0.003
0.068
0.02
0.009
Alanine, g
0.062
0.008
0.096
0.032
0.02
Aspartic acid, g
0.215
0.014
0.76
0.12
0.03
Glutamic acid, g
0.198
0.065
0.52
0.213
0.08
Glycine, g
0.056
0.008
0.094
0.03
0.017
Proline, g
0.065
0.005
0.1
0.03
0.03
Serine, g
0.06
0.007
0.136
0.05
0.017
253
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices Radish
Rutabaga
Sauerkraut
Spinach
Squash, summer
Measure
10
1C
1C
1C
1C
Weight, g
45
140
235
30
130
7
64
42
6
25
0.27
1.5
2.4
0.86
1.4
Carbohydrate, g
1.6
15.4
9.4
1
5.5
Fiber, g
0.7
3.5
5.9
0.8
2.5
Vitamin A, IU
3
810
120
2014
530
Vitamin B1, mg
0.002
0.1
0.07
0.023
0.07
Vitamin B2, mg
0.02
0.1
0.09
0.057
0.12
Vitamin B6, mg
0.032
0.14
0.31
0.059
0.186
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.135
1.5
0.5
0.22
1.3
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.04
0.22
0.22
0.02
0.468
Folic acid, mcg
12.2
29
56
58
30
Vitamin C, mg
10.3
60
33
8
29
Vitamin E. IU
0
0.6
0.35
0.85
—
Calcium, mg
9
92
85
30
36
Copper, mg
0.018
0.11
0.235
0.04
0.22
Iron, mg
0.13
0.6
1.2
0.8
0.5
Magnesium, mg
4
20
31
24
21
Manganese, mg
0.032
0.056
0.356
0.27
0.185
Phosphorus, mg
8
55
42
15
38
Potassium, mg
104
335
329
167
263
Selenium, mcg
0.3
0.98
1.4
0.3
0.26
Sodium, mg
11
7
1755
24
1
Zinc, mg
0.13
0.48
0.448
0.16
0.33
Total lipid, g
0.24
0.28
0.33
0.105
0.28
Total saturated, g
0.014
0.038
0.083
0.017
0.057
Total unsaturated, g
0.02
0.123
0.144
0.044
0.13
Total monounsaturated, g
0.01
0.035
0.031
0.003
0.023
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.002
0.018
—
0.012
0.014
Threonine, g
0.013
0.064
—
0.037
0.036
Isoleucine, g
0.014
0.07
—
0.044
0.055
Leucine, g
0.017
0.053
—
0.067
0.09
Lycine, g
0.016
0.055
—
0.05
0.085
Methionine, g
0.003
0.014
—
0.016
0.022
Cystine, g
0.002
0.015
—
0.01
0.016
Phenylalanine, g
0.01
0.043
—
0.04
0.053
Tyrosine, g
0.006
0.032
—
0.03
0.04
Valine, g
0.014
0.067
—
0.05
0.069
Arginine, g
0.018
0.207
—
0.05
0.065
Histidine, g
0.006
0.042
—
0.02
0.033
Alanine, g
0.01
0.046
—
0.043
0.081
Aspartic acid, g
0.022
0.122
—
0.07
0.187
Glutamic acid, g
0.059
0.199
—
0.1
0.164 0.057
Glycine, g
0.01
0.038
—
0.04
Proline, g
0.008
—
—
0.034
0.048
Serine, g
0.009
0.049
—
0.03
0.062
Vegetables/Juices
Calories Protein, g
254
SECTION V
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices
Vegetables/Juices
Squash, winter
Sweet potato
Taro
Tomato, med
Tomato juice
Measure
1C
1
1C
1
1C
Weight, g
205
130
104
123
243
Calories
129
136
116
24
46
Protein, g
3.7
2
1.5
1.1
2.2
Carbohydrate, g
31.6
32
28
5.3
10.4
Fiber, g
2.6
3.9
4
1.35
0.97
Vitamin A, IU
8610
26082
0
766
1351
Vitamin B1, mg
0.1
0.086
0.1
0.074
0.12
Vitamin B2, mg
0.27
0.191
0.03
0.062
0.07
Vitamin B6, mg
0.18
0.334
0.3
0.059
0.366
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
1.4
0.876
0.6
0.738
1.9
Pantothenic acid, mg
0.56
0.768
0.32
0.304
0.607
Folic acid, mcg
25
18
23
11.5
48
Vitamin C, mg
27
30
4.7
21.6
39
Vitamin E, IU
0.21
0.54
3.7
0.7
3.3
Calcium, mg
57
29
45
8
17
Copper, mg
0.1
0.22
0.18
0.095
0.246
Iron, mg
1.6
0.76
0.57
0.59
2.2
Magnesium, mg
45
14
34
14
20
Manganese, mg
0.2
0.46
0.4
0.15
0.188
Phosphorus, mg
98
37
87
29
44
Potassium, mg
945
265
614
254
552
Selenium, mcg
0.46
0.78
0.73
0.8
1.2
Sodium, mg
2
17
11
10
486
Zinc, mg
0.28
0.36
0.24
0.13
0.1
Total lipid, g
0.26
0.38
0.208
0.4
0.2
Total saturated, g
0.05
0.083
0.043
0.055
0.02
Total unsaturated, g
0.1
0.172
0.086
0.166
0.058
Total monounsaturated, g
0.02
0.014
0.017
0.06
0.02
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.041
0.026
0.024
0.009
0.012
Threonine, g
0.082
0.107
0.07
0.027
0.042
Isoleucine, g
0.112
0.107
0.056
0.026
0.036
Leucine, g
0.125
0.157
0.1
0.041
0.052
Lycine, g
0.09
0.105
0.07
0.041
0.054
Methionine, g
0.031
0.053
0.02
0.01
0.01
Cystine, g
0.02
0.017
0.03
0.015
0.01
Phenylalanine, g
0.112
0.129
0.085
0.028
0.04
Tyrosine, g
0.089
0.088
0.057
0.018
0.024
Valine, g
0.122
0.14
0.085
0.028
0.036
Arginine, g
0.158
0.1
0.1
0.027
0.036
Histidine, g
0.041
0.04
0.035
0.016
0.03
Alanine, g
0.121
0.117
0.076
0.031
0.058
Aspartic acid, g
0.302
0.367
0.2
0.151
0.232
Glutamic acid, g
0.522
0.209
0.18
0.402
0.74
Glycine, g
0.1
0.096
0.077
0.027
0.03
Proline, g
0.1
0.094
0.006
0.021
0.042
Serine, g
0.103
0.111
0.096
0.03
0.044
255
DIET AND FOOD COMPOSITION
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices Tomato paste
Turnips
Turnip greens
Vegetable juice cocktail
Water chestnuts
Measure
1C
1C
1C
1C
4 avg
Weight, g
262
130
55
242
36
215
39
15
41
35
8.9
1.3
0.83
2.2
0.5
Carbohydrate, g
48.7
8.6
3
8.7
8.6
Fiber, g
10
2.3
1.7
1.9
1
Vitamin A, IU
8650
0
4180
2831
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.52
0.05
0.039
0.12
0.04
Vitamin B2, mg
0.31
0.09
0.055
0.07
0.05
Vitamin B6, mg
0.996
0.117
0.145
0.338
0.118
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
0
0
0
Niacin, mg
8.1
0.8
0.33
1.9
0.2
Pantothenic acid, mg
1.97
0.26
0.21
0.6
0.17 6
Folic acid, mcg
60
19
107
51
Vitamin C, mg
128
27
33
22
1
Vitamin E, IU
16
0.06
0.88
1.15
0.64
Calcium, mg
71
51
105
29
1
Copper, mg
1.4
0.09
0.193
0.484
0.117
Iron, mg
9.2
0.7
0.61
1.2
0.2
Magnesium, mg
50
25
17
26
2.4 0.12
Manganese, mg
1.3
0.052
0.256
0.242
Phosphorus, mg
183
39
23
53
16
Potassium, mg
2237
348
163
535
125
Selenium, mcg
3.6
0.78
0.66
1.2
0.25
Sodium, mg
100
64
22
484
5
Zinc, mg
2
0.35
0.1
0.48
0.18
Total lipid, g
2
0.13
0.17
0.2
0.036
Total saturated, g
0.332
0.014
0.039
0.03
0.009
Total unsaturated, g
0.6
0.069
0.066
0.09
0.015
Total monounsaturated, g
0.2
0.008
0.01
0.034
0.001
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
0
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.068
0.012
0.014
—
—
Threonine, g
0.226
0.033
0.045
—
—
Isoleucine, g
0.192
0.047
0.043
—
—
Leucine, g
0.276
0.043
0.075
—
—
Lycine, g
0.282
0.047
0.054
—
—
Methionine, g
0.05
0.014
0.019
—
—
Cystine, g
0.058
0.007
0.009
—
—
Phenylalanine, g
0.2
0.022
0.051
—
—
Tyrosine, g
0.134
0.017
0.032
—
—
Valine, g
0.2
0.039
0.056
—
—
Arginine, g
0.2
0.031
0.052
—
—
Histidine, g
0.158
0.018
0.02
—
—
Alanine, g
0.3
0.046
0.057
—
—
Aspartic acid, g
1.24
0.082
0.087
—
—
Glutamic acid, g
3.95
0.169
0.112
—
—
Glycine, g
0.16
0.033
0.05
—
—
Proline, g
0.218
0.034
0.039
—
—
Serine, g
0.236
0.038
0.034
—
—
Vegetables/Juices
Calories Protein, g
256
SECTION V
Vegetables and Vegetable Juices
Vegetables/Juices
Watercress
Yams
Measure
1C
1C
Weight, g
35
150
Calories
7
177
Protein, g
0.8
3
Carbohydrate, g
1.1
41 6
Fiber, g
0.5
Vitamin A, IU
1720
0
Vitamin B1, mg
0.03
0.18
Vitamin B2, mg
0.06
0.05
Vitamin B6, mg
0.045
0.51
Vitamin B12, mcg
0
0
Niacin, mg
0.3
1.2
Pantothenic acid, mg
108
0.5
Folic acid, mcg
3
42
Vitamin C, mg
28
18
Vitamin E, IU
0.5
0.36
Calcium, mg
53
8
Copper, mg
0.032
0.44
Iron, mg
0.6
1.2
Magnesium, mg
6.5
62
Manganese, mg
0.189
0.6
Phosphorus, mg
19
100
Potassium, mg
99
1508
Selenium, mcg
0.31
1
Sodium, mg
18
17
Zinc, mg
0.037
0.43
Total lipid, g
0.04
0.255
Total saturated, g
0.01
0.056
Total unsaturated, g
0.012
0.114
Total monounsaturated, g
0.003
0.009
Cholesterol, mg
0
0
Tryptophan, g
0.01
0.018
Threonine, g
0.046
0.081
Isoleucine, g
0.032
0.078
Leucine, g
0.056
0.144
Lycine, g
0.046
0.089
Methionine, g
0.006
0.032
Cystine, g
0.002
0.029
Phenylalanine, g
0.038
0.107
Tyrosine, g
0.022
0.06
Valine, g
0.046
0.093
Arginine, g
0.052
0.191
Histidine, g
0.014
0.051
Alanine, g
0.046
0.095
Aspartic acid, g
0.064
0.233
Glutamic acid, g
0.064
0.272
Glycine, g
0.038
0.08
Proline, g
0.032
0.081
Serine, g
0.02
0.122
REFERENCES References
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Selected Bibliography
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Barlow, Wilfred. The Alexander Technique. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991. Beinfield, Harriet. Between Heaven and Earth: A Guide to Chinese Medicine. New York: Ballantine Books, 1991. Blumenthal, Mark (senior ed.). The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Boston, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998. Borysenko, Joan. Minding the Body, Mending the Mind. Reading, MA: Bantam, 1988. Brand-Miller, Jennie; Wolever, Thomas M.S.; Colagiuri, Stephen; Foster-Powell, Kaye. The Glucose Revolution: The Authoritative Guide to the Glycemic Index. New York: Marlowe & Company, 1999. Carper, Jean. Food Your Miracle Medicine. New York: Harper Collins, 1994. Coplan-Griffiths, Michael. Dynamic Chiropractic Today: The Complete and Authoritiative Guide to This Major Therapy. San Francisco, CA: Harper Collins, 1991. Dong, Paul; Esser, Aristide H. Chi Kung, The Ancient Chinese Way to Health. New York: Paragon House, 1990. Elman, Dave. Hypnotherapy. Glendale, CA: Westwood Publishing Co., 1984. Duke, James. The Green Pharmacy. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1997. Feldenkrais, Moshe. The Potent Self: A Guide to Spontaneity. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row, 1992.
Gach, Michael, R. Acupressure’s Potent Points. New York: Bantam Books, 1990. Jenkins, Nancy Harmon; Trichopoulou, Antonia. The Mediterranean Diet Cookbook: A Delicious Alternative for Lifelong Health. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell, 1994. Kaptchuk, Ted. The Web That Has No Weaver: Understanding Chinese Medicine. Chicago, IL: Contemporary Books, 1985. Kunz, Kevin, Barbara. Hand and Foot Reflexology: A Self-Help Guide. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987. Lawless, Julia. The Complete Illustrated Guide to Aromatherapy. Boston, MA: Element Books, 1997. Lininger, Schuyler W., ed. The Natural Pharmacy. Roseville, CA: Prima Publ., 1999. Locke, Steven; Colligan, Douglas. The Healer Within: The New Medicine of Mind and Body. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1986. Lockie, Andrew; Geddes, Nicola. The Complete Guide to Homeopathy. New York: DK Publishing Inc., 1995. Lundberg, Paul. The Book of Shiatsu. New York: Fireside, 1992. McCabe, Vinton. Practical Homeopathy. New York: St. Martins Press, 2000. McGill, Leonard. The Chiropractic’s Health Book. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1997. Murray, Michael; Pizzorno, Joseph. Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine. Revised 2nd ed. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publ, 1998.
265 Copyright © 2002, 1996, 1990, 1984, 1979, 1975, 1973 by Nutrition Search, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
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Peirce, Andrea. The American Pharmaceutical Association’s Practical Guide to Natural Medicines. New York: William Morrow & Co, 1999. Pelletier, Kenneth R. The Best Alternative Medicine. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. Pitchford, Paul. Healing with Whole Foods: Oriental Traditions and Modern Nutrition. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 1996. Rolf, Ida P. Rolfing: The Integration of Human Structures. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. Schnaubelt, Kurt. Advanced Aromatherapy. Translated from the German by J. Michael Beasley. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press, 1998. Shealy, Norman C. Alternative Healing Therapies. Boston, MA: Element Books Inc., 1999. Shealy, Norman C. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Healing Remedies. Boston, MA: Element Books, Inc., 1998. Thomas, Sara. Massage for Common Ailments. New York: Fireside, 1989. Tiwari, Maya. Ayurveda—A Life of Balance: The Complete Guide to Ayurvedic Nutrition and
Body Types. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press, 1994. Tyler, Varro E. Herbs of Choice, The Therapeutic Use of Phyto Medicinals. New York: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1994. Ullman, Dana. Discovering Homeopathy: Your Introduction to the Science and Art of Homeopathic Medicine. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 1991. Vishnudevananda, Swami. The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga. New York: Harmony Books, 1980. Weil, Andrew. Health and Healing. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1983. Weil, Andrew. Natural Health, Natural Medicine. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. Weil, Andrew. Eating Well for Optimum Health. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. Wood, Rebecca. The New Whole Foods Encyclopedia. New York: Penguin, 1999. Xiangcai, Xu. Qigong for Treating Common Ailments. Boston, MA: YMAA Publications, 2000.
INDEX Index
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A
Allergies (Cont.) and chronic fatigue syndrome, 66 and Crohn’s disease, 71 and ear infections, 81 and eczema, 81 and epileptic seizures, 83 food intolerances vs., 136 and gallbladder disease, 87 and glaucoma, 84 herbs to avoid with, 29, 30, 32 and insomnia, 104 and migraines, 91 and reaction to essential oils, 22 Allopathic medicine, 21 Almond oil, nutrients in, 178 Almonds, nutrients in, 225 Aloe vera, 29 Alpha carotene, 11 Alpha tocopherol, 136 Alternative medicine and therapies, 21–33 aromatherapy, 21–23 Ayurvedic medicine, 23–25 biofeedback, 32–33 bodywork, 25–27 Chinese medicine, 27–28 chiropractic, 28 deep tissue manipulation, 25–26 energy balancing, 26–27 herbal therapy, 28–31 homeopathy, 32–32
Abalone, nutrients in, 234 Abbreviations (in tables), 158 Abdominal pain, essential oils to avoid with, 23 Abscesses, 37–38 Absorption, 4 Acetate fragments, 8 Acetylcholine, 12, 44 Acid reflux, 95 Acidic foods, glycemic index and, 151 Acidophilus, 136 Acne, 38–40 Acupressure, 26 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 11, 15 Adequate intakes (AIs), 160–161 Adrenal glands, 12, 22 Aduki beans, 138, 208 Agar, 140 Agar-agar, nutrients in, 234 Aging process, 8, 14, 137 AIDS, 40–42 AIs (see Adequate Intakes) Alexander technique, 26 Alfalfa sprouts, 138, 243 Allergies, 10, 42–44 and arthritis, 47 and asthma, 47 and bronchitis, 56 and canker sores, 64
269 Copyright © 2002, 1996, 1990, 1984, 1979, 1975, 1973 by Nutrition Search, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
270
INDEX
Alternative medicine and therapies (Cont.) hypnotherapy, 33 imagery, 33 massage, 25–26 meditation, 32 mindbody therapy, 32–33 movement therapies, 26 reflexology, 27 therapeutic massage, 25 Alzheimer’s disease, 12, 44–45 Amaranth, 138, 139, 197 Amasake, 141 Amenorrhea, 112 American cheese, nutrients in, 171 American ginseng, 30 Amino acids, 4, 5, 9, 10 homocysteine, 12 neuropeptides/peptides, 32 Ammonia, 10 Amylase, 3 Amylopectic starches, 151 Amylopectin, 6 Amylose, 6 Amylose starches, 151 Analgesic foods, 142 Anaphylactic shock, 42 Anasazi beans, 138 Anchovies, nutrients in, 235 Anemia, 12, 15, 45–47 Angina, 52, 93 Anthocyanins, 10, 13 Antibacterial agents: essential oils as, 22 foods as, 142 Antibiotic activity of yogurt, 140 Antibiotics, 37–38 Antibodies, 42 Anticancer foods, 142–143 Anticoagulants: foods as, 143 herbs to avoid with, 30 Anticonvulsant drugs, 83 Antidepressant drugs, herbs to avoid with, 32 Anti-inflammatory agents, essential oils as, 22 Antioxidants, 10, 11, 13, 15 and color of foods, 137 foods high in, 143 and macular degeneration, 84 selenium, 16
Antiviral agents: essential oils as, 142 foods as, 143 Anxiety disorders, 30, 32 Apithery, 114 Appetite, loss of, 22 Apple cider vinegar, 141 Apple juice, nutrients in, 183 Apples, nutrients in, 183 Applesauce, nutrients in, 183 Apricot kernel, nutrients in, 178 Apricot nectar, nutrients in, 184 Apricots, nutrients in, 183–184 Arame, 140 Aromatherapy, 21–23 for abscess, 38 for acne, 40 for AIDS, 42 for allergy, 44 for Alzheimer’s disease, 45 for anemia, 46 for arthritis, 49 for asthma, 51 for atherosclerosis, 54 for back pain, 56 for bronchitis, 58 for bruises, 59 for burns, 60 for bursitis, 62 for cancer, 64 for carpal tunnel syndrome, 66 for chronic fatigue syndrome, 67 for colds and flu, 69 for constipation, 70 for Crohn’s disease, 72 for cystitis, 73 for depression, 75 for diabetes, 78 for diarrhea, 79 for ear infection, 81 for eczema, 82 for epilepsy, 83 for fibromyalgia, 86 for gallbladder disease, 88 for gingivitis, 89 for gout, 90 for headache, 92 for heart attack, 94–95 for hemorrhoids, 97 for hepatitis, 98
INDEX
Aromatherapy (Cont.) for herpes, 100 for hypertension, 101 for infection, 104 for insomnia, 105 for irritable bowel syndrome, 107 for kidney stones, 108 for menopause, 111 for menstrual problems, 113 for multiple sclerosis, 114 for overweight, 117 for pregnancy, 120 for premenstrual syndrome, 121 for psoriasis, 124 for Raynaud’s disease, 125 for stress, 127 for stroke, 129 for ulcers, 130 for vaginitis, 132 Arrythmias, 93 Arteries: disease, arterial, 8 spasms of, 93 stroke, 128 Arthritis, 47–50 Artichokes, nutrients in, 243 Arugula, 137, 243 Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 13, 146 Asparagus, nutrients in, 243 Aspartame, 141–142 Aspirin, 13, 30, 32 Asthma, 23, 50–52 Aston-Patterning, 25 Atherosclerosis, 8, 9, 12, 15, 52–54 Athlete’s foot, 54 Atopic dermatitis, 81 ATP (see Adenosine triphosphate) Attention deficit disorder, 8 Attention problems, 44 Autism, 8 Autoimmune diseases, 10 (See also specific diseases) Autonomic nervous system, 28 Avocado oil, nutrients in, 178 Avocados, nutrients in, 184 Ayurvedic medicine, 23–25 for abscess, 38 for acne, 40 for AIDS, 42 for allergy, 44
Ayurvedic medicine (Cont.) for Alzheimer’s disease, 45 for anemia, 47 for arthritis, 49 for asthma, 51 for atherosclerosis, 54 for back pain, 56 for bronchitis, 58 for burns, 60 for bursitis, 62 for cancer, 64 for chronic fatigue syndrome, 67 for colds and flu, 69 for constipation, 70 for Crohn’s disease, 72 for cystitis, 73 for depression, 75 for diabetes, 78 for diarrhea, 79 for ear infection, 81 for eczema, 82 for epilepsy, 83 for fibromyalgia, 86 for gallbladder disease, 88 for gingivitis, 89 for gout, 90 for headache, 92 for heart attack, 95 for hemorrhoids, 97 for hepatitis, 98 for herpes, 100 for hypertension, 101 for infection, 104 for insomnia, 105 for irritable bowel syndrome, 107 for kidney stones, 108 for lupus, 109 for menopause, 111 for menstrual problems, 113 for multiple sclerosis, 114 for osteoporosis, 116 for overweight, 117 for pregnancy, 120 for premenstrual syndrome, 121 for prostate problems, 123 for psoriasis, 124 for Raynaud’s disease, 125 for stress, 127 for stroke, 129 for ulcers, 130
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272
INDEX
B B complex vitamins, 11–13, 39, 145 Back pain, 54–56 Bacon, nutrients in, 217 Bacteria, 5 Bagels, nutrients in, 201 Bananas, nutrients in, 184 Barberry, 29 Barley, 138, 139, 197 Barley malt, 141 Basmati rice, 139 Bass, sea, nutrients in, 235 Beans, 137–138 cooking process for, 138 nutrients in, 208–211 Beef, nutrients in, 213–215 Beef sausage, nutrients in, 224 Beer, nutrients in, 163 Beet greens, 137, 244 Beets, nutrients in, 244 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 122 Beta carotene, 11 Beverages, composition of, 163–164 Bile, 4 Bile salts, 4 Biofeedback, 32–33 Bioflavonoids, 13, 147 Biotin, 12, 140, 146 Birth abnormalities, 12 Birth control pills, 11–13, 15 and acne, 39 and depression, 74 Bismuth, herbs to avoid with, 30 Bitter melon, 29 Black beans, 138, 208 Black cohosh, 29 Blackberries, nutrients in, 184 Blackeyed peas, nutrients in, 208 Blackstrap molasses, 141 Bladder, cystitis in, 72 Blepharitis, 84 Blood circulation, 8 Blood fat abnormalities, 6 Blood pressure, 13, 15, 16, 100 (See also Hypertension) Blood sugar levels, 6 (See also Glycemic index) Bloodroot, 29 Blue cheese, nutrients in, 165
Blue cohosh, 29 Blue corn, 139 Blueberries, nutrients in, 185 Bluefish, nutrients in, 235 Bodywork, 25–27 for abscess, 38 for acne, 40 for AIDS, 42 for allergy, 44 for Alzheimer’s disease, 45 for anemia, 47 for arthritis, 49–50 for asthma, 51–52 for atherosclerosis, 54 for back pain, 56 for bronchitis, 58 for bursitis, 62 for cancer, 64 for carpal tunnel syndrome, 66 for chronic fatigue syndrome, 67 for colds and flu, 69 for constipation, 70–71 for Crohn’s disease, 72 for cystitis, 73 for depression, 75 for diabetes, 78 for diarrhea, 80 for diverticulitis, 80 for ear infection, 81 for eczema, 83 for epilepsy, 83 for fibromyalgia, 87 for gout, 91 for headache, 92 for heart attack, 95 for heartburn, 96 for hemorrhoids, 97 for hepatitis, 99 for hypertension, 102 for infection, 104 for insomnia, 106 for irritable bowel syndrome, 107 for kidney stones, 108 for lupus, 109 for menopause, 111 for menstrual problems, 113 for multiple sclerosis, 115 for osteoporosis, 116 for overweight, 117 for pregnancy, 120
INDEX
Bodywork (Cont.) for premenstrual syndrome, 121 for prostate problems, 123 for psoriasis, 124 for Raynaud’s disease, 126 for stress, 127 for stroke, 129 for ulcers, 131 Boericke, William, 37 Boils, 37 Bologna, nutrients in, 221 Bones: broken, 48 and osteoporosis, 115 Boneset, 29 Bottled water, 17 Boysenberries, nutrients in, 185 BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia), 122 Brain, 6 essential oils’ effects on, 22 imagination and, 33 Bratwurst, nutrients in, 221 Braunschweiger, nutrients in, 221 Brazil nuts, nutrients in, 225 Breads: glycemic indexes of, 6, 151 nutritional composition of, 201–206 Breast cancer, 62 essential oils to avoid with, 23 herbs to avoid with, 30 Breast disease, fibrocystic, 85–86 Breathing, 16, 126 Brick cheese, nutrients in, 165 Brie cheese, nutrients in, 165 Broccoli, 137, 244 Broken bones, 48 Bronchi, 47 Bronchitis, 56–58 Brotwurst, nutrients in, 222 Brown rice, nutrients in, 200 Brown rice syrup, 141 Brown rice vinegar, 141 Brown sugar, 141 Bruises, 58–59 Brussels sprouts, 137, 244 Buchu, 29 Buckwheat, 138, 139 Buckwheat flour, nutrients in, 206 Buckwheat groats, nutrients in, 197 Bulgur, 138, 139, 197
273
Burns, 59–60 Bursitis, 61–62 Butter, nutrients in, 178 Buttermilk, 140, 174
C Cabbage, 137, 244–245 Calcium, 13, 14 and atherosclerosis, 52 in kidney stones, 107 and osteoporosis, 115 rich food sources of, 147 Calmati rice, 139 Camembert cheese, nutrients in, 165 Canadian bacon, nutrients in, 217 Cancer, 8, 62–64 essential oils to avoid with, 23 and selenium, 16 and vitamin A, 10–11 and vitamin C, 13 Cane juices/sugars, 141 Canker sores, 64–65 Canola oil, 8, 179 Cantaloupe, nutrients in, 190 Capacity measurements, 158 Carbohydrates, 5–7 cholesterol and high-GI, 8, 9 digestion of, 4 rich food sources of, 144 simple, 5 (See also Glycemic index) Cardiovascular disease, 6 Carob, 137, 208 Carotenoids, 10, 11, 136, 147 Carp, nutrients in, 236 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 11, 65–66 Carrot juice, nutrients in, 245 Carrots, nutrients in, 245 Casaba melons, nutrients in, 190 Cashews, nutrients in, 225 Cataracts, 84 Catfish, nutrients in, 236 Cat’s claw, 29 Cauliflower, nutrients in, 245 Caviar, nutrients in, 236 Celeriac, nutrients in, 246 Celery, 29, 137, 245 Cell metabolism, free radical activity and, 137
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INDEX
Cellulose, 6 Central nervous system, 28 Cerebral arteries, 52 Cervical dysplasia, 63 Chamomile, 29 Chaparral, 29 Chapote, nutrients in, 246 Chard, 137 Cheddar cheese, nutrients in, 165 Cheese spread, nutrients in, 171 Cheeses, 140, 165–171 Cherimoya, nutrients in, 185 Cherries, nutrients in, 185 Cheshire cheese, nutrients in, 166 Chestnuts, nutrients in, 225 Chewing, 3 Chicken, 139, 228–232 Chicken fat, nutrients in, 179 Chicorygreens, nutrients in, 246 Children: DRIs for, 159–161 RDAs for, 159–161 Chinese cabbage, nutrients in, 245 Chinese ginseng, 30 Chinese medicine, 27–28 for abscess, 38 for acne, 40 for AIDS, 42 for allergy, 44 for Alzheimer’s disease, 45 for anemia, 47 for arthritis, 49 for asthma, 51 for atherosclerosis, 54 for back pain, 56 for bronchitis, 58 for bruises, 59 for burns, 60 for bursitis, 62 for cancer, 64 for canker sores, 65 for carpal tunnel syndrome, 66 for chronic fatigue syndrome, 67 for colds and flu, 69 for constipation, 70 for Crohn’s disease, 72 for cystitis, 73 for depression, 75 for diabetes, 78 for diarrhea, 79
Chinese medicine (Cont.) for diverticulitis, 80 for ear infection, 81 for eczema, 83 for epilepsy, 83 for fibromyalgia, 86 for gallbladder disease, 88 for gingivitis, 89 for gout, 90 for headache, 92 for heart attack, 95 for heartburn, 96 for hemorrhoids, 97 for hepatitis, 98–99 for herpes, 100 for hypertension, 102 for infection, 104 for insomnia, 105 for irritable bowel syndrome, 107 for kidney stones, 108 for lupus, 109 for menopause, 111 for menstrual problems, 113 for multiple sclerosis, 114 for osteoporosis, 116 for overweight, 117 for pregnancy, 120 for premenstrual syndrome, 121 for prostate problems, 123 for psoriasis, 124 for Raynaud’s disease, 125 for stress, 127 for stroke, 129 for ulcers, 130 Chiropractic, 28 for arthritis, 49 for asthma, 51 for back pain, 56 for carpal tunnel syndrome, 66 for chronic fatigue syndrome, 67 for depression, 75 for diverticulitis, 80 for ear infection, 81 for epilepsy, 83 for fibromyalgia, 87 for headache, 92 for heart attack, 95 for heartburn, 96 for hypertension, 102 for insomnia, 105
INDEX
Chiropractic (Cont.) for menstrual problems, 113 for osteoporosis, 116 for pregnancy, 120 for premenstrual syndrome, 121 for Raynaud’s disease, 126 Chives, nutrients in, 246 Chocolate, glycemic index of, 153 Chocolate milk, nutrients in, 175 Cholesterol, 4, 8–9, 13 and atherosclerosis, 52 foods that lower, 144 guggul for lowering, 24 in meats, poultry, 139 and soluble fibers, 6 Choline, 12, 146 Chromium, 14–15, 147 Chromium GTF, 6 Chronic fatigue syndrome, 15, 66–67 Chyme, 4 Cinnamon, 29 Cirrhosis, 97 Clams, nutrients in, 236 Claudication, intermittent, 52 Clove, 29 Coca Cola, glycemic index of, 153 Coconut, nutrients in, 225 Coconut liquid, nutrients in, 226 Coconut oil, nutrients in, 179 Cod, nutrients in, 236 Cod liver oil, nutrients in, 179 Coenzymes: biotin, 12 niacin, 11 vitamins as, 10 Coffee, 81, 163 Coffee cream, nutrients in, 172 Colas: glycemic index of, 153 nutrients in, 163 Colby cheese, nutrients in, 166 Colds, 67–69 Colitis, 71 Collards, 137, 247 Colon, 5 and Crohn’s disease, 71 fiber and cancer of, 6 Color of foods, antioxidant activity and, 137 Comfrey, 29 Commission E (Germany), 29
275
Complex carbohydrates, 7 Compresses, herb, 29 Condensed milk, nutrients in, 175 Conjunctivitis, 84 Constipation, 69–71 Contraceptives (see Birth control pills) Conventional medicine, 21 Copper, 13, 15 and PMS (premenstrual syndrome), 15 rich food sources of, 147–148 Corn, 139, 247 Corn flour, nutrients in, 206 Corn oil, nutrients in, 179 Corn pasta, nutrients in, 198 Corn syrup, 141 Corned beef, nutrients in, 213 Cornish game hens, nutrients in, 232 Cornmeal, nutrients in, 198 Coronary arteries, 52, 93 Coronary heart disease, 10 Cortisone, 8 Cottage cheese, nutrients in, 166 Cottonseed oil, nutrients in, 180 Couscous, 138, 139, 199 Crabapples, nutrients in, 186, 237 Cracked wheat bread, nutrients in, 201 Crackers: glycemic index of, 153 nutrients in, 205–206 Cranberries, nutrients in, 186 Cream, nutrients in, 172 Cream cheese, nutrients in, 166 Crohn’s disease, 71–72 Cruciferous vegetables, 137 Cryptococcal meningitis (see Human immunodeficiency virus) Cryptoxanthin, 11 Cucumber, nutrients in, 247 Currants, nutrients in, 186 Cystitis, 72–73
D Daikon, 137 Dairy products, 140 glycemic indexes of, 151–152 nutritional composition of, 165–177 Dandelion, 29 Dandelion greens, 137, 247
276
INDEX
Date sugar, 141 Dates, nutrients in, 186 Decoctions, herb, 29 Deep breathing, 126 Deep tissue manipulation, 25–26 Degenerative diseases, 10 Demineralization of bones, 13 Depression, 8, 11, 12, 22, 73–76 Dermatitis, 12, 81 Detoxification, 5 Devil’s claw, 30 DHA, 136 DHEA, 136 Diabetes, 6, 11, 12, 76–78, 150 and glycemic index of foods, 151 herbs to avoid with, 30 Diagnosis: in Ayurvedic medicine, 23–24 in Chinese medicine, 27 Diarrhea, 78–80 Diet: and cancer, 63 and heart disease, 93 high protein intake, 9–10 and immune system strength, 102 Dietary intake charts, 158–161 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), 158–161 Digestion, 3–5, 9 Digestive tract, 3 Digitalis, herbs to avoid with, 30 Dill pickles, nutrients in, 252 Disaccharides, 5 Discoid lupus erythermatosus, 109 Diverticulitis, 7, 80 Dizziness, herbs causing, 32 DNA, 9, 62, 63, 137 Dong quai, 30 Doshas (Ayurvedic medicine), 23–24 Dried beef, nutrients in, 213 Dried fruits, 141 Drugs: anticonvulsant, 83 antidepressant, 32 and constipation, 69 herbal interactions with, 29 monoamine oxidase inhibitor, 30 prescription, 28 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, 30 Duck, 139, 232 Dulse, 140
Duodenum, 4, 129 Dysmenorrhea, 111
E Ear infection, 80 Echinacea, 30 Eczema, 81–83 Edam cheese, nutrients in, 167 Eel, nutrients in, 237 EFAs (see Essential fatty acids) Effleurage, 25 Eggnog, nutrients in, 176 Eggplant, nutrients in, 247 Eggs, 140, 177 Eicosanoids, 47, 135 Elderberries, nutrients in, 186 Emotions, immune system and, 32 Endive, nutrients in, 248 Endocrine system, mindbody therapy and, 32 Endogenous depression, 73 Endometriosis, 111 Energy: DRIs for, 159–161 and fats/fatty acids, 7 and glycemic index of foods, 151 levels of, 6 RDAs for, 159–161 Energy balancing, 26–27 English muffins, nutrients in, 202 Enoki mushrooms, nutrients in, 250 Enzymes, 3–4, 9 intrinsic factor, 12 and manganese, 15 superoxide dismutase, 14–15 and zinc, 16 (See also specific enzymes) EPA, 136 Ephedra, 30 Epilepsy, 23, 83–84 Equal (sweetener), 142 Equivalents, table of, 158 Eriodictyol, 13 Esophagus, 3 Essential amino acids, 10 Essential fatty acids (EFAs), 7, 8 Essential oils, 21–23 Estrogen(s), 8, 109, 135 Eucalyptus, 30
INDEX
Evaporated milk, nutrients in, 175 Extracts, herb, 29 Eye problems, 84–85 Eyelid, inflammation of, 84
F Fatigue, 6, 12 aromatherapy for, 22 chronic fatigue syndrome, 15 and fibromayalgia, 86 Fat(s), 7–9 breakdown/metabolism of, 5 digestion of, 4 and glycemic index, 6, 151 nutritional composition of, 178–182 rich food sources of, 149–150 Fat-soluble vitamins, 10 Fatty acids, 7–9 in foods, 135–136 rich food sources of, 150 (See also Omega-3 fatty acids; Omega-6 fatty acids) Fava beans, nutrients in, 208 Feet, reflexology and, 27 Feldendrais method, 26 Females: DRIs for, 159–161 RDAs for, 159–161 Fennel, 7 Fermented foods, 141 Fermented red clover, 30 Fertility, 16 Feta cheese, nutrients in, 167 Fever, herbs to avoid with, 30 Feverfew, 30 Fiber, 5–7, 69 and diverticulitis, 80 functions of, 6 and glycemic index, 6 suggested amounts of, 6 Fibrocystic breast disease, 85–86 Fibromyalgia, 86–87 Figs, nutrients in, 187 Fish, 140 (See also specific types of fish) Flat fish, nutrients in, 237 Flatulence, 7 Flavanones, 13
Flavans, 13 Flavones, 13 Flavonols, 13 Flaxseed, 109 Flaxseed oil, 8 Flounder, nutrients in, 237 Flour(s), 138, 206–207 Flu, 67–69 Fluid retention, 16 Folic acid, 12, 145 Fontina cheese, nutrients in, 167 Food additives, digestion and, 4 Food groups, 137–142 beverages, 163–164 dairy products, 140, 165–177 eggs, 140, 177 fats and oils, 178–182 fruits and fruit juices, 137, 183–196 grains, 138–139, 197–207 legumes, 137–138, 208–212 meats, 139–140, 213–224 nuts and seeds, 139, 225–228 poultry, 139–140, 228–234 seafood and seaweed, 140, 234–243 sweeteners, 141–142 vegetables and vegetable juices, 137, 243–256 Food intolerances, 5, 136, 140 Foods, 135–153 for abscess, 38 for acne, 39 for AIDS, 41 for allergy, 43 for Alzheimer’s disease, 45 for anemia, 46 for arthritis, 48 for asthma, 50 for atherosclerosis, 53 Ayurvedic categorization of, 24 for back pain, 55 for bronchitis, 57 for bruises, 59 for burns, 60 for bursitis, 61 for cancer, 63 for canker sores, 65 for carpal tunnel syndrome, 65–66 for chronic fatigue syndrome, 66–67 for colds and flu, 68 for constipation, 70
277
278
INDEX
Foods (Cont.) for Crohn’s disease, 71 for cystitis, 72–73 for depression, 74–75 for diabetes, 77 for diarrhea, 78–79 for diverticulitis, 80 for eczema, 82 fatty acids in, 135–136 fermented, 141 for fibrocystic breast disease, 85 for fibromyalgia, 86 for gallbladder disease, 87 for gingivitis, 89 glycemic index of, 150–153 for gout, 90 groups, food (see Food groups) for headache, 91–92 for heart attack, 93–94 for heartburn, 95 for hemorrhoids, 96 for hepatitis, 98 for herpes, 99 for hypertension, 101 for infection, 103 for insomnia, 104–105 intolerances of/sensitivities to, 136, 140 for irritable bowel syndrome, 106 for kidney stones, 107–108 for lupus, 109 for menopause, 110 for menstrual problems, 112 for multiple sclerosis, 114 nutrient-rich, 144–150 organically-grown, 136 for osteoporosis, 115–116 for overweight, 116–117 pharmacological activity of, 142–144 for pregnancy, 119 for premenstrual syndrome, 120–121 for prostate problems, 122 for psoriasis, 123–124 for Raynaud’s disease, 125 for stress, 126–127 for stroke, 128 supplements vs., 136–137 for ulcers, 129 for vaginitis, 131 (See also specific foods) Frankfurters, nutrients in, 222
Free radicals, 8, 62, 137 French bread, nutrients in, 202 Friction massage, 25 Frozen desserts, nutrients in, 173 Fructose, 5, 141 Fruits, 137 glycemic indexes of, 152 nutritional composition of, 183–196 as source of sweeteners, 141 (See also specific fruits) Fungicides, 136 Fungus (in celery), 137
G Galactose, 5 Gallbladder, 4, 11 Gallbladder disease, 87–88 Gallstones, 29, 30, 32, 87 Gamma tocopherol, 136 Garbanzo beans, 138 Garbanzo beans, nutrients in, 209 Garlic, 7, 30, 248 Gastric acids, 4 Gastritis, 29, 30, 32, 129 Genistein, 13 GI (see Glycemic index) Ginger, 7, 30 Gingivitis, 88–89 Ginkgo biloba, 44 Ginseng, 30 Gjetost cheese, nutrients in, 167 Glands: adrenal, 12 oil, 8 in stomach, 3–4 sweat, 16 thyroid, 15 Glandulars, 136 Glaucoma, 15, 84 essential oils to avoid with, 23 herbs to avoid with, 29, 30 Glucose, 5–6, 9 (See also Glycemic index) Glucose tolerance factor (GTF), 14 Glycemic index (GI), 6, 150–153 calculation of, 151 and diabetes, 76 and method of food processing, 151
INDEX
Glycemic index (GI) (Cont.) of processed grains, 138 Glycogen, 5, 6, 9 Goat’s milk, 140, 176 Goldenrod, 29 Goldenseal, 30 Goose, 139, 232 Gooseberries, nutrients in, 187 Gouda cheese, nutrients in, 167 Gout, 11, 89–91 Graham crackers: glycemic index of, 153 nutrients in, 205 Grains, 138–139 glycemic indexes of, 152 nutritional composition of, 197–207 (See also specific grains) Grape juice, nutrients in, 188 Grapefruit, nutrients in, 187 Grapefruit juice, nutrients in, 187 Grapes, nutrients in, 188 Grapeseed oil, nutrients in, 180 Green beans, nutrients in, 248 Green onions, nutrients in, 251 Ground beef, nutrients in, 213–214 Gruyere cheese, nutrients in, 168 GTF (glucose tolerance factor), 14 Guavas, nutrients in, 188 Guggul, 24 Gums, 6 infection of, 102 inflammation of, 88
H Haddock, nutrients in, 237 Hair loss, 12 Half and half, nutrients in, 172 Halibut, nutrients in, 237 Hallucinations, herbs causing, 32 Ham, nutrients in, 217 Hazelnut oil, nutrients in, 180 Hazelnuts, nutrients in, 226 HCl (see Hydrochloric acid) HDL (see High-density lipoproteins) Headaches, 13, 91–92 aromatherapy for, 22 herbs causing, 32 homeopathic treatment of, 31
279
Health conditions, 37, 135 (See also specific conditions) Heart, chicken, nutrients in, 231 Heart attacks, 8, 9, 11, 13, 93–95 Heart disease, 8, 10, 12, 30, 150 Heartburn, 30, 95–96 Helicobacter pylori, 129 Hellerwork, 25 Hemicellulose, 6 Hemorrhaging, essential oils to avoid with, 23 Hemorrhoids, 96–97 Hepatitis, 97–99 Herb tea, nutrients in, 164 Herbal therapy, 28–31 for abscess, 38 for acne, 39 for AIDS, 41–42 for allergy, 43 for Alzheimer’s disease, 45 for anemia, 46 for arthritis, 48–49 for asthma, 51 for atherosclerosis, 53 for athlete’s foot, 54 for back pain, 55 for bronchitis, 57 for bruises, 59 for burns, 60 for bursitis, 61 for cancer, 64 for canker sores, 65 for carpal tunnel syndrome, 66 for chronic fatigue syndrome, 67 for colds and flu, 68 for constipation, 70 for Crohn’s disease, 72 for cystitis, 73 for depression, 75 for diabetes, 77 for diarrhea, 79 for diverticulitis, 80 for ear infection, 81 for eczema, 82 for epilepsy, 83 for fibrocystic breast disease, 85–86 for fibromyalgia, 86 for gallbladder disease, 88 for gingivitis, 89 for gout, 90 for headache, 92
280
INDEX
Herbal therapy (Cont.) for heart attack, 94 for heartburn, 95–96 for hemorrhoids, 96–97 for hepatitis, 98 for herpes, 99–100 for hypertension, 101 for infection, 103 for insomnia, 105 for irritable bowel syndrome, 106 for kidney stones, 108 for lupus, 109 for menopause, 110–111 for menstrual problems, 112–113 for multiple sclerosis, 114 for osteoporosis, 116 for overweight, 117 for pregnancy, 119 for premenstrual syndrome, 121 for prostate problems, 123 for psoriasis, 124 for Raynaud’s disease, 125 for stress, 127 for stroke, 128 for ulcers, 130 for vaginitis, 131 Herpes, 99–100 Hesperetin, 13 Hesperidin, 13 Hiatal hernia, 95 Hickory nuts, nutrients in, 226 High blood pressure (see Hypertension) High-density lipoproteins (HDL), 8, 9 Histamine, 13 Histamines, 47 HIV (see Human immunodeficiency virus) Hives, 43 Hiziki, 140 Homeopathy, 32–32, 37 for abscess, 38 for acne, 39–40 for AIDS, 42 for allergy, 43–44 for anemia, 46–47 for arthritis, 49 for asthma, 51 for atherosclerosis, 54 for back pain, 55–56 for bronchitis, 57–58 for bruises, 59
Homeopathy (Cont.) for burns, 60 for bursitis, 62 for cancer, 64 for canker sores, 65 for carpal tunnel syndrome, 66 for chronic fatigue syndrome, 67 for colds and flu, 68–69 for constipation, 70 for Crohn’s disease, 72 for cystitis, 73 for depression, 75 for diabetes, 77 for diarrhea, 79 for diverticulitis, 80 for ear infection, 81 for eczema, 82 for epilepsy, 83 for fibrocystic breast disease, 86 for fibromyalgia, 86 for gallbladder disease, 88 for gingivitis, 89 for gout, 90 for headache, 92 for heart attack, 94 for heartburn, 96 for hemorrhoids, 97 for hepatitis, 98 for herpes, 100 for hypertension, 101 for infection, 103–104 for insomnia, 105 for irritable bowel syndrome, 106–107 for kidney stones, 108 for menopause, 111 for menstrual problems, 113 for multiple sclerosis, 114 for osteoporosis, 116 for pregnancy, 119–120 for premenstrual syndrome, 121 for prostate problems, 122 for psoriasis, 124 for Raynaud’s disease, 125 for stress, 127 for ulcers, 130 for vaginitis, 131 Homocysteine, 12 Honey, 141 Honeydew melons, nutrients in, 190 Hormone replacements, 109
INDEX
Hormones: and aromatherapy, 22 and cholesterol, 8 and protein, 9 thyroid, 15 Horse chestnut, 30 Hot peppers, nutrients in, 252 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 30, 40 Human milk, nutrients in, 176 Hydrangea, 30 Hydrochloric acid (HCl), 4, 39, 95 Hydrogenated fats, 8 Hyperactivity, 15 Hypertension, 6, 15, 16, 100–102, 150 essential oils to avoid with, 23 and headaches, 91 herbs to avoid with, 30, 32 Hypnotherapy, 33 Hypoglycemia, 6, 29 Hypothalamus, 16 Hypothyroidism, essential oils to avoid with, 23
Infectious illnesses, 22 Infinitesimal Dose, Law of, 31 Inflammations, 87, 102 Infusions, herb, 29 Inositol, 12, 146 Inositol hexanicotinate, 11 Insoluble fibers, 6–7 Insomnia, 104–106 aromatherapy for, 22 essential oils to avoid with, 23 Insulin, 6, 9, 76, 150, 151 Intermittent claudication, 52 Intestinal tract, 4, 5 Intolerances, food, 136, 140 Intrinsic factor, 12 Iodine, 15 and acne, 39 rich food sources of, 148 Iron, 14, 15, 148 Irritable bowel syndrome, 7, 106–107 Isoflavones, 13, 109 Italian sausage, nutrients in, 222
I
J
Ice cream, nutrients in, 173 Iceberg lettuce, nutrients in, 249 IgE (immunoglobulin E), 42 Ileocecal valve, 5 Illness(es): causes of, 21, 24 invisible, 27 responding to aromatherapy, 22 Imagery, 33 Immune system, 10, 16 emotional states and, 32 and infection, 102 memory of, 32 Immunoglobulin E (IgE), 42 Impotence, 122 Incontinence, 32 Infants: DRIs for, 159–161 RDAs for, 159–161 Infection(s), 10, 102–104 cystitis, 72 ear, 80 herbs to avoid with, 30 of respiratory tract, 67–68
Jam, glycemic index of, 153 Jaundice, 97 Jelly beans, glycemic index of, 153 Jicama, nutrients in, 248 Joints: and arthritis, 47–50 and gout, 89 Juices: for abscess, 38 for acne, 39 for allergy, 43 for anemia, 46 for arthritis, 48 for asthma, 50–51 for atherosclerosis, 53 for bronchitis, 57 for bruises, 59 for burns, 60 for bursitis, 61 for cancer, 63 for canker sores, 65 for chronic fatigue syndrome, 67 for colds and flu, 68 for constipation, 70
281
282
INDEX
Juices (Cont.): for Crohn’s disease, 71 for cystitis, 73 for diarrhea, 79 for diverticulitis, 80 for eczema, 82 fruit, 141, 183–196 for gallbladder disease, 88 for gingivitis, 89 for gout, 90 for headache, 92 for heart attack, 94 for heartburn, 95 for hemorrhoids, 96 for hepatitis, 98 for herpes, 99 for hypertension, 101 for infection, 103 for insomnia, 105 for irritable bowel syndrome, 106 for kidney stones, 108 for lupus, 109 for menopause, 110 for menstrual problems, 112 for multiple sclerosis, 114 for osteoporosis, 116 for overweight, 117 for prostate problems, 122 for psoriasis, 124 for Raynaud’s disease, 125 for stress, 127 for stroke, 128 for ulcers, 129–130 vegetable, 243–256 Juniper, 30
K Kale, 137, 248 Kamut, 138, 139 Kapha dosha, 24 Kava kava, 30 Kefir, 141 Kelp, 140, 238 Ketones (in essential oils), 23 Kidney beans, nutrients in, 209 Kidney disease, herbs to avoid with, 30, 32 Kidney stones, 13, 107–108 Kidneys, 10, 16, 23
Kielbasa, nutrients in, 222 Kiwis, nutrients in, 188 Knockwurst, nutrients in, 223 Kohlrabi, 137, 249 Kombu, 140 Kombucha, 141 Korean ginseng, 30 Kumquats, nutrients in, 189
L LA (linoleic acid), 7 Lack of appetite, 12 Lactating women: DRIs for, 159–161 herbs to avoid by, 29, 30, 32 RDAs for, 159–161 Lactose, 5, 140 Lactose intolerances, 5, 140 Lamb, nutrients in, 216 Large intestine, 5 and diarrhea, 78 and diverticulitis, 80 Law of Infinitesimal Dose, 31 Law of Similars, 31 LDL (see Low-density lipoproteins) Lecithin, 12 Leeks, nutrients in, 249 Leg pain, 52 Legumes, 137–138 glycemic indexes of, 152 nutritional composition of, 208–212 (See also specific legumes) Lemon juice, nutrients in, 189 Lentils and lentil sprouts, 137, 209 Lettuce, nutrients in, 249 Licorice, 30 Lignins, 6 Lima beans, nutrients in, 209 Limburger cheese, nutrients in, 168 Lime juice, nutrients in, 189 Linoleic acid (LA), 7 Linolenic acid (LNA), 7 Lipase, 4, 39 Lipoproteins, 8–9 Liquids, digestion of, 4 Liver (as food): beef, 214 chicken, 231
INDEX
Liver (as food) (Cont.): duck, 232 goose, 233 lamb, 216 turkey, 233 veal, 219 Liver cheese, nutrients in, 223 Liver diseases, 11, 29, 30 Liver (human organ), 4, 5, 10, 11 dysfunction of, 5 and hepatitis, 97 herbs toxic to, 29 vitamin A storage in, 10–11 Liver paté, chicken, 232 Liverwurst, nutrients in, 223 LNA (linolenic acid), 7 Lobelia, 30 Lobster, nutrients in, 238 Loganberries, nutrients in, 189 Loquats, nutrients in, 189 Low blood sugar (see Hypoglycemia) Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), 8–9 Luncheon meats, nutrients in, 221–224 Lupus, 30, 108–109 Lutein, 10, 11 Lychee, nutrients in, 190 Lycopene, 10, 11, 136
M Ma huang, 30 Macadamia nuts, nutrients in, 226 Macaroni, nutrients in, 199 Mackerel, nutrients in, 238 Macronutrients, 5–10 carbohydrates, 5–7 fats, 7–9 proteins, 9–10 Macular degeneration, 84–85 Magnesium, 15, 148 Males: DRIs for, 159–161 RDAs for, 159–161 Maltose, 5 Manganese, 15, 148 Mangoes, nutrients in, 190 MAO inhibitor drugs, herbs to avoid with, 30 Maple sugar, 141 Maple syrup, 141
283
Margarine, nutrients in, 180 Massage, 25–26 Materia Medica Repertory (William Boericke), 37 Meadowsweet, 30 Measures, 157, 158 Meats, 139–140 and glycemic index, 151 nutritional composition of, 213–224 Medications (See Drugs) Medicine, conventional (allopathic), 21 (See also Alternative medicine and therapies) Meditation, 32 Melatonin, 136 Melons, nutrients in, 190 Memory (of immune system), 32 Memory problems, 44 Men (See Males) Menopause, 14, 109–111 Menorrhagia, 112 Menstrual problems, 23, 111–113 Meridians, 26 Metric conversions, 157 Metropolitan Life height and weight chart, 117–118 Micronutrients, 10–17 B complex vitamins, 11–12 biotin, 12 calcium, 14 choline, 12 chromium, 14–15 copper, 15 folic acid, 12 inositol, 12 iodine, 15 iron, 15 magnesium, 15 manganese, 15 PABA, 12–12 pantothenic acid, 12 para amino benzoic acid, 12 potassium, 16 selenium, 16 sodium, 16 vitamin A, 10–11 vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 13 vitamin D, 13 vitamin E, 13–14 vitamin K, 14 zinc, 16
284
INDEX
Microvilli, 4 Middle ear infections, 80–81 Migraines, 91 Milk, 140 and diabetes, 76 nutrients in, 173–176 Millet, 138, 198 Mindbody therapy, 32–33 for acne, 40 for AIDS, 42 for allergy, 44 for Alzheimer’s disease, 45 for anemia, 47 for arthritis, 50 for asthma, 52 for atherosclerosis, 54 for back pain, 56 for bronchitis, 58 for bruises, 59 for burns, 60 for cancer, 64 for canker sores, 65 for carpal tunnel syndrome, 66 for chronic fatigue syndrome, 67 for colds and flu, 69 for constipation, 71 for Crohn’s disease, 72 for cystitis, 73 for depression, 76 for diabetes, 78 for diarrhea, 80 for diverticulitis, 80 for eczema, 83 for epilepsy, 84 for fibrocystic breast disease, 86 for fibromyalgia, 87 for gallbladder disease, 88 for gout, 91 for headache, 92 for heart attack, 95 for heartburn, 96 for hemorrhoids, 97 for hepatitis, 99 for herpes, 100 for hypertension, 102 for infection, 104 for insomnia, 106 for irritable bowel syndrome, 107 for lupus, 109 for menopause, 111
Mindbody therapy (Cont.) for menstrual problems, 113 for multiple sclerosis, 115 for osteoporosis, 116 for overweight, 117 for pregnancy, 120 for premenstrual syndrome, 121 for prostate problems, 123 for psoriasis, 124 for Raynaud’s disease, 126 for stress, 127–128 for stroke, 129 for ulcers, 131 Minerals, 10, 14–16, 159–161 calcium, 14 chromium, 14–15 copper, 15 DRIs for, 159–161 iodine, 15 iron, 15 magnesium, 15 manganese, 15 potassium, 16 RDAs for, 159–161 selenium, 16 sodium, 16 zinc, 16 Ministrokes, 128 Miso, 141, 210 Mixed-grain bread, nutrients in, 202 Molasses, 141 Molybdenum, rich food sources of, 148 Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor drugs, herbs to avoid with, 30 Monosaccharides, 5 Monounsaturated fats (MUFAs), 7–9 Monounsaturated fatty acids, rich food sources of, 149, 150 Monterey Jack cheese, nutrients in, 168 Mortadella, nutrients in, 223 Mouth, 3 Movement therapies, 26 Mozzarella cheese, nutrients in, 168 Mucus, 4 Muenster cheese, nutrients in, 169 MUFAs (see Monounsaturated fats) Mulberries, nutrients in, 191 Multiple sclerosis, 30, 113–115 Mung bean sprouts, nutrients in, 210 Muscles, deep tissue massage of, 25–26
INDEX
Mushrooms, 137, 249–250 Music therapy, 44 Mustard, 30 Mustard greens, 137, 250
N Narcolepsy, 104 Natto, 141, 210 Nausea, 12 Navy beans, nutrients in, 210 Nectarines, nutrients in, 191 Nerve compression injuries, 11 Nervous conditions, aromatherapy for, 22 Nervous system, 28 Neufchatel cheese, nutrients in, 169 Neuropeptides, 32 Neurotransmitters, depression and, 74 Niacin (vitamin B3), 11, 145 Niacinamide, 11 Night blindness, 85 Night vision, 10 Nitric oxide, 13 Nitrites, 139 Nonfat dry milk, nutrients in, 175 Nori, 140 Nutrasweet, 142 Nutrient-rich foods: lists of, 144–150 organic foods as, 136 Nutrients, 3–16 for abscess, 38 for acne, 39 for AIDS, 40–41 for allergy, 43 for Alzheimer’s disease, 44–45 for anemia, 46 for arthritis, 47–48 for asthma, 50 for atherosclerosis, 52–53 B complex vitamins, 11–12 for back pain, 55 biotin, 12 for bronchitis, 56–57 for bruises, 58–59 for burns, 60 for bursitis, 61 calcium, 14 for cancer, 63
Nutrients (Cont.) for canker sores, 64 carbohydrates, 5–7 for carpal tunnel syndrome, 65 choline, 12 chromium, 14–15 for chronic fatigue syndrome, 66 for colds and flu, 68 for constipation, 69 copper, 15 for Crohn’s disease, 71 for cystitis, 72 for depression, 74 for diabetes, 76–77 for diarrhea, 78 digestion of, 3–5 for ear infection, 81 for eczema, 82 for epilepsy, 83 equilibrium of, 136 fats, 7–9 for fibrocystic breast disease, 85 for fibromyalgia, 86 folic acid, 12 for gallbladder disease, 87 for gingivitis, 88–89 for gout, 90 for headache, 91 for heart attack, 93 for hemorrhoids, 96 for hepatitis, 97–98 for herpes, 99 for hypertension, 100–101 for infection, 102–103 inositol, 12 for insomnia, 104 iodine, 15 iron, 15 for irritable bowel syndrome, 106 for kidney stones, 107 for lupus, 109 macronutrients, 5–10 magnesium, 15 manganese, 15 for menopause, 110 for menstrual problems, 112 micronutrients, 10–17 minerals, 14–16 for multiple sclerosis, 114 for osteoporosis, 115
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286
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Nutrients (Cont.) for overweight, 116 PABA, 12–13 pantothenic acid, 12 para amino benzoic acid, 12 potassium, 16 for pregnancy, 118–119 for premenstrual syndrome, 120 in processed grains, 138 for prostate problems, 122 proteins, 9–10 for psoriasis, 123 for Raynaud’s disease, 125 selenium, 16 sodium, 16 for stress, 126 for stroke, 128 for ulcers, 129, 130 for vaginitis, 131 vitamin A, 10–11 vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 13 vitamin D, 13 vitamin E, 13–14 vitamin K, 14 and water, 16–17 zinc, 16 Nutritional yeast, 136 Nuts and seeds, 139 and glycemic index, 151 nutritional composition of, 225–228 oxidation of, 8
O Oak, 30 Oats, 138, 198 Obesity, 6 Oil glands, 8 Oils, 8 essential, 21–23 nutritional composition of, 178–182 Okra, nutrients in, 250 Olive oil, 8, 180 Omega-3 fatty acids, 7, 47, 135–136 and atherosclerosis, 52 fish as source of, 140 rich food sources of, 150 Omega-6 fatty acids, 7, 52, 135, 136, 150 Onions, nutrients in, 251
Oral contraceptives (see Birth control pills) Orange juice, nutrients in, 191 Oranges, nutrients in, 191 Oregon grape, 30 Organ meats, 139 Organically-grown foods, 136 Osteoarthritis, 47 Osteoporosis, 12, 14, 115–116 Otitis media, 80 Overweight, 116–118 and arthritis, 47 and diabetes, 76 and glycemic index of foods, 151 Oxalates, 107 Oxidation: of fats, 8 sources of, 137 (See also Antioxidants) Oysters, nutrients in, 238
P PABA (see Para amino benzoic acid) Palm kernel oil, nutrients in, 181 Palm oil, nutrients in, 181 Pancreas, 3, 4, 150 Pantothenic acid, 12, 145–146 Pap smears, 63 Papayas, nutrients in, 191 Para amino benzoic acid (PABA), 12, 146 Parmesan cheese, nutrients in, 169 Parsley, nutrients in, 251 Parsnips, nutrients in, 251 Partially hydrogenated fats, 8 Passion flower, 30 Passion fruit, nutrients in, 192 Pasta, nutrients in, 198–199 Pastrami, nutrients in, 214 Pau d’arco, 30 Peach nectar, nutrients in, 192 Peaches, nutrients in, 192 Peanut butter, nutrients in, 211 Peanut oil, nutrients in, 181 Peanuts, 137, 210 Pear nectar, nutrients in, 193 Pearl barley, 139 Pears, nutrients in, 192–193 Peas, 137, 211
INDEX
Pecans, nutrients in, 226 Peppermint, 7, 30 Pepperoni, nutrients in, 223 Peppers, nutrients in, 251–252 Pepsin, 4, 95, 129 Peptic ulcers, 32, 129 Peptides, 32 Perch, nutrients in, 238 Periodentitis, 88 Peripheral nervous system, 28 Peristalsis, 3, 4 Pernicious anemia, 46 Persimmons, nutrients in, 193 Pesticides, 136 Pettrisage, 25 Pharmacological activity: of foods, 142–144 of herbs, 28–29 Pharynx, 3 Pheasant, nutrients in, 234 Phosphorus, 13 Photomedicines, 29 Phytochemicals, 10, 11, 136, 137 Phytoestrogens, 10, 109 Pickles, nutrients in, 252 Pike, nutrients in, 239 Pine nuts, nutrients in, 227 Pineapple juice, nutrients in, 194 Pineapples, nutrients in, 193 Pinto beans, nutrients in, 211 Pistachios, nutrients in, 227 Pita bread, nutrients in, 203 Pitta dosha, 24 Plantains, nutrients in, 194 Plaque, arterial, 8 Plums, nutrients in, 194 PMS (see Premenstrual syndrome) Polarity therapy, 26 Polish sausage, nutrients in, 224 Pollock, nutrients in, 239 Polyphenols, 10 Polysaccharides, 10 Polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs), 7–9, 149–150 Pomegranates, nutrients in, 194 Popcorn, nutrients in, 200 Pork, nutrients in, 217–218 Pork sausage, nutrients in, 224 Port du salut cheese, nutrients in, 169 Portabello mushrooms, nutrients in, 250 Portal vein, 5
Positron emission tomography, 33 Posture, 25 Potassium, 16, 148 Potatoes, 137, 252 Poultices , herb, 29 Poultry, 139–140, 228–234 Pregnancy, 11, 14, 15, 37, 118–120 DRIs for women during, 159–161 essential oils to avoid during, 23 herbs to avoid during, 29–31 RDAs for women during, 159–161 Premarin, 109 Premature aging, 8 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 11, 15, 120–121 Prescription drugs, herbs used in, 28 Prickly pears, nutrients in, 195 Primrose, 30 Proanthocyanidins, 10 Processed cheese, nutrients in, 171 Progesterone, 109 Prostate problems, 23, 122–123 Prostitis, 122 Protease, 4 Protein, 9–10 and allergies, 42 digestion of, 4 DRIs for, 159–161 in legumes, 137 in meats, 139 RDAs for, 159–161 rich food sources of, 144 Protein supplements, 136 Proteolytic enzymes, 4 Prothrombin, 14 Provolone cheese, nutrients in, 170 Prozac, herbs to avoid with, 30 Prune juice, nutrients in, 195 Prunes, nutrients in, 195 Psoriasis, 123–124 Psychological disorders, 22, 32 Psychoneuroimmunology, 32 Ptyalin, 3 PUFAs (see Polyunsaturated fats) Pumpernickel bread, nutrients in, 203 Pumpkin, nutrients in, 252 Pumpkin seeds, nutrients in, 227 Purslane, nutrients in, 252 Pyridoxine (vitamin B6), 11–12, 145
287
288
INDEX
Q Qi, 27 Qigong, 26 Quail, nutrients in, 234 Quercetin, 13 Quercetrin, 13 Quince, nutrients in, 195 Quinoa, 138, 139, 201
R Rabbit, nutrients in, 220 Radishes, 137, 253 Ragweed allergy, herbs to avoid with, 29 Raisins, nutrients in, 195 Rapadura, 141 Raspberries, nutrients in, 196 Raw sugar, 141 Raynaud’s disease, 124–126 RDAs (see Recommended Dietary Allowances) Receptors, 9 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), 158–161 Rectal cancer, fiber and, 6 Red blood cells, 45 Red clover, 30 Refined foods, 5, 151 Reflexology, 27 Reproductive cancers, 62 Respiratory tract infections, 67–68 Restless leg syndrome, 104 Rheumatoid arthritis, 47 Rhubarb, 30, 196 Riboflavin (vitamin B2), 11, 145 Ribosomes, 9 Rice, 138, 139, 200–201 Ricotta cheese, nutrients in, 170 Roasts, beef, 214 Rolf, Ida, 25 Rolfing, 25, 26 Rolls, nutrients in, 203–204 Romaine lettuce, nutrients in, 249 Romano cheese, nutrients in, 170 Roquefort cheese, nutrients in, 170 Rosacea, 39 Rutabaga, 137, 253 Rutin, 13
Rye, 138 Rye bread, nutrients in, 204 Rye flour, nutrients in, 207
S s-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), 12 Safflower oil, 8, 181 Sage, 30 Salami, nutrients in, 224 Salicylate activity in foods, 144 Salmon, nutrients in, 239 Salt, digestion and, 4 SAMe (s-adenosyl-L-methionine), 12 Sandalwood, 30 Sardines, nutrients in, 239 Sarsaparilla, 30 Saturated fats: and atherosclerosis, 52 in means, poultry, 139 Saturated fatty acids (SFAs), 7–8, 149, 150 Sauerkraut, nutrients in, 253 Sausage, nutrients in, 221–224 Scallops, nutrients in, 239 Scar formation, 14 Schizophrenia, 15 Scullcap, 30 Sea bass, nutrients in, 235 Seafood, 140 Seafood and seaweed, composition of, 234–243 Seaweed, 140 Sedative foods, 144 Seeds (see Nuts and seeds) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs, herbs to avoid with, 30 Selenium, 16, 148 Sensitivities, food, 64, 136 Serotonin, 104 Serum cholesterol, 52 Sesame oil, nutrients in, 181 Sesame seeds, nutrients in, 227 SFAs (see Saturated fatty acids) Shark, nutrients in, 240 Shellfish, 140 Sherbet, nutrients in, 173 Shiatsu, 26 Shiitake mushrooms, nutrients in, 250 Short ribs, nutrients in, 215 Shrimp, nutrients in, 240
INDEX
Siberian ginseng, 30 Sickle cell anemia, 46 Silicon, rich food sources of, 149 Similars, Law of, 31 Simple carbohydrates, 5 Situational depression, 73 Skin cancer, 62 Skin irritation: eczema as cause of, 81 herbs causing, 32 herbs to avoid with, 30 from psoriasis, 123 SLE (see Systemic lupus erythematosus) Sleep apnea, 104 Sleep disorders, 104 (See also Insomnia) Small intestine, 4, 5, 10 Smelt, nutrients in, 240 Smoked beef, nutrients in, 215 Snails, nutrients in, 240 Snapper, nutrients in, 240 Snickers bars, glycemic index of, 153 Soba noodles, 139 SOD (superoxide dismutase), 14 Soda crackers, nutrients in, 205 Sodium, 16 Sole, nutrients in, 237 Sour cream, nutrients in, 173 Soy products, 137, 138 fermented, 141 milk, soy, 137, 138, 212 Soy sauce, 141 Soybean oil, nutrients in, 182 Soybean sprouts, nutrients in, 212 Soybeans, 109, 138, 211 Spaghetti, nutrients in, 199 Spareribs, nutrients in, 218 Spastic colon (see Irritable bowel syndrome) Spelt, 138, 139 Spider bites, 42 Spinach, 137, 253 Spirulina, nutrients in, 241 Split peas, nutrients in, 211 Sprains, 48 Sprouts, 138 Squash, nutrients in, 253–254 Squash seeds, nutrients in, 227 St. John’s wort, 29, 30 Starches, 6, 151 (See also Carbohydrates)
289
Steaks, beef, nutrients in, 213, 214, 215 Stevia, 141 Stimulants, digestion and, 4 Stings, 42 Stomach, 3–4 Stomach ulcers, herbs to avoid with, 29 Strawberries, nutrients in, 196 Stress, 32, 126–128 Stroke, 8, 12, 128–129 Subluxation, 28 Substrate, 9 Sucrose, 5 Sugar(s), 6, 141 and diabetes, 76 and glycemic index, 151 glycemic indexes of, 152 (See also Carbohydrates; specific types) Sulfur, rich food sources of, 149 Summer sausage, nutrients in, 224 Summer squash, nutrients in, 253 Sunflower oil, nutrients in, 182 Sunflower seeds, nutrients in, 227 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 14 Supplements: and equilibrium of nutrients, 136 foods vs., 136–137 Sweat glands, 16 Sweet peppers, nutrients in, 251 Sweet potatoes, nutrients in, 254 Sweetbreads, nutrients in, 220 Sweetened condensed milk, nutrients in, 175 Sweeteners, 141–142 Swiss chard, 137, 246 Swiss cheese, nutrients in, 171 Swordfish, nutrients in, 241 Sympathetic nervous system, 32, 126 Syrups, 141 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 108–109
T Tabouli, 139 Tahini, nutrients in, 228 T’ai chi, 26 Tangerine juice, nutrients in, 196 Tangerines, nutrients in, 196 Tapotement massage, 25 Taro, nutrients in, 254 Taxmati rice, 139
290
INDEX
Tea, nutrients in, 163–164 Tea tree, 30 Tearing, 16 Tef, 138, 139 Tempeh, 137, 141, 212 Temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ), 88 Tendonitis, 61 Tension, aromatherapy for, 22 Testosterone, 8 TFAs (trans fatty acids), 8 Therapeutic massage, 25 Therapy (see Alternative medicine and therapies) Thiamine (vitamin B1), 11, 145 Thirst, 16–17, 76 Thujone, 23 Thyroid gland, 15, 43 Thyroxine, 15 TIAs (see Transient ischemic attacks) Tilsit cheese, nutrients in, 171 Tinctures, herb, 29 TMJ (temporomandibular joint syndrome ), 88 Tocopherols, 14, 136 Tofu, 137, 138, 212 Tomato juice, nutrients in, 254 Tomato paste, nutrients in, 255 Tomatoes, nutrients in, 254 Tonsillitis, 102 Toothpaste, 64 Toxic effects: of herbs, 29, 30 of ketones, 23 Toxins (in fish), 140 Trager approach (movement therapy), 26 Trans fatty acids (TFAs), 8 Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), 52, 128 Treatments, 37 (See also Alternative medicine and therapies) Triglycerides, 7, 9 Trout, nutrients in, 241 Tuberculosis, herbs to avoid with, 30 Tumors: essential oils to avoid with, 23 prostate, 122 Tuna, nutrients in, 241–242 Turbinado sugar, 141 Turkey, 139, 233 Turmeric, 31 Turnip greens, nutrients in, 255 Turnips, 137, 255
Tylenol, 97 Type I and II diabetes, 76
U Ulcers, 11, 29, 30, 129–131 Umeboshi, 141 Urinary tract infection, essential oils to avoid with, 23 Uterine fibroids, 111 Uva ursi, 31
V Vaginitis, 131–132 Vanadium, rich food sources of, 149 Varicose veins, 118 Vata dosha, 24 Veal, nutrients in, 219–220 Vegetable juice cocktail, nutrients in, 255 Vegetable shortening, nutrients in, 182 Vegetables, 137 cruciferous, 137 glycemic indexes of, 153 nutritional composition of, 243–256 (See also specific vegetables) Vegetarians, 46 Veins, varicose veins, 118 Venison, nutrients in, 220 Ventricular fibrillation, 93 Vertebrae, 28 Vienna sausage, nutrients in, 224 Villi, 4 Vinegars, 141 Viruses, 68 Vision: glaucoma, 15 night, 10 Vitamin(s), 10–14 A, 10–11, 144–145 B1 (thiamine), 11, 145 B2 (riboflavin), 11, 145 B3 (niacin), 11 B6 (pyridoxine), 11–12, 145 B12, 12, 13, 145 C (ascorbic acid), 13, 146 D, 13, 146 DRIs for, 159–161
INDEX
Vitamin(s) (Cont.) E, 13–14, 44, 147 K, 14, 147 RDAs for, 159–161 water-soluble vs. fat-soluble, 10 Vitex, 31
W Wakame, 140, 242 Walnut oil, nutrients in, 182 Walnuts, nutrients in, 228 Water, 16–17 Water chestnuts, nutrients in, 255 Watercress, nutrients in, 256 Watermelon, nutrients in, 196 Water-soluble fibers, 6 Water-soluble vitamins, 10 Waxes, food, 136 Weakness, 6 Weight: Metropolitan Life height and weight chart, 117–118 Weight loss, 13 Weights, 157 Wheat bread, nutrients in, 204 Wheat germ, 136, 138 Wheat germ oil, nutrients in, 182 Whipping/whipped cream, nutrients in, 172 White bread, nutrients in, 205 White flour, nutrients in, 207 White willow, 31
Whitefish, nutrients in, 242 Whole wheat bread, nutrients in, 205 Whole wheat crackers, nutrients in, 206 Whole wheat flour, nutrients in, 207 Wild game, nutrients in, 220 Wild indigo, 31 Wild rice, 138, 201 Wines, nutrients in, 164 Winter squash, nutrients in, 254 Women (See Females) Wormwood, 31 Wounds, healing, 102
Y Yams, nutrients in, 256 Yarrow, 31 Yin/yang, 26, 27 Yoga, 32 Yogurt, 138, 140, 141, 176–177 Yohimbe, 31 Yucca, 31
Z Zeaxanthin, 10, 11 Zinc, 15, 16 and acne, 39 rich food sources of, 149 and vitamin A use, 11
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR Lavon J. Dunne was the author of the highly successful Third Edition of McGraw-Hill’s Nutrition Almanac.
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