Copyright © 2008, 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-154209-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-151125-3. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at
[email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071511253
This page intentionally left blank
Section 1
Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols*
James O. Maloney, Ph.D., P.E. Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Kansas; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineering; Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member, American Chemical Society; Member, American Society for Engineering Education
Table 1-1 Table 1-2a Table 1-2b Table 1-3 Table 1-4 Table 1-5 Table 1-6 Table 1-7 Table 1-8
CONVERSION FACTORS SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units. . . . . . . Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names. . . . . . . . . . Additional Common Derived Units of SI . . . . . . . . . . . . . SI Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions . . . . . . . . . Common Units and Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-12 1-14 1-17 1-17
Table 1-9 Values of the Gas-Law Constant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-10 United States Customary System of Weights and Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-11 Temperature Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-12 Greek Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-13 Specific Gravity, Degrees Baumé, Degrees API, Degrees Twaddell, Pounds per Gallon, Pounds per Cubic Foot . . . Table 1-14 Fundamental Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-17 1-18 1-18 1-18 1-19 1-20
CONVERSION OF VALUES FROM U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS TO SI UNITS
*Much of the material was taken from Sec. 1. of the fifth edition. The contribution of Cecil H. Chilton in developing that material is acknowledged. 1-1
Copyright © 2008, 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
TABLE 1-1
SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units
Quantity or “dimension” Base quantity or “dimension” length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity Supplementary quantity or “dimension” plane angle solid angle
SI unit
SI unit symbol (“abbreviation”); Use roman (upright) type
meter kilogram second ampere kelvin mole* candela
m kg s A K mol cd
radian steradian
rad sr
*When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified; they may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.
TABLE 1-2a
Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Formula
frequency (of a periodic phenomenon) force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux quantity of electricity, electric charge electric potential, potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance conductance magnetic flux magnetic-flux density inductance luminous flux illuminance activity (of radionuclides) absorbed dose
hertz newton pascal joule watt coulomb volt
Hz N Pa J W C V
l/s (kg⋅m)/s2 N/m2 N⋅m J/s A⋅s W/A
farad ohm siemens weber tesla henry lumen lux becquerel gray
F Ω S Wb T H lm lx Bq Gy
C/V V/A A/V V⋅s Wb/m2 Wb/A cd⋅sr lm/m2 l/s J/kg
TABLE 1-2b
Additional Common Derived Units of SI
Quantity
Unit
acceleration angular acceleration angular velocity area concentration (of amount of substance) current density density, mass electric-charge density electric-field strength electric-flux density energy density entropy heat capacity heat-flux density, irradiance luminance magnetic-field strength molar energy molar entropy molar-heat capacity moment of force permeability permittivity radiance
meter per second squared radian per second squared radian per second square meter mole per cubic meter
m/s2 rad/s2 rad/s m2 mol/m3
ampere per square meter kilogram per cubic meter coulomb per cubic meter volt per meter coulomb per square meter joule per cubic meter joule per kelvin joule per kelvin watt per square meter
A/m2 kg/m3 C/m3 V/m C/m2 J/m3 J/K J/K W/m2
candela per square meter ampere per meter joule per mole joule per mole-kelvin joule per mole-kelvin newton-meter henry per meter farad per meter watt per square-metersteradian watt per steradian joule per kilogram-kelvin joule per kilogram joule per kilogram-kelvin cubic meter per kilogram newton per meter watt per meter-kelvin meter per second pascal-second square meter per second cubic meter 1 per meter
cd/m2 A/m J/mol J/(mol⋅K) J/(mol⋅K) N⋅m H/m F/m W/(m2⋅sr)
radiant intensity specific-heat capacity specific energy specific entropy specific volume surface tension thermal conductivity velocity viscosity, dynamic viscosity, kinematic volume wave number
TABLE 1-3
W/sr J/(kg⋅K) J/kg J/(kg⋅K) m3/kg N/m W/(m⋅K) m/s Pa⋅s m2/s m3 1/m
SI Prefixes
Multiplication factor
Prefix
Symbol
000 = 1018 000 = 1015 000 = 1012 000 = 109 000 = 106 000 = 103 100 = 102 10 = 101 0.1 = 10−1 0.01 = 10−2 0.001 = 10−3 0.000 001 = 10−6 0.000 000 001 = 10−9 0.000 000 000 001 = 10−12 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10−15 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10−18
exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto* deka* deci* centi milli micro nano pico femto atto
E P T G M k h da d c m µ n p f a
1 000 000 000 1 000 000 1 000 1
000 000 000 000 1
000 000 000 000 000 1
*Generally to be avoided.
1-2
Symbol
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit
Space,† time Length
naut mi mi chain link fathom yd ft
1.852* E + 00 1.609 344* E + 00 2.011 68* E + 01 2.011 68* E − 01 1.828 8* E + 00 9.144* E − 01 3.048* E − 01 3.048* E + 01 2.54* E + 01 2.54 E + 00 2.54* E + 01
in in mil
km km m m m m m cm mm cm µm
Length/length
ft/mi
m/km
1.893 939 E − 01
Length/volume
ft/U.S. gal ft/ft3 ft/bbl
m/m3 m/m3 m/m3
8.051 964 E + 01 1.076 391 E + 01 1.917 134 E + 00
Area
mi2 section acre ha yd2 ft2 in2
km2 ha ha m2 m2 m2 mm2 cm2
2.589 988 E + 00 2.589 988 E + 02 4.046 856 E − 01 1.000 000* E + 04 8.361 274 E − 01 9.290 304* E − 02 6.451 6* E + 02 6.451 6* E + 00
Area/volume
ft2/in3 ft2/ft3
m2/cm3 m2/m3
5.699 291 E − 03 3.280 840 E + 00
Volume
cubem acre⋅ft
km3 m3 ha⋅m m3 m3 m3 dm3 m3 dm3 m3 dm3 dm3 dm3 dm3 cm3 cm3 cm3
4.168 182 1.233 482 1.233 482 7.645 549 1.589 873 2.831 685 2.831 685 4.546 092 4.546 092 3.785 412 3.785 412 1.136 523 9.463 529 4.731 765 2.841 307 2.957 353 1.638 706
yd3 bbl (42 U.S. gal) ft3 U.K. gal U.S. gal U.K. qt U.S. qt U.S. pt U.K. fl oz U.S. fl oz in3
L L L L L L
E + 00 E + 03 E − 01 E − 01 E − 01 E − 02 E + 01 E − 03 E + 00 E − 03 E + 00 E + 00 E − 01 E − 01 E + 01 E + 01 E + 01
Volume/length (linear displacement)
bbl/in bbl/ft ft3/ft U.S. gal/ft
m3m m3/m m3/m m3/m L/m
6.259 342 E + 00 5.216 119 E − 01 9.290 304* E − 02 1.241 933 E − 02 1.241 933 E + 01
Plane angle
rad deg (°) min (′) sec (″)
rad rad rad rad
1 1.745 329 E − 02 2.908 882 E − 04 4.848 137 E − 06
Solid angle
sr
sr
1
Time
year week h
a d s min s h ns
1 7.0* 3.6* 6.0* 6.0* 1.666 667 1
E + 00 E + 03 E + 01 E + 01 E − 02
1.016 047 9.071 847 5.080 234 4.535 924 4.535 924 3.110 348 2.834 952 6.479 891
E + 00 E − 01 E + 01 E + 01 E − 01 E + 01 E + 01 E + 01
min mµs Mass, amount of substance Mass
U.K. ton U.S. ton U.K. cwt U.S. cwt lbm oz (troy) oz (av) gr
Mg Mg kg kg kg g g mg
t t
1-3
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity Amount of substance
lbm⋅mol std m3(0°C, 1 atm) std ft3 (60°F, 1 atm)
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit 4.535 924 E − 01 4.461 58 E − 02 1.195 30 E − 03
kmol kmol kmol
Enthalpy, calorific value, heat, entropy, heat capacity Calorific value, enthalpy (mass basis)
Btu/lbm cal/g cal/lbm
MJ/kg kJ/kg kWh/kg kJ/kg J/kg
Caloric value, enthalpy (mole basis)
kcal/(g⋅mol) Btu/(lb⋅mol)
kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
Calorific value (volume basis—solids and liquids)
Btu/U.S. gal
MJ/m3 kJ/m3 kWh/m3 MJ/m3 kJ/m3 kWh/m3 MJ/m3 kJ/m3 kWh/m3 MJ/m3 kJ/m3
kJ/dm3
Btu/U.K. gal Btu/ft3
cal/mL (ft⋅lbf)/U.S. gal
J/g J/g
2.326 000 2.326 000 6.461 112 4.184* 9.224 141
E − 03 E + 00 E − 04 E + 00 E + 00
4.184* E + 03 2.326 000 E + 00
kJ/dm3 kJ/dm3
2.787 163 2.787 163 7.742 119 2.320 800 2.320 800 6.446 667 3.725 895 3.725 895 1.034 971 4.184* 3.581 692
E − 01 E + 02 E − 02 E − 01 E + 02 E − 02 E − 02 E + 01 E − 02 E + 00 E − 01
Calorific value (volume basis—gases)
cal/mL kcal/m3 Btu/ft3
kJ/m3 kJ/m3 kJ/m3 kWh/m3
J/dm3 J/dm3 J/dm3
4.184* 4.184* 3.725 895 1.034 971
E + 03 E + 00 E + 01 E − 02
Specific entropy
Btu/(lbm⋅°R) cal/(g⋅K) kcal/(kg⋅°C)
kJ/(kg⋅K) kJ/(kg⋅K) kJ/(kg⋅K)
J/(g⋅K) J/(g⋅K) J/(g⋅K)
4.186 8* 4.184* 4.184*
E + 00 E + 00 E + 00
Specific-heat capacity (mass basis)
kWh/(kg⋅°C) Btu/(lbm⋅°F) kcal/(kg⋅°C)
kJ/(kg⋅K) kJ/(kg⋅K) kJ/(kg⋅K)
J/(g⋅K) J/(g⋅K) J/(g⋅K)
3.6* 4.186 8* 4.184*
E + 03 E + 00 E + 00
Specific-heat capacity (mole basis)
Btu/(lb⋅mol⋅°F) cal/(g⋅mol⋅°C)
kJ/(kmol⋅K) kJ/(kmol⋅K)
4.186 8* 4.184*
E + 00 E + 00
Temperature (absolute)
°R K
K K
5/9 1
Temperature (traditional)
°F
°C
5/9(°F − 32)
Temperature (difference)
°F
K, °C
5/9
Pressure
atm (760 mmHg at 0°C or 14,696 psi)
µmHg (0°C) µ bar mmHg = torr (0°C) cmH2O (4°C) lbf/ft2 (psf) mHg (0°C) bar dyn/cm2
MPa kPa bar MPa kPa MPa kPa bar kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa Pa Pa Pa
1.013 250* E − 01 1.013 250* E + 02 1.013 250* E + 00 1.0* E − 01 1.0* E + 02 6.894 757 E − 03 6.894 757 E + 00 6.894 757 E − 02 3.376 85 E + 00 2.488 4 E − 01 1.333 224 E − 01 9.806 38 E − 02 4.788 026 E − 02 1.333 224 E − 01 1.0* E + 05 1.0* E − 01
Vacuum, draft
inHg (60°F) inH2O (39.2°F) inH2O (60°F) mmHg (0°C) = torr cmH2O (4°C)
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
3.376 85 2.490 82 2.488 4 1.333 224 9.806 38
E + 00 E − 01 E − 01 E − 01 E − 02
Liquid head
ft in
m mm cm
3.048* 2.54* 2.54*
E − 01 E + 01 E + 00
Pressure drop/length
psi/ft
kPa/m
2.262 059 E + 01
Temperature, pressure, vacuum
bar mmHg (0°C) = torr
1-4
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit
Density, specific volume, concentration, dosage kg/m3 g/m3 kg/m3 g/cm3 kg/m3 kg/m3 g/cm3 kg/m3 kg/m3
1.601 846 1.601 846 1.198 264 1.198 264 9.977 633 1.601 846 1.601 846 1.0* 1.601 846
E + 01 E + 04 E + 02 E − 01 E + 01 E + 01 E − 02 E + 03 E + 01
ft /lbm U.K. gal/lbm U.S. gal/lbm
m3/kg m3/g dm3/kg dm3/kg dm3/kg
6.242 796 6.242 796 6.242 796 1.002 242 8.345 404
E − 02 E − 05 E + 01 E + 01 E + 00
Specific volume (mole basis)
L/(g⋅mol) ft3/(lb⋅mol)
m3/kmol m3/kmol
1 6.242 796 E − 02
Specific volume
bbl/U.S. ton bbl/U.K. ton
m3/t m3/t
1.752 535 E − 01 1.564 763 E − 01
Yield
bbl/U.S. ton bbl/U.K. ton U.S. gal/U.S. ton U.S. gal/U.K. ton
dm3/t dm3/t dm3/t dm3/t
Concentration (mass/mass)
wt % wt ppm
kg/kg g/kg mg/kg
lbm/bbl g/U.S. gal g/U.K. gal lbm/1000 U.S. gal lbm/1000 U.K. gal gr/U.S. gal gr/ft3 lbm/1000 bbl mg/U.S. gal gr/100 ft3
kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 mg/m3 g/m3 g/m3 mg/m3
ft3/ft3 bbl/(acre⋅ft) vol% U.K. gal/ft3 U.S. gal/ft3 mL/U.S. gal mL/U.K. gal vol ppm U.K. gal/1000 bbl U.S. gal/1000 bbl U.K. pt/1000 bbl
m3/m3 m3/m3 m3/m3 dm3/m3 dm3/m3 dm3/m3 dm3/m3 cm3/m3 dm3/m3 cm3/m3 cm3/m3 cm3/m3
Concentration (mole/volume)
(lb⋅mol)/U.S. gal (lb⋅mol)/U.K. gal (lb⋅mol)/ft3 std ft3 (60°F, 1 atm)/bbl
kmol/m3 kmol/m3 kmol/m3 kmol/m3
Concentration (volume/mole)
U.S. gal/1000 std ft3 (60°F/60°F) bbl/million std ft3 (60°F/60°F)
dm3/kmol dm3/kmol
Throughput (mass basis)
U.K. ton/year U.S. ton/year U.K. ton/day
Density
lbm/ft3 lbm/U.S. gal lbm/U.K. gal lbm/ft3 g/cm3 lbm/ft3
Specific volume
ft3/lbm 3
Concentration (mass/volume)
Concentration (volume/volume)
cm3/g cm3/g
L/t L/t L/t L/t
g/dm3 g/L mg/dm3 mg/dm3 mg/dm3 mg/dm3 mg/dm3
L/m3 L/m3 L/m3 L/m3 L/m3
L/kmol L/kmol
1.752 535 1.564 763 4.172 702 3.725 627
E + 02 E + 02 E + 00 E + 00
1.0* 1.0* 1
E − 02 E + 01
2.853 010 2.641 720 2.199 692 1.198 264 9.977 633 1.711 806 2.288 351 2.853 010 2.641 720 2.288 351
E + 00 E − 01 E − 01 E + 02 E + 01 E + 01 E + 03 E + 00 E − 01 E + 01
1 1.288 931 1.0* 1.605 437 1.336 806 2.641 720 2.199 692 1 1.0* 2.859 403 2.380 952 3.574 253
E − 04 E − 02 E + 02 E + 02 E − 01 E − 01 E − 03 E + 01 E + 01 E + 00
1.198 264 9.977 644 1.601 846 7.518 21
E + 02 E + 01 E + 01 E − 03
3.166 91 1.330 10
E + 00 E − 01
1.016 047 9.071 847 1.016 047 4.233 529 9.071 847 3.779 936 1.016 047 9.071 847 4.535 924
E + 00 E − 01 E + 00 E − 02 E − 01 E − 02 E + 00 E − 01 E − 01
Facility throughput, capacity
U.S. ton/day U.K. ton/h U.S. ton/h lbm/h
t/a t/a t/d t/h t/d t/h t/h t/h kg/h
1-5
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity Throughput (volume basis)
bbl/day 3
ft /day bbl/h ft3/h U.K. gal/h U.S. gal/h U.K. gal/min U.S. gal/min
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit E + 01 E − 01 E − 03 E − 01 E − 02 E − 03 E − 03 E − 03 E − 03 E − 01 E − 02 E − 01 E − 02
t/a m3/d m3/h m3/h m3/h m3/h L/s m3/h L/s m3/h L/s m3/h L/s
5.803 036 1.589 873 1.179 869 1.589 873 2.831 685 4.546 092 1.262 803 3.785 412 1.051 503 2.727 655 7.576 819 2.271 247 6.309 020
kmol/h kmol/s
4.535 924 E − 01 1.259 979 E − 04
Throughput (mole basis)
(lbm⋅mol)/h
Flow rate (mass basis)
U.K. ton/min U.S. ton/min U.K. ton/h U.S. ton/h U.K. ton/day U.S. ton/day million lbm/year U.K. ton/year U.S. ton/year lbm/s lbm/min lbm/h
kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s
1.693 412 1.511 974 2.822 353 2.519 958 1.175 980 1.049 982 5.249 912 3.221 864 2.876 664 4.535 924 7.559 873 1.259 979
E + 01 E + 01 E − 01 E − 01 E − 02 E − 02 E + 00 E − 05 E − 05 E − 01 E − 03 E − 04
Flow rate (volume basis)
bbl/day
U.K. gal/h U.S. gal/h U.K. gal/min U.S. gal/min ft3/min ft3/s
m3/d L/s m3/d L/s m3/s L/s m3/s L/s dm3/s dm3/s dm3/s dm3/s dm3/s dm3/s
1.589 873 1.840 131 2.831 685 3.277 413 4.416 314 4.416 314 7.865 791 7.865 791 1.262 803 1.051 503 7.576 820 6.309 020 4.719 474 2.831 685
E − 01 E − 03 E − 02 E − 04 E − 05 E − 02 E − 06 E − 03 E − 03 E − 03 E − 02 E − 02 E − 01 E + 01
Flow rate (mole basis)
(lb⋅mol)/s (lb⋅mol)/h million scf/D
kmol/s kmol/s kmol/s
4.535 924 E − 01 1.259 979 E − 04 1.383 45 E − 02
Flow rate/length (mass basis)
lbm/(s⋅ft) lbm/(h⋅ft)
kg/(s⋅m) kg/(s⋅m)
1.488 164 E + 00 4.133 789 E − 04
Flow rate/length (volume basis)
U.K. gal/(min⋅ft) U.S. gal/(min⋅ft) U.K. gal/(h⋅in) U.S. gal/(h⋅in) U.K. gal/(h⋅ft) U.S. gal/(h⋅ft)
m2/s m2/s m2/s m2/s m2/s m2/s
Flow rate/area (mass basis)
lbm/(s⋅ft2) lbm/(h⋅ft2)
kg/(s⋅m2) kg/(s⋅m2)
Flow rate/area (volume basis)
ft3/(s⋅ft2) ft3/(min⋅ft2) U.K. gal/(h⋅in2) U.S. gal/(h⋅in2) U.K. gal/(min⋅ft2) U.S. gal/(min⋅ft2) U.K. gal/(h⋅ft2) U.S. gal/(h⋅ft2)
m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s
Flow rate
3
ft /day bbl/h ft3/h
1-6
L/s L/s L/s L/s L/s L/s
m3/(s⋅m) m3/(s⋅m) m3/(s⋅m) m3/(s⋅m) m3/(s⋅m) m3/(s⋅m)
2.485 833 2.069 888 4.971 667 4.139 776 4.143 055 3.449 814
E − 04 E − 04 E − 05 E − 05 E − 06 E − 06
4.882 428 E + 00 1.356 230 E − 03 m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2)
3.048* 5.08* 1.957 349 1.629 833 8.155 621 6.790 972 1.359 270 1.131 829
E − 01 E − 03 E − 03 E − 03 E − 04 E − 04 E − 05 E − 05
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit
Energy, work, power Energy, work
therm
E + 02 E + 05 E + 01 E + 01 E + 00 E + 03 E − 01 E + 00 E + 03 E − 01 E + 00 E + 03 E + 00 E − 04 E + 00 E − 04 E + 00 E − 03 E − 03 E − 03 E − 03 E − 05 E − 07
kcal cal ft⋅lbf lbf⋅ft J (lbf⋅ft2)/s2 erg
MJ kJ kWh MJ MJ kJ kWh MJ kJ kWh MJ kJ kJ kWh kJ kWh kJ kJ kJ kJ kJ kJ J
1.055 056 1.055 056 2.930 711 1.431 744 2.684 520 2.684 520 7.456 999 2.647 780 2.647 780 7.354 999 3.6* 3.6* 1.899 101 5.275 280 1.055 056 2.930 711 4.184* 4.184* 1.355 818 1.355 818 1.0* 4.214 011 1.0*
Impact energy
kgf⋅m lbf⋅ft
J J
9.806 650* E + 00 1.355 818 E + 00
Surface energy
erg/cm2
mJ/m2
1.0*
Specific-impact energy
(kgf⋅m)/cm2 (lbf⋅ft)/in2
J/cm2 J/cm2
9.806 650* E − 02 2.101 522 E − 03
Power
million Btu/h ton of refrigeration Btu/s kW hydraulic horsepower—hhp hp (electric) hp [(550 ft⋅lbf)/s] ch or CV Btu/min (ft⋅lbf)/s kcal/h Btu/h (ft⋅lbf)/min
MW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW W W W
2.930 711 3.516 853 1.055 056 1 7.460 43 7.46* 7.456 999 7.354 999 1.758 427 1.355 818 1.162 222 2.930 711 2.259 697
Power/area
Btu/(s⋅ft2) cal/(h⋅cm2) Btu/(h⋅ft2)
kW/m2 kW/m2 kW/m2
1.135 653 E + 01 1.162 222 E − 02 3.154 591 E − 03
Heat-release rate, mixing power
hp/ft3 cal/(h⋅cm3) Btu/(s⋅ft3) Btu/(h⋅ft3)
kW/m3 kW/m3 kW/m3 kW/m3
2.633 414 1.162 222 3.725 895 1.034 971
Cooling duty (machinery)
Btu/(bhp⋅h)
W/kW
Specific fuel consumption (mass basis)
lbm/(hp⋅h)
mg/J kg/kWh
kg/MJ
1.689 659 E − 01 6.082 774 E − 01
Specific fuel consumption (volume basis)
m3/kWh U.S. gal/(hp⋅h) U.K. pt/(hp⋅h)
dm3/MJ dm3/MJ dm3/MJ
mm3/J mm3/J mm3/J
2.777 778 E + 02 1.410 089 E + 00 2.116 806 E − 01
Fuel consumption
U.K. gal/mi U.S. gal/mi mi/U.S. gal mi/U.K. gal
dm3/100 km dm3/100 km km/dm3 km/dm3
L/100 km L/100 km km/L km/L
2.824 807 2.352 146 4.251 437 3.540 064
U.S. tonf⋅mi hp⋅h ch⋅h or CV⋅h kWh Chu Btu
E + 00
E − 01 E + 00 E + 00 E − 01 E − 01 E − 01 E − 01 E − 02 E − 03 E + 00 E − 01 E − 02
E + 01 E + 00 E + 01 E − 02
3.930 148 E − 01
E + 02 E + 02 E − 01 E − 01
1-7
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit
in/s in/min
km/h km/h m/s cm/s m/s mm/s mm/s m/d mm/s mm/s
1.852* E + 00 1.609 344* E + 00 3.048* E − 01 3.048* E + 01 5.08* E − 03 8.466 667 E − 02 3.527 778 E − 03 3.048* E − 01 2.54* E + 01 4.233 333 E − 01
Corrosion rate
in/year (ipy) mil/year
mm/a mm/a
2.54* 2.54*
Rotational frequency
r/min
r/s rad/s
1.666 667 E − 02 1.047 198 E − 01
Acceleration (linear)
ft/s2
m/s2 cm/s2
3.048* 3.048*
Acceleration (rotational)
rpm/s
rad/s2
1.047 198 E − 01
Momentum
(lbm⋅ft)/s
(kg⋅m)/s
1.382 550 E − 01
Force
U.K. tonf U.S. tonf kgf (kp) lbf dyn
kN kN N N mN
9.964 016 E + 00 8.896 443 E + 00 9.806 650* E + 00 4.448 222 E + 00 1.0 E − 02
Bending moment, torque
U.S. tonf⋅ft kgf⋅m lbf⋅ft lbf⋅in
kN⋅m N⋅m N⋅m N⋅m
2.711 636 E + 00 9.806 650* E + 00 1.355 818 E + 00 1.129 848 E − 01
Bending moment/length
(lbf⋅ft)/in (lbf⋅in)/in
(N⋅m)/m (N⋅m)/m
5.337 866 E + 01 4.448 222 E + 00
Moment of inertia
lbm⋅ft2
Velocity (linear), speed
knot mi/h ft/s ft/min ft/h ft/day
MPa MPa MPa MPa kPa Pa
E − 01 E + 01
4.214 011 E − 02
kg⋅m2 2
E + 01 E − 02
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
1.378 951 E + 01 9.806 650* E + 00 9.576 052 E − 02 6.894 757 E − 03 4.788 026 E − 02 1.0* E − 01
Stress
U.S. tonf/in kgf/mm2 U.S. tonf/ft2 lbf/in2 (psi) lbf/ft2 (psf) dyn/cm2
Mass/length
lbm/ft
kg/m
1.488 164 E + 00
Mass/area structural loading, bearing capacity (mass basis)
U.S. ton/ft2 lbm/ft2
Mg/m2 kg/m2
9.764 855 E + 00 4.882 428 E + 00
Diffusivity
ft2/s m2/s ft2/h
m2/s mm2/s m2/s
9.290 304* E − 02 1.0* E + 06 2.580 64* E − 05
Thermal resistance
(°C⋅m2⋅h)/kcal (°F⋅ft2⋅h)/Btu
(K⋅m2)/kW (K⋅m2)/kW
8.604 208 E + 02 1.761 102 E + 02
Heat flux
Btu/(h⋅ft2)
kW/m2
3.154 591 E − 03
Thermal conductivity
(cal⋅cm)/(s⋅cm2⋅°C) (Btu⋅ft)/(h⋅ft2⋅°F)
W/(m⋅K) W/(m⋅K) (kJ⋅m)/(h⋅m2⋅K) W/(m⋅K) W/(m⋅K) W/(m⋅K)
4.184* 1.730 735 6.230 646 1.162 222 1.442 279 1.162 222
E + 02 E + 00 E + 00 E + 00 E − 01 E − 01
kW/(m2⋅K) kW/(m2⋅K) kW/(m2⋅K) kW/(m2⋅K) kJ/(h⋅m2⋅K) kW/(m2⋅K) kW/(m2⋅K)
4.184* 2.044 175 1.162 222 5.678 263 2.044 175 5.678 263 1.162 222
E + 01 E + 01 E − 02 E − 03 E + 01 E − 03 E − 03
Miscellaneous transport properties
(kcal⋅m)/(h⋅m2⋅°C) (Btu⋅in)/(h⋅ft2⋅°F) (cal⋅cm)/(h⋅cm2⋅°C) Heat-transfer coefficient
cal/(s⋅cm2⋅°C) Btu/(s⋅ft2⋅°F) cal/(h⋅cm2⋅°C) Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°F) Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°R) kcal/(h⋅m2⋅°C)
1-8
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
kW/(m3⋅K) kW/(m3⋅K)
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit
Volumetric heat-transfer coefficient
Btu/(s⋅ft3⋅°F) Btu/(h⋅ft3⋅°F)
6.706 611 E + 01 1.862 947 E − 02
Surface tension
dyn/cm
mN/m
Viscosity (dynamic)
(lbf⋅s)/in2 (lbf⋅s)/ft2 (kgf⋅s)/m2 lbm/(ft⋅s) (dyn⋅s)/cm2 cP lbm/(ft⋅h)
Pa⋅s Pa⋅s Pa⋅s Pa⋅s Pa⋅s Pa⋅s Pa⋅s
Viscosity (kinematic)
ft2/s in2/s m2/h ft2/h cSt
m2/s mm2/s mm2/s m2/s mm2/s
9.290 304* E − 02 6.451 6* E + 02 2.777 778 E + 02 2.580 64* E − 05 1
Permeability
darcy millidarcy
µm2 µm2
9.869 233 E − 01 9.869 233 E − 04
Thermal flux
Btu/(h⋅ft2) Btu/(s⋅ft2) cal/(s⋅cm2)
W/m2 W/m2 W/m2
3.152 1.135 4.184
E + 00 E + 04 E + 04
Mass-transfer coefficient
(lb⋅mol)/[h⋅ft2(lb⋅mol/ft3)] (g⋅mol)/[s⋅m2(g⋅mol/L)]
m/s m/s
8.467 1.0
E − 05 E + 01
Admittance
S
S
1
Capacitance
µF
µF
1
Charge density
C/mm3
C/mm3
1
Conductance
S
S S
1 1
S/m /m m /m
S/m S/m mS/m
1 1 1
Current density
A/mm2
A/mm2
1
Displacement
C/cm2
C/cm2
1
Electric charge
C
C
1
Electric current
A
A
1
Electric-dipole moment
C⋅m
C⋅m
1
1 (N⋅s)/m2 (N⋅s)/m2 (N⋅s)/m2 (N⋅s)/m2 (N⋅s)/m2 (N⋅s)/m2 (N⋅s)/m2
6.894 757 E + 03 4.788 026 E + 01 9.806 650* E + 00 1.488 164 E + 00 1.0* E − 01 1.0* E − 03 4.133 789 E − 04
Electricity, magnetism
Conductivity
(mho)
Electric-field strength
V/m
V/m
1
Electric flux
C
C
1
Electric polarization
C/cm2
C/cm2
1
Electric potential
V mV
V mV
1 1
Electromagnetic moment
A⋅m2
A⋅m2
1
Electromotive force
V
V
1
Flux of displacement
C
C
1
Frequency
cycles/s
Hz
1
Impedance
Ω
Ω
1
Linear-current density
A/mm
A/mm
1
Magnetic-dipole moment
Wb⋅m
Wb⋅m
1
Magnetic-field strength
A/mm Oe gamma
A/mm A/m A/m
1 7.957 747 E + 01 7.957 747 E − 04
Magnetic flux
mWb
mWb
1
1-9
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity Magnetic-flux density
mT G gamma
SI unit mT T nT
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit 1 1.0* 1
Magnetic induction
mT
mT
1
Magnetic moment
A⋅m2
A⋅m2
1
Magnetic polarization
mT
mT
1
Magnetic potential difference
A
A
1
Magnetic-vector potential
Wb/mm
Wb/mm
1
Magnetization
A/mm
A/mm
1
Modulus of admittance
S
S
1
Modulus of impedance
Ω
Ω
1
Mutual inductance
H
H
1
Permeability
µH/m
µH/m
1
E − 04
Permeance
H
H
1
Permittivity
µF/m
µF/m
1
Potential difference
V
V
1
Quantity of electricity
C
C
1
Reactance
Ω
Ω
1
Reluctance
H−1
H−1
1
Resistance
Ω
Ω
1
Resistivity
Ω⋅cm Ω⋅m
Ω⋅cm Ω⋅m
1 1
Self-inductance
mH
mH
1
Surface density of change
mC/m2
mC/m2
1
Susceptance
S
S
1
Volume density of charge
C/mm3
C/mm3
1
Absorbed dose
rad
Gy
1.0*
Acoustical energy
J
J
1
Acoustical intensity
W/cm2
W/m2
1.0*
Acoustical power
W
W
1
Sound pressure
N/m2
N/m2
1.0*
Illuminance
fc
lx
1.076 391 E + 01
Illumination
fc
lx
1.076 391 E + 01
Irradiance
W/m2
W/m2
1
Light exposure
fc⋅s
lx⋅s
1.076 391 E + 01
Luminance
cd/m2
cd/m2
1
Acoustics, light, radiation
Luminous efficacy
lm/W
lm/W
1
Luminous exitance
lm/m2
lm/m2
1
Luminous flux
lm
lm
1
Luminous intensity
cd
cd
1
Radiance
W/m2⋅sr
W/m2⋅sr
1
Radiant energy
J
J
1
Radiant flux
W
W
1
Radiant intensity
W/sr
W/sr
1
Radiant power
W
W
1
1-10
E − 02 E + 04
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Concluded) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit
Wavelength
Å
nm
1.0*
E − 01
Capture unit
10−3 cm−1
m−1
E + 01
m−1
m−1
1.0* 1 1
Ci
Bq
3.7*
E + 10
Radioactivity
10−3 cm−1
*An asterisk indicates that the conversion factor is exact. † Conversion factors for length, area, and volume are based on the international foot. The international foot is longer by 2 parts in 1 million than the U.S. Survey foot (land-measurement use). NOTE: The following unit symbols are used in the table: Unit symbol
Name
Unit symbol
A a Bq C cd Ci d °C ° dyn F fc G g gr Gy H h ha Hz J K L, ᐉ, l
ampere annum (year) becquerel coulomb candela curie day degree Celsius degree dyne farad footcandle gauss gram grain gray henry hour hectare hertz joule kelvin liter
lm lx m min ′ N naut mi Oe Ω Pa rad r S s ″ sr St T t V W Wb
NOTE:
Name lumen lux meter minute minute newton U.S. nautical mile oersted ohm pascal radian revolution siemens second second steradian stokes tesla tonne volt watt weber
Copyright SPE-AIME, The SI Metric System of Units and SPE’s Tentative Metric Standard, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Dallas, 1977.
1-11
TABLE 1-5
Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units
The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry “−02 2.54” expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2 m. To convert from abampere abcoulomb abfarad abhenry abmho abohm abvolt acre ampere (international of 1948) angstrom are astronomical unit atmosphere bar barn barrel (petroleum 42 gal) barye British thermal unit (ISO/ TC 12) British thermal unit (International Steam Table) British thermal unit (mean) British thermal unit (thermochemical) British thermal unit (39°F) British thermal unit (60°F) bushel (U.S.) cable caliber calorie (International Steam Table) calorie (mean) calorie (thermochemical) calorie (15°C) calorie (20°C) calorie (kilogram, International Steam Table) calorie (kilogram, mean) calorie (kilogram, thermochemical) carat (metric) Celsius (temperature) centimeter of mercury (0°C) centimeter of water (4°C) chain (engineer’s) chain (surveyor’s or Gunter’s) circular mil cord coulomb (international of 1948) cubit cup curie day (mean solar) day (sidereal) degree (angle) denier (international) dram (avoirdupois) dram (troy or apothecary) dram (U.S. fluid) dyne electron volt erg Fahrenheit (temperature)
Multiply by
To convert from
To
Multiply by
ampere coulomb farad henry mho ohm volt meter2 ampere
To
+01 1.00 +01 1.00 +09 1.00 −09 1.00 +09 1.00 −09 1.00 −08 1.00 +03 4.046 856 −01 9.998 35
meter meter2 meter newton/meter2 newton/meter2 meter2 meter3 newton/meter2 joule
−10 1.00 +02 1.00 +11 1.495 978 +05 1.013 25 +05 1.00 −28 1.00 −01 1.589 873 −01 1.00 +03 1.055 06
joule
+03 1.055 04
joule joule
+03 1.055 87 +03 1.054 350
joule joule meter3 meter meter joule
+03 1.059 67 +03 1.054 68 −02 3.523 907 +02 2.194 56 −04 2.54 +00 4.1868
joule joule joule joule joule
+00 4.190 02 +00 4.184 +00 4.185 80 +00 4.181 90 +03 4.186 8
joule joule
+03 4.190 02 +03 4.184
kilogram kelvin newton/meter2 newton/meter2 meter meter
−04 2.00 tK = tc + 273.15 +03 1.333 22 +01 9.806 38 +01 3.048 +01 2.011 68
meter3 meter meter newton/meter2 lumen/meter2 candela/meter2 meter meter/second2 meter3 meter3 meter3 tesla tesla ampere turn meter3 meter3 degree (angular) radian kilogram kilogram meter meter2 henry meter3 watt watt watt watt watt watt second (mean solar) second (mean solar) kilogram kilogram meter newton/meter2 newton/meter2 newton/meter2 newton/meter2 joule 1/meter joule
−05 2.957 352 −01 3.048 −01 3.048 006 +03 2.988 98 +01 1.076 391 +00 3.426 259 +02 2.011 68 −02 1.00 −03 4.546 087 −03 4.404 883 −03 3.785 411 −09 1.00 −04 1.00 −01 7.957 747 −04 1.420 652 −04 1.182 941 −01 9.00 −02 1.570 796 −05 6.479 891 −03 1.00 −01 1.016 +04 1.00 +00 1.000 495 −01 2.384 809 +02 7.456 998 +03 9.809 50 +02 7.46 +02 7.354 99 +02 7.457 +02 7.460 43 +03 3.60 +03 3.590 170 +01 5.080 234 +01 4.535 923 −02 2.54 +03 3.386 389 +03 3.376 85 +02 2.490 82 +02 2.4884 +00 1.000 165 +02 1.00 +03 4.186 74
meter2 meter3 coulomb
−10 5.067 074 +00 3.624 556 −01 9.998 35
meter meter3 disintegration/second second (mean solar) second (mean solar) radian kilogram/meter kilogram kilogram meter3 newton joule joule kelvin
fluid ounce (U.S.) foot foot (U.S. survey) foot of water (39.2°F) footcandle footlambert furlong gal (galileo) gallon (U.K. liquid) gallon (U.S. dry) gallon (U.S. liquid) gamma gauss gilbert gill (U.K.) gill (U.S.) grad grad grain gram hand hectare henry (international of 1948) hogshead (U.S.) horsepower (550 ft lbf/s) horsepower (boiler) horsepower (electric) horsepower (metric) horsepower (U.K.) horsepower (water) hour (mean solar) hour (sidereal) hundredweight (long) hundredweight (short) inch inch of mercury (32°F) inch of mercury (60°F) inch of water (39.2°F) inch of water (60°F) joule (international of 1948) kayser kilocalorie (International Steam Table) kilocalorie (mean) kilocalorie (thermochemical) kilogram mass kilogram-force (kgf) kilopond-force kip knot (international) lambert lambert langley lbf (pound-force, avoirdupois) lbm (pound-mass, avoirdupois) league (British nautical) league (international nautical) league (statute) light-year link (engineer’s) link (surveyor’s or Gunter’s) liter lux maxwell meter micrometer mil mile (U.S. statute) mile (U.K. nautical) mile (international nautical) mile (U.S. nautical) millibar millimeter of mercury (0°C)
joule joule kilogram newton newton newton meter/second candela/meter2 candela/meter2 joule/meter2 newton
+03 4.190 02 +03 4.184 +00 1.00 +00 9.806 65 +00 9.806 65 +03 4.448 221 −01 5.144 444 +04 1/π +03 3.183 098 +04 4.184 +00 4.448 221
kilogram
−01 4.535 923
meter meter
+03 5.559 552 +03 5.556
meter meter meter meter meter3 lumen/meter2 weber wavelengths Kr 86 meter meter meter meter meter meter newton/meter2 newton/meter2
+03 4.828 032 +15 9.460 55 −01 3.048 −01 2.011 68 −03 1.00 +00 1.00 −08 1.00 +06 1.650 763 −06 1.00 −05 2.54 +03 1.609 344 +03 1.853 184 +03 1.852 +03 1.852 +02 1.00 +02 1.333 224
Fahrenheit (temperature)
Celsius
farad (international of 1948) faraday (based on carbon 12) faraday (chemical) faraday (physical) fathom fermi (femtometer)
farad coulomb
−01 4.572 −04 2.365 882 +10 3.70 +04 8.64 +04 8.616 409 −02 1.745 329 −07 1.111 111 −03 1.771 845 −03 3.887 934 −06 3.696 691 −05 1.00 −19 1.602 10 −07 1.00 tK = (5/9)(tF + 459.67) tc = (5/9)(tF − 32) −01 9.995 05 +04 9.648 70
coulomb coulomb meter meter
+04 9.649 57 +04 9.652 19 +00 1.828 8 −15 1.00
1-12
TABLE 1-5
Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units (Concluded)
The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry “−02 2.54” expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2. To convert from minute (angle) minute (mean solar) minute (sidereal) month (mean calendar) nautical mile (international) nautical mile (U.S.) nautical mile (U.K.) oersted ohm (international of 1948) ounce-force (avoirdupois) ounce-mass (avoirdupois) ounce-mass (troy or apothecary) ounce (U.S. fluid) pace parsec pascal peck (U.S.) pennyweight perch phot pica (printer’s) pint (U.S. dry) pint (U.S. liquid) point (printer’s) poise pole pound-force (lbf avoirdupois) pound-mass (lbm avoirdupois) pound-mass (troy or apothecary) poundal quart (U.S. dry) quart (U.S. liquid) rad (radiation dose absorbed) Rankine (temperature) rayleigh (rate of photon emission) rhe rod roentgen rutherford second (angle)
To
Multiply by
radian second (mean solar) second (mean solar) second (mean solar) meter meter meter ampere/meter ohm newton kilogram kilogram meter3 meter meter newton/meter2 meter3 kilogram meter lumen/meter2 meter meter3 meter3 meter (newton-second)/meter2 meter newton
−04 2.908 882 +01 6.00 +01 5.983 617 +06 2.628 +03 1.852 +03 1.852 +03 1.853 184 +01 7.957 747 +00 1.000 495 −01 2.780 138 −02 2.834 952 −02 3.110 347 −05 2.957 352 −01 7.62 +16 3.083 74 +00 1.00 −03 8.809 767 −03 1.555 173 +00 5.0292 +04 1.00 −03 4.217 517 −04 5.506 104 −04 4.731 764 −04 3.514 598 −01 1.00 +00 5.0292 +00 4.448 221
kilogram
−01 4.535 923
kilogram
−01 3.732 417
newton meter3 meter3 joule/kilogram
−01 1.382 549 −03 1.101 220 −04 9.463 529 −02 1.00
kelvin 1/second-meter2
tK = (5/9)tR +10 1.00
meter2/(newtonsecond) meter coulomb/kilogram disintegration/second radian
+01 1.00 +00 5.0292 −04 2.579 76 +06 1.00 −06 4.848 136
To
Multiply by
second (ephemeris) second (mean solar)
To convert from
second second (ephemeris)
second (sidereal) section scruple (apothecary) shake skein slug span statampere statcoulomb statfarad stathenry statmho statohm statute mile (U.S.) statvolt stere stilb stoke tablespoon teaspoon ton (assay) ton (long) ton (metric) ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) ton (register) ton (short, 2000 lb) tonne torr (0°C) township unit pole volt (international of 1948) watt (international of 1948) yard year (calendar) year (sidereal) year (tropical) year 1900, tropical, Jan., day 0, hour 12 year 1900, tropical, Jan., day 0, hour 12
second (mean solar) meter2 kilogram second meter kilogram meter ampere coulomb farad henry mho ohm meter volt meter3 candela/meter2 meter2/second meter3 meter3 kilogram kilogram kilogram joule meter3 kilogram kilogram newton/meter2 meter2 weber volt watt meter second (mean solar) second (mean solar) second (mean solar) second (ephemeris)
+00 1.000 000 Consult American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac −01 9.972 695 +06 2.589 988 −03 1.295 978 −08 1.00 +02 1.097 28 +01 1.459 390 −01 2.286 −10 3.335 640 −10 3.335 640 −12 1.112 650 +11 8.987 554 −12 1.112 650 +11 8.987 554 +03 1.609 344 +02 2.997 925 +00 1.00 +04 1.00 −04 1.00 −05 1.478 676 −06 4.928 921 −02 2.916 666 +03 1.016 046 +03 1.00 +09 4.20 +00 2.831 684 +02 9.071 847 +03 1.00 +02 1.333 22 +07 9.323 957 −07 1.256 637 +00 1.000 330 +00 1.000 165 −01 9.144 +07 3.1536 +07 3.155 815 +07 3.155 692 +07 3.155 692
second
+07 3.155 692
1-13
1-14 TABLE 1-6
Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions
To convert from Acres Acres Acres Acre-feet Ampere-hours (absolute) Angstrom units Angstrom units Angstrom units Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Bags (cement) Barrels (cement) Barrels (oil) Barrels (oil) Barrels (U.S. liquid) Barrels (U.S. liquid) Barrels per day Bars Bars Bars Board feet Boiler horsepower Boiler horsepower B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. per cubic foot B.t.u. per hour B.t.u. per minute B.t.u. per pound B.t.u. per pound per degree Fahrenheit B.t.u. per pound per degree Fahrenheit B.t.u. per second B.t.u. per square foot per hour B.t.u. per square foot per minute B.t.u. per square foot per second for a temperature gradient of 1°F. per inch
To
Multiply by
Square feet Square meters Square miles Cubic meters Coulombs (absolute) Inches Meters Microns Millimeters of mercury at 32°F Dynes per square centimeter Newtons per square meter Feet of water at 39.1°F Grams per square centimeter Inches of mercury at 32°F Pounds per square foot Pounds per square inch Pounds (cement) Pounds (cement) Cubic meters Gallons Cubic meters Gallons Gallons per minute Atmospheres Newtons per square meter Pounds per square inch Cubic feet B.t.u. per hour Kilowatts Calories (gram) Centigrade heat units (c.h.u. or p.c.u.) Foot-pounds Horsepower-hours Joules Liter-atmospheres Pounds carbon to CO2 Pounds water evaporated from and at 212°F Cubic foot-atmospheres Kilowatt-hours Joules per cubic meter Watts Horsepower Joules per kilogram Calories per gram per degree centigrade Joules per kilogram per degree Kelvin Watts Joules per square meter per second Kilowatts per square foot Calories, gram (15°C.), per square centimeter per second for a temperature gradient of 1°C. per centimeter
43,560 4074 0.001563 1233 3600 3.937 × 10−9 1 × 10−10 1 × 10−4 760 1.0133 × 106 101,325 33.90 1033.3 29.921 2116.3 14.696 94 376 0.15899 42 0.11924 31.5 0.02917 0.9869 1 × 105 14.504 1⁄12 33,480 9.803 252 0.55556 777.9 3.929 × 10−4 1055.1 10.41 6.88 × 10−5 0.001036 0.3676 2.930 × 10−4 37,260 0.29307 0.02357 2326 1 4186.8 1054.4 3.1546 0.1758 1.2405
To convert from Drams (avoirdupois) Dynes Ergs Faradays Fathoms Feet Feet per minute Feet per minute Feet per (second)2 Feet of water at 39.2°F. Foot-poundals Foot-poundals Foot-poundals Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds force Foot-pounds per second Foot-pounds per second Furlongs Gallons (U.S. liquid) Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons per minute Gallons per minute Grains Grains Grains per cubic foot Grains per gallon Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams per cubic centimeter Grams per cubic centimeter Grams per liter Grams per liter Grams per square centimeter Grams per square centimeter Hectares Hectares Horsepower (British) Horsepower (British) Horsepower (British) Horsepower (British) Horsepower (British)
To Grams Newtons Joules Coulombs (abs.) Feet Meters Centimeters per second Miles per hour Meters per (second)2 Newtons per square meter B.t.u. Joules Liter-atmospheres B.t.u. Calories, gram Foot-poundals Horsepower-hours Kilowatt-hours Liter-atmospheres Joules Horsepower Kilowatts Miles Barrels (U.S. liquid) Cubic meters Cubic feet Gallons (Imperial) Liters Ounces (U.S. fluid) Cubic feet per hour Cubic feet per second Grams Pounds Grams per cubic meter Parts per million Drams (avoirdupois) Drams (troy) Grains Kilograms Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (troy) Pounds per cubic foot Pounds per gallon Grains per gallon Pounds per cubic foot Pounds per square foot Pounds per square inch Acres Square meters B.t.u. per minute B.t.u. per hour Foot-pounds per minute Foot-pounds per second Watts
Multiply by 1.7719 1 × 10−5 1 × 10−7 96,500 6 0.3048 0.5080 0.011364 0.3048 2989 3.995 × 10−5 0.04214 4.159 × 10−4 0.0012856 0.3239 32.174 5.051 × 10−7 3.766 × 10−7 0.013381 1.3558 0.0018182 0.0013558 0.125 0.03175 0.003785 0.13368 0.8327 3.785 128 8.021 0.002228 0.06480 1⁄ 7000 2.2884 17.118 0.5644 0.2572 15.432 0.001 0.0022046 0.002679 62.43 8.345 58.42 0.0624 2.0482 0.014223 2.471 10,000 42.42 2545 33,000 550 745.7
B.t.u. (60°F.) per degree Fahrenheit Bushels (U.S. dry) Bushels (U.S. dry) Calories, gram Calories, gram Calories, gram Calories, gram Calories, gram Calories, gram, per gram per degree C. Calories, kilogram Calories, kilogram per second Candle power (spherical) Carats (metric) Centigrade heat units Centimeters Centimeters Centimeters Centimeters Centimeters Centimeters of mercury at 0°C. Centimeters of mercury at 0°C. Centimeters of mercury at 0°C Centimeters of mercury at 0°C. Centimeters of mercury at 0°C. Centimeters per second Centimeters of water at 4°C. Centistokes Circular mils Circular mils Circular mils Cords Cubic centimeters Cubic centimeters Cubic centimeters Cubic centimeters Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic foot-atmospheres Cubic foot-atmospheres Cubic feet of water (60°F.) Cubic feet per minute Cubic feet per minute Cubic feet per second Cubic feet per second Cubic inches Cubic yards Curies Curies Degrees Drams (apothecaries’ or troy)
Calories per degree centigrade Cubic feet Cubic meters B.t.u. Foot-pounds Joules Liter-atmospheres Horsepower-hours Joules per kilogram per degree Kelvin Kilowatt-hours Kilowatts Lumens Grams B.t.u. Angstrom units Feet Inches Meters Microns Atmospheres Feet of water at 39.1°F. Newtons per square meter Pounds per square foot Pounds per square inch Feet per minute Newtons per square meter Square meters per second Square centimeters Square inches Square mils Cubic feet Cubic feet Gallons Ounces (U.S. fluid) Quarts (U.S. fluid) Bushels (U.S.) Cubic centimeters Cubic meters Cubic yards Gallons Liters Foot-pounds Liter-atmospheres Pounds Cubic centimeters per second Gallons per second Gallons per minute Million gallons per day Cubic meters Cubic meters Disintegrations per minute Coulombs per minute Radians Grams
453.6 1.2444 0.03524 3.968 × 10−3 3.087 4.1868 4.130 × 10−2 1.5591 × 10−6 4186.8 0.0011626 4.185 12.556 0.2 1.8 1 × 108 0.03281 0.3937 0.01 10,000 0.013158 0.4460 1333.2 27.845 0.19337 1.9685 98.064 1 × 10−6 5.067 × 10−6 7.854 × 10−7 0.7854 128 3.532 × 10−5 2.6417 × 10−4 0.03381 0.0010567 0.8036 28,317 0.028317 0.03704 7.481 28.316 2116.3 28.316 62.37 472.0 0.1247 448.8 0.64632 1.6387 × 10−5 0.76456 2.2 × 1012 1.1 × 1012 0.017453 3.888
Horsepower (British) Horsepower (British) Horsepower (British) Horsepower (metric) Horsepower (metric) Hours (mean solar) Inches Inches of mercury at 60°F Inches of water at 60°F Joules (absolute) Joules (absolute) Joules (absolute) Joules (absolute) Joules (absolute) Joules (absolute) Kilocalories Kilograms Kilograms force Kilograms per square centimeter Kilometers Kilowatt-hours Kilowatt-hours Kilowatts Knots (international) Knots (nautical miles per hour) Lamberts Liter-atmospheres Liter-atmospheres Liters Liters Liters Lumens Micromicrons Microns Microns Miles (nautical) Miles (nautical) Miles Miles Miles per hour Miles per hour Milliliters Millimeters Millimeters of mercury at 0°C. Millimicrons Mils Mils Minims (U.S.) Minutes (angle) Minutes (mean solar) Newtons Ounces (avoirdupois) Ounces (avoirdupois) Ounces (U.S. fluid) Ounces (troy)
Horsepower (metric) Pounds carbon to CO2 per hour Pounds water evaporated per hour at 212°F Foot-pounds per second Kilogram-meters per second Seconds Meters Newtons per square meter Newtons per square meter B.t.u. (mean) Calories, gram (mean) Cubic foot-atmospheres Foot-pounds Kilowatt-hours Liter-atmospheres Joules Pounds (avoirdupois) Newtons Pounds per square inch Miles B.t.u. Foot-pounds Horsepower Meters per second Miles per hour Candles per square inch Cubic foot-atmospheres Foot-pounds Cubic feet Cubic meters Gallons Watts Microns Angstrom units Meters Feet Miles (U.S. statute) Feet Meters Feet per second Meters per second Cubic centimeters Meters Newtons per square meter Microns Inches Meters Cubic centimeters Radians Seconds Kilograms Kilograms Ounces (troy) Cubic meters Ounces (apothecaries’)
1.0139 0.175 2.64 542.47 75.0 3600 0.0254 3376.9 248.84 9.480 × 10−4 0.2389 0.3485 0.7376 2.7778 × 10−7 0.009869 4186.8 2.2046 9.807 14.223 0.6214 3414 2.6552 × 106 1.3410 0.5144 1.1516 2.054 0.03532 74.74 0.03532 0.001 0.26418 0.001496 −6 1 × 10 1 × 104 1 × 10−6 6080 1.1516 5280 1609.3 1.4667 0.4470 1 0.001 133.32 0.001 0.001 2.54 × 10−5 0.06161 2.909 × 10−4 60 0.10197 0.02835 0.9115 2.957 × 10−5 1.000
1-15
1-16
TABLE 1-6
Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions (Concluded)
To convert from Pints (U.S. liquid) Poundals Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds per cubic foot Pounds per cubic foot Pounds per square foot Pounds per square foot Pounds per square inch Pounds per square inch Pounds per square inch Pounds force Pounds force per square foot Pounds water evaporated from and at 212°F. Pound-centigrade units (p.c.u.) Quarts (U.S. liquid) Radians Revolutions per minute Seconds (angle) Slugs Slugs Slugs
To Cubic meters Newtons Grains Kilograms Pounds (troy) Grams per cubic centimeter Kilograms per cubic meter Atmospheres Kilograms per square meter Atmospheres Kilograms per square centimeter Newtons per square meter Newtons Newtons per square meter Horsepower-hours B.t.u. Cubic meters Degrees Radians per second Radians Gee pounds Kilograms Pounds
Multiply by 4.732 × 10−4 0.13826 7000 0.45359 1.2153 0.016018 16.018 4.725 × 10−4 4.882 0.06805 0.07031 6894.8 4.4482 47.88 0.379 1.8 9.464 × 10−4 57.30 0.10472 4.848 × 10−6 1 14.594 32.17
To convert from Square centimeters Square feet Square feet per hour Square inches Square inches Square yards Stokes Tons (long) Tons (long) Tons (metric) Tons (metric) Tons (metric) Tons (short) Tons (short) Tons (refrigeration) Tons (British shipping) Tons (U.S. shipping) Torr (mm. mercury, 0°C.) Watts Watts Watts Watt-hours Yards
To Square feet Square meters Square meters per second Square centimeters Square meters Square meters Square meters per second Kilograms Pounds Kilograms Pounds Tons (short) Kilograms Pounds B.t.u. per hour Cubic feet Cubic feet Newtons per square meter B.t.u. per hour Joules per second Kilogram-meters per second Joules Meters
Multiply by 0.0010764 0.0929 2.581 × 10−5 6.452 6.452 × 10−4 0.8361 1 × 10−4 1016 2240 1000 2204.6 1.1023 907.18 2000 12,000 42.00 40.00 133.32 3.413 1 0.10197 3600 0.9144
TABLE 1-7 Mass (M)
Length (L)
Common Units and Conversion Factors* 1 pound mass = 453.5924 grams = 0.45359 kilograms = 7000 grains 1 slug = 32.174 pounds mass 1 ton (short) = 2000 pounds mass 1 ton (long) = 2240 pounds mass 1 ton (metric) = 1000 kilograms = 2204.62 pounds mass 1 pound mole = 453.59 gram moles = 30.480 centimeters = 0.3048 meters 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters = 0.0254 meters 1 mile (U.S.) = 1.60935 kilometers 1 yard = 0.9144 meters 1 foot
Area (L2)
Volume (L3)
1 square foot = 929.0304 square centimeters = 0.09290304 square meters 1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimeters 1 square yard = 0.836127 square meters 1 cubic foot
1 gallon Time (θ)
= 28,316.85 cubic centimeters = 0.02831685 cubic meters = 28.31685 liters = 7.481 gallons (U.S.) = 3.7853 liters = 231 cubic inches
1 hour = 60 minutes = 3600 seconds Temperature (T) 1 centigrade or Celsius degree = 1.8 Fahrenheit degree Temperature, Kelvin = T°C + 273.15 Temperature, Rankine = T°F + 459.7 Temperature, Fahrenheit = 9/5 T°C + 32 Temperature, centigrade or Celsius = 5/9 (T°F − 32) Temperature, Rankine = 1.8 T K Force (F) 1 pound force = 444,822.2 dynes = 4.448222 Newtons = 32.174 poundals 2 Pressure (F/L ) Normal atmospheric pressure
1 atm = 760 millimeters of mercury at 0°C (density 13.5951 g/cm3) = 29.921 inches of mercury at 32°F = 14.696 pounds force/square inch = 33.899 feet of water at 39.1°F = 1.01325 × 106 dynes/square centimeter = 1.01325 × 105 Newtons/square meter Density (M/L3) 1 pound mass/cubic foot = 0.01601846 grams/cubic centimeter = 16.01846 kilogram/cubic meter Energy (H or FL) 1 British thermal unit = 251.98 calories = 1054.4 joules = 777.97 foot-pounds force = 10.409 liter-atmospheres = 0.2930 watt-hour Diffusivity (L2/θ) 1 square foot/hour = 0.258 cm2/s = 2.58 × 10−5 m2/s Viscosity (M/Lθ) 1 pound mass/foot hour = 0.00413 g/cm s 0.000413 kg/m s 1 centipoise = 0.01 poise = 0.01 g/cm s = 0.001 kg/m s = 0.000672 lbm/ft s = 0.0000209 lbfs/ft2 2 Thermal conductivity [H/θL (T/L)] 2 1 Btu/hr ft (°F/ft) = 0.00413 cal/s cm2 (°C/cm) = 1.728 J/s m2 (°C/m) Heat transfer coefficient 1 Btu/hr ft2 °F = 5.678 J/s m2 °C Heat capacity (H/MT) 1 Btu/lbm °F = 1 cal/g °C = 4184 J/kg °C Gas constant 1.987 Btu/lbm mole °R = 1.987 cal/mol K = 82.057 atm cm3/mol K = 0.7302 atm ft3/lb mole °F = 10.73 (lbf /in.2) (ft3)/lb mole °R = 1545 (lbf /ft2) (ft3)/lb mole °R = 8.314 (N/m2) (m3)/mol K Gravitational acceleration g = 9.8066 m/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2
NOTE:
U.S. customary units, or British units, on left and SI units on right. *Adapted from Faust et al., Principles of Unit Operations, John Wiley and Sons, 1980.
TABLE 1-8
Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion Formulas
Viscosity scale Saybolt Universal Saybolt Furol Redwood No. 1 Redwood Admiralty Engler
Range of t, sec 32 < t < 100 t > 100 25 < t < 40 t > 40 34 < t < 100 t > 100
Kinematic viscosity, stokes 0.00226t − 1.95/t 0.00220t − 1.35/t 0.0224t − 1.84/t 0.0216t − 0.60/t 0.00260t − 1.79/t 0.00247t − 0.50/t 0.027t − 20/t 0.00147t − 3.74/t
TABLE 1-9 Temp. scale
Values of the Gas-Law Constant Press. units
Vol. units
Kelvin atm. atm. mm. Hg bar kg/cm2 atm mm Hg
cm3 liters liters liters liters ft3 ft3
atm in Hg mm Hg lb/in2abs lb/ft2abs
ft3 ft3 ft3 ft3 ft3
Rankine
Wt. units
Energy units*
R
g-moles g-moles g-moles g-moles g-moles g-moles g-moles g-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles
calories joules (abs) joules (int) atm cm3 atm liters mm Hg-liters bar-liters kg/(cm2)(liters) atm-ft3 mm Hg-ft3 chu or pcu Btu hp-hr kw-hr atm-ft3 in Hg-ft3 mm Hg-ft3 (lb)(ft3)/in2 ft-lb
1.9872 8.3144 8.3130 82.057 0.08205 62.361 0.08314 0.08478 1.314 998.9 1.9872 1.9872 0.0007805 0.0005819 0.7302 21.85 555.0 10.73 1545.0
*Energy units are the product of pressure units and volume units. 1-17
TABLE 1-10 United States Customary System of Weights and Measures Linear Measure 12 inches (in) or (″) = 1 foot (ft) or (′) 3 feet = 1 yard (yd) 16.5 feet = 1 rod (rd) 5.5 yards
5280 feet = 1 mile (mi) 320 rods 1 mil = 0.001 inch Nautical:
Square Measure 144 sq. inches (sq. in) or (in ) or (ⵧ″) = 1 sq. foot (ft2) or (ⵧ′) 9 sq. feet (ft2) (ⵧ′) = 1 sq. yard (yd2) 30.25 sq. yards = 1 sq. rod, pole, or perch 10 sq. chains 160 sq. rods = = 1 acre 43,560 sq. ft 640 acres = 1 sq. mile = 1 section 1 circular inch (area of circle of 1 inch diameter) = 0.7854 sq. inch 1 sq. inch = 1.2732 circular inch 1 circular mil = area of circle of 0.001 inch diameter 1,000,000 circular mils = 1 circular inch 2
Circular Measure 60 seconds (″) (sec) = 1 minute (min) or (′) 60 minutes (′) = 1 degree (°) 90 degrees (°) = 1 quadrant 360 degrees (°) = 1 circumference = 1 radian (rad.) 57.29578 degrees = 57° 17′ 44.81″
Volume Measure Solid:
1728 cubic in (cu. in) (in3) = 1 cubic foot (cu. ft)(ft3) 27 cu. ft = 1 cubic yard (cu. yd) Dry Measure: 2 pints = 1 quart 8 quarts = 1 peck 4 pecks = 1 bushel 1 United States Winchester bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches Liquid: 4 gills = 1 pint (pt) 2 pints = 1 quart (qt) 4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal) 7.4805 gallons = 1 cubic foot Apothecaries’ Liquid: 60 minims (min. or ) = 1 fluid dram or drachm 8 drams ( ) = 1 fluid ounce 16 ounces (oz. ) = 1 pint Avoirdupois Weight 16 drams = 437.5 grains = 1 ounce (oz) 16 ounces = 7000 grains = 1 pound (lb) 100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt) 2000 pounds = 1 short ton: 2240 pounds = 1 long ton Troy Weight 24 grains = 1 pennyweight (dwt) 20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (oz) 12 ounces = 1 pound (lb) Apothecaries’ Weight 20 grains (gr) = 1 scruple ( ) 3 scruples = 1 dram ( ) 8 drams = 1 ounce ( ) 12 ounces = 1 pound (lb)
1-18
Temperature Conversion Formulas
°F = (°C × 5/9) + 32 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 °R = °F + 459.69 °K = °C + 273.15 °K = °R × 5/9 Temperature difference, T °F = °C × 9/5 NOTE: An extensive table of temperature conversions may be found in the sixth edition of the Handbook (Table 1-12).
6080.2 feet = 1 nautical mile 6 feet = 1 fathom 120 fathoms = 1 cable length 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour 60 nautical miles = 1° of latitude
TABLE 1-11
TABLE 1-12 Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu
Greek Alphabet
= Α, α = A, a = Β, β = B, b = Γ, γ = G, g = ∆, δ = D, d = Ε, ε = E, e = Ζ, ζ = Z, z = Η, η = E, e = Θ, θ = Th, th = Ι, = I, i = Κ, κ = K, k = Λ, λ = L, l = Μ, µ = M, m
Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega
= Ν, ν = N, n = Ξ, ξ = X, x = Ο, ο = O, o = Π, π = P, p = Ρ, ρ = R, r = Σ, σ = S, s = Τ, τ = T, t = , υ = U, u = Φ, φ = Ph, ph = Χ, χ = Ch, ch = Ψ, ψ = Ps, ps = Ω, ω = O, o
TABLE 1-13
Specific Gravity, Degrees Baumé, Degrees API, Degrees Twaddell, Pounds per Gallon, Pounds per Cubic Foot* 145 140 sp gr 60°/60°F − 1 141.5 °Bé = 145 − (heavier than H2O); °Bé = − 130 (lighter than H2O); °Tw = °API = − 131.5 sp gr sp gr 0.005 sp gr Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
Lb per ft3 at 60°F wt in air
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
°Bé
104.33 102.38 100.47 98.58 96.73
4.9929 5.0346 5.0763 5.1180 5.1597
37.350 37.662 37.973 38.285 38.597
0.700 .705 .710 .715 .720
70.00 68.58 67.18 65.80 64.44
94.00 92.22 90.47 88.75 87.05
94.90 93.10 91.33 89.59 87.88
5.2014 5.2431 5.2848 5.3265 5.3682
39.910 39.222 39.534 39.845 40.157
.725 .730 .735 .740 .745
.650 .655 .660 .665 .670
85.38 83.74 82.12 80.53 78.96
86.19 84.53 82.89 81.28 79.69
5.4098 5.4515 5.4932 5.5349 5.5766
40.468 40.780 41.092 41.404 41.716
.675 .680 .685 .690 .695
77.41 75.88 74.38 72.90 71.44
78.13 76.59 75.07 73.57 72.10
5.6183 5.6600 5.7017 5.7434 5.7851
42.028 42.340 42.652 42.963 43.275
Lb per ft3 at 60°F wt in air
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
°Bé
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
°Bé
°API
0.600 .605 .610 .615 .620
103.33 101.40 99.51 97.64 95.81
.625 .630 .635 .640 .645
°API
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
Lb per ft3 at 60°F wt in air
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
°Bé
°API
70.64 69.21 67.80 66.40 65.03
5.8268 5.8685 5.9101 5.9518 5.9935
43.587 43.899 44.211 44.523 44.834
0.800 .805 .810 .815 .820
45.00 43.91 42.84 41.78 40.73
45.38 44.28 43.19 42.12 41.06
63.10 61.78 60.48 59.19 57.92
63.67 62.34 61.02 59.72 58.43
6.0352 6.0769 6.1186 6.1603 6.2020
45.146 45.458 45.770 46.082 46.394
.825 .830 .835 .840 .845
39.70 38.67 37.66 36.67 35.68
.750 .755 .760 .765 .770
56.67 55.43 54.21 53.01 51.82
57.17 55.92 54.68 53.47 52.27
6.2437 6.2854 6.3271 6.3688 6.4104
46.706 47.018 47.330 47.642 47.953
.850 .855 .860 .865 .870
.775 .780 .785 .790 .795
50.65 49.49 48.34 47.22 46.10
51.08 49.91 48.75 47.61 46.49
6.4521 6.4938 6.5355 6.5772 6.6189
47.265 48.577 48.889 49.201 49.513
.875 .880 .885 .890 .895
Lb per ft3 at 60°F wt in air
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
Lb per ft3 at 60°F wt in air
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
°Bé
°API
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
6.6606 6.7023 6.7440 6.7857 6.8274
49.825 50.137 50.448 50.760 51.072
0.900 .905 .910 .915 .920
25.56 24.70 23.85 23.01 22.17
25.72 24.85 23.99 23.14 22.30
7.4944 7.5361 7.5777 7.6194 7.6612
56.062 56.374 56.685 56.997 57.310
40.02 38.98 37.96 36.95 35.96
6.8691 6.9108 6.9525 6.9941 7.0358
51.384 51.696 52.008 52.320 52.632
.925 .930 .935 .940 .945
21.35 20.54 19.73 18.94 18.15
21.47 20.65 19.84 19.03 18.24
7.7029 7.7446 7.7863 7.8280 7.8697
57.622 57.934 58.246 58.557 58.869
34.71 33.74 32.79 31.85 30.92
34.97 34.00 33.03 32.08 31.14
7.0775 7.1192 7.1609 7.2026 7.2443
52.943 53.255 53.567 53.879 54.191
.950 .955 .960 .965 .970
17.37 16.60 15.83 15.08 14.33
17.45 16.67 15.90 15.13 14.38
7.9114 7.9531 7.9947 8.0364 8.0780
59.181 59.493 59.805 60.117 60.428
30.00 29.09 28.19 27.30 26.42
30.21 29.30 28.39 27.49 26.60
7.2860 7.3277 7.3694 7.4111 7.4528
54.503 54.815 55.127 55.438 55.750
.975 .980 .985 .990 .995 1.000
13.59 12.86 12.13 11.41 10.70 10.00
13.63 12.89 12.15 11.43 10.71 10.00
8.1197 8.1615 8.2032 8.2449 8.2866 8.3283
60.740 61.052 61.364 61.676 61.988 62.300 Lb per ft3 at 60°F. wt. in air
°Tw
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
°Tw
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
°Bé
°Tw
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
°Bé
°Tw
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1.025
0.72 1.44 2.14 2.84 3.54
1 2 3 4 5
8.3700 8.4117 8.4534 8.4950 8.5367
62.612 62.924 63.236 63.547 63.859
1.255 1.260 1.265 1.270 1.275
29.46 29.92 30.38 30.83 31.27
51 52 53 54 55
10.4546 10.4963 10.5380 10.5797 10.6214
78.206 78.518 78.830 79.141 79.453
1.505 1.510 1.515 1.520 1.525
48.65 48.97 49.29 49.61 49.92
101 102 103 104 105
12.5392 12.5809 12.6226 12.6643 12.7060
93.800 94.112 94.424 94.735 95.047
1.755 1.760 1.765 1.770 1.775
62.38 62.61 62.85 63.08 63.31
151 152 153 154 155
14.6238 14.6655 14.7072 14.7489 14.7906
109.394 109.705 110.017 110.329 110.641
1.030 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050
4.22 4.90 5.58 6.24 6.91
6 7 8 9 10
8.5784 8.6201 8.6618 8.7035 8.7452
64.171 64.483 64.795 65.107 65.419
1.280 1.285 1.290 1.295 1.300
31.72 32.16 32.60 33.03 33.46
56 57 58 59 60
10.6630 10.7047 10.7464 10.7881 10.8298
79.765 80.077 80.389 80.701 81.013
1.530 1.535 1.540 1.545 1.550
50.23 50.54 50.84 51.15 51.45
106 107 108 109 110
12.7477 12.7894 12.8310 12.8727 12.9144
95.359 95.671 95.983 96.295 96.606
1.780 1.785 1.790 1.795 1.800
63.54 63.77 63.99 64.22 64.44
156 157 158 159 160
14.8323 14.8740 14.9157 14.9574 14.9990
110.953 111.265 111.577 111.889 112.200
1.055 1.060 1.065 1.070 1.075
7.56 8.21 8.85 9.49 10.12
11 12 13 14 15
8.7869 8.8286 8.8703 8.9120 8.9537
65.731 66.042 66.354 66.666 66.978
1.305 1.310 1.315 1.320 1.325
33.89 34.31 34.73 35.15 35.57
61 62 63 64 65
10.8715 10.9132 10.9549 10.9966 11.0383
81.325 81.636 81.948 82.260 82.572
1.555 1.560 1.565 1.570 1.575
51.75 52.05 52.35 52.64 52.94
111 112 113 114 115
12.9561 12.9978 13.0395 13.0812 13.1229
96.918 97.230 97.542 97.854 98.166
1.805 1.810 1.815 1.820 1.825
64.67 64.89 65.11 65.33 65.55
161 162 163 164 165
15.0407 15.0824 15.1241 15.1658 15.2075
112.512 112.824 113.136 113.448 113.760
1.080 1.085 1.090 1.095 1.100
10.74 11.36 11.97 12.58 13.18
16 17 18 19 20
8.9954 9.0371 9.0787 9.1204 9.1621
67.290 67.602 67.914 68.226 68.537
1.330 1.335 1.340 1.345 1.350
35.98 36.39 36.79 37.19 37.59
66 67 68 69 70
11.0800 11.1217 11.1634 11.2051 11.2467
82.884 83.196 83.508 83.820 84.131
1.580 1.585 1.590 1.595 1.600
53.23 53.52 53.81 54.09 54.38
116 117 118 119 120
13.1646 13.2063 13.2480 13.2897 13.3313
98.478 98.790 99.102 99.414 99.725
1.830 1.835 1.840 1.845 1.850
65.77 65.98 66.20 66.41 66.62
166 167 168 169 170
15.2492 15.2909 15.3326 15.3743 15.4160
114.072 114.384 114.696 115.007 115.318
1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125
13.78 14.37 14.96 15.54 16.11
21 22 23 24 25
9.2038 9.2455 9.2872 9.3289 9.3706
68.849 69.161 69.473 69.785 70.097
1.355 1.360 1.365 1.370 1.375
37.99 38.38 38.77 39.16 39.55
71 72 73 74 75
11.2884 11.3301 11.3718 11.4135 11.4552
84.443 84.755 85.067 85.379 85.691
1.605 1.610 1.615 1.620 1.625
54.66 54.94 55.22 55.49 55.77
121 122 123 124 125
13.3730 13.4147 13.4564 13.4981 13.5398
100.037 100.349 100.661 100.973 101.285
1.855 1.860 1.865 1.870 1.875
66.83 67.04 67.25 67.46 67.67
171 172 173 174 175
15.4577 15.4993 15.5410 15.5827 15.6244
115.630 115.943 116.255 116.567 116.879
1.130 1.135 1.140 1.145 1.150
16.68 17.25 17.81 18.36 18.91
26 27 28 29 30
9.4123 9.4540 9.4957 9.5374 9.5790
70.409 70.721 71.032 71.344 71.656
1.380 1.385 1.390 1.395 1.400
39.93 40.31 40.68 41.06 41.43
76 77 78 79 80
11.4969 11.5386 11.5803 11.6220 11.6637
86.003 86.315 86.626 86.938 87.250
1.630 1.635 1.640 1.645 1.650
56.04 56.32 56.59 56.85 57.12
126 127 128 129 130
13.5815 13.6232 13.6649 13.7066 13.7483
101.597 101.909 102.220 102.532 102.844
1.880 1.885 1.890 1.895 1.900
67.87 68.08 68.28 68.48 68.68
176 177 178 179 180
15.6661 15.7078 15.7495 15.7912 15.8329
117.191 117.503 117.814 118.126 118.438
1.155 1.160 1.165 1.170 1.175
19.46 20.00 20.54 21.07 21.60
31 32 33 34 35
9.6207 9.6624 9.7041 9.7458 9.7875
71.968 72.280 72.592 72.904 73.216
1.405 1.410 1.415 1.420 1.425
41.80 42.16 42.53 42.89 43.25
81 82 83 84 85
11.7054 11.7471 11.7888 11.8304 11.8721
87.562 87.874 88.186 88.498 88.810
1.655 1.660 1.665 1.670 1.675
57.39 57.65 57.91 58.17 58.43
131 132 133 134 135
13.7900 13.8317 13.8734 13.9150 13.9567
103.156 103.468 103.780 104.092 104.404
1.905 1.910 1.915 1.920 1.925
68.88 69.08 69.28 69.48 69.68
181 182 183 184 185
15.8746 15.9163 15.9580 15.9996 16.0413
118.740 119.062 119.374 119.686 119.998
1.180 1.185 1.190 1.195 1.200
22.12 22.64 23.15 23.66 24.17
36 37 38 39 40
9.8292 9.8709 9.9126 9.9543 9.9960
73.528 73.840 74.151 74.463 74.775
1.430 1.435 1.440 1.445 1.450
43.60 43.95 44.31 44.65 45.00
86 87 88 89 90
11.9138 11.9555 11.9972 12.0389 12.0806
89.121 89.433 89.745 90.057 90.369
1.680 1.685 1.690 1.695 1.700
58.69 58.95 59.20 59.45 59.71
136 137 138 139 140
13.9984 14.0401 14.0818 14.1235 14.1652
104.715 105.027 105.339 105.651 105.963
1.930 1.935 1.940 1.945 1.950
69.87 70.06 70.26 70.45 70.64
186 187 188 189 190
16.0830 16.1247 16.1664 16.2081 16.2498
120.309 120.621 120.933 121.245 121.557
1.205 1.210 1.215 1.220 1.225
24.67 25.17 25.66 26.15 26.63
41 42 43 44 45
10.0377 10.0793 10.1210 10.1627 10.2044
75.087 75.399 75.711 76.022 76.334
1.455 1.460 1.465 1.470 1.475
45.34 45.68 46.02 46.36 46.69
91 92 93 94 95
12.1223 12.1640 12.2057 12.2473 12.2890
90.681 90.993 91.305 91.616 91.928
1.705 1.710 1.715 1.720 1.725
59.96 60.20 60.45 60.70 60.94
141 142 143 144 145
14.2069 14.2486 14.2903 14.3320 14.3737
106.275 106.587 106.899 107.210 107.522
1.955 1.960 1.965 1.970 1.975
70.83 71.02 71.21 71.40 71.58
191 192 193 194 195
16.2915 16.3332 16.3749 16.4166 16.4583
121.869 122.181 122.493 122.804 123.116
1.230 1.235 1.240 1.245 1.250
27.11 27.59 28.06 28.53 29.00
46 47 48 49 50
10.2461 10.2878 10.3295 10.3712 10.4129
76.646 76.958 77.270 77.582 77.894
1.480 1.485 1.490 1.495 1.500
47.03 47.36 47.68 48.01 48.33
96 97 98 99 100
12.3307 12.3724 12.4141 12.4558 12.4975
92.240 92.552 92.864 93.176 93.488
1.730 1.735 1.740 1.745 1.750
61.18 61.34 61.67 61.91 62.14
146 147 148 149 150
14.4153 14.4570 14.4987 14.5404 14.5821
107.834 108.146 108.458 108.770 109.082
1.980 1.985 1.990 1.995 2.000
71.77 71.95 72.14 72.32 72.50
196 197 198 199 200
16.5000 16.5417 16.5833 16.6250 16.6667
123.428 123.740 124.052 124.364 124.676
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
°Bé
Lb per ft3 at 60°F wt in air
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
Lb per ft3 at 60°F. wt. in air
*Prepared by Lewis V. Judson, Ph.D., Chief of Length Section of National Bureau of Standards with the advice and assistance of E. L. Peffer, B.S., A.M., late Chief of Capacity and Density Section, National Bureau of Standards.
1-19
TABLE 1-14
Fundamental Physical Constants
1 sec = 1.00273791 sidereal seconds g0 = 9.80665 m/sec2 1 liter = 0.001 cu. m 1 atm = 101,325 newtons/sq m 1 mm Hg (pressure) = (1⁄ 760) atm = 133.3224 newtons/sq m 1 int ohm = 1.000495 0.000015 abs ohm 1 int amp = 0.999835 0.000025 abs amp 1 int coul = 0.999835 0.000025 abs coul 1 int volt = 1.000330 0.000029 abs volt 1 int watt = 1.000165 0.000052 abs watt 1 int joule = 1.000165 0.000052 abs joule T0°C = 273.150 0.010°K (PV)0°CP=0 = (RT)0°C = 2271.16 0.04 abs joule/mole = 22,414.6 0.4 cu. cm atm/mole = 22.4146 0.0004 liter atm/mole R = 8.31439 0.00034 abs joule/deg mole = 1.98719 0.00013 cal/deg mole = 82.0567 0.0034 cu. cm atm/deg mole = 0.0820567 0.0000034 liter atm/deg mole ln 10 = 2.302585 R ln 10 = 19.14460 0.00078 abs joule/deg mole = 4.57567 0.00030 cal/deg mole N = (6.02283 0.0022) × 1023/mole h = (6.6242 0.0044) × 10−34 joule sec c = (2.99776 0.00008) × 108 m/sec (h2/8π2k) = (4.0258 0.0037) × 10−39 g sq cm deg (h/8π2c) = (2.7986 0.0018) × 10−39 g cm Z = Nhc = 11.9600 0.0036 abs joule cm/mole = 2.85851 0.0009 cal cm/mole (Z/R) = (hc/k) = c2 = 1.43847 0.00045 cm deg Ᏺ = 96,501.2 10.0 int coul/g-equiv or int joule/int volt g-equiv = 96,485.3 10.0 abs coul/g-equiv or abs joule/abs volt g-equiv = 23,068.1 2.4 cal/int volt g-equiv = 23,060.5 2.4 cal/abs volt g-equiv e = (1.60199 0.00060) × 10−19 abs coul = (1.60199 0.00060) × 10−20 abs emu = (4.80239 0.00180) × 10−10 abs esu 1 int electron-volt/molecule = 96,501.2 10 int joule/mole = 23,068.1 2.4 cal/mole 1 abs electron-volt/molecule = 96,485.3 10. abs joule/mole = 23,060.5 2.4 cal/mole 1 int electron-volt = (1.60252 0.00060) × 10−12 erg 1 abs electron-volt = (1.60199 0.00060) × 10−12 erg hc = (1.23916 0.00032) × 10−4 int electron-volt cm = (1.23957 0.00032) × 10−4 abs electron-volt cm k = (8.61442 0.00100) × 10−5 int electron-volt/deg = (8.61727 0.00100) × 10−5 abs electron-volt/deg = (R/N) = (1.38048 0.00050) × 10−23 joule/deg 1 IT cal = (1⁄ 860) = 0.00116279 int watt-hr = 4.18605 int joule = 4.18674 abs joule = 1.000654 cal 1 cal = 4.1840 abs joule = 4.1833 int joule = 41.2929 0.0020 cu. cm atm = 0.0412929 0.0000020 liter atm 1 IT cal/g = 1.8 Btu/lb 1 Btu = 251.996 IT cal = 0.293018 int watt-hr = 1054.866 int joule = 1055.040 abs joule = 252.161 cal 1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb (wt)/sec = 745.578 int watt = 745.70 abs watt 1 in = (1/0.3937) = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 0.304800610 m 1 lb = 453.5924277 g 1 gal = 231 cu. in = 0.133680555 cu. ft = 3.785412 × 10−3 cu. m = 3.785412 liter
1-20
sec = mean solar second Definition: g0 = standard gravity Definition: atm = standard atmosphere mm Hg (pressure) = standard millimeter mercury int = international; abs = absolute amp = ampere coul = coulomb
Absolute temperature of the ice point, 0°C PV product for ideal gas at 0°C R = gas constant per mole
ln = natural logarithm (base e) N = Avogadro number h = Planck constant c = velocity of light Constant in rotational partition function of gases Constant relating wave number and moment of inertia Z = constant relating wave number and energy per mole c2 = second radiation constant Ᏺ = Faraday constant
e = electronic charge
Constant relating wave number and energy per molecule k = Boltzmann constant Definition of IT cal: IT = International steam tables cal = thermochemical calorie Definition: cal = thermochemical calorie
Definition of Btu: Btu = IT British Thermal Unit
cal = thermochemical calorie Definition of horsepower (mechanical): lb (wt) = weight of 1 lb at standard gravity Definition of in: in = U.S. inch ft = U.S. foot (1 ft = 12 in) Definition; lb = avoirdupois pound Definition; gal = U.S. gallon
CONVERSION OF VALUES FROM U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS TO SI UNITS American engineers are probably more familiar with the magnitude of physical entities in U.S. customary units than in SI units. Consequently, errors made in the conversion from one set of units to the other may go undetected. The following six examples will show how to convert the elements in six dimensionless groups. Proper conversions will result in the same numerical value for the dimensionless number. The dimensionless numbers used as examples are the Reynolds, Prandtl, Nusselt, Grashof, Schmidt, and Archimedes numbers. Table 1-7 provides a number of useful conversion factors. To make a conversion of an element in U.S. customary units to SI units, one multiplies the value of the U.S. customary unit, found on the left side in the table, by the equivalent value on the right side. For example, to convert 10 British thermal units to joules, one multiplies 10 by 1054.4 to obtain 10544 joules. In each example, the initial values of the factors are expressed in U.S. customary units, and the dimensionless value is calculated. Then the factors are converted to SI units, and the dimensionless value is recalculated. The two dimensionless values will be approximately the same. (Small variations occur due to the number of significant figures carried in the solution.)
Example 1. Calculation of a Reynolds Number DVρ NRe = µ
U.S. customary units D = 3 in. = 3⁄12 ft V = 6 ft/s ρ = 0.08 lbm/ft3 µ = 0.015 cp = (0.015)(0.000672) lbm/ft⋅s
(3/12)(6)(0.08) NRe = = 11,904 (0.015)(0.000672) SI units D = (3)(0.0254) m V = (6)(0.3048) m/s ρ = (0.08)(16.018) kg/m3 µ = (0.015)(0.001) kg/m⋅s
(Difference due to rounding)
Example 4. Calculation of a Grashof Number NGr = L3ρ2gβ(∆T)/µ2 U.S. Customary units L = 3 ft ρ = 0.0725 lbm/ft3 g = 32.174 ft/s2 β = 0.00168/°R ∆T = 99 °R µ = 0.019 centipoise = 0.019 × 0.000672 lbm/ft⋅s = 1.277 × 10−5 lbm/ft⋅s (33) (0.0725)2(32.174) (0.00168) (99) = 4.66 × 109 NGr = (1.277 × 10−5)2 SI units L = (3)(0.3048) = 0.9144 m ρ = (0.0725)(16.018) = 1.1613 kg/m3 g = 9.807 m/s2 β = (0.00168)/(1.8) = 0.000933/°K ∆T = (99)(1.8) = 178.2 °K µ = (0.019)(0.001) = 1.9 × 10−5 kg/m⋅s (0.9144)3(1.1613)2(9.807)(0.000933)(178.2) = 4.66 × 109 NGr = (1.9 × 10−5)2
Example 5. Calculation of a Schmidt Number µ NSc = ρD
(3 × 0.0254) (6 × 0.3048) (0.08 × 16.018) NRe = = 11,904 (0.015) (0.001)
Example 2. Calculation of a Prandtl Number Cp µ NPr = k U.S. customary units γp = 0.47 Btu/lbm °F µ = 15 centipoise = (15) (0.000672) (3600) lbm/ft⋅hr k = 0.065 Btu/hr⋅ft2 (°F/ft) (0.47) (15 × 0.000672 × 3600) NPr = = 262.4 0.065 SI units γ = (0.47)(4184) J/kg °C µ = (15)(0.001) kg/m⋅s k = (0.065)(1.728) J/s⋅m2 (°C/m) (0.47) (4184) (15) (0.001) NPr = = 262.6 (0.065) (1.728) (Difference due to rounding)
Example 3. Calculation of a Nusselt Number hD NNu = k U.S. customary units h = 200 Btu/hr⋅ft2⋅°F D = 1.5 in. = 1.5/12 ft k = 0.07 Btu/hr⋅ft2 (°F/ft) (200)(1.5/12) NNu = = 357.1 0.07 SI units h = (200)(5.678) J/(s⋅m2⋅°C) D = (1.5)(0.0254) m k = (0.07)(1.728) J/s⋅m2 (°C/m)
(200) (5.678) (1.5) (0.0254) NNu = = 357.7 (0.07) (1.728)
U.S. customary units µ = 0.02 centipoise = (0.02)(2.42) lbm/ft⋅hr ρ = 0.08 lbm/ft3 D = 1.0 ft2/hr (diffusivity) (0.02) (2.42) NSc = = 0.605 (0.08)(1.0) SI units µ = (0.02)(0.001) kg/m⋅s ρ = (0.08)(16.02) kg/m2 D = (1.0)(2.58 × 10−5) m2/s (0.02) (0.001) = 0.605 NSc = (0.08)(16.02)(1.0) (2.58 × 10−5)
Example 6. Calculation of an Archimedes Number d 3ρf(ρp − ρf)g NAr = µ2 U.S. customary units d = 2 mm = 2/[(1000)(0.3048)] = 0.00656 ft ρf = 0.0175 lbm/ft3 ρp = 168.5 lbm/ft3 g = 32.174 ft/s2 µ = 0.04 centipoise = 0.04 × 0.000672 = 2.688−5 lbm/ft⋅s (0.00656)3 (0.0175) (168.5 − 0.017) (32.174) = 37,064 NAr = (2.688 × 10−5)2 SI units d = 2/1000 m ρp = 168.5 × 16.02 = 2699.37 kg/m3 ρf = 0.0175 × 16.02 = 0.2804 g/m3 g = 9.807 m/s2 µ = 0.04 × 0.001 = 4 × 10−5 kg/m⋅s (2/1000)3 (0.2804) (2699.37 − 0.28) (9.807) = 37,118 NAr = (4 × 10−5)2 (Difference due to rounding)
1-21
This page intentionally left blank
This page intentionally left blank
Section 2
Physical and Chemical Data*
Bruce E. Poling Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo (Physical and Chemical Data) George H. Thomson AIChE Design Institute for Physical Properties (Physical and Chemical Data) Daniel G. Friend National Institute of Standards and Technology (Physical and Chemical Data) Richard L. Rowley Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University (Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties) W. Vincent Wilding Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University (Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties)
2-10
GENERAL REFERENCES
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-65
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Tables 2-1 2-2
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Properties of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-3 Vapor Pressure of Water Ice from 0 to −40 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 Vapor Pressure of Supercooled Liquid Water from 0 to −40 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 Vapor Pressure (MPa) of Liquid Water from 0 to 100 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 Sorted by Chemical Family . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 Formula Index of Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-7 2-28
2-48 2-48 2-48 2-48 2-48 2-49 2-52 2-55 2-61
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-11 Partial Pressures of Water over Aqueous Solutions of HCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 Partial Pressures of HCl over Aqueous Solutions of HCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Pressures of H3PO4 Aqueous: Partial Pressure of H2O Vapor (Fig. 2-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Pressures of H3PO4 Aqueous: Weight of H2O in Saturated Air (Fig. 2-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 Partial Pressures of H2O and SO2 over Aqueous Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14 Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15 Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16 Sulfuric Acid Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17 Total Pressure, bar, of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions . . . . . . 2-18 Partial Pressures of HNO3 and H2O over Aqueous Solutions of HNO3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19 Partial Pressures of H2O and HBr over Aqueous Solutions of HBr at 20 to 55 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-80 2-80 2-80 2-81 2-81 2-81 2-82 2-84 2-86 2-87 2-88 2-89
*Contribution in part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; not subject to copyright in the United States. 2-1
Copyright © 2008, 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
2-2 2-20 2-21 2-22
2-23 2-24 2-25 2-26 2-27 2-28 2-29
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA Partial Pressures of HI over Aqueous Solutions of HI at 25 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Pressures of the System: Water-Sulfuric Acid-Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of CH3COOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions (Fig. 2-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressure of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 (psia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mole Percentages of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of NH3 over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 (psia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of NH3 (psia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of H2O and CH3OH over Aqueous Solutions of Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Hydroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-89 2-89 2-89 2-89 2-90 2-91 2-92 2-93 2-94 2-94 2-94
WATER-VAPOR CONTENT OF GASES Chart for Gases at High Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Content of Air (Fig. 2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-95 2-95
DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Tables 2-30 2-31 2-32
Density (kg/m3) of Saturated Liquid Water from the Triple Point to the Critical Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Density (kg/m3) of Mercury from 0 to 350°C . . . . . . . . . . . . Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (mol/dm3) . . . . .
2-96 2-97 2-98
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM Units and Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 Tables 2-33 Aluminum Sulfate [Al2(SO4)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-34 Ammonia (NH3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-35 Ammonium Acetate (CH3COONH4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-36 Ammonium Bichromate [(NH4)2Cr2O7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-37 Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-38 Ammonium Chromate [(NH4)2CrO4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-39 Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-40 Ammonium Sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-41 Arsenic Acid (H3AsO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104 2-42 Barium Chloride (BaCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-43 Cadmium Nitrate [Cd(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-44 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-45 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-46 Calcium Hypochlorite (CaOCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-47 Calcium Nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-48 Chromic Acid (CrO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-49 Chromium Chloride (CrCl3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-50 Copper Nitrate [Cu(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-51 Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-52 Cuprous Chloride (CuCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-53 Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105 2-54 Ferric Sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-55 Ferric Nitrate [Fe(NO3)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-56 Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-57 Hydrogen Bromide (HBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-58 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-59 Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-60 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-61 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-62 Hydrofluosilic Acid (H2SiF6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-63 Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-64 Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-65 Nickel Chloride (NiCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-66 Nickel Nitrate [Ni(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-67 Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106 2-68 Nitric Acid (HNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-107 2-69 Perchloric Acid (HClO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108 2-70 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108 2-71 Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108 2-72 Potassium Bromide (KBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108
2-73 2-74 2-75 2-76 2-77 2-78 2-79 2-80 2-81 2-82 2-83 2-84 2-85 2-86 2-87 2-88 2-89 2-90 2-91 2-92 2-93 2-94 2-95 2-96 2-97 2-98 2-99 2-100 2-101 2-102 2-103 2-104 2-105 2-106 2-107
Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Chloride (KCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Chrome Alum [K2Cr2(SO4)4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Sulfate (K2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Sulfite (K2SO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Acetate (NaC2H3O2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Arsenate (Na3AsO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Bichromate (Na2Cr2O7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Bromide (NaBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Formate (HCOONa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chlorate (NaClO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chloride (NaCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chromate (Na2CrO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Silicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Sulfide (Na2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Sulfite (Na2SO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate (Na2S2O3 ⋅5H2O) . . . . . . Stannic Chloride (SnCl4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stannous Chloride (SnCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Bromide (ZnBr2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Nitrate [Zn(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS Units and Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-108 Formic Acid (HCOOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109 Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-110 Oxalic Acid (H2C2O4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-111 Methyl Alcohol (CH3OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-112 Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-113 Densities of Mixtures of C2H5OH and H2O at 20°C . . . . . 2-114 Specific Gravity {60°/60°F [(15.56°/15.56°C)]} of Mixtures by Volume of C2H5OH and H2O . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-115 n-Propyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-116 Isopropyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-117 Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-118 Hydrazine (N2H4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-119 Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-110 2-110 2-110 2-110 2-110 2-110 2-110 2-110 2-111 2-111 2-111 2-111 2-111 2-111 2-111 2-112 2-114 2-114 2-114 2-114
2-114 2-114 2-115 2-116 2-116 2-117 2-118 2-119 2-120 2-120 2-121 2-121 2-122
DENSITIES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS Tables 2-120 2-121
Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Density (kg/m3) of Selected Elements as a Function of Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOLUBILITIES Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-122 Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-123 Solubility as a Function of Temperature and Henry’s Constant at 25°C for Gases in Water . . . . . . . . . . 2-124 Henry’s Constant H for Various Compounds in Water at 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-125 Henry’s Constant H for Various Compounds in Water at 25°C from Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients . . . . . . 2-126 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-127 Ammonia-Water at 10 and 20°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-128 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-129 Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-130 Chlorine (Cl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-131 Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-124 2-125
2-125 2-126 2-130 2-130 2-131 2-131 2-131 2-131 2-131 2-132 2-132
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA 2-132 2-133 2-134
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Vapor Pressure of Sulfur Dioxide over Water, mmHg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THERMAL EXPANSION Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal Expansion of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-135 Linear Expansion of the Solid Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-136 Linear Expansion of Miscellaneous Substances . . . . . . . . . 2-137 Volume Expansion of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-138 Volume Expansion of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-139 Additional References Available for the Joule-Thomson Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-140 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus in Reduced Coordinates (Tr = T/Tc; Pr = P/Pc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CRITICAL CONSTANTS Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-141 Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMPRESSIBILITIES Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-142 Composition of Selected Refrigerant Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . 2-143 Compressibility Factors for R 407A (Klea 60) . . . . . . . . . . 2-144 Compressibility Factors for R 407B (Klea 61) . . . . . . . . . . 2-145 Compressibilities of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-146 Compressibilities of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LATENT HEATS Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-147 Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-148 Heats of Fusion of Miscellaneous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-149 Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-150 Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (J/kmol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-151 Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-152 Specific Heat [kJ/(kg⋅K)] of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . 2-153 Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [J/(kmol⋅K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-154 Specific Heats of Organic Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-155 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to a Polynomial Cp [J/(kmol⋅K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-156 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to Hyperbolic Functions Cp [J/(kmol⋅K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-157 Cp/Cv: Ratios of Specific Heats of Gases at 1 atm Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-158 Acetic Acid (at 38°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-159 Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-160 Aniline (at 20°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-161 Copper Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-132 2-132 2-133
2-133 2-133 2-133 2-134 2-135 2-136 2-136
2-162 2-163 2-164 2-165 2-166 2-167 2-168 2-169 2-170 2-171 2-172 2-173 2-174 2-175
Ethyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrochloric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phosphoric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium Hydroxide (at 19°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normal Propyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Hydroxide (at 20°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3 2-183 2-183 2-183 2-183 2-183 2-183 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184
SPECIFIC HEATS OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS 2-137 2-137
Tables 2-176 2-177
Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids and Solids . . . . . . Oils (Animal, Vegetable, Mineral Oils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-143 2-143
PROPERTIES OF FORMATION AND COMBUSTION REACTIONS Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-178 Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-179 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic Compounds at 298.15 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-180 Ideal Gas Sensible Enthalpies, hT − h298 (kJ/kmol), of Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-181 Ideal Gas Entropies s°, kJ/(kmol⋅K), of Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-143 2-143 2-143 2-144 2-144
Tables 2-182 2-183
2-137
2-138 2-138
2-144 2-145 2-147 2-148 2-150
2-156 2-156 2-156 2-164 2-165 2-171 2-174 2-176 2-182
2-183 2-183 2-183 2-183 2-183 2-183
2-185 2-185
2-185 2-186 2-195 2-201 2-202
HEATS OF SOLUTION Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water . . . . . Heats of Solution of Organic Compounds in Water (at Infinite Dilution and Approximately Room Temperature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES Explanation of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-184 List of Substances for Which Thermodynamic Property Tables Were Generated from NIST Standard Reference Database 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-185 Thermodynamic Properties of Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-186 Saturated Acetylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-187 Thermodynamic Properties of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Dry Air (Fig. 2-5) . . . . . . . 2-188 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air, Moist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-189 Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Ammonia (Fig. 2-6) . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Ammonia (Fig. 2-7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-190 Thermodynamic Properties of Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-191 Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Data for the ArgonNitrogen-Oxygen System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-192 Thermodynamic Properties of the International Standard Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-193 Thermodynamic Properties of Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-194 Saturated Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-195 Thermodynamic Properties of Butane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-196 Thermodynamic Properties of 1-Butene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-197 Thermodynamic Properties of cis-2-Butene . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-198 Thermodynamic Properties of trans-2-Butene . . . . . . . . . . 2-199 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . 2-200 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Carbon Monoxide (Fig. 2-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-201 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Carbon Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-203 2-206
2-207 2-207 2-207 2-207
2-208 2-209 2-210 2-211 2-215 2-216 2-216 2-217 2-219 2-220 2-221 2-224 2-228 2-229 2-231 2-232 2-234 2-236 2-238 2-240 2-242 2-244 2-245
2-4 Tables 2-202 2-203 2-204 2-205
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Saturated Carbon Tetrafluoride (R14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Carbonyl Sulfide . . . . . . . . Saturated Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Chlorine . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Chlorine (Fig. 2-9) . . 2-206 Saturated Chloroform (R20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-207 Thermodynamic Properties of Cyclohexane . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-208 Thermodynamic Properties of Decane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-209 Thermodynamic Properties of Deuterium Oxide (Heavy Water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-210 Thermodynamic Properties of 2,2-Dimethylpropane (Neopentane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-211 Saturated Diphenyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-212 Thermodynamic Properties of Dodecane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-213 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-214 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Ethyl Alcohol (Fig. 2-10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-215 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-216 Thermodynamic Properties of Fluorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-217 Flutec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-218 Halon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-219 Thermodynamic Properties of Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-220 Thermodynamic Properties of Heptane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-221 Thermodynamic Properties of Hexane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-222 Saturated Hydrazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-223 Thermodynamic Properties of Normal Hydrogen . . . . . . . 2-224 Thermodynamic Properties of para-Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . 2-225 Saturated Hydrogen Peroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-226 Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen Sulfide . . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Hydrogen Chloride at 1 atm (Fig. 2-11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-227 Thermodynamic Properties of Isobutane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-228 Thermodynamic Properties of Isobutene (2-Methyl 1-Propene) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-229 Thermodynamic Properties of Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-230 Saturated Lithium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-231 Lithium Bromide—Water Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-232 Saturated Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Mercury (Fig. 2-12) . 2-233 Thermodynamic Properties of Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-234 Thermodynamic Properties of Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-235 Thermodynamic Properties of 2-Methyl Butane (Isopentane) 2-236 Thermodynamic Properties of 2-Methyl Pentane (Isohexane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-237 Saturated Methyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-238 Thermodynamic Properties of Neon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-239 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Nitrogen (Fig. 2-13) . . . . . 2-240 Saturated Nitrogen Tetroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-241 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen Trifluoride . . . . . 2-242 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrous Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . Mollier Diagram for Nitrous Oxide (Fig. 2-14). . . . . . . . . . 2-243 Thermodynamic Properties of Nonane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-244 Thermodynamic Properties of Octane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-245 Thermodynamic Properties of Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Oxygen (Fig. 2-15) . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Oxygen-Nitrogen Mixture at 1 atm (Fig. 2-16). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-246 Thermodynamic Properties of Pentane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-247 Saturated Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mollier Diagram for Potassium (Fig. 2-17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-248 Thermodynamic Properties of Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-249 Thermodynamic Properties of Propylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-250 Thermodynamic Properties of R-11, Trichlorofluoromethane Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 11 (Fig. 2-18) 2-251 Thermodynamic Properties of R-12, Dichlorodifluoromethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 12 (Fig. 2-19) 2-252 Thermodynamic Properties of R-13, Chlorotrifluoromethane Refrigerant 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refrigerant 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-253 Saturated Refrigerant 13B1, Bromotrifluoromethane . . . . . 2-254 Saturated Refrigerant 21, Dichlorofluoromethane . . . . . . . . 2-255 Thermodynamic Properties of R-22, Chlorodifluoromethane Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22 (Fig. 2-20) . 2-256 Thermodynamic Properties of R-23, Trifluoromethane . . . . 2-257 Thermodynamic Properties of R-32, Difluoromethane . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 32 (Fig. 2-21) .
2-245 2-246 2-248 2-249 2-250 2-251 2-252 2-254 2-256 2-258 2-260 2-261 2-263 2-265 2-267 2-268 2-270 2-271 2-271 2-272 2-274 2-276 2-278 2-279 2-281 2-282 2-283 2-285 2-286 2-288 2-290 2-292 2-292 2-293 2-295 2-296 2-298 2-300 2-302 2-304 2-305 2-307 2-309 2-310 2-311 2-313 2-315 2-316 2-318 2-320 2-322 2-323 2-324 2-326 2-326 2-327 2-329 2-331 2-333 2-334 2-336 2-337 2-339 2-339 2-339 2-339 2-340 2-342 2-343 2-345 2-347
2-258 2-259 2-260 2-261 2-262
2-263 2-264 2-265 2-266 2-267 2-268 2-269 2-270 2-271 2-272 2-273 2-274 2-275
2-276 2-277 2-278 2-279 2-280 2-281 2-282 2-283 2-284 2-285 2-286 2-287 2-288 2-289 2-290 2-291 2-292 2-293 2-294 2-295 2-296 2-297 2-298 2-299
2-300 2-301 2-302 2-303 2-304 2-305 2-306 2-307 2-308 2-309
Thermodynamic Properties of R-41, Fluoromethane . . . . . Saturated R-401A (SUVA MP 39) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-401A (SUVA MP 39) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated R-407A (Klea 60) Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated R-407B (Klea 61) Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for R-407A (Klea 60) (Fig. 2-22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for R-407B (Klea 61) (Fig. 2-23). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated R-404A (SUVA HP 62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-404A (SUVA HP 62) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 123 Saturated R-401B (SUVA MP 66) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-401B (SUVA MP 66) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . Saturated R-402A (SUVA HP 80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-402A (SUVA HP 80) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . Saturated R-402B (SUVA HP 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-402B (SUVA HP 81) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-113, 1,1, 2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-114, 1, 2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 115, Chloropentafluoroethane . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-116, Hexafluoroethane . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-123, 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 123 (Fig. 2-24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-124, 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-125, Pentafluoroethane . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 125 (Fig. 2-25). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a, 1,1,1,2Tetrafluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a (Fig. 2-26) Thermodynamic Properties of R-141b, 1,1-Dichloro-1Fluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-142b, 1-Chloro-1,1Difluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-143a, 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Thermodynamic Properties of R-152a, 1,1-Difluoroethane . Saturated Refrigerant 216a, 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3Hexafluoropropane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-218, Octafluoropropane . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-227ea, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3Heptafluoropropane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 245cb 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane . Refrigerant RC 318, Octafluorocyclobutane . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-404A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-407C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 407C (Fig. 2-27) Thermodynamic Properties of R-410A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 503 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 504 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 507 . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of R-507A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Seawater . . . . . . . . Saturated Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mollier Diagram for Sodium (Fig. 2-28) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide at 1 atm (Fig. 2-29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Hexafluoride . . . . . . . Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) (Fig. 2-30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated SUVA AC 9000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sulfuric Acid at 1 atm (Fig. 2-31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Solid/Vapor Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Water Substance along the Melting Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Tension (N/m) of Saturated Liquid Refrigerants . . Surface Tension σ (dyn/cm) of Various Liquids . . . . . . . . . .
2-348 2-350 2-350 2-351 2-351 2-352 2-353 2-354 2-354 2-355 2-355 2-355 2-356 2-356 2-356 2-357 2-359 2-361 2-362 2-365 2-366 2-367 2-369 2-371 2-372 2-374 2-375 2-377 2-379 2-381 2-383 2-384 2-386 2-388 2-388 2-389 2-391 2-393 2-394 2-396 2-396 2-397 2-397 2-397 2-398 2-400 2-400 2-401 2-402 2-403 2-404 2-406 2-408 2-409 2-409 2-410 2-412 2-413 2-416 2-417 2-419 2-419
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TRANSPORT PROPERTIES Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-310 Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Gaseous Refrigerants at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-311 Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Saturated Liquid Refrigerants . . 2-312 Vapor Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Substances (Pas) 2-313 Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Pas) . . . . . . . . 2-314 Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Substances [W/(mK)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-315 Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [W/(mK)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-316 Transport Properties of Selected Gases at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-317 Lower and Upper Flammability Limits, Flash Point, and Autoignition Temperature for Selected Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-318 Viscosities of Liquids: Coordinates for Use with Fig. 2-32 . . Nomograph for Viscosities of Liquids at 1 atm (Fig. 2-32) . . Tables 2-319 Viscosity of Sucrose Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nomograph for Thermal Conductivity of Organic Liquids (Fig. 2-33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-320 Thermal Conductivity Nomograph Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . 2-321 Prandtl Number of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-322 Prandtl Number of Liquid Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-323 Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Saturated Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-324 Diffusivities of Pairs of Gases and Vapors (1 atm) . . . . . . . . 2-325 Diffusivities in Liquids (25°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-326 Thermal Conductivities of Some Building and Insulating Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-327 Thermal-Conductivity-Temperature for Metals . . . . . . . . . . 2-328 Thermal Conductivity of Chromium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-329 Thermal Conductivity of Some Alloys at High Temperature 2-330 Thermal Conductivities of Some Materials for Refrigeration and Building Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-331 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at High Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-332 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at Moderate Temperatures (Nusselt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-333 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at Low Temperatures (Gröber) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-334 Thermal Diffusivity (m2/s) of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . 2-335 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solid Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-420 2-420 2-420 2-420 2-420 2-421 2-427 2-433 2-439 2-445 2-446 2-448 2-449 2-450 2-450 2-450 2-451 2-451 2-452 2-454 2-456 2-459 2-460 2-461 2-461 2-461 2-461 2-462 2-462 2-462 2-463
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-463 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-464 Classification of Estimation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467 Theory and Empirical Extension of Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467 Corresponding States (CS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467 Group Contributions (GC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467 Computational Chemistry (CC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Empirical QSPR Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Molecular Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Critical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468 Tables 2-336 Ambrose Group Contributions for Critical Constants . . . . . 2-469 2-337 Joback Group Contributions for Critical Constants . . . . . . . 2-470 Normal Melting Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-471 Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-471 2-338 Fedors Method Atomic and Structural Contributions . . . . . 2-471 2-339 First-Order Groups and Their Contributions for Melting Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-472 2-340 Second-Order Groups and Their Contributions for Melting Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-472 Characterizing and Correlating Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-473
2-341 Group Contributions for the Nannoolal Method for Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-342 Intermolecular Interaction Corrections for the Nannoolal et al. Method for Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . Vapor Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-343 Domalski-Hearing Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gibbs’ Energy of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Latent Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy of Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy of Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy of Sublimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-344 Cs (CH) Group Values for Chickos Estimation of ∆Hfus . 2-345 Ct (Functional) Group Values for Chickos Estimation of ∆Hfus Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-346 Group Contributions and Corrections for ∆Hsub . . . . . . . . . Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-347 Benson and CHETAH Group Contributions for Ideal Gas Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-348 Liquid Heat Capacity Group Parameters for Ruzicka-Domalski Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-349 Group Values and Nonlinear Correction Terms for Estimation of Solid Heat Capacity with the Goodman et al. Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-350 Element Contributions to Solid Heat Capacity for the Modified Kopp’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-351 Simple Fluid Compressibility Factors Z(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-352 Acentric Deviations Z(1) from the Simple Fluid Compressibility Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-353 Constants for the Two Reference Fluids Used in Lee-Kesler Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-354 Relationships for Eq. (2-66) for Common Cubic EoS . . . . . Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-355 Reichenberg Group Contribution Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-356 Group Contributions for the Hsu et al. Method . . . . . . . . . . 2-357 UNIFAC-VISCO Group Interaction Parameters αmn . . . . . . Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-358 Correlation Parameters for Baroncini et al. Method for Estimation of Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-359 Sastri-Rao Group Contributions for Liquid Thermal Conductivity at the Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pure Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-360 Knotts Group Contributions for the Parachor in Estimating Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flammability Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-361 Group Contributions for Pintar Flammability Limits Method for Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-362 Group Contributions for Pintar Flammability Limits Method for Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-363 Group Contributions for Pintar Autoignition Temperature Method for Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-364 Group Contributions for Pintar Autoignition Temperature Method for Inorganic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-5
2-474 2-476 2-477 2-477 2-478 2-478 2-478 2-479 2-485 2-486 2-486 2-486 2-487 2-488 2-488 2-488 2-489 2-489 2-489 2-490 2-491 2-495 2-496 2-497 2-497 2-497 2-498 2-498 2-500 2-501 2-502 2-502 2-503 2-503 2-504 2-504 2-505 2-506 2-506 2-507 2-509 2-509 2-510 2-510 2-511 2-511 2-512 2-513 2-513 2-514 2-514 2-515 2-516 2-516 2-517 2-517
GENERAL REFERENCES Considerations of reader interest, space availability, the system or systems of units employed, copyright considerations, etc., have all influenced the revision of material in previous editions for the present edition. Reference is made at numerous places to various specialized works and, when appropriate, to more general works. A listing of general works may be useful to readers in need of further information.
ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, SI edition, ASHRAE, Atlanta, 2005; Benedek, P., and F. Olti, Computer-Aided Chemical Thermodynamics of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1985; Brule, M. R., L. L. Lee, and K. E. Starling, Chem. Eng., 86, 25, Nov. 19, 1979, pp. 155–164; Cox, J. D., and G. Pilcher, Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970; Cox, J. D., D. D. Wagman, and V. A. Medvedev, CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989; Daubert, T. E., R. P. Danner, H. M. Sibel, and C. C. Stebbins, Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation, Taylor & Francis, Washington, 1997; Domalski, E. S., and E. D. Hearing, Heat capacities and entropies of organic compounds in the condensed phase, vol. 3, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25(1):1–525, Jan-Feb 1996; Dykyj, J., and M. Repas, Saturated vapor pressures of organic compounds, Veda, Bratislava, 1979 (Slovak); Dykyj, J., M. Repas, and J. Svoboda, Saturated vapor pressures of organic compounds, Veda, Bratislava, 1984 (Slovak); Glushko, V. P., Ed., Thermal Constants of Compounds, Issues I–X., Moscow, 1965–1982 (Russian only); Gmehling, J., Azeotropic Data, 2 vols., VCH Weinheim, Germany, 1994; Gmehling, J., and U. Onken, Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection, Dechema Chemistry Data Series, Frankfurt, 1977–1978; International Data Series, Selected Data on Mixtures, Series A: Thermodynamics Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colo.; Kaye, S. M., Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items, U.S. Army R&D command, Dover, N.J., 1980; King, M. B., Phase Equilibrium in Mixtures, Pergamon, Oxford, 1969; Landolt-Boernstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology (New Series), http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,4-10113-295859-0,00.html; Lide, D. R., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 2005; Lyman, W. J., W. F. Reehl, and D. H. Rosenblatt, Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990; Majer, V., and V. Svoboda, Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Science, 1985; Majer V., V. Svoboda, and J. Pick, Heats of Vaporization of Fluids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989 (general discussion); Marsh, K. N., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Science, 1987; NIST-IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Pergamon Press, http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/1999/march/solubility.html; Ohse, R. W., and H. von Tippelskirch, High Temp.—High Press., 9:367–385, 1977; Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Science Pubs., Oxford, England, 1985; Pedley, J. B., R. D. Naylor, and S. P. Kirby, Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1986; Physical Property Data for the Design Engineer, Hemisphere, New York, 1989; Poling, B. E., J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, The Properties of
2-6
Gases and Liquids, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001; Rothman, D, et al., Max Planck Inst. f. Stromungsforschung, Ber 6, 1978; Smith, B. D., and R. Srivastava, Thermodynamic Data for Pure Compounds, Part A: Hydrocarbons and Ketones, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986, Physical sciences data 25, http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookseriesdescription.librarians/BS_PSD/description; Sterbacek, Z., B. Biskup, and P. Tausk, Calculation of Properties Using Corresponding States Methods, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979; Stull, D. R., E. F. Westrum, and G. C. Sink, The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Wiley, New York, 1969; TRC Thermodynamic Tables—Hydrocarbons, Thermodynamics Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colo.; TRC Thermodynamic Tables—NonHydrocarbons, Thermodynamics Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colo.; Young, D. A., “Phase Diagrams of the Elements,” UCRL Rep. 51902, 1975 republished in expanded form by the University of California Press, 1991; Zabransky, M., V. Ruzicka, Jr., V. Majer, and E. S. Domalski, Heat Capacity of Liquids: Critical Review and Recommended Values, J. Phy. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 6, 1996. CRITICAL DATA ARE COMPILED IN:
Ambrose, D., “Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties,” N. P. L. Teddington, Middlesex, Rep. 107, 1980; Kudchaker, A. P., G. H. Alani, and B. J. Zwolinski, Chem. Revs. 68:659–735, 1968; Matthews, J. F., Chem. Revs. 72:71–100, 1972; Simmrock, K., R. Janowsky, and A. Ohnsorge, Critical Data of Pure Substances, Parts 1 and 2, Dechema Chemistry Data Series, 1986; Other recent references for critical data can be found in Lide, D. R., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 2005. PUBLICATIONS ON THERMOCHEMISTRY
Pedley, J. B., Thermochemical Data and Structures of Organic Compounds, 1, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M Univ., 1994 (976 pp., 3000 cpds.); Frenkel, M., et al., Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds in the Gas State, 2 vols., Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M Univ., 1994 (1825 pp., 2000 cpds.); Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, 2 vols., 2d ed., VCH Weinheim, Germany, 1993 (1834 pp., 2400 substances); Gurvich, L.V., et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 3 vols., 4th ed., Hemisphere, New York, 1989, 1990, and 1993 (2520 pp.); Lide, D. R., and G. W. A. Milne, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 7 vols., 3d ed., Chemical Rubber, Miami, 1993 (7000 pp.); Daubert, T. E., et al., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation, extant 1995, Taylor & Francis, Bristol, Pa., 1995; Database 11, NIST, Gaithersburg, Md. U.S. Bureau of Mines publications include Bulletins 584, 1960 (232 pp.); 592, 1961 (149 pp.); 595, 1961 (68 pp.); 654, 1970 (26 pp.); Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3d ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14 suppl 1., 1986 (1896 pp.); Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data is available online at http://listserv. nd.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0501&L=pamnet&F=&S=&P=8490 and at http://www.nist.gov/srd/reprints.htm
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds* Abbreviations Used in the Table
a., acid A., specific gravity with reference to air = 1 abs., absolute ac., acetic acid act., acetone al., 95 percent ethyl alcohol alk, alkali (i.e., aq. NaOH or KOH) am., amyl (C5H11) amor., amorphous anh., anhydrous aq., aqueous or water aq. reg., aqua regia
atm., atmosphere or 760 mm. of mercury pressure bk., black brn., brown bz., benzene c., cold cb., cubic cc, cubic centimeter chl., chloroform col., colorless or white conc., concentrated cr., crystals or crystalline d., decomposes D., specific gravity with reference to hydrogen = 1
d. 50, decomposes at 50°C; 50 d., melts at 50°C with decomposition delq., deliquescent dil., dilute dk., dark eff., effloresces or efflorescent et., ethyl ether expl., explodes gel., gelatinous gly., glycerol (glycerin) gn., green h., hot hex., hexagonal
hyg., hygroscopic i., insoluble ign., ignites lq., liquid lt., light m. al., methyl alcohol mn., monoclinic nd., needles NH3, liquid ammonia NH4OH, ammonium hydroxide solution oct., octahedral or., orange pd., powder
Formula weights are based upon the International Atomic Weights in “Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001,” Pure Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003, and are computed to the nearest hundredth. Refractive index, where given for a uniaxial crystal, is for the ordinary (ω) ray; where given for a biaxial crystal, the index given is for the median (β) value. Unless otherwise specified, the index is given for the sodium D-line (λ = 589.3 mµ). Specific gravity values are given at room temperatures (15 to 20 °C) unless otherwise indicated by the small figures which follow the value: thus, “5.6 18° 4 ” indicates a specific gravity of 5.6 for the substance at 18 °C referred to water at 4°C. In this table the values for the specific gravity of gases are given with reference to air (A) = 1, or hydrogen (D) = 1. Melting point is recorded in a certain case as “82 d.” and in some other case as “d. 82,” the distinction being made in this manner to indicate that the former is a melting point with decomposition at 82°C, while in the latter decomposition only occurs at 82 °C. Where a value such as “−2H2O, 82” is given it indicates loss of 2 moles of water per formula weight of the compound at a temperature of 82 °C. Boiling point is given at atmospheric pressure (760 mm. of mercury) unless otherwise indicated; thus, “8215 mm.” indicates the boiling point is 82°C when the pressure is 15 mm.
Name Aluminum acetate, normal acetate, basic bromide bromide carbide chloride chloride fluoride (fluellite) fluoride hydroxide nitrate nitride oxide oxide (corundum) phosphate
Formula
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Al Al(C2H3O2)3 Al(OH)(C2H3O2)2 AlBr3 AlBr36H2O Al4C3 AlCl3
26.98 204.11 162.08 266.69 374.78 143.96 133.34
silv., cb. wh. pd. wh., amor. trig. col., delq. cr. yel., hex., 2.70 wh., delq., hex.
AlCl3·6H2O AlF3H2O Al2F67H2O Al(OH)3 Al(NO3)39H2O Al2N2 Al2O3 Al2O3 AlPO4
241.43 101.99 294.06 78.00 375.13 81.98 101.96 101.96 121.95
col., delq., trig., 1.560 col., rhb., 1.490 wh., cr. pd. wh., mn. rhb., delq. yel., hex. col., hex., 1.67–8 wh., trig., 1.768 col., hex.
pl., plates pr., prisms or prismatic pyr., pyridine rhb., rhombic (orthorhombic) s., soluble satd., saturated sl., slightly soln., solution subl., sublimes sulf., sulfides tart. a., tartaric acid tet., tetragonal tr., transition tri., triclinic
trig., trigonal v., very vac., in vacuo vl., violet volt., volatile or volatilizes wh., white yel., yellow ∞, soluble in all proportions <, less than >, greater than 42, about or near 42 −3H2O, 100, loses 3 moles of water per formula weight at 100°C
Solubility is given in parts by weight (of the formula shown at the extreme left) per 100 parts by weight of the solvent; the small superscript indicates the temperature. In the case of gases the solubility is often expressed in some manner as “510° cc” which indicates that at 10 °C, 5 cc. of the gas are soluble in 100 g of the solvent. The symbols of the common mineral acids: H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, etc., represent dilute aqueous solutions of these acids. See also special tables on Solubility. REFERENCES: The information given in this table has been collected mainly from the following sources: Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Longmans, New York, 1922. Abegg, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, S. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1905. Gmelin-Kraut, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, 7th ed., Carl Winter, Heidelberg; 8th ed., Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1924. Friend, Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, Griffin, London, 1914. Winchell, Microscopic Character of Artificial Inorganic Solid Substances or Artificial Minerals, Wiley, New York, 1931. International Critical Tables, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1926. Tables annuelles internationales de constants et donnes numeriques, McGraw-Hill, New York. Annual Tables of Physical Constants and Numerical Data, National Research Council, Princeton, N.J., 1943. Comey and Hahn, A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities, Macmillan, New York, 1921. Seidell, Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal Organic Compounds, Van Nostrand, New York, 1940.
Specific gravity 2.7020° 3.01 25° 4 2.95 2.44 25° 4 2.17 2.42 3.05 3.99 4.00 2.59
25° 4
Melting point, °C 660 d. 200 d. 97.5 d. 100 d. >2200 1945.2atm. d. −4H2O, 120 −2H2O, 300 73 21504atm. 1999 to 2032 1999 to 2032
Boiling point, °C 2056 268 752mm
182.7 ; subl. 178 −6H2O, 250 d. 134 d. >1400 2210
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water i. s. i. s. s. d. to CH4 69.8715° 400 sl. s. i. 0.00010418° v. s. d. slowly i. i. i.
Hot water i. d.
Other reagents s. HCl, H2SO4, alk.
s. d.
s.a.; i. NH4 salts s.al., act., CS2 s. al., CS2 s. a.; i. act. s. et., chl., CCl4; i. bz.
v. s.
50 al.; s. et.
s.
sl. s. i. v. s. d. i. i. i.
2-7
*By N. A. Lange, Ph.D., Handbook Publishers, Inc., Sandusky, Ohio. Abridged from table of Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds in Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry.
s. a., alk.; i. a. s. al., CS2 s. alk. d. v. sl. s. a., alk. v. sl. s. a., alk. s. a., alk.; i. ac.
2-8
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Name Aluminum (Cont.) potassium silicate (muscovite)
Formula
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
3Al2O3K2O6SiO2· 2H2O Al2O3K2O6SiO2 AlK(C4H4O6)2 AlF33NaF Al2O3Na2O6SiO2 Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4 24H2O Cr2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4 24H2O Fe2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4 24H2O Al2(SO4)3K2SO4 24H2O Cr2(SO4)3K2SO4 24H2O Al2(SO4)3Na2SO4 24H2O NH3
796.61
mn., 1.590
2.9
d.
i.
556.66 362.22 209.94 524.44 342.15 906.66
col., mn., 1.524 col. wh., mn., 1.3389 col., tri., 1.529 wh. cr. col., oct., 1.4594
2.56
1450 (1150)
2.90 2.61 2.71 1.64 20° 4
1000 1100 d. 770 93.5
i. s. sl. s. i. 31.30° 3.90°
17.03
col. gas, 1.325 (lq.)
77.08 337.09 79.06 97.94 114.10 157.13
wh., hyg. cr. pl. mn. or rhb., 1.5358 col., cb., 1.7108 col. pl. wh. cr.
272.21
wh.
chloride (salammoniac) chloroplatinate chloroplatinite chlorostannate chromate cyanide dichromate ferrocyanide fluoride fluoride, acid formate
NH4C2H3O2 NH4CNAu(CN)3H2O NH4HCO3 NH4Br (NH4)2CO3H2O NH4HCO3 NH2CO2NH4‡ (NH4)2CO3 2NH4HCO3H2O NH4Cl (NH4)2PtCl6 (NH4)2PtCl4 (NH4)2SnCl6 (NH4)2CrO4 NH4CN (NH4)2Cr2O7 (NH4)4Fe(CN)66H2O NH4F NH4FHF HCO2NH4
53.49 443.87 372.97 367.50 152.07 44.06 252.06 392.19 37.04 57.04 63.06
wh., cb., 1.639, 1.6426 yel., cb. tet. pink., cb. yel., mn. col., cb. or., mn. mn. wh., hex. wh., rhb., 1.390 col., mn., delq.
hydrosulfide hydroxide molybdate molybdate, heptanitrate (α), stable −16° to 32° nitrate (β), stable 32° to 84°
NH4HS NH4OH (NH4)2MoO4 (NH4)6Mo7O244H2O‡ NH4NO3 NH4NO3
51.11 35.05 196.01 1235.86 80.04 80.04
col., rhb. in soln. only mn. col., mn. col., tet., 1.611 col., rhb. or mn.
nitrite osmochloride oxalate oxalate, acid perchlorate persulfate phosphate, monobasic
NH4NO2 (NH4)2OsCl6 (NH4)2C2O4H2O NH4HC2O4H2O NH4ClO4 (NH4)2S2O8 NH4H2PO4
64.04 439.02 142.11 125.08 117.49 228.20 115.03
wh. nd. cb. col., rhb. col., trimetric col., rhb., 1.4833 wh., mn., 1.5016 col., tet., 1.5246
potassium silicate (orthoclase) Aluminum potassium tartrate sodium fluoride (cryolite) sodium silicate sulfate Alum, ammonium (tschermigite) ammonium chrome ammonium iron potassium (kalinite) potassium chrome sodium Ammonia† Ammonium acetate auricyanide bicarbonate bromide carbonate carbonate, carbamate carbonate, sesqui-
956.69 964.38
gn. or vl., oct., 1.4842
1.72
100 d.
vl., oct., 1.485
1.71
948.78
col., mn., 1.4564
1.76 26° 4
92
998.81
red or gn., cb., 1.4814
1.83
89
916.56
col., oct., 1.4388
−20H2O, 120; −24H2O, 200
1.675
−79°
0.817 0.5971 (A) 1.073 1.573 2.327 15° 4
2.4 1.91712° 0.79100° (A) 2.15 12° 2.21 12 1.266
25°
21.2
5.7 °
i. al. s. al. i. al.
93°
50 0°
61
i. HCl d. a.
∞
0
20
i. al. 45°
106.4
121.7
0°
96°
i. al.
−77.7
−33.4
89.9
7.4
14.820° al.; s. et.
114 d. 200 d. 35–60 subl. 542 d. 58 subl.
d.
1484° s. 11.90° 6810° 10015° 2515°
v. s. 2730° 145.6100°
s. al.; sl. s. act. i. al. i. al. s. al., et., act. i. al., CS2, NH3
2015°
5049°
29.40° 0.715° s. 33.315° 40.530° s. 47.230° s. v. s. v. s. 1020°
77.3100° 1.25100° v. s.
s. NH3; sl. s. al., m. al. 0.005 al.
d. v. s. v. s. d.
sl. s. act., NH3; i. al. s. al. s. al.; i. act. i. al. s. al.; i. NH3
53180°
s. al.
d. 1.5317° 3.065
i. 89100° ∞ 100°
124 −18H2O, 64.5
Other reagents
s.
25°
40
20° 4
Hot water
d. 350 d. d.
subl. 520
d. 180 36 d. 185 d. 114–116 d.
2.27
d.
1.66 25° 4 1.725 25° 4
169.6
1.69 2.93 20° 4 1.501 1.556 1.95 1.98 1.803 19° 4
expl.
d. 180; subl. in vac. subl. 120
d. 210 d. 210
v. s. s. d. 4425° 118.30° 365.835°
241.830° 58080°
s.
d. 0°
d. d. d. 120
6765°
2.5 s. 10.90° 58.20° 22.70°
s. al. d.
11.850° 100°
46.9 d. 173.2100°
i. al., NH3 i. al. 3.820° al., 17.120° m. al.; v. s. NH3 s. al. sl. s. al.; i. NH3 220° al.; s. act.; i. et. i. ac.
phosphate, dibasic phosphate, metaAmmonium phosphomolybdate silicofluoride sulfamate sulfate (mascagnite) sulfate, acid sulfide sulfide, pentasulfite sulfite, acid tartrate thiocyanate vanadate, metaAntimony
(NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)4P4O12 (NH4)3PO412MoO3 3H2O (?) (NH4)2SiF6 NH4SO3NH2 (NH4)2SO4 NH4HSO4 (NH4)2S (NH4)2S5 (NH4)2SO3H2O NH4HSO3 (NH4)2C4H4O6 NH4CNS NH4VO3 Sb
132.06 388.04 1930.39 178.15 114.12 132.14 115.11 68.14 196.40 134.16 99.11 184.15 76.12 116.98 121.76
col., mn., 1.53 col., mn. yel.
13115° s. 0.0315°
1.619 2.21 d. 2.01
i.
s. alk.; i. al., HNO3
55.5 35750° 103.3100°
s. al.; i. act.
1380
18.5 1340° 70.60° 100 v. s. s. 10012° s. 450° 1200° 0.4418° i.
∞72°
1.41 2.03 12° 4 1.60 1.305 2.326 6.68425°
d. d. d. 149.6 d. 630.5 73.4
220.2
601.60°
1570
v. sl. s.
1.78
132 235 d. 146.9 d.
subl. d. 160
17.5°
cb., 1.3696 col. pl. col., rhb., 1.5230 col., rhb., 1.480 yel.-wh. or.-red pr. col., mn. rhb. col., mn. col., mn., 1.685 col. cr. tin wh., trig.
1.769 20° 4
i. act.
490
d. 170
i. al., act., CS2 v. sl. s. al.; i. act. 12025° NH3 i. al., act.
60°
87 17020° 3.0570° i.
sl. s. al. s. al., act., NH3, SO2 i. al., NH4Cl s. aq. reg., h. conc. H2SO4 s. al., HCl, HBr, H2C4H4O6 s. HCl, KOH, H2C4H4O6
chloride, tri- (butter of antimony)* oxide, tri- (valentinite) oxide, tri- (senarmontite) sulfide, tri- (stibnite)
SbCl3
228.12
col., rhb., delq.
3.14 20° 4
Sb2O3 Sb2O3 Sb2S3
291.52 291.52 339.72
rhb., 2.35 cb., 2.087 bk., rhb., 4.046
5.67 5.2 4.64
656 652 550
0.00017
d.
sulfide, pentatelluride, triAntimonyl potassium tartrate (tartar emetic) sulfate, normal sulfate, basic Argon
Sb2S5 Sb2Te3
403.85 626.32
golden gray
4.1200°
−2S, 135 629
i.
i.
(SbO)KC4H4O6aH2O (SbO)2SO4 (SbO)2SO4Sb2(OH)4 Ar
333.94 371.58 683.20 39.95
wh., rhb. wh. pd. wh. pd. col. gas
2.60 4.89
−aH2O, 100 −189.2
−185.7
35.7100° d. d. 2.2350° cc
s. gly.; i. al.
Arsenic (crystalline) (α) Arsenic (black) (β)
As4 As4
299.69 299.69
met., hex. bk., amor.
1.65−288°; 1.402−185.7°; 1.38 (A) 5.72714° 4.720°
5.268.7° d. i. 5.60° cc
81436atm.
subl. 615
i. i.
i. i.
Arsenic (yellow)(γ) acid, orthoacid, metaacid, pyropentoxide sulfide, di- (realgar)
As4 H3AsO4aH2O HAsO3 H4As2O7 As2O5 As2S2
299.69 150.95 123.93 265.87 229.84 213.97
yel., cb. col., hyg. wh., hyg. col. wh., amor. red, mn., 2.68
2.020° 2.0–2.5
s. HNO3 s. HNO3, aq. reg., aq. Cl2, h. alk.
d. 358 35.5 d. d. 206
−H2O, 160
50 H3AsO4 H3AsO4 76.7100° d.
s. alk.
d. 565
16.7 d. to form d. to form 59.50° i.
s. alk., al. s. K2S, NaHCO3
sulfide, pentaArsenious chloride (butter of arsenic) hydride (arsine) oxide (arsenolite) oxide (claudetite) oxide
As2S5
310.17
yel.
d. 500
0.0001360°
i.
s. HNO3, alk.
AsCl3 AsH3 As2O3 As2O3 As2O3
181.28 77.95 197.84 197.84 197.84
oily lq. col. gas col., cb., fibrous, 1.755 col., mn., 1.92 amor. or vitreous
130 −55; d. 230
d. 20 cc sl. s. sl. s. 1.210°
d. sl. s. sl. s. sl. s. 2.9340°
Auric chloride
AuCl32H2O
339.36
or. cr.
v. s.
v. s.
cyanide Aurous chloride cyanide Cf. also under Gold Barium acetate acetate bromide
Au(CN)36H2O AuCl AuCN
383.11 232.42 222.98
yel. cr. yel. cr.
7.4
v. s. d. i.
v. s. d. i.
s. HCl, HBr, PCl3 sl. s. alk. i. al., et. i. al., et. s. HCl, alk., Na2CO3; i. al., et. s. HCl, al., et.; sl. s. NH3 s. al. s. HCl, HBr; d. al. s. KCN; i. al., et.
Ba Ba(C2H3O2)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2H2O BaBr2
137.33 255.42 273.43 297.14
silv. met. col. wh., tri. pr., 1.517 col.
3.5 2.468 2.19 4.781 24° 4
d. 58.80° 7530°(anh.) 980°
d. 75.0100° 7940°(anh.) 149100°
2-9
*Usually the solution. †See special tables. ‡Usual commercial form.
4.086 (α)3.50619°; (β)3.25419° lq. 2.163 2.695 (A) 3.865 25° 4 3.85 3.738
(α)tr. 267; (β)307 −18 −113.5 subl. subl. 315
sl. s. 18°
d. d. 50 AuCl3, 170 d.
d. 290
850
1140
−H2O, 41 847
d.
s. HCl; alk., NH4HS, K2S; i. ac. s. HCl, alk., NH4HS
5.1515° gly. 2425° cc al.
s. a.; d. al. i. al. v. s. m. al.; v. sl. s. act.
2-10
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Name Barium (Cont.) bromide carbonate (witherite) carbonate (α) carbonate (β) Barium chlorate chlorate chloride chloride chloride hydroxide hydroxide nitrate (nitrobarite) oxalate oxide peroxide peroxide phosphate, monobasic phosphate, dibasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, pyrosilicofluoride sulfate (barite, barytes) sulfide, monosulfide, trisulfide, tetraBeryllium (glucinum) Bismuth carbonate, subchloride, dichloride, trinitrate nitrate, suboxide, trioxide, trioxide, trioxychloride
Formula
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
BaBr22H2O BaCO3 BaCO3 BaCO3 Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO3)2H2O* BaCl2 BaCl2 BaCl22H2O† Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)28H2O Ba(NO3)2 BaC2O4 BaO
333.17 197.34 197.34 197.34 304.23 322.24 208.23 208.23 244.26 171.34 315.46 261.34 225.35 153.33
col., mn., 1.7266 wh., rhb., 1.676 wh., hex. wh. col. col., mn., 1.577 col., mn., 1.7361 col., cb. col., mn., 1.646 col., mn. col., mn., 1.5017 col., cb., 1.572 wh. cr. col., cb., 1.98
BaO2* BaO28H2O BaH4(PO4)2 BaHPO4 Ba3(PO4)2 Ba2P2O7 BaSiF6 BaSO4
169.33 313.45 331.30 233.31 601.92 448.60 279.40 233.39
gray or wh. pd. pearly sc. tri. wh., rhb. nd., 1.635 wh., cb. wh., rhb. pr. col., rhb., 1.636
BaS BaS3 BaS42H2O Be(Gl) Bi
169.39 233.52 301.62 9.01 208.98
Bi2O3CO2H2O BiCl2(?) BiCl3* Bi(NO3)35H2O BiONO3H2O Bi2O3 Bi2O3 Bi2O3 BiOCl
527.98 279.89 315.34 485.07 305.00 465.96 465.96 465.96 260.43
col., cb., 2.155 yel.-gn. red, rhb. gray, met., hex. silv. wh. or reddish, hex. wh. pd. bk. nd. wh. cr. col., tri. hex. pl. yel., rhb. yel., tet. yel., cb. wh., amor.
6.86 4.86 4.75 2.82 4.92815° 8.9 8.55 8.20 7.7215°
d. 163 230 d. 30 d. 260 820 860 tr. 704
3.69 4.29
3.179 3.856 24° 4 3.097 24° 4 4.495 16° 2.188 3.24428° 2.658 5.72 4.958 4°
2.9 4.16515° 4.116° 3.920° 4.27915° 4.49915°
Boiling point, °C
−2H2O, 100 tr. 811 to α tr. 982 to β 174090atm 414 d. 120 tr. 925 962 −2H2O, 100
d. d. 1450
77.9 592
−8H2O, 550 d.
1923
2.988 1.816 9.8020°
d. 400 d. 200 1284 271
Other reagents
v. s. 0.0065100°
s. al. s. a.; i. al.
0.002218° 20.350° s. 310°
0.0065100° 84.880° s. 59100°
s. a.; i. al.
76.8100° 101.480°
sl. s. HCl, HNO3; i. al.
2000
39.30° 1.670° 5.615° 5.00° 0.00168° 1.50°
d. d. d.
tr. to mn. 1149
v. sl. s. 0.168 d. 0.015 i. 0.01 0.02617° 0.0001150°
0.09100° 0.00028530°
2767 1450
d. s. 4115° i. i.
d. s. v. s. sl. s. d. i.
i. d. d. d. i. i. i. i. sl. s.
i.
i. i. i. i. sl. s.
2.660°
40.2100°
1560 1560
4.2515° 20°
Hot water
v. s. 0.002218°
−O, 800 −8H2O, 100
1580 d.
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
d. 300 447 −5H2O, 80 1900
34.2100° 0.002424° 90.880°
sl. s. al., act. sl. s. HCl, HNO3; i. al.
v. sl. s. al.; i. et. sl. s. a.; i. al. s. a., NH4Cl; i. al. s. HCl, HNO3, abs. al.; i. NH3, act. s. dil. a.; i. act. s. dil. a.; i. al., et., act. s. a. s. a., NH4 salts s. a. s. a., NH4 salts sl. s. HCl, NH4Cl; i. al. s. conc. H2SO4; 0.006, 3% HCl d. HCl; i. al. i. al., CS2 s. dil. a., alk. s. aq. reg., conc. H2SO4, HNO3 s. a. s. al. 4219° act.; s. a.; i. al. s. a. s. a. s. a. s. a. s. a.; i. act., NH3, H2C4H4O6 22.220° gly., 0.2425° et.; s. al. s. HNO3; i. al.
Boric acid
H3BO3
61.83
wh., tri.
1.43515°
185 d.
Boron
B
10.81
2.32
2300
2550
i.
i.
carbide oxide oxide (sassolite) Bromic acid Bromine
B4C B2O3 B2O33H2O HBrO3 Br2
55.25 69.62 123.67 128.91 159.81
gray or bk., amor. or mn. bk. cr. col. glass, 1.459 tri., 1.456 col.; in soln. only rhb., or red lq.
2.54 1.85 1.49
2450 577 d. d. 100 −7.2
>3500 >1500
i. 1.10° sl. s. v. s. 4.220°
i. 15.7100° s. d. 3.1330°
i. a. s. a., al., gly.
hydrate Cadmium acetate acetate carbonate
Br210H2O Cd Cd(C2H3O2)2 Cd(C2H3O2)22H2O* CdCO3
339.96 112.41 230.50 266.53 172.42
red, oct. silv. met., hex. col. col., mn. wh., trig.
8.6520° 2.341 2.01 4.2584°
d. 6.8 320.9 256 −H2O, 130 d. <500
i.
wh., cb.
4.047 25° 4
568
s. a., NH4NO3 s. m. al. s. al. s. a., KCN, NH4 salts; i. NH3 1.5215° al.; i. et., act.
chloride
CdCl2
183.32
3.11920°; 5.87 (A)
58.78 767 d.
960
s. i. v. s. v. s. i. 900°
i. 147100°
s. al., et., alk., CS2
chloride cyanide hydroxide nitrate nitrate oxide oxide oxide, subCadmium sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfide (greenockite) Calcium acetate aluminate aluminum silicate (anorthite) arsenate bromide carbonate (aragonite) carbonate (calcite) chloride (hydrophilite) chloride chloride citrate cyanamide ferrocyanide fluoride (fluorite) formate hydride hydroxide hypochlorite hypophosphate lactate magnesium carbonate (dolomite) magnesium silicate (diopside) nitrate (nitrocalcite) nitrate nitride nitrite oxalate oxalate oxide
CdCl2 2aH2O Cd(CN)2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)24H2O* CdO CdO Cd2O CdSO4 CdSO4H2O 3CdSO48H2O* CdSO44H2O CdSO47H2O CdS Ca Ca(C2H2O2)2H2O Ca(AlO2)2 CaOAl2O32SiO2 Ca3(AsO4)2 CaBr2 CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCl2* CaCl2H2O CaCl26H2O Ca3(C6H5O7)24H2O CaCN2 Ca2Fe(CN)612H2O CaF2 Ca(HCO2)2 CaH2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(ClO)24H2O Ca2P2O62H2O Ca(C3H5O3)25H2O
228.36 164.45 146.43 236.42 308.48 128.41 128.41 240.82 208.47 226.49 769.54 280.53 334.58 144.48 40.08 176.18 158.04 278.21 398.07 199.89 100.09 100.09 110.98 129.00 219.08 570.49 80.10 508.29 78.07 130.11 42.09 74.09 215.04 274.13 308.29
col., mn., 1.6513
3.327
wh., trig. col. col. nd. brn., cb. brn., amor, 2.49 gn., amor. rhb. mn. col., mn., 1.565 col. mn. yel.-or., hex., 2.506 silv. met., cb. wh. nd. col., rhb. or mn. tri., 1.5832 wh. pd. delq. nd. col., rhb., 1.6809 col., hex., 1.550 wh., delq., cb, 1.52 col., delq. col., trig., 1.417 col. nd. col., rhombohedral yel., tri., 1.5818 wh., cb., 1.4339 col., rhb. wh. cr. or pd. col., hex., 1.574 wh., feathery cr. granular col., eff.
4.79 15° 4
CaOMgO2CO2 CaOMgO2SiO2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)24H2O* Ca3N2 Ca(NO2)2H2O CaC2O4 CaC2O4H2O CaO
184.40 216.55 164.09 236.15 148.25 150.10 128.10 146.11 56.08
trig., 1.68174 wh., mn. col., cb. col., mn., 1.498 brn. cr. delq., hex. col., cb. col. col., cb., 1.837
peroxide phosphate, monobasic phosphate, dibasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, pyro- (brushite) phosphide silicate (α) (pseudowollastonite)
CaO28H2O CaH4(PO4)2H2O CaHPO42H2O Ca3(PO4)2 Ca(PO3)2 Ca2P2O7 Ca2P2O75H2O Ca3P2 CaSiO3
216.20 252.07 172.09 310.18 198.02 254.10 344.18 182.18 116.16
silicate (β) (wollastonite) sulfate (anhydrite)
CaSiO3 CaSO4
116.16 136.14
pearly, tet. wh., tri. wh., mn. pl. wh., amor. wh., tet., 1.588 col., biaxial, 1.60 wh., mn. red cr. col., pseudo hex., 1.6150 or mn.(?) col., mn., 1.610 col., rhb., 1.576, or mn, 1.50
2-11
*Usual commercial form. †The solubility of CaCO3 in H2O is greatly increased by increasing the amount of CO2 in the H2O.
2.455 17° 4 8.15 6.95 8.192 18° 4 4.691 24° 4 3.78620° 3.09 3.05 2.48 20° 4 4.58 20° 1.55
tr. 34 d. >200 d. 300 350 59.4
132
d. 900–1000 d. 1000 tr. 108 tr. 41.5
3.6720° 2.765
tr. 4 1750100atm 810 d. 1600 1551
3.353 25° 4 2.93 25° 2.711 4 2.152 15° 4
760 d. 825 1339103atm. 772
1810
1.6817°
29.92 −2H2O, 130
−6H2O, 200 −4H2O, 185
1.7 3.18020° 2.015 1.7 2.2
2.872 3.3 2.36 1.82 2.6317° 2.2334° 2.24° 2.2 3.32 2.220 16° 4 2.306 16° 4 3.14 2.82 3.09 2.25 2.5115° 2.905 2.915 2.96
subl. in N2, 980 1200 30
>1600
1330 d. d. 675 −H2O, 580 d. −2H2O, 200 −3H2O, 100
−8H2O, 100 −H2O, 100 d. 1670 975 1230
2850 expl. 275 d. 200
>1600 1540 tr. 1190 to α 1450(mn.)
180100°
76.50° s. 114.20° s. 350−5° 0.000001 d. 520° d.
60.8100° s. 127.660° s.
0.01325° 1250° 0.001220°† 0.001425° 59.50° s. v. s. 0.08518° s. d. s. 0.001618° 16.10° d. 0.1850° delq.; d. i. 10.5
32659.5° i. i.
Colloidal d. 45.580° i. 312105° 0.002100° 0.002100° 347260° s. v. s. 0.09626° d. 15090° 0.001726° 18.4100 0.077100° d. ∞
2.0515° m. al. s. a.; NH4OH, KCN s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk. v. s. a. s. al., NH3; i. HNO3 s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk. s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk. d. a., alk. i.act., NH3 i. al. i. al. i. al. s. a.; v. s. NH4OH s, a.; sl. s. al. sl. s. al. s. HCl s. dil. a. s. al., act.; sl. s. NH3 s. a., NH4Cl s. a., NH4Cl s. al. s. al. s. al. 0.006518° al. i. al. sl. s. a. i. al., et. d. a.; i. bz. s. NH4Cl d. a. s. HCl, H4P2O6 ∞h. al.; i. et.
18°
d. 730–760 1391 561 42.7 900 d. −H2O, 200 2570
16820° 0.024718° 0.0002625° 109.70° 2150° i. i.
tr. 1193 to rhb.
0.032 i. 1020° 2660° d. 770° 0.0006713° i. Forms Ca(OH)2 sl. s. 0.0224.5° 0.0025 i. i. sl. s. d. 0.009517° 0.29820°
i. 376151° v. s. d. 41790° 0.001495° i. d. d. 0.075100° d. i.
0.1619100°
1415° al.; s. amyl al., NH3 s. dil. a.; i. abs. al. s. 90% al. s. a.; i. ac. s. a.; i. ac s. a.; i. al. s. a. d.; i. al., et. s. a.; i. al., ac. i. a. s. a. s. a.; i. NH4Cl s. dil. a.; i. al., et. s. HCl s. a., Na2S2O3, NH4 salts
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
TABLE 2-1
2-12
Name Calcium (Cont.) sulfate (gypsum) sulfhydrate sulfide (oldhamite) sulfite tartrate thiocyanate thiosulfate tungstate (scheelite) Carbon, cf. table of organic compounds Carbon, amorphous Carbon, diamond Carbon, graphite dioxide disulfide
Formula
172.17
col., mn., 1.5226
Ca(SH)26H2O CaS CaSO32H2O CaC4H4O64H2O Ca(CNS)23H2O CaS2O36H2O CaWO4
214.32 72.14 156.17 260.21 210.29 260.30 287.92
col. pr. col., cb. wh., cr., 1.595 col., rhb. wh., delq. cr. col., tri., 1.56 wh., tet., 1.9200
C C C CO2
12.01 12.01 12.01 44.01
bk., amor. col., cb., 2.4195 bk., hex. col. gas
CS2
76.14
col. lq.
CO
oxychloride (phosgene) oxysulfide
COCl2 COS C3O2 CSCl2 2CeO23H2O Ce(OH)(NO3)33H2O CeO2 Ce(SO4)24H2O Ce
28.01
98.92 60.08 68.03 114.98 398.28 397.18 172.11 404.30 140.12
Cerous sulfate sulfate Cesium Chloric acid Chlorine
Ce2(SO4)3 Ce2(SO4)38H2O Cs HClO37H2O Cl2
568.42 712.54 132.91 210.57 70.91
hydrate Chloroplatinic acid Chlorostannic acid Chlorosulfonic acid Chromic acetate chloride chloride fluoride hydroxide
Cl28H2O H2PtCl66H2O H2SnCl66H2O HOSO2Cl Cr2(C2H3O2)62H2O CrCl3 CrCl36H2O* CrF3 Cr(OH)3
215.03 517.90 441.54 116.52 494.29 158.36 266.45 108.99 103.02
Cr(OH)32H2O Cr(NO3)39H2O* Cr(NO3)37aH2O Cr2O3 Cr2(SO4)3 Cr2(SO4)35H2O Cr2(SO4)315H2O Cr2(SO4)318H2O Cr2S3
139.05 400.15 373.13 151.99 392.18 482.26 662.41 716.46 200.19
hydroxide nitrate nitrate oxide sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfide
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
CaSO42H2O
monoxide
suboxide thionyl chloride Ceric hydroxide hydroxynitrate oxide sulfate Cerium
Formula weight
col., poisonous, odorless gas poisonous gas gas gas yel.-red lq. yel., gelatinous red, mn. wh. or pa. yel., cb. yel., rhb. steel gray, cb. or hex. wh., mn. or rhb. tri. silv. met., hex. lq. rhb., or gn.-yel. gas rhb. red-brn., delq. delq. col. lq. gn. pink, trig. vl. or gn., hex. pl. gn., rhb. gn. or blue, gelatinous gn. purple pr. purple, mn. dark gn., hex. rose pd. gn. vl. vl., cb., 1.564 brn.-bk. pd.
Specific gravity 2.32
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
−1aH2O, 128
−2H2O, 163
d. 15
2.815°
−2H2O, 100 d.
d. 650
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
Hot water
0.2230°
0.25750°
v. s. d. 0.004318° 0.0370° s. 71.29° 0.2
v. s. d. 0.002790° 0.2285° v. s. d.
Other reagents s. a., gly., Na2S2O3, NH4 salts s. al. s. a. s. H2SO3 sl. s. al. v. s. al. i. al. s. NH4Cl; i. a.
1.87316° 6.06
d.
1.8–2.1 3.5120° 2.2620° lq. 1.101−87°; 1.53 (A); solid 1.56−79° 22° lq. 1.261 20 ; 2.63 (A) lq. 0.814−195° 4 ; 0.968 (A) 1.392 19° 4 lq. 1.24−87°; 2.10 (A) lq. 1.1140° 1.50915°
>3500 >3500 >3500 −56.65.2atm.
4200 4200 4200 subl. −78.5
i. i. i. 179.70° cc
i. i. i. 90.120° cc
i. a., alk. i. a., alk. i. a., alk. s. a., alk.
−108.6
46.3
0.20°
0.01450°
s. al.; et.
−207
−192
0.00440°; 3.50° cc
0.001850° 2.3220° cc
s. al., Cu2Cl2
−104 −138.2
8.2756mm −50.2760mm
v. s. sl. d. 1330° cc
d. 40.330° cc
s. ac., CCl4, bs.; d.a. v. s. alk., al.
−107
7761mm 73.5
d.
s. et. s. a.; sl. s. alk. carb.; i. alk
7.3 3.91 6.920° cb.; 6.7 hex. 3.91 2.88617° 1.9020° 1.28214.2° lq. 1.56−33.6°; 2.490° (A) 1.23 2.431 1.97128° 1.78725°
1950 645
5.21 3.012 1.86717° 1.722° 3.7719°
i.
0°
−8H2O, 630 28.5 <−20 −101.6 d. 9.6 60 19.2 −80
15°
2.757 1.835 25° 4 3.8
1400
d. i. s. d. i.
670 d. 40 −34.6
151.5765mm 1200–1500 d.
subl. 83 >1000
d.
−2H2O, 100 36.5 100 1900
d. 100 d.
100
−10H2O, 100 −12H2O, 100
−S, 1350
18.98 250° d. v. s. 1.460°; 31010° cc s. v. s. s. d. s. i.§ v. s. d. i. i. i. s. s. i. i.† s. s. 12020° i.
Slowly oxidized 0.4100° 7.640°
s. H2SO4, HCl s. dil. H2SO4 s. dil. a.; i. al.
s. a., al., NH3 0.57 ; 17730° cc 30°
v. s.
sl. s.
i. s. s. i. d. 67° d. d.
s. alk. s. alk. s. al., et. d. al.; i. CS2 4.7615° m. al. i. a., act., CS2 s. al.; i. et. sl. s. a.; i. al., NH3 s. a., alk.; sl. s. NH3 s. a., alk. s. a., alk., al., act. sl. s. a. i. a. s. al., H2SO4 sl. s. al. s. al. s. h. HNO3
Chromium trioxide (chromic acid) Chromous chloride hydroxide oxide sulfate sulfide (daubrelite) Chromyl chloride Cobalt carbonyl sulfide, diCobaltic chloride chloride, dichro chloride, luteo chloride, praseo Cobaltic chloride, purpureo chloride, roseo hydroxide oxide sulfate sulfide Cobalto-cobaltic oxide Cobaltous acetate chloride chloride nitrate oxide sulfate sulfate
Cr
52.00
gray, met., cb.
CrO3 CrCl2 Cr(OH)2 CrO CrSO47H2O CrS CrO2Cl2 Co Co(CO)4 CoS2 CoCl3 Co(NH3)3Cl3H2O Co(NH3)6Cl3 Co(NH3)4Cl3H2O Co(NH3)5Cl3 Co(NH3)5Cl3H2O Co(OH)3 Co2O3 Co2(SO4)3 Co2S3 Co3O4 Co(C2H3O2)24H2O CoCl2 CoCl26H2O* Co(NO3)26H2O
99.99 122.90 86.01 68.00 274.17 84.06 154.90 58.93 170.97 123.06 165.29 234.40 267.48 251.43 250.44 268.46 109.96 165.86 406.05 214.06 240.80 249.08 129.84 237.93 291.03
red, rhb. wh., delq. yel.-brn. bk. pd. blue bk. pd. dark red lq. silv. met., cb. or. cr. bk., cb. red cr.
CoO CoSO4 CoSO4H2O
74.93 155.00 173.01
brn., cb. red pd. red pd., mn.(?), 1.639 red, mn., 1.483 brn. nd. yel.-red met., cb.
or., mn. gn., rhb. rhb. brick red bk. bk. blue cr. bk. cr. bk., cb. red-vl., mn., 1.542 blue cr. red, mn. red, mn., 1.4
7.1 2.70 2.75
1615
d. 3.97 1.92 8.920° 1.7318° 4.269 2.94 1.701620° 1.847 25° 1.819 25
1550 −96.5 1480 51
5.18
d. 100 −1aH2O, 100 d. 900
4.8 6.07 1.705318.7° 3.356 25° 1.924 25 25° 1.883 25
−4H2O, 140 subl. 86 <100
5.68 3.71025° 3.13
d. 1800 d. 880 d.
25° 1.948 25 5.4518° 8.9220° 1.930 20° 4 1.882
96.8 >1100 1083
−7H2O, 420
115
240 d.
1.98
d. 110
1.81 3.88
d. 150 d. 220
ammonium sulfate carbonate, basic (azurite)
CuSO44NH3H2O 2CuCO3Cu(OH)2
245.75 344.67
blue, tet., 1.670, 1.744 blue, rhb. blue, mn., 1.758
carbonate, basic (malachite) chloride (eriochalcite)
CuCO3Cu(OH)2 CuCl2
221.12 134.45
dark gn., mn., 1.875 brn.-yel. pd.
3.9 3.054
d. 498
chloride chromate, basic cyanide dichromate ferricyanide ferrocyanide formate hydroxide lactate nitrate nitrate
CuCl22H2O CuCrO42CuO2H2O Cu(CN)2 CuCr2O72H2O Cu3[Fe(CN)6]2 Cu2Fe(CN)67H2O Cu(HCO2)2 Cu(OH)2 Cu(C3H5O3)22H2O Cu(NO3)23H2O* Cu(NO3)26H2O
170.48 374.66 115.58 315.56 614.54 465.15 153.58 97.56 277.72 241.60 295.65
gn., rhb., 1.684 yel.-brn. yel.-gn. bk., tri. yel.-gn. red-brn. blue, mn. blue, gelatinous dark blue, mn. blue, delq. blue, rhb.
2.3922.4° 2.28618°
−2H2O, 110 −2H2O, 260 d. −2H2O, 100
1.831 3.368
−H2O
2.0473.9° 2.074
114.5 −3H2O, 26.4
*Usual commercial form. †Also a soluble modification.
277.47
dark gn., mn. gn.
117.6 2900 d. 52
subl.
ammonium chloride
281.10 91.00 63.55 181.63 199.65 1013.79
i.
i. 0°
197 d.
CoSO47H2O* CoS Cu Cu(C2H3O2)2 Cu(C2H3O2)2H2O (CuOAs2O3)3 Cu(C2H3O2)2* CuCl22NH4Cl2H2O
sulfate (biebeorite) sulfide (syeporite) Copper Cupric acetate acetate aceto-arsenite (Paris green)
2200
1049 −6H2O, 110 d.
164.9 v. s. d. i. 12.350 i. d. i. i. i. s. s. 4.260° v. s. 0.2320° 16.120° i. i. d. i. i. s. 457° 116.50° 84.030°(anh.) i. 25.60° s.
2300
−HNO3, 170
206.7 v. s. i.
i. d.
s. HCl, dil. H2SO4; i. HNO3 s. H2SO4, al., et. sl. s. al.; i. et. s. conc. a. i. dil. HNO3 sl. s. al. v. s. a. s. et. s. a. s. al., et., CS2 s. HNO3, aq. reg.
s. 12.7446.5° 1.03146.5° 24.8716° i. i. i. s. 10596° 17780° 334.990° (anh.) i. 83100° s.
s. a.; al. i. al., NH4OH s. a.; i. al. i. al. sl. s. HCl s. a.; i. al. s. a. s. H2SO4 d. a. s. H2SO4; i. HCl, HNO3 s. a., al. 31 al.; 8.6 act. v. s. et., act. 10012.5° al.; s. act.; sl. s. NH3 s. a., NH4OH; i. al. 1.0418° m. al.; i. NH8
3380° 0.0003818° i. s. 7.2 i.
s.
20
7 al.; s. et.; gly. s. a., NH4OH
33.80°
99.380°
s. a.
18.05 i.
d. d.
i. 70.70°
d. 107.9100°
i. al. s. NH4OH, h. aq. NaHCO3 s. KCN; 0.03 aq. CO 5315° al.; 6815° m. al.
110.40° i. i. sl. s. i. i. 12.5 i. 16.7 38140° 243.70°
192.4100°
21.5°
Forms Cu2Cl2 993 d.
100°
i.
d. i. d. d. 45100° 66680° ∞
2.58° al. s. a., aq. reg. s. HNO3, h. H2SO4
s. al.; et., NH4Cl s. HNO3, NH4OH s. KCN, C5H5N s. a.; NH4OH s. NH4OH; i. HCl s. NH4OH; i. a., NH8 0.25 al. s. a., NH4OH, KCN, al. sl. s. al. 10012.5° al. s. al.
2-13
2-14
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
CuO CuO CuCl22CuO4H2O Cu3P2 CuSO4
79.55 79.55 365.60 252.59 159.61
CuSO45H2O* CuS
249.69 95.61
tartate Cuprous ammonium iodide carbonate chloride (nantokite) cyanide
CuC4H4O63H2O CuINH4IH2O Cu2CO3 Cu2Cl2 Cu2(CN)2
265.66 353.41 187.10 198.00 179.13
bk., cb. bk., tri., 2.63 blue-gn. bk. gn.-wh., rhb., 1.733 blue, tri., 1.5368 blue, hex. or mn., 1.45 1 gn. pd. rhb. pl. yel. wh., cb., 1.973 wh., mn.
ferricyanide ferrocyanide fluoride hydroxide oxide (cuprite) Cuprous phosphide sulfide (chalcocite) sulfide Cyanogen
Cu3Fe(CN)6 Cu4Fe(CN)6 Cu2F2 CuOH Cu2O Cu6P2 Cu2S Cu2S C2N2
402.59 466.13 165.09 80.55 143.09 443.22 159.16 159.16 52.03
brn.-red brn.-red red cr. yel. red, cb., 2.705 gray-bk. bk., rhb. bk., cb. poisonous gas
Fe(OH)(C2H3O2)2
190.94
brn., amor.
Name Cupric acetate (Cont.) oxide (paramelaconite) oxide (tenorite) oxychloride phosphide sulfate (hydrocyanite) sulfate (blue vitriol or chalcanthite) sulfide (covellite)
Cyanogen compounds, cf. table of organic compounds Ferric acetate, basic ammonium sulfate, cf. Alum chloride (molysite) chloride ferrocyanide (Prussian blue) hydroxide lactate nitrate oxide (hematite) sulfate sulfate (coquimbite) Ferroso-ferric chloride ferricyanide (Prussian green) oxide (magnetite; magnetic iron oxide) oxide, hydrated Ferrous ammonium sulfate
Formula
Specific gravity 6.40 6.45
Melting point, °C
6.35 3.60615°
d. 1026 d. 1026 −3H2O, 140 d. d. >600
2.286 15.6° 4 4.6
−4H2O, 110 tr. 103
4.4 3.53 2.9
d. 422 474.5
3.4 6.0 6.4 to 6.8 5.6 5.80 lq. 0.866−17.2°; 1.806 (A)
−O, 1800
1100 1130 −34.4
−20.5
2.804
282 37 d.
Fe(OH)3 Fe(C3H5O3)3 Fe(NO3)36H2O Fe2O3
106.87 323.06 349.95 159.69
red-brn. brn., amor., delq. rhb., delq. red or bk., trig., 3.042 rhb., 1.814 yel., trig. yel., delq. gn. bk., cb., 2.42
3.4 to 3.9
−1aH2O, 500
303.59 392.14
chloride (lawrencite) chloroplatinate ferricyanide (Turnbull’s blue) ferrocyanide formate hydroxide nitrate oxide
FePtCl66H2O Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 Fe2Fe(CN)6 Fe(HCO2)22H2O Fe(OH)2 Fe(NO3)26H2O FeO
571.73 591.43 323.64 181.91 89.86 287.95 71.84
126.75
bk. blue-gn., mn., 1.4915 gn.-yel., hex., 1.567 yel., hex. dark blue blue-wh., amor.
i. i. i. i. 14.30°
Hot water i. i. 75.4100°
s. a.; KCN, NH4Cl s. a., KCN, NH4Cl s. a. s. HNO3; i. HCl i. al.
24.30° 0.00003318°
205100°
1.18° al. s. HNO3, KCN
0.0215° d. i. 1.5225° i.
0.1485°
s. a., KOH s. NH4I s. a., NH4OH s. HCl, NH4OH, al. s. KCN, HCl, NH4OH; sl. s. NH3 s. NH4OH; i. HCl s. NH4OH; i. NH4Cl s. HF, HCl, HNO3; i. al. s. a., NH4OH s. HCl, NH4Cl, NH4OH s. HNO3; i. HCl s. HNO3, NH4OH; i. act. s. HNO3, NH4OH; i. act. 230020° cc al.; 50018° cc et.
i. i. i. i. i. i. 0.000518° 0.000518° 45020° cc
i. i.
i. i.
s. a.; al. 0°
100°
v. s. al.; et. +HCl s. al., act., gly. s. HCl, conc. H2SO4; i. al., et. s. a.; i. al., et. i. et. s. al., act. s. HCl
535.8 ∞ d.
i. v. s. 1500° i.
i. v. s. ∞ d. d. s.
5.2
d. 50 d. 180 1538 d.
sl. s. 440 s. i. i.
i.
s. d. h. HCl i. al.
1.864
d. d.
i. 180°
i. 10075°
s. a. i. al.
64.410°
105.7100°
100 al.; s. act.; i. et.
v. s. i. i. sl. s. 0.00067 2000° i.
v. s.
20°
1.684 5.12
35 1560 d.
3.09718° 2.1
d. 480
2.7
d.
delq.
2.714 d. 3.4 5.7
315 280
Other reagents
74.4 2460° i.
d. lt. gn. cr. bk.
subl. 1100
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
i. 11°
bk.-brn., hex. delq. red-yel., delq. dark blue
Fe3O44H2O FeSO4(NH4)2SO4 6H2O FeCl2
1366 d.
908 −aH2O, 360 1235
162.20 270.30 859.23
399.88 562.02 775.43 1662.61 231.53
Forms CuO, 650 −5H2O, 250 d. 220
d.
FeCl3 FeCl36H2O* Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)39H2O FeCl22FeCl318H2O Fe′′′ 4 Fe′′ 3 [Fe(CN)6]6 Fe3O4
Boiling point, °C
60.5 1420
i. H2SO4, NH3 s. abs. al.
i. dil. a., al.
30025° i.
s. a., NH4Cl s. a.; i. alk.
phosphate (vivianite) silicate sulfate (siderotilate) sulfate (copperas) sulfide cf. also under iron Fluoboric acid Fluorine
Fe3(PO4)28H2O
501.60
FeSiO3 FeSO45H2O FeSO47H2O* FeS
131.93 241.98 278.01 87.91
blue, mn., 1.592, 1.603 mn. gn., tri., 1.536 blue-gn., mn. bk., hex.
1550
s. 14950°
i. al. i. al. s. a.; i. NH3
−223
130 d. −187
∞ d.
∞
s. al.
s.
s.
s.
s.
i. s.
i.
s. aq. reg., KCN; i. a. s. aq. reg., KCN; i. a.
0.970° cc ∞ s. ∞ v. s. s. 174.910° v. s. v. s. 3.05522° ∞ 4250010° cc ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 2210°
1.0850° cc ∞
Absorbed by Pt s. al.
∞ v. s. v. s. v. s.
∞ al.; i. et. sl. s. al. s. al.
144.09 157.25 309.44
yel. met., cb. blue to vl.
19.3
1063
2600
12.1 0.1368 (A) 1.011 15° 4
>1700 <−272.2 1.4 128 −40
>3200(?) −268.9 113.5
Au Au
196.97 196.97
Hf He N2H4 N2H42HCO2H N2H4H2O N2H4HCl N2H42HCl N2H4HNO3 N2H42HNO3 N2H4aH2SO4 N2H4H2SO4 HN3 HI HIH2O HI2H2O HI3H2O HI4H2O HBr HBrH2O
178.49 4.00 32.05 124.10 50.06 68.51 104.97 95.06 158.07 81.08 130.12 43.03 127.91 145.93 163.94 181.96 199.97 80.91 98.93
hex. col. gas col. lq. cb. col. yel. lq. wh., cb. cr. nd. delq. pl. rhb. col. lq. col. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. gas; 1.325 (lq.) col. lq.
Hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid)
HBr (47.8% in H2O) HBr2H2O HCl† HCl (45.2% in H2O) HCl2H2O HCl3H2O HCN
80.91 118.96 36.46 36.46 72.49 90.51 27.03
Hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen
HF HF (35.35% in H2O) H2
20.01 20.01 2.02
col. lq. wh. cr. col. gas; 1.256 (lq.) col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. poisonous gas or col. lq., 1.254 gas or col. lq. col. lq. col. gas or cb.
H2O2‡ H2Se H2S NH2OH NH2OHHCl NH2OHHNO3 NH2OHaH2SO4
34.01 80.98 34.08 33.03 69.49 96.04 82.07
2-15
*Usual commercial form. †Usual commercial form about 31 percent. ‡Usual commercial forms 3 or 30 percent.
delq. cr.
col. lq., 1.333 col. gas col. gas rhb., delq. col., mn. col. cr. col., mn.
20°
1.0321° 1.42
1.378 4.40° (A) 1.715°
2.710° (A) 1.78 1.486 2.11−15° 1.2680° (A) 1.48 1.46 −18.3° 4 18°
0.697
0.98813.6° 1.15 lq. 0.0709−252.7° 0.06948 (A) 1.438 20° 4 2.12−42° 1.1895 (A) 1.3518° 1.6717°
s. a.; i. ac.
s. 32.80° 0.00061618°
H2SiF6 Gd GaBr3
lq. 1.51−187°; 1.3115° (A)
i.
−5H2O, 300 −7H2O, 300 d.
87.81 38.00
col. lq. gn.-yel. gas
i. 64 1193
HBF4 F2
Fluosilicic acid Gadolinium Gallium bromide Glucinum cf. Beryllium Gold Gold, colloidal Gold salts cf. under Auric and Aurous Hafnium Helium Hydrazine formate hydrate hydrochloride hydrochloride, dinitrate nitrate, disulfate sulfate Hydrazoic acid (azoimide) Hydriodic acid Hydriodic acid Hydriodic acid Hydriodic acid Hydriodic acid Hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic acid
peroxide selenide sulfide Hydroxylamine hydrochloride nitrate sulfate
2.58 3.5 2.2 1.89914.8° 4.84
198 70.7 104 85 254 −80 −50.8 −43 −48 −36.5 −86
−11 −111 −15.35 0 −24.4 −14 −83 −35 −259.1 −0.89 −64 −82.9 34 151 48 170 d.
118.5739.5mm subl. 140 d. 37 −35.5 127774mm
−67
d. d. 26
∞ s. 82.30° ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
19.4 120 −252.7
∞ 0° to 19.4° v. s. 2.10° cc
126 −85
760mm
151.4 −42 −59.6 56.522mm d. d. <100
∞ 3774° cc 4370° cc s. 83.317° v. s. 32.90°
27.6560° ∞ v. s.
130100°
s. 56.160°
i. al. v. sl. s. abs. al. ∞ al. s. al. ∞ al. s. al. s. al. s. al. s. al. Stable at −15.5° and 1 atm., and at −11.3° and 2.5 atm. s. al. s. al., et. s. al. s. al. s. al. ∞ al., et.
v. s. 0.8580° cc
sl. s. Fe, Pd, Pt
27022.5° cc 18640° cc d. v. s. d. 68.590°
s. a., et.; i. petr. et s. CS2, COCl2 9.5415° cc al.; s. CS2 s. a., al. s. al.; i. et. v. s. abs. al. v. sl. s. al.; i. et., abs. al.
2-16
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Name
Formula
Hypobromous acid Indium Iodic acid
HBrO In HIO3
Iodine oxide, pentaIodoplatinic acid Iridium Iron, cast† pure steel white pig wrought carbide (cementite) carbonyl nitride
I2 I2O5 H2PtI69H2O Ir Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe3C Fe(CO)5 Fe2N
silicide sulfide, di- (marcasite) sulfide, di- (pyrite) sulfide (pyrrhotite) Cf. also under ferric and ferrous Krypton Lanthanum Lead
FeSi FeS2 FeS2 Fe7S8
acetate acetate (sugar of lead) acetate acetate, basic acetate, basic acetate, basic arsenate, monobasic arsenate, dibasic (schultenite) arsenate, metaarsenate, pyroLead azide bromide
Formula weight 96.91 114.82 175.91
Color, crystalline form and refractive index yel. soft, tet. met. col., rhb.
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
7.320° 4.6290°
155 110 d.
Boiling point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
Hot water
4050mm 1450
s. i. 2860°
d. i. 576101°
0.01620° 187.412° s. d. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. d.
0.0956660°
blue-bk., rhb. wh., trimetric brn., delq. mn. wh. met., cb. gray silv. met., cb. silv. gray gray gray pseudo hex. pa. yel. lq. gray
4.9320° 4.799 25° 4
113.5 d. 300
184.35
22.420° 7.03 7.8620° 7.6 to 7.8 7.6 to 7.8 7.86 7.4 1.45721° 6.35
2350 1275 1535 1375 1075 1505 1837 −21 d. >560
>4800
83.93 119.98 119.98 647.44
yel.-gray, oct. yel., rhb. yel., cb. hex.
6.1 20° 4 4.87 5.0 4.6 20° 4
d. d.
i. 0.00049 0.0005 i.
i.
tr. 450 1171 d. >700
Kr La Pb
83.80 138.91 207.20
col. gas lead gray silv. met., cb.
2.818 (A) 6.1520° 20° 11.337 20
−169 826 327.5
−151.8 1800 1620
11.050° cc d. i.
3.5760° cc
Pb(C2H3O2)2 Pb(C2H3O2)23H2O† Pb(C2H3O2)210H2O Pb2(C2H3O2)3OH Pb(C2H3O2)2 Pb(OH)2H2O Pb(C2H3O2)2 2Pb(OH)2 PbH4(AsO4)2 PbHAsO4 Pb(AsO3)2 Pb2As2O7 PbN6 PbBr2
325.29 379.33 505.44 608.54 584.52
wh. cr. wh., mn. wh., rhb. wh. wh. nd.
3.251 20° 4 2.55 1.689
280 −3H2O, 75 22
807.72
wh. nd.
489.07 347.13 453.04 676.24 291.24 367.01
tri., 1.82 wh., mn., 1.9097 hex. rhb., 2.03 col. nd. col., rhb.
4.46 5.94 6.4215° 15° 6.85 15
253.81 333.81 1120.66 192.22 55.85 55.85 55.85 55.85 55.85 179.55 195.90 125.70
15°
3000
102.5760mm
d. 140 d. >200
−H2O, 280
6.66
802 expl. 350 373
918
22150° 200100° s.
5.55
18.2
d. 0.05100° 4.75100°
0.0001120°
d. i. 3.34100° i. i. 18100° d.
i.
267.21
wh., rhb., 2.0763
6.6
d. 315
2PbCO3Pb(OH)2† PbCl2 PbCrO4 PbCrO4PbO Pb(HCO2)2 3PbOH2O Pb(NO3)2
775.63 278.11 323.19 546.39 297.23 687.61 331.21
6.14 5.80 6.12
d. 400 501 844
4.56 7.592 4.53
d. 190 −H2O, 130 d. 470
i. 0.6730° 0.00000720° i. 1.616° 0.014 38.80°
oxide, suboxide, mono- (litharge)
Pb2O PbO
430.40 223.20
wh., hex. wh., rhb., 2.2172 yel., mn., 2.42 or.-yel. nd. wh., rhb. cb. col., cb. or mn., 1.7815 bk., amor. yel., tet.
8.34 9.53
d. red heat 888
i. 0.006818°
oxide, mono (massicotite)
PbO
223.20
yel., rhb., 2.61
s. a. v. s. 87% al.; i. abs. al. et., chl. s. al., KI, et. i. abs. al., et., chl. sl. s. aq. reg., aq. Cl2 s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. alk. s. a. s. al., H2SO4, alk. s. HCl, H2SO4 i. aq. reg. i. dil. a. i. dil. a.
sl. s. al., bz. s. a. s. HNO3; i. c. HCl, H2SO4 s. gly.; v. sl. s. al. s. gly.; sl. s. al. sl. s. al. s. al.
d. i. d. i. i. 0.45540°
PbCO3
8.0
i.
19.70° 45.6415° s. v. s. v. s.
carbonate (cerussite) carbonate, basic (hydrocerussite; white lead) chloride (cotunnite) chromate (crocoite) chromate, basic formate hydroxide nitrate
954760mm d.
i. i. i. i. i. i. i.
Other reagents
sl. s.
138.8100°
s. al. s. HNO3 s. HNO3, NaOH s. HNO3 s. HCl, HNO3; i. sc. v. s. ac.; i. NH4OH s. a., KBr.; sl. s. NH3; i. al. s. a., alk.; i. NH3, al. s. ac.; sl. s. aq. CO2 sl. s. dil. HCl, NH3, i. al. s. a., alk.; i. NH3, ac. s. a., alk. i. al. s. a., alk. 8.822° al. s. a., alk. s. alk., PbAc, NH4Cl, CaCl2
oxide, mono-
PbO
223.20
amor.
9.2 to 9.5
oxide, red (minium) oxide, sesquioxide, di- (plattnerite) silicate sulfate (anglesite)
Pb3O4 Pb2O3 PbO2 PbSiO3 PbSO4
685.60 462.40 239.20 283.28 303.26
9.1
Pb(HSO4)2 H2O PbSO4PbO PbS Pb(CNS)2 Li LiC7H5O2 LiBr
419.36 526.46 239.27 323.36 6.94 128.05 86.85
LiBr2H2O Li2CO3 LiCl
122.88 73.89 42.39
citrate fluoride formate hydride hydroxide hydroxide nitrate nitrate oxide phosphate, monobasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, tribasic salicylate sulfate sulfate sulfate, acid Lutecium Magnesium acetate acetate aluminate (spinel)
Li3C6H5O74H2O LiF LiHCO2H2O LiH LiOH LiOHH2O LiNO3 LiNO33H2O Li2O LiH2PO4 Li3PO4 Li3PO412H2O LiC7H5O3 Li2SO4 Li2SO4H2O† LiHSO4 Lu Mg Mg(C2H3O2)2 Mg(C2H3O2)24H2O† MgO·Al2O3
281.98 25.94 69.97 7.95 23.95 41.96 68.95 122.99 29.88 103.93 115.79 331.98 144.05 109.94 127.96 104.01 174.97 24.31 142.39 214.45 142.26
red, amor. red-yel., amor. brn., tet., 2.229 col., mn., 1.961 wh., mn. or rhb., 1.8823 cr. col., mn. lead gray, cb., 3.912 col., mn. silv. met. cb. wh. leaflets wh., delq., cb., 1.784 wh. pr. col., mn., 1.567 wh., delq., cb., 1.662 wh. cr. wh., cb., 1.3915 col., rhb. wh., cb. wh. cr. col., mn. col., trig., 1.735 col. col., 1.644 col. wh., rhb. wh., trig. col. col., mn., 1.465 col., mn., 1.477 pr.
ammonium chloride ammonium phosphate (struvite) ammonium sulfate (boussingaultite) benzoate carbonate (magnesite) carbonate (nesquehonite) carbonate, basic (hydromagnesite) Magnesium chloride (chloromagnesite) chloride (bischofite) hydroxide (brucite) nitride oxide (magnesia; periclase) perchlorate
MgCl2NH4Cl6H2O MgNH4PO46H2O
256.79 245.41
MgSO4(NH4)2SO4 6H2O Mg(C7H5O2)23H2O MgCO3 MgCO33H2O 3MgCO3Mg(OH)23H2O
360.60
col., mn.
320.58 84.31 138.36 365.31
wh. pd. wh., trig. 1.700 col., rhb., 1.501 wh., rhb., 1.530
95.21
sulfate, acid sulfate, basic (lanarkite) sulfide (galena) thiocyanate Lithium benzoate bromide bromide carbonate chloride
2-17
*See also a table of alloys. †Usual commercial form.
MgCl2 MgCl26H2O† Mg(OH)2 Mg3N2 MgO Mg(ClO4)2†
203.30 58.32 100.93 40.30 223.21
i.
i.
d. 500 d. 360 d. 290 766
i. i. i. i.
i. i. i.
1336 5
3.464 25° 4
547
1265
0.00280° 0.000118° 0.004418° 0.0000918° 0.0520° d. 3325° 1430° (2H2O)
0.005640°
6.92 7.5 3.82 0.5320°
1170 d. 977 1120 d. 190 186
2.110° 2.068 25° 4
44 618 614
d. 1360
24620° 1.540° 670°
9.375 6.49 6.2
2.29521.5° 1.46 0.820 2.54 1.83 2.38 2.013 25° 4
d. 870 −H2O, 94 680 445 261 29.88
1670 925 d. subl. <1000
61.215° 0.2718° 49.20° d. 12.70° 22.310° 53.40° v. s. forms LiOH
s. alk., PbAc, NH4Cl, CaCl2 s. ac., h. HCl s. a., alk. s. ac., h. alk.; i. al. s. a.
i. s. d. 40100° 266100° (1H2O) 0.72100° 127.5100° 66.7100° 0.13535° 346.6104° 17.5100° 26.880° 19470° ∞
s. conc. a., NH4 salts; i. al. sl. s. H2SO4 sl. s. H2SO4 s. a.; i. alk. s. KCNS, HNO3 s. a., NH3 7.725°, 1078° al. s. al., act. s. al. s. dil. a.; i. al., act., NH3 2.4815° al.; s. et. sl. s. al., et. s. HF; i. act. sl. s. al., et. i. et. sl. s. al. sl. s. al. s. al., NH3
2.22 2.06 2.12313°
>100 837 100 d. 860 −H2O, 130 170.5
silv. met., hex. wh. wh., mn. pr., 1.491 col. cb., 1.718–23
1.7420° 1.42 1.454 3.6
651 323 80 2135
wh., rhb., delq. col., rhb., 1.496
1.456 1.715
−4H2O, 195 d. 100
1.72
>120
16.86
130
4.525° (anh.) 0.0106 0.151819° 0.04
s.
3.037 1.852 2.16
−3H2O, 110 d. 350 −H2O, 100 d.
d. 0.011
s. act. s. a., aq. CO2; i. act., NH3 s. a., aq. CO2 s. a., NH4 salts; i. al.
col., hex., 1.675
2.32525°
712
1412
52.80°
73100°
50 al.
wh., delq., mn., 1.507 wh., trig., 1.5617 gn.-yel., amor. col., cb., 1.7364 wh., delq.
1.56 2.4
118 d. d. d. 2800 d.
d.
2810° 0.000918° i. 0.00062 99.625°
918100°
50 al. s. NH4 salts, dil. a. s. a.; i. al. s. a., NH4 salts; i. al. 2425 al., 51.825° m. al.; 0.29 et.
2.461 2.53717.5° 1.645
3.65 2.6025°
1110
0.03418° v. sl. s. 12826° 35.340° 43.60° d.
v. sl. s. v. sl. s.
i. v. s. v. s. i.
sl. s. d. v. s. v. s.
16.7 0.02310°
s. 0.019580°
0°
3600
29.9100° 35100°
s. a., NH4Cl; i. act. v. s. al. i. act., 80% al. i. 80% al. s. a., NH4 salts 5.2515° m. al. v. s. al. v. sl. s. dil. HCl; i. dil. HNO3 s. a.; i. al.
100°
d. v. s.
2-18
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
TABLE 2-1
Name
Formula
Formula weight
Magnesium chloride (Cont.) peroxide phosphate, pyrophosphate, pyropotassium chloride (carnallite) potassium sulfate (picromerite) silicofluoride sodium chloride sulfate sulfate (epsom salt; epsomite) Manganese acetate acetate carbonate (rhodocrosite)
MgO2 Mg2P2O7 Mg2P2O73H2O MgCl2KCl6H2O MgSO4K2SO46H2O MgSiF66H2O MgCl2NaClH2O MgSO4 MgSO47H2O* Mn Mn(C2H3O2)2 Mn(C2H3O2)24H2O* MnCO3
56.30 222.55 276.60 277.85 402.72 274.47 171.67 120.37 246.47 54.94 173.03 245.09 114.95
wh. pd. col., mn., 1.604 wh., amor. delq., rhb., 1.475 mn., 1.4629 col., trig., 1.3439 col. col. col., rhb., 1.4554 gray-pink met.
chloride (scacchite) chloride
MnCl2 MnCl24H2O*
125.84 197.91
chloride, perhydroxide (ous) (pyrochroite) hydroxide (ic) (manganite) nitrate oxide (ous) (manganosite) oxide (ic) oxide, di- (pyrolusite; polianite) sulfate (ous) sulfate (ous) (szmikite)
MnCl4 Mn(OH)2 Mn2O3H2O Mn(NO3)26H2O MnO Mn2O3 MnO2*
196.75 88.95 175.89 287.04 70.94 157.87 86.94
rose, delq., cb. rose red, delq., mn. 1.575 gn. wh., trig. brn., rhb., 2.24 rose red, mn. gray-gn., cb., 2.16 brn.-bk., cb. bk., rhb.
MnSO4 MnSO4H2O
151.00 169.02
red-wh. pa. pink, mn., 1.595
sulfate (ous)
MnSO42H2O
187.03
2.52615°
sulfate (ous)
MnSO43H2O
205.05
2.35615°
sulfate (ous)
MnSO44H2O*
223.06
sulfate (ous)
MnSO45H2O
sulfate (ous)
MnSO46H2O
259.09
sulfate (ous)
MnSO47H2O
277.11
pink, mn. or rhb.
2.092
sulfate (ic)
Mn2(SO4)3
398.06
gn., delq. cr.
3.24
Mercuric acetate bromide carbonate, basic chloride (corrosive sublimate) fulminate hydroxide oxide (montroydite) oxychloride (kleinite) silicofluoride, basic sulfate sulfate, basic (turpeth) Mercurous acetate bromide carbonate
Hg(C2H3O2)2 HgBr2 HgCO32HgO HgCl2 Hg(CNO)2 Hg(OH)2 HgO HgCl23HgO HgSiF6HgO3H2O HgSO4 HgSO42HgO HgC2H3O2 HgBr Hg2CO3
241.08
318.68 360.40 693.78 271.50 284.62 234.60 216.59 921.26 613.30 296.65 729.83 259.63 280.49 461.19
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
pa. pink, mn. rose, trig., 1.817
pink, rhb. or mn., 1.518 pink, tri., 1.508
wh. pl. wh., rhb. brn.-red wh., rhb., 1.859 cb. yel. or red, rhb., 2.5 yel., hex. yel. nd. wh., rhb. yel., tet. wh. sc. wh., tet. yel. pd.
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
2.59822° 2.56 1.60 19.4° 4 2.15 17.5° 1.788 4
expl. 275 1383 −3H2O, 100 265 d. 72 d.
2.66 1.68 7.220° 1.74 20° 4 1.589 3.125
1185 70 d. 1260
2.977 25° 4 2.01
650 58.0
3.25818° 3.258 1.8221° 5.18 4.81 5.026
d. d. 25.8 1650 −0, 1080 −0, >230
3.235 2.87
700 Stable 57 to 117 Stable 40 to 57 Stable 30 to 40 Stable 18 to 30 Stable 8 to 18 Stable −5 to +8 Stable −10 to −5; 19 d. d. 160
2.107 15°
2.103
d. 237
5.44 4.42
277 expl. −H2O, 175 d. 100 d. 260
6.47 6.44 7.307
d. d. subl. 345 d. 130
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
Hot water
Other reagents
i. i. i. 64.519° d. 19.260° 64.817.5° s. 26.90° 72.40° d. s. s. 0.006525°
i. i. sl. s. d. 81.775° s. s. 68.3100° 17840°
63.40° 1518°
123.8100° ∞
s. al., m. al. s. aq. CO2, dil. a.; l. NH3, al. s. al.; i. et., NH3 s. al.; i. et.
129.5
s. 0.00220° i. 4260° i. i. i.
s. i. i. ∞ i. i. i.
s. al., et. s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk. s. h. H2SO4 v. s. al. s. a., NH4Cl s. a.; i. act. s. HCl; i. HNO3, act.
d. 850
530° 98.4748°
7350° 79.77100°
s. al.; i. et.
85.2735°
106.855°
74.225°
99.3157°
13616°
16950°
1900
d.
3.270 6.053
11.14 7.93
Boiling point, °C
1190 −H2O, 106; −4H2O, 200
−4H2O, 450
5°
200
0°
2479°
142 204 −7H2O, 280
25114°
v. s.
d.
304
25 0.520° i. 3.60° sl. s. i. 0.005225° i. d. d. 0.005 0.7513° 7 × 10−9 i.
d. HF s. al. s. al. s. dil. a.
i. al.
35°
1760°
10°
322
s. 64.550°
s. a. s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. al. d. al.
100°
100 25100°
61.3100° i. 0.041100° d. 0.167100° d. i. d.
s. HCl, dil. H2SO4; l. conc. H2SO4, HNO3 s. al. sl. d. 25.20° al.; v. sl. s. et. s. aq. CO2, NH4Cl 3325° 99% al.; 33 et. s. NH4OH, al. s. a. s. a.; i. al. s. HCl s. a. s. a.; i. al., act., NH8 s. a.; i. al. s. H2SO4, HNO3; i. al. s. a.; i. al., act. s. NH4Cl
HgCl
236.04
wh., tet., 1.9733
7.150
302
383.7
0.00140°
0.000743°
iodide nitrate Mercurous oxide
HgI HgNO3H2O Hg2O
327.49 280.61 417.18
yel., tet. wh. mn. bk.
7.70 4.7853.9° 9.8
290 d. 70 d. 100
subl. 140; 310d. expl.
2 × 10−8 v. s. i.
v. sl. s. d. 0.0007
sulfate Mercury† Molybdenum
Hg2SO4 Hg Mo
497.24 200.59 95.94
wh., mn. silv. lq. or hex.(?) gray, cb.
7.56 13.54620° 10.2
d. −38.87 2620 10
0.05516.5° i. i.
0.092100° i. i.
MoCl2
166.85
yel., amor.
3.714 25° 4
d.
i.
i.
3.578 25° 4
d.
chloride (calomel)
chloride, dichloride, tri-
MoCl3
202.30
dark red pd.
chloride, tetra-
MoCl4
237.75
brn., delq.
chloride, pentaoxide, tri- (molybdite) sulfide, di- (molybdenite) sulfide, trisulfide, tetraMolybdic acid Molybdic acid Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel
MoCl5 MoO3 MoS2 MoS3 MoS4 H2MoO4 H2MoO4H2O Nd Ne 239
273.21 143.94 160.07 192.14 224.20 161.95 161.95 144.24 20.18
Np Ni
239.05 58.69 176.78 291.18 394.99
carbonyl chloride chloride
Ni(C2H3O2)2 NiCl2NH4Cl6H2O NiSO4(NH4)2SO4 6H2O Ni(BrO3)26H2O NiBr2 NiBr23H2O NiBr26NH3 NiPtBr66H2O NiCO3 2NiCO33Ni(OH)2 4H2O Ni(CO)4 NiCl2 NiCl26H2O*
chloride, ammonia cyanide dimethylglyoxime
NiCl26NH3 Ni(CN)24H2O NiC8H14O4N4
231.78 182.79 288.91
formate hydroxide (ic) hydroxide (ous) nitrate nitrate, ammonia oxide, mono- (bunsenite) potassium cyanide sulfate
Ni(HCO2)22H2O Ni(OH)3 Ni(OH)2dH2O Ni(NO3)26H2O Ni(NO3)24NH32H2O NiO Ni(CN)22KCNH2O NiSO4
184.76 109.72 97.21 290.79 286.86 74.69 258.97 154.76
acetate ammonium chloride ammonium sulfate bromate bromide bromide bromide, ammonia bromoplatinate carbonate carbonate, basic
2-19
*Usual commercial form. †See also Tables 2-28 and 2-280.
422.59 218.50 272.55 320.68 841.29 118.70 587.59 170.73 129.60 237.69
bk. cr. col., rhb. bk., hex., 4.7 red-brn. brn. pd. yel-wh., hex. yel., mn. yellowish col. gas
2.928 25° 4 19.5°
4.50 4.80114°
3.12415° 6.920° lq. 1.204−245.9° 0.674 (A)
1.145° cc
s. lq. O2, al., act., bz.
i.
s. dil. HNO3; sl. s. H2SO4, HCl; i. NH3 i. al.
d.
d.
s.
d.
194
268
s.
795 1185 d. d. d. 115 −H2O, 70 840 −248.67
subl.
−2H2O, 200 −245.9
d. 18°
0.107 i. sl. s. i. v. sl. s. 0.13318° d. 2.60° cc 238
Produced by Neutron bombardment of U 1452 2900 i.
8.9020
gn. pr. gn., delq., mn. blue-gn., mn., 1.5007 gn., cb. yel., delq. gn., delq. vl. pd. trig. lt. gn., rhb. lt. gn.
1.798 1.645 1.923
d.
2.575 4.64 28° 4
lq. yel., delq. gn., delq., mn., 1.57
1.3117° 3.544
gn. pl. scarlet red cr.
2.10679° i. s. i. sl. s. 2.1370°
i.
volt.
silv. met., cb.
1.837 3.715
356.9 3700
s. aq. reg., Hg(NO3)2; sl. s. HNO3, HCl; i. al., etc. s. KI; i. al. s. HNO3; i. al., et. s. h. ac.; i. alk., dil. HCl, NH3 s. H2SO4, HNO3 s. HNO3; i. HCl s. h. conc. H2SO4; i. HCl, HF, NH3, dil. H2SO4, Hg s. HCl, H2SO4, NH4OH, al., et. s. HNO3, H2SO4; v. sl. s. al., et. s. HNO3, H2SO4; sl. s. al., et. s. HNO3, H2SO4; i. abs. al., et. s. a., NH4OH s. H2SO4, aq. reg. s. alk. sulfides s. alk. sulfides; i. NH3 s. NH4OH, H2SO4; i. NH s. a., NH4OH, NH4, salts
16.6 15025° 2.53.5°
v. s. 39.288°
v. sl. s. (NH4)2SO4
d. d. −3H2O, 200
28 112.80° 1999° v. s.
156100° 316100° d.
s. NH4OH s. al., et., NH4OH s. al., et., NH4OH i. c. NH4OH
d. d.
0.009325° i.
i. d.
s. a. s. a., NH4 salts
0.0189.8° 53.80° 180
i. 87.6100° v. s.
s. aq. reg., HNO3, al., et. s. NH4OH, al.; i. NH3 v. s. al.
s. i. i.
d. i. i.
s. NH4OH; i. al. s. KCN; i. dil. KCl s. abs. al., a.; i. ac., NH4OH
i. v. sl. s. ∞56.7°
s. a., NH4OH, NH4Cl s. a., NH4OH; i. alk. s. NH4OH; i. abs. al. i. al. s. a., NH4OH d. a. i. al., et., act.
−25 subl.
43751mm 973
−4H2O, 200 subl. 250
d.
gn. cr. bk. lt. gn. gn., mn.
2.154 4.36 2.05
d. d. d. 56.7
gn.-bk., cb., 2.37 red yel., mn. yel., cb.
7.45 1.87511° 3.68
Forms Ni2O3 at 400 −H2O, 100 −SO3, 840
136.7
s. i. v. sl. s. 243.00° v. s. i. s. 27.20°
i. 76.7100°
2-20
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
TABLE 2-1
Name
Formula
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index gn. mn. or blue, tet., 1.5109 gn., rhb., 1.4893 col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col., rhb. col. gas or cb. cr.
Nickel (Cont.) sulfate
NiSO46H2O*
262.85
sulfate (morenosite) Nitric acid Nitric acid Nitric acid Nitro acid sulfite Nitrogen
NiSO47H2O HNO3 HNO3H2O HNO33H2O NO2HSO3 N2
280.86 63.01 81.03 117.06 127.08 28.01
Nitrogen oxide, mono- (ous)
N2O
44.01
oxide, di- (ic)
NO or (NO)2
oxide, tri-
N2O3
30.01 60.01 76.01
oxide, tetra- (per- or di-)
NO2 or (NO2)2
col. gas col. gas
N2O5
46.01 92.01 108.01
red-brn. gas or blue lq. or solid yel. lq., col. solid, red-brn. gas wh., rhb.
oxybromide oxychloride
NOBr NOCl
109.91 65.46
brn. lq. red-yel. lq. or gas
Nitroxyl chloride Osmium chloride, dichloride, trichloride, tetraOxygen
NO2Cl Os OsCl2 OsCl3 OsCl4 O2
81.46 190.23 261.14 296.59 332.04 32.00
yel.-brn. gas blue, hex. gn., delq. brn., cb. red-yel. nd. col. gas or hex. solid
Ozone
O3
48.00
Palladium
Pd
106.42
silv. met., cb.
PdBr2 PdCl2 PdCl22H2O Pd(CN)2
266.23 177.33 213.36 158.45
brn. brn., cb. brn. pr. yel.
213.85 211.39 100.46 118.47 136.49
met. red or yel., tet. unstable, col. lq fairly stable nd. stable lq., col.
Periodic acid Periodic acid Permanganic acid Permolybdic acid Persulfuric acid Phosphamic acid Phosphatomolybdic acid Phosphine
Pd2H Pd(NH3)2Cl2 HClO4 HClO4H2O HClO42H2O* 73.6% anh. HIO4 HIO42H2O HMnO4 HMoO42H2O H2S2O8 PONH2(OH)2 H7P(Mo2O7)628H2O PH3
Phosphonium chloride
PH4Cl
oxide, penta-
bromide (ous) chloride chloride cyanide hydride Palladous dichlorodiammine Perchloric acid Perchloric acid Perchloric acid
191.91 227.94 119.94 196.98 194.14 97.01 2365.71 34.00 70.46
col. gas
wh. cr. delq., mn. exists only in solution wh. cr. hyg. cr. cb. yel. cb. col. gas wh., cb.
Specific gravity 2.07 1.948 1.502
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
tr. 53.3
−6H2O, 280
13150°
98–100 −42 −38 −18.5 73 d. −209.86
−6H2O, 103 86
0°
1.026−252.5° 0.808−195.8° 12.50° (D) lq. 1.226−89° −102.3 1.530 (A) −150.2° lq. 1.269 −161 1.0367 (A) 1.4472° −102
−195.8 −90.7
130.520° cc
60.8224° cc 0.0100°
7.34 cc s.
−9.3
21.3
d.
1.63
30
47
s.
>1.0 1.417−12° 2.31 (A) lq. 1.3214° 22.4820°
−55.5 −64.5
−2 −5.5
d. d.
<−30 2700
5 >5300
1.14 1.426−252.5° 1.1053 (A) 1.71−183° 3.03−80° 1.658 (A) 12.020° 111550°
s. al. expl. with al. d. al. d. al. s. H2SO4 sl. s. al. s. H2SO4, al. 26.6 cc al.; 3.5 cc H2SO4; s. aq. FeSO4 s. a., et. s. HNO3, H2SO4, chl., CS2
Forms HNO3 s. fuming H2SO4
−183
−251
−112
0.4940° cc
060° cc
s. oil turp., oil cinn.
1555
2200
i.
i.
i. s. s. i.
i. s. s. i.
s. aq. reg., h. H2SO4; i. NH3 s. HBr s. HCl, act., al. s. HCl, act., al. s. HCN, KCN, NH4OH; i. dil. a.
d.
lq. 0.746−90° 1.146 (A)
v. s. NH4OH, al.
−218.4
500 d.
11.06 2.5 1.768 22° 4 1.88 25° 1.71 4
0°
1.5520° cc
Other reagents
d i. s. d. sl. s. s. d. 4.890° cc
d. 560–600 −188°
30°
117.8 ∞ ∞ ∞
3.5
18°
280100°
63.5 ∞ ∞ 263−20° d. 2.350° cc
−151
1.44820°
Hot water
i.
2.630° cc 1.7100° cc
sl. s. aq. reg., HNO3; i. NH3 s. NaCl, al., et. s. a., alk., al.; sl. s. et. s. HCl, al. sl. s. al., s. fused Ag
d. −112 50 −17.8
1618mm d. 200
d. 138 d. 110
subl. 110
s. s. s. v. s.
<60 d. 78 −132.5
−25H2O, 140 −85
s. v. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. s. 2617° cc
2846atm
subl.
d.
s. a., NH4OH s. al. v. s. d. v. s. d. v. s. d. i.100°
sl. s. al., et. d. al. i. al. s. HNO8 s. Cu2Cl2, al., et.
Phosphoric acid, hypoPhosphoric acid, meta-
H4P2O6 HPO3
161.98 79.98
cr. vitreous, delq.
2.2–2.5
55 subl.
d. 70
s. s.
Phosphoric acid, orthoPhosphoric acid, pyro-
H3PO4† H4P2O7
98.00 177.98
col., rhb. wh. nd.
1.834
42.35 61
−aH2O, 213
2340 80028°
Phosphorous acid, hypoPhosphorous acid, orthoPhosphorous acid, pyroPhosphorus, black Phosphorus, red Phosphorus, yellow
H3PO2 H3PO3 H4P2O5 P4 P4 P4
66.00 82.00 145.98 123.90 123.90 123.90
syrupy col. nd. rhombohedral red, cb. yel., hex., 2.1168
1.49318.8° 1.65121.2°
26.5 74 38
d. d. 200 d. 130 ign. in air, 400 ign. in air, 725 280
∞ 307.30° d. i. i. 0.0003
PCl3 PCl5
137.33 208.24
col., fuming lq. delq., tet.
−111.8 148 under pressure subl. 250 2
75.95760mm subl. 160
d. d.
1755
4300
chloride, trichloride, pentaoxide, pentaoxychloride Phosphotungstic acid Platinum chloride (ic) chloride (ous) chloride (ic) cyanide (ous) Plutonium Plutonium Potassium acetate acetate, acid aluminate amide arsenate (monobasic) auricyanide aurocyanide bicarbonate bisulfate bromate bromide carbonate carbonate carbonate chlorate chloride (sylvite) chloroplatinate chromate (tarapacaite) cyanate cyanide dichromate ferricyanide ferrocyanide formate hydride hydrosulfide hydroxide iodate iodide
P2O5 POCl3 H3PO412WO3xH2O Pt PtCl4
141.94 153.33 2880.05 195.08 336.89
wh., delq., amor. col., fuming lq. yel.-gn. cr. silv. met., cb.
18.2°
2.69 2.2020° 1.8220°; lq. 1.74544.5° 1.574 20.8° 4 solid 1.6; 295° 3.60 (A) 2.387 1.675 21.4520° lq. 191755°
brn. 11°
Forms H3PO4 d. s. i.
v. s.
s. H2SO4; i. NH3, act. d. al. s. al., et. s. aq. reg., fused alk.
d. 370
14025°
v. s.
i.
i.
v. s. i.
v. s. i.
brn.
5.87
d. 581
PtCl48H2O Pt(CN)2 Pu Pu K
481.01 247.11 238.05 239.05 39.10
red, mn. yel.-brn.
2.43
−4H2O, 100
98.14 158.19 250.20 55.12 180.03 367.16 288.10 100.12 136.17 167.00 119.00 138.21 174.24 330.46 122.55 74.55 485.99 194.19 81.12 65.12 294.18 329.24 422.39 84.12 40.11 72.17 56.11 214.00 166.00
2-21
*One commercial form 70 to 72 per cent. †Common commercial form 85 per cent H3PO4 in aqueous solution.
wh. pd. delq. nd. or pl. cr. yel.-grn. col., tet., 1.5674 pl. rhb. mn., 1.482 rhb., or mn., 1.480 trig. col., cb., 1.5594 wh., delq. pd., 1.531 rhb. mn. col., mn., 1.5167 col., cb., 1.4904 yel., cb., 1.825 yel., rhb., 1.7261 wh., tet. wh., cb., delq., 1.410 red, tri. red, mn. pr., 1.5689 yel., mn., 1.5772 col., rhb. cb., 1.453 wh., delq., rhb. wh., delq., rhb. col., mn. wh., cb., 1.6670
107.2760mm
238
Produced by deuteron bombardment on U Produced by neutron bombardment on U238 0.8620° 62.3 760 lq. 0.8342° 1.8 292 148 d. 200 2.867 2.17 2.35 3.2717.5° 2.7525° 2.29 2.043 2.13 2.32 1.988 3.499 2.73218° 2.048 1.5216° 2.69 1.84 1.85317° 1.91 0.80 2.0 2.044 3.89 3.13
s. al. v. s. al., et.
i. CS2 s. alk.; i. CS2, NH3, et. 0.4 al.; 100010° CS2; 1.50°, 1081° bs.; s. NH3 s. et., chl., CS2 s. CS2, C6H5COCl
265.98
KC2H3O2 KH(C2H3O2)2 K2(AlO2)23H2O KNH2 KH2AsO4 KAu(CN)415H2O KAu(CN)2 KHCO3 KHSO4 KBrO3 KBr K2CO3 K2CO32H2O 2K2CO33H3O KClO3 KCl K2PtCl6 K2CrO4 KCNO KCN K2Cr2O7 K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)63H2O KHCO2 KH KHS KOH KIO3 KI
i. lq. CO2
i. i. sl. s.
59043atm 44.1; ign. 34
PtCl2
silv. met., cb.
26°
45062° Forms H3PO4 v. s. Forms H3PO4 ∞ 73040°
338 288 d. 200 d. 100–200 210 370 d. 730 891 368 790 d. 250 975 634.5 398 d. −3HO2, 70 167.5 d. 455 380 560 723
subl. 400
d. 1380 d. d. 400 1500
d. d. 1320 1330
d. 0°
217 d. s. d. 18.876° s. 14.3 22.40° 36.30° 3.110° 53.50° 105.50° 1830° 129.40° 3.30° 27.60° 0.740° 58.00° s. s. 4.90° 334.4° 27.812.2° 33118° d. s. 970° 4.730° 127.50°
i.
Forms KOH 39690° d. v. s. v. s. 200100° 6060° 121.6100° 49.75100° 104100° 156100° 331100° 268100° 57100° 56.7100° 5.2100° 75.6100° d. 122.2108.8° 80100° 77.5100° 90.696.8° 65790° s. d. 178100° 32.2100° 208100°
s. al., act.; sl. s. NH2; i. et. s. HCl, NH4OH; sl. s. NH3; i. al., et. s. al., et. i. alk. s. a., al., Hg 33 al.; i. et. s. ac. s. alk.; i al. d. al.; 3.625° NH3 i. al. s. al. sl. s. al.; i. et. i. satd. K2CO3, al. d. al. sl. s. al.; i. act. sl. s. al., et. i. al. 0.83 al.; s. alk. s. al., alk. i. al., et. i. al. v. sl. s. al. s. gly.; 0.919.5° al.; 1.3 h. al. i. al. s. act.; sl. s. al.; i. NH3 s. act.; i. NH3, al., et. sl. s. al.; i. et. i. et., bz., CS2 s. al. v. s. al., et.; i. NH3 s. KI; i. al., NH3 420° al.; s. NH3; sl. s. et.
2-22
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Formula
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Potassium (Cont.) iodide, triiodoplatinate manganate metabisulfite nitrate (saltpeter) nitrite oxalate oxalate, acid oxalate, acid oxide perchlorate permanganate persulfate phosphate, monobasic
KI3 K2PtI6 K2MnO4 K2S2O5 KNO3 KNO2 K2C2O4H2O KHC2O4* KHC2O4aH2O K2O KClO4 KMnO4 K2S2O3 KH2PO4
419.81 1034.70 197.13 222.32 101.10 85.10 184.23 128.13 137.13 94.20 138.55 158.03 190.32 136.09
phosphate, dibasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, metaphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophthalate, acid platinocyanide silicate silicate, tetrasulfate (arcanite) Potassium sulfate, pyrosulfide, monosulfite sulfite, acid tartrate tartrate, acid thiocyanate
K2HPO4 K3PO4 KPO3 K4P4O122H2O K4P2O73H2O KHC8H4O4 K2Pt(CN)43H2O K2SiO3 K2Si4O9H2O K2SO4 K2S2O7 K2S5H2O K2SO32H2O KHSO3 K2C4H4O6aH2O KHC4H4O6* KCNS
174.18 212.27 118.07 508.31 384.38 204.22 431.39 154.28 352.55 174.26 254.32 200.34 194.29 120.17 235.28 188.18 97.18
thiosulfate thiosulfate Praseodymium Radium bromide Radon (Niton)
K2S2O3 3K2S2O3H2O Pr Ra RaBr2 Rn
190.32 588.99 140.91 226.03 385.83 222.02
dark blue, delq., mn. cb. gn., rhb. mn., pl. col., rhb., 1.5038 pr. wh., mn. mn., 1.545 trimetric wh., cb. col., rhb., 1.4737 purple, rhb. wh., tri., 1.4669 col., delq., tet., 1.5095 wh., delq. wh., rhb. wh. pd. amor. delq. wh. cr. yel., rhb., 1.62 hyg. 1.521 rhb., 1.530 col., rhb., 1.4947 col. rhb., delq. wh., rhb. wh., mn. col., mn., 1.526 col., rhb. col., delq., mn., 1.660 col., cb. delq., mn. yel. wh., met. wh., mn. gas
Rhenium
Re
186.21
hex.
Rhodium chloride chloride Rubidium
Rh RhCl3 RhCl34H2O Rb
102.91 209.26 281.33 85.47
gray-wh., cb. red dark red silv. wh.
Ruthenium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenic acid Selenic acid Selenium Selenium
Ru Ru Sm (also Sa) Sc H2SeO4 H2SeO4H2O Se8 Se8
101.07 101.07 150.36 44.96 144.97 162.99 631.68 631.68
bk., porous gray, hex.
Name
hex. pr. nd. red pd., amor., 2.92 gray, trig., 3.00; red, hex.
Specific gravity 3.498 5.18 10.6°
2.11 1.915 2.13 2.0
2.32 20° 4 2.524 11° 4 2.703 2.338 2.56417° 2.25814.5° 2.26414.5° 2.33 1.63 2.4516° 2.417 2.662 2.277
1.98 1.956 1.886 2.23 6.520° 5? 5.79 lq. 5.5; 111 (D)
Melting point, °C 45 d. 190 d. 150 tr. 129; 333 297 d. d. d.
Boiling point, °C d. 225
d. 400 d. 350
d. 400 d. <240 d. <100 256 d. 1340 tr. 450; 798 −2H2O, 100 −2H2O, 180 d. 976 d. 400 tr. 588 300 60 d. d. 190
1320 d. −3H2O, 300
−3H2O, 150 d.
172.3 d. 400 −H2O, 180 940 960 728 −71
d. 500
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water v. s. s. d. 250° 13.30° 2810° 28.70° 14.350° 2.20° Forms KOH 0.750° 2.830° 1.770° 14.80°
Hot water
s. KI, al. 12094° 246100° 413100° 83.2100° 48.1100° 51.5100° v. s. 21.8100° 32.3575° 1040° 83.590°
3325° 193.125° s. s. s. 10.225° sl. s. s. s. 7.350° s. s. 100 45.515° 12.517.5° 0.370° 1770°
>100 91.575° 278100° 6.1100° 21720°
96.10°
311.290°
v. s. v. s. s. 83 v. s. 36 v. s. s. s. 24.1100° d.
d. 1140 subl. 900 −62
lq. 1.47588.5; 1.5320° 8.6 12.220° 7.7 2.5? 2.950 15° 4 2.627 15° 4 4.2625° 4.80; 4.50
1955 d. 450
>2500 subl. 800
38.5 >1950 2450 >1300 1200 58 26 50 220
s. KOH sl. s. al.; i. et. 0.130° al.; i. et. v. s. NH3; sl. s. al.
s. al., et. 0.10520° m. al.; i. et. s. H2SO4; d. al. i. al. i. al. sl. s. al. i. al. s. a. i. al. s. al., et. i. al. i. al. i. al., act., CS2 s. al., gly.; i. et. sl. s. al.; i. NH3 i. abs. al. sl. s. al. s. a., alk.; i. al., ac. 20.822° act.; s. al. i. al.
d. d. +H2 7020° 510° cc
s. 8.560° cc
3440 12.5
Other reagents
d. a. s. al. i. HF, HCl; s. H2SO4; HNO3 sl. s. aq. reg., a. v. sl. s. alk.; i. aq. reg., a. s. HCl, al.; i. et. s. a., al.
i. i.
700
i. i. v. s. d.
>2700
i. i.
i. i.
sl. s. aq. reg., a.
2400 260 205 688 688
130030° v. s. i. i.
∞60°
s. H2SO4; d. al.; i. NH3
i. i.
s. CS2, H2SO4, CH2I2 s. CS2, H2SO4
Selenium Selenous acid Silicic acid, metaSilicic acid, orthoSilicon, crystalline
Se8 H2SeO3 H2SiO3 H4SiO4 Si
631.68 128.97 78.10 96.11 28.09
steel gray hex. amor., 1.41 amor. gray, cb., 3.736
4.825° 3.004 15° 4 2.1–2.3 17° 1.576 2.420°
cr. brn., amor. blue-bk., trig., 2.654 lf. or lq. col., fuming lq., 1.412 gas col. gas iridescent, amor. col., cb. or tet., 1.487
217 d.
688
2600
i. 900° i. sl. s. i.
i. 40090° i. sl. s. i.
1420
2.0–2.5
2600
i.
i.
2 3.17 1.580° 1.50
>2700 −1 −70
2600 subl. 2200 144760mm 57.6
i. i. d. d.
i. i.
3.57 (A) lq. 0.68−185° 2.2 2.32
−95.7 −185 1600–1750 1710
−651810mm −112760mm subl. 1750 2230
v. s. d. i. i. i.
Silicon, graphitic
Si
Silicon, amorphous carbide chloride, trichloride, tetra-
Si SiC Si2Cl6 SiCl4
28.09 40.10 268.89 169.90
SiF4 SiH4 SiO2xH2O SiO2
104.08 32.12
SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 Ag AgBr
60.08 60.08 60.08 107.87 187.77
hex., 1.5442 trig., rhb., 1.469 silv. met., cb. pa. yel., cb., 2.252
2.20 2.65020° 2.26 10.520° 6.473 25° 4
tr. <1425 tr. 1670 960.5 434
2230 2230 2230 1950 d. 700
i. i. i. i. 0.0000220°
i. 0.00037100°
carbonate chloride (cerargyrite)
Ag2CO3 AgCl
275.75 143.32
yel. pd. wh., cb., 2.071
6.077 5.56
218 d. 455
1550
0.00320° 0.00008910°
0.05100° 0.00217100°
cyanide nitrate (lunar caustic) Sodium
AgCN AgNO3 Na
133.89 169.87 22.99
wh., 1.685 col., rhb., 1.744 silv. met, cb.
3.95 4.352 19° 4 0.9720°
−(CN)2, 320 212 97.5
444 d. 880
acetate acetate aluminate amide Sodium ammonium phosphate antimonate, metaarsenate arsenate, acid (monobasic) arsenate, acid (dibasic) arsenate, acid (dibasic) arsenite, acid benzoate bicarbonate bifluoride bisulfate bisulfite borate, tetraborate, tetra
NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O23H2O NaAlO2 NaNH2 NaNH4HPO44H2O 2NaSbO37H2O Na3AsO412H2O NaH2AsO4H2O Na2HAsO47H2O* Na2HAsO412H2O Na2HAsO3 NaC7H5O2 NaHCO3 NaHF2 NaHSO4 NaHSO3 Na2B4O7 Na2B4O75H2O
82.03 136.08 81.97 39.01 209.07 511.60 424.07 181.94 312.01 402.09 169.91 144.10 84.01 61.99 120.06 104.06 201.22 291.30
wh., mn., 1.464 wh., mn. amor. olive gn. col., mn. cb. hex., 1.4589 rhb., 1.5535 col., mn., 1.4658 mn., 1.4496 col. col. cr. wh., mn., 1.500 col. cr. col., tri. col., mn., 1.526
1.528 1.45
324 58 1650 210 79 d.
col., rhb., 1.461
2.742 1.48 2.367 1.815
Na2B4O710H2O*
381.37
wh., mn., 1.4694
1.73
fluoride hydride (silane) oxide, di- (opal) oxide, di- (cristobalite) oxide, di- (lechatelierite) oxide, di- (quartz) oxide, di- (tridymite) Silver bromide (bromyrite)
borate, tetra- (borax)
28.09
60.08
1.574
400
1.759 2.535 1.871 1.72 1.87
86.3 d. 100 125 28
2.20
−CO2, 270 d. >315 d. 741
d., −H2O
75
−10H2O, 200
17.5°
2-23
bromate bromide bromide
NaBrO3 NaBr NaBr2H2O
150.89 102.89 138.92
col., cb. col., cb., 1.6412 col., mn.
3.339 3.20517.5° 2.176
381 755 50.7
carbonate (soda ash) carbonate
Na2CO3 Na2CO3H2O
105.99 124.00
2.533 1.55
851 −H2O, 100
carbonate carbonate (sal soda)
Na2CO37H2O Na2CO310H2O
232.10 286.14
wh. pd., 1.535 wh., rhb., 1.506– 1.509 rhb. or trig. wh., mn., 1.425
1.51 1.46
d. 35.1
*Usual commercial form.
−3H2O, 120
−7H2O, 100 −12H2O, 100
0.00002220° 1220° d., forms NaOH 46.520° v. s. s. d. 16.7 0.03112.8° 26.717° s. 6115° 5.590.1° v. s. 62.525° 6.90° 3.720° 500° sl. s. 1.30° 2262° (anh.)
i. i. i. i.
952100° 170100° v. s. v. s. 100
s. HF; i. alk. s. HF; i. alk. s. HF; i. alk. s. HNO3, h. H2SO4; i. alk. 0.5118° NH4OH; s. KCN, Na2S2O3 s. NH4OH, Na2S2O3; i. al. s. NH4OH, KCN; sl. s. HCl s. NH4OH, KCN, HNO3 s. gly.; v. sl. s. al. i. bz.; d. al. 2.118° al. 7.825° abs. al. i. al. d. al. i. al. sl. s. al., NH4 salts; i. ac. 1.67 al., 5015° gly. sl. s. al. sl. s. al. 2.325°, 8.378° al. i. al.
1390
27.5 9020° 79.50° (anh.)
d.
7.10° s. s. 21.50°
s. 23830°
0°
s. HNO3, al., et. i. al., et.; d. KOH s. HF, h. alk., fused CaCl2 s. HF; i. alk.
v. s. 140.730° 76.9100° 16.460° s. 100100° s. 8.7940° 52.3100° (anh.) 20.380° (anh.) 90.9100° 121100° 118.380° (anh.) 48.5104° s.
1.30.5 (anh).
i. CS2; s. H2SO4 v. s. al.; i. NH3 s. alk.; i. NH4Cl s. alk.; i. NH4Cl s. HNO3 + HF, Ag; sl. s. Pb, Zn; i. HF s. HNO3 + HF, fused alk.; i. HF. s. HF, KOH s. fused alk.; i. a. d. alk. d. conc. H2SO4, al.
d. al.; i. NH3 i. al., act. i. al. s. gly.; i. abs. al. i. al. sl. s. al. sl. s. al. i. al., et. s. gly.; i. al., et. i. al.
2-24
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
TABLE 2-1
Name Sodium ammonium phosphate (Cont.) carbonate, sesqui- (trona) chlorate
Formula
Na3H(CO3)22H2O NaClO3
Formula weight
226.03 106.44
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Specific gravity
chloride chromate chromate citrate cyanide dichromate
NaCl Na2CrO4 Na2CrO410H2O 2Na3C6H5O711H2O NaCN Na2Cr2O72H2O
58.44 161.97 342.13 714.31 49.01 298.00
ferricyanide ferrocyanide
Na3Fe(CN)6H2O Na4Fe(CN)610H2O
298.93 484.06
red, delq. yel., mn.
1.458
fluoride (villiaumite) formate hydride
NaF NaHCO2 NaH
tet., 1.3258 wh., mn. silv. nd., 1.470
2.79 1.919 0.92
992 253 d. 800
hydrosulfide hydrosulfide hydrosulfite hydroxide hydroxide hypochlorite iodide iodide lactate nitrate (soda niter) nitrite
NaSH2H2O NaSH3H2O Na2S2O42H2O NaOH NaOH3aH2O NaOCl NaI* NaI2H2O NaC3H5O3 NaNO3 NaNO2
2.130
d. 22 d. 318.4 15.5 d. 651
1300
2.257 2.1680°
d. 308 271
d. 380 d. 320
oxide
Na2O
2.27
subl.
perborate perchlorate perchlorate peroxide peroxide phosphate, monobasic phosphate, monobasic phosphate, dibasic phosphate, dibasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, pyrophosphate (pyrodisodium) phosphate (pyrodisodium) potassium tartrate silicate, metaSodium silicate, metasilicate, orthosilicofluoride stannate sulfate (thenardite) sulfate
NaBO3H2O NaClO4 NaClO4H2O Na2O2* Na2O28H2O NaH2PO4H2O* NaH2PO42H2O Na2HPO47H2O Na2HPO412H2O Na3PO4 Na3PO412H2O* Na4P4O12 Na4P2O7* Na4P2O710H2O Na2H2P2O7 Na2H2P2O76H2O NaKC4H4O64H2O Na2SiO3 Na2SiO39H2O Na4SiO4 Na2SiF6 Na2SnO33H2O Na2SO4 Na2SO4
92.09 110.11 210.14 40.00 103.05 74.44 149.89 185.92 112.06 84.99 69.00 61.98 99.81 122.44 140.46 77.98 222.10 137.99 156.01 268.07 358.14 163.94 380.12 407.85 265.90 446.06 221.94 330.03 282.22 122.06 284.20 184.04 188.06 266.73 142.04 142.04
col., delq., nd. rhb. col. cr. wh., delq. mn. pa. yel., in soln. only col., cb., 1.7745 col., mn. col., amor. col., trig., 1.5874 pa. yel., rhb. wh., delq. wh. pd. rhb., 1.4617 hex. yel.-wh. pd. wh., hex. col., rhb., 1.4852 col., rhb., 1.4629 col., mn., 1.4424 col., mn., 1.4361 wh. wh., trig., 1.4458 col. wh. mn., 1.4525 col., mn., 1.510 col., mn., 1.4645 rhb., 1.493 col., rhb., 1.520 rhb. col., hex., 1.530 wh., hex., 1.312 hex. tablets col., rhb., 1.477 col., mn.
2.163 2.723 1.483 1.857 23.5° 4 18°
2.52
3.6670° 2.448
2.02 2.805 2.040 1.91 1.679 1.52 2.53717.5° 1.62 2.476 2.45 1.82 1.862 1.848 1.790
2.679 2.698
d. 248
Boiling point, °C
wh., mn., 1.5073 wh., cb., or trig., 1.5151 col., cb., 1.5443 yel., rhb. yel., delq., mn. wh., rhb. wh., cb., 1.452 red, mn., 1.6994
41.99 68.01 24.00
2.112 2.49015°
Melting point, °C
800.4 392 19.9 −11H2O, 150 563.7 −2H2O, 84.6; 356 (anh.)
d. 40 482 d. d. 130 d. d. 30 −H2O, 100 60 d. 34.6 1340 73.4 616 d. 988 d. d. 220 70 to 80 1088 47 1018 d. d. 140 tr. 100 to mn. tr. 500 to hex.
d. 1413 d. 1496 d. 400
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
130° 790°
42100° 230100° 0°
1390
d. 200 −12H2O, 180 −11H2O, 100
−4H2O, 215 −6H2O, 100
100°
35.7 320° v. s. 9125° 4810° 2380°
39.8 126100° ∞ 250100° 8235° 50880°
18.90° 17.920° (anh.)
67100° 6398.5° (anh.) 5100° 160100°
40° 440° d. d.
Hot water
s. s. 2220° 420° s. 260° 158.70° v. s. v. s. 730° 72.10°
s. s. d. 347100° v. s. 15856° 302100° v. s. v. s. 180100° 163.2100°
Forms NaOH sl. s. 1700° 20915° s. d. s. d. 710° 91.10° 18540° 4.30° 4.50° 28.315° s. 2.260° 5.40° 4.50° 6.90° 260° s. v. s. s. 0.440° 500° 50° 48.840°
d. 320100° 28450° d. d. 39083° 30840° 2000100° 76.730° 77100° ∞ s. 4596° 93100° 2140° 3640° 6626° s. d. v. s. s. 2.45100° 6750° 42100° 42.5100°
Other reagents
s. al. sl. s. al.; i. conc. HCl sl. s. al. i. al. s. NH3; sl. s. al. i. al. i. al. v. sl. s. al. sl. s. al.; i. et. i. bz., CS2, CCl4, NH3; s. molten metal s. al.; d. a. s. al.; d. a. i. al. v. s. al., et., gly.; i. act. v. s. al., act. v. s. NH3 s. al.; i. et. s. NH3; sl. s. gly., al. 0.320° et.; 0.3 abs. al.; 4.420° m. al.; v. s. NH3 d. al. s. gly., alk. s. al.; 51 m. al.; 52 act.; i. et. s. al. s. dil. a. i. al. i. al. i. CS2 s. a., alk. d. a. i. al., NH3 sl. s. al. i. Na or K salts, al. 2918°, aN NaOH i. al. i. al., act. i. al. d. HI; s. H2SO4
sulfate sulfate sulfate (Glauber’s salt) sulfide, monosulfide, tetrasulfide, pentasulfite sulfite tartrate thiocyanate thiosulfate thiosulfate (hypo) tungstate tungstate tungstate, parauranate vanadate vanadate, pyroStannic chloride
Na2SO4 Na2SO47H2O Na2SO410H2O Na2S Na2S4 Na2S5 Na2SO3 Na2SO37H2O Na2C4H4O62H2O NaCNS Na2S2O3 Na2S2O35H2O* Na2WO4 Na2WO42H2O* Na6W7O2416H2O Na2UO4 Na3VO416H2O Na4V2O7 SnCl4
142.04 268.15 322.19 78.04 174.24 206.30 126.04 252.15 230.08 81.07 158.11 248.18 293.82 329.85 2097.05 348.01 472.15 305.84 260.52
col., hex. tet. col., mn., 1.396 pink or wh., amor. yel., cb. yel. hex. pr., 1.565 mn. rhb. delq., rhb., 1.625 mn. mn. pr., 1.5079 wh., rhb. wh., rhb. wh., tri. yel. col. nd. hex. col., fuming lq.
884 1.464 1.856 2.633 15° 4 1.561 1.818
2.226
866 (anh.) 654 −30.2
7.0
1127
215.5 246.8 37.7 −SO2, 360 800
sulfate
Sn(SO4)22H2O
346.87
col., delq., hex.
SnBr2 SnCl2 SnCl22H2O* SnSO4 Sr
278.52 189.62 225.65 214.77 87.62
yel., rhb. wh., rhb. wh., tri. wh. cr. silv. met.
5.1217°
acetate carbonate (strontianite) chloride chloride hydroxide hydroxide
Sr(C2H3O2)2 SrCO3 SrCl2 SrCl26H2O* Sr(OH)2 Sr(OH)28H2O*
205.71 147.63 158.53 266.62 121.63 265.76
wh. cr. wh., rhb., 1.664 wh., cb., 1.6499 wh., rhb., 1.5364 wh., delq. col., tet., 1.499
2.099 3.70 3.052 1.93317° 3.625 1.90
nitrate nitrate oxide (strontia)
Sr(NO3)2* Sr(NO3)24H2O SrO
211.63 283.69 103.62
col., cb., 1.5878 wh., mn. col., cb., 1.870
2.986 2.2 4.7
SrO2 SrO28H2O SrSO4 Sr(HSO4)2 NH2SO3H S S8 S8 S2Br2 S2Cl2 SCl2 SCl4 SO2
119.62 263.74 183.68 281.76 97.09 32.07 256.52 256.52 223.94 135.04 102.97 173.88 64.06
wh. pd. wh. cr. col., rhb., 1.6237 col., granular wh., rhb. pa. yel. pd., 2.0–2.9 pa. yel., mn. pa. yel., rhb. red, fuming lq. red-yel. lq. dark red fuming lq. yel.-brn. lq. col. gas
oxide, tri-(α)
2-25
oxide, tri-(β) Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid *Usual commercial form.
SO3 (SO3)2 H2SO4* H2SO4H2O
80.06 160.13 98.08 116.09
col. pr. col., silky, nd. col., viscous lq. pr. or lq.
d.
d. 48.0 692 −2H2O, 100 −16H2O, 300
150.71
peroxide peroxide sulfate (celestite) sulfate, acid Sulfamic acid Sulfur, amorphous Sulfur, monoclinic Sulfur, rhombic Sulfur bromide, monochloride, monochloride, dichloride, tetraoxide, di-
275 251.8 d. −7H2O, 150
1.667 1.685 4.179 3.245 3.98714°
SnO2
Stannous bromide chloride chloride (tin salt) sulfate Strontium
−10H2O, 100
287
oxide (cassiterite)
wh., tet., 1.9968
32.4
2.7115.5° 2.6
3.96 2.03 12° 4 2.046 1.96 2.07 2.635 1.687 1.621 15° 15 lq., 1.4340°; 2.264 (A) lq., 1.923; 2.75 (A) 1.9720° 1.834 18° 4 1.842 15° 4
149760atm 873 −4H2O, 61 375 −7H2O in dry air 570
114.1
620 623 d. 1150 d. −CO2, 1350 −6H2O, 100
19.420° 44.90° 3615° 15.410° s. s. 13.90° 34.72° 296° 11010° 500° 74.70° 57.580° 880° 8 i. v. s. s. s.
45.360° 202.626° 41234° 57.390° s. s. 28.384° 67.818° 6643° 225100° 23180° 301.860° 97100° 123.5100° d. i. d.
i.
i.
v. s.
d.
s. 83.90° 118.70° 1919° d.
d. 269.815° ∞ 18100° Forms Sr(OH)2 36.497° 0.065100° 100.8100° 19840° 21.83100° 47.7100°
36.90° 0.001118° 43.50° 1040° 0.410° 0.900°
d. −8H2O, 100 1580 d. d. 205 d. 120 119.0 112.8 −46 −80 −78 −30 −75.5
444.6 444.6 444.6 540.18mm 138 59 d. > −20 −10.0
400° 62.20° Forms Sr(OH)2 0.00820° 0.01820° 0.01130° d. 200° i. i. i. d. d. d. d. 22.80°
16.83
44.6
d.
50 10.49 8.62
d. 340 290
Forms H2SO4 ∞ ∞
2430 d.
d.
i. al. sl. s. al.; i. et. s. al. s. al. i. al., NH i. al. i. al. v. s. al. s. NH3; v. sl. s. al. sl. s. NH3; i. a., al. s. alk. carb., dil. a. i. al. i. al. s. abs. al., act., NH3; s. ∞ CS2 s. conc. H2SO4; i. alk.; NH4OH, NH3 s. dil. H2SO4, HCl; d. abs. al. s. C6H5N s. alk., abs. al., et. s. tart. a., alk., al. s. H2SO4 s. al., a. 0.2615° m. al. s. a., NH4 salts, aq. CO2 v. sl. s. act., abs. al.; i. NH3 s. NH4Cl s. NH4Cl; i. act.
10089° 12420°
s. NH3; 0.012 abs. al. i. HNO3 sl. s. al.; i. et.
d. d. 0.011432°
s. al., NH4Cl; i. act. s. al.; i. NH4OH sl. s. a.; i. dil. H2SO4, al. 1470° H2SO4 sl. s. al., act.; i. et. sl. s. CS2 s. CS2, al. 240°, 18155° CS2
4070° i. i. i.
s. CS2, et., bz. d. al. 4.550°
s. H2SO4; al., ac. s. H2SO4
∞ ∞
s. H2SO4 d. al. d. al.
2-26
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Concluded)
TABLE 2-1
Name
Formula
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
Hot water
H2SO42H2O H2S2O7 SO2Cl2 SOBr2 SOCl2 Ta
134.11 178.14 134.97 207.87 118.97 180.95
col. lq. cr. col. lq. or.-yel. lq. col. lq. bk.-gray, cb.
1.650 40° 1.920° 1.667 20° 4 2.6818° 1.638 16.6
−38.9 35 −54.1 −50 −104.5 2850
167 d. 69.1760mm 6840mm 78.8 >4100
∞ d. d. d. d. i.
i.
Tellurium
Te
127.60
met., hex.
(α) 6.24; (β) 6.00
452
1390
i.
i.
Terbium Thallium acetate chloride, monochloride, sesquichloride, trichloride, trisulfate (ic) sulfate (ous) sulfate, acid Thio, cf. sulfo or sulfur Thorium
Tb Tl TlC2H3O2 TlCl Tl2Cl3 TlCl3 TlCl34H2O Tl2(SO4)37H2O Tl2SO4 TlHSO4
158.93 204.38 263.43 239.84 515.13 310.74 382.80 823.06 504.83 301.45
blue-wh., tet. silky nd. wh., cb. yel., hex. hex. pl. nd. lf. col., rhb., 1.8671 trimorphous
11.85 3.68 7.00 5.9
303.5 110 430 400–500 25 37 −6H2O, 200 632 115 d.
1650
i. v. s. 0.210° 0.2615° v. s. 86.217° d. 2.700°
i.
Th
232.04
cb.
11.2
1845
>3000
i.
i.
oxide, di- (thorianite) sulfate sulfate Thulium Tin
ThO2 Th(SO4)2 Th(SO4)29H2O Tm Sn
264.04 424.16 586.30 168.93 118.71
wh., cb.
>2800
4400
mn. pr.
9.69 4.22517° 2.77
silv. met., tet.
7.31
231.85
2260
i. 0.740° sl. s. i. i.
5.2250° sl. s. i. i.
Tin
Sn
118.71
gray, cb.
5.750
Stable −163 to +18
2260
i.
i.
Tin salts, cf. stannic and stannous Titanic acid
H2TiO3
97.88
wh. pd.
i.
i.
i. d.
d.
s. s. i.
s. d. i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
s. H2SO4, alk. s. h. conc. KOH; sl. s. NH3, HNO3, aq. reg. s. F2; i. a. s. h. HNO3; sl. s. HCl, H2SO4 s. alk.; i. a. s. HF, alk., NH3
Ti TiCl2
47.87 118.77
dark gray, cb. bk., delq.
chloride, trichloride, tetraoxide, di- (anatase)
TiCl3 TiCl4* TiO2
154.23 189.68 79.87
oxide, di- (brookite)
TiO2
79.87
oxide, di- (rutile)
TiO2
79.87
Titanium chloride, di-
6.77
17.5°
4.50
806 d. d. −4H2O, 100 d. d.
d. al. d. al. s. ac.; d. al. s. bz., CS2, CCl4; d. act. s. bz., chl. s. fused alk., HF; i. HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 s. H2SO4, HNO3, KCN, KOH, aq. reg.; i. CS2
100°
1.8 1.9100° d. d. 18.45100°
>3000
W
183.84
vl., delq. col. lq. brn. or bk., tet., 2.534–2.564 brn. or bk., rhb., 2.586 col. if pure, tet., 2.615 gray-bk., cb.
19.3
3370
5900
i.
i.
WC W2C
195.85 379.69
gray pd., cb. iron gray
15.718° 16.0618°
2777 2877
6000 6000
i. i.
i. i.
oxide, triTungstic acid (tungstite)
WO3 H2WO4
231.84 249.85
yel., rhb. yel., rhb. 2.24
7.16 5.5
i. i.
i. sl. s.
Uranic acid
H2UO4
304.04
yel. pd.
5.92615°
Uranium carbide oxide, di- (uraninite)
U U2C3 UO2
238.03 512.09 270.03
wh. cr. cr. bk., rhb.
18.485 13° 4 11.28 10.9
>2130 −aH2O, 100; 1473 −H2O, 250 to 300 1133 2400 2176
Tungsten carbide carbide
lq., 1.726 3.84
136.4
4.17 4.26
1640 d.
s. HNO3, H2SO4; i. NH3 v. s. al. sl. s. HCl; i. al., NH4OH s. al., et. s. al., et. s. dil. H2SO4 v. sl. s. dil. H2SO4
−9H2O, 400
1800 Unstable in air d. 440 −30
∞
Other reagents
Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid, pyroSulfuric oxychloride Sulfurous oxybromide oxychloride Tantalum
<3000
3500
s. HCl, H2SO; sl. s. HNO3; i. HF, alk. s. h. H2SO4; i. alk.
s. HCl, H2SO4, dil. HNO3 h. aq KOH s. a., h. alk. solns. s. alk.; v. sl. s. dil. a.; i. al. s. a. i. CS2, et., chl. s. dil. HCl sl. s. alk.
i.
i.
s. a., alk. carb.; i. alk.
i. d. i.
i.
s. a.; i. alk. d. a. s. HNO3, conc. H2SO4
i.
oxide (pitchblende) sulfate (ous) Uranyl acetate carbonate (rutherfordine) nitrate sulfate Vanadic acid, metaVanadic acid, pyroVanadium chloride, dichloride, trichloride, tetraoxide, dioxide, trioxide, tetraoxide, pentaoxychloride, monoVanadyl chloride chloride, dichloride, triWater†
U3O8 U(SO4)24H2O UO2(C2H3O2)22H2O UO2CO3 UO2(NO3)26H2O UO2SO43H2O HVO3 H4V2O7 V VCl2 VCl3 VCl4 V2O2 V2O3 V2O4 V2O5 VOCl (VO)2Cl VOCl2 VOCl3 H2O
842.08 502.22 424.15 330.04 502.13 420.14 99.95 217.91 50.94 121.85 157.30 192.75 133.88 149.88 165.88 181.88 86.39 169.33 137.85 173.30 18.02
Water, heavy Xenon
D2O Xe
20.029 131.29
olive gn. gn., rhb. yel., rhb. tet. yel., rhb., 1.4967 yel. cr. yel. scales pa. yel., amor. lt. gray, cb. gn., hex., delq. pink, tabular, delq. red lq. lt. gray cr. bk. cr. blue cr. red-yel., rhb. brn. pd. yel. cr. gn., delq. yel. lq. col. lq., 1.3330020°; hex. solid, 1.309 col. lq., 1.3284420° col. gas
Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc acetate acetate bromide carbonate
Yb Y Zn Zn(C2H3O2)2 Zn(C2H3O2)22H2O* ZnBr2 ZnCO3
173.04 88.91 65.41 183.50 219.53 225.22 125.42
dark gray, hex. silv. met., hex. mn. wh., mn., 1.494 rhb. wh., trig., 1.818
ZnCl2
136.32
wh., delq., 1.687, uniaxial col., rhb. col., rhb. cb.
chloride
117.44 99.42 319.22
2-27
cyanide hydroxide iodide
Zn(CN)2 Zn(OH)2 ZnI2
nitrate oxide (zincite) oxide peroxide phosphide silicate
Zn(NO3)26H2O ZnO ZnO ZnO2 Zn3P2 ZnSiO3
297.51 81.41 81.41 97.41 258.17 141.49
sulfate (zincosite)
ZnSO4
sulfate sulfate sulfate (goslarite) sulfide (α) (wurzite) sulfide (β) (sphalerite)
ZnSO4H2O ZnSO46H2O ZnSO47H2O* ZnS ZnS
161.47 179.49 269.56 287.58 97.47 97.47
sulfide (blende) sulfite Zirconium oxide, di- (baddeleyite) oxide, di- (free from Hf)
ZnS ZnSO32aH2O Zr ZrO2 ZrO2
97.47 190.51 91.22 123.22 123.22
col., tet. wh., hex., 2.004 wh., amor. yel. steel gray, cb. hex. or rhb.; glass, 1.650 wh., rhb., 1.669 col. mn. rhb., 1.4801 wh., hex., 2.356 wh., cb.; glass (?) 2.18–2.25 wh., granular mn. cb., pd. ign. easily yel. or brn., mn., 2.19 wh., mn.
*Usual commercial form. †Cf. special tables on water and steam, Tables 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-185, 2-186 and 2-351 through 2-357. NOTE: °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32.
7.31 15°
2.89 5.6 2.807 3.2816.5° 5.96 3.2318° 3.0018° 1.81630° 3.64 4.87 18° 4 4.399 3.357 18° 4 2.824 3.64 2.8813° 1.829 1.004° (lq.); 0.9150° (ice) 1.10720° lq., 3.06−109.1 2.7−140° 4.53 (A)
d. −4H2O, 300 −2H2O, 110 60.2 d. 100
118
1710
3000
d. −109 ign. 1970 1967 800
148.5755mm
d. 1750
d. in air
i. 2311° 9.217°
i. 963° d.
s. HNO3, H2SO4 s. dil. a. s. al., act.
170.30° 18.913.2° i. i. i. s. s. s. d. i. sl. s. i. 0.820° i. i. d. s. d.
∞60° 23025°
v. s. ac., al., et.; i. dil., alk. 4 al.; s. a. s. a., alk.; i. NH3 s. a., alk., NH4OH s. HNO3, H2SO4; i. aq., alk. s. al., et. s. abs. al., et. s. abs. al., et., chl., ac. s. a. s. HNO3, HF, alk. s. a., alk. s. a., alk.; i. abs. al. v. s. HNO3 s. HNO3 s. abs. al., dil. HNO3 s. al., et., ∞Br2 ∞ al.; sl. s. et.
i. d. d. i. s. i.
<−15 0
127.19 100
3.82 −140
101.42 −109.1
∞ 24.20° cc
∞ 7.350° cc
∞ al.; sl. s. et.
5.51 7.140 1.840 1.735 4.2194° 4.42
1490 419.4 242 237 394 −CO2, 300
2500 907 subl. in vac. −2H2O, 100 650
sl. d. i. 3025° 4025° 3900° 0.00115°
d. i. 44.6100° 66.6100° 670100°
2.91 25° 4
283
732
43225°
615100°
v. s. dil. a., h. KOH s. a., ac., alk. 2.825°, 16679° al. v. s. al. v. s. NH4OH, al., et. s. a., alk., NH4 salts; i. act., NH3 10012.5° al.; v. s. et.; i. NH3 s. KCN, NH3, alk.; i. al. s. a., alk., NH4OH s. a., al., NH3, aq. (NH4)2CO3 v. s. al. s. a., alk., NH4Cl; i. NH3
3.053 4.666 14.2° 4 2.065 14° 4
d. 80 d. 125 446
5.606 5.47 1.571 4.55 13° 4 3.52
36.4 >1800 >1800 expl. 212 >420 1437
3.74 15° 4 3.28 15° 4 2.072 15° 4 1.96616.5° 4.087 4.102 25° 4
d. 740 d. 238 −5H2O, 70 tr. 39 1850150atm tr. 1020
4.04 6.4 5.49 5.73
−2aH2O, 100 1700 2700
18°
624 −6H2O, 105
1100
−7H2O, 280 subl. 1185
d. 200 >2900 4300
0.0005 0.0005218° 4300°
sl. s.
324.5 0.0004218° 0.0004218° 0.0022 i. i.
∞36.4°
420° s. s. 115.20° 0.0006918° i.
61100° 89.5100° s. 653.6100° i. i.
sl. s. al.; s. gly.
i. 0.16 i. i. i.
i. d. i. i. i.
v. s. a.; i. ac. s. H2SO3, NH4OH; i. al. s. HF, aq. reg.; sl. s. a. s. H2SO4, HF s. H2SO4, HF
510100°
i. NH4OH; d. a. s. dil. a.
sl. s. al.; i. act.; NH3 sl. s. al.; i. act.; NH3 v. s. a.; i. ac. s. a.
2-28
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds* Abbreviations Used in the Table
(A), density referred to air al., ethyl alcohol amor., amorphous aq., aqua, water brn., brown bz., benzene c., cubic cc., cubic centimeter chl., chloroform col., colorless
cr., crystalline d., decomposes d-, dextrorotatory dl-, dextro-laevorotatory et., ethyl ether expl., explodes gn., green h., hot hex., hexagonal
i-, iso-, containing the group (CH3)2CHi., insoluble ign., ignites l-, laevorotatory lf., leaflets lq., liquid m-, meta mn., monoclinic n-, normal
are usually referred to water at 4°C, e.g., 1.02895/4 a density of 1.028 at 95° C referred to water at 4° C, the 4 being omitted when it is not clear whether the reference is to water at 4°C or at the temperature indicated by the upper figure. The melting and boiling points given have been selected from available data as probably the most accurate. The solubility is given in grams of the substance in 100 of the solvent. In the case of gases, the solubility is often expressed in some manner as “510 cc.” which indicates that, at 10°C, 5 cc. of the gas are soluble in 100 of the solvent.
This table of the physical properties includes the organic compounds of most general interest. For the properties of other organic compounds, reference must be made to larger tables in Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry (Handbook Publishers), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.), Van Nostrand’s Chemical Annual, International Critical Tables (McGraw-Hill), and similar works. The molecular weights are based on the atomic weight values in “Atomic weights of the Elements 2001,” PURE Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003. The densities are given for the temperature indicated and Name Abietic acid Acenaphthene Acetal Acet-aldehyde -aldehyde, par-aldehyde ammonia -amide -anilide -phenetidide (o-) (m-) -toluidide (o-) (p-) Acetic acid anhydride nitrile Acetone Acetonyl urea Acetophenone benzoyl hydride Acetyl-chloride -phenylenediamine (-p) Acetylene dichloride (cis) (trans) Aconitic acid Acridine Acrolein ethylene aldehyde Acrylic acid nitrile Adipic acid amide nitrile Adrenaline (1-) (3,4,1) Alanine (α) (dl-) Aldol acetaldol Alizarin Allyl alcohol bromide chloride thiocyanate (i) thiourea Aluminum ethoxide Amino-anthraquinone (α) (β) -azobenzene -benzoic acid (m-) (p-)
Synonym sylvic acid, abietinic acid naphthylene ethylene acetaldehyde diethylacetal ethanal paraldehyde ethanamide antifebrin o-ethoxyacetanilide acetyl-m-phenetidine N-tolylacetamide N-tolylacetamide ethanoic acid, vinegar acid acetyl oxide, acetic oxide methyl cyanide propanone, dimethyl ketone dimethyl hydantoin methyl-phenyl ketone ethanoyl chloride amino-acetanilide (p) ethyne; ethine 1,2-dichloroethene dioform equisetic acid; citridic acid acrylic aldehyde, propenal propenoic acid vinyl cyanide hexandioc acid, adipinic acid tetramethylene 1-suprarenine 2-hydroxybutyraldehyde Anthraquinoic acid propen-1-ol-3,propenyl alcohol 3-bromo-propene-1 3-chloro-propene-1 mustard oil thiosinamide
aminodracylic acid
v. s., very soluble v. sl. s., very slightly soluble wh., white yel., yellow (+), right rotation >, greater than <, less than ∞, infinitely
s-, sec-, secondary silv., silvery sl., slightly subl., sublimes sym., symmetrical t-, tertiary tet., tetragonal tri., triclinic uns., unsymmetrical v., very
nd., needles o-, ortho or., orange p-, para pd., powder pet., petroleum ether pl., plates pr., prisms rhb., rhombic s., soluble
Formula
Formula weight
Form and color
C20H30O2 C10H6(CH2)2 CH3CH(OC2H5)2 CH3CHO (C2H4O)3 CH3CHOHNH2 CH3CONH2 C6H5NHCOCH3 CH3CONHC6H4OC2H5 CH3CONHC6H4OC2H5 CH3C6H4NHCOCH3 CH3C6H4NHCOCH3 CH3CO2H (CH3CO)2O CH3CN CH3COCH3
(CH3)2 CH3COC6H5 CH3COCl C2H3ONHC6H4NH2 HC⯗CH CHCl:CHCl CHCl:CHCl C3H3(CO2H)3 C6H4 < (CH)(N) > C6H4 CH2:CHCHO CH2:CHCO2H CH2:CHCN (CH2CH2CO2H)2 (CH2CH2CONH2)2 (CH2CH2CN)2 C6H3(OH)2(CHOHCH2NHCH3) CH3CH(NH2)CO2H CH3CH(OH)CH2COH C6H4(CO)2C6H2(OH)2 CH2:CHCH2OH CH2:CHCH2Br CH2:CHCH2Cl CH2:CHCH2NCS CH2:CHCH2NHCSNH2 Al(OCH2CH3)3 C6H4(CO)2C6H3NH2 C6H4(CO)2C6H3NH2 C6H5N:NC6H4NH2 H2NC6H4CO2H H2NC6H4CO2H
302.45 154.21 118.17 44.05 132.16 61.08 59.07 135.16 179.22 179.22 149.19 149.19 60.05 102.09 41.05 58.08 128.13 120.15 78.50 150.18 26.04 96.94 96.94 174.11 179.22 56.06 72.06 53.06 146.14 144.17 108.14 183.20 89.09 88.11 240.21 58.08 120.98 76.52 99.15 116.18 162.16 223.23 223.23 197.24 137.14 137.14
lf. rhb./al. lq. col. lq. col. cr. col. cr. col. cr. rhb./al. lf./al. lf./al. rhb. rhb. or mn. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. tri./al. lf. col. lq. nd./aq. col. gas col. lq. col. lq. cr./aq. rhb./aq. al. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. mn. pr. cr. pd. col. oil col. pd. nd./aq. col. lq. red rhb. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. oil col. pr. pd. red nd. red nd. yel. mn. nd./aq. mn. pr.
Specific gravity 1.06995/95 0.82122/4 0.78318/4 0.99420/4 1.159 1.214 1.16815 1.21215 1.04920/4 1.08220/4 0.78320/4 0.79220/4 1.03315/15 1.10520/4 (A) 0.906 1.29115/4 1.26515/4 0.84120/4 1.06216/4 0.81120 1.36025/4 19/19
0.951
1.10320/4 0.85420/4 1.39820/4 0.93820/4 1.01320/4 1.21920/20 1.14220/0
1.5114°
Melting point, °C 182 95 −123.5 10.5–12 97 81(69.4) 113–4 79 96–7 110 153 16.7 −73 −41 −94.6 175 20.5 −112.0 162 −81.5891 −80.5 −50 192 d. 110–1 −87.7 12–13 −82 151–3 226–7 1 d. 207–11 295 d. 289–90 −129 −119.4 −136.4 −80 77–8 150–60 256 302 126–7 173–4 187–8
Boiling point, °C 278–9 102.2 20.2 124.4752 100–10 d. 222 305 >250 296 306–7 118.1 139.6 81.6–2.0 56.5 subl. 202.3749 51–2 −84760 60.3 48.4 346 52.5 141–2 78–9 26510 295 subl. >200 8320 430 96.6 70–1753 44.6 152 200–510 subl. subl. 225120
Solubility in 100 parts Water
Alcohol
Ether
i. i. 625 ∞ 1213 v. s. s. 0.56 i. sl. s. 0.8619 0.0922 ∞ 12 c. ∞ ∞ s. i. d. s. h. 100 cc.18 0.3520 0.6320 3315 sl. s. h. 40 ∞ s. 1.415 0.412 v. sl. s. 0.0320 2217 ∞ 0.03100 ∞ i. <0.1 0.2 30 d. i. i. sl. s. h. v. sl. s. 0.313
v. s. s. h. ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. s. 2120 s. s. s. 1025 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. d. v. s. 600 cc.18 ∞ ∞ sl. s. s. s. ∞
v. s. s. chl. ∞ ∞ ∞ sl. s. v. sl. s. 7 25
v. s.
0.615
s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. ∞ v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. i. s. s. s. h. 210 1110
v. sl. s. i. i. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. sl. s. v. sl. s. s. i. s. 1.86 8.26
s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. ∞ v. s. ∞ ∞ v. sl. s. s. s.
Amino-diphenylamine (p-) -G-acid (2-)(6-,8-), Na2 salt -mono-potassium salt -sodium salt -J-acid (2-)(5-,7-) -mono-potassium salt -naphthol sulfonic (1-,2-,4-)(α-) (1-,8-,4-) -phenol (o-) (m-) (p-) -toluene sulfonic acid (1-,2-,3-) (1-,4-,2-) (1-,4-,3-) (1-,2-,5-) Amyl acetate (n-) (i-) (s-) (s-) (t-) alcohol (n-) fusel oil, (s-,n-) methyl-propyl carbinol, (prim.-,i-) isobutyl carbinol, (s-,i-) (t-) (d-) -amine (n-) (s-,n-) (i-) (t-)
aniline (i-) benzoate (i-) bromide (n-) (i-) (t-) n-butyrate (n-) (i-) (t-) i-butyrate (i-) chloride (n-) (s-) (s-) (i-) (s-,i-) (t-) i-cyanide (i-) formate (n-) (i-) iodide (n-) (i-) (s-,n-) (t-)
2-29
mercaptan (n-) (n-) (i-) phenol (t-)(p-) propionate (n-) (i-) (act.) salicylate (n-) Amyl i-valerate (i) (t-)
2-aminophenol 3-aminophenol p-hydroxyaniline
common amyl acetate α-Me-Bu-acetate di Et-carbinol acetate pentanol-1 pentanol-2 2-methyl-butanol-4 2-methyl-butanol-3 2-methyl-butanol-2 active amyl alcohol
1-NH2-2-Me-butane 3-amino pentane 3-NH2-2-Me-butane 1-bromopentane 4-Br-2-Me-butane 2-Br-2-Me-butane
1-chloropentane 2-chloropentane 3-chloropentane 4-Cl-2-Me-butane 3-Cl-2-Me-butane 2-Cl-2-Me-butane 1-Cl-2-Me-butane iso-caproic iso-nitrile 1-iodopentane 4-I-2-Me-butane 2-iodopentane 2-I-2-Me-butane pentanthiol-1 pentanthiol-3 2-Me-butanthiol-4 pentaphen
H2NC6H4NHC6H5 C10H5(NH2)(SO3Na)2 C10H5(NH2)S2O6HK C10H5(NH2)S2O6HNa C10H5(NH2)(SO3H)2 C10H5(NH2)S2O6HK C10H5OHNH2SO3HaH2O NH2(OH)C10H5SO3H H2NC6H4OH H2NC6H4OH H2NC6H4OH C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3H C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3HH2O C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3HaH2O C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3HH2O CH3CO2CH2(CH2)3CH3 CH3CO2CH2CH2CH(CH3)2 CH3CO2CH2CH(CH3)C2H5 CH3CO2CH(CH3)CH2C2H5 CH3CO2CH(C2H5)2 CH3CO2C(CH3)2C2H5 CH3(CH2)3CH2OH C2H5CH2CH(OH)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH (C2H5)2CHOH (CH3)2CHCH(OH)CH3 (CH3)2C(OH)C2H5 (CH3)3CCH2OH C2H5CH(CH3)CH2OH CH3(CH2)4NH2 (C3H7)(CH3)CHNH2 (CH3)2CH(CH2)2NH2 (C2H5)(CH3)2CNH2 C2H5CH(CH3)CH2NH2 (C2H5)2CHNH2 (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)NH2 C6H5NHC5H11 C6H5CO2C5H11 CH3(CH2)3CH2Br (CH3)2CH(CH2)2Br (CH3)2C(Br)C2H5 C2H5CH2CO2(CH2)4CH3 C2H5CH2CO2C5H11 C3H7CO2C(CH3)2C2H5 (CH3)2CHCO2C5H11 CH3(CH2)3CH2Cl C2H5CH2CHClCH3 (C2H5)2CHCl (CH3)2CH(CH2)2Cl (CH3)CHCHClCH3 (CH3)2CClC2H5 (CH3)(C2H5)CHCH2Cl (CH3)2CH(CH2)2NC HCO2CH2(CH2)3CH3 HCO2CH2CH2CH(CH3)2 CH3(CH2)3CH2I (CH3)2CHCH2CH2I C2H5CH2CHICH3 (CH3)2CIC2H5 C2H5CH(CH3)CH2I CH3(CH2)3CH2SH (C2H5)2CHSH (CH3)2CH(CH2)2SH C5H11C6H4OH C2H5CO2(CH2)4CH3 C2H5CO2(CH2)2CH(CH3)2 C2H5CO2C5H11 HOC6H4CO2C5H11 C4H9CO2C5H11 C4H9CO2C5H11
184.24 347.28 341.40 325.29 303.31 341.40 248.26 239.25 109.13 109.13 109.13 187.22 205.23 196.22 205.23 130.18 130.18 130.18 130.18 130.18 130.18 88.15 88.15 88.15 88.15 88.15 88.15 88.15 88.15 87.16 87.16 87.16 87.16 87.16 87.16 87.16 163.26 192.25 151.04 151.04 151.04 158.24 158.24 158.24 158.24 106.59 106.59 106.59 106.59 106.59 106.59 106.59 97.16 116.16 116.16 198.05 198.05 198.05 198.05 198.05 104.21 104.21 104.21 164.24 144.21 144.21 144.21 208.25 172.26 172.26
nd./aq. al.
67
354
col. nd. pr. lf. nd. mn. nd. tri./aq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. cr. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. cr. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq.
173 122–3 184–6 d.
subl.
subl.
d. 0.87920/20 0.87615/4 0.88013 0.9220 0.87120/4 0.87419 0.817 20/20 0.81020/20 0.81315/4 0.815 25/4 0.81919 0.809 20/4 20/4
0.816 0.76619 0.749 20/4 0.75118/4 0.73125/4 0.75518 0.749 20/4 0.75718 0.92815/4 0.99214/14 1.21820/4 1.22017/15 1.21619/0 0.87115/4 0.86619/15 0.86515/0 0.8760/4 0.878 20/4 0.870 20/4 0.895 21 0.89320/4 0.8830 0.87120/4 0.88117.5 0.9020 0.882 20/4 1.51020/4 1.515 18/4 1.507 17/4 1.47119/15 1.524 20/4 0.857 20
−H2O, 120 −70.8
−78.5 −117.2 −11.9 52–3 −55 −105
−95 −73.2
−99
−72.9 −73.5 −93.5 −86
0.83520/4 0.87615/4 0.870 20/4 0.866 20/4 1.06515 0.85820/15 0.86114/0
93 −73.1
148.4737 142757 141–2 133.5 133 124.5 749 137.9 119.5 132.0 115.6 113–4 102 113–4 128 103–4 91–2 95 77–8 95–6 90–1 83–4 254.5 261746 129.7 120745 108765 186.4 178.6 164 168.8 108.4 96.7 97.3 99.7 758 91753 85.7 98–9 137–9 132 123.5 157.0 147 765 144–5 127 765 148 126767 105 120 265–7 168.7 160.2 5816 265 194 173–4
*By N. A. Lange, Ph.D., Handbook Publishers, Inc., Sandusky, Ohio. Abridged from table of Physical Constants of Organic Compounds in Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry.
sl. s. v. sl. s. 12.820 2.718 10.0 20 3.418 v. s. v. sl. s. 1.7 0 2.6 0 1.10 0.97 11 0.5 20 0.47 311 v. sl. s. 0.315 v. sl. s. sl. s. sl. s. v. sl. s. 2.7 22 420 214 5.5 30 2.830 sl. s. sl. s. 3.630 s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ i. i. i. 0.0216 i. 0.05 50 i. sl. s. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. v. sl. s. 0.322 i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. sl. s. i. 0.125 v. sl. s. i. v. sl. s. sl. s.
s.
s.
4.30 s. 40
v. s. sl. s. i. bz.
i. i. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. s. ∞ s. s. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. s. ∞ ∞ s. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s.
2-30
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued)
Name Amylene (n-)(α-) (i-) (α-) (-n)(β-) (i-)(β-) Anethole (p-) Anhydroformald-aniline Aniline hydrochloride nitrate sulfate Anisal-acetone (p-) Anisic acid (p-) aldehyde (p-) Anisidine (o-) (m-) (p-) Anisole Anthracene Anthramine (α) (β) Anthranil Anthranilic acid (o-) Anthrapurpurin (1-,2-,7-) Anthraquinone disulfonate Na2 (1-,5-) (1-,8-) (2-,6-) (2-,7-) sulfonate Na (1-) (2-) Anthrarufin (1-,5-) Antipyrene Apiole Arabinose (α)(d- or l-) (dl-) Arachidic acid Arsanilic acid (p-) Asparagine (l-) Aspirin (o-) Atropic acid Auramine Aurine, coralline (4-,4′-) Azo-anisole (2-,2′-) benzene Azoxybenzene Barbituric acid Benzal acetone Benzaldehyde Benzamide Benzanilide Benzene sulfinic acid sulfonic acid sulfonic amide sulfonic chloride Benzidine (4-,4′-) disulfonic acid (2-,2′-) (3-,3′-) Benzil Benzoic acid anhydride nitrile
Synonym pentene-1 2-methyl-butene-3 2-methyl-butene-1 pentene-2 2-methyl-butene-2 p-propenyl anisole methylene aniline amino benzene, phenyl amine, cyanol aniline salt, aniline chloride MeO-benzalacetone 2-amino-anisole MeO-aniline(m) 4-amino anisole methyl phenyl ether paranaphthalene, anthracin green oil α-amino-anthracene β-amino-anthracene
diphenyleneketone, dihydrodiketoanthracene ρ-anthraquinone disulfonate x-anthraquinone disulfonate
1-ph-2,3-diMepyrazolone-5 1-allyl-2, 5-diMeO-3,4 methylenedioxybenzene eicosanoic acid
α-phenyl acrylic acid 4,4′-dimethylaminobenzophenomide diMeO-azobenzene diphenyldiimide malonyl urea Me-cinnamyl ketone artificial almond oil benzol, phenyl hydride, cyclohexatriene benzene sulfonamide benzene sulfonyl chloride
dibenzoyl phenyl cyanide
Formula
Formula weight
Form and color
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
C2H5CH2CH:CH2 (CH3)2CHCH:CH2 (C2H5)(CH3)C:CH2 C2H5CH:CHCH3 (CH3)2C:CHCH3 CH3CH:CHC6H4OCH3 (CH2NC6H5)3 C6H5NH2
70.13 70.13 70.13 70.13 70.13 148.20 315.41 93.13
lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lf./al. pr./al. col. oil
0.644 20 0.63215 0.667 0/0 0.650 20/4 0.66319/4 0.99120/20
C6H5NH2HCl C6H5NH2HNO3 (C6H5NH2)2H2SO4 CH3OC6H4CH:CHCOCH3 CH3OC6H4CO2H CH3OC6H4CHO CH3OC6H4NH2 CH3OC6H4NH2 CH3OC6H4NH2 CH3OC6H5 C6H4:(CH)2:C6H4
129.59 156.14 284.33 176.21 152.15 136.15 123.15 123.15 123.15 108.14 178.23
cr. rhb. lf./al. lf./et. mn./aq. col. oil col. lq. oil pl./aq. col. lq. col. mn.
1.222 4 1.356 4 1.377 4
C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3NH2 C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3NH2 C6H4:(NH)CO H2NC6H4CO2H C14H5O2(OH)3 C6H4:(CO)2:C6H4
193.24 193.24 119.12 137.14 256.21 208.21
yel./al. yel./al. col. oil col. rhb. or. nd./al. yel. rhb.
C14H6O2(SO3Na)25H2O C14H6O2(SO3Na)24H2O C14H6O2(SO3Na)27H2O C14H6O2(SO3Na)24H2O C14H7O2SO3Na C14H7O2SO3Na C14H6O2(OH)2 C11H12ON2 C12H14O4
502.38 484.36 538.41 484.36 310.26 310.26 240.21 188.23 222.24
yel. lf. yel. pr. col. cr. cr. yel. lf. silv. lf. yel. lf. mn./aq. col. nd.
1.088113/4 1.0220/4
CH2OH(CHOH)3CHO CH2OH(CHOH)3CHO CH3(CH2)18CO2H H2NC6H4.AsO3H2 HO2CC2H3(NH2)CONH2 CH3CO2C6H4CO2H C6H5C(:CH2)CO2H [(CH3)2NC6H4]2C:NH
150.13 150.13 312.53 217.05 132.12 180.16 148.16 267.37
rhb. pr.
1.585 20/4
col. lf. nd./aq. rhb. nd./aq. nd./aq. col./al.
(HOC6H4)2C:C6H4:O (CH3OC6H4N:)2 C6H5N:NC6H5 (C6H5)2N2O CO:(NHCO)2:CH22H2O C6H5CH:CHCOCH3 C6H5CHO C6H5CONH2 C6H5CONHC6H5 C6H6
290.31 242.27 182.22 198.22 164.12 146.19 106.12 121.14 197.23 78.11
red or. pr. or. mn. yel. rhb. col./aq. pl. col. lq. col. pr. lf./al. col. lq.
C6H5SO2H C6H5SO3H C6H5SO2NH2 C6H5SO2Cl NH2C6H4C6H4NH2 (C6H3(NH2)SO3H)23H2O (C6H3(NH2)SO3H)2 C6H5COCOC6H5 C6H5CO2H (C6H5CO)2O C6H5CN
142.18 158.18 157.19 176.62 184.24 398.41 344.36 210.23 122.12 226.23 103.12
pr./aq. col. nd. mn./aq. cr. cr./aq. pr./aq.
1.38415/15
83–4 65–6 156 14.5 128–9 d. >175
pr. mn. pr. rhb./et. col. lq.
1.2315 1.26615/4 1.19915/4 1.00125/6
95 121.7 42 −12.9
1.02220/4
1.385 4 1.123 20/4 1.09815/15 1.096 20/4 1.089 55/55 0.990 22/4 1.25 27/4
1.18715/4 1.438 20/4
1.54315/4
1.20320/4 1.248 20/20 1.035 20/20 1.046 20/4 1.341 1.314 0.879 20/4
−135 −139 −124 22.5 143 −6.2 198 d. 190 d. 73–4 184.2 2.5 5.2 <−12 57.2 −37.3 217–8 130 238 <−18 144–5 369 286
280 113(109) 30 159.5 164.5 77 232 227–35 135–6 106–7 136 310 d. 153 68 36 d. 245 41–2 −26 130 163 5.5
Boiling point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts Alcohol
Ether
30–1 20.5 771 31–2758 36.4 37–8 235.3 185 184.4
i. i. i. v. sl. s. i. v. sl. s. i. 3.618
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. sl. s. ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞
245
275–80 247–8 225 251 243 154–5 340–2
1815 s. 514 i. 0.0319 v. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. s. h. i. i.
s. s. sl. s. v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ s. s. s. 1.520
i. sl. s. i. v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ s. s. s.
subl. d. >215 subl. 462 379–81
i. i. sl. s. h. 0.35 14 sl. s. h. i.
s. sl. s. s. 1110 v. s. h. 0.0518
sl. s. s. 167 sl. s. v. sl. s.
i.
i.
subl. 319174 294
v. s. sl. s. 3.920 30.5 20 0.5320 0.8425 i. 100 25 i
v. sl. s. i. i. sl. s. 100 s.
i. i. i. s. sl. s. s.
460 16.910 i. v. s. h. 3.128 137 0.1 c. i.
0.59°
i.
s. h. v. s. h. i. c. s. s. 720
v. s. i.
i. i. i. i. s. h. i. 0.3 1.35 25 i. 0.07 22
s. s. 4.220 11.415 sl. s. s. ∞ 1725 430 s.
s. s. ∞ sl. s. sl. s. ∞
v. s. h. v. s. 0.4316 i. 1 h. 0.09 25 v. sl. s. i. 0.217 i. 1100
v. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. 1 h. i.
v. s. i. v. s. s. 2 i.
v. s. 4615 s. ∞
v. s. 6615 s. ∞
328 d. 235 267 d.
297 d. 260–2 179 290 117–910 80.1 d. > 100 d. 251.5 400740 348 d. 249.2 360 190.7
Water
520 s. 2.320 s. s.
2-31
Benzoin (dl-) Benzophenone Benzotrichloride Benzoyl-benzoic acid (o-) -chloride -peroxide Benzyl acetate alcohol amine aniline benzoate butyrate chloride ether formate propionate Berberonic acid (2-,4-,5-) Biuret Borneol (dl-) (d- or l-) (iso-) Bornyl acetate (d-) Bromo-aniline (p-) -benzene -camphor (3-)(d-) -diphenyl (p-) -naphthalene (α-) (β-) -phenol (o-) (m-) (p-) -styrene (ω)(1) (2) -toluene (o-) (m-) (p-) Bromoform Butadiene (1-,2-) (1-,3-) Butadienyl acetylene Butane (i-) Butyl acetate (n-) (s-) (i-) (tert-) alcohol (n-) (s-) (i-) (tert-) amine (n-) (s-) (i-) (t-) p-aminophenol (N)(n) (N)(i-) aniline (n-) (i-) arsonic acid (n-) benzoate (n-) (i-) bromide (n-) (s-) (i-) (t-) butyrate (n-)(n-) (n-)(i-) (i-)(i-) caproate carbamate (i-) cellosolve (n-)
diphenyl ketone phenyl chloroform
phenyl carbinol ω-amino toluene phenyl-benzylamine ω-chlorotoluene dibenzyl ether
allophanamide
phenyl bromide α-bromocamphor α-naphthyl bromide β-naphthyl bromide
o-tolyl bromide tribromo-methane methyl-allene erythrene diethyl trimethyl-methane
butanol-1 butanol-2 2-methyl-propanol-1 2-methyl-propanol-2
1-bromo-butane 2-bromo-butane 1-Br-2-Me-propane 2-Br-2-Me-propane
2-BuO-ethanol-1
C6H5COCHOHC6H5 C6H5COC6H5 C6H5CCl3 C6H5COC6H4CO2HH2O C6H5COCl (C6H5CO)2O2 CH3CO2CH2C6H5 C6H5CH2OH C6H5CH2NH2 C6H5CH2NHC6H5 C6H5CO2CH2C6H5 C2H5CH2CO2CH2C6H5 C6H5CH2Cl (C6H5CH2)2O HCO2CH2C6H5 C2H5CO2CH2C6H5 C5H2N(CO2H)32H2O NH(CONH2)2 C10H17OH C10H17OH C10H17OH CH3CO2C10H17 BrC6H4NH2 C6H5Br BrC10H15O BrC6H4C6H5 C10H7Br C10H7Br BrC6H4OH BrC6H4OH BrC6H4OH C6H5CH:CHBr C6H5CH:CHBr CH3C6H4Br CH3C6H4Br CH3C6H4Br CHBr3 CH3CH:C:CH2 CH2:CHCH:CH2 CH2:(CH)2:CHC⯗CH CH3CH2CH2CH3 (CH3)2CHCH3 CH3CO2(CH2)2C2H5 CH3CO2CH(CH3)C2H5 CH3CO2CH2CH(CH3)2 CH3CO2C(CH3)3 C2H5CH2CH2OH C2H5CH(OH)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2OH (CH3)3COH C2H5CH2CH2NH2 C2H5CH(NH2)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2NH2 (CH3)3CNH2 C4H9NHC6H4OH C4H9NHC6H4OH C4H9NHC6H5 C4H9NHC6H5 C4H9AsO(OH)2 C6H5CO2C4H9 C6H5CO2C4H9 C2H5CH2CH2Br C2H5CH(Br)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2Br (CH3)3CBr C2H5CH2CO2CH2CH2C2H5 C2H5CH2CO2CH2CH(CH3)2 (CH3)2CHCO2CH2CH(CH3)2 CH3(CH2)4CO2C4H9 NH2CO2CH2CH(CH3)2 C4H9OCH2CH2OH
212.24 182.22 195.47 244.24 140.57 242.23 150.17 108.14 107.15 183.25 212.24 178.23 126.58 198.26 136.15 164.20 247.16 103.08 154.25 154.25 154.25 196.29 172.02 157.01 231.13 233.10 207.07 207.07 173.01 173.01 173.01 183.05 183.05 171.03 171.03 171.03 252.73 54.09 54.09 78.11 58.12 58.12 116.16 116.16 116.16 116.16 74.12 74.12 74.12 74.12 73.14 73.14 73.14 73.14 165.23 165.23 149.23 149.23 182.05 178.23 178.23 137.02 137.02 137.02 137.02 144.21 144.21 144.21 172.26 117.15 118.17
mn. col. rhb. col. lq. tri./aq. col. lq. rhb./et. col. lq. col. lq. lq. mn. pr. nd. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. tri. nd./al. col. cr. col. cr. col. cr. rhb./pet. rhb. col. lq. cr. cr./al. col. oil lf./al. col. lq. cr. tet. cr. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. cr./al. col. lq. lq. col. gas col. lq. col. gas col. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. oil col. lf. col. oil col. oil lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lf. col. lq.
1.08354 1.38014 1.21220/4 1.05717 1.04320/4 0.98220/4 1.065 25/25 1.1220/4 1.01616/18 1.100 20/20 1.03616 1.08123 1.03616/17 20/4
1.011 1.01120/4 15
0.991 1.820 1.495 20/4 1.449 20/4 1.48220/4 1.605 0 1.55380 1.588 80 1.42220/4 1.427 20/4 1.42220/4 1.410 20/4 1.390 20/4 2.890 20/4 0.62120/4 0.773 20/4 0.600 0.600 0.882 20 0.865 25/4 0.87120/4 0.866 20/4 0.810 20/4 0.808 20/4 0.80517.5 0.779 26 0.739 25/4 0.724 20/4 0.73220/20 0.69818/4
133–7 48.5 −4.75 93(128) −0.5 108 d. −51.5 −15.3 37–8 21 238–40 −39 3.6 243 192–3 d. 210.5 208–9 212 29 63–4 −30.6 77–8 90–1 5–6 59 5.6 32–3 63.5 7 −7.5 −28 −39.8 28.5 8–9 −108.9 −135 −145 −76.3 −98.9 −79.9 −114.7 −108 25.5 −50 −104 −85 −67.5 71 79
0.940 20/4 1.005 25/25 0.997 25/25 1.277 20/4 1.25125/4 1.258 25/4 1.21120/4 0.87220/20 0.86318/4 0.875 0/4 0.8820/0 0.95676/4 0.90320/4
158–9 −22 −112.4 −112 −118.5 −16.2 −80.7 65
344768 305.4 220.7 197.2 expl. 213.5 204.7 184.5 306750 323–4 i. 179.4 295–8 202–3747 220–2 subl. 212–3 226–7 156.2 274 310 281.1 281–2 194–5 236–7 238 221 10826 181.8 183.7 184–5 150.5 18–9 −4.41 83–6 −0.6 −10 125 740 112744 118 95–6760 117 99.5 107–8 82.9 77.8 66772 68–9 45.2 235720 231–2 249–50 241.5 101.6 91.3 91.5 73.3 165.7736 156.9 148–9 204.3 206–7 171.2
v. sl. s. i. i. sl. s. d. i. i. 417 ∞ i. i. v. s. i. i. i. i. v. sl. s. 1.30 v. sl. s. v. sl. s. i. i. i. c. i. i. i. i. i. s. 1.415 i. i. i. i. i. 0.1 c. i. i. i. i. i. 0.7 i. 0.625 i. 915 12.520 1015 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ i. i. i. 0.0115 s. i. i. 0.0616 i. 0.0618 i. i. i. i. i. i. ∞
s. h. 6.515 s.
sl. s. 1513 s.
d. h. s. h. ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞
∞ v. s. ∞ s. h. s.
∞ s. ∞
sl. s. h. s.
i.
v. s.
v. s.
s. v. s. s. 2026 s. s. 620 s. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞
s. v. s. ∞ v. s. 34 25 ∞ v. s. ∞ s. v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞25 s. ∞25 ∞ ∞ ∞
s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
v. s. v. s. s. s. ∞ ∞
v. s. v. s. i. s. ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
s. ∞
s. ∞
2-32
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued)
Name chloride (n-) (s-) (i-) (t-) dimethylbenzene (t-)(1-,3-,5-) formate (n-) (s-) (i-) furoate (n-) iodide (n-) (s-) (i-) (t-) lactate (n-) mercaptan (n-) (i-) (t-) methacrylate (n-) (i-) phenol (p-)(t-) propionate (n-) (s-) (i-) stearate (n-) (i-) iso-thiocyanate (n-) (i-) (s-)(d-) (t-) valerate (n-)(n-) (i-)(n-) (i-)(s-) (i-)(i-) Butylene (α-) (β-) Butyraldehyde (n-) (i-) Butyric acid (n-) (i-) amide (n-) (i-) anhydride (n-) (i-) anilide (n-) Caffeic acid (3-,4-) Caffeine Camphene (dl-) (d- or l-) Camphor (d-) Camphoric acid (d-) Cantharidine Capric acid Caproic acid (n-) (i-) Caprylic acid (n-) Carbazole Carbitol Carbon disulfide monoxide suboxide tetrabromide tetrachloride tetrafluoride Carbonyl sulfide Carminic acid Carvacrol (1-,2-,4-)
Synonym 1-chloro-butane 2-chloro-butane 1-Cl2-2-Me-propane 2-Cl2-2-Me-propane
1-iodo-butane 2-iodo-butane 1-iodo-2-Me-propane 2-iodo-2-Me-propane butanthiol-1 2-Me-propanthiol-1
butyl mustard oil iso-Bu mustard oil
butene-1 butene-2 2-Me-propanol butanoic acid 2-Me-propanoic acid n-butyramide iso-butyramide n-butyranilide
decanoic acid hexanoic acid 2-Me-pentanoic-5 acid octanoic acid diphenylenelimine, dibenzopyrrole diethylene glycol mono-Et ether
tetrabromomethane tetrachloromethane tetrafluoromethane
Formula C2H5CH2CH2Cl C2H5CHClCH3 (CH3)2CHCH2Cl (CH3)3CCl (CH3)3CC6H3:(CH3)2 HCO2CH2CH2C2H5 HCO2CH(CH3)C2H5 HCO2CH2CH(CH3)2 OC4H3CO2C4H9 C2H5CH2CH2I C2H5CHICH3 (CH3)2CHCH2I (CH3)3CI CH3CH(OH)CO2C4H9 C2H5CH2CH2SH (CH3)2CHCH2SH (CH3)3CSH CH2:C(CH3)CO2C4H9 CH2:C(CH3)CO2C4H9 (CH3)3CC6H4OH C2H5CO2C4H9 C2H5CO2C4H9 C2H5CO2C4H9 CH3(CH2)16CO2C4H9 CH3(CH2)16CO2C4H9 C2H5CH2CH2N:CS (CH3)2CHCH2N:CS C4H9N:CS (CH3)3CN:CS CH3(CH2)3CO2(CH2)3CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CO2(CH2)3CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CO2C4H9 C4H9CO2C4H9 C2H5CH:CH2 CH3CH:CHCH3 CH3CH2CH2CHO (CH3)2CHCHO C2H5CH2CO2H (CH3)2CHCO2H C2H5CH2CONH2 (CH3)2CHCONH2 (C2H5CH2CO)2O [(CH3)2CHCO]2O C3H7CONHC6H5 (HO)2C6H3C2H2CO2H C8H10O2N4H2O C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C8H14(CO2H)2 C10H12O4 CH3(CH2)8CO2H CH3(CH2)4CO2H (CH3)2CH(CH2)2CO2H CH3(CH2)6CO2H (C6H4)2NH C2H5O(CH2)2O(CH2)2OH CS2 CO OC:C:CO CBr4 CCl4 CF4 COS C22H20O13 CH3C6H3(OH)CH(CH3)2
Formula weight 92.57 92.57 92.57 92.57 162.27 102.13 102.13 102.13 168.19 184.02 184.02 184.02 184.02 146.18 90.19 90.19 90.19 142.20 142.20 150.22 130.18 130.18 130.18 340.58 340.58 115.20 115.20 115.20 115.20 158.24 158.24 158.24 158.24 56.11 56.11 72.11 72.11 88.11 88.11 87.12 87.12 158.19 158.19 163.22 180.16 212.21 136.23 136.23 152.23 200.23 196.20 172.26 116.16 116.16 144.21 167.21 134.17 76.14 28.01 68.03 331.63 153.82 88.00 60.08 492.39 150.22
Form and color
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. nd./aq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. wax lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. gas col. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. rhb. mn. pl. col. lq. col. lq. mn. pr. yel./aq. nd./al. cr. cr. trig. mn. cr. col. nd. oily lq. col. oil col. lf. lf. col. lq. col. lq. col. gas gas col. mn. col. lq. gas col. gas red pd. col. lq.
0.887 20 0.87120/4 0.88415 0.84715
−123.1 −131 −131.2 −26.5
77.9763 67.8767 68.9 51–2 200–2147 106.9 97 98.2 118–2025 129.9 118–9 120 99 75–66 97–8 88 65–7 155 155 236–8 146 132.5 136.8 220–525
0.9110 0.88220/4 0.885 20/4 1.056 20/4 1.617 20/4 1.595 20 1.606 20/4 1.370 19/15 0.968 0.837 25/4 0.836 20/4 0.889 15.6 0.889 15.6 0.908 112/4 0.88315 0.866 20/4 0.888 0/4 0.855 25/25 0.95611 0.96414/4 0.943 20/4 0.91910 0.87015/4 0.862 25/4 0.848 20/4 0.8740/4 0.69 20/4
0.817 0.79420/4 0.96420/4 0.949 20/4 1.032 1.013 0.968 20/20 0.950 25/4 1.134 1.2319 0.82278 0.845 50/4 0.999 9/9 1.186 0.889 87 0.922 20/4 0.925 20/4 0.910 20/4 0.990 20/20 1.263 20/4 0.81−195/4 1.1140 3.42 1.595 20/4 1.24−87 0.977 20/4
−95.3 −103.5 −104 −90.7 −34 −116 <−79
99 −89.55 −71.4 27.5 25
10.5 −93
−130 −127 −99 −65.9 −4.7 −47 115–6 129–30 −75 −53.5 92 195–213 237 50 42.7 178–9 187 212 31.5 −1.5 −35 16 244.8 −108.6 −207 −107 90.1(48) −22.6 −138.2 d. 136 0.5
165724 162 159–63 140770 186 168.8 163–4752 168.7 −5758 3746 75.7 64757 163.5757 154.5 216 216–20 199.5 181.5734 18915 d. subl. 160 159.6 209.1759 268–70 202761 207.7 237.5 354.8 201.9 46.3 −192 7761 189.5 76.8 −128 −50.2760 238
Solubility in 100 parts Water 0.0718 i. i. i. i. v. sl. s. sl. s. 1.122 i. i. i. i. i. sl. s. sl. s. v. sl. s. i. i. sl. s. i. i. i. 0.3 25 i. i. i. i. i. v. sl. s. i. i. i. i. 4 1120 ∞ 20 20 16.315 v. s. d. d. i. s. h. 2 i. i. 0.1 0.612 0.003 0.003 1.120 v. sl. s. 0.0715 i. ∞ 0.20 3.50 cc. d. 0.0230 0.0820 sl. s. 8014 cc. s. v. sl. s.
Alcohol
Ether
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. s.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. s.
s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s.
s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s.
s. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s.
s. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. d d s. s. 2 s. s. 12012 s.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ sl. s. sl. s. ∞ ∞ s. sl. s. 0.3 s. s. v. s.
s. s. s. s. 0.9214 v. s. ∞ s.
s. s. s. s. sl. s. s. ∞
s. ∞
s. s. ∞
s. s. ∞
s. v. sl. s. ∞
2-33
Carvacrylamine (2-,1-,4-) Carvone (d-) Cellosolve acetate Cellulose Cetyl acetate alcohol Chloral hydrate Chloranil Chloretone Chloro-acetanilide (p-) -acetic acid -acetone -acetophenone (ω-) -acetyl chloride -aniline (o-) (m-) (p-) -anthraquinone (1-) (2-) -benzaldehyde (o-) (m-) (p-) -benzene -benzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) -buta-1,3-diene (2-) (1-) -buta-1,2-diene (4-) -dimethylhydantoin -dinitrobenzene (α)(1-,2-)(4-) (α)(1-,3-)(4-) -diphenyl (o-) (m-) (p-) -hydroquinone -naphthalene (α-) (β-) -nitrobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) -nitrotoluene (2-,4-) (2-,6-) -phenol (o-) (m-) (p-) -propionic acid (α)(dl-) -toluene (o-) (m-) (p-) Chloroform Chlorophyll (α-) Chloropicrin Cholesterol Chrysene Chrysoidine (2-,4-) Chrysophanic acid Cinchomeronic acid (3-,4-) Cineole, eucalyptole Cinnamic acid (cis-) (trans-) aldehyde Cinnamyl alcohol cinnamate Citraconic acid (cis-) Citral (α) Citric acid Citronellal (d-) Citronellol (d-) Coniine (d-)(2-)
H2NC6H3(CH3)C3H7 C10H14O C2H5O(CH2)2OH CH3CO2CH2CH2OC2H5 (C6H10O5)x CH3CO2(CH2)15CH3 CH3(CH2)14CH2OH CCl3CHO CCl3CH(OH)2 OC:(CClCCl)2:CO Cl3CC(OH)(CH3)2 CH3CONHC6H4CI ClCH2CO2H CH3COCH2Cl C6H5COCH2Cl ClCH2COCl ClC6H4NH2 ClC6H4NH2 ClC6H4NH2 C6H4(CO)2C6H3Cl C6H4(CO)2C6H3Cl ClC6H4CHO ClC6H4CHO ClC6H4CHO C6H5Cl ClC6H4CO2H ClC6H4CO2H ClC6H4CO2H CH2:CClCH:CH2 CH2:CHCH:CHCl CH2:C:CHCH2Cl C(CH3)2N(Cl)CON(Cl)CO ClC6H3(NO2)2 ClC6H3(NO2)2 C6H5C6H4Cl C6H5C6H4Cl C6H5C6H4Cl ClC6H3(OH)2 C10H7Cl C10H7Cl ClC6H4NO2 ClC6H4NO2 ClC6H4NO2 CH3C6H3(NO2)(Cl) CH3C6H3(NO2)(Cl) ClC6H4OH ClC6H4OH ClC6H4OH CH3CHClCO2H CH3C6H4Cl CH3C6H4Cl CH3C6H4Cl CHCl3 C55H72O5N4Mg Cl3CNO2 C27H45OHH2O C18H12 C6H5N:NC6H3(NH2)2 C14H5(OH)2(CH3)O2 C5H3N(CO2H)2 C10H18O C6H5CH:CHCO2H C6H5CH:CHCO2H C6H5CH:CHCHO C6H5CH:CHCH2OH C8H7CO2C9H9 CH3C(CO2H):CHCO2H C9H15CHO C3H4(OH)(CO2H)3 C9H17CHO C10H20O C3H7C5H10N
149.23 150.22 90.12 132.16 162.14 284.48 242.44 147.39 165.40 245.88 177.46 169.61 94.50 92.52 154.59 112.94 127.57 127.57 127.57 242.66 242.66 140.57 140.57 140.57 112.56 156.57 156.57 156.57 88.54 88.54 88.54 197.02 202.55 202.55 188.65 188.65 188.65 144.56 162.62 162.62 157.55 157.55 157.55 171.58 171.58 128.56 128.56 128.56 108.52 126.58 126.58 126.58 119.38 893.49 164.38 404.67 228.29 212.25 254.24 167.12 154.25 148.16 148.16 132.16 134.18 264.32 130.10 152.23 192.12 154.25 156.27 127.23
oil col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. amor. nd. lf. col. lq. mn. pr. yel./bz. col. cr. rhb. col. cr. col. lq. rhb. col. lq. lq. lq. rhb. yel. nd. nd./al. nd. pr. pr. col. lq. mn./aq. pr. tri. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. cr./et. rhb./et. cr. cr. lf. mn. col. lq. lf./al. mn. nd. yel./al. mn. pr. cr. cr. col. lq. nd. nd. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. rhb./al. col. rhb. yel. cr. yel./al. cr./HCl col. oil mn. pr. mn. pr. lq. nd. nd. or pr. nd. col. oil cr. col. oil col. oil col. lq.
0.99420 0.96120/4 0.93120/4 0.975 20/4 1.3–1.4 0.858 20 0.818 50/4 1.505 25/4 1.619 50/4 1.385 22 1.58 20/20 1.16216 1.32415 1.498 20/20 1.21320/4 1.216 20/4 1.42719 1.298 1.25015 1.196 61 1.107 20/4 1.544 25/4 1.496 25/4 1.54124 0.958 20/20 0.965 20/20 0.99120/20 1.5 20/20 1.697 22
1.194 20/4 1.26616 1.305 80/4 1.34350/4 1.298 91 1.256 80 1.24118/15 1.268 25 1.306 20/4 1.306 9 1.082 20/4 1.07220/4 1.070 20/4 1.489 20 1.65123/4 1.067
20
0.927 1.2844 1.245 1.110 20/20 1.040 35/35 1.08516.5 1.617 0.89017/4 1.54220/4 0.85517.5 0.84820/4 0.84717
−16 −70 22–3 49–50 −57 51.7 290 97 175–6 61.2 −44.5 58–9 0 −10.4 70–1 162 208–9 11 17–8 47.8 −45.2 141–2 158 242–3
130 39(36) 53(43) 34 89 77.5 106 −20 56–7 32.5 44.4(24) 83–4 38.2 37.5 7(0) 32–3 41–3 <−20 −34 −47.8 7.5 −63.5 d. −64 149–51 253–4 117.5 195 258–9 d. 1.5 68 133 −7.5 33 44 92–3 153 −2
241 230766 135.1 156.3 i. 20015 189.515 97.6768 d. 98 subl. 167 189.5 121 245–7 105 210.5 230767 230–1 subl. 208748 213–4 213748 132.1 subl. 59.4 69 88 315 d. 315 d. 267–8 284–5 282 263 sl. d. 259.3 264751 245.5753 235.6 242761 240718 238 175–6 214 217 186 159.5 161.6 162.2 61.2 i. 112.3766 subl. 448 subl. subl. d. 176–7 12519 300 252 sl. d. 257.5 229 d. 204–8 224–5 166–7
v. sl. s. i. ∞ 22 i. i. i. v. s. 47417 i. 0.8 c. sl. s. v. s. ∞ 0.11 d. i. i. s. h. i. i. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. s. h. 0.049 20 0.20825 0.04125 0.00825 v. sl. s. v. sl. s. d. 0.2125 i. i. i. i. i. v. s. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. 2.8520 2.6020 2.7120 ∞ i. i. i. 0.8220 s. 0.1718 0.2620 i. sl. s. h. i. c. v. sl. s. 1.915
s. ∞ ∞ ∞ i. v. sl. s. c. s. ∞ v. s. i. c. 111 s. s. ∞ v. s. d.
0.0418 v. sl. s. sl. s. i. 36025 i. 207.725 v. sl. s. v. sl. s. 1.1
s. sl. s. h.
s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ s. i. c. s. v. s. s. ∞ v. s. s. s. s.
v. s. v. s. v. s. ∞ s. s. s. ∞ ∞
v. s. v. s. v. s. ∞ s. s. s. ∞ ∞
v. s. h. s. h.
v. s. s.
v. s. s. v. s. s. h. v. s. h. v. s. h.
v. s. ∞ v. s. s. v. s. v. s.
s. s. v. s. ∞ s. s. s. ∞
s. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
s. 1.117 0.116 s. s. h. sl. s. ∞
s. 18 v. sl. s. s. sl. s. i. ∞
2420 s. v. s. 4 c. s. ∞ 7615 ∞ ∞ v. s.
v. s. ∞ v. s. 33 s. ∞ 215 ∞ ∞ v. s.
2-34
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued) Name
Coumaric acid (o-) (p-) Coumarin Coumarone Creatine Creatinine Creosol (3-,1-,4-) Cresidine (1-,2-,4-) Cresol (o-) (m-) (p-) Cresyl benzoate (o-) (m-) (p-) Crotonic acid (α-) acid (β-)(cis-) aldehyde (α) Cumene Cumic acid (p-) Cumidine (p-) Cyanamide Cyanic acid Cyanoacetic acid Cyanogen bromide chloride Cyanuric acid Cyclo-butane -heptane -hexane -hexanol -hexanone -hexene -hexyl acetate amine bromide chloride -pentadiene (1-,3-) -pentane -pentanone -propane Cymene (o-) (m-) (p-) Cystine (l-) Dambose Decahydronaphthalene (cis-) (trans-) Decane (n-) Decyl alcohol Dextrin Diacetone alcohol Diamino-benzophenone (4-,4′-) -diphenylamine (4-,4′-) -diphenylmethane (4-,4′-) -diphenylurea (4-,4′-) Diamyl-amine (i-) ether (n-) (i-) Diamyl ketone (i-) phthalate (n-) (i-) tartrate (i-) Dianisidine (o-)(4-,3-)2 Diazo-aminobenzene -aminotoluene (2-,2′-) -methane
Formula HOC6H4CH:CHCO2H HOC6H4CH:CHCO2H C9H6O2 C8H6O C4H9N3O2H2O C4H7N3O CH3OC6H3(CH3)OH CH3(NH2)C6H3OCH3 CH3C6H4OH CH3C6H4OH CH3C6H4OH C6H5CO2C6H4CH3 C6H5CO2C6H4CH3 C6H5CO2C6H4CH3 CH3CH:CHCO2H CH3CH:CHCO2H CH3CH:CHCHO C6H5CH(CH3)2 (CH3)2CHC6H4CO2H (CH3)2CHC6H4NH2 H2NCN HOCN or HNCO CH2(CN)CO2H (CN)2 BrCN ClCN C3H3O3N32H2O CH2 < (CH2)2 > CH2 CH2 < (CH2CH2CH2)2 > CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CH2 CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHOH CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CO (CH2CH2CH:)2 CH3CO2C6H11 CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHNH2 CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHBr CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHCl CH2 < (CH:CH)2 > CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > < (CH2CH2)2 > CO < CH2CH2CH2 > CH3C6H4CH(CH3)2 CH3C6H4CH(CH3)2 CH3C6H4CH(CH3)2 [SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H]2 C6H6(OH)6 C10H18 C10H18 CH3(CH2)8CH3 CH3(CH2)8CH2OH (C6H10O5)x (CH3)2C(OH)CH2COCH3 H2NC6H4COC6H4NH2 H2NC6H4NHC6H4NH2 H2NC6H4CH2C6H4NH2 (H2NC6H4NH)2CO [(CH3)2CHCH2CH2]2NH (C2H5CH2CH2CH2)2O [(CH3)2CH(CH2)2]2O [(CH3)2CHCH2CH2]2CO C6H4(CO2C5H11)2 C6H4(CO2C5H11)2 (HOCHCO2C5H11)2 [NH2(OCH3)C6H3]2 C6H5N:NNHC6H5 C7H7N:NNHC7H7 CH2:N2
Formula weight 164.16 164.16 146.14 118.13 149.15 113.12 138.16 137.18 108.14 108.14 108.14 212.24 212.24 212.24 86.09 86.09 70.09 120.19 164.20 135.21 42.04 43.02 85.06 52.03 105.92 61.47 165.10 56.11 98.19 84.16 100.16 98.14 82.14 142.20 99.17 163.06 118.60 66.10 70.13 84.12 42.08 134.22 134.22 134.22 240.30 180.16 138.25 138.25 142.28 158.28 162.14 116.16 212.25 199.25 198.26 242.28 157.30 158.28 158.28 170.29 306.40 306.40 290.35 244.29 197.24 225.29 42.04
Form and color nd./aq. cr./aq. rhb./et. oil mn./aq. mn. pr. nd./pet. cr. lq. pr. lq. cr. cr. col. mn. nd. col. lq. col. lq. tri. lq. col. nd. gas col. lq. col. gas nd. gas mn./aq. col. gas oil col. lq. col. nd. col. oil lq. oil col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. oil col. oil col. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. pl. mn./aq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. oil amor. lq. yel. nd. lf./aq. nd./aq. cr. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. yel. oil col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lf. yel. lf. or. cr. gas
Specific gravity
0.93520/4 1.07815/15 1.09220/20 20/4
1.048 1.03420/4 1.03520/4
0.96479.7 1.03115/4 0.85320/20 0.86220/4 1.1624 0.953 1.07348/4 1.1400 0.86617 2.01520/4 1.2220 1.7680/4 0.7030/4 0.81020/4 0.77920/4 0.96220/4 0.94719/4 0.81020/4 0.9850/4 0.86520/0 1.32420/20 0.97718/4 0.80519/4 0.74520/4 0.94820 0.720−79 0.87520/4 0.86220 0.85720/4 1.752 0.89518/4 0.87220/4 0.7302 0.83020/4 1.038 0.93125
0.76721/4 0.77420/4 0.77720/4 0.82125/4
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
207–8 206–7 d. 70 <−18 295 260 d. 5.5 93–4 30.8 10.9 35–6
subl.
55 71.5 72 15.5 −69 −96.9 116–7 <−20 44–5 −80 65–6 −34.4 52 −6.5 >360 −50 −12 6.5 23.9 −45 −103.7
−43.9 −85 −93.3 −58.2 −126.6 <−25 −73.5 d. 258–61 253 −51 −32 −29.7 7 −47 237–9 158 93–4 subl. 310 −44 −69 14.6
1.03 1.06315/4 131.5 96–8 51 −145
290–1 173–4 221–2765 235 190.8 202.8 202 308 314 316 189 170–1 d. 102.2 152.5 subl. 225761 14019 −640 1080.2 −21 61.3750 12.5–13 d. 11–12726 118–20 80–1 160–1 155–6 83.3 174750 134 165714 142 41–2 49–50 129–30 −34749 177 175–6 176–7 31915 193.3 185.3 174.0 232.9 167.9 d. 249–5315 188–90 190 173.4 228 204–611 22540 19516 expl. −23
Solubility in 100 parts Water sl. s. c. s. h. 0.3 c. i. 1.418 8.716 v. sl. s. v. sl. s. 2.5 0.5 1.8 i. i. i. 8.315 ∞25 18 i. 0.0225 i. v. s. sl. s. s. 45020 cc. s. 250020 cc. 0.2717 i. i. i. 3.620 s. v. sl. s. i. i. i. i. i. i. v. sl. s. i. i. i. i. 0.0119 212 i. i. i. i. s. ∞ sl. s. h. sl. s. sl. s. c. v. sl. s. sl. s. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. 0.05 d.
Alcohol
Ether
s. v. s. h. v. s.
v. sl. s. v. s. s. s. i.
0.0117 116 ∞ s. ∞30 ∞ ∞36
∞ s. ∞30 ∞ ∞36
s. ∞ ∞ s.
∞ ∞ s.
v. s. s. 230020 cc. s. v. s. 0.122 v. s. ∞ s. s. v. s. ∞ s. s. ∞
v. s. s. s. 50020 cc. s. 500020 cc.
∞ s. s. v. s. ∞ s. ∞ ∞
s. s. s. s. i. i. s. s. ∞ s. i. ∞ s. s. s.
s. s. s. s. i. s. s. ∞
s. ∞ ∞ s.
∞ ∞ ∞ s.
s.
s.
s. s. h.
s. v. s.
i. ∞ s. s. s.
s.
2-35
Dibenzothiazyl-disulfide (2-,2′-) Dibensoyl methane Dibensyl-amine -aniline ketone phthalate (o-) succinate Dibromo-benzene (o-) (m-) (p-) -diphenyl (4-,4′-) Dibutyl-adipate (n-) (i-) -amine (n-) (i-) -p-aminophenol (s-) -aniline (n-) carbonate (n-) (i-) (s-) ether (n-) (i-) (s-) ketone (n-) (i-) malate (l-)(n-) oxalate (n-) phthalate (n-) tartrate (d-)(n-) (d-)(i-) Dichloro-acetic acid -acetone (αα-) -aniline (2-,5-) -anthraquinone (1-,3-) (1-,4-) (1-,5-) (1-,6-) (1-,8-) (2-,3-) (2-,6-) (2-,7-) -benzene (o-) (m-) (p-) -butane (n-)(1-,4-) -diphenyl (4-,4′-) -ethane (1-,2-) -naphthalene (β-)(1-,4-) (γ-)(1-,5-) -nitrobenzene (2-,5-) -pentane (1-,5-) -phenol (2-,4-) Dichloramine T (p-) Dicyandiamide Diethanolamine Diethyl adipate -amine -aminophenol (m-) -aniline sulfonic acid (m-) carbonate diethyl malonate Diethyl dimethyl malonate glutarate ketone malonate -malonic acid -naphthylamine (α-) (β-) oxalate phthalate (o-) sulfate sulfide
(C6H4NSC)2S2 (C6H5CO)2CH2 (C6H5CH2)2NH C6H5N(CH2C6H5)2 (C6H5CH2)2CO C6H4(CO2CH2C6H5)2 (CH2CO2CH2C6H5)2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 BrC6H4C6H4Br (CH2CH2CO2C4H9)2 (CH2CH2CO2C4H9)2 (C2H5CH2CH2)2NH [(CH3)2CHCH2]2NH (C4H9)2NC6H4OH C6H5N(C4H9)2 CO(OC4H9)2 CO(OC4H9)2 CO(OC4H9)2 (C2H5CH2CH2)2O [(CH3)2CHCH2]2O [C2H5(CH3)CH]2O (C2H5CH2CH2)2CO [(CH3)2CHCH2]2CO C2H4O(CO2C4H9)2 (CO2C4H9)2 C6H4(CO2C4H9)2 (CHOHCO2C4H9)2 (CHOHCO2C4H9)2 Cl2CHCO2H Cl2CHCOCH3 Cl2C6H3NH2 C6H4:(CO)2:C6H2Cl2 C6H4:(CO)2:C6H2Cl2 C6H3Cl:(CO)2:C6H3Cl C6H3Cl:(CO)2:C6H3Cl C6H3Cl:(CO)2:C6H3Cl C6H4:(CO)2:C6H2Cl2 C6H3Cl:(CO)2:C6H3Cl C6H3Cl:(CO)2:C6H3Cl C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 ClCH2(CH2)2CH2Cl ClC6H4C6H4Cl ClCH2CH2Cl C10H6Cl2 C10H6Cl2 Cl2C6H3NO2 ClCH2(CH2)3CH2Cl Cl2C6H3OH CH3C6H4SO2NCl2 H2NC(:NH)NHCN HN(CH2CH2OH)2 (CH2CH2CO2C2H5)2 (C2H5)2NH (C2H5)2NC6H4OH (C2H5)2NC6H5 (C2H5)2NC6H4SO3H OC(OC2H5)2 (C2H5)2C(CO2C2H5)2 (CH3)2C(CO2C2H5)2 CH2(CH2CO2C2H5)2 (C2H5)2CO CH2(CO2C2H5)2 (C2H5)2C(CO2H)2 C10H7N(C2H5)2 C10H7N(C2H5)2 (CO2C2H5)2 C6H4(CO2C2H5)2 O2S(OC2H5)2 (C2H5)2S
332.49 224.25 197.28 273.37 210.27 346.38 298.33 235.90 235.90 235.90 312.00 258.35 258.35 129.24 129.24 221.34 205.34 174.24 174.24 174.24 130.23 130.23 130.23 142.24 142.24 246.30 202.25 278.34 262.30 262.30 128.94 126.97 162.02 277.10 277.10 277.10 277.10 277.10 277.10 277.10 277.10 147.00 147.00 147.00 127.01 223.10 98.96 197.06 197.06 192.00 141.04 163.00 240.11 84.08 105.14 202.25 73.14 165.23 149.23 229.30 118.13 216.27 188.22 188.22 86.13 160.17 160.17 199.29 199.29 146.14 222.24 154.18 90.19
cr. rhb./al. col. oil pr./al. cr. pr./al. lf./al. col. lq. col. lq. pl./al. mn. pr. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. oil lq. col. lq. col. lq. pr. cr. lq. lq. nd. yel. nd. yel. nd. yel. nd. yel. nd. yel. nd. yel. nd. yel. nd. yel. nd. col. lq. col. lq. col. mn. lq. pr. col. lq. nd./al. lf./al. tri./al. col. lq. nd. cr. mn. pl. pr. col. lq. col. lq. rhb. oil cr. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. syrup col. lq. col. lq. pr./aq. col. oil col. oil col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq.
1.50 1.028
25/25
20/4
1.956 1.952 20/4 2.26118 1.897 0.965 20/4 0.950 25 0.768 20/20 0.74125/4
180 78 −26 70–1 34–5 42–3 45–6 1.8 −6.9 87–8 164–5 −38 −20 −70
0.924 20/4 0.91915 0.769 20/20 0.76215 0.756 21 0.82718/4 0.805 21/4 1.038 20/4 0.986 20/4 1.045 21 1.09815 1.03175/4 1.560 25/25 1.23415
1.305 20/4 1.288 20/4 1.458 21 1.442 0/4 1.256 20/20 1.300 76/4 1.669 22 1.094 25/4 1.383 60/25 1.4014 1.09720/4 1.00920/4 0.712 15/15 0.934 20/4 0.975 20/4 0.985 20/4 0.994 25/25 1.025 21 0.816 19/4 1.055 20/4 1.005 1.026 1.079 20/4 1.121 25/25 1.172 25/4 0.837 20/4
−98 −5.9 −29.6 22–2.5 73–4 9.7(−4) 50 208–9 187.5 251 203–4 202–3 268–70 282 210–11 −17.6 −24.8 53 −38.7 148 −35.3 67–8 107 54.6 45 83 207–8 28 −21 −38.9 78 −34.4 270 d. −43 −24 −42 −49.8 125 −40.6 −25 −99.5
d. 219–2118 268–71250 >300 330.6 27412 23814 221–2 219755 218.6758 355–60 18314 278–80 159761 139–40 17010 262.8 207740 190 178–80 142.4 122.5 121 187.7 168.1 170–118 245.5 340 200–318 323–5 194.4 120 251
179 172766 174764 161–3 315–9 83.7 286–7 740 subl. 266 180–1 209–10 d. 270 748 239–41761 55.5759 276–80 216 126759 230 196.7 237 101.7 198.9 d. 170–80 285–90 318 186 298–9 210 92–3 754
i. i. i. i. i. v. sl. s. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. ∞ v. sl. s. i. i. i. i.
4.420 s. v. s. h.
s. s. s.
s. s. s. s. 1.6 v. sl. s. h. ∞
s. s. s. s. 7125 ∞
∞ s.
∞ s.
∞ s.
∞
<0.05 i. i. i. <0.06 v. sl. s. i. 0.04 25 i. v. sl. s. ∞ v. sl. s. v. sl. s. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i.
∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. ∞
s. ∞
s. ∞
∞ s. s. i. v. sl. s. sl. s.
∞ s. s.
∞ s. v. s.
∞ s. v. s.
i. 0.90 i. i. i. i. 0.45 20 sl. s. 2.318 ∞ 0.4380 v. s. s. 1.412 s. i. i. i. 0.88 20 4.7 20 2.08 20 65 16 i. i. v. sl. s. i. i. 0.3120
v. sl. s. ∞ v. sl. s. s. v. s. h. s. v. s.
425 ∞
1.318 ∞ s. ∞
0.0118 v. sl. s. s. ∞
v. sl. s.
sl. s. sl. s.
s. s. v. s.
s.
s.
∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. ∞ ∞ v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
2-36
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued) Name
tartrate (d-) -toluidine (o-) (m-) (p-) Diethyleneglycol dinitrate Difluorodichloromethane Diglycerol Dihydroxy-dinaphthyl (α-) (-2,-2′,-1,-1′) -diphenyl (4-,4′-) -ethyl formal (β-) -naphthalene (1-,5-) (1-,8-) Dimethoxy-benzene (p-) -diphenylamine (4-,4′-) -ethyl adipate Dimethyl adipate -amine -aminoasobenzene (p-) -aminoethanol -aminophenol (m-) -aniline sulfonic acid (m-) (p-) carbonate ether -formamide fumarate glutarate glyoxime -naphthalene (1-,4-) (2-,3-) -naphthylamine (α-) (β-) oxalate phthalate (o-) sulfate sulfide tartrate (d-) -vinyl-ethenyl carbinol Dinaphthyl (αα-) -methane (αα′-) (β,β′-) Dinitro-anisole (1-)(2-,4-) -benzene (o-) (m-) (p-) sulfonic acid (2-,4-)(1-) -benzoic acid (2-,4-) (3-,5-) -benzophenone (4-,4′-) -diphenyl (4-,4′-) (2-,4′-) -naphthalene (1-,5-) (1-,8-) Dinitro-phenol (2-,3-) (2-,4-) (2-,6-) -salicylic acid (3-,5-) -stilbene (4-,4′-) -toluene (2-,4-) (3-,4-) (3-,5-) Dioxane Dipentene
Formula (CHOHCO2C2H5)2 CH3C6H4N(C2H5)2 CH3C6H4N(C2H5)2 CH3C6H4N(C2H5)2 O(CH2CH2ONO2)2 F2CCl2 [(HO)2C3H5]2O (HOC10H6)2 (HOC10H6)2 (HOC6H4)2 CH2(OCH2CH2OH)2 C10H6(OH)2 C10H6(OH)2 (CH3O)2C6H4 HN(C6H4OCH3)2 (CH2)4(CO2C2H4OCH3)2 [(CH2)2CO2CH3]2 (CH3)2NH C6H5N:NC6H4N(CH3)2 (CH3)2NCH2CH2OH (CH3)2NC6H4OH (CH3)2NC6H5 (CH3)2NC6H4SO3H (CH3)2NC6H4SO3HH2O OC(OCH3)2 CH3OCH3 HCON(CH3)2 (:CHCO2CH3)2 (CH2)3(CO2CH3)2 (CH3C:NOH)2 C10H6(CH3)2 C10H6(CH3)2 C10H7N(CH3)2 C10H7N(CH3)2 (CO2CH3)2 C6H4(CO2CH3)2 (CH3O)2SO2 (CH3)2S (CHOHCO2CH3)2 (CH3)2COHC⯗CCH:CH2 C10H7C10H7 (C10H7)2CH2 (C10H7)2CH2 CH3OC6H3(NO2)2 C6H4(NO2)2 C6H4(NO2)2 C6H4(NO2)2 (NO2)2C6H3SO3H3H2O (NO2)2C6H3CO2H (NO2)2C6H3CO2H (NO2C6H4)2CO (NO2C6H4)2 (NO2C6H4)2 C10H6(NO2)2 C10H6(NO2)2 (NO2)2C6H3OH (NO2)2C6H3OH (NO2)2C6H3OH (NO2)2C6H2(OH)CO2HH2O (NO2C6H4CH:)2 (NO2)2C6H3CH3 (NO2)2C6H3CH3 (NO2)2C6H3CH3 O < (CH2CH2)2 > O C10H16
Formula weight 206.19 163.26 163.26 163.26 196.12 120.91 166.17 286.32 286.32 186.21 136.15 160.17 160.17 138.16 229.27 262.30 174.19 45.08 225.29 89.14 137.18 121.18 201.24 219.26 90.08 46.07 73.09 144.13 160.17 116.12 156.22 156.22 171.24 171.24 118.09 194.18 126.13 62.13 178.14 110.15 254.33 268.35 268.35 198.13 168.11 168.11 168.11 302.22 212.12 212.12 272.21 244.20 244.20 218.17 218.17 184.11 184.11 184.11 246.13 270.24 182.13 182.13 182.13 88.11 136.23
Form and color
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. gas lq. pl./al. nd./al. rhb./al. lq. pr./aq. nd. lf. cr. lq. col. lq. col. lq. yel./al. col. lq. nd. yel. lq. cr. pr. col. lq. gas lq. col. tri. lq. col. cr. lq. lf./al. col. oil col. cr. col. mn. col. lq. col. oil oil cr. lq. lf./al. pr./al. nd./al. col. mn. col. mn. col. rhb. col. mn. pr. cr./aq. mn. pr. col. nd. nd./al. mn. nd. rhb. yel. mn. yel. rhb. yel. rhb. pl./aq. yel. lf. nd. nd. mn. pr. col. lq. col. lq.
1.204 20/4
17
0.924 15.5 1.377 25/4 1.486 −30
−11.3 −155
280 208–9755 231–2 228–9
1.25 1.154 25 1.053 55/55 1.075 15.6 1.063 20/4 0.680 0/4 0.887
20/4
0.956 20/4 1.070 20/4 0.94525 1.08915.6 1.016 20/4 20
1.042 1.03970/70 1.14854 1.18925/25 1.3520/4 0.84621/4 1.32820/4 0.887 20/4
1.341 20 1.5918 1.575 20/4 1.625 18
1.445 1.474 1.681 20 1.683 24
1.321 71 1.259 111 1.277 111 1.033 20/4 0.865 18
300 218 270–2 −5.3 258–60 140 56 103 10–1 −96 116–7 85 2.5 d. 266 257 0.5 −138.5 −58.3 102 −37 240–6 <−18 104 46 54 −26.8 −83.2 61.5 160 109 92 94–5 117–8 89.8 173–4 106–8 179–80 204–5 189 233 93.5 216 170–2 144–5 114–5 63–4 173 d. 210–6 70 60–1 92–3 9.5–10.5
−29.2 220–3010 subl. subl. 264 d. 212.6 145–502 11518 7.4 d. 135756 265–8 193 89–90 −23.7 152.8 192 13050 264–6 265767 274.5711 304–5 163.3 280734 188.3 37.3 280 150 240–412 >360 319774 300–2 299777 subl.
subl. d. subl.
300 subl. 101.1 178
Solubility in 100 parts Water
Alcohol
Ether
sl. s. i. i. i. i. 5.7 cc.26 s. h. i. i. sl. s. ∞ sl. s. sl. s. h. v. sl. s. i. 5 i. v. s. i. ∞ sl. s. h. i. s. s. h. i. 3700 cc.18 ∞ i.
∞ s. s.
∞ s. s.
s.
s. i. v. s. v. s. v. s.
sl. s.
sl. s.
0.0620 i. i. i. i. 6 0.43 v. sl. s. i. s. 620 i. i. i. sl. s. h. 0.01 c. 0.399 0.18100 s. 1.8525 s h. i. i. i. i. i. sl. s. 0.5 c. s. h. s. c. i. 0.0322 i. sl. s. ∞ i.
v. s.
v. s.
sl. s. s. s. s.
s. s. s.
s. s. v. s.
v. s.
s.
v. s. v. s. v. s.
s. s.
s. s.
s. s.
s. s.
v. sl. s. ∞ s.
v. sl. s. ∞ s.
∞ s. 20015
∞ s.
s. h. 0.8 c. s. 1.520 1.921 320 0.1821 s. s. v. s.
s. v. s.
v. sl. s. sl. s.
20
1.5 v. s. h. 0.2 c. v. s. h. 420 s. h. v. s. v. sl. s. 1.215
v. s. v. s. h. s. v. s. v. sl. s. 916
s. h. s.
s. s.
2-37
Diphenyl -amine carbonate -chloroarsine -ethane ether guanidine -methane phenylenediamine (p-) succinate sulfide sulfone urea (uns.) Diphenylene oxide Dipropyl adipate (n-) -amine (n-) (i-) aniline (n-) carbonate (n-) ether (n-) (i-) ketone (n-) (i-) oxalate (n-) (i-) Disalicylal ethylenediamine Ditolyl guanidine (o-) Divinyl acetylene Docosane (n-) Dodecane (n-) Dulcitol Durene (1-,2-,4-,5-) Elaidic acid Eosine Ephedrine (l-) Epichlorhydrin (α-) Epidichlorohydrin (α-) Erythritol (dl-) tetranitrate Ethane Ethanol-amine formamide Ether Ethyl abietate acetate acetoacetate alcohol -amine hydrochloride aniline sulfonic acid (m-) anisate (p-) anthranilate (o-) benzene benzoate -benzyl-aniline bromide butyrate (n-) (i-) caprate (n-) Ethyl caproate (n-) caprylate (n-) chloride chloroacetate chlorocarbonate cinnamate (trans-) cyanoacetate formate furoate (α) heptoate hypochlorite iodide lactate
C6H5C6H5 C6H5NHC6H5 CO(OC6H5)2 (C6H5)2AsCl (C6H5CH2)2 C6H5OC6H5 (C6H5NH)2C:NH (C6H5)2CH2 (C6H5NH)2C6H4 (CH2CO2C6H5)2 (C6H5)2S (C6H5)2SO2 (C6H5)2NCONH2 < (C6H4)2O (CH2CH2CO2C3H7)2 (C2H5CH2)2NH [(CH3)2CH]2NH C6H5N(C3H7)2 CO(OCH2C2H5)2 (C2H5CH2)2O [(CH3)2CH]2O (C2H5CH2)2CO [(CH3)2CH]2CO (CO2CH2C2H5)2 [CO2CH(CH3)2]2 [HOC6H4CH:NCH2]2 (C7H7NH)2C:NH (H2C:CHC⯗)2 CH3(CH2)20CH3 CH3(CH2)10CH3 CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH (CH3)4C6H2 C8H17CH:CH(CH2)7CO2H C20H8O5Br4 C6H5CHOHCH(CH3)NHCH3 C2H3OCH2Cl CH2:CClCH2Cl CH2OH(CHOH)2CH2OH C4H6(ONO2)4 CH3CH3 HOCH2CH2NH2 HCONHCH2CH2OH (CH3CH2)2O C19H29CO2C2H5 CH3CO2C2H5 CH3COCH2CO2C2H5 CH3CH2OH C2H5NH2 C2H5NH2HCl C6H5NHC2H5 C2H5NHC6H4SO3H CH3OC6H4CO2C2H5 NH2C6H4CO2C2H5 C6H5C2H5 C6H5CO2C2H5 C6H5N(C2H5)CH2C6H5 C2H5Br C2H5CH2CO2C2H5 (CH3)2CHCO2C2H5 CH3(CH2)8CO2C2H5 CH3(CH2)4CO2C2H5 CH3(CH2)6CO2C2H5 CH3CH2Cl ClCH2CO2C2H5 ClCO2CH2CH3 C6H5CH:CHCO2C2H5 CH2(CN)CO2C2H5 HCO2CH2CH3 OC4H3CO2C2H5 CH3(CH2)5CO2C2H5 ClOCH2CH3 CH3CH2I CH3CH(OH)CO2C2H5
154.21 169.22 214.22 264.58 182.26 170.21 211.26 168.23 260.33 270.28 186.27 218.27 212.25 168.19 230.30 101.19 101.19 177.29 146.18 102.17 102.17 114.19 114.19 174.19 174.19 268.31 239.32 78.11 310.60 170.33 182.17 134.22 282.46 647.89 165.23 92.52 110.97 122.12 302.11 30.07 61.08 89.09 74.12 330.50 88.11 130.14 46.07 45.08 81.54 121.18 201.24 180.20 165.19 106.17 150.17 211.30 108.97 116.16 116.16 200.32 144.21 172.26 64.51 122.55 108.52 176.21 113.11 74.08 140.14 158.24 80.51 155.97 118.13
col. mn. col. mn. nd./al. rhb. col. pr. col. rhb. mn./al. col. pr. cr. lf./al. col. lq. nd./aq. rhb. lf./al. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. yel. oil col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. cr. cr. lq. cr. lq. mn. mn. lf./al. col. cr. cr./et. lq. col. lq. tet. pr. lf./al. col. gas col. oil lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. mn. lq. nd./aq. lq. cr. col. lq. col. lq. yel. oil col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lf. col. lq. yel. lq. col. lq. oil
0.992 73/4 1.160 20/20 1.272 14 1.583 40 0.978 50/50 1.073 20 1.001 26/4 1.119 15/15 1.248 25/4 1.276 0.979 20/4 0.739 20/4 0.722 22 0.910 20 0.968 22 0.744 21/0 0.725 21/0 0.822 20/4 0.806 20/4 1.038 0/0 1.34 1.1020/4 0.776 20/4 0.778 44/4 0.751 20/4 1.466 15 0.838 81/4 0.851 79/4 1.183 25/25 1.204 25 1.451 20/4 0.546 −88 1.022 20 1.169 25 0.708 25/4 1.020 20/20 0.901 20/4 1.025 20/4 0.789 20/4 0.689 15/15 1.216 0.963 20/4 1.103 25/25 1.117 20/4 0.867 20/4 1.052 15/15 1.034 18.5 1.431 20/4 0.879 20/4 0.871 20/4 0.859 28 0.873 20/20 0.878 17 0.917 6/6 1.159 20/4 1.138 20/4 1.049 20/4 1.062 20/4 0.923 20/4 1.117 21/4 0.872 20/20 1.013 −6/4 1.933 20/4 1.030 25/4
69–70 52.9 80 43–4 52–3 27 147–8 26–7 152 122–3 <−40 128–9 189 86–7 −20.3 −39.6 −61 −122 −60 −32.6 −51.7
254.9 302 302–6 d. 327 284 259 d. > 170 265 330 296–7 379 287–8 143–510 110–1 83.5743 245.4 168.2 91 69 144.2 123.7 213.5 190
125–6 178–9 44.5 −9.6 189 79–80 51–2 40 −25.6 126 61 −172 10.5 <−40 −116.3 −82.4 −45 −112 −80.6 108–9 −63.5 d. 294 7–8 13 −94.4 −34.6 −117.8 −93.3 −88.2 −20 −67.5 −45 −139 −26 −80.6 12 −22.5 −79 34 −66.1 expl. −105
85 224.515 214.5 290–53 193–5 288100 255 117756 94 329–31 expl. −88.6 171757 d. 34.6 2004 77.1 180755 78.4 16.6 204 269–70 266–8 136.2 211–2 28510 38.4 120–1 110–1 244.6758 165–6736 207–8753 13 144 94–5 271 208753 54760 195766 187–8 36752 72.4 155
i. 0.0325 i. 0.2 d. i. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. i. i. i. i. sl. s. h. v. sl. s. i. i. s. s. i. v. sl. s. sl. s. 0.2 0.43 v. sl. s. d. h. 0.0328 v. sl. s. i. i. i. 3.215 i. i. i. 5 <5 i. 60 i. c. 4.7 cc.20 ∞ ∞ 7.520 i. 8.515 1317 ∞ ∞ 24017 i. 2.1515 i. v. sl. s. 0.0115 0.0820 i. 1.060 0.6825 sl. s. 0.00220 i. i. 0.450 i. d. i. 225 1118 i. 0.02920 0.420 ∞
1020 5619.5 v. s. 20 s. s. 920 v. s.
6.620 s. s. s. v. s. ∞ sl. s. v. s. s. ∞
s. h. s. h. s. s. h. s. ∞ s. s.
s. v. s. s. ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
s.
s. h.
s.
4 h. v. s. v. sl. s. s. v. s. s. 500 ∞ ∞ sl. s. c. s. 150 cc. ∞
v. s. v. s. i. s. v. s. s. ∞ ∞ i. s. 1
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. ∞ s. s. ∞ ∞ 18 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ i. ∞ s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
2-38
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued) Name
laurate mercaptan methacrylate naphthylamine (α-) naphthyl ether (α-) nitrate nitrite oleate palmitate pelargonate propionate salicylate (o-) stearate toluate (o-) (m-) toluene sulfonate (p-) toluidine (o-) (p-) urea valerate (n-) (i-) Ethylal Ethylene bromide bromohydrin chlorobromide chlorohydrin diamine oxide Ethylidene diacetate Eugenol (1-,4-,3-) (i-)(1-,3-,4-) Fenchyl alcohol (dl-) (d-)(α-) (i-)(l-) Ferric dimethyl-dithiocarbamate Fluorene Fluorescein Fluoro-dichloromethane -trichloromethane Formaldehyde (m-) (p-) Formamide Formanilide Formic acid Fructose Fuchsin Fulminic acid Fumaric acid (trans-) Furfural Furfuran Furfuryl acetate alcohol butyrate propionate Furoic acid G-acid, K salt (2-)(6-,8-) Na salt (2-)(6-,8-) Galactose (d-)(α-) Gallic acid (3-,4-,5-) Gamma acid (2-,8-,6-) Geraniol Glucose (d-)(α-) (d-)(β-) Glucuronic acid Glutam(in)ic acid (dl-)
Formula CH3(CH2)10CO2C2H5 CH3CH2SH CH2:C(CH3)CO2C2H5 C10H7NHC2H5 C10H7OC2H5 C2H5ONO2 C2H5ONO C17H33CO2C2H5 CH3(CH2)14CO2C2H5 CH3(CH2)7CO2C2H5 CH3CH2CO2C2H5 HOC6H4CO2C2H5 CH3(CH2)16CO2C2H5 CH3C6H4CO2C2H5 CH3C6H4CO2C2H5 CH3C6H4SO3C2H5 CH3C6H4NHC2H5 CH3C6H4NHC2H5 C2H5NHCONH2 CH3(CH2)3CO2C2H5 (CH3)2CH(CH2)CO2C2H5 CH2(OC2H5)2 H2C:CH2 BrCH2CH2Br BrCH2CH2OH ClCH2CH2Br ClCH2CH2OH H2NCH2CH2NH2 < (CH2)2 > O CH3CH(O2CCH3)2 C3H5C6H3(OH)OCH3 C3H5C6H3(OCH3)OH C10H17OH C10H17OH C10H17OH Fe[SSCN(CH3)2]3 (C6H4)2 > CH2 C20H12O5 FCHCl2 Cl3CF HCHO (CH2O)3 (CH2O)xxH2O HCONH2 HCONHC6H5 HCO2H CH2OH(CHOH)3COCH2OH C20H19N3HCl C:NOH HO2CCH:CHCO2H C4H3OCHO C4H4O CH3CO2CH2C4H3O C4H3OCH2OH C3H7CO2CH2C4H3O C2H5CO2CH2C4H3O C4H3OCO2H HOC10H5(SO3K)2 HOC10H5(SO3Na)2 C5H11O5CHO (HO)3C6H2CO2HH2O C10H5(NH2)(OH)SO3H C9H15CH2OH C5H11O5CHO C6H12O6H2O CHO(CHOH)4CO2H [CHNH2(CH2)2](CO2H)2
Formula weight 228.37 62.13 114.14 171.24 172.22 91.07 75.07 310.51 284.48 186.29 102.13 166.17 312.53 164.20 164.20 200.25 135.21 135.21 88.11 130.18 130.18 104.15 28.05 187.86 124.96 143.41 80.51 60.10 44.05 146.14 164.20 164.20 154.25 154.25 154.25 416.49 166.22 332.31 102.92 137.37 30.03 90.08 (30.03) 45.04 121.14 46.03 180.16 337.85 43.02 116.07 96.08 68.07 140.14 98.10 168.19 154.16 112.08 380.48 348.26 180.16 188.13 239.25 154.25 180.16 198.17 194.14 147.13
Form and color
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
oil lq. col. lq. oil cr. col. lq. lq. oil col. nd. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. cr. lq. lq. pr./al. lq. lq. nd. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. gas col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. oil oil col. cr. col. pr. col. cr. cr. cr./al. yel. red gas col. lq. gas wh. amor. lq. mn. col. lq. nd./aq. red
0.868 13/4 0.839 20/4 0.913 15.6 1.060 20/4 1.061 20/20 1.100 25/4 0.900 15.5 0.867 25 0.858 25/4 0.866 17.5 0.891 20/4 1.136 15/4 0.848 36.3 1.032 25/25 1.030 20/20 1.166 48/4 0.948 25/4 0.942 25/4 1.213 18 0.877 20 0.867 20/4 0.824 25/4 0.57−102/4 2.180 20/4 1.772 20/4 1.689 19 1.213 20/4 0.900 20/20 0.887 7/4 1.061 12 1.070 15/15 1.091 15/15 0.935 40 0.964 20/4 0.961
−10.7 −121
269 36–7 118 303723 276.4 87–8 17 216–815 19110 227–8757 99.1 233–4 20110 227 231750 221.3 215–6 217
col. pr. lq. col. lq. col. oil oil col. lq. col. lq. mn. pr. cr. cr. pr. mn./aq. cr. col. lq. rhb. cr. cr. cr./aq.
1.203 0/4 1.4260 1.494 17.2 0.815 −20 1.1765 1.139 20/4 1.147 15/15 1.220 20/4 1.669 17.5 1.22 1.635 20/4 1.159 20/4 0.937 20/4 1.118 20/4 1.129 25/4 1.053 20/4 1.109 20/4
5.5 −102 <−15 24–5 −44.5 −72.6 1.3 33.4(31) <−10 33–4 <−15 92 −91.2 −99.3 −66.5 −169 10 −16.6 −69 8.5 −111.3 18.85 10.3 −10 35 45–7 61–2 d. 100–30 115–6 d. > 290 −127 −92 64 150–60 2 47 8.6 95–105 d. >200 286–7 −38.7
133–4
1.694 4/4 0.883 15 1.544 25 1.562 18/4 1.460
145.5 135 89 −103.9 131.5 150.3 106.7 128.8 117.2 13.5747 168740 253.5 267.5 201 201–2 201–2 ign. >150 293–5 14.5 24.9 −21 114.5759 subl. 193 216120 100.8
290 161.7760 31–2756 175–7 169.5752 212–3 195–6 230–2
165.5 d. 220 <−15 146 150 154 199 d.
230 d.
Solubility in 100 parts Water
Alcohol
Ether
i. 1.5 i. i. i. 1.355 v. sl. s. i. i. i. 2.420 i. i. i. i. i. i. i. v. s. 0.2425 0.1720 918 26 cc.0 0.4380 sl. s. 0.6980 ∞ ∞ ∞ sl. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. sl. s. sl. s. i. v. sl. s. i. v. sl. s. h. i. i. v. s. 2125 20–3018 ∞ sl. s. ∞ v. s. 0.3
s. s. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ s.
∞ s. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ s.
80 ∞ ∞ ∞ 360 cc. ∞ s.
i. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ 0.3 v. s. ∞ ∞
s.
s.
0.717 9.113 i. i. ∞ v. sl. s. v. sl. s. 3.615 825 3420 10.30 113
5.830 ∞ s. s. s. s. s. s.
0.725 ∞ s. s. s. ∞ ∞ s.
0.640 2815
2.515
i. 8217.5 15415 v. s. 1.5 20
∞ sl. s.
∞ i.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
s. h. s. h. s. ∞ v. s. s. i. ∞ v. s. ∞ 818 s.
s. s. ∞ v. s. s. i. v. sl. s. s. i.
Glutaric acid Glycerol acetate (mono-) (di-) nitrate (mono-) (α-) (β-) dinitrate (1-,3-) Glyceryl triacetate tribenzoate tributyrate tricaprate tricaproate tricaprylate trilaurate trimyristate trinitrate trinitrite trioleate tripalmitate tristearate Glycide Glycine, Glycocoll Glycol diacetate dibenzoate dibutyrate dicaprylate diformate dilaurate dinitrate dinitrite dipalmitate dipropionate ether formal formate (mono-) Glycolic acid Guaiacol (o-) Guanidine H-acid, Na salt (1-,8-,3-,6-) Heptacosane (n-) Heptane (n-) (i-)
Heptoic acid aldehyde Heptyl acetate (n-) alcohol (n-) mercaptan Hexachloro-benzene -ethane Hexacosane (n-) Hexadecane (n-) Hexaethylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene Hexamethylene-diamine -diisocyanate -glycol tetramine Hexane (n-) (i-) (neo-)
2-39
CH2(CH2CO2H)2 CH2OHCHOHCH2OH C5H10O4 (CH3CO2)2C3H5OH CH2OHCHOHCH2NO3 CH2OHCHNO3CH2OH CHOH(CH2ONO2)2 (CH3CO2)3C3H5 (C6H5CO2)3C3H5 (C2H5CH2CO2)3C3H5 [CH3(CH2)8CO2]3C3H5 [CH3(CH2)4CO2]3C3H5 [CH3(CH2)6CO2]3C3H5 [CH3(CH2)10CO2]3C3H5 [CH3(CH2)12CO2]3C3H5 CH2NO3CHNO3CH2NO3 CH2NO2CHNO2CH2NO2 (C17H33CO2)3C3H5 [CH3(CH2)14CO2]3C3H5 [CH3(CH2)16CO2]3C3H5 C2H3OCH2OH NH2CH2CO2H CH2OHCH2OH (CH3CO2CH2)2 (C6H5CO2CH2)2 (C3H7CO2CH2)2 (C7H15CO2CH2)2 (HCO2CH2)2 (C11H23CO2CH2)2 (O2NOCH2)2 (ONOCH2)2 (C15H31CO2CH2)2 (C2H5CO2CH2)2 (HOCH2CH2)2O < OCH2CH2OCH2 > HCO2CH2CH2OH HOCH2CO2H CH3OC6H4OH NH:C(NH2)2 C10H8O7NS2Na1aH2O CH3(CH2)25CH3 CH3(CH2)5CH3 (CH3)2CH(CH2)3CH3 C3H7CH(CH3)C2H5 (CH3)3CCH2C2H5 [(CH3)2CH]2CH2 (CH3)2C(C2H5)2 (C2H5)3CH (CH3)3CCH(CH3)2 CH3(CH2)5CO2H CH3(CH2)5CHO CH3CO2CH2(CH2)5CH3 CH3(CH2)5CH2OH [(CH3)2CH]2CHOH (C2H5CH2)2CHOH CH3CH(SH)C5H11 C6Cl6 CCl3CCl3 CH3(CH2)24CH3 CH3(CH2)14CH3 C6(C2H5)6 C6(CH3)6 NH2(CH2)6NH2 OCN(CH2)6NCO HO(CH2)6OH (CH2)6N4 CH3(CH2)4CH3 (CH3)2CH(CH2)2CH3 (CH3)3CC2H5 (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2 (C2H5)2CHCH3
132.11 92.09 134.13 176.17 137.09 137.09 182.09 218.20 404.41 302.36 554.84 386.52 470.68 639.00 723.16 227.09 179.09 885.43 807.32 891.48 74.08 75.07 62.07 146.14 270.28 202.25 314.46 118.09 426.67 152.06 120.06 538.89 174.19 106.12 74.08 90.08 76.05 124.14 59.07 368.32 380.73 100.20 100.20 100.20 100.20 100.20 100.20 100.20 100.20 130.18 114.19 158.24 116.20 116.20 116.20 132.27 284.78 236.74 366.71 226.44 246.43 162.27 116.20 168.19 118.17 140.19 86.18 86.18 86.18 86.18 86.18
col. cr. col. lq. col. oil col. lq. col. pr. lf. oil col. lq. nd. col. lq. col. cr. col. lq. col. lq. col. nd. lf. yel. oil yel. lq. col. oil col. nd. col. pr. col. lq. mn. col. lq. col. lq. rhb./et. col. lq. lq. lq. amor. yel. lq. lq. nd. lq. lq. lq. lq. nd./aq. pr. col. cr. cr. col. cr. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. mn. rhb. cr. lf. pr./al. pl./al. lf. lq. nd./aq. col. rhb. col. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq.
1.429 15 1.260 50/4 1.20 20/4 1.178 15/15 1.4015 1.4015 1.4715 1.16117/4 1.228 12 1.032 20/4 0.921 40/4 0.987 20/4 0.954 20/4 0.894 60/4 0.885 60/6 1.601 15 1.291 10/16 0.915 15 0.866 80/4 0.862 80/4 1.114 16/16 1.161 1.113 19/4 1.109 14/4 1.024 0
97.5 17.9 40 58–9 54 <−30 −78 75–6 <−75 31(25) −25 8.3(−21) 45–6 56.5 13.3(2) −4 65.1 70.8(55)
20020 290 158165 175–640 155–60 155–60 146–815 258–9 d. 305–9
16015 150 sl. d. 24018 310–200.1 166 sl. d.
232–6 d. −15.6 −31 73–4
197.4 190.5 >360 240
22 1.482 21/2 1.216 0 1.045 25 1.118 20/20 1.060 20/4 1.199 15/4 1.140 15/15 0.780 60/4 0.684 20/4 0.679 20/4 0.687 20/4 0.674 20/4 0.675 20/4 0.693 20/4 0.698 20/4 0.690 20/4 0.918 20 0.850 20/ᐉ 0.874 16/16 0.824 20/4 0.829 20/4 0.820 20/4 0.835 20 2.044 24 2.091 20/4 0.779 57/4 0.774 20/4 0.831 130/4 1.0428 20/4
0.659 0.654 20/4 0.649 20/20 0.662 20/4 0.664 20/4
52–4 −20 <−15 71–2 −10.5 79(63) 28.3 50 59.5 −90.6 −118.2 −119.4 −125 −119.4 −135.0 −118.7 −25 −10 −42 −34 −37 228–31 186–7 56.6 18.5 130 166 42 42 subl. −94 −153.7 −98.2 −129.8 −118
174 18820 expl. 114 96–8 2600.1 211–2 244.8 75–6 180 d. 205 27015 98.4760 90.0 91.8 79.1 80.8 86.0 93.5 80.8 221–2 155 191.5 759 175 756 140 156 174–5 765 309742 186777 26215 287.5 298.3 265 204–5 143–420 250 69 60.2 49.7 58.0760 63.2
63.920 ∞ v. s. s. 7015 7.1715 i. i. i. i. i. i. i. 0.1820 d. i. i. i. ∞ 23 c. ∞ 14.322 i. i. i. v. sl. s. i. 0.9225 i. i. sl. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 1.715 v. s. 0.1720 i. 0.00515 i. i. i. i. i. i. i. 0.2515 0.0220 i. 0.18 25 v. sl. s. i. i. i. 0.00522 i. i. i. i. v. s. d. s. 8112 0.01415 i. i. i. i.
v. s. ∞ v. s. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. ∞ s. h. s. s. h. s. s. sl. s. c. s. 5020 d. sl. s. 0.00421 s. h. ∞ 0.1 c. ∞ ∞
v. s. i. sl. s. sl. s. v. sl. s. sl. s. v. s. ∞ s. s. v. s. s. s. v. s.
v. s.
∞ s. v. s. v. s. s. h. ∞ i. 1.0 ∞ s. v. s.
v. s. s. s. d. s. ∞ ∞
v. s. ∞ s. s. ∞ i.
9025 v. s. s.
v. s. v. s.
sl. s. s. s. s. s. s. s. s. s. ∞ s. ∞ ∞ s.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ s. ∞ ∞ s.
v. sl. s. h. v. s. v. sl. s. ∞ 0.7525 0.20 s. d. s. 3 5033
s. h. v. s. ∞ 825 v. s. sl. s. h. v. sl. s. ∞ s. s. s. s.
2-40
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued) Name
Hexyl acetate (n-) alcohol (n-) formate (n-) resorcinol (2-,4-) Hippuric acid Histidine (l-) Homophthalic acid (o-) Hydracrylic acid Hydro-cyanic acid -quinone (p-) Hydroxy-benzaldehyde (p-) -benzanilide (o-) -quinoline (2-)(α-) (8-)(o-) Indigo White Indole Indoxyl Iodo-benzene -phenol (p-) Iodoform Ionone (α-) (β-) Irone (β-) Isatin Isoprene Ketene Koch acid (1-)(3-,6-,8-) Lactic acid (dl-) anhydride Lactide (dl-) Lactose Lauric acid Laurone Lauryl alcohol Lead tetraethyl tetramethyl Lepidine (py-4) Leucine (l-) Levulinic acid Limonene (d- or l-) Linalool (d- or l-) Linalyl acetate Linoleic acid Maleic acid anhydride Malic acid (dl-) (d- or l-) Malonic acid Maltose Mandelic acid (dl-) Mannitol (d-) Mannose (d-) Margaric acid Mellitic acid Menthol (l-)(α-) Mercapto-benzothiazole (2-) -thiazoline (2-) Mercuric cyanide fulminate Mesityl oxide Mesitylene (1-,3-,5-) Metanilic acid (m-) Methane
Formula CH3CO2(CH2)5CH3 CH3(CH2)4CH2OH (CH3)2CHC(CH3)2OH (CH3)2COHCH2C2H5 HCO2CH2(CH2)4CH3 CH3(CH2)5C6H3(OH)2 C6H5CONHCH2CO2H C6H9O2N3 HO2CC6H4CH2CO2H HOCH2CH2CO2H HCN C6H4(OH)2 HOC6H4CHO HOC6H4CONHC6H5 C9H6NOH C9H6NOH [C6H4(CO)(NH)C:]2 C16H12O2N2 C8H7N C8H6NOH C6H5I IC6H4OH HCI3 C10H16:CHCOCH3 C10H16:CHCOCH3 C14H22O C6H4 < (CO)(N) > COH CH2:CHC(CH3):CH2 H2C:CO C10H4(NH2)S3O9HNa2 CH3CH(OH)CO2H C6H10O5 C6H8O4 C12H22O11H2O CH3(CH2)10CO2H [CH3(CH2)10]2CO CH3(CH2)10CH2OH Pb(CH2CH3)4 Pb(CH3)4 C9H6NCH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)CO2H CH3CO(CH2)2CO2H C10H16 C10H17OH CH3CO2C10H17 C17H31CO2H HO2CCH:CHCO2H < (CHCO)2 > O HO2CCH2CH(OH)CO2H HO2CCH2CH(OH)CO2H H2C(CO2H)2 C12H22O11H2O C6H5CH(OH)CO2H CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO CH3(CH2)15CO2H C6(CO2H)6 C10H19OH < C6H4N:C(SH)S > < CH2N:C(SH)SCH2 > Hg(CN)2 Hg(ONC)2aH2O (CH3)2C:CHCOCH3 C6H3(CH3)3 H2NC6H4SO3H CH4
Formula weight 144.21 102.17 102.17 102.17 130.18 194.27 179.17 155.15 180.16 90.08 27.03 110.11 122.12 213.23 145.16 145.16 262.26 264.28 117.15 133.15 204.01 220.01 393.73 192.30 192.30 206.32 147.13 68.12 42.04 427.34 90.08 162.14 144.13 360.31 200.32 338.61 186.33 323.44 267.34 143.19 131.17 116.12 136.23 154.25 196.29 280.45 116.07 98.06 134.09 134.09 104.06 360.31 152.15 182.17 180.16 270.45 342.17 156.27 167.25 119.21 252.62 293.63 98.14 120.19 173.19 16.04
Form and color
Specific gravity
col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. lq. col. nd. rhb. lf./aq. cr./aq. syrup lq. cr. nd./aq. pr./al. pr./al. pr. cr. gray lf./aq. yel. pr. col. lq. nd./aq. yel. hex. col. oil col. oil col. oil yel. red col. lq. col. gas cr. hyg. yel. oil tri./al. col. rhb. col. nd. pl. lf. col. lq. col. lq. lq. cr. lf. lq. col. oil col. lq. yel. oil mn. cr. col. cr. col. cr. col. tri. col. nd. rhb./aq. col. rhb. rhb. col. pl. nd./al. col. cr. nd. cr. cr. cr./aq. lq. col. lq. col. nd. gas
0.890 0/0 0.820 20/20 0.821 20/0 0.809 20/4 0.898 0 1.371 20/4
0.697 18 1.332 15 1.129 130
1.35
25/4
1.824 1.857 112 4.008 17 0.930 20 0.944 20 0.939 20
Melting point, °C −51.6 −14 −107 68–70 187–8 d. 287 175–80 −12 170.3 116–7 135 199–200 75–6 390–2 52 85 −28.5 93–4 119
0.681 20/4
200–1 −120 −151
1.249 15/4
16.8
0.862 10/4 1.525 20 0.869 50/4 0.809 69/4 0.831 24/4 1.659 18/4 1.995 20/4 1.086 20 1.29318 1.140 20/20 0.842 20/4 0.868 20 0.895 20 0.903 18/4 1.609 1.5 1.601 20/4 1.595 20/4 1.631 15 1.540 17 1.300 20/4 1.489 20/4 1.539 20/4 0.853 60
124.5 202 48(44) 69–70 24 −136 −27.5 9–10 295 33.5 −96.9
15/15
0.890 1.4220/4 1.50 4.003 22 4.4 0.858 20/4 0.865 20/4
0.415 −164
−9.5 130.5 57–60 128–9 99–100 130–5 d. d. 118.1 166 132 60–1 286–8 42–3 179 106 d. 320 expl. −59 −45(−52) d. −182.6
Boiling point, °C 169.2 157.2 120–1 123762 153.6 1797 d. d. 25–6 285730 subl. d. subl. 266.6752 subl. 253–4 110 188.6 d. subl. 136.117 14018 14416 subl. 34 −56 12214 d. 250 255757 d. 225100 255–9 152291 110760 261–3 subl. 245–6 177 198–200 220762 d. 229–3016 135 d. 202 150 d. 140 d. d. 290–53 227100 d. 212 d.
130750 164.8 −161.4
Solubility in 100 parts Water i. 0.620 v. sl. s. v. sl. s. 0.05 0.420 s. s. h. ∞ 615 1.3831 v. sl. s. h. s. h. v. sl. s. c. i. i. s. h. s. 0.03420 sl. s. 0.0125 sl. s. sl. s. v. sl. s. s. h. i. d. 7.220 ∞ v. sl. s. v. sl. s. 1710 i. i. i. i. i. sl. s. 2.218 v. s. i. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. i. 7925 16.380 14426 v. s. 13816 10825 1620 1314 24817 i. v. s. 0.04 c. i. 1.660 12.515 0.0712 320 i. 215 0.420 cc.
Alcohol
Ether
v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. s. h. v. sl. s. v. s.
v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. 0.2518 i. sl. s.
∞ v. s.
∞ v. s.
s. v. s. s. i. s. s. h. s. s. v. s. 1.517 ∞ ∞ v. s. v. s. h. ∞ d.
s. v. s. sl. s. i. s. s. s. ∞ v. s. 13.625 ∞ ∞ v. s. sl. s. ∞ s.
∞ s. v. sl. s. c. i. s. i. c. s. sl. s. ∞ ∞
∞ s.
s. ∞ ∞ ∞
v. s. ∞ s. ∞ ∞ 7030
v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 825
v. s. v. s. 4225 v. sl. s. c. s. 0.0114 v. sl. s. 3228 v. s. v. s. s.
v. s. 8.415 815 i. s. i. i. v. s.
s. ∞ s. v. sl. s. 4720 cc.
i. s.
v. s. sl. s.
∞ ∞ v. sl. s. 10410 cc.
2-41
Methoxy-methoxyethanol Methyl acetate acrylic acid (α-) alcohol -amine -amine hydrochloride aniline anthracene (α-) (β-) anthranilate (o-) anthraquinone (2-) benzoate benzylaniline bromide butyrate (n-) (i-) caprate caproate (n-) caprylate cellosolve chloride chloroacetate chloroformate cinnamate cyclohexane ethyl carbonate ethyl ketone ethyl oxalate formate furoate glucamine glycolate heptoate hypochlorite iodide lactate laurate mercaptan methacrylate myristate naphthalene (α-) (β-) nitrate nitrite nonyl ketone (n-) oleate orange palmitate phosphine propionate propyl ketone (n-) salicylate (o-) stearate toluate (o-) (m-) (p-) Methyl toluidine (o-) (m-) (p-) valerate (n-) (i-) vinyl ketone Methylal Methylene-bis-(phenyl-4-isocyanate) bromide chloride dianiline iodide Michler’s hydrol (p-,p′-) ketone Morphine Mucic acid
CH3(OCH2)2CH2OH CH3CO2CH3 CH2:C(CH3)CO2H CH3OH CH3NH2 CH3NH2HCl C6H5NHCH3 C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3CH3 C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3CH3 NH2C6H4CO2CH3 C6H4:(CO)2:C6H3CH3 C6H5CO2CH3 C6H5N(CH3)CH2C6H5 CH3Br CH3(CH2)2CO2CH3 (CH3)2CHCO2CH3 CH3(CH2)8CO2CH3 CH3(CH2)4CO2CH3 CH3(CH2)6CO2CH3 CH3OCH2CH2OH CH3Cl ClCH2CO2CH3 ClCO2CH3 C6H5CH:CHCO2CH3 CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHCH3 CH3OCOOC2H5 CH3.COC2H5 CH3OCOCO2C2H5 HCO2CH3 C4H3OCO2CH3 CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2NHCH3 HOCH2CO2CH3 CH3(CH2)5CO2CH3 ClOCH3 CH3I CH3CH(OH)CO2CH3 CH3(CH2)10CO2CH3 CH3SH CH2:C(CH3)CO2CH3 CH3(CH2)12CO2CH3 C10H7CH3 C10H7CH3 CH3ONO2 CH3ONO CH3(CH2)8COCH3 C17H33CO2CH3 (CH3)2NC6H4N2C6H4SO3Na CH3(CH2)14CO2CH3 CH3PH2 CH3CH2CO2CH3 CH3COCH2CH2CH3 HOC6H4CO2CH3 CH3(CH2)16CO2CH3 CH3C6H4CO2CH3 CH3C6H4CO2CH3 CH3C6H4CO2CH3 CH3C6H4NHCH3 CH3C6H4NHCH3 CH3C6H4NHCH3 CH3(CH2)3CO2CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CO2CH3 CH3COCH:CH2 HCH(OCH3)2 (OCNC6H4)2CH2 CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 (C6H5NH)2CH2 CH2I2 [(CH3)2NC6H4]2CHOH [(CH3)2NC6H4]2CO C17H19O3NH2O (CHOHCHOHCO2H)2
106.12 74.08 86.09 32.04 31.06 67.52 107.15 192.26 192.26 151.16 222.24 136.15 197.28 94.94 102.13 102.13 186.29 130.18 158.24 76.09 50.49 108.52 94.50 162.19 98.19 104.10 72.11 132.11 60.05 126.11 195.21 90.08 144.21 66.49 141.94 104.10 214.34 48.11 100.12 242.40 142.20 142.20 77.04 61.04 170.29 296.49 327.33 270.45 48.02 88.11 86.13 152.15 298.50 150.17 150.17 150.17 121.18 121.18 121.18 116.16 116.16 70.09 76.09 250.25 173.83 84.93 198.26 267.84 270.37 268.35 303.35 210.14
lq. col. lq. pr. col. lq. col. gas pl./al. lq. lf./al. col. lf. col. lq. col. nd. col. lq. lq. gas col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. gas col. lq. col. lq. cr. col. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. gas col. lq. lq. lq. gas lq. cr./al. oil mn. lq. gas col. oil oil red pd. col. cr. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. cr. col. lq. col. lq. cr. lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. cr. col. lq. gn. lf./al. pr./al. pd.
1.038 25 0.924 20/4 1.015 20/4 0.792 20/4 0.699 −11 1.23 0.989 20/4 1.047 99.4 1.181 0/4 1.168 19/4 1.087 25/25 1.732 0/0 0.898 20/4 0.891 20/4 0.904 0/0 0.887 18 0.965 20/4 0.952 0 1.236 20/4 1.236 15 1.042 36/0 0.769 20/4 1.002 27 0.805 20/4 1.156 0/0 0.974 20/4 1.179 21/4
<−70 −98.7 15–16 −97–8 −92.5 226–8 −57 86 207 24 176–7 −12.5 9.2 −93 <−95 −84.7 −18 −40 −97.7 −32.7 33.4 −126.3 −14.5 −85.9 −99.8
18
1.168 0.881 15/4 20/4
2.279 1.090 19
0.896 0 0.950 15.6 1.025 14/4 0.994 40/4 1.203 25 0.991 15 0.828 20/20 0.879 18
−64.4 5 −121 −48 18–9 −19 35–6 expl. 13.5 30–1
20/4
0.915 0.812 15/15 1.182 25/25 1.073 15 1.066 15 0.973 15 0.935 55/4 0.895 15/4 0.881 20/4 0.836 20/4 0.866 15/4 1.222 30 2.495 20/4 1.336 20/4 3.325 20/4 1.317
−87.5 −77.8 −8.3 38–9 <−50 33–4
−91 −104.8 −52.8 −96.7 65 5.7 96–7 174 254 d. 206–14
167.5 57.1 161–3 64.7 −6.7 758 23015 195.5 135.5 15 subl. 198–9 305–6 4.5 758 102.3 92.6 223–4 149.5 192–4 124–5 −24 130740 71–2 263 101 109.2 79.6 173.7 32 181.3 151.2 172–3 12726 42.4 144.8 14818 5.8752 100.3 295715 244.6 241–2 65 −12 228 190–110 19615 −14759 79.7 102 222.2 21515 213 215 217 206–7 206–7 211761 127.3 116.7764 81 42–3 210–213 98.5756 40–1 208–9 d. 180 d. >360 d.
∞ 3322 s. h. ∞ v. s. v. s. 0.0125 i. i. sl. s. i. 0.0230 i. v. sl. s. 1.7 v. sl. s. i. i. i. ∞ 28016 cc. v. sl. s. d. i. i. i. 3510 i. 3020 i.
∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. 23 h. s.
∞ ∞ ∞
v. sl. s. s. s. ∞ s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. ∞ ∞ v. s. s. ∞ ∞ v. s. ∞ ∞
v. sl. s. s. s. ∞ s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. ∞ ∞ v. s. s. ∞ ∞ v. s.
∞ s.
∞ s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s. v. s. s. s. s. ∞
v. s. v. s. s. s. s. ∞
s. sl. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞
v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ d. ∞ ∞ s. ∞ s. h. sl. s. sl. s. i.
∞
i. ∞
∞
i. 1.815 ∞ i. s. i. i. i. i. sl. s. i. i. 0.2 c. i. i. 0.520 v. sl. s. 0.0730 i. i. i. i. i. i. i. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. >85 33 d. 1.170 220 i. 1.420 i. i. 0.0220 0.3314
s.
∞ ∞ s. ∞ s. v. sl. s. s. i.
2-42
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued) Name
Mustard gas Myricyl alcohol Myristic acid Myristyl alcohol Naphthalene disulfonic acid (1-,5-) (1-,6-) sulfonic acid (α-) (β-) Naphthasultam (1-,8-) disulfonate Na (1-,8-) (2-,4-) Naphthoic acid (α-) (β-) Naphthol (α-) (β-) sulfonic acid (α-)(1-,2-) (β-)(2-,6-) Naphthyl acetate (α-) (β-) amine (α-) (β-) amine hydrochloride (α-) (β-) amine sulfonic acid (1-,4-) (1-,5-) (1-,7-) (1-,8-) (2-,5-) (2-,6-) (2-,7-) isocyanate (α-) Nicotine Nicotinic acid (3-) (i-)(4-) Nitro-acetanilide (p-) -acetophenone (m-) -aminoanisole (4-,1-,2-) (5-,1-,2-) (3-,1-,4-) -aminophenol (4-,2-,1-) -aniline (o-) (m-) (p-) -anisole (o-) (p-) -anthraquinone (α-) -anthraquinone sulfonic acid (1-,5-) -benzal chloride (m-) -benzaldehyde (m-) Nitro-benzene -benzidine (2-) -benzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) -benzyl alcohol (m-) -benzyl bromide (p-) -chlorotoluene (1-,2-,6-) -cresol (1-,3-,4-) -cymene (1-,2-,4-) -dimethylaniline (o-) (m-) (p-) -diphenyl (o-) (p-) -diphenylamine (o-) -guanidine
Formula (ClCH2CH2)2S C31H63OH(?) CH3(CH2)12CO2H CH3(CH2)12CH2OH C10H8 C10H6(SO3H)2 C10H6(SO3H)2 C10H7SO3H2H2O C10H7SO3HH2O C10H7O2NS C10H5O8NS3Na22H2O C10H4O8NS3Na38aH2O C10H7CO2H C10H7CO2H C10H7OH C10H7OH HOC10H6SO3H HOC10H6SO3H CH3CO2C10H7 CH3CO2C10H7 C10H7NH2 C10H7NH2 C10H7NH2HCl C10H7NH2HCl NH2C10H6SO3H NH2C10H6SO3HH2O NH2C10H6SO3HH2O NH2C10H6SO3HH2O NH2C10H6SO3H NH2C10H6.SO3HH2O NH2C10H6SO3HH2O C10H7N:CO C10H14N2 C5H4NCO2H C5H4NCO2H CH3CONHC6H4NO2 CH3COC6H4NO2 NO2C6H3(OCH3)NH2 NO2C6H3(OCH3)NH2 NO2C6H3(OCH3)NH2 NO2C6H3(NH2)OH NO2C6H4NH2 NO2C6H4NH2 NO2C6H4NH2 CH3OC6H4NO2 CH3OC6H4NO2 C6H4:(CO)2:C6H3NO2 NO2C14H6O2SO3H NO2C6H4CHCl2 NO2C6H4CHO C6H5NO2 NH2C6H4C6H3(NH2)NO2 NO2C6H4CO2H NO2C6H4CO2H NO2C6H4CO2H NO2C6H4CH2OH NO2C6H4CH2Br CH3C6H3(NO2)Cl CH3C6H3(NO2)OH CH3C6H3(NO2)CH(CH3)2 NO2C6N4N(CH3)2 NO2C6H4N(CH3)2 NO2C6H4N(CH3)2 C6H5C6H4NO2 C6H5C6H4NO2 C6H5NHC6H4NO2 H2NC(NH)NHNO2
Formula weight 159.08 452.84 228.37 214.39 128.17 288.30 288.30 244.26 226.25 205.23 445.35 584.43 172.18 172.18 144.17 144.17 224.23 224.23 186.21 186.21 143.19 143.19 179.65 179.65 223.25 241.26 241.26 241.26 223.25 241.26 241.26 169.18 162.23 123.11 123.11 180.16 165.15 168.15 168.15 168.15 154.12 138.12 138.12 138.12 153.14 153.14 253.21 333.27 206.03 151.12 123.11 229.23 167.12 167.12 167.12 153.14 216.03 171.58 153.14 179.22 166.18 166.18 166.18 199.21 199.21 214.22 104.07
Form and color
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
oil cr. col. lf. cr. pl./al. lf. cr. cr. cr. nd. cr. lf. nd. mn. mn. mn. pl./aq. lf. nd./al. nd./al. rhb. lf./aq. nd. lf. nd. cr. cr. cr. cr. cr. cr. col. lq. oil nd./al. nd./aq. rhb. nd. red nd. yel. nd. red or. pr. yel. rhb. yel. rhb. yel. mn. col. cr. pr./al. nd. yel. cr. mn. nd./aq. yel. lq. red nd. tri./aq. mn. yel. mn. cr. nd./al. cr. yel. oil yel. oil red mn. yel. nd. rhb. nd./al. or. cr. nd./aq.
1.275 20/4 0.777 95 0.853 70/4 0.824 38/4 1.145 20/4
13–4 88 57–8 38 80.2 d. d. 125 90 125 177–8
217
160–1 184 96 122–3 >250 125 46–9 69–70 50 111–2
300 >300 278–80 285–6
1.077 100/4 1.224 4 1.217 4
1.123 25/25 1.061 98/4
250.5100 16715 217.9
300.8 306.1 subl.
d.
1.18 1.009 20/4
1.207 156 1.211 156 1.442 15 1.43 1.437 14 1.254 20/4 1.233 20
1.205 18/4 1.575 4/4 1.494 4/4 1.550 22/4
89/4
1.240 1.067 20/4 1.179 20/4 1.313 17 1.44
<−80 235.2 317 215–6 80–1 118 139–40 123 142–3 71.5 114 146–7 9.4 54 230 65 58 5.7 143 147.5 140–1 240–2 27 99–100 37.5 32 60–1 163–4 37 113–4 75–6 246–7
269–70 246730 subl. d. 202
284.1 306.4 331.7 272–3 274 2707 16423 210.9
subl. 175–803 238 12522 15215 151–380 280–5 320 340
Solubility in 100 parts Water
Alcohol
Ether
0.0725 i. i. <0.02 0.00325 10220 16420 v. s. 7730 s. h. v. s. v. s. v. sl. s. h. 0.00725 sl. s. h. 0.07425 v. s. h. v. s. sl. s. h. i. 0.17 c. v. s. h. 3.820 v. s. 0.2100 sl. s. 0.4625 0.42100 0.08 0.38100 0.28100 d. s. s. h. s. h. s. h. i. i.
s. v. sl. s. v. s. sl. s. 9.520 s. s. v. s.
s. v. s. v. s. s. v. s. i. i. sl. s.
sl. s.
s.
s. ∞ s. h. sl. s. h. s. s. s.
s. ∞ v. sl. s. v. sl. s. s.
sl. s. sl. s. c. s. h. 0.1120 0.0819 0.1730 0.0630 i. s. i. 1.95112 0.1920 sl. s. h. 0.6520 0.24165 0.0215
s. v. s. v. s. 7.120 5.820 ∞ v. s. sl. s. i. v. s. h. v. s. h. v. s.
s. v. s. v. s. 7.920 6.120 ∞ v. s. v. sl. s. i. v. s. v. s. ∞
2811 3112 0.910
2211 2510 2.218
i. i. v. sl. s. i. v. sl. s. i. i. i. i.
219
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s. s. s. h. s. sl. s. c.
v. s. s.
9100
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
sl. s. s. h. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. s. s. v. s. s. s. v. s. i.
s. s. v. s. v. s. i. s. s. v. s. s. s. i.
v. s. v. s.
2-43
-naphthalene (α-) (β-) -phenol (o-) (m-) (p-) -phenol sulfonic acid (1-,4-,2-) (1-,2-,4-) -phthalic acid (3-) (4-) -toluene (o-) (m-) (p-) -toluene sulfonic acid (1-,4-,2-) -toluidine (4-,1-,2-) (3-,1-,4-) Nitron Nitroso-dimethylaniline (p-) -naphthol (β-)(1-) Nonadecane (n-) Nonane (n-) Octadecane (n-) Octane (n-) (iso-) Octyl acetate (n-) (sec-) alcohol (n-) (sec-) Octylene (n-) Oleic acid Orcinol (1-,3-,5-) Oxalic acid Palmitic acid Pelargonic acid Penta-chloroethane -decane (n-) -erythritol Pentandiol Pentane (n-) (i-) (neo-) Phenacetin Phenanthrene Phenetidine (o-) (p-) Phenetole Phenol -phthalein -sulfonic acid (o-) Phenyl acetaldehyde acetic acid -acetylene aniline (o-) (p-) Phenyl-ethyl alcohol -glycine -hydrazine -hydrazine sulfonic acid (p-) isocyanate -methylpyrazolone (3-)(N-) -mustard oil naphthalene (α-) (β-) naphthylamine (α-) (β-) phenol (o-) (p-) propyl alcohol (γ-) quinoline (2-)(α-) (8-)(0-) salicylate, salol stearate urethane
C10H7NO2 C10H7NO2 NO2C6H4OH NO2C6H4OH NO2C6H4OH HOC6H3(NO2)SO3H3H2O HOC6H3(NO2)SO3H3H2O NO2C6H3(CO2H)2 NO2C6H3(CO2H)2 CH3C6H4NO2 CH3C6H4NO2 CH3C6H4NO2 CH3C6H3(NO2)SO3H2H2O NO2C6H3(CH3)NH2 NO2C6H3(CH3)NH2 C20H16N4 ONC6H4N(CH3)2 ONC10H6OH CH3(CH2)17CH3 CH3(CH2)7CH3 CH3(CH2)16CH3 CH3(CH2)6CH3 (CH3)3CCH2CH(CH3)2 CH3CO2CH2(CH2)6CH3 CH3CO2CH(CH3)C6H13 CH3(CH2)6CH2OH CH3(CH2)5CH(OH)CH3 CH3(CH2)5CH:CH2 C8H17CH:CH(CH2)7CO2H (HO)2C6H3CH3 HO2CCO2H2H2O CH3(CH2)14CO2H CH3(CH2)7CO2H CHCl2CCl3 CH3(CH2)13CH3 C(CH2OH)4 HOCH2(CH2)3CH2OH CH3(CH2)3CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 (CH3)2C(CH3)2 C2H5OC6H4NHCOCH3 < (C6H4CH)2 > C2H5OC6H4NH2 C2H5OC6H4NH2 C2H5OC6H5 C6H5OH C20H14O4 HOC6H4SO3HeH2O C6H5CH2CHO C6H5CH2CO2H C6H5C:CH C6H5C6H4NH2 C6H5C6H4NH2 C6H5CH2CH2OH C6H5NHCH2CO2H C6H5NHNH2 H2NNHC6H4SO3H C6H5N:CO C4H5ON2C6H5 C6H5N:CS C10H7C6H5 C10H7C6H5 C10H7NHC6H5 C10H7NHC6H5 C6H5C6H4OH C6H5C6H4OH C6H5(CH2)3OH C6H5C9H6N C6H5C9H6N HOC6H4CO2C6H5 CH3(CH2)16CO2C6H5 C6H5NHCO2C2H5
173.17 173.17 139.11 139.11 139.11 273.22 273.22 211.13 211.13 137.14 137.14 137.14 253.23 152.15 152.15 312.37 150.18 173.17 268.52 128.26 254.49 114.23 114.23 172.26 172.26 130.23 130.23 112.21 282.46 124.14 126.07 256.42 158.24 202.29 212.41 136.15 104.15 72.15 72.15 72.15 179.22 178.23 137.18 137.18 122.16 94.11 318.32 187.69 120.15 136.15 102.13 169.22 169.22 122.16 151.16 108.14 188.20 119.12 174.20 135.19 204.27 204.27 219.28 219.28 170.21 170.21 136.19 205.25 205.25 214.22 360.57 165.19
yel./al. col./al. yel. mn. col. mn. yel. pr. nd. nd./aq. yel./aq. yel. cr. yel. lq. lq. rhb. pl./aq. yel. mn. red mn. yel. lf. gn. tri. brn. pr. cr. col. lq. cr. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. nd. pr./bz. col. mn. col. pl. col. oil col. lq. col. lq. cr. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. mn. pl./al. oil lq. col. lq. col. nd. col. rhb. cr. lq. lf. col. lq. cr. lf. col. oil cr. yel. oil cr./al. lq. pr./aq. col. lq. waxy lf./al. pr./al. rhb. nd. nd. oil nd. lq. rhb./al. cr. pl./al.
1.223 62 1.295 45 1.485 20 1.479 20
1.163 20/4 1.160 18/4 1.139 55/55 1.365 15 1.312 17
0.777 32/4 0.718 20/4 0.775 28/4 0.703 20/4 0.692 20/4 0.885 0/4 0.863 14/4 0.827 20/4 0.822 20/4 0.721 18/4 0.854 78/4 1.290 4 1.653 19/4 0.849 70/4 0.906 20/4 1.671 25/4 0.770 20/4 0.994 20/4 0.630 18/4 0.621 19 0.613 20/4 1.179 25 1.061 15 0.967 20/4 1.071 25/4 1.299 25/4 1.025 20 1.081 80/4 0.930 20/4 1.023 18/4 1.097 23/4 1.096 20/4 1.138 15/15 1.17 1.18 1.008 20/4 1.250 20/4 1.106
30/4
59–60 79 44–5 96–7 113–4 d. 110 51.5 222 164–5 −4.1 15–16 51.9 130 105–7 116–7 189–90 d. 86–7 109.5 32 −53.7 28 −56.5 −107.4 −38.5 −16 −38.6 14 107–8 101.5 63–4 12.5 −22 10 262 −129.7 −160.0 −20 134–5 99–100 <−21 3–4 −30.2 42–3 261–2 50 d.
304 16515 214.5 19470 subl.
222.3 230–1 237.7
330 150.5759 317 125.7 99.3760 210 195 194–5 179–80 126 285–6100 287–90 subl. 271.5100 253–4 162 270.5 27630 239.4 36.3 27.95 9.5 d. 340 228–9 254–5 172 181.4
76–7 −43 45–6 50–2
193–4 265.5 142–3 299760 302 219–21750
127 19.6 286
243.5
128 −21 45 102.5 62 107–8 56–7 164–5 <−18 86 42–3 52 52–3
166769 19117 219–20 336–7 345–6 335258 399.5 275 305–8 235–7 363 283187 172–312 26715 237–8
i. i. 1.08100 1.3520 1.625 v. s. v. s. 2.0525 v. s. 0.0780 0.0580 0.0480 47.728 v. sl. s. sl. s. h. i. i. 0.120 i. i. i. 0.00216 i. i. i. 0.05425 0.09625 i. i. v. s. s. i. v. sl. s. 0.0520 i. 5.615 ∞ 0.03616 i. i. 0.720 i. i. i. i. 8.215 0.220 v. s. v. sl. s. 1.6620 i. v. sl. s. s. h. 1.620 s. sl. s. h. 0.612 d. 120 i. i. i. 0.0860 0.460 i. i. sl. s. sl. s. sl. s. 0.01525 i. i. c.
s. v. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. h. v. s. ∞ ∞ 8.615 v. s. s. s. s. h. s. 2.418 sl. s. sl. s. sl. s. sl. s. sl. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. s. 920 s. ∞ v. s. v. sl. s.
s. v. s. v. s. s. v. s. sl. s. sl. s. s. ∞ ∞ 80.815 v. s. s. v. sl. s. s. s. s. s. s. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. 1.3 s. s. ∞ v. s. i.
∞ ∞ s. 40 h. 10 h. s. s. ∞ ∞ 1025 v. s. ∞ v. s. ∞ s. s. s. s. ∞ sl. s. d. v. s. h. s. v. s. sl. s. s. v. s. h. s. s. ∞ s. h. s. v. s.
∞ ∞ s. 1.625 v. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ 5.9 c.
s.
s.
∞ v. s. ∞ s. s. ∞ sl. s. ∞ v. s. v. sl. s. s. v. s. sl. s. s. v. s. h. s. s. ∞ s. s. s.
2-44
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued) Name
Phenylene-diamine (o-) (m-) (p-) Phloroglucinol (1-,3-,5-) Phorone Phosgene Phthalic acid (o-) (m-)(iso-) anhydride (o-) nitrile (o-) Phthalide Phthalimide (o-) Picoline (α-) (β-) (γ-) Picramic acid (1-,2-,4-,6-) Picric acid (2-,4-,6-) Picryl chloride (2-,4-,6-) Pinacol Pinacoline Pinene (α-)(dl-) hydrochloride Pinol (dl-) Piperidine carboxylic acid (α-)(dl-) Piperidinium pentamethylene dithiocarbamate Propane Propionic acid aldehyde anhydride Propyl acetate (n-) (i-) alcohol (n-) (i-) amine (n-) (i-) aniline (n-) benzoate (n-) (i-) bromide (n-) (i-) n-butyrate (n-) i-butyrate (n-) n-butyrate (i-) i-butyrate (i-) chloride (n-) (i-) Propyl formate (n-) (i-) furoate (n-) lactate (n-) (i-) mercaptan (n-) (i-) propionate (n-) (i-) thiocyanate (i-) n-valerate (n-) i-valerate (n-) i-valerate (i-) Propylene bromide chlorohydrin chloride glycol oxide Protocatechuic acid (3-,4-)
Formula C6H4(NH2)2 C6H4(NH2)2 C6H4(NH2)2 C6H3(OH)32H2O [(CH3)2C:CH]2CO OCCl2 C6H4(CO2H)2 C6H4(CO2H)2 C6H4 < (CO)2 > O C6H4(CN)2 C6H4(CH2)(CO) > O C6H4 < (CO)2 > NH C5H4NCH3 C5H4NCH3 C5H4NCH3 HOC6H2(NH2)(NO2)2 HOC6H2(NO2)3 ClC6H2(NO2)3 [(CH3)2COH]2 CH3COC(CH3)3 C10H16 C10H17Cl C10H16O CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > NH HO2CCH < (CH2CH2)2 > NH (CH2)5CS2HHN(CH2)5 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CO2H CH3CH2CHO (CH3CH2CO)2O CH3CO2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CO2CH(CH3)2 CH3CH2CH2OH (CH3)2CHOH CH3CH2CH2NH2 (CH3)2CHNH2 C6H5NHCH2CH2CH3 C6H5CO2CH2CH2CH3 C6H5CO2CH(CH3)2 CH3CH2CH2Br (CH3)2CHBr C2H5CH2CO2CH2C2H5 (CH3)2CHCO2CH2C2H5 C2H5CH2CO2CH(CH3)2 (CH3)2CHCO2CH(CH3)2 CH3CH2CH2Cl (CH3)2CHCl HCO2CH2CH2CH3 HCO2CH(CH3)2 C4H3OCO2C3H7 CH3CH(OH)CO2CH2C2H5 CH3CH(OH)CO2CH(CH3)2 CH3CH2CH2SH (CH3)2CHSH C2H5CO2CH2C2H5 C2H5CO2CH(CH3)2 (CH3)2CHCNS CH3(CH2)3CO2CH2C2H5 (CH3)2CHCH2CO2C3H7 (CH3)2CHCH2CO2C3H7 CH3CH:CH2 CH3CHBrCH2Br CH3CHClCH2OH CH3CHClCH2Cl CH3CH(OH)CH2OH CH3(CHCH2)O (HO)2C6H3CO2HH2O
Formula weight
Form and color
108.14 108.14 108.14 162.14 138.21 98.92 166.13 166.13 148.12 128.13 134.13 147.13 93.13 93.13 93.13 199.12 229.10 247.55 118.17 100.16 136.23 172.69 152.23 85.15 129.16 232.43 44.10 74.08 58.08 130.14 102.13 102.13 60.10 60.10 59.11 59.11 135.21 164.20 164.20 122.99 122.99 130.18 130.18 130.18 130.18 78.54 78.54 88.11 88.11 154.16 132.16 132.16 76.16 76.16 116.16 116.16 101.17 144.21 144.21 144.21 42.08 201.89 94.54 112.99 76.09 58.08 172.14
lf./aq. rhb. mn. rhb. yel. pr. gas mn./aq. nd./aq. rhb. cr. nd./aq. cr./et. col. lq. col. lq. lq. red nd. yel. rhb. yel. mn. col. nd. col. lq. col. lq. lf. lq. lq. cr. cr. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. oil col. lq. nd./aq.
Specific gravity 1.139 15/15 0.885 20/4 1.392 19/4 1.593 20/4 1.527
4
1.164 99/4 0.950 15/4 0.961 15/4 0.957 15/4 1.763 20/4 1.797 20 0.967 15 0.800 16 0.878 20/4 0.953 20/20 0.860 20/4 1.13 0.585 −45/4 0.992 20/4 0.807 20/4 1.012 20/4 0.886 20/4 0.874 20/20 0.804 20/4 0.78920/4 0.718 20/20 0.694 15/4 0.949 18 1.021 25/25 1.010 25/25 1.353 20/4 1.310 20/4 0.879 15 0.884 0/4 0.865 18 0.869 0/4 0.890 20/4 0.859 20 0.901 20/4 0.873 20/4 1.075 26/4 0.836 25/4 0.809 25/4 0.883 20/4 0.893 0 0.963 20 0.874 15 0.863 20/4 0.854 17 0.609 −47/4 1.933 20/4 1.103 20 1.159 20/20 1.040 19.4 0.831 20/20 1.542 4/4
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
103–4 62.8 140 117 28 −104 208 330 130.8 141 73(65) 238 −70
256–8 284–7 267 subl. 197.2743 8.2756 d. subl. 284.5
169 121.8 83 43(38) −52.5 −55 131–2 −9 264 175 −187.1 −22 −81 −45 −92.5 −73.4 −127 −85.8 −83 −101 −51.6 −109.9 −89 −95.2
−122.8 −117 −92.9
−112 −130.7 −76 −70.7 −185 −55.5 <−70 199 d.
290 subl. 128.8 143.5 143.1 expl. d. 171–2789 106.2 154–6 207–8 183–4 106 −42.2 141.1 49.5740 168.8780 101.6 88.4 97.8 82.5 49–50761 33–4 222 231 218.5 70.8 60 142.7 134–5 128 120.8 46.4 36.5 81.3 68-71751 211 122-3150 167.5 67-8 58-60 122-3 109-11750 152-3754 67.5 155.9 142756 −48749 141.6 133-4 96.8 188-9 35
Solubility in 100 parts Water 73381 35.125 669107 1.1325 0.150 v. sl. s. 0.7025 0.2100 v. sl. s. sl. s. c. v. sl. s. 0.0425 v. s. ∞ ∞ 0.1422 1.2320 0.01815 sl. s. c. 2.515 v. sl. s. i. ∞ s. 628 6.518 cc. ∞ 2020 d. 1.616 320 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ i. i. i. 0.2520 0.3220 0.1717 v. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. 0.2720 0.3120 12.222 2.122 v. sl. s. s. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. 0.5625 0.625 i. i. i. 44.6 cc. 0.2520 s. 0.2720 ∞ 3320 1.8214
Alcohol
Ether
v. s. v. s. s. v. s. s.
v. s. s. s. v. s. s.
1218 s. s.
0.6815
s. 5 ∞ ∞ ∞ s. 620 4.817 v. s. s. s. 33 s. ∞
sl. s. s. h. ∞ ∞ ∞ sl. s. 113 717 v. s. s. ∞ s. s.
s. ∞ ∞ d. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞
v. s. ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1200 cc. s. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ v. s.
v. s. s. v. s. 8 ∞ s.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞
2-45
Pulegol (iso-)(d-) Pulegone Pyrazole Pyrazoline Pyrazolone Pyrene Pyridazine Pyridine Pyrocatechol (o-) Pyrogallol (1-,2-,3-) Pyrone Pyrrole Pyrrolidine Pyrroline Pyruvic acid Quercitrin Quinaldine (py-2) Quinoline (iso-) -diol (1-,3-) Quinone (p-) R-acid Ca salt (2-)(3-,6-) K salt Na salt Raffinose Resorcinol (m-) Retene Rhamnose (β-) Ricinoleic acid Rosaniline Rosolic acid Saccharin Safrole (1-,3-,4-) (iso-)(1-,3-,4-) Salicylic acid (o-) aldehyde (o-) Saligenin Schaeffer’s salt, Ca K Na Semicarbazide hydrochloride Skatole (3-) Sodium methylate Sorbitol Sorbose (d- or l-) Starch Stearic acid amide Styrene Suberic acid Succinic acid Sucrose Sulfanilic acid (p-) Sylvestrene (d-) Tartaric acid (meso-) (racemic) (d- or l-) Tartronic acid Terephthalic acid (p-) Terpin hydrate (cis-) Terpineol (α-)(d- or l-) (dl-) Terpinyl acetate (α-)(dl-) Tetrabromo-ethane (sym) (uns) Tetrachloro-ethane (sym) (uns) -ethylene Tetracosane (n-) Tetradecane (n-) Tetraethyl-thiuram disulfide
C10H17OH C10H16O NHN:CHCH:CH NHN:CHCH2CH2 NHCOCH2CH:N C16H10 N2 < (CHCH)2 > CH < (CHCH)2 > N C6H4(OH)2 C6H3(OH)3 CO < (CHCH)2 > O < (CH:CH)2 > NH < (CH2CH2)2 > NH < (CHCH2)2 > NH CH3COCO2H C21H20O112H2O CH3C9H6N C9H7N C9H7N C6H4CH:C(OH)N:C(OH) CO < (CHCH)2 > CO HOC10H5(SO3)2Ca HOC10H5(SO3K)2 HOC10H5(SO3Na)2 C18H32O165H2O C6H4(OH)2 C18H18 CH3(CHOH)4CHOH2O C17H32(OH)CO2H C20H21ON3 C20H16O3 C6H4(CO)(SO2) > NH CH2:CHCH2C6H3:O2CH2 CH3CH:CHC6H3:O2CH2 HOC6H4CO2H HOC6H4CHO HOC6H4CH2OH (HOC10H6SO3)2Ca5H2O HOC10H6SO3K HOC10H6SO3Na NH2CONHNH2 NH2CONHNH3Cl CH3C8H6N CH3ONa [CH2OH(CHOH)2]2 C6H12O6 (C6H10O5)x CH3(CH2)16CO2H CH3(CH2)16CONH2 C6H5CH:CH2 HO2C(CH2)6CO2H HO2C(CH2)2CO2H C12H22O11 H2NC6H4SO3H C10H16 (CHOHCO2H)2 (CHOHCO2H)2H2O (CHOHCO2H)2 CH(OH)(CO2H)2aH2O C6H4(CO2H)2 C10H20O2H2O C10H18O C10H18O CH3CO2C10H17 Br2CHCHBr2 Br3CCH2Br Cl2CHCHCl2 Cl3CCH2Cl Cl2C:CCl2 CH3(CH2)22CH3 CH3(CH2)12CH3 [(C2H5)2NCS]2S2
154.25 152.23 68.08 70.09 84.08 202.25 80.09 79.10 110.11 126.11 96.08 67.09 71.12 69.11 88.06 484.41 143.19 129.16 129.16 161.16 108.09 342.36 380.48 348.26 594.51 110.11 234.34 182.17 298.46 319.40 304.34 183.18 162.19 162.19 138.12 122.12 124.14 576.60 262.32 246.21 75.07 111.53 131.17 54.02 182.17 180.16 162.14 284.48 283.49 104.15 174.19 118.09 342.30 173.19 136.23 150.09 168.10 150.09 129.07 166.13 190.28 154.25 154.25 196.29 345.65 345.65 167.85 167.85 165.83 338.65 198.39 296.54
col. lq. col. lq. nd./et. lq. nd. yel. pr. lq. col. lq. nd./aq. nd. cr. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. yel. nd. lq. lq. pl. cr. yel. mn. cr. cr. cr. cr./aq. col. rhb. lf./al. col. mn. lq. col. nd. red lf. mn. col. mn. col. lq. mn. col. oil rhb./aq. cr. cr. cr. pr./al. pr. lf. pd. cr. rhb. amor. mn. col. cr. col. lq. nd./aq. col. mn. col. mn. col. cr. lq. cr. tri. mn. pr./aq. cr. rhb. col. cr. col. cr. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. cr. col. lq. cr.
0.911 20/4 0.932 20/20 70 1.277 0/4 1.107 20/4 0.982 20/4 1.344 4 1.453 4 1.190 40.3 0.948 20/4 0.852 22.5 0.910 20/4 1.267 20/4 1.059 20/4 1.095 20 1.099 21/4 1.318 20/4
1.465 0 1.272 15 1.1316 1.47120/4 0.954 16
1.100 20/4 1.122 20/4 1.443 20/4 1.153 25/4 1.161 25
1.654 15 1.5021 0.847 69.3 0.903 20/4 1.266 25/4 1.572 25/4 1.588 15 0.863 20/4 1.737 1.697 20/4 1.760 20/4 1.510 0.935 15 0.935 20/20 0.966 20/4 2.964 20/4 2.875 20/4 1.600 20/4 1.588 20/4 1.624 15/4 0.779 51/4 0.765 20/4 1.17
165 149-50 −8 −42 104-5 133-4 32.5
13.6 182-5 −1 −15 24.6 237 115.7
119 110.7 98-9 126 4-5 186 d. 308-10 d. 225-8 11.2 6-7 159 -7 86-7
96 173 d. 95 d. 300 110-2 165 d. 70-1 108-9 −31 140-4 189-90 170-86 d. d. > 280 159-60 205-6 168-70 d. 155-8 subl. 117 38-40 35 < −50 −1.0 0 −36 −19 51.1 5.5 70
86-9 10 224754 186-8 144 subl. d. >360 208 115-6 240-5 309 215-7 131 87-8 90-1 165 244-5750 237.1747 240.5763 subl.
d. 130 276.5 390-4 226-810 subl. 233-4 252-3 21120 196.5 subl.
265-6755
291110 25112 145-6 279100 235 d. 176-7 d. subl. d. 219-21 218-9752 220 d. 15154 10413 146.3 129-30 120.8 324 252.5
v. sl. s. i. s. ∞ s. i. ∞ ∞ 45.120 40 13 v. sl. s. i. ∞ v. s. ∞ 0.04 20 v. sl. s. 6 sl. s. v. sl. s. sl. s. h. 30.6 25 29.5 25 25.2 25 14.3 20 14712 i. 60.8 21 i. v. sl. s. 0.1225 0.4 25 i. i. 0.223 1.7 86 6.615 4.7620 3.4625 6.2925 v. s. v. s. 0.05 c. d. v. s. 5517 i. 0.0325 i. v. sl. s. 0.1416 6.820 1790 0.810 12015 20.620 13920 v. s. 0.001 c. 0.415 i. i. i. i. 0.2920 i. 0.0220 i. i.
∞ s. ∞ v. s. 3 h. s. ∞ v. s. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ s.
0.120 v. s. 69 h.
∞ s. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. s. s. s. v. s. s. v. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ sl. s. s. ∞ s. s.
∞ sl. s. v. s. h. 3.1 c. s. ∞ 4915 ∞ v. s.
v. s. v. s. h. i. ∞ i. sl. s. 1.05 c. ∞ ∞ 5115 ∞ v. s.
v. s. sl. s. s.
i. i. s.
v. s. h. sl. s. i. 220 s. h. ∞ s. 9.915 0.9 v. sl. s.
i. 6g s. h: ∞ 0.815 1.215 i. v. sl. s.
20 2515 v. s. sl. s. h. 1015 v. s. v. s. 20 ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s.
0.09 0.415 i. i. 115 v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. v. s.
2-46
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Concluded) Name
Tetrafluoro-ethylene Tetrahydro-furan -furfuryl alcohol -pyran Tetralin Tetramethyl-thiuram disulfide Tetryl (2-,4-,6-) Theobromine Thio-acetic acid -aniline (4-, 4′-) -carbanilide -naphthol (β-) -phenol -salicylic acid (o-) -urea Thiophene Thymol (5-,2-,1-) Tolidine (0-)(3-,3′-,4-,4′-) Toluene sulfonic acid (o-) (p-) sulfonic amide (p-) sulfonic chloride (p-) Toluic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Toluidine (o-) (m-) (p-) hydrochloride (o-) sulfonic acid (1-,2-,3-) Toluylenediamine (1-,2-,4-) Tolylene diisocyanate (1-,2-,4-) Trehalose Triamylamine (n-) (i-) Tributyl-amine (n-) phosphite Trichloro-acetic acid -benzene (s-)(1-,3-,5-) -ethane (1-,1-,1-) -ethylene -phenol Tricosane (n-) Tricresyl phosphate (o-) Tridecane (n-) Triethanol amine Triethyl-amine -benzene (1-,3-,5-) (1-,2-,4-) borate citrate Triethylene glycol Trifluoro-chloromethane -chloroethylene -trichloroethane Trimethoxybutane (1-,3-,3-) Trimethylamine Trimethylene bromide chloride glycol Trinitro-benzene (1-,3-,5-) -benzoic acid (2-,4-,6-) -tert-butylxylene -naphthalene (α-)(1-,3-,5-) (β-)(1-,3-,8-) (γ-)(1-,4-,5-)
Formula F2C:CF2 CH2(CH2)2CH2O C4H7OCH2OH CH2(CH2)3CH2O C6H4CH2(CH2)2CH2 [(CH3)2NCS]2S2 (NO2)3C6H2N(CH3)NO2 C7H8O2N4 CH3COSH (NH2C6H4)2S (C6H5NH)2CS C10H7SH C6H5SH HSC6H4CO2H NH2CSNH2 < (CH:CH)2 > S (CH3)(C3H7)C6H3OH [CH3(NH2)C6H3]2 C6H5CH3 CH3C6H4SO3H2H2O CH3C6H4SO3HH2O CH3C6H4SO2NH2 CH3C6H4SO2Cl CH3C6H4CO2H CH3C6H4CO2H CH3C6H4CO2H CH3C6H4NH2 CH3C6H4NH2 CH3C6H4NH2 CH3C6H4NH3Cl CH3(NH2)C6H3SO3H CH3C6H3(NH2)2 CH3C6H3(NCO)2 C12H22O112H2O [CH3(CH2)3CH2]3N [(CH3)2CH(CH2)2]3N [CH3(CH2)2CH2]3N [CH3(CH2)3O]3P Cl3CCO2H C6H3Cl3 Cl3CCH3 Cl2C:CHCl Cl3C6H2OH CH3(CH2)21CH3 OP(OC6H4CH3)3 CH3(CH2)11CH3 (HOCH2CH2)3N (CH3CH2)3N (C2H5)3C6H3 (C2H5)3C6H3 B(OCH2CH3)3 HOC3H4(CO2C2H5)3 (CH2OCH2CH2OH)2 CF3Cl F2C:CFCl Cl2CFCClF2 CH2(OCH3)CH2C(OCH3)2CH3 (CH3)3N BrCH2CH2CH2Br ClCH2CH2CH2Cl HOCH2CH2CH2OH C6H3(NO2)3 (NO2)3C6H2CO2H (NO2)3C6(CH3)2C4H9 C10H5(NO2)3 C10H5(NO2)3 C10H5(NO2)3
Formula weight
Form and color
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
100.02 72.11 102.13 86.13 132.20 240.43 287.14 180.16 76.12 216.30 228.31 160.24 110.18 154.19 76.12 84.14 150.22 212.29 92.14 208.23 190.22 171.22 190.65 136.15 136.15 136.15 107.15 107.15 107.15 143.61 187.22 122.17 174.16 378.33 227.43 227.43 185.35 250.31 163.39 181.45 133.40 131.39 197.45 324.63 368.36 184.36 149.19 101.19 162.27 162.27 145.99 276.28 150.17 104.46 116.47 187.38 148.20 59.11 201.89 112.99 76.09 213.10 257.11 297.26 263.16 263.16 263.16
gas col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. cr. yel. mn. rhb. yel. lq. nd./aq. rhb./al. cr./al. col. lq. yel. nd. rhb./al. col. lq. cr. lf. col. lq. cr. mn. mn. tri. cr./aq. pr./aq. cr./aq. col. lq. col. lq. cr. mn. pr. cr. rhb. lq. rhb./al. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. cr. nd. lq. col. lq. nd. lf. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. oil lq. lq. lq. oil col. lq. gas gas lq. lq. gas lq. lq. oil col. rhb. rhb./aq. nd./al. rhb. cr./al. yel. cr.
1.58−78 0.88821/4 1.05020/4 0.88120/4 0.97318/4 1.29 1.5719
−142.5 −65
−76.3 65-6 177-8743 88 206764
10
1.074 1.324
1.07423/4 1.40520/4 1.07015/4 0.97225/25 0.86620/4
1.062115/4 1.054112/4 0.99920/4 0.98920/4 1.04620/4
1.2328
−31 155-6 130.5 330 < −17 108 154 81 164 180-2 −30 51.5 128-9 −95 d. 104-5 137 69 104-5 110-1 179-80 −16.3 −31.5 44-5 218-20 99
expl. 93 d. 286-8 168-9 subl. d. 84 232752 110.8 128.80 146-70 134.510 259751 263 274-5 199.7 203.3 200.3 242 283-5 134.520
97 20/4
0.786 0.77820/20 0.92520/4 1.61746/15 26/4
1.325 1.46620/20 1.49075/4 0.77948/4 0.75720/4 1.12620/20 0.72920/20 0.86120/4 0.88217/4 0.86420/20 1.13720/4 1.12520/20 1.726−130 1.57620/4 0.932 0.662 −5 1.987 15/4 1.201 15 1.060 20/4 1.688 20/4
58 63.5 −73 68-9 47.7 −6.2 20-1 −114.8
−5 −182 −157.5 −35 −124 −34.4 121 210-20 d. 110 122-3 218-9 148-9
240-5 235 216.5761 122-312 195.5754 208.5764 74.1 87.2 246 23415 234 277-9150 89.4 215 217-8755 120 294 290 −80 −27.9 47.6 63-525 3.5 167.5 123-5 214 d.
Solubility in 100 parts Water 0.0130 s. ∞ s. i. i. i. 0.0615 s. sl. s. h. i. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. sl. s. h. 9.213 i. 0.0919 v. sl. s. 0.0516 v. s. v. s. 0.29 i. 2.17100 1.6100 1.3100 1.525 sl. s. 0.7421 s. 0.9711 s. h. d. s. h. i. i. i. i. 12025 i. i. 0.125 0.0925 i. i. i. ∞ ∞ > 190 i. i. d. i. ∞ d. i. d. 4119 0.1730 0.2725 ∞ 0.0315 2.0524 i. i. 0.02100 i.
Alcohol
Ether
s. ∞
s. ∞
s.
s.
s. h. 0.06 c. ∞ s. v. s. v. s. v. s. s. s. s. v. s. s. s. s. s. 7.45 s. v. s. v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ v. s. sl. s.
s. 0.03 h. ∞ s. v. s. v. s. ∞ sl. s. v. s. s. ∞
s. v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ v. s.
s. d. sl. s. h.
s. i.
s.
∞
s. sl. s. ∞ ∞ v. s.
s. ∞ ∞ v. s.
v. s. ∞ ∞ s. s.
v. s. sl. s. ∞ s. s.
∞ ∞
∞ v. sl. s.
∞
∞
s. s. s. ∞ 1.918
s. s. s. 1.518
sl. s. s. 0.0523 0.1119
0.1315 0.419
s.
-phenol (2-,3-,6-) -toluene (β-)(2-,3-,4-) (γ-)(2-,4-,5-) (α-)(2-,4-,6-) Trional Triphenyl-arsine carbinol guanidine (α-) methane methyl phosphate Tripropylamine (n-) Undecane (n-) Urea nitrate Uric acid Valeric acid (n-) (i-) aldehyde (n-) (i-) amide (n-) (i-) Vanillic acid (3-,4-,1-) alcohol (3-,4-,1-) hyl-thiuram disulfide Vanillin (3-,4-,1-) Veratrole (o-) Vinyl acetate (poly-) acetic acid acetylene alcohol (poly-) chloride propionate Xylene (o-) (m-) (p-) sulfonic acid (1-,4-,2-) Xylidine (1:2)(3-) (1:2)(4-) (1:3)(2-) (1:3)(4-) (1:3)(5-) (1:4)(2-) Xylose (l-)(+) Xylylene dichloride (p-) Zinc diethyl dimethyl dimethyl-dithiocarbamate NOTE:
°F = 9⁄5 °C + 32.
(NO2)3C6H2OH CH3C6H2(NO2)3 CH3C6H2(NO2)3 CH3C6H3(NO2)3 (C2H5SO2C2H4)2 (C6H5)3As (C6H5)3COH C6H5N:C(NHC6H5)2 (C6H5)3CH (C6H5)3C . . . OP(OC6H5)3 (CH3CH2CH2)3N CH3(CH2)9CH3 H2NCONH2 CO(NH2)2HNO3 C5H4O3N4 C2H5CH2CH2CO2H (CH3)2CHCH2CO2H C2H5CH2CH2CHO (CH3)2CHCH2CHO C2H5CH2CH2CONH2 (CH3)2CHCH2CONH2 CH3O(OH)C6H3CO2H CH3O(OH)C6H3CH2OH [(C2H5)2NCS]2S2 CH3O(OH)C6H3CHO C6H4(OCH3)2 CH3CO2CH:CH2 (CH3CO2CH:CH2)x CH2:CHCH2CO2H CH2:CHC:CH CH2:CHOH (CH2:CHOH)x CH2:CHCl C2H5CO2CH:CH2 C6H4(CH3)2 C6H4(CH3)2 C6H4(CH3)2 (CH3)2C6H3SO3H2H2O (CH3)2C6H3NH2 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 CH2OH(CHOH)3CHO C6H4(CH2Cl)2 Zn(CH2CH3)2 Zn(CH3)2 Zn[S2CN(CH3)2]2
229.10 227.13 227.13 227.13 242.36 306.23 260.33 287.36 244.33 243.32 326.28 143.27 156.31 60.06 123.07 168.11 102.13 102.13 86.13 86.13 101.15 101.15 168.15 154.16 296.54 152.15 138.16 86.09 (86.09) 86.09 52.07 44.05 (44.05) 62.50 100.12 106.17 106.17 106.17 222.26 121.18 121.18 121.18 121.18 121.18 121.18 150.13 175.06 123.53 95.48 305.84
nd. cr. yel. pl. cr./al. pl./al. pl. cr. rhb./al. cr. col. cr. pr./al. col. lq. col. lq. col. pr. col. mn. cr. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. mn. pl. mn. nd./aq. mn./aq. cr. mn. cr. col. lq. col. lq. gas gas lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lf. lq. pr. lq. lq. oil oil nd. mn. col. lq. col. lq.
1.620 20/4 1.620 20/4 1.654 1.199 85/4 1.306 1.188 20/4 1.13 1.014 99/4 1.206 58/4 0.757 20/4 0.741 20/4 1.335 20/4 1.893 20 0.939 20/4 0.931 20/20 0.819 11 0.803 17 1.023 0.965 20/4 1.17 1.056 1.091 15/15 0.932 20/4 1.1920 1.013 15/15 0.705 1.5
117-8 112 104 80.8 76 59-60 162.5 144-5 93.4 145-7 49-50 −93.5 −25.6 132.7 152 d. d. −34.5 −37.6 −92 −51 106 135-7 207 115 70 81-2 22.5 < −60 100-25 −39
1.320 0.908 25/25
d. >200 −160
0.881 20/4 0.867 17/4 0.861 20/4
−25 −47.4 13.2 86 < −15 49-50
0.991 15 1.076 17.5 0.980 15 0.978 20/4 0.972 20/4 0.979 21/4 1.535 0 1.417 0 1.182 18 1.386 11 2.0040/4
15.5 153-4 100.5 −28 −40 248-50
expl. expl. expl. d. >360 >360 d. 359754 d. 24511 156.5 194.5 d. 187 176 103.4 92.5 232 subl. d. 285 207.1 72-3 163 5.5 −12 93-5 144 139.3 138.5 1490.1 223 224-6 216-7 213-4 221-2 215789 240-5 d. 118 46
s. h. i. i. 0.0120 0.315 i. i. i. i. i. i. v. sl. s. i. 10017 v. s. h. 0.06 h. 3.316 4.220 v. sl. s. sl. s. v. s. s. 0.1214 v. s. h. i. 114 v. sl. s. 220 i. s. 0.670.6 s. sl. s. v. sl. s. i. i. i. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. 11720 i. d. d. i.
v. s. sl. s. c. s. h. 1.522 50 s. v. s. 40 v. s. h. sl. s. h. 15525 ∞ ∞ 2020 s. i. ∞ ∞ s. s. v. s. s. v. s. v. s.
v. s. s. v. s. 533 6.615 v. s. v. s.
v. s. ∞ ∞ sl. s.
v. s. s. ∞
v. s. s. ∞
∞
∞
v. s.
i. ∞ ∞ s. s. v. s. s. v. s. v. s.
s.
v. s.
s. s. s.
∞ ∞ v. s.
s.
s.
v. sl. s. s. d. d.
i. v. sl. s.
2-47
2-48
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-3
Vapor Pressure of Water Ice from 0 to −40 ⬚C
Vapor pressure t, ºC mmHg 0 −0.5 −1.0 −1.5 −2.0 −2.5 −3.0 −3.5 −4.0 −4.5 −5.0 −5.5 −6.0 −6.5 −7.0 −7.5 −8.0 −8.5 −9.0 −9.5 −10.0 −10.5 −11.0 −11.5 −12.0 −12.5 −13.0
4.584 4.399 4.220 4.049 3.883 3.724 3.571 3.423 3.281 3.145 3.013 2.887 2.766 2.649 2.537 2.429 2.325 2.225 2.130 2.038 1.949 1.865 1.783 1.705 1.630 1.558 1.489
Vapor pressure
UNITS CONVERSIONS
Vapor pressure
kPa
t, ºC
mmHg
kPa
t, ºC
mmHg
kPa
0.6112 0.5865 0.5627 0.5398 0.5177 0.4965 0.4761 0.4564 0.4375 0.4193 0.4018 0.3849 0.3687 0.3532 0.3382 0.3238 0.3100 0.2967 0.2839 0.2717 0.2599 0.2486 0.2377 0.2273 0.2173 0.2077 0.1985
−13.5 −14.0 −14.5 −15.0 −15.5 −16.0 −16.5 −17.0 −17.5 −18.0 −18.5 −19.0 −19.5 −20.0 −20.5 −21.0 −21.5 −22.0 −22.5 −23.0 −23.5 −24.0 −24.5 −25.0 −25.5 −26.0 −26.5
1.423 1.359 1.298 1.240 1.184 1.130 1.079 1.029 0.9822 0.9370 0.8937 0.8522 0.8125 0.7745 0.7381 0.7034 0.6701 0.6383 0.6078 0.5787 0.5509 0.5243 0.4989 0.4747 0.4515 0.4294 0.4083
0.1897 0.1812 0.1731 0.1653 0.1578 0.1507 0.1438 0.1372 0.1310 0.1249 0.1191 0.1136 0.1083 0.1033 0.09841 0.09377 0.08934 0.08510 0.08104 0.07716 0.07345 0.06991 0.06652 0.06329 0.06020 0.05725 0.05443
−27.0 −27.5 −28.0 −28.5 −29.0 −29.5 −30.0 −30.5 −31.0 −31.5 −32.0 −32.5 −33.0 −33.5 −34.0 −34.5 −35.0 −35.5 −36.0 −36.5 −37.0 −37.5 −38.0 −38.5 −39.0 −39.5 −40.0
0.3881 0.3688 0.3505 0.3330 0.3162 0.3003 0.2851 0.2706 0.2568 0.2437 0.2311 0.2192 0.2078 0.1970 0.1867 0.1769 0.1676 0.1587 0.1503 0.1423 0.1347 0.1274 0.1206 0.1140 0.1078 0.1019 0.0963
0.05174 0.04918 0.04673 0.04439 0.04216 0.04004 0.03801 0.03608 0.03424 0.03249 0.03082 0.02923 0.02771 0.02627 0.02490 0.02359 0.02235 0.02116 0.02004 0.01897 0.01796 0.01699 0.01607 0.01520 0.01437 0.01359 0.01284
SOURCE: Formulation of Wagner, Saul, and Pruss, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515 (1994), implemented in Harvey, Peskin, and Klein, NIST/ASME Steam Properties, NIST Standard Reference Database 10, Version 2.2, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., 2000. This source provides data down to 190 K (−83.15 ºC). A formula extending to 110 K may be found in Murphy and Koop, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 1539 (2005).
TABLE 2-4 Vapor Pressure of Supercooled Liquid Water from 0 to −40 ⬚C* Vapor pressure t, ºC mmHg 0 −0.5 −1.0 −1.5 −2.0 −2.5 −3.0 −3.5 −4.0 −4.5 −5.0 −5.5 −6.0 −6.5 −7.0 −7.5 −8.0 −8.5 −9.0 −9.5 −10.0 −10.5 −11.0 −11.5 −12.0 −12.5 −13.0
4.584 4.421 4.262 4.108 3.959 3.816 3.676 3.542 3.411 3.285 3.163 3.046 2.932 2.822 2.715 2.612 2.513 2.417 2.324 2.235 2.149 2.065 1.985 1.907 1.832 1.760 1.690
Vapor pressure
Vapor pressure
kPa
t, ºC
mmHg
kPa
t, ºC
mmHg
kPa
0.6112 0.5894 0.5682 0.5477 0.5279 0.5087 0.4901 0.4722 0.4548 0.4380 0.4218 0.4061 0.3909 0.3762 0.3620 0.3483 0.3351 0.3223 0.3099 0.2980 0.2865 0.2753 0.2646 0.2542 0.2442 0.2346 0.2253
−13.5 −14.0 −14.5 −15.0 −15.5 −16.0 −16.5 −17.0 −17.5 −18.0 −18.5 −19.0 −19.5 −20.0 −20.5 −21.0 −21.5 −22.0 −22.5 −23.0 −23.5 −24.0 −24.5 −25.0 −25.5 −26.0 −26.5
1.623 1.558 1.495 1.435 1.377 1.321 1.267 1.215 1.165 1.117 1.070 1.026 0.9827 0.9414 0.9016 0.8633 0.8265 0.7911 0.7571 0.7244 0.6930 0.6628 0.6337 0.6059 0.5791 0.5534 0.5288
0.2163 0.2077 0.1993 0.1913 0.1836 0.1761 0.1689 0.1620 0.1553 0.1489 0.1427 0.1367 0.1310 0.1255 0.1202 0.1151 0.1102 0.1055 0.1009 0.0965 0.0923 0.08836 0.08449 0.08078 0.07721 0.07379 0.07050
−27.0 −27.5 −28.0 −28.5 −29.0 −29.5 −30.0 −30.5 −31.0 −31.5 −32.0 −32.5 −33.0 −33.5 −34.0 −34.5 −35.0 −35.5 −36.0 −36.5 −37.0 −37.5 −38.0 −38.5 −39.0 −39.5 −40.0
0.5051 0.4824 0.4606 0.4397 0.4197 0.4005 0.3820 0.3644 0.3475 0.3313 0.3158 0.3009 0.2867 0.2731 0.2600 0.2476 0.2356 0.2242 0.2133 0.2029 0.1929 0.1834 0.1743 0.1656 0.1573 0.1494 0.1419
0.06734 0.06431 0.06141 0.05862 0.05595 0.05339 0.05094 0.04858 0.04633 0.04417 0.04210 0.04012 0.03822 0.03640 0.03467 0.03300 0.03141 0.02989 0.02844 0.02705 0.02572 0.02445 0.02324 0.02208 0.02098 0.01992 0.01891
*SOURCE: Murphy and Koop, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 1539 (2005). The formula in the reference extends down to 123 K (-150.15 ºC), although in practice pure liquid water cannot be supercooled below about 235 K.
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32. To convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 0.01934. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Additional vapor-pressure data may be found in major thermodynamic property databases, such as those produced by the AIChE’s DIPPER program (www.aiche.org/dippr/), NIST’s Thermodynamics Research Center (trc.nist.gov), the Dortmund Databank (www.ddbst.de), and the Physical Property Data Service (www.ppds.co.uk). Additional sources include the NIST Chemistry Webbook (webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/); Boublik, Fried, and Hala, The Vapor Pressures of Pure Substances, 2d ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984; Poling, Prausnitz, and O’Connell, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 5th ed., McGrawHill, New York, 2001; Vapor Pressure of Chemicals (Subvolumes A, B, and C), vol. IV/20 in Landolt-Bornstein: Numerical Data nad Functional Relationships in Science and Technology—New Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999–2001. The most recent work on water may be found at The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam website http://iapws.org.
TABLE 2-5 Vapor Pressure (MPa) of Liquid Water from 0 to 100°C t, °C 0.01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Pvp, MPa
t, °C
Pvp, MPa
t, °C
Pvp, MPa
0.00061165 0.00065709 0.00070599 0.00075808 0.00081355 0.00087258 0.00093536 0.0010021 0.0010730 0.0011483 0.0012282 0.0013130 0.0014028 0.0014981 0.0015990 0.0017058 0.0018188 0.0019384 0.0020647 0.0021983 0.0023393 0.0024882 0.0026453 0.0028111 0.0029858 0.0031699 0.0033639 0.0035681 0.0037831 0.0040092 0.0042470 0.0044969 0.0047596 0.0050354
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
0.0053251 0.0056290 0.0059479 0.0062823 0.0066328 0.0070002 0.0073849 0.0077878 0.0082096 0.0086508 0.0091124 0.0095950 0.010099 0.010627 0.011177 0.011752 0.012352 0.012978 0.013631 0.014312 0.015022 0.015762 0.016533 0.017336 0.018171 0.019041 0.019946 0.020888 0.021867 0.022885 0.023943 0.025042 0.026183 0.027368
68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
0.028599 0.029876 0.031201 0.032575 0.034000 0.035478 0.037009 0.038595 0.040239 0.041941 0.043703 0.045527 0.047414 0.049367 0.051387 0.053476 0.055635 0.057867 0.060173 0.062556 0.065017 0.067558 0.070182 0.072890 0.075684 0.078568 0.081541 0.084608 0.087771 0.091030 0.094390 0.097852 0.10142
From E. W. Lemmon, M. O. McLinden, and D. G. Friend, “Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems” in NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Eds. P. J. Linstrom and W. G. Mallard, June 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md. (http://webbook.nist.gov) and Wagner, W., and A., Pruss, “The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31(2):387–535, 2002. The website mentioned above allows users to generate their own tables of thermodynamic properties. The user can select the units as well as the temperatures and/or pressures for which properties are to be generated. The results can be then be copied into spreadsheets or other files.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
2-49
TABLE 2-6 Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 Sorted by Chemical Family Name
Cmpd. No.
Formula
Paraffins Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Tetradecane Pentadecane Hexadecane Heptadecane Octadecane Nonadecane Eicosane 2-Methylpropane 2-Methylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 2-Methylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclopentane Methylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclohexane
193 125 295 31 279 171 160 265 256 74 336 123 327 319 277 169 158 263 254 124 236 202 107 234 114 323 332 333 71 64 69 65 217 134 213 108 109 110 133
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C15H32 C16H34 C17H36 C18H38 C19H40 C20H42 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 C6H12 C6H12 C7H14 C7H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16
1-Octyne 1-Nonyne 1-Decyne Methyl acetylene Vinyl acetylene Dimethyl acetylene 2-Methyl -1-butene-3-yne 3-Methyl-1-butyne
135 305 36 37 38 70 285 68 177 166 271 260 77 238 205 206 218 219 298 294 29 30 201
C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C5H8 C5H10 C6H10 C6H12 C7H14 C8H16 C9H18 C10H20 C4H8 C5H10 C5H10 C6H10 C6H10 C9H14 C3H4 C4H6 C4H6 C5H8
Ketones
7 43 288 289 178 180 181 168
C2H2 C4H6 C5H8 C5H8 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C7H12
Olefins Ethylene Propylene 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Cyclopentene 1-Pentene Cyclohexene 1-Hexene 1-Heptene 1-Octene 1-Nonene 1-Decene 2-Methyl propene 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Propenylcyclohexene Propadiene 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene Acetylenes Acetylene 1-Butyne 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne 3-Hexyne 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne 1-Heptyne
Name
Cmpd. No.
Formula
Acetylenes 273 262 79 197 339 105 207 210
C8H14 C9H16 C10H18 C3H4 C4H4 C4H6 C5H6 C5H8
16 325 312 129 343 344 345 243 62 304 330 331 246 321 40 24 290 318
C6H6 C7H8 C8H8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C9H10 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C10H8 C10H12 C10H14 C12H10 C14H10 C18H14
153 1 299 44 278 170 159 264 255 73
CH2O C2H4O C3H6O C4H8O C5H10O C6H12O C7H14O C8H16O C9H18O C10H20O
8 5 222 229 283 284 310 67 144 175 176 226 102 164 165 269 270 20
C3H4O C3H6O C4H8O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C6H4O2 C6H10O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C8H16O C8H16O C13H10O
156 324 320 322
C4H4O C4H4S C4H8O C4H8S
14 25 52 80 149
Ar Br2 Cl2 D2 F2
Aromatics Benzene Toluene Styrene Ethylbenzene m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene alpha-Methyl styrene Cumene Propylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Naphthalene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene Biphenyl Phenanthrene o-Terphenyl Aldehydes Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde Butyraldehyde Pentanal Hexanal Heptanal Octanal Nonanal Decanal
Acrolein Acetone Methylethyl ketone Methylisopropyl ketone 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Quinone Cyclohexanone Ethylisopropyl ketone 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone Methylisobutyl ketone Diisopropyl ketone 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 2-Octanone 3-Octanone Benzophenone Heterocyclics Furan Thiophene Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydrothiophene Elements Argon Bromine Chlorine Deuterium Fluorine
2-50
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-6 Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 Sorted by Chemical Family (Continued) Name
Cmpd. No.
Formula
Elements Hydrogen Helium-4 Nitrogen Neon Oxygen
183 157 249 247 275
H2 He N2 Ne O2
194 126 296 297 34 35 281 282 66 173 174 162 163 267 268 258 259 76 337 237 204 21 214 215 216 137 309 32 33
CH4O C2H6O C3H8O C3H8O C4H10O C4H10O C5H12O C5H12O C6H12O C6H14O C6H14O C7H16O C7H16O C8H18O C8H18O C9H20O C9H20O C10H22O C11H24O C4H10O C5H12O C7H8O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C2H6O2 C3H8O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2
291 59 60 61
C6H6O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O
112 245 221 120 95 240 228 103 208 225 244 147 143 104 101 235 13 84 142 22 121
C2H6O C3H6O C3H8O C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C7H8O C8H18O C8H18O C9H12O C12H10O
155 274 3 9 191 300
CH2O2 C2H2O4 C2H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O4 C3H6O2
Alcohols Methanol Ethanol 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol Cyclohexanol 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Decanol 1-Undecanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Benzyl alcohol 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Ethylene glycol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol Phenols Phenol m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Ethers Dimethyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Methylethyl ether 1,4-Dioxane Diethyl ether Methylpropyl ether Methylisopropyl ether 1,1-Dimethoxyethane Methylbutyl ether Methylisobutyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethylpropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Di-isopropyl ether Methyl pentyl ether Anisole Dibutyl ether Ethylhexyl ether Benzyl ethyl ether Diphenyl ether Acids Formic acid Oxalic acid Acetic acid Acrylic acid Malonic acid Propionic acid
Name
Cmpd. No.
Formula
Methacrylic acid Acetic anhydride Succinic acid Butyric acid Isobutyric acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid Pentanoic acid 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Hexanoic acid Benzoic acid Heptanoic acid Phthalic anhydride Terephthalic acid 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Octanoic acid 2-Methyloctanoic acid Nonanoic acid Decanoic acid
192 4 313 45 189 203 280 131 172 18 161 293 317 141 266 233 257 75
C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C7H6O2 C7H14O2 C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C10H20O2
224 140 196 198 338 127 239 306 232 146 211 302 39 132 200 130 115 119
C2H4O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H8O2 C9H10O2 C10H10O4 C10H10O4
199 138 106 128 136 190 303 329 94 93 100 122 328
CH5N C2H5N C2H7N C2H7N C2H8N2 C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C4H11N C4H11NO2 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N
154 2 113 195 15
CH3NO C2H5NO C3H7NO C3H7NO C7H7NO
6 63 10 301 46 19
C2H3N C2N2 C3H3N C3H5N C4H7N C7H5N
251 248
CH3NO2 C2H5NO2
Acids
Esters Methyl formate Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate Vinyl acetate Ethyl acetate Methyl propionate Propyl formate Methyl methacrylate Ethyl propionate Methyl butyrate Propyl acetate Butyl acetate Ethyl butyrate Methyl benzoate Ethyl benzoate Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl terephthalate Amines Methyl amine Ethyleneimine Dimethyl amine Ethyl amine Ethylenediamine Isopropyl amine Propyl amine Trimethyl amine Diethyl amine Diethanol amine Di-isopropyl amine Dipropyl amine Triethyl amine Amides Formamide Acetamide N,N-Dimethyl formamide N-Methyl acetamide Benzamide Nitriles Acetonitrile Cyanogen Acrylonitrile Propionitrile Butyronitrile Benzonitrile Nitro Compounds Nitromethane Nitroethane
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
2-51
TABLE 2-6 Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 Sorted by Chemical Family (Concluded) Name
Cmpd. No.
Formula
1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
334 335
C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6
227 292
C2H3NO C7H5NO
231 145 308 307 41 42 287 286 17 72 179 23 167 272 261 78
CH4S C2H6S C3H8S C3H8S C4H10S C4H10S C5H12S C5H12S C6H6S C6H12S C6H14S C7H8S C7H16S C8H18S C9H20S C10H22S
117 111 223 96 230 241 209
C2H6S C2H6S2 C3H8S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C5H12S
50 51 55 83 90 99 28 56 152 340 326 81 82 88
CCl4 CF4 CHCl3 CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2
Isocyanates Methyl isocyanate Phenyl isocyanate Mercaptans Methyl mercaptan Ethyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 2-Propyl mercaptan Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 2-Pentyl mercaptan Benzenethiol Cyclohexyl mercaptan Hexyl mercaptan Benzyl mercaptan Heptyl mercaptan Octyl mercaptan Nonyl mercaptan Decyl mercaptan Sulfides Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Methylethyl sulfide Diethyl sulfide Methylisopropyl sulfide Methylpropyl sulfide Methylbutyl sulfide
Cmpd. No.
Formula
1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Bromoethane Chloroethane Fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene
89 97 98 27 54 151 91 92 57 58 85 86 87 26 53 150
C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5F C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F
242 212 220 341 148 116 311
CH6Si CH5ClSi CH4Cl2Si C2H3Cl3Si C2H5Cl3Si C2H8Si F4Si
186 49 47 48 250 315 184 185 187 188 12 182 253 252 314 276 316
CHN CO CO2 CS2 F3N F6S HBr HCl HF H2S H3N H4N2 NO N2O O2S O3 O3S
11 139 118 342
Mixture C2H4O C2H6OS H2O
Silanes Methylsilane Methylchlorosilane Methyldichlorosilane Vinyl trichlorosilane Ethyltrichlorosilane Dimethylsilane Silicon tetrafluoride Light Gases
Halogenated Hydrocarbons Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chloroform Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Vinyl chloride 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane
Name Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Nitro Compounds
Hydrogen cyanide Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Nitrogen trifluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Hydrazine Nitric oxide Nitrous oxide Sulfur dioxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide Others Air Ethylene oxide Dimethyl sulfoxide Water
2-52
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-7 Formula Index of Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 Formula
No.
Name
Formula
No.
Name
Ar Br2 CCl4 CF4 CHCl3 CHN CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4Cl2Si CH4O CH4S CH5ClSi CH5N CH6Si CO CO2 CS2 C2H2 C2H2O4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3Si C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5Cl3Si C2H5F C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H6OS C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H8N2 C2H8Si C2N2 C3H3N C3H4 C3H4 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O4 C3H5N C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Cl2
11 14 25 50 51 55 186 83 90 99 153 155 28 56 152 154 251 193 220 194 231 212 199 242 49 47 48 7 274 340 326 341 6 227 135 81 82 88 89 97 98 1 139 3 224 27 54 148 151 138 2 248 125 112 126 137 118 117 145 111 106 128 136 116 63 10 197 294 8 9 191 301 71 305 91
Air Argon Bromine Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chloroform Hydrogen cyanide Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Formaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Formamide Nitromethane Methane Methyldichlorosilane Methanol Methyl mercaptan Methylchlorosilane Methyl amine Methylsilane Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Acetylene Oxalic acid Vinyl chloride 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Vinyl trichlorosilane Acetonitrile Methyl Isocyanate Ethylene 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluoroethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide Nitroethane Ethane Dimethyl ether Ethanol Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl sulfide Ethyl mercaptan Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl amine Ethyl amine Ethylenediamine Dimethylsilane Cyanogen Acrylonitrile Methyl acetylene Propadiene Acrolein Acrylic acid Malonic acid Propionitrile Cyclopropane Propylene 1,1-Dichloropropane
C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C4H4 C4H4O C4H4S C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8S C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11NO2 C5H6 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O2
92 5 245 299 140 196 300 57 58 113 195 295 221 296 297 309 223 308 307 190 303 329 339 156 324 29 30 43 105 192 198 338 4 313 46 36 37 38 64 238 44 222 320 45 120 127 189 239 306 322 31 236 34 35 95 237 240 228 32 33 103 41 42 96 230 241 94 93 207 70 201 210 288 289 232
1,2-Dichloropropane Acetone Methyl vinyl ether Propionaldehyde Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Propionic acid 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane N,N-Dimethyl formamide N-Methyl acetamide Propane Methylethyl ether 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol Methylethyl sulfide Propyl mercaptan 2-Propyl mercaptan Isopropyl amine Propyl amine Trimethyl amine Vinyl acetylene Furan Thiophene 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne Dimethyl acetylene Methacrylic acid Methyl acrylate Vinyl acetate Acetic anhydride Succinic acid Butyronitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Cyclobutane 2-Methyl propene Butyraldehyde Methylethyl ketone Tetrahydrofuran Butyric acid 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate Isobutyric acid Methyl propionate Propyl formate Tetrahydrothiophene Butane 2-Methylpropane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol Diethyl ether 2-Methyl-2-propanol Methylpropyl ether Methylisopropyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,1-Dimethoxyethane Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan Diethyl sulfide Methylisopropyl sulfide Methylpropyl sulfide Diethyl amine Diethanol amine 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Cyclopentene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 3-Methyl-1-butyne 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Methyl methacrylate
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
2-53
TABLE 2-7 Formula Index of Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 (Continued) Formula
No.
Name
Formula
No.
Name
C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C6H3N3O6 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H6 C6H6O C6H6S C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12S C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7H5N C7H5N3O6 C7H5NO C7H6O2 C7H7NO
69 205 206 285 229 278 283 284 146 203 211 280 302 202 279 143 147 204 208 225 244 281 282 104 209 286 287 334 85 86 87 310 26 53 150 16 291 17 218 68 178 180 181 219 67 65 177 217 66 144 170 175 176 226 39 131 132 172 72 107 171 234 101 173 174 235 179 100 122 328 19 335 292 18 15
Cyclopentane 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 1-Pentene Methylisopropyl ketone Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Ethyl propionate 2-Methylbutanoic acid Methyl butyrate Pentanoic acid Propyl acetate 2-Methylbutane Pentane Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylpropyl ether 3-Methyl-1-butanol Methylbutyl ether Methylisobutyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Methylbutyl sulfide 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene Quinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Benzene Phenol Benzenethiol 1-Methylcyclopentene Cyclohexene 3-Hexyne 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne 3-Methylcyclopentene Cyclohexanone Cyclohexane 1-Hexene Methylcyclopentane Cyclohexanol Ethylisopropyl ketone Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone Methylisobutyl ketone Butyl acetate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Hexanoic acid Cyclohexyl mercaptan 2,3-Dimethylbutane Hexane 2-Methylpentane Di-isopropyl ether 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol Methyl pentyl ether Hexyl mercaptan Di-isopropyl amine Dipropyl amine Triethyl amine Benzonitrile 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Phenyl isocyanate Benzoic acid Benzamide
C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8S C7H12 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16S C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H8 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18S C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H14 C9H16 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20S C10H8 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H14 C10H18
325 13 21 59 60 61 23 168 134 166 213 102 159 164 165 214 215 216 161 114 160 162 163 167 293 317 312 200 129 343 344 345 273 108 109 110 133 271 264 269 270 141 266 265 323 332 333 84 142 267 268 272 243 130 62 304 330 331 22 298 262 260 255 233 257 256 258 259 261 246 115 119 321 40 79
Toluene Anisole Benzyl alcohol m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Ethylcyclopentane 1-Heptene Methylcyclohexane Di-isopropyl ketone Heptanal 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Heptanoic acid 2,3-Dimethylpentane Heptane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol Heptyl mercaptan Phthalic anhydride Terephthalic acid Styrene Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene 1-Octyne 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclohexane 1-Octene Octanal 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Octanoic acid Octane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane Dibutyl ether Ethylhexyl ether 1-Octanol 2-Octanol Octyl mercaptan alpha-Methyl styrene Ethyl benzoate Cumene Propylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzyl ethyl ether Propenylcyclohexene 1-Nonyne 1-Nonene Nonanal 2-Methyloctanoic acid Nonanoic acid Nonane 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol Nonyl mercaptan Naphthalene Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl terephthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene 1-Decyne
2-54
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-7 Formula Index of Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 (Concluded) Formula
No.
Name
Formula
No.
Name
C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22S C11H24 C11H24O C12H10 C12H10O C12H26 C13H10O C13H28 C14H10 C14H30 C15H32 C16H34 C17H36 C18H14 C18H38 C19H40 C20H42 Cl2
77 73 75 74 76 78 336 337 24 121 123 20 327 290 319 277 169 158 318 263 254 124 52
1-Decene Decanal Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol Decyl mercaptan Undecane 1-Undecanol Biphenyl Diphenyl ether Dodecane Benzophenone Tridecane Phenanthrene Tetradecane Pentadecane Hexadecane Heptadecane o-Terphenyl Octadecane Nonadecane Eicosane Chlorine
D2 F2 F3N F4Si F6S HBr HCl HF H2 H2O H2S H3N H4N2 He NO N2 N2O Ne O2 O2S O3 O3S
80 149 250 311 315 184 185 187 183 342 188 12 182 157 253 249 252 247 275 314 276 316
Deuterium Fluorine Nitrogen trifluoride Silicon tetrafluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen Water Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Hydrazine Helium-4 Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide
TABLE 2-8
Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa
2-55
No.
Name
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol o-Cresol
Formula C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O C7H8O
CAS no. 75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4 95-48-7
C1 193.69 125.81 53.27 100.95 69.006 58.302 39.63 138.4 46.745 87.604 21.662 90.483 128.06 42.127 85.474 83.107 77.765 88.513 138.5 88.404 100.68 68.541 118.02 77.314 108.26 63.749 62.217 72.586 39.714 75.572 66.343 103.28 123.22 106.295 114.68 51.836 72.541 71.704 122.82 101.22 65.382 60.649 77.004 99.33 93.815 66.32 140.54 67.114 45.698 78.441 61.89 71.334 54.144 65.988 146.43 64.697 79.24 46.854 95.403 210.88
C2 −8,036.7 −12,376 −6,304.5 −8,873.2 −5,599.6 −5,385.6 −2,552.2 −7,122.7 −6,587.1 −6,392.7 −692.39 −4,669.7 −9,307.7 −1,093.1 −11,932 −6,486.2 −8,455.1 −11,829 −11,195 −11,769 −11,059 −7,886.2 −10,527 −9,910.4 −6,592 −7,130.2 −5,113.3 −4,698.6 −3,769.9 −4,621.9 −4,363.2 −11,548 −12,620 −9,866.4 −9,850.2 −4,019.2 −4,691.2 −4,563.1 −9,253.2 −9,255.4 −6,262.4 −5,785.9 −5,054.5 −7,083.6 −9,942.2 −6,714.9 −4,735 −4,820.4 −1,076.6 −6,128.1 −2,296.3 −3,855 −6,244.4 −4,661.3 −7,792.3 −4,048.1 −5,718.8 −4,445.5 −10,581 −13,928
C3 −29.502 −14.589 −4.2985 −11.451 −7.0985 −5.4954 −2.78 −19.638 −3.2208 −10.101 −0.392 −11.607 −16.693 −4.1425 −8.3348 −9.2194 −7.7404 −8.6826 −17.085 −8.9014 −10.709 −6.5804 −13.91 −7.5079 −14.16 −5.879 −5.9761 −7.9966 −2.6407 −8.5323 −7.046 −10.925 −13.986 −11.655 −12.963 −4.5229 −7.9776 −7.9053 −14.99 −11.538 −6.2585 −5.6113 −8.5665 −11.733 −9.8019 −6.3087 −21.268 −7.5303 −4.8814 −8.5766 −7.086 −8.5171 −4.5343 −6.8586 −20.614 −6.8066 −8.789 −3.6533 −10.004 −29.483
C4
C5
Tmin, K
P at Tmin
Tmax, K
P at Tmax
4.3678E-02 5.0824E-06 8.8865E-18 6.1316E-06 6.2237E-06 5.3634E-06 2.3930E-16 2.6447E-02 5.2253E-07 1.0891E-05 4.7574E-03 1.7194E-02 1.4919E-02 5.7254E-05 1.2850E-18 6.9844E-06 4.3089E-18 2.3248E-19 9.5641E-06 1.9334E-18 3.0582E-18 2.4285E-06 6.4794E-06 2.2385E-18 1.6043E-02 5.2136E-18 4.7174E-17 1.1553E-05 6.9379E-18 1.2269E-05 9.4509E-06 4.2560E-18 3.9260E-06 1.0832E-17 1.8738E-17 4.8833E-17 1.0368E-05 1.1319E-05 1.0470E-05 5.9208E-06 1.4943E-17 1.5877E-17 1.0161E-05 1.0027E-05 9.3124E-18 1.3516E-17 4.0909E-02 9.1695E-03 7.5673E-05 6.8465E-06 3.4687E-05 1.2378E-02 4.7030E-18 7.9404E-06 2.4578E-02 1.0371E-05 8.4486E-06 1.3260E-17 4.3032E-18 2.5182E-02
1 2 6 2 2 2 6 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 2 6 1 6 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 6 6 2 2 6 6 1 1 2 2 2 1 6 2 1 2 2 6 6 1
150.15 353.33 289.81 200.15 178.45 229.32 192.4 185.45 286.15 189.63 59.15 195.41 235.65 83.78 403 278.68 258.27 395.45 260.4 321.35 257.85 275.65 243.95 342.2 265.85 242.43 154.55 179.47 136.95 164.25 134.86 220 196.15 183.85 158.45 87.8 134.26 167.62 199.65 185.3 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 267.95 161.25 216.58 161.11 68.15 250.33 89.56 172.12 227.95 134.8 207.15 175.43 150.35 155.97 285.39 304.19
3.23E−01 3.36E+02 1.28E+03 2.20E−02 2.79E+00 1.87E+02 1.27E+05 1.03E+01 2.57E+02 3.68E+00 5.64E+03 6.11E+03 2.45E+00 6.87E+04 3.55E+02 4.76E+03 7.68E+00 7.96E+02 3.08E+00 1.49E+00 1.88E−01 2.31E+01 2.98E−01 9.42E+01 5.85E+03 7.84E+00 3.72E−01 1.95E+02 4.47E−01 6.92E+01 6.74E−01 2.93E−04 3.74E−07 2.90E−04 1.95E−06 6.94E−07 2.72E−01 7.45E+01 8.17E−02 1.54E−04 2.35E−03 3.40E−05 1.18E+00 3.17E−01 6.78E+00 6.18E−04 5.19E+05 1.49E+00 1.54E+04 1.12E+03 1.08E+02 1.37E+03 8.45E+00 1.25E−01 5.25E+01 8.71E+02 6.96E−02 9.08E−01 5.86E+00 6.53E+01
466 761 591.95 606 508.2 545.5 308.3 506 615 535 132.45 405.65 645.6 150.86 824 562.05 689 751 699.35 830 720.15 662 718 773 584.15 670.15 503.8 467 452 425 425.12 680 676 563.1 535.9 419.5 435.5 428.6 575.4 660.5 570.1 554 440 537.2 615.7 582.25 304.21 552 132.92 556.35 227.51 417.15 632.35 460.35 536.4 416.25 503.15 489 705.85 697.55
5.565E+06 6.569E+06 5.739E+06 3.970E+06 4.709E+06 4.852E+06 6.106E+06 5.020E+06 5.661E+06 4.480E+06 3.793E+06 1.130E+07 4.273E+06 4.896E+06 5.047E+06 4.875E+06 4.728E+06 4.469E+06 4.243E+06 3.357E+06 4.372E+06 3.113E+06 4.074E+06 3.407E+06 1.028E+07 4.520E+06 6.290E+06 7.997E+06 4.361E+06 4.303E+06 3.770E+06 5.202E+06 4.033E+06 4.401E+06 4.182E+06 4.021E+06 4.238E+06 4.100E+06 3.087E+06 2.882E+06 3.973E+06 4.060E+06 4.599E+06 4.323E+06 4.071E+06 3.787E+06 7.390E+06 8.041E+06 3.494E+06 4.544E+06 3.742E+06 7.793E+06 4.529E+06 5.327E+06 5.554E+06 6.691E+06 4.581E+06 4.510E+06 4.522E+06 5.058E+06
2-56
TABLE 2-8
Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa (Continued)
No.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
C1
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane
C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2
106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1
118.53 102.81 81.565 85.899 51.087 189.19 85.424 88.184 66.341 67.952 40.608 85.146 201.64 112.73 123.36 156.239 68.401 91.91 142.94 18.947 62.711 43.751 86.295 72.227 53.187 77.105 88.31 66.611 92.355 101.6 83.495 65.955 106.38 49.314 136.9 46.705 73.491 84.625 69.132 462.84 41.631 50.868 53.637 62.097 66.592 71.738 77.161 81.184 78.952 78.429 81.045 44.704 82.762 78.335 72.517 63.08 84.39 56.273 43.541 44.494
C2 −11,957 −8,674.6 −4,808.9 −4,884.4 −5,226.4 −14,337 −7,944.4 −6,624.9 −5,198.5 −5,187.5 −3,179.6 −7,843.7 −15,133 −9,749.6 −14,680 −15,212 −7,776.9 −10,565 −11,119 −154.47 −6,503.5 −5,587.7 −7,010.3 −7,537.6 −6,827.5 −8,111.1 −8,463.4 −5,493.1 −6,920.4 −6,541.6 −6,661.4 −6,015.6 −13,714 −4,949 −6,954.3 −5,177.4 −4,385.9 −5,217.4 −3,847.7 −18,227 −4,668.7 −6,036.5 −5,251.2 −6,174.9 −4,999.8 −5,302 −5,691.1 −6,927 −7,075.4 −6,882.1 −6,941.3 −3,525.6 −7,955.5 −6,348.7 −10,415 −4,062.3 −5,740.6 −7,620.6 −8,204.8 −5,406.7
C3
C4
C5
Tmin, K
P at Tmin
Tmax, K
P at Tmax
−13.293 −11.922 −9.3748 −10.883 −4.2278 −24.148 −9.2862 −10.059 −6.8103 −7.0785 −2.8937 −9.2982 −26.264 −13.245 −13.474 −18.424 −6.4637 −9.5957 −17.818 −0.5723 −5.7669 −3.0891 −9.5972 −7.0596 −4.3233 −7.8886 −9.6308 −6.7301 −10.651 −12.247 −9.2386 −6.5509 −11.06 −3.9256 −19.254 −3.5985 −8.1851 −9.871 −7.5868 −73.734 −2.8551 −4.066 −4.5649 −5.715 −6.8387 −7.3324 −8.501 −8.8498 −8.4344 −8.4129 −8.777 −3.4444 −8.8038 −8.5105 −6.755 −6.425 −9.6454 −4.6279 −2.7519 −3.1287
8.6988E-18 7.0048E-06 1.3901E-05 1.4934E-02 9.7554E-18 1.0740E-05 4.9957E-06 8.2566E-06 6.1930E-06 6.8165E-06 5.6131E-17 5.1788E-06 1.4625E-05 7.1266E-06 1.9491E-18 8.5006E-18 6.3750E-18 5.7028E-18 1.1020E-05 3.8899E-02 1.0427E-06 8.2664E-07 6.7794E-06 9.1442E-18 2.3112E-18 2.7267E-06 4.5833E-06 5.3579E-06 9.1426E-06 1.2311E-05 6.7652E-06 4.3172E-06 3.2645E-18 9.1978E-18 2.4508E-02 1.7147E-06 1.2978E-05 1.3050E-05 1.5065E-05 9.2794E-02 6.3693E-04 1.1326E-06 1.6754E-17 1.2323E-17 6.6793E-06 6.4200E-17 8.0325E-06 5.4580E-06 4.5035E-06 4.9831E-06 5.5501E-06 5.4574E-17 4.2431E-06 6.4311E-06 1.3269E-06 1.5115E-16 1.0073E-05 4.3819E-07 1.0466E-18 2.8913E-18
6 2 2 1 6 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 2 1 2 2 2 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 6 6 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 6 2 2 6 6
307.93 177.14 245.25 182.48 279.69 296.6 242 169.67 179.28 138.13 145.59 189.64 267.15 243.51 304.55 280.05 206.89 247.56 229.15 18.73 210.15 282.85 220.6 175.3 248.39 256.15 326.14 176.19 237.49 178.01 200 172.71 301.15 223.35 156.85 169.20 154.56 215 136.95 176.85 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.1 240.91 180.96 145.19 239.66 223.16 184.99 188.44 131.65 212.72 160 274.18 122.93 174.88 291.67 413.8 284.95
3.45E+01 4.71E−04 7.39E+04 1.80E+02 5.36E+03 7.65E+01 6.80E+00 1.04E−01 9.07E+00 1.28E−02 7.80E+01 8.24E−03 4.86E−01 1.39E+00 1.50E−01 1.51E−01 2.59E−02 2.59E−02 1.60E−01 1.72E+04 2.64E+00 7.53E+02 2.13E+01 7.14E−04 6.41E+00 6.49E+00 1.23E+03 2.21E+00 2.37E+02 5.93E+00 4.52E+00 8.25E−02 1.02E−01 3.74E+02 3.95E−01 9.93E−02 6.45E+01 2.83E+03 5.43E+01 4.47E−03 6.86E+00 8.21E−01 9.45E−02 4.50E+01 6.12E+03 7.56E+01 1.52E−02 6.06E+01 6.41E+00 8.04E−02 2.07E−01 3.05E+00 1.95E−01 1.26E−02 3.72E−02 4.15E−01 7.86E+00 5.02E+01 1.26E+03 2.53E+03
704.65 631 400.15 459.93 553.8 650.1 653 560.4 511.7 507 398 664 674.2 617.7 722.1 688 616.6 696 619.85 38.35 628 650.15 611 584.1 683.95 705 684.75 523 561.6 510 560 572 736.6 496.6 466.7 557.15 386.44 445 351.255 523.1 500.05 576 507.8 543 473.2 437.2 500 591.15 606.15 596.15 615 400.1 649.6 537.3 766 402 503.04 729 772 587
5.151E+06 3.226E+06 5.961E+06 4.991E+06 4.094E+06 4.265E+06 3.989E+06 4.392E+06 4.513E+06 4.799E+06 5.494E+06 3.970E+06 2.599E+06 2.091E+06 2.233E+06 2.309E+06 2.223E+06 2.130E+06 2.363E+06 1.663E+06 6.034E+06 5.375E+06 7.170E+06 2.459E+06 4.070E+06 4.074E+06 4.070E+06 5.106E+06 5.318E+06 6.093E+06 4.239E+06 4.232E+06 4.260E+06 3.674E+06 3.641E+06 3.961E+06 4.507E+06 4.372E+06 5.760E+06 3.199E+06 2.869E+06 3.017E+06 3.773E+06 3.447E+06 4.870E+06 5.258E+06 3.130E+06 2.939E+06 2.939E+06 2.938E+06 5.363E+06 5.274E+06 4.365E+06 2.882E+06 2.780E+06 3.561E+06 5.533E+06 5.648E+06 2.778E+06 5.158E+06
2-57
121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183
Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen
C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10 H4N2 H2
101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2 302-01-2 1333-74-0
59.969 54 137.47 203.66 51.857 73.304 66.824 81.56 89.063 52.923 90.464 57.661 80.208 88.671 53.963 73.51 84.09 66.51 91.944 73.833 117.52 77.523 57.723 57.459 65.551 105.64 86.898 62.614 42.393 51.915 56.639 59.123 101.51 100.3 50.323 74.738 11.533 156.95 92.252 87.829 120.47 147.41 124.23 78.463 75.494 65.922 79.858 59.083 156.06 81.507 104.65 114.05 135.421 109.42 107.44 73.155 51.024 47.091 68.467 133.2 123.71 76.858 12.69
−8,585.5 −6,018.5 −11,976 −19,441 −2,598.7 −7,122.3 −6,227.6 −5,596.9 −7,733.7 −7,531.7 −10,243 −6,346.5 −7,203.2 −7,012.7 −2,443 −7,572.7 −10,411 −6,019.2 −5,293.4 −5,817 −12,991 −7,978.8 −5,236.9 −6,356.8 −5,027.4 −8,007 −6,646.4 −6,148.2 −1,103.3 −5,439 −3,576.5 −3,043.7 −4,917.2 −10,763 −5,378.2 −5,417 −8.99 −15,557 −8,349 −6,996.4 −13,106 −13,466 −11,637 −8,077.2 −7,896.5 −6,189 −8,501.8 −6,031.8 −15,015 −7,776.8 −6,995.5 −12,332 −12,288 −10,449 −8,528.6 −7,242.9 −4,986.4 −5,104 −7,390.5 −7,492.9 −7,639 −7,245.2 −94.896
−5.1538 −4.4981 −16.698 −25.525 −5.1283 −7.1424 −6.41 −9.0779 −9.917 −4.2347 −9.2836 −5.032 −8.6023 −10.045 −5.5643 −7.1435 −8.1976 −6.3332 −11.682 −7.809 −12.895 −7.7757 −5.2136 −4.9545 −6.6853 −12.477 −9.5758 −5.84 −4.1203 −4.2896 −5.5801 −6.1845 −13.765 −10.946 −4.203 −8.0636 0.6724 −18.966 −10.274 −9.8802 −13.31 −17.353 −14.148 −7.9062 −7.5047 −6.3629 −8.1043 −5.3072 −18.941 −8.4516 −12.702 −12.45 −15.732 −12.051 −12.679 −7.2569 −4.2463 −3.6371 −6.5456 −18.405 −16.451 −8.22 1.1125
1.9983E-18 9.9684E-18 8.0906E-06 8.8382E-06 1.4913E-05 2.8853E-06 1.7914E-17 8.7920E-06 5.9860E-06 1.1835E-06 5.2573E-18 8.2534E-18 4.5901E-06 7.4578E-06 1.9079E-05 1.2124E-17 1.6536E-18 1.0394E-17 1.4902E-02 6.3200E-06 6.1306E-18 1.0076E-17 2.2998E-17 5.2015E-18 6.3208E-06 9.0000E-06 5.9615E-17 1.0900E-17 5.7815E-05 8.7527E-18 9.8969E-06 1.6637E-05 2.2031E-02 3.8503E-06 3.4697E-06 7.4700E-06 2.7430E-01 6.4559E-06 5.9252E-06 7.2099E-06 5.8384E-18 1.1284E-17 6.9486E-17 8.0521E-18 8.9130E-18 2.0091E-17 8.1501E-18 1.4357E-17 6.8172E-06 1.5143E-17 1.2381E-05 5.6253E-18 1.2701E-17 2.6122E-46 8.4606E-06 1.2741E-17 1.6768E-17 5.1621E-04 7.7611E-18 2.2062E-02 1.6495E-02 6.1557E-03 3.2915E-04
6 6 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 6 6 2 2 2 6 6 6 1 2 6 6 6 6 2 2 6 6 2 6 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 6 6 5.7 6 6 6 6 6 2 6 2 6 6 16 2 6 6 1 6 1 1 1 2
300.03 210.15 263.57 309.58 90.35 159.05 189.6 192.15 178.2 238.45 258.15 175.15 161.84 134.71 104 284.29 260.15 195.2 160.65 193.55 235 180 140 204.15 125.26 199.25 145.65 167.55 53.48 230.94 129.95 131.35 181.15 275.6 281.45 187.55 1.76 295.13 229.8 182.57 265.83 239.15 230 234.15 238.15 154.12 229.92 192.22 291.31 217.15 177.83 269.25 228.55 223 217.35 217.5 133.39 170.05 192.62 141.25 183.65 274.69 13.95
7.09E+00 3.69E+00 6.15E−01 9.26E−03 1.13E+00 4.96E−04 1.43E+00 1.52E+02 3.91E−03 1.69E−01 4.63E−01 1.04E−02 3.57E−04 3.71E−06 1.26E+02 6.78E+02 2.19E−01 9.71E+00 7.79E+00 1.81E+01 2.86E−04 7.60E−04 4.31E−03 9.70E−01 1.14E−03 7.80E−01 1.61E−03 1.85E−02 2.53E+02 1.51E+02 8.37E+00 4.33E+02 8.87E+02 1.04E+00 2.40E+03 5.00E+01 1.46E+03 4.65E−02 1.45E+00 1.83E−01 4.34E−02 1.95E−02 3.68E−02 2.30E+00 3.54E+00 1.86E−03 3.05E−01 8.15E−01 9.23E−02 1.25E+00 9.02E−01 2.43E−01 2.25E−02 7.44E−02 1.45E+00 2.22E+00 7.96E−04 2.20E−01 1.31E−02 3.92E−04 5.40E−01 4.08E+02 7.21E+03
766.8 550 658 768 305.32 514 523.3 456.15 617.15 698 655 571 609.15 569.5 282.34 593 720 537 469.15 508.4 674.6 583 489 567 499.15 546 500.23 559.95 144.12 560.09 375.31 317.42 408 771 588 490.15 5.2 736 616.8 540.2 677.3 632.3 608.3 606.6 611.4 537.4 645 547 723 591 507.6 660.2 611.3 585.3 587.61 582.82 504 544 623 516.2 549 653.15 33.19
3.097E+06 3.111E+06 1.822E+06 1.175E+06 4.852E+06 6.109E+06 3.850E+06 5.594E+06 3.590E+06 3.203E+06 3.403E+06 2.935E+06 3.041E+06 3.412E+06 5.032E+06 6.290E+06 8.257E+06 6.850E+06 7.255E+06 4.708E+06 2.788E+06 2.460E+06 3.415E+06 3.293E+06 5.492E+06 3.337E+06 3.372E+06 3.320E+06 5.167E+06 4.544E+06 5.006E+06 5.875E+06 6.594E+06 7.751E+06 5.807E+06 5.550E+06 2.285E+05 1.344E+06 3.155E+06 2.719E+06 3.039E+06 3.013E+06 2.995E+06 2.919E+06 2.946E+06 2.921E+06 2.772E+06 3.209E+06 1.411E+06 3.461E+06 3.045E+06 3.284E+06 3.441E+06 3.298E+06 3.286E+06 3.322E+06 3.212E+06 3.540E+06 3.079E+06 3.635E+06 3.530E+06 1.473E+07 1.315E+06
2-58
TABLE 2-8
Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa (Continued)
No.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
C1
184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242
Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane
HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si
10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9
29.315 104.27 36.75 59.544 85.584 110.38 136.66 122.92 109.53 39.205 82.718 79.128 61.267 50.242 107.69 75.206 84.828 66.575 71.308 85.383 121.85 93.131 83.927 95.453 60.164 96.344 69.459 71.87 95.984 92.684 134.63 125.1 54.179 55.368 52.732 52.601 79.788 78.586 72.698 79.07 77.184 57.984 80.503 57.612 53.867 45.242 52.82 54.15 107.36 105.7 53.579 61.907 108.43 172.27 78.01 70.717 67.942 83.711 37.205
C2 −2,424.5 −3,731.2 −3,927.1 −4,143.8 −3,839.9 −10,540 −7,201.5 −16,258 −10,410 −1,324.4 −6,904.5 −9,523.9 −5,618.6 −3,811.9 −7,027.2 −5,082.8 −9,334.7 −5,213.4 −4,976 −9,575.4 −10,976 −5,525.4 −5,640.5 −5,448.8 −5,621.7 −7,856.3 −5,250 −6,885.7 −5,401.7 −7,080.8 −10,682 −10,288 −7,477.2 −5,149.8 −5,286.9 −5,120.3 −5,420 −5,176.3 −6,143.6 −6,114.1 −5,606.1 −5,339.6 −7,421.8 −5,197.9 −4,701 −5,324.4 −5,437.7 −4,337.7 −8,085.3 −12,458 −5,041.2 −6,188.9 −5,039.9 −11,589 −4,634.1 −6,439.7 −5,419.1 −6,786.9 −2,590.3
C3
C4
C5
Tmin, K
P at Tmin
Tmax, K
P at Tmax
−1.1354 −15.047 −2.1245 −6.1764 −11.199 −12.262 −18.934 −13.113 −12.289 −3.4366 −8.8622 −7.7355 −5.6473 −4.2526 −13.916 −8.0919 −8.7063 −6.7693 −7.7169 −8.6164 −13.869 −11.852 −9.6453 −12.384 −5.53 −11.058 −7.1125 −7.0944 −11.829 −10.695 −16.511 −15.157 −4.22 −5.0136 −4.4509 −4.4554 −9.0702 −8.7501 −7.5779 −8.631 −8.392 −5.2362 −8.379 −5.1269 −4.7052 −3.2551 −4.442 −4.8127 −12.72 −11.234 −4.6404 −5.706 −15.012 −22.113 −8.9575 −6.9845 −6.8067 −9.2526 −2.5993
2.3806E-18 3.1340E-02 3.8948E-17 1.4161E-05 1.8848E-02 1.4310E-17 2.2255E-02 2.0609E-18 3.1990E-06 3.1019E-05 7.4664E-06 3.1616E-18 2.1080E-17 6.5326E-17 1.5185E-02 8.1130E-06 6.1723E-18 4.8106E-06 8.7271E-06 5.6124E-18 1.4283E-17 1.4205E-02 1.1121E-05 1.5643E-02 1.8629E-17 7.3080E-06 7.9289E-17 1.4903E-17 1.8092E-05 8.1366E-06 8.4427E-06 1.0918E-05 3.5225E-18 3.2220E-06 1.0883E-17 1.3288E-17 1.1489E-05 9.1727E-06 5.6476E-06 6.5333E-06 7.8468E-06 2.0767E-17 1.8114E-17 2.1702E-17 2.8791E-17 3.0363E-18 9.5103E-18 4.5000E-17 8.3307E-06 4.4629E-18 1.9443E-17 1.1767E-17 2.2725E-02 1.3703E-05 1.3413E-05 2.0129E-17 4.7778E-17 6.6666E-06 6.0508E-06
6 1 6 2 1 6 1 6 2 2 2 6 6 6 1 2 6 2 2 6 6 1 2 1 6 2 6 6 2 2 2 2 6 2 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 6 6 6 1 2 2 6 6 2 2
185.15 158.97 259.83 189.79 187.68 227.15 177.95 407.95 288.15 90.69 175.47 301.15 175.15 170.45 196.32 179.69 260.75 159.53 113.25 193 155.95 135.58 139.39 160.15 157.48 175.3 183.45 187.35 139.05 146.58 299.15 280.15 269.15 130.73 146.62 115 182.55 160 186.48 167.23 174.15 150 189.15 256.15 127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 224.95 240 119.55 176 113.54 298.97 132.81 185.65 133.97 160.17 116.34
2.95E+04 1.35E+04 1.87E+04 3.37E+02 2.29E+04 7.82E−02 7.73E+00 7.03E+01 5.86E+01 1.17E+04 1.11E−01 2.86E+01 1.02E+00 4.15E+02 4.07E+00 1.77E+02 1.81E+00 7.28E−01 1.21E−04 6.94E−05 8.67E−09 2.05E−02 1.94E−02 2.92E+00 2.99E−02 4.61E−03 4.36E+01 1.34E−01 4.12E−01 1.52E−04 2.57E+02 4.56E+01 1.62E+01 2.25E−04 3.98E−03 2.12E−06 2.58E+01 7.85E+00 1.39E+00 2.25E−01 6.88E+00 2.13E−02 6.99E−02 7.28E+03 3.32E−03 2.95E−01 1.80E−01 3.15E+00 1.91E+01 4.19E−04 2.07E−05 6.33E−02 1.21E−02 5.88E+03 6.45E−01 6.34E−01 2.90E−03 4.26E−03 1.43E+01
363.15 324.65 456.65 461.15 373.53 605 471.85 805 662 190.56 512.5 718 506.55 402.4 536 430.05 693 490 460.4 643 577.2 465 470 492 512.74 593 463.2 554.5 442 572.1 686 614 617 532.7 542 526 483 437.8 535.5 533 487.2 497 574.6 488 464.48 553.4 553.1 469.95 566 694 497.7 546.49 407.8 506.2 417.9 530.6 476.25 565 352.5
8.463E+06 8.356E+06 5.353E+06 6.487E+06 8.999E+06 3.683E+06 4.540E+06 5.652E+06 4.812E+06 4.590E+06 8.146E+06 4.997E+06 4.695E+06 5.619E+06 4.277E+06 7.414E+06 3.590E+06 3.831E+06 3.366E+06 3.887E+06 3.916E+06 3.465E+06 3.394E+06 4.469E+06 3.377E+06 3.464E+06 4.199E+06 3.480E+06 4.170E+06 3.486E+06 3.994E+06 3.808E+06 3.767E+06 3.759E+06 4.130E+06 4.129E+06 3.964E+06 4.433E+06 4.120E+06 4.261E+06 5.983E+06 3.416E+06 3.272E+06 5.480E+06 3.764E+06 3.792E+06 4.022E+06 7.231E+06 3.674E+06 2.545E+06 3.044E+06 3.041E+06 3.630E+06 3.957E+06 4.004E+06 4.028E+06 3.802E+06 3.972E+06 4.702E+06
2-59
243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305
-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene
C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C3H6
98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1
56.485 57.1511 51.085 62.964 29.755 75.632 58.282 68.149 57.278 96.512 72.974 182.54 337.71 109.35 137.6 162.854 146.46 63.313 106.2 114.77 157.68 83.601 96.084 140.16 144.111 133.41 63.775 72.382 74.936 78.368 64.612 122.04 51.245 40.067 135.57 149.58 78.741 101.7 114.748 122.26 84.635 44.286 46.994 58.985 67.309 82.805 137.29 72.958 95.444 86.779 126.5 57.069 59.078 84.6642 96.094 64.268 80.581 54.552 82.699 115.16 58.398 91.379 43.905
−6,954.2 −5,201.7 −4,271 −8,137.5 −271.06 −7,202.3 −1,084.1 −2,257.9 −6,089 −4,045 −2,650 −17,897 −18,506 −9,030.4 −14,948 −15,205 −13,813 −7,040.4 −10,982 −9,430.8 −16,093 −8,865.8 −7,900.2 −14,813 −13,667 −12,630 −7,711.3 −8,054.8 −7,155.9 −8,855.4 −6,802.5 −16,050 −1,200.2 −2,204.8 −13,478 −8,890 −5,420.3 −10,955 −10,643 −10,774 −7,078.4 −5,415.1 −4,289.5 −6,193.1 −6,880.8 −5,683.8 −7,447.1 −10,943 −10,113 −8,101.8 −12,551 −3,682.7 −3,492.6 −8,307.2 −8,575.4 −7,298.9 −5,896.1 −7,149.4 −6,703.5 −8,433.9 −5,312.7 −8,276.8 −3,097.8
−4.7889 −5.1429 −4.307 −5.6317 −2.6081 −7.6464 −8.3144 −8.9118 −4.9821 −12.277 −8.261 −22.498 −50.224 −12.882 −15.618 −19.424 −17.158 −5.8055 −11.696 −13.631 −18.954 −8.5711 −11.003 −16.004 −16.826 −15.369 −5.7359 −7.0002 −7.5843 −7.8202 −6.0261 −12.986 −6.4361 −2.9351 −16.022 −20.697 −8.8253 −10.829 −12.858 −13.943 −9.3 −3.0913 −3.7345 −5.2746 −6.4449 −9.4301 −19.01 −6.7902 −10.09 −9.5303 −15.002 −5.5662 −6.0669 −8.5767 −10.292 −5.9109 −8.9301 −4.2769 −9.1506 −13.934 −5.2876 −10.176 −3.4425
2.7753E-18 1.6529E-17 3.0530E-17 2.2675E-18 5.2700E-04 1.8250E-17 4.4127E-02 2.3233E-02 1.2154E-17 2.8860E-05 9.7000E-15 7.4008E-06 4.7345E-02 7.8544E-06 5.5660E-18 1.0722E-17 8.6279E-40 7.5753E-18 8.8955E-18 8.1918E-06 5.9272E-06 7.9446E-18 7.1802E-06 6.4239E-18 9.3666E-18 2.9939E-41 3.0902E-18 5.8276E-18 1.7106E-17 5.6629E-18 1.1013E-17 2.0871E-18 2.8405E-02 7.7520E-16 5.6136E-06 2.2101E-02 9.6171E-06 7.1880E-18 1.2491E-17 1.0700E-42 6.2702E-06 1.8580E-18 2.5424E-17 7.3986E-18 1.0148E-17 1.0767E-05 2.1415E-02 1.0850E-18 6.7603E-18 6.1367E-06 7.7521E-06 6.5133E-06 1.0919E-05 7.5091E-18 1.6665E-17 4.8482E-18 8.2236E-06 1.1843E-18 7.5424E-06 1.0346E-05 1.9913E-06 5.6240E-06 9.9989E-17
6 6 6 6 2 6 1 1 6 2 6 2 1 2 6 6 14 6 6 2 2 6 2 6 6 14 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 2 1 2 6 6 15 2 6 6 6 6 2 1 6 6 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 2 6 2 2 2 2 6
249.95 164.55 151.15 353.43 24.56 183.63 63.15 66.46 244.6 182.3 109.5 305.04 255.15 219.66 285.55 268.15 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246 216.38 289.65 257.65 241.55 252.85 255.55 171.45 223.95 193.55 462.65 54.36 80.15 283.07 182 143.42 239.15 195.56 200 196.29 234.18 108.02 160.75 197.45 167.45 163.83 372.38 314.06 243.15 404.15 136.87 85.47 146.95 185.26 199 170 252.45 180.26 178.15 188.36 173.55 87.89
9.23E+00 4.93E−01 3.37E+00 9.91E+02 4.38E+04 3.18E-02 1.25E+04 1.86E−01 1.47E+02 8.69E+04 2.20E+04 1.59E−02 3.42E−01 4.31E−01 4.71E−02 8.55E−02 4.32E−03 2.04E−02 1.47E−01 4.50E−01 3.39E−02 1.46E+00 2.11E+00 1.83E−01 9.60E−02 4.04E−02 4.68E+00 7.84E+00 2.98E−03 3.05E−02 1.04E−01 2.15E+03 1.48E+02 7.35E−01 1.29E−01 5.23E−02 6.86E−02 3.28E−02 5.48E−04 4.15E−03 7.52E−01 7.34E+01 3.70E−05 1.77E−03 2.01E−01 2.40E+00 2.05E−01 2.93E+01 1.88E+02 4.33E+00 7.90E+02 1.83E+01 1.68E−04 4.28E−07 1.95E−02 2.48E−02 1.31E+00 1.31E+01 1.69E−01 1.71E−02 1.30E+01 1.81E−04 1.17E−03
654 497.1 437 748.4 44.4 593 126.2 234 588.15 309.57 180.15 758 658 594.6 710.7 670.9 649.5 593.1 681 598.05 747 638.9 568.7 694.26 652.3 629.8 632.7 627.7 566.9 667.3 574 804 154.58 261 708 566.1 469.7 639.16 588.1 561 561.08 560.95 464.8 584.3 598 481.2 519 869 694.25 653 791 394 369.83 536.8 508.3 636 504.4 600.81 564.4 549.73 496.95 638.35 364.85
3.341E+06 3.285E+06 4.583E+06 4.069E+06 2.665E+06 5.159E+06 3.391E+06 4.500E+06 6.309E+06 7.278E+06 6.516E+06 1.208E+06 2.743E+06 2.305E+06 2.502E+06 2.522E+06 2.551E+06 2.427E+06 2.330E+06 2.620E+06 1.256E+06 2.951E+06 2.467E+06 2.761E+06 2.782E+06 2.754E+06 2.647E+06 2.705E+06 2.663E+06 2.523E+06 2.880E+06 7.060E+06 5.021E+06 5.566E+06 1.474E+06 3.969E+06 3.364E+06 3.589E+06 3.896E+06 3.709E+06 3.706E+06 3.699E+06 3.562E+06 3.537E+06 3.474E+06 4.170E+06 4.020E+06 2.902E+06 6.059E+06 4.063E+06 4.734E+06 5.218E+06 4.214E+06 5.170E+06 4.783E+06 3.130E+06 4.919E+06 4.608E+06 4.191E+06 3.366E+06 4.738E+06 3.202E+06 4.599E+06
2-60 TABLE 2-8
Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa (Concluded)
No.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345
Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene
C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3
C1 104.08 60.43 62.165 212.8 48.651 272.85 105.93 128.65 47.365 29.16 180.99 248.72 110.52 140.47 54.898 137.23 75.881 57.963 93.193 76.945 54.153 137.45 56.55 134.68 78.341 85.301 84.912 83.105 506.33 302 131 182.571 57.406 55.682 91.432 54.571 73.649 85.099 90.405 88.72
C2
C3
C4
C5
Tmin, K
P at Tmin
Tmax, K
P at Tmax
−7,535.9 −5,276.9 −5,624 −15,420 −7,289.5 −9,548.9 −8,685.9 −16,958 −4,084.5 −2,383.6 −12,060 −32,238 −14,045 −13,231 −5,305.4 −10,620 −6,910.6 −5,901.5 −7,001.5 −6,729.8 −6,041.8 −12,549 −5,681.9 −6,055.8 −8,019.8 −8,215.9 −6,722.2 −6,903.7 −37,483 −24,324 −11,143 −17,112 −5,702.8 −4,439.3 −5,141.7 −5,561.5 −7,258.2 −7,615.9 −7,955.2 −7,741.2
−12.348 −5.6572 −5.8595 −28.109 −3.4453 −40.089 −12.42 −13.872 −3.6469 −1.1342 −22.839 −30.009 −11.861 −16.859 −4.7627 −17.908 −7.9499 −5.2048 −10.738 −8.179 −4.5383 −16.543 −4.9815 −19.415 −8.1458 −9.2166 −9.5157 −9.1858 −69.22 −40.13 −15.855 −22.125 −5.0307 −5.0136 −10.981 −4.712 −7.3037 −9.3072 −10.086 −9.8693
9.6020E−06 2.6039E−17 2.0597E−17 2.1564E−05 1.0068E−18 6.3699E−15 7.5583E−06 2.1559E−18 1.7990E−17
2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6
7.2350E−17 4.7950E−06 2.2121E−18 6.5877E−06 1.4291E−17 1.4506E−02 4.4315E−06 9.1301E−18 8.2308E−06 5.3017E−06 4.9833E−18 7.1275E−06 1.2363E−17 2.8619E−02 3.8971E−06 4.7979E−06 7.2244E−06 6.4703E−06 2.7381E−05 1.7403E−05 8.1871E−06 1.12835E−17 1.1042E−17 1.9650E−17 1.4318E−05 1.0702E−17 4.1653E−06 5.5643E−06 5.9594E−06 6.0770E−06
6 2 6 2 6 1 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 2 6 2 2 2 2
180.25 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85 186.35 242.54 460.65 197.67 223.15 289.95 700.15 329.35 279.01 164.65 237.38 176.99 373.96 234.94 178.18 236.5 267.76 158.45 156.08 247.79 229.33 165.78 172.22 398.4 354 247.57 288.45 180.35 173.15 119.36 178.35 273.16 225.3 247.98 286.41
2.11E−01 9.73E−03 6.51E−02 9.29E−05 1.17E+04 2.21E+05 1.06E+01 8.85E+02 1.67E+03 2.30E+05 2.09E+04 4.57E+03 4.14E−01 2.53E−01 1.96E−01 1.33E−01 1.54E−02 8.69E+04 1.86E+02 4.75E−02 4.47E+01 2.51E−01 1.06E−02 9.92E+00 3.71E+00 6.93E−01 1.71E−02 1.68E−02 8.50E+00 9.36E−01 4.08E−01 1.26E−01 7.06E−01 6.69E+01 1.92E−02 3.54E−01 6.11E+02 3.18E+00 2.18E+01 5.76E+02
538 517 536.6 626 683 259 636 806 430.75 318.69 490.85 1113 857 693 540.15 720 631.95 568 579.35 591.75 602 675 535.15 433.25 664.5 649.1 543.8 573.5 846 828 639 703.9 519.13 454 432 543.15 647.096 617 630.3 616.2
4.031E+06 4.752E+06 4.627E+06 6.041E+06 5.925E+06 3.748E+06 3.823E+06 4.727E+06 7.860E+06 3.771E+06 8.192E+06 3.943E+06 2.974E+06 1.569E+06 5.203E+06 3.624E+06 5.117E+06 2.871E+06 5.702E+06 4.080E+06 4.447E+06 1.679E+06 3.037E+06 4.102E+06 3.447E+06 3.212E+06 2.550E+06 2.812E+06 3.410E+06 3.019E+06 1.949E+06 2.120E+06 3.930E+06 4.887E+06 5.750E+06 3.058E+06 2.193E+07 3.528E+06 3.741E+06 3.501E+06
Vapor pressure Ps is calculated by
Ps = exp(C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4T C5) where Ps is in Pa and T is in K. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AIChE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-9
2-61
Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm* Compound
Pressure, mmHg 1
Name Aluminum borohydride bromide chloride fluoride iodide oxide Ammonia heavy Ammonium bromide carbamate chloride cyanide hydrogen sulfide iodide Antimony tribromide trichloride pentachloride triiodide trioxide Argon Arsenic Arsenic tribromide trichloride trifluoride pentafluoride trioxide Arsine Barium Beryllium borohydride bromide chloride iodide Bismuth tribromide trichloride Diborane hydrobromide Borine carbonyl triamine Boron hydrides dihydrodecaborane dihydrodiborane dihydropentaborane tetrahydropentaborane tetrahydrotetraborane Boron tribromide trichloride trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Cadmium chloride fluoride iodide oxide Calcium Carbon (graphite) dioxide disulfide monoxide oxyselenide oxysulfide selenosulfide subsulfide tetrabromide tetrachloride tetrafluoride Cesium bromide chloride fluoride iodide
5
10
20
Al Al(BH4)3 AlBr3 Al2Cl6 AlF3 AlI3 Al2O3 NH3 ND3 NH4Br N2H6CO2 NH4Cl NH4CN NH4HS NH4I Sb SbBr3 SbCl3 SbCl5 SbI3 Sb4O6 A As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsF5 As2O3 AsH3 Ba Be(BH4)2 BeBr2 BeCl2 BeI2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 B2H5Br BH3CO B3N3H6 B10H14 B2H6 B5H9 B5H11 B4H10 BBr3 BCl3 BF3 Br2 BrF5 Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 CdO Ca C CO2 CS2 CO COSe COS CSeS C3S2 CBr4 CCl4 CF4 Cs CsBr CsCl CsF CsI
40
60
100
200
400
760
Melting point, °C
1749 −3.9 176.1 152.0 1422 294.5 2665 −68.4 −67.4 320.0 26.7 271.5 −0.5 0.0 331.8 1223 203.5 143.3 114.1 303.5 957 −200.5 518 145.2 70.9 13.2 −84.3 332.5 −98.0 1301 58.6 405 411 411 1271 360 343 −29.0 −95.3 +4.0
1844 +11.2 199.8 161.8 1457 322.0 2766 −57.0 −57.0 345.3 37.2 293.2 +9.6 +10.5 355.8 1288 225.7 165.9
1947 28.1 227.0 171.6 1496 354.0 2874 −45.4 −45.4 370.8 48.0 316.5 20.5 21.8 381.0 1364 250.2 192.2
2056 45.9 256.3 180.2 1537 385.5 2977 −33.6 −33.4 396.0 58.3 337.8 31.7 33.3 404.9 1440 275.0 219.0
660 −64. 97. 192.4 1040
333.8 1085 −195.6 548 167.7 89.2 26.7 −75.5 370.0 −87.2 1403 69.0 427 435 435 1319 392 372 −15.4 −85.5 18.5
368.5 1242 −190.6 579 193.6 109.7 41.4 −64.0 412.2 −75.2 1518 79.7 451 461 461 1370 425 405 0.0 −74.8 34.3
401.0 1425 −185.6 610 220.0 130.4 56.3 −52.8 457.2 −62.1 1638 90.0 474 487 487 1420 461 441 +16.3 −64.0 50.6
142.3 −120.9 +9.6 20.1 −28.1 33.5 −32.4 −123.0 +9.3 −4.5 611 797 1486 640 1341 1207 4373 −100.2 −5.1 −205.7 −61.7 −85.9 28.3 109.9 119.7 23.0 −150.7 509 1072 1069 1025 1055
163.8 −111.2 24.6 34.8 −14.0 50.3 −18.9 −115.9 24.3 +9.9 658 847 1561 688 1409 1288 4516 −93.0 +10.4 −201.3 −49.8 −75.0 45.7 130.8 139.7 38.3 −143.6 561 1140 1139 1092 1124
−99.6 40.8 51.2 +0.8 70.0 −3.6 −108.3 41.0 25.7 711 908 1651 742 1484 1388 4660 −85.7 28.0 −196.3 −35.6 −62.7 65.2
−86.5 58.1 67.0 16.1 91.7 +12.7 −100.7 58.2 40.4 765 967 1751 796 1559 1487 4827 −78.2 46.5 −191.3 −21.9 −49.9 85.6
163.5 57.8 −135.5 624 1221 1217 1170 1200
189.5 76.7 −127.7 690 1300 1300 1251 1280
Temperature, °C
Formula 1284 81.3 100.0 1238 178.0 2148 −109.1
1421 −52.2 103.8 116.4 1298 207.7 2306 −97.5
1487 −42.9 118.0 123.8 1324 225.8 2385 −91.9
1555 −32.5 134.0 131.8 1350 244.2 2465 −85.8
1635 −20.9 150.6 139.9 1378 265.0 2549 −79.2
198.3 −26.1 160.4 −50.6 −51.1 210.9 886 93.9 49.2 22.7 163.6 574 −218.2 372 41.8 −11.4
234.5 −10.4 193.8 −35.7 −36.0 247.0 984 126.0 71.4 48.6 203.8 626 −213.9 416 70.6 +11.7
252.0 −2.9 209.8 −28.6 −28.7 263.5 1033 142.7 85.2 61.8 223.5 666 −210.9 437 85.2 +23.5
270.6 +5.3 226.1 −20.9 −20.8 282.8 1084 158.3 100.6 75.8 244.8 729 −207.9 459 101.3 36.0
−117.9 212.5 −142.6
−108.0 242.6 −130.8 984 19.8 325 328 322 1099 261 242 −75.3 −127.3 −45.0
−103.1 259.7 −124.7 1049 28.1 342 346 341 1136 282 264 −66.3 −121.1 −35.3
−98.0 279.2 −117.7 1120 36.8 361 365 361 1177 305 287 −56.4 −114.1 −25.0
290.0 14.0 245.0 −12.6 −12.3 302.8 1141 177.4 117.8 91.0 267.8 812 −204.9 483 118.7 50.0 −2.5 −92.4 299.2 −110.2 1195 46.2 379 384 382 1217 327 311 −45.4 −106.6 −13.2
1684 −13.4 161.7 145.4 1398 277.8 2599 −74.3 −74.0 303.8 19.6 256.2 −7.4 −7.0 316.0 1176 188.1 128.3 101.0 282.5 873 −202.9 498 130.0 58.7 +4.2 −88.5 310.3 −104.8 1240 51.7 390 395 394 1240 340 324 −38.2 −101.9 −5.8
3586 −134.3 −73.8 −222.0 −117.1 −132.4 −47.3 14.0
80.8 −149.5 −40.4 −29.9 −73.1 −20.4 −75.2 −145.4 −32.8 −51.0 455 618 1231 481 1100 926 3828 −124.4 −54.3 −217.2 −102.3 −119.8 −26.5 41.2
90.2 −144.3 −30.7 −19.9 −64.3 −10.1 −66.9 −141.3 −25.0 −41.9 484 656 1286 512 1149 983 3946 −119.5 −44.7 −215.0 −95.0 −113.3 −16.0 54.9
100.0 −138.5 −20.0 −9.2 −54.8 +1.5 −57.9 −136.4 −16.8 −32.0 516 695 1344 546 1200 1046 4069 −114.4 −34.3 −212.8 −86.3 −106.0 −4.4 69.3
−50.0 −184.6 279 748 744 712 738
−30.0 −174.1 341 838 837 798 828
−19.6 −169.3 375 887 884 844 873
−8.2 −164.3 409 938 934 893 923
117.4 −131.6 −8.0 +2.7 −44.3 14.0 −47.8 −131.0 −8.0 −21.0 553 736 1400 584 1257 1111 4196 −108.6 −22.5 −210.0 −76.4 −98.3 +8.6 85.6 96.3 +4.3 −158.8 449 993 989 947 976
127.8 −127.2 −0.4 10.2 −37.4 22.1 −41.2 −127.6 −0.6 −14.0 578 762 1436 608 1295 1152 4273 −104.8 −15.3 −208.1 −70.2 −93.0 17.0 96.0 106.3 12.3 −155.4 474 1026 1023 980 1009
+1.0 289 291 283 1021 −93.3 −139.2 −63.0 60.0 −159.7 −50.2 −90.9 −41.4 −91.5 −154.6 −48.7 −69.3 394 1112 416 1000
*Compiled from the extended tables published by D. R. Stull in Ind. Eng. Chem., 39, 517 (1947).
2050 −77.7 −74.0 520 36 630.5 96.6 73.4 2.8 167 656 −189.2 814 −18 −5.9 −79.8 312.8 −116.3 850 123 490 405 488 271 218 230 −104.2 −137.0 −58.2 99.6 −169 −47.0 −119.9 −45 −107 −126.8 −7.3 −61.4 320.9 568 520 385 851 −57.5 −110.8 −205.0 −138.8 −75.2 +0.4 90.1 −22.6 −183.7 28.5 636 646 683 621
2-62
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-9
Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Compound
Pressure, mmHg 1
Name Chlorine fluoride trifluoride monoxide dioxide heptoxide Chlorosulfonic acid Chromium carbonyl oxychloride Cobalt chloride nitrosyl tricarbonyl Columbium fluoride Copper Cuprous bromide chloride iodide Cyanogen bromide chloride fluoride Deuterium cyanide Fluorine oxide Germanium bromide chloride hydride Trichlorogermane Tetramethylgermane Digermane Trigermane Gold Helium para-Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide chloride cyanide fluoride iodide oxide (water) sulfide disulfide selenide telluride Iodine heptafluoride Iron pentacarbonyl Ferric chloride Ferrous chloride Krypton Lead bromide chloride fluoride iodide oxide sulfide Lithium bromide chloride fluoride iodide Magnesium chloride Manganese chloride Mercury Mercuric bromide chloride iodide Molybdenum hexafluoride oxide
5
10
20
Cl2 ClF ClF3 Cl2O ClO2 Cl2O7 HSO3Cl Cr Cr(CO)6 CrO2Cl2 CoCl2 Co(CO)3NO CbF5 Cu Cu2Br2 Cu2Cl2 Cu2I2 C2N2 CNBr CNCl CNF DCN F2 F2O GeBr4 GeCl4 GeH4 GeHCl3 Ge(CH3)4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 Au He H2 HBr HCl HCN H2F2 HI H2O H2S HSSH H2Se H2Te I2 IF7 Fe Fe(CO)5 Fe2Cl6 FeCl2 Kr Pb PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 PbO PbS Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI Mg MgCl2 Mn MnCl2 Hg HgBr2 HgCl2 HgI2 Mo MoF6 MoO3
40
60
100
200
400
760
Melting point, °C
−71.7 −120.8 −34.7 −39.4 −29.4 29.1 105.3 2139 108.0 58.0 843 29.0 148.5 2207 951 960 907 −51.8 22.6 −24.9 −97.0 −17.5 −202.7 −165.8 113.2 27.5 −120.3 26.5 −6.3 −20.3 47.9 2521 −270.3 −257.9 −97.7 −114.0 −17.8 −28.2 −72.1 51.6 −91.6 22.0 −74.2 −45.7 116.5 −31.9 2360 50.3 272.5 842 −171.8 1421 745 784 1080 701 1265 1108 1097 1076 1129 1425 993 909 1142 1792 960 261.7 237.8 237.0 261.8 4109 −8.0 955
−60.2 −114.4 −20.7 −26.5 −17.8 44.6 120.0 2243 121.8 75.2 904 44.4 172.2 2325 1052 1077 1018 −42.6 33.8 −14.1 −89.2 −5.4 −198.3 −159.0 135.4 44.4 −111.2 41.6 +8.8 −4.7 67.0 2657 −269.8 −256.3 −88.1 −105.2 −5.3 −13.2 −60.3 66.5 −82.3 35.3 −65.2 −32.4 137.3 −20.7 2475 68.0 285.0 897 −165.9 1519 796 833 1144 750 1330 1160 1178 1147 1203 1503 1049 967 1223 1900 1028 290.7 262.7 256.5 291.0 4322 +4.1 1014
−47.3 −107.0 −4.9 −12.5 −4.0 62.2 136.1 2361 137.2 95.2 974 62.0 198.0 2465 1189 1249 1158 −33.0 46.0 −2.3 −80.5 +10.0 −193.2 −151.9 161.6 63.8 −100.2 58.3 26.0 +13.3 88.6 2807 −269.3 −254.5 −78.0 −95.3 +10.2 +2.5 −48.3 83.0 −71.8 49.6 −53.6 −17.2 159.8 −8.3 2605 86.1 298.0 961 −159.0 1630 856 893 1219 807 1402 1221 1273 1226 1290 1591 1110 1034 1316 2029 1108 323.0 290.0 275.5 324.2 4553 17.2 1082
−33.8 −100.5 +11.5 +2.2 +11.1 78.8 151.0 2482 151.0 117.1 1050 80.0 225.0 2595 1355 1490 1336 −21.0 61.5 +13.1 −72.6 26.2 −187.9 −144.6 189.0 84.0 −88.9 75.0 44.0 31.5 110.8 2966 −268.6 −252.5 −66.5 −84.8 25.9 19.7 −35.1 100.0 −60.4 64.0 −41.1 −2.0 183.0 +4.0 2735 105.0 319.0 1026 −152.0 1744 914 954 1293 872 1472 1281 1372 1310 1382 1681 1171 1107 1418 2151 1190 357.0 319.0 304.0 354.0 4804 36.0 1151
−100.7 −145 −83 −116 −59 −91 −80 1615
Temperature, °C
Formula −118.0 −98.5
−106.7 −143.4 −80.4 −81.6
−45.3 32.0 1616 36.0 −18.4
−23.8 53.5 1768 58.0 +3.2
1628 572 546 −95.8 −35.7 −76.7 −134.4 −68.9 −223.0 −196.1 −45.0 −163.0 −41.3 −73.2 −88.7 −36.9 1869 −271.7 −263.3 −138.8 −150.8 −71.0 −123.3 −17.3 −134.3 −43.2 −115.3 −96.4 38.7 −87.0 1787 194.0 −199.3 973 513 547 479 943 852 723 748 783 1047 723 621 778 1292 126.2 136.5 136.2 157.5 3102 −65.5 734
1795 666 645 610 −83.2 −18.3 −61.4 −123.8 −54.0 −216.9 −186.6 43.3 −24.9 −151.0 −22.3 −54.6 −69.8 −12.8 2059 −271.5 −261.9 −127.4 −140.7 −55.3 −74.7 −109.6 +1.2 −122.4 −24.4 −103.4 −82.4 62.2 −70.7 1957 −6.5 221.8 −191.3 1099 578 615 861 540 1039 928 838 840 880 1156 802 702 877 1434 736 164.8 165.3 166.0 189.2 3393 −49.0 785
−101.6 −139.0 −71.8 −73.1 −59.0 −13.2 64.0 1845 68.3 13.8
−93.3 −134.3 −62.3 −64.3 −51.2 −2.1 75.3 1928 79.5 25.7
86.3 1879 718 702 656 −76.8 −10.0 −53.8 −118.5 −46.7 −214.1 −182.3 56.8 −15.0 −145.3 −13.0 −45.2 −60.1 −0.9 2154 −271.3 −261.3 −121.8 −135.6 −47.7 −65.8 −102.3 11.2 −116.3 −15.2 −97.9 −75.4 73.2 −63.0 2039 +4.6 235.5 700 −187.2 1162 610 648 904 571 1085 975 881 888 932 1211 841 743 930 1505 778 184.0 179.8 180.2 204.5 3535 −40.8 814
−1.3 103.0 1970 777 766 716 −70.1 −1.0 −46.1 −112.8 −38.8 −211.0 −177.8 71.8 −4.1 −139.2 −3.0 −35.0 −49.9 +11.8 2256 −271.1 −260.4 −115.4 −130.0 −39.7 −56.0 −94.5 22.1 −109.7 −5.1 −91.8 −67.8 84.7 −54.5 2128 16.7 246.0 737 −182.9 1234 646 684 950 605 1134 1005 940 939 987 1270 883 789 988 1583 825 204.6 194.3 195.8 220.0 3690 −32.0 851
−84.5 −128.8 −51.3 −54.3 −42.8 +10.3 87.6 2013 91.2 38.5 770 +11.0 121.5 2067 844 838 786 −62.7 +8.6 −37.5 −106.4 −30.1 −207.7 −173.0 88.1 +8.0 −131.6 +8.8 −23.4 −38.2 26.3 2363 −270.7 −259.6 −108.3 −123.8 −30.9 −45.0 −85.6 34.0 −102.3 +6.0 −84.7 −59.1 97.5 −45.3 2224 30.3 256.8 779 −178.4 1309 686 725 1003 644 1189 1048 1003 994 1045 1333 927 838 1050 1666 879 228.8 211.5 212.5 238.2 3859 −22.1 892
−79.0 −125.3 −44.1 −48.0 −37.2 +18.2 95.2 2067 98.3 46.7 801 18.5 133.2 2127 887 886 836 −57.9 14.7 −32.1 −102.3 −24.7 −205.6 −170.0 98.8 16.2 −126.7 16.2 −16.2 −30.7 35.5 2431 −270.6 −258.9 −103.8 −119.6 −25.1 −37.9 −79.8 41.5 −97.9 12.8 −80.2 −53.7 105.4 −39.4 2283 39.1 263.7 805 −175.7 1358 711 750 1036 668 1222 1074 1042 1028 1081 1372 955 868 1088 1720 913 242.0 221.0 222.2 249.0 3964 −16.2 917
735 −11 75.5 1083 504 422 605 −34.4 58 −6.5 −12 −223 −223.9 26.1 −49.5 −165 −71.1 −88 −109 −105.6 1063 −259.1 −87.0 −114.3 −13.2 −83.7 −50.9 0.0 −85.5 −89.7 −64 −49.0 112.9 5.5 1535 −21 304 −156.7 327.5 373 501 855 402 890 1114 186 547 614 870 446 651 712 1260 650 −38.9 237 277 259 2622 17 795
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-9
2-63
Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Compound
Pressure, mmHg 1
Name Neon Nickel carbonyl chloride Nitrogen Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen pentoxide Nitrous oxide Nitrosyl chloride fluoride Osmium tetroxide (yellow) (white) Oxygen Ozone Phosgene Phosphorus (yellow) (violet) tribromide trichloride pentachloride Phosphine Phosphonium bromide chloride iodide Phosphorus trioxide pentoxide oxychloride thiobromide thiochloride Platinum Potassium bromide chloride fluoride hydroxide iodide Radon Rhenium heptoxide Rubidium bromide chloride fluoride iodide Selenium dioxide hexafluoride oxychloride tetrachloride Silicon dioxide tetrachloride tetrafluoride Trichlorofluorosilane Iodosilane Diiodosilane Disiloxan Trisilane Trisilazane Tetrasilane Octachlorotrisilane Hexachlorodisiloxane Hexachlorodisilane Tribromosilane Trichlorosilane Trifluorosilane Dibromosilane Difluorosilane Monobromosilane Monochlorosilane Monofluorosilane Tribromofluorosilane Dichlorodifluorosilane Trifluorobromosilane
5
10
20
Ne Ni Ni(CO)4 NiCl2 N2 NO NO2 N2O5 N2O NOCl NOF OsO4 OsO4 O2 O3 COCl2 P P PBr3 PCl3 PCl5 PH3 PH4Br PH4Cl PH4I P4O6 P4O10 POCl3 PSBr3 PSCl3 Pt K KBr KCl KF KOH KI Rn Re2O7 Rb RbBr RbCl RbF RbI Se SeO2 SeF6 SeOCl2 SeCl4 Si SiO2 SiCl4 SiF4 SiFCl3 SiH3I SiH2I2 (SiH3)2O Si3H8 (SiH3)3N Si4H10 Si3Cl3 (SiCl3)2O Si2Cl6 SiHBr3 SiHCl3 SiHF3 SiH2Br2 SiH2F2 SiH3Br SiH3Cl SiH3F SiFBr3 SiF2Cl2 SiF3Br
40
60
100
200
400
760
Melting point, °C
−251.0 2364 −6.0 866 −209.7 −166.0 −14.7 7.4 −110.3 −46.3 −88.8 71.5 71.5 −198.8 −141.0 −35.6 197.3 349 103.6 21.0 117.0 −118.8 7.4 −52.0 29.3 108.3 510 47.4 126.3 63.8 3714 586 1137 1164 1245 1064 1080 −99.0 289.0 514 1114 1133 1168 1072 554 258.0 −73.9 118.0 147.5 2083 1969 +5.4 −113.3 −33.2 −4.4 79.4 −55.9 +1.6 −1.1 47.4 146.0 75.4 85.4 51.6 −16.4 −118.7 14.1 −107.3 −42.3 −68.5 −122.4 28.6 −70.3
−249.7 2473 +8.8 904 −205.6 −162.3 −5.0 15.6 −103.6 −34.0 −79.2 89.5 89.5 −194.0 −132.6 −22.3 222.7 370 125.2 37.6 131.3 −109.4 17.6 −44.0 39.9 129.0 532 65.0 141.8 82.0 3923 643 1212 1239 1323 1142 1152 −87.7 307.0 563 1186 1207 1239 1141 594 277.0 −64.8 134.6 161.0 2151 2053 21.0 −170.2 −19.3 +10.7 101.8 −43.5 17.8 +14.0 63.6 166.2 92.5 102.2 70.2 −1.8 −111.3 31.6 −98.3 −28.6 −57.0 −115.2 45.7 −58.0 −69.8
−248.1 2603 25.8 945 −200.9 −156.8 +8.0 24.4 −96.2 −20.3 −68.2 109.3 109.3 −188.8 −122.5 −7.6 251.0 391 149.7 56.9 147.2 −98.3 28.0 −35.4 51.6 150.3 556 84.3 157.8 102.3 4169 708 1297 1322 1411 1233 1238 −75.0 336.0 620 1267 1294 1322 1223 637 297.7 −55.2 151.7 176.4 2220 2141 38.4 −100.7 −4.0 27.9 125.5 −29.3 35.5 31.0 81.7 189.5 113.6 120.6 90.2 +14.5 −102.8 50.7 −87.6 −13.3 −44.5 −106.8 64.6 −45.0 −55.9
−246.0 2732 42.5 987 −195.8 −151.7 21.0 32.4 −85.5 −6.4 −56.0 130.0 130.0 −183.1 −111.1 +8.3 280.0 417 175.3 74.2 162.0 −87.5 38.3 −27.0 62.3 173.1 591 105.1 175.0 124.0 4407 774 1383 1407 1502 1327 1324 −61.8 362.4 679 1352 1381 1408 1304 680 317.0 −45.8 168.0 191.5 2287 2227 56.8 −94.8 +12.2 45.4 149.5 −15.4 53.1 48.7 100.0 211.4 135.6 139.0 111.8 31.8 −95.0 70.5 −77.8 +2.4 −30.4 −98.0 83.8 −31.8 −41.7
−248.7 1452 −25 1001 −210.0 −161 −9.3 30 −90.9 −64.5 −134 56 42 −218.7 −251 −104 44.1 590 −40 −111.8
Temperature, °C
Formula −257.3 1810
−255.5 1979
−254.6 2057
−253.7 2143
671 −226.1 −184.5 −55.6 −36.8 −143.4
731 −221.3 −180.6 −42.7 −23.0 −133.4
759 −219.1 −178.2 −36.7 −16.7 −128.7
789 −216.8 −175.3 −30.4 −10.0 −124.0
−132.0 3.2 −5.6 −219.1 −180.4 −92.9 76.6 237 7.8 −51.6 55.5
−120.3 22.0 +15.6 −213.4 −168.6 −77.0 111.2 271 34.4 −31.5 74.0
−114.3 31.3 26.0 −210.6 −163.2 −69.3 128.0 287 47.8 −21.3 83.2
−107.8 41.0 37.4 −207.5 −157.2 −60.3 146.2 306 62.4 −10.2 92.5
−43.7 −91.0 −25.2 384
−28.5 −79.6 −9.0 39.7 424
50.0 −18.3 2730 341 795 821 885 719 745 −144.2 212.5 297 781 792 921 748 356 157.0 −118.6 34.8 74.0 1724
72.4 +4.6 3007 408 892 919 988 814 840 −132.4 237.5 358 876 887 982 839 413 187.7 −105.2 59.8 96.3 1835
−63.4 −144.0 −92.6
−44.1 −134.8 −76.4 −53.0 3.8 −95.8 −49.7 −49.9 −6.2 74.7 17.8 27.4 −8.0 −62.6 −142.7 −40.0 −136.0 −85.7 −104.3 −145.5 −25.4 −110.5
−21.2 −74.0 −1.1 53.0 442 2.0 83.6 16.1 3146 443 940 968 1039 863 887 −126.3 248.0 389 923 937 1016 884 442 202.5 −98.9 71.9 107.4 1888 1732 −34.4 −130.4 −68.3 −47.7 18.0 −88.2 −40.0 −40.4 +4.3 89.3 29.4 38.8 +3.4 −53.4 −138.2 −29.4 −130.4 −77.3 −97.7 −141.2 −15.1 −102.9
−13.3 −68.0 +7.3 67.8 462 13.6 95.5 29.0 3302 483 994 1020 1096 918 938 −119.2 261.0 422 975 990 1052 935 473 217.5 −92.3 84.2 118.1 1942 1798 −24.0 −125.9 −59.0 −33.4 34.1 −79.8 −29.0 −30.0 15.8 104.2 41.5 51.5 16.0 −43.8 −132.9 −18.0 −124.3 −68.3 −90.1 −136.3 −3.7 −94.5
−112.5 −68.9 −68.7 −27.7 46.3 −5.0 +4.0 −30.5 −80.7 −152.0 −60.9 −146.7 −117.8 −153.0 −46.1 −124.7
−252.6 2234 −23.0 821 −214.0 −171.7 −23.9 −2.9 −118.3 −60.2 −100.3 51.7 50.5 −204.1 −150.7 −50.3 166.7 323 79.0 +2.3 102.5 −129.4 −5.0 −61.5 16.1 84.0 481 27.3 108.0 42.7 3469 524 1050 1078 1156 976 995 −111.3 272.0 459 1031 1047 1096 991 506 234.1 −84.7 98.0 130.1 2000 1867 −12.1 −120.8 −48.8 −21.8 52.6 −70.4 −16.9 −18.5 28.4 121.5 55.2 65.3 30.0 −32.9 −127.3 −5.2 −117.6 −57.8 −81.8 −130.8 +9.2 −85.0
−251.9 2289 −15.9 840 −212.3 −168.9 −19.9 +1.8 −114.9 −54.2 −95.7 59.4 59.4 −201.9 −146.7 −44.0 179.8 334 89.8 10.2 108.3 −125.0 +0.3 −57.3 21.9 94.2 493 35.8 116.0 51.8 3574 550 1087 1115 1193 1013 1030 −106.2 280.0 482 1066 1084 1123 1026 527 244.6 −80.0 106.5 137.8 2036 1911 −4.8 −117.5 −42.2 −14.3 64.0 −64.2 −9.0 −11.0 36.6 132.0 63.8 73.9 39.2 −25.8 −123.7 +3.2 −113.3 −51.1 −76.0 −127.2 17.4 −78.6
−132.5 −28.5 22.5 569 2 38 −36.2 1755 62.3 730 790 880 380 723 −71 296 38.5 682 715 760 642 217 340 −34.7 8.5 1420 1710 −68.8 −90 −120.8 −57.0 −1.0 −144.2 −117.2 −105.7 −93.6 −33.2 −1.2 −73.5 −126.6 −131.4 −70.2 −93.9 −82.5 −139.7 −70.5
2-64
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-9
Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Concluded) Compound
Pressure, mmHg 1
Name Trifluorochlorosilane Hexafluorodisilane Dichlorofluorobromosilane Dibromochlorofluorosilane Silane Disilane Silver chloride iodide Sodium bromide chloride cyanide fluoride hydroxide iodide Strontium Strontium oxide Sulfur monochloride hexafluoride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfur dioxide trioxide (α) trioxide (β) trioxide (γ) Tellurium chloride fluoride Thallium Thallous bromide chloride iodide Thionyl bromide Thionyl chloride Tin Stannic bromide Stannous chloride Stannic chloride iodide hydride Tin tetramethyl trimethyl-ethyl trimethyl-propyl Titanium chloride Tungsten Tungsten hexafluoride Uranium hexafluoride Vanadyl trichloride Xenon Zinc chloride fluoride diethyl Zirconium bromide chloride iodide
5
10
20
SiF3Cl Si2F6 SiFCl2Br SiFClBr2 SiH4 Si2H6 Ag AgCl AgI Na NaBr NaCl NaCN NaF NaOH NaI Sr SrO S S2Cl2 SF6 SO2Cl2 SO2 SO3 SO3 SO3 Te TeCl4 TeF6 Tl TlBr TlCl TlI SOBr2 SOCl2 Sn SnBr4 SnCl2 SnCl4 SnI4 SnH4 Sn(CH3)4 Sn(CH3)3·C2H5 Sn(CH3)3·C3H7 TiCl4 W WF6 UF6 VOCl3 Xe Zn ZnCl2 ZnF2 Zn(C2H5)2 ZrBr4 ZrCl4 ZrI4
40
100
200
400
760
Melting point, °C
−108.2 −46.7 −29.0 −4.7 −146.3 −66.4 1795 1242 1152 662 1099 1169 1156 1403 1057 1039 1057
−101.7 −41.7 −19.5 +6.3 −140.5 −57.5 1865 1297 1210 701 1148 1220 1214 1455 1111 1083 1111
−91.7 −34.2 −3.2 23.0 −131.6 −44.6 1971 1379 1297 758 1220 1296 1302 1531 1192 1150 1192
−81.0 −26.4 +15.4 43.0 −122.0 −29.0 2090 1467 1400 823 1304 1379 1401 1617 1286 1225 1285
−70.0 −18.9 35.4 59.5 −111.5 −14.3 2212 1564 1506 892 1392 1465 1497 1704 1378 1304 1384
305.5 63.2 −96.8 +7.2 −54.6 +4.0 8.0 21.4 789 287 −73.8 1143 621 612 631 68.3 10.4 1903 116.2 467 43.5 234.2 −96.6 11.7 38.4 57.5 58.0 5007 −27.5 10.4 49.8 −137.7 700 584 1207 47.2 289 268 355
327.2 75.3 −90.9 17.8 −46.9 10.5 14.3 28.0 838 304 −67.9 1196 653 645 663 80.6 21.4 1968 131.0 493 54.7 254.2 −89.2 22.8 50.0 69.8 71.0 5168 −20.3 18.2 62.5 −132.8 736 610 1254 59.1 301 279 369
359.7 93.5 −82.3 33.7 −35.4 20.5 23.7 35.8 910 330 −57.3 1274 703 694 712 99.0 37.9 2063 152.8 533 72.0 283.5 −78.0 39.8 67.3 88.0 90.5 5403 −10.0 30.0 82.0 −125.4 788 648 1329 77.0 318 295 389
399.6 115.4 −72.6 51.3 −23.0 32.6 32.6 44.0 997 360 −48.2 1364 759 748 763 119.2 56.5 2169 177.7 577 92.1 315.5 −65.2 58.5 87.6 109.6 112.7 5666 +1.2 42.7 103.5 −117.1 844 689 1417 97.3 337 312 409
444.6 138.0 −63.5 69.2 −10.0 44.8 44.8 51.6 1087 392 −38.6 1457 819 807 823 139.5 75.4 2270 204.7 623 113.0 348.0 −52.3 78.0 108.8 131.7 136.0 5927 17.3 55.7 127.2 −108.0 907 732 1497 118.0 357 331 431
−142 −18.6 −112.3 −99.3 −185 −132.6 960.5 455 552 97.5 755 800 564 992 318 651 800 2430 112.8 −80 −50.2 −54.1 −73.2 16.8 32.3 62.1 452 224 −37.8 3035 460 430 440 −52.2 −104.5 231.9 31.0 246.8 −30.2 144.5 −149.9
60
Temperature, °C
Formula −144.0 −81.0 −86.5 −65.2 −179.3 −114.8 1357 912 820 439 806 865 817 1077 739 767 2068 183.8 −7.4 −132.7 −95.5 −39.0 −34.0 −15.3 520 −111.3 825 440 −6.7 −52.9 1492 316 −22.7 −140.0 −51.3 −30.0 −12.0 −13.9 3990 −71.4 −38.8 −23.2 −168.5 487 428 970 −22.4 207 190 264
−133.0 −68.8 −68.4 −45.5 −168.6 −99.3 1500 1019 927 511 903 967 928 1186 843 857 847 2198 223.0 +15.7 −120.6 −35.1 −83.0 −23.7 −19.2 −2.0 605 −98.8 931 490 487 502 +18.4 −32.4 1634 58.3 366 −1.0 156.0 −125.8 −31.0 −7.6 +10.7 +9.4 4337 −56.5 −22.0 +0.2 −158.2 558 481 1055 0.0 237 217 297
−127.0 −63.1 −59.0 −35.6 −163.0 −91.4 1575 1074 983 549 952 1017 983 1240 897 903 898 2262 243.8 27.5 −114.7 −24.8 −76.8 −16.5 −12.3 +4.3 650 233 −92.4 983 522 517 531 31.0 −21.9 1703 72.7 391 +10.0 175.8 −118.5 −20.6 +3.8 21.8 21.3 4507 −49.2 −13.8 12.2 −152.8 593 508 1086 +11.7 250 230 311
−120.5 −57.0 −48.8 −24.5 −156.9 −82.7 1658 1134 1045 589 1005 1072 1046 1300 953 952 953 2333 264.7 40.0 −108.4 −13.4 −69.7 −9.1 −4.9 11.1 697 253 −86.0 1040 559 550 567 44.1 −10.5 1777 88.1 420 22.0 196.2 −111.2 −9.3 16.1 34.0 34.2 4690 −41.5 −5.2 26.6 −147.1 632 536 1129 24.2 266 243 329
−112.8 −50.6 −37.0 −12.0 −150.3 −72.8 1743 1200 1111 633 1063 1131 1115 1363 1017 1005 1018 2410 288.3 54.1 −101.5 −1.0 −60.5 −1.0 +3.2 17.9 753 273 −78.4 1103 598 589 607 58.8 +2.2 1855 105.5 450 35.2 218.8 −102.3 +3.5 30.0 48.5 48.4 4886 −33.0 +4.4 40.0 −141.2 673 566 1175 38.0 281 259 344
−30 3370 −0.5 69.2 −111.6 419.4 365 872 −28 450 437 499
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10
2-65
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm* Pressure, mmHg Compound
1
Name
Formula
Acenaphthalene Acetal Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetanilide Acetic acid anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetophenone Acetyl chloride Acetylene Acridine Acrolein (2-propenal) Acrylic acid Adipic acid Allene (propadiene) Allyl alcohol (propen-1-ol-3) chloride (3-chloropropene) isopropyl ether isothiocyanate n-propyl ether 4-Allylveratrole iso-Amyl acetate n-Amyl alcohol iso-Amyl alcohol sec-Amyl alcohol (2-pentanol) tert-Amyl alcohol sec-Amylbenzene iso-Amyl benzoate bromide (1-bromo-3-methylbutane) n-butyrate formate iodide (1-iodo-3-methylbutane) isobutyrate Amyl isopropionate iso-Amyl isovalerate n-Amyl levulinate iso-Amyl levulinate nitrate 4-tert-Amylphenol Anethole Angelonitrile Aniline 2-Anilinoethanol Anisaldehyde o-Anisidine (2-methoxyaniline) Anthracene Anthraquinone Azelaic acid Azelaldehyde Azobenzene Benzal chloride (α,α-Dichlorotoluene) Benzaldehyde Benzanthrone Benzene Benzenesulfonylchloride Benzil Benzoic acid anhydride Benzoin Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzotrichloride (α,α,α-Trichlorotoluene) Benzotrifluoride (α,α,α-Trifluorotoluene) Benzoyl bromide chloride nitrile Benzyl acetate alcohol
C12H10 C6H14O2 C2H4O C2H5NO C8H9NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C8H8O C2H3OCl C2H2 C13H9N C3H4O C3H4O2 C6H10O4 C3H4 C3H6O C3H5Cl C6H12O C4H5NS C6H12O C11H14O2 C7H14O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C11H16 C12H16O2 C5H11Br C9H18O2 C6H12O2 C5H11I C9H18O2 C8H16O2 C10H20O2 C10H18O3 C10H18O3 C5H11NO3 C11H16O C10H12O C5H7N C6H7N C8H11NO C8H8O2 C7H9NO C14H10 C14H8O2 C9H16O4 C9H18O C12H10N2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C17H10O C6H6 C6H5ClO2S C14H10O2 C7H6O2 C14H10O3 C14H12O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5BrO C7H5ClO C8H5NO C9H10O2 C7H8O
5
10
20
114.8 −2.3 −65.1 92.0 146.6 +6.3 24.8 −40.5 −26.6 64.0 −35.0 −133.0 165.8 −46.0 27.3 191.0 −108.0 +0.2 −52.0 −23.1 +25.3 −18.2 113.9 +23.7 34.7 30.9 22.1 +7.2 55.8 104.5 +2.1 47.1 +5.4 +21.9 40.1 33.7 54.4 110.0 104.0 28.8 109.8 91.6 +15.0 57.9 134.3 102.6 88.0 173.5 219.4 210.4 58.4 135.7 64.0 50.1 274.5 −19.6 96.5 165.2 119.5 180.0 170.2 55.3 141.7 73.7 −10.3 75.4 59.1 71.7 73.4 80.8
131.2 +8.0 −56.8 105.0 162.0 17.5 36.0 −31.1 −16.3 78.0 −27.6 −128.2 184.0 −36.7 39.0 205.5 −101.0 10.5 −42.9 −12.9 38.3 −7.9 127.0 35.2 44.9 40.8 32.2 17.2 69.2 121.6 13.6 59.9 17.1 34.1 52.8 46.3 68.6 124.0 118.8 40.3 125.5 106.0 28.0 69.4 149.6 117.8 101.7 187.2 234.2 225.5 71.6 151.5 78.7 62.0 297.2 −11.5 112.0 183.0 132.1 198.0 188.1 69.2 157.6 87.6 −0.4 89.8 73.0 85.5 87.6 92.6
148.7 19.6 −47.8 120.0 180.0 29.9 48.3 −20.8 −5.0 92.4 −19.6 −122.8 203.5 −26.3 52.0 222.0 −93.4 21.7 −32.8 −1.8 52.1 +3.7 142.8 47.8 55.8 51.7 42.6 27.9 83.8 139.7 26.1 74.0 30.0 47.6 66.6 60.0 83.8 139.7 134.4 53.5 142.3 121.8 41.0 82.0 165.7 133.5 116.1 201.9 248.3 242.4 85.0 168.3 94.3 75.0 322.5 −2.6 129.0 202.8 146.7 218.0 207.0 83.4 175.8 102.7 12.2 105.4 87.6 100.2 102.3 105.8
40
60
100
200
400
760
197.5 50.1 −22.6 158.0 227.2 63.0 82.2 +7.7 27.0 133.6 +3.2 −107.9 256.0 +2.5 86.1 265.0 −72.5 50.0 −4.5 29.0 89.5 35.8 183.7 83.2 85.8 80.7 70.7 55.3 124.1 186.8 60.4 113.1 65.4 84.4 104.4 97.6 125.1 180.5 177.0 88.6 189.0 164.2 77.5 119.9 209.5 176.7 155.2 250.0 285.0 286.5 123.0 216.0 138.3 112.5 390.0 26.1 174.5 255.8 186.2 270.4 258.0 123.5 224.4 144.3 45.3 147.7 128.0 141.0 144.0 141.7
222.1 66.3 −10.0 178.3 250.5 80.0 100.0 22.7 43.7 154.2 16.1 −100.3 284.0 17.5 103.3 287.8 −61.3 64.5 10.4 44.3 108.0 52.6 204.0 101.3 102.0 95.8 85.7 69.7 145.2 210.2 78.7 133.2 83.2 103.8 124.2 117.3 146.1 203.1 198.1 106.7 213.0 186.1 96.3 140.1 230.6 199.0 175.3 279.0 314.6 309.6 142.1 240.0 160.7 131.7 426.5 42.2 198.0 283.5 205.8 299.1 284.4 144.1 249.8 165.6 62.5 169.2 149.5 161.3 165.5 160.0
250.0 84.0 +4.9 200.0 277.0 99.0 119.8 39.5 62.5 178.0 32.0 −92.0 314.3 34.5 122.0 312.5 −48.5 80.2 27.5 61.7 129.8 71.4 226.2 121.5 119.8 113.7 102.3 85.7 168.0 235.8 99.4 155.3 102.7 125.8 146.0 138.4 169.5 227.4 222.7 126.5 239.5 210.5 117.7 161.9 254.5 223.0 197.3 310.2 346.2 332.8 163.4 266.1 187.0 154.1
277.5 102.2 20.2 222.0 303.8 118.1 139.6 56.5 81.8 202.4 50.8 −84.0 346.0 52.5 141.0 337.5 −35.0 96.6 44.6 79.5 150.7 90.5 248.0 142.0 137.8 130.6 119.7 101.7 193.0 262.0 120.4 178.6 123.3 148.2 168.8 160.2 194.0 253.2 247.9 147.5 266.0 235.3 140.0 184.4 279.6 248.0 218.5 342.0 379.9 356.5 185.0 293.0 214.0 179.0
60.6 224.0 314.3 227.0 328.8 313.5 166.7 276.8 189.2 82.0 193.7 172.8 185.0 189.0 183.0
80.1 251.5 347.0 249.2 360.0 343.0 190.6 305.4 213.5 102.2 218.5 197.2 208.0 213.5 204.7
Temperature, °C −23.0 −81.5 65.0 114.0 −17.2 1.7 −59.4 −47.0 37.1 −50.0 −142.9 129.4 −64.5 +3.5 159.5 −120.6 −20.0 −70.0 −43.7 −2.0 −39.0 85.0 0.0 +13.6 +10.0 +1.5 −12.9 29.0 72.0 −20.4 21.2 −17.5 −2.5 14.8 +8.5 27.0 81.3 75.6 +5.2 62.6 −8.0 34.8 104.0 73.2 61.0 145.0 190.0 178.3 33.3 103.5 35.4 26.2 225.0 −36.7 65.9 128.4 96.0 143.8 135.6 28.2 108.2 45.8 −32.0 47.0 32.1 44.5 45.0 58.0
168.2 31.9 −37.8 135.8 199.6 43.0 62.1 −9.4 +7.7 109.4 −10.4 −116.7 224.2 −15.0 66.2 240.5 −85.2 33.4 −21.2 +10.9 67.4 16.4 158.3 62.1 68.0 63.4 54.1 38.8 100.0 158.3 39.8 90.0 44.0 62.3 81.8 75.5 100.6 155.8 151.7 67.6 160.3 139.3 55.8 96.7 183.7 150.5 132.0 217.5 264.3 260.0 100.2 187.9 112.1 90.1 350.0 +7.6 147.7 224.5 162.6 239.8 227.6 99.6 195.7 119.8 25.7 122.6 103.8 116.6 119.6 119.8
181.2 39.8 −31.4 145.8 211.8 51.7 70.8 −2.0 15.9 119.8 −4.5 −112.8 238.7 −7.5 75.0 251.0 −78.8 40.3 −14.1 18.7 76.2 25.0 169.6 71.0 75.5 71.0 61.5 46.0 110.4 171.4 48.7 99.8 53.3 71.9 91.7 85.2 110.3 165.2 162.6 76.3 172.6 149.8 65.2 106.0 194.0 161.7 142.1 231.8 273.3 271.8 110.0 199.8 123.4 99.6 368.8 15.4 158.2 238.2 172.8 252.7 241.7 109.8 208.2 130.0 34.0 133.4 114.7 127.0 129.8 129.3
Melting point, °C 95 −123.5 81 113.5 16.7 −73 −94.6 −41 20.5 −112.0 −81.5 110.5 −87.7 14 152 −136 −129 −136.4 −80
−117.2 −11.9
93 22.5 −6.2 2.5 5.2 217.5 286 106.5 68 −16.1 −26 174 +5.5 14.5 95 121.7 42 132 −12.9 48.5 −21.2 −29.3 0 −0.5 33.5 −51.5 −15.3
*Compiled from the extended tables published by D. R. Stull in Ind. Eng. Chem., 39, 517 (1947). For information on fuels see Hibbard, N.A.C.A. Research Mem. E56I21, 1956. For methane see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960.
2-66
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-10
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
Benzylamine Benzyl bromide (α-bromotoluene) chloride (α-chlorotoluene) cinnamate Benzyldichlorosilane Benzyl ethyl ether phenyl ether isothiocyanate Biphenyl 1-Biphenyloxy-2,3-epoxypropane d-Bornyl acetate Bornyl n-butyrate formate isobutyrate propionate Brassidic acid Bromoacetic acid 4-Bromoanisole Bromobenzene 4-Bromobiphenyl 1-Bromo-2-butanol 1-Bromo-2-butanone cis-1-Bromo-1-butene trans-1-Bromo-1-butene 2-Bromo-1-butene cis-2-Bromo-2-butene trans-2-Bromo-2-butene 1,4-Bromochlorobenzene 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 2-Bromo-4,6-dichlorophenol 1-Bromo-4-ethyl benzene (2-Bromoethyl)-benzene 2-Bromoethyl 2-chloroethyl ether (2-Bromoethyl)-cyclohexane 1-Bromoethylene Bromoform (tribromomethane) 1-Bromonaphthalene 2-Bromo-4-phenylphenol 3-Bromopyridine 2-Bromotoluene 3-Bromotoluene 4-Bromotoluene 3-Bromo-2,4,6-trichlorophenol 2-Bromo-1,4-xylene 1,2-Butadiene (methyl allene) 1,3-Butadiene n-Butane iso-Butane (2-methylpropane) 1,3-Butanediol 1,2,3-Butanetriol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene 3-Butenenitrile iso-Butyl acetate n-Butyl acrylate alcohol iso-Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol iso-Butyl amine n-Butylbenzene iso-Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene iso-Butyl benzoate n-Butyl bromide (1-bromobutane) iso-Butyl n-butyrate carbamate Butyl carbitol (diethylene glycol butyl ether) n-Butyl chloride (1-chlorobutane) iso-Butyl chloride
1
5
10
20
29.0 32.2 22.0 173.8 45.3 26.0 95.4 79.5 70.6 135.3 46.9 74.0 47.0 70.0 64.6 209.6 54.7 48.8 +2.9 98.0 23.7 +6.2 −44.0 −38.4 −47.3 −39.0 −45.0 32.0 −36.0 −28.8 84.0 30.4 48.0 36.5 38.7 −95.4
70.0
54.8 59.6 47.8 206.3 70.2 52.0 127.7 107.8 101.8 169.9 75.7 103.4 74.8 99.8 93.7 241.7 81.6 77.8 27.8 133.7 45.4 30.0 −23.2 −17.0 −27.0 −17.9 −24.1 59.5 −18.0 −7.0 115.6 42.5 76.2 63.2 66.6 −77.8 22.0 117.5 135.4 42.0 49.7 50.8 47.5 146.2 65.0 −72.7 −87.6 −85.7 −94.1 67.5 132.0 −89.4 −81.1 −84.0 +2.9 +1.4 +23.5 +20.0 +11.6 +7.2 −3.0 −31.0 48.8 40.5 44.2 39.0 93.6 −11.2 30.0 83.7 95.7
67.7 73.4 60.8 221.5 83.2 65.0 144.0 121.8 117.0 187.2 90.2 118.0 89.3 114.0 108.0 256.0 94.1 91.9 40.0 150.6 55.8 41.8 −12.8 −6.4 −16.8 −7.2 −13.8 72.7 −9.4 +4.1 130.8 74.0 90.5 76.3 80.5 −68.8 34.0 133.6 152.3 55.2 62.3 64.0 61.1 163.2 78.8 −64.2 −79.7 −77.8 −86.4 85.3 146.0 −81.6 −73.4 −76.3 14.1 12.8 35.5 30.2 21.7 16.9 +5.5 −21.0 62.0 53.7 57.0 51.7 108.6 −0.3 42.2 96.4 107.8
81.8 88.3 75.0 239.3 96.7 79.6 160.7 137.0 134.2 205.8 106.0 133.8 104.0 130.0 123.7 272.9 108.2 107.8 53.8 169.8 67.2 54.2 −1.4 +5.4 −5.3 +4.6 −2.4 87.8 0.0 16.0 147.7 90.2 105.8 90.8 95.8 −58.8 48.0 150.2 171.8 69.1 76.0 78.1 75.2 181.8 94.0 −54.9 −71.0 −68.9 −77.9 100.0 161.0 −73.0 −64.6 −67.5 26.6 25.5 48.6 41.5 32.4 27.3 14.3 −10.3 76.3 67.8 70.6 65.6 124.2 +11.6 56.1 110.1 120.5
97.3 104.8 90.7 255.8 111.8 95.4 180.1 153.0 152.5 226.3 123.7 150.7 121.2 147.2 140.4 290.0 124.0 125.0 68.6 190.8 79.5 68.2 +11.5 18.4 +7.2 17.7 +10.5 103.8 +10.4 29.7 165.8 108.5 123.2 106.6 113.0 −48.1 63.6 170.2 193.8 84.1 91.0 93.9 91.8 200.5 110.6 −44.3 −61.3 −59.1 −68.4 117.4 178.0 −63.4 −54.7 −57.6 40.0 39.2 63.4 53.4 44.1 38.1 24.5 +1.3 92.4 83.3 86.2 80.8 141.8 24.8 71.7 125.3 135.5
C4H9Cl C4H9Cl
−49.0 −53.8
−28.9 −34.3
−18.6 −24.5
−7.4 −13.8
+5.0 −1.9
60
100
200
400
760
107.3 115.6 100.5 267.0 121.3 105.5 192.6 163.8 165.2 239.7 135.7 161.8 131.7 157.6 151.2 301.5 133.8 136.0 78.1 204.5 87.0 77.3 19.8 27.2 15.4 26.2 18.7 114.8 17.0 38.0 177.6 121.0 133.8 116.4 123.7 −41.2 73.4 183.5 207.0 94.1 100.0 104.1 102.3 213.0 121.6 −37.5 −55.1 −52.8 −62.4 127.5 188.0 −57.2 −48.4 −51.3 48.8 48.0 72.6 60.3 51.7 45.2 31.0 8.8 102.6 93.3 96.0 90.6 152.0 33.4 81.3 134.6 146.0
120.0 129.8 114.2 281.5 133.5 118.9 209.2 177.7 180.7 255.0 149.8 176.4 145.8 172.2 165.7 316.2 146.3 150.1 90.8 221.8 97.6 89.2 30.8 38.1 26.3 37.5 29.9 128.0 28.0 49.5 193.2 135.5 148.2 129.8 138.0 −31.9 85.9 198.8 224.5 107.8 112.0 117.8 116.4 229.3 135.7 −28.3 −46.8 −44.2 −54.1 141.2 202.5 −48.9 −39.8 −42.7 60.2 59.7 85.1 70.1 61.5 54.1 39.8 18.8 116.2 107.0 109.5 103.8 166.4 44.7 94.0 147.2 159.8
140.0 150.8 134.0 303.8 152.0 139.6 233.2 198.0 204.2 280.4 172.0 198.0 166.4 194.2 187.5 336.8 165.8 172.7 110.1 248.2 112.1 107.0 47.8 55.7 42.8 54.5 46.5 149.5 44.7 66.8 216.5 156.5 169.8 150.0 160.0 −17.2 106.1 224.2 251.0 127.7 133.6 138.0 137.4 253.0 156.4 −14.2 −33.9 −31.2 −41.5 161.0 222.0 −36.2 −26.8 −29.7 78.0 77.6 104.0 84.3 75.9 67.9 52.7 32.0 136.9 127.2 128.8 123.7 188.2 62.0 113.9 165.7 181.2
161.3 175.2 155.8 326.7 173.0 161.5 259.8 220.4 229.4 309.8 197.5 222.2 190.2 218.2 211.2 359.6 186.7 197.5 132.3 277.7 128.3 126.3 66.8 75.0 61.9 74.0 66.0 172.6 63.4 86.0 242.0 182.0 194.0 172.3 186.2 −1.1 127.9 252.0 280.2 150.0 157.3 160.0 160.2 278.0 181.0 +1.8 −19.3 −16.3 −27.1 183.8 243.5 −21.7 −12.0 −14.8 98.0 97.5 125.2 100.8 91.4 83.9 68.0 50.7 159.2 149.6 150.3 145.8 212.8 81.7 135.7 186.0 205.0
184.5 198.5 179.4 350.0 194.3 185.0 287.0 243.0 254.9 340.0 223.0 247.0 214.0 243.0 235.0 382.5 208.0 223.0 156.2 310.0 145.0 147.0 86.2 94.7 81.0 93.9 85.5 196.9 82.7 106.7 268.0 206.0 219.0 195.8 213.0 +15.8 150.5 281.1 311.0 173.4 181.8 183.7 184.5 305.8 206.7 18.5 −4.5 −0.5 −11.7 206.5 264.0 −6.3 +3.7 +0.9 119.0 118.0 147.4 117.5 108.0 99.5 82.9 68.6 183.1 172.8 173.5 168.5 237.0 101.6 156.9 206.5 231.2
13.0 +5.9
24.0 16.0
40.0 32.0
58.8 50.0
77.8 68.9
Temperature, °C
Formula C7H9N C7H7Br C7H7Cl C16H14O2 C7H8Cl2Si C9H12O C13H12O C8H7NS C12H10 C15H14O2 C12H20O2 C14H24O2 C11H18O2 C14H24O2 C13H22O2 C22H42O2 C2H3BrO2 C7H7BrO C6H5Br C12H9Br C4H9BrO C4H7BrO C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C6H4BrCl C2H4BrCl C2H4BrCl C6H3BrCl2O C8H9Br C8H9Br C4H8BrClO C8H15Br C2H3Br CHBr3 C10H7Br C12H9BrO C5H4BrN C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C6H2BrCl3O C8H9Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H5N C6H12O2 C7H12O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H11N C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C11H14O2 C4H9Br C8H16O2 C5H11NO2 C8H18O3
40
84.2 100.0 16.8 24.4 14.8 10.3 112.4 37.5 −89.0 −102.8 −101.5 −109.2 22.2 102.0 −104.8 −96.4 −99.4 −19.6 −21.2 −0.5 −1.2 −9.0 −12.2 −20.4 −50.0 22.7 14.1 18.6 13.0 64.0 −33.0 +4.6
Melting point, °C −4 −39 39
69.5 29
61.5 49.5 12.5 −30.7 90.5
−100.3 −133.4 −111.2 −114.6 16.6 −16.6 68 −45.0
−138 8.5 5.5 95 −28 39.8 28.5 +9.5 −108.9 −135 −145 77 −130 −138.9 −105.4 −98.9 −64.6 −79.9 −108 −114.7 25.3 −85.0 −88.0 −51.5 −75.5 −58 −112.4 65 −123.1 −131.2
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10
2-67
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
Formula
sec-Butyl chloride (2-Chlorobutane) tert-Butyl chloride sec-Butyl chloroacetate 2-tert-Butyl-4-cresol 4-tert-Butyl-2-cresol iso-Butyl dichloroacetate 2,3-Butylene glycol (2,3-butanediol) 2-Butyl-2-ethylbutane-1,3-diol 2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol n-Butyl formate iso-Butyl formate sec-Butyl formate sec-Butyl glycolate iso-Butyl iodide (1-iodo-2-methylpropane) isobutyrate isovalerate levulinate naphthylketone (1-isovaleronaphthone) 2-sec-Butylphenol 2-tert-Butylphenol 4-iso-Butylphenol 4-sec-Butylphenol 4-tert-Butylphenol 2-(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)ethyl acetate 4-tert-Butylphenyl dichlorophosphate
C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C6H11ClO2 C11H16O C11H16O C6H10Cl2O2 C4H10O2 C10H22O2 C12H15O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O3 C4H9I C8H16O2 C9H18O2 C9H16O3 C15H16O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C14H20O3 C10H13Cl2 O2P C11H14O C7H14O2 C12H18O C12H18O C12H18O C12H18O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H7N C11H14O C10H16 C10H16O2 C10H16O C10H19N C10H20O C10H20O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H10O2 C6H11N C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H15N C12H9N CO2 CS2 CO COSe COS CBr4 CCl4 CF4 C10H14O C10H14O C10H12O2 C2HCl3O C2H3Cl3O2
tert-Butyl phenyl ketone (pivalophenone) iso-Butyl propionate 4-tert-Butyl-2,5-xylenol 4-tert-Butyl-2,6-xylenol 6-tert-Butyl-2,4-xylenol 6-tert-Butyl-3,4-xylenol Butyric acid iso-Butyric acid Butyronitrile iso-Valerophenone Camphene Campholenic acid d-Camphor Camphylamine Capraldehyde Capric acid n-Caproic acid iso-Caproic acid iso-Caprolactone Capronitrile Capryl alcohol (2-octanol) Caprylaldehyde Caprylic acid (octanoic acid) Caprylonitrile Carbazole Carbon dioxide disulfide monoxide oxyselenide (carbonyl selenide) oxysulfide (carbonyl sulfide) tetrabromide tetrachloride tetrafluoride Carvacrol Carvone Chavibetol Chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde) hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate) Chloranil Chloroacetic acid anhydride 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene 2-Chlorobenzotrichloride (2-α,α,α-tetrachlorotoluene)
C6Cl4O2 C2H3ClO2 C4H4Cl2O3 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H5Cl C7H4Cl4
1
5
10
20
−60.2
−39.8
−29.2
−17.7
17.0 70.0 74.3 28.6 44.0 94.1 76.3 −26.4 −32.7 −34.4 28.3 −17.0 +4.1 16.0 65.0 136.0 57.4 56.6 72.1 71.4 70.0 118.0 96.0
41.8 98.0 103.7 54.3 68.4 122.6 106.2 −4.7 −11.4 −13.3 53.6 +5.8 28.0 41.2 92.1 167.9 86.0 84.2 100.9 100.5 99.2 150.0 129.6
54.6 112.0 118.0 67.5 80.3 136.8 121.0 +6.1 −0.8 −3.1 66.0 17.0 39.9 53.8 105.9 184.0 100.8 98.1 115.5 114.8 114.0 165.8 146.0
57.8 −2.3 88.2 74.0 70.3 83.9 25.5 14.7 −20.0 58.3
85.7 +20.9 119.8 103.9 100.2 113.6 49.8 39.3 +2.1 87.0
97.6 41.5 45.3 51.9 125.0 71.4 66.2 38.3 9.2 32.8 73.4 92.3 43.0
40
60
100
200
400
760
31.5 +14.6 124.1 187.8 197.8 139.2 145.6 212.0 200.3 67.9 60.0 56.8 135.5 81.0 106.3 124.8 181.8 269.7 179.7 173.8 192.1 194.3 191.5 250.3 240.0
50.0 32.6 146.0 210.0 221.8 160.0 164.0 233.5 223.8 86.2 79.0 75.2 155.6 100.3 126.3 146.4 205.5 294.0 203.8 196.3 214.7 217.6 214.0 277.6 268.2
68.0 51.0 167.8 232.6 247.0 183.0 182.0 255.0 247.8 106.0 98.2 93.6 177.5 120.4 147.5 168.7 229.9 320.0 228.0 219.5 237.0 242.1 238.0 304.4 299.0
Temperature, °C
Melting point, °C
68.2 127.2 134.0 81.4 93.4 151.2 137.0 18.0 +11.0 +8.4 79.8 29.8 52.4 67.7 120.2 201.6 116.1 113.0 130.3 130.3 129.5 183.3 164.0
−5.0 −19.0 83.6 143.9 150.8 96.7 107.8 167.8 154.0 31.6 24.1 21.3 94.2 42.8 67.2 82.7 136.2 219.7 133.4 129.2 147.2 147.8 146.0 201.5 184.3
+3.4 −11.4 93.0 153.7 161.7 106.6 116.3 178.0 165.4 39.8 32.4 29.6 104.0 51.8 75.9 92.4 147.0 231.5 143.9 140.0 157.0 157.9 156.0 212.8 197.2
14.2 −1.0 105.5 167.0 176.2 119.8 127.8 191.9 179.0 51.0 43.4 40.2 116.4 63.5 88.0 105.2 160.2 246.7 157.3 153.5 171.2 172.4 170.2 228.0 214.3
125.7 68.6 74.0 78.8 142.0 89.5 83.0 66.4 34.6 57.6 92.0 114.1 67.6
99.0 32.3 135.0 119.0 115.0 127.0 61.5 51.2 13.4 101.4 47.2 139.8 82.3 83.7 92.0 152.2 99.5 94.0 80.3 47.5 70.0 101.2 124.0 80.4
114.3 44.8 151.0 135.0 131.0 143.0 74.0 64.0 25.7 116.8 60.4 153.9 97.5 97.6 106.3 165.0 111.8 107.0 95.7 61.7 83.3 110.2 136.4 94.6
130.4 58.5 169.8 152.2 148.5 159.7 88.0 77.8 38.4 133.8 75.7 170.0 114.0 112.5 122.2 179.9 125.0 120.4 112.3 76.9 98.0 120.0 150.6 110.6
−134.3 −73.8 −222.0 −117.1 −132.4
−124.4 −54.3 −217.2 −102.3 −119.8
−119.5 −44.7 −215.0 −95.0 −113.3
−114.4 −34.3 −212.8 −86.3 −106.0
−50.0 −184.6 70.0 57.4 83.6 −37.8 −9.8
−30.0 −174.1 98.4 86.1 113.3 −16.0 +10.0
−19.6 −169.3 113.2 100.4 127.0 −5.0 19.5
−8.2 −164.3 127.9 116.1 143.2 +7.2 29.2
−108.6 −22.5 −210.0 −76.4 −98.3 96.3 +4.3 −158.8 145.2 133.0 159.8 20.2 39.7
140.8 67.6 180.3 163.6 158.2 170.0 96.5 86.3 47.3 144.6 85.0 180.0 124.0 122.0 132.0 189.8 133.3 129.6 123.2 86.8 107.4 126.0 160.0 121.2 248.2 −104.8 −15.3 −208.1 −70.2 −93.0 106.3 12.3 −155.4 155.3 143.8 170.7 29.1 46.2
154.0 79.5 195.0 176.0 172.0 184.0 108.0 98.0 59.0 158.0 97.9 193.7 138.0 134.6 145.3 200.0 144.0 141.4 137.2 99.8 119.8 133.9 172.2 134.8 265.0 −100.2 −5.1 −205.7 −61.7 −85.9 119.7 23.0 −150.7 169.7 157.3 185.5 40.2 55.0
70.7 43.0 67.2 46.3 63.5 59.3 −13.0
89.3 68.3 94.1 72.3 89.8 87.9 +10.6
97.8 81.0 108.0 84.8 102.0 102.1 22.2
106.4 94.2 122.4 99.2 116.7 117.8 35.3
116.1 109.2 138.2 115.6 133.6 135.0 49.7
122.0 118.3 148.0 125.7 144.1 145.8 58.3
129.5 130.7 159.8 139.5 158.0 159.9 70.7
140.3 149.0 177.8 160.0 179.5 182.3 89.4
151.3 169.0 197.0 183.7 203.5 206.6 110.0
162.6 189.5 217.0 208.8 228.5 230.5 132.2
290 61.2 46 0 −10.4 70.5 −45.2
69.0
101.8
117.9
135.8
155.0
167.8
185.0
208.0
233.0
262.1
28.7
175.0 197.7 220.0 97.0 116.4 136.8 217.5 241.3 265.3 196.0 217.8 239.8 192.3 214.2 236.5 204.5 226.7 249.5 125.5 144.5 163.5 115.8 134.5 154.5 76.7 96.8 117.5 180.1 204.2 228.0 117.5 138.7 160.5 212.7 234.0 256.0 157.9 182.0 209.2 153.0 173.8 195.0 164.8 186.3 208.5 217.1 240.3 268.4 160.8 181.0 202.0 158.3 181.0 207.7 157.8 182.1 207.0 119.7 141.0 163.7 138.0 157.5 178.5 145.4 156.5 168.5 190.3 213.9 237.5 155.2 179.5 204.5 292.5 323.0 354.8 −93.0 −85.7 −78.2 +10.4 28.0 46.5 −201.3 −196.3 −191.3 −49.8 −35.6 −21.9 −75.0 −62.7 −49.9 139.7 163.5 189.5 38.3 57.8 76.7 −143.6 −135.5 −127.7 191.2 213.8 237.0 179.6 203.5 227.5 206.8 229.8 254.0 57.8 77.5 97.7 68.0 82.1 96.2
−131.3 −26.5
22.5
−95.3 −90.7 −80.7
99
−71
−74 −47 50 178.5 31.5 −1.5 −35 −38.6 16 244.8 −57.5 −110.8 −205.0 −138.8 90.1 −22.6 −183.7 +0.5 −57 51.7
2-68
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-10
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
2-Chlorobenzotrifluoride (2-chloro-α,α,α-trifluorotoluene) 2-Chlorobiphenyl 4-Chlorobiphenyl α-Chlorocrotonic acid Chlorodifluoromethane Chlorodimethylphenylsilane 1-Chloro-2-ethoxybenzene 2-(2-Chloroethoxy) ethanol bis-2-Chloroethyl acetacetal 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 2-Chloroethyl chloroacetate 2-Chloroethyl 2-chloroisopropyl ether 2-Chloroethyl 2-chloropropyl ether 2-Chloroethyl α-methylbenzyl ether Chloroform (trichloromethane) 1-Chloronaphthalene 4-Chlorophenethyl alcohol 2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 2-Chloro-3-phenylphenol 2-Chloro-6-phenylphenol Chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane) 1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chlorostyrene 4-Chlorostyrene 1-Chlorotetradecane 2-Chlorotoluene 3-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene Chlorotriethylsilane 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethylene Chlorotrifluoromethane Chlorotrimethylsilane trans-Cinnamic acid Cinnamyl alcohol Cinnamylaldehyde Citraconic anhydride cis-α-Citral d-Citronellal Citronellic acid Citronellol Citronellyl acetate Coumarin o-Cresol (2-cresol; 2-methylphenol) m-Cresol (3-cresol; 3-methylphenol) p-Cresol (4-cresol; 4-methylphenol) cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid cis-Crotononitrile trans-Crotononitrile Cumene 4-Cumidene Cuminal Cuminyl alcohol 2-Cyano-2-n-butyl acetate Cyanogen bromide chloride iodide Cyclobutane Cyclobutene Cyclohexane Cyclohexaneethanol Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone 2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol Cyclopentane Cyclopropane Cymene
1
5
10
20
60
100
200
400
760
88.3 197.0 212.5 155.9 −76.4 124.7 141.8 139.5 150.7 110.0 113.6 116.0 140.0 115.8 125.6 164.8 10.4 180.4 188.1 106.0 143.0 150.0 237.0 237.1 53.8 −15.1 104.6 121.2 122.0 215.5 94.7 96.3 96.6 82.3 −66.7 −111.7 +6.0 232.4 177.8 177.7 145.4 160.0 140.1 195.4 159.8 161.0 216.5 127.4 138.0 140.0 116.3 128.0 50.1 62.8 88.1 158.0 160.0 176.2 133.8 −51.8 22.6 −24.9 97.6 −32.8 −41.2 25.5 142.7 103.7 90.4 229.0 −1.3 −70.0 110.8
108.3 219.6 237.8 173.8 −65.8 145.5 162.0 157.2 169.8 130.2 133.8 137.0 159.8 135.7 146.3 186.3 25.9 204.2 210.0 126.4 164.8 172.0 261.3 261.6 71.8 +1.3 125.0 142.2 143.5 240.3 115.0 116.6 117.1 101.6 −55.0 −102.5 21.9 253.3 199.8 199.3 165.8 181.8 160.0 214.5 179.8 178.8 240.0 146.7 157.3 157.3 133.9 146.0 68.0 81.1 107.3 180.0 182.8 197.9 152.2 −42.6 33.8 −14.1 111.5 −18.9 −27.8 42.0 161.7 121.7 110.3 248.7 +13.8 −59.1 131.4
130.0 243.8 264.5 193.2 −53.6 168.6 185.5 176.5 190.5 152.2 156.7 159.8 182.2 156.5 169.8 210.8 42.7 230.8 234.5 149.8 188.7 196.0 289.4 289.5 91.8 18.0 147.7 165.7 166.0 267.5 137.1 139.7 139.8 123.6 −41.7 −92.7 39.4 276.7 224.6 222.4 189.8 205.0 183.8 236.6 201.0 197.8 264.7 168.4 179.0 179.4 152.2 165.5 88.0 101.5 129.2 203.2 206.7 221.7 173.4 −33.0 46.0 −2.3 126.1 −3.4 −12.2 60.8 183.5 141.4 132.5 269.8 31.0 −46.9 153.5
152.2 267.5 292.9 212.0 −40.8 193.5 208.0 196.0 212.6 177.6 181.1 184.3 205.0 180.0 194.1 235.0 61.3 259.3 259.3 174.5 214.0 220.0 317.5 317.0 111.9 37.0 170.2 190.0 191.0 296.0 159.3 162.3 162.3 146.3 −27.9 −81.2 57.9 300.0 250.0 246.0 213.5 228.0 206.5 257.0 221.5 217.0 291.0 190.8 202.8 201.8 171.9 185.0 108.0 122.8 152.4 227.0 232.0 246.6 195.2 −21.0 61.5 +13.1 141.1 +12.9 +2.4 80.7 205.4 161.0 155.6 291.5 49.3 −33.5 177.2
Temperature, °C
Formula C7H4ClF3 C12H9Cl C12H9Cl C4H5ClO2 CHClF2 C8H11ClSi C8H9ClO C4H9ClO2 C6H12Cl2O2 C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C4H6Cl2O2 C5H10Cl2O C5H10Cl2O C10H13ClO CHCl3 C10H7Cl C8H9ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C12H9ClO C12H9ClO CCl3NO2 C3H5Cl C5H4ClN C8H7Cl C8H7Cl C14H29Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C6H15ClSi C2ClF3 CClF3 C3H9ClSi C9H8O2 C9H10O C9H8O C5H4O3 C10H16O C10H18O C10H18O2 C10H20O C12H22O2 C9H6O2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H5N C4H5N C9H12 C9H13N C10H12O C10H14O C7H11NO2 C2N2 CBrN CClN CIN C4H8 C4H6 C6H12 C8H16O C6H12O C6H10O C12H14N2O5 C5H10 C3H6 C10H14
40
0.0 89.3 96.4 70.0 −122.8 29.8 45.8 53.0 56.2 17.2 18.6 19.2 46.0 24.7 29.8 62.3 −58.0 80.6 84.0 12.1 44.2 49.8 118.0 119.8 −25.5 −81.3 13.3 25.3 28.0 98.5 +5.4 +4.8 +5.5 −4.9 −116.0 −149.5 −62.8 127.5 72.6 76.1 47.1 61.7 44.0 99.5 66.4 74.7 106.0 38.2 52.0 53.0 33.5
24.7 109.8 129.8 95.6 −110.2 56.7 72.8 78.3 83.7 43.0 45.2 46.4 72.1 50.1 56.5 91.4 −39.1 104.8 114.3 38.2 72.0 78.2 152.2 153.7 −3.3 −63.4 38.8 51.3 54.5 131.8 30.6 30.3 31.0 +19.8 −102.5 −139.2 −43.6 157.8 102.5 105.8 74.8 90.0 71.4 127.3 93.6 100.2 137.8 64.0 76.0 76.5 57.4
−29.0 −19.5 +2.9 60.0 58.0 74.2 42.0 −95.8 −35.7 −76.7 25.2 −92.0 −99.1 −45.3 50.4 21.0 +1.4 132.8 −68.0 −116.8 17.3
−7.1 +3.5 26.8 88.2 87.3 103.7 68.7 −83.2 −18.3 −61.4 47.2 −76.0 −83.4 −25.4 77.2 44.0 26.4 161.8 −49.6 −104.2 43.9
37.1 134.7 146.0 108.0 −103.7 70.0 86.5 90.7 97.6 56.1 58.1 60.0 86.0 63.0 70.0 106.0 −29.7 118.6 129.0 51.2 86.1 92.2 169.7 170.7 +7.8 −54.1 51.7 65.2 67.5 148.2 43.2 43.2 43.8 32.0 −95.9 −134.1 −34.0 173.0 117.8 120.0 88.9 103.9 84.8 141.4 107.0 113.0 153.4 76.7 87.8 88.6 69.0 80.0 +4.0 15.0 38.3 102.2 102.0 118.0 82.0 −76.8 −10.0 −53.8 57.7 −67.9 −75.4 −15.9 90.0 56.0 38.7 175.9 −40.4 −97.5 57.0
50.6 151.2 164.0 121.2 −96.5 84.7 101.5 104.1 112.2 70.3 73.0 75.5 100.0 77.2 84.8 121.8 −19.0 134.4 145.0 65.9 101.7 108.1 186.7 189.8 20.0 −44.0 65.8 80.0 82.0 166.2 56.9 57.4 57.8 45.5 −88.2 −128.5 −23.2 189.5 133.7 135.7 103.8 119.4 99.8 155.6 121.5 126.0 170.0 90.5 101.4 102.3 82.0 93.0 16.4 27.8 51.5 117.8 117.9 133.8 96.2 −70.1 −1.0 −46.1 68.6 −58.7 −66.6 −5.0 104.0 68.8 52.5 191.2 −30.1 −90.3 71.1
65.9 169.9 183.8 135.6 −88.6 101.2 117.8 118.4 127.8 86.2 89.2 91.8 116.0 92.4 101.5 139.6 −7.1 153.2 162.0 82.0 118.0 125.0 207.4 208.2 33.8 −32.7 81.7 96.5 98.0 187.0 72.0 73.0 73.5 60.2 −79.7 −121.9 −11.4 207.1 151.0 152.2 120.3 135.9 116.1 171.9 137.2 140.5 189.0 105.8 116.0 117.7 96.0 107.8 30.0 41.8 66.1 134.2 135.2 150.3 111.8 −62.7 +8.6 −37.5 80.3 −48.4 −56.4 +6.7 119.8 83.0 67.8 206.7 −18.6 −82.3 87.0
75.4 182.1 196.0 144.4 −83.4 111.5 127.8 127.5 138.0 96.4 99.6 102.0 126.2 102.2 111.8 150.0 +0.5 165.6 173.5 92.0 129.4 136.1 219.6 220.0 42.3 −25.1 91.6 107.2 108.5 199.8 81.8 83.2 83.3 69.5 −74.1 −117.3 −4.0 217.8 162.0 163.7 131.3 146.3 126.2 182.1 147.2 149.7 200.5 115.5 125.8 127.0 104.5 116.7 38.5 50.9 75.4 145.0 146.0 161.7 121.5 −57.9 14.7 −32.1 88.0 −41.8 −50.0 14.7 129.8 91.8 77.5 216.0 −11.3 −77.0 97.2
Melting point, °C −6.0 34 75.5 −160
−80.2 −53.3 −62.6
−63.5 −20 7 32.5 42 +6 −64 −99.0 −15.0 +0.9 +7.3 −157.5 133 33 −7.5
70 30.8 10.9 35.5 15.5 72 −96.0
−34.4 58 −6.5 −50 +6.6 23.9 −45.0 −93.7 −126.6 −68.2
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10
2-69
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
cis-Decalin trans-Decalin Decane Decan-2-one 1-Decene Decyl alcohol Decyltrimethylsilane Dehydroacetic acid Desoxybenzoin Diacetamide Diacetylene (1,3-butadiyne) Diallyldichlorosilane Diallyl sulfide Diisoamyl ether oxalate sulfide Dibenzylamine Dibenzyl ketone (1,3-diphenyl2-propanone) 1,4-Dibromobenzene 1,2-Dibromobutane dl-2,3-Dibromobutane meso-2,3-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromodecane Di(2-bromoethyl) ether α,β-Dibromomaleic anhydride 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,3-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,2-Dibromopentane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 2,3-Dibromopropene 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol Diisobutylamine 2,6-Ditert-butyl-4-cresol 4,6-Ditert-butyl-2-cresol 4,6-Ditert-butyl-3-cresol 2,6-Ditert-butyl-4-ethylphenol 4,6-Ditert-butyl-3-ethylphenol Diisobutyl oxalate 2,4-Ditert-butylphenol Dibutyl phthalate sulfide Diisobutyl d-tartrate Dicarvacryl-mono-(6-chloro-2-xenyl) phosphate Dicarvacryl-2-tolyl phosphate Dichloroacetic acid 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichlorobutane 2,3-Dichlorobutane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene Dichlorodifluoromethane Dichlorodiphenyl silane Dichlorodiisopropyl ether Di(2-chloroethoxy) methane Dichloroethoxymethylsilane 1,2-Dichloro-3-ethylbenzene 1,2-Dichloro-4-ethylbenzene 1,4-Dichloro-2-ethylbenzene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloro ethylene Di(2-chloroethyl) ether Dichlorofluoromethane 1,5-Dichlorohexamethyltrisiloxane Dichloromethylphenylsilane 1,1-Dichloro-2-methylpropane 1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane 1,3-Dichloro-2-methylpropane 2,4-Dichlorophenol 2,6-Dichlorophenol
1
5
10
20
22.5 −0.8 16.5 44.2 14.7 69.5 67.4 91.7 123.3 70.0 −82.5 +9.5 −9.5 18.6 85.4 43.0 118.3 125.5
50.1 +30.6 42.3 71.9 40.3 97.3 96.4 122.0 156.2 95.0 −68.0 34.8 +14.4 44.3 116.0 73.0 149.8 159.8
64.2 47.2 55.7 85.8 53.7 111.3 111.0 137.3 173.5 108.0 −61.2 47.4 26.6 57.0 131.4 87.6 165.6 177.6
79.8 65.3 69.8 100.7 67.8 125.8 126.5 153.0 192.0 122.6 −53.8 61.3 39.7 70.7 147.7 102.7 182.2 195.7
97.2 85.7 85.5 117.1 83.3 142.1 144.0 171.0 212.0 138.2 −45.9 76.4 54.2 86.3 165.7 120.0 200.2 216.6
C6H4Br2 61.0 C4H8Br2 7.5 C4H8Br2 +5.0 C4H8Br2 +1.5 C10H20Br2 95.7 C4H8Br2O 47.7 C4H2Br2O3 50.0 C4H8Br2 −28.8 C4H8Br2 14.0 C5H10Br2 19.8 C3H6Br2 −7.0 C3H6Br2 +9.7 C3H4Br2 −6.0 C3H6Br2O 57.0 C8H19N −5.1 C15H24O 85.8 C15H24O 86.2 C15H24O 103.7 C16H26O 89.1 C16H26O 111.5 C10H18O4 63.2 C14H22O 84.5 C16H22O4 148.2 C8H18S +21.7 C12H22O6 117.8 C32H34ClO4P 204.2
79.3 33.2 30.0 26.6 123.6 75.3 78.0 −3.0 40.0 45.4 +17.3 35.4 +17.9 84.5 +18.4 116.2 117.3 135.2 121.4 142.6 91.2 115.4 182.1 51.8 151.8 234.5
87.7 46.1 41.6 39.3 137.3 88.5 92.0 +10.5 53.0 58.0 29.4 48.0 30.0 98.2 30.6 131.0 132.4 150.0 137.0 157.4 105.3 130.0 198.2 66.4 169.0 249.3
103.6 60.0 56.4 53.2 151.0 103.6 106.7 25.7 67.5 72.0 42.3 62.1 43.2 113.5 43.7 147.0 149.0 167.0 154.0 174.0 120.3 146.0 216.2 80.5 188.0 264.5
C27H33O4P 180.2 C2H2Cl2O2 44.0 C6H4Cl2 20.0 C6H4Cl2 12.1 C6H4Cl2 C4H8Cl2 −23.6 C4H8Cl2 −25.2 C2Cl2F2 −82.0 CCl2F2 −118.5 C12H10Cl2Si 109.6 C6H12Cl2O 29.6 C5H10Cl2O2 53.0 C8H8Cl2OSi −33.8 C8H8Cl2 46.0 C8H8Cl2 47.0 C8H8Cl2 38.5 C2H2Cl2 −58.4 C2H2Cl2 −65.4 C4H8Cl2O 23.5 CHCl2F −91.3 C6H18Cl2 26.0 O2Si3 C7H8Cl2Si 35.7 C4H8Cl2 −31.0 C4H8Cl2 −25.8 C4H8Cl2 −3.0 53.0 C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O 59.5
209.3 69.8 46.0 39.0 −0.3 −3.0 −65.6 −104.6 142.4 55.2 80.4 −12.1 75.0 77.2 68.0 −39.2 −47.2 49.3 −75.5 52.0
221.8 82.6 59.1 52.0 54.8 +11.5 +8.5 −57.3 −97.8 158.0 68.2 94.0 −1.3 90.0 92.3 83.2 −29.9 −38.0 62.0 −67.5 65.1
63.5 −8.4 −4.2 +20.6 80.0 87.6
77.4 +2.6 +6.7 32.0 92.8 101.0
60
Melting point, °C
100
200
400
760
108.0 98.4 95.5 127.8 93.5 152.0 154.3 181.5 224.5 148.0 −41.0 86.3 63.7 96.0 177.0 130.6 212.2 229.4
123.2 114.6 108.6 142.0 106.5 165.8 169.5 197.5 241.3 160.6 −34.0 99.7 75.8 109.6 192.2 145.3 227.3 246.6
145.4 136.2 128.4 163.2 126.7 186.2 191.0 219.5 265.2 180.8 −20.9 119.4 94.8 129.0 215.0 166.4 249.8 272.3
169.9 160.1 150.6 186.7 149.2 208.8 215.5 244.5 293.0 202.0 −6.1 142.0 116.1 150.3 240.0 191.0 274.3 301.7
194.6 186.7 174.1 211.0 172.0 231.0 240.0 269.0 321.0 223.0 +9.7 165.3 138.6 173.4 265.0 216.0 300.0 330.5
−43.3 −30.7 −29.7 +3.5
120.8 76.0 72.0 68.0 167.4 119.8 123.5 42.3 83.5 87.4 57.2 77.8 57.8 129.8 57.8 164.1 167.4 185.3 172.1 192.3 137.5 164.3 235.8 96.0 208.5 280.5
131.6 86.0 82.0 78.0 177.5 130.0 133.8 53.7 93.7 97.4 66.4 87.8 67.0 140.0 67.0 175.2 179.0 196.1 183.9 204.4 147.8 175.8 247.8 105.8 221.6 290.7
146.5 99.8 95.3 91.7 190.2 144.0 147.7 68.8 107.4 110.1 78.7 101.3 79.5 153.0 79.2 190.0 194.0 211.0 198.0 218.0 161.8 190.0 263.7 118.6 239.5 304.9
168.5 120.2 115.7 111.8 209.6 165.0 168.0 92.1 117.8 130.2 97.8 121.7 98.0 173.8 97.6 212.8 217.5 233.0 220.0 241.7 183.5 212.5 287.0 138.0 264.7 323.8
192.5 143.5 138.0 134.2 229.8 188.0 192.0 119.8 150.6 151.8 118.5 144.1 119.5 196.0 118.0 237.6 243.4 257.1 244.0 264.6 205.8 237.0 313.5 159.0 294.0 342.0
218.6 166.3 160.5 157.3 250.4 212.5 215.0 149.0 174.6 175.0 141.6 167.5 141.2 219.0 139.5 262.5 269.3 282.0 268.6 290.0 229.5 260.8 340.0 182.0 324.0 361.0
87.5 −64.5
237.0 96.3 73.4 66.2 69.2 24.5 21.2 −48.3 −90.1 176.0 82.2 109.5 +11.3 105.9 109.6 99.8 −19.4 −28.0 76.0 −58.6 79.0
251.5 111.8 89.4 82.0 84.8 37.7 35.0 −38.2 −81.6 195.5 97.3 125.5 24.4 123.8 127.5 118.0 −7.9 −17.0 91.5 −48.8 94.8
260.3 121.5 99.5 92.2 95.2 47.8 43.9 −31.8 −76.1 207.5 106.9 135.8 32.6 135.0 139.0 129.0 −0.5 −10.0 101.5 −42.6 105.0
272.5 134.0 112.9 105.0 108.4 60.2 56.0 −23.0 −68.6 223.8 119.7 149.6 44.1 149.8 153.3 144.0 +9.5 −0.2 114.5 −33.9 118.2
290.0 152.3 133.4 125.9 128.3 79.7 74.0 −10.0 −57.0 248.0 139.0 170.0 61.0 172.0 176.0 166.2 24.6 +14.3 134.0 −20.9 138.3
309.8 173.7 155.8 149.0 150.2 100.8 94.2 +5.0 −43.9 275.5 159.8 192.0 80.3 197.0 201.7 191.5 41.0 30.8 155.4 −6.2 160.2
330.0 194.4 179.0 173.0 173.9 123.5 116.0 20.9 −29.8 304.0 182.7 215.0 100.6 222.1 226.6 216.3 59.0 47.8 178.5 +8.9 184.0
92.4 14.6 18.7 44.8 107.7 115.5
109.5 28.2 32.0 58.6 123.4 131.6
120.0 37.0 40.2 67.5 133.5 141.8
134.2 48.2 51.7 78.8 146.0 154.6
155.5 65.8 68.9 96.1 165.2 175.5
180.2 85.4 87.8 115.4 187.5 197.7
205.5 106.0 108.0 135.0 210.0 220.0
Temperature, °C
Formula C10H18 C10H18 C10H22 C10H20O C10H20 C10H22O C13H30Si C8H8O4 C14H12O C4H7NO2 C4H2 C6H10Cl2Si C6H10S C10H22O C12H22O4 C10H22S C14H15N C15H14O
40
+7 60 78.5 −34.9 −83
−26 34.5
−34.5
−70.3 −55.5 −34.4 −70
−79.7 73.5
9.7 −17.6 −24.2 53.0 −80.4 −112
−40.8 −76.4 −61.2 −80.5 −50.0 −135 −53.0
45.0
2-70
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-10
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
α,α-Dichlorophenylacetonitrile Dichlorophenylarsine 1,2-Dichloropropane 2,3-Dichlorostyrene 2,4-Dichlorostyrene 2,5-Dichlorostyrene 2,6-Dichlorostyrene 3,4-Dichlorostyrene 3,5-Dichlorostyrene 1,2-Dichlorotetraethylbenzene 1,4-Dichlorotetraethylbenzene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Dichloro-4-tolylsilane 3,4-Dichloro-α,α,α-trifluorotoluene Dicyclopentadiene Diethoxydimethylsilane Diethoxydiphenylsilane Diethyl adipate Diethylamine N-Diethylaniline Diethyl arsanilate 1,2-Diethylbenzene 1,3-Diethylbenzene 1,4-Diethylbenzene Diethyl carbonate cis-Diethyl citraconate Diethyl dioxosuccinate Diethylene glycol Diethyleneglycol-bis-chloroacetate Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Di(2-methoxyethyl) ether glycol ethyl ether Diethyl ether ethylmalonate fumarate glutarate Diethylhexadecylamine Diethyl itaconate ketone (3-pentanone) malate maleate malonate mesaconate oxalate phthalate sebacate 2,5-Diethylstyrene Diethyl succinate isosuccinate sulfate sulfide sulfite d-Diethyl tartrate dl-Diethyl tartrate 3,5-Diethyltoluene Diethylzinc 1-Dihydrocarvone Dihydrocitronellol 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone Dimethylacetylene (2-butyne) Dimethylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline Dimethyl arsanilate Di(α-methylbenzyl) ether 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane Dimethyl citraconate 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane
1
5
10
20
56.0 61.8 −38.5 61.0 53.5 55.5 47.8 57.2 53.5 105.6 91.7 −95.4 46.2 11.0 −19.1 111.5 74.0
84.0 100.0 −17.0 90.1 82.2 83.9 75.7 86.0 82.2 138.7 126.1 −80.0 71.7 38.3 34.1 +2.4 142.8 106.6
49.7
78.0
98.1 116.0 −6.1 104.6 97.4 98.2 90.0 100.4 97.4 155.0 143.8 −72.3 84.2 52.2 47.6 13.3 157.6 123.0 −33.0 91.9
113.8 133.1 +6.0 120.5 111.8 114.0 105.5 116.2 111.8 172.5 162.0 −63.5 97.8 67.3 62.0 25.3 174.3 138.3 −22.6 107.2
130.0 151.0 19.4 137.8 129.2 131.0 122.4 133.7 129.2 192.2 183.2 −53.7 113.2 84.0 77.9 38.0 193.2 154.6 −11.3 123.6
38.0 22.3 20.7 20.7 −10.1 59.8 70.0 91.8 148.3
62.6 48.7 46.8 47.1 +12.3 88.3 98.0 120.0 180.0
74.8 62.0 59.9 60.3 23.8 103.0 112.0 133.8 195.8
88.0 76.4 74.5 74.7 36.0 118.2 126.8 148.0 212.0
C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C4H10O C9H16O4 C8H12O4 C9H16O4 C20H43N C9H14O4 C5H10O C8H14O5 C8H12O4 C7H12O4 C9H14O4 C6H10O4 C12H14O4 C14H26O4 C12H16 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10O3S C8H14O6 C8H14O6 C11H16 C4H10Zn C10H16O C10H22O C14H8O4 C4H6 C2H7N C8H11N C8H12AsNO3 C16H18O C6H14 C6H14 C7H10O4 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16
13.0 45.3 −74.3 50.8 53.2 65.6 139.8 51.3 −12.7 80.7 57.3 40.0 62.8 47.4 108.8 125.3 49.7 54.6 39.8 47.0 −39.6 10.0 102.0 100.0 34.0 −22.4 46.6 68.0 196.7 −73.0 −87.7 29.5 15.0 96.7 −69.3 −63.6 50.8 −24.4 −15.9 −21.1 −19.4 −22.7 −20.0 −24.3
37.6 72.0 −56.9 77.8 81.2 94.7 175.8 80.2 +7.5 110.4 85.6 67.5 91.0 71.8 140.7 156.2 78.4 83.0 66.7 74.0 −18.6 34.2 133.0 131.7 61.5 0.0 75.5 91.7 239.8 −57.9 −72.2 56.3 39.6 128.3 −50.7 −44.5 78.2 −1.4 +7.3 +1.7 +3.4 0.0 +3.2 −1.7
50.0 85.8 −48.1 91.6 95.3 109.7 194.0 95.2 17.2 125.3 100.0 81.3 105.3 83.8 156.0 172.1 92.6 96.6 80.0 87.7 −8.0 46.4 148.0 147.2 75.3 +11.7 90.0 103.0 259.8 −50.5 −64.6 70.0 51.8 144.0 −41.5 −34.9 91.8 +10.3 18.4 13.0 14.9 +11.2 14.5 +10.1
63.0 100.3 −38.5 106.0 110.2 125.4 213.5 111.0 27.9 141.2 115.3 95.9 120.3 96.8 173.6 189.8 108.5 111.7 94.7 102.1 +3.5 59.7 164.2 163.8 90.2 24.2 106.0 115.0 282.0 −42.5 −56.0 84.8 65.0 160.3 −31.1 −24.1 106.5 23.0 31.1 25.6 27.4 23.6 27.1 22.6
60
100
200
400
760
141.0 163.2 28.0 149.0 140.0 142.0 133.3 144.6 140.0 204.8 195.8 −47.5 122.6 95.0 88.0 46.3 205.0 165.8 −4.0 133.8
154.5 178.9 39.4 163.5 153.8 155.8 147.6 158.2 153.8 220.7 212.0 −39.1 135.5 109.2 101.7 57.6 220.0 179.0 +6.0 147.3
176.2 202.8 57.0 185.7 176.0 178.0 169.0 181.5 176.0 245.6 238.5 −26.3 153.5 129.0 121.8 74.2 243.8 198.2 21.0 168.2
199.5 228.8 76.0 210.0 200.0 202.5 193.5 205.7 200.0 272.8 265.8 −12.0 175.2 150.5 144.2 93.2 259.7 219.1 38.0 192.4
223.5 256.5 96.8 235.0 225.0 227.0 217.0 230.0 225.0 302.0 296.5 +3.5 196.3 172.8 166.6 113.5 296.0 240.0 55.5 215.5
102.6 92.5 90.4 91.1 49.5 135.7 143.8 164.3 229.0
111.8 102.6 100.7 101.3 57.9 146.2 153.7 174.0 239.5
123.8 116.2 114.4 115.3 69.7 160.0 167.7 187.5 252.0
141.9 136.7 134.8 136.1 86.5 182.3 188.0 207.0 271.5
161.0 159.0 156.9 159.0 105.8 206.5 210.8 226.5 291.8
181.0 183.5 181.1 183.8 125.8 230.3 233.5 244.8 313.0
77.5 116.7 27.7 122.4 126.7 142.8 235.0 128.2 39.4 157.8 131.8 113.3 137.3 110.6 192.1 207.5 125.8 127.8 111.0 118.0 16.1 74.2 182.3 181.7 107.0 38.0 123.7 127.6 307.4 −33.9 −46.7 101.6 79.7 179.6 −19.5 −12.4 122.6 37.3 45.3 39.7 41.4 37.5 41.1 36.5
86.8 126.8 −21.8 132.4 137.7 153.2 248.5 139.9 46.7 169.0 142.4 123.0 147.9 119.7 204.1 218.4 136.8 138.2 121.4 128.6 24.2 83.8 194.0 193.2 117.7 47.2 134.7 136.7 323.3 −27.8 −40.7 111.9 88.6 191.5 −12.1 −4.9 132.7 45.7 54.4 48.7 50.4 46.4 50.1 45.4
99.5 140.3 −11.5 146.0 151.1 167.8 265.5 154.3 56.2 183.9 156.0 136.2 161.6 130.8 219.5 234.4 151.0 151.1 134.8 142.5 35.0 96.3 208.5 208.0 131.7 59.1 149.7 145.9 344.5 −18.8 −32.6 125.8 101.0 206.8 −2.0 +5.4 145.8 57.9 66.8 61.0 62.5 58.5 62.3 57.6
118.0 159.0 +2.2 166.0 172.2 189.5 292.8 177.5 70.6 205.3 177.8 155.5 183.2 147.9 243.0 255.8 173.2 171.7 155.1 162.5 51.3 115.8 230.4 230.0 152.4 77.0 171.8 160.2 377.8 −5.0 −20.4 146.5 119.8 229.7 +13.4 21.1 165.8 76.2 85.6 79.6 81.0 76.9 80.8 76.0
138.5 180.3 17.9 188.7 195.8 212.8 324.6 203.1 86.3 229.5 201.7 176.8 205.8 166.2 267.5 280.3 198.0 193.8 177.7 185.5 69.7 137.0 254.8 254.3 176.5 97.3 197.0 176.8 413.0 +10.6 −7.1 169.2 140.3 254.8 31.0 39.0 188.0 97.2 107.0 100.9 102.1 97.8 101.9 97.0
159.8 201.9 34.6 211.5 218.5 237.0 355.0 227.9 102.7 253.4 225.0 198.9 229.0 185.7 294.0 305.5 223.0 216.5 201.3 209.5 88.0 159.0 280.0 280.0 200.7 118.0 223.0 193.5 450.0 27.2 +7.4 193.1 160.5 281.0 49.7 58.0 210.5 119.5 129.7 123.4 124.4 120.1 124.3 119.3
Temperature, °C
Formula C8H5Cl2N C6H5AsCl2 C3H6Cl2 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl2 C14H20Cl2 C14H20Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C7H8Cl2Si C7H3Cl2F3 C10H8 C6H16O2Si C16H20O2Si C10H18O4 C4H11N C10H15N C10H16As NO3 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C5H10O3 C9H14O4 C8H10O6 C4H10O3 C8H12Cl2O5
40
Melting point, °C
−94 −12.1 32.9 −21 −38.9 −34.4 −31.4 −83.9 −43.2 −43
−116.3 +0.6
−42 −49.8 −40.6 1.3 −20.8 −25.0 −99.5 17 −28 194 −32.5 −96 +2.5 −99.8 −128.2 −34 −50.0 −88.0 −92.0 −76.2 −87.4 −36.9
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10
2-71
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
Dimethyl ether 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane Dimethyl itaconate 1-Dimethyl malate Dimethyl maleate malonate trans-Dimethyl mesaconate 2,7-Dimethyloctane Dimethyl oxalate 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylphenol (2,3-xylenol) 2,4-Dimethylphenol (2,4-xylenol) 2,5-Dimethylphenol (2,5-xylenol) 3,4-Dimethylphenol (3,4-xylenol) 3,5-Dimethylphenol (3,5-xylenol) Dimethylphenylsilane Dimethyl phthalate 3,5-Dimethyl-1,2-pyrone 4,6-Dimethylresorcinol Dimethyl sebacate 2,4-Dimethylstyrene 2,5-Dimethylstyrene α,α-Dimethylsuccinic anhydride Dimethyl sulfide d-Dimethyl tartrate dl-Dimethyl tartrate N,N-Dimethyl-2-toluidine N,N-Dimethyl-4-toluidine Di(nitrosomethyl) amine Diosphenol 1,4-Dioxane Dipentene Diphenylamine Diphenyl carbinol (benzhydrol) chlorophosphate disulfide 1,2-Diphenylethane (dibenzyl) Diphenyl ether 1,1-Diphenylethylene trans-Diphenylethylene 1,1-Diphenylhydrazine Diphenylmethane Diphenyl sulfide Diphenyl-2-tolyl thiophosphate 1,2-Dipropoxyethane 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene Dipropylene glycol Dipropyleneglycol monobutyl ether isopropyl ether Di-n-propyl ether Diisopropyl ether Di-n-propyl ketone (4-heptanone) Di-n-propyl oxalate Diisopropyl oxalate Di-n-propyl succinate Di-n-propyl d-tartrate Diisopropyl d-tartrate Divinyl acetylene (1,5-hexadiene-3-yne) 1,3-Divinylbenzene Docosane n-Dodecane 1-Dodecene n-Dodecyl alcohol Dodecylamine Dodecyltrimethylsilane Elaidic acid
1
5
10
20
−115.7 −29.7 −23.0 −26.9 −26.7 −25.8 −22.1 69.3 75.4 45.7 35.0 46.8 +6.3 20.0 −49.0 −42.0 −48.0 −45.9 56.0 51.8 51.8 66.2 62.0 +5.3 100.3 78.6 49.0 104.0 34.2 29.0 61.4 −75.6 102.1 100.4 28.8 50.1 +3.2 66.7 −35.8 14.0 108.3 110.0 121.5 131.6 86.8 66.1 87.4 113.2 126.0 76.0 96.1 159.7 −38.8 40.0 34.7 73.8 64.7 46.0 −43.3 −57.0 23.0 53.4 43.2 77.5 115.6 103.7 −45.1 32.7 157.8 47.8 47.2 91.0 82.8 91.2 171.3
−101.1 −7.9 −1.1 −5.3 −5.5 −4.4 +0.2 94.0 104.0 73.0 59.8 74.0 30.5 44.0 −28.7 −20.8 −27.4 −25.0 83.8 78.0 78.0 93.8 89.2 30.3 131.8 107.6 76.8 139.8 61.9 55.9 88.1 −58.0 133.2 131.8 54.1 74.3 27.8 95.4 −12.8 40.4 141.7 145.0 160.5 164.0 119.8 97.8 119.6 145.8 159.3 107.4 129.0 179.8 −10.3 67.8 62.3 102.1 92.0 72.8 −22.3 −37.4 44.4 80.2 69.0 107.6 147.7 133.7 −24.4 60.0 195.4 75.8 74.0 120.2 111.8 122.1 206.7
−93.3 +3.1 +9.9 +5.2 +5.3 +6.1 11.3 106.6 118.3 86.4 72.0 87.8 42.3 56.0 −18.7 −10.3 −17.1 −14.4 97.6 91.3 91.3 107.7 102.4 42.6 147.6 122.0 90.7 156.2 75.8 69.0 102.0 −49.2 148.2 147.5 66.2 86.7 40.0 109.0 −1.2 53.8 157.0 162.0 182.0 180.0 136.0 114.0 135.0 161.0 176.1 122.8 145.0 201.6 +5.0 81.8 76.0 116.2 106.0 86.2 −11.8 −27.4 55.0 93.9 81.9 122.2 163.5 148.2 −14.0 73.8 213.0 90.0 87.8 134.7 127.8 137.7 223.5
−85.2 15.0 22.1 17.2 17.2 18.2 23.5 119.7 133.8 101.3 85.0 102.1 55.8 69.4 −7.5 +1.1 −5.9 −2.9 112.0 105.0 105.0 122.0 117.0 56.2 164.0 136.4 105.8 175.8 90.8 84.0 116.3 −39.4 164.3 164.0 80.2 100.0 53.7 124.0 +12.0 68.2 175.2 180.9 203.8 197.0 153.7 130.8 151.8 179.8 194.0 139.8 162.0 215.5 22.3 96.8 91.2 131.3 120.4 100.8 0.0 −16.7 66.2 108.6 95.6 138.0 180.4 164.0 −2.8 88.7 233.5 104.6 102.4 150.0 141.6 153.8 242.3
60
100
200
400
760
−62.7 48.2 56.0 50.6 50.5 52.5 57.7 153.7 175.1 140.4 121.9 141.5 93.9 104.8 23.9 33.3 25.4 29.3 152.2 143.0 143.0 161.0 156.0 94.2 210.0 177.5 147.3 222.6 132.3 124.7 155.3 −12.0 208.8 209.5 118.1 140.3 90.3 165.6 45.1 108.3 222.8 227.5 265.0 241.3 202.8 178.8 198.6 227.4 242.5 186.3 211.8 252.5 74.2 138.7 132.3 169.9 159.8 140.3 33.0 13.7 96.0 148.1 132.6 180.3 227.0 207.3 29.5 130.0 286.0 146.2 142.3 192.0 182.1 199.5 288.0
−50.9 65.7 73.8 68.1 68.0 70.0 75.6 171.0 196.3 160.0 140.0 161.0 114.0 123.3 40.3 50.1 41.8 46.2 173.0 161.5 161.5 181.5 176.2 114.2 232.7 198.0 167.8 245.0 153.2 145.6 175.8 +2.6 230.5 232.3 138.3 161.6 110.0 186.2 62.3 128.2 247.5 250.0 299.5 262.6 227.8 203.3 222.8 251.7 267.2 210.7 236.8 270.3 103.8 159.8 153.7 189.9 180.0 160.0 50.3 30.0 111.2 168.0 151.2 202.5 250.1 228.2 46.0 151.4 314.2 167.2 162.2 213.0 203.0 222.0 312.4
−37.8 85.6 94.1 88.2 87.9 90.4 96.0 189.8 219.5 182.2 159.8 183.5 136.0 143.3 59.2 69.4 60.6 65.5 196.0 184.2 184.2 203.6 197.8 136.4 257.8 221.0 192.0 269.6 177.5 168.7 197.5 18.7 255.0 257.4 161.5 185.4 131.3 209.5 81.8 150.5 274.1 275.6 337.2 285.8 255.0 230.7 249.8 278.3 294.0 237.5 263.9 290.0 140.0 184.3 177.6 210.5 203.8 183.1 69.5 48.2 127.3 190.3 171.8 226.5 275.6 251.8 64.4 175.2 343.5 191.0 185.5 235.7 225.0 248.0 337.0
−23.7 106.8 115.6 109.4 109.1 112.0 117.7 208.0 242.6 205.0 180.7 206.0 159.7 163.3 79.2 89.8 80.5 86.1 218.0 211.5 211.5 225.2 219.5 159.3 283.7 245.0 215.0 293.5 202.0 193.0 219.5 36.0 280.0 282.0 184.8 209.5 153.0 232.0 101.1 174.6 302.0 301.0 378.0 310.0 284.0 258.5 277.0 306.5 322.2 264.5 292.5 310.0 180.0 209.0 202.0 231.8 227.0 205.6 89.5 67.5 143.7 213.5 193.5 250.8 303.0 275.0 84.0 199.5 376.0 216.2 208.0 259.0 248.0 273.0 362.0
Temperature, °C
Formula C2H6O C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C7H10O4 C6H10O5 C6H8O4 C5H8O4 C7H10O4 C10H22 C4H6O4 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H12Si C10H10O4 C7H8O2 C8H10O2 C12H22O4 C10H12 C10H12 C6H8O3 C2H6S C6H10O6 C6H10O6 C9H13N C9H13N C2H5N3O2 C10H16O2 C4H8O2 C10H16 C12H11N C13H12O C12H10ClPO3 C12H10S2 C14H14 C12H10O C14H12 C14H12 C12H12N2 C13H12 C12H10S C18H17O3PS C8H18O2 C12H18 C12H18 C6H14O3 C10H22O3 C9H20O3 C6H14O C6H14O C7H14O C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C10H18O4 C10H18O6 C10H18O6 C6H6 C10H10 C22H46 C12H26 C12H24 C12H26O C12H27N C15H34Si C18H34O2
40 −76.2 28.2 35.6 30.5 30.4 31.7 37.1 133.7 150.1 117.2 100.0 118.0 71.2 83.6 +5.0 13.9 +6.5 +9.9 129.2 121.5 121.5 138.0 133.3 71.4 182.8 152.7 122.5 196.0 107.7 100.2 132.3 −28.4 182.4 182.4 95.0 116.3 68.2 141.2 25.2 84.3 194.3 200.0 227.9 214.8 173.7 150.0 170.8 199.0 213.5 157.8 182.8 230.6 42.3 114.0 107.9 147.4 136.3 117.0 +13.2 −4.5 78.1 124.6 110.5 154.8 199.7 181.8 +10.0 105.5 254.5 121.7 118.6 167.2 157.4 172.1 260.8
−70.4 36.7 44.2 39.0 38.9 40.4 45.8 142.6 160.4 127.1 109.7 127.8 80.8 92.8 13.0 22.1 14.5 18.1 139.5 131.0 131.0 148.0 143.5 81.3 194.0 163.8 133.2 208.0 118.0 110.7 142.4 −21.4 193.8 193.8 105.2 126.4 77.7 151.3 33.8 94.6 206.9 212.0 244.2 226.2 186.0 162.0 183.4 211.5 225.9 170.2 194.8 240.4 55.8 124.3 118.2 156.5 146.3 126.8 21.6 +3.4 85.8 134.8 120.0 166.0 211.7 192.6 18.1 116.0 268.3 132.1 128.5 177.8 168.0 184.2 273.0
Melting point, °C −138.5
−90.7 38 −62 −52.8 −123.7 −135 −119.5 −135.0 75 25.5 74.5 62.5 68 51.5 38
−83.2 61.5 89 −61
10 52.9 68.5 61 51.5 27 124 44 26.5
−105
−122 −60 −32.6
−66.9 44.5 −9.6 −31.5 24 51.5
2-72
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-10
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound
1
5
10
20
−16.5 −69.0 206.7 52.6 −159.5 36.3 −50.9 167.0 −43.4 28.5 −92.5 −29.5 47.0 −29.0 −31.3 −82.3 52.0 38.5 29.7 33.7 33.5 −9.8 44.0 107.6 −74.3 10.6 −18.4 −24.3 118.2 11.0 107.8 133.2 −89.8 +1.0 −5.1 +6.6 87.6 28.3 31.5 67.8 −14.5 −32.2 9.6 76.0 98.3 −168.3 112.0 −4.0 −11.0 −27.0 −44.5 53.0 −33.5
+5.6 −50.0 239.7 80.0 −148.5 63.1 −31.0 198.2 −23.5 54.0 −76.7 −8.7 70.7 −6.4 −12.0 −66.4 80.0 66.4 55.9 60.3 60.2 +13.9 72.0 136.4 −56.4 35.8 +4.0 −2.4 149.8 35.8 65.8 131.8 168.2 −73.9 25.4 +18.0 30.2 108.5 55.5 58.4 93.5 +9.2 −10.8 34.0 106.3 130.2 −158.3 142.4 +19.0 +10.5 +4.7 −24.0 79.7 −10.2
16.6 −40.3 254.5 93.7 −142.9 76.2 −20.7 213.5 −13.5 67.3 −68.7 +2.0 82.0 +5.0 −2.3 −58.3 93.8 80.6 69.0 73.9 73.9 25.9 86.0 150.3 −47.5 48.0 15.3 +8.4 165.0 48.0 77.8 143.7 186.0 −65.8 37.5 29.9 41.9 134.0 68.8 72.0 106.0 20.6 −0.1 46.3 121.7 146.0 −153.2 158.0 30.3 21.5 18.6 −13.6 92.1 +1.6
29.0 −29.5 270.6 108.4 −136.7 91.0 −9.8 230.0 −3.0 81.1 −59.9 13.0 94.4 17.7 +8.0 −48.6 109.0 96.0 83.1 88.5 88.5 38.6 101.4 166.8 −37.8 61.8 27.8 20.6 181.8 61.7 91.0 155.5 205.5 −56.8 50.4 42.0 54.3 150.3 83.6 86.7 119.8 33.4 +11.7 59.5 137.7 162.8 −147.6 173.5 42.5 33.0 32.7 −2.4 105.8 14.7
42.0 −17.3 289.1 124.6 −129.8 107.2 +3.7 247.0 +9.1 96.2 −50.0 26.0 108.1 31.8 19.0 −39.8 125.7 113.2 98.8 104.8 104.7 52.8 118.2 181.8 −26.7 77.0 41.5 33.8 199.8 76.3 105.6 168.8 226.5 −47.0 65.2 56.0 68.2 169.2 99.9 103.3 133.8 47.6 25.0 74.0 154.4 182.0 −141.3 191.0 56.0 45.8 48.0 +10.0 120.0 29.7
C4H10O2
−48.0
−26.2
−15.3
−3.0
+10.7
19.7
31.8
50.0
70.8
93.0
C3H8O2
−13.5
+10.2
22.0
34.3
47.8
56.4
68.0
85.3
104.3
124.4
−89.7 40.5 −117.0 −60.5 37.6 14.3 −20.0 50.0 −60.7 −112.5 −54.4 27.8 47.3 −76.7 26.5 −91.0
−73.8 67.3 −103.8 −42.2 63.8 38.8 +2.1 77.7 −41.9 −98.4 −34.3 57.3 74.0 −59.1 51.0 −75.6
−65.7 80.2 −97.7 −33.0 77.1 50.5 12.8 91.8 −32.3 −91.7 −24.3 72.1 87.3 −50.2 63.2 −67.8
−56.6 94.6 −90.0 −22.7 91.5 63.9 25.0 106.3 −21.9 −84.1 −13.1 88.0 101.8 −40.7 76.1 −59.1
−46.9 110.3 −81.8 −11.5 107.5 78.1 38.5 123.7 −10.2 −75.8 −0.9 106.0 117.7 −29.8 91.0 −49.4
−40.7 120.6 −76.4 −4.3 117.5 87.6 47.1 134.0 −2.9 −70.4 +7.2 117.8 127.6 −22.4 100.0 −43.3
−32.1 133.8 −69.3 −5.4 130.4 99.8 58.9 147.9 +7.2 −63.2 18.0 131.8 141.3 −13.0 112.0 −34.8
−19.5 153.2 −58.0 20.0 150.1 117.8 76.7 168.2 22.4 −52.0 34.1 149.8 160.2 +1.5 130.0 −22.0
−4.9 175.6 −45.5 37.1 172.5 138.0 97.0 192.2 39.8 −39.5 52.3 167.3 183.0 17.7 149.8 −7.8
+10.7 198.0 −32.0 54.3 195.0 158.2 118.5 216.0 57.4 −26.5 72.4 184.0 206.2 35.0 170.0 +7.5
Name
Formula
Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxy-2-methylpropane Erucic acid Estragole (p-methoxy allyl benzene) Ethane Ethoxydimethylphenylsilane Ethoxytrimethylsilane Ethoxytriphenylsilane Ethyl acetate acetoacetate Ethylacetylene (1-butyne) Ethyl acrylate α-Ethylacrylic acid α-Ethylacrylonitrile Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) Ethylamine 4-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline 2-Ethylanisole 3-Ethylanisole 4-Ethylanisole Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate benzoylacetate bromide α-bromoisobutyrate n-butyrate isobutyrate Ethylcamphoronic anhydride Ethyl isocaproate carbamate carbanilate Ethylcetylamine Ethyl chloride chloroacetate chloroglyoxylate α-chloropropionate trans-cinnamate 3-Ethylcumene 4-Ethylcumene Ethyl cyanoacetate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethyl dichloroacetate N,N-diethyloxamate N-Ethyldiphenylamine Ethylene Ethylene-bis-(chloroacetate) Ethylene chlorohydrin (2-chloroethanol) diamine (1,2-ethanediamine) dibromide (1,2-dibromethane) dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane) glycol (1,2-ethanediol) glycol diethyl ether (1,2-diethoxyethane) glycol dimethyl ether (1,2-dimethoxyethane) glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxyethanol) oxide Ethyl α-ethylacetoacetate fluoride formate 2-furoate glycolate 3-Ethylhexane 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Ethylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethane) fluoride (1,1-difluoroethane) Ethyl iodide Ethyl l-leucinate Ethyl levulinate Ethyl mercaptan (ethanethiol) Ethyl methylcarbamate Ethyl methyl ether
C3H5ClO C4H8O C22H42O2 C10H12O C2H6 C10H16OSi C5H14OSi C20H20OSi C4H8O2 C6H10O3 C4H6 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H7N C2H6O C2H7N C8H11N C8H11N C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C8H10 C9H10O2 C11H12O3 C2H5Br C6H11BrO2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C11H16O5 C8H16O2 C3H7NO2 C9H11NO2 C18H39N C2H5Cl C4H7ClO2 C4H5ClO3 C5H9ClO2 C11H12O2 C11H16 C11H16 C5H7NO2 C8H16 C7H14 C4H6Cl2O2 C8H15NO3 C14H15N C2H4 C6H8Cl2O4 C2H5ClO C2H8N2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H6O2 C6H14O2
C2H4O C8H14O3 C2H5F C3H6O2 C7H8O3 C4H8O3 C8H18 C11H20O2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H5I C8H17NO2 C7H12O3 C2H6S C4H9NO2 C3H8O
40
60
100
200
400
760
Temperature, °C 50.6 −9.7 300.2 135.2 −125.4 127.5 11.5 258.3 16.6 106.0 −43.4 33.5 116.7 40.6 26.0 −33.4 136.0 123.6 109.0 115.5 115.4 61.8 129.0 191.9 −19.5 86.7 50.1 42.3 211.5 85.8 114.8 177.3 239.8 −40.6 74.0 65.2 77.3 181.2 110.2 113.8 142.1 56.7 33.4 83.6 166.0 193.7 −137.3 201.8 64.1 53.8 57.9 18.1 129.5 39.0
62.0 +1.2 314.4 148.5 −119.3 131.4 22.1 273.5 27.0 118.5 −34.9 44.5 127.5 53.0 34.9 −25.1 149.8 137.3 122.3 129.2 128.4 74.1 143.2 205.0 −10.0 99.8 62.0 53.5 226.6 98.4 126.2 187.9 256.8 −32.0 86.0 76.6 89.3 196.0 124.3 127.2 152.8 69.0 45.0 96.1 180.3 209.8 −131.8 215.0 75.0 62.5 70.4 29.4 141.8 51.8
79.3 98.0 117.9 17.5 36.0 55.5 336.5 358.8 381.5 168.7 192.0 215.0 −110.2 −99.7 −88.6 151.5 175.0 199.5 38.1 56.3 75.7 295.0 319.5 344.0 42.0 59.3 77.1 138.0 158.2 180.8 −21.6 −6.9 +8.7 61.5 80.0 99.5 144.0 160.7 179.2 71.6 92.2 114.0 48.4 63.5 78.4 −12.3 +2.0 16.6 170.6 194.2 217.4 156.9 180.8 204.0 142.1 164.2 187.1 149.7 172.8 196.5 149.2 172.3 196.5 92.7 113.8 136.2 164.8 188.4 213.4 223.8 244.7 265.0 +4.5 21.0 38.4 119.7 141.2 163.6 79.8 100.0 121.0 71.0 90.0 110.0 248.5 272.8 298.0 117.8 139.2 160.4 144.2 164.0 184.0 203.8 220.0 237.0 283.3 313.0 342.0 −18.6 −3.9 +12.3 103.8 123.8 144.2 94.5 114.7 135.0 107.2 126.2 146.5 219.3 245.0 271.0 145.4 168.2 193.0 148.3 171.8 195.8 169.8 187.8 206.0 87.8 109.1 131.8 62.4 82.3 103.4 115.2 135.9 156.5 202.8 226.5 252.0 233.0 258.8 286.0 −123.4 −113.9 −103.7 237.3 259.5 283.5 91.8 110.0 128.8 81.0 99.0 117.2 89.8 110.1 131.5 45.7 64.0 82.4 158.5 178.5 197.3 71.8 94.1 119.5
Melting point, °C −25.6 33.5 −183.2
−82.4 −45 −130 −71.2 −112 −80.6 −4 −63.5
−94.9 −34.6 −117.8 −93.3 −88.2 49 52.5 −139 −26 12
−111.3 −138.6
−169 −69 8.5 10 −35.3 −15.6
−111.3 −79 34
−96.7 −117 −105 −121
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10
2-73
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
1-Ethylnaphthalene Ethyl α-naphthyl ketone (1-propionaphthone) Ethyl 3-nitrobenzoate 3-Ethylpentane 4-Ethylphenetole 2-Ethylphenol 3-Ethylphenol 4-Ethylphenol Ethyl phenyl ether (phenetole) Ethyl propionate Ethyl propyl ether Ethyl salicylate 3-Ethylstyrene 4-Ethylstyrene Ethylisothiocyanate 2-Ethyltoluene 3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene Ethyl trichloroacetate Ethyltrimethylsilane Ethyltrimethyltin Ethyl isovalerate 2-Ethyl-1,4-xylene 4-Ethyl-1,3-xylene 5-Ethyl-1,3-xylene Eugenol iso-Eugenol Eugenyl acetate Fencholic acid d-Fenchone dl-Fenchyl alcohol Fluorene Fluorobenzene 2-Fluorotoluene 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid trans-Fumaryl chloride Furfural (2-furaldehyde) Furfuryl alcohol Geraniol Geranyl acetate Geranyl n-butyrate Geranyl isobutyrate Geranyl formate Glutaric acid Glutaric anhydride Glutaronitrile Glutaryl chloride Glycerol Glycerol dichlorohydrin (1,3-dichloro-2-propanol) Glycol diacetate Glycolide (1,4-dioxane-2,6-dione) Guaicol (2-methoxyphenol) Heneicosane Heptacosane Heptadecane Heptaldehyde (enanthaldehyde) n-Heptane Heptanoic acid (enanthic acid) 1-Heptanol Heptanoyl chloride (enanthyl chloride) 2-Heptene Heptylbenzene Heptyl cyanide (enanthonitrile) Hexachlorobenzene Hexachloroethane Hexacosane Hexadecane 1-Hexadecene n-Hexadecyl alcohol (cetyl alcohol)
1
100
200
400
760
Melting point, °C
164.1
180.0
204.6
230.8
258.1
−27
206.9 192.6 17.5 119.8 117.9 130.0 131.3 86.6 27.2 −12.0 136.7 99.2 97.3 50.8 76.4 73.3 73.6 85.5 −9.0 30.0 55.2 96.0 97.2 92.6 155.8 167.0 183.0 171.8 99.5 110.8 185.2 +11.5 34.7 37.0 37.8 −70.6 137.5 24.0 79.5 82.1 95.7 141.8 150.0 170.1 164.0 136.2 226.3 185.5 176.4 128.3 198.0 93.0
218.2 205.0 25.7 129.8 127.9 139.8 141.7 95.4 35.1 −4.0 147.6 109.6 107.6 59.8 86.0 82.9 83.2 94.4 −1.2 38.4 64.0 106.2 107.4 103.0 167.3 178.2 194.0 181.5 109.8 120.2 197.8 19.6 43.7 45.8 46.5 −65.0 147.0 32.4 89.0 91.5 104.0 151.5 160.3 180.2 174.0 147.2 235.5 196.2 189.5 139.1 208.0 102.0
233.5 220.3 36.9 143.5 141.8 152.0 154.2 108.4 45.2 +6.8 161.5 123.2 121.5 71.9 99.0 95.9 96.3 107.4 +9.2 50.0 75.9 120.0 121.2 116.5 182.2 194.0 209.7 194.0 123.6 132.3 214.7 30.4 55.3 57.5 58.1 −57.3 157.5 43.8 101.0 103.4 115.9 165.3 175.2 193.8 187.7 160.7 247.0 212.5 205.5 151.8 220.1 114.8
255.5 244.6 53.8 163.2 161.6 171.8 175.0 127.9 61.7 23.3 183.7 144.0 142.0 90.0 119.0 115.5 116.1 125.8 25.0 67.3 93.8 140.2 141.8 137.4 204.7 217.2 232.5 215.0 144.0 150.0 240.3 47.2 73.0 75.4 76.0 −46.0 175.5 61.4 120.0 121.8 133.1 185.6 196.3 214.0 207.6 182.6 265.0 236.5 230.0 172.4 240.0 133.3
280.2 270.6 73.0 185.7 184.5 193.3 197.4 149.8 79.8 41.6 207.0 167.2 165.0 110.1 141.4 137.8 136.4 146.0 42.8 87.6 114.0 163.1 164.4 159.6 228.3 242.3 257.4 237.8 166.8 173.2 268.6 65.7 92.8 95.4 96.1 −33.0 193.5 80.3 140.0 141.8 151.8 207.8 219.8 235.0 228.5 205.8 283.5 261.0 257.3 195.3 263.0 153.5
306.0 298.0 93.5 208.0 207.5 214.0 219.0 172.0 99.1 61.7 231.5 191.5 189.0 131.0 165.1 161.3 162.0 167.0 62.0 108.8 134.3 186.9 188.4 183.7 253.5 267.5 282.0 264.1 191.0 201.0 295.0 84.7 114.0 116.0 117.0 −19.5 210.5 100.6 160.0 161.8 170.0 230.0 243.3 257.4 251.0 230.0 303.0 287.0 286.2 217.0 290.0 174.3
106.1 148.6 121.6 243.4 305.7 195.8 66.3 22.3 139.5 99.8 86.4 21.5 144.0 92.6 206.0 102.3 295.2 181.3 178.8 219.8
115.8 158.2 131.0 255.3 318.3 207.3 74.0 30.6 148.5 108.0 93.5 30.0 154.8 103.0 219.0 112.0 307.8 193.2 190.8 234.3
128.0 173.2 144.0 272.0 333.5 223.0 84.0 41.8 160.0 119.5 102.7 41.3 170.2 116.8 235.5 124.2 323.2 208.5 205.3 251.7
147.8 194.0 162.7 296.5 359.4 247.8 102.0 58.7 179.5 136.6 116.3 58.6 193.3 137.7 258.5 143.1 348.4 231.7 226.8 280.2
168.3 217.0 184.1 323.8 385.0 274.5 125.5 78.0 199.6 155.6 130.7 78.1 217.8 160.0 283.5 163.8 374.6 258.3 250.0 312.7
190.5 240.0 205.0 350.5 410.6 303.0 155.0 98.4 221.5 175.8 145.0 98.5 244.0 184.6 309.4 185.6 399.8 287.5 274.0 344.0
5
10
20
70.0
101.4
116.8
133.8
152.0
C13H12O C9H9NO4 C7H16 C10H14O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C5H10O2 C5H12O C9H10O3 C10H12 C10H12 C3H5NS C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C4H5Cl3O2 C5H14Si C5H14Sn C7H14O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C12H14O3 C10H16O2 C10H16O C10H18O C13H10 C6H5F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H2Cl2O2 C5H4O2 C5H6O2 C10H18O C12H20O2 C14H24O2 C14H24O2 C11H18O2 C5H8O4 C5H6O3 C5H6N2 C5H6Cl2O2 C3H8O3 C3H6Cl2O
124.0 108.1 −37.8 48.5 46.2 60.0 59.3 18.1 −28.0 −64.3 61.2 28.3 26.0 −13.2 9.4 7.2 7.6 20.7 −60.6 −30.0 −6.1 25.7 26.3 22.1 78.4 86.3 101.6 101.7 28.0 45.8 −43.4 −24.2 −22.4 −21.8
155.5 140.2 −17.0 75.7 73.4 86.8 86.5 43.7 −7.2 −45.0 90.0 55.0 52.7 +10.6 34.8 32.3 32.7 45.5 −41.4 −7.6 +17.0 52.0 53.0 48.8 108.1 117.0 132.3 128.7 54.7 70.3 129.3 −22.8 −2.2 −0.3 +0.3
70.5 −20.0 +15.0 18.5 31.8 69.2 73.5 96.8 90.9 61.8 155.5 100.8 91.3 56.1 125.5 28.0
96.3 −5.0 38.5 42.6 56.0 96.8 102.7 125.2 119.6 90.3 183.8 133.3 123.7 84.0 153.8 52.2
171.0 155.0 −6.8 89.5 87.0 100.2 100.2 56.4 +3.4 −35.0 104.2 68.3 66.3 22.8 47.6 44.7 44.9 57.7 −31.8 +3.8 28.7 65.6 66.4 62.1 123.0 132.4 148.0 142.3 68.3 82.1 146.0 −12.4 +8.9 +11.0 11.8 −88.0 109.5 +2.1 51.8 54.8 68.0 110.0 117.9 139.0 133.0 104.3 196.0 149.5 140.0 97.8 167.2 64.7
188.1 173.6 +4.7 103.8 101.5 114.5 115.0 70.3 14.3 −24.0 119.3 82.8 80.8 36.1 61.2 58.2 58.5 70.6 −21.0 16.1 41.3 79.8 80.6 76.5 138.7 149.0 164.2 155.8 83.0 95.6 164.2 −1.2 21.4 23.4 24.0 −79.6 122.5 10.3 65.0 67.8 81.0 125.6 133.0 153.8 147.9 119.8 210.5 166.0 156.5 112.3 182.2 78.0
C6H10O4 C4H4O4 C7H8O2 C21H44 C27H56 C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H13ClO C7H14 C13H20 C7H13N C6Cl6 C2Cl6 C26H54 C16H34 C16H32 C16H34O
38.3
64.1 103.0 79.1 188.0 248.6 145.2 32.7 −12.7 101.3 64.3 54.6 −14.1 94.6 47.8 149.3 49.8 240.0 135.2 131.7 158.3
77.1 116.6 92.0 205.4 266.8 160.0 43.0 −2.1 113.2 74.7 64.6 −3.5 110.0 61.6 166.4 73.5 257.4 149.8 146.2 177.8
90.8 132.0 106.0 223.2 284.6 177.7 54.0 +9.5 125.6 85.8 75.0 +8.3 126.0 76.3 185.7 87.6 275.8 164.7 162.0 197.8
60
Temperature, °C
Formula C12H12
40
52.4 152.6 211.7 115.0 12.0 −34.0 78.0 42.4 34.2 −35.8 64.0 21.0 114.4 32.7 204.0 105.3 101.6 122.7
47 −118.6 −45 −4 46.5 −30.2 −72.6 1.3 −5.9 −95.5
−99.3
−10 295 19 5 35 113 −42.1 −80 −110.8 −92 8.2
97.5
17.9 −31 97 28.3 40.4 59.5 22.5 −42 −90.6 −10 34.6
230 186.6 56.6 18.5 4 49.3
2-74
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-10
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
Formula
n-Hexadecylamine (cetylamine) Hexaethylbenzene n-Hexane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 1-Hexene n-Hexyl levulinate n-Hexyl phenyl ketone (enanthophenone) Hydrocinnamic acid Hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid) Hydroquinone 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde α-Hydroxyisobutyric acid α-Hydroxybutyronitrile 4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone 3-Hydroxypropionitrile Indene Iodobenzene Iodononane 2-Iodotoluene α-Ionone Isoprene Lauraldehyde Lauric acid Levulinaldehyde Levulinic acid d-Limonene Linalyl acetate Maleic anhydride Menthane 1-Menthol Menthyl acetate benzoate formate Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid Methacrylonitrile Methane Methanethiol Methoxyacetic acid N-Methylacetanilide Methyl acetate acetylene (propyne) acrylate alcohol (methanol) Methylamine N-Methylaniline Methyl anthranilate benzoate 2-Methylbenzothiazole α-Methylbenzyl alcohol Methyl bromide 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Methyl isobutyl carbinol (2-methyl4-pentanol) n-butyl ketone (2-hexanone) isobutyl ketone (4-methyl-2-pentanone) n-butyrate isobutyrate caprate caproate caprylate chloride chloroacetate cinnamate α-Methylcinnamic acid Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Methylcyclopropane Methyl n-decyl ketone (n-dodecan-2-one) dichloroacetate N-Methyldiphenylamine
C16H35N C18H30 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H12 C11H20O3 C13H18O C9H10O2 CHN C6H6O2 C7H6O2 C4H8O3 C5H9NO C5H10O2 C6H12O2 C3H5NO C9H8 C6H5I C9H19I C7H7I C13H20O C5H8 C12H24O C12H24O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C10H16 C12H20O2 C4H2O3 C10H20 C10H20O C12H22O2 C17H24O2 C11H20O2 C6H10O C4H6O2 C4H5N CH4 CH4S C3H6O3 C9H11NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH4O CH5N C7H9N C8H9NO2 C8H8O2 C8H7NS C8H10O CH3Br C5H10 C5H10 C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C11H22O2 C7H14O2 C9H18O2 CH3Cl C3H5ClO2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C7H14 C6H12 C4H8 C12H24O C3H4Cl2O2 C13H13N
1
5
10
20
40
60
100
123.6
157.8 134.3 −34.5 47.2 34.8 25.7 −38.0 120.0 130.3 133.5 −55.3 153.3 153.2 98.5 65.8 69.3 46.7 87.8 44.3 50.6 96.2 65.9 108.8 −62.3 108.4 150.6 54.9 128.1 40.4 82.5 63.4 35.7 83.2 85.8 154.2 75.8 +14.1 48.5 −23.3 −199.0 −75.3 79.3 103.8 −38.6 −97.5 −23.6 −25.3 −81.3 62.8 109.0 64.4 97.5 75.2 −80.6 −72.8 −57.0
176.0 150.3 −25.0 58.2 45.0 36.7 −28.1 134.7 145.5 148.7 −47.7 163.5 169.7 110.5 77.8 81.0 58.8 102.0 58.5 64.0 109.0 79.8 123.0 −53.3 123.7 166.0 68.0 141.8 53.8 96.0 78.7 48.3 96.0 100.0 170.0 90.0 26.0 60.0 −12.5 −195.5 −67.5 92.0 118.6 −29.3 −90.5 −13.5 −16.2 −73.8 76.2 124.2 77.3 111.2 88.0 −72.8 −64.3 −47.9
195.7 168.0 −14.1 70.3 55.9 49.0 −17.2 150.2 161.0 165.0 −39.7 174.6 186.8 123.8 90.7 94.0 72.0 117.9 73.9 78.3 123.0 95.6 139.0 −43.5 140.2 183.6 82.7 154.1 68.2 111.4 95.0 62.7 110.3 115.4 186.3 105.8 37.9 72.7 −0.6 −191.8 −58.8 106.5 135.1 −19.1 −82.9 −2.7 −6.0 −65.9 90.5 141.5 91.8 125.5 102.1 −64.0 −54.8 −37.9
215.7 187.7 −2.3 83.7 67.9 62.2 −5.0 167.8 178.9 183.3 −30.9 192.0 206.0 138.0 104.8 108.2 86.7 134.1 90.7 94.4 138.1 112.4 155.6 −32.6 157.8 201.4 98.3 169.5 84.3 127.7 111.8 78.3 126.1 132.1 204.3 123.0 51.7 86.4 +12.8 −187.7 −49.2 122.0 152.2 −7.9 −74.3 +9.2 +5.0 −56.9 106.0 159.7 107.8 141.2 117.8 −54.2 −44.1 −26.7
228.8 199.7 +5.4 92.0 76.0 70.7 +2.8 179.0 189.8 194.0 −25.1 203.0 217.5 146.4 113.9 117.4 96.0 144.7 100.8 105.0 147.7 123.8 166.3 −25.4 168.7 212.7 108.4 178.0 94.6 138.1 122.0 88.6 136.1 143.2 215.8 133.8 60.4 95.3 21.5 −185.1 −43.1 131.8 164.2 −0.5 −68.8 17.3 12.1 −51.3 115.8 172.0 117.4 150.4 127.4 −48.0 −37.3 −19.4
245.8 216.0 15.8 102.8 87.3 81.8 13.0 193.6 204.2 209.0 −17.8 216.5 233.5 157.7 125.0 129.0 108.2 157.7 114.7 118.3 159.8 138.1 181.2 −16.0 184.5 227.5 121.8 190.2 108.3 151.8 135.8 102.1 149.4 156.7 230.4 148.0 72.1 106.6 32.8 −181.4 −34.8 144.5 179.8 +9.4 −61.3 28.0 21.2 −43.7 129.8 187.8 130.8 163.9 140.3 −39.4 −28.0 −9.9
+22.1 28.8 +19.7 −5.5 −13.0 93.5 30.0 61.7 −99.5 19.0 108.1 155.0 −14.0 −33.8 −80.6 106.0 26.7 134.0
33.3 38.8 30.0 +5.0 −2.9 108.0 42.0 74.9 −92.4 30.0 123.0 169.8 −3.2 −23.7 −72.8 120.4 38.1 149.7
45.4 50.0 40.8 16.7 +8.4 123.0 55.4 89.0 −84.8 41.5 140.0 185.2 +8.7 −12.8 −64.0 136.0 50.7 165.8
58.2 62.0 52.8 29.6 21.0 139.0 70.0 105.3 −76.0 54.5 157.9 201.8 22.0 −0.6 −54.2 152.4 64.7 184.0
67.0 69.8 60.4 37.4 28.9 148.6 79.7 115.3 −70.4 63.0 170.0 212.0 30.5 +7.2 −48.0 163.8 73.6 195.4
78.0 79.8 70.4 48.0 39.6 161.5 91.4 128.0 −63.0 73.5 185.8 224.8 42.1 17.9 −39.3 177.5 85.4 210.1
200
400
760
Temperature, °C
−53.9 24.4 14.6 +2.5 −57.5 90.0 100.0 102.2 −71.0 132.4 121.2 73.5 41.0 44.6 22.0 58.7 16.4 24.1 70.0 37.2 79.5 −79.8 77.7 121.0 28.1 102.0 14.0 55.4 44.0 +9.7 56.0 57.4 123.2 47.3 −8.7 25.5 −44.5 −205.9 −90.7 52.5 −57.2 −111.0 −43.7 −44.0 −95.8 36.0 77.6 39.0 70.0 49.0 −96.3 −89.1 −75.4 −0.3 +7.7 −1.4 −26.8 −34.1 63.7 +5.0 34.2 −2.9 77.4 125.7 −35.9 −53.7 −96.0 77.1 3.2 103.5
272.2 300.4 330.0 241.7 268.5 298.3 31.6 49.6 68.7 119.6 138.0 157.0 103.7 121.8 139.9 98.3 117.0 135.5 29.0 46.8 66.0 215.7 241.0 266.8 225.0 248.3 271.3 230.8 255.0 279.8 −5.3 +10.2 25.9 238.0 262.5 286.2 256.8 282.6 310.0 175.2 193.8 212.0 142.0 159.8 178.8 146.5 165.5 185.0 126.8 147.5 167.9 178.0 200.0 221.0 135.6 157.8 181.6 139.8 163.9 188.6 179.0 199.3 219.5 160.0 185.7 211.0 202.5 225.2 250.0 −1.2 +15.4 32.6 207.8 231.8 257.0 249.8 273.8 299.2 142.0 164.0 187.0 208.3 227.4 245.8 128.5 151.4 175.0 173.3 196.2 220.0 155.9 179.5 202.0 122.7 146.0 169.5 168.3 190.2 212.0 178.8 202.8 227.0 253.2 277.1 301.0 169.8 194.2 219.0 90.0 109.8 130.0 123.9 142.5 161.0 50.0 70.3 90.3 −175.5 −168.8 −161.5 −22.1 −7.9 +6.8 163.5 184.2 204.0 202.3 227.4 253.0 24.0 40.0 57.8 −49.8 −37.2 −23.3 43.9 61.8 80.2 34.8 49.9 64.7 −32.4 −19.7 −6.3 149.3 172.0 195.5 212.4 238.5 266.5 151.4 174.7 199.5 183.2 204.5 225.5 159.0 180.7 204.0 −26.5 −11.9 +3.6 −13.8 +2.5 20.2 +4.9 21.6 38.5 94.9 94.3 85.6 64.3 55.7 181.6 109.8 148.1 −51.2 90.5 209.6 245.0 59.6 34.0 −26.0 199.0 103.2 232.8
113.5 111.0 102.0 83.1 73.6 202.9 129.8 170.0 −38.0 109.5 235.0 266.8 79.6 52.3 −11.3 222.5 122.6 257.0
131.7 127.5 119.0 102.3 92.6 224.0 150 193.0 −24.0 130.3 263.0 288.0 100.9 71.8 +4.5 246.5 143.0 282.0
Melting point, °C 130 −95.3 −51.6 −98.5 48.5 −13.2 170.3 115.5 79 −47 −2 −28.5
−146.7 44.5 48 33.5 −96.9 58 42.5 54.5 −59 15 −182.5 −121 102 −98.7 −102.7 −97.8 −93.5 −57 24 −12.5 15.4 −93 −135 −133 −56.9 −84.7 −84.7 −18 −40 −97.7 −31.9 33.4 −126.4 −142.4
−7.6
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10
2-75
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm* (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
Formula
Methyl n-dodecyl ketone (2-tetradecanone) Methylene bromide (dibromomethane) chloride (dichloromethane) Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone) 2-Methyl-3-ethylpentane 3-Methyl-3-ethylpentane Methyl fluoride formate α-Methylglutaric anhydride Methyl glycolate 2-Methylheptadecane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 2-Methyl-2-heptene 6-Methyl-3-hepten-2-ol 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane Methyl iodide laurate levulinate methacrylate myristate α-naphthyl ketone (1-acetonaphthone) β-naphthyl ketone (2-acetonaphthone) n-nonyl ketone (undecan-2-one) palmitate n-pentadecyl ketone (2-heptdecanone) 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol Methyl n-pentyl ketone (2-heptanone) phenyl ether (anisole) 2-Methylpropene Methyl propionate 4-Methylpropiophenone 2-Methylpropionyl bromide Methyl propyl ether n-propyl ketone (2-pentanone) isopropyl ketone (3-Methyl-2-butanone) 2-Methylquinoline Methyl salicylate α-Methyl styrene 4-Methyl styrene Methyl n-tetradecyl ketone (2-hexadecanone) thiocyanate isothiocyanate undecyl ketone (2-tridecanone) isovalerate Monovinylacetylene (butenyne) Myrcene Myristaldehyde Myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid) Naphthalene 1-Naphthoic acid 2-Naphthoic acid 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine Nicotine 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitroglycerin Nitromethane 2-Nitrophenol 2-Nitrophenyl acetate
C14H28O CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 C4H8O C8H18 C8H18 CH3F C2H4O2 C6H8O3 C3H6O3 C18H38 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C7H16 C7H16 CH3I C13H26O2 C6H10O3 C5H8O2 C15H30O2 C12H10O C12H10O C11H22O C17H34O2 C17H34O C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C7H14O C7H8O C4H8 C4H8O2 C10H12O C4H7BrO C4H10O C5H10O C5H10O C10H9N C8H8O3 C9H10 C9H10 C16H32O C2H3NS C2H3NS C13H26O C6H12O2 C4H4 C10H16 C14H28O C14H28O2 C10H8 C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H14N2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C7H5NO3 C7H5NO3 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C3H5N3O9 CH3NO2 C6H5NO3 C8H7NO4
1
5
10
20
40
99.3 −35.1 −70.0 −48.3 −24.0 −23.9 −147.3 −74.2 93.8 +9.6 119.8 −21.0 −19.8 −20.4 −16.1 41.6 41.9 −40.4 −39.0
130.0 −13.2 −52.1 −28.0 −1.8 −1.4 −137.0 −57.0 125.4 33.7 152.0 +1.3 +2.6 +1.5 +6.7 65.0 66.0 −19.5 −18.1 −55.0 117.9 66.4 −10.0 145.7 146.3 152.3 95.5 166.8 161.6 −41.7 −39.8 38.0 +16.8 43.6 30.0 −96.5 −21.5 89.3 38.4 −54.3 +8.0 −1.0 104.0 81.6 34.0 42.0
145.5 −2.4 −43.3 −17.7 +9.5 +9.9 −131.6 −48.6 141.8 45.3 168.7 12.3 13.3 12.4 17.8 76.7 77.8 −9.1 −7.8 −45.8 133.2 79.7 +1.0 160.8 161.5 168.5 108.9 184.3 178.0 −32.1 −30.1 49.6 27.6 55.5 42.2 −81.9 −11.8 103.8 50.6 −45.4 17.9 +8.3 119.0 95.3 47.1 55.1
161.3 +9.7 −33.4 −6.5 21.7 22.3 −125.9 −39.2 157.7 58.1 186.0 24.4 25.4 24.5 30.4 89.3 90.4 +2.3 +3.6 −35.6 149.0 93.7 11.0 177.8 178.4 185.7 123.1 202.0 196.4 −21.4 −19.4 61.6 38.8 67.7 55.8 −73.4 −1.0 120.2 64.1 −35.4 28.5 18.3 134.0 110.0 61.8 69.2
179.8 23.3 −22.3 +6.0 35.2 36.2 −119.1 −28.7 177.5 72.3 204.8 37.9 38.9 38.0 44.0 102.7 104.0 14.9 16.4 −24.2 166.0 109.5 25.5 195.8 196.8 203.8 139.0
151.5 +9.8 −8.3 117.0 +2.9 −77.7 40.0 132.0 174.1 74.2 184.0 189.7 125.5 128.6 137.7 141.6 91.8 135.7 151.5 177.6 117.7 127.4 71.6 +1.5 167 −7.9 76.8 128.0
167.3 21.6 +5.4 131.8 14.0 −70.0 53.2 148.3 190.8 85.8 196.8 202.8 142.0 145.5 153.8 157.6 107.2 150.4 167.8 194.4 133.4 142.8 84.9 12.5 188 +2.8 90.4 142.0
184.6 34.5 20.4 147.8 26.4 −61.3 67.0 166.2 207.6 101.7 211.2 216.9 158.0 161.8 171.6 175.8 123.7 167.7 185.5 213.2 150.0 159.0 99.3 24.8 210 14.1 105.8 155.8
60
100
200
400
760
191.4 31.6 −15.7 14.0 43.9 45.0 −115.0 −21.9 189.9 81.8 216.3 46.6 47.6 46.6 52.8 111.5 112.8 23.0 24.5 −16.9 176.8 119.3 34.5 207.5 208.6 214.7 148.6
206.0 42.3 −6.3 25.0 55.7 57.1 −109.0 −12.9 205.0 93.7 231.5 58.3 59.4 58.3 64.6 122.6 123.8 34.1 35.6 −7.0 190.8 133.0 47.0 222.6 223.8 229.8 161.0
228.2 58.5 +8.0 41.6 73.6 75.3 −99.9 +0.8 229.1 111.8 254.5 76.0 77.1 76.1 82.3 139.5 140.0 50.8 52.4 +8.0
253.3 79.0 24.1 60.0 94.0 96.2 −89.5 16.0 255.5 131.7 279.8 96.2 97.4 96.3 102.2 156.6 156.6 69.8 71.6 25.3
278.0 98.6 40.7 79.6 115.6 118.3 −78.2 32.0 282.5 151.5 306.5 117.6 118.9 117.7 122.5 175.5 174.3 90.0 91.9 42.4
153.4 63.0 245.3 246.7 251.6 181.2
175.8 82.0 269.8 270.5 275.8 202.3
197.7 101.0 295.8 295.5 301.0 224.0
214.3 −9.7 −7.3 74.7 51.3 81.2 70.7 −63.8 +11.0 138.0 79.4 −24.3 39.8 29.6 150.8 126.2 77.8 85.0
226.7 −1.9 +0.1 83.4 58.8 89.8 80.1 −57.7 18.7 149.3 88.8 −17.4 47.3 36.2 161.7 136.7 88.3 95.0
242.0 +8.1 10.5 94.2 69.2 100.0 93.0 −49.3 29.0 164.2 101.6 −8.1 56.8 45.5 176.2 150.0 102.2 108.6
265.8 24.1 26.5 111.3 85.0 116.1 112.3 −36.7 44.2 187.4 120.5 +6.0 71.0 59.0 197.8 172.6 121.8 128.7
291.7 41.6 44.2 129.8 102.6 133.2 133.8 −22.2 61.8 212.7 141.7 22.5 86.8 73.8 211.7 197.5 143.0 151.2
319.5 60.3 63.3 147.9 121.2 150.2 155.5 −6.9 79.8 238.5 163.0 39.1 103.3 88.9 246.5 223.2 165.4 175.0
203.7 49.0 38.2 165.7 39.8 −51.7 82.6 186.0 223.5 119.3 225.0 231.5 177.8 181.7 191.5 195.7 142.1 186.0 204.2 234.2 168.8 177.7 115.4 38.0 235 27.5 122.1 172.8
215.0 58.1 47.5 176.6 48.2 −45.3 92.6 198.3 237.2 130.2 234.5 241.3 190.0 193.7 203.8 208.1 154.7 197.8 216.5 245.9 180.7 189.5 125.8 46.5 251 35.5 132.6 181.7
230.5 70.4 59.3 191.5 59.8 −37.1 106.0 214.5 250.5 145.5 245.8 252.7 206.0 209.8 220.0 224.3 169.5 213.0 232.1 261.8 196.2 204.3 139.9 57.8
254.4 89.8 77.5 214.0 77.3 −24.1 126.0 240.4 272.3 167.7 263.5 270.3 229.6 234.0 244.9 249.7 193.8 236.3 255.3 284.5 220.0 227.4 161.2 74.8
279.8 110.8 97.8 238.3 96.7 −10.1 148.3 267.9 294.6 193.2 281.4 289.5 255.8 260.6 272.2 277.4 219.8 260.0 280.2 310.2 246.8 252.1 185.8 94.0
307.0 132.9 119.0 262.5 116.7 +5.3 171.5 297.8 318.0 217.9 300.0 308.5 282.5 288.0 300.8 306.1 247.3 284.5 305.7 336.0 273.5 278.3 210.6 114.0
46.6 146.4 194.1
63.5 167.6 213.0
82.0 191.0 233.5
101.2 214.5 253.0
Temperature, °C
87.8 39.8 −30.5 115.0 115.6 120.2 68.2 134.3 129.6 −60.9 −59.0 15.4 −4.5 19.3 +5.4 −105.1 −42.0 59.6 13.5 −72.2 −12.0 −19.9 75.3 54.0 7.4 16.0 109.8 −14.0 −34.7 86.8 −19.2 −93.2 14.5 99.0 142.0 52.6 156.0 160.8 94.0 104.3 108.0 61.8 104.0 119.3 142.4 85.8 96.2 44.4 −21.0 127 −29.0 49.3 100.0
Melting point, °C −52.8 −96.7 −85.9 −114.5 −90 −99.8
−109.5 −120.8 −121.1
−118.2 −64.4 5 18.5 55.5 15 30 −154 −118 −103 −37.3 −140.3 −87.5
−77.8 −92 −1 −8.3 −23.2
−51 35.5 28.5
23.5 57.5 80.2 160.5 184 96 122.5 50 111.5 71.5 114 146.5 40.9 58 +5.7 −90 11 −29 45
2-76
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-10
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane 2-Nitrotoluene 3-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitro-1,3-xylene (4-nitro-m-xylene) Nonacosane Nonadecane n-Nonane 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanone Octacosane Octadecane n-Octane n-Octanol (1-octanol) 2-Octanone n-Octyl acrylate iodide (1-Iodooctane) Oleic acid Palmitaldehyde Palmitic acid Palmitonitrile Pelargonic acid Pentachlorobenzene Pentachloroethane Pentachloroethylbenzene Pentachlorophenol Pentacosane Pentadecane 1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene Pentaethylbenzene Pentaethylchlorobenzene n-Pentane iso-Pentane (2-methylbutane) neo-Pentane (2,2-dimethylpropane) 2,3,4-Pentanetriol 1-Pentene α-Phellandrene Phenanthrene Phenethyl alcohol (phenyl cellosolve) 2-Phenetidine Phenol 2-Phenoxyethanol 2-Phenoxyethyl acetate Phenyl acetate Phenylacetic acid Phenylacetonitrile Phenylacetyl chloride Phenyl benzoate 4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-one Phenyl isocyanate isocyanide Phenylcyclohexane Phenyl dichlorophosphate m-Phenylene diamine (1,3-phenylenediamine) Phenylglyoxal Phenylhydrazine N-Phenyliminodiethanol 1-Phenyl-1,3-pentanedione 2-Phenylphenol 4-Phenylphenol 3-Phenyl-1-propanol Phenyl isothiocyanate Phorone iso-Phorone Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) Phthalic anhydride Phthalide Phthaloyl chloride 2-Picoline Pimelic acid α-Pinene β-Pinene
1
5
10
20
40
C3H7NO2 −9.6 C3H7NO2 −18.8 C7H7NO2 50.0 C7H7NO2 50.2 C7H7NO2 53.7 C8H9NO2 65.6 C29H60 234.2 C19H40 133.2 C9H20 +1.4 C9H20O 59.5 C9H18O 32.1 C28H58 226.5 C18H38 119.6 C8H18 −14.0 C8H18O 54.0 C8H16O 23.6 C11H20O2 58.5 C8H17I 45.8 C18H34O2 176.5 C16H32O 121.6 C16H32O2 153.6 C16H31N 134.3 C9H18O2 108.2 C6HCl5 98.6 C2HCl5 +1.0 C8H5Cl5 96.2 C6HCl5O C25H52 194.2 C15H32 91.6 C5H8 −71.8 C5H8 −83.5 C16H26 86.0 C16H25Cl 90.0 C5H12 −76.6 C5H12 −82.9 C5H12 −102.0 C5H12O3 155.0 C5H10 −80.4 C10H16 20.0 C14H10 118.2 C8H10O2 58.2 C8H11NO 67.0 C6H6O 40.1 C8H10O2 78.0 C10H12O3 82.6 C8H8O2 38.2 C8H8O2 97.0 C8H7N 60.0 C8H7ClO 48.0 C13H10O2 106.8 C10H10O 81.7 C7H5NO 10.6 C7H5N 12.0 C12H16 67.5 C6H5Cl2O2P 66.7
+13.5 +4.1 79.1 81.0 85.0 95.0 269.8 166.3 25.8 86.1 59.0 260.3 152.1 +8.3 76.5 48.4 87.7 74.8 208.5 154.6 188.1 168.3 126.0 129.7 27.2 130.0
25.3 15.8 93.8 96.0 100.5 109.8 286.4 183.5 38.0 99.7 72.3 277.4 169.6 19.2 88.3 60.9 102.0 90.0 223.0 171.8 205.8 185.8 137.4 144.3 39.8 148.0
230.0 121.0 −53.8 −66.2 120.0 123.8 −62.5 −65.8 −85.4 189.3 −63.3 45.7 154.3 85.9 94.7 62.5 106.6 113.5 64.8 127.0 89.0 75.3 141.5 112.2 36.0 37.0 96.5 95.9
248.2 135.4 −45.0 −57.1 135.8 140.7 −50.1 −57.0 −76.7 204.5 −54.5 58.0 173.0 100.0 108.6 73.8 121.2 128.0 78.0 141.3 103.5 89.0 157.8 127.4 48.5 49.7 111.3 110.0
37.9 28.2 109.6 112.8 117.7 125.8 303.6 200.8 51.2 113.8 87.2 295.4 187.5 31.5 101.0 74.3 117.8 105.9 240.0 190.0 223.8 204.2 149.8 160.0 53.9 166.0 192.2 266.1 150.2 −34.8 −47.7 152.4 158.1 −40.2 −47.3 −67.2 220.5 −46.0 72.1 193.7 114.8 123.7 86.0 136.0 144.5 92.3 156.0 119.4 103.6 177.0 143.8 62.5 63.4 126.4 125.9
51.8 41.8 126.3 130.7 136.0 143.3 323.2 220.0 66.0 129.0 103.4 314.2 207.4 45.1 115.2 89.8 135.6 123.8 257.2 210.0 244.4 223.8 163.7 178.5 69.9 186.2 211.2 285.6 167.7 −23.4 −37.0 171.9 178.2 −29.2 −36.5 −56.1 239.6 −34.1 87.8 215.8 130.5 139.9 100.1 152.2 162.3 108.1 173.6 136.3 119.8 197.6 161.3 77.7 78.3 144.0 143.4
C6H8N2 C8H6O2 C6H8N2 C10H15NO2 C11H12O2 C12H10O C12H10O C9H12O C7H5NS C9H14O C9H14O CCl2O C8H4O3 C8H6O2 C8H4Cl2O2 C6H7N C7H12O4 C10H16 C10H16
71.8 145.0 98.0 100.0
131.2 75.0 101.6 179.2 128.5 131.6
74.7 47.2 42.0 38.0 −92.9 96.5 95.5 86.3 −11.1 163.4 −1.0 +4.2
102.4 75.6 68.3 66.7 −77.0 121.3 127.7 118.3 +12.6 196.2 +24.6 30.0
147.0 87.8 115.8 195.8 144.0 146.2 176.2 116.0 89.8 81.5 81.2 −69.3 134.0 144.0 134.2 24.4 212.0 37.3 42.3
163.8 100.7 131.5 213.4 159.9 163.3 193.8 131.2 115.5 95.6 96.8 −60.3 151.7 161.3 151.0 37.4 229.3 51.4 58.1
182.5 115.5 148.2 233.0 178.0 180.3 213.0 147.4 122.5 111.3 114.5 −50.3 172.0 181.0 170.0 51.2 247.0 66.8 71.5
60
200
400
760
60.5 50.3 137.6 142.5 147.9 153.8 334.8 232.8 75.5 139.0 113.8 326.8 219.7 53.8 123.8 99.0 145.6 135.4 269.8 222.6 256.0 236.6 172.3 190.1 80.0 199.0 223.4 298.4 178.4 −16.5 −30.0 184.2 191.0 −22.2 −29.6 −49.0 249.8 −27.1 97.6 229.9 141.2 149.8 108.4 163.2 174.0 118.1 184.5 147.7 129.8 210.8 172.6 87.7 88.0 154.2 153.6
72.3 62.0 151.5 156.9 163.0 168.5 350.0 248.0 88.1 151.3 127.4 341.8 236.0 65.7 135.2 111.7 159.1 150.0 286.0 239.5 271.5 251.5 184.4 205.5 93.5 216.0 239.6 314.0 194.0 −6.7 −20.6 200.0 208.0 −12.6 −20.2 −39.1 263.5 −17.7 110.6 249.0 154.0 163.5 121.4 176.5 189.2 131.6 198.2 161.8 143.5 227.8 187.8 100.6 101.0 169.3 168.0
90.2 80.0 173.7 180.3 186.7 191.7 373.2 271.8 107.5 170.5 148.2 364.8 260.6 83.6 152.0 130.4 180.2 173.3 309.8 264.1 298.7 277.1 203.1 227.0 114.0 241.8 261.8 339.0 216.1 +8.0 −6.7 224.1 230.3 +1.9 −5.9 −23.7 284.5 −3.4 130.6 277.1 175.0 184.0 139.0 197.6 211.3 151.2 219.5 184.2 163.8 254.0 211.0 120.8 120.8 191.3 189.8
110.6 99.8 197.7 206.8 212.5 217.5 397.2 299.8 128.2 192.1 171.2 388.9 288.0 104.0 173.8 151.0 204.0 199.3 334.7 292.3 326.0 304.5 227.5 251.6 137.2 269.3 285.0 365.4 242.8 24.7 +8.3 250.2 257.2 18.5 +10.5 −7.1 307.0 +12.8 152.0 308.0 197.5 207.0 160.0 221.0 235.0 173.5 243.0 208.5 186.0 283.5 235.4 142.7 142.3 214.6 213.0
131.6 120.3 222.3 231.9 238.3 244.0 421.8 330.0 150.8 213.5 195.0 412.5 317.0 125.6 195.2 172.9 227.0 225.5 360.0 321.0 353.8 332.0 253.5 276.0 160.5 299.0 309.3 390.3 270.5 42.1 26.1 277.0 285.0 36.1 27.8 +9.5 327.2 30.1 175.0 340.2 219.5 228.0 181.9 245.3 259.7 195.9 265.5 233.5 210.0 314.0 261.0 165.6 165.0 240.0 239.5
−108 −93 −4.1 15.5 51.9 +2 63.8 32 −53.7 −5 −19 61.6 28 −56.8 −15.4 −16
194.0 124.2 158.7 245.3 189.8 192.2 225.3 156.8 133.3 121.4 125.6 −44.0 185.3 193.5 182.2 59.9 258.2 76.8 81.2
209.9 136.2 173.5 260.6 204.5 205.9 240.9 170.3 147.7 134.0 140.6 −35.6 202.3 210.0 197.8 71.4 272.0 90.1 94.0
233.0 153.8 195.4 284.5 226.7 227.9 263.2 191.2 169.6 153.5 163.3 −22.3 228.0 234.5 222.0 89.0 294.5 110.2 114.1
259.0 173.5 218.2 311.3 251.2 251.8 285.5 212.8 194.0 175.3 188.7 −7.6 256.8 261.8 248.3 108.4 318.5 132.3 136.1
285.5 193.5 243.5 337.8 276.5 275.0 308.0 235.0 218.5 197.2 215.2 +8.3 284.5 290.0 275.8 128.8 342.1 155.0 158.3
62.8 73 19.5
Temperature, °C
Formula
99.8
Melting point, °C
100
−45.9 14 34 64.0 31 12.5 85.5 −22 188.5 53.3 10
−129.7 −159.7 −16.6
99.5 40.6 11.6 −6.7 76.5 −23.8 70.5 41.5 +7.5
56.5 164.5 −21.0 28 −104 130.8 73 88.5 −70 103 −55
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10
2-77
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
Piperidine Piperonal Propane Propenylbenzene Propionamide Propionic acid anhydride Propionitrile Propiophenone n-Propyl acetate iso-Propyl acetate n-Propyl alcohol (1-propanol) iso-Propyl alcohol (2-propanol) n-Propylamine Propylbenzene Propyl benzoate n-Propyl bromide (1-bromopropane) iso-Propyl bromide (2-bromopropane) n-Propyl n-butyrate isobutyrate iso-Propyl isobutyrate Propyl carbamate n-Propyl chloride (1-chloropropane) iso-Propyl chloride (2-chloropropane) iso-Propyl chloroacetate Propyl chloroglyoxylate Propylene Propylene glycol (1,2-Propanediol) Propylene oxide n-Propyl formate iso-Propyl formate 4,4′-iso-Propylidenebisphenol n-Propyl iodide (1-iodopropane) iso-Propyl iodide (2-iodopropane) n-Propyl levulinate iso-Propyl levulinate Propyl mercaptan (1-propanethiol) 2-iso-Propylnaphthalene iso-Propyl β-naphthyl ketone (2-isobutyronaphthone) 2-iso-Propylphenol 3-iso-Propylphenol 4-iso-Propylphenol Propyl propionate 4-iso-Propylstyrene Propyl isovalerate Pulegone Pyridine Pyrocatechol Pyrocaltechol diacetate (1,2-phenylene diacetate) Pyrogallol Pyrotartaric anhydride Pyruvic acid Quinoline iso-Quinoline Resorcinol Safrole Salicylaldehyde Salicylic acid Sebacic acid Selenophene Skatole Stearaldehyde Stearic acid Stearyl alcohol (1-octadecanol) Styrene Styrene dibromide [(1,2-dibromoethyl) benzene] Suberic acid Succinic anhydride Succinimide Succinyl chloride α-Terpineol Terpenoline
1
5
10
20
87.0 −128.9 17.5 65.0 4.6 20.6 −35.0 50.0 −26.7 −38.3 −15.0 −26.1 −64.4 6.3 54.6 −53.0 −61.8 −1.6 −6.2 −16.3 52.4 −68.3 −78.8 +3.8 9.7 −131.9 45.5 −75.0 −43.0 −52.0 193.0 −36.0 −43.3 59.7 48.0 −56.0 76.0
−7.0 117.4 −115.4 43.8 91.0 28.0 45.3 −13.6 77.9 −5.4 −17.4 +5.0 −7.0 −46.3 31.3 83.8 −33.4 −42.5 +22.1 +16.8 +5.8 77.6 −50.0 −61.1 28.1 32.3 −120.7 70.8 −57.8 −22.7 −32.7 224.2 −13.5 −22.1 86.3 74.5 −36.3 107.9
+3.9 132.0 −108.5 57.0 105.0 39.7 57.7 −3.0 92.2 +5.0 −7.2 14.7 +2.4 −37.2 43.4 98.0 −23.3 −32.8 34.0 28.3 17.0 90.0 −41.0 −52.0 40.2 43.5 −112.1 83.2 −49.0 −12.6 −22.7 240.8 −2.4 −11.7 99.9 88.0 −26.3 123.4
15.8 148.0 −100.9 71.5 119.0 52.0 70.4 +8.8 107.6 16.0 +4.2 25.3 12.7 −27.1 56.8 114.3 −12.4 −22.0 47.0 40.6 29.0 103.2 −31.0 −42.0 53.9 55.6 −104.7 96.4 −39.3 −1.7 −12.1 255.5 +10.0 0.0 114.0 102.4 −15.4 140.3
29.2 165.7 −92.4 87.7 134.8 65.8 85.6 22.0 124.3 28.8 17.0 36.4 23.8 −16.0 71.6 131.8 −0.3 −10.1 61.5 54.3 42.4 117.7 −19.5 −31.0 68.7 68.8 −96.5 111.2 −28.4 +10.8 −0.2 273.0 23.6 +13.2 130.1 118.1 −3.2 159.0
60
100
200
400
760
37.7 177.0 −87.0 97.8 144.3 74.1 94.5 30.1 135.0 37.0 25.1 43.5 30.5 −9.0 81.1 143.3 +7.5 −2.5 70.3 63.0 51.4 126.5 −12.1 −23.5 78.0 77.2 −91.3 119.9 −21.3 18.8 +7.5 282.9 32.1 21.6 140.6 127.8 +4.6 171.4
49.0 191.7 −79.6 111.7 156.0 85.8 107.2 41.4 149.3 47.8 35.7 52.8 39.5 +0.5 94.0 157.4 18.0 +8.0 82.6 73.9 62.3 138.3 −2.5 −13.7 90.3 88.0 −84.1 132.0 −12.0 29.5 17.8 297.0 43.8 32.8 154.0 141.8 15.3 187.6
66.2 214.3 −68.4 132.0 174.2 102.5 127.8 58.2 170.2 64.0 51.7 66.8 53.0 15.0 113.5 180.1 34.0 23.8 101.0 91.8 80.2 155.8 +12.2 +1.3 108.8 104.7 −73.3 149.7 +2.1 45.3 33.6 317.5 61.8 50.0 175.6 161.6 31.5 211.8
85.7 238.5 −55.6 154.7 194.0 122.0 146.0 77.7 194.2 82.0 69.8 82.0 67.8 31.5 135.7 205.2 52.0 41.5 121.7 112.0 100.0 175.8 29.4 18.1 128.0 123.0 −60.9 168.1 17.8 62.6 50.5 339.0 81.8 69.5 198.0 185.2 49.2 238.5
106.0 263.0 −42.1 179.0 213.0 141.1 167.0 97.1 218.0 101.8 89.0 97.8 82.5 48.5 159.2 231.0 71.0 60.0 142.7 133.9 120.5 195.0 46.4 36.5 148.6 150.0 −47.7 188.2 34.5 81.3 68.3 360.5 102.5 89.5 221.2 208.2 67.4 266.0
Temperature, °C
Formula C5H11N C8H6O3 C3H8 C9H10 C3H7NO C3H6O2 C6H10O3 C3H5N C9H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H9N C9H12 C10H12O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C4H9NO2 C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C5H9ClO2 C5H7ClO3 C3H6 C3H8O2 C3H6O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C15H16O2 C3H7I C3H7I C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C3H8S C13H14
40
C14H14O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C6H12O2 C11H14 C8H16O2 C10H16O C5H5N C6H6O2
133.2 56.6 62.0 67.0 −14.2 34.7 +8.0 58.3 −18.9
165.4 83.8 90.3 94.7 +8.0 62.3 32.8 82.5 +2.5 104.0
181.0 97.0 104.1 108.0 19.4 76.0 45.1 94.0 13.2 118.3
197.7 111.7 119.8 123.4 31.6 91.2 58.0 106.8 24.8 134.0
215.6 127.5 136.2 139.8 45.0 108.0 72.8 121.7 38.0 150.6
227.0 137.7 146.6 149.7 53.8 118.4 82.3 130.2 46.8 161.7
242.3 150.3 160.2 163.3 65.2 132.8 95.0 143.1 57.8 176.0
264.0 170.1 182.0 184.0 82.7 153.9 113.9 162.5 75.0 197.7
288.2 192.6 205.0 206.1 102.0 178.0 135.0 189.8 95.6 221.5
313.0 214.5 228.0 228.2 122.4 202.5 155.9 221.0 115.4 245.5
C10H10O4 C6H6O3 C5H6O3 C3H4O3 C9H7N C9H7N C6H6O2 C10H10O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C10H18O4 C4H4Se C9H9N C18H36O C18H36O2 C18H36O C8H8
98.0 69.7 21.4 59.7 63.5 108.4 63.8 33.0 113.7 183.0 −39.0 95.0 140.0 173.7 150.3 −7.0
129.8 151.7 99.7 45.8 89.6 92.7 138.0 93.0 60.1 136.0 215.7 −16.0 124.2 174.6 209.0 185.6 +18.0
145.7 167.7 114.2 57.9 103.8 107.8 152.1 107.6 73.8 146.2 232.0 −4.0 139.6 192.1 225.0 202.0 30.8
161.8 185.3 130.0 70.8 119.8 123.7 168.0 123.0 88.7 156.8 250.0 +9.1 154.3 210.6 243.4 220.0 44.6
179.8 204.2 147.8 85.3 136.7 141.6 185.3 140.1 105.2 172.2 268.2 24.1 171.9 230.8 263.3 240.4 59.8
191.6 216.3 158.6 94.1 148.1 152.0 195.8 150.3 115.7 182.0 279.8 33.8 183.6 244.2 275.5 252.7 69.5
206.5 232.0 173.8 106.5 163.2 167.6 209.8 165.1 129.4 193.4 294.5 47.0 197.4 260.0 291.0 269.4 82.0
228.7 255.3 196.1 124.7 186.2 190.0 230.8 186.2 150.0 210.0 313.2 66.7 218.8 285.0 316.5 293.5 101.3
253.3 281.5 221.0 144.7 212.3 214.5 253.4 210.0 173.7 230.5 332.8 89.8 242.5 313.8 343.0 320.3 122.5
278.0 309.0 247.4 165.0 237.7 240.5 276.5 233.0 196.5 256.0 352.3 114.3 266.2 342.5 370.0 349.5 145.2
C8H8Br2 C8H14O4 C4H4O3 C4H5NO2 C4H4Cl2O2 C10H18O C10H16
86.0 172.8 92.0 115.0 39.0 52.8 32.3
115.6 205.5 115.0 143.2 65.0 80.4 58.0
129.8 219.5 128.2 157.0 78.0 94.3 70.6
145.2 238.2 145.3 174.0 91.8 109.8 84.8
161.8 254.6 163.0 192.0 107.5 126.0 100.0
172.2 265.4 174.0 203.0 117.2 136.3 109.8
186.3 279.8 189.0 217.4 130.0 150.1 122.7
207.8 300.5 212.0 240.0 149.3 171.2 142.0
230.0 322.8 237.0 263.5 170.0 194.3 163.5
254.0 345.5 261.0 287.5 192.5 217.5 185.0
Melting point, °C −9 37 −187.1 −30.1 79 −22 −45 −91.9 21 −92.5 −127 −85.8 −83 −99.5 −51.6 −109.9 −89.0 −95.2
−122.8 −117 −185 −112.1 −92.9 −98.8 −90 −112
15.5 26 61 −76
−42 105 133 13.6 −15 24.6 110.7 11.2 −7 159 134.5 95 63.5 69.3 58.5 −30.6 142 119.6 125.5 17 35
2-78
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-10
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
Formula
1,1,1,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane Tetraisobutylene Tetracosane 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4-ethylbenzene Tetrachloroethylene 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-xylene Tetradecane Tetradecylamine Tetradecyltrimethylsilane Tetraethoxysilane 1,2,3,4-Tetraethylbenzene Tetraethylene glycol Tetraethylene glycol chlorohydrin Tetraethyllead Tetraethylsilane Tetralin 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Tetramethylene dibromide (1,4-dibromobutane) Tetramethyllead Tetramethyltin Tetrapropylene glycol monoisopropyl ether Thioacetic acid (mercaptoacetic acid) Thiodiglycol (2,2′-thiodiethanol) Thiophene Thiophenol (benzenethiol) α-Thujone Thymol Tiglaldehyde Tiglic acid Tiglonitrile Toluene Toluene-2,4-diamine 2-Toluic nitrile (2-tolunitrile) 4-Toluic nitrile (4-tolunitrile) 2-Toluidine 3-Toluidine 4-Toluidine 2-Tolyl isocyanide 4-Tolylhydrazine Tribromoacetaldehyde 1,1,2-Tribromobutane 1,2,2-Tribromobutane 2,2,3-Tribromobutane 1,1,2-Tribromoethane 1,2,3-Tribromopropane Triisobutylamine Triisobutylene 2,4,6-Tritertbutylphenol Trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic anhydride Trichloroacetyl bromide 2,4,6-Trichloroaniline 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobutane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluoromethane 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
C2H2Br4 C2H2Br4 C16H32 C24H50 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C8H6Cl4 C2Cl4 C6H2Cl4O C8H6Cl4 C14H30 C14H31N C17H38Si C8H20O4Si C14H22 C8H18O5 C8H17ClO4 C8H20Pb C8H20Si C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C8H18 C4H8Br2 C4H12Pb C4H12Sn C15H32O5 C2H4O2S C4H10O2S C4H4S C6H6S C10H16O C10H14O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H7N C7H8 C7H10N2 C8H7N C8H7N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C8H7N C7H10N2 C2HBr3O C4H7Br3 C4H7Br3 C4H7Br3 C2H3Br3 C3H5Br3 C12H27N C12H24 C18H30O C2HCl3O2 C4Cl6O3 C2BrCl3O C6H4Cl3N C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C4H7Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 CCl3F C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O
1
5
10
20
58.0 65.0 63.8 183.8 68.5 58.2
83.3 95.5 93.7 219.6 99.6 89.0
95.7 110.0 108.5 237.6 114.7 104.1
108.5 126.0 124.5 255.3 131.2 121.6
−37.5 −16.3 −3.8 77.0 −20.6 100.0 94.4 76.4 102.6 120.0 16.0 65.7 153.9 110.1 38.4 −1.0 38.0 42.6 40.6 45.0 −17.4
−16.0 +7.4 +20.7 110.0 +2.4 130.3 125.0 106.0 135.8 150.7 40.3 96.2 183.7 141.8 63.6 +23.9 65.3 68.7 65.8 65.0 +3.2
−5.0 19.3 33.0 126.0 13.8 145.3 140.3 120.7 152.0 166.2 52.6 111.6 197.1 156.1 74.8 36.3 79.0 81.8 77.8 74.6 13.5
32.0 −29.0 −51.3 116.6 60.0 42.0 −40.7 18.6 38.3 64.3 −25.0 52.0 −25.5 −26.7 106.5 36.7 42.5 44.0 41.0 42.0 25.2 82.4 18.5 45.0 41.0 38.2 32.6 47.5 32.3 18.0 95.2 51.0 56.2 −7.4 134.0 40.0 38.4
58.8 −6.8 −31.0 147.8 87.7 96.0 −20.8 43.7 65.7 92.8 −1.6 77.8 −2.4 −4.4 137.2 64.0 71.3 69.3 68.0 68.2 51.0 110.0 45.0 73.5 69.0 66.0 58.0 75.8 57.4 44.0 126.1 76.0 85.3 +16.7 157.8 70.0 67.3 63.8 27.2 −32.0 −2.0 −22.8 −67.6 102.1 105.9
72.4 +4.4 −20.6 163.0 101.5 128.0 −10.9 56.0 79.3 107.4 +10.0 90.2 +9.2 +6.4 151.7 77.9 85.8 81.4 82.0 81.8 64.0 123.8 58.0 87.8 83.2 79.8 70.6 90.0 69.8 56.5 142.0 88.2 99.6 29.3 170.0 85.6 81.7 78.0 40.0 −21.9 +8.3 −12.4 −59.0 117.3 120.2
40
60
100
200
400
760
Temperature, °C
+0.5 −52.0 −24.0 −43.8 −84.3 72.0 76.5
+6.7 32.1 46.2 143.7 26.3 161.0 156.0 135.6 170.0 183.5 65.8 127.7 212.3 172.6 88.0 50.0 93.8 95.8 91.0 88.0 24.6
123.2 144.0 142.2 276.3 149.2 140.0 146.0 19.8 46.7 60.8 162.1 40.1 179.1 174.2 152.7 189.0 201.5 81.1 145.8 228.0 190.0 102.4 65.3 110.4 111.5 105.8 104.2 36.8
132.0 155.1 152.6 288.4 160.0 152.0 157.7 28.1 56.0 70.0 175.0 49.2 190.0 185.8 164.0 200.2 213.3 90.7 156.7 237.8 200.5 111.7 74.8 121.3 121.8 115.4 114.8 44.5
144.0 170.0 167.5 305.2 175.7 168.0 173.5 38.6 68.0 83.2 191.6 61.3 205.2 200.5 178.5 215.7 227.8 103.6 172.4 250.0 214.7 123.8 88.0 135.3 135.7 128.3 128.1 54.8
161.5 192.5 190.0 330.5 198.0 193.7 196.0 55.0 87.2 102.2 215.3 79.8 227.2 223.0 201.8 239.8 250.0 123.5 196.0 268.4 236.5 142.0 108.0 157.2 155.7 149.9 149.5 70.2
181.0 217.5 214.6 358.0 225.5 220.0 220.5 73.1 108.2 124.0 243.0 100.0 250.4 248.3 226.8 264.6 275.0 146.2 221.4 288.0 258.2 161.8 130.2 181.8 180.0 173.7 172.1 87.4
200.0 243.5 240.0 386.4 254.0 246.0 245.0 92.0 130.5 145.9 270.0 120.8 275.0 273.5 252.5 291.2 300.0 168.5 248.0 307.8 281.5 183.0 153.0 207.2 204.4 197.9 195.9 106.3
87.6 16.6 −9.3 179.8 115.8 165.0 0.0 69.7 93.7 122.6 23.2 103.8 22.1 18.4 167.9 93.0 101.7 95.1 96.7 95.8 78.2 138.6 72.1 103.2 98.6 94.6 84.2 105.8 83.0 70.0 158.0 101.8 114.3 42.1 182.6 101.8 97.2 93.7 55.0 −10.8 21.6 −1.0 −49.7 134.0 135.8
104.0 30.3 +3.5 197.7 131.8 210.0 +12.5 84.2 110.0 139.8 37.0 119.0 36.7 31.8 185.7 110.0 109.5 110.0 113.5 111.5 94.0 154.1 87.8 120.2 116.0 111.8 100.0 122.8 97.8 86.7 177.4 116.3 131.2 57.2 195.8 119.8 114.8 110.8 71.5 +1.6 35.2 +11.9 −39.0 151.5 152.2
115.1 39.2 11.7 209.0 142.0 240.5 20.1 93.9 120.2 149.8 45.8 127.8 46.0 40.3 196.2 120.8 130.0 119.8 123.8 121.5 104.0 165.0 97.5 131.6 127.0 122.2 110.0 134.0 107.3 96.7 188.0 125.9 141.8 66.7 204.5 131.5 125.7 121.8 82.0 9.5 44.0 20.0 −32.3 162.5 163.5
128.7 50.8 22.8 223.3 154.0 285 30.5 106.6 134.0 164.1 57.7 140.5 58.2 51.9 211.5 135.0 145.2 133.0 136.7 133.7 117.7 178.0 110.2 146.0 141.8 136.3 123.5 148.0 119.7 110.0 203.0 137.8 155.2 79.5 214.6 146.0 140.0 136.0 96.2 20.0 55.7 31.4 −23.0 178.0 177.8
149.8 68.8 39.8 245.0
173.8 89.0 58.5 268.3
197.5 110.0 78.0 292.7
46.5 125.8 154.2 185.5 75.4 158.0 77.8 69.5 232.8 156.0 167.3 153.0 157.6 154.0 137.8 198.0 130.0 167.8 163.5 157.8 143.5 170.0 138.0 130.2 226.2 155.4 176.2 98.4 229.8 168.2 162.0 157.7 118.0 36.2 73.3 48.0 −9.1 201.5 199.0
64.7 146.7 177.8 209.2 95.5 179.2 99.7 89.5 256.0 180.0 193.0 176.2 180.6 176.9 159.9 219.5 151.6 192.0 188.0 182.2 165.4 195.0 157.8 153.0 250.6 175.2 199.8 120.2 246.4 193.5 187.7 183.0 143.0 54.6 93.0 67.0 +6.8 226.5 222.5
84.4 168.0 201.0 231.8 116.4 198.5 122.0 110.6 280.0 205.2 217.6 199.7 203.3 200.4 183.5 242.0 174.0 216.2 213.8 206.5 188.4 220.0 179.0 179.0 276.3 195.6 223.0 143.0 262.0 218.5 213.0 208.4 169.0 74.1 113.9 86.7 23.7 251.8 246.0
Melting point, °C
51.1 46.5 54.5 139 26.5 −68.7 −36 −19.0 69.5 5.5
11.6 −136 −31.0 −6.2 −24.0 79.5 −102.2 −20 −27.5 −16.5 −38.3 51.5 64.5 −95.0 99 −13 29.5 −16.3 −31.5 44.5 65.5
−26 16.5 −22 57 78 52.5 17 63.5 −30.6 −36.7 −73 62 68.5
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-10
2-79
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Concluded) Pressure, mmHg Compound Name
Tri-2-chlorophenylthiophosphate 1,1,1-Trichloropropane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tricosane Tridecane Tridecanoic acid Triethoxymethylsilane Triethoxyphenylsilane 1,2,4-Triethylbenzene 1,3,4-Triethylbenzene Triethylborine Triethyl camphoronate citrate Triethyleneglycol Triethylheptylsilane Triethyloctylsilane Triethyl orthoformate phosphate Triethylthallium Trifluorophenylsilane Trimethallyl phosphate 2,3,5-Trimethylacetophenone Trimethylamine 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane Trimethyl citrate Trimethyleneglycol (1,3-propanediol) 1,2,4-Trimethyl-5-ethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-ethylbenzene 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Trimethyl phosphate 2,4,5-Trimethylstyrene 2,4,6-Trimethylstyrene Trimethylsuccinic anhydride Triphenylmethane Triphenylphosphate Tripropyleneglycol Tripropyleneglycol monobutyl ether Tripropyleneglycol monoisopropyl ether Tritolyl phosphate Undecane Undecanoic acid 10-Undecenoic acid Undecan-2-ol n-Valeric acid iso-Valeric acid γ-Valerolactone Valeronitrile Vanillin Vinyl acetate 2-Vinylanisole 3-Vinylanisole 4-Vinylanisole Vinyl chloride (1-chloroethylene) cyanide (acrylonitrile) fluoride (1-fluoroethylene) Vinylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethene) 4-Vinylphenetole 2-Xenyl dichlorophosphate 2,4-Xyaldehyde 2-Xylene (2-xylene) 3-Xylene (3-xylene) 4-Xylene (4-xylene) 2,4-Xylidine 2,6-Xylidine
1
5
10
20
217.2
231.2
246.7
261.7
−7.0 33.7 −49.4 206.3 98.3 166.3 +22.8 98.8 74.2 76.0
+4.2 46.0 −40.3 223.0 104.0 181.0 34.6 112.6 88.5 90.2 −148.0 166.0 144.0 158.1 114.6 120.6 40.5 82.1 51.7 +0.8 149.8 122.3 −73.8 109.0 55.9 50.7 47.4 −18.8 160.4 100.6 84.6 80.5 +3.9 −4.3 +6.9 +7.1 46.4 67.8 91.6 79.7 97.4 197.0 249.8 140.5 147.0 127.3 198.0 73.9 149.0 156.3 112.8 79.8 71.3 79.8 30.0 154.0 −18.0 81.0 83.0 85.7 −83.7 −20.3 −132.2 −51.2 105.6 187.0 99.0 32.1 28.3 27.3 93.0 87.0
16.2 59.3 −30.0 242.0 120.2 195.8 47.2 127.2 104.0 105.8 −140.6 183.6 171.1 174.0 130.3 137.7 53.4 97.8 67.7 12.3 169.8 137.5 −65.0 123.7 69.9 64.5 61.0 −7.5 177.2 115.5 99.7 96.0 16.0 +7.5 19.2 19.3 57.6 83.0 107.1 94.8 113.8 206.8 269.7 155.8 161.8 143.7 213.2 85.6 166.0 172.0 127.5 93.1 84.0 95.2 43.3 170.5 −7.0 94.7 97.2 100.0 −75.7 −9.0 −125.4 −41.7 120.3 205.0 114.0 45.1 41.1 40.1 107.6 102.7
29.9 74.0 −18.5 261.3 137.7 212.4 61.7 143.5 121.7 122.6 −131.4 201.8 190.4 191.3 148.0 155.7 67.5 115.7 85.4 25.4 192.0 154.2 −55.2 139.8 85.4 79.8 76.1 +5.2 194.2 131.0 106.0 113.2 29.5 20.7 33.0 32.9 69.8 100.0 124.2 111.8 131.0 215.5 290.3 173.7 179.8 161.4 229.7 104.4 185.6 188.7 143.7 107.8 98.0 101.9 57.8 188.7 +5.3 110.0 112.5 116.0 −66.8 +3.8 −118.0 −31.1 136.3 223.8 129.7 59.5 55.3 54.4 123.8 120.2
60
100
200
400
760
271.5
283.8
302.8
322.0
341.3
38.3 83.6 −11.2 273.8 148.2 222.0 70.4 153.2 132.2 133.4 −125.2 213.5 202.5 201.5 158.2 168.0 76.0 126.3 95.7 33.2 207.0 165.7 −48.8 149.5 95.3 89.5 85.8 13.3 205.5 141.1 126.3 123.8 38.1 29.1 41.8 41.6 77.3 110.0 135.5 122.3 142.2 221.2 305.2 184.6 190.2 173.2 239.8 115.2 197.2 199.5 153.7 116.6 107.3 122.4 66.9 199.8 13.0 119.8 122.3 126.1 −61.1 11.8 −113.0 −24.0 146.4 236.0 139.8 68.8 64.4 63.5 133.7 131.5
50.0 96.1 −1.7 289.8 162.5 236.0 82.7 167.5 146.8 147.7 −116.0 228.6 217.8 214.6 174.0 184.3 88.0 141.6 112.1 44.2 225.7 179.7 −40.3 162.0 108.8 102.8 98.9 24.4 219.6 153.4 140.3 137.9 49.9 40.7 53.8 53.4 87.6 124.0 149.8 136.8 156.5 228.4 322.5 199.0 204.4 187.8 252.2 128.1 212.5 213.5 167.2 128.3 118.9 136.5 78.6 214.5 23.3 132.3 135.3 139.7 −53.2 22.8 −106.2 −15.0 159.8 251.5 152.2 81.3 76.8 75.9 146.8 146.0
67.7 115.6 +13.5 313.5 185.0 255.2 101.0 188.0 168.3 168.3 −101.0 250.8 242.2 235.2 196.0 208.0 106.0 163.7 136.0 60.1 255.0 201.3 −27.0 182.3 129.0 122.7 118.6 41.2 241.3 172.8 160.3 158.4 67.8 58.1 72.0 71.3 102.2 145.0 171.8 157.8 179.8 239.7 349.8 220.2 224.4 209.7 271.8 149.3 237.8 232.8 187.7 146.0 136.2 157.7 97.7 237.3 38.4 151.0 154.0 159.0 −41.3 38.7 −95.4 −1.0 180.0 275.3 172.3 100.2 95.5 94.6 166.4 168.0
87.5 137.0 30.2 339.8 209.4 276.5 121.8 210.5 193.7 193.2 −81.0 276.0 267.5 256.6 221.0 235.0 125.7 187.0 163.5 78.7 288.5 224.3 −12.5 203.7 152.0 145.4 141.0 60.4 264.2 193.8 184.5 183.5 88.2 78.0 92.7 91.8 118.4 167.8 196.1 182.3 205.5 249.8 379.2 244.3 247.0 232.8 292.7 171.9 262.8 254.0 209.8 165.0 155.2 182.3 118.7 260.0 55.5 172.1 175.8 182.0 −28.0 58.3 −84.0 +14.8 202.8 301.5 194.1 121.7 116.7 115.9 188.3 193.7
108.2 158.0 47.6 366.5 234.0 299.0 143.5 233.5 218.0 217.5 −56.2 301.0 294.0 278.3 247.0 262.0 146.0 211.0 192.1 98.3 324.0 247.5 +2.9 234.5 176.1 169.2 164.7 80.9 287.0 214.2 208.1 208.0 109.8 99.2 114.8 113.5 135.0 192.7 221.2 207.0 231.0 259.2 413.5 267.2 269.5 256.6 313.0 195.8 290.0 275.0 232.0 184.4 175.1 207.5 140.8 285.0 72.5 194.0 197.5 204.5 −13.8 78.5 −72.2 31.7 225.0 328.5 215.5 144.4 139.1 138.3 211.5 217.9
Temperature, °C
Formula C18H12Cl3O3 188.2 PS C3H5Cl3 −28.8 C3H5Cl3 +9.0 C2Cl3F3 −68.0 C23H48 170.0 C13H28 59.4 C13H26O2 137.8 C7H18O3Si −1.5 C12H20O3Si 71.0 C12H18 46.0 C12H18 47.9 C6H15B C15H26O6 C12H20O7 107.0 C6H14O4 114.0 C13H30Si 70.0 C14H32Si 73.7 C7H16O3 +5.5 C6H15O4P 39.6 C6H15Tl +9.3 C6H5F3Si −31.0 C12H21PO4 93.7 C11H14O 79.0 C3H9N −97.1 C9H13N 68.4 C9H12 16.8 C9H12 13.6 C9H12 9.6 C7H16 C9H14O7 106.2 C3H8O2 59.4 C11H16 43.7 C11H16 38.8 C8H18 −29.0 C8H18 −36.5 C8H18 −25.8 C8H18 −26.3 C8H16O 14.7 C3H9O4P 26.0 C11H14 48.1 C11H14 37.5 C7H10O3 53.5 C19H16 169.7 C18H15O4P 193.5 C9H20O4 96.0 C13H28O4 101.5 C12H26O4 82.4 C21H21O4P 154.6 C11H24 32.7 C11H22O2 101.4 C11H20O2 114.0 C11H24O 71.1 C5H10O2 42.2 C5H10O2 34.5 C5H8O2 37.5 C5H9N −6.0 C8H8O3 107.0 C4H6O2 −48.0 C9H10O 41.9 C9H10O 43.4 C9H10O 45.2 C2H3Cl −105.6 C3H3N −51.0 C2H3F −149.3 C2H2Cl2 −77.2 C10H12O 64.0 C12H9Cl2PO 138.2 C9H10O 59.0 C8H10 −3.8 C8H10 −6.9 C8H10 −8.1 52.6 C8H11N C8H11N 44.0
40
150.2 138.7 144.0 99.8 104.8 29.2 67.8 37.6 −9.7 131.0 108.0 −81.7 95.9 42.9 38.3 34.7 146.2 87.2 71.2 67.0 −7.1 −15.0 −3.9 −4.1 36.0 53.7 77.0 65.7 82.6 188.4 230.4 125.7 131.6 112.4 184.2 59.7 133.1 142.8 99.0 67.7 59.6 65.8 +18.1 138.4 −28.0 68.0 69.9 72.0 −90.8 −30.7 −138.0 −60.0 91.7 171.1 85.9 +20.2 +16.8 +15.5 79.8 72.6
Melting point, °C
−77.7 −14.7 −35 47.7 −6.2 41
135
−63.0
−117.1 67 −25.5 −44.1 −44.8 −25.0 78.5
−112.3 −107.3 −101.5 −109.2
93.4 49.4
−25.6 29.5 24.5 −34.5 −37.6 81.5
−153.7 −82 −160.5 −122.5 75 −25.2 −47.9 +13.3
2-80
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS UNITS CONVERSIONS
To convert cubic feet to cubic meters, multiply by 0.02832. To convert bars to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 14.504. To convert bars to kilopascals, multiply by 1 × 102.
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °F = 9⁄5°C + 32 To convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 0.01934.
TABLE 2-11
Partial Pressures of Water over Aqueous Solutions of HCl* log10 pmm = A − B/T, (T in K), which, however, agrees only approximately with the table. The table is more nearly correct. Partial pressure of H2O, mmHg, °C
% HCl
A
B
0°
5°
10°
15°
20°
25°
30°
35°
40°
45°
50°
60°
6 10 14 18 20
8.99156 8.99864 8.97075 8.98014 8.97877
2282 2295 2300 2323 2334
4.18 3.84 3.39 2.87 2.62
6.04 5.52 4.91 4.21 3.83
8.45 7.70 6.95 5.92 5.40
11.7 10.7 9.65 8.26 7.50
15.9 14.6 13.1 11.3 10.3
21.8 20.0 18.0 15.4 14.1
29.1 26.8 24.1 20.6 19.0
39.4 35.5 31.9 27.5 25.1
50.6 47.0 42.1 36.4 33.3
66.2 61.5 55.3 47.9 43.6
86.0 80.0 72.0 62.5 57.0
139 130 116 102 93.5
22 24 26 28 30
9.02708 8.96022 9.01511 8.97611 9.00117
2363 2356 2390 2395 2422
2.33 2.05 1.76 1.50 1.26
3.40 3.04 2.60 2.24 1.90
4.82 4.31 3.71 3.21 2.73
6.75 6.03 5.21 4.54 3.88
9.30 8.30 7.21 6.32 5.41
12.6 11.4 9.95 8.75 7.52
17.1 15.4 13.5 11.8 10.2
22.8 20.4 18.0 15.8 13.7
30.2 27.1 24.0 21.1 18.4
39.8 35.7 31.7 27.9 24.3
52.0 46.7 41.5 36.5 32.0
32 34 36 38 40 42
9.03317 9.07143 9.11815 9.20783 9.33923 9.44953
2453 2487 2526 2579 2647 2709
1.04 0.85 0.68 0.53 0.41 0.31
1.57 1.29 1.03 0.81 0.63 0.48
2.27 1.87 1.50 1.20 0.94 0.72
3.25 2.70 2.19 1.75 1.37 1.06
4.55 3.81 3.10 2.51 2.00 1.56
6.37 5.35 4.41 3.60 2.88 2.30
11.7 9.95 8.33 6.92 5.68 4.60
15.7 13.5 11.4 9.52 7.85 6.45
21.0 18.1 15.4 13.0 10.7 8.90
27.7 24.0 20.4 17.4 14.5 12.1
8.70 7.32 6.08 5.03 4.09 3.28
70°
80°
90°
100° 110°
220 204 185 162 150
333 310 273 248 230
492 463 425 374 345
715 677 625 550 510
960 892 783 729
85.6 77.0 69.0 60.7 53.5
138 124 112 99.0 87.5
211 194 173 154 136
317 290 261 234 207
467 426 387 349 310
670 611 555 499 444
46.5 40.5 34.8 29.6 25.0 21.2
76.5 66.5 57.0 49.1 42.1 35.8
120 104 90.0 77.5 67.3 57.2
184 161 140 120 105 89.2
275 243 212 182 158 135
396 355 311 266 230 195
*Uncertainty, ca. 2 percent for solutions of 15 to 30 percent HCl between 0 and 100°; for solutions of > 30 percent HCl the accuracy is ca. 5 percent at the lower temperatures and ca. 15 percent at the higher temperatures. Below 15 percent HCl, the uncertainty is ca. 5 percent at the lower temperatures and higher strengths to ca. 15 to 20 percent at the lower strengths and perhaps 15 to 20 percent at the higher temperatures and lower strengths. International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 301.
TABLE 2-12
Partial Pressures of HCl over Aqueous Solutions of HCl*
log10 pmm = A − B/T, (T in K), which, however, agrees only approximately with the table. The table is more nearly correct. mmHg, °C
% HCl
A
2 4 6 8 10
11.8037 11.6400 11.2144 11.0406 10.9311
4736 0.0000117 0.000023 0.000044 0.000084 0.000151 0.000275 0.00047 0.00083 0.00140 0.00380 0.0100 0.0245 0.058 0.132 0.280 4471 0.000018 0.000036 .000069 .000131 .00024 .00044 .00077 .00134 .0023 .00385 .0064 .0165 .0405 .095 .21 .46 .93 4202 .000066 .000125 .000234 .000425 .00076 .00131 .00225 .0038 .0062 .0102 .0163 .040 .094 .206 .44 .92 1.78 4042 .000118 .000323 .000583 .00104 .00178 .0031 .00515 .0085 .0136 .022 .0344 .081 .183 .39 .82 1.64 3.10 3908 .00042 .00075 .00134 .00232 .00395 .0067 .0111 .0178 .0282 .045 .069 .157 .35 .73 1.48 2.9 5.4
12 14 16 18 20
10.7900 10.6954 10.6261 10.4957 10.3833
3765 3636 3516 3376 3245
22 24 26 28 30
10.3172 10.2185 10.1303 10.0115 9.8763
3125 .0734 2995 .175 2870 .41 2732 1.0 2593 2.4
.119 .277 .64 1.52 3.57
.187 .43 .98 2.27 5.23
.294 .66 1.47 3.36 7.60
.45 1.00 2.17 4.90 10.6
.68 1.49 3.20 7.05 15.1
1.02 2.17 4.56 9.90 21.0
32 34 36 38 40
9.7523 9.6061 9.5262 9.4670 9.2156
2457 2316 2229 2094 1939
5.7 13.1 29.0 63.0 130
8.3 18.8 41.0 87.0 176
11.8 26.4 56.4 117 233
16.8 36.8 78 158 307
23.5 50.5 105.5 210 399
32.5 68.5 142 277 515
44.5 92 188 360 627
42 44 46
8.9925 1800 253 8.8621 1681 510 940
332 655
430 840
560
709
900
B
0°
.00099 .0024 .0056 .0135 .0316
5°
.00175 .00415 .0095 .0225 .052
10°
.00305 .0071 .016 .037 .084
15°
.0052 .0118 .0265 .060 .132
20°
.0088 .0196 .0428 .095 .205
25°
.0145 .0316 .0685 .148 .32
30°
.0234 .050 .106 .228 .48
35°
.037 .078 .163 .345 .72
40°
45°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
100°
110°
.058 .121 .247 .515 1.06
.091 .185 .375 .77 1.55
.136 .275 .55 1.11 2.21
.305 .60 1.17 2.3 4.4
.66 1.25 2.40 4.55 8.5
1.34 2.50 4.66 8.6 15.6
2.65 4.8 8.8 15.7 28.1
5.1 9.0 16.1 28 49
9.3 16.0 28 48 83
1.50 3.14 6.50 13.8 28.6
2.18 4.5 9.2 19.1 39.4
3.14 6.4 12.7 26.4 53
4.42 8.9 17.5 35.7 71
8.6 16.9 32.5 64 124
16.3 31.0 58.5 112 208
29.3 54.5 100 188 340
52 94 169 309 542
90 157 276 493 845
146 253 436 760
60.0 122 246 465 830
81 161 322 598
107 211 416 758
141 273 535 955
238 450 860
390 720
623
970
*Uncertainty, ca. 2 percent for solutions of 15 to 30 percent HCl between 0 and 100°; for solutions of > 30 percent HCl the accuracy is ca. 5 percent at the lower temperatures and ca. 15 percent at the higher temperatures. Below 15 percent HCl, the uncertainty is ca. 5 percent at the lower temperatures and higher strengths to ca. 15 to 20 percent at the lower strengths and perhaps 15 to 20 percent at the higher temperatures and lower strengths. International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 301.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS
FIG. 2-1 Vapor pressures of H3PO4 aqueous: partial pressure of H2O vapor. (Courtesy of Victor Chemical Works, Stauffer Chemical Company; measurements by W. H. Woodstock.)
TABLE 2-13 g SO2 / 100 g H2O
Temperature, °C 10
20
0.01 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
0.02 0.38 1.15 2.10 3.17
0.04 0.66 1.91 3.44 5.13
0.07 1.07 3.03 5.37 7.93
0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 1.00
4.34 5.57 8.17 10.9 25.8
6.93 8.84 12.8 17.0 39.5
8.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
Vapor pressures of H3PO4 aqueous: weight of H2O in saturated air. (Courtesy of Victor Chemical Works, Stauffer Chemical Company; measurements by W. H. Woodstock.)
FIG. 2-2
Partial Pressures of H2O and SO2 over Aqueous Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide* Partial pressures of H2O and SO2, mmHg, °C 0
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
2-81
10.6 13.5 19.4 25.6 58.4
30
40
50
60
90
120
0.12 1.68 4.62 8.07 11.8
0.19 2.53 6.80 11.7 17.0
0.29 3.69 9.71 16.5 23.8
0.43 5.24 13.5 22.7 32.6
1.21 12.9 31.7 52.2 73.7
2.82 27.0 63.9 104 145
15.7 19.8 28.3 37.1 83.7
58.6 93.2 129 165 202
88.5 139 192 245 299
129 202 277 353 430
183 285 389 496 602
275 351 542 735
407 517 796
585 741
818
22.5 28.2 40.1 52.3 117
31.4 39.2 55.3 72.0 159
42.8 53.3 74.7 96.8 212
95.8 118 164 211 454
253 393 535 679 824
342 530 720
453 700
955
*Extracted with permission from J. Chem Eng. Data 8, 1963: 333–336. Copyright 1963 American Chemical Society.
186 229 316 404 856
2-82
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-14 °C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions* Weight percent, H2SO4
10.0 .582E−02 .117E−01 .223E−01 .404E−01 .703E−01 .117 .189 .296 .449 .664
20.0 .534E−02 .107E−01 .205E−01 .373E−01 .649E−01 .109 .175 .275 .417 .617
30.0 .448E−02 .909E−02 .174E−01 .319E−01 .558E−01 .939E−01 .152 .239 .365 .542
40.0 .326E−02 .670E−02 .130E−01 .241E−01 .427E−01 .725E−01 .119 .188 .290 .434
50.0
60.0
.193E−02 .405E−02 .802E−02 .151E−01 .272E−01 .470E−01 .782E−01 .126 .196 .298
.836E−03 .180E−02 .367E−02 .710E−02 .131E−01 .232E−01 .395E−01 .651E−01 .104 .161
75.0
80.0
85.0
.207E−03 .467E−03 .995E−03 .201E−02 .387E−02 .715E−02 .127E−01 .217E−01 .360E−01 .578E−01
70.0
.747E−04 .175E−03 .388E−03 .811E−03 .162E−02 .309E−02 .565E−02 .997E−02 .170E−01 .281E−01
.197E−04 .490E−04 .115E−04 .253E−03 .531E−03 .106E−02 .204E−02 .376E−02 .668E−02 .115E−01
.343E−05 .952E−05 .245E−04 .589E−04 .133E−03 .286E−03 .584E−03 .114E−02 .213E−02 .383E−02
.905E−01 .138 .206 .301 .481 .605 .837 1.138 1.525 2.017
.452E−01 .708E−01 .108 .162 .236 .339 .478 .662 .902 1.212
.192E−01 .312E−01 .493E−01 .760E−01 .115 .170 .246 .350 .489 .673
.666E−02 .112E−01 .183E−01 .291E−01 .451E−01 .682E−01 .101 .147 .208 .291
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
.957 1.349 1.863 2.524 3.361 4.404 5.685 7.236 9.093 11.289
.891 1.258 1.740 2.361 3.149 4.132 5.342 6.810 8.571 10.658
.786 1.113 1.544 2.101 2.810 3.697 4.793 6.127 7.731 9.640
.634 .904 1.264 1.732 2.333 3.090 4.031 5.185 6.584 8.259
.441 .638 .903 1.253 1.708 2.289 3.021 3.930 5.045 6.397
.244 .360 .519 .734 1.020 1.392 1.870 2.475 3.233 4.169
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290
13.861 16.841 20.264 24.160 28.561 33.494 38.984 45.055 51.726 59.015
13.107 15.951 19.225 22.960 27.188 31.939 37.240 43.116 49.590 56.681
11.887 14.505 17.529 20.992 24.927 29.364 34.334 39.865 45.984 52.715
10.245 12.576 15.287 18.414 21.992 26.056 30.642 35.784 41.514 47.865
8.020 9.948 12.217 14.864 17.929 21.452 25.472 30.030 35.168 40.926
5.312 6.696 8.354 10.322 12.641 15.351 18.496 22.121 26.274 31.003
2.632 3.395 4.331 5.466 6.831 8.458 10.382 12.640 15.269 18.311
1.606 2.101 2.714 3.467 4.381 5.480 6.788 8.333 10.142 12.242
.913 1.220 1.609 2.096 2.699 3.435 4.326 5.395 6.663 8.155
.401 .542 .724 .952 1.237 1.587 2.012 2.525 3.136 3.857
300 66.934 310 75.495 320 84.705 330 94.567 340 105.083 350 116.251
64.407 72.781 81.816 91.518 101.894 112.946
60.081 68.100 76.792 86.172 96.252 107.043
54.868 62.553 70.947 80.077 89.969 100.646
47.346 54.470 62.337 70.988 80.463 90.802
36.360 42.395 49.164 56.721 65.123 74.426
21.808 25.804 30.343 35.473 41.240 47.692
14.665 17.438 20.591 24.153 28.154 32.622
9.897 11.912 14.227 16.867 19.855 23.217
4.701 5.680 6.806 8.093 9.551 11.193
*Vermeulen, Dong, Robinson, Nguyen, and Gmitro, AIChE meeting, Anaheim, Calif., 1982; and private communication from Prof. Theodore Vermeulen, Chemical Engineering Dept., University of California, Berkeley.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-14
2-83
Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions (Concluded ) Weight percent, H2SO4
°C
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
100.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.518E−06 .159E−05 .448E−05 .117E−04 .285E−04 .652E−04 .141E−03 .290E−03 .569E−03 .107E−02
.242E−06 .762E−06 .220E−05 .587E−05 .146E−04 .341E−04 .754E−04 .158E−03 .316E−03 .606E−03
.107E−06 .344E−06 .101E−05 .275E−05 .696E−05 .166E−04 .372E−04 .795E−04 .162E−03 .315E−03
.401E−07 .130E−06 .390E−06 .108E−05 .278E−05 .672E−05 .154E−04 .334E−04 .691E−04 .137E−03
.218E−07 .713E−07 .215E−06 .598E−06 .155E−05 .379E−05 .875E−05 .192E−04 .400E−04 .801E−04
.980E−08 .323E−07 .978E−07 .275E−06 .720E−06 .177E−05 .413E−05 .912E−05 .192E−04 .388E−04
.569E−08 .188E−07 .572E−07 .161E−06 .424E−06 .105E−05 .245E−05 .544E−05 .115E−04 .234E−04
.268E−08 .888E−08 .271E−07 .766E−07 .202E−06 .503E−06 .118E−05 .263E−05 .559E−05 .114E−04
.775E−09 .258E−08 .789E−08 .224E−07 .595E−07 .149E−06 .350E−06 .784E−06 .168E−05 .343E−05
.196E−09 .655E−09 .201E−08 .575E−08 .153E−07 .384E−07 .910E−07 .205E−06 .439E−06 .903E−06
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
.194E−02 .338E−02 .571E−02 .938E−02 .150E−01 .233E−01 .354E−01 .526E−01 .766E−01 .110
.112E−02 .198E−02 .341E−02 .569E−02 .923E−02 .146E−01 .225E−01 .340E−01 .502E−01 .729E−01
.590E−03 .107E−02 .186E−02 .315E−02 .519E−02 .832E−02 .130E−01 .199E−01 .298E−01 .438E−01
.261E−03 .479E−03 .851E−03 .146E−02 .245E−02 .399E−02 .633E−02 .983E−02 .149E−01 .222E−01
.154E−03 .285E−03 .511E−03 .886E−03 .149E−02 .245E−02 .393E−02 .614E−02 .941E−02 .141E−01
.752E−04 .141E−03 .254E−03 .445E−03 .757E−03 .125E−02 .202E−02 .319E−02 .492E−02 .744E−02
.455E−04 .855E−04 .155E−03 .278E−03 .467E−03 .776E−03 .126E−02 .199E−02 .309E−02 .469E−02
.223E−04 .420E−04 .766E−04 .135E−03 .232E−03 .387E−03 .629E−03 .999E−03 .155E−02 .236E−02
.674E−05 .128E−04 .233E−04 .414E−04 .711E−04 .119E−03 .194E−03 .309E−03 .482E−03 .735E−03
.178E−05 .339E−05 .623E−05 .111E−04 .191E−04 .321E−04 .526E−04 .840E−04 .131E−03 .201E−03
.631E−01 .894E−01 .125 .171 .232 .310 .409 .534 .689 .880
.325E−01 .467E−01 .660E−01 .918E−01 .126 .170 .227 .300 .391 .505
.208E−01 .300E−01 .427E−01 .598E−01 .825E−01 .112 .151 .200 .263 .341
.110E−01 .161E−01 .230E−01 .325E−01 .451E−01 .618E−01 .835E−01 .111 .147 .192
.698E−02 .102E−01 .147E−01 .208E−01 .290E−01 .398E−01 .540E−01 .723E−01 .957E−01 .125
.352E−02 .516E−02 .743E−02 .105E−01 .147E−01 .202E−01 .274E−01 .366E−01 .485E−01 .634E−01
.110E−02 .161E−02 .232E−02 .329E−02 .460E−02 .633E−02 .858E−02 .115E−01 .152E−01 .199E−01
.300E−03 .442E−03 .638E−03 .906E−03 .127E−02 .174E−02 .237E−02 .317E−02 .420E−02 .548E−02
.248 .316 .400 .502 .624 .770
.162 .208 .264 .331 .413 .511
.820E−01 .105 .133 .167 .208 .256
.257E−01 .328E−01 .415E−01 .520E−01 .646E−01 .795E−01
.708E−02 .905E−02 .114E−01 .143E−01 .178E−01 .218E−01
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290
.154 .213 .290 .389 .514 .673 .870 1.112 1.407 1.763
.104 .146 .201 .273 .366 .485 .635 .822 1.052 1.335
300 310 320 330 340 350
2.190 2.696 3.292 3.990 4.801 5.738
1.676 2.088 2.578 3.159 3.843 4.641
1.112 1.394 1.732 2.133 2.608 3.164
.646 .817 1.025 1.274 1.571 1.922
.437 .556 .701 .875 1.083 1.331
2-84
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-15
Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions* Weight percent, H2SO4
°C
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.644E−29 .149E−27 .278E−26 .426E−25 .549E−24 .602E−23 .573E−22 .477E−21 .352E−20 .233E−19
.103E−27 .223E−26 .394E−25 .577E−24 .714E−23 .757E−22 .699E−21 .567E−20 .410E−19 .266E−18
.205E−26 .395E−25 .626E−24 .832E−23 .941E−22 .921E−21 .789E−20 .599E−19 .408E−18 .250E−17
.688E−25 .113E−23 .156E−22 .181E−21 .181E−20 .158E−19 .122E−18 .843E−18 .524E−17 .296E−16
.368E−23 .522E−22 .621E−21 .630E−20 .555E−19 .429E−18 .294E−17 .181E−16 .101E−15 .516E−15
.341E−21 .415E−20 .426E−19 .376E−18 .288E−17 .195E−16 .118E−15 .643E−15 .319E−14 .145E−13
.784E−19 .796E−18 .685E−17 .509E−16 .331E−15 .191E−14 .985E−14 .461E−13 .197E−12 .775E−12
.174E−17 .158E−16 .121E−15 .808E−15 .473E−14 .246E−13 .116E−12 .492E−12 .192E−11 .693E−11
.531E−16 .417E−15 .280E−14 .164E−13 .851E−13 .395E−12 .165E−11 .634E−11 .223E−10 .731E−10
.229E−14 .141E−13 .767E−13 .371E−12 .162E−11 .643E−11 .234E−10 .791E−10 .249E−09 .734E−09
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
.139E−18 .756E−18 .377E−17 .174E−16 .743E−16 .297E−15 .111E−14 .393E−14 .131E−13 .415E−13
.157E−17 .844E−17 .418E−16 .191E−15 .815E−15 .325E−14 .122E−13 .430E−13 .144E−12 .458E−12
.140E−16 .719E−16 .340E−15 .150E−14 .615E−14 .237E−13 .862E−13 .296E−12 .967E−12 .301E−11
.153E−15 .730E−15 .323E−14 .133E−13 .517E−13 .188E−12 .649E−12 .212E−11 .622E−11 .197E−10
.242E−14 .105E−13 .424E−13 .160E−12 .569E−12 .191E−11 .608E−11 .184E−10 .532E−10 .147E−09
.606E−13 .236E−12 .858E−12 .293E−11 .943E−11 .287E−10 .833E−10 .231E−09 .610E−09 .155E−08
.283E−11 .961E−11 .307E−10 .922E−10 .262E−09 .710E−09 .183E−08 .453E−08 .107E−07 .246E−07
.232E−10 .729E−10 .215E−09 .601E−09 .159E−08 .403E−08 .974E−08 .226E−07 .505E−07 .109E−06
.223E−09 .641E−09 .174E−08 .446E−08 .109E−07 .256E−07 .575E−07 .125E−06 .260E−06 .527E−06
.204E−08 .538E−08 .135E−07 .324E−07 .745E−07 .165E−06 .351E−06 .725E−06 .145E−05 .282E−05
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290
.125E−12 .362E−12 .100E−11 .265E−11 .678E−11 .167E−10 .399E−10 .920E−10 .206E−09 .449E−09
.139E−11 .404E−11 .112E−10 .301E−10 .777E−10 .193E−09 .466E−09 .109E−08 .247E−08 .545E−08
.893E−11 .254E−10 .695E−10 .183E−09 .465E−09 .114E−08 .272E−08 .628E−08 .141E−07 .308E−07
.561E−10 .154E−09 .405E−09 .103E−08 .253E−08 .602E−08 .139E−07 .312E−07 .683E−07 .145E−06
.391E−09 .100E−08 .246E−08 .587E−08 .135E−07 .303E−07 .660E−07 .140E−06 .288E−06 .580E−06
.379E−08 .894E−08 .204E−07 .450E−07 .965E−07 .201E−06 .408E−06 .807E−06 .156E−05 .295E−05
.542E−07 .116E−06 .240E−06 .482E−06 .944E−06 .180E−05 .336E−05 .612E−05 .109E−04 .191E−04
.228E−06 .462E−06 .911E−06 .175E−05 .328E−05 .600E−05 .108E−04 .189E−04 .326E−04 .553E−04
.103E−05 .198E−05 .368E−05 .668E−05 .119E−04 .206E−04 .352E−04 .590E−04 .973E−04 .158E−03
.534E−05 .986E−05 .178E−04 .314E−04 .543E−04 .923E−04 .154E−03 .253E−03 .408E−03 .649E−03
300 310 320 330 340 350
.953E−09 .197E−08 .397E−08 .782E−08 .151E−07 .285E−07
.117E−07 .245E−07 .502E−07 .100E−06 .196E−06 .376E−06
.657E−07 .136E−06 .277E−06 .551E−06 .107E−05 .204E−05
.302E−06 .614E−06 .122E−05 .237E−05 .452E−05 .846E−05
.114E−05 .220E−05 .414E−05 .766E−05 .139E−04 .246E−04
.546E−05 .990E−05 .176E−04 .308E−04 .529E−04 .893E−04
.329E−04 .556E−04 .923E−04 .151E−03 .243E−03 .387E−03
.921E−04 .151E−03 .245E−03 .391E−03 .617E−03 .963E−03
.253E−03 .398E−03 .621E−03 .956E−03 .145E−02 .219E−02
.102E−02 .158E−02 .242E−02 .367E−02 .550E−02 .815E−02
*Vermeulen, Dong, Robinson, Nguyen, and Gmitro, AIChE meeting, Anaheim, Calif., 1982; and private communication from Prof. Theodore Vermeulen, Chemical Engineering Dept., University of California, Berkeley.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-15
2-85
Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions (Concluded) Weight percent, H2SO4
°C
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.671E−13 .345E−12 .159E−11 .664E−11 .254E−10 .897E−10 .294E−09 .904E−09 .261E−08 .712E−08
.216E−12 .107E−11 .475E−11 .192E−10 .709E−10 .242E−09 .771E−09 .230E−08 .643E−08 .171E−07
.677E−12 .326E−11 .141E−10 .557E−10 .201E−09 .669E−09 .207E−08 .602E−08 .165E−07 .426E−07
.240E−11 .114E−10 .482E−10 .186E−09 .655E−09 .214E−08 .647E−08 .184E−07 .492E−07 .124E−06
.500E−11 .234E−10 .986E−10 .376E−09 .131E−08 .424E−08 .127E−07 .357E−07 .946E−07 .237E−06
.124E−10 .578E−10 .241E−09 .911E−09 .315E−08 .101E−07 .299E−07 .833E−07 .218E−06 .541E−06
.224E−10 .104E−09 .433E−09 .163E−08 .562E−08 .179E−07 .528E−07 .146E−06 .381E−06 .940E−06
.502E−10 .232E−09 .961E−09 .360E−08 .123E−07 .391E−07 .115E−06 .316E−06 .820E−06 .201E−05
.182E−09 .839E−09 .346E−08 .129E−07 .440E−07 .139E−06 .405E−06 .111E−05 .286E−05 .698E−05
.755E−09 .347E−08 .142E−07 .528E−07 .179E−06 .560E−06 .163E−05 .444E−05 .114E−04 .276E−04
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
.184E−07 .456E−07 .108E−06 .244E−06 .533E−06 .112E−05 .229E−05 .453E−05 .870E−05 .163E−04
.430E−07 .103E−06 .238E−06 .526E−06 .112E−05 .230E−05 .459E−05 .886E−05 .166E−04 .304E−04
.105E−06 .247E−06 .555E−06 .120E−05 .250E−05 .504E−05 .983E−05 .186E−04 .343E−04 .615E−04
.300E−06 .689E−06 .152E−05 .321E−05 .656E−05 .129E−04 .247E−04 .459E−04 .829E−04 .146E−03
.565E−06 .128E−05 .280E−05 .586E−05 .118E−04 .231E−04 .438E−04 .806E−04 .144E−03 .252E−03
.127E−05 .287E−05 .619E−05 .128E−04 .257E−04 .497E−04 .932E−04 .170E−03 .301E−03 .520E−03
.220E−05 .494E−05 .106E−04 .219E−04 .435E−04 .837E−04 .156E−03 .283E−03 .499E−03 .859E−03
.470E−05 .105E−04 .224E−04 .459E−04 .910E−04 .174E−03 .324E−03 .586E−03 .103E−02 .177E−02
.162E−04 .359E−04 .764E−04 .156E−03 .308E−03 .588E−03 .109E−02 .196E−02 .343E−02 .587E−02
.638E−04 .141E−03 .298E−03 .606E−03 .119E−02 .226E−02 .416E−02 .746E−02 .130E−01 .222E−01
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290
.297E−04 .528E−04 .919E−04 .157E−03 .261E−03 .428E−03 .690E−03 .109E−02 .170E−02 .261E−02
.543E−04 .946E−04 .161E−03 .269E−03 .441E−03 .708E−03 .112E−02 .174E−02 .266E−02 .401E−02
.108E−03 .185E−03 .309E−03 .508E−03 .819E−03 .130E−02 .202E−02 .309E−02 .466E−02 .694E−02
.251E−03 .422E−03 .694E−03 .112E−02 .178E−02 .276E−02 .423E−02 .638E−02 .948E−02 .139E−01
.429E−03 .714E−03 .117E−02 .187E−02 .293E−02 .453E−02 .688E−02 .103E−01 .152E−01 .221E−01
.878E−03 .145E−02 .235E−02 .373E−02 .582E−02 .891E−02 .134E−01 .200E−01 .293E−01 .423E−01
.144E−02 .237E−02 .383E−02 .605E−02 .939E−02 .143E−01 .215E−01 .319E−01 .465E−01 .670E−01
.296E−02 .486E−02 .781E−02 .123E−01 .191E−01 .291E−01 .437E−01 .646E−01 .943E−01 .136
.981E−02 .161E−01 .258E−01 .405E−01 .627E−01 .955E−01 .143 .212 .309 .444
.370E−01 .603E−01 .965E−01 .152 .234 .356 .532 .786 1.144 1.646
300 310 320 330 340 350
.395E−02 .589E−02 .868E−02 .126E−01 .181E−01 .258E−01
.595E−02 .873E−02 .126E−01 .181E−01 .255E−01 .357E−01
.102E−01 .148E−01 .211E−01 .299E−01 .418E−01 .578E−01
.201E−01 .287E−01 .405E−01 .565E−01 .780E−01 .107
.318E−01 .451E−01 .632E−01 .877E−01 .120 .164
.604E−01 .852E−01 .119 .164 .224 .303
.953E−01 .134 .186 .256 .348 .470
.193 .272 .378 .520 .708 .956
.632 .889 1.236 1.703 2.323 3.142
100.0
2.339 3.289 4.575 6.303 8.603 11.640
2-86
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-16
Sulfuric Acid Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid* Weight percent, H2SO4
°C
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.576E−21 .634E−20 .588E−19 .468E−18 .324E−17 .197E−16 .107E−15 .526E−15 .235E−14 .960E−14
.843E−20 .874E−19 .769E−18 .584E−17 .389E−16 .229E−15 .121E−14 .581E−14 .254E−13 .102E−12
.141E−18 .131E−17 .104E−16 .721E−16 .441E−15 .241E−14 .119E−13 .535E−13 .221E−12 .844E−12
.344E−17 .276E−16 .193E−15 .119E−14 .649E−14 .320E−13 .144E−12 .592E−12 .225E−11 .798E−11
.109E−15 .769E−15 .474E−14 .259E−13 .127E−12 .562E−12 .228E−11 .851E−11 .295E−10 .956E−10
.438E−14 .273E−13 .149E−12 .725E−12 .317E−11 .126E−10 .462E−10 .156E−09 .492E−09 .145E−08
.249E−12 .135E−11 .649E−11 .278E−10 .108E−09 .380E−09 .124E−08 .373E−08 .105E−07 .279E−07
.200E−11 .101E−10 .447E−10 .178E−09 .643E−09 .212E−08 .646E−08 .183E−07 .485E−07 .121E−06
.161E−10 .743E−10 .305E−09 .113E−08 .379E−08 .117E−07 .334E−07 .888E−07 .222E−06 .522E−06
.121E−09 .490E−09 .179E−08 .594E−08 .181E−07 .513E−07 .135E−06 .336E−06 .786E−06 .175E−05
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
.353E−13 .127E−12 .418E−12 .129E−11 .375E−11 .103E−10 .272E−10 .682E−10 .164E−09 .378E−09
.381E−12 .132E−11 .432E−11 .132E−10 .385E−10 .106E−09 .279E−09 .702E−09 .170E−08 .394E−08
.300E−11 .997E−11 .312E−10 .924E−10 .259E−09 .694E−09 .178E−08 .436E−08 .103E−07 .234E−07
.264E−10 .824E−10 .243E−09 .678E−09 .181E−08 .460E−08 .112E−07 .264E−07 .599E−07 .131E−06
.291E−09 .835E−09 .227E−08 .589E−08 .146E−07 .346E−07 .789E−07 .174E−06 .369E−06 .760E−06
.402E−08 .106E−07 .264E−07 .631E−07 .144E−06 .316E−06 .670E−06 .137E−05 .271E−05 .521E−05
.698E−07 .166E−06 .375E−06 .814E−06 .169E−05 .340E−05 .659E−05 .124E−04 .225E−04 .400E−04
.287E−06 .644E−06 .138E−05 .285E−05 .565E−05 .108E−04 .200E−04 .359E−04 .627E−04 .107E−03
.117E−05 .249E−05 .508E−05 .995E−05 .188E−04 .343E−04 .608E−04 .104E−03 .175E−03 .286E−03
.371E−05 .752E−05 .147E−04 .277E−04 .503E−04 .889E−04 .152E−03 .255E−03 .416E−03 .663E−03
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290
.842E−09 .181E−08 .376E−08 .758E−08 .148E−07 .283E−07 .526E−07 .954E−07 .169E−06 .294E−06
.883E−08 .191E−07 .401E−07 .817E−07 .162E−06 .312E−06 .588E−06 .108E−05 .194E−05 .342E−05
.514E−07 .109E−06 .226E−06 .455E−06 .889E−06 .170E−05 .316E−05 .577E−05 .103E−04 .180E−04
.278E−06 .573E−06 .115E−05 .224E−05 .427E−05 .793E−05 .144E−04 .257E−04 .450E−04 .771E−04
.152E−05 .295E−05 .559E−05 .103E−04 .186E−04 .329E−04 .569E−04 .965E−04 .161E−03 .263E−03
.975E−05 .178E−04 .316E−04 .549E−04 .935E−04 .156E−03 .255E−03 .411E−03 .650E−03 .101E−02
.691E−04 .117E−03 .193E−03 .311E−03 .494E−03 .770E−03 .118E−02 .178E−02 .265E−02 .389E−02
.177E−03 .288E−03 .459E−03 .717E−03 .110E−02 .166E−02 .247E−02 .362E−02 .524E−02 .750E−02
.457E−03 .715E−03 .110E−02 .166E−02 .245E−02 .358E−02 .516E−02 .733E−02 .103E−01 .143E−01
.104E−02 .159E−02 .239E−02 .354E−02 .515E−02 .740E−02 .105E−01 .147E−01 .203E−01 .278E−01
300 310 320 330 340 350
.500E−06 .834E−06 .137E−05 .220E−05 .349E−05 .544E−05
.591E−05 .100E−04 .167E−04 .273E−04 .440E−04 .698E−04
.309E−04 .522E−04 .865E−04 .141E−03 .227E−03 .360E−03
.130E−03 .215E−03 .352E−03 .565E−03 .895E−03 .140E−02
.424E−03 .672E−03 .105E−02 .162E−02 .246E−02 .369E−02
.156E−02 .236E−02 .352E−02 .519E−02 .757E−02 .109E−01
.563E−02 .805E−02 .114E−01 .159E−01 .221E−01 .303E−01
.106E−01 .148E−01 .205E−01 .281E−01 .382E−01 .516E−01
.196E−01 .266E−01 .359E−01 .480E−01 .636E−01 .836E−01
.376E−01 .504E−01 .670E−01 .883E−01 .116 .150
°C
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
100.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.534E−09 .200E−08 .677E−08 .211E−07 .607E−07 .163E−06 .411E−06 .976E−06 .220E−05 .473E−05
.803E−09 .296E−08 .993E−08 .306E−07 .870E−07 .231E−06 .575E−06 .135E−05 .302E−05 .642E−05
.112E−08 .409E−08 .136E−07 .415E−07 .117E−06 .309E−06 .765E−06 .179E−05 .396E−05 .835E−05
.148E−08 .540E−08 .179E−07 .543E−07 .153E−06 .400E−06 .985E−06 .229E−05 .504E−05 .106E−04
.167E−08 .609E−08 .201E−07 .611E−07 .171E−06 .449E−06 .110E−05 .256E−05 .562E−05 .118E−04
.187E−08 .679E−08 .224E−07 .680E−07 .191E−06 .498E−06 .122E−05 .283E−05 .622E−05 .130E−04
.196E−08 .714E−08 .236E−07 .714E−07 .200E−06 .523E−06 .128E−05 .297E−05 .652E−05 .136E−04
.206E−08 .750E−08 .247E−07 .749E−07 .210E−06 .548E−06 .134E−05 .310E−05 .681E−05 .143E−04
.217E−08 .788E−08 .260E−07 .786E−07 .220E−06 .574E−06 .140E−05 .325E−05 .712E−05 .149E−04
.228E−08 .827E−08 .273E−07 .824E−07 .230E−06 .600E−06 .147E−05 .339E−05 .743E−05 .155E−04
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
.973E−05 .192E−04 .366E−04 .672E−04 .120E−03 .207E−03 .348E−03 .572E−03 .917E−03 .144E−02
.131E−04 .256E−04 .482E−04 .879E−04 .155E−03 .266E−03 .444E−03 .723E−03 .115E−02 .179E−02
.169E−04 .328E−04 .614E−04 .111E−03 .195E−03 .332E−03 .550E−03 .889E−03 .140E−02 .217E−02
.213E−04 .412E−04 .767E−04 .138E−03 .241E−03 .408E−03 .673E−03 .108E−02 .170E−02 .262E−02
.237E−04 .457E−04 .849E−04 .153E−03 .266E−03 .449E−03 .740E−03 .119E−02 .186E−02 .286E−02
.261E−04 .503E−04 .935E−04 .168E−03 .292E−03 .493E−03 .810E−03 .130E−02 .204E−02 .312E−02
.274E−04 .527E−04 .977E−04 .175E−03 .304E−03 .514E−03 .844E−03 .135E−02 .212E−02 .325E−02
.285E−04 .549E−04 .102E−03 .182E−03 .316E−03 .534E−03 .876E−03 .140E−02 .220E−02 .336E−02
.298E−04 .572E−04 .106E−03 .190E−03 .329E−03 .554E−03 .909E−03 .145E−02 .227E−02 .348E−02
.310E−04 .595E−04 .110E−03 .197E−03 .341E−03 .574E−03 .941E−03 .150E−02 .235E−02 .359E−02
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290
.221E−02 .333E−02 .494E−02 .719E−02 .103E−01 .146E−01 .203E−01 .279E−01 .380E−01 .510E−01
.273E−02 .408E−02 .601E−02 .869E−02 .124E−01 .174E−01 .240E−01 .329E−01 .444E−01 .592E−01
.329E−02 .490E−02 .715E−02 .103E−01 .146E−01 .203E−01 .279E−01 .380E−01 .510E−01 .676E−01
.395E−02 .585E−02 .850E−02 .122E−01 .171E−01 .238E−01 .326E−01 .441E−01 .589E−01 .778E−01
.431E−02 .637E−02 .924E−02 .132E−01 .186E−01 .257E−01 .352E−01 .475E−01 .633E−01 .835E−01
.470E−02 .693E−02 .100E−01 .143E−01 .201E−01 .278E−01 .380E−01 .513E−01 .683E−01 .900E−01
.488E−02 .720E−02 .104E−01 .149E−01 .209E−01 .289E−01 .394E−01 .531E−01 .706E−01 .930E−01
.505E−02 .744E−02 .108E−01 .153E−01 .215E−01 .297E−01 .405E−01 .545E−01 .725E−01 .954E−01
.522E−02 .768E−02 .111E−01 .158E−01 .221E−01 .305E−01 .416E−01 .560E−01 .744E−01 .978E−01
.538E−02 .791E−02 .114E−01 .162E−01 .227E−01 .314E−01 .427E−01 .574E−01 .762E−01 .100
300 310 320 330 340 350
.678E−01 .892E−01 .116 .150 .192 .243
.782E−01 .102 .132 .170 .216 .272
.888E−01 .115 .149 .190 .240 .301
.102 .132 .169 .214 .270 .337
.109 .141 .180 .228 .287 .358
.117 .151 .193 .245 .307 .383
.121 .156 .199 .252 .317 .394
.124 .160 .204 .258 .328 .402
.127 .164 .209 .263 .330 .410
.130 .167 .213 .269 .386 .417
Weight percent, H2SO4
*Vermeulen, Dong, Robinson, Nguyen, and Gmitro, AIChE meeting, Anaheim, CA, 1982; and private communication from Prof. Theodore Vermeulen, Chemical Engineering Dept., University of California, Berkeley.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-17
2-87
Total Pressure, bar, of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions* Weight percent, H2SO4
°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
10.0 .582E−02 .117E−01 .223E−01 .404E−01 .703E−01 .117 .189 .296 .449 .664
20.0 .534E−02 .107E−01 .205E−01 .373E−01 .649E−01 .109 .175 .275 .417 .617
30.0 .448E−02 .909E−02 .174E−01 .319E−01 .558E−01 .939E−01 .152 .239 .365 .542
40.0 .326E−02 .670E−02 .130E−01 .241E−01 .427E−01 .725E−01 .119 .188 .290 .434
50.0 .193E−02 .405E−02 .802E−02 .151E−01 .272E−01 .470E−01 .782E−01 .126 .196 .298
60.0 .836E−03 .180E−02 .367E−02 .710E−02 .131E−01 .232E−01 .395E−01 .651E−01 .104 .161
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
.207E−03 .467E−03 .995E−03 .201E−02 .387E−02 .715E−02 .127E−01 .217E−01 .360E−01 .578E−01
.747E−04 .175E−03 .388E−03 .811E−03 .162E−02 .309E−02 .565E−02 .997E−01 .170E−01 .281E−01
.197E−04 .490E−04 .115E−03 .253E−03 .531E−03 .106E−02 .204E−02 .376E−02 .668E−02 .115E−01
.343E−05 .952E−05 .245E−04 .589E−04 .134E−03 .286E−03 .584E−03 .114E−02 .213E−02 .383E−02
.905E−01 .138 .206 .301 .431 .605 .837 1.138 1.525 2.017
.452E−01 .708E−01 .108 .162 .236 .339 .478 .662 .902 1.212
.192E−01 .312E−01 .493E−01 .760E−01 .115 .170 .246 .350 .489 .673
.666E−02 .112E−01 .183E−01 .291E−01 .451E−01 .683E−01 .101 .147 .209 .292
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
.957 1.349 1.863 2.524 3.361 4.404 5.685 7.236 9.093 11.289
.891 1.258 1.740 2.361 3.149 4.132 5.342 6.810 8.571 10.658
.786 1.113 1.544 2.101 2.810 3.697 4.793 6.127 7.731 9.640
.634 .904 1.264 1.732 2.333 3.090 4.031 5.185 6.584 8.259
.441 .638 .903 1.253 1.708 2.289 3.021 3.930 5.045 6.397
.244 .360 .519 .734 1.020 1.392 1.870 2.475 3.233 4.169
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290
13.861 16.841 20.264 24.160 28.561 33.494 38.984 45.055 51.726 59.015
13.107 15.951 19.225 22.960 27.188 31.939 37.240 43.116 49.590 56.681
11.887 14.505 17.529 20.992 24.927 29.364 34.334 39.865 45.984 52.715
10.245 12.576 15.287 18.414 21.992 26.056 30.642 35.784 41.514 47.866
8.020 9.948 12.217 14.864 17.929 21.452 25.472 30.030 35.168 40.926
5.312 6.696 8.354 10.322 12.641 15.351 18.496 22.122 26.275 31.004
2.633 3.396 4.331 5.466 6.832 8.459 10.384 12.642 15.272 18.315
1.606 2.101 2.715 3.468 4.382 5.481 6.791 8.337 10.147 12.250
.913 1.221 1.610 2.098 2.701 3.439 4.332 5.402 6.673 8.170
.402 .544 .726 .956 1.242 1.594 2.023 2.540 3.157 3.886
300 310 320 330 340 350
66.934 75.495 84.705 94.567 105.083 116.251
64.407 72.781 81.816 91.518 101.894 112.947
60.081 68.101 76.792 86.172 96.252 107.043
54.869 62.553 70.947 80.078 89.970 100.647
47.347 54.470 62.338 70.990 80.466 90.806
36.361 42.398 49.168 56.727 65.130 74.437
21.814 25.812 30.355 35.489 41.262 47.723
14.675 17.453 20.611 24.182 28.193 32.674
9.916 11.939 14.264 16.916 19.920 23.303
4.740 5.732 6.876 8.185 9.672 11.351
Weight percent, H2SO4 °C
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
100.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
.518E−06 .159E−05 .449E−05 .117E−04 .385E−04 .653E−04 .141E−03 .291E−03 .571E−03 .107E−02
.243E−06 .765E−06 .221E−05 .590E−05 .147E−04 .344E−04 .759E−04 .159E−03 .319E−03 .612E−03
.109E−06 .348E−06 .102E−05 .279E−05 .708E−05 .169E−04 .380E−04 .813E−04 .166E−03 .324E−03
.416E−07 .136E−06 .407E−06 .113E−05 .293E−05 .712E−05 .164E−04 .357E−04 .742E−04 .148E−03
.235E−07 .774E−07 .235E−06 .659E−06 .173E−05 .425E−05 .987E−05 .218E−04 .458E−04 .921E−04
.117E−07 .391E−07 .121E−06 .344E−06 .914E−06 .228E−05 .538E−05 .120E−04 .257E−04 .524E−04
.768E−08 .261E−07 .812E−07 .234E−06 .630E−06 .159E−05 .379E−05 .856E−05 .184E−04 .390E−04
.479E−08 .166E−07 .528E−07 .155E−06 .425E−06 .109E−05 .264E−05 .605E−05 .132E−04 .277E−04
.313E−08 .113E−07 .373E−07 .114E−06 .323E−06 .861E−06 .216E−05 .514E−05 .117E−04 .253E−04
.323E−08 .124E−07 .435E−07 .141E−06 .425E−06 .120E−05 .319E−05 .804E−05 .193E−04 .441E−04
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
.195E−02 .340E−02 .575E−02 .944E−02 .151E−01 .235E−01 .357E−01 .532E−01 .775E−01 .111
.113E−02 .201E−02 .346E−02 .578E−02 .939E−02 .149E−01 .230E−01 .347E−01 .514E−01 .747E−01
.607E−03 .110E−02 .192E−02 .327E−02 .539E−02 .866E−02 .136E−01 .208E−01 .312E−01 .460E−01
.283E−03 .521E−03 .929E−03 .161E−02 .270E−02 .441E−02 .703E−02 .110E−01 .167E−01 .250E−01
.178E−03 .332E−03 .598E−03 .104E−02 .177E−02 .293E−02 .471E−02 .741E−02 .114E−01 .172E−01
.103E−03 .194E−03 .354E−03 .626E−03 .107E−02 .180E−02 .293E−02 .466E−02 .726E−02 .111E−01
.751E−04 .143E−03 .263E−03 .470E−03 .815E−03 .137E−02 .226E−02 .363E−02 .571E−02 .880E−02
.555E−04 .107E−03 .201E−03 .363E−03 .639E−03 .109E−02 .183E−02 .299E−02 .478E−02 .749E−02
.527E−04 .106E−03 .206E−03 .387E−03 .708E−03 .126E−02 .219E−02 .372E−02 .619E−02 .101E−01
.966E−04 .204E−03 .414E−03 .314E−03 .155E−02 .287E−02 .516E−02 .905E−02 .155E−01 .260E−01
.665E−01 .944E−01 .132 .182 .247 .331 .439 .575 .744 .954
.367E−01 .530E−01 .752E−01 .105 .145 .197 .264 .351 .460 .597
.255E−01 .371E−01 .531E−01 .749E−01 .104 .143 .193 .258 .341 .446
.166E−01 .245E−01 .354E−01 .505E−01 .710E−01 .985E−01 .135 .153 .245 .324
.133E−01 .198E−01 .289E−01 .417E−01 .592E−01 .830E−01 .115 .157 .213 .285
.115E−01 .175E−01 .260E−01 .382E−01 .553E−01 .790E−01 .112 .156 .215 .295
.161E−01 .253E−01 .392E−01 .596E−01 .895E−01 .132 .193 .279 .398 .562
.427E−01 .687E−01 .109 .169 .258 .389 .577 .846 1.225 1.751
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290
.156 .216 .295 .396 .525 .688 .881 1.141 1.447 1.817
.107 .150 .207 .282 .379 .503 .660 .856 1.099 1.398
300 310 320 330 340 350
2.261 2.791 3.417 4.153 5.011 6.006
1.761 2.199 2.723 3.347 4.084 4.949
1.211 1.524 1.901 2.353 2.889 3.523
.767 .977 1.234 1.545 1.919 2.366
.578 .742 .944 1.191 1.491 1.852
.425 .553 .713 .911 1.156 1.456
.379 .498 .649 .840 1.078 1.374
.399 .536 .714 .944 1.239 1.614
.785 1.085 1.486 2.018 2.718 3.631
2.476 3.465 4.800 6.586 8.957 12.079
*Vermeulen, Dong, Robinson, Nguyen, and Gmitro, AIChE meeting, Anaheim, Calif., 1982; and private communication from Prof. Theodore Vermeulen, Chemical Engineering Dept., University of California, Berkeley.
2-88
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-18
Partial Pressures of HNO3 and H2O over Aqueous Solutions of HNO3* mmHg Percentages are weight % HNO3 in solution. 20%
°C
25% H2O
HNO3
HNO3
30% H2O
HNO3
35% H2O
0 5 10 15 20
4.1 5.7 8.0 10.9 15.2
3.8 5.4 7.6 10.3 14.2
3.6 5.0 7.1 9.7 13.2
25 30 35 40 45
20.6 27.6 36.5 47.5 62
19.2 25.7 33.8 44 57.5
17.8 23.8 31.1 41 53
0.09
0.11 .17
40%
HNO3
H2O
45%
HNO3
H2O
3.3 4.6 6.5 8.9 12.0 16.2 21.7 28.3 37.7 48
0.09 .13 .20 .28
0.12 .17 .25 .36 .52
50%
HNO3
H2O
HNO3
3.0 4.2 5.8 8.0 10.8
H2O
0.10 .15
2.6 3.6 5.0 6.9 9.4
0.12 .18 .27
2.1 3.0 4.2 5.8 7.9
14.6 19.5 25.5 33.5 43
.23 .33 .48 .68 .96
12.7 16.9 22.3 29.3 38.0
.39 .56 .80 1.13 1.57
10.7 14.4 19.0 25.0 32.5
49.5 62.5 80 100 126
2.18 2.95 4.05 5.46 7.25
42.5 54 70 88 110
50 55 60 65 70
0.09 .13 .19 .27
80 100 128 162 200
.13 .18 .28 .40 .54
75 94 121 151 187
.25 .35 .51 .71 1.00
69 87 113 140 174
.42 .59 .85 1.18 1.63
63 79 102 127 159
.75 1.04 1.48 2.05 2.80
56 71 90 114 143
1.35 1.83 2.54 3.47 4.65
75 80 85 90 95
.38 .53 .74 1.01 1.37
250 307 378 458 555
.77 1.05 1.44 1.95 2.62
234 287 352 426 517
1.38 1.87 2.53 3.38 4.53
217 267 325 393 478
2.26 3.07 4.15 5.50 7.32
198 243 297 359 436
3.80 5.10 6.83 9.0 11.7
178 218 268 325 394
6.20 8.15 10.7 13.7 17.8
158 195 240 292 355
9.6 12.5 16.3 20.9 26.8
138 170 211 258 315
100 105 110 115 120
1.87 2.50
675 800
3.50 4.65
628 745
6.05 7.90
580 690
530 631 755
15.5 20.0 25.7 32.5
480 573 688 810
23.0 29.2 37.0 46
430 520 625 740
34.2 43.0 54.5 67 84
383 463 560 665 785
°C
HNO3
H2O
HNO3
H2O
HNO3
H2O
HNO3
H2O
0 5 10 15 20
0.14 .21 .31 .45
1.8 2.5 3.5 4.9 6.7
0.19 .28 .41 .59 .84
1.5 2.1 3.0 4.1 5.6
0.41 .60 .86 1.21 1.68
1.3 1.8 2.6 3.5 4.9
0.79 1.12 1.58 2.18 3.00
1.1 1.6 2.2 3.0 4.1
25 30 35 40 45
.66 .93 1.30 1.82 2.50
9.1 12.2 16.1 21.3 28.0
1.21 1.66 2.28 3.10 4.20
7.7 10.3 13.6 18.1 23.7
2.32 3.17 4.26 5.70 7.55
6.6 8.8 11.6 15.5 20.0
4.10 5.50 7.30 9.65 12.6
5.5 7.4 9.8 12.8 16.7
50 55 60 65 70
3.41 4.54 6.15 8.18 10.7
36.3 46 60 76 95
5.68 7.45 9.9 13.0 16.8
31 39 51 64 81
10.0 12.8 16.8 21.7 27.5
26.0 33.0 43.0 54.5 68
16.5 21.0 27.1 34.5 43.3
21.8 27.3 35.3 44.5 56
75 80 85 90 95
13.9 18.0 23.0 29.4 37.3
120 148 182 223 272
21.8 27.5 34.8 43.7 55.0
102 126 156 192 233
35.0 43.5 54.5 67.5 83.5
100 105 110 115 120 125
47 58.5 73 90 110
331 400 485 575 685
69.5 84.5 103 126 156 187
285 345 417 495 590 700
55%
60%
9.7 12.7 16.5
65%
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 304–305.
103 124 152 181 218 260
70%
80% HNO3
90%
100%
H2O
HNO3
H2O
HNO3
2 3 4 6 8
1.2 1.7 2.4
5.5 8 11 15 20
10.5 14 18.5 24.5 32
3.2 4 5.5 7 9.5
27 36 47 62 80
1 1.3 1.8 2.4 3
57 77 102 133 170
11 15 22 30 42
41 52 67 85 106
12 15 20 25 31
103 127 157 192 232
4 5 6.5 8 10
215 262 320 385 460 540 625 720 820
86 106 131 160 195
54.5 67.5 83 103 125
70 86 107 130 158
130 158 192 230 278
38 48 60 73 89
282 338 405 480 570
13 16 20 24 29
238 288 345 410 490 580
152 183 221 262 312 372
192 231 278 330 393 469
330 392 465 545 640
108 129 155 185 219
675 790
35 42
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-19 Partial Pressures of H2O and HBr over Aqueous Solutions of HBr at 20 to 55°C* mmHg % HBr 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
20 °C HBr
0.09 0.23 0.71 2.2 6.8 21
25 °C H2O
6.2 4.5 3.3 2.4 1.7 1.3
HBr
50 °C H2O
0.0016 0.0022 0.0033 0.0061 0.011 0.023 0.048 0.10 0.13 0.37 1.1 3.2 9.3 27
HBr
8.2 6.1 4.5 3.3 2.4 1.9
1.3 3.2 7.2 17 40 91
H2O
30.2 24.3 19.3 16.0 13.3 10.4
55 °C HBr
2.0 4.6 10.2 23.0 51 115 260
H2O
38 31 25 21 18 14 11.4
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 306.
2-89
TABLE 2-22 Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of CH3COOH* Percentages of weight % acetic acid in the solution mmHg °C
25%
50%
75%
20 25 30 35 40
16.3 22.1 29.6 39.4 51.7
15.7 21.4 28.8 38.3 50.2
15.3 20.8 27.8 36.6 48.1
45 50 55 60 65
67.0 87.2 110 141 178
65.0 85.0 107 138 172
62.0 80.1 102 130 162
70 75 80 85 90
223 277 342 419 510
216 269 331 407 497
203 251 310 376 458
95 100
618 743
602 725
550 666
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 306.
TABLE 2-20 Partial Pressures of HI over Aqueous Solutions of HI at 25°C* mmHg %HI pHI
44 0.00064
46 0.0010
48 0.0022
50 0.0050
52 0.013
54 0.035
56 0.10
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 306.
TABLE 2-21 Vapor Pressures of the System: Water-Sulfuric Acid-Nitric Acid For these data reference must be made to the graphs of International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 306–308.
Vapor pressure of aqueous diethylene glycol solutions. (Courtesy of Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp.)
FIG. 2-3
2-90 TABLE 2-23
Partial Pressure of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 (psia) Liquid mole percent NH3 (liquid weight percent NH3)
0
5
10
15
(0)
(4.74)
(9.5)
(14.29)
32 40 50 60 70
0.089 0.122 0.178 0.256 0.363
0.083 0.115 0.168 0.242 0.343
0.077 0.106 0.156 0.225 0.320
0.071 0.097 0.143 0.207 0.294
80 90 100 110 120
0.507 0.699 0.951 1.277 1.695
0.479 0.661 0.899 1.209 1.607
0.448 0.618 0.843 1.135 1.510
130 140 150 160 170
2.226 2.893 3.723 4.747 6.000
2.112 2.748 3.540 4.519 5.717
180 190 200 210 220
7.520 9.350 11.538 14.136 17.201
230 240 250
20.796 24.986 29.844
t, °F
20
25
30
35
40
45
55
60
65
70
80
85
90
95
(23.94)
(28.81)
(33.71)
(38.64)
(43.59)
(48.57)
(53.58)
(58.62)
(63.69)
(68.79)
(73.91)
(79.07)
(84.26)
(89.47)
(94.72)
0.063 0.087 0.129 0.186 0.266
0.055 0.077 0.113 0.164 0.235
0.047 0.065 0.097 0.142 0.204
0.039 0.054 0.081 0.119 0.172
0.031 0.044 0.066 0.098 0.143
0.025 0.035 0.053 0.079 0.116
0.019 0.027 0.041 0.062 0.093
0.014 0.021 0.032 0.049 0.073
0.011 0.016 0.025 0.038 0.058
0.008 0.012 0.019 0.030 0.045
0.006 0.009 0.014 0.023 0.036
0.004 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.028
0.003 0.005 0.008 0.014 0.022
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.010 0.016
0.002 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.011
0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006
0.413 0.571 0.780 1.052 1.402
0.374 0.518 0.710 0.960 1.283
0.332 0.462 0.634 0.861 1.154
0.289 0.403 0.556 0.758 1.021
0.245 0.345 0.479 0.656 0.889
0.205 0.290 0.405 0.559 0.763
0.168 0.240 0.338 0.470 0.647
0.136 0.196 0.279 0.392 0.544
0.109 0.159 0.228 0.324 0.455
0.087 0.128 0.186 0.268 0.380
0.069 0.103 0.152 0.220 0.316
0.055 0.083 0.123 0.181 0.263
0.043 0.066 0.100 0.148 0.217
0.034 0.052 0.079 0.119 0.176
0.025 0.040 0.061 0.092 0.137
0.018 0.028 0.043 0.065 0.099
0.010 0.015 0.024 0.036 0.056
1.988 2.591 3.343 4.273 5.416
1.850 2.415 3.122 4.000 5.079
1.696 2.221 2.879 3.698 4.709
1.532 2.012 2.618 3.374 4.312
1.361 1.796 2.347 3.039 3.902
1.192 1.582 2.078 2.706 3.493
1.030 1.376 1.821 2.387 3.101
0.881 1.186 1.582 2.090 2.736
0.747 1.016 1.367 1.821 2.405
0.632 0.867 1.177 1.584 2.110
0.532 0.738 1.013 1.376 1.851
0.448 0.628 0.870 1.194 1.622
0.376 0.532 0.746 1.033 1.418
0.313 0.448 0.634 0.887 1.229
0.257 0.371 0.529 0.748 1.047
0.202 0.295 0.425 0.607 0.858
0.147 0.216 0.314 0.453 0.647
0.083 0.124 0.183 0.267 0.386
7.174 8.931 11.035 13.538 16.496
6.807 8.488 10.504 12.910 15.758
6.397 7.994 9.916 12.213 14.941
5.947 7.452 9.270 11.449 14.047
5.465 6.873 8.580 10.635 13.095
4.968 6.275 7.869 9.796 12.115
4.472 5.680 7.160 8.962 11.141
3.995 5.107 6.479 8.160 10.205
3.551 4.573 5.842 7.410 9.331
3.148 4.086 5.262 6.725 8.534
2.787 3.650 4.740 6.110 7.817
2.468 3.262 4.275 5.559 7.175
2.184 2.914 3.856 5.061 6.592
1.928 2.598 3.470 4.598 6.045
1.688 2.297 3.098 4.146 5.504
1.451 1.994 2.718 3.675 4.932
1.201 1.669 2.300 3.147 4.277
0.917 1.290 1.802 2.502 3.455
0.555 0.793 1.129 1.600 2.262
19.971 24.029 28.744
19.111 23.037 27.607
18.162 21.943 26.358
17.124 20.748 24.996
16.020 19.479 23.549
14.886 18.179 22.070
13.760 16.889 20.608
12.679 15.654 19.212
11.672 14.506 17.917
10.754 13.463 16.748
9.930 12.530 15.708
9.192 11.696 14.783
8.522 10.938 13.946
7.889 10.221 13.153
7.255 9.496 12.346
6.573 8.703 11.452
5.777 7.759 10.369
4.751 6.508 8.891
3.196 4.520 6.413
(19.1)
50
75
The values in Tables 2-23 to 2-26 were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002). The primary source for the properties of aqueous ammonia mixtures is R. Tillner-Roth and D. G. Friend, “A Helmholtz Free Energy Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixture {Water + Ammonia},” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27:63–96 (1998).
TABLE 2-24
Mole Percentages of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 Liquid mole percent NH3 (liquid weight percent NH3)
0
5
10
15
t, °F
(0)
(4.74)
(9.5)
(14.29)
32 40 50 60 70
100 100 100 100 100
32.046 33.233 34.709 36.172 37.619
14.173 15.064 16.192 17.334 18.489
7.263 7.842 8.588 9.359 10.154
80 90 100 110 120
100 100 100 100 100
39.047 40.455 41.840 43.201 44.537
19.653 20.827 22.007 23.194 24.385
130 140 150 160 170
100 100 100 100 100
45.849 47.136 48.398 49.636 50.849
180 190 200 210 220
100 100 100 100 100
230 240 250
100 100 100
20 (19.1)
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
(23.94)
(28.81)
(33.71)
(38.64)
(43.59)
(48.57)
(53.58)
(58.62)
(63.69)
(68.79)
(73.91)
(79.07)
(84.26)
(89.47)
(94.72)
3.959 4.321 4.797 5.299 5.828
2.202 2.427 2.727 3.050 3.396
1.226 1.365 1.554 1.760 1.985
0.679 0.765 0.883 1.015 1.162
0.375 0.428 0.502 0.587 0.683
0.207 0.240 0.287 0.342 0.405
0.116 0.137 0.167 0.203 0.245
0.067 0.080 0.100 0.123 0.152
0.039 0.048 0.061 0.077 0.097
0.024 0.030 0.039 0.050 0.064
0.015 0.019 0.026 0.034 0.044
0.010 0.013 0.017 0.023 0.030
0.007 0.009 0.012 0.016 0.021
0.005 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.015
0.003 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.010
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
10.974 11.816 12.681 13.567 14.475
6.382 6.963 7.571 8.205 8.867
3.765 4.160 4.580 5.027 5.501
2.231 2.497 2.786 3.098 3.434
1.325 1.505 1.703 1.920 2.158
0.791 0.913 1.049 1.201 1.370
0.478 0.561 0.655 0.763 0.884
0.294 0.351 0.418 0.494 0.582
0.186 0.226 0.273 0.328 0.393
0.121 0.149 0.184 0.224 0.273
0.081 0.102 0.127 0.158 0.195
0.056 0.072 0.091 0.114 0.142
0.040 0.051 0.066 0.084 0.106
0.028 0.037 0.048 0.062 0.079
0.020 0.026 0.034 0.044 0.057
0.013 0.017 0.023 0.030 0.039
0.007 0.009 0.012 0.016 0.021
25.580 26.779 27.979 29.182 30.385
15.404 16.353 17.322 18.310 19.317
9.557 10.273 11.017 11.789 12.587
6.002 6.532 7.091 7.680 8.298
3.796 4.184 4.600 5.044 5.517
2.419 2.702 3.010 3.344 3.705
1.558 1.766 1.994 2.246 2.521
1.020 1.173 1.344 1.534 1.746
0.682 0.796 0.925 1.071 1.236
0.467 0.554 0.653 0.767 0.897
0.329 0.396 0.473 0.563 0.668
0.238 0.290 0.352 0.425 0.509
0.177 0.218 0.268 0.327 0.396
0.133 0.166 0.206 0.254 0.312
0.100 0.126 0.158 0.197 0.245
0.073 0.094 0.118 0.149 0.187
0.050 0.064 0.082 0.104 0.132
0.027 0.035 0.045 0.058 0.074
52.038 53.204 54.347 55.468 56.567
31.588 32.792 33.994 35.196 36.395
20.341 21.383 22.442 23.517 24.607
13.413 14.266 15.146 16.052 16.985
8.948 9.628 10.340 11.083 11.858
6.021 6.557 7.124 7.725 8.359
4.094 4.513 4.963 5.445 5.961
2.822 3.151 3.508 3.896 4.316
1.981 2.240 2.526 2.840 3.184
1.421 1.628 1.859 2.116 2.401
1.045 1.212 1.402 1.615 1.854
0.788 0.926 1.083 1.263 1.468
0.609 0.724 0.857 1.011 1.187
0.479 0.576 0.690 0.823 0.977
0.381 0.463 0.561 0.676 0.811
0.302 0.371 0.453 0.552 0.669
0.233 0.288 0.357 0.439 0.539
0.166 0.209 0.261 0.326 0.406
0.094 0.120 0.153 0.195 0.248
57.645 58.702 59.740
37.592 38.787 39.978
25.711 26.830 27.962
17.943 18.927 19.936
12.665 13.503 14.374
9.028 9.732 10.471
6.512 7.098 7.722
4.769 5.258 5.784
3.560 3.970 4.416
2.716 3.064 3.447
2.122 2.421 2.754
1.699 1.960 2.254
1.390 1.621 1.884
1.156 1.363 1.601
0.969 1.155 1.371
0.809 0.975 1.171
0.660 0.806 0.982
0.506 0.629 0.783
0.317 0.406 0.524
The values in Tables 2-23 to 2-26 were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002). The primary source for the properties of aqueous ammonia mixtures is R. Tillner-Roth and D. G. Friend, “A Helmholtz Free Energy Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixture {Water + Ammonia},” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27:63–96 (1998).
2-91
2-92 TABLE 2-25
Partial Pressures of NH3 over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 (psia) Liquid mole percent NH3 (liquid weight percent NH3)
0
5
t, °F (0) (4.74)
10
15
20
25
30
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(9.5)
(14.29)
(19.1)
(23.94)
(28.81)
(33.71)
35
(38.64)
(43.59)
(48.57)
(53.58)
(58.62)
(63.69)
(68.79)
(73.91)
(79.07)
(84.26)
(89.47)
(94.72)
(100)
21.480 25.798 32.120 39.581 48.307
43.900 48.431 51.828 57.082 63.243 69.520 76.489 83.933 91.745 100.51
52.368 61.665 75.020 90.486 108.26
55.846 65.731 79.931 96.376 115.29
59.055 69.506 84.523 101.93 121.94
62.277 73.322 89.205 107.63 128.85
32 40 50 60 70
0 0 0 0 0
0.177 0.230 0.316 0.426 0.568
0.468 0.600 0.808 1.074 1.410
0.901 1.143 1.522 2.002 2.603
1.533 1.932 2.552 3.330 4.296
2.456 3.078 4.036 5.228 6.696
3.797 4.730 6.154 7.912 10.056
5.710 7.066 9.117 11.625 14.656
8.358 10.267 13.129 16.593 20.742
11.868 14.467 18.328 22.959 28.456
16.279 19.691 24.721 30.702 37.744
27.206 32.478 40.150 49.149 59.615
33.087 39.307 48.315 58.831 71.008
38.745 45.860 56.128 68.074 81.861
80 90 100 110 120
0 0 0 0 0
0.748 0.973 1.250 1.590 2.001
1.831 2.351 2.987 3.758 4.683
3.348 4.261 5.368 6.700 8.285
5.483 6.926 8.663 10.735 13.184
8.483 10.639 13.213 16.258 19.832
12.645 15.741 19.406 23.709 28.718
18.283 22.582 27.630 33.509 40.300
25.664 31.447 38.185 45.971 54.899
34.922 42.460 51.177 61.177 72.569
45.966 58.428 71.689 55.485 70.073 85.514 66.416 83.375 101.23 78.881 98.461 118.98 92.996 115.45 138.90
84.998 100.96 119.04 139.39 162.15
97.654 115.62 135.93 158.73 184.19
109.19 128.99 151.34 176.40 204.35
119.45 140.93 165.15 192.30 222.57
128.56 151.60 177.57 206.69 239.16
136.88 161.39 189.05 220.07 254.71
144.83 170.82 200.19 233.16 270.03
153.13 180.76 212.01 247.19 286.60
130 140 150 160 170
0 0 0 0 0
2.494 5.784 3.082 7.084 3.774 8.604 4.585 10.371 5.527 12.408
10.158 12.352 14.902 17.844 21.216
16.055 19.395 23.250 27.669 32.700
23.989 28.791 34.295 40.562 47.649
34.503 41.135 48.685 57.222 66.816
48.086 65.064 85.455 56.949 76.558 99.944 66.972 89.472 116.12 78.230 103.89 134.09 90.803 119.90 153.93
180 190 200 210 220
0 0 0 0 0
6.612 7.856 9.270 10.869 12.666
25.053 29.393 34.270 39.721 45.779
38.390 44.786 51.933 59.876 68.655
55.614 77.532 64.514 89.432 74.401 102.58 85.326 117.02 97.335 132.82
230 240 250
0 0 0
14.673 31.727 16.905 36.356 19.371 41.449
14.741 17.395 20.397 23.769 27.538
52.477 78.310 110.47 59.843 88.872 124.78 67.906 100.38 140.28
150.00 168.62 188.70
108.87 126.62 146.35 168.16 192.14
134.49 155.67 179.11 204.93 233.19
161.13 185.77 212.96 242.79 275.37
187.48 215.50 246.33 280.08 316.87
212.44 243.66 277.95 315.46 356.26
235.36 269.56 307.13 348.18 392.85
256.14 293.19 333.87 378.36 426.79
275.20 314.99 358.75 406.62 458.82
293.18 335.72 382.56 433.89 489.95
311.05 356.48 406.60 461.65 521.92
330.54 379.36 433.38 492.95 558.45
587.67 659.12 736.52 820.08 909.98
630.24 708.74 794.38 887.64 989.03
104.77 120.18 137.11 155.62 175.75
137.57 156.99 178.21 201.28 226.25
175.73 199.56 225.47 253.53 283.77
218.35 246.89 277.81 311.15 346.95
263.99 297.40 333.47 372.25 413.74
310.76 349.06 390.30 434.50 481.70
356.75 399.82 446.12 495.68 548.49
400.47 448.16 499.38 554.15 612.50
441.24 493.43 549.49 609.47 673.37
479.30 535.98 596.94 662.22 731.88
515.48 576.75 642.74 713.55 789.23
550.92 616.99 688.31 765.01 847.19
197.54 221.04 246.26
253.17 282.06 312.93
316.23 350.91 387.82
385.23 425.98 469.20
457.98 504.92 554.55
531.89 585.01 641.05
604.55 663.80 726.18
674.39 739.77 808.55
741.21 812.89 888.35
805.90 884.22 966.78
869.79 955.18 1045.3
934.86 1028.0 1126.5
1006.3 1109.2 1218.3
1099.1 1218.7 1348.5
The values in Tables 2-23 to 2-26 were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002). The primary source for the properties of aqueous ammonia mixtures is R. Tillner-Roth and D. G. Friend, “A Helmholtz Free Energy Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixture {Water + Ammonia},” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27:63–96 (1998).
TABLE 2-26
Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of NH3 (psia) Liquid mole percent NH3 (liquid weight percent NH3)
0
5
10
t, °F
(0)
(4.74)
(9.5)
32 40 50 60 70
0.089 0.122 0.178 0.256 0.363
0.260 0.345 0.483 0.668 0.911
0.545 0.706 0.964 1.299 1.730
0.971 1.240 1.665 2.209 2.898
80 90 100 110 120
0.507 0.699 0.951 1.277 1.695
1.227 1.633 2.149 2.799 3.608
2.279 2.969 3.830 4.893 6.194
130 140 150 160 170
2.226 4.607 7.773 2.893 5.830 9.674 3.723 7.315 11.947 4.747 9.104 14.644 6.000 11.244 17.824
180 190 200 210 220
7.520 9.350 11.538 14.136 17.201
13.786 16.787 20.305 24.407 29.162
21.548 25.883 30.901 36.679 43.296
230 240 250
20.796 34.644 50.838 24.986 40.934 59.393 29.844 48.115 69.056
15
25
30
35
40
45
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(23.94)
(28.81)
(33.71)
(38.64)
(43.59)
(48.57)
(53.58)
(58.62)
(63.69)
(68.79)
(73.91)
(79.07)
(84.26)
(89.47)
(94.72)
(100)
1.596 2.020 2.680 3.516 4.562
2.512 3.155 4.149 5.392 6.931
3.844 4.795 6.251 8.053 10.260
5.749 7.120 9.198 11.744 14.828
8.389 10.311 13.195 16.691 20.885
11.893 14.502 18.381 23.038 28.572
16.298 19.718 24.762 30.764 37.837
21.494 25.819 32.152 39.630 48.381
27.217 32.494 40.175 49.187 59.673
33.095 39.319 48.334 58.860 71.053
38.751 45.869 56.143 68.097 81.897
43.904 48.434 51.835 57.087 63.254 69.528 76.507 83.946 91.773 100.53
52.371 61.669 75.026 90.496 108.28
55.848 65.734 79.935 96.383 115.30
59.056 69.507 84.526 101.93 121.95
62.277 73.322 89.205 107.63 128.85
3.761 4.832 6.148 7.751 9.688
5.857 7.445 9.373 11.694 14.467
8.815 11.101 13.847 17.119 20.986
12.934 16.144 19.962 24.467 29.739
18.528 22.927 28.109 34.165 41.189
25.869 31.737 38.590 46.530 55.662
35.090 42.700 51.514 61.647 73.216
46.102 58.537 71.776 55.680 70.232 85.642 66.695 83.603 101.42 79.273 98.785 119.25 93.540 115.91 139.28
85.067 101.06 119.19 139.61 162.47
97.709 115.70 136.05 158.91 184.45
109.23 129.06 151.44 176.55 204.57
119.48 140.98 165.23 192.42 222.75
128.59 151.64 177.63 206.78 239.30
136.90 161.42 189.09 220.14 254.81
144.84 170.84 200.21 233.20 270.09
153.13 180.76 212.01 247.19 286.60
12.008 14.767 18.024 21.844 26.295
17.752 21.616 26.129 31.367 37.409
25.521 30.803 36.913 43.936 51.961
35.864 42.931 51.032 60.262 70.718
49.278 66.094 58.531 77.934 69.050 91.292 80.937 106.28 94.297 123.00
86.336 101.13 117.70 136.18 156.67
109.62 127.64 147.72 169.98 194.54
135.12 156.54 180.29 206.51 235.30
161.66 186.51 213.97 244.16 277.22
187.93 216.13 247.20 281.28 318.49
212.82 244.19 278.70 316.49 357.68
235.67 270.01 307.76 349.07 394.08
256.40 293.56 334.40 379.11 427.84
275.40 315.29 359.17 407.23 459.68
293.33 335.94 382.87 434.34 490.60
311.13 356.60 406.78 461.92 522.31
330.54 379.36 433.38 492.95 558.45
31.450 37.387 44.186 51.934 60.720
44.337 61.079 82.499 52.238 71.387 95.708 61.203 82.981 110.45 71.325 95.961 126.82 82.702 110.43 144.93
588.22 659.91 737.65 821.68 912.24
630.24 708.74 794.38 887.64 989.03
(14.29)
20 (19.1)
70.639 95.434 126.49 81.786 109.62 144.26 94.264 125.38 163.83
164.89 186.80 210.77
50
109.24 125.86 144.27 164.58 186.89
141.57 162.10 184.69 209.44 236.46
179.28 204.13 231.31 260.94 293.10
221.50 250.98 283.07 317.88 355.49
266.78 301.05 338.21 378.36 421.56
313.23 352.32 394.57 440.06 488.88
358.94 402.74 449.98 500.74 555.08
402.40 450.76 502.85 558.75 618.54
442.93 495.73 552.59 613.62 678.88
480.75 537.98 599.66 665.90 736.81
516.68 578.42 645.04 716.70 793.51
551.84 618.28 690.11 767.51 850.64
211.30 237.93 266.87
265.85 297.71 332.14
327.90 365.42 405.74
395.98 439.44 485.95
467.91 517.45 570.25
541.08 596.71 655.83
613.07 674.74 740.12
682.28 749.99 821.71
748.46 822.39 900.70
812.47 892.93 978.24
875.57 962.94 1055.7
939.61 1034.5 1135.4
1009.5 1113.7 1224.7
1099.1 1218.7 1348.5
The values in Tables 2-23 to 2-26 were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002). The primary source for the properties of aqueous ammonia mixtures is R. Tillner-Roth and D. G. Friend, “A Helmholtz Free Energy Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixture {Water + Ammonia},” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27:63–96 (1998).
2-93
2-94
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-27 Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Carbonate* mmHg %Na2CO3 t, °C
0
5
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
4.5 9.2 17.5 31.8 55.3 92.5 149.5 239.8 355.5 526.0 760.0
4.5 9.0 17.2 31.2 54.2 90.7 146.5 235 348 516 746
8.8 16.8 30.4 53.0 88.7 143.5 230.5 342 506 731
15
16.3 29.6 57.6 86.5 139.9 225 334 494 715
20
28.8 50.2 84.1 136.1 219 325 482 697
25
27.8 48.4 81.2 131.6 211.5 315 467 676
30
26.4 46.1 77.5 125.7 202.5 301 447 648
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 372.
TABLE 2-28 Partial Pressures of H2O and CH3OH over Aqueous Solutions of Methyl Alcohol* 39.9 °C
Mole fraction CH3OH
PH2O, mmHg
PCH3OH , mmHg
0 14.99 17.85 21.07 27.31 31.06 40.1 47.0 55.8 68.9 86.0 100.0
54.7 39.2 38.5 37.2 35.8 34.9 32.8 31.5 27.3 20.7 10.1 0
0 66.1 75.5 85.2 100.6 108.8 127.7 141.6 158.4 186.6 225.2 260.7
59.4 °C
Mole fraction CH3OH
PH2O, mmHg
PCH3OH , mmHg
0 22.17 27.40 33.24 39.80 47.08 55.5 69.2 78.5 85.9 100.0
145.4 106.9 102.2 96.6 91.7 84.8 76.9 57.8 43.8 30.1 0
0 210.1 240.2 272.1 301.9 335.6 373.7 439.4 486.6 526.9 609.3
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 290.
TABLE 2-29 Conc. g NaOH/ 100 g H2O 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 500 700 1000 2000 4000 8000
Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Hydroxide* mmHg Temperature, °C 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
160
200
250
300
350
4.6 4.4 4.2 3.6 2.9 2.2
17.5 16.9 16.0 13.9 11.3 8.7 6.3 4.4 3.0 2.0 1.3 0.9
55.3 53.2 50.6 44.2 36.6 28.7 20.7 15.5 10.9 7.6 5.2 3.6 1.7
149.5 143.5 137.0 120.5 101.0 81.0 62.5 47.0 34.5 24.5 17.5 12.5 6.3 3.0 1.5
355.5 341.5 325.5 288.5 246.0 202.0 160.5 124.0 94.0 70.5 53.0 38.5 20.5 11.0 6.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.1
760.0 730.0 697.0 621.0 537.0 450.0 368.0 294.0 231.0 179.0 138.0 105.0 61.0 35.5 20.5 12.0 7.0 2.0 0.5
1,489 1,430 1,365 1,225 1,070 920 770 635 515 415 330 262 164 102 63 40 25 8 2.7 0.9
4,633 4,450 4,260 3,860 3,460 3,090 2,690 2,340 2,030 1,740 1,490 1,300 915 765 470 340 245 110 50 23 11
11,647 11,200 10,750 9,800 8,950 8,150 7,400 6,750 6,100 5,500 5,000 4,500 3,650 2,980 2,430 1,980 1,620 985 610 380 240 100
29,771 28,600 27,500 25,300 23,300 21,500 19,900 18,400 17,100 15,800 14,700 13,650 11,800 10,300 8,960 7,830 6,870 5,000 3,690 2,750 2,080 1,210 440
64,200 61,800 59,300 54,700 50,800 47,200 44,100 41,200 38,700 36,300 34,200 32,200 28,800 25,900 23,300 21,200 19,200 15,400 12,500 10,300 8,600 6,100 3,300 1,470 150
123,600 118,900 114,100 105,400 98,000 91,600 85,800 80,700 76,000 71,900 68,100 64,600 58,600 53,400 49,000 45,100 41,800 35,000 29,800 25,700 22,400 17,500 11,500 6,800 1,760 120 7
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 370.
WATER-VAPOR CONTENT OF GASES
2-95
WATER-VAPOR CONTENT OF GASES CHART FOR GASES AT HIGH PRESSURES The accompanying figure is useful in determining the water-vapor content of air at high pressure in contact with liquid water.
Water content of air, °C = (°F − 32) × 5⁄ 9. (Landsbaum, Dadds, and Stutzman. Reprinted from vol. 47, January 1955 issue of Ind. Eng. Chem. [p. 192]. Copyright 1955 by the American Chemical Society and reproduced by permission of the copyright owner.)
FIG. 2-4
2-96
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-30 Density (kg/m3) of Saturated Liquid Water from the Triple Point to the Critical Point T, K 273.160* 274 276 278 280 282 284 286 288 290 292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 312 314 316 318 320 322 324 326 328 330 332 334 336 338 340 342 344 346 348 350
ρ, kg/m3
T, K
ρ, kg/m3
T, K
ρ, kg/m3
T, K
ρ, kg/m3
T, K
ρ, kg/m3
999.793 999.843 999.914 999.919 999.862 999.746 999.575 999.352 999.079 998.758 998.392 997.983 997.532 997.042 996.513 995.948 995.346 994.711 994.042 993.342 992.610 991.848 991.056 990.235 989.387 988.512 987.610 986.682 985.728 984.750 983.747 982.721 981.671 980.599 979.503 978.386 977.247 976.086 974.904 973.702
352 354 356 358 360 362 364 366 368 370 372 374 376 378 380 382 384 386 388 390 392 394 396 398 400 402 404 406 408 410 412 414 416 418 420 422 424 426 428 430
972.479 971.235 969.972 968.689 967.386 966.064 964.723 963.363 961.984 960.587 959.171 957.737 956.285 954.815 953.327 951.822 950.298 948.758 947.199 945.624 944.030 942.420 940.793 939.148 937.486 935.807 934.111 932.398 930.668 928.921 927.157 925.375 923.577 921.761 919.929 918.079 916.212 914.328 912.426 910.507
432 434 436 438 440 442 444 446 448 450 452 454 456 458 460 462 464 466 468 470 472 474 476 478 480 482 484 486 488 490 492 494 496 498 500 502 504 506 508 510
908.571 906.617 904.645 902.656 900.649 898.624 896.580 894.519 892.439 890.341 888.225 886.089 883.935 881.761 879.569 877.357 875.125 872.873 870.601 868.310 865.997 863.664 861.310 858.934 856.537 854.118 851.678 849.214 846.728 844.219 841.686 839.130 836.549 833.944 831.313 828.658 825.976 823.269 820.534 817.772
512 514 516 518 520 522 524 526 528 530 532 534 536 538 540 542 544 546 548 550 552 554 556 558 560 562 564 566 568 570 572 574 576 578 580 582 584 586 588 590
814.982 812.164 809.318 806.441 803.535 800.597 797.629 794.628 791.594 788.527 785.425 782.288 779.115 775.905 772.657 769.369 766.042 762.674 759.263 755.808 752.308 748.762 745.169 741.525 737.831 734.084 730.283 726.425 722.508 718.530 714.489 710.382 706.206 701.959 697.638 693.238 688.757 684.190 679.533 674.781
592 594 596 598 600 602 604 606 608 610 612 614 616 618 620 622 624 626 628 630 632 634 636 638 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 647.096†
669.930 664.974 659.907 654.722 649.411 643.97 638.38 632.64 626.74 620.65 614.37 607.88 601.15 594.16 586.88 579.26 571.25 562.81 553.84 544.25 533.92 522.71 510.42 496.82 481.53 473.01 463.67 453.14 440.73 425.05 402.96 357.34 322
*Triple point †Critical point From Wagner, W., and Pruss, A., “The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31(2):387–535, 2002.
DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-31
2-97
Density (kg/m3) of Mercury from 0 to 350°C* Density, kg /m3
t, °C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 10 20 30 40
13595.08 13570.44 13545.87 13521.36 13496.92
13592.61 13567.98 13543.41 13518.91 13494.48
13590.14 13565.52 13540.96 13516.47 13492.04
13587.68 13563.06 13538.51 13514.02 13489.60
13585.21 13560.60 13536.06 13511.58 13487.16
13582.75 13558.14 13533.61 13509.13 13484.72
13580.29 13555.69 13531.16 13506.69 13482.29
13577.82 13553.23 13528.71 13504.25 13479.85
13575.36 13550.78 13526.26 13501.80 13477.41
13572.90 13548.32 13523.81 13499.36 13474.98
50 60 70 80 90
13472.54 13448.22 13423.96 13399.75 13375.59
13470.11 13445.80 13421.54 13397.34 13373.18
13467.67 13443.37 13419.12 13394.92 13370.77
13465.24 13440.94 13416.69 13392.50 13368.36
13462.81 13438.51 13414.27 13390.08 13365.94
13460.38 13436.09 13411.85 13387.67 13363.53
13457.94 13433.66 13409.43 13385.25 13361.12
13455.51 13431.23 13407.01 13382.84 13358.71
13453.08 13428.81 13404.59 13380.42 13356.30
13450.65 13426.39 13402.17 13378.01 13353.89
100 110 120 130 140
13351.5 13327.4 13303.4 13279.4 13255.4
13349.1 13325.0 13301.0 13277.0 13253.0
13346.7 13322.6 13298.6 13274.6 13250.6
13344.3 13320.2 13296.2 13272.2 13248.2
13341.9 13317.8 13293.8 13269.8 13245.8
13339.4 13315.4 13291.4 13267.4 13243.4
13337.0 13313.0 13288.9 13265.0 13241.0
13334.6 13310.6 13286.6 13262.6 13238.7
13332.2 13308.2 13284.2 13260.2 13236.3
13329.8 13305.8 13281.8 13257.8 13233.9
150 160 170 180 190
13231.5 13207.6 13183.7 13159.8 13136.0
13229.1 13205.2 13181.3 13157.4 13133.6
13226.7 13202.8 13178.9 13155.0 13131.2
13224.3 13200.4 13176.5 13152.6 13128.3
13221.9 13198.0 13174.1 13150.3 13126.4
13219.5 13195.6 13171.7 13147.9 13124.0
13217.1 13193.2 13169.4 13145.5 13121.7
13214.7 13190.8 13167.0 13143.1 13119.3
13212.4 13188.5 13164.6 13140.7 13116.9
13210.0 13186.1 13162.2 13138.3 13114.5
200 210 220 230 240
13112.1 13088.3 13064.5 13040.6 13016.8
13109.7 13085.9 13062.1 13038.3 13014.5
13107.4 13083.5 13059.7 13035.9 13012.1
13105.0 13081.1 13057.3 13033.5 13009.7
13102.6 13078.8 13054.9 13031.1 13007.3
13100.2 13076.4 13052.6 13028.7 13004.9
13097.8 13074.0 13050.2 13026.4 13002.5
13095.4 13071.6 13047.8 13024.0 13000.2
13093.1 13069.2 13045.4 13021.6 12997.8
13090.7 13066.8 13043.0 13019.2 12995.4
250 260 270 280 290
12993.0 12969.2 12945.4 12921.5 12897.7
12990.6 12966.8 12943.0 12919.1 12895.3
12988.3 12964.4 12940.6 12916.7 12892.9
12985.9 12962.0 12938.2 12914.4 12890.5
12983.5 12959.7 12935.8 12912.0 12888.1
12981.1 12957.3 12933.4 12909.6 12885.7
12978.7 12954.9 12931.1 12907.2 12883.3
12976.3 12952.5 12928.7 12904.8 12880.9
12974.0 12950.1 12926.3 12902.4 12878.5
12971.6 12947.7 12923.9 12900.0 12876.2
300 310 320 330 340
12873.8 12849.9 12825.9 12801.9 12777.8
12871.4 12847.5 12823.5 12799.5 12775.4
12869.0 12845.1 12821.1 12797.1 12773.0
12866.6 12842.7 12818.7 12794.7 12770.6
12864.2 12840.3 12816.3 12792.3 12768.2
12861.8 12837.9 12813.9 12789.9 12765.8
12859.4 12835.5 12811.5 12787.5 12763.4
12857.0 12833.1 12809.1 12785.1 12761.0
12854.6 12830.7 12806.7 12782.7 12758.6
12852.2 12828.3 12804.3 12780.2 12756.1
350
12753.7
*From “Mercury—Density and Thermal Expansion at Atmospheric Pressure and Temperatures from 0 to 350 °C,” Tables of Standard Handbook Data, Standartov, Moscow, 1978. The density values obtainable from those cited for the specific volume of the saturated liquid in the “Thermodynamic Properties” subsection show minor differences. No attempt was made to adjust either set.
2-98
TABLE 2-32 Cmpd. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (mol/dm3) Name
Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol
Formula C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4
44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541 108.138
C1 1.6994 1.016 1.4486 0.86852 1.2332 1.3064 2.4507 1.3261 1.2414 1.0816 2.8963 3.5383 0.77488 3.8469 0.7371 1.0259 0.83573 0.71587 0.8552 0.43743 0.59867 0.60917 0.70797 0.52257 2.1872 0.8226 1.1908 1.6762 1.187 1.2346 1.0677 0.81696 0.81856 0.98279 0.9682 1.0877 1.1591 1.1448 0.67794 0.50812 0.89458 0.89137 1.3409 1.0361 0.88443 0.87533 2.768 1.7968 2.897 0.99835 1.955 2.23 0.8711 1.3 1.0841 1.817 1.087 1.1202 0.9061
C2 0.26167 0.21845 0.25892 0.25187 0.25886 0.22597 0.27448 0.26124 0.25822 0.2293 0.26733 0.25443 0.26114 0.2881 0.25487 0.26666 0.26326 0.24812 0.26785 0.24833 0.22849 0.26925 0.25982 0.25833 0.29527 0.26632 0.25595 0.26141 0.26114 0.27216 0.27188 0.24755 0.24967 0.26830 0.26244 0.26454 0.27085 0.27154 0.2637 0.25238 0.27463 0.27365 0.27892 0.26731 0.25828 0.24331 0.26212 0.28749 0.27532 0.274 0.27884 0.27645 0.26805 0.26019 0.2581 0.25877 0.26832 0.27669 0.28268
C3 466 761 591.95 606 508.2 545.5 308.3 506 615 535 132.45 405.65 645.6 150.86 824 562.05 689 751 699.35 830 720.15 662 718 773 584.15 670.15 503.8 467 452 425 425.12 680 676 563.1 535.9 419.5 435.5 428.6 575.4 660.5 570.1 554 440 537.2 615.7 582.25 304.21 552 132.92 556.35 227.51 417.15 632.35 460.35 536.4 416.25 503.15 489 705.85
C4
Tmin, K
Density at Tmin
Tmax, K
Density at Tmax
0.2913 0.26116 0.2529 0.31172 0.2913 0.28678 0.28752 0.2489 0.30701 0.28939 0.27341 0.2888 0.28234 0.29783 0.28571 0.28394 0.30798 0.2857 0.30523 0.27555 0.23567 0.2632 0.32144 0.27026 0.3295 0.2821 0.29152 0.28402 0.3065 0.28707 0.28688 0.24535 0.22023 0.25488 0.26749 0.2843 0.28116 0.28419 0.29318 0.29373 0.28512 0.2953 0.29661 0.28397 0.248 0.28586 0.2908 0.3226 0.2813 0.287 0.28571 0.2926 0.2799 0.27155 0.2741 0.2833 0.28055 0.27646 0.2707
150.15 353.33 289.81 200.15 178.45 229.32 192.40 185.45 286.15 189.63 59.15 195.41 235.65 83.78 403.00 278.68 258.27 395.45 260.40 321.35 257.85 275.65 243.95 342.20 265.85 242.43 154.55 179.47 136.95 164.25 134.86 220.00 196.15 183.85 158.45 87.80 134.26 167.62 199.65 185.30 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 267.95 161.25 216.58 161.11 68.15 250.33 89.56 172.12 227.95 134.80 209.63 175.43 150.35 155.97 285.39
21.499 16.936 17.492 11.643 15.683 20.628 23.692 16.822 14.693 17.265 33.279 43.141 9.668 35.491 8.938 11.422 10.074 8.894 10.011 5.950 9.905 7.065 8.862 6.425 20.109 9.909 15.833 20.640 15.123 14.058 12.620 11.734 11.872 12.035 12.471 14.264 13.894 13.080 8.337 7.026 10.585 10.761 14.901 12.589 11.087 13.047 26.828 19.064 30.180 10.843 21.211 24.242 10.385 17.016 13.702 22.347 13.328 12.855 9.612
466.00 761.00 591.95 606.00 508.20 545.50 308.30 506.00 615.00 535.00 132.45 405.65 645.60 150.86 824.00 562.05 689.00 751.00 699.35 830.00 720.15 662.00 718.00 773.00 584.15 670.15 503.80 467.00 452.00 425.00 425.12 680.00 676.00 563.10 535.90 419.50 435.50 428.60 575.40 660.50 570.10 554.00 440.00 537.20 615.70 582.25 304.21 552.00 132.92 556.35 227.51 417.15 632.35 460.35 536.40 416.25 503.15 489.00 705.85
6.4944 4.6509 5.5948 3.4483 4.7640 5.7813 8.9285 5.0762 4.8075 4.7170 10.8340 13.9070 2.9673 13.3530 2.8921 3.8472 3.1745 2.8852 3.1928 1.7615 2.6201 2.2625 2.7248 2.0229 7.4075 3.0888 4.6525 6.4121 4.5455 4.5363 3.9271 3.3002 3.2786 3.6630 3.6892 4.1117 4.2795 4.2160 2.5709 2.0133 3.2574 3.2573 4.8075 3.8760 3.4243 3.5976 10.5600 6.2500 10.5220 3.6436 7.0112 8.0666 3.2498 4.9963 4.2003 7.0217 4.0511 4.0486 3.2054
2-99
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine
C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N
95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7
108.138 108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106 84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170 62.134 78.133 194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190
1.0861 1.1503 0.58711 1.0743 1.3931 0.88998 0.8243 0.86464 0.92997 1.0897 1.1035 1.7411 0.78578 0.46802 0.41084 0.39348 0.38208 0.43981 0.44289 0.46877 5.2115 0.95523 1.0132 1.1136 0.55941 0.74495 0.74404 0.74858 1.1055 1.2591 1.3897 0.9551 0.89833 0.68184 0.85379 0.9554 0.82227 1.4345 1.173 1.9973 0.6181 0.69213 0.64619 0.89368 0.76327 1.1717 1.5436 0.7565 0.55873 0.52953 0.54405 1.1058 1.5693 0.89615 0.72352 0.47977 1.0214 1.4029 1.1096 0.50824 1.1819 0.52133 0.659
0.30624 0.31861 0.25583 0.20948 0.29255 0.27376 0.26545 0.26888 0.27056 0.28356 0.27035 0.28205 0.27882 0.27146 0.25175 0.2492 0.24645 0.25661 0.27636 0.25875 0.315 0.26364 0.26634 0.24834 0.27243 0.26147 0.26112 0.26276 0.26533 0.27698 0.25678 0.27794 0.26142 0.23796 0.25675 0.26847 0.26314 0.25774 0.22856 0.24653 0.25786 0.26974 0.26881 0.26599 0.26742 0.25895 0.27784 0.27305 0.25143 0.24358 0.25026 0.27866 0.2679 0.23478 0.28629 0.25428 0.26351 0.27991 0.25189 0.26885 0.2813 0.26218 0.26428
697.55 704.65 631 400.15 459.93 553.8 650.1 653 560.4 511.7 507 398 664 674.2 617.7 722.1 688 616.6 696 619.85 38.35 628 650.15 611 584.1 683.95 705 684.75 523 561.6 510 560 572 736.6 496.6 466.7 557.15 386.44 445 351.26 523.1 500.05 576 507.8 543 473.2 437.2 500 591.15 606.15 596.15 615 400.1 649.6 537.3 766 402 503.04 729 772 587 766.8 550
0.30587 0.30104 0.28498 0.20724 0.24913 0.28571 0.28495 0.29943 0.28943 0.25142 0.28699 0.29598 0.31067 0.26869 0.28571 0.28571 0.26125 0.29148 0.27668 0.29479 0.28571 0.29825 0.28571 0.27583 0.29932 0.31526 0.30815 0.30788 0.287 0.30492 0.2902 0.24132 0.2868 0.2062 0.27027 0.2814 0.27369 0.28178 0.28571 0.28153 0.271 0.28571 0.28036 0.28571 0.28571 0.27289 0.2572 0.27408 0.27758 0.26809 0.2658 0.31082 0.2882 0.28091 0.27121 0.30722 0.28421 0.2741 0.3311 0.2612 0.3047 0.31033 0.2766
304.19 307.93 177.14 245.25 182.48 279.69 296.60 242.00 169.67 179.28 138.13 145.59 189.64 267.15 243.51 304.55 280.05 206.89 247.56 229.15 18.73 210.15 282.85 220.60 175.30 248.39 256.15 326.14 176.19 237.49 178.01 200.00 172.71 301.15 223.35 156.85 169.20 154.56 215.00 136.95 176.85 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.10 240.91 180.96 145.19 239.66 223.16 184.99 188.44 131.65 212.72 160.00 274.18 122.93 174.88 291.67 413.80 284.95 300.03 210.15
9.575 9.449 7.939 18.520 14.074 9.380 9.469 10.090 11.160 11.906 13.470 18.658 8.905 5.383 5.393 5.181 5.261 5.733 5.005 5.895 42.945 11.799 11.704 15.358 6.607 9.121 9.166 8.518 13.549 13.462 17.974 10.862 11.526 10.390 10.575 11.487 10.470 18.006 17.424 27.399 8.054 8.067 7.680 11.029 8.843 13.767 16.964 9.031 7.342 7.578 7.626 12.413 18.950 13.954 7.874 6.233 12.898 15.556 14.111 5.538 11.838 6.265 7.993
697.55 704.65 631.00 400.15 459.93 553.80 650.10 653.00 560.40 511.70 507.00 398.00 664.00 674.20 617.70 722.10 688.00 616.60 696.00 619.85 38.35 628.00 650.15 611.00 584.10 683.95 705.00 684.75 523.00 561.60 510.00 560.00 572.00 736.60 496.60 466.70 557.15 386.44 445.00 351.26 523.10 500.05 576.00 507.80 543.00 473.20 437.20 500.00 591.15 606.15 596.15 615.00 400.10 649.60 537.30 766.00 402.00 503.04 729.00 772.00 587.00 766.80 550.00
3.5466 3.6104 2.2949 5.1284 4.7619 3.2509 3.1053 3.2157 3.4372 3.8429 4.0817 6.1730 2.8182 1.7241 1.6320 1.5790 1.5503 1.7139 1.6026 1.8117 16.5440 3.6232 3.8042 4.4842 2.0534 2.8491 2.8494 2.8489 4.1665 4.5458 5.4120 3.4364 3.4363 2.8654 3.3254 3.5587 3.1248 5.5657 5.1321 8.6070 2.3970 2.5659 2.4039 3.3598 2.8542 4.5248 5.5557 2.7706 2.2222 2.1739 2.1739 3.9683 5.8578 3.8170 2.5272 1.8868 3.8761 5.0120 4.4051 1.8904 4.2016 1.9884 2.4936
2-100
TABLE 2-32 Cmpd. no. 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181
Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (mol/dm3) (Continued) Name
Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10
112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2
170.335 282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079 144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 4.003 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144
0.33267 0.18166 1.9122 1.6288 0.8996 1.0936 0.70041 0.48864 0.66085 0.63566 0.61587 0.71751 2.0961 0.7842 1.315 1.3462 1.836 1.1343 0.47428 0.55729 0.8185 0.68162 1.3047 0.7405 0.7908 0.58579 4.2895 1.0146 1.6525 2.1854 1.9415 1.2486 1.938 1.1339 7.2475 0.21897 0.59006 0.61259 0.53066 0.55687 0.57114 0.59268 0.58247 0.66016 0.58622 0.67304 0.23289 0.71899 0.70824 0.62833 0.70093 0.67393 0.67816 0.67666 0.76925 0.78045 0.66372 0.84427 0.76277
C2 0.24664 0.23351 0.27937 0.27469 0.25856 0.22636 0.26162 0.23894 0.25707 0.25613 0.26477 0.26903 0.27657 0.20702 0.25125 0.23289 0.26024 0.26168 0.25028 0.2714 0.26929 0.25152 0.2694 0.25563 0.266 0.24246 0.28587 0.27277 0.27099 0.24725 0.22309 0.20352 0.24225 0.24741 0.41865 0.23642 0.25609 0.26211 0.24729 0.24725 0.25534 0.25663 0.25279 0.26657 0.2726 0.26045 0.23659 0.26531 0.26411 0.25598 0.26776 0.25948 0.25634 0.25578 0.26809 0.26065 0.27345 0.27185 0.25248
C3 658 768 305.32 514 523.3 456.15 617.15 698 655 571 609.15 569.5 282.34 593 720 537 469.15 508.4 674.6 583 489 567 499.15 546 500.23 559.95 144.12 560.09 375.31 317.42 408 771 588 490.15 5.2 736 616.8 540.2 677.3 632.3 608.3 606.6 611.4 537.4 645 547 723 591 507.6 660.2 611.3 585.3 587.61 582.82 504 544 623 516.2 549
C4 0.28571 0.28571 0.29187 0.23178 0.278 0.25522 0.28454 0.28421 0.31103 0.27829 0.28054 0.27733 0.29147 0.20254 0.21868 0.23357 0.2696 0.2791 0.25442 0.29538 0.30621 0.3182 0.27866 0.2795 0.292 0.29509 0.28776 0.28291 0.2442 0.27558 0.28571 0.25178 0.24435 0.2612 0.24096 0.28571 0.28384 0.28141 0.28289 0.31471 0.26487 0.27766 0.29818 0.28571 0.29644 0.28388 0.28571 0.27628 0.27537 0.25304 0.24919 0.26552 0.28365 0.27746 0.28571 0.28571 0.29185 0.2771 0.31611
Tmin, K
Density at Tmin
Tmax, K
Density at Tmax
263.57 309.58 90.35 159.05 189.60 192.15 178.20 238.45 258.15 175.15 161.84 134.71 104.00 284.29 260.15 195.20 160.65 193.55 235.00 180.00 140.00 204.15 125.26 199.25 145.65 167.55 53.48 230.94 129.95 131.35 181.15 275.60 281.45 187.55 2.20 295.13 229.80 182.57 265.83 239.15 230.00 234.15 238.15 154.12 229.92 192.22 291.31 217.15 177.83 269.25 228.55 223.00 217.35 217.50 133.39 170.05 192.62 141.25 183.65
4.521 2.729 21.640 19.410 11.478 17.588 9.041 7.291 8.220 8.491 7.868 9.018 23.326 15.055 18.310 21.450 23.477 14.006 6.563 6.612 9.924 8.975 16.242 9.632 9.847 8.653 44.888 11.374 19.785 29.526 30.945 25.488 26.806 15.702 37.115 3.219 7.600 7.700 7.221 7.502 7.454 7.575 7.551 8.226 6.728 8.492 3.415 8.724 8.747 8.096 8.456 8.518 8.732 8.763 9.581 10.021 7.773 10.230 10.133
658.00 768.00 305.32 514.00 523.30 456.15 617.15 698.00 655.00 571.00 609.15 569.50 282.34 593.00 720.00 537.00 469.15 508.40 674.60 583.00 489.00 567.00 499.15 546.00 500.23 559.95 144.12 560.09 375.31 317.42 408.00 771.00 588.00 490.15 5.20 736.00 616.80 540.20 677.30 632.30 608.30 606.60 611.40 537.40 645.00 547.00 723.00 591.00 507.60 660.20 611.30 585.30 587.61 582.82 504.00 544.00 623.00 516.20 549.00
1.3490 0.7780 6.8447 5.9296 3.4793 4.8312 2.6772 2.0450 2.5707 2.4818 2.3261 2.6670 7.5789 3.7880 5.2338 5.7804 7.0550 4.3347 1.8950 2.0534 3.0395 2.7100 4.8430 2.8968 2.9729 2.4160 15.0050 3.7196 6.0980 8.8388 8.7028 6.1350 8.0000 4.5831 17.3120 0.9262 2.3041 2.3371 2.1459 2.2523 2.2368 2.3095 2.3042 2.4765 2.1505 2.5841 0.9844 2.7100 2.6816 2.4546 2.6178 2.5972 2.6455 2.6455 2.8694 2.9942 2.4272 3.1056 3.0211
2-101
182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244
Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl -1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether
H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O
302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4
32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122 90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148
1.0516 5.414 2.832 3.342 1.3413 2.5635 2.7672 0.88575 1.2801 0.84266 0.87025 2.9214 2.3267 0.88268 1.13 1.6085 0.97286 1.39 0.53382 0.84623 0.91991 0.72762 0.80828 0.91619 0.93391 1.1157 0.8363 0.75509 0.94575 0.76983 1.0674 0.73109 0.7013 0.70973 0.72836 0.84758 0.88824 0.9109 0.97608 1.2635 0.93767 1.067 1.525 0.84005 0.71687 1.0228 0.97887 0.86567 0.78912 1.9323 0.7761 0.4416 0.72701 0.71004 1.0631 0.92128 1.1446 0.9147 0.96145 0.87496 1.3052 0.64856 0.928
0.16613 0.34893 0.2832 0.2729 0.18589 0.1766 0.27369 0.25736 0.2828 0.217 0.24383 0.28976 0.27073 0.23568 0.2593 0.26436 0.26267 0.21405 0.23274 0.24625 0.27815 0.25244 0.26783 0.26752 0.27275 0.27671 0.27514 0.27183 0.26008 0.26173 0.26257 0.26971 0.266 0.26544 0.27241 0.27037 0.26914 0.276 0.28209 0.27878 0.25035 0.27102 0.2634 0.27638 0.26453 0.20692 0.27017 0.26836 0.25915 0.28018 0.25068 0.2521 0.26754 0.26981 0.27506 0.25442 0.2724 0.2594 0.26536 0.26862 0.26757 0.25877 0.289
653.15 33.19 363.15 324.65 456.65 461.15 373.53 605 471.85 805 662 190.56 512.5 718 506.55 402.4 536 430.05 693 490 460.4 643 577.2 465 470 492 512.74 593 463.2 554.5 442 572.1 686 614 617 532.7 542 526 483 437.8 535.5 533 487.2 497 574.6 488 464.48 553.4 553.1 469.95 566 694 497.7 546.49 407.8 506.2 417.9 530.6 476.25 565 352.5 654 497.1
0.1898 0.2706 0.28571 0.3217 0.28206 0.3733 0.29015 0.26265 0.2972 0.28571 0.28571 0.28881 0.24713 0.27379 0.2764 0.27987 0.2508 0.2275 0.28147 0.29041 0.28667 0.28571 0.23588 0.28164 0.2578 0.30821 0.27553 0.29127 0.30807 0.26879 0.26569 0.29185 0.28571 0.26016 0.2478 0.28258 0.27874 0.26756 0.22529 0.2744 0.29964 0.29364 0.2806 0.27645 0.28918 0.28571 0.28998 0.28364 0.26512 0.28523 0.29773 0.28532 0.28268 0.29974 0.2758 0.27586 0.28172 0.2774 0.30088 0.30259 0.28799 0.31444 0.286
274.69 13.95 185.15 158.97 259.83 189.79 187.68 227.15 177.95 407.95 288.15 90.69 175.47 301.15 175.15 170.45 196.32 179.69 260.75 159.53 113.25 193.00 155.95 135.58 139.39 160.15 157.48 175.30 183.45 187.35 139.05 146.58 285.15 280.15 269.15 130.73 146.62 115.00 182.55 160.00 186.48 167.23 174.15 150.00 189.15 256.15 127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 224.95 240.00 119.55 176.00 113.54 298.97 132.81 185.65 133.97 160.17 116.34 249.95 164.55
31.934 38.487 27.985 34.854 27.202 60.203 29.130 11.420 13.561 13.533 11.834 28.180 27.915 13.012 14.475 19.031 12.203 25.378 8.220 11.994 10.764 9.992 10.254 11.332 11.216 12.581 9.758 9.006 11.519 9.764 13.626 9.017 8.209 8.293 8.263 10.491 10.980 11.014 10.789 13.995 12.663 12.671 18.811 9.738 8.862 17.666 11.933 10.460 10.352 21.564 10.176 5.938 9.204 8.445 12.574 10.556 13.507 11.678 12.043 10.689 15.791 8.010 9.710
653.15 33.19 363.15 324.65 456.65 461.15 373.53 605.00 471.85 805.00 662.00 190.56 512.50 718.00 506.55 402.40 536.00 430.05 693.00 490.00 460.40 643.00 577.20 465.00 470.00 492.00 512.74 593.00 463.20 554.50 442.00 572.10 686.00 614.00 617.00 532.70 542.00 526.00 483.00 437.80 535.50 533.00 487.20 497.00 574.60 488.00 464.48 553.40 553.10 469.95 566.00 694.00 497.70 546.49 407.80 506.20 417.90 530.60 476.25 565.00 352.50 654.00 497.10
6.3300 15.5160 10.0000 12.2460 7.2156 14.5160 10.1110 3.4417 4.5265 3.8832 3.5691 10.0820 8.5942 3.7452 4.3579 6.0845 3.7037 6.4938 2.2936 3.4365 3.3072 2.8823 3.0179 3.4248 3.4241 4.0320 3.0395 2.7778 3.6364 2.9413 4.0652 2.7107 2.6365 2.6738 2.6738 3.1349 3.3003 3.3004 3.4602 4.5322 3.7454 3.9370 5.7897 3.0395 2.7100 4.9430 3.6232 3.2258 3.0450 6.8966 3.0960 1.7517 2.7174 2.6316 3.8650 3.6211 4.2019 3.5262 3.6232 3.2572 4.8780 2.5063 3.2111
2-102
TABLE 2-32 Cmpd. no. 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303
Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (mol/dm3) (Concluded) Name
Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N
107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8
58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079 55.079 102.132 59.110
1.2587 0.6348 7.3718 1.0024 3.2091 2.3736 1.3728 2.781 5.246 0.19199 0.49587 0.46321 0.41582 0.43682 0.41687 0.48661 0.47377 0.52152 0.20448 0.53636 0.5266 0.48251 0.48979 0.50726 0.50006 0.5108 0.55449 0.52577 0.58945 1.0501 3.9143 3.3592 0.25142 0.83871 0.84947 0.73455 0.81754 0.79324 0.90411 0.71811 0.89816 0.65858 0.75345 0.8491 0.92099 0.45554 1.3798 0.63163 0.5393 1.6087 1.3757 1.2457 1.1799 0.61255 1.296 1.0969 1.0224 0.73041 0.9195
0.26433 0.25838 0.3067 0.23655 0.2861 0.2817 0.23793 0.27244 0.3044 0.23337 0.26135 0.25444 0.24284 0.25161 0.24056 0.25722 0.27052 0.25918 0.23474 0.26174 0.25693 0.25196 0.24931 0.25972 0.24851 0.25386 0.25952 0.27234 0.26052 0.215 0.28772 0.29884 0.23837 0.26252 0.26726 0.25636 0.26732 0.25806 0.27207 0.24129 0.26608 0.25367 0.27047 0.2352 0.25419 0.2523 0.31598 0.23373 0.22704 0.26543 0.27453 0.27281 0.2644 0.26769 0.26439 0.25568 0.23452 0.25456 0.23878
C3 437 748.4 44.4 593 126.2 234 588.15 309.57 180.15 758 658 594.6 710.7 670.9 649.5 593.1 681 598.05 747 638.9 568.7 694.26 652.3 629.8 632.7 627.7 566.9 667.3 574 804 154.58 261 708 566.1 469.7 639.16 588.1 561 561.08 560.95 464.8 584.3 598 481.2 519 869 694.25 653 791 394 369.83 536.8 508.3 636 504.4 600.81 564.4 549.73 496.95
C4 0.25819 0.27727 0.2786 0.278 0.2966 0.29529 0.29601 0.2882 0.242 0.28571 0.30736 0.28571 0.30036 0.2498 0.2916 0.28571 0.30284 0.29177 0.28571 0.26348 0.28571 0.26842 0.27824 0.22 0.29942 0.26735 0.28571 0.30063 0.28532 0.28571 0.2924 0.28523 0.28571 0.29444 0.27789 0.25522 0.25348 0.28571 0.30669 0.27996 0.28571 0.28571 0.30583 0.353 0.31077 0.24841 0.32768 0.28571 0.248 0.29895 0.29359 0.23994 0.24653 0.28571 0.29471 0.26857 0.2804 0.27666 0.2461
Tmin, K
Density at Tmin
Tmax, K
Density at Tmax
151.15 333.15 24.56 183.63 63.15 66.46 244.60 182.30 109.50 305.04 255.15 219.66 285.55 268.15 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246.00 216.38 289.65 257.65 241.55 252.85 255.55 171.45 223.95 193.55 462.65 54.35 80.15 283.07 182.00 143.42 239.15 195.56 200.00 196.29 234.18 108.02 160.75 197.45 167.45 163.83 372.38 314.06 243.15 404.15 136.87 85.47 146.95 185.26 199.00 170.00 252.45 180.26 178.15 188.36
15.691 7.755 61.796 15.556 31.063 26.555 19.632 27.928 44.487 2.889 6.017 6.043 5.759 5.850 6.031 6.372 5.453 6.537 3.042 6.664 6.705 6.311 6.574 6.563 6.648 6.628 7.216 6.099 7.483 16.271 40.770 33.361 3.642 10.534 10.474 9.587 10.061 10.147 10.398 10.102 11.521 9.073 8.858 12.532 12.240 5.985 11.244 9.647 8.222 19.479 16.583 15.206 14.663 7.476 15.929 13.935 16.027 9.794 13.764
437.00 748.40 44.40 593.00 126.20 234.00 588.15 309.57 180.15 758.00 658.00 594.60 710.70 670.90 649.50 593.10 681.00 598.05 747.00 638.90 568.70 694.26 652.30 629.80 632.70 627.70 566.90 667.30 574.00 804.00 154.58 261.00 708.00 566.10 469.70 639.16 588.10 561.00 561.08 560.95 464.80 584.30 598.00 481.20 519.00 869.00 694.25 653.00 791.00 394.00 369.83 536.80 508.30 636.00 504.40 600.81 564.40 549.73 496.95
4.7619 2.4568 24.0360 4.2376 11.2170 8.4260 5.7698 10.2080 17.2340 0.8227 1.8973 1.8210 1.7123 1.7361 1.7329 1.8918 1.7513 2.0122 0.8711 2.0492 2.0500 1.9150 1.9646 1.9531 2.0122 2.0121 2.1366 1.9306 2.2626 4.8842 13.6050 11.2410 1.0550 3.1948 3.1784 2.8653 3.0583 3.0739 3.3231 2.9761 3.3755 2.5962 2.7857 3.6101 3.6232 1.8055 4.3667 2.7024 2.3754 6.0607 5.0111 4.5662 4.4626 2.2883 4.9018 4.2901 4.3595 2.8693 3.8508
304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 344 345 346 347
Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl o-Terphenyl [use Eq. (2)] Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water [use Eq. (2)] m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene
C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3
120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165
0.57233 1.4403 0.915 1.093 1.0714 1.0923 0.83228 1.1945 0.7397 0.70284 2.106 1.3587 1.4969 0.42685 0.3448 5.7136 0.27248 1.2543 0.67717 1.1628 0.58988 1.2874 0.8792 0.9062 0.29934 0.7035 1.0116 0.6531 0.60394 0.59059 0.6028 0.48195 0.37378 0.36703 0.33113 0.9591 1.2703 1.5115 0.59595 −13.851 0.68902 0.69962 0.67752
0.25171 0.26852 0.26134 0.27762 0.27214 0.26106 0.25385 0.24128 0.2603 0.22268 0.25842 0.2701 0.19013 0.181 0.25116 −0.003474 0.24007 0.28084 0.27772 0.28954 0.27201 0.28194 0.27136 0.25475 0.2433 0.27386 0.25683 0.27002 0.25956 0.27424 0.27446 0.23093 0.21379 0.24876 0.23676 0.2593 0.26041 0.2707 0.24314 0.64038 0.26086 0.26143 0.25887
638.35 364.85 538 517 536.6 626 683 259 636 806 430.75 318.69 490.85 1113 857 693 540.15 720 631.95 568 579.35 591.75 602 675 535.15 433.25 664.5 649.1 543.8 573.5 846 828 639 703.9 519.13 454 432 543.15 −0.00191 617 630.3 616.2
0.29616 0.28775 0.28 0.29781 0.29481 0.20459 0.23658 0.16693 0.3009 0.28571 0.2895 0.2921 0.4359 0.28571 0.29268 0.28571 0.2912 0.2878 0.28674 0.27341 0.30781 0.29241 0.31 0.28571 0.2872 0.2696 0.26268 0.27713 0.2847 0.2741 0.28571 0.29905 0.28571 0.2762 0.27448 0.297 0.2716 0.24856 1.8211E-06 0.27479 0.27365 0.27596
173.55 87.89 180.25 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85 186.35 242.54 460.65 197.67 223.15 289.95 700.15 329.35 288.15 279.01 164.65 237.38 176.99 373.96 234.94 178.18 236.50 267.76 158.45 156.08 243.15 229.33 165.78 172.22 398.40 354.00 247.57 288.45 180.35 173.15 119.36 178.35 273.16 225.30 247.98 286.41
7.982 18.070 11.590 12.610 12.716 14.363 10.082 15.635 9.109 10.261 25.298 12.631 24.241 8.546 4.553 4.713 3.889 13.998 7.638 12.408 5.724 13.430 10.487 11.478 4.182 8.284 13.144 7.728 7.689 6.915 7.093 7.083 6.452 4.945 4.859 12.287 15.664 18.481 8.824 55.497 8.648 8.623 8.161
638.35 364.85 538.00 517.00 536.60 626.00 683.00 259.00 636.00 806.00 430.75 318.69 490.85 1113.00 857.00 313.19 693.00 540.15 720.00 631.95 568.00 579.35 591.75 602.00 675.00 535.15 433.25 664.50 649.10 543.80 573.50 846.00 828.00 639.00 703.90 519.13 454.00 432.00 543.15 353.15 617.00 630.30 616.20
2.2738 5.3638 3.5012 3.9370 3.9369 4.1841 3.2786 4.9507 2.8417 3.1563 8.1495 5.0304 7.8730 2.3583 1.3728 4.6256 1.1350 4.4662 2.4383 4.0160 2.1686 4.5662 3.2400 3.5572 1.2300 2.5688 3.9388 2.4187 2.3268 2.1536 2.1963 2.0870 1.7484 1.4750 1.3986 3.6988 4.8781 5.5837 2.4511 54.0012 2.6413 2.6761 2.6172
Except for o-terphenyl and water, liquid density ρ is calculated by C4]
= C1/C2[1 + (1−T/C3)
where ρ is in mol/dm and T is in K. The pressure is equal to the vapor pressure for pressures greater than 1 atm and equal to 1 atm when the vapor pressure is less than 1 atm. Equation (2), used for the limited temperature ranges as noted for o-terphenyl and water, is 3
= C1 + C2T + C3T 2 + C4T 3 For water over the entire temperature range of 273.16 to 647.096 K, use = 17.863 + 58.606τ0.35 − 95.396τ2/3 + 213.89τ − 141.26τ4/3 where τ = 1 − T/647.096.
2-103
All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
2-104
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM UNITS AND UNITS CONVERSIONS Most densities are given in grams per cubic centimeter. To convert to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 62.43. °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32. Compositions are weight percent unless otherwise stated. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES For more detailed data on densities see International Critical Tables: tabular index, vol. 3, p. 1; abrasives, vol. 2, p. 87; air, moist, vol. 1, p. 71; building stones, vol. 2, p. 52; clays, vol. 2, p. 56; coals, vol. 2, p. 135; compounds, vol. 1, pp. 106, 176, 313, 341; elements, vol. 1, pp. 102, 340; fibers, vol. 2, p. 237; gases and vapors, vol. 3, pp. 3, 345; glass, vol. 2, p. 93; liquids and vitreous solids, vol. 3, p. 22; vol. 1, pp. 102, 340; vol. 2, TABLE 2-33
pp. 456, 463; vol. 3, pp. 20, 35; liquid coolants and saturated vapors are available from WADC-TR-59-598, 1959; plastics are collected in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.; solid helium, neon, argon, fluorine, and methane data are given by Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960; temperatures of maximum solubility, vol. 3, p. 107; metals, vol. 2, p. 463; oils, fats, and waxes, vol. 2, p. 201; orthobaric, vol. 3, pp. 202, 228, 237, 244; petroleums, vol. 2, pp. 137, 144; plastics, vol. 2, p. 296; porcelains, vol. 2, pp. 68, 75; refrigerating brines, vol. 2, p. 327; rubber, vol. 2, pp. 255, 259; soaps, vol. 5, p. 447; metallic solid solutions, vol. 2, p. 358; solids, vol. 3, pp. 43, 45; vol. 2, p. 456; vol. 3, p. 21; solutions and mixtures, vol. 3, pp. 17, 51, 95, 104, 107, 111, 125, 130; woods, vol. 2, p. 1. Also see the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., 86th ed., etc.
Aluminum Sulfate [Al2(SO4)3]*
%
d 15 4
%
d 15 4
1 2 4 8 12
1.0093 1.0195 1.0404 1.0837 1.1293
16 20 24 26
1.1770 1.2272 1.2803 1.3079
TABLE 2-38 Ammonium Chromate [(NH4)2CrO4]*
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 70. TABLE 2-34 1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30
0 °C
5 °C
10 °C
20 °C 25 °C %
d 15 4
0.9943 0.9954 0.9959 0.9958 0.9955 0.9939 0.993 32 0.889 .9906 .9915 .9919 .9917 .9913 .9895 .988 36 .877 .9834 .9840 .9842 .9837 .9832 .9811 .980 40 .865 0.970 .9701 .9701 .9695 .9686 .9677 .9651 .964 45 .849 .958 .9576 .9571 .9561 .9548 .9534 .9501 .948 50 .832 .947 .9461 .9450 .9435 .9420 .9402 .9362 .934 60 .796 .9353 .9335 .9316 .9296 .9275 .9229 70 .755 .9249 .9226 .9202 .9179 .9155 .9101 80 .711 .9150 .9122 .9094 .9067 .9040 .8980 90 .665 .9101 .9070 .9040 .9012 .8983 .8920 100 .618 *International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 59.
TABLE 2-35 Ammonium Acetate* (CH3COONH4)
TABLE 2-36 Ammonium Bichromate [(NH4)2Cr2O7]*
d 4t
3.80 10.52 19.75 28.04
20 13 13.7 19.6
1.0219 1.0627 1.1189 1.1707
TABLE 2-39
Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3)*
%
0 °C
10 °C
25 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
1.0043 1.0088 1.0178 1.0358 1.0539 1.0721 1.0905 1.1090 1.1277 1.1371 1.1862 1.2380
1.0039 1.0082 1.0168 1.0340 1.0515 1.0691 1.0870 1.1051 1.1234 1.1327 1.1810 1.2320
1.0011 1.0051 1.0132 1.0297 1.0464 1.0633 1.0806 1.0982 1.1161 1.1252 1.1727 1.2229
0.9961 1.0000 1.0079 1.0238 1.0400 1.0565 1.0734 1.0907 1.1082 1.1171 1.1640 1.2136
0.9870 .9908 .9985 1.0142 1.0301 1.0462 1.0627 1.0796 1.0968 1.1055 1.1515 1.2006
0.9755 .9793 .9869 1.0024 1.0181 1.0342 1.0506 1.0673 1.0844 1.0931 1.1385 1.1868
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 59.
%
d425
%
d412
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45
0.9992 1.0013 1.0055 1.0136 1.0216 1.0294 1.0368 1.0439 1.0507 1.0540 1.0618 1.0691 1.0760
1 2 4 8 12 16 20
1.0051 1.0108 1.0223 1.0463 1.0715 1.0981 1.1263
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 70.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 62. For data at 16 °C for 3(1)52 percent see Atack, Handbook of Chemical Data, p. 33, Reinhold, New York, 1957. TABLE 2-37
°C
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 70.
Ammonia (NH3)*
% −15 °C −10 °C −5 °C
%
TABLE 2-40
Ammonium Sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]*
%
0 °C
20 °C
40 °C
80 °C
100 °C
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 35 40 50
1.0061 1.0124 1.0248 1.0495 1.0740 1.0980 1.1215 1.1448 1.1677 1.2072 1.2350 1.2899
1.0041 1.0101 1.0220 1.0456 1.0691 1.0924 1.1154 1.1383 1.1609 1.2800 1.2277 1.2825
0.9980 1.0039 1.0155 1.0387 1.0619 1.0849 1.1077 1.1304 1.1529 1.1919 1.2196 1.2745
0.9777 .9836 .9953 1.0187 1.0421 1.0653 1.0883 1.1111 1.1338 1.1731 1.2011 1.2568
0.9644 .9705 .9826 1.0066 1.0303 1.0539 1.0772 1.1003 1.1232 1.1629 1.1910 1.2466
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 60.
Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)*
%
0 °C
10 °C
20 °C
30 °C
50 °C
80 °C
100 °C
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24
1.0033 1.0067 1.0135 1.0266 1.0391 1.0510 1.0625 1.0736
1.0029 1.0062 1.0126 1.0251 1.0370 1.0485 1.0596 1.0705
1.0013 1.0045 1.0107 1.0227 1.0344 1.0457 1.0567 1.0674
0.9987 1.0018 1.0077 1.0195 1.0310 1.0422 1.0532 1.0641
0.9910 .9940 .9999 1.0116 1.0231 1.0343 1.0454 1.0564
0.9749 .9780 .9842 .9963 1.0081 1.0198 1.0312 1.0426
0.9617 .9651 .9718 .9849 .9975 1.0096 1.0213 1.0327
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 60.
TABLE 2-41
Arsenic Acid (H3AsO4)*
%
d 15 4
%
d 15 4
1 2 6 10 16
1.0057 1.0124 1.0398 1.0681 1.1128
20 30 40 50 60 70
1.1447 1.2331 1.3370 1.4602 1.6070 1.7811
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 61.
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM TABLE 2-42
Barium Chloride (BaCl2)*
TABLE 2-48
2-105
Chromic Acid (CrO3)*
%
0 °C
20 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100 °C
%
d 15 4
%
d 15 4
2 4 8 12 16 20 24 26
1.0181 1.0368 1.0760 1.1178 1.1627 1.2105
1.0159 1.0341 1.0721 1.1128 1.1564 1.2031 1.2531 1.2793
1.0096 1.0275 1.0648 1.1047 1.1478 1.1938 1.2430 1.2688
1.0004 1.0181 1.0551 1.0948 1.1373 1.1828 1.2316 1.2571
0.9890 1.0066 1.0434 1.0827 1.1249 1.1702 1.2186 1.2440
0.9755 .9931 1.0299 1.0692 1.1113 1.1563 1.2045 1.2298
1 2 6 10 16
1.006 1.014 1.045 1.076 1.127
20 26 30 40 50 60
1.163 1.220 1.260 1.371 1.505 1.663
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 69.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 75. TABLE 2-43
Cadmium Nitrate [Cd(NO3)2]*
TABLE 2-49
%
d 18 4
%
d 18 4
2 4 8 12 16
1.0154 1.0326 1.0683 1.1061 1.1468
20 25 30 40 50
1.1904 1.2488 1.3124 1.4590 1.6356
d 18 4
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 66.
TABLE 2-44 % −5 °C 2 4 8 12 16 20 25 30 35 40
1.0708 1.1083 1.1471 1.1874
%
Violet
Green
Equilibrium mixture of violet and green
1 2 4 8 12 14
1.0076 1.0166 1.0349 1.0724 1.1114 1.1316
1.0071 1.0157 1.0332 1.0691 1.1065
1.0075 1.0165 1.0347 1.0722 1.1111
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 69.
Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)*
0 °C
Chromium Chloride (CrCl3)*
20 °C 30 °C 40 °C 60 °C 80 °C 100 °C 120 °C† 140°C
1.0171 1.0346 1.0703 1.1072 1.1454 1.1853 1.2376 1.2922
1.0148 1.0316 1.0659 1.1015 1.1386 1.1775 1.2284 1.2816 1.3373 1.3957
1.0120 1.0286 1.0626 1.0978 1.1345 1.1730 1.2236 1.2764 1.3316 1.3895
1.0084 1.0249 1.0586 1.0937 1.1301 1.1684 1.2186 1.2709 1.3255 1.3826
0.9994 1.0158 1.0492 1.0840 1.1202 1.1581 1.2079 1.2597 1.3137 1.3700
0.9881 1.0046 1.0382 1.0730 1.1092 1.1471 1.1965 1.2478 1.3013 1.3571
0.9748 0.9915 1.0257 1.0610 1.0973 1.1352 1.1846 1.2359 1.2893 1.3450
0.9596 0.9765 1.0111 1.0466 1.0835 1.1219
0.9428 0.9601 0.9954 1.0317 1.0691 1.1080
TABLE 2-50
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 72–73. †Corrected to atmospheric pressure. TABLE 2-45 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]*
Copper Nitrate [Cu(NO3)2]*
%
d 20 4
%
d 20 4
1 2 4 8
1.007 1.015 1.032 1.069
12 16 20 25
1.107 1.147 1.189 1.248
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 67.
TABLE 2-46 Calcium Hypochlorite* (CaOCl2)
TABLE 2-51 (CuSO4)*
Copper Sulfate
TABLE 2-52 Cuprous Chloride (CuCl2)*
%
d 15 4
d 425
% total salt
d 15 4
%
0 °C
20 °C
40 °C
%
0 °C
20 °C
40 °C
0.05 .10 .15
0.99979 1.00044 1.00110
0.99773 .99838 .99904
2 4 6 8 10 12
1.0169 1.0345 1.0520 1.0697 1.0876 1.1060
1 4 8 12 16 18
1.0104 1.0429 1.0887 1.1379
1.0086 1.0401 1.084 1.1308 1.180 1.206
1.0024 1.0332 1.0764 1.1222
1 4 8 12 16 20
1.0095 1.0387 1.0788 1.1208 1.1653 1.2121
1.0072 1.036 1.0754 1.1165 1.1595 1.2052
1.002 1.0305 1.0682 1.107 1.151 1.1953
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 72.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 73. CaOCl2 = 89.15% CaCl2 = 7.31% Ca(ClO3)2 = 0.26% Ca(OH)2 = 2.92% TABLE 2-47
Calcium Nitrate [Ca(NO3)2]*
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 67.
TABLE 2-53
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 66.
Ferric Chloride (FeCl3)*
%
6 °C
18 °C
25 °C
30 °C
%
0 °C
10 °C
20 °C
30 °C
2* 4 8 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 68†
1.0157 1.0316 1.0641 1.0979 1.1330 1.1694 1.2168
1.0137 1.0291 1.0608 1.0937 1.1279 1.1636 1.2106 1.260 1.311 1.365 1.422 1.747
1.0120 1.0272 1.0585 1.0911 1.1250 1.1602 1.2065
1.0105 1.0256 1.0565 1.0887 1.1224 1.1575 1.2032
1.741
1.736
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1.0086 1.0174 1.0347 1.0703 1.1088 1.1475 1.1870 1.2400 1.2970 1.3605 1.4280
1.0084 1.0168 1.0341 1.0692 1.1071 1.1449 1.1847 1.2380 1.2950 1.3580 1.4235 1.4920 1.5610
1.0068 1.0152 1.0324 1.0669 1.1040 1.1418 1.1820 1.2340 1.2910 1.3530 1.4175 1.4850 1.5510
1.0040 1.0122 1.0292 1.0636 1.1006 1.1386 1.1786 1.2290 1.2850 1.3475 1.4115
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 73–74. †Supercooled tetrahydrate (m.p. 41.4°C).
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 68.
2-106
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-54 Ferric Sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3]* 17.5
% 1 2 4 8 12 16 20 30 40 50 60
TABLE 2-55 [Fe(NO3)3]*
d4
1.0072 1.0157 1.0327 1.0670 1.1028 1.1409 1.1811 1.3073 1.4487 1.6127 1.7983
Ferric Nitrate 18
d4
%
d4
%
d4
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 25
1.0065 1.0144 1.0304 1.0636 1.0989 1.1359 1.1748 1.2281
5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 100
1.020 1.040 1.080 1.119 1.159 1.198 1.235 1.258 1.259 1.178 1.089 1.0005
1.017 1.035 1.070 1.101 1.130 1.155
1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
1.0022 1.0058 1.0131 1.0204 1.0277 1.0351 1.0425 1.0499 1.0574 1.0649 1.0725 1.0802 1.0880
26 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90 100
1.0959 1.1040 1.1122 1.1327 1.1536 1.1749 1.1966 1.2188 1.2416 1.2897 1.3406 1.3931 1.4465
TABLE 2-57 Hydrogen Bromide (HBr)*
TABLE 2-62
18 °C
20 °C
%
d4
d4
d4
%
1.0090 1.0380 1.0790 1.1235 1.1690 1.2150
1.00068 1.00275 1.00645 1.0085 1.0375 1.0785 1.1220 1.1675 1.2135
1.0002 1.0022 1.0062 1.0082
1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 65.0
1.0073 1.0146 1.0295 1.0448 1.0604 1.0764 1.0928 1.1097 1.1272 1.1453 1.1640 1.1832 1.2030 1.2235 1.2446 1.2663 1.3877 1.5305 1.6950 1.7854
1.0068 1.0139 1.0285 1.0435 1.0589 1.0747 1.0910 1.1078 1.1251 1.1430 1.1615 1.1806 1.2003 1.2206 1.2415 1.2630 1.3838 1.5257 1.6892 1.7792
1.0041 1.0111 1.0255 1.0402 1.0552 1.0707 1.0867 1.1032 1.1202 1.1377 1.1557 1.1743 1.1935 1.2134 1.2340 1.2552 1.3736 1.5127 1.6731 1.7613
1 2 4 8 12
TABLE 2-58 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)* 15
d4
1 2 4 8 12 16 82 90 100
0.998 0.996 0.993 0.984 0.971 0.956 0.752 0.724 0.691
4
10
25
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 55.
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)
%
−5 °C
0 °C
10 °C
20 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100 °C
1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
1.0048 1.0104 1.0213 1.0321 1.0428 1.0536 1.0645 1.0754 1.0864 1.0975 1.1087 1.1200 1.1314 1.1426 1.1537 1.1648
1.0052 1.0106 1.0213 1.0319 1.0423 1.0528 1.0634 1.0741 1.0849 1.0958 1.1067 1.1177 1.1287 1.1396 1.1505 1.1613
1.0048 1.0100 1.0202 1.0303 1.0403 1.0504 1.0607 1.0711 1.0815 1.0920 1.1025 1.1131 1.1238 1.1344 1.1449 1.1553
1.0032 1.0082 1.0181 1.0279 1.0376 1.0474 1.0574 1.0675 1.0776 1.0878 1.0980 1.1083 1.1187 1.1290 1.1392 1.1493 1.1593 1.1691 1.1789 1.1885 1.1980
0.9970 1.0019 1.0116 1.0211 1.0305 1.0400 1.0497 1.0594 1.0692 1.0790 1.0888 1.0986 1.1085 1.1183 1.1280 1.1376
0.9881 0.9930 1.0026 1.0121 1.0215 1.0310 1.0406 1.0502 1.0598 1.0694 1.0790 1.0886 1.0982 1.1076 1.1169 1.1260
0.9768 0.9819 0.9919 1.0016 1.0111 1.0206 1.0302 1.0398 1.0494 1.0590 1.0685 1.0780 1.0874 1.0967 1.1058 1.1149
0.9636 0.9688 0.9791 0.9892 0.9992 1.0090 1.0188 1.0286 1.0383 1.0479 1.0574 1.0668 1.0761 1.0853 1.0942 1.1030
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 54.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 54.
Hydrofluosilic Acid (H2SiF6)* 17.5
17.5
%
d4
1.0080 1.0161 1.0324 1.0661 1.1011
d4
16 20 25 30 34
1.1373 1.1748 1.2235 1.2742 1.3162
*O. Söhnel and P. Novotny, Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, 1985.
TABLE 2-63
Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)*
%
0 °C
20 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100°C
2 4 8 12 16 20 25 30
1.0168 1.0338 1.0683 1.1035 1.1395 1.1764 1.2246 1.2754
1.0146 1.0311 1.0646 1.0989 1.1342 1.1706 1.2184 1.2688
1.0084 1.0248 1.0580 1.0921 1.1272 1.1635 1.2111 1.2614
0.9995 1.0159 1.0493 1.0836 1.1188 1.1552 1.2031 1.2535
0.9883 1.0050 1.0388 1.0735 1.1092 1.1460 1.1942 1.2451
0.9753 0.9923 1.0269 1.0622 1.0984 1.1359 1.1847 1.2360
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 71.
TABLE 2-64
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 61. TABLE 2-59
18
d4
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 54.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 68.
18
%
15 °C
%
20
d4
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 68.
TABLE 2-56 Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4)* 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0
0
TABLE 2-61 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)*
%
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 68.
%
TABLE 2-60 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)*
Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)*
%
0 °C
20 °C
30 °C
40 °C
50 °C
60 °C
80 °C
2 4 8 12 16 20 26
1.0210 1.0423 1.0858 1.1309 1.1777 1.2264 1.3032
1.0186 1.0392 1.0816 1.1256 1.1717 1.2198 1.2961
1.0158 1.0362 1.0782 1.1220 1.1679 1.2159 1.2922
1.0123 1.0326 1.0743 1.1179 1.1637 1.2117 1.2879
1.0081 1.0283 1.0700 1.1135 1.1592 1.2072 1.2836
1.0032 1.0234 1.0650 1.1083
0.9916 1.0118 1.0534 1.0968
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 72. TABLE 2-65 Nickel Chloride (NiCl2)* 18
TABLE 2-66 Nickel Nitrate [Ni(NO3)2]* 20
TABLE 2-67 Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4 )* 18
%
d4
%
d4
%
d4
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 30
1.0082 1.0179 1.0375 1.0785 1.1217 1.1674 1.2163 1.353
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 30 35
1.0065 1.0150 1.0325 1.0688 1.1070 1.1480 1.191 1.311 1.377
1 2 4 8 12 16 18
1.0091 1.0198 1.0415 1.0852 1.1325 1.1825 1.2090
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 69.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 69.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 69.
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM TABLE 2-68
2-107
Nitric Acid (HNO3)*
0 °C
5 °C
10 °C
15 °C
20 °C
25 °C
30 °C
40 °C
50 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100°C
1 2 3 4
1.0058 1.0117 1.0176 1.0236
1.00572 1.01149 1.01730 1.02315
1.00534 1.01099 1.01668 1.02240
1.00464 1.01018 1.01576 1.02137
1.00364 1.00909 1.01457 1.02008
1.00241 1.00778 1.01318 1.01861
1.0009 1.0061 1.0114 1.0168
0.9973 1.0025 1.0077 1.0129
0.9931 0.9982 1.0033 1.0084
0.9882 0.9932 0.9982 1.0033
0.9767 0.9816 0.9865 0.9915
0.9632 0.9681 0.9730 0.9779
5 6 7 8 9
1.0296 1.0357 1.0418 1.0480 1.0543
1.02904 1.03497 1.0410 1.0471 1.0532
1.02816 1.03397 1.0399 1.0458 1.0518
1.02702 1.03272 1.0385 1.0443 1.0502
1.02563 1.03122 1.0369 1.0427 1.0485
1.02408 1.02958 1.0352 1.0409 1.0466
1.0222 1.0277 1.0333 1.0389 1.0446
1.0182 1.0235 1.0289 1.0344 1.0399
1.0136 1.0188 1.0241 1.0295 1.0349
1.0084 1.0136 1.0188 1.0241 1.0294
0.9965 1.0015 1.0066 1.0117 1.0169
0.9829 0.9879 0.9929 0.9980 1.0032
10 11 12 13 14
1.0606 1.0669 1.0733 1.0797 1.0862
1.0594 1.0656 1.0718 1.0781 1.0845
1.0578 1.0639 1.0700 1.0762 1.0824
1.0561 1.0621 1.0681 1.0742 1.0803
1.0543 1.0602 1.0661 1.0721 1.0781
1.0523 1.0581 1.0640 1.0699 1.0758
1.0503 1.0560 1.0618 1.0676 1.0735
1.0455 1.0511 1.0567 1.0624 1.0681
1.0403 1.0458 1.0513 1.0568 1.0624
1.0347 1.0401 1.0455 1.0509 1.0564
1.0221 1.0273 1.0326 1.0379 1.0432
1.0083 1.0134 1.0186 1.0238 1.0289
15 16 17 18 19
1.0927 1.0992 1.1057 1.1123 1.1189
1.0909 1.0973 1.1038 1.1103 1.1168
1.0887 1.0950 1.1014 1.1078 1.1142
1.0865 1.0927 1.0989 1.1052 1.1115
1.0842 1.0903 1.0964 1.1026 1.1088
1.0818 1.0879 1.0940 1.1001 1.1062
1.0794 1.0854 1.0914 1.0974 1.1034
1.0739 1.0797 1.0855 1.0913 1.0972
1.0680 1.0737 1.0794 1.0851 1.0908
1.0619 1.0675 1.0731 1.0787 1.0843
1.0485 1.0538 1.0592 1.0646 1.0700
1.0341 1.0393 1.0444 1.0496 1.0547
20 21 22 23 24
1.1255 1.1322 1.1389 1.1457 1.1525
1.1234 1.1300 1.1366 1.1433 1.1501
1.1206 1.1271 1.1336 1.1402 1.1469
1.1178 1.1242 1.1306 1.1371 1.1437
1.1150 1.1213 1.1276 1.1340 1.1404
1.1123 1.1185 1.1247 1.1310 1.1374
1.1094 1.1155 1.1217 1.1280 1.1343
1.1031 1.1090 1.1150 1.1210 1.1271
1.0966 1.1024 1.1083 1.1142 1.1201
1.0899 1.0956 1.1013 1.1070 1.1127
1.0754 1.0808 1.0862 1.0917 1.0972
1.0598 1.0650 1.0701 1.0753 1.0805
25 26 27 28 29
1.1594 1.1663 1.1733 1.1803 1.1874
1.1569 1.1638 1.1707 1.1777 1.1847
1.1536 1.1603 1.1670 1.1738 1.1807
1.1503 1.1569 1.1635 1.1702 1.1770
1.1469 1.1534 1.1600 1.1666 1.1733
1.1438 1.1502 1.1566 1.1631 1.1697
1.1406 1.1469 1.1533 1.1597 1.1662
1.1332 1.1394 1.1456 1.1519 1.1582
1.1260 1.1320 1.1381 1.1442 1.1503
1.1185 1.1244 1.1303 1.1362 1.1422
1.1027 1.1083 1.1139 1.1195 1.1251
1.0857 1.0910 1.0963 1.1016 1.1069
30 31 32 33 34
1.1945 1.2016 1.2088 1.2160 1.2233
1.1917 1.1988 1.2059 1.2131 1.2203
1.1876 1.1945 1.2014 1.2084 1.2155
1.1838 1.1906 1.1974 1.2043 1.2113
1.1800 1.1867 1.1934 1.2002 1.2071
1.1763 1.1829 1.1896 1.1963 1.2030
1.1727 1.1792 1.1857 1.1922 1.1988
1.1645 1.1708 1.1772 1.1836 1.1901
1.1564 1.1625 1.1687 1.1749 1.1812
1.1482 1.1542 1.1602 1.1662 1.1723
1.1307 1.1363 1.1419 1.1476 1.1533
1.1122 1.1175 1.1228 1.1281 1.1335
35 36 37 38 39
1.2306 1.2375 1.2444 1.2513 1.2581
1.2275 1.2344 1.2412 1.2479 1.2546
1.2227 1.2294 1.2361 1.2428 1.2494
1.2183 1.2249 1.2315 1.2381 1.2446
1.2140 1.2205 1.2270 1.2335 1.2399
1.2098 1.2163 1.2227 1.2291 1.2354
1.2055 1.2119 1.2182 1.2245 1.2308
1.1966 1.2028 1.2089 1.2150 1.2210
1.1876 1.1936 1.1995 1.2054 1.2112
1.1784 1.1842 1.1899 1.1956 1.2013
1.1591 1.1645 1.1699 1.1752 1.1805
1.1390 1.1440 1.1490 1.1540 1.1589
40 41 42 43 44
1.2649 1.2717 1.2786 1.2854 1.2922
1.2613 1.2680 1.2747 1.2814 1.2880
1.2560 1.2626 1.2692 1.2758 1.2824
1.2511 1.2576 1.2641 1.2706 1.2771
1.2463 1.2527 1.2591 1.2655 1.2719
1.2417 1.2480 1.2543 1.2606 1.2669
1.2370 1.2432 1.2494 1.2556 1.2618
1.2270 1.2330 1.2390 1.2450 1.2510
1.2170 1.2229 1.2287 1.2345 1.2403
1.2069 1.2126 1.2182 1.2238 1.2294
1.1858 1.1911 1.1963 1.2015 1.2067
1.1638 1.1687 1.1735 1.1783 1.1831
45 46 47 48 49
1.2990 1.3058 1.3126 1.3194 1.3263
1.2947 1.3014 1.3080 1.3147 1.3214
1.2890 1.2955 1.3021 1.3087 1.3153
1.2836 1.2901 1.2966 1.3031 1.3096
1.2783 1.2847 1.2911 1.2975 1.3040
1.2732 1.2795 1.2858 1.2921 1.2984
1.2680 1.2742 1.2804 1.2867 1.2929
1.2570 1.2630 1.2690 1.2750 1.2811
1.2461 1.2519 1.2577 1.2635 1.2693
1.2350 1.2406 1.2462 1.2518 1.2575
1.2119 1.2171 1.2223 1.2275 1.2328
1.1879 1.1927 1.1976 1.2024 1.2073
50 51 52 53 54
1.3327 1.3391 1.3454 1.3517 1.3579
1.3277 1.3339 1.3401 1.3462 1.3523
1.3215 1.3277 1.3338 1.3399 1.3459
1.3157 1.3218 1.3278 1.3338 1.3397
1.3100 1.3160 1.3219 1.3278 1.3336
1.3043 1.3102 1.3160 1.3218 1.3275
1.2987 1.3045 1.3102 1.3159 1.3215
1.2867 1.2923 1.2978 1.3033 1.3087
1.2748 1.2802 1.2856 1.2909 1.2961
1.2628 1.2680 1.2731 1.2782 1.2833
1.2377 1.2425 1.2473 1.2521 1.2568
1.2118 1.2163 1.2208 1.2252 1.2296
55 56 57 58 59
1.3640 1.3700 1.3759 1.3818 1.3875
1.3583 1.3642 1.3700 1.3757 1.3813
1.3518 1.3576 1.3634 1.3691 1.3747
1.3455 1.3512 1.3569 1.3625 1.3680
1.3393 1.3449 1.3505 1.3560 1.3614
1.3331 1.3386 1.3441 1.3495 1.3548
1.3270 1.3324 1.3377 1.3430 1.3482
1.3141 1.3194 1.3246 1.3298 1.3348
1.3013 1.3064 1.3114 1.3164 1.3213
1.2883 1.2932 1.2981 1.3029 1.3077
1.2615 1.2661 1.2706 1.2751 1.2795
1.2339 1.2382 1.2424 1.2466 1.2507
60 61 62 63 64
1.3931 1.3986 1.4039 1.4091
1.3868 1.3922 1.3975 1.4027 1.4078
1.3801 1.3855 1.3907 1.3958 1.4007
1.3734 1.3787 1.3838 1.3888 1.3936
1.3667 1.3719 1.3769 1.3818 1.3866
1.3600 1.3651 1.3700 1.3748 1.3795
1.3533 1.3583 1.3632 1.3679 1.3725
1.3398 1.3447 1.3494 1.3540
1.3261 1.3308 1.3354 1.3398
1.3124 1.3169 1.3213 1.3255
1.2839 1.2881 1.2922 1.2962
1.2547 1.2587 1.2625 1.2661
%
2-108
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA Nitric Acid (HNO3) (Concluded)
TABLE 2-68 0 °C
5 °C
10 °C
15 °C
20 °C
25 °C
30 °C
65 66 67 68 69
1.4128 1.4177 1.4224 1.4271 1.4317
1.4055 1.4103 1.4150 1.4196 1.4241
1.3984 1.4031 1.4077 1.4122 1.4166
1.3913 1.3959 1.4004 1.4048 1.4091
1.3841 1.3887 1.3932 1.3976 1.4019
1.3770 1.3814 1.3857 1.3900 1.3942
70 71 72 73 74
1.4362 1.4406 1.4449 1.4491 1.4532
1.4285 1.4328 1.4371 1.4413 1.4454
1.4210 1.4252 1.4294 1.4335 1.4376
1.4134 1.4176 1.4218 1.4258 1.4298
1.4061 1.4102 1.4142 1.4182 1.4221
1.3983 1.4023 1.4063 1.4103 1.4142
75 76 77 78 79
1.4573 1.4613 1.4652 1.4690 1.4727
1.4494 1.4533 1.4572 1.4610 1.4647
1.4415 1.4454 1.4492 1.4529 1.4565
1.4337 1.4375 1.4413 1.4450 1.4486
1.4259 1.4296 1.4333 1.4369 1.4404
1.4180 1.4217 1.4253 1.4288 1.4323
80 81 82 83 84
1.4764 1.4800 1.4835 1.4869 1.4903
1.4683 1.4718 1.4753 1.4787 1.4820
1.4601 1.4636 1.4670 1.4704 1.4737
1.4521 1.4555 1.4589 1.4622 1.4655
1.4439 1.4473 1.4507 1.4540 1.4572
1.4357 1.4391 1.4424 1.4456 1.4487
85 86 87 88 89
1.4936 1.4968 1.4999 1.5029 1.5058
1.4852 1.4883 1.4913 1.4942 1.4970
1.4769 1.4799 1.4829 1.4858 1.4885
1.4686 1.4716 1.4745 1.4773 1.4800
1.4603 1.4633 1.4662 1.4690 1.4716
1.4518 1.4548 1.4577 1.4605 1.4631
90 91 92 93 94
1.5085 1.5111 1.5136 1.5156 1.5177
1.4997 1.5023 1.5048 1.5068 1.5088
1.4911 1.4936 1.4960 1.4979 1.4999
1.4826 1.4850 1.4873 1.4892 1.4912
1.4741 1.4766 1.4789 1.4807 1.4826
1.4656 1.4681 1.4704 1.4722 1.4741
95 96 97 98 99 100
1.5198 1.5220 1.5244 1.5278 1.5327 1.5402
1.5109 1.5130 1.5152 1.5187 1.5235 1.5310
1.5019 1.5040 1.5062 1.5096 1.5144 1.5217
1.4932 1.4952 1.4974 1.5008 1.5056 1.5129
1.4846 1.4867 1.4889 1.4922 1.4969 1.5040
1.4761 1.4781 1.4802 1.4835 1.4881 1.4952
%
40 °C
50 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100°C
6%
8%
10%
1.0396
1.0534
1.0674
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 58–59.
TABLE 2-69 15
%
d4
1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
1.0050 1.0109 1.0228 1.0348 1.0471 1.0597 1.0726 1.0589 1.0995 1.1135 1.1279 1.1428 1.1581 1.1738
Perchloric Acid (HClO4)* 20
d4
25
50
TABLE 2-71 15
20
50
Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3)*
d4
d4
%
d4
d4
d4
°C
1%
2%
4%
1.0020 1.0070 1.0169 1.0270 1.0372 1.0475
0.9933 0.9986 0.9906 1.0205 1.0320 1.0440 1.0560 1.0680 1.0810 1.0940 1.1070 1.1205 1.1345 1.1490
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
1.1900 1.2067 1.2239 1.2418 1.2603 1.2794 1.2991 1.3521 1.4103 1.4733 1.5389 1.6059 1.6736
1.1851 1.2013 1.2183 1.2359 1.2542 1.2732 1.2927 1.3450 1.4018 1.4636 1.5298 1.5986 1.6680
1.1645 1.1800 1.1960 1.2130 1.2310 1.2490 1.2680 1.3180 1.3730 1.4320 1.4950 1.5620 1.6290
0 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 80 100
1.0066 1.0064 1.0058 1.0049 1.0024 0.9990 0.9949 0.9901 0.9786 0.9653
1.0134 1.0132 1.0125 1.0117 1.0092 1.0058 1.0017 0.9969 0.9855 0.9722
1.0270 1.0268 1.0260 1.0252 1.0228 1.0195 1.0154 1.0106 0.9993 0.9860
1.1697
TABLE 2-72 Potassium Bromide (KBr)*
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 54.
TABLE 2-70
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)*
°C
2%
6%
14%
0 10 20 30 40
1.0113 1.0109 1.0092 1.0065 1.0029
1.0339 1.0330 1.0309 1.0279 1.0241
1.0811 1.0792 1.0764 1.0728 1.0685
20%
26%
35%
50%
75%
1.1192 1.1167 1.1567 1.221 1.341 1.1134 1.1529 1.216 1.335 1.579 1.1094 1.1484 1.211 1.329 1.572 1.1048
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 61.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 90.
100%
1.870 1.862
%
d 20 4
1 2 6 12 20 30 40
1.0054 1.0127 1.0426 1.0903 1.1601 1.2593 1.3746
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 87.
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM TABLE 2-73
Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3)*
TABLE 2-79
2-109
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)*
%
0 °C
10 °C
20 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100°C
%
0 °C
10 °C
20 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100 °C
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45 50
1.0094 1.0189 1.0381 1.0768 1.1160 1.1562 1.1977 1.2405 1.2846 1.3071 1.3646 1.4244 1.4867 1.5517
1.0089 1.0182 1.0369 1.0746 1.1131 1.1530 1.1941 1.2366 1.2804 1.3028 1.3600 1.4195 1.4815 1.5462
1.0072 1.0163 1.0345 1.0715 1.1096 1.1490 1.1898 1.2320 1.2756 1.2979 1.3548 1.4141 1.4759 1.5404
1.0010 1.0098 1.0276 1.0640 1.1013 1.1399 1.1801 1.2219 1.2652 1.2873 1.3440 1.4029 1.4644 1.5285
0.9919 1.0005 1.0180 1.0538 1.0906 1.1290 1.1690 1.2106 1.2538 1.2759 1.3324 1.3913 1.4528 1.5169
0.9803 0.9889 1.0063 1.0418 1.0786 1.1170 1.1570 1.1986 1.2418 1.2640 1.3206 1.3795 1.4408 1.5048
0.9670 0.9756 0.9951 1.0291 1.0663 1.1049 1.1451 1.1869 1.2301 1.2522 1.3089 1.3678 1.4290 1.4928
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24
1.00654 1.01326 1.02677 1.05419 1.08221
1.00615 1.01262 1.02566 1.05226 1.07963
1.00447 1.01075 1.02344 1.04940 1.07620 1.10392 1.13261 1.16233
0.99825 1.00430 1.01652 1.04152 1.06740 1.09432 1.12240 1.15175
0.9890 0.9949 1.0068 1.0313 1.0567 1.0831 1.1106 1.1391
0.9776 0.9834 0.9951 1.0192 1.0442 1.0703 1.0974 1.1256
0.9641 0.9699 0.9816 1.0056 1.0304 1.0562 1.0831 1.1110
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 90. TABLE 2-74 Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4)* 15
TABLE 2-75 (KClO3)*
18
Potassium Chlorate
%
d4
d4
°C
1%
2%
3%
4%
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30
1.0073 1.0155 1.0321 1.0659 1.1009
1.0066 1.0147 1.0311 1.0647 1.0999 1.1366 1.1748 1.2147 1.2566 1.2784
0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100
1.0061 1.0059 1.0045 1.0020 0.9986 0.9895 0.9781 0.9646
1.0124 1.0122 1.0109 1.0085 1.0051 0.9959 0.9845 0.9709
1.0189 1.0187 1.0174 1.0151 1.0116 1.0024 0.9910 0.9774
1.0256 1.0254 1.0241 1.0218 1.0183 1.0091 0.9977 0.9840
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 86.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 92. TABLE 2-76
Potassium Chloride (KCl)*
%
0 °C
20 °C
25 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100°C
1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0
1.00661 1.01335 1.02690 1.05431 1.08222 1.11068 1.13973
1.00462 1.01103 1.02391 1.05003 1.07679 1.10434 1.13280 1.16226
1.00342 1.00977 1.02255 1.04847 1.07506 1.10245 1.13072 1.15995
0.99847 1.00471 1.01727 1.04278 1.06897 1.09600 1.12399 1.15299 1.18304
0.9894 0.9956 1.0080 1.0333 1.0592 1.0861 1.1138 1.1425 1.1723
0.9780 0.9842 0.9966 1.0219 1.0478 1.0746 1.1024 1.1311 1.1609
0.9646 0.9708 0.9634 1.0888 1.0350 1.0619 1.0897 1.1185 1.1483
%
110 °C
120 °C
130 °C
140°C
3.79 7.45 13.62
0.9733 0.9978 1.0388
0.9663 0.9899 1.0313
0.9583 0.9827 1.0238
0.9502 0.9745 1.0159
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 87. TABLE 2-77 Potassium Chrome Alum [K2Cr2(SO4)4]*
TABLE 2-80 Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)* 20
d 15 4
%
d 15 4
1 2 6 10 14 20 30 40 50
1.007 1.016 1.052 1.089 1.129 1.193 1.315 1.456 1.615
1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 51.7
1.0083 1.0175 1.0359 1.0544 1.0730 1.0918 1.1396 1.1884 1.2387 1.2905 1.3440 1.3991 1.4558 1.5143 1.5355 (sat’d. soln.)
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 86.
TABLE 2-81 (K2SO4)*
Potassium Sulfate 20
%
d4
%
d4
1 2 4 6 8 10
1.0052 1.0122 1.0264 1.0408 1.0554 1.0703
1 2 4 6 8 10
1.0063 1.0145 1.0310 1.0477 1.0646 1.0817
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 92. TABLE 2-82 Potassium Sulfite (K2SO3)* 15
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 88. TABLE 2-83 Sodium Acetate (NaC2H3O2)* 20
%
d4
%
d4
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 26
1.0073 1.0155 1.0322 1.0667 1.1026 1.1402 1.1793 1.2197 1.2404
1 2 4 8 12 18 20 26 28
1.0033 1.0084 1.0186 1.0392 1.0598 1.0807 1.1021 1.1351 1.1462
*International Critical Tables, *International Critical Tables, vol. 3, vol. 3, p. 87. p. 83. TABLE 2-84 Sodium Arsenate (Na3AsO4)* 17
TABLE 2-85 Sodium Bichromate (Na2Cr2O7)* 15
%
d4
%
d4
1 2 4 8 10 12
1.0097 1.0207 1.0431 1.0892 1.1130 1.1373
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45 50
1.006 1.013 1.027 1.056 1.084 1.112 1.140 1.166 1.193 1.207 1.244 1.279 1.312 1.342
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 82.
TABLE 2-78 Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)*
%
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 92.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 89.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 86. TABLE 2-86 Sodium Bromide (NaBr)* 20
TABLE 2-87 Sodium Formate (HCOONa)* 25
%
d4
%
d4
1 2 4 8 10 12 20 30 40
1.0060 1.0139 1.0298 1.0631 1.0803 1.0981 1.1745 1.2841 1.4138
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40
1.003 1.009 1.022 1.048 1.074 1.100 1.127 1.155 1.184 1.199 1.236 1.274
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 80.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 83.
2-110
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-88
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)*
TABLE 2-92
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)*
%
0 °C
10 °C
20 °C
30 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100 °C
%
0 °C
15 °C
20 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100 °C
1 2 4 8 12 14 16 18 20 24 28 30
1.0109 1.0219 1.0439 1.0878 1.1319 1.1543
1.0103 1.0210 1.0423 1.0850 1.1284 1.1506
1.0086 1.0190 1.0398 1.0816 1.1244 1.1463
1.0058 1.0159 1.0363 1.0775 1.1200 1.1417 1.1636 1.1859 1.2086 1.2552 1.3031 1.3274
1.0022 1.0122 1.0323 1.0732 1.1150 1.1365
0.9929 1.0027 1.0223 1.0625 1.1039 1.1251
0.9814 0.9910 1.0105 1.0503 1.0914 1.1125
0.9683 0.9782 0.9980 1.0380 1.0787 1.0996
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 50
1.0124 1.0244 1.0482 1.0943 1.1399 1.1849 1.2296 1.2741 1.3182 1.3614 1.4030 1.4435 1.4825 1.5210 1.5400
1.01065 1.02198 1.04441 1.08887 1.13327 1.17761 1.22183 1.26582 1.3094 1.3520 1.3933 1.4334 1.4720 1.5102 1.5290
1.0095 1.0207 1.0428 1.0869 1.1309 1.1751 1.2191 1.2629 1.3064 1.3490 1.3900 1.4300 1.4685 1.5065 1.5253
1.0033 1.0139 1.0352 1.0780 1.1210 1.1645 1.2079 1.2512 1.2942 1.3362 1.3768 1.4164 1.4545 1.4922 1.5109
0.9941 1.0045 1.0254 1.0676 1.1101 1.1531 1.1960 1.2388 1.2814 1.3232 1.3634 1.4027 1.4405 1.4781 1.4967
0.9824 0.9929 1.0139 1.0560 1.0983 1.1408 1.1833 1.2259 1.2682 1.3097 1.3498 1.3889 1.4266 1.4641 1.4827
0.9693 0.9797 1.0009 1.0432 1.0855 1.1277 1.1700 1.2124 1.2546 1.2960 1.3360 1.3750 1.4127 1.4503 1.4690
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 82–83. TABLE 2-89
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 79.
Sodium Chlorate (NaClO3)* 18
18
%
d4
%
d4
1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1.0053 1.0121 1.0258 1.0397 1.0538 1.0681 1.0827 1.0977 1.1131
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
1.1288 1.1449 1.1614 1.1782 1.1953 1.2128 1.2307 1.2491 1.2680
TABLE 2-93
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 80. TABLE 2-90
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)*
%
0 °C
10 °C
25 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100 °C
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 26
1.00747 1.01509 1.03038 1.06121 1.09244 1.12419 1.15663 1.18999 1.20709
1.00707 1.01442 1.02920 1.05907 1.08946 1.12056 1.15254 1.18557 1.20254
1.00409 1.01112 1.02530 1.05412 1.08365 1.11401 1.14533 1.17776 1.19443
0.99908 1.00593 1.01977 1.04798 1.07699 1.10688 1.13774 1.16971 1.18614
0.9900 0.9967 1.0103 1.0381 1.0667 1.0962 1.1268 1.1584 1.1747
0.9785 0.9852 0.9988 1.0264 1.0549 1.0842 1.1146 1.1463 1.1626
0.9651 0.9719 0.9855 1.0134 1.0420 1.0713 1.1017 1.1331 1.1492
Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3)*
%
0 °C
20 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100°C
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45
1.0071 1.0144 1.0290 1.0587 1.0891 1.1203 1.1526 1.1860 1.2204 1.2380 1.2834 1.3316
1.0049 1.0117 1.0254 1.0532 1.0819 1.1118 1.1429 1.1752 1.2085 1.2256 1.2701 1.3175 1.3683
0.9986 1.0050 1.0180 1.0447 1.0724 1.1013 1.1314 1.1629 1.1955 1.2122 1.2560 1.3027 1.3528
0.9894 0.9956 1.0082 1.0340 1.0609 1.0892 1.1187 1.1496 1.1816 1.1980 1.2413 1.2875 1.3371
0.9779 0.9840 0.9964 1.0218 1.0481 1.0757 1.1048 1.1351 1.1667 1.1830 1.2258 1.2715 1.3206
0.9644 0.9704 0.9826 1.0078 1.0340 1.0614 1.0901 1.1200 1.1513 1.1674 1.2100 1.2555 1.3044
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 82.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 79. TABLE 2-91 Sodium Chromate (Na2CrO4)*
TABLE 2-94 Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2)*
18
%
d4
%
d4
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 26
1.0074 1.0164 1.0344 1.0718 1.1110 1.1518 1.1942 1.2383 1.2611
1 2 4 8 12 16 20
1.0058 1.0125 1.0260 1.0535 1.0816 1.1103 1.1394
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 82.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 86. TABLE 2-95
15
Sodium Silicates* Concentration, % 1
2
4
8
10
14
Na2O/3.9SiO2 Na2O/3.36SiO2 Na2O/2.40SiO2 Na2O/2.44SiO2 Na2O/2.06SiO2 Na2O/1.69SiO2
20
24
30
36
40
45
50
1.445 1.450
1.520
1.594
20
Formula
d4 1.006 1.006 1.007
1.014 1.014 1.016
1.030 1.030 1.034
1.063 1.065 1.071
1.080 1.083 1.090
1.116 1.120 1.130
1.172 1.179
1.211 1.222
1.275 1.290
1.365
1.007 1.007
1.016 1.017
1.035 1.036
1.073 1.077
1.093 1.098
1.134 1.141
1.200 1.210
1.247 1.259
1.309 1.321 1.337
1.387 1.397 1.424
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 85.
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM TABLE 2-96
Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4)*
%
0 °C
20 °C
30 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100°C
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24
1.0094 1.0189 1.0381 1.0773 1.1174 1.1585 1.2008 1.2443
1.0073 1.0164 1.0348 1.0724 1.1109 1.1586 1.1915 1.2336
1.0046 1.0135 1.0315 1.0682 1.1062 1.1456 1.1865 1.2292
1.0010 1.0098 1.0276 1.0639 1.1015 1.1406 1.1813 1.2237
0.9919 1.0007 1.0184 1.0544 1.0915 1.1299 1.1696
0.9805 0.9892 1.0068 1.0426 1.0795 1.1176 1.1569
0.9671 0.9758 0.9934 1.0292 1.0661 1.1042
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 81.
TABLE 2-97 Sodium Sulfide (Na2S)*
TABLE 2-98 Sodium Sulfite (Na2SO3)*
TABLE 2-99 Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)*
%
d 18 4
%
d 19 4
%
d 20 4
1 2 4 8 12 16 18
1.0098 1.0211 1.0440 1.0907 1.1388 1.1885 1.2140
1 2 4 8 12 16 18
1.0078 1.0172 1.0363 1.0751 1.1146 1.1549 1.1755
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40
1.0065 1.0148 1.0315 1.0654 1.1003 1.1365 1.1740 1.2128 1.2532 1.2739 1.3273 1.3827
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 81.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 81.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 81. TABLE 2-100 Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate (Na2S2O3⋅5H2O) %
d 19 4
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 40 50
1.0052 1.0105 1.0211 1.0423 1.0639 1.0863 1.1087 1.1322 1.1558 1.1676 1.2297 1.2954
TABLE 2-101 Stannic Chloride (SnCl4)*
TABLE 2-102 Stannous Chloride (SnCl2)*
%
d 15 4
%
d 15 4
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
1.007 1.015 1.031 1.064 1.099 1.135 1.173 1.212 1.255 1.278 1.337 1.403 1.475 1.555 1.644 1.742 1.851 1.971
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
1.0068 1.0146 1.0306 1.0638 1.0986 1.1353 1.1743 1.2159 1.2603 1.2837 1.3461 1.4145 1.4897 1.5729 1.6656 1.7695 1.8865
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 63.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 63.
2-111
2-112
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-103
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)*
0 °C
10 °C
15 °C
20 °C
25 °C
30 °C
40 °C
50 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100 °C
1 2 3 4
1.0074 1.0147 1.0219 1.0291
1.0068 1.0138 1.0206 1.0275
1.0060 1.0129 1.0197 1.0264
1.0051 1.0118 1.0184 1.0250
1.0038 1.0104 1.0169 1.0234
1.0022 1.0087 1.0152 1.0216
0.9986 1.0050 1.0113 1.0176
0.9944 1.0006 1.0067 1.0129
0.9895 0.9956 1.0017 1.0078
0.9779 0.9839 0.9900 0.9961
0.9645 0.9705 0.9766 0.9827
5 6 7 8 9
1.0364 1.0437 1.0511 1.0585 1.0660
1.0344 1.0414 1.0485 1.0556 1.0628
1.0332 1.0400 1.0469 1.0539 1.0610
1.0317 1.0385 1.0453 1.0522 1.0591
1.0300 1.0367 1.0434 1.0502 1.0571
1.0281 1.0347 1.0414 1.0481 1.0549
1.0240 1.0305 1.0371 1.0437 1.0503
1.0192 1.0256 1.0321 1.0386 1.0451
1.0140 1.0203 1.0266 1.0330 1.0395
1.0022 1.0084 1.0146 1.0209 1.0273
0.9888 0.9950 1.0013 1.0076 1.0140
10 11 12 13 14
1.0735 1.0810 1.0886 1.0962 1.1039
1.0700 1.0773 1.0846 1.0920 1.0994
1.0681 1.0753 1.0825 1.0898 1.0971
1.0661 1.0731 1.0802 1.0874 1.0947
1.0640 1.0710 1.0780 1.0851 1.0922
1.0617 1.0686 1.0756 1.0826 1.0897
1.0570 1.0637 1.0705 1.0774 1.0844
1.0517 1.0584 1.0651 1.0719 1.0788
1.0460 1.0526 1.0593 1.0661 1.0729
1.0338 1.0403 1.0469 1.0536 1.0603
1.0204 1.0269 1.0335 1.0402 1.0469
15 16 17 18 19
1.1116 1.1194 1.1272 1.1351 1.1430
1.1069 1.1145 1.1221 1.1298 1.1375
1.1045 1.1120 1.1195 1.1271 1.1347
1.1020 1.1094 1.1168 1.1243 1.1318
1.0994 1.1067 1.1141 1.1215 1.1290
1.0968 1.1040 1.1113 1.1187 1.1261
1.0914 1.0985 1.1057 1.1129 1.1202
1.0857 1.0927 1.0998 1.1070 1.1142
1.0798 1.0868 1.0938 1.1009 1.1081
1.0671 1.0740 1.0809 1.0879 1.0950
1.0537 1.0605 1.0674 1.0744 1.0814
20 21 22 23 24
1.1510 1.1590 1.1670 1.1751 1.1832
1.1453 1.1531 1.1609 1.1688 1.1768
1.1424 1.1501 1.1579 1.1657 1.1736
1.1394 1.1471 1.1548 1.1626 1.1704
1.1365 1.1441 1.1517 1.1594 1.1672
1.1335 1.1410 1.1486 1.1563 1.1640
1.1275 1.1349 1.1424 1.1500 1.1576
1.1215 1.1288 1.1362 1.1437 1.1512
1.1153 1.1226 1.1299 1.1373 1.1448
1.1021 1.1093 1.1166 1.1239 1.1313
1.0885 1.0957 1.1029 1.1102 1.1176
25 26 27 28 29
1.1914 1.1996 1.2078 1.2160 1.2243
1.1848 1.1929 1.2010 1.2091 1.2173
1.1816 1.1896 1.1976 1.2057 1.2138
1.1783 1.1862 1.1942 1.2023 1.2104
1.1750 1.1829 1.1909 1.1989 1.2069
1.1718 1.1796 1.1875 1.1955 1.2035
1.1653 1.1730 1.1808 1.1887 1.1966
1.1588 1.1665 1.1742 1.1820 1.1898
1.1523 1.1599 1.1676 1.1753 1.1831
1.1388 1.1463 1.1539 1.1616 1.1693
1.1250 1.1325 1.1400 1.1476 1.1553
30 31 32 33 34
1.2326 1.2409 1.2493 1.2577 1.2661
1.2255 1.2338 1.2421 1.2504 1.2588
1.2220 1.2302 1.2385 1.2468 1.2552
1.2185 1.2267 1.2349 1.2432 1.2515
1.2150 1.2232 1.2314 1.2396 1.2479
1.2115 1.2196 1.2278 1.2360 1.2443
1.2046 1.2126 1.2207 1.2289 1.2371
1.1977 1.2057 1.2137 1.2218 1.2300
1.1909 1.1988 1.2068 1.2148 1.2229
1.1771 1.1849 1.1928 1.2008 1.2088
1.1630 1.1708 1.1787 1.1866 1.1946
35 36 37 38 39
1.2746 1.2831 1.2917 1.3004 1.3091
1.2672 1.2757 1.2843 1.2929 1.3016
1.2636 1.2720 1.2805 1.2891 1.2978
1.2599 1.2684 1.2769 1.2855 1.2941
1.2563 1.2647 1.2732 1.2818 1.2904
1.2526 1.2610 1.2695 1.2780 1.2866
1.2454 1.2538 1.2622 1.2707 1.2793
1.2383 1.2466 1.2550 1.2635 1.2720
1.2311 1.2394 1.2477 1.2561 1.2646
1.2169 1.2251 1.2334 1.2418 1.2503
1.2027 1.2109 1.2192 1.2276 1.2361
40 41 42 43 44
1.3179 1.3268 1.3357 1.3447 1.3538
1.3103 1.3191 1.3280 1.3370 1.3461
1.3065 1.3153 1.3242 1.3332 1.3423
1.3028 1.3116 1.3205 1.3294 1.3384
1.2991 1.3079 1.3167 1.3256 1.3346
1.2953 1.3041 1.3129 1.3218 1.3308
1.2880 1.2967 1.3055 1.3144 1.3234
1.2806 1.2893 1.2981 1.3070 1.3160
1.2732 1.2819 1.2907 1.2996 1.3086
1.2589 1.2675 1.2762 1.2850 1.2939
1.2446 1.2532 1.2619 1.2707 1.2796
45 46 47 48 49
1.3630 1.3724 1.3819 1.3915 1.4012
1.3553 1.3646 1.3740 1.3835 1.3931
1.3515 1.3608 1.3702 1.3797 1.3893
1.3476 1.3569 1.3663 1.3758 1.3854
1.3437 1.3530 1.3624 1.3719 1.3814
1.3399 1.3492 1.3586 1.3680 1.3775
1.3325 1.3417 1.3510 1.3604 1.3699
1.3251 1.3343 1.3435 1.3528 1.3623
1.3177 1.3269 1.3362 1.3455 1.3549
1.3029 1.3120 1.3212 1.3305 1.3399
1.2886 1.2976 1.3067 1.3159 1.3253
50 51 52 53 54
1.4110 1.4209 1.4310 1.4412 1.4515
1.4029 1.4128 1.4228 1.4329 1.4431
1.3990 1.4088 1.4188 1.4289 1.4391
1.3951 1.4049 1.4148 1.4248 1.4350
1.3911 1.4009 1.4109 1.4209 1.4310
1.3872 1.3970 1.4069 1.4169 1.4270
1.3795 1.3893 1.3991 1.4091 1.4191
1.3719 1.3816 1.3914 1.4013 1.4113
1.3644 1.3740 1.3837 1.3936 1.4036
1.3494 1.3590 1.3687 1.3785 1.3884
1.3348 1.3444 1.3540 1.3637 1.3735
55 56 57 58 59
1.4619 1.4724 1.4830 1.4937 1.5045
1.4535 1.4640 1.4746 1.4852 1.4959
1.4494 1.4598 1.4703 1.4809 1.4916
1.4453 1.4557 1.4662 1.4768 1.4875
1.4412 1.4516 1.4621 1.4726 1.4832
1.4372 1.4475 1.4580 1.4685 1.4791
1.4293 1.4396 1.4500 1.4604 1.4709
1.4214 1.4317 1.4420 1.4524 1.4629
1.4137 1.4239 1.4342 1.4446 1.4551
1.3984 1.4085 1.4187 1.4290 1.4393
1.3834 1.3934 1.4035 1.4137 1.4240
60 61 62 63 64
1.5154 1.5264 1.5375 1.5487 1.5600
1.5067 1.5177 1.5287 1.5398 1.5510
1.5024 1.5133 1.5243 1.5354 1.5465
1.4983 1.5091 1.5200 1.5310 1.5421
1.4940 1.5048 1.5157 1.5267 1.5378
1.4898 1.5006 1.5115 1.5225 1.5335
1.4816 1.4923 1.5031 1.5140 1.5250
1.4735 1.4842 1.4950 1.5058 1.5167
1.4656 1.4762 1.4869 1.4977 1.5086
1.4497 1.4602 1.4708 1.4815 1.4923
1.4344 1.4449 1.4554 1.4660 1.4766
%
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM TABLE 2-103
2-113
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) (Concluded)
%
0 °C
10 °C
15 °C
20 °C
25 °C
30 °C
40 °C
50 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100 °C
65 66 67 68 69
1.5714 1.5828 1.5943 1.6059 1.6176
1.5623 1.5736 1.5850 1.5965 1.6081
1.5578 1.5691 1.5805 1.5920 1.6035
1.5533 1.5646 1.5760 1.5874 1.5989
1.5490 1.5602 1.5715 1.5829 1.5944
1.5446 1.5558 1.5671 1.5785 1.5899
1.5361 1.5472 1.5584 1.5697 1.5811
1.5277 1.5388 1.5499 1.5611 1.5724
1.5195 1.5305 1.5416 1.5528 1.5640
1.5031 1.5140 1.5249 1.5359 1.5470
1.4873 1.4981 1.5089 1.5198 1.5307
70 71 72 73 74
1.6293 1.6411 1.6529 1.6648 1.6768
1.6198 1.6315 1.6433 1.6551 1.6670
1.6151 1.6268 1.6385 1.6503 1.6622
1.6105 1.6221 1.6338 1.6456 1.6574
1.6059 1.6175 1.6292 1.6409 1.6526
1.6014 1.6130 1.6246 1.6363 1.6480
1.5925 1.6040 1.6155 1.6271 1.6387
1.5838 1.5952 1.6067 1.6182 1.6297
1.5753 1.5867 1.5981 1.6095 1.6209
1.5582 1.5694 1.5806 1.5919 1.6031
1.5417 1.5527 1.5637 1.5747 1.5857
75 76 77 78 79
1.6888 1.7008 1.7128 1.7247 1.7365
1.6789 1.6908 1.7026 1.7144 1.7261
1.6740 1.6858 1.6976 1.7093 1.7209
1.6692 1.6810 1.6927 1.7043 1.7158
1.6644 1.6761 1.6878 1.6994 1.7108
1.6597 1.6713 1.6829 1.6944 1.7058
1.6503 1.6619 1.6734 1.6847 1.6959
1.6412 1.6526 1.6640 1.6751 1.6862
1.6322 1.6435 1.6547 1.6657 1.6766
1.6142 1.6252 1.6361 1.6469 1.6575
1.5966 1.6074 1.6181 1.6286 1.6390
80 81 82 83 84
1.7482 1.7597 1.7709 1.7815 1.7916
1.7376 1.7489 1.7599 1.7704 1.7804
1.7323 1.7435 1.7544 1.7649 1.7748
1.7272 1.7383 1.7491 1.7594 1.7693
1.7221 1.7331 1.7437 1.7540 1.7639
1.7170 1.7279 1.7385 1.7487 1.7585
1.7069 1.7177 1.7281 1.7382 1.7479
1.6971 1.7077 1.7180 1.7279 1.7375
1.6873 1.6978 1.7080 1.7179 1.7274
1.6680 1.6782 1.6882 1.6979 1.7072
1.6493 1.6594 1.6692 1.6787 1.6878
85 86 87 88 89
1.8009 1.8095 1.8173 1.8243 1.8306
1.7897 1.7983 1.8061 1.8132 1.8195
1.7841 1.7927 1.8006 1.8077 1.8141
1.7786 1.7872 1.7951 1.8022 1.8087
1.7732 1.7818 1.7897 1.7968 1.8033
1.7678 1.7763 1.7842 1.7914 1.7979
1.7571 1.7657 1.7736 1.7809 1.7874
1.7466 1.7552 1.7632 1.7705 1.7770
1.7364 1.7449 1.7529 1.7602 1.7669
1.7161 1.7245 1.7324 1.7397 1.7464
1.6966 1.7050 1.7129 1.7202 1.7269
90 91 92 93 94
1.8361 1.8410 1.8453 1.8490 1.8520
1.8252 1.8302 1.8346 1.8384 1.8415
1.8198 1.8248 1.8293 1.8331 1.8363
1.8144 1.8195 1.8240 1.8279 1.8312
1.8091 1.8142 1.8188 1.8227 1.8260
1.8038 1.8090 1.8136 1.8176 1.8210
1.7933 1.7986 1.8033 1.8074 1.8109
1.7829 1.7883 1.7932 1.7974 1.8011
1.7729 1.7783 1.7832 1.7876 1.7914
1.7525 1.7581 1.7633 1.7681
1.7331 1.7388 1.7439 1.7485
95 96 97 98 99 100
1.8544 1.8560 1.8569 1.8567 1.8551 1.8517
1.8439 1.8457 1.8466 1.8463 1.8445 1.8409
1.8388 1.8406 1.8414 1.8411 1.8393 1.8357
1.8337 1.8355 1.8364 1.8361 1.8342 1.8305
1.8286 1.8305 1.8314 1.8310 1.8292 1.8255
1.8236 1.8255 1.8264 1.8261 1.8242 1.8205
1.8137 1.8157 1.8166 1.8163 1.8145 1.8107
1.8040 1.8060 1.8071 1.8068 1.8050 1.8013
1.7944 1.7965 1.7977 1.7976 1.7958 1.7922
%
d 5.96 4
%
d 13.00 4
d 18.00 4
0.005 .01 .02 .03 .04
1.000 0140 1.000 0576 1.000 1434 1.000 2276 1.000 3104
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.999 810 1.000 185 1.000 912 1.001 623 1.002 326
0.999 028 0.999 400 1.000 119 1.000 820 1.001 512
.05 .06 .07 .08 .09
1.000 3920 1.000 4726 1.000 5523 1.000 6313 1.000 7098
0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
1.003 023 1.003 716 1.005 090 1.006 452 1.007 807
1.002 197 1.002 877 1.004 227 1.005 570 1.006 909
.10 .15 .20 .25 .30
1.000 7880 1.001 1732 1.001 5514 1.001 9254 1.002 2961
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
1.009 159 1.010 510 1.011 860 1.013 209 1.014 557
1.008 247 1.009 583 1.010 918 1.012 252 1.013 586
.35 .40 .45 .50
1.002 6639 1.003 0292 1.003 3923 1.003 7534
2.4
1.015 904
1.014 919
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 56–57.
2-114
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-104
Zinc Bromide (ZnBr2)*
%
0 °C
20 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100 °C
2 4 8 12 16
1.0188 1.0381 1.0777 1.1186 1.1609
1.0167 1.0354 1.0738 1.1135 1.1544
1.0102 1.0285 1.0660 1.1046 1.1445
1.0008 1.0187 1.0554 1.0932 1.1320
0.9890 1.0065 1.0422 1.0789 1.1169
0.9751 0.9921 1.0270 1.0629 1.1000
20 30 40 50 60 65
1.2043 1.3288 1.477 1.661 1.891 2.026
1.1965 1.3170 1.462 1.643 1.869 2.002
1.1855 1.3030 1.445 1.623 1.845 1.976
1.1720 1.2868 1.427 1.602 1.822 1.951
1.1560 1.2688 1.406 1.579 1.797 1.924
1.1382 1.2489 1.385 1.555 1.771 1.898
TABLE 2-106 [Zn(NO3)2]*
Zinc Nitrate
TABLE 2-107 (ZnSO4)*
Zinc Sulfate
%
18 °C
%
18 °C
%
20 °C
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1.0154 1.0322 1.0496 1.0675 1.0859 1.1048 1.1244 1.1445
18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1.1652 1.1865 1.2427 1.3029 1.3678 1.4378 1.5134 1.5944
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1.019 1.0403 1.0620 1.0842 1.1071 1.1308 1.1553 1.1806
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 65.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 65.
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 64. TABLE 2-105
Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2)*
%
0 °C
20 °C
40 °C
60 °C
80 °C
100 °C
2 4 8 12 16
1.0192 1.0384 1.0769 1.1159 1.1558
1.0167 1.0350 1.0715 1.1085 1.1468
1.0099 1.0274 1.0624 1.0980 1.1350
1.0003 1.0172 1.0508 1.0853 1.1212
0.9882 1.0044 1.0369 1.0704 1.1055
0.9739 0.9894 1.0211 1.0541 1.0888
20 30 40 50 60 70
1.1970 1.3062 1.4329 1.5860
1.1866 1.2928 1.4173 1.5681 1.749 1.962
1.1736 1.2778 1.4003 1.5495
1.1590 1.2614 1.3824 1.5300
1.1428 1.2438 1.3637 1.5097
1.1255 1.2252 1.3441 1.4892
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 64.
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS* From International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 115–129 unless otherwise stated. All compositions are in weight percent in vacuo. All density values are d4t = g /mL in vacuo.
UNITS AND UNITS CONVERSIONS Unless otherwise noted, densities are given in grams per cubic centimeter. To convert to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 62.43. °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32 TABLE 2-108
*For gasoline and aircraft fuels see Hibbard, NACA Res. Mem. E56I21 (declassified 1958).
Formic Acid (HCOOH)
%
0 °C
15 °C
20 °C
30 °C
%
0 °C
15 °C
20 °C
30 °C
%
0 °C
15 °C
20 °C
30 °C
%
0 °C
15 °C
20 °C
30 °C
0 1 2 3 4
0.9999 1.0028 1.0059 1.0090 1.0120
0.9991 1.0019 1.0045 1.0072 1.0100
0.9982 1.0019 1.0044 1.0070 1.0093
0.9957 0.9980 1.0004 1.0028 1.0053
25 26 27 28 29
1.0706 1.0733 1.0760 1.0787 1.0813
1.0627 1.0652 1.0678 1.0702 1.0726
1.0609 1.0633 1.0656 1.0681 1.0705
1.0540 1.0564 1.0587 1.0609 1.0632
50 51 52 53 54
1.1349 1.1374 1.1399 1.1424 1.1448
1.1225 1.1248 1.1271 1.1294 1.1318
1.1207 1.1223 1.1244 1.1269 1.1295
1.1098 1.1120 1.1142 1.1164 1.1186
75 76 77 78 79
1.1953 1.1976 1.1999 1.2021 1.2043
1.1794 1.1816 1.1837 1.1859 1.1881
1.1769 1.1785 1.1801 1.1818 1.1837
1.1636 1.1656 1.1676 1.1697 1.1717
5 6 7 8 9
1.0150 1.0179 1.0207 1.0237 1.0266
1.0124 1.0151 1.0177 1.0204 1.0230
1.0115 1.0141 1.0170 1.0196 1.0221
1.0075 1.0101 1.0125 1.0149 1.0173
30 31 32 33 34
1.0839 1.0866 1.0891 1.0916 1.0941
1.0750 1.0774 1.0798 1.0821 1.0844
1.0729 1.0753 1.0777 1.0800 1.0823
1.0654 1.0676 1.0699 1.0721 1.0743
55 56 57 58 59
1.1472 1.1497 1.1523 1.1548 1.1573
1.1341 1.1365 1.1388 1.1411 1.1434
1.1320 1.1342 1.1361 1.1381 1.1401
1.1208 1.1230 1.1253 1.1274 1.1295
80 81 82 83 84
1.2065 1.2088 1.2110 1.2132 1.2154
1.1902 1.1924 1.1944 1.1965 1.1985
1.1806 1.1876 1.1896 1.1914 1.1929
1.1737 1.1758 1.1778 1.1798 1.1817
10 11 12 13 14
1.0295 1.0324 1.0351 1.0379 1.0407
1.0256 1.0281 1.0306 1.0330 1.0355
1.0246 1.0271 1.0296 1.0321 1.0345
1.0197 1.0221 1.0244 1.0267 1.0290
35 36 37 38 39
1.0966 1.0993 1.1018 1.1043 1.1069
1.0867 1.0892 1.0916 1.0940 1.0964
1.0847 1.0871 1.0895 1.0919 1.0940
1.0766 1.0788 1.0810 1.0832 1.0854
60 61 62 63 64
1.1597 1.1621 1.1645 1.1669 1.1694
1.1458 1.1481 1.1504 1.1526 1.1549
1.1424 1.1448 1.1473 1.1493 1.1517
1.1317 1.1338 1.1360 1.1382 1.1403
85 86 87 88 89
1.2176 1.2196 1.2217 1.2237 1.2258
1.2005 1.2025 1.2045 1.2064 1.2084
1.1953 1.1976 1.1994 1.2012 1.2028
1.1837 1.1856 1.1875 1.1893 1.1910
15 16 17 18 19
1.0435 1.0463 1.0491 1.0518 1.0545
1.0380 1.0405 1.0430 1.0455 1.0480
1.0370 1.0393 1.0417 1.0441 1.0464
1.0313 1.0336 1.0358 1.0381 1.0404
40 41 42 43 44
1.1095 1.1122 1.1148 1.1174 1.1199
1.0988 1.1012 1.1036 1.1060 1.1084
1.0963 1.0990 1.1015 1.1038 1.1062
1.0876 1.0898 1.0920 1.0943 1.0965
65 66 67 68 69
1.1718 1.1742 1.1766 1.1790 1.1813
1.1572 1.1595 1.1618 1.1640 1.1663
1.1543 1.1565 1.1584 1.1604 1.1628
1.1425 1.1446 1.1467 1.1489 1.1510
90 91 92 93 94
1.2278 1.2297 1.2316 1.2335 1.2354
1.2102 1.2121 1.2139 1.2157 1.2174
1.2044 1.2059 1.2078 1.2099 1.2117
1.1927 1.1945 1.1961 1.1978 1.1994
20 21 22 23 24
1.0571 1.0598 1.0625 1.0652 1.0679
1.0505 1.0532 1.0556 1.0580 1.0604
1.0488 1.0512 1.0537 1.0561 1.0585
1.0427 1.0451 1.0473 1.0496 1.0518
45 46 47 48 49
1.1224 1.1249 1.1274 1.1299 1.1324
1.1109 1.1133 1.1156 1.1179 1.1202
1.1085 1.1108 1.1130 1.1157 1.1185
1.0987 1.1009 1.1031 1.1053 1.1076
70 71 72 73 74
1.1835 1.1858 1.1882 1.1906 1.1929
1.1685 1.1707 1.1729 1.1751 1.1773
1.1655 1.1677 1.1702 1.1728 1.1752
1.1531 1.1552 1.1573 1.1595 1.1615
95 96 97 98 99
1.2372 1.2390 1.2408 1.2425 1.2441
1.2191 1.2208 1.2224 1.2240 1.2257
1.2140 1.2158 1.2170 1.2183 1.2202
1.2008 1.2022 1.2036 1.2048 1.2061
100
1.2456
1.2273
1.2212
1.2073
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-109
2-115
Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)
0 °C
10 °C
15 °C
20 °C
25 °C
30 °C
40 °C
%
0 °C
10 °C
15 °C
20 °C
25 °C
30 °C
40 °C
0 1 2 3 4
0.9999 1.0016 1.0033 1.0051 1.0070
0.9997 1.0013 1.0029 1.0044 1.0060
0.9991 1.0006 1.0021 1.0036 1.0051
0.9982 0.9996 1.0012 1.0025 1.0040
0.9971 0.9987 1.0000 1.0013 1.0027
0.9957 0.9971 0.9984 0.9997 1.0011
0.9922 0.9934 0.9946 0.9958 0.9970
50 51 52 53 54
1.0729 1.0738 1.0748 1.0757 1.0765
1.0654 1.0663 1.0671 1.0679 1.0687
1.0613 1.0622 1.0629 1.0637 1.0644
1.0575 1.0582 1.0590 1.0597 1.0604
1.0534 1.0542 1.0549 1.0555 1.0562
1.0492 1.0499 1.0506 1.0512 1.0518
1.0408 1.0414 1.0421 1.0427 1.0432
5 6 7 8 9
1.0088 1.0106 1.0124 1.0142 1.0159
1.0076 1.0092 1.0108 1.0124 1.0140
1.0066 1.0081 1.0096 1.0111 1.0126
1.0055 1.0069 1.0083 1.0097 1.0111
1.0041 1.0055 1.0068 1.0081 1.0094
1.0024 1.0037 1.0050 1.0063 1.0076
0.9982 0.9994 1.0006 1.0018 1.0030
55 56 57 58 59
1.0774 1.0782 1.0790 1.0798 1.0805
1.0694 1.0701 1.0708 1.0715 1.0722
1.0651 1.0658 1.0665 1.0672 1.0678
1.0611 1.0618 1.0624 1.0631 1.0637
1.0568 1.0574 1.0580 1.0586 1.0592
1.0525 1.0531 1.0536 1.0542 1.0547
1.0438 1.0443 1.0448 1.0453 1.0458
10 11 12 13 14
1.0177 1.0194 1.0211 1.0228 1.0245
1.0156 1.0171 1.0187 1.0202 1.0217
1.0141 1.0155 1.0170 1.0184 1.0199
1.0125 1.0139 1.0154 1.0168 1.0182
1.0107 1.0120 1.0133 1.0146 1.0159
1.0089 1.0102 1.0115 1.0127 1.0139
1.0042 1.0054 1.0065 1.0077 1.0088
60 61 62 63 64
1.0813 1.0820 1.0826 1.0833 1.0838
1.0728 1.0734 1.0740 1.0746 1.0752
1.0684 1.0690 1.0696 1.0701 1.0706
1.0642 1.0648 1.0653 1.0658 1.0662
1.0597 1.0602 1.0607 1.0612 1.0616
1.0552 1.0557 1.0562 1.0566 1.0571
1.0462 1.0466 1.0470 1.0473 1.0477
15 16 17 18 19
1.0262 1.0278 1.0295 1.0311 1.0327
1.0232 1.0247 1.0262 1.0276 1.0291
1.0213 1.0227 1.0241 1.0255 1.0269
1.0195 1.0209 1.0223 1.0236 1.0250
1.0172 1.0185 1.0198 1.0210 1.0223
1.0151 1.0163 1.0175 1.0187 1.0198
1.0099 1.0110 1.0121 1.0132 1.0142
65 66 67 68 69
1.0844 1.0850 1.0856 1.0860 1.0865
1.0757 1.0762 1.0767 1.0771 1.0775
1.0711 1.0716 1.0720 1.0725 1.0729
1.0666 1.0671 1.0675 1.0678 1.0682
1.0621 1.0624 1.0628 1.0631 1.0634
1.0575 1.0578 1.0582 1.0585 1.0588
1.0480 1.0483 1.0486 1.0489 1.0491
20 21 22 23 24
1.0343 1.0358 1.0374 1.0389 1.0404
1.0305 1.0319 1.0333 1.0347 1.0361
1.0283 1.0297 1.0310 1.0323 1.0336
1.0263 1.0276 1.0288 1.0301 1.0313
1.0235 1.0248 1.0260 1.0272 1.0283
1.0210 1.0222 1.0233 1.0244 1.0256
1.0153 1.0164 1.0174 1.0185 1.0195
70 71 72 73 74
1.0869 1.0874 1.0877 1.0881 1.0884
1.0779 1.0783 1.0786 1.0789 1.0792
1.0732 1.0736 1.0738 1.0741 1.0743
1.0685 1.0687 1.0690 1.0693 1.0694
1.0637 1.0640 1.0642 1.0644 1.0645
1.0590 1.0592 1.0594 1.0595 1.0596
1.0493 1.0495 1.0496 1.0497 1.0498
25 26 27 28 29
1.0419 1.0434 1.0449 1.0463 1.0477
1.0375 1.0388 1.0401 1.0414 1.0427
1.0349 1.0362 1.0374 1.0386 1.0399
1.0326 1.0338 1.0349 1.0361 1.0372
1.0295 1.0307 1.0318 1.0329 1.0340
1.0267 1.0278 1.0289 1.0299 1.0310
1.0205 1.0215 1.0225 1.0234 1.0244
75 76 77 78 79
1.0887 1.0889 1.0891 1.0893 1.0894
1.0794 1.0796 1.0797 1.0798 1.0798
1.0745 1.0746 1.0747 1.0747 1.0747
1.0696 1.0698 1.0699 1.0700 1.0700
1.0647 1.0648 1.0648 1.0648 1.0648
1.0597 1.0598 1.0598 1.0598 1.0597
1.0499 1.0499 1.0499 1.0498 1.0497
30 31 32 33 34
1.0491 1.0505 1.0519 1.0532 1.0545
1.0440 1.0453 1.0465 1.0477 1.0489
1.0411 1.0423 1.0435 1.0446 1.0458
1.0384 1.0395 1.0406 1.0417 1.0428
1.0350 1.0361 1.0372 1.0382 1.0392
1.0320 1.0330 1.0341 1.0351 1.0361
1.0253 1.0262 1.0272 1.0281 1.0289
80 81 82 83 84
1.0895 1.0895 1.0895 1.0895 1.0893
1.0798 1.0797 1.0796 1.0795 1.0793
1.0747 1.0745 1.0743 1.0741 1.0738
1.0700 1.0699 1.0698 1.0696 1.0693
1.0647 1.0646 1.0644 1.0642 1.0638
1.0596 1.0594 1.0592 1.0589 1.0585
1.0495 1.0493 1.0490 1.0487 1.0483
35 36 37 38 39
1.0558 1.0571 1.0584 1.0596 1.0608
1.0501 1.0513 1.0524 1.0535 1.0546
1.0469 1.0480 1.0491 1.0501 1.0512
1.0438 1.0449 1.0459 1.0469 1.0479
1.0402 1.0412 1.0422 1.0432 1.0441
1.0371 1.0380 1.0390 1.0399 1.0408
1.0298 1.0306 1.0314 1.0322 1.0330
85 86 87 88 89
1.0891 1.0887 1.0883 1.0877 1.0872
1.0790 1.0787 1.0783 1.0778 1.0773
1.0735 1.0731 1.0726 1.0721 1.0715
1.0689 1.0685 1.0680 1.0675 1.0668
1.0635 1.0630 1.0626 1.0620 1.0613
1.0582 1.0576 1.0571 1.0564 1.0557
1.0479 1.0473 1.0467 1.0460 1.0453
40 41 42 43 44
1.0621 1.0633 1.0644 1.0656 1.0667
1.0557 1.0568 1.0578 1.0588 1.0598
1.0522 1.0532 1.0542 1.0551 1.0561
1.0488 1.0498 1.0507 1.0516 1.0525
1.0450 1.0460 1.0469 1.0477 1.0486
1.0416 1.0425 1.0433 1.0441 1.0449
1.0338 1.0346 1.0353 1.0361 1.0368
90 91 92 93 94
1.0865 1.0857 1.0848 1.0838 1.0826
1.0766 1.0758 1.0749 1.0739 1.0727
1.0708 1.0700 1.0690 1.0680 1.0667
1.0661 1.0652 1.0643 1.0632 1.0619
1.0605 1.0597 1.0587 1.0577 1.0564
1.0549 1.0541 1.0530 1.0518 1.0506
1.0445 1.0436 1.0426 1.0414 1.0401
45 46 47 48 49
1.0679 1.0689 1.0699 1.0709 1.0720
1.0608 1.0618 1.0627 1.0636 1.0645
1.0570 1.0579 1.0588 1.0597 1.0605
1.0534 1.0542 1.0551 1.0559 1.0567
1.0495 1.0503 1.0511 1.0518 1.0526
1.0456 1.0464 1.0471 1.0479 1.0486
1.0375 1.0382 1.0389 1.0395 1.0402
95 96 97 98 99
1.0813 1.0798 1.0780 1.0759 1.0730
1.0714
1.0652 1.0632 1.0611 1.0590 1.0567
1.0605 1.0588 1.0570 1.0549 1.0524
1.0551 1.0535 1.0516 1.0495 1.0468
1.0491 1.0473 1.0454 1.0431 1.0407
1.0386 1.0368 1.0348 1.0325 1.0299
100
1.0697
1.0545
1.0498
1.0440
1.0380
1.0271
%
2-116
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-110
TABLE 2-111
Oxalic Acid (H2C2O4)
%
d 17.5 4
%
d 17.5 4
1 2 4
1.0035 1.0070 1.0140
8 10 12
1.0280 1.0350 1.0420
Methyl Alcohol (CH3OH)*
%
0 °C
10 °C
15.56 °C
20 °C
15 °C
%
0 °C
10 °C
15.56 °C
20 °C
15 °C
%
0 °C
10 °C
15.56 °C
20 °C
15 °C
0 1 2 3 4
0.9999 0.9981 0.9963 0.9946 0.9930
0.9997 0.9980 0.9962 0.9945 0.9929
0.9990 0.9973 0.9955 0.9938 0.9921
0.9982 0.9965 0.9948 0.9931 0.9914
0.99913 0.99727 0.99543 0.99370 0.99198
35 36 37 38 39
0.9534 0.9520 0.9505 0.9490 0.9475
0.9484 0.9469 0.9453 0.9437 0.9420
0.9456 0.9440 0.9422 0.9405 0.9387
0.9433 0.9416 0.9398 0.9381 0.9363
0.94570 0.94404 0.94237 0.94067 0.93894
70 71 72 73 74
0.8869 0.8847 0.8824 0.8801 0.8778
0.8794 0.8770 0.8747 0.8724 0.8699
0.8748 0.8726 0.8702 0.8678 0.8653
0.8715 0.8690 0.8665 0.8641 0.8616
0.87507 0.87271 0.87033 0.86792 0.86546
5 6 7 8 9
0.9914 0.9899 0.9884 0.9870 0.9856
0.9912 0.9896 0.9881 0.9865 0.9849
0.9904 0.9889 0.9872 0.9857 0.9841
0.9896 0.9880 0.9863 0.9847 0.9831
0.99029 0.98864 0.98701 0.98547 0.98394
40 41 42 43 44
0.9459 0.9443 0.9427 0.9411 0.9395
0.9403 0.9387 0.9370 0.9352 0.9334
0.9369 0.9351 0.9333 0.9315 0.9297
0.9345 0.9327 0.9309 0.9290 0.9272
0.93720 0.93543 0.93365 0.93185 0.93001
75 76 77 78 79
0.8754 0.8729 0.8705 0.8680 0.8657
0.8676 0.8651 0.8626 0.8602 0.8577
0.8629 0.8604 0.8579 0.8554 0.8529
0.8592 0.8567 0.8542 0.8518 0.8494
0.86300 0.86051 0.85801 0.85551 0.85300
10 11 12 13 14
0.9842 0.9829 0.9816 0.9804 0.9792
0.9834 0.9820 0.9805 0.9791 0.9778
0.9826 0.9811 0.9796 0.9781 0.9766
0.9815 0.9799 0.9784 0.9768 0.9754
0.98241 0.98093 0.97945 0.97802 0.97660
45 46 47 48 49
0.9377 0.9360 0.9342 0.9324 0.9306
0.9316 0.9298 0.9279 0.9260 0.9240
0.9279 0.9261 0.9242 0.9223 0.9204
0.9252 0.9234 0.9214 0.9196 0.9176
0.92815 0.92627 0.92436 0.92242 0.92048
80 81 82 83 84
0.8634 0.8610 0.8585 0.8560 0.8535
0.8551 0.8527 0.8501 0.8475 0.8449
0.8503 0.8478 0.8452 0.8426 0.8400
0.8469 0.8446 0.8420 0.8394 0.8366
0.85048 0.84794 0.84536 0.84274 0.84009
15 16 17 18 19
0.9780 0.9769 0.9758 0.9747 0.9736
0.9764 0.9751 0.9739 0.9726 0.9713
0.9752 0.9738 0.9723 0.9709 0.9695
0.9740 0.9725 0.9710 0.9696 0.9681
0.97518 0.97377 0.97237 0.97096 0.96955
50 51 52 53 54
0.9287 0.9269 0.9250 0.9230 0.9211
0.9221 0.9202 0.9182 0.9162 0.9142
0.9185 0.9166 0.9146 0.9126 0.9106
0.9156 0.9135 0.9114 0.9094 0.9073
0.91852 0.91653 0.91451 0.91248 0.91044
85 86 87 88 89
0.8510 0.8483 0.8456 0.8428 0.8400
0.8422 0.8394 0.8367 0.8340 0.8314
0.8374 0.8347 0.8320 0.8294 0.8267
0.8340 0.8314 0.8286 0.8258 0.8230
0.83742 0.83475 0.83207 0.82937 0.82667
20 21 22 23 24
0.9725 0.9714 0.9702 0.9690 0.9678
0.9700 0.9687 0.9673 0.9660 0.9646
0.9680 0.9666 0.9652 0.9638 0.9624
0.9666 0.9651 0.9636 0.9622 0.9607
0.96814 0.96673 0.96533 0.96392 0.96251
55 56 57 58 59
0.9191 0.9172 0.9151 0.9131 0.9111
0.9122 0.9101 0.9080 0.9060 0.9039
0.9086 0.9065 0.9045 0.9024 0.9002
0.9052 0.9032 0.9010 0.8988 0.8968
0.90839 0.90631 0.90421 0.90210 0.89996
90 91 92 93 94
0.8374 0.8347 0.8320 0.8293 0.8266
0.8287 0.8261 0.8234 0.8208 0.8180
0.8239 0.8212 0.8185 0.8157 0.8129
0.8202 0.8174 0.8146 0.8118 0.8090
0.82396 0.82124 0.81849 0.81568 0.81285
25 26 27 28 29
0.9666 0.9654 0.9642 0.9629 0.9616
0.9632 0.9618 0.9604 0.9590 0.9575
0.9609 0.9595 0.9580 0.9565 0.9550
0.9592 0.9576 0.9562 0.9546 0.9531
0.96108 0.95963 0.95817 0.95668 0.95518
60 61 62 63 64
0.9090 0.9068 0.9046 0.9024 0.9002
0.9018 0.8998 0.8977 0.8955 0.8933
0.8980 0.8958 0.8936 0.8913 0.8890
0.8946 0.8924 0.8902 0.8879 0.8856
0.89781 0.89563 0.89341 0.89117 0.88890
95 96 97 98 99
0.8240 0.8212 0.8186 0.8158 0.8130
0.8152 0.8124 0.8096 0.8068 0.8040
0.8101 0.8073 0.8045 0.8016 0.7987
0.8062 0.8034 0.8005 0.7976 0.7948
0.80999 0.80713 0.80428 0.80143 0.79859
30 31 32 33 34
0.9604 0.9590 0.9576 0.9563 0.9549
0.9560 0.9546 0.9531 0.9516 0.9500
0.9535 0.9521 0.9505 0.9489 0.9473
0.9515 0.9499 0.9483 0.9466 0.9450
0.95366 0.95213 0.95056 0.94896 0.94734
65 66 67 68 69
0.8980 0.8958 0.8935 0.8913 0.8891
0.8911 0.8888 0.8865 0.8842 0.8818
0.8867 0.8844 0.8820 0.8797 0.8771
0.8834 0.8811 0.8787 0.8763 0.8738
0.88662 0.88433 0.88203 0.87971 0.87739
100
0.8102
0.8009
0.7959
0.7917
0.79577
*It should be noted that the values for 100 percent do not agree with some data available elsewhere, e.g., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957. Also, see Atack, Handbook of Chemical Data, Reinhold, New York, 1957. Also, see Tables 2-234 and 2-305 for pure component densities.
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-112
2-117
Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH)*
%
10 °C
15 °C
20 °C
25 °C
30 °C
35 °C
40 °C
%
10 °C
15 °C
20 °C
25 °C
30 °C
35 °C
40 °C
0 1 2 3 4
0.99973 785 602 426 258
0.99913 725 542 365 195
0.99823 636 453 275 103
0.99708 520 336 157 0.98984
0.99568 379 194 014 0.98839
0.99406 217 031 0.98849 672
0.99225 034 0.98846 663 485
50 51 52 53 54
0.92126 0.91943 723 502 279
0.91776 555 333 110 0.90885
0.91384 160 0.90936 711 485
0.90985 760 534 307 079
0.90580 353 125 0.89896 667
0.90168 0.89940 710 479 248
0.89750 519 288 056 0.88823
5 6 7 8 9
098 0.98946 801 660 524
032 0.98877 729 584 442
0.98938 780 627 478 331
817 656 500 346 193
670 507 347 189 031
501 335 172 009 0.97846
311 142 0.97975 808 641
55 56 57 58 59
055 0.90831 607 381 154
659 433 207 0.89980 752
258 031 0.89803 574 344
0.89850 621 392 162 0.88931
437 206 0.88975 744 512
016 0.88784 552 319 085
589 356 122 0.87888 653
10 11 12 13 14
393 267 145 026 0.97911
304 171 041 0.97914 790
187 047 0.97910 775 643
043 0.97897 753 611 472
0.97875 723 573 424 278
685 527 371 216 063
475 312 150 0.96989 829
60 61 62 63 64
0.89927 698 468 237 006
523 293 062 0.88830 597
113 0.88882 650 417 183
699 446 233 0.87998 763
278 044 0.87809 574 337
0.87851 615 379 142 0.86905
417 180 0.86943 705 466
15 16 17 18 19
800 692 583 473 363
669 552 433 313 191
514 387 259 129 0.96997
334 199 062 0.96923 782
133 0.96990 844 697 547
0.96911 760 607 452 294
670 512 352 189 023
65 66 67 68 69
0.88774 541 308 074 0.87839
364 130 0.87895 660 424
0.87948 713 477 241 004
527 291 054 0.86817 579
100 0.86863 625 387 148
667 429 190 0.85950 710
227 0.85987 747 407 266
20 21 22 23 24
252 139 024 0.96907 787
068 0.96944 818 689 558
864 729 592 453 312
639 495 348 199 048
395 242 087 0.95929 769
134 0.95973 809 643 476
0.95856 687 516 343 168
70 71 72 73 74
602 365 127 0.86888 648
187 0.86949 710 470 229
0.86766 527 287 047 0.85806
340 100 0.85859 618 376
0.85908 667 426 184 0.84941
470 228 0.84986 743 500
025 0.84783 540 297 053
25 26 27 28 29
665 539 406 268 125
424 287 144 0.95996 844
168 020 0.95867 710 548
0.95895 738 576 410 241
607 442 272 098 0.94922
306 133 0.94955 774 590
0.94991 810 625 438 248
75 76 77 78 79
408 168 0.85927 685 442
0.85988 747 505 262 018
564 322 079 0.84835 590
134 0.84891 647 403 158
698 455 211 0.83966 720
257 013 0.83768 523 277
0.83809 564 319 074 0.82827
30 31 32 33 34
0.95977 823 665 502 334
686 524 357 186 011
382 212 038 0.94860 679
067 0.94890 709 525 337
741 557 370 180 0.93986
403 214 021 0.93825 626
055 0.93860 662 461 257
80 81 82 83 84
197 0.84950 702 453 203
0.84772 525 277 028 0.83777
344 096 0.83848 599 348
0.83911 664 415 164 0.82913
473 224 0.82974 724 473
029 0.82780 530 279 027
578 329 079 0.81828 576
35 36 37 38 39
162 0.94986 805 620 431
0.94832 650 464 273 079
494 306 114 0.93919 720
146 0.93952 756 556 353
790 591 390 186 0.92979
425 221 016 0.92808 597
051 0.92843 634 422 208
85 86 87 88 89
0.83951 697 441 181 0.82919
525 271 014 0.82754 492
095 0.82840 583 323 062
660 405 148 0.81888 626
220 0.81965 708 448 186
0.81774 519 262 003 0.80742
322 067 0.80811 552 291
40 41 42 43 44
238 042 0.93842 639 433
0.93882 682 478 271 062
518 314 107 0.92897 685
148 0.92940 729 516 301
770 558 344 128 0.91910
385 170 0.91952 733 513
0.91992 774 554 332 108
90 91 92 93 94
654 386 114 0.81839 561
227 0.81959 688 413 134
0.81797 529 257 0.80983 705
362 094 0.80823 549 272
0.80922 655 384 111 0.79835
478 211 0.79941 669 393
028 0.79761 491 220 0.78947
45 46 47 48 49
226 017 0.92806 593 379
0.92852 640 426 211 0.91995
472 257 041 0.91823 604
085 0.91868 649 429 208
692 472 250 028 0.90805
291 069 0.90845 621 396
0.90884 660 434 207 0.89979
95 96 97 98 99
278 0.80991 698 399 094
0.80852 566 274 0.79975 670
424 138 0.79846 547 243
0.79991 706 415 117 0.78814
555 271 0.78981 684 382
114 0.78831 542 247 0.77946
670 388 100 0.77806 507
100
0.79784
360
0.78934
506
075
641
203
*For data from −78° to 78°C, see p. 2-142, Table 2N-5, American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957. See Tables 2-214 and 2-305 for pure component densities.
2-118
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-113 % alcohol by weight
Densities of Mixtures of C2H5OH and H2O at 20 °C g/mL Tenths of %
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4
0.99823 636 453 275 103
804 618 435 257 087
785 599 417 240 070
766 581 399 222 053
748 562 381 205 037
729 544 363 188 020
710 525 345 171 003
692 507 327 154 *987
5 6 7 8 9
0.98938 780 627 478 331
922 765 612 463 316
906 749 597 449 301
890 734 582 434 287
874 718 567 419 273
859 703 553 404 258
843 688 538 389 244
827 673 523 374 229
10 11 12 13 14
187 047 0.97910 775 643
172 033 896 761 630
158 019 883 748 617
144 006 869 735 604
130 *992 855 722 591
117 *978 842 709 578
103 *964 828 696 565
089 *951 815 683 552
15 16 17 18 19
514 387 259 129 0.96997
501 374 246 116 984
488 361 233 103 971
475 349 220 089 957
462 336 207 076 944
450 323 194 063 931
438 310 181 050 917
425 297 168 037 904
412 284 155 024 891
20 21 22 23 24
864 729 592 453 312
850 716 578 439 297
837 702 564 425 283
823 688 551 411 269
810 675 537 396 254
796 661 523 382 240
783 647 509 368 225
769 634 495 354 211
756 620 481 340 196
25 26 27 28 29
168 020 0.95867 710 548
153 005 851 694 532
139 *990 836 678 516
124 *975 820 662 499
109 *959 805 646 483
094 *944 789 630 466
080 *929 773 613 450
30 31 32 33 34
382 212 038 0.94860 679
365 195 020 842 660
349 178 003 824 642
332 161 *985 806 624
315 143 *967 788 605
298 126 *950 770 587
35 36 37 38 39
494 306 114 0.93919 720
475 287 095 899 700
456 268 075 879 680
438 249 056 859 660
419 230 036 840 640
40 41 42 43 44
518 314 107 0.92897 685
498 294 086 876 664
478 273 065 855 642
458 253 044 834 621
45 46 47 48 49
472 257 041 0.91823 604
450 236 019 801 582
429 214 *997 780 560
408 193 *976 758 538
Tenths of % 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
50 51 52 53 54
0.91384 160 0.90936 711 485
361 138 914 689 463
339 116 891 666 440
317 093 869 644 417
295 071 846 621 395
272 049 824 598 372
250 026 801 576 349
228 206 183 004 *981 *959 779 756 734 553 531 508 327 304 281
796 642 493 345 201
55 56 57 58 59
258 031 0.89803 574 344
236 008 780 551 321
213 *985 757 528 298
190 *962 734 505 275
167 *939 711 482 252
145 *917 688 459 229
122 *894 665 436 206
099 076 054 *871 *848 *825 643 620 597 413 390 367 183 160 137
075 061 *937 *923 801 788 670 657 539 526
60 61 62 63 64
113 0.88882 650 417 183
090 859 626 393 160
067 836 603 370 136
044 812 580 347 113
400 272 142 010 877
65 66 67 68 69
0.87948 713 477 241 004
925 689 454 218 *981
901 666 430 194 *957
878 642 406 170 *933
854 619 383 147 *909
831 595 359 123 *885
807 572 336 099 *862
784 760 737 548 524 501 312 288 265 075 052 028 *838 *814 *790
742 606 467 326 182
70 71 72 73 74
0.86766 527 287 047 0.85806
742 503 263 022 781
718 479 239 *998 757
694 455 215 *974 733
671 431 191 *950 709
647 407 167 *926 685
623 383 143 *902 661
599 575 551 339 335 311 119 095 071 *878 *854 *830 636 612 588
065 *914 757 597 433
050 035 *898 *883 742 726 581 565 416 400
75 76 77 78 79
564 322 079 0.84835 590
540 297 055 811 566
515 273 031 787 541
491 467 443 419 394 370 346 249 225 200 176 152 128 103 006 *982 *958 *933 *909 *884 *860 762 738 713 689 664 640 615 517 492 467 443 418 393 369
281 108 *932 752 568
264 091 *914 734 550
247 230 074 056 *896 *878 715 697 531 512
80 81 82 83 84
344 096 0.83848 599 348
319 072 823 574 323
294 047 798 549 297
270 245 220 196 171 146 121 022 *997 *972 *947 *923 *898 *873 773 748 723 698 674 649 624 523 498 473 448 423 398 373 272 247 222 196 171 146 120
400 211 017 820 620
382 192 *997 800 599
363 172 *978 780 579
344 325 153 134 *958 *939 760 740 559 539
85 86 87 88 89
095 0.82840 583 323 062
070 815 557 297 035
044 019 *994 *968 *943 *917 *892 *866 789 763 738 712 686 660 635 609 531 505 479 453 427 401 375 349 271 245 219 193 167 140 114 088 009 *983 *956 *930 *903 *877 *850 *824
437 232 023 812 600
417 212 002 791 579
396 191 *981 770 557
376 170 *960 749 536
356 335 149 129 *939 *918 728 707 515 493
90 91 92 93 94
0.81797 529 257 0.80983 705
770 502 230 955 677
744 475 203 928 649
717 448 175 900 621
690 421 148 872 593
386 171 *954 736 516
365 150 *932 714 494
343 128 *910 692 472
322 106 *889 670 450
300 279 085 063 *867 *845 648 626 428 406
95 96 97 98 99
424 138 0.79846 547 243
395 109 816 517 213
367 080 787 487 182
338 051 757 456 151
310 281 253 224 195 166 022 *993 *963 *934 *905 *875 727 698 668 638 608 578 426 396 365 335 305 274 120 089 059 028 *997 *966
100
0.78934
*Indicates change in the first two decimal places.
8
% alcohol by weight
9
673 655 489 471 310 292 137 120 *971 *954 811 658 508 360 215
8
9
021 *998 *975 *951 *928 *905 789 766 743 720 696 673 557 533 510 487 463 440 323 300 277 253 230 206 089 066 042 019 *995 *972
664 394 120 844 565
637 366 093 817 537
610 339 066 789 509
583 312 038 761 480
556 285 010 733 452
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-114 % alcohol by volume at 60°F
Specific Gravity {60°/60 °F [(15.56°/15.56 °C)]} of Mixtures by Volume of C2H5OH and H2O
Tenths of % 0
2-119
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
% alcohol by volume at 60°F
Tenths of % 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 1 2 3 4
1.00000 *985 0.99850 835 703 688 559 545 419 405
*970 820 674 531 391
*955 806 659 516 378
*940 791 645 502 364
*925 776 630 488 350
*910 761 616 474 336
*895 747 602 460 323
*880 732 587 446 309
865 717 573 432 296
50 51 52 53 54
0.93426 230 031 0.92830 626
407 387 368 348 328 309 289 270 250 210 190 171 151 131 111 091 071 051 011 *991 *971 *951 *931 *911 *890 *870 *850 810 789 769 749 728 708 688 667 647 605 585 564 544 523 502 482 461 440
5 6 7 8 9
282 150 022 0.98899 779
269 137 009 887 767
255 124 *997 875 755
242 111 *984 863 743
228 098 *972 851 731
215 085 *960 838 720
202 073 *947 826 708
189 060 *935 814 696
176 163 047 035 *923 *911 803 791 684 672
55 56 57 58 59
419 210 0.91999 784 565
398 189 978 762 543
377 168 956 741 521
357 147 935 719 499
336 126 914 697 477
315 105 892 675 455
294 084 871 653 433
10 11 12 13 14
661 544 430 319 210
649 532 419 308 200
637 521 408 297 190
625 509 396 286 179
614 498 385 275 168
602 487 374 264 157
590 475 363 254 147
579 464 352 243 136
567 452 341 232 125
556 441 330 221 115
60 61 62 63 64
344 120 0.90893 664 434
322 097 870 641 411
299 075 847 618 388
277 052 825 595 365
255 030 802 572 341
232 007 779 549 318
210 *984 756 526 295
15 16 17 18 19
104 0.97998 895 794 694
093 988 885 784 684
083 977 875 774 674
072 967 864 764 664
062 956 854 754 654
051 946 844 744 645
040 936 834 734 635
030 925 824 724 625
019 915 814 714 615
009 905 804 704 605
65 66 67 68 69
202 0.89967 729 489 245
179 943 705 465 220
155 920 681 441 196
132 896 657 416 171
108 872 633 392 147
085 848 609 368 122
061 825 585 343 098
038 801 561 319 073
014 *991 777 753 537 513 295 270 048 024
20 21 22 23 24
596 496 395 293 189
586 486 385 283 179
576 476 375 272 168
566 466 365 262 158
556 456 354 252 147
546 446 344 241 137
536 436 334 231 126
526 425 324 221 116
516 415 313 210 105
506 405 303 200 095
70 71 72 73 74
0.88999 751 499 244 0.87987
974 725 474 218 961
950 700 448 193 935
925 675 423 167 910
900 650 397 141 884
875 625 372 116 858
850 600 346 090 832
825 574 321 064 806
801 549 296 039 780
25 26 27 28 29
084 0.96978 870 760 648
073 967 859 749 637
063 957 848 738 625
052 946 837 727 614
042 935 826 715 603
031 924 815 704 591
020 914 804 693 580
010 903 793 682 568
*999 *988 892 881 782 771 671 659 557 546
75 76 77 78 79
728 465 199 0.86929 656
702 439 172 902 629
676 412 145 875 601
650 386 118 847 574
623 359 092 820 546
597 332 065 793 518
571 306 038 766 491
545 518 492 279 252 226 011 *984 *957 738 711 684 463 435 408
30 31 32 33 34
534 418 296 170 041
522 406 284 157 028
511 394 271 144 015
499 382 259 132 002
488 370 246 119 *988
476 358 234 106 *975
464 346 221 093 *962
453 334 209 080 *948
441 429 321 309 196 183 067 054 *935 *921
80 81 82 83 84
380 100 0.85817 531 240
352 072 789 502 211
324 044 760 473 181
296 269 241 213 185 157 129 015 *987 *959 *931 *902 *874 *846 732 703 674 646 617 588 560 444 415 386 357 328 299 270 152 122 093 063 033 004 *974
35 36 37 38 39
0.95908 770 628 482 332
894 756 614 467 317
881 742 599 452 302
867 728 585 437 286
854 714 570 423 271
840 700 556 408 256
826 685 541 393 240
812 671 526 378 225
784 643 497 347 194
85 86 87 88 89
0.84944 642 336 025 0.83707
914 612 305 *994 675
884 581 274 *962 643
854 551 243 *930 610
824 520 212 *899 578
794 490 181 *867 545
764 459 150 *835 513
734 703 673 428 398 367 119 088 056 *803 *771 *739 480 447 415
40 41 42 43 44
178 020 0.94858 693 524
162 004 842 676 507
147 *988 825 660 490
131 *972 809 643 473
115 *956 792 626 455
100 *940 776 609 438
084 *923 759 592 421
068 *907 743 575 403
052 036 *891 *875 726 710 558 541 386 369
90 91 92 93 94
382 049 0.82705 351 0.81984
349 015 670 315 947
315 *981 635 279 909
282 *947 600 243 871
249 *913 565 206 834
216 *879 529 170 796
183 *845 494 133 757
150 116 083 *810 *776 *741 458 423 387 096 059 022 719 681 642
45 46 47 48 49
351 174 0.93993 808 619
334 156 975 789 600
316 138 956 771 581
298 120 938 752 562
281 102 920 733 543
263 084 901 714 523
245 066 883 695 504
228 048 864 676 485
95 96 97 98 99
603 206 0.80792 356 0.79889
564 165 750 311 841
525 125 707 265 792
486 084 664 219 743
446 042 620 173 693
407 001 577 127 643
367 *960 533 080 593
327 287 247 *918 *876 *834 489 445 401 033 *985 *937 543 492 441
100
389
*Indicates change in first two decimal places.
798 657 512 362 209
210 030 845 657 465
192 011 827 638 446
273 062 849 631 410
252 041 827 610 388
231 020 806 588 366
188 165 143 *962 *939 *916 733 710 687 503 480 457 272 249 225
776 524 270 013 754
2-120
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-115 n-Propyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) %
0 °C
15 °C
30 °C
%
0 °C
15 °C
30 °C
%
0 °C
15 °C
30 °C
%
0 °C
15 °C
30 °C
%
0 °C
15 °C
30 °C
0 1 2 3 4
0.9999 0.9982 0.9967 0.9952 0.9939
0.9991 0.9974 0.9960 0.9944 0.9929
0.9957 0.9940 0.9924 0.9908 0.9893
20 21 22 23 24
0.9789 0.9776 0.9763 0.9748 0.9733
0.9723 0.9705 0.9688 0.9670 0.9651
0.9643 0.9622 0.9602 0.9583 0.9563
40 41 42 43 44
0.9430 0.9411 0.9391 0.9371 0.9352
0.9331 0.9310 0.9290 0.9269 0.9248
0.9226 0.9205 0.9184 0.9164 0.9143
60 61 62 63 64
0.9033 0.9013 0.8994 0.8974 0.8954
0.8922 0.8902 0.8882 0.8861 0.8841
0.8807 0.8786 0.8766 0.8745 0.8724
80 81 82 83 84
0.8634 0.8614 0.8594 0.8574 0.8554
0.8516 0.8496 0.8475 0.8454 0.8434
0.8394 0.8373 0.8352 0.8332 0.8311
5 6 7 8 9
0.9926 0.9914 0.9904 0.9894 0.9883
0.9915 0.9902 0.9890 0.9877 0.9864
0.9877 0.9862 0.9848 0.9834 0.9819
25 26 27 28 29
0.9717 0.9700 0.9682 0.9664 0.9646
0.9633 0.9614 0.9594 0.9576 0.9556
0.9543 0.9522 0.9501 0.9481 0.9460
45 46 47 48 49
0.9332 0.9311 0.9291 0.9272 0.9252
0.9228 0.9207 0.9186 0.9165 0.9145
0.9122 0.9100 0.9079 0.9057 0.9036
65 66 67 68 69
0.8934 0.8913 0.8894 0.8874 0.8854
0.8820 0.8800 0.8779 0.8759 0.8739
0.8703 0.8682 0.8662 0.8641 0.8620
85 86 87 88 89
0.8534 0.8513 0.8492 0.8471 0.8450
0.8413 0.8393 0.8372 0.8351 0.8330
0.8290 0.8269 0.8248 0.8227 0.8206
10 11 12 13 14
0.9874 0.9865 0.9857 0.9849 0.9841
0.9852 0.9840 0.9828 0.9817 0.9806
0.9804 0.9790 0.9775 0.9760 0.9746
30 31 32 33 34
0.9627 0.9608 0.9589 0.9570 0.9550
0.9535 0.9516 0.9495 0.9474 0.9454
0.9439 0.9418 0.9396 0.9375 0.9354
50 51 52 53 54
0.9232 0.9213 0.9192 0.9173 0.9153
0.9124 0.9104 0.9084 0.9064 0.9044
0.9015 0.8994 0.8973 0.8952 0.8931
70 71 72 73 74
0.8835 0.8815 0.8795 0.8776 0.8756
0.8719 0.8700 0.8680 0.8659 0.8639
0.8600 0.8580 0.8559 0.8539 0.8518
90 91 92 93 94
0.8429 0.8408 0.8387 0.8364 0.8342
0.8308 0.8287 0.8266 0.8244 0.8221
0.8185 0.8164 0.8142 0.8120 0.8098
15 16 17 18 19
0.9833 0.9825 0.9817 0.9808 0.9800
0.9793 0.9780 0.9768 0.9752 0.9739
0.9730 0.9714 0.9698 0.9680 0.9661
35 36 37 38 39
0.9530 0.9511 0.9491 0.9471 0.9450
0.9434 0.9413 0.9392 0.9372 0.9351
0.9333 0.9312 0.9289 0.9269 0.9247
55 56 57 58 59
0.9132 0.9112 0.9093 0.9073 0.9053
0.9023 0.9003 0.8983 0.8963 0.8942
0.8911 0.8890 0.8869 0.8849 0.8828
75 76 77 78 79
0.8736 0.8716 0.8695 0.8675 0.8655
0.8618 0.8598 0.8577 0.8556 0.8536
0.8497 0.8477 0.8456 0.8435 0.8414
95 96 97 98 99
0.8320 0.8296 0.8272 0.8248 0.8222
0.8199 0.8176 0.8153 0.8128 0.8104
0.8077 0.8054 0.8031 0.8008 0.7984
100
0.8194
0.8077
0.7958
TABLE 2-116
Isopropyl Alcohol (C3H7OH)
%
0 °C
15 °C*
15 °C*
20 °C
30 °C
%
0 °C
15 °C*
20 °C
30 °C
%
0 °C
15 °C*
15 °C*
20 °C
30 °C
0 1 2 3 4
0.9999 0.9980 0.9962 0.9946 0.9930
0.9991 0.9973 0.9956 0.9938 0.9922
0.99913 0.9972 0.9954 0.9936 0.9920
0.9982 0.9962 0.9944 0.9926 0.9909
0.9957 0.9939 0.9921 0.9904 0.9887
35 36 37 38 39
0.9557 0.9536 0.9514 0.9493 0.9472
15 °C*
0.9446 0.9424 0.9401 0.9379 0.9356
0.9419 0.9399 0.9377 0.9355 0.9333
0.9338 0.9315 0.9292 0.9269 0.9246
70 71 72 73 74
0.8761 0.8738 0.8714 0.8691 0.8668
0.8639 0.8615 0.8592 0.8568 0.8545
0.86346 0.8611 0.8588 0.8564 0.8541
0.8584 0.8560 0.8537 0.8513 0.8489
0.8511 0.8487 0.8464 0.8440 0.8416
5 6 7 8 9
0.9916 0.9902 0.9890 0.9878 0.9866
0.9906 0.9892 0.9878 0.9864 0.9851
0.9904 0.9890 0.9875 0.9862 0.9849
0.9893 0.9877 0.9862 0.9847 0.9833
0.9871 0.9855 0.9839 0.9824 0.9809
40 41 42 43 44
0.9450 0.9428 0.9406 0.9384 0.9361
0.93333 0.9311 0.9288 0.9266 0.9243
0.9310 0.9287 0.9264 0.9239 0.9215
0.9224 0.9201 0.9177 0.9154 0.9130
75 76 77 78 79
0.8644 0.8621 0.8598 0.8575 0.8551
0.8521 0.8497 0.8474 0.8450 0.8426
0.8517 0.8493 0.8470 0.8446 0.8422
0.8464 0.8439 0.8415 0.8391 0.8366
0.8392 0.8368 0.8344 0.8321 0.8297
10 11 12 13 14
0.9856 0.9846 0.9838 0.9829 0.9821
0.9838 0.9826 0.9813 0.9802 0.9790
0.98362 0.9824 0.9812 0.9800 0.9788
0.9820 0.9808 0.9797 0.9876 0.9776
0.9794 0.9778 0.9764 0.9750 0.9735
45 46 47 48 49
0.9338 0.9315 0.9292 0.9270 0.9247
0.9220 0.9197 0.9174 0.9150 0.9127
0.9191 0.9165 0.9141 0.9117 0.9093
0.9106 0.9082 0.9059 0.9036 0.9013
80 81 82 83 84
0.8528 0.8503 0.8479 0.8456 0.8432
0.8403 0.8379 0.8355 0.8331 0.8307
0.83979 0.8374 0.8350 0.8326 0.8302
0.8342 0.8317 0.8292 0.8268 0.8243
0.8273 0.8248 0.8224 0.8200 0.8175
15 16 17 18 19
0.9814 0.9806 0.9799 0.9792 0.9784
0.9779 0.9768 0.9756 0.9745 0.9730
0.9777 0.9765 0.9753 0.9741 0.9728
0.9765 0.9754 0.9743 0.9731 0.9717
0.9720 0.9705 0.9690 0.9675 0.9658
50 51 52 53 54
0.9224 0.9201 0.9178 0.9155 0.9132
0.91043 0.9081 0.9058 0.9035 0.9011
0.9069 0.9044 0.9020 0.8996 0.8971
0.8990 0.8966 0.8943 0.8919 0.8895
85 86 87 88 89
0.8408 0.8384 0.8360 0.8336 0.8311
0.8282 0.8259 0.8234 0.8209 0.8184
0.8278 0.8254 0.8229 0.8205 0.8180
0.8219 0.8194 0.8169 0.8145 0.8120
0.8151 0.8127 0.8201 0.8078 0.8053
20 21 22 23 24
0.9777 0.9768 0.9759 0.9749 0.9739
0.9719 0.9704 0.9690 0.9675 0.9660
0.97158 0.9703 0.9689 0.9674 0.9659
0.9703 0.9688 0.9669 0.9651 0.9634
0.9642 0.9624 0.9606 0.9587 0.9569
55 56 57 58 59
0.9109 0.9086 0.9063 0.9040 0.9017
0.8988 0.8964 0.8940 0.8917 0.8893
0.8946 0.8921 0.8896 0.8874 0.8850
0.8871 0.8847 0.8823 0.8800 0.8777
90 91 92 93 94
0.8287 0.8262 0.8237 0.8212 0.8186
0.8161 0.8136 0.8110 0.8085 0.8060
0.81553 0.8130 0.8104 0.8079 0.8052
0.8096 0.8072 0.8047 0.8023 0.7998
0.8029 0.8004 0.7979 0.7954 0.7929
25 26 27 28 29
0.9727 0.9714 0.9699 0.9684 0.9669
0.9643 0.9626 0.9608 0.9590 0.9570
0.9642 0.9624 0.9605 0.9586 0.9568
0.9615 0.9597 0.9577 0.9558 0.9540
0.9549 0.9529 0.9509 0.9488 0.9467
60 61 62 63 64
0.8994 0.8970 0.8947 0.8924 0.8901
0.8829 0.8805 0.8781
0.88690 0.8845 0.8821 0.8798 0.8775
0.8825 0.8800 0.8776 0.8751 0.8727
0.8752 0.8728 0.8704 0.8680 0.8656
95 96 97 98 99
0.8160 0.8133 0.8106 0.8078 0.8048
0.8034 0.8008 0.7981 0.7954 0.7926
0.8026 0.7999 0.7972 0.7945 0.7918
0.7973 0.7949 0.7925 0.7901 0.7877
0.7904 0.7878 0.7852 0.7826 0.7799
30 31 32 33 34
0.9652 0.9634 0.9615 0.9596 0.9577
0.9551
0.95493 0.9530 0.9510 0.9489 0.9468
0.9520 0.9500 0.9481 0.9460 0.9440
0.9446 0.9426 0.9405 0.9383 0.9361
65 66 67 68 69
0.8878 0.8854 0.8831 0.8807 0.8784
0.8757 0.8733 0.8710 0.8686 0.8662
0.8752 0.8728 0.8705 0.8682 0.8658
0.8702 0.8679 0.8656 0.8632 0.8609
0.8631 0.8607 0.8583 0.8559 0.8535
100
0.8016
0.7896
0.78913
0.7854
0.7770
*Two different observers; see International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 120.
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-117
Glycerol*
Glycerol, % 15 °C
15.5 °C
20 °C
25 °C
30 °C
Density
Glycerol, % 15 °C
Density 15.5 °C
20 °C
25 °C
30 °C
Glycerol, % 15 °C
2-121
Density 20 °C
25 °C
30 °C
100 99 98 97 96
1.26415 1.26160 1.25900 1.25645 1.25385
1.26381 1.26125 1.25865 1.25610 1.25350
1.26108 1.25850 1.25590 1.25335 1.25080
1.15802 1.25545 1.25290 1.25030 1.24770
1.25495 1.25235 1.24975 1.24710 1.24450
65 64 63 62 61
1.17030 1.16755 1.16480 1.16200 1.15925
1.17000 1.16725 1.16445 1.16170 1.15895
1.16750 1.16475 1.16205 1.15930 1.15655
1.16475 1.16200 1.15925 1.15655 1.15380
1.16195 1.15925 1.15650 1.15375 1.15100
30 29 28 27 26
1.07455 1.07195 1.06935 1.06670 1.06410
1.07435 1.07175 1.06915 1.06655 1.06390
1.07270 1.07010 1.06755 1.06495 1.06240
1.07070 1.06815 1.06560 1.06305 1.06055
1.06855 1.06605 1.06355 1.06105 1.05855
95 94 93 92 91
1.25130 1.24865 1.24600 1.24340 1.24075
1.25095 1.24830 1.24565 1.24305 1.24040
1.24825 1.24560 1.24300 1.24035 1.23770
1.24515 1.24250 1.23985 1.23725 1.23460
1.24190 1.23930 1.23670 1.23410 1.23150
60 59 58 57 56
1.15650 1.15370 1.15095 1.14815 1.14535
1.15615 1.15340 1.15065 1.14785 1.14510
1.15380 1.15105 1.14830 1.14555 1.14280
1.15105 1.14835 1.14560 1.14285 1.14015
1.14830 1.14555 1.14285 1.14010 1.13740
25 24 23 22 21
1.06150 1.05885 1.05625 1.05365 1.05100
1.06130 1.05870 1.05610 1.05350 1.05090
1.05980 1.05720 1.05465 1.05205 1.04950
1.05800 1.05545 1.05290 1.05035 1.04780
1.05605 1.05350 1.05100 1.04850 1.04600
90 89 88 87 86
1.23810 1.23545 1.23280 1.23015 1.22750
1.23775 1.23510 1.23245 1.22980 1.22710
1.23510 1.23245 1.22975 1.22710 1.22445
1.23200 1.22935 1.22665 1.22400 1.22135
1.22890 1.22625 1.22360 1.22095 1.21830
55 54 53 52 51
1.14260 1.13980 1.13705 1.13425 1.13150
1.14230 1.13955 1.13680 1.13400 1.13125
1.14005 1.13730 1.13455 1.13180 1.12905
1.13740 1.13465 1.13195 1.12920 1.12650
1.13470 1.13195 1.12925 1.12650 1.12380
20 19 18 17 16
1.04840 1.04590 1.04335 1.04085 1.03835
1.04825 1.04575 1.04325 1.04075 1.03825
1.04690 1.04440 1.04195 1.03945 1.03695
1.04525 1.04280 1.04035 1.03790 1.03545
1.04350 1.04105 1.03860 1.03615 1.03370
85 84 83 82 81
1.22485 1.22220 1.21955 1.21690 1.21425
1.22445 1.22180 1.21915 1.21650 1.21385
1.22180 1.21915 1.21650 1.21380 1.21115
1.21870 1.21605 1.21340 1.21075 1.20810
1.21565 1.21300 1.21035 1.20770 1.20505
50 49 48 47 46
1.12870 1.12600 1.12325 1.12055 1.11780
1.12845 1.12575 1.12305 1.12030 1.11760
1.12630 1.12360 1.12090 1.11820 1.11550
1.12375 1.12110 1.11840 1.11575 1.11310
1.12110 1.11845 1.11580 1.11320 1.11055
15 14 13 12 11
1.03580 1.03330 1.03080 1.02830 1.02575
1.03570 1.03320 1.03070 1.02820 1.02565
1.03450 1.03200 1.02955 1.02705 1.02455
1.03300 1.03055 1.02805 1.02560 1.02315
1.03130 1.02885 1.02640 1.02395 1.02150
80 79 78 77 76
1.21160 1.20885 1.20610 1.20335 1.20060
1.21120 1.20845 1.20570 1.20300 1.20025
1.20850 1.20575 1.20305 1.20030 1.19760
1.20545 1.20275 1.20005 1.19735 1.19465
1.20240 1.19970 1.19705 1.19435 1.19170
45 44 43 42 41
1.11510 1.11235 1.10960 1.10690 1.10415
1.11490 1.11215 1.10945 1.10670 1.10400
1.11280 1.11010 1.10740 1.10470 1.10200
1.11040 1.10775 1.10510 1.10240 1.09975
1.10795 1.10530 1.10265 1.10005 1.09740
10 9 8 7 6
1.02325 1.02085 1.01840 1.01600 1.01360
1.02315 1.02075 1.01835 1.01590 1.01350
1.02210 1.01970 1.01730 1.01495 1.01255
1.02070 1.01835 1.01600 1.01360 1.01125
1.01905 1.01670 1.01440 1.01205 1.00970
75 74 73 72 71
1.19785 1.19510 1.19235 1.18965 1.18690
1.19750 1.19480 1.19205 1.18930 1.18655
1.19485 1.19215 1.18940 1.18670 1.18395
1.19195 1.18925 1.18650 1.18380 1.18110
1.18900 1.18635 1.18365 1.18100 1.17830
40 39 38 37 36
1.10145 1.09875 1.09605 1.09340 1.09070
1.10130 1.09860 1.09590 1.09320 1.09050
1.09930 1.09665 1.09400 1.09135 1.08865
1.09710 1.09445 1.09180 1.08915 1.08655
1.09475 1.09215 1.08955 1.08690 1.08430
5 4 3 2 1
1.01120 1.00875 1.00635 1.00395 1.00155
1.01110 1.00870 1.00630 1.00385 1.00145
1.01015 1.00780 1.00540 1.00300 1.00060
1.00890 1.00655 1.00415 1.00180 0.99945
1.00735 1.00505 1.00270 1.00035 0.99800
70 69 68 67 66
1.18415 1.18135 1.17860 1.17585 1.17305
1.18385 1.18105 1.17830 1.17555 1.17275
1.18125 1.17850 1.17575 1.17300 1.17025
1.17840 1.17565 1.17295 1.17020 1.16745
1.17565 1.17290 1.17020 1.16745 1.16470
35 34 33 32 31
1.08800 1.08530 1.08265 1.07995 1.07725
1.08780 1.08515 1.08245 1.07975 1.07705
1.08600 1.08335 1.08070 1.07800 1.07535
1.08390 1.08125 1.07860 1.07600 1.07335
1.08165 1.07905 1.07645 1.07380 1.07120
0
0.99913 0.99905 0.99823 0.99708 0.99568
*Bosart and Snoddy, Ind. Eng. Chem., 20, (1928): 1378.
TABLE 2-118
Hydrazine (N2H4)*
%
d 15 4
%
d 15 4
1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
1.0002 1.0013 1.0034 1.0077 1.0121 1.0164 1.0207 1.0248 1.0286
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1.0305 1.038 1.044 1.047 1.046 1.040 1.030 1.011
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 55.
15.5 °C
2-122
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-119
Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous Organic Compounds*
d, dw, and ds are the density of the solution, pure water, and pure liquid solute, respectively, all in g/mL. ps is the wt % solute. 0.03255 means 2.55 × 10−4. Section A Name
Formula
t, °C
Acetaldehyde Acetamide
C2H4O C2H5NO
Acetone
C3H6O
Acetonitrile Allyl alcohol Benzenepentacarboxylic acid Butyl alcohol (n-)
C2H3N C3H6O C11H6O10 C4H10O
Butyric acid (n-)
C4H8O2
Chloral hydrate
C2H3Cl3O2
Chloroacetic acid
C2H3ClO2
Citric acid (hydrate)
C6H3O7 + H2O
Dichloroacetic acid
C2H2Cl2O2
Diethylamine hydrochloride Ethylamine hydrochloride
C4H12ClN C2H8ClN
Ethylene glycol
C2H6O2
Ethyl ether tartrate Formaldehyde Formamide
C4H10O C8H14O6 CH2O CH3NO
Furfural Isoamyl alcohol
C5H4O2 C5H12O
Isobutyl alcohol
C4H10O
Isobutyric acid
C4H8O2
Isovaleric acid Lactic acid Maleic acid
C5H10O2 C3H6O C4H4O4
Malic acid
C4H6O5
Malonic acid Methyl acetate
C3H4O4 C3H6O2
glucoside (α-)
C7H14O6
Nicotine Nitrophenol (p-)
C10H14N2 C6H5NO3
Oxalic acid
C2H2O4
Phenol
C6H6O
Phenylglycolic acid Picoline (α-) (β-)
C8H8O3 C6H7N C6H7N
Propionic acid
C3H6O2
Pyridine Resorcinol Succinic acid
C5H5N C6H6O2 C4H6O4
Tartaric acid (d, l, or dl)
C4H6O6
*From International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 111–114.
18 15 0 4 15 20 25 15 0 25 20 18 25 0 15 30 20 25 18 20 25 21 21 0 15 20 25 15 15 25 20 25 20 15 20 15 18 25 25 25 25 20 25 20 20 0 30 20 15 0 15 17.5 20 25 15 80 25 25 25 18 25 25 18 25 15 17.5 20 30 40 50 60
d = d w + Aps + Bp s2 + Cp3s Range, ps
A
B
0– 30 0– 6 0–100 0–100 0–100 0–100 0–100 0– 16 0– 89 0– 0.6 0– 7.9 0– 10 0– 62 0– 70 0– 78 0– 90 0– 32 0– 86 0– 50 0– 30 0– 97 0– 36 0– 65 0–100 0– 6 0– 5 0– 4.5 0– 95 0– 40 22– 96 0– 8 0– 8 0– 2.5 0– 8 0– 8 0– 9 0– 9 0– 12 0– 5 0– 9 0– 40 0– 40 0– 40 0– 40 0– 20 26– 51 26– 51 0– 60 0– 1.5 0– 4 0– 4 0– 9 0– 4 0– 4 0– 5 0– 65 0– 11 0– 70 0– 60 0– 10 0– 40 0– 60 0– 52 0– 5.5 0– 15 0– 50 0– 50 0– 50 0– 50 0– 50 0– 50
+0.03255 +0.03639 −0.03856 −0.027648 −0.021009 −0.021233 −0.021171 −0.021175 −0.033729 +0.025615 −0.021651 +0.03414 +0.035135 +0.024489 +0.024455 +0.024401 +0.023648 +0.023602 +0.023824 +0.024427 +0.024427 +0.0334 +0.021193 +0.021483 +0.02133 −0.02221 −0.02221 +0.022367 +0.022518 +0.021217 +0.021827 +0.021664 +0.02155 −0.02146 −0.02169 +0.0352 +0.0345 +0.0337 +0.03253 +0.02231 +0.0234 +0.023933 +0.023736 +0.02389 +0.0340 +0.023336 +0.023151 +0.03642 +0.023216 +0.025898 +0.02494 +0.02494 +0.025264 +0.025108 +0.02111 +0.03462 +0.02207 −0.04386 −0.04683 +0.0395 +0.039245 +0.03229 +0.02201 +0.02304 +0.024482 +0.024455 +0.024432 +0.024335 +0.024265 +0.024205 +0.024155
−0.0516 +0.04171 −0.05449 −0.041193 −0.059682 −0.053529 −0.05904 −0.042024 −0.041232 −0.02117 +0.04285 +0.04131 −0.04166 +0.042802 +0.042198 +0.041887 +0.05302 +0.05552 +0.041141 +0.05537 +0.05537 +0.0676 −0.05307 +0.052992 −0.05108 +0.0448 +0.0435 +0.05358 −0.05658 +0.053199 +0.05366 +0.0421 +0.043 +0.056 +0.0438
−0.04282 +0.05186 +0.0575 +0.05957 +0.04175 +0.041066 −0.0574 +0.05996 +0.05975 +0.05454 −0.0455 −0.033185 −0.058 −0.058 −0.031996 −0.031607 −0.04283 −0.0686 +0.0423 −0.051405 −0.0513 −0.04172 −0.0599 −0.05204 +0.05519 +0.04185 +0.04185 +0.041837 +0.04185 +0.04185 +0.04185 +0.04185
C
−0.07588 +0.08272 −0.08624 −0.075327 −0.0856 +0.072984
+0.0611 −0.071291 +0.074366 +0.076549 +0.0722 +0.0717 +0.077534 +0.077534 −0.0747 −0.075248
−0.076005 +0.06542 −0.072529
+0.01544 +0.08978 −0.07687 +0.0441 +0.04254 +0.04208
−0.074167 +0.07361 −0.0828 −0.0819
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS TABLE 2-119
Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous Organic Compounds (Concluded) d = d w + Aps + Bp s2 + Cp3s (Cont.)
Section A Name
t, °C
Formula
Tetraethyl ammonium chloride Thiourea
C8H20ClN CH4N2S
Trichloroacetic acid
C2HCl3O2
Triethylamine hydrochloride
C6H16ClN
Trimethyl carbinol
C4H10O
Urea
CH4N2O
Urethane Valeric acid (n-)
C3H7NO2 C5H10O2
21 15 12.5 20 25 21 20 25 14.8 18 20 25 20 25
Section B Name
Formula
Butyl alcohol (n-) Butyric acid (n-) Ethyl ether
C4H10O C4H8O2 C4H10O
Isobutyl alcohol
C4H10O
Isobutyric acid Nicotine Picoline (α-) (β-) Pyridine Trimethyl carbinol
C4H8O2 C10H14N2 C6H7N C6H7N C5H5N C4H10O
C3H6O C4H10O
Chloral hydrate
C2H3Cl3O2
Ethyl tartrate
C7H14O6
Furfural
C5H4O2
Pyridine
C5H5N
A
B
C
0–63 0–7 0–61 10–30 0–94 0–54 0–100 0–100 0–12 0–51 0–35 0–10 0–56 0–3
+0.031884 +0.022995 +0.02499 +0.025053 +0.025051 +0.046 −0.02117 −0.021286 +0.023213 +0.022718 +0.022702 +0.022728 +0.021278 +0.0334
+0.056 +0.05374 +0.04153 +0.041387 +0.056119 +0.05558 −0.041908 −0.04176 −0.044802 +0.051552 +0.053712 −0.041817 −0.05245 −0.0427
+0.07122
t, °C
Range, pw
A
B
20 25 25 0 15 26 20 25 25 25 20
0–20 0–38 0– 1.1 0–14 0–16 0–80 0–40 0–30 0–40 0–40 0–20
+0.022103 +0.021854 +0.0234 +0.022437 +0.02224 +0.021808 +0.02199 +0.022715 +0.021925 +0.021157 +0.022287
−0.04113 −0.042314 +0.0336 −0.04285 −0.04129 −0.042358 −0.04331 −0.04393 −0.04352 −0.05536 +0.05275
+0.061038 −0.0869 +0.07957 +0.07887 +0.051216 +0.072573 −0.072285 +0.051379 −0.073437
d = ds + Apw + Bp 2w + Cp 3w
ds
C
+0.061253 +0.07315 +0.0625 −0.062
dt = do + At + Bt2
ps
do
Range, °C
A
B
76.60 80.95 2.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 25.00 4.62 5.69 6.56 9.34 21.20 29.50 40.40
0.9122 0.8614 1.0094 1.0476 1.0150 1.0270 1.0665 1.0125 1.0140 1.0155 1.0055 1.0115 1.0145 1.0182
0–45 0–43 7–80 7–80 15–80 15–80 15–80 22–74 22–74 22–74 11–73 14–73 12–72 9–74
−0.038 −0.037292 −0.042597 −0.047955 −0.032103 −0.032116 −0.03401 −0.03232 −0.03221 −0.03211 −0.03171 −0.03378 −0.03463 −0.03605
−0.0527 −0.0675 −0.054313 −0.054253 −0.052544 −0.062929 −0.0523 −0.05254 −0.05268 −0.05290 −0.053615 −0.05248 −0.05235 −0.05167
Formula
Allyl alcohol Butyl alcohol (n-)
Range, ps
0.8097 0.9534 0.7077 0.8170 0.8055 0.9425 1.0093 0.9404 0.9515 0.9776 0.7856 Section C
Name
2-123
2-124
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
DENSITIES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS TABLE 2-120
Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids*
Water at 4 °C and normal atmospheric pressure taken as unity. For more detailed data on any material, see the section dealing with the properties of that material.
Sp. gr.
Aver. density lb/ft 3
Sp. gr.
Aver. density lb/ft 3
2.55–2.80 7.7 8.4–8.7 7.4–8.9 8.88
165 481 534 509 554
Timber, Air-dry Apple Ash, black white Birch, sweet, yellow Cedar, white, red
0.66–0.74 0.55 0.64–0.71 0.71–0.72 0.35
44 34 42 44 22
Copper, cast-rolled ore, pyrites German silver Gold, cast-hammered coin (U.S.)
8.8–8.95 4.1–4.3 8.58 19.25–19.35 17.18–17.2
556 262 536 1205 1073
Cherry, wild red Chestnut Cypress Elm, white Fir, Douglas
0.43 0.48 0.45–0.48 0.56 0.48–0.55
27 30 29 35 32
Iridium Iron, gray cast cast, pig wrought spiegeleisen
21.78–22.42 7.03–7.13 7.2 7.6–7.9 7.5
1383 442 450 485 468
balsam Hemlock Hickory Locust Mahogany
0.40 0.45–0.50 0.74–0.80 0.67–0.77 0.56–0.85
25 29 48 45 44
ferro-silicon ore, hematite ore, limonite ore, magnetite slag
6.7–7.3 5.2 3.6–4.0 4.9–5.2 2.5–3.0
437 325 237 315 172
Maple, sugar white Oak, chestnut live red, black
0.68 0.53 0.74 0.87 0.64–0.71
43 33 46 54 42
Lead ore, galena Manganese ore, pyrolusite Mercury
11.34 7.3–7.6 7.42 3.7–4.6 13.6
710 465 475 259 849
white Pine, Norway Oregon red Southern white
0.77 0.55 0.51 0.48 0.61–0.67 0.43
48 34 32 30 38–42 27
8.97 8.9 21.5 10.4–10.6 7.83 7.80 7.70–7.73 7.2–7.5 6.4–7.0 19.22
555 537 1330 656 489 487 481 459 418 1200
Poplar Redwood, California Spruce, white, red Teak, African Indian Walnut, black Willow
0.43 0.42 0.45 0.99 0.66–0.88 0.59 0.42–0.50
27 26 28 62 48 37 28
6.9–7.2 3.9–4.2
440 253
Various Solids Cereals, oats, bulk barley, bulk corn, rye, bulk wheat, bulk Cork
Various Liquids Alcohol, ethyl (100%) methyl (100%) Acid, muriatic, 40% nitric, 91% sulfuric, 87%
0.789 0.796 1.20 1.50 1.80
49 50 75 94 112
0.51 0.62 0.73 0.77 0.22–0.26
26 39 45 48 15
Chloroform Ether Lye, soda, 66% Oils, vegetable mineral, lubricants
1.500 0.736 1.70 0.91–0.94 0.88–0.94
95 46 106 58 57
Cotton, flax, hemp Fats Flour, loose pressed Glass, common
1.47–1.50 0.90–0.97 0.40–0.50 0.70–0.80 2.40–2.80
93 58 28 47 162
0.861–0.867 1.0 0.9584 0.88–0.92 0.125
54 62.428 59.830 56 8
plate or crown crystal dint Hay and straw, bales Leather
2.45–2.72 2.90–3.00 3.2–4.7 0.32 0.86–1.02
161 184 247 20 59
Paper Potatoes, piled Rubber, caoutchouc goods Salt, granulated, piled
0.70–1.15 0.67 0.92–0.96 1.0–2.0 0.77
58 44 59 94 48
Saltpeter Starch Sulfur Wool
1.07 1.53 1.93–2.07 1.32
67 96 125 82
Substance Metals, Alloys, Ores Aluminum, cast-hammered bronze Brass, cast-rolled Bronze, 7.9 to 14% Sn phosphor
Monel metal, rolled Nickel Platinum, cast-hammered Silver, cast-hammered Steel, cold-drawn machine tool Tin, cast-hammered cassiterite Tungsten Zinc, cast-rolled blende
Substance
Turpentine Water, 4°C max. density 100°C ice snow, fresh fallen sea water
1.02–1.03
64
Ashlar Masonry Bluestone Granite, syenite, gneiss Limestone Marble Sandstone
2.3–2.6 2.4–2.7 2.1–2.8 2.4–2.8 2.0–2.6
153 159 153 162 143
Rubble Masonry Bluestone Granite, syenite, gneiss Limestone Marble Sandstone
2.2–2.5 2.3–2.6 2.0–2.7 2.3–2.7 1.9–2.5
147 153 147 156 137
*From Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1996.
Sp. gr.
Aver. density lb/ft 3
Dry Rubble Masonry Granite, syenite, gneiss Limestone, marble Sandstone, bluestone
1.9–2.3 1.9–2.1 1.8–1.9
130 125 110
Brick Masonry Hard brick Medium brick Soft brick Sand-lime brick
1.8–2.3 1.6–2.0 1.4–1.9 1.4–2.2
128 112 103 112
Concrete Masonry Cement, stone, sand slag, etc. cinder, etc.
2.2–2.4 1.9–2.3 1.5–1.7
144 130 100
0.64–0.72 1.5 0.85–1.00 1.4–1.9 2.08–2.25
40–45 94 53–64 103 94–135
Portland cement Slags, bank slag bank screenings machine slag slag sand
3.1–3.2 1.1–1.2 1.5–1.9 1.5 0.8–0.9
196 67–72 98–117 96 49–55
Earth, etc., Excavated Clay, dry damp plastic and gravel, dry Earth, dry, loose dry, packed moist, loose moist, packed mud, flowing mud, packed Riprap, limestone
1.0 1.76 1.6 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.3–1.4
63 110 100 76 95 78 96 108 115 80–85
1.4 1.7 1.4–1.7 1.6–1.9 1.89–2.16
90 105 90–105 100–120 126
1.28 1.44 0.96 1.00 1.12 1.00
80 90 60 65 70 65
Asbestos Barytes Basait Bauxite Bluestone
2.1–2.8 4.50 2.7–3.2 2.55 2.5–2.6
153 281 184 159 159
Borax Chalk Clay, marl Dolomite Feldspar, orthoclase
1.7–1.8 1.8–2.8 1.8–2.6 2.9 2.5–2.7
109 143 137 181 162
Gneiss Granite Greenstone, trap Gypsum, alabaster Hornblende Limestone Marble Magnesite Phosphate rock, apatite Porphyry
2.7–2.9 2.6–2.7 2.8–3.2 2.3–2.8 3.0 2.1–2.86 2.6–2.86 3.0 3.2 2.6–2.9
175 165 187 159 187 155 170 187 200 172
Substance
Various Building Materials Ashes, cinders Cement, Portland, loose Lime, gypsum, loose Mortar, lime, set Portland cement
Riprap, sandstone Riprap, shale Sand, gravel, dry, loose gravel, dry, packed gravel, wet Excavations in Water Clay River mud Sand or gravel and clay Soil Stone riprap Minerals
SOLUBILITIES TABLE 2-120
2-125
Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids (Concluded)
Water at 4°C and normal atmospheric pressure taken as unity. For more detailed data on any material, see the section dealing with the properties of that material.
Substance
Substance
0.37–0.90 2.5–2.8 2.0–2.6 2.7–2.8 2.6–2.9
40 165 143 171 172
Bituminous Substances Asphaltum Coal, anthracite bituminous lignite peat, turf, dry
1.1–1.5 1.4–1.8 1.2–1.5 1.1–1.4 0.65–0.85
81 97 84 78 47
2.6–2.8 2.6–2.7
169 165
1.5 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.5
96 107 95 82 92
charcoal, pine charcoal, oak coke Graphite Paraffin
0.28–0.44 0.47–0.57 1.0–1.4 1.64–2.7 0.87–0.91
23 33 75 135 56
Sp. gr.
Minerals (Cont.) Pumice, natural Quartz, flint Sandstone Serpentine Shale, slate Soapstone, talc Syenite Stone, Quarried, Piled Basalt, granite, gneiss Greenstone, hornblende Limestone, marble, quartz Sandstone Shale NOTE:
Aver. density lb/ft3
Sp. gr.
Aver. density lb/ft 3
Substance
Sp. gr.
Aver. density lb/ft3
Bituminous Substances (Cont.) Petroleum refined (kerosene) benzine gasoline Pitch Tar, bituminous
0.87 0.78–0.82 0.73–0.75 0.70–0.75 1.07–1.15 1.20
54 50 46 45 69 75
Coal and Coke, Piled Coal, anthracite bituminous, lignite peat, turf charcoal coke
0.75–0.93 0.64–0.87 0.32–0.42 0.16–0.23 0.37–0.51
47–58 40–54 20–26 10–14 23–32
To convert pounds per cubic foot to kilograms per cubic meter, multiply by 16.02. °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32.
TABLE 2-121
Density (kg/m3) of Selected Elements as a Function of Temperature Element symbol
Temperature, K*
Al
Be†
Cr
Cu
Au
Ir
Fe
Pb
Mo
Ni
Pt
Ag
Zn†
50 100 150 200 250
2736 2732 2726 2719 2710
3650 3640 3630 3620 3610
7160 7155 7150 7145 7140
9019 9009 8992 8973 8951
19,490 19,460 19,420 19,380 19,340
22,600 22,580 22,560 22,540 22,520
7910 7900 7890 7880 7870
11,570 11,520 11,470 11,430 11,380
10,260 10,260 10,250 10,250 10,250
8960 8950 8940 8930 8910
21,570 21,550 21,530 21,500 21,470
10,620 10,600 10,575 10,550 10,520
7280 7260 7230 7200 7170
300 400 500 600 800
2701 2681 2661 2639 2591
3600 3580 3555 3530
7135 7120 7110 7080 7040
8930 8885 8837 8787 8686
19,300 19,210 19,130 19,040 18,860
22,500 22,450 22,410 22,360 22,250
7860 7830 7800 7760 7690
11,330 11,230 11,130 11,010 10,430
10,240 10,220 10,210 10,190 10,160
8900 8860 8820 8780 8690
21,450 21,380 21,330 21,270 21,140
10,490 10,430 10,360 10,300 10,160
7135 7070 7000 6935 6430
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
2365 2305 2255
7000 6945 6890 6760 6700
8568 8458 7920 7750 7600
18,660 18,440 17,230 16,950
22,140 22,030 21,920 21,790 21,660
7650 7620 7520 7420 7320
10,190 9,940
10,120 10,080 10,040 10,000 9,950
8610 8510 8410 8320 7690
21,010 20,870 20,720 20,570 20,400
10,010 9,850 9,170 8,980
6260
21,510
7030
9,900
7450
20,220
2000
7460
NOTE:
Above the horizontal line the condensed phase is solid; below the line, it is liquid. *°R = 9⁄ 5 K. †Polycrystalline form tabulated. Similar tables for an additional 45 elements appear in the Handbook of Heat Transfer, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.
SOLUBILITIES UNITS CONVERSIONS For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32. To convert cubic centimeters to cubic feet, multiply by 3.532 × 10−5. To convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 0.01934.
To convert grams per liter to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 6.243 × 10−2. A database containing solubilities originally published in the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)-National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Solubility Data Series is now available at no cost online at http://srdata.nist.gov/solubility.
2-126
TABLE 2-122
Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures*
This table shows the grams of anhydrous substance that are soluble in 100 g of water at the temperature in degrees Celsius as indicated; when the name is followed by †, the value is expressed in grams of substance in 100 cm3 of saturated solution. Solid phase gives the hydrated form in equilibrium with the saturated solution. Solid phase
Substance
Formula
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Aluminum chloride sulfate Ammonium aluminum sulfate bicarbonate bromide chloride chloroplatinate chromate chromium sulfate dichromate dihydrogen phosphite hydrogen phosphate iodide magnesium phosphate manganese phosphate nitrate oxalate perchlorate† persulfate sulfate thiocyanate vanadate (meta) Antimonious fluoride sulfide Arsenic oxide Arsenious sulfide
AlCl3 Al2(SO4)3 (NH4)2Al2(SO4)4 NH4HCO3 NH4Br NH4Cl (NH4)2PtCl6 (NH4)2CrO4 (NH4)2Cr2(SO4)4 (NH4)2Cr2O7 NH4H2PO3 (NH4)2HPO4 NH4I NH4MgPO4 NH4MnPO4 NH4NO3 (NH4)2C2O4 NH4ClO4† (NH4)2S2O8 (NH4)2SO4 NH4CNS NH4VO3 SbF3 Sb2S3 As2O5 As2S3
27 28 29
Barium acetate acetate carbonate
Ba(C2H3O2)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 BaCO3
3H2O 1H2O
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
chlorate chloride chromate hydroxide iodide iodide nitrate nitrite oxalate
Ba(ClO3)2 BaCl2 BaCrO4 Ba(OH)2 BaI2 BaI2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba(NO2)2 BaC2O4
1H2O 2H2O
3H2O
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
perchlorate sulfate Beryllium sulfate sulfate sulfate Boric acid Boron oxide Bromine Cadmium chloride chloride chloride cyanide hydroxide
Ba(ClO4)2 BaSO4 BeSO4 BeSO4 BeSO4 H3BO3 B2O3 Br2 CdCl2 CdCl2 CdCl2 Cd(CN)2 Cd(OH)2
52 53 54
sulfate Calcium acetate acetate
CdSO4 Ca(C2H3O2)2 Ca(C2H3O2)2
6H2O 18H2O 24H2O
0 °C 31.2 2.1 11.9 60.6 29.4
10 °C 33.5 4.99 15.8 68 33.3 0.7
10.7825°
24II2O 171 6H2O 7H2O 1H2O
154.2 0.023 118.3 2.2 11.56 58.2 70.6 119.8
163.2
3.1 73.0 144
384.7
8H2O 6H2O 2H2O
20 °C 69.8615° 36.4 7.74 21 75.5 37.2
59.5 5.17 × 10−5 at 18° 59
62.1 63 0.00168°
20.34 31.6 0.0002 1.67 170.2 5.0
1H2O
26.95 33.3 0.00028 2.48 185.7 7.0 0.00168°
205.8 1.15 × 10−4
2.0 × 10−4
19014.5° 13115 172.3 0.052 0 192 4.4 20.85 75.4 170 0.48 444.7 0.00017518° 65.8
4H2O 2aH2O 1H2O
2H2O 1H2O
76.48 37.4
40.4 10.94 27 83.2 41.4
40 °C
50 °C
60 °C
70 °C
80 °C
90 °C
100 °C
46.1 14.88
52.2 20.10
59.2 26.70
66.1
73.0
80.8
89.0 109.796°
91.1 45.8
99.2 50.4
107.8 55.2
116.8 60.2
126 65.6
135.6 71.3
145.6 77.3 1.25
190.5 0.036 0 297.0 8.0 30.58
199.6 0.030
208.9 0.040 0 421.0
218.7 0.016 0.005 499.0
228.8 0.019 0.007 580.0
40.4 47.17 26031° 181.4 241.8 5.9 78.0 207.7 0.84 563.6
81.0
69.5
71.2
1.32
344.0 10.3
39.05
740.0
48.19
88.0 1.78
250.3 871.0 57.01
95.3
103.3
75.1
76.7
3.05 73.0
71 0.002218° 33.80 35.7 0.00037 3.89 203.1 9.2 67.5 0.002218° 289.1 2.4 × 10−4
6H2O 4H2O 2H2O 2.66 1.1 4.22 97.59 90.01
30 °C
3.57 1.5 3.4 125.1
5.04 2.2 3.20
135.1
134.5 1.715°
75 0.0024 at 24.2° 41.70 38.2 0.00046 5.59 219.6 11.6
79
77
74
74
49.61 40.7
43.6
66.81 46.4
49.4
8.22
13.12
231.9 14.2
17.1
358.7
426.3
20.94
75 84.84 52.4
104.9 58.8
101.4
247.3 20.3
261.0 27.0 205.8
271.7 34.2 300
0.0024 at 24.2° 2.85 × 10−4 52 43.78 6.60
495.2
562.3
60.67 46.74 8.72 4.0
62 11.54
14.81 6.2
16.73
84.76 23.75 9.5
83 98 30.38
100 110 40.25 15.7
3.13 132.1
76.00 36.0
76.60 34.7
135.3
136.5
140.4
147.0
2.6 × 10−4 at 25° 33.8
78.54 33.2
83.68 32.7
63.13
60.77
31.1
29.7
33.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Calcium bicarbonate chloride chloride fluoride hydroxide nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrite nitrite oxalate
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCl2 CaCl2 CaF2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO2)2 Ca(NO2)2 CaC2O4
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
sulfate Carbon dioxide, 760 mm ‡ monoxide, 760 mm ‡ Cesium chloride nitrate sulfate Chlorine, 760 mm ‡ Chromic anhydride Cuprio chloride nitrate nitrate sulfate sulfide
CaSO4 CO2 CO CsCl CsNO3 Cs2SO4 Cl2 CrO3 CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 CuS
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
Cuprous chloride Ferric chloride Ferrous chloride chloride nitrate sulfate sulfate Hydrobromic acid, 760 mm Hydrochloric acid, 760 mm Iodine Lead acetate bromide carbonate chloride chromate fluoride nitrate sulfate Magnesium bromide chloride hydroxide nitrate sulfate sulfate sulfate Manganous sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfate Mercurous chloride Molybdic oxide Nickel chloride nitrate nitrate sulfate sulfate Nitric oxide, 760 mm Nitrous oxide
CuCl FeCl3 FeCl2 FeCl2 Fe(NO3)2 FeSO4 FeSO4 HBr HCl I2 Pb(C2H3O2)2 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbCrO4 PbF2 Pb(NO3)2 PbSO4 MgBr2 MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4 MgSO4 MgSO4 MnSO4 MnSO4 MnSO4 MnSO4 HgCl MoO3 NiCl2 Ni(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 NiSO4 NO N2O
6H2O 2H2O 4H2O 3H2O
16.15 59.5 0.185 102.0
65.0 0.176 115.3
16.60 74.5 0.001618° 0.165 129.3
17.05
17.50
17.95
18.40
102 0.001726° 0.153 152.6
136.8 0.141 195.9 237.5
0.128
0.116
141.7 0.106
147.0 0.094
152.7 0.085
62.07
2H2O
0.1759 0.3346 0.0044 161.4 9.33 167.1 1.46 164.9 70.7 81.8
2H2O 6H2O 3H2O 5H2O
363.6
76.68 6.7 × 10−4 at 13° 0.1928 0.2318 0.0035 174.7 14.9 173.1 0.980 73.76 95.28
14.3
17.4
74.4
81.9 64.5
4H2O
6.8 × 10−4 at 25° 0.1688 0.0028 186.5 23.0 178.7 0.716 77.0 125.1 20.7 3.3 × 10−5 at 18° 1.5225° 91.8
9.5 × 10−4 at 50° 0.2090 0.1257 0.0024 197.3 33.9 184.1 0.562
132.6
80.34
14 × 10−4 at 95° 0.2097 0.0973 0.0021 208.0 47.2 189.9 0.451 174.0 83.8
25
159.8 28.5
33.3
77.3
315.1 82.5
73.0
0.0761 0.0018 218.5 64.4 194.9 0.386 182.1 87.44
0.2047 0.0576 0.0015 229.7 83.8 199.9 0.324
151.9
244.8
0.1966 0.0013 239.5 107.0 205.0 0.274
0.0010 250.0 134.0 210.3 0.219
91.2
99.2
178.8 40
207.8 55
88.7
525.8 100
0.0006 260.1 163.0 214.9 0.125 217.5
71.02 15.65
20.51
83.8 26.5
535.7
210.3
3H2O 0.4554 0.6728
6H2O 6H2O 6H2O 7H2O 6H2O 1H2O 7H2O 5H2O 4H2O 1H2O
38.8 0.0028 91.0 52.8
0.060 48.3 0.0035 94.5 53.5
40.2
67.3 0.04 55.0425° 1.15
63.3 0.056
171.5 59.6 0.078
0.85 0.00011 0.99 7 × 10−6 0.064 56.5 0.0041 96.5 54.5 0.000918°
1.53
1.94
2.36
3.34
4.75
1.20
1.45
1.70
1.98
2.62
3.34
0.068 66 0.0049 99.2
66.55 40.8 53.23
30.9 42.2 60.01 59.5
0.00014 2H2O 6H2O 6H2O 3H2O 7H2O 6H2O
32.9
198 0.029
53.9 79.58
59.5
35.5 44.5
40.8 45.3
62.9 64.5
67.76 66.44
0.0002 0.138 64.2 96.31
48.6
0.264 68.9
75 0.0056 101.6 57.5
0.00984
32 0.00757 0.1705
43.6
130
85
95
104.1
107.5 61.0
115
0.0007 0.476 73.3 122.2
38.8
113.7 66.0
84.74 45.6
68.8
37.3
56.1
120.2 73.0 137.0
50.4
53.5
59.5
64.2 62.9
69.0
74.0 68.3
72.6 58.17
55.0
52.0
48.0
42.5
34.0
0.687 78.3
1.206 82.2
2.055 85.2
163.1 27.22
105.8
165.6 50.9
221.2 82.3
0.1619 0 0 270.5 197.0 220.3 0 206.8 107.9 75.4
105.3 6H2O 7H2O 1H2O
0.077
281.5 358.7
4H2O 2H2O
159
2.106 87.6
169.1
235.1
42.46 0.00618 0.1211
0.00517
0.00440
50.15 0.00376
54.80 0.00324
59.44 0.00267
63.17 0.00199
0.00114
76.7 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
2-127
*By N. A. Lange; abridged from “Table of Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures” in Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961 (except for NaCl, which is from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th ed., CRC Press, 2005). For tables of the solubility of gases in water at various temperatures, Atack (Handbook of Chemical Data, Reinhold, New York, 1957) gives values at closer temperature intervals, usually 1 or 5 °C, than are tabulated here. For materials marked by ‡, additional data are given in tables subsequent to this one. For the solubility of various hydrocarbons in water at high pressures see J. Chem. Eng. Data, 4, 212 (1959).
2-128
TABLE 2-122
Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures (Continued)
Substance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
Potassium acetate acetate alum bicarbonate bisulfate bitartrate carbonate chlorate chloride chromate dichromate ferricyanide hydroxide hydroxide nitrate nitrite perchlorate permanganate persulfate† sulfate thiocyanate Silver cyanide nitrate sulfate Sodium acetate acetate bicarbonate carbonate carbonate chlorate chloride chromate chromate chromate dichromate dichromate dihydrogen phosphate dihydrogen phosphate dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen arsenate hydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate hydroxide hydroxide hydroxide hydroxide nitrate nitrite oxalate phosphate, tripyrophosphate sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfide sulfide sulfide sulfite sulfite tetraborate tetraborate vanadate (meta)
Formula KC2H3O2 KC2H3O2 K2SO4⋅Al2(SO4)3 KHCO3 KHSO4 KHC4H4O6 K2CO3 KClO3 KCl K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 K3Fe(CN)6 KOH KOH KNO3 KNO2 KClO4 KMnO4 K2S2O8† K2SO4 KCNS AgCN AgNO3 Ag2SO4 NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 Na2CO3 NaClO8 NaCl Na2CrO4 Na2CrO4 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 Na2Cr2O7 NaH2PO4 NaH2PO4 NaH2PO4 Na2HAsO4 Na2HPO4 Na2HPO4 Na2HPO4 Na2HPO4 NaOH NaOH NaOH NaOH NaNO3 NaNO2 Na2C2O4 Na3PO4 Na4P2O7 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 Na2SO4 Na2S Na2S Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO3 Na2B4O7 Na2B4O7 NaVO8
Solid phase 1aH2O aH2O 24H2O
2H2O
2H2O 1H2O
†
3H2O 10H2O 1H2O 10H2O 4H2O
0 °C
10 °C
20 °C
216.7
233.9
255.6
3.0 22.4 36.3 0.32 105.5 3.3 27.6 58.2 5 31 97
4.0 27.7
5.9 33.2 51.4 0.53 110.5 7.4 34.0 61.7 12 43 112
0.40 108 5 31.0 60.0 7 36 103
13.3 278.8 0.75 2.83 1.62 7.35 177.0
20.9
122 0.573 36.3 119 6.9 7
170 0.695 40.8 121 8.15 12.5
31.6 298.4 1.80 6.4 4.49 11.11 217.5 2.2 × 10−5 222 0.796 46.5 123.5 9.6 21.5
79 35.65 31.70
89 35.72 50.17
101 35.89 88.7
2H2O
163.0
2H2O 1H2O
57.9
1.05 4.4 2.60 9.22
30 °C 283.8 8.39 39.1 0.90 113.7 10.5 37.0 63.4 20 50 126 45.8 2.6 9.0 7.19 12.97
40 °C
50 °C
60 °C
70 °C
80 °C
90 °C
337.3 17.00
350 24.75 60.0
364.8 40.0
380.1 71.0
396.3 109.0
1.83 121.2 19.3 42.6 66.8 34
2.46 126.8 24.5 45.5 68.6 43 66
100 °C
323.3 11.70 45.4 67.3 1.32 116.9 14 40.0 65.2 26 60 63.9 334.9 4.4 12.56 9.89 14.76
140 85.5
110.0
48.3 70.4 52
138
4.6 139.8 38.5 51.1 72.1 61
169
147.5 54.0 73.9 70
202
6.5 16.89
9 22.2
11.8
14.8
18
16.50
18.17
19.75
21.4
22.8
1.22
669 1.30
300 0.888 54.5 126 11.1 38.8 50.5 113 36.09
376 0.979 65.5 129.5 12.7
455 1.08 83 134 14.45
525 1.15 139 139.5 16.4
48.5 126 36.37
140 36.69
46.4 155 37.04
88.7
95.96
104
114.6
177.8
133.1
244.8
146
153
172 37.46
45.8 189 37.93
123.0 316.7
124.8 376.2
1.36 161
38.47
121.6 6.95 155.7 57 56.7 75.6 80 82.6104 178 246 412.8 21.8 24.1 952 1.41 170 45.5 230 38.99 125.9 426.3
12H2O 12H2O 7H2O 2H2O
69.9
85.2
106.5
138.2
15.5 3.6
26.5 7.7
37 20.8
47
158.6 7.3 1.67
179.3 65
190.3
207.3 85
225.3
82.9
88.1
92.4
102.9
246.6
51.8 80.2
102.2 4H2O 3aH2O 1H2O
42 51.5 109
119
129
145
174
104 98.4
114 104.1
124
313
12H2O 10H2O 10H2O 7H2O 9H2O 5aH2O 6H2O 7H2O
73 72.1
80 78.0
1.5 3.16 5.0 19.5
4.1 3.95 9.0 30
88 84.5 3.7 11 6.23 19.4 44
15.42
18.8
22.5
20
26.9
36
13.9
96 91.6 20 9.95 40.8
31 13.50
43 17.45
55 21.83
81 30.04
347 180 163.2 6.33 108 40.26
48.8 28.5
46.7
45.3
43.7
42.5
39.82 36.4
42.69 39.1
28.2 10.5
28.8 20.3
28 10H2O 5H2O 2H2O
1.3
1.6
2.7 15.325°
3.9 30.2
68.4
148 132.6
45.73 43.31
51.40 49.14
24.4
31.5
59.23 57.28
28.3 41
52.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
TABLE 2-122
Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures (Concluded)
Substance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Sodium vanadate (meta) Stannous chloride sulfate Strontium acetate acetate chloride chloride nitrate nitrate nitrate sulfate Sulfur dioxide, 760 mm† Thallium sulfate Thorium sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfate Zinc chlorate chlorate nitrate nitrate sulfate sulfate sulfate
Formula NaVO3 SnCl2 SnSO4 Sr(C2H3O2)2 Sr(C2H3O2)2 SrCl2 SrCl2 Sr(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 SrSO4 SO2 Tl2SO4 Th(SO4)2 Th(SO4)2 Th(SO4)2 Th(SO4)2 ZnClO3 ZnClO3 Zn(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4 ZnSO4 ZnSO4
Solid phase
0 °C
10 °C
9H2O 8H2O 6H2O 4H2O 6H2O 4H2O 6H2O 3H2O 7H2O 6H2O 1H2O
36.9 43.5
43.61 42.95 47.7
52.7 40.1 0.0113 22.83 2.70 0.74 1.0 1.50 145.0
30 °C
21.1025° 269.815° 19
83.9 4H2O aH2O 6H2O 2H2O 1H2O 4H2O
20 °C
41.6 52.9
40 °C
0.0114 11.29 4.87 1.38 1.62 1.90
60 °C
70 °C
80 °C
32.97
36.9
38.875°
36.24
36.10
85.9
90.5
90 °C
100 °C
18 39.5 58.7
65.3
64.0 70.5 16.21 3.70 0.98 1.25
50 °C
26.23
88.6 0.0114 7.81 6.16 1.995
37.35 72.4
81.8
83.8
97.2
90.1 5.41 2.998
4.5 9.21 5.22
4.04
2.54
2.45
36.4 130.4
100.8 139
93.8
96
98
100
10.92
12.74
14.61
16.53
18.45
6.64 1.63
1.09
86.6
83.7
80.8
152.5 200.3 118.3
94.78
209.2
223.2
273.1
206.9 41.9
47
54.4 70.1
76.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
2-129
2-130
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-123
Solubility as a Function of Temperature and Henry’s Constant at 25°C for Gases in Water
Name
Formula
A
Acetylene Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Methane Nitrogen Oxygen
C2H2 CO2 CO C2H6 C2H4 He H2 CH4 N2 O2
−156.51 −159.854 −171.764 −250.812 −153.027 −105.9768 −125.939 −338.217 −181.587 −171.2542
B 8,160.2 8,741.68 8,296.9 12,695.6 7,965.2 4,259.62 5,528.45 13,282.1 8,632.13 8,391.24
C
D
T range, K
H at 25 °C, atm
21.403 21.6694 23.3376 34.7413 20.5248 14.0094 16.8893 51.9144 24.7981 23.24323
0 −1.10261E-03 0 0 0 0 0 −0.0425831 0 0
274–343 273–353 273–353 275–323 287–346 273–348 273–345 273–523 273–350 273–333
1,330 1,635 58,000 29,400 11,726 142,900 70,800 39,200 84,600 43,400
The constants can be used to calculate solubility by the equation ln x = A + B/T + C ln T + DT, where T is in K and x is the mole fraction of the solute dissolved in water when the solute partial pressure is 1 atm. With the assumption that Henry’s law is valid up to 1 atm, H = 1/x. Values of the constants are from P. G. T. Fogg and W. Gerrard, Solubility of Gases in Liquids, Wiley, 1991, New York, and Solubility Data Series, vol. 1, Helium and Neon, IUPAC, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. For higher-temperature behavior and an up-to-date reference list, see R. Fernandez-Prini, J. L. Alvarez, and A. H. Harvey, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 32(2):903, 2003. To find H at temperatures other than 25 °C, first find the solubility and then take the reciprocal. TABLE 2-124 Henry’s Constant H for Various Compounds in Water at 25°C Compound
CAS no.
Formula
H, atm
Rating
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Octane Nonane
74828 74840 74986 106978 109660 111659 111842
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C8H18 C9H20
36,600 26,700 37,800 51,100 70,000 274,000 329,000
4 3 3 3 3 3 3
74851 115071
C2H4 C3H6
11,700 11,700
3 4
Olefins Ethylene Propylene Aromatics Benzene Toluene o-Xylene Cumene Phenol
Compound
CAS no.
Formula
H, atm
Rating
74873 75003 108907
CH3Cl C2H5Cl C6H5Cl
556 681 204
? 10 10
67561 64175 71238 71363
CH4O C2H6O C3H8O C4H10O
0.272 0.272 0.507 0.482
4 4 3 3
107131 75183 624920 74931 75081 110861
C3H3N C2H6S C2H6S2 CH4S C2H6S C5H5N
5.54 121 68.1 177 161 0.817
3 3 3 3 3 3
Chlorine Containing
Paraffin Hydrocarbons
71432 108883 95476 98828 108952
C6H6 C7H8 C8H10 C9H12 C6H6O
299 354 272 724 0.0394
10 10 10 9 7
Methyl chloride Chloroethane Chlorobenzene Alcohols Methanol Ethanol 1-Propanol 1-Butanol Miscellaneous Acrylonitrile Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Methyl mercaptan Ethyl mercaptan Pyridine
Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AIChE, the DIPPR Acetaldehyde 75,070 C2H4O 5.56 3 Environmental Safety Property Data and Estimations Streering Committee and Propanal 123,386 C3H6O 4.36 4 of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as T. N. Rogers, D. A. Zei, R. L. Rowley, W. V. Ketones Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, Methyl ethyl ketone 78,933 C4H8O 2.59 5 DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). Flammability limits are from B. Esters Lewis and G. Von Elbe, Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (1987). Flash point data are from N. I. Sax, Methyl formate 107313 C2H4O2 13.6 3 Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 6th ed, New York: Van Nostrand Ethyl formate 109944 C3H6O2 13.6 3 Reinhold (1984). Autoignition data are from I. Glassman, Combustion, 3d ed, Methyl acetate 79209 C3H6O2 5.04 3 New York: Academic Press (1996). The ratings reflect DIPPR® ESP’s effort to Butyl acetate 123864 C6H12O2 13.6 3 provide a critical evaluation and quality assessment of each data point with 15 being the highest score possible. The rating is not directly correlated with the estimated experimental uncertainty. The ratings reflect DIPPR Project 911’s effort to provide a critical evaluation and quality assessment of each data point, with 10 being the highest score possible. The rating is not directly correlated with the estimated experimental uncertainty. Henry’s constant is a strong nonlinear function of temperature. A single value measured at one temperature, if used for calculation at a different temperature, can lead to serious errors. Procedures for extrapolation of single-point values over the ambient temperature range (4°C < T < 50°C) are presented in Sec. 22, p. 22–49, under “Estimating Henry’s law constants.” Estimation procedures for the larger range (4°C < T < 200°C) are presented in F. L. Smith and A. H. Harvey, “Avoid Common Pitfalls When Using Henry’s Law,” Chem. Eng. Prog., 103(9), 2007. See also Y.-L. Huang, J. D. Olson, and G. E. Keller II, “Steam Stripping for Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water. 2. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, pp. 1759–1768, 1992. (Also see the Supplementary Material, which contains the databank of 404 compounds of environmental interest and other useful property data.). Aldehydes
The H in Tables 2-123 to 2-134 is the proportionality constant in Henry’s law, p = Hx, where x is the mole fraction of the solute in the aqueous liquid phase; p is the partial pressure in atm of the solute in the gas phase; and H is a proportionality constant, generally referred to as Henry’s constant. Values of H often have considerable uncertainty and are strong functions of temperature. To convert values of H at 25°C from atm to atm/(mol/m3), divide by the molar density of water at 25°C, which is 55,342 mol/m3. Henry’s law is valid only for dilute solutions.
Additional values of Henry’s constant can be found in “Environmental Simulation Program”: OLI Systems, Inc., Morris Plains, N.J; “Estimated Henry’s Law Constant,” EPA Online Tools for Site Assessment Calculation (http://www.epa.gov/athens/learn2model/part-two/onsite/ esthenry.htm); “Compilation of Henry’s Law Constants for Inorganic and Organic Species of Potential Importance in Environmental Chemistry,” Rolf Sander, Air Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute of Chemistry, Mainz, Germany; “Modeling Atmospheric Chemistry: Interactions between Gas-Phase Species and Liquid Cloud/Aerosol Particles,” Rolf Sander, Surv. Geophys. 20:1–31, 1999 (http://www.henrys-law.org).
SOLUBILITIES TABLE 2-125 Henry’s Constant H for Various Compounds in Water at 25 °C from Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients
TABLE 2-126
Compound
CAS no.
Formula
H = ∞Pvp, atm
Pentane Hexane Heptane Benzene Toluene o-Xylene Cumene Styrene Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propanal Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl n-propyl ketone Formic acid Methyl acetate Ethyl acetate Butyl acetate Chloroethane 1-Chloropropane Chlorobenzene Methanol Ethanol Pyridine Diethyl ether Thiophene
109660 1100543 142825 71432 108883 95476 98,828 100425 50000 75070 123386 67641 78933 107879 64186 79209 141786 123864 75003 74986 108907 67561 64175 110861 60297 110021
C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C6H6 C7H8 C8H10 C9H12 C8H8 CH2O C2H4O C3H6O C3H6O C4H8O C5H10O CH2O2 C3H6O2 C4H8O2 C6H12O2 C2H5Cl C3H7Cl C6H5Cl CH4O C2H6O C5H5N C4H10O C4H4S
63700 84600 120000 309 344 267 613 145 14.3 4.54 5.45 2.13 3.11 4.60 0.0404 6.38 8.01 12.3 626 792 219 0.263 0.293 0.544 48.7 160
2-131
Air*
t, °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10−4 × H†
4.32
4.88
5.49
6.07
6.64
7.20
7.71
8.23
t, °C
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
10−4 × H†
8.70
9.11
9.46
10.1
10.5
10.7
10.8
10.7
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 257. †H is calculated from the absorption coefficients of O2 and N2, taking into consideration the correction for constant argon content.
TABLE 2-127
Ammonia-Water at 10 and 20 °C* 10 °C
Mass fraction NH3 in liquid 0.0 0.00467 0.00495 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Henry’s constant H at 25 °C is the vapor pressure at 25 °C times the infinite dilution activity coefficient, also at 25 °C. Infinite dilution activity coefficients are from Mitchell and Jurs, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 38: 200 (1998). Henry’s constant is a strong nonlinear function of temperature. A single value measured at one temperature, if used for calculation at a different temperature, can lead to serious errors. Procedures for extrapolation of single-point values over the ambient temperature range (4°C < T < 50°C) are presented in Sec. 22, p. 22–49, under “Estimating Henry’s law constants.” Estimation procedures for the larger range (4°C < T < 200°C) are presented in F. L. Smith and A. H. Harvey, “Avoid Common Pitfalls When Using Henry’s Law,” Chem. Eng. Prog., 103(9), 2007. See also Y.-L. Huang, J. D. Olson, and G. E. Keller II, “Steam Stripping for Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water. 2. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, pp. 1759–1768, 1992. (Also see the Supplementary Material, which contains the databank of 404 compounds of environmental interest and other useful property data.)
20 °C
Mass fraction NH3 in vapor
P, kPa 1.23 1.37
0.0 0.1
7.07 20.07 47.37 99.84 184.44 292.15 399.03 486.44 554.33 615.05
P, kPa 2.34
0.84164 0.95438 0.98565 0.99544 0.99848 0.99943 0.99975 0.99988 0.99995 1.0
2.60 11.95 32.34 73.85 150.56 269.50 416.63 560.61 678.61 771.87 857.48
Mass fraction NH3 in vapor 0.0 0.1 0.82096 0.94541 0.98199 0.99393 0.99783 0.99913 0.99960 0.99980 0.99991 1.0
*Selected values from R. Tillner-Roth and D. G. Friend, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27:63 (1998). This reference lists solubilities for temperatures from −70 to 340°C. Densities, enthalpies, and entropies are listed for both the two-phase and single-phase regions for pressures up to 40 MPa.
TABLE 2-128 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)* Liquid mol fraction CO2 × 103 Total pressure, atm 1 2 10 20 30 36
0 °C
10 °C
15 °C
20 °C
25 °C
35 °C
50 °C
75 °C
100 °C
1.445 2.89 12.71 21.23 25.79
0.985 1.946 8.81 15.38 19.80 21.45
0.802 1.587 7.32 13.13 17.49 19.42
0.692 1.374 6.44 11.84 16.22 18.30
0.608 1.207 5.74 10.75 15.05 17.29
0.473 0.943 4.54 8.64 12.80 14.80
0.342 0.683 3.30 6.34 9.10 10.63
0.248 0.495 2.41 4.65 6.78 7.90
0.187 0.373 1.841 3.62 5.35 6.35
*Values selected from G. Houghton, A. M. McLean, and P. D. Ritchie, Chem. Eng. Sci. 6:132–137, 1957.
TABLE 2-129
Carbonyl Sulfide (COS)*
t, °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
10−3 × H
0.92
1.17
1.48
1.82
2.19
2.59
3.04
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 261.
2-132
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-130 Partial pressure of Cl2, mmHg
Chlorine (Cl2)
TABLE 2-131 Vol % of ClO2 in gas phase
Solubility, g of Cl2 per liter 0 °C
10 °C
20 °C
30 °C
40 °C
50 °C
5 10 30 50 100
0.488 0.679 1.221 1.717 2.79
0.451 0.603 1.024 1.354 2.08
0.438 0.575 0.937 1.210 1.773
0.424 0.553 0.873 1.106 1.573
0.412 0.532 0.821 1.025 1.424
0.398 0.512 0.781 0.962 1.313
150 200 250 300 350
3.81 4.78 5.71
2.73 3.35 3.95 4.54 5.13
2.27 2.74 3.19 3.63 4.06
1.966 2.34 2.69 3.03 3.35
1.754 2.05 2.34 2.61 2.86
1.599 1.856 2.09 2.31 2.53
400 450 500 550 600
5.71 6.26 6.85 7.39 7.97
4.48 4.88 5.29 5.71 6.12
3.69 3.98 4.30 4.60 4.91
3.11 3.36 3.61 3.84 4.08
2.74 2.94 3.14 3.33 3.52
650 700 750 800 900
8.52 9.09 9.65 10.21
6.52 6.90 7.29 7.69 8.46
5.21 5.50 5.80 6.08 6.68
4.32 4.54 4.77 4.99 5.44
3.71 3.89 4.07 4.27 4.62
9.27 10.84 13.23 17.07 21.0
7.27 8.42 10.14 13.02 15.84
5.89 6.81 8.05 10.22 12.32
4.97 5.67 6.70 8.38 10.03
18.73 21.7 24.7 27.7 30.8
14.47 16.62 18.84 20.7 23.3
11.70 13.38 15.04 16.75 18.46
1000 1200 1500 2000 2500
Cl2.8H2O2 separates
3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Partial pressure of Cl2, mmHg
Solubility, g of Cl2 per liter 60 °C
70 °C
80 °C
90 °C
100 °C
110 °C
5 10 30 50 100
0.383 0.492 0.743 0.912 1.228
0.369 0.470 0.704 0.863 1.149
0.351 0.447 0.671 0.815 1.085
0.339 0.431 0.642 0.781 1.034
0.326 0.415 0.627 0.747 0.987
0.316 0.402 0.598 0.722 0.950
150 200 250 300 350
1.482 1.706 1.914 2.10 2.28
1.382 1.580 1.764 1.932 2.10
1.294 1.479 1.642 1.793 1.940
1.227 1.396 1.553 1.700 1.831
1.174 1.333 1.480 1.610 1.736
1.137 1.276 1.413 1.542 1.661
400 450 500 550 600
2.47 2.64 2.80 2.97 3.13
2.25 2.41 2.55 2.69 2.83
2.08 2.22 2.35 2.47 2.59
1.965 2.09 2.21 2.32 2.43
1.854 1.972 2.08 2.19 2.29
1.773 1.880 1.986 2.09 2.19
650 700 750 800 900
3.29 3.44 3.59 3.75 4.04
2.97 3.10 3.23 3.37 3.63
2.72 2.84 2.96 3.08 3.30
2.55 2.66 2.76 2.87 3.08
2.41 2.50 2.60 2.69 2.89
2.28 2.37 2.47 2.56 2.74
1000 1200 1500 2000 2500
4.36 4.92 5.76 7.14 8.48
3.88 4.37 5.09 6.26 7.40
3.53 3.95 4.58 5.63 6.61
3.28 3.67 4.23 5.17 6.05
3.07 3.43 3.95 4.78 5.59
2.91 3.25 3.74 4.49 5.25
3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
9.83 11.22 12.54 13.88 15.26
8.52 9.65 10.76 11.91 13.01
7.54 8.53 9.52 10.46 11.42
6.92 7.79 8.65 9.49 10.35
6.38 7.16 7.94 8.72 9.48
5.97 6.72 7.42 8.13 8.84
1 3 5 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) Weight of ClO2, grams per liter of solution 0 °C
5 °C
10 °C
15 °C
20 °C
30 °C
40 °C
2.00 6.00 10.0 14.0 20.0
1.50 4.7 7.8 10.9 15.5 17.0 18.6 20.3
1.25 3.85 6.30 8.95 12.8 14.0 15.3 16.6 18.0 19.2 20.3
1.00 3.20 5.25 7.35 10.5 11.7 12.8 13.8 14.9 16.0 17.0
0.90 2.70 4.30 6.15 8.80 9.70 10.55 11.5 12.3 13.2 14.2
0.60 1.95 3.20 4.40 6.30 7.00 7.50 8.20 8.80 9.50 10.1
0.46 1.30 2.25 3.20 4.50 5.00 5.45 5.85 6.35 6.80 7.20
Ishi, Chem. Eng. (Japan), 22:153 (1958).
TABLE 2-132
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)
Weights of HCl per 100 weights of H2O
Partial pressure of HCl, mmHg
78.6 66.7 56.3 47.0 38.9 31.6 25.0 19.05 13.64 8.70 4.17 2.04
0 °C
10 °C
20 °C
30 °C
510 130 29.0 5.7 1.0 0.175 0.0316 0.0056 0.00099 0.000118 0.000018
840 233 56.4 11.8 2.27 0.43 0.084 0.016 0.00305 0.000583 0.000069 0.0000117
399 105.5 23.5 4.90 1.00 0.205 0.0428 0.0088 0.00178 0.00024 0.000044
627 188 44.5 9.90 2.17 0.48 0.106 0.0234 0.00515 0.00077 0.000151
Weights of HCl per 100 weights of H2O
50 °C
80 °C
78.6 66.7 56.3 47.0 38.9 31.6 25.0 19.05 13.64 8.70 4.17 2.04
535 141 35.7 8.9 2.21 0.55 0.136 0.0344 0.0064 0.00140
623 188 54.5 15.6 4.66 1.34 0.39 0.095 0.0245
Partial pressure of HCl, mm Hg 110 °C
760 253 83 28 9.3 3.10 0.93 0.280
Enthalpy and phase-equilibrium data for the binary system HCl-H2O are given by Van Nuys, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 39, 663 (1943).
TABLE 2-133
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
t, °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10−2 × H
2.68
3.15
3.67
4.23
4.83
5.45
6.09
6.76
t, °C
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
10−2 × H
7.45
8.14
8.84
10.3
11.9
13.5
14.4
14.8
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 259.
THERMAL EXPANSION TABLE 2-134
2-133
Partial Vapor Pressure of Sulfur Dioxide over Water, mmHg Temperature, °C
g SO2 / 100 g H2O
0
10
0.01 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
0.02 0.38 1.15 2.10 3.17
0.04 0.66 1.91 3.44 5.13
0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 1.00
4.34 5.57 8.17 10.9 25.8
6.93 8.84 12.8 17.0 39.5
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
20 0.07 1.07 3.03 5.37 7.93 10.6 13.5 19.4 25.6 58.4
30
40
50
60
90
120
0.12 1.68 4.62 8.07 11.8
0.19 2.53 6.80 11.7 17.0
0.29 3.69 9.71 16.5 23.8
0.43 5.24 13.5 22.7 32.6
1.21 12.9 31.7 52.2 73.7
2.82 27.0 63.9 104 145
15.7 19.8 28.3 37.1 83.7
58.6 93.2 129 165 202
88.5 139 192 245 299
129 202 277 353 430
183 285 389 496 602
275 351 542 735
407 517 796
585 741
818
22.5 28.2 40.1 52.3 117
31.4 39.2 55.3 72.0 159
42.8 53.3 74.7 96.8 212
95.8 118 164 211 454
253 393 535 679 824
342 530 720
453 700
955
186 229 316 404 856
Condensed from Rabe, A. E. and Harris, J. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 8 (3), 333–336, 1963. Copyright © American Chemical Society and reproduced by permission of the copyright owner.
THERMAL EXPANSION UNITS CONVERSIONS For this subsection, the following units conversion is applicable:
2, p. 93; metals, vol. 2, p. 459; petroleums, vol. 2, p. 145; porcelains, vol. 2, pp. 70, 78; refractory materials, vol. 2, p. 83; solid insulators, vol. 2, p. 310.
°F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32 THERMAL EXPANSION OF GASES ADDITIONAL REFERENCES The tables given under this subject are reprinted by permission from the Smithsonian Tables. For more detailed data on thermal expansion, see International Critical Tables: tabular index, vol. 3, p. 1; abrasives, vol. 2, p. 87; alloys, vol. 2, p. 463; building stones, vol. 2, p. 54; carbons, vol. 2, p. 303; elements, vol. 1, p. 102; enamels, vol. 2, p. 115; glass, vol.
No tables of the coefficients of thermal expansion of gases are given in this edition. The coefficient at constant pressure, 1/υ(∂υ/∂T)p, for an ideal gas is merely the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. For a real gas or liquid, both it and the coefficient at constant volume, 1/p (∂p/∂T)v, should be calculated either from the equation of state or from tabulated PVT data.
2-134
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-135
Linear Expansion of the Solid Elements*
C is the true expansion coefficient at the given temperature; M is the mean coefficient between given temperatures; where one temperature is given, the true coefficient at that temperature is indicated; α and β are coefficients in formula lt = l0(1 + αt + βt2); l0 is length at 0 °C (unless otherwise indicated, when, if x is the reference temperature, lt = lx[1 + α(t − tx) + β(t − tx)2]; lt is length at t °C). Element
Temp., °C
C × 104
Aluminum Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Bismuth Cadmium Cadmium Carbon, diamond graphite Chromium Cobalt Copper Copper Gold Gold Indium Iodine Iridium Iridium Iron, soft cast wrought steel Lead (99.9)
20 300 20 20 20 0 0 50 50
0.224 0.284 0.136 0.05 0.014 0.54 0.20⊥ 0.012 0.06
20 20 200 20
0.123 0.162 0.170 0.140
40
0.417
20
0.065
40 20 20 20
0.1210 0.118 0.119 0.114
Magnesium
100 280 20
0.291 0.343 0.254
Manganese
20
0.233
Molybdenum†
20
0.053
Nickel
20
0.126
Osmium Palladium
40 20
0.066 0.1173
Platinum
20 20
0.0887 0.0893
40 40 0 40 20 20
0.0850 0.0963 0.439 0.0763 0.1846 0.195
Potassium Rhodium Ruthenium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Steel, 36.4Ni Tantalum†
20
0.065
Tellurium Thallium Tin
20 40 20 20 27 20‡ 20‡ 20
0.016 0.302 0.214 0.305 0.0444 0.643 0.125⊥ 0.358
Tungsten† Zinc
Temp. range, °C
M × 104
100 500 20
0.235 0.311 0.080⊥
20 −180, −140 −180, −140
0.103⊥ 0.59 0.117⊥
20, 100
0.068
100 300 17, 100 −191, 17
0.166 0.175 0.143 0.132
−190,
0.837
17
20, 100 20, 200
0, 6,
+ 20 100 100 0 100 100 500 100
0.291 0.300 0.240 0.260 0.228 0.159 0.052 0.049 0.055 0.130
0.83 0.0876
0, 100 −3, +18 0, 100
0.660 0.0249 0.197
0.009
500
0.22
20, 20,
100 100
0.526 0.214⊥
20, 6, 0,
500 121 625
0.086 0.121 0.161
0.0064 0.0040
0,
520
0.142
0.0022
0.0636 0.0679
0.0032 0.0011
−17 260 340 0 100 20
0.622 0.031 0.055 0.059 0.0655 0.272⊥
20 100 −100 100 100
0.154⊥ 0.045 0.656 0.639 0.141⊥
0, 0, 0, 100,
750 750 750 240
0.1158 0.1170 0.1118 0.269
0.0053 0.0053 0.0053 0.011
+ 20,
500
0.2480
0.0096
20, 300 −142, 19 19, +305
0.216 0.0515 0.0501
0.0121 0.0057 0.0014
−190, + 20 + 20, +300 500, 1000
0.1308 0.1236 0.1346
0.0166 0.0066 0.0033
−190, 0, −190, 0, 0,
+100 1000 −100 + 80 1000
0.1152 0.1167 0.0875 0.0890 0.0887
0.00517 0.0022 0.00314 0.00121 0.00132
−75, −112
0.0746
−75, −67 0, 875 20, 500 0, 50 260, 500 340, 500 20, 400
0.0182 0.1827 0.1939 0.72 0.144 0.136 0.0646
8, 0, −140, +20, +20,
β × 106
0.11
50 21
−190, 20, 20, −78, 0,
α × 104
0,
0, 80 1070, 1720
0, 100
−100, 20, 0, −190, 0, 25, 25, 0,
Temp. range, °C
0.00479 0.00295
0.0009
95
0.2033
0.0263
−105, +502 + 0, 400
0.0428 0.354
0.00058 0.010
*Smithsonian Tables. For more complete tabulations see Table 142, Smithsonian Physical Tables, 9th ed., 1954; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 40th ed., pp. 2239–2245. Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.; Goldsmith, and Waterman, WADC-TR-58-476, 1959; Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960, etc. †Molybdenum, 300 to 2500 °C; lt = l300[1 + 5.00 × 10−6(t − 300) + 10.5 × 10−10(t − 300)2] Tantalum, 300 to 2800 °C; lt = l300[1 + 6.60 × 10−6(t − 300) + 5.2 × 10−10(t − 300)2] Tungsten, 300 to 2700 °C; lt = l300[1 + 4.44 × 10−6(t − 300) + 4.5 × 10−10(t − 300)2] Beryllium, 20 to 100 °C; 12.3 × 10−6 per °C. Columbium, 0 to 100 °C; 7.2 × 10−6 per °C. Tantalum, 20 to 100 °C; 6.6 × 10−6 per °C. ‡These values for zinc were taken from Grüneisen and Goens, Z. Physik., 29:141 (1924).
THERMAL EXPANSION TABLE 2-136
2-135
Linear Expansion of Miscellaneous Substances*
The coefficient of cubical expansion may be taken as three times the linear coefficient. In the following table, t is the temperature or range of temperature, and C, the coefficient of expansion. t, °C
Substance Amber Bakelite, bleached Brass: Cast Wire Wire 71.5 Cu + 27.7 Zn + 0.3 Sn + 0.5 Pb 71 Cu + 29 Zn Bronze: 3 Cu + 1 Sn 3 Cu + 1 Sn 3 Cu + 1 Sn 86.3 Cu + 9.7 Sn + 4 Zn 97.6 Cu + hard 2.2 Sn + soft 0.2 P Caoutchouc Caoutchouc Celluloid Constantan Duralumin, 94Al
{
Ebonite Fluorspar, CaF2 German silver Gold-platinum, 2 Au + 1 Pt Gold-copper, 2 Au + 1 Cu Glass: Tube Tube Plate Crown (mean) Crown (mean) Flint Jena ther- 16III mometer normal
}
0−30 0−09 20−60
C × 104 0.50 0.61 0.22
0−100 0−100 0−100
0.1875 0.1930 0.1783–0.193
40 0−100
0.1859 0.1906
16.6−100 16.6−350 16.6−957 40 0−80 0−80
0.1844 0.2116 0.1737 0.1782 0.1713 0.1708
16.7−25.3 20−70 4−29 20−100 20−300 25.3−35.4 0−100 0−100 0−100 0−100
0.657–0.686 0.770 1.00 0.1523 0.23 0.25 0.842 0.1950 0.1836 0.1523 0.1552
0−100 0−100 0−100 0−100 50−60 50−60 0−100
0.0833 0.0828 0.0891 0.0897 0.0954 0.0788 0.081
Substance
t, °C
C × 104
Jena thermometer 59III Jena thermometer 59III Gutta percha Ice Iceland spar: Parallel to axis Perpendicular to axis Lead tin (solder) 2 Pb + 1 Sn Limestone Magnalium Manganin Marble Monel metal
0−100 −191–+16 20 −20–−1
0.058 0.424 1.983 0.51
0−80 0−80
0.2631 0.0544
0−100 25−100 12−39 15−100 25−100 25−600 0−16 16−38 38−49
0.2508 0.09 0.238 0.181 0.117 0.14 0.16 1.0662 1.3030 4.7707
40
0.0884
Paraffin Paraffin Paraffin Platinum-iridium, 10 Pt + 1 Ir Platinum-silver, 1 Pt + 2 Ag Porcelain Porcelain Bayeux Quartz: Parallel to axis Parallel to axis Perpend. to axis Quartz glass Quartz glass Quartz glass Rock salt Rubber, hard Rubber, hard Speculum metal Steel, 0.14 C, 34.5 Ni
0−100 20−790 1000−1400
0.1523 0.0413 0.0553
0−80 −190 to + 16 0−80 −190 to + 16 16 to 500 16 to 1000 40 0 −160 0−100 25−100 25−600
0.0797 0.0521 0.1337 −0.0026 0.0057 0.0058 0.4040 0.691 0.300 0.1933 0.037 0.136
Substance
t, °C
Topas: Parallel to lesser horizontal axis 0−100 Parallel to greater horizontal axis 0−100 Parallel to vertical axis 0−100 Tourmaline: Parallel to longitudinal axis 0−100 Parallel to horizontal axis 0−100 Type metal 16.6−254 Vulcanite 0−18 Wedgwood ware 0−100 Wood: Parallel to fiber: Ash 0−100 Beech 2.34 Chestnut 2.34 Elm 2.34 Mahogany 2.34 Maple 2.34 Oak 2.34 Pine 2.34 Walnut 2.34 Across the fiber: Beech 2.34 Chestnut 2.34 Elm 2.34 Mahogany 2.34 Maple 2.34 Oak 2.34 Pine 2.34 Walnut 2.34 Wax white 10−26 Wax white 26−31 Wax white 31−43 Wax white 43−57
C × 104
0.0832 0.0836 0.0472 0.0937 0.0773 0.1952 0.6360 0.0890 0.0951 0.0257 0.0649 0.0565 0.0361 0.0638 0.0492 0.0541 0.0658 0.614 0.325 0.443 0.404 0.484 0.544 0.341 0.484 2.300 3.120 4.860 15.227
*Smithsonian Tables. For a more complete tabulation see Tables 143, 144. Smithsonian Physical Tables. 9th ed., 1954, also reprinted in American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 40th ed., pp. 2239–2245, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. For data on many solids prior to 1926, see Gruneisen, Handbuch der Physik, vol. 10, pp. 1–52, 1926, translation available as N.A.S.A. RE 2-18-59W, 1959. For eight plastic solids below 300 K, see Scott, Cryogenic Engineering, p. 331, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, 1959. For 11 other materials to 300 K, see Scott, loc. cit., p. 333. For quartz and silica, see Cook, Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 7, 285 (1956).
2-136
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-137
Volume Expansion of Liquids*
TABLE 2-138
If V0 is the volume at 0°, then at t° the expansion formula is Vt = V0(1 + αt + βt2 + γt3). The table gives values of α, β, and γ, and of C, the true coefficient of volume expansion at 20° for some liquids and solutions. The temperature range of the observation is ∆t. Values for the coefficient of volume expansion of liquids can be derived from the tables of specific volumes of the saturated liquid given as a function of temperature later in this section. C = (dV/dt)/V0 C × 103 at 20°
Liquid
Range
α × 103
β × 106
γ × 108
Acetic acid Acetone Alcohol: Amyl Ethyl, 30% by volume Ethyl, 50% by volume Ethyl, 99.3% by volume Ethyl, 500 atm pressure Ethyl, 3000 atm pressure Methyl Benzene Bromine Calcium chloride: 5.8% solution 40.9% solution Carbon disulfide 500 atm pressure 3000 atm pressure Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Ether Glycerin Hydrochloric acid, 33.2% solution Mercury Olive oil Pentane Potassium chloride, 24.3% solution Phenol Petroleum, 0.8467 density Sodium chloride, 20.6% solution Sodium sulfate, 24% solution Sulfuric acid: 10.9% solution 100.0% Turpentine Water
16−107 0−54
1.0630 1.3240
0.12636 3.8090
1.0876 1.071 −0.87983 1.487
−15–80 18−39 0−39
0.9001 0.2928 0.7450
0.6573 10.790 1.85
27−46
1.012
2.20
0−40
0.866
0−40 0−61 11−81 0−59
0.524 1.1342 1.17626 1.06218
18−25 17−24 −34–60 0−50 0−50 0−76 0−63 −15–38
0.07878 0.42383 1.13980 0.940 0.581 1.18384 1.10715 1.51324 0.4853
0−33 0−100 0−33
0.4460 0.18182 0.6821 1.4646
0.215 0.0078 1.1405 3.09319
−0.539 1.6084
16−25 36−157
0.2695 0.8340
2.080 0.10732
0.4446
24−120
0.8994
1.396
0.955
0−29
0.3640
1.237
0.414
11−40
0.3599
1.258
0.410
1.18458 0.902 −11.87 0.730 1.12
1.3635 1.27776 1.87714
0.8741 1.199 0.80648 1.237 −0.30854 1.132
4.2742 0.8571 1.37065
0.250 0.458 1.91225 1.218
0.89881 4.66473 2.35918 0.4895
1.35135 1.236 −1.74328 1.273 4.00512 1.656 0.505
0−30 0.2835 2.580 0−30 0.5758 −0.432 −9−106 0.9003 1.9595 0−33 −0.06427 8.5053
0.455 0.18186 0.721 1.608 0.353 1.090
0.387 0.558 −0.44998 0.973 −6.7900 0.207
*Smithsonian Tables, Table 269. For a detailed discussion of mercury data, see Cook, Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 7, 285 (1956). For data on nitrogen and argon, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960. Bromoform1 7.7 − 50 °C. Vt = 0.34204[1 + 0.00090411(t − 7.7) + 0.0000006766(t − 7.7)2] 0.34204 is the specific volume of bromoform at 7.7 °C. Glycerin2 −62 to 0 °C. Vt = V0(1 + 4.83 × 10−4t − 0.49 × 10−6t2) 0 − 80 °C. Vt = V0(1 + 4.83 × 10−4t + 0.49 × 10−6t2) 3 Mercury 0 − 300 °C. Vt − V0[1 + 10−8(18,153.8t + 0.7548t2 + 0.001533t2 + 0.00000536t4)] 1 Sherman and Sherman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 50, 1119 (1928). (An obvious error in their equation has been corrected.) 2 Samsoen, Ann. phys., (10) 9, 91 (1928). 3 Harlow, Phil. Mag., (7) 7, 674 (1929).
Volume Expansion of Solids*
If v2 and v1 are the volumes at t2 and t1, respectively, then v2 = v1(1 + C∆t), C being the coefficient of cubical expansion and ∆t the temperature interval. Where only a single temperature is stated, C represents the true coefficient of volume expansion at that temperature. Substance
t or ∆t
C × 104
Antimony Beryl Bismuth Copper† Diamond Emerald Galena Glass, common tube hard Jena, borosilicate 59 III pure silica Gold Ice Iron Lead† Paraffin Platinum Porcelain, Berlin chloride nitrate sulfate Quartz Rock salt Rubber Silver Sodium Stearic acid Sulfur, native Tin Zinc†
0−100 0−100 0−100 0−100 40 40 0−100 0−100 0−100 20−100 0−80 0−100 −20 to −1 0−100 0−100 20 0−100 20 0−100 0−100 20 0−100 50−60 20 0−100 20 33.8−45.4 13.2−50.3 0−100 0−100
0.3167 0.0105 0.3948 0.4998 0.0354 0.0168 0.558 0.276 0.214 0.156 0.0129 0.4411 1.1250 0.3550 0.8399 5.88 0.265 0.0814 1.094 1.967 1.0754 0.3840 1.2120 4.87 0.5831 2.13 8.1 2.23 0.6889 0.8928
*Smithsonian Tables, Table 268. †See additional data below. Aluminum1 100 − 530 °C. V = V0(1 + 2.16 × 10−5t + 0.95 × 10−8t2) 1 Cadmium 130 − 270 °C. V = V0(1 + 8.04 × 10−5t + 5.9 × 10−8t2) 1 Copper 110 − 300 °C. V = V0(1 + 1.62 × 10−5t + 0.20 × 10−8t2) Colophony2 0 − 34 °C. V = V0(1 + 2.21 × 10−4t + 0.31 × 10−6t2) 34 − 150 °C. V = V34[1 + 7.40 × 10−4(t − 34) + 5.91 × 10−6(t − 34)2] 1 Lead 100 − 280 °C. V = V0(1 + 1.60 × 10−5t + 3.2 × 10−8t2) 2 Shellac 0 − 46 °C. V = V0(1 + 2.73 × 10−4t + 0.39 × 10−6t2) 46 − 100 °C. V = V46[1 + 13.10 × 10−4(t − 46) + 0.62 × 10−6(t − 46)2] Silica (vitreous)3 0 − 300 °C. Vt = V0[1 + 10−8(93.6t + 0.7776t2 − 0.003315t2 + 0.000005244t4) Sugar (cane, amorphous)2 0 − 67 °C. Vt = V0(1 + 2.34 × 10−4t + 0.14 × 10−6t2) 67 − 160 °C. Vt = V67[1 + 5.02 × 10−4(t − 67) + 0.43 × 10−6(t − 67)2] Zinc1 120 − 360 °C. Vt = V0(1 + 8.50 × 10−5t + 3.9 × 10−8t2) 1 2 3
Uffelmann, Phil. Mag., (7) 10, 633 (1930). Samsoen, Ann. phys., (10) 9, 83 (1928). Harlow, Phil. Mag., (7) 7, 674 (1929).
JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT
2-137
JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT UNITS CONVERSIONS °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32; °R = 9⁄ 5 K
Joule-Thomson coefficients for substances listed in Table 2-184 are given in tables in the Thermodynamic Properties section. For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: To convert the Joule-Thomson coefficient, µ, in degrees Celsius per atmosphere to degrees Fahrenheit per atmosphere, multiply by 1.8. TABLE 2-139
To convert bars to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 14.504; to convert bars to kilopascals, multiply by 1 × 102.
Additional References Available for the Joule-Thomson Coefficient Temp. range, °C
Pressure range, atm Gas Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Deuterium Dowtherm A Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen
<0
0–300
15, 19, 35
19, 35
39 31
39
7, 8, 37
7, 8, 37
1,* 22, 24 25
17 1,* 22, 24, 25
12, 15, 16 19, 35 28 39 31 26 7, 8, 9, 10 37 17
0–10
10–50
50–200
12, 15, 16 19, 35 28 39 31 26 7, 8, 28 37 17
12, 15, 19 35 39 31 26 7, 8, 37 17 22, 24, 25 1* 46 45
46 45 1, 38 24, 30
1, 38 22, 24, 25 30 6
Methane Mixtures Natural gas Nitrogen
13, 28, 40
13, 40
Nitrous oxide Pentane Propane Steam
26, 34, 44 41 28, 29, 42
34 43 29, 42, 47
>200
38 24, 30
46 45 9, 10 38 24
1, 38 22, 24, 25 30
6 33 13, 40
33 13
6 9, 11 33 9, 10, 13 28, 40 9, 10 26, 34, 44 43 28, 29, 42 45
33 13, 40
34 42, 47
>300
Other references 3, 4, 18 2, 3
31
46 48
13
19
29, 42, 47
29, 47
*See also 14 (generalized chart); 18 (review, to 1919); 20–22; 23 (review, to 1948); 27 (review, to 1905); 32, 36, 41, 50. REFERENCES: 1. Baehr. Z. Elektrochem., 60, 515 (1956). 2. Beattie, J. Math. Phys., 9, 11 (1930). 3. Beattie, Phys. Rev., 35, 643 (1930). 4. Bradley and Hale, Phys. Rev., 29, 258 (1909). 5. Brown and Dean, Bur. Stand. J. Res., 60, 161 (1958). 6. Budenholzer, Sage, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 29, 658 (1937). 7. Burnett, Phys. Rev., 22, 590 (1923). 8. Burnett, Univ. Wisconsin Bull. 9(6), 1926. 9. Charnley, Ph.D. thesis. University of Manchester, 1952. 10. Charnley, Isles, et al., Proc. R. Soc. (London), A217, 133 (1953). 11. Charnley, Rowlinson, et al., Proc. R. Soc. (London), A230, 354 (1955). 12. Dalton, Commun. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden, no. 109c, 1909. 13. Deming and Deming, Phys. Rev., 48, 448 (1935). 14. Edmister, Pet. Refiner, 28, 128 (1949). 15. Eucken, Clusius, et al., Z. Tech. Phys., 13, 267 (1932). 16. Eumorfopoulos and Rai, Phil. Mag., 7, 961 (1926). 17. Huang, Lin, et al., Z. Phys., 100, 594 (1936). 18. Hoxton, Phys. Rev., 13, 438 (1919). 19. Ishkin and Kaganev, J. Tech. Phys. U.S.S.R., 26, 2323 (1956). 20. Isles, Ph.D. thesis, Leeds University. 21. Jenkin and Pye, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (London), A213, 67 (1914); A215, 353 (1915). 22. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 2362 (1946). 23. Johnston, Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., 70, 651 (1948). 24. Johnston, Bezman, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 2367 (1946). 25. Johnston, Swanson, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 2373 (1946). 26. Kennedy, Sage, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 28, 718 (1936). 27. Kester, Phys. Rev., 21, 260 (1905). 28. Keyes and Collins, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 18, 328 (1932). 29. Kleinschmidt, Mech. Eng., 45, 165 (1923); 48, 155 (1926). 30. Koeppe, Kältetechnik, 8, 275 (1956). 31. Lindsay and Brown, Ind. Eng. Chem., 27, 817 (1935). 32. Noell, dissertation, Munich, 1914, Forschungsdienst, 184, p. 1, 1916. 33. Palienko, Tr. Inst. Ispol’ z. Gaza, Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, no. 4, p. 87, 1956. 34. Pattee and Brown, Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 511, (1934). 35. Roebuck, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 60, 537 (1925); 64, 287 (1930). 36. Roebuck, see 49 below, 37. Roebuck and Murrell, Phys. Rev., 55, 240 (1939). 38. Roebuck and Osterberg, Phys. Rev., 37, 110 (1931); 43, 60 (1933). 39. Roebuck and Osterberg, Phys. Rev., 46, 785 (1934). 40. Roebuck and Osterberg, Phys. Rev., 48, 450 (1935). 41. Roebuck, Murrell, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 64, 400 (1942). 42. Sage, unpublished data, California Institute of Technology, 1959. 43. Sage and Lacy, Ind. Eng. Chem., 27, 1484 (1934). 44. Sage, Kennedy, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 28, 601 (1936). 45. Sage, Webster, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 29, 658 (1937). 46. Ullock, Gaffert, et al., Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 32, 73 (1936). 47. Yang, Ind. Eng. Chem., 45, 786 (1953). 48. Zelmanov, J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 3, 43 (1940). 49. Roebuck, recalculated data. 50. Michels et al., van der Waals laboratory publications. Gunn, Cheuh, and Prausnitz, Cryogenics, 6, 324 (1966), review equations relating the inversion temperatures and pressures. The ability of various equations of state to relate these was also discussed by Miller, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 9, 585 (1970); and Juris and Wenzel, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 18, 684 (1972). Perhaps the most detailed review is that of Hendricks, Peller, and Baron. NASA Tech. Note D 6807, 1972. TABLE 2-140 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus in Reduced Coordinates (Tr = T/Tc; Pr = P/Pc)* Pr
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
TrL TrU
0.782 4.984
0.800 4.916
0.818 4.847
0.838 4.777
0.859 4.706
0.880 4.633
0.903 4.550
0.953 4.401
Pr
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
11.79
TrL TrU
1.01 4.23
1.08 4.06
1.16 3.88
1.25 3.68
1.35 3.45
1.50 3.18
1.73 2.86
2.24 2.24
*Calculated from the best three-constant equation recommended by Miller, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 9, 585 (1970). TrL refers to the lower curve, and TrU, to the upper curve.
2-138
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
CRITICAL CONSTANTS ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Other data and estimation techniques for the elements are contained in Gates and Thodos, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 6 (1960):50–54; and Ohse and von Tippelskirch, High Temperatures—High Pressures, 9 (1977):367–385. For inorganic substances see Mathews, Chem. Rev., TABLE 2-141
72 (1972):71–100; for organics see Kudchaker, Alani, and Zwolinski, Chem. Rev., 68 (1968):659–735; and for fluorocarbons see Advances in Fluorine Chemistry, App. B, Butterworth. Washington, 1963, pp. 173–175. Pages 6–49 and 6–50 of the 84th edition of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics provide an excellent list of references for critical properties.
Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds Vc,
Cmpd.
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
Name Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane
Formula C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8
Acentric
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
Tc, K
Pc, MPa
m3/kmol
Zc
factor
75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0
44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541 108.138 108.138 108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106
466 761 591.95 606 508.2 545.5 308.3 506 615 535 132.45 405.65 645.6 150.86 824 562.05 689 751 699.35 830 720.15 662 718 773 584.15 670.15 503.8 467 452 425 425.12 680 676 563.1 535.9 419.5 435.5 428.6 575.4 660.5 570.1 554 440 537.2 615.7 582.25 304.21 552 132.92 556.35 227.51 417.15 632.35 460.35 536.4 416.25 503.15 489 705.85 697.55 704.65 631 400.15 459.93
5.55 6.6 5.786 4 4.701 4.83 6.138 5 5.66 4.48 3.774 11.28 4.25 4.898 5.05 4.895 4.74 4.47 4.215 3.352 4.374 3.11 4.06 3.38 10.3 4.519 6.23 8 4.36 4.32 3.796 5.21 4.02 4.414 4.188 4.02 4.21 4.1 3.09 2.89 3.97 4.06 4.6 4.32 4.06 3.79 7.383 7.9 3.499 4.56 3.745 7.71 4.519 5.27 5.472 6.68 4.58 4.54 4.56 5.01 5.15 3.209 5.98 4.98
0.154 0.215 0.177 0.29 0.209 0.173 0.112 0.197 0.208 0.212 0.09147 0.07247 0.337 0.07459 0.346 0.256 0.315 0.344 0.3132 0.5677 0.382 0.442 0.367 0.497 0.135 0.324 0.215 0.156 0.22 0.221 0.255 0.303 0.305 0.273 0.27 0.241 0.234 0.238 0.389 0.497 0.307 0.307 0.208 0.258 0.293 0.278 0.094 0.16 0.0944 0.276 0.143 0.124 0.308 0.2 0.239 0.143 0.247 0.247 0.312 0.282 0.277 0.434 0.195 0.21
0.221 0.224 0.208 0.23 0.233 0.184 0.268 0.234 0.23 0.214 0.313 0.242 0.267 0.291 0.255 0.268 0.261 0.246 0.227 0.276 0.279 0.25 0.25 0.261 0.286 0.263 0.32 0.321 0.255 0.27 0.274 0.279 0.218 0.258 0.254 0.278 0.272 0.274 0.251 0.262 0.257 0.271 0.262 0.25 0.232 0.218 0.274 0.275 0.299 0.272 0.283 0.276 0.265 0.275 0.293 0.276 0.27 0.276 0.242 0.244 0.244 0.265 0.351 0.273
0.2907 0.4210 0.4665 0.4535 0.3065 0.3379 0.1912 0.3198 0.5383 0.3498 0.2526 0.3502 0.0000 0.5585 0.2103 0.2628 0.6028 0.3662 0.5019 0.3631 0.4332 0.3126 0.4029 0.1290 0.2506 0.2548 0.1922 0.1659 0.1950 0.2002 0.6305 0.7043 0.5883 0.5692 0.1845 0.2019 0.2176 0.4394 0.3941 0.2714 0.2506 0.2470 0.2774 0.6805 0.3714 0.2236 0.1107 0.0482 0.1926 0.1790 0.0688 0.2499 0.1902 0.2219 0.1531 0.2277 0.1986 0.4480 0.4339 0.5072 0.3274 0.2790 0.1847
CRITICAL CONSTANTS TABLE 2-141
Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Continued) Vc,
Cmpd.
no. 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
2-139
Acentric
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
Tc, K
Pc, MPa
m3/kmol
Zc
factor
Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate
C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2
110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4
84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170 62.134 78.133 194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190 170.335 282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079
553.8 650.1 653 560.4 511.7 507 398 664 674.2 617.7 722.1 688 616.6 696 619.85 38.35 628 650.15 611 584.1 683.95 705 684.75 523 561.6 510 560 572 736.6 496.6 466.7 557.15 386.44 445 351.255 523.1 500.05 576 507.8 543 473.2 437.2 500 591.15 606.15 596.15 615 400.1 649.6 537.3 766 402 503.04 729 772 587 766.8 550 658 768 305.32 514 523.3 456.15 617.15 698 655 571 609.15 569.5 282.34 593 720 537 469.15 508.4
4.08 4.26 4 4.35 4.51 4.8 5.54 3.97 2.6 2.11 2.28 2.308 2.223 2.13 2.37 1.6617 6.03 5.477 7.17 2.46 4.07 4.07 4.07 5.07 5.37 6.08 4.24 4.24 4.27 3.71 3.64 3.96 4.52 4.34 5.784 3.2 2.88 3.02 3.773 3.446 4.87 5.34 3.15 2.938 2.938 2.938 5.36 5.37 4.42 2.91 2.78 3.56 5.53 5.65 2.78 5.208 3.08 3.14 1.82 1.16 4.872 6.137 3.88 5.62 3.609 3.18 3.41 2.95 3.04 3.4 5.041 6.29 8.2 6.85 7.19 4.74
0.308 0.322 0.311 0.291 0.26 0.245 0.162 0.355 0.58 0.617 0.639 0.645 0.584 0.624 0.552 0.060263 0.276 0.2616 0.223 0.487 0.351 0.351 0.351 0.24 0.22 0.185 0.291 0.291 0.349 0.301 0.28 0.318 0.179 0.195 0.123 0.418 0.386 0.416 0.297 0.35 0.221 0.18 0.361 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.252 0.17 0.26199 0.393 0.53 0.258 0.201 0.227 0.529 0.238 0.503 0.402 0.755 1.34 0.1455 0.168 0.286 0.207 0.374 0.489 0.389 0.403 0.43 0.375 0.131 0.264 0.191 0.173 0.140296 0.229
0.273 0.254 0.229 0.272 0.276 0.279 0.271 0.255 0.269 0.254 0.243 0.26 0.253 0.23 0.254 0.314 0.319 0.265 0.315 0.247 0.251 0.244 0.251 0.28 0.253 0.265 0.265 0.259 0.243 0.27 0.263 0.272 0.252 0.229 0.244 0.308 0.267 0.262 0.265 0.267 0.274 0.264 0.274 0.269 0.268 0.273 0.264 0.2744 0.214 0.256 0.231 0.275 0.266 0.212 0.229 0.254 0.243 0.276 0.251 0.243 0.279 0.241 0.255 0.307 0.263 0.268 0.244 0.25 0.258 0.269 0.281 0.337 0.262 0.265 0.25876 0.257
0.2081 0.3690 0.2990 0.2123 0.1949 0.1961 0.1278 0.2641 0.5820 0.4923 0.8126 0.6070 0.4805 0.5874 0.5178 −0.1449 0.1250 0.2067 0.2095 0.4476 0.2790 0.2192 0.2846 0.2339 0.2866 0.1986 0.2529 0.2564 0.9529 0.3039 0.2811 0.2900 0.2751 0.2224 0.2771 0.3883 0.3387 0.4044 0.3277 0.3522 0.2385 0.2999 0.2493 0.2326 0.2324 0.2379 0.2059 0.2002 0.3177 0.2964 0.6568 0.1300 0.1943 0.2806 0.6371 0.2793 0.4389 0.4497 0.5764 0.9069 0.0995 0.6436 0.3664 0.2848 0.3035 0.4771 0.6326 0.4011 0.2455 0.2701 0.0862 0.4724 0.5068 0.2007 0.1974 0.2847
2-140
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-141
Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Continued) Vc,
Cmpd.
no. 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216
Acentric
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
Tc, K
Pc, MPa
m3/kmol
Zc
factor
2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol
C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10 H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O
149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2 302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9
144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 4.003 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144 32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185
674.6 583 489 567 499.15 546 500.23 559.95 144.12 560.09 375.31 317.42 408 771 588 490.15 5.2 736 616.8 540.2 677.3 632.3 608.3 606.6 611.4 537.4 645 547 723 591 507.6 660.2 611.3 585.3 587.61 582.82 504 544 623 516.2 549 653.15 33.19 363.15 324.65 456.65 461.15 373.53 605 471.85 805 662 190.564 512.5 718 506.55 402.4 536 430.05 693 490 460.4 643 577.2 465 470 492 512.74 593 463.2 554.5 442 572.1 686 614 617
2.778 2.46 3.41 3.32 5.49 3.362 3.37 3.33 5.172 4.551 5.028 5.875 6.59 7.8 5.81 5.5 0.2275 1.34 3.16 2.74 3.043 3.085 3.001 2.92 2.94 2.92 2.77 3.21 1.4 3.46 3.025 3.308 3.446 3.311 3.287 3.32 3.21 3.53 3.08 3.62 3.53 14.7 1.313 8.552 8.31 5.39 6.48 8.963 3.7 4.54 5.64 4.79 4.599 8.084 4.98 4.75 5.63 4.25 7.46 3.59 3.83 3.38 3.89 3.93 3.447 3.42 4.38 3.371 3.47 4.2 3.473 4.17 3.48 4 3.79 3.79
0.528 0.487 0.329 0.369 0.207 0.345 0.339 0.414 0.066547 0.269 0.164 0.113 0.115 0.163 0.125 0.218 0.0573 1.11 0.434 0.428 0.466 0.444 0.447 0.433 0.434 0.402 0.465 0.387 1.04 0.369 0.371 0.408 0.382 0.385 0.378 0.378 0.348 0.331 0.412 0.322 0.331 0.158 0.064147 0.1 0.081 0.139 0.069 0.0985 0.292 0.221 0.258 0.28 0.0986 0.117 0.267 0.228 0.164 0.27 0.154 0.436 0.291 0.306 0.347 0.329 0.292 0.292 0.248 0.329 0.36 0.275 0.34 0.246 0.369 0.374 0.374 0.374
0.262 0.247 0.276 0.26 0.274 0.256 0.275 0.296 0.287 0.263 0.264 0.252 0.223 0.198 0.149 0.294 0.302 0.244 0.267 0.261 0.252 0.261 0.265 0.251 0.251 0.263 0.24 0.273 0.243 0.26 0.266 0.246 0.259 0.262 0.254 0.259 0.267 0.258 0.245 0.272 0.256 0.428 0.305 0.283 0.249 0.197 0.117 0.284 0.215 0.256 0.217 0.244 0.286 0.222 0.223 0.257 0.276 0.258 0.321 0.272 0.274 0.27 0.252 0.269 0.26 0.256 0.266 0.26 0.253 0.3 0.256 0.279 0.27 0.262 0.278 0.276
0.8067 0.4944 0.3056 0.3891 0.1878 0.3944 0.3473 0.2691 0.0530 0.2472 0.2200 0.1980 0.2818 0.4124 0.3173 0.2015 −0.3900 0.7697 0.4279 0.3495 0.7564 0.5621 0.5628 0.4076 0.4190 0.3432 0.4226 0.3778 0.7174 0.3872 0.3013 0.7299 0.5586 0.5574 0.3846 0.3801 0.2888 0.2183 0.3681 0.3327 0.2214 0.3143 −0.2160 0.0734 0.1315 0.4099 0.3823 0.0942 0.6141 0.2759 0.9418 0.3318 0.0115 0.5658 0.4351 0.3313 0.2115 0.3423 0.2814 0.4205 0.1874 0.2279 0.5894 0.5939 0.2341 0.2870 0.1370 0.3130 0.3229 0.3081 0.3775 0.2252 0.2361 0.2213 0.6805 0.6790
CRITICAL CONSTANTS TABLE 2-141
Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Continued) Vc,
Cmpd.
no. 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292
2-141
Acentric
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
Tc, K
Pc, MPa
m3/kmol
Zc
factor
Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate
C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO
96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9
84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122 90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148 58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121
532.7 542 526 483 437.8 535.5 533 487.2 497 574.6 488 464.48 553.4 553.1 469.95 566 694 497.7 546.49 407.8 506.2 417.9 530.6 476.25 565 352.5 654 497.1 437 748.4 44.4 593 126.2 234 588.15 309.57 180.15 758 658 594.6 710.7 670.9 649.5 593.1 681 598.05 747 638.9 568.7 694.26 652.3 629.8 632.7 627.7 566.9 667.3 574 804 154.58 261 708 566.1 469.7 639.16 588.1 561 561.08 560.95 464.8 584.3 598 481.2 519 869 694.25 653
3.79 4.13 4.13 3.95 4.4 4.15 4.26 6 3.41 3.27 5.48 3.762 3.8 4.021 7.23 3.68 2.54 3.04 3.042 3.64 3.972 4 4.004 3.801 3.97 4.7 3.36 3.287 4.67 4.05 2.653 5.16 3.4 4.461 6.31 7.245 6.48 1.21 2.73 2.29 2.514 2.527 2.541 2.428 2.31 2.61 1.27 2.96 2.49 2.779 2.783 2.749 2.64 2.704 2.663 2.52 2.88 7.02 5.043 5.57 1.48 3.97 3.37 3.63 3.897 3.7 3.694 3.74 3.56 3.536 3.47 4.17 4.03 2.9 6.13 4.06
0.319 0.303 0.303 0.289 0.221 0.267 0.254 0.172 0.329 0.369 0.202 0.276 0.31 0.328 0.145 0.323 0.572 0.368 0.38 0.259 0.275 0.239 0.282 0.276 0.307 0.205 0.399 0.314 0.21 0.407 0.0417 0.236 0.08921 0.11875 0.173 0.0974 0.058 1.26 0.527 0.551 0.584 0.576 0.577 0.524 0.571 0.497 1.19 0.488 0.486 0.523 0.509 0.512 0.497 0.497 0.464 0.518 0.442 0.205 0.0734 0.089 0.969 0.313 0.313 0.35 0.326 0.326 0.301 0.336 0.293 0.385 0.359 0.277 0.276 0.554 0.229 0.37
0.273 0.278 0.286 0.284 0.267 0.249 0.244 0.255 0.272 0.253 0.273 0.269 0.256 0.28718 0.268 0.253 0.252 0.27 0.254 0.278 0.26 0.275 0.256 0.265 0.259 0.329 0.247 0.25 0.27 0.265 0.3 0.247 0.289 0.272 0.223 0.274 0.251 0.242 0.263 0.255 0.248 0.261 0.271 0.258 0.233 0.261 0.243 0.272 0.256 0.252 0.261 0.269 0.249 0.257 0.262 0.235 0.267 0.215 0.288 0.228 0.244 0.264 0.27 0.239 0.258 0.259 0.238 0.269 0.27 0.28 0.251 0.289 0.258 0.222 0.243 0.277
0.2288 0.2318 0.2296 0.2758 0.2314 0.3234 0.2091 0.2556 0.3078 0.3557 0.3007 0.2656 0.3208 0.2461 0.1582 0.2802 0.7913 0.2791 0.3442 0.1835 0.6152 0.1948 0.3466 0.2770 0.2737 0.1314 0.3230 0.2466 0.2416 0.3020 −0.0396 0.3803 0.0377 0.1200 0.3480 0.1409 0.5829 0.8522 0.5117 0.4435 0.7724 0.5841 0.5911 0.4367 0.5260 0.4710 0.8114 0.4636 0.3996 0.7706 0.5697 0.5807 0.4549 0.4406 0.3921 0.4497 0.4233 0.9176 0.0222 0.2119 0.6863 0.3472 0.2515 0.7052 0.5748 0.5549 0.3433 0.3448 0.2372 0.2685 0.3207 0.2899 0.1752 0.4707 0.4435 0.4123
2-142
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-141
Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Concluded) Vc,
Cmpd.
no. 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345
Acentric
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
Tc, K
Pc, MPa
m3/kmol
Zc
factor
Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene
C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3
148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079 55.079 102.132 59.110 120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165
791 394 369.83 536.8 508.3 636 504.4 600.81 564.4 549.73 496.95 638.35 364.85 538 517 536.6 626 683 259 636 806 430.75 318.69 490.85 1113 857 693 540.15 720 631.95 568 579.35 591.75 602 675 535.15 433.25 664.5 649.1 543.8 573.5 846 828 639 703.9 519.13 454 432 543.15 647.096 617 630.3 616.2
4.72 5.25 4.248 5.169 4.765 3.12 4.92 4.668 4.18 3.36 4.74 3.2 4.6 4.02 4.75 4.63 6.1 5.96 3.72 3.84 4.71 7.884 3.76 8.21 3.95 2.99 1.57 5.19 3.65 5.16 2.87 5.69 4.108 4.48 1.68 3.04 4.07 3.454 3.232 2.57 2.82 3.39 3.04 1.95 2.119 3.958 4.86 5.67 3.06 22.064 3.541 3.732 3.511
0.421 0.165 0.2 0.219 0.222 0.437 0.204 0.235 0.229 0.345 0.26 0.44 0.185 0.285 0.254 0.254 0.239 0.291 0.202 0.352 0.317 0.122 0.19852 0.127 0.424 0.731 0.897 0.224 0.408 0.249 0.461 0.219 0.316 0.281 0.826 0.39 0.254 0.414 0.43 0.468 0.455 0.479 0.572 0.685 0.715 0.27 0.205 0.179 0.408 0.0559472 0.375 0.37 0.378
0.302 0.264 0.276 0.254 0.25 0.258 0.239 0.22 0.204 0.254 0.298 0.265 0.281 0.256 0.281 0.264 0.28 0.305 0.349 0.256 0.223 0.269 0.282 0.255 0.181 0.307 0.244 0.259 0.249 0.245 0.28 0.259 0.264 0.252 0.247 0.266 0.287 0.259 0.258 0.266 0.269 0.231 0.253 0.252 0.259 0.248 0.264 0.283 0.276 0.229 0.259 0.264 0.259
0.7025 0.1041 0.1523 0.6209 0.6544 0.3420 0.2559 0.5796 0.3243 0.3889 0.2798 0.3444 0.1376 0.3088 0.2138 0.2318 1.1065 0.4945 0.3858 0.2971 0.9922 0.2454 0.2151 0.4240 1.0591 0.5513 0.6430 0.2254 0.3353 0.1996 0.2450 0.1970 0.2640 0.2591 0.6174 0.3162 0.2062 0.3666 0.3787 0.3035 0.2903 0.8623 0.8972 0.5303 0.6236 0.3513 0.1069 0.1001 0.2815 0.3449 0.3265 0.3101 0.3218
All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for the acentric factor was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
COMPRESSIBILITIES
2-143
COMPRESSIBILITIES physical Properties of Fluid Systems High Accuracy Data. Results can be pasted into a spreadsheet to facilitate calculation of the compressibility factor.
INTRODUCTION The compressibility factor Z can be calculated by using the defining equation Z = PV/(RT), where P is pressure, V is molar volume, R is the gas constant, and T is absolute temperature. Values of P, V, and T for substances listed in Table 2-184 are given in tables in the Thermodynamic Properties section. For the units used in these tables, R is 0.008314472 MPa·dm3/(mol·K). Values at temperatures and pressures other than those in the tables can be generated for many of the substances in Table 2-184 by going to http://webbook. nist.gov and selecting NIST Chemistry WebBook, then Thermo-
TABLE 2-142
UNITS CONVERSIONS For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °R = 9⁄5 K To convert bars to pounds-force per cubic inch, multiply by 14.504. To convert bars to kilopascals, multiply by 1 × 102.
Composition of Selected Refrigerant Mixtures Composition (mass percent)
Mixture R-410A R-404A R-507A R-407C (Klea 66) R-407A (Klea 60) R-407B (Klea 61)
TABLE 2-143
Tables
R-32
R-125
2-290 2-288 2-296 2-263, 2-264, 2-289 2-143, 2-261 2-144, 2-262
50
50 44 50 25 40 70
23 20 10
R-134a
R-143a
4
52 50
52 40 20
Compressibility Factors for R 407A (Klea 60) Pressure, bar
T, K 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 Zdew Tdew, K
1 0.9691 0.9737 0.9773 0.9803 0.9828 0.9848 0.9866 0.9881 0.9893 0.9904 0.9914 0.9593 234.3
5 0.0163 0.0161 0.4268 0.8932 0.9080 0.9199 0.9298 0.9380 0.9449 0.9509 0.9560 0.8809 273.3
10 0.0325 0.0321 0.0318 0.0316 0.0360 0.8253 0.8495 0.8689 0.8847 0.8980 0.9092 0.8107 295.1
15 0.0487 0.0480 0.0476 0.0473 0.0473 0.0476 0.7518 0.7889 0.8173 0.8401 0.8588 0.7502 309.6
20 0.0648 0.0640 0.0633 0.0630 0.0629 0.0632 0.0641 0.5737 0.7386 0.7752 0.8038 0.6936 320.9
25 0.0809 0.0798 0.0790 0.0785 0.0784 0.0787 0.0797 0.0816 0.6279 0.6993 0.7425 0.6381 330.1
30 0.0970 0.0957 0.0947 0.0940 0.0938 0.0942 0.0952 0.0972 0.1011 0.6016 0.6713 0.5813 337.9
Zdew
Pdew
0.9340 0.9136 0.8895 0.8614 0.8290 0.7916 0.7485 0.6983 0.6386 0.5641 0.4564
2.05 3.08 4.46 6.28 8.60 11.53 15.15 19.58 24.96 31.46 39.42
The values in this table were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1).
TABLE 2-144
Compressibility Factors for R 407B (Klea 61) Pressure, bar
T, K 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 Zdew Tdew, K
1 0.9703 0.9745 0.9779 0.9808 0.9831 0.9851 0.9868 0.9883 0.9895 0.9906 0.9915 0.9587 230.6
5 0.0180 0.0178 0.8785 0.8961 0.9101 0.9215 0.9310 0.9390 0.9457 0.9515 0.9565 0.8774 269.4
10 0.0359 0.0355 0.0352 0.0351 0.5520 0.8290 0.8522 0.8709 0.8864 0.8993 0.9103 0.8036 291.3
15 0.0538 0.0532 0.0527 0.0526 0.0527 0.0533 0.7569 0.7924 0.8200 0.8422 0.8606 0.7389 305.9
20 0.0716 0.0708 0.0702 0.0699 0.0700 0.0707 0.0721 0.6949 0.7428 0.7784 0.8064 0.6776 317.1
25 0.0894 0.0883 0.0875 0.0872 0.0872 0.0879 0.0895 0.0925 0.6453 0.7042 0.7462 0.6164 326.4
30 0.1071 0.1058 0.1048 0.1043 0.1043 0.1050 0.1067 0.1098 0.1164 0.6108 0.6770 0.5518 334.3
Zdew
Pdew
0.9251 0.9024 0.8757 0.8446 0.8085 0.7666 0.7178 0.6600 0.5890 0.4916
2.40 3.56 5.10 7.10 9.64 12.81 16.71 21.45 27.18 34.12
The values in this table were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1).
2-144
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-145
Compressibilities of Liquids*
At the constant temperature T, the compressibility β = (1/V 0)(dV/dP). In general as P increases, β decreases rapidly at first and then slowly; the change of β with T is large at low pressures but very small at pressures above 1000 to 2000 megabars. 1 megabar = 0.987 atm = 106 dynes/cm2 based upon the older usage, 1 bar = 1 dyne/cm2.
Substance
Temp., °C
Pressure, megabars
Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Amyl alcohol alcohol, iso. alcohol, iso. alcohol, n alcohol, n alcohol, n alcohol, n Benzene Benzene Benzene Bromine Bromine Butyl alcohol, iso alcohol, iso alcohol, iso alcohol, iso alcohol, iso alcohol, iso Carbon bisulfide bisulfide bisulfide bisulfide tetrachloride tetrachloride Chloroform Chloroform Dichloroethylsulfide Dichloroethylsulfide Ethyl acetate acetate
14 20 20 40 14 20 20 20 20 20 40 17 20 20 20 20 18 20 20 20 20 20 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 32 13 20
23 500 1,000 12,000 23 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 12,000 5 200 400 200 400 8 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 21 500 1,000 12,000 200 400 200 400 1,000 2,000 23 200
Compressibility per megabar β × 106
Substance
111 61 52 9 88 84 70 61 46 8 8 89 77 67 56 51 97 81 64 56 46 8 86 57 48 6 86 73 83 70 34 24 103 90
Ethyl acetate alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol bromide bromide bromide bromide bromide chloride chloride chloride chloride ether ether ether ether iodide iodide iodide iodide iodide Gallium Glycerol Hexane Hexane Kerosene Kerosene Kerosene Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercury
Temp., °C
Pressure, megabars
Compressibility per megabar β × 106
Substance
20 14 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15 20 20 20 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 15 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 22 22
400 23 500 1,000 12,000 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 23 500 1,000 12,000 23 500 1,000 12,000 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 300 5 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 300 500 1,000 12,000
75 100 63 54 8 100 82 70 54 8 151 102 66 8 188 84 61 10 81 69 64 50 8 3.97 22 117 91 55 45 8 3.95 3.97 3.91 2.37
Methyl alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol Nitric acid Oils: Almond Castor Linseed Olive Rapeseed Phosphorus trichloride trichloride trichloride trichloride Propyl alcohol (n) alcohol (n) alcohol (n?) alcohol (n?) alcohol (n?) Toluene Toluene Turpentine Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Xylene, meta meta
Temp., °C
Pressure, megabars
Compressibility per megabar β × 106
15 20 20 20 20 20 0
23 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 17
103 95 80 65 54 8 32
15 15 15 15 20 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 40 40 40 20 20
5 5 5 5
53 46 51 55 59 71 63 47 8 77 67 65 47 7 74 64 74 49 43 41 39 38 33 9 69 60
250 500 1,000 12,000 200 400 500 1,000 12,000 200 400 13 200 400 500 500 1,000 12,000 200 400
* Smithsonian Tables, Table 106. Scott (Cryogenic Engineering, Van Nostrand, Princeton, N.J., 1959) gives data for liquid nitrogen (p. 283), oxygen (p. 276), and hydrogen (p. 303). For a convenient index to the high-pressure work of Bridgman, see American Institute of Physics Handbook, p. 2-163, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957.
TABLE 2-146
Compressibilities of Solids
Many data on the compressibility of solids obtained prior to 1926 are contained in Gruneisen, Handbuch der Physik, vol. 10, Springer, Berlin, 1926, pp. 1–52; also available as translation, NASA RE 2-18-59W, 1959. See also Tables 271, 273, 276, 278, and other material in Smithsonian Physical Tables, 9th ed., 1954. For a review of high-pressure work to 1946, see Bridgman, Rev. Mod. Phys., 18, 1 (1946).
LATENT HEATS UNITS CONVERSIONS For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32 To convert calories per gram-mole to British thermal units per
pound-mole, multiply by 1.799; to convert calories per gram to British thermal units per pound, multiply by 1.799. To convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 1.934 × 10−2.
LATENT HEATS TABLE 2-147
2-145
Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds*
Unless stated otherwise, the values have been taken from the compilations by K. K. Kelley on “Heats of Fusion of Inorganic Compounds,” U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 393 (1936), and “The Free Energies of Vaporization and Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Substances,” U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 383 (1935).
Substance Aluminum Al Al2Br6 Al2Cl6 AlF3·3NaF Al2I6 Al2O3 Antimony Sb SbBr3 SbCl3 SbCl5 Sb4O6 Sb4S6 Argon A Arsenic As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF5 As4O6 Barium Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba3(PO4)2 BaSO4 Beryllium Be Bismuth Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 Bi2O3 Bi2S5 Boron BBr3 BCl3 BF3 B2H6 B3H10 B5H9 B5H11 B10H14 B2H5Br B3N3H6 Bromine Br2 BrF5 Cadmium Cd CdBr2 CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 CdO CdSO4 Calcium Ca CaBr2 CaCO3 CaCl2 CaF2 Ca(NO3)2 CaO CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2 CaO·MgO·2SiO2 CaO·SiO2 CaSO4 Carbon C (graphite) CBr4 CCl4 CF4 CH4 C2N2 CNBr CNCl
mp, °C
Heat of fusion,a,b cal/mol
bp at 1 atm, °C
Heat of vaporization,a,b cal/mol
660.0 97.5 192.5 1000 191.0 2045
2,550 5,420 16,960 16,380 7,960 (26,000)
2057 256.4 180.2c
61,020 10,920 26,750c
385.5 3000
15,360
630.5 97 73.4 4 655 546
4,770 3,510 3,030 2,400 (27,000) 11,200
1440
46,670
219 172d 1425
10,360 11,570 17,820
−185.8
1,590
610c
31,000c
122 −52.8 457.2
7,570 4,980 14,300
−189.3 814 31 −16 −80.7 313
290 (6,620) 2,810 2,420 2,800 8,000
704 847 960 1287 595 1730 1350
(1,400)e 6,000 5,370 3,000 (5,980) 18,600 9,700
1280
2,500e
271.3
2,505
224 817 747
2,600 6,800 8,900
−128 −165.5 −119.8 −46.9
480
99.7 −104 −58
7,800
−7.2 −61.3
2,580 1,355
320.9 568 568 1110 387
1,460 (5,000) 5,300 (5,400) 3,660
1000
4,790
851 730 1282 782 1392 561 2707 1550 1392 1512 1297
2,230 4,180 (12,700) 6,100 4,100 5,120 (12,240) 29,400 (18,200) 13,400 6,700
1638
1420 461 441
18,020 17,350
91.3 12.5 −100.9 −92.4 16 58 67 f 16 50.4
7,300 5,680 4,620 3,685 6,470 7,700 8,500 11,600 6,230 7,670
58.0 40.4
7,420 7,470
765
23,870
967
29,860
796 1559c
25,400 53,820c
1487
36,580
3600 90 −24.0
11,000e 1,050 644
−182.5 −27.8 52 −5
224 1,938u
77 −127.9 −161.4 −21.1
2,240
13
*See also subsection “Thermodynamic Properties.”
35,670
7,280 3,110 2,040 5,576u 11,010c 6,300
Substance Carbon (Cont.) CNF CNI CO CO2 COS COCl2 CS2 Cerium Ce Cesium Cs CsBr CsCl CsF CsI CsNO3 Chlorine Cl2 ClF ClF3 Cl2O ClO2 Cl2O7 Chromium Cr CrO2Cl2 Cobalt Co CoCl2 Copper Cu Cu2Br2 Cu2Cl2 CuI Cu2(CN)2 Cu2O CuO Cu2S Fluorine F2 F2O Gallium Ga Germanium Ge GeH4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 GeHCl3 GeBr4 GeCl4 Ge(CH3)4 Gold Au Helium He Hydrogen H2 HBr HCl HCN HF (HF)6 HI H2O H22O (= D2O) H2O2 HNO3 H3PO2 H3PO3 H3PO4 H4P2O6 H2S H2S2 H2SO4 H2Se H2SeO4 H2Te Indium In
mp, °C
Heat of fusion,a,b cal/mol
−205.0 −57.5 −138.8
200 1,900 1,129 k
−112.0
1,049 l
775
2,120
28.4
500
642 715
3,600 (2,450)
407
3,250
−101.0
1,531m
1550
3,930
1490 727
3,660 7,390
1083.0
3,110
430
4,890
473 1230 1447 1127
(5,400) (13,400) 2,820 5,500
−223 29.8
bp at 1 atm, °C −72.8 141 −191.5 −78.4c −50.2 8.0
5,780c 13,980c 1,444 6,030 c, r 4,423 k 5,990
690 1300 1300 1251 1280
16,320 35,990 35,690 34,330 35,930
−34.1 −101 11.3 2.0 10.9 79
959 −165 −109 −105.6 −71 26.1 −49.5 −88
(8,300)
1063.0
3,030
−271.4 −259.2 −86.9 −114.2 −13.2 −83.0
28 575 476 2,009i 1,094
−50.8 0.0 3.8 −2 −47 17.4 74 42.4 55 −85.5 −87.6 10.5
686 1,436 1,501s 2,520c 600 2,310 3,070 2,520 8,300 568t 1,805 2,360
58 −48.9
3,450 1,670
156.4
781
4,878 m 5,890 6,280 7,100 8,480
2475 117
8,250
1050
27,170
2595 1355 1490 1336
72,810 16,310 11,920 15,940
−188.2 −144.8 1,336
Heat of vaporization,a,b cal/mol
1,640 2,650
2071 −89.1 31.4 110.6 75g 189 84 44 2966
3,580 5,900 7,550 8,000 8,560 7,030 6,460 81,800
−268.4
22
−252.7 −66.7 −85.0 25.7 33.3 51.2
216 4,210 3,860 6,027i 7,460 5,020
100.0 101.4 158
9,729 h,q 9,945 r,q 10,270
−60.3
4,463 t
−41.3
4,880
−2.2
5,650
2-146
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-147
Substance Iodine I2 ICl(α) ICl(β) IF7 Iron Fe FeCl2 Fe2Cl6 Fe(CO)5 FeO FeS Krypton Kr Lead Pb PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 PbMoO4 PbO PbS PbSO4 PbWO4 Lithium Li LiBO2 LiBr LiCl LiF LiI LiOH Li2MoO4 LiNO3 Li2SiO3 Li4SiO4 Li2SO4 Li2WO4 Magnesium Mg MgBr2 MgCl2 MgF2 MgO Mg3(PO4)2 MgSiO3 MgSO4 MgZn2 Manganese Mn MnCl2 MnSiO3 MnTiO3 Mercury Hg HgBr2 HgCl2 HgI2 HgSO4 Molybdenum Mo MoF6 MoO3 Neon Ne Nickel Ni NiCl2 Ni(CO)4 Ni2S Ni3S2 Nitrogen N2 NF3 NH3 NH4CNS NH4NO3 N2O NO N2O4 N2O5 NOCl Osmium OsF8 OsO4 (yellow) OsO4 (white) Oxygen O2 O3
Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) mp, °C
Heat of fusion,a,b cal/mol
113.0 17.2 13.9
3,650 2,660 2,270
183 4c
7,460c
1530 677 304 −21 1380 1195
3,560 7,800 20,590 3,250 (7,700) 5,000
2735 1026 319 105
84,600 30,210 12,040 9,000
−157
360e
bp at 1 atm, °C
152.9
Heat of vaporization,a,b cal/mol 10,390
2,310e
327.4 488 498 824 412 1065 890 1114 1087 1123
1,224 4,290 5,650 1,860 5,970 (25,800) 2,820 4,150 9,600 (15,200)
1744 914 954 1293 872
42,060 27,700 29,600 38,300 24,850
1472 1281
51,310 (50,000)
179 845 552 614 847 440 462 705
1,100 (5,570) 2,900 3,200 (2,360) (1,420) 2,480 4,200
1372
32,250
1310 1382 1681 1171
35,420 35,960 50,970 40,770
1177 1249 857 742
7,210 7,430 3,040 (6,700)
650 711 712 1221 2642 1184 1524 1127 589
2,160 8,300 8,100 5,900 18,500 (11,300) 14,700 3,500 (8,270)
1220 650 1274 1404
3,450 7,340 (8,200) (7,960)
2152 1190
557 3,960 4,150 4,500 (1,440)
361 319 304 354
13,980 14,080 14,080 14,260
(6,660) 2,500 (2,500)
(4800) 36 1151
(128,000) 6,000
−38.9 241 277 250 850 2622 17 745 −248.5
1107 1418
32,520 32,690
55,150 29,630
77
−246.0
440e
1455
4,200
2730 987c 42.5
87,300 48,360c 7,000
645 790
(2,980) 5,800 −195.8 −129.0 −33.4
1,336 3,000 5,581n
−88.5 −151.7 30 32.4 −6.4
3,950 3,307 7,040 13,800c 6,140
47.4 130
6,840 9,450
−183.0 −111
1,629 2,880
−210.0 −77.7 146 169.6 −90.8 −163.6 −13
56 42 −218.9
172 1,352n (4,700) 1,460 1,563 550 5,540
4,060 2,340 106
Substance Palladium Pd Phosphorus P4 (yellow) P4 (violet) P4 (black) PCl3 PH3 P4O6 P4O10(α) P4O10(β) POCl3 P2S3 Platinum Pt Potassium K KBO2 KBr KCl KCN KCNS K2CO3 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 KF KI K2MoO4 KNO3 KOH KPO3 K3PO4 K4P2O7 K2SO4 K2TiO3 K2WO4 Praseodymium Pr Radon Rn Rhenium Re Re2O7 Re2O8 Rubidium Rb RbBr RbCl RbF RbI RbNO3 Selenium Se2 Se6 SeF6 SeO2 SeOCl2 Silicon Si SiCl4 Si2Cl6 Si3Cl8 (SiCl3)2O SiF4 Si2F6 SiF3Cl SiF2Cl2 SiH4 Si2H6 Si3H8 Si4H10 SiH3Br SiH2Br2 SiHCl3 (SiH3)3N (SiH3)2O SiO2 (quartz) SiO2 (cristobalite) Silver Ag AgBr AgCl AgCN AgI AgNO3 Ag2S Ag2SO4 Sodium Na NaBO2
mp, °C
Heat of fusion,a,b cal/mol
1554
4,120
bp at 1 atm, °C
44.2
615
−133.8 23.8 569
270o 3,360 17,080
1.1
3,110
1773.5
4,700
(4400)
(107,000)
63.5 947 742 770 623 179 897 984 398 857 682 922 338 360 817 1340 1092 1074 810 927
574 (5,700) 5,000 6,410 (3,500) 2,250 7,800 6,920 8,770 6,500 4,100 (4,000) 2,840 (2,000) 2,110 8,900 14,000 8,100 (10,600) (4,400)
776
18,920
1383 1407
37,060 38,840
1324
34,690
1327
30,850
932
2,700
−71 (3000) 296 147
15,340 3,800
39.1 677 717 833 638 305
525 3,700 4,400 4,130 2,990 1,340
217
1,220
10
1,010
1427 −67.6 −1
9,470 1,845
−33
280 417c 453c 74.2 −87.7 174 591 358c 105.1 508
Heat of vaporization,a,b cal/mol
8,380
−61.8
4,010
362.4
18,060
679 1352 1381 1408 1304 753 736 −45.8c 317c 168 2290 56.8 139 211.4 135.6 −94.8c −18.9c −70.1 −31.5 −111.6 −14.3 53.1 100 2.4 70.5 31.8 48.7 −15.4 2230
−18.5 −138 −144 −185 −132.5 −117 −93.5 −93.8 −70.0 −126.5 −105.6 −144 1470 1700
3,900
960.5 430 455 350 557 209 842 657
2,700 2,180 3,155 2,750 2,250 2,755 3,360 (4,300)
2212
97.7 966
630 8,660
3,400 2,100
12,520 25,600c 33,100 7,280 3,489 o 10,380 20,670
18,110 37,120 36,920 39,510 35,960 25,490 20,600 6,350c 20,900
6,860 12,340 8,820 6,130c 10,400c 4,460 5,080 2,960 5,110 6,780 8,890 5,650 6,840 6,360 6,850 5,350
60,720
1564
42,520
1506
34,450
914
23,120
LATENT HEATS TABLE 2-147
2-147
Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Concluded)
Substance Sodium (Cont.) NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NaCN NaCNS Na2CO3 NaF NaI Na2MoO4 NaNO3 NaOH aNa2O·aAl2O3·3SiO2 NaPO3 Na4P2O7 Na2S Na2SiO3 Na2Si2O5 Na2SO4 Na2WO4 Strontium Sr SrBr2 SrCl2 SrF2 Sr3(PO4)2 Sulfur S (rhombic) S (monoclinic) S2Cl2 SF6 SO2 SO3(α) SO3(β) SO3(γ) SOBr2 SOCl2 SO2Cl2 Tellurium Te TeCl4 TeF6
mp, °C
Heat of fusion,a,b cal/mol
747 800 255 562 323 854 992 662 687 310 322 1107 988 970 920 1087 884 884 702
6,140 7,220 5,290 (4,400) 4,450 7,000 7,000 5,240 3,600 3,760 2,000 13,150 (5,000) (13,700) (1,200) 10,300 8,460 5,830 5,800
757 643 872 1400 1770
2,190 4,780 4,100 4,260 18,500
112.8 119.2 −75.5 17 32.4 62.2
453
1,769p 2,060 2,890 6,310
3,230
bp at 1 atm, °C
Heat of vaporization,a,b cal/mol
1392 1465
37,950 40,810
1500
37,280
1704
53,260
1378
1384
33,610
444.6
2,200
138 −63.5c −5.0 44.8
8,720 5,600c 5,960p 10,190
139.5 75.4 69.2
9,920 7,600 7,760
1090 392 −38.6c
16,830 6,700c
Substance Thallium Tl TlBr TlCl Tl2CO3 TlI TlNO3 Tl2S Tl2SO4 Tin Sn4 SnBr2 SnBr4 SnCl2 SnCl4 Sn(CH3)4 SnH4 SnI4 Titanium TiBr4 TiCl4 TiO2 Tungsten W WF6 Uranium UF6 Xenon Xe Zinc Zn ZnCl2 Zn(C2H5)2 ZnO ZnS Zirconium ZrBr4 ZrCl4 ZrI4 ZrO2
a
k
b
l
c
m
Values in parentheses are uncertain. For the freezing point or the normal boiling point unless otherwise stated. Sublimation. d Decomposes at about 75 °C; value obtained by extrapolation. e Bichowsky and Rossini, Thermochemistry of the Chemical Substances, Reinhold, New York (1936). f Decomposes before the normal boiling point is reached. g Decomposes at about 40 °C; value obtained by extrapolation. h See also pp. 2-304 through 2-307 on steam table. i Giauque and Ruehrwein, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61 (1939): 2626. j Giauque and Egan, J. Chem. Phys., 5 (1937): 45.
TABLE 2-148
mp, °C
Alloys 30.5 Pb + 69.5 Sn 36.9 Pb + 63.1 Sn 63.7 Pb + 36.3 Sn 77.8 Pb + 22.2 Sn 1 Pb + 9 Sn 24 Pb + 27.3 Sn + 48.7 Bi 25.8 Pb + 14.7 Sn + 52.4 Bi + 7 Cd Silicates Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) Orthoclase (KAlSi2O8) Microcline (KAlSi3O8) Wollastonite (CaSiO8) Malacolite (Ca8MgSi4O12) Diopside (CaMgSi2O4) Olivine (Mg2SiO4) Fayalite (Fe2SiO4) Spermaceti Wax (bees’)
bp at 1 atm, °C
Heat of vaporization,a,b cal/mol
302.5 460 427 273 440 207 449 632
1,030 5,990 4,260 4,400 3,125 2,290 3,000 5,500
1457 819 807
38,810 23,800 24,420
823
25,030
231.8 232 30 247 −33.2
1,720 (1,700) 3,000 3,050 2,190
2270
68,000
−149.8 143.5
(4,300)
38.2 −23 1825
(2,060) 2,240 (11,400)
136
3390 −0.4
(8,400) 1,800
(5900) 17.3
(176,000) 6,350
55.1c
9,990c
−111.5 419.5 283 1975 1645
2715
740 1,595 (5,500)
623 113 78.3 −52.3
20,740 8,330 7,320 4,420
8,350
−108.0
3,110
907 732 118
27,430 28,710 8,960
357c 311c 431c
25,800c 25,290c 29,030c
4,470 (9,000)
20,800
Kemp and Giauque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 59 (1937): 79. Brown and Manov, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 59 (1937): 500. Giauque and Powell, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61 (1939): 1970. n Overstreet and Giauque, J. Am. Chem. Soc 59 (1937): 254. o Stephenson and Giauque, J. Chem. Phys., 5 (1937): 149. p Giauque and Stephenson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60 (1938): 1389. q Osborne, Stimson, and Ginnings, Bur. Standards J. Research, 23, 197 (1939): 261. r Miles and Menzies, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58 (1936): 1067. s Long and Kemp, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58 (1936): 1829. t Giauque and Blue, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58 (1936): 831. u Ruehrwein and Giauque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61 (1939): 2940.
Heats of Fusion of Miscellaneous Materials
Material
Heat of fusion,a,b cal/mol
mp, °C
Heat of fusion, cal/g
183 179 177.5 176.5 236 98.8 75.5
17 15.5 11.6 9.54 28 6.85 8.4
43.9 61.8
100 100 83 100 94 100 130 85 37.0 42.3
2-148
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-149
Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds
The values for the hydrocarbons are from the tables of the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44 at the National Bureau of Standards, with some from Parks and Huffman, Ind. Eng. Chem., 23, 1138 (1931). The values for the nonhydrocarbon compounds were recalculated from data in International Critical Tables, vol. 5. Hydrocarbon compounds Paraffins Methane Ethane Propane n-Butane 2-Methylpropane n-Pentane 2-Methylbutane 2,2-Dimethylpropane n-Hexane 2-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane n-Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane n-Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylpentane 4-Methylheptane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 2-Methyl-3-ethylpentane 3-Methyl-3-ethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane n-Nonane n-Decane n-Undecane n-Dodecane Eicosane Pentacosane Tritriacontane Aromatics Benzene Methylbenzene (Toluene) Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene n-Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 1-Methyl-2-ethylbenzene
Formula
mp, °C
Heat of fusion, cal/g
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C20H42 C25H52 C33H68
−182.48 −183.23 −187.65 −138.33 −159.60 −129.723 −159.890 −16.6 −95.320 −153.680 −99.73 −128.41 −90.595 −118.270 −118.593 −123.790 −119.230 −134.46 −24.96 −56.798 −109.04 −120.50 −120.955 −121.18 −91.200 −126.10 −114.960 −90.870 −112.27 −107.365 −100.70 −109.210 +100.69 −53.9 −30.0 −25.9 −9.6 +36.4 +53.3 +71.1
14.03 22.712 19.100 19.167 18.668 27.874 17.076 10.786 36.138 17.407 1.607 2.251 33.513 21.158 22.555 13.982 15.968 16.856 5.250 43.169 21.458 23.795 22.692 24.226 26.903 14.9 23.690 22.657 18.061 19.278 3.204 19.392 14.900 41.2 48.3 34.1 51.3 52.0 53.6 54.0
C6H6 C7H8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12
+5.533 −94.991 −94.950 −25.187 −47.872 +13.263 −99.500 −96.028 −80.833
30.100 17.171 20.629 30.614 26.045 38.526 16.97 19.22 21.13 Heat of fusion, cal/g
Formula
mp, °C
Acetic acid Acetone Acrylic acid Allo-cinnamic acid Aminobenzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Amyl alcohol Anethole Aniline Anthraquinone Apiol Azobenzene Azoxybenzene
C2H4O2 C3H6O C3H4O2 C9H8O2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C5H12O C10H12O C6H5NH2 C14H8O2 C12H14O4 C12H10N2 C12H10N2O
16.7 −95.5 12.3 68 145 179.5 188.5 −78.9 22.5 −6.3 284.8 29.5 67.1 36
46.68 23.42 37.03 27.35 35.48 38.03 36.46 26.65 25.80 27.09 37.48 25.80 28.91 21.62
Benzil Benzoic acid Benzophenone Benzylaniline Bromocamphor Bromochlorbenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Bromoiodobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Bromol hydrate Bromophenol (p-) Bromotoluene (p-)
C14H10O2 C7H8O2 C13H10O C13H13N C10H15BrO C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrI C6H4BrI C6H4BrI C2H3Br3O2 C6H5BrO C7H7Br
95.2 122.45 47.85 32.37 78 −12.6 −21.2 64.6 21 9.3 90.1 46 63.5 28
22.15 33.90 23.53 21.86 41.57 15.41 15.29 23.41 12.18 10.27 16.60 16.90 20.50 20.86
Nonhydrocarbon compounds
Hydrocarbon compounds Aromatics—(Cont.) 1-Methyl-3-ethylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-ethylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Naphthalene Camphene Durene Isodurene Prehnitene p-Cymene n-Butyl benzene tert-Butyl benzene β-Methyl naphthalene Diphenyl Hexamethyl benzene Diphenyl methane Anthracene Phenanthrene Tolane Stilbene Dibenzil Triphenyl methane Alkyl cyclohexanes Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane Alkyl cyclopentanes Cyclopentane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane Monoolefins Ethene (Ethylene) Propene (Propylene) 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene 2-Methylpropene (isobutene) 1-Pentene cis-2-pentene trans-2-pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Acetylenes Acetylene 2-Butyne (dimethylacetylene) Nonhydrocarbon compounds
mp, °C
Heat of fusion, cal/g
C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C10H8 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C11H10 C12H10 C12H18 C13H12 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H12 C14H14 C19H16
−95.55 −62.350 −25.375 −43.80 −44.720 +80.0 +51 +79.3 −24.0 −7.7 −68.9 −88.5 −58.1 +34.1 +68.6 +165.5 +25.2 +216.5 +96.3 +60 +124 +51.4 +92.1
15.14 25.29 16.64 24.54 18.97 36.0 57 37.4 23.0 20.0 17.1 19.5 14.9 20.1 28.8 30.4 26.4 38.7 25.0 28.7 40.0 30.7 21.1
C6H12 C7H14
+6.67 −126.58
7.569 16.429
C5H10 C6H12 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14
−93.80 −142.445 −138.435 −69.73 −53.85 −117.57 −133.680
2.068 19.68 11.10 3.36 3.87 15.68 17.93
C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10
−169.15 −185.25 −185.35 −138.91 −105.55 −140.35 −165.27 −151.363 −140.235 −137.560 −168.500 −133.780
28.547 17.054 16.393 31.135 41.564 25.265 16.82 24.239 26.536 26.879 18.009 25.738
C2H2 C4H6
−81.5 −132.23
23.04 40.808
Formula
Formula
mp, °C
Heat of fusion, cal/g
Butyl alcohol (n-) (t-) Butyric acid (n-)
C4H10O C4H10O C4H8O2
−89.2 25.4 −5.7
29.93 21.88 30.04
Capric acid (n-) Caprylic acid (n-) Carbazole Carbon tetrachloride Carvoxime (d-) (l-) (dl-) Cetyl alcohol Chloracetic acid (α-) (β-) Chloral alcoholate hydrate Chloroaniline (p-) Chlorobenzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Chloronitrobenzene (m-) (p-) Cinnamic acid anhydride Cresol (p-) Crotonic acid (α-) (cis-) Cyanamide Cyclohexanol
C10H20O2 C8H16O2 C12H9N CCl4 C10H15NO C10H15NO C10H15NO C16H34O C2H3ClO2 C2H3ClO2 C4H7Cl3O2 C2H3Cl3O2 C6H6ClN C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C9H8O2 C18H14O3 C7H8O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 CH2N2 C6H12O
31.99 16.3 243 −22.8 71.5 71 91 49.27 61.2 56 9 47.4 71 140.2 154.25 239.7 44.4 83.5 133 48 34.6 72 71.2 44 25.46
38.87 35.40 42.05 41.57 23.29 23.41 24.61 33.80 31.06 35.12 24.03 33.18 37.15 39.30 36.41 49.21 29.38 31.51 36.50 28.14 26.28 25.32 34.90 49.81 4.19
LATENT HEATS TABLE 2-149
2-149
Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds (Concluded) Heat of fusion, cal/g
Formula
mp, °C
Dibromobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dibromophenol (2, 4-) Dichloroacetic acid Dichlorobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dihydroxybenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Di-iodobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dimethyl tartrate (dl-) (d-) pyrone Dinitrobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dinitrotoluene (2, 4-) Dioxane Diphenyl amine
C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2O C2H2Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H10O6 C6H10O6 C7H8O2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C4H8O2 C12H11N
1.8 −6.9 86 12 −4(?) −16.7 −24.8 53.13 104.3 109.65 172.3 23.4 34.2 129 87 49 132 116.93 89.7 173.5 70.14 11.0 52.98
12.78 13.38 20.55 13.97 14.21 21.02 20.55 29.67 49.40 46.20 58.77 10.15 11.54 16.20 35.12 21.50 56.14 32.25 24.70 39.99 26.40 34.85 25.23
Elaidic acid Ethyl acetate alcohol Ethylene dibromide Ethyl ether
C18H34O2 C4H8O2 C2H6O C2H4Br2 C4H10O
44.4 83.8 −114.4 10.012 −116.3
52.08 28.43 25.76 13.52 23.54
Formic acid
CH2O2
8.40
58.89
Glutaric acid Glycerol Glycol, ethylene
C6H8O4 C3H8O3 C2H6O2
97.5 18.07 −11.5
37.39 47.49 43.26
Hydrazo benzene Hydrocinnamic acid Hydroxyacetanilide
C12H12N2 C9H10O2 C8H9NO2
134 48 91.3
22.89 28.14 33.59
Iodotoluene (p-) Isopropyl alcohol ether
C7H7I C3H8O C6H14O
34 −88.5 −86.8
18.75 21.08 25.79
Lauric acid (n-) Levulinic acid
C12H24O2 C5H8O3
43.22 33
43.72 18.97
Menthol (l-) (α) Methyl alcohol Myristic acid Methyl cinnamate fumarate oxalate phenylpropiolate succinate
C10H20O CH4O C14H28O2 C10H10O2 C6H8O4 C4H6O4 C10H8O2 C6H10O4
43.5 −97.8 53.86 36 102 54.35 18 19.5
18.63 23.7 47.49 26.53 57.93 42.64 22.86 35.72
Nonhydrocarbon compounds
Formula
mp, °C
Heat of fusion, cal/g
Naphthol (α-) (β-) Naphthylamine (α-) Nitroaniline (o-) (m-) (p-) Nitrobenzene Nitrobenzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Nitronaphthalene Nitrophenol (o-)
C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H5NO2 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C10H7NO2 C6H5NO3
95.0 120.6 50 71.2 114.0 147.3 5.85 145.8 141.1 239.2 56.7 45.13
38.94 31.30 22.34 27.88 40.97 36.46 22.52 40.06 27.59 52.80 25.44 26.76
Palmitic acid Paraldehyde Pelargic acid (n-) (β-) Pelargonic acid (n-) (α-) Phenol Phenylacetic acid Phenylhydrazine Propyl ether (n)
C16H32O2 C6H12O3 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C6H6O C8H8O2 C6H8N2 C6H14O
61.82 10.5 12.35 40.92 76.7 19.6 −126.1
39.18 25.02 39.04 30.63 29.03 25.44 36.31 20.66
Quinone
C6H4O2
115.7
40.85
Stearic acid Succinic anhydride Succinonitrile
C18H30O2 C4H4O3 C4H4N2
68.82 119 54.5
47.54 48.74 11.71
Tetrachloroxylene (o-) (p-) Thiophene Thiosinamine Thymol Toluic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Toluidine (p-) Tribromophenol (2, 4, 6-) Trichloroacetic acid Trinitroglycerol Trinitrotoluene (2, 4, 6-) Tristearin
C8H6Cl4 C8H6Cl4 C4H4S C4H8N2S C10H14O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C7H9N C6H3Br3O C2HCl3O2 C3H5N3O9 C7H5N3O6 C57H110O6
86 95 −39.4 77 51.5 103.7 108.75 179.6 43.3 93 57.5 12.3 80.83 70.8, 54.5
21.02 22.10 14.11 33.45 27.47 35.40 27.59 39.90 39.90 13.38 8.60 23.02 22.34 45.63
Undecylic acid (α-) (n-) (β-) (n-) Urethane
C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C3H7NO2
28.25 48.7
32.20 42.91 40.85
Veratrol
C8H10O2
22.5
27.45
Xylene dibromide (o-) (m-) dichloride (o-) (m-) (p-)
C8H8Br2 C8H8Br2 C8H8Cl2 C8H8Cl2 C8H8Cl2
Nonhydrocarbon compounds
95 77 55 34 100
24.25 21.45 29.03 26.64 32.73
2-150
TABLE 2-150 Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (J/kmol) Cmpd. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Name Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1 × 1E-07
C2
C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O
75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4
44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541 108.138
3.8366 8.107 4.0179 6.352 4.215 4.3511 2.3214 3.8736 4.3756 4.155 0.8474 3.1523 5.8662 0.87308 8.7809 4.5346 6.225 10.19 6.8077 10.523 8.4762 6.228 6.9642 7.635 4 5.552 3.9004 3.169 3.522 3.2632 3.6238 8.9754 9.2247 7.1274 7.9227 3.3774 3.4358 3.3191 5.8276 6.3487 4.9702 4.6432 3.6972 4.6403 6.1947 5.22 2.173 3.496 0.8585 4.3252 1.9311 3.068 5.148 3.524 4.186 2.9745 3.989 3.8871 8.0082
0.40081 0.42 2.6037 0.3986 0.3397 0.34765 0.35938 0.29335 2.2571 0.2733 0.3822 0.3914 0.37127 0.3526 0.1933 0.39053 0.4412 0.478 0.63344 0.87091 0.35251 0.3411 0.44354 0.39182 0.351 0.37694 0.38012 0.3015 0.395 0.3701 0.8337 0.45316 0.42442 0.0483 0.58361 0.5107 0.38004 0.36968 0.38854 0.38222 0.41199 0.399 0.39168 0.3849 1.6524 0.165 0.382 0.2986 0.4921 0.37688 0.94983 0.8458 0.36614 0.3652 0.3584 0.353 0.37956 0.38043 0.45314
C3
C4
−5.0031
2.7069
−4.5116
2.5738
−0.2289
0.2309
0.30877
−0.14162
−0.27365 −0.45568 0.43853
−0.3026
−0.82274
0.39613
0.8966 0.02016 −0.17304
−0.5116 −0.08654 0.05181
−2.8505 0.6692 −0.4339
1.6285 −0.539 0.42213
−0.326
0.2231
−1.0615 −0.9001
0.51894 0.453
Tmin, K
Hv at Tmin × 1E-07
Tmax, K
Hv at Tmax
150.15 353.15 289.81 200.15 178.45 229.32 192.40 185.45 286.15 189.63 59.15 195.41 235.65 83.78 403.00 278.68 258.27 395.45 260.40 321.35 257.85 275.65 243.95 342.20 265.85 242.43 154.55 179.47 136.95 164.25 134.86 220.00 196.15 183.85 158.45 87.80 134.26 167.62 199.65 185.30 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 250.00 161.25 216.58 161.11 68.13 250.33 89.56 172.12 227.95 134.80 209.63 175.43 150.35 155.97 285.39
3.2828 6.2386 2.3412 5.4139 3.6390 3.5996 1.6333 3.3881 2.7965 3.6866 0.6759 2.5298 4.9560 0.6561 7.1286 3.4705 5.0597 7.1277 5.3147 7.4895 6.8800 5.1829 5.7930 6.0719 3.2323 4.6875 3.3933 2.7379 3.0540 2.7235 2.8684 7.5185 7.9759 6.3643 6.4607 3.0197 2.9867 2.7630 4.9384 5.5979 4.3505 4.1614 3.1511 3.9797 4.1619 4.7223 1.5202 3.1537 0.6517 3.4528 1.4215 2.2878 4.3707 3.1052 3.5047 2.4520 3.4862 3.3586 6.3326
466.00 761.00 591.95 606.00 508.20 545.50 308.30 506.00 615.00 535.00 132.45 405.65 645.60 150.86 824.00 562.05 689.00 751.00 699.35 830.00 720.15 662.00 718.00 773.00 584.15 670.15 503.80 467.00 452.00 425.00 425.12 680.00 676.00 563.10 535.90 419.50 435.50 428.60 575.40 660.50 570.10 554.00 440.00 537.20 615.70 582.25 304.21 552.00 132.50 556.35 227.51 417.15 632.35 460.35 536.40 416.25 503.15 489.00 705.85
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 915,280 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2-151
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine
C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N
95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7
108.138 108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106 84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170 62.134 78.133 194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190
7.1979 8.4942 5.766 3.384 3.334 4.4902 9.1791 5.6772 4.4405 3.8911 3.8107 2.7672 5.6067 7.9073 6.6126 13.107 7.9041 6.6985 8.0617 6.9461 0.1657 5.712 5.37 4.82 5.9616 5.6899 6.2117 5.9765 4.2117 4.5507 4.186 4.774 4.675 10.154 4.6133 4.06 4.7659 3.2312 3.4552 2.8081 5.007 4.6117 5.0256 4.3872 4.7999 3.856 4.09 4.1509 5.0402 5.2852 5.1194 4.9825 2.994 5.9217 4.6533 8.1578 2.8365 3.9022 6.629 7.236 5.051 6.8243 5.428
0.40317 0.50234 0.38939 0.3707 0.3395 0.39881 0.6382 0.37431 0.37479 0.36111 0.3543 0.35588 0.38729 0.4129 0.39797 1.0674 −1.36 0.76944 0.41045 0.42109 0.352 0.5255 0.416 0.3771 0.38833 0.35765 0.42845 0.38559 0.36927 0.34444 0.4092 0.39204 0.36529 0.3403 0.42628 0.3868 0.37987 0.37653 0.3499 0.3364 0.4362 0.4 0.29611 0.56226 0.30724 0.3737 0.42005 0.38383 0.4036 0.41607 0.405 0.3958 0.3505 0.37996 0.37577 0.29346 0.35393 0.37731 0.4084 0.2424 0.3791 0.30877 0.3665
−0.97372 4.0854 −0.79975
−0.60662 −0.024545
0.40491 −2.3871 0.42379
0.4202 0.091361
304.19 307.93 177.14 245.25 182.48 279.69 296.60 242.00 169.67 179.28 138.13 145.59 189.64 267.15 243.51 304.55 280.05 206.89 247.56 229.15 18.73 210.15 282.85 220.60 175.30 248.39 256.15 326.14 176.19 237.49 178.01 200.00 172.71 301.15 223.35 156.85 169.20 154.56 215.00 136.95 176.85 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.10 240.91 180.96 145.19 239.66 223.16 184.99 188.44 131.65 212.72 160.00 274.18 122.93 174.88 291.67 413.80 284.95 300.03 210.15
5.7135 6.3649 5.0717 2.3803 2.8083 3.3920 6.2221 4.7739 3.8791 3.3299 3.4046 2.3532 4.9220 6.4201 5.4168 8.7931 8.2959 5.3524 6.7308 5.7192 0.1309 4.6111 4.2346 4.0709 5.1902 4.8419 5.1191 4.6573 3.6189 3.7657 3.5116 4.0147 4.0997 8.4908 3.5761 3.4651 4.1537 2.6659 2.7427 2.3781 4.1823 3.8207 4.4125 3.7528 4.0557 2.9557 3.2678 3.6388 4.0862 4.3662 4.4043 4.3108 2.6032 5.0931 4.0745 7.1632 2.4928 3.3213 5.3804 6.0070 3.9263 5.8546 4.5500
697.55 704.65 631.00 400.15 459.93 553.80 650.10 653.00 560.40 511.70 507.00 398.00 664.00 674.20 617.70 722.10 688.00 616.60 696.00 619.85 38.35 628.00 650.15 611.00 584.10 683.95 705.00 684.75 523.00 561.60 510.00 560.00 572.00 736.60 496.60 466.70 557.15 386.44 445.00 351.26 523.10 500.05 576.00 507.80 543.00 473.20 437.20 500.00 591.15 606.15 596.15 615.00 400.10 649.60 537.30 766.00 402.00 503.04 729.00 772.00 587.00 766.80 550.00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2-152
TABLE 2-150 Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (J/kmol) (Continued) Cmpd. no. 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181
Name Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1 × 1E-07
C2
C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10
112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2
170.335 282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079 144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 4.003 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144
7.7337 12.86 2.1091 5.5789 4.933 4.275 5.4805 6.7093 7.898 5.6419 5.3832 4.8287 1.8844 5.7521 8.3518 4.94 3.6652 4.5909 11.184 6.2786 4.258 5.2207 3.844 5.3325 5.438 4.9482 0.88757 4.582 2.7617 2.4708 3.076 7.358 2.3195 4.005 0.012504 10.473 5.956 5.0014 11.274 7.0236 9.6433 6.3357 6.1425 4.9437 6.5473 4.8222 10.156 5.6661 4.4544 9.0746 7.035 11.55 5.6231 5.6232 4.1429 4.808 5.8422 4.574 4.911
0.40681 0.50351 0.60646 0.31245 0.3847 0.5857 0.39524 0.33273 0.39445 0.37985 0.41763 0.37804 0.36485 0.34513 0.42625 0.466 0.37878 0.4123 0.86189 0.39513 0.37221 0.34893 0.37534 0.401 0.60624 0.39871 0.34072 0.3717 0.32162 0.37014 0.2954 0.3564 1.9091 0.3995 1.3038 0.4374 0.36474 0.38795 0.86047 −1.3652 0.783 0.42167 0.39802 0.35428 0.40968 0.33858 0.45726 0.38533 0.39002 0.8926 −0.9575 2.2877 0.38207 0.39972 0.49118 0.436 0.38704 0.3698 0.4392
C3
C4
0.32986 −0.55492
−0.42184 0.32799
−0.332
0.169
−0.47845
0.048646
−5.0003
3.2641
−2.6954
1.7098
−0.40661 3.987 −0.27273
−0.012644 −2.2545 0.038495
0.22149
−0.2353
−0.75172 3.1431 −3.6724
0.34378 −1.8066 2.1326
−0.44821
0.32105
Tmin, K
Hv at Tmin × 1E-07
Tmax, K
Hv at Tmax
263.57 309.58 90.35 159.05 189.60 192.15 178.20 238.45 258.15 175.15 161.84 134.71 104.00 284.29 260.15 195.20 160.65 193.55 235.00 180.00 140.00 204.15 125.26 199.25 145.65 167.55 53.48 230.94 129.95 131.35 181.15 275.70 250.00 196.29 2.20 295.13 229.80 182.57 265.83 239.15 230.00 234.15 238.15 154.12 229.92 192.22 291.31 217.15 177.83 269.25 228.55 223.00 217.35 217.50 133.39 170.05 192.62 141.25 183.65
6.2802 9.5933 1.7879 4.9694 4.1490 3.2955 4.7900 5.8382 6.4816 4.9090 4.7318 4.3603 1.5936 4.5918 6.8989 4.0022 3.1271 3.7679 8.2832 5.4262 3.7556 4.4677 3.4489 4.4449 4.4140 4.2942 0.7578 3.7605 2.4089 2.0276 2.5863 6.2844 1.8865 3.2647 0.0097 8.3699 5.0248 4.2619 7.9579 7.6498 6.9638 5.1579 5.0471 4.3208 5.4656 4.1647 8.0225 4.7495 3.7647 6.4783 7.1509 6.5014 4.7135 4.6655 3.6691 4.0831 5.0630 4.0640 4.1067
658.00 768.00 305.32 514.00 523.30 456.15 617.15 698.00 655.00 571.00 609.15 569.50 282.34 593.00 720.00 537.00 469.15 508.40 674.60 583.00 489.00 567.00 499.15 546.00 500.23 559.95 144.12 560.09 375.31 317.42 408.00 771.00 588.00 490.15 5.20 736.00 616.80 540.20 677.30 632.30 608.30 606.60 611.40 537.40 645.00 547.00 723.00 591.00 507.60 660.20 611.30 585.30 587.61 582.82 504.00 544.00 623.00 516.20 549.00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2-153
182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244
Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl -1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether
H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O
302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4
32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122 90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148
5.9794 0.10127 2.485 2.2093 3.349 13.451 2.5676 4.0385 4.4041 11.767 4.6095 1.0194 5.0451 7.3402 4.492 3.1889 4.68 3.858 6.8504 4.1233 3.7593 7.48 10.178 3.9091 3.9248 3.648 4.5302 5.3416 3.792 5.3781 3.2835 4.7528 6.477 7.8011 7.8995 4.3595 4.3541 4.209 3.6756 3.53 4.622 4.4842 4.103 4.2678 5.4687 4.2967 3.8501 4.7075 4.5052 3.4448 5.468 10.53 4.2522 5.0002 3.188 7.7646 3.2614 5.008 4.2719 4.8253 2.2656 5.8071 3.872
0.9424 0.698 0.39 0.3466 0.2053 13.36 0.37358 0.82698 0.43325 0.37877 0.23331 0.26087 0.33594 0.38974 0.3685 0.37881 0.349 0.404 0.38852 0.426 0.39173 0.3933 1.3211 0.39866 0.36173 0.3863 0.37779 0.3835 0.3565 0.39523 0.33116 0.39437 0.4853 0.4172 0.42479 0.38507 0.36805 0.36779 0.31266 0.376 0.355 0.41151 0.3825 0.37995 0.40583 0.37922 0.36453 0.33601 0.36493 0.37427 0.4472 0.7454 0.3807 0.3781 0.39006 0.56757 0.38073 0.3959 0.43175 0.38087 0.30269 0.37009 0.044
−1.398 −1.817
−23.383
0.8862 1.447
10.785
−2.033
1.4769
−0.14694
0.22154
−1.2234
0.44836
−0.39297
0.047214
0.448
−0.112
274.69 13.95 185.15 158.97 259.83 277.56 187.68 227.15 177.95 407.95 288.15 90.69 175.47 301.15 175.15 170.45 196.32 179.69 260.75 159.53 113.25 193.00 155.95 135.58 139.39 160.15 157.48 175.30 183.45 187.35 139.05 146.58 299.15 280.15 269.15 130.73 146.62 115.00 182.55 160.00 186.48 167.23 174.15 150.00 189.15 256.15 127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 224.95 240.00 119.55 176.00 113.54 298.97 132.81 185.65 133.97 160.17 116.34 249.95 164.55
4.5238 0.0913 1.8817 1.7498 2.8176 0.7104 1.9782 3.5534 3.5874 9.0033 4.0342 0.8724 4.3825 5.9384 3.8418 2.5882 3.9913 3.1006 5.7026 3.4864 3.3657 6.5004 7.3738 3.4072 3.4558 3.1332 3.9438 4.6699 3.1681 4.5694 2.8974 4.2291 4.9050 6.0500 6.1926 3.9115 3.8769 3.8439 3.1686 2.9751 3.9704 3.8406 3.4644 3.7232 4.6507 3.2402 3.4235 4.1240 3.9340 2.9825 4.3596 8.1106 3.8300 4.3168 2.8070 4.6771 2.8195 4.2231 3.7041 4.2499 2.0069 4.8591 3.6017
653.15 33.19 363.15 324.65 456.65 461.15 373.53 605.00 471.85 805.00 662.00 190.56 512.50 718.00 506.55 402.40 536.00 430.05 693.00 490.00 460.40 643.00 577.20 465.00 470.00 492.00 512.74 593.00 463.20 554.50 442.00 572.10 686.00 614.00 617.00 532.70 542.00 526.00 483.00 437.80 535.50 533.00 487.20 497.00 574.60 488.00 464.48 553.40 553.10 469.95 566.00 694.00 497.70 546.49 407.80 506.20 417.90 530.60 476.25 565.00 352.50 654.00 497.10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2-154
TABLE 2-150 Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (J/kmol) (Concluded) Cmpd. no. 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302
Name Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1 × 1E-07
C2
C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2
107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4
58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079 55.079 102.132
3.587 7.0911 0.2389 5.1459 0.74905 1.6402 4.7417 2.3215 2.131 11.674 7.3363 6.037 12.38 7.5429 7.9797 5.9054 7.5239 6.3337 10.969 6.7735 5.518 12.23 7.2468 7.6376 6.5363 6.6142 5.4859 6.8907 5.4046 11.473 0.9008 1.8587 9.6741 5.1478 3.9109 7.3197 7.39 11.111 5.174 5.2359 3.5027 5.0573 5.4315 3.954 4.4158 8.3482 7.306 5.5769 6.916 2.9535 2.9209 6.8988 7.2542 5.8866 4.1492 4 4.9348 5.4327
0.3769 0.46468 0.3494 0.33017 0.40406 0.36494 0.3062 0.384 0.4056 0.45865 0.41735 0.38522 0.69869 −1.5966 −1.0341 0.61039 0.3991 0.3975 0.44327 0.40607 0.38467 0.69294 −1.2464 −0.7612 0.38718 0.58562 0.26207 0.40017 0.35299 0.37238 0.4542 0.30416 0.45399 0.37541 0.38681 1.2093 -0.1464 1.8011 0.39422 0.40465 0.3481 0.45827 0.3972 0.3512 0.44347 0.33172 0.4246 0.30346 0.1755 0.41367 0.78237 0.6458 0.79137 0.38533 0.36751 1.3936 0.41873 0.407
C3
−0.317
C4
0.27343
0.097854 4.6489 3.553 −0.54533
−0.35082 −2.7229 −2.1149 0.30683
0.12287 3.6797 2.7875
−0.36132 −2.0665 −1.6033
−0.40512 0.50642
0.22144 −0.43873
−0.4096
0.3183
−1.9114 1.4751 −2.1801
1.1591 −0.9208 1.0641
−0.19672 −0.22568
0.22394 0.16393
−0.77319 −0.5384 −0.66092
0.39246 0.3317 0.34223
−2.9465
1.794
Tmin, K
Hv at Tmin × 1E-07
Tmax, K
151.15 353.43 24.56 183.63 63.15 66.46 244.60 182.30 109.50 305.04 255.15 219.66 285.55 268.15 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246.00 216.38 289.65 257.65 241.55 252.85 255.55 171.45 223.95 193.55 462.65 54.36 80.15 283.07 182.00 143.42 239.15 195.56 200.00 196.29 234.18 108.02 160.75 197.45 167.45 163.83 372.38 314.06 243.15 404.15 136.87 85.47 146.95 185.26 199.00 170.00 252.45 180.26 178.15
3.0567 5.2691 0.1803 4.5533 0.6024 1.4519 4.0220 1.6502 1.4578 9.2185 5.9779 5.0545 8.7232 8.2411 8.0370 4.9218 6.2506 5.2606 8.7246 5.5600 4.5898 8.4658 7.6793 7.3759 5.3646 5.2076 4.7927 5.8506 4.6743 8.3393 0.7742 1.6625 7.6728 4.4502 3.3968 5.3813 6.7005 6.6655 4.3663 4.2075 3.2232 4.4343 4.6322 3.4025 3.7321 6.9340 5.6577 4.8418 6.1001 2.4755 2.4787 5.8356 5.5370 5.0941 3.5675 3.0922 4.2005 4.6322
437.00 748.40 44.40 593.00 126.20 234.00 588.15 309.57 180.15 758.00 658.00 594.60 710.70 670.90 649.50 593.10 681.00 598.05 747.00 638.90 568.70 694.26 652.30 629.80 632.70 627.70 566.90 667.30 574.00 804.00 154.58 261.00 708.00 566.10 469.70 639.16 588.10 561.00 561.08 560.95 464.80 584.30 598.00 481.20 519.00 869.00 694.25 653.00 791.00 394.00 369.83 536.80 508.30 636.00 504.40 600.81 564.40 549.73
Hv at Tmax 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345
Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene
C3H9N C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3
59.110 120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165
4.4488 5.8887 2.5216 4.9687 4.2191 4.4782 8.07 6.49 2.4105 5.726 12.018 3.676 2.571 7.337 8.824 8.7165 9.0539 4.3021 6.8086 5.0642 4.9055 4.5854 4.9507 5.0929 8.4339 4.664 3.305 5.9996 5.9254 4.7711 4.991 10.687 10.686 7.2284 8.7274 4.77 3.649 3.4125 4.5659 5.2053 5.4626 5.5395 5.3819
0.39494 0.38534 0.33721 0.4025 0.41161 0.41073 0.295 0.3112 0.37988 0.4055 0.37149 0.4 0.383 0.5647 0.3224 0.44467 0.36972 0.43054 0.38904 0.40678 0.38756 0.37742 0.38013 0.4257 0.3663 0.354 0.35578 0.35709 0.37949 0.383 0.38 0.40074 0.40607 −1.5834 0.3765 0.4 0.4513 0.36278 0.3199 0.37289 0.37788 0.36695
−0.18399
5.0913
0.22377
−3.2171
0.043 −0.212
0.25795
188.36 173.55 87.89 180.25 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85 186.35 242.54 460.65 197.67 223.15 289.95 298.15 329.35 279.01 164.65 237.38 176.99 373.96 234.94 178.18 236.50 267.76 158.45 156.08 247.79 229.33 165.78 172.22 398.40 354.00 247.57 288.45 180.35 173.15 119.36 178.35 273.16 225.30 247.98 286.41
3.6857 5.2110 2.3177 4.2162 3.6942 3.8723 7.1374 4.9933 1.4873 4.7128 8.7719 2.8753 1.6208 4.4303 8.8240 7.4548 7.2002 3.7610 5.7314 4.4565 3.1691 3.7484 4.3246 4.2130 6.8015 4.1011 2.8216 5.0818 5.0713 4.1561 4.3530 8.3906 8.5455 5.9240 8.9007 4.0619 2.9876 2.9491 3.9520 4.4733 4.6112 4.5859 4.2787
496.95 638.35 364.85 538.00 517.00 536.60 626.00 683.00 259.00 636.00 806.00 430.75 318.69 490.85 298.15 857.00 693.00 540.15 720.00 631.95 568.00 579.35 591.75 602.00 675.00 535.15 433.25 664.50 649.10 543.80 573.50 846.00 828.00 639.00 703.90 519.13 454.00 432.00 543.15 647.10 617.00 630.30 616.20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88,240,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The heat of vaporization Hv is calculated by Hv = C1(1 − Tr) C2+ C3T + C4T + C5T r
2 r
3 r
where Tr = T/Tc, Tc is the critical temperature from Table 2-141, Hv is in J/kmol, and T is in K. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
2-155
2-156
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS UNITS CONVERSIONS
To convert kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin to British thermal units per pound-degree Rankine, multiply by 0.2388.
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32 °R = 1.8 K
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
To convert calories per gram-kelvin to British thermal units per pound-degree Rankine, multiply by 1.0; to convert calories per mole-kelvin to British thermal units per pound-mole-degree Rankine, multiply by 1.0. TABLE 2-151
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds* Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)
Range of temperature, K
Uncertainty, %
c l c l c l c c c c l c l c c, sillimanite c, disthene c, andalusite c, mullite c c c
4.80 + 0.00322T 7.00 18.74 + 0.01866T 29.5 13.25 + 0.02800T 31.2 76 19.3 50.5 38.63 + 0.04760T − 449200/T 2 142 16.88 + 0.02266T 28.8 22.08 + 0.008971T − 522500/T 2 40.79 + 0.004763T − 992800/T 2 41.81 + 0.005283T − 1211000/T 2 43.96 + 0.001923T − 1086000/T 2 59.65 + 0.0670T 113.2 + 0.0652T 63.5 235
273–931 931–1273 273–370 370–407 273–465 465–504 288–327 288–326 288–326 273–1273 1273–1373 273–464 464–480 273–1973 273–1573 273–1673 273–1573 273–576 273–575 273–373 288–325
1 5 3 5 3 3 ? ? ? 2 ? 3 5 3 3 2 3 5 3 ? ?
c l c c c c c
5.51 + 0.00178T 7.15 17.2 + 0.0293T 10.3 + 0.0511T 19.1 + 0.0171T 22.6 + 0.0162T 24.2 + 0.0132T
273–903 903–1273 273–370 273–346 273–929 273–1198 273–821
2 5 ? ? ? ? ?
g
4.97
c l c c
5.17 + 0.00234T 31.9 8.37 + 0.0486T 25.8
273–1168 286–371 273–548 293–373
5 ? ? ?
c c c c c, α c, β c c c
17.0 + 0.00334T 28.2 37.3 51 17.26 + 0.0131T 30.0 34 39.8 21.35 + 0.0141T
273–1198 273–307 273–307 289–320 273–1083 1083–1255 273–297 285–371 273–1323
? ? ? ? 5 15 ? ? 5
c c c c
4.698 + 0.001555T − 121000/T 2 8.69 + 0.00365T − 313000/T 2 25.4 20.8
273–1173 273–1175 273–373 273–373
1 5 ? ?
Substance Aluminum1 Al AlBr3 AlCl3 AlCl3·6H2O AlF3 AlF3·3aH2O AlF3·3NaF AlI3 Al2O3 Al2O3·SiO2 3Al2O3·2SiO2 4Al2O3·3SiO2 Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3·18H2O Antimony Sb SbBr3 SbCl3 Sb2O3 Sb2O4 Sb2S3 Argon2 A Arsenic As AsCl3 As2O3 As2S3 Barium BaCl2 BaCl2·H2O BaCl2·2H2O Ba(ClO3)2·H2O BaCO3 BaMoO4 Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 Beryllium3,4 Be BeO BeO·Al2O3 BeSO4
Additional data are contained in the subsection “Thermodynamic Properties.” Data on water are also contained in that subsection. Additional tables for water are found in Eng. Sci. Data Item 68008, 251 Regent Street, London, England, which contains about 5000 values from 1 to 1000 bar, 0 to 1500 °C.
State†
All
0
*From Kelley, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 371, 1934. For a revision see Kelley, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 477, 1948. Data for many elements and compounds are given by Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960, for cryogenic temperatures. Tabulated data for gases can be obtained from many of the references cited in the “Thermodynamic Properties” subsection and other tables in this section. Thinh, Duran, et al., Hydrocarbon Process., 50, 98 (January 1971), review previous equation fits and give newer fits for 408 hydrocarbons and related compounds. Later publications include Duran, Thinh, et al., Hydrocarbon Process., 55, 153 (August 1976); Thompson, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 22(4), 431 (1977); and Passut and Danner, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 11, 543 (1972); 13, 193 (1974). † The symbols in this column have the following meaning; c, crystal; l, liquid; g, gas; gls, glass.
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS TABLE 2-151
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Substance Bismuth4 Bi Bi2O3 Bi2S3 Boron B B2O3 BN Bromine Br2 Cadmium Cd CdO CdS CdSO4·8/3H2O Calcium Ca CaCl2 CaCO3 CaF2 CaMg(CO3)2 CaMoO4 CaO Ca(OH)2 CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2 CaO·MgO·2SiO2 CaO·SiO2 CaP2O6 CaSO4 CaSO4·2H2O CaWO4 Carbon5 C CH4 CO6 CO2 CS2 Cerium Ce CeO2 Ce2(MoO4)3 Ce2(SO4)3 Ce2(SO4)3·5H2O Cesium Cs CsBr CsCl CsF CsI Chlorine Cl2 Chromium4 Cr CrCl3 Cr2O3 CrSb CrSb2 Cr2(SO4)3 Cobalt4 Co CoAs2·CoS2 CoSb Co2Sn CoS CoSO4·7H2O
State†
Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)
Range of temperature, K
Uncertainty, %
c l c c
5.38 + 0.00260T 7.60 23.27 + 0.01105T 30.4
273–544 544–1273 273–777 284–372
3 3 2 ?
c gls gls c
1.54 + 0.00440T 5.14 + 0.0320T 30.4 1.61 + 0.00400T
273–1174 273–513 513–623 273–1173
5 3 3 5
g
9.00
300–2000
5
c l c c c
5.46 + 0.002466T 7.13 9.65 + 0.00208T 12.9 + 0.00090T 51.3
273–594 594–973 273–2086 273–1273 293
1 5 ? ? ?
c c c c c c c c c c, anorthite gls c, diopside gls c, wollastonite c, pseudowollastonite gls c c c c
5.31 + 0.00333T 6.29 + 0.00140T 16.9 + 0.00386T 19.68 + 0.01189T − 307600/T 2 14.7 + 0.00380T 40.1 33 10.00 + 0.00484T − 108000/T 2 21.4 63.13 + 0.01500T − 1537000/T 2 67.41 + 0.01048T − 1874000/T 2 54.46 + 0.005746T − 1500000/T 2 51.68 + 0.009724T − 1308000/T 2 27.95 + 0.002056T − 745600/T 2 25.48 + 0.004132T − 488100/T 2 23.16 + 0.009672T − 487100/T 2 39.5 18.52 + 0.02197T − 156800/T 2 46.8 27.9
273–673 673–873 273–1055 273–1033 273–1651 299–372 273–297 273–1173 276–373 273–1673 273–973 273–1573 273–973 273–1573 273–1673 273–973 287–371 273–1373 282–373 292–322
2 2 ? 3 ? ? ? 2 ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ? 5 ? ?
c, graphite c, diamond g g g l
2.673 + 0.002617T − 116900/T 2 2.162 + 0.003059T − 130300/T 2 5.34 + 0.0115T 6.60 + 0.00120T 10.34 + 0.00274T − 195500/T 2 18.4
273–1373 273–1313 273–1200 273–2500 273–1200 293
2 3 2 1a 1a ?
c c c c c
5.88 + 0.00123T 15.1 96 66.4 131.6
273–908 273–373 273–297 273–373 273–319
? ? ? ? ?
c l g c c c c
1.96 + 0.0182T 8.00 4.97 12.6 + 0.00259T 11.7 + 0.00309T 11.3 + 0.00285T 11.6 + 0.00268T
273–301 302 All 273–909 273–752 273–957 273–894
3 3 0 ? ? ? ? 1a
g
8.28 + 0.00056T
273–2000
c l c c c c c
4.84 + 0.00295T 9.70 23 26.0 + 0.00400T 12.3 + 0.00120T 19.2 + 0.00184T 67.4
273–1823 1823–1923 286–319 273–2263 273–1383 273–949 273–373
5 10 ? ? ? ? ?
c l c c c c c
5.12 + 0.00333T 8.40 32.9 11.7 + 0.00156T 15.83 + 0.00950T 10.6 + 0.00251T 96
273–1763 1763–1873 283–373 273–1464 273–903 273–1373 286–303
5 5 ? ? 2 ? ?
2-157
2-158
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-151
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Substance Copper7 Cu CuAl CuAl2 Cu3Al CuI CuI2 CuO CuO·SiO2·H2O CuS Cu2S CuS·FeS Cu2Sb Cu2Sb Cu2Se Cu3Si CuSO4 CuSO4·H2O CuSO4·3H2O CuSO4·5H2O Fluorine8 F2 Gallium Ga2O3 Ga2(SO4)3 Germanium4 Ge Gold Au AuSb2 Helium9 He Hydrogen10 H H2 HBr HCl HI H 2O H 2S H2S2O7 Indium In Iodine I2 Iridium Ir Iron4 Fe
FeAs2 Fe3C FeCO3 FeO Fe2O3 Fe3O4 Fe2O3·3H2O FeS FeS2 FeSi Fe2SiO4 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 FeSO4·4H2O FeSO4·7H2O Krypton Kr
State†
Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)
Range of temperature, K
Uncertainty, %
273–1357 1357–1573 273–733 273–773 273–775 273–675 274–328 273–810 293–323 273–1273 273–376 376–1173 292–321 273–573 273–693 273–383 383–488 273–1135 282 282 282 282
1 3 2 2 2 ? ? 2 ? ? 3 2 ? 2 2 5 5 ? ? ? ? ?
c l c c c c c c c c c, α c, β c c c c, α c, β c c c c c
5.44 + 0.001462T 7.50 9.88 + 0.00500T 16.78 + 0.00366T 19.61 + 0.01054T 12.1 + 0.00286T 20.1 10.87 + 0.003576T − 150600/T 2 29 10.6 + 0.00264T 9.38 + 0.0312T 20.9 24 13.73 + 0.01350T 21.79 + 0.00900T 20.85 20.35 20.3 + 0.00587T 24.1 31.3 49.0 67.2
g
6.50 + 0.00100T
300–3000
5
c c
18.2 + 0.0252T 62.4
273–923 273–373
? ?
273–1336 1336–1573 273–628 628–713
2 5 1 ?
c c l c, α c, βγ
5.61 + 0.00144T 7.00 17.12 + 0.00465T 11.47 + 0.01756T
g
4.97
g g g g g l g g c l
4.97 6.62 + 0.00081T 6.80 + 0.00084T 6.70 + 0.00084T 6.93 + 0.00083T See Tables 2-153 and 2-305 8.22 + 0.00015T + 0.00000134T 2 7.20 + 0.00360T 27 58
All 273–2500 273–2000 273–2000 273–2000
0 2 2 1a 2
300–2500 300–600 281 308
? 8 ? ?
9.00
300–2000
5
All
0
c g c
5.50 + 0.00148T
c, α c, β c, γ c, δ l c c c c c c c c, α c, β c c c c c c c
4.13 + 0.00638T 6.12 + 0.00336T 8.40 10.0 8.15 17.8 25.17 + 0.00223T 22.7 12.62 + 0.001492T − 76200/T 2 24.72 + 0.01604T − 423400/T 2 41.17 + 0.01882T − 979500/T 2 47.8 2.03 + 0.0390T 12.05 + 0.00273T 10.7 + 0.01336T 10.54 + 0.00458T 33.57 + 0.01907T − 879700/T 2 22 66.2 63.6 96
g
4.97
273–1873
1
273–1041 1041–1179 1179–1674 1674–1803 1803–1873 283–373 273–1173 293–368 273–1173 273–1097 273–1065 286–373 273–411 411–1468 273–773 273–903 273–1161 293–373 273–373 282 291–319
3 3 5 5 5 ? 10 ? 2 2 2 ? 5 3 ? 2 2 ? ? ? ?
All
0
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS TABLE 2-151
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Substance Lanthanum La La2O3 La2(MoO4)3 La2(SO4)3 La2(SO4)3·9H2O Lead4 Pb Pb3(AsO4)2 PbB2O4 PbB4O7 PbBr2 PbCl2 2PbCl2·NH4Cl PbCO3 PbCrO4 PbF2 PbI2 PbMoO4 Pb(NO3)2 PbO PbO2 Pb2P2O7 PbS PbSO4 PbS2O3 PbWO4 Lithium Li LiBr LiBr·H2O LiCl LiCl·H2O LiF LiI LiI·H2O LiI·2H2O LiI·3H2O LiNO3 Magnesium4 Mg MgAg Mg4Al3 MgAu Mg2Au Mg3Au MgCl2 MgCl2·6H2O MgCO3 MgCu2 Mg2Cu MgNi2 MgO MgO·Al2O3 MgO·SiO2 6MgO·MgCl2·8B2O3 Mg(OH)2 Mg3Sb2 Mg2Si MgSO4 MgSO4·H2O MgSO4·6H2O MgSO4·7H2O
State†
Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)
Range of temperature, K
Uncertainty, %
c c c c c
5.91 + 0.00100T 22.6 + 0.00544T 86 66.9 152
273–1009 273–2273 273–307 273–373 273–319
? ? ? ? ?
c l c c c c l c l c c c c c l c c c c c c c c c
5.77 + 0.00202T 6.8 65.5 26.5 41.4 18.13 + 0.00310T 27.4 15.88 + 0.00835T 27.2 53.1 21.1 29.1 16.5 + 0.00412T 18.66 + 0.00293T 32.3 30.4 36.4 10.33 + 0.00318T 12.7 + 0.00780T 48.3 10.63 + 0.00401T 26.4 29 35
273–600 600–1273 286–370 288–371 289–371 273–761 761–860 273–771 771–851 293 286–320 292–323 273–1091 273–648 648–776 292–322 286–320 273–544 273–? 284–371 273–873 293–372 293–373 273–297
2 5 ? ? ? 2 10 2 10 ? ? ? ? 2 20 ? ? 2 ? ? 3 ? ? ?
c g c c c c c c c c c c l
0.68 + 0.0180T 4.97 11.5 + 0.00302T 22.6 11.0 + 0.00339T 23.6 8.20 + 0.00520T 12.5 + 0.00208T 23.6 32.9 43.2 9.17 + 0.0360T 26.8
273–459 All 273–825 278–318 273–887 279–360 273–1117 273–723 277–359 277–345 277–347 273–523 523–575
10 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 5
c l c c c c c c c c c c c c c c, amphibole c, pyroxene gls c, α c, β c c c c c c c
6.20 + 0.00133T − 67800/T 2 7.4 10.58 + 0.00412T 34.4 + 0.0198T 11.3 + 0.00189T 16.2 + 0.00451T 21.2 + 0.00614T 17.3 + 0.00377T 77.1 16.9 14.96 + 0.00776T 15.5 + 0.00652T 15.87 + 0.00692T 10.86 + 0.001197T − 208700/T 2 28 25.60 + 0.004380T − 674200/T 2 23.35 + 0.008062T − 558800/T 2 23.30 + 0.007734T − 542000/T 2 58.7 + 0.408T 107.2 + 0.2876T 18.2 28.2 + 0.00560T 15.4 + 0.00415T 26.7 33 80 89
273–923 923–1048 273–905 273–736 273–1433 273–1073 273–1103 273–991 292–342 290 273–903 273–843 273–903 273–2073 288–319 273–1373 273–773 273–973 273–538 538–623 292–323 273–1234 273–1343 296–372 282 282 291–319
1 10 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3 ? 2 2 ? 1 1 1 5 5 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2-159
2-160
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-151
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)
Range of temperature, K
Uncertainty, %
c, α c, β c, γ l c c c c c c c c c c
3.76 + 0.00747T 5.06 + 0.00395T 4.80 + 0.00422T 11.0 16.2 + 0.00520T 7.79 + 0.0421T + 0.0000090T 2 7.43 + 0.01038T − 0.00000362T 2 10.33 + 0.0530T − 0.0000257T 2 19.25 + 0.0538T − 0.0000209T 2 1.92 + 0.0471T − 0.0000297T 2 31 10.21 + 0.00656T − 0.00000242T 2 27.5 78
273–1108 1108–1317 1317–1493 1493–1673 273–923 273–773 273–1923 273–1173 273–1773 273–773 291–322 273–1883 293–373 290–319
5 5 5 10 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
l g g c c c c c, α c, β c c c
6.61 4.97 9.00 11.05 + 0.00370T 15.3 + 0.0103T 25 11.4 + 0.00461T 17.4 + 0.004001T 20.2 11.5 10.9 + 0.00365T 31.0
273–630 All 300–2000 273–798 273–553 285–319 273–563 273–403 403–523 278–371 273–853 273–307
1 0 5 ? ? ? ? 3 3 ? ? ?
c c c
5.69 + 0.00188T − 50300/T 2 15.1 + 0.0121T 19.7 + 0.00315T
273–1773 273–1068 273–729
5 ? ?
g
4.97
c, α c, β l c c c c c c c c
4.26 + 0.00640T 6.99 + 0.000905T 8.55 11.3 + 0.00215T 9.25 + 0.00640T 15.8 + 0.00329T 10.0 + 0.00312T 20.78 + 0.0102T 33.4 82 11.00 + 0.00433T
g g c c, α c, β c c c g
6.50 + 0.00100T 6.70 + 0.00630T 22.8 9.80 + 0.0368T 5.0 + 0.0340T 17.8 31.8 51.6 8.05 + 0.000233T − 156300/T 2
300–3000 300–800 274–328 273–457 457–523 273–328 273–293 275–328 300–5000
3 1a ? 5 5 ? ? ? 2
c
5.686 + 0.000875T
273–1877
1
g
8.27 + 0.000258T − 187700/T
300–5000
1
Substance Manganese Mn
MnCl2 MnCO3 MnO Mn2O3 Mn3O4 MnO2 Mn2O3·H2O MnS MnSO4 MnSO4·5H2O Mercury11 Hg Hg2 HgCl HgCl2 Hg(CN)2 HgI HgI2 HgO HgS Hg2SO4 Molybdenum Mo MoO3 MoS2 Neon12 Ne Nickel4 Ni NiO NiS Ni2Si NiSi Ni3Sn NiSO4 NiSO4·6H2O NiTe Nitrogen13 N2 NH3 NH4Br NH4Cl NH4I NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NO Osmium Os Oxygen14 O2 Palladium Pd Phosphorus P PCl3 P4O10 Platinum4 Pt Potassium K
State†
All 273–626 626–1725 1725–1903 273–1273 273–597 273–1582 273–1273 273–904 293–373 291–325 273–700
2
0 2 5 10 ? 3 ? ? 2 ? ? 2
c
5.41 + 0.00184T
273–1822
2
c, yellow c, red l l c g
5.50 0.21 + 0.0180T 6.6 28.7 15.72 + 0.1092T 73.6
273–317 273–472 317–373 284–371 273–631 631–1371
5 10 10 ? 2 3
c
5.92 + 0.00116T
273–1873
1
c l
5.24 + 0.00555T 7.7
273–336 336–373
5 5
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS TABLE 2-151
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Substance Potassium—(Cont.) K K2 KAsO3 KBO2 K2B4O7 KBr KCl KClO3 KClO4 2KCl·CuCl2.2H2O 2KCl·PtCl4 2KCl·SnCl4 2KCl·ZnCl2 2KCN·Zn(CN)2 K2CO3 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 KF K4Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O KH2AsO4 KH2PO4 KHSO4 KMnO4 KNO3 K2O·Al2O3·3SiO2
K4P2O7 K2SO4 K2S2O3 K2SO4·Al2(SO4)3·24H2O K2SO4·Cr2(SO4)3·24H2O K2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O K2SO4·NiSO4·6H2O K2SO4·ZnSO4·6H2O Prometheum Pr Radon Rn Rhenium Re Rhodium Rh Rubidium Rb RbBr RbCl Rb2CO3 RbF RbI Scandium Sc2O3 Sc2(SO4)3 Selenium Se Silicon Si SiC SiCl4 SiO2
Silver4 Ag
State† g g c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c l c c c c c c c c c l c, orthoclase gls, orthoclase c, microcline gls, microcline c c c c c c c c
Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK) 4.97 9.00 25.3 12.6 + 0.0126T 51.3 11.49 + 0.00360T 10.93 + 0.00376T 25.7 26.3 63 55 54.5 43.4 57.4 29.9 35.9 42.80 + 0.0410T 96.9 10.8 + 0.00284T 80.1 114.5 32 28.3 30 28 6.42 + 0.0530T 28.8 29.5 69.26 + 0.00821T − 2331000/T 2 69.81 + 0.01053 − 2403000/T 2 65.65 + 0.01102T − 1748000/T 2 64.83 + 0.01438T − 1641000/T 2 63.1 33.1 37 352 324 106 107 120
Range of temperature, K All 300–2000 290–372 273–1220 290–372 273–543 273–1043 289–371 287–318 292–323 286–319 292–323 279–319 277–319 296–372 289–371 273–671 671–757 273–1129 273–319 273–310 289–319 290–320 292–324 287–318 273–401 401–611 611–683 273–1373 273–1373 273–1373 273–1373 290–371 287–371 293–373 292–322 292–324 292–323 289–319 293–317
Uncertainty, % 0 5 ? ? ? 2 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 5 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10 5 10 1a 1a 1a 1a ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
c g
4.97
c
6.30 + 0.00053T
273–2273
All
?
c
5.40 + 0.00219T
273–1877
2
c l c c c c c
3.27 + 0.0131T 7.85 11.6 + 0.00255T 11.5 + 0.00249T 28.4 11.3 + 0.00256T 11.6 + 0.00263T
273–312 312–373 273–954 273–987 291–320 273–1048 273–913
2 5 ? ? ? ? ?
c c
21.1 62.0
273–373 273–373
? ?
c l
4.53 + 0.00550T 8.35
273–490 490–570
2 3
c c l c, quartz, α c, quartz, β c, cristobalite, α c, cristobalite, β gls
5.74 + 0.000617T − 101000/T 2 8.89 + 0.00291T − 284000/T 2 32.4 10.87 + 0.008712T − 241200/T 2 10.95 + 0.00550T 3.65 + 0.0240T 17.09 + 0.000454T − 897200/T 2 12.80 + 0.00447T − 302000/T 2
273–1174 273–1629 293–373 273–848 848–1873 273–523 523–1973 273–1973
2 2 ? 1 3a 2a 2 3a
c l
5.60 + 0.00150T 8.2
273–1234 1234–1573
0
1 3
2-161
2-162
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-151
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Substance Silver—(Cont.) Ag3Al Ag2Al AgAl12 AgBr AgCl AgCNO AgI AgNO3 Ag3PO4 Ag2S Ag3Sb Ag2Se Sodium15 Na NaBO2 Na2B4O7 Na2B4O7·10H2O NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NaCNO Na2CO3 NaF Na2HPO4·7H2O Na2HPO4·12H2O NaI NaNO3 Na2O·Al2O3·3SiO2 NaPO3 Na4P2O7 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O3·5H2O Sodium-potassium alloys15 Strontium SrBr2 SrBr2·H2O SrBr2·6H2O SrCl2 SrCl2·H2O SrCl2·2H2O SrCO3 SrI2 SrI2·H2O SrI2·2H2O SrI2·6H2O SrMoO4 Sr(NO3)2 SrSO4 Sulfur16 S S2 S2Cl2 SO2 Tantalum Ta Tellurium Te Thallium Tl
State†
Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)
Range of temperature, K
Uncertainty, %
273–902 273–903 273–768 273–703 703–836 273–728 728–806 273–353 273–423 273–433 433–482 482–541 293–325 273–448 448–597 273–694 273–406 406–460
2 2 5 6 5 2 5 ? 6 2 5 5 ? 5 5 5 5 5
273–371 371–451 All 273–1239 289–371 292–323 273–543 273–1074 1073–1205 273–528 528–572 273–353 288–371 273–1261 275–307 275–307 273–936 273–583 583–703 273–1373 273–1173 290–319 290–371 289–371 273–307 273–307
1a 2 0 ? ? ? 2 2 3 3 5 ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 10 1 1 ? ? ? ? ?
c c c c l c l c c, α c, α c, β l c c, α c, β c c, α c, β
22.56 + 0.00570T 16.85 + 0.00450T 58.62 + 0.0575T 8.58 + 0.0141T 14.9 9.60 + 0.00929T 14.05 18.7 8.58 + 0.0141T 18.83 + 0.0160T 25.7 30.2 37.5 18.8 21.8 19.53 + 0.0160T 20.2 20.4
c l g c c c c c l c l c c c c c c c l c, albite gls c c c c c l
5.01 + 0.00536T 7.50 4.97 10.4 + 0.0199T 47.9 147 11.74 + 0.00233T 10.79 + 0.00420T 15.9 9.48 + 0.0468T 31.8 13.1 28.9 10.4 + 0.00289T 86.6 133.4 12.5 + 0.00162T 4.56 + 0.0580T 37.2 63.78 + 0.01171T − 1678000/T 2 61.25 + 0.01768T − 1545000/T 2 22.1 60.7 32.8 34.9 86.2
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
18.1 + 0.00311T 28.9 82.1 18.2 + 0.00244T 28.7 38.3 21.8 18.6 + 0.00304T 28.5 39.1 84.9 37 38.3 26.2
273–923 277–370 276–327 273–1143 276–365 277–366 281–371 273–783 276–363 275–336 275–333 273–297 290–320 293–369
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
c, rhombic c, monoclinic g l g
3.63 + 0.00640T 4.38 + 0.00440T 8.58 + 0.00030T 27.5 7.70 + 0.00530T − 0.00000083T 2
273–368 368–392 300–2500 273–332 300–2500
3 3 5 ? 2a
c
5.91 + 0.00099T
273–1173
2
c
5.19 + 0.00250T
273–600
3
c, α c, β
5.32 + 0.00385T 8.12
273–500 500–576
1 1
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS TABLE 2-151
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Concluded)
Substance Thallium—(Cont.) Tl TlBr TlCl Thorium Th ThO2 Th(SO4)2 Tin4 Sn SnAu SnCl2 SnCl4 SnO SnO2 SnPt SnS SnS2 Titanium Ti TiCl4 TiO2 Tungsten W WO3 Uranium U U3O8 Vanadium V Xenon Xe Zinc4 Zn ZnCl2 ZnO ZnS ZnSb ZnSO4 ZnSO4·H2O ZnSO4·6H2O ZnSO4·7H2O Zirconium ZrO2 ZrO2·SiO2 1
State†
Heat capacity at constant pressure (T = K; 0 °C = 273.1 K), cal/(molK)
Range of temperature, K
Uncertainty, %
l c l c l
7.12 12.53 + 0.00100T 16.0 12.56 + 0.00088T 14.2
576–773 273–733 733–800 273–700 700–803
3 10 10 5 10
c c c
6.40 14.6 + 0.00507T 41.2
273–373 273–1273 273–373
? ? ?
c l c c l c c c c c
5.05 + 0.00480T 6.6 11.79 + 0.00233T 16.2 + 0.00926T 38.4 9.40 + 0.00362T 13.94 + 0.00565T − 252000/T 2 11.49 + 0.00190T 12.1 + 0.00165T 20.5 + 0.00400T
273–504 504–1273 273–581 273–520 286–371 273–1273 273–1373 273–1318 273–1153 273–873
2 10 1 ? ? ? ? 1 ? ?
c l c
8.91 + 0.00114T − 433000/T 2 35.7 11.81 + 0.00754T − 41900/T 2
273–713 285–372 273–713
3 ? 3
c c
5.65 + 0.00866 16.0 + 0.00774T
273–2073 273–1550
1 ?
c c
6.64 59.8
273–372 276–314
? ?
c
5.57 + 0.00097T
273–1993
?
g
4.97
c l c c c c c c c c
5.25 + 0.00270T 7.59 + 0.00055T 15.9 + 0.00800T 11.40 + 0.00145T − 182400/T 2 12.81 + 0.00095T − 194600/T 2 11.5 + 0.00313T 28 34.7 80.8 100.2
273–692 692–1122 273–638 273–1573 273–1173 273–810 293–373 282 282 273–307
1 3 ? 1 5 ? ? ? ? ?
c c
11.62 + 0.01046T − 177700/T 2 26.7
273–1673 297–372
5 ?
All
0
See also Table 2-152. Data to 298 K are also given by Scott, Cryogenic Engineering, Van Nostrand, Princeton, N.J., 1959. For liquid and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960. Stalder, NACA Tech. Note 4141, 1957 (Fig. 5), gives data from 400 to 2600°R. 4 See also Table 2-152. 5 For data from 400 to 5500 °R see Stalder, NACA Tech. Note 4141, 1975 (Fig. 4). 6 For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960. 7 For data from 400 to 2350 °R see Stalder, NACA Tech. Note 4141, 1957. 8 For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960. 9 For liquid and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960. 10 For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960. 11 See also Table 2-152; Douglas, Ball, et al., Bur. Stand. J. Res., 46 (1951): 334; Busey and Giaque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75 (1953): 806; Sheldon, ASME Pap. 49-A-30, 1949. 12 For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-56-60, 1960. 13 For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-56-60, 1960. 14 For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-56-60, 1960. Ozone: For liquid see Brabets and Waterman, J. Chem. Phys., 28 (1958): 1212. 15 For data on liquid Na-K alloys to 1500 °F and for liquid Na to 1460 °F, see Lubarsky and Kaufman, NACA Rep. 1270, 1956. 16 See also Evans and Wagman, Bur. Stand. J. Res. 49 (1952): 141; Gratch, OTS PB 124957, 1950; Guthrie, Scott et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76 (1954): 1488. 2 3
2-163
2-164
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-152
Specific Heat [kJ/(kg·K)] of Selected Elements Temperature, K
Symbol
4
6
8
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
250
300
400
600
800
Al Be Bi Cr Co
0.00026 0.00008 0.00054 0.00016 0.00036
0.00050
0.00088
0.214
0.357
0.00541 0.00050 0.00085
0.0089 0.0014 0.0340 0.0021 0.0048
0.0775
0.00220 0.00029 0.00059
0.00140 0.00028 0.01040 0.00081 0.00121
0.0729 0.0107 0.0404
0.092 0.059 0.110
0.102 0.127 0.184
0.481 0.195 0.109 0.190 0.234
0.797 1.109 0.120 0.382 0.376
0.859 1.537 0.121 0.424 0.406
0.902 1.840 0.122 0.450 0.426
0.949 2.191 0.123 0.501 0.451
1.042 2.605 0.142 0.565 0.509
1.134 2.823 0.136 0.611 0.543
Cu Ge Au Ir Fe
0.00011
0.00024
0.00018
0.00047
0.00048 0.00037 0.00126
0.137 0.108 0.084
0.203 0.153 0.100
0.00061
0.00090
0.0076 0.0129 0.0163 0.0021 0.0039
0.059 0.0619 0.0569
0.00038
0.00086 0.00081 0.00255 0.00032 0.00127
0.0276
0.086
0.154
0.254 0.192 0.109 0.090 0.216
0.357 0.286 0.124 0.122 0.384
0.377 0.305 0.127 0.128 0.422
0.386 0.323 0.129 0.131 0.450
0.396 0.343 0.131 0.133 0.491
0.431 0.364 0.136 0.140 0.555
0.448 0.377 0.141 0.146 0.692
Pb Mg Hg Mo Ni
0.00075 0.00034 0.00417 0.00011 0.00054
0.00242 0.00080 0.01420 0.00019 0.00086
0.00747 0.00155 0.01820 0.00032 0.00121
0.01350 0.00172 0.02250 0.00050 0.00178
0.0531 0.0148 0.0515 0.0029 0.0058
0.0944 0.138 0.0895 0.0236 0.0380
0.108 0.336 0.107 0.061 0.103
0.114 0.513 0.116 0.105 0.173
0.118 0.648 0.121 0.140 0.232
0.125 0.929 0.136 0.223 0.383
0.127 0.985 0.141 0.241 0.416
1.129 1.005 0.139 0.248 0.444
0.132 1.082 0.136 0.261 0.490
0.142 1.177 0.135 0.280 0.590
1.263 0.104 0.292 0.530
Pt Ag Sn Zn
0.00019 0.00016 0.00024 0.00011
0.00028 0.00035 0.00127 0.00029
0.00067 0.00093 0.00423 0.00096
0.00112 0.00186 0.00776 0.00250
0.0077 0.0159 0.0400 0.0269
0.0382 0.0778 0.108 0.123
0.069 0.133 0.149 0.205
0.088 0.166 0.173 0.258
0.101 0.187 0.189 0.295
0.127 0.225 0.214 0.366
0.132 0.232 0.220 0.380
0.134 0.236 0.222 0.389
0.136 0.240 0.245 0.404
0.140 0.251 0.257 0.435
0.146 0.264 0.257 0.479
TABLE 2-153
Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [J/(kmolK)]
2-165
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia [use Eq. (2)] Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol [use Eq. (2)] 1,3-Butanediol [use Eq. (2)] 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide [use Eq. (2)] Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane
C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl
75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6
44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541
115,100 102,300 139,640 36,600 135,600 97,582 −122,020 103,090 55,300 109,900 −214,460 61.289 150,940 134,390 161,440 129,440 162,940 119,780 −5,480 93,383 156,130 −334,997 87,500 100,320 121,770 179,400 121,600 94,364 129,730 135,150 128,860 191,030 55.136 42.152 191,200 426,790 182,050 126,680 112,760 111,850 182,470 232,190 197,890 136,340 65,682 237,700 104,000 −8,304,300 85,600 65.429 −752,700 104,600 63,936 −1,307,500 127,900 124,850 96,910 132,280 69,362
−433 128.7 −320.8 511 −177 −122.2 3,082.7 −247.8 300 −109.75 9,185.1 80,925 93.455 −1,989.4 260.66 −169.5 −344.94 180.34 647.12 242.61 454.49 3,644.21 480 346.89 429.3 −667.11 −9.45 −109.12 −596.54 −311.14 −323.1 −1,675 314,200 324,580 −730.4 −3,694.6 −1,611 −65.47 −104.7 384.52 −13.912 −804.35 −491.54 −300.4 1,329.1 −746.4 174 104,370 −122 28,723 8,966.1 −500.6 46.35 15,338 −345.15 −166.34 −207.9 −153.27 215.01
1.425
C4
C5
0.8985 0.2837 0.34085 −15.895 1.0343 0.35441 −106.12 799.4 0.23602 11.043
0.000689 0.027732
0.41616 −2,651
0.64781 0.85562
−7.77514
1.0701 0.358 0.44032 2.16 0.97007 1.015 12.5 280.19 517.35 2.2998 13.828 11.963 −0.64 0.5214 0.72897 2.7063 1.7219 1.0216 −7.1579 1.829 −433.33 0.5605 −847.39 −30.394 2.2851 −0.1623 −53.974 0.915 0.43209 0.37456 0.50836
0.00591102
−0.0024234 −0.0001523 0.000032 −0.03874 1,413.9 1,449.5 −0.0135 −0.037454 0.002912
4.6121E-05
4.5027E-05
−0.0023017 −0.0012499 0.012755 0.60052 −0.001452 1,959.6 0.034455 0.063483 0.000488
2.008E-06
Tmin, K
Cp at Tmin × 1E-05
Tmax, K
Cp at Tmax × 1E-05
150.15 354.15 289.81 250.00 178.45 229.32 192.40 253.00 286.15 189.63 75.00 203.15 298.15 83.78 403.00 278.68 278.68 258.27 395.45 260.40 321.35 257.85 275.65 243.95 342.20 265.90 293.15 160.00 184.45 136.95 165.00 134.86 220.00 196.15 183.85 158.45 87.80 134.26 167.62 298.15 185.30 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 267.95 161.25 220.00 161.11 68.15 250.33 89.56 172.12 227.95 134.80 233.15 175.43 150.35 200.00
0.8221 1.4788 1.2213 1.6435 1.1696 0.8748 0.8021 1.0660 1.4114 1.0183 0.5307 0.7575 1.9978 0.4523 2.6649 1.3251 1.3326 1.6636 2.5042 1.5656 3.0218 1.8905 2.1981 1.8494 2.6868 0.7768 1.4960 0.8818 0.7798 1.1034 1.0333 1.1272 1.5590 0.6251 1.3465 1.3485 1.1015 1.1340 1.0986 2.2649 2.0492 1.6365 1.6003 1.1426 1.4741 1.6902 1.3206 0.7827 0.7577 0.5912 1.2763 0.7810 0.6711 1.3617 0.9800 1.0956 0.7460 1.2073 1.1236
294.00 571.00 391.05 350.00 329.44 354.75 250.00 379.50 375.00 400.00 115.00 401.15 484.20 135.00 563.15 353.24 500.00 442.29 450.00 464.15 640.00 478.60 458.15 472.03 533.37 331.90 495.08 320.00 276.71 290.00 350.00 400.00 670.00 670.00 391.90 372.90 380.00 350.00 274.03 399.26 400.00 390.00 370.00 298.15 300.00 436.42 390.75 290.00 552.00 132.00 388.71 145.10 239.12 360.00 340.00 366.48 373.15 319.67 308.85
1.1097 1.7579 1.5159 2.1545 1.3271 0.9713 0.8853 1.5801 1.6780 1.2271 0.7132 4.1847 2.5153 0.6708 3.0823 1.5040 2.0437 1.9954 2.8572 2.0599 4.4700 2.7617 3.0741 2.6406 3.5075 0.7587 2.0467 1.0453 0.7870 1.2279 1.4148 2.2237 5.2045 5.2437 2.5817 2.7190 1.8103 1.5022 1.2322 2.6537 2.9354 1.9359 1.8844 1.3759 1.6459 2.6031 1.7199 1.6603 1.3125 6.4799 1.6374 0.8007 0.6574 1.8101 1.1632 1.2192 0.9684 1.3523 1.3577
2-166
TABLE 2-153
Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [J/(kmolK)] (Continued)
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane [use Eq. (2)] 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane
C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si
108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6
Mol. wt.
C1
108.138 −246,700 108.138 −185,150 108.138 259,980 120.192 61,723 52.035 65,516 56.106 101,920 84.159 −220,600 100.159 −40,000 98.143 6,110.4 82.144 105,850 70.133 122,530 68.117 125,380 42.080 89,952 116.224 177,560 156.265 150,460 142.282 278,620 172.265 219,840 158.281 4,988,500 140.266 417,440 174.347 314,570 138.250 276,900 4.032 187.861 149,400 187.861 200,560 173.835 202,580 130.228 270,720 147.002 114,880 147.002 93,093 147.002 133,950 98.959 126,340 98.959 179,170 84.933 98,968 112.986 144,560 112.986 111,560 105.136 184,200 73.137 101,330 74.122 44,400 90.187 238,520 66.050 67.155 66.050 82,577 52.023 263,980 101.190 98,434 102.175 163,000 114.185 179,270 90.121 187,790 104.148 199,930 54.090 88,153 45.084 −214,870 86.175 129,450 112.213 134,500 112.213 150,130 112.213 155,560 94.199 171,580 46.068 110,100 73.094 147,900 100.202 146,420 194.184 206,560 60.170 131,810
C2 3,256.8 3,148 −1,112.3 494.81 144.7 −215.81 3,118.3 853 600.94 −60 −403.8 −349.7 −196.63 −179.12 586.63 −197.91 140.41 −52,898 −1,616.5 −160.93 −371.23 −231.8 −491.44 −726.3 −259.83 187.25 183.97 −24.84 −94.63 −444.74 −62.941 −53.605 149.44 286 243.18 1,301 −1,038.4 105,580 109.85 −1,791.1 429.04 −4.5 28.37 −313.41 −191.5 124.16 3,787.2 18.5 8.765 −62.38 −145.26 −256.67 −157.47 −106 59.2 325.75
C3 −7.4202 −8.0367 4.9427 0.063229 0.8103 −9.4216 0.68 1.7344 1.143 0.65237 0.76723 1.0737 0.9968 216.35 5.3948 0.95561 1.5774
C4 0.0060467 0.007254 −0.0054367
0.010687
−0.0010975
−0.37538 −0.004348
0.5946 0.9187 1.3377 0.95427 0.2314 0.48191 0.32 0.93009 0.23265 0.30617
−5.5 4.0587 310.21
0.008763 −0.0044691 −490.54
4.3666 0.62 0.5375 1.1023 0.87664 −13.781 0.608 0.81151 0.8851 1.0932 0.5727 0.51853 0.384 0.604
C5
0.016924
0.00023674
Tmin, K
Cp at Tmin × 1E-05
Tmax, K
Cp at Tmax × 1E-05
285.39 304.20 307.93 177.14 200.08 190.00 279.69 296.60 290.00 169.67 179.28 138.13 150.00 189.64 267.15 243.51 304.75 280.05 206.89 247.56 229.15
2.1895 2.3297 2.2740 1.4937 0.9700 0.9017 1.4836 2.1300 1.8038 1.1525 0.9956 0.9888 0.7514 1.7118 3.0718 2.9409 3.5521 3.5373 2.7541 3.3330 2.7466
400.00 400.00 400.00 425.56 300.08 298.15 400.00 434.00 489.75 356.12 322.40 317.38 298.15 431.95 488.15 460.00 543.15 503.00 443.75 512.35 447.15
2.5578 2.5243 2.5794 2.7229 1.1463 1.0961 2.0323 3.3020 3.0042 1.7072 1.3584 1.2953 0.8932 2.4334 4.3682 4.1478 5.9017 5.0169 3.8250 4.8297 4.2629
210.15 282.85 240.00 175.30 248.39 273.15 326.14 176.19 237.49 180.00 180.00 275.00 301.15 223.35 156.92 181.95 154.56 215.00 200.00 275.00 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.10 240.91 180.96 145.19 239.66 223.16 184.99 188.44 131.65 273.82 90.00 274.16 298.15
1.2695 1.3506 1.0532 2.5450 1.6139 1.6061 1.7711 1.1960 1.2601 0.9518 1.4483 1.5266 2.7033 1.5564 1.4698 1.5703 0.9915 1.0619 0.8042 2.1642 1.8399 2.0763 1.6586 2.0145 1.1806 1.1947 1.4495 1.8321 1.8029 1.6610 1.4355 0.9836 1.4767 1.5664 2.9587 1.3181
381.15 410.00 370.10 450.00 400.00 528.75 513.56 330.45 356.59 320.00 361.25 369.52 541.54 328.60 460.00 322.08 359.98 283.65 250.00 357.05 341.45 410.00 337.45 366.15 300.13 298.15 331.13 392.70 402.94 396.58 360.00 250.00 466.44 380.00 360.00 298.15
1.4743 1.5350 1.1701 3.4704 1.8978 2.5506 2.4829 1.3001 1.3885 1.0265 1.6515 1.6678 3.3908 1.8124 3.3202 1.7579 1.6874 1.1374 0.8912 2.5162 2.3375 2.8126 2.0755 2.4734 1.2542 1.3779 2.0224 2.6309 2.6870 2.6989 1.5340 1.0314 1.8200 2.5613 3.2383 1.3181
2-167
117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177
Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane [use Eq. (2)] Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane [use Eq. (2)] Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene
C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12
75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6
62.134 146,950 78.133 240,300 194.184 190,020 88.105 956,860 170.207 134,160 101.190 49,120 170.335 508,210 282.547 352,720 30.069 44.009 46.068 102,640 88.105 226,230 45.084 121,700 106.165 154,040 150.175 124,500 116.158 56,359 116.158 82,434 112.213 132,360 98.186 178,520 28.053 247,390 60.098 184,440 62.068 35,540 43.068 46,848 44.053 144,710 74.079 80,000 144.211 207,670 130.228 146,040 88.148 106,250 100.159 229,250 62.134 134,670 102.132 76,330 88.148 103,680 163.506 105,150 37.997 −94,585 37.997 1724,400 96.102 −991,200 48.060 85,663 34.033 74,746 30.026 61,900 45.041 63,400 46.026 78,060 68.074 114,370 4.003 387,220 4.003 410,430 240.468 376,970 114.185 222,360 100.202 61.26 130.185 194,570 116.201 2,416,800 116.201 283,127 114.185 270,730 114.185 265,040 98.186 267,950 132.267 236,870 96.170 46,798 226.441 370,350 100.159 117,700 86.175 172,120 116.158 161,980 102.175 1,638,600 102.175 267,628 100.159 208,250 100.159 235,960 84.159 164,640
−380.06 −595 431.04 −5,559.9 447.67 562.24 −1,368.7 807.32 89,718 −139.63 −624.8 38.993 −142.29 370.6 603.02 422.45 72.74 −518.35 −4,428 −150.2 436.78 205.35 −758.87 223.6 −17.907 458.22 292.15 −404.54 −234.39 400.1 726.3 85.318 7,529.9 −59,924 11,734 −118.56 −132.32 28.3 150.6 71.54 −215.69 −465,570 −464,890 347.82 −105.17 314,410 −23.206 −26,105 −1,037.63 −399.89 −375.68 −1,315.9 −158.01 761.13 231.47 329.52 −183.78 44.116 −17,261 −1,033.06 −107.47 −345.94 −200.37
1.2035 1.013
−0.00084787
9.6124 3.1015 0.2122 918.77 −0.030341 1.472
−1,886 0.0020386
0.80539 0.20992 0.64738 2.3255 40.936 0.37044 −0.18486
−0.0016818 −0.1697
2.8261
−0.003064
0.00026816
1.0493 1.1382 0.59656 −2.6047 0.46693 −139.6 537.85 −40.669 0.55459 0.53772
0.72691 211,800 135,100 0.57895 0.65074 1,824.6 0.88395 110.03 3.44064 1.0601 1.0024 6.5242 0.78982 −0.62882 0.68632 0.88734 0.709 71.721 3.35185 0.2062 0.94278 0.8784
0.0040957 1.1301
−0.0033241
0.047333
−42,494
3212.9
−2,547.9 −0.19172
0.00011968
−0.011994
9.3808E-06
−0.12026
0.000071087
0.00070293
174.88 291.67 423.40 284.95 300.03 277.90 263.57 309.58 92.00 159.05 189.60 192.15 178.20 238.45 258.15 285.50 161.84 134.71 104.00 284.29 260.15 250.00 160.65 254.20 235.00 298.15 298.15 204.15 125.26 298.15 145.65 167.55 58.00 53.48 239.99 140.00 140.00 204.00 292.00 281.45 187.55 2.20 1.80 295.13 229.80 182.57 265.83 239.15 230.00 234.15 238.15 154.12 229.92 200.00 291.31 217.15 177.83 269.25 228.55 223.00 217.35 217.50 133.39
1.1276 1.5293 3.7252 1.5306 2.6847 2.0537 3.6292 6.2299 0.6855 0.8787 1.6068 1.2919 1.5426 2.1287 2.1203 2.2015 1.6109 1.4678 0.7012 1.7168 1.3666 0.9819 0.8303 1.3684 2.6141 2.8266 1.9335 1.9410 1.1467 1.9562 1.6686 1.3255 0.5541 0.5798 1.3675 0.7994 0.6676 0.6767 1.0738 0.9820 0.9949 0.1087 0.1135 5.3005 2.3256 1.9989 2.5087 2.3590 2.2649 2.3522 2.3242 1.8150 2.4229 1.7387 4.9602 1.8926 1.6750 2.2526 1.9821 2.0394 2.0185 2.0532 1.5354
310.48 422.15 466.35 374.47 570.00 407.90 330.00 616.93 290.00 390.00 350.21 289.73 409.35 486.55 466.95 428.25 404.95 301.82 252.70 390.41 493.15 329.00 283.85 374.20 510.10 417.15 326.15 386.55 315.25 410.00 320.00 371.05 98.00 56.00 319.99 240.00 220.00 234.00 493.00 380.00 304.50 4.60 2.10 575.30 381.25 520.00 496.15 448.60 432.90 480.00 490.00 366.79 460.00 372.93 560.01 401.45 460.00 478.85 460.00 585.30 460.00 460.00 336.63
1.1959 1.6965 3.9104 2.2277 3.8933 2.7846 3.9429 9.3154 1.2444 1.6450 1.8796 1.3300 2.3075 3.0482 3.3794 3.0185 2.6798 1.8767 0.9758 1.8226 2.0598 1.1441 0.8693 1.6367 4.7157 3.3719 2.0153 2.4295 1.2007 2.4037 2.0358 2.0109 0.5966 0.5535 1.5018 0.8915 0.7166 0.6852 1.3765 1.0525 1.1609 0.2965 0.2995 7.6869 2.7685 4.0657 4.0065 3.8766 4.7873 3.2303 3.2163 2.4096 3.3131 2.4319 7.1521 2.4999 2.7534 3.4568 3.5197 8.1124 2.7087 2.7632 1.9673
2-168
TABLE 2-153
Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [J/(kmolK)] (Continued)
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236
3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen [use Eq. (2)] Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide [use Eq. (2)] Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane [use Eq. (2)] Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane
C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10 H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10
928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2 302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5
82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144 32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122
C1 82,795 303,320 93,000 94,860 79,815 66.653 57,720 47,300 95,398 62,520 64.666 127,540 −32,469 157,850 146,290 65.708 105,800 62,600 61,260 79,791 275,500 92,520 125,630 135,370 108,300 74,200 247,870 149,510 151,600 81,919 177,850 198,390 105,200 102,930 47,726 131,340 50,578 118,600 118,170 155,920 53,271 46,457 27,030 85,383 132,300 161,240 130,200 92,919 183,650 149,770 143,440 191,170 211,170 115,300 255,100 226,650 142,220 251,890 172,370
C2 283.4 −1,009 326 254.15 50.929 6,765.9 9.9 90 −197.52 −223.02 49,354 −65.35 1,977.1 −41.619 −58.59 38,883 −362.23 243.4 270.9 89.49 −1,147 37.45 279.75 −133.34 146 417.4 −1,145 −247.63 −266.72 181.01 −171.57 −220.35 191.1 129.1 338.4 −63.1 508.59 447.07 447.99 −490 327.92 346.93 413 199.08 200.87 −288.61 −396 324.43 −79.862 −529.82 −154.07 −331.04 −661.97 −263.23 −938.4 15.421 −47.83 −468.32 −1,783.9
C3 3.3885 0.043379 −123.63 0.3883 0.6297 22.493 0.82867 −7.0145 0.42817 0.3582 −257.95 0.9379
C4
C5
Tmin, K
Cp at Tmin × 1E-05
Tmax, K
Cp at Tmax × 1E-05
0.00005805
300.00 192.62 200.00 300.00 274.69 13.95 185.15 165.00 259.83 189.79 187.68 270.00 177.95 407.95 288.15 90.69 175.47 359.00 253.40 200.00 196.32 179.69 260.75 159.53 113.25 321.50 155.95 135.58 139.39 298.15 157.48 175.30 200.00 277.25 250.00 146.58 300.00 300.00 300.00 130.73 200.00 200.00 250.00 160.00 186.48 167.23 174.15 298.15 189.15 256.15 127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 224.95 240.00 119.55 176.00 113.54
1.6781 2.1495 1.5820 1.7110 0.9708 0.1262 0.5955 0.6215 0.7029 0.4288 0.6733 1.7031 1.4621 2.1213 1.5915 0.5361 0.7112 1.4998 1.2991 0.9769 1.4930 0.9925 1.9857 1.3035 1.2328 2.0839 1.5254 1.3282 1.3207 1.3589 1.6928 1.8315 1.4342 1.8678 1.3233 1.3955 2.0315 2.5272 2.5257 1.2492 1.1885 1.1584 1.3028 1.1566 1.4905 1.3484 0.9793 1.8965 1.9029 1.0263 1.3560 1.6348 1.5808 0.8939 1.6611 2.9128 1.4706 2.0728 0.9961
354.35 430.00 344.48 357.67 653.15 32.00 206.45 185.00 298.85 292.67 370.00 427.65 320.00 603.75 434.15 190.00 400.00 538.50 373.40 249.94 353.35 266.82 472.65 314.56 310.00 481.50 404.15 304.31 311.71 305.40 343.31 510.00 299.49 415.87 325.00 320.00 441.15 438.15 440.15 366.48 348.64 338.05 350.00 280.50 373.15 339.80 304.90 350.00 389.15 366.00 310.00 440.00 357.91 298.15 373.45 518.15 333.41 372.00 380.00
1.8322 2.7639 2.0530 1.8576 1.3158 1.3122 0.5976 0.6395 0.7105 0.5119 4.9183 2.5114 1.6671 2.8880 1.8837 14.9780 1.1097 1.9367 1.6241 1.0216 1.9084 1.0251 2.5785 1.5662 1.7048 2.7518 3.4411 1.5921 1.5673 1.3720 2.0661 2.8394 1.6243 2.6474 1.5771 1.9435 2.7494 3.1448 3.1535 1.8682 1.6760 1.6374 1.7158 1.3638 1.7511 1.5344 1.2195 2.0647 2.4460 1.3668 1.6540 2.3610 1.8641 0.9052 2.4118 5.1864 2.0842 2.4663 2.0725
−0.002762
478.27
−1,623 0.0086913 614.07
2.568 0.63868 −0.292
0.00151
3.4223 0.91849 0.90847 0.74379 0.76096 0.62516 0.8125
2.1383
−0.0015585
−0.061547 −0.9597 0.78179 1.21
0.0019533
0.60769 1.3499 0.7255 0.98445 2.4216 0.60412 2.413 1.0578 0.739 1.2209 14.759
−0.0021383
−0.047909
2-169
237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299
2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane [use Eq. (2)] 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde
C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O
75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6
74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122 90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148 58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079
−925,460 87,680 71,140 144,110 179,850 113,470 76,822 134,300 73,600 29,800 1,034,100 187,740 281,970 101,400 116,270 67,556 −2,979,600 342,570 136,820 383,080 224,336 10,483,000 329,641 254,490 265,350 253,580 399,430 130,650 224,830 205,260 571,370 319,198 300,400 289,980 509,420 240,040 42,642 175,510 175,430 60,046 346,910 112,050 159,080 145,050 201,200 251,596 194,590 193,020 156,100 188,200 213,760 86,200 68,671 103,370 101,720 60,834 145,400 66,230 62.983 158,760 471,710 201,400 99,306
7,894.9 217.1 335.5 −102.09 −264.1 421.6 94.356 184.7 527.5 −138,770 −497.6 −12,281 −682.11 −135.3 54.373 76,602 762.08 531.29 −1,139.8 49.726 −115,220 −1,046.78 −298.06 −46.22 −366.3 374.64 463.61 −186.63 44.392 −4,849 −1,042.21 −426.2 −417.27 −4,279.1 −33.198 886.67 −381.36 −6,152.3 281.16 219.54 257.78 −270.5 28.344 −651.3 −1,028.49 −263.86 −176.43 −456.94 −140.84 −324.4 256.6 246.66 527.03 317.61 215.89 252.4 98.275 113,630 −635 −4,172.1 −450.6 115.73
−17.661 −0.9153
0.013617 0.002266
0.58113 0.79202 −0.0032 7,154 1.0691 248 3.8912 0.345 −652.59 0.20481 2.7101 0.9813 476.87 3.61823 1.1707 0.79154 1.4881 0.58156 0.95891 0.8956 19.725 3.52943 1.1172 1.2218 21.477 0.67889 −0.69315 0.64623 113.92
0.0009795 −162.55 −2.2182
1.3841 0.0074902
1.8879
−0.85381
0.00056246
−0.021532
−0.044462
3.5028E-05
−0.92382
0.0027963
−0.003163
0.00000238
0.65632 0.99537 0.6372 2.275 3.26306 0.76808 0.5669 2.255 0.63581 0.9472
0.29552 633.21 1.969 14.745 1.7053
−873.46 −0.0144
298.96 132.81 300.00 133.97 160.17 298.15 249.95 164.55 151.15 353.43 24.56 183.63 63.15 117.00 244.60 182.30 109.50 305.04 255.15 219.66 285.55 310.00 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246.00 216.38 289.65 250.00 241.55 252.86 255.55 171.45 240.00 200.00 462.65 54.36 90.00 283.07 200.00 143.42 239.15 200.14 200.00 196.29 234.18 108.02 160.75 197.45 200.00 200.00 372.39 314.06 243.15 404.15 200.00 85.47 146.95 185.26 199.00 200.00
2.2016 1.0568 1.7179 1.4086 1.5787 1.1347 1.8220 1.5410 1.0152 2.1623 0.3666 1.3242 0.5593 0.7486 1.0382 0.7747 0.6229 5.9409 2.7238 2.6348 3.1855 3.5059 2.8555 2.4041 3.0434 2.4594 5.6511 2.4470 2.2934 2.9326 2.5550 2.7338 2.6406 2.6314 2.1327 2.7118 1.9225 1.3740 0.5365 0.8535 4.6165 1.6361 1.4076 1.8827 1.6198 1.7642 1.7239 1.8279 1.2939 1.8199 1.8664 1.3752 1.1800 2.9963 2.0147 1.3080 2.4741 0.8589 0.8488 1.0797 1.1329 1.7926 1.2245
460.00 343.15 390.00 312.20 368.69 298.15 438.65 328.18 278.65 491.14 40.00 387.22 112.00 175.50 473.15 200.00 150.00 603.05 468.15 325.00 528.75 460.00 649.50 420.02 492.95 423.85 589.86 447.15 460.00 512.85 467.10 452.90 500.00 440.65 394.41 472.19 399.35 603.00 142.00 150.00 543.84 376.15 390.00 458.95 389.15 561.00 375.46 375.14 350.00 385.15 399.79 313.33 329.27 500.00 425.00 489.75 557.65 238.65 360.00 400.00 355.30 431.65 328.75
2.9455 1.4596 2.0198 1.6888 1.9014 1.1347 2.6176 1.9954 1.2507 2.8888 0.6980 1.5536 0.7960 1.0154 1.2949 0.7843 1.9909 8.7663 3.8554 2.9890 5.2498 4.6494 11.7608 3.3583 4.3491 3.6566 8.2276 3.3795 3.4189 4.6358 4.1566 5.7113 3.6660 3.4335 2.8235 3.7573 2.8619 1.8052 0.9066 1.0222 6.6042 2.0901 2.0498 2.9228 2.9227 7.0158 2.0380 2.0661 1.7251 2.2827 2.3546 1.6660 1.4989 3.6688 2.3670 2.3745 2.8615 0.8968 2.6079 2.1980 2.0487 3.2463 1.3735
TABLE 2-153
Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [J/(kmolK)] (Concluded)
2-170
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345
Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene
C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H2S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3
74.079 55.079 102.132 59.110 120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165
213,660 118,190 83,400 139,530 174,380 114,140 75,700 138,390 167,330 58,080 45,810 829,380 113,340 244,770 85,743 119,500 258,090
−702.7 −120.98 384.1 78 −101.8 −343.72 326.1 −117.11 −319.1 445.2 368.33 −7,331.5 290.2 −236.96 5.7443
1.6605 0.42075
182,900 353,140 171,730 81,760 123,300 43,326 84,864 140,140 103,350 350,180 111,480 136,050 119,450 178,800 95,275 388,620 40,364 133,530 293,980 129,450 136,300 68,720 −10,320 49,516 276,370 133,860 36,500 −35,500
635.09 29.13 −800.47 455.38 −130.1 630.73 91.725 −152.3 159.3 −104.7 368.13 −288 324.54 −128.47 696.7 −1,439.5 664.46 514.64 −114.98 −3,039.5 −106.17 135 322.8 420.35 −2,090.1 7.8754 1,017.5 1,287.2
C4
C5
0.79 1.0905 0.47059 0.8127 19.203 −0.6051 0.63148
0.0013567
0.86116 2.8934
−0.0025015
0.6229 0.13243 0.695 1.0022 0.9913 0.83741 −1.3765 3.2187 0.96936 27.927 0.75175
8.125 0.52265 −2.63 −2.599
0.0021734
−0.061847
4.3042E-05
−0.014116
9.3701E-06
0.00302 0.002426
Tmin, K
Cp at Tmin × 1E-05
Tmax, K
Cp at Tmax × 1E-05
252.45 180.26 274.70 188.36 173.55 87.89 298.15 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85 186.35 242.54 460.65 197.67 230.15 303.15
1.4209 1.1005 1.8891 1.5422 1.8051 0.9235 1.7293 1.3126 1.3708 1.5297 1.8904 1.3000 1.6749 2.6961 0.8688 1.1950 2.5809
414.32 370.50 404.70 340.00 432.39 225.45 398.15 350.00 340.87 460.75 683.00 253.15 418.31 604.50 350.00 230.15 303.15
2.0756 1.3112 2.3885 1.6605 2.7806 0.9208 2.0554 1.5505 1.5299 2.6321 2.9738 2.0403 2.2816 3.3228 0.8775 1.1950 2.5809
329.35 279.01 164.65 237.38 176.98 375.41 234.94 178.18 236.50 267.76 200.00 156.08 247.79 229.33 165.78 280.00 398.40 354.00 247.57 289.05 259.56 200.00 200.00 178.35 273.16 217.00 247.98 286.41
3.9207 4.2831 1.0721 1.8986 1.1979 2.8011 1.1372 1.3507 1.4102 3.9400 1.8511 1.1525 1.9987 1.9338 1.8285 2.3791 3.0508 3.1571 3.2493 3.9103 1.5939 0.9572 0.5424 1.2449 0.7615 1.6018 1.7314 1.7697
609.15 526.73 339.12 480.77 394.27 426.00 357.31 500.00 300.00 508.62 361.92 276.02 449.27 350.00 520.00 320.00 475.47 475.00 433.42 520.30 389.35 278.25 400.00 363.85 533.15 540.15 417.58 600.00
5.6977 6.0741 1.3546 3.0069 1.6883 3.1202 1.3455 2.3774 1.5114 5.5619 2.4471 1.3208 2.6526 2.3642 3.9095 2.5757 3.5629 3.7798 4.2624 5.5127 2.0892 1.0628 1.1880 2.0246 0.8939 2.9060 2.2269 3.2520
For the 11 substances, ammonia, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, carbon monoxide, 1,1-difluoroethane, ethane, heptane, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and propane, the liquid heat capacity CpL is calculated with Eq. (2) below. For all other compounds, Eq. (1) is used. For benzene, fluorine, and helium, two sets of constants are given for Eq. (1) that cover different temperature ranges, as shown in the table. (1) CpL = C1 + C2T + C3T 2 + C4T 3 + C4T 4 C12 C32t3 C3C4t4 C42t5 (2) CpL = + C2 − 2C1C3t − C1C4t2 − − − t 3 2 5 where t = 1 − Tr, Tr = T/Tc, Tc is the critical temperature from Table 2-141, CpL is in J/(kmolK) and T is in K. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. For temperatures less than the normal boiling point, the pressure is 1 atm. Above the normal boiling point, the pressure is the vapor pressure. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS TABLE 2-154
Specific Heats of Organic Solids Recalculated from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 101–105
Compound
Formula
Acetic acid Acetone Aminobenzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Aniline Anthracene
C2H4O2 C3H6O C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C6H7N C14H10
Anthraquinone Apiol Azobenzene
C14H8O2 C12H14O4 C12H10N2
Benzene
C6H6
Benzoic acid Benzophenone
C7H6O2 C13H10O
Betol
C17H12O3
Bromoiodobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Bromonaphthalene (β-) Bromophenol
C6H4BrI C6H4BrI C6H4BrI C10H7Br C6H5BrO
Camphene Capric acid Caprylic acid Carbon tetrachloride
C10H16 C10H20O2 C8H16O2 CCl4
Cerotic acid Chloral alcoholate hydrate Chloroacetic acid Chlorobenzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Chlorobromobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Crotonic acid Cyamelide Cyanamide Cyanuric acid
C27H54O2 C4H7Cl3O2 C2H3Cl3O2 C2H3ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C4H6O2 C3H3N3O3 CH2N2 C3H3N3O3
Dextrin Dextrose
(C6H10O5)x C6H12O6
Dibenzyl Dibromobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dichloroacetic acid Dichlorobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dicyandiamide
C14H14 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C2H2Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4N4
Temperature, °C −200 to +25 −210 to −80 85 to mp 120 to mp 128 to mp
sp ht, cal/(g°C)
50 100 150 0 to 270 10 28
0.330 + 0.00080t 0.540 + 0.0156t 0.254 + 0.00136t 0.253 + 0.00122t 0.287 + 0.00088t 0.741 0.308 0.350 0.382 0.258 + 0.00069t 0.299 0.330
−250 −225 −200 −150 −100 −50 0 20 to mp −150 −100 −50 0 +20 −150 −100 0 +50 −50 to 0 −75 to −15 −40 to 50 41 32
0.0399 0.0908 0.124 0.170 0.227 0.299 0.375 0.287 + 0.00050t 0.115 0.172 0.220 0.275 0.303 0.129 0.167 0.248 0.308 0.143 + 0.00025t 0.143 0.116 + 0.00032t 0.260 0.263
35 8 −2 −240 −200 −160 −120 −80 −40 15 78 32 60 80 to mp 94 to mp 180 to mp −34 −52 −40 38 to 70 40 20 40
0.380 0.695 0.628 0.013 0.081 0.131 0.162 0.182 0.201 0.387 0.509 0.213 0.363 0.228 + 0.00084t 0.232 + 0.00073t 0.242 + 0.00055t 0.192 0.150 0.150 0.520 + 0.00020t 0.263 0.547 0.318
0 to 90 −250 −200 −100 0 20 28 −36 −25 −50 to +50
0.291 + 0.00096t 0.016 0.077 0.160 0.277 0.300 0.363 0.248 0.134 0.139 + 0.00038t 0.406 0.185 0.186 0.219 + 0.0021t 0.456
−48.5 −52 −50 to +53 0 to 204
2-171
2-172
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-154
Specific Heats of Organic Solids (Continued) Recalculated from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 101–105
Compound
Formula
Dihydroxybenzene (o-) (m-) (p-)
C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2
Di-iodobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Dimethyl oxalate Dimethylpyrene Dinitrobenzene (o-) (m-) (p-) Diphenyl Diphenylamine Dulcitol
C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C4H6O4 C7H8O2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C12H10 C12H11N C6H14O6
Erythritol Ethyl alcohol
C4H10O4 C2H6O (crystalline)
(vitreous)
Temperature, °C
sp. ht., cal/(g°C)
−163 to mp −160 to mp −250 −240 −220 −200 −150 to mp −50 to +15 −52 to −42 −50 to +80 10 to 50 50 −160 to mp −160 to mp 119 to mp 40 26 20
0.278 + 0.00098t 0.269 + 0.00118t 0.025 0.038 0.061 0.081 0.268 + 0.00093t 0.109 + 0.00026t 0.100 + 0.00026t 0.101 + 0.00026t 0.212 + 0.0044t 0.368 0.252 + 0.00083t 0.248 + 0.00077t 0.259 + 0.00057t 0.385 0.337 0.282
60 −190 −180 −160 −140 −130 −190 −180 −175 −170 −190 to −40
0.351 0.232 0.248 0.282 0.318 0.376 0.260 0.296 0.380 0.399 0.366 + 0.00110t
Ethylene glycol
C2H6O2
Formic acid
CH2O2
−22 0
0.387 0.430
Glutaric acid Glycerol
C5H8O4 C3H8O3
20 −265 −260 −250 −220 −200 −100 0
0.299 0.009 0.022 0.047 0.085 0.115 0.217 0.330
Hexachloroethane Hexadecane Hydroxyacetanilide
C2Cl6 C16H34 C8H9NO2
Iodobenzene Isopropyl alcohol
C6H5I C3H8O
Lactose Lauric acid Levoglucosane Levulose
C12H22O11 C12H22O11·H2O C12H24O2 C6H10O5 C6H12O6
Malonic acid Maltose Mannitol Melamine Myristic acid Naphthalene Naphthol (α-) (β-) Naphthylamine (α-) Nitroaniline (o-) (m-) (p-) Nitrobenzoic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Nitronaphthalene
25 41 to mp
0.174 0.495 0.249 + 0.00154t
40 −200 to −160
0.191 0.051 + 0.00165t
20 20 −30 to +40 40 20
0.287 0.299 0.430 + 0.000027t 0.607 0.275
C3H4O4 C12H22O11 C6H14O6 C3H6N6 C14H28O2
20 20 0 to 100 40 0 to 35
0.275 0.320 0.313 + 0.00025t 0.351 0.381 + 0.00545t
C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C10H7NO2
−130 to mp 50 to mp 61 to mp 0 to 50 −160 to mp −160 to mp −160 to mp −163 to mp 66 to mp −160 to mp 0 to 55
0.281 + 0.00111t 0.240 + 0.00147t 0.252 + 0.00128t 0.270 + 0.0031t 0.269 + 0.000920t 0.275 + 0.000946t 0.276 + 0.001000t 0.256 + 0.00085t 0.258 + 0.00091t 0.247 + 0.00077t 0.236 + 0.00215t
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS TABLE 2-154
Specific Heats of Organic Solids (Concluded) Recalculated from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 101–105 Temperature, °C
sp ht, cal/(g°C)
Oxalic acid
C2H2O4 C2H2O4.2H2O
−200 to +50 −200 −100 0 +50 100
0.259 + 0.00076t 0.117 0.239 0.338 0.385 0.416
Palmitic acid
C16H32O2
Phenol Phthalic acid Picric acid
C6H6O C8H6O4 C6H3N3O7
Propionic acid Propyl alcohol (n-)
C3H6O2 C3H8O
Pyrotartaric acid
C6H8O4
−180 −140 −100 −50 0 +20 14 to 26 20 −100 0 +50 100 120 −33 −200 −175 −150 −130 20
0.167 0.208 0.251 0.306 0.382 0.430 0.561 0.232 0.165 0.240 0.263 0.297 0.332 0.726 0.170 0.363 0.471 0.497 0.301
Quinhydrone
C12H10O4
Quinone
C6H4O2
−250 −225 −200 −100 0 −250 −225 −200 −150 to mp
0.017 0.061 0.098 0.191 0.256 0.031 0.082 0.113 0.282 + 0.00083t
Salol Stearic acid Succinic acid Sucrose Sugar (cane)
C13H10O3 C18H36O2 C4H6O4 C12H22O11 C12H22O11
32 15 0 to 160 20 22 to 51
0.289 0.399 0.248 + 0.00153t 0.299 0.301
Tartaric acid Tartaric acid
C4H6O6 C4H6O6·H2O
Tetrachloroethylene Tetryl
C2Cl4 C7H5N5O8
1 Tetryl + 1 picric acid 1 Tetryl + 2 TNT
C13H8N8O15 C21H15N11O20
Thymol Toluic acid (o-) (m-) (p-) Toluidine (p-)
C10H14O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C7H9N
Trichloroacetic acid Trimethyl carbinol Trinitrotoluene
C2HCl3O2 C4H10O C7H5N3O6
Trinitroxylene
C8H7N3O6
Triphenylmethane
C19H16
36 −150 −100 −50 0 +50 −40 to 0 −100 −50 0 +100 −100 to +100 −100 0 +50 0 to 49 54 to mp 54 to mp 130 to mp 0 20 40 solid −4 −100 −50 0 +100 −185 to +23 20 to 50 0 to 91
0.287 0.112 0.170 0.231 0.308 0.366 0.198 + 0.00018t 0.182 0.199 0.212 0.236 0.253 + 0.00072t 0.172 0.280 0.325 0.315 + 0.0031t 0.277 + 0.00120t 0.239 + 0.00195t 0.271 + 0.00106t 0.337 0.387 0.440 0.459 0.559 0.170 0.253 0.311 0.385 0.241 0.423 0.189 + 0.0027t
Urea
CH4N2O
Compound
Formula
20
0.320
2-173
2-174 TABLE 2-155 Cmpd. no. 1 7 8 14 16 27 29 31 34 37 38 43 59 60 61 64 67 81 88 95 97 98 99 112 120 125 126 134 145 151 156 157 182 183 190 194 197 217 221 231 236
Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to a Polynomial Cp [J/(kmol⭈K)] Name
Acetaldehyde Acetylene Acrolein Argon Benzene Bromoethane 1,2-Butadiene Butane 1-Butanol cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene 1-Butyne m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Cyclobutane Cyclohexanone 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane Diethyl ether 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Dimethyl ether 1,4-Dioxane Ethane Ethanol Ethylcyclopentane Ethyl mercaptan Fluoroethane Furan Helium-4 Hydrazine Hydrogen Isopropyl amine Methanol Methyl acetylene Methylcyclopentane Methylethyl ether Methyl mercaptan 2-Methylpropane
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
C2H4O C2H2 C3H4O Ar C6H6 C2H5Br C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H6 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C4H8 C6H10O C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C4H10O C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H6 C2H6O C7H14 C2H6S C2H5F C4H4O He H4N2 H2 C3H9N CH4O C3H4 C6H12 C3H8O CH4S C4H10
75-07-0 74-86-2 107-02-8 7440-37-1 71-43-2 74-96-4 590-19-2 106-97-8 71-36-3 590-18-1 624-64-6 107-00-6 108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 287-23-0 108-94-1 557-91-5 75-34-3 60-29-7 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 115-10-6 123-91-1 74-84-0 64-17-5 1640-89-7 75-08-1 353-36-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 302-01-2 1333-74-0 75-31-0 67-56-1 74-99-7 96-37-7 540-67-0 74-93-1 75-28-5
44.053 26.037 56.063 39.948 78.112 108.965 54.090 58.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 54.090 108.138 108.138 108.138 56.106 98.143 187.861 98.959 74.122 66.050 66.050 52.023 46.068 88.105 30.069 46.068 98.186 62.134 48.060 68.074 4.003 32.045 2.016 59.110 32.042 40.064 84.159 60.095 48.107 58.122
29,705 30,800 30,702 20,786 35,978 27,112 27,400 17,330 25,300 39,760 20,908 25,300 29,002 16,192 29,090 31,863 32,182 20,560 19,560 26,040 29,736 27,581 33,851 25,940 28,345 31,742 32,585 34,710 23,014 30,358 40,860 20,786 32,998 64,979 23,590 30,270 30,810 35,465 23,337 31,520 21,380
127.43 −53.08 80.95 0 −101.69 117.99 177.6 458.16 371.2 108.8 324.73 183.2 158.79 469.81 166 37.226 116.87 285.2 249.01 388 72.364 169.88 −20.966 178.46 88.3 26.567 87.4 304.96 271.36 62.839 −160.3 0 −5.2147 −788.17 310.42 84.64 35.8 147.38 309.03 60.1 271.2
−0.21793 0.384 0.191 0 0.939 0 0 −0.816 −0.461 0 −0.411 0 0.635 −0.479 0.616 0.23616 0.547 −0.332 −0.22187 −0.268 0.228 −0.1581 0.17584 −0.186 0.446 0.12927 0.05 −0.084 −0.4427 0.1067 0.87 0 0.21379 5.8287 −0.274 −0.188 0.27 0.242 −0.285 0 −0.092
C4 × 1E 05
−1845.9
C5 × 1E 10
216400
Tmin, K
Cp at Tmin × 1E-05
Tmax, K
Cp at Tmax × 1E-05
50 50 50 100 50 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
0.3553 0.2911 0.3523 0.2079 0.3324 0.3891 0.3628 0.3820 0.4271 0.4520 0.3612 0.3446 0.3853 0.3849 0.3893 0.3432 0.3939 0.4576 0.4224 0.4477 0.3392 0.3568 0.3324 0.3440 0.3388 0.3339 0.3708 0.4975 0.3548 0.3377 0.3353 0.2079 0.3327 0.3797 0.3843 0.3403 0.3328 0.4344 0.3808 0.3453 0.3471
200 200 200 1,500 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 1,500 200 250 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
0.4647 0.3554 0.5453 0.2079 0.5320 0.5071 0.6292 0.7632 0.8110 0.6152 0.6941 0.6194 0.8616 0.9099 0.8693 0.4876 0.7744 0.6432 0.6049 0.9292 0.5333 0.5523 0.3669 0.5419 0.6385 0.4223 0.5207 0.9234 0.5958 0.4719 0.4360 0.2079 0.4051 0.2834 0.7471 0.3968 0.4877 0.7462 0.7374 0.4354 0.7194
237 238 243 246 247 248 251 253 289 290 294 295 296 304 310 320 321 322 324 331
2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene alpha-Methyl styrene Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitromethane Nitric oxide 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol Propylbenzene Quinone Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene Thiophene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
C4H10O C4H8 C9H10 C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 CH3NO2 NO C5H8 C14H10 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C9H12 C6H4O2 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C4H4S C9H12
75-65-0 115-11-7 98-83-9 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 75-52-5 10102-43-9 627-21-4 85-01-8 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 103-65-1 106-51-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 110-02-1 95-63-6
74.122 56.106 118.176 128.171 20.180 75.067 61.040 30.006 68.117 178.229 40.064 44.096 60.095 120.192 108.095 72.106 132.202 88.171 84.140 120.192
17,080 24,970 37,735 29,120 20,786 33,055 38,782 34,980 24,330 27,700 31,690 26,675 28,800 22,880 29,668 36,970 28,560 41,195 36,765 35,652
381.7 211.8 112.94 82.88 0 89.54 −48.39 −35.32 335.7 210 17.1 147.04 257 538.46 129.07 −12.28 225.1 −88.3 −112.82 323.89
−0.199 0 0.846 0.964 0 0.238 0.413 0.07729 −0.37 1.24 0.282 0 -0.35 -0.546 0.53105 0.444 0.616 0.942 0.862 0.305
−5.7357
0.0014526
50 50 50 50 100 50 50 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
0.3567 0.3556 0.4550 0.3567 0.2079 0.3813 0.3740 0.3217 0.4019 0.4130 0.3325 0.3403 0.4078 0.4844 0.3745 0.3747 0.4136 0.3914 0.3328 0.5261
200 200 200 200 1,500 200 200 1,500 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
0.8546 0.6733 0.9416 0.8426 0.2079 0.6048 0.4562 0.3586 0.7667 1.1930 0.4639 0.5608 0.6620 1.0873 0.7672 0.5227 0.9822 0.6122 0.4868 1.1263
Constants in this table can be used in the following equation to calculate the ideal gas heat capacity C0p. C0p = C1 + C2T + C3T2 + C4T3 + C5T4 where C0p is in J/(kmol·K) and T is in K. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
2-175
2-176
TABLE 2-156 Cmpd. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to Hyperbolic Functions Cp [J/(kmolK)] Name
Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol o-Cresol
Formula C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C9H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O C7H8O
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1 × 1E-05
C2 × 1E-05
C3 × 1E-03
C4 × 1E-05
C5
Tmin, K
Cp at Tmin × 1E-05
Tmax, K
Cp at Tmax × 1E-05
75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4 95-48-7
44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541 108.138 108.138
0.4451 0.342 0.402 0.713 0.5704 0.41914 0.3199 0.48449 0.6059 0.4678 0.28958 0.33427 0.7637 1.9581 0.44767 0.6895 0.77594 0.7186 1.0099 0.84115 0.9521 0.99192 1.0759 0.30113 0.721 0.47191 0.3377 0.575 0.5095 0.7134 1.0478 1.066 0.7454 0.90878 0.64257 0.5765 0.6592 1.1684 1.138 0.92478 0.92367 0.5587 0.89657 1.488 0.6906 0.2937 0.301 0.29108 0.37582 0.92004 0.29142 0.8011 0.4568 0.3942 0.3409 0.621 0.61809 0.7515 0.7988
1.0687 1.294 1.3675 2.222 1.632 0.8876 0.5424 1.2546 1.3703 1.0366 0.0939 0.4898 2.9377 1.7019 2.3085 2.3275 2.6455 2.27 4.4898 3.1428 2.8868 2.9633 4.2105 0.08009 2.064 1.2787 0.715 1.6476 1.705 2.43 2.549 2.575 2.5907 2.5508 2.0618 2.115 2.07 3.769 4.454 2.7795 2.5166 1.6694 2.3731 1.3522 1.9996 0.3454 0.3338 0.08773 0.7054 0.16446 0.09176 2.31 1.2967 0.6573 0.7246 1.843 1.8023 2.09 2.853
1.6141 1.075 1.262 1.6203 1.607 1.5818 1.594 1.3979 1.6475 1.3998 3.012 2.036 1.6051 1.3257 1.4792 1.512 1.7925 1.4669 1.311 1.9539 0.70207 1.5583 1.9041 0.7514 1.6504 1.5957 1.578 1.527 1.5324 1.63 1.8776 1.967 1.6073 1.893 1.6768 1.6299 1.6733 1.956 1.5507 1.6837 1.6109 1.5328 1.9754 1.146 1.5494 1.428 0.896 3.0851 0.5121 1.0764 0.949 2.157 1.5992 0.928 1.723 1.629 1.5438 0.6666 1.4765
0.6135 0.64 0.7003 1.676 0.968 0.5032 0.4325 0.87243 1.0446 0.6536 0.0758 0.2256 2.17 −37.417 1.6836 1.7516 2.2382 1.693 2.8395 2.5743 1.6385 2.2116 4.1785 0.1078 1.687 0.85166 0.4175 0.99 1.337 1.5033 1.875 1.951 1.732 1.852 1.3324 1.2872 1.251 2.818 3.0497 1.5974 1.5641 1.07 1.5866 −678 1.3146 0.264 0.2893 0.084553 0.485 −5083.8 0.1003 2.046 0.859 0.493 0.448 1.2337 1.1893 1.212 2.042
737.8 502 569.7 746.5 731.5 699.8 607.1 633.26 751.49 629.35 1484 882 751.2 41.232 677.66 697.9 835.9 680.77 627.4 850.06 2002.6 719.16 828.81 314.6 765.3 703.87 691.4 677.3 685.6 730.42 833 860.5 712.4 832.13 757.06 739.1 742.2 811.2 708.86 758.68 739.2 656 904.13 6.98 675 588 374.7 1538.2 236.1 2.3486 425 897.6 708.8 399.6 780.5 724 685.93 2214 664.7
200 100 50 200 200 100 200 200 250 200 50 100 300 298.15 200 200 200 200 300 298.15 300 300 200 100 200 200 100 200 200 200 298.15 298.15 200 298.15 250 200 200 300 200 200 200 200 200 298.15 200 50 100 60 100 298 50 200 100 100 150 200 200 200 200
0.4660 0.3448 0.4020 0.7665 0.6049 0.4192 0.3566 0.5467 0.6984 0.5156 0.2896 0.3343 1.1302 1.2745 0.5358 0.7689 0.8126 0.8053 1.8001 1.1198 1.5501 1.4156 1.1481 0.3090 0.7679 0.5089 0.3378 0.6269 0.5756 0.7673 1.2667 1.2679 0.8162 1.1257 0.7571 0.6199 0.7004 1.5358 1.2659 0.9714 0.9763 0.6238 0.9119 1.1533 0.7607 0.2937 0.3100 0.2911 0.4730 0.6106 0.2914 0.8219 0.4569 0.4048 0.3424 0.6674 0.6768 0.8701 0.9158
1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500.1 1500.15 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 5000 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
1.2994 1.4997 1.5756 2.5675 1.8820 1.1285 0.7575 1.5620 1.7424 1.3464 0.3496 0.6647 3.0226 3.2501 2.4157 2.6739 2.9712 2.6706 4.9311 3.2880 4.3445 3.2957 4.5557 0.3794 2.4628 1.5121 0.9107 1.9202 1.9555 2.6602 3.0289 3.0311 2.8509 2.8730 2.2898 2.2715 2.2904 3.6724 4.8435 3.1008 2.9615 1.9209 2.6775 2.5905 2.3273 0.6335 0.6148 0.3521 1.0662 1.0465 0.3793 2.5327 1.5112 1.0063 0.9097 2.1126 2.1023 3.2075 3.2163
2-177
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123
p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane
C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26
106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3
108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106 84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170 62.134 78.133 194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190 170.335
0.7384 1.081 0.3545 0.44004 0.432 0.9043 0.67384 0.58171 0.416 0.48074 0.338 0.54305 1.9641 1.672 0.24457 1.6984 1.7101 1.931 1.5045 0.3029 0.5927 0.74906 0.391 1.6122 0.7 0.6948 0.6978 0.5521 0.65271 0.3628 0.7145 0.78658 1.208 0.9102 0.8621 0.91273 0.49653 0.51889 0.35489 1.1384 1.093 1.0869 1.1556 1.0113 0.6534 0.5565 0.7772 1.0776 1.1039 1.0991 0.7843 0.5148 0.722 0.85438 1.396 0.61453 0.6037 0.6949 1.174 0.56184 1.0985 1.2114 2.1295
2.908 3.7932 0.5015 2.3074 3.735 2.5771 3.2598 3.1717 3.014 2.5159 1.6894 3.9962 5.1412 5.353 6.546 5.392 5.2089 5.4815 4.3794 0.0975 1.158 1.2725 0.648 4.4777 2.0746 2.0804 2.078 1.205 1.1254 0.6804 1.7344 1.7429 3.066 2.674 2.551 2.41 1.2546 1.2431 0.71002 2.5747 3.683 4.054 1.8305 3.2393 1.6179 1.6384 4.032 4.6718 4.6445 4.6401 1.4364 1.442 1.783 4.5772 4.78 1.7438 1.3747 1.524 5.32 2.7034 4.3412 2.6127 6.633
1.4559 1.7505 1.057 1.6283 1.192 0.7882 1.3955 1.5435 1.4617 1.5803 1.6135 1.3575 1.8989 1.6141 1.0899 1.568 1.7265 1.6085 1.3291 2.515 1.4931 1.981 1.194 1.6831 1.3664 1.3632 1.3635 1.502 1.7376 1.256 1.524 1.7157 2.089 1.719 1.5413 1.6686 1.5394 1.5048 1.5936 0.7384 1.6057 1.7802 0.95919 1.5611 1.7837 1.7341 1.544 1.654 1.6943 1.6679 1.5836 1.6034 1.532 1.5181 2.19 1.3418 1.641 1.6514 2.105 1.5171 1.6222 0.78956 1.7155
2.091 3.0027 0.452 1.5571 1.635 1.3068 2.0209 2.1273 1.8095 1.7454 1.1768 2.5623 4.1278 3.782 4.8642 3.938 3.5935 3.74 2.5557 −0.0275 0.8428 0.9437 0.42 2.918 1.5983 1.594 1.5965 0.8719 0.878 0.4275 1.223 1.2627 2.343 1.7926 1.437 1.652 0.87561 0.76269 0.4622 1.62 2.342 2.9786 0.99605 2.1501 1.0242 1.0899 2.508 3.3397 3.3949 3.3736 0.871 0.7747 1.31 2.974 3.9705 1.0102 0.7988 1.0658 4.1 1.7658 3.6455 1.6903 4.5161
650.42 794.8 396 744.9 530.1 1952.2 677.33 701.62 668.8 718.37 722.8 618.54 862.51 742 424 720.5 782.92 754.75 632.01 368 655.5 845.2 501 781.6 620.16 619.2 619.37 653.5 795.45 548 674.2 765.1 891 794.94 688.9 771.08 694.17 697.51 762 2143 699 791.6 2826.3 689.3 821.4 793.04 649.95 792.5 798.35 781.97 730.65 725.4 762 641.01 900.6 592.09 743.5 722.2 818 700.76 743.62 2394.4 777.5
200 200 100 200 100 200 200 150 100 150 100 300 200 200 298.15 200 298.15 200 298 100 200 200 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 100 150 200 298.15 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 298.15 300 298.15 298.15 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 200 200 200 298.15 200 300 300 200
0.8707 1.1480 0.3648 0.4903 0.4366 0.9648 0.7802 0.5978 0.4165 0.4918 0.3381 1.2644 2.0192 1.7967 2.5232 1.8502 2.2304 2.0434 2.1938 0.3020 0.6442 0.7635 0.3929 1.6841 0.8245 0.8198 0.8228 0.6061 0.6722 0.3637 0.7268 0.8217 1.4197 0.9502 0.9316 0.9567 0.5373 0.5536 0.3681 1.5995 1.5669 1.5102 1.2777 1.4638 0.6721 0.5812 0.9363 1.1535 1.1777 1.1820 0.8155 0.5436 0.7594 1.0550 1.7481 0.7095 0.6298 0.7355 1.6816 0.6403 1.7298 1.5900 2.2442
1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500.1 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1000.15 1500 1200 1500 1500
3.2102 4.1808 0.8100 2.3234 3.6516 3.8251 3.4743 3.2132 2.9298 2.5619 1.7213 3.7236 6.0539 6.0932 6.1099 6.2186 5.8745 6.4613 5.2794 0.3425 1.5673 1.7041 0.9599 5.2145 2.5161 2.5161 2.5175 1.5615 1.5743 0.9543 2.1609 2.1894 3.4674 3.0519 2.9244 2.8724 1.5424 1.5510 0.9419 4.1941 4.0535 4.3093 3.0678 3.6669 1.9148 1.8585 4.0353 4.9543 4.9243 4.9275 1.9523 1.6581 2.2596 4.5983 4.4740 2.0944 1.6949 1.9255 4.1139 2.8174 4.5143 4.2484 7.4325
2-178
TABLE 2-156 Cmpd. no. 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183
Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to Hyperbolic Functions Cp [J/(kmolK)] (Continued ) Name
Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1 × 1E-05
C2 × 1E-05
C3 × 1E-03
C4 × 1E-05
C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10 H4N2 H2
112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2 302-01-2 1333-74-0
282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079 144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144 32.045 2.016
3.2481 0.40326 0.492 0.9981 0.594 0.7844 1.0944 1.0455 1.115 1.1059 0.82052 0.3338 0.7286 0.63012 0.343 0.3346 0.537 1.5777 1.634 1.0953 1.24 0.5576 0.937 1.132 0.85105 0.29122 0.62653 0.44373 0.33289 0.3327 0.3822 0.3381 0.3727 2.7878 1.404 1.2015 1.3135 1.2215 1.4569 1.2768 1.2507 1.1851 1.442 1.0712 2.6283 1.232 1.044 1.1622 1.0625 1.2615 1.094 1.1237 1.0434 0.9376 1.2662 0.9129 1.036 0.38711 0.27617
11.09 1.3422 1.4577 2.0931 1.618 3.399 4.1794 2.3148 3.391 4.6306 4.0342 0.9479 1.8436 1.4584 1.427 1.2116 1.886 4.4017 4.5119 3.0032 3.2 1.3617 2.829 2.94 1.0378 0.10132 2.1646 1.3119 0.73989 0.49542 0.93 0.7593 1.6606 9.5247 2.5907 4.001 2.3317 3.991 2.8252 3.381 2.148 3.6362 4.1603 3.0258 8.9733 2.2146 3.523 2.0708 3.521 3.5964 1.807 2.936 3.0749 3.015 3.7294 2.5577 3.009 0.8576 0.0956
1.636 1.6555 1.6628 2.0226 1.812 1.559 0.88375 0.71 1.6705 1.6628 1.567 1.596 1.688 1.673 1.638 1.6084 1.207 1.7494 1.7532 1.7988 1.967 1.5221 1.648 1.827 0.59737 1.453 1.564 1.6422 1.8639 1.8666 1.845 1.1925 1.5112 1.6935 0.8315 1.6766 0.67567 1.58 0.81695 1.3831 0.6912 1.7359 1.6603 1.5273 1.6912 0.84 1.6946 0.68661 1.5835 1.8445 0.689 1.401 1.7459 1.9057 1.6574 1.529 2.116 1.7228 2.466
7.45 0.73223 0.939 1.803 1.078 2.426 −1.609 1.471 2.518 3.299 2.6697 0.551 1.199 0.97296 1.037 0.8241 0.864 3.2378 3.1032 2.1311 2.346 0.8073 2.155 2.055 0.94745 0.094101 1.7278 0.85441 0.46079 0.28075 0.69 0.318 1.3145 6.6651 1.312 2.74 1.824 2.835 1.766 1.888 1.619 2.5048 2.6572 2.0975 6.264 1.219 2.369 1.5355 2.462 2.594 1.474 1.601 2.0728 1.986 2.308 1.737 2.106 0.56635 0.0376
C5 726.27 752.87 744.7 928.05 820 702 1183.1 2061.6 733.6 781.1 715.52 740.8 767.3 773.65 744.7 737.3 496 792.34 809.75 817.35 896 687.5 724.7 852 2122.7 662.91 724.29 738.77 891.16 934.9 850 550 686 744.57 2201 756.4 1846 717.7 2537.2 650.3 1759.3 785.73 759.39 689.62 744.41 2205 761.6 1932.5 715.75 819.17 1772 650.5 793.53 817 757.8 683 902.4 733.53 567.6
Tmin, K
Cp at Tmin × 1E-05
Tmax, K
Cp at Tmax × 1E-05
200 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 298 200 200 60 300 300 150 50 100 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 200 300 298.15 167 50 200 200 50 50 150 50 200 200 200 200 300 200 298.15 200 150 298.15 200 200 200 200 200 298.15 200 298.15 200 150 298 300 200 200 300 200 250
3.5235 0.4256 0.5224 1.0126 0.6139 0.8912 1.4598 1.5102 1.5583 1.1875 0.9272 0.3338 0.9178 0.7800 0.3480 0.3346 0.5412 2.0279 2.0360 1.3620 1.4479 0.5970 1.3377 1.3538 0.8926 0.2912 0.6914 0.4726 0.3329 0.3327 0.3833 0.3381 0.4376 3.0034 1.4479 1.2828 1.8497 1.3330 1.8136 1.3968 1.2688 1.5434 1.5191 1.1721 2.8312 1.2672 1.1117 1.6107 1.1607 1.5829 1.1815 1.1443 1.3301 1.1909 1.3340 1.0004 1.2215 0.4070 0.2843
1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200.15 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1200 1200 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
12.2110 1.4562 1.6576 2.6594 1.8528 3.6147 4.2540 3.6330 3.6213 4.9184 4.1472 1.0987 2.2016 1.8095 1.5178 1.3297 2.1485 5.1201 4.8744 3.2289 3.4234 1.6729 3.0569 3.4535 2.2349 0.3812 2.4736 1.5008 0.9024 0.7113 1.1203 0.9933 1.7940 10.4160 4.2863 4.4283 4.2941 4.5346 4.6604 4.1386 3.8446 4.0836 4.7831 3.5985 9.8182 3.7314 3.8620 3.7636 3.9726 4.0672 3.3207 3.5874 3.4819 3.1889 4.2483 3.0371 3.1894 1.0571 0.3225
2-179
184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246
Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl -1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene
HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C2H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8
10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3
80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122 90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148 58.079 128.171
0.2912 0.29157 0.30125 0.29134 0.33288 0.74694 0.68545 0.49522 0.7251 0.33298 0.39252 0.6116 0.555 0.4478 0.1206 0.41 0.9396 0.671 0.746 1.8458 0.92165 0.87026 0.81924 0.7906 0.82051 1.0785 0.8274 0.894 0.59895 0.9227 0.7959 0.92279 0.92279 0.66456 0.69411 0.6422 0.7283 0.68681 0.784 0.75083 0.506 0.7284 1.227 0.474 0.89232 1.5914 0.99247 0.4146 0.864 1.7483 0.903 0.94326 0.6549 0.7704 0.6125 0.7765 0.92151 0.93775 0.46149 0.78548 0.9779 0.60865 0.6805
0.0953 0.09048 0.3171 0.093252 0.26086 2.4356 2.1876 1.8718 2.089 0.79933 0.879 2.029 1.782 1.0917 2.3766 1.0578 2.559 2.222 3.265 1.743 3.3371 2.5556 2.6038 1.656 3.0869 2.7388 2.1377 2.91 1.1636 4.115 2.596 2.6709 2.6709 3.507 3.0209 3.0711 1.0307 1.9959 2.1032 1.9577 1.219 3.1713 2.195 1.226 2.4765 1.764 2.7275 0.8307 1.811 4.9288 3.801 3.5965 2.4776 2.539 2.066 2.442 2.3943 2.6178 1.2781 3.5969 3.091 1.5965 3.5494
2.142 2.0938 1.6102 2.905 0.9134 1.715 1.5831 1.2958 1.8516 2.0869 1.9165 1.7683 1.26 1.5508 1.0543 1.708 0.825 1.421 1.545 1.22 1.8365 1.7757 1.7593 1.6926 1.3864 1.5885 1.755 1.57 1.565 1.6504 0.6213 0.68784 0.68784 1.5892 1.6903 1.6387 1.5429 1.5534 1.5488 1.6424 1.637 1.352 0.842 2.188 1.696 1.2076 2.003 1.589 0.7543 1.7384 1.602 1.3533 1.587 1.5502 1.545 1.714 1.6936 1.7291 1.4565 1.4342 1.643 1.619 1.4262
0.0157 −0.00107 0.2179 1.95E−03 −0.17979 1.8484 1.3855 1.4852 1.6483 0.41602 0.53654 1.3302 0.853 0.675 1.8186 0.6836 1.36 1.194 1.923 −56.11 2.4645 1.7636 1.7195 1.2167 1.7886 1.9067 1.5149 2.073 0.81581 2.9006 2.288 1.9847 1.9847 2.3526 2.1209 2.1298 0.7811 1.1168 1.1855 1.1949 0.894 1.8948 1.191 0.85983 1.5598 −407.4 1.8974 0.4612 0.8 3.5897 2.453 2.0569 1.575 1.669 1.2057 1.818 1.4896 1.6236 0.79115 2.5336 2.099 0.93783 2.5984
1400 120 626 1.33E+03 949.4 757.75 691.76 569.96 798.43 991.96 896.7 835.5 562 658.2 418.8 735 3000 614.7 666.7 31.2 757.99 807.82 800.93 788.4 613.87 749.6 782 678.3 690.39 779.48 1698.6 1732.4 1732.4 727.13 781.56 750.25 668.94 692.04 693 749.19 743 585.14 2460 1008.2 791.4 10.503 849.64 716.7 2160 788.01 691.6 599.92 706.99 679.3 676 716 797.79 783.23 643.23 651.69 731.191 739.55 650.1
50 50 100 50 100 298.15 200 300 298.15 50 200 300 298 200 298.15 150 300 150 200 300 298.15 200 200 298.15 300 273.15 200 298 200 200 300 300 300 200 200 200 200 200 200 273.16 250 300 298.15 298.15 200 300 273 200 298.15 298.15 200 300 200 200 200 300 298 298.15 200 200 298 300 200
0.2912 0.2914 0.3014 0.2913 0.3329 1.0427 0.7510 0.9790 0.9475 0.3330 0.3980 0.7698 0.8489 0.4882 0.9908 0.4136 1.2586 0.6931 0.8546 1.2793 1.3135 0.9060 0.8559 0.9632 1.3300 1.3173 0.8646 1.3461 0.6380 0.9953 1.5302 1.5099 1.5099 0.7510 0.7464 0.7083 0.7717 0.7396 0.8397 0.9004 0.5888 1.3200 1.4755 0.5195 0.9280 1.1291 1.1377 0.4329 1.1621 2.2567 1.0192 1.5600 0.7218 0.8567 0.6763 1.1242 1.1251 1.1728 0.5141 0.9445 1.3522 0.7748 0.8454
1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1200 1200.1 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200.1 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500.15 1200 1200 1500 1200 1500 1500 1200 1200 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500.15 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1200 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
0.3479 0.3406 0.5522 0.3224 0.5143 2.5383 2.4540 2.0517 2.2057 0.8890 1.0533 2.2209 2.0754 1.3293 2.1663 1.2388 3.3569 2.5028 3.3792 3.2262 3.4856 2.8923 2.8709 2.1502 3.1994 3.1687 2.5255 3.0766 1.5593 4.3180 4.1359 4.1467 4.1467 3.5495 3.1496 3.1549 1.5893 2.2931 2.4816 2.3178 1.5109 3.1987 3.6532 1.3595 2.8696 2.9991 2.9952 1.0781 2.8637 5.7177 3.9617 3.7409 2.6656 2.8508 2.2814 2.5276 2.6391 2.9904 1.5253 3.8592 3.4779 1.8871 3.7359
2-180 TABLE 2-156 Cmpd. no. 248 249 250 251 252 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303
Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to Hyperbolic Functions Cp [J/(kmolK)] (Concluded) Name
Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1 × 1E-05
C2 × 1E-05
C3 × 1E-03
C4 × 1E-05
C5
Tmin, K
Cp at Tmin × 1E-05
Tmax, K
Cp at Tmax × 1E-05
C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N
79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8
75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079 55.079 102.132 59.110
0.54619 0.29105 0.33284 0.42267 0.29338 3.1062 1.7347 1.5175 0.1266 1.54 1.8197 1.5352 1.7646 1.6289 2.9502 1.6088 1.3554 1.4082 1.3805 1.6383 1.3901 1.4952 1.3599 1.5981 1.2307 0.25751 0.29103 0.33483 2.4679 1.0743 0.8805 2.836 0.906 1.0853 0.90053 0.96896 0.82523 1.1327 1.0974 0.753 0.70737 0.9374 0.434 0.59683 0.7364 0.426 0.5192 0.619 0.73145 1.0563 0.7174 0.6959 0.5357 1.7994 0.76078
1.6492 0.086149 0.49837 1.0842 0.3236 10.575 4.5115 4.915 6.011 4.936 3.5542 4.6844 5.044 3.9708 10.034 4.218 4.431 4.3436 4.459 3.1897 3.806 4.4103 4.1605 4.6063 3.4942 1.1734 0.1004 0.29577 8.4212 2.8363 3.011 1.08 3.062 3.0747 2.7085 2.4907 2.5943 2.947 3.2959 2.0905 2.2229 4.758 2.445 2.5533 2.544 1.1194 1.9245 2.0213 2.0313 4.3397 1.914 1.7778 1.4617 1.753 2.1049
1.4803 1.7016 0.7093 1.4885 1.1238 0.76791 1.712 1.6448 1.0815 1.578 0.81514 1.7288 1.6182 1.8928 0.77107 1.9126 1.6356 1.4662 1.5751 0.81595 1.3717 0.80211 1.7317 1.6295 1.528 2.7969 2.5265 1.5217 1.6865 1.9549 1.6502 2.107 1.6054 1.8672 1.6592 1.4177 1.7291 1.7418 1.6761 1.5307 1.557 1.382 1.152 1.2397 1.0852 1.5772 1.6265 1.6293 1.9375 1.6098 2.0144 1.7098 1.553 1.196 1.7256
1.0635 0.0010347 0.23264 0.68603 0.2177 −4.5661 3.3256 3.47 4.5946 3.588 2.1974 3.2304 3.3857 3.2136 -4.3012 3.278 3.054 2.7687 3.2016 1.9814 2.2573 −2.0958 2.8675 3.0301 2.4617 0.65788 0.09356 0.27151 5.8537 2.0146 1.892 −3.56 2.115 2.2271 1.8012 1.301 1.768 2.0987 1.9486 1.378 1.3125 3.485 1.512 1.5519 0.808 0.7546 1.168 1.2956 1.4815 3.181 1.1708 1.2654 0.91197 −4.12 1.3936
666.94 909.79 372.91 683.57 479.4 912.03 810.96 749.6 418.2 721.11 2508.8 783.67 755.48 855.52 916.73 869 746.4 659.38 718.8 2521.3 660.96 981.95 784.47 756.28 694.81 878.91 1153.8 680.35 743.6 890.44 747.6 283 717.97 825.4 743.96 646.7 778.7 795.78 757.67 672.8 690.78 627.4 507 576.78 573 680.8 723.6 727.4 843.37 729.66 930.6 763.78 678.2 108.2 789.03
200 50 100 200 100 200 200 200 298.15 200 298.15 298.15 200 298.15 200 200 200 298.15 200 298.15 150 200 298.15 200 200 298.15 50 100 200 200 200 298.15 200 298.15 200 200 298.15 298 200 200 200 200 100 298.15 298.15 200 200 200 298.15 300 200 298.15 200 298.15 200
0.6062 0.2911 0.3404 0.4571 0.2948 3.3533 1.8005 1.6257 2.2953 1.6777 2.2720 2.0014 1.8658 1.9693 3.1800 1.6504 1.4529 2.0652 1.5055 2.0428 1.4162 1.5775 1.7723 1.6881 1.3448 0.3201 0.2910 0.3349 2.6586 1.0960 0.9404 1.3824 0.9890 1.3539 0.9591 1.0536 1.0856 1.4202 1.1547 0.8276 0.7700 1.1959 0.4401 1.1054 1.0745 0.4646 0.5632 0.6665 0.8966 1.6392 0.7266 0.8938 0.5832 1.3594 0.7933
1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1000.1 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1000.15 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
1.9237 0.3484 0.8092 1.3280 0.5828 11.6130 5.4439 5.5407 5.5267 5.6606 5.8526 5.2776 5.9082 4.7924 11.0160 4.9286 4.9764 5.0411 5.0965 5.2565 4.6547 4.9067 4.6807 5.3549 4.1604 0.6502 0.3653 0.5928 9.2209 3.2404 3.2927 3.2952 3.4133 3.4701 3.0797 3.0358 2.8897 3.4994 3.6956 2.4754 2.5052 5.0645 2.6045 2.8390 2.6737 1.3376 2.0556 2.2458 2.2760 4.6527 2.1149 2.1248 1.7235 3.2024 2.4353
304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345
Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene
C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3
120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165
0.96885 0.43852 0.871 0.73815 0.7474 2.0114 0.6487 0.3681 0.893 0.71806 0.33375 0.35256 0.33408 0.945 2.0719 2.3082 0.46905 0.8145 0.51848 1.1352 0.40399 0.5814 0.66554 2.1496 1.2766 0.7107 1.052 1.0106 1.139 0.982 2.0367 2.154 1.9529 1.859 0.536 0.55978 0.42364 0.84894 0.33363 0.7568 0.8521 0.7512
3.7954 1.506 2.447 1.9529 1.9523 0.8082 2.1227 0.71245 2.1503 2.2669 0.25864 1.227 0.49677 2.526 6.2668 7.8678 2.5314 4.395 2.4535 5.6331 1.627 2.863 1.1257 7.3045 2.5559 1.5051 3.79 3.8314 5.286 5.402 1.8181 2.4432 6.0998 5.869 2.119 1.2141 0.8735 1.1471 0.2679 3.3924 3.2954 3.397
1.5168 1.3988 1.9254 1.5954 1.631 1.8656 1.3491 0.65201 0.772 1.2739 0.9328 0.67938 0.87322 0.829 2.4044 1.6823 1.5998 1.471 1.5018 1.6211 1.4562 1.4406 1.5454 1.6695 0.80937 0.79662 1.4814 1.501 1.594 1.531 1.2089 1.1126 1.7087 1.5718 1.198 1.6102 1.6492 1.38 2.6105 1.496 1.4944 1.4928
2.6618 0.74754 1.888 1.2356 1.2112 −2.4404 1.514 0.46721 0.999 1.7342 0.1088 0.78407 0.28563 0.5 6.345 5.4486 1.7051 3.065 1.6871 3.3829 1.322 1.898 0.97196 4.9998 1.4829 0.84537 2.331 2.395 3.351 3.493 0.79777 0.58651 4.1302 4.326 1.147 0.89079 0.6556 0.9 0.08896 2.247 2.115 2.247
694.3 616.46 821.3 730.5 750.92 279.98 614.8 286.03 2442 537.65 423.7 351.27 393.74 2010 967.71 743.1 740.64 666.4 665.31 681.9 648.81 650.43 717.04 741.02 2231.7 2187.6 667.3 678.3 677.94 639.9 1060.8 950.59 775.4 722.7 510 710.4 739.07 644.61 1169 675.9 675.8 675.1
200 130 298.15 200 200 298.15 200 100 100 300 100 100 100 298.15 298.15 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 298.15 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 298.15 298.15 200 200 100 200 200 298.15 100 200 200 200
1.0927 0.4436 1.1022 0.7825 0.7848 1.0218 0.7711 0.4182 0.8931 1.3370 0.3354 0.3872 0.3408 1.2478 2.4763 2.4864 0.5259 0.9881 0.6147 1.3069 0.4886 0.7016 0.8496 2.3156 1.3278 0.7439 1.1832 1.1354 1.3139 1.2194 2.1054 2.2726 2.0594 2.0232 0.5404 0.5967 0.4457 1.0788 0.3336 0.8759 0.9643 0.8710
1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1000.15 1500 1500 1500 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 2273.15 1500 1500 1500
4.1613 1.6817 2.7484 2.3287 2.3216 2.1175 2.4969 1.0537 3.2416 2.5823 0.5695 1.5397 0.7967 3.4444 6.6947 8.6225 2.5538 4.5348 2.5679 5.5784 1.8098 3.0029 1.6433 8.0251 4.2046 2.4322 4.1983 4.1854 5.3769 5.3754 3.7585 4.3560 6.8342 6.7834 2.3750 1.5590 1.1423 1.8595 0.5276 3.5920 3.5965 3.5923
Constants in this table can be used in the following equation to calculate the ideal gas heat capacity C0p.
2 2 C3/T C5/T C0p = C1 + C2 + C4 sinh(C3/T) cosh(C5/T) where C0p is in J/(kmol·K) and T is in K. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
2-181
2-182
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-157
Cp/Cv: Ratios of Specific Heats of Gases at 1 atm Pressure*
Compound Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetylene
Formula C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H2
Air
Temperature, °C
Ratio of specific heats, (γ) = Cp /Cv
30 136 15 −71 925 17 −78 −118 15 15 −180 0–100
1.14 1.15 1.26 1.31 1.36 1.403 1.408 1.415 1.320 1.670 1.715 1.67
Ammonia Argon
NH3 Ar
Benzene Bromine
C6H6 Br2
90 20–350
1.10 1.32
Carbon dioxide
CO2
disulfide monoxide
CS2 CO
1.299 1.37 1.21 1.402 1.433 1.355 1.15 1.256 1.315
Chlorine Chloroform Cyanogen Cyclohexane
Cl2 CHCl3 (CN)2 C6H12
15 −75 100 15 −180 15 100 15 80
Dichlorodifluormethane
CCl2F2
25
1.139
Ethane
C2H6
100 15 −82 90 35 80 100 15 −91
1.157 1.200 1.28 1.13 1.08 1.086 1.201 1.253 1.345
−180 80 15 −76 −181 20 15 100 65 140 210
1.667 1.066 1.407 1.441 1.607 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.31 1.28 1.24
Ethyl alcohol ether
C2H6O C4H10O
Ethylene
C2H4
Helium Hexane (n-) Hydrogen
He C6H14 H2
bromide chloride
HBr HCl
cyanide
HCN
Compound
Formula
Hydrogen (Cont.) iodide sulfide
HI H2S
Iodine Isobutane
I2 C4H10
Krypton
Kr
Mercury Methane
Hg CH4
Methyl acetate alcohol ether Methylal
C3H6O2 CH4O C2H6O C3H8O2
Neon Nitric oxide
Ne NO
Nitrogen
N2
Nitrous oxide
N2O
Oxygen
O2
Pentane (n-) Phosphorus Potassium
C5H12 P K
Sodium Sulfur dioxide
Na SO2
Xenon
Xe
Temperature, °C
Ratio of specific heats, (γ) = Cp /Cv
20–100 15 −45 −57
1.40 1.332 1.350 1.356
185 15
1.30 1.110
19
1.672
360 600 300 15 −80 −115 15 77 6–30 13 40
1.67 1.113 1.196 1.310 1.339 1.347 1.14 1.237 1.11 1.06 1.09
19 15 −45 −80 15 −181 100 15 −30 −70
1.667 1.400 1.39 1.38 1.402 1.433 1.28 1.303 1.31 1.34
15 −76 −181
1.398 1.405 1.439
86 300 850
1.071 1.17 1.77
750–920 15
1.68 1.290
19
1.678
*For compounds that appear in Table 2-184, values are from E. W. Lemmon, M. O. McLinden, and D. G. Friend, “Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems” in NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Eds. P. J. Linstrom and W. G. Mallard, June 2005, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md. (http://webbook.nist.gov). Values for other compounds are from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 80–82.
SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
2-183
SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS UNITS CONVERSIONS
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32 To convert calories per gram-degree Celsius to British thermal units per pound-degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 1.0.
Most of the tables below are from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 115–116, 122–125.
TABLE 2-158
TABLE 2-165
Acetic Acid (at 38 °C)
Mole % acetic acid Cal/(g⋅°C)
TABLE 2-159
0 1.0
6.98 0.911
30.9 0.73
54.5 0.631
100 0.535
Ammonia Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C)
Mole % NH3
2.4 °C
20.6 °C
41 °C
61 °C
0 10.5 20.9 31.2 41.4
1.01 0.98 0.96 0.956 0.985
1.0 0.995 0.99 1.0
0.995 1.06 1.03
1.0 1.02
TABLE 2-160
TABLE 2-161
100 0.497
5 °C
20 °C
40 °C
5.88 12.3 27.3 45.8 69.6 100
1.02 0.975 0.877 0.776 0.681 0.576
1.0 0.982 0.917 0.811 0.708 0.60
0.995 0.98 0.92 0.83 0.726 0.617
TABLE 2-166
95 0.52
90.5 0.53
82.3 0.56
75.2 0.581
Copper Sulfate
Composition CuSO4 + 50H2O CuSO4 + 200H2O CuSO4 + 400H2O TABLE 2-162
Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C) Mole % CH3OH
Aniline (at 20 °C)
Mol % aniline Cal/(g⋅°C)
Methyl Alcohol
Temperature
Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C)
12 to 15 °C 12 to 14 °C 13 to 17 °C
0.848 0.951 0.975
Nitric Acid
% HNO3 by Weight
Specific heat at 20 °C, cal/(g⋅°C)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1.000 0.900 0.810 0.730 0.675 0.650 0.640 0.615 0.575 0.515
Ethyl Alcohol Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C)
Mole % C2H5OH 4.16 11.5 37.0 61.0 100.0 TABLE 2-163
3 °C
23 °C
41 °C
1.05 1.02 0.805 0.67 0.54
1.02 1.03 0.86 0.727 0.577
1.02 1.03 0.875 0.748 0.621
Glycerol Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C)
Mole % C3H5(OH)3
15 °C
32 °C
2.12 4.66 11.5 22.7 43.9 100.0
0.961 0.929 0.851 0.765 0.67 0.555
0.960 0.924 0.841 0.758 0.672 0.576
TABLE 2-164
Hydrochloric Acid Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C)
Mole % HCl 0.0 9.09 16.7 20.0 25.9
0 °C
10 °C
20 °C
40 °C
60 °C
1.00 0.72 0.61 0.58 0.55
0.72 0.605 0.575
0.74 0.631 0.591
0.75 0.645 0.615
0.78 0.67 0.638 0.61
TABLE 2-167
Phosphoric Acid*
%H2PO4
Cp at 21.3 °C cal/(g⋅°C)
%H3PO4
Cp at 21.3 °C cal/(g⋅°C)
2.50 3.80 5.33 8.81 10.27 14.39 16.23 19.99 22.10 24.56 25.98 28.15 29.96 32.09 33.95 36.26 38.10 40.10 42.08 44.11 46.22 48.16 49.79
0.9903 0.9970 0.9669 0.9389 0.9293 0.8958 0.8796 0.8489 0.8300 0.8125 0.8004 0.7856 0.7735 0.7590 0.7432 0.7270 0.7160 0.7024 0.6877 0.6748 0.6607 0.6475 0.6370
50.00 52.19 53.72 56.04 58.06 60.23 62.10 64.14 66.13 68.14 69.97 69.50 71.88 73.71 75.79 77.69 79.54 80.00 82.00 84.00 85.98 88.01 89.72
0.6350 0.6220 0.6113 0.5972 0.5831 0.5704 0.5603 0.5460 0.5349 0.5242 0.5157 0.5160 0.5046 0.4940 0.4847 0.4786 0.4680 0.4686 0.4593 0.4500 0.4419 0.4359 0.4206
*Z. Physik. Chem., A167, 42 (1933).
2-184
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-168
Potassium Chloride
TABLE 2-172
Sodium Chloride
Specific heat, cal/(g°C)
Specific heat, cal/(g°C)
Mole % KCl
6 °C
20 °C
33 °C
40 °C
Mole % NaCl
0.99 3.85 5.66 7.41
0.945 0.828 0.77
0.947 0.831 0.775 0.727
0.947 0.835 0.778
0.947 0.837 0.775
0.249 0.99 2.44 9.09
TABLE 2-169
Potassium Hydroxide (at 19 °C)
Mole % KOH Cal/(g°C)
TABLE 2-170
0 1.0
0.497 0.975
1.64 0.93
TABLE 2-173 4.76 0.814
9.09 0.75
Normal Propyl Alcohol
Mole % NaOH Cal/(g . °C)
TABLE 2-174
5 °C
20 °C
40 °C
1.55 5.03 11.4 23.1 41.2 73.0 100.0
1.03 1.07 1.035 0.877 0.75 0.612 0.534
1.02 1.06 1.032 0.90 0.78 0.645 0.57
1.01 1.03 0.99 0.91 0.815 0.708 0.621
TABLE 2-171 % Na2CO3 by weight 0.000 1.498 2.000 2.901 4.000 5.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 13.790 13.840 20.000 25.000
Sodium Carbonate* Temperature, °C 17.6
30.0
76.6
98.0
0.9992 0.9807
0.9986
1.0098
1.0084
0.9786 0.9597
33 °C
57 °C
0.96 0.91 0.805
0.99 0.97 0.915 0.81
0.97 0.915 0.81
0.923 0.82
0 1.0
0.5 0.985
1.0 0.97
9.09 0.835
16.7 0.80
28.6 0.784
37.5 0.782
Sulfuric Acid*
%H2SO4
Cp at 20 °C, cal/(g°C)
%H2SO4
Cp at 20 °C, cal/(g°C)
0.34 0.68 1.34 2.65 3.50 5.16 9.82 15.36 21.40 22.27 23.22 24.25 25.39 26.63 28.00 29.52 30.34 31.20 33.11
0.9968 0.9937 0.9877 0.9762 0.9688 0.9549 0.9177 0.8767 0.8339 0.8275 0.8205 0.8127 0.8041 0.7945 0.7837 0.7717 0.7647 0.7579 0.7422
35.25 37.69 40.49 43.75 47.57 52.13 57.65 64.47 73.13 77.91 81.33 82.49 84.48 85.48 89.36 91.81 94.82 97.44 100.00
0.7238 .7023 .6770 .6476 .6153 .5801 .5420 .5012 .4628 .4518 .4481 .4467 .4408 .4346 .4016 .3787 .3554 .3404 .3352
*Vinal and Craig, Bur. Standards J. Research, 24, 475 (1940).
0.9594 0.9428
20 °C
Sodium Hydroxide (at 20 °C)
Specific heat, cal/(g°C) Mole % C3H7OH
6 °C
0.9761 0.9392
0.9183 0.9086 0.8924
*J. Chem. Soc. 3062–3079 (1931).
0.9452 0.8881 0.8631
0.8936 0.8615
TABLE 2-175 0.8911
Zinc Sulfate
Composition
Temperature
ZnSO4 + 50H2O ZnSO4 + 200H2O
20 to 52 °C 20 to 52 °C
Specific heat, cal/(g°C) 0.842 0.952
HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION
2-185
SPECIFIC HEATS OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS TABLE 2-176 and Solids
Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids
Material
Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C) 0.2 (100 °C); 0.274 (1500 °C) 0.186 (100 °C) 0.25 0.22 0.3 to 0.4 About 0.2 0.168 (26 to 76 °C) 0.314 (40 to 892 °C) 0.387 (56 to 1450 °C) 0.204
Alumina Alundum Asbestos Asphalt Bakelite Brickwork Carbon (gas retort) (see under Graphite) Cellulose Cement, Portland Clinker Charcoal (wood) Chrome brick Clay Coal tar oils Coal tars Coke Concrete Cryolite Diamond Fireclay brick Fluorspar Gasoline Glass (crown) (flint) (pyrex) (silicate) wool Granite Graphite Gypsum Kerosene Limestone Litharge Magnesia Magnesite brick Marble Porcelain, fired Berlin Porcelain, green Berlin Porcelain, fired earthenware Porcelain, green earthenware
0.32 0.186 0.242 0.17 0.224 0.26 to 0.37 0.34 (15 to 90 °C) 0.35 (40 °C); 0.45 (200 °C) 0.265 (21 to 400 °C) 0.359 (21 to 800 °C) 0.403 (21 to 1300 °C) 0.156 (70 to 312 °F); 0.219 (72 to 1472 °F) 0.253 (16 to 55 °C) 0.147 0.198 (100 °C); 0.298 (1500 °C) 0.21 (30 °C) 0.53 0.16 to 0.20 0.117 0.20 0.188 to 0.204 (0 to 100 °C) 0.24 to 0.26 (0 to 700 °C) 0.157 0.20 (20 to 100 °C) 0.165 (26 to 76 °C); 0.390 (56 to 1450 °C) 0.259 (16 to 46 °C) 0.47 0.217 0.055 0.234 (100 °C); 0.188 (1500 °C) 0.222 (100 °C); 0.195 (1500 °C) 0.21 (18 °C) 0.189 (60 °C) 0.185 (60 °C) 0.186 (60 °C) 0.181 (60 °C)
TABLE 2-176 Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids and Solids (Concluded) Material
Specific heat, cal/(g⋅°C)
Pyrex glass Pyrites (copper) Pyrites (iron) Pyroxylin plastics Quartz Rubber (vulcanized) Sand Silica Silica brick Silicon carbide brick Silk Steel Stone Stoneware (common) Turpentine Wood (Oak) Woods, miscellaneous Wool Zirconium oxide
TABLE 2-177
0.20 0.131 (30 °C) 0.136 (30 °C) 0.34 to 0.38 0.17 (0 °C); 0.28 (350 °C) 0.415 0.191 0.316 0.202 (100 °C); 0.195 (1500 °C) 0.202 (100 °C) 0.33 0.12 about 0.2 0.188 (60 °C) 0.42 (18 °C) 0.570 0.45 to 0.65 0.325 0.11 (100 °C); 0.179 (1500 °C)
Oils (Animal, Vegetable, Mineral Oils) 15 Cp[cal/(g⋅°C)] = A/d 4 + B(t − 15)
where d = density, g/cm3. °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32; to convert calories per gram-degree Celsius to British thermal units per pound-degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 1.0; to convert grams per cubic centimeter to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 62.43. Oils
A
Castor Citron Fatty drying nondrying semidrying oils (except castor) Naphthene base Olive Paraffin base Petroleum oils
0.500
PROPERTIES OF FORMATION AND COMBUSTION REACTIONS UNITS CONVERSIONS °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32; to convert kilocalories per gram-mole to British thermal units per pound-mole, multiply by 1.799 × 10−3.
B
0.0007 (0.438 at 54 °C) 0.440 0.0007 0.450 0.0007 0.445 0.0007 0.450 0.0007 0.405 0.0009 (0.47 at 7 °C) 0.425 0.0009 0.415 0.0009
2-186
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-178
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds
The values given in the following table for the heats and free energies of formation of inorganic compounds are derived from (a) Bichowsky and Rossini, “Thermochemistry of the Chemical Substances,” Reinhold, New York, 1936; (b) Latimer, “Oxidation States of the Elements and Their Potentials in Aqueous Solution,” PrenticeHall, New York, 1938; (c) the tables of the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44 at the National Bureau of Standards; and (d) the tables of Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties of the National Bureau of Standards. The reader is referred to the preceding books and tables for additional details as to methods of calculation, standard states, and so on.
Compound Aluminum Al AlBr3 Al4C3 AlCl3 AlF3 AlI3 AlN Al(NH4)(SO4)2 Al(NH4)(SO4)2·12H2O Al(NO3)3·6H2O Al(NO3)3·9H2O Al2O3 Al(OH)3 Al2O3·SiO2 Al2O3·SiO2 Al2O3·SiO2 3Al2O3·2SiO2 Al2S3 Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3·6H2O Al2(SO4)3·18H2O Antimony Sb SbBr3 SbCl3 SbCl5 SbF3 SbI3 Sb2O3 Sb2O4 Sb2O5 Sb2S3 Arsenic As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsH3 AsI3 As2O3 As2O5 As2S3 Barium Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO4)2 Ba(CN)2 Ba(CNO)2 BaCN2 BaCO3 BaCrO4
State† c c aq c c aq, 600 c aq c aq c c c c c c, corundum c c, sillimanite c, disthene c, andalusite c, mullite c c aq c c c c c l c c c, I, orthorhombic c, II, octahedral c c c, black
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 0.00 −123.4 −209.5 −30.8 −163.8 −243.9 −329 −360.8 −72.8 −163.4 −57.7 −561.19 −1419.36 −680.89 −897.59 −399.09 −304.8 −648.7 −642.4 −642.0 −1874 −121.6 −820.99 −893.9 −1268.15 −2120 0.00 −59.9 −91.3 −104.8 −216.6 −22.8 −165.4 −166.6 −213.0 −230.0 −38.2
c c l l g c c c c amorphous
0.00 −45.9 −80.2 −223.76 43.6 −13.6 −154.1 −217.9 −20 −34.76
c c aq, 400 c aq, 300 c aq, 1600 c aq, 800 c c aq c c, witherite c
0.00 −180.38 −185.67 −205.25 −207.92 −176.6 −170.0 −210.2
*For footnotes see end of table.
−48 −212.1 −63.6 −284.2 −342.2
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 0.00 −189.2 −29.0 −209.5 −312.6 −152.5 −50.4 −486.17 −1179.26 −526.32 −376.87 −272.9
−739.53 −759.3 −1103.39
Compound Barium (Cont.) BaF2 BaH2 Ba(HCO3)2 BaI2 Ba(IO3)2 BaMoO4 Ba3N2 Ba(NO2)2 Ba(NO3)2 BaO Ba(OH)2 BaO·SiO2 Ba3(PO4)2 BaPtCl6 BaS BaSO3 BaSO4 BaWO4 Beryllium Be BeBr2
0.00 −77.8
−146.0 −186.6 −196.1 −36.9 0.00 −70.5 −212.27 37.7 −134.8 −183.9 −20 0.00 −183.0 −196.5 −134.4 −155.3 −180.7 −271.4
BeCl2 BeI2 Be3N2 BeO Be(OH)2 BeS BeSO4 Bismuth Bi BiCl3 BiI3 BiO Bi2O3 Bi(OH)3 Bi2S3 Bi2(SO4)3 Boron B BBr3 BCl3 BF3 B2H6 BN B2O3 B(OH)3 B2S3 Bromine Br2 BrCl
State†
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
c aq, 1600 c aq c aq, 400 c aq c c c aq c aq, 600 c c aq, 400 c c c c c c c
−287.9 −284.6 −40.8 −459 −144.6 −155.17 −264.5 −237.50 −370 −90.7 −184.5 −179.05 −236.99 −227.74 −133.0 −225.9 −237.76 −363 −992 −284.9 −111.2 −282.5 −340.2 −402
c c aq c aq c aq c c c c c aq
0.00 −79.4 −142 −112.6 −163.9 −39.4 −112 −134.5 −145.3 −215.6 −56.1 −281
c c aq c aq c c c c c
0.00 −90.5 −101.6 −24 −27 −49.5 −137.1 −171.1 −43.9 −607.1
c l g g g g c c gls c c
0.00 −52.7 −44.6 −94.5 −265.2 7.5 −32.1 −302.0 −297.6 −260.0 −56.6
l g g
0.00 7.47 3.06
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −265.3 −31.5 −414.4 −158.52 −198.35
−150.75 −189.94
−209.02
−313.4 0.00 −127.9 −141.4 −103.4 −122.4 −138.3
−254.8 0.00 −76.4
−43.2 −117.9 −39.1 0.00 −50.9 −90.8 −261.0 19.9 −27.2 −282.9 −280.3 −229.4 0.00 0.931 −0.63
HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION TABLE 2-178
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Compound Cadmium Cd CdBr2 CdCl2 Cd(CN)2 CdCO3 CdI2 Cd3N2 Cd(NO3)2 CdO Cd(OH)2 CdS CdSO4 Calcium Ca CaBr2 CaC2 CaCl2 CaCN2 Ca(CN)2 CaCO3 CaCO3·MgCO3 CaC2O4 Ca(C2H3O2)2 CaF2 CaH2 CaI2 Ca3N2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2·2H2O Ca(NO3)2·3H2O Ca(NO3)2·4H2O CaO Ca(OH)2 CaO·SiO2 CaS CaSO4 CaSO4·aH2O CaSO4·2H2O CaWO4 Carbon C CO CO2 Cerium Ce CeN Cesium Cs CsBr CsCl
2-187
State†
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
c c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c c c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c c c c aq, 400
0.00 −75.8 −76.6 −92.149 −96.44 36.2 −178.2 −48.40 −47.46 39.8 −115.67 −62.35 −135.0 −34.5 −222.23 −232.635
c c aq, 400 c c aq c c aq c, calcite c, aragonite c c c aq c aq c c aq, 400 c c aq, 400 c c c c c aq, 800 c, II, wollastonite c, I, pseudowollastonite c c, insoluble form c, soluble form α c, soluble form β c c c
0.00 −162.20 −187.19 −14.8 −190.6 −209.15 −85 −43.3 −289.5 −289.54 −558.8 −332.2 −356.3 −364.1 −290.2 −286.5 −46 −128.49 −156.63 −103.2 −224.05 −228.29 −367.95 −439.05 −509.43 −151.7 −235.58 −239.2 −377.9 −376.6 −114.3 −338.73 −336.58 −335.52 −376.13 −479.33 −387
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 0.00 −70.7 −67.6 −81.889 −81.2 −163.2 −43.22 −71.05 −55.28 −113.7 −33.6 −194.65 0.00 −181.86 −16.0 −179.8 −195.36 −54.0 −270.8 −270.57
−311.3 −264.1 −35.7 −157.37 −88.2 −177.38 −293.57 −351.58 −409.32 −144.3 −213.9 −207.9 −357.5 −356.6 −113.1 −311.9 −309.8 −308.8 −425.47
c, graphite c, diamond g g
0.00 0.453 −26.416 −94.052
0.00 0.685 −32.808 −94.260
c c
0.00 −78.2
0.00 −70.8
0.00 −97.64 −91.39 −106.31 −102.01
0.00
c c aq, 500 c aq, 400
−94.86 −101.61
Compound Cesium (Cont.) Cs2CO3 CsF CsH CsHCO3 CsI CsNH2 CsNO3 Cs2O CsOH Cs2S Cs2SO4 Chlorine Cl2 ClF ClO ClO2 ClO3 Cl2O Cl2O7 Chromium Cr CrBr3 Cr3C2 Cr4C CrCl2 CrF2 CrF3 CrI2 CrO3 Cr2O3 Cr2(SO4)3 Cobalt Co CoBr2 Co3C CoCl2 CoCO3 CoF2 CoI2 Co(NO3)2 CoO Co3O4 Co(OH)2 Co(OH)3 CoS Co2S3 CoSO4 Columbium Cb Cb2O5 Copper Cu CuBr CuBr2 CuCl CuCl2
State† c c aq, 400 c c aq, 2000 c aq, 400 c c aq, 400 c c aq, 200 c c aq g g g g g g g c aq c c c aq c c c aq c c aq
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −271.88 −131.67 −140.48 −12 −230.6 −226.6 −83.91 −75.74 −28.2 −121.14 −111.54 −82.1 −100.2 −117.0 −87 −344.86 −340.12 0.00 −25.7 33 24.7 37 18.20 63 0.00 −21.008 −16.378 −103.1 −152 −231 −63.7 −139.3 −268.8
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
−135.98 −7.30 −210.56 −82.61 −96.53 −107.87 −316.66 0.00 29.5 22.40 0.00 −122.7 −21.20 −16.74 −93.8 −102.1
−64.1 −249.3 −626.3
c c aq c c aq, 400 c aq c aq c aq c c c c c c c aq, 400
0.00 −55.0 −73.61 9.49 −76.9 −95.58 −172.39 −172.98 −24.2 −43.15 −102.8 −114.9 −57.5 −196.5 −131.5 −177.0 −22.3 −40.0 −216.6
c c
0.00 −462.96
0.00
0.00 −26.7 −34.0 −42.4 −31.4 −48.83 −64.7
0.00 −23.8
c c c aq c c aq, 400
0.00 −61.96 7.08 −66.6 −75.46 −155.36 −144.2 −37.4 −65.3 −108.9 −142.0 −19.8 −188.9
−33.25 −24.13
2-188
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-178
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Compound Copper (Cont.) CuClO4 Cu(ClO3)2 Cu(ClO4)2 CuI CuI2 Cu3N Cu(NO3)2 CuO Cu2O Cu(OH)2 CuS Cu2S CuSO4 Cu2SO4 Erbium Er Er(OH)3 Fluorine F2 F2O Gallium Ga GaBr3 GaCl3 GaN Ga2O Ga2O3 Germanium Ge Ge3N4 GeO2 Gold Au AuBr AuBr3 AuCl AuCl3 AuI Au2O3 Au(OH)3 Hafnium Hf HfO2 Hydrogen H3AsO3 H3AsO4 HBr HBrO HBrO3 HCl HCN HClO HClO3 HClO4 HC2H3O2 H2C2O4 HCOOH
State† aq aq, 400 aq c c aq c c aq, 200 c c c c c c aq, 800 c aq
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −28.3 −17.8 −4.8 −11.9 17.78 −73.1 −83.6 −38.5 −43.00 −108.9 −11.6 −18.97 −184.7 −200.78 −179.6
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 1.34 15.4 −5.5 −16.66 −8.76 −36.6 −31.9 −38.13 −85.5 −11.69 −20.56 −158.3 −160.19 −152.0
c c
0.00 −326.8
0.00
g g
0.00 5.5
0.00 9.7
Compound Hydrogen (Cont.) H2CO3 HF HI HIO HIO3 HN3 HNO3 HNO3·H2O HNO3·3H2O H2O H2O2 H3PO2 H3PO3 H3PO4 H2S
c c c c c c
0.00 −92.4 −125.4 −26.2 −84.3 −259.9
0.00
c c c
0.00 −15.7 −128.6
0.00
c c c aq c c aq c c c
0.00 −3.4 −14.5 −11.0 −8.3 −28.3 −32.96 0.2 11.0 −100.6
0.00
H2S2 H2SO3 H2SO4 H2Se H2SeO3 H2SeO4
24.47
H2SiO3 H4SiO4 H2Te H2TeO3
4.21 −0.76 18.71
H2TeO4 Indium In InBr3 InCl3
c c
0.00 −271.1
0.00 −258.2
aq c aq g aq, 400 aq aq g aq, 400 g aq, 100 aq, 400 aq aq, 660 l aq, 400 c aq, 300 l aq, 200
−175.6 −214.9 −214.8 −8.66 −28.80 −25.4 −11.51 −22.063 −39.85 31.1 24.2 −28.18 −23.4 −31.4 −116.2 −116.74 −196.7 −194.6 −97.8 −98.0
−153.04 −183.93 −12.72 −24.58 −19.90 5.00 −22.778 −31.330 27.94 26.55 −19.11 −0.25 −10.70 −93.56 −96.8 −165.64 −82.7 −85.1
InI3 InN In2O3 Iodine I2 IBr ICl ICl3 I2O5 Iridium Ir IrCl IrCl2 IrCl3 IrF6 IrO2 Iron Fe FeBr2
State†
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
aq g aq, 200 g aq, 400 aq c aq g g l aq, 400 l l g l l aq, 200 c aq c aq c aq, 400 g aq, 2000 l aq, 200 l aq, 400 g aq c aq c aq, 400 c c g c aq aq
−167.19 −64.2 −75.75 6.27 −13.47 −38 −56.77 −54.8 70.3 −31.99 −41.35 −49.210 −112.91 −252.15 −57.7979 −68.3174 −45.16 −45.80 −145.5 −145.6 −232.2 −232.2 −306.2 −309.32 −4.77 −9.38 −3.6 −146.88 −193.69 −212.03 20.5 18.1 −126.5 −122.4 −130.23 −143.4 −267.8 −340.6 36.9 −145.0 −145.0 −165.6
c c aq c aq c aq c c
0.00 −97.2 −112.9 −128.5 −145.6 −56.5 −67.2 −4.8 −222.47
c g g g c c
0.00 14.88 10.05 4.20 −21.8 −42.5
0.00 4.63 1.24 −1.32 −6.05
c c c c l c
0.00 −20.5 −40.6 −60.5 −130 −40.14
0.00 −16.9 −32.0 −46.5
0.00 −57.15 −78.7
0.00
c, α c aq, 540
−149.0 −64.7 0.365 −12.35 −23.33 −32.25 78.50 −17.57 −19.05 −78.36 −193.70 −54.6351 −56.6899 −28.23 −31.47 −120.0 −204.0 −270.0 −7.85 −128.54 17.0 18.4 −101.36 −247.9 33.1 −115.7
0.00 −97.2 −117.5 −60.5
−69.47
HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION TABLE 2-178
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Compound Iron (Cont.) FeBr3 Fe3C Fe(CO)5 FeCO3 FeCl2 FeCl3 FeF2 FeI2 FeI3 Fe4N Fe(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)3 FeO Fe2O3 Fe3O4 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 FeO·SiO2 Fe2P FeSi FeS FeS2 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 FeTiO3 Lanthanum La LaCl3 La3H8 LaN La2O3 LaS2 La2S3 La2(SO4)3 Lead Pb PbBr2 PbCO3 Pb(C2H3O2)2 PbC2O4 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 Pb(NO3)2 PbO PbO2 Pb3O4 Pb(OH)2 PbS PbSO4 Lithium Li LiBr LiBrO3 Li2C2 LiCN LiCNO
2-189
State†
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
aq c l c, siderite c aq c aq, 2000 aq, 1200 c aq aq c aq aq, 800 c c c c c c c c c c, pyrites c, marcasite c aq, 400 aq, 400 c, ilmenite
−95.5 5.69 −187.6 −172.4 −81.9 −100.0 −96.4 −128.5 −177.2 −24.2 −47.7 −49.7 −2.55 −118.9 −156.5 −64.62 −198.5 −266.9 −135.9 −197.3 −273.5 −13 −19.0 −22.64 −38.62 −33.0 −221.3 −236.2 −653.3 −295.51
c c aq c c c c c aq
0.00 −253.1 −284.7 −160 −72.0 −539 −148.3 −351.4 −972
c c aq c, cerussite c aq, 400 c c aq c c c aq, 400 c, red c, yellow c c c c c
0.00 −66.24 −56.4 −167.6 −232.6 −234.2 −205.3 −85.68 −82.5 −159.5 −41.77 −106.88 −99.46 −51.72 −50.86 −65.0 −172.4 −123.0 −22.38 −218.5
c c aq, 400 aq c aq aq
0.00 −83.75 −95.40 −77.9 −13.0 −31.4 −101.2
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −76.26 4.24 −154.8 −72.6 −83.0 −96.5 −151.7 −45 −39.5 0.862 −72.8 −81.3 −59.38 −179.1 −242.3 −115.7 −166.3
−23.23 −35.93 −195.5 −196.4 −533.4 −277.06 0.00
Compound Lithium (Cont.) LiC2H3O2 Li2CO3 LiCl LiClO3 LiClO4 LiF LiH LiHCO3 LiI LiIO3 Li3N LiNO3 Li2O Li2O2 LiOH LiOH·H2O Li2O·SiO2 Li2Se Li2SO4 Li2SO4·H2O Magnesium Mg Mg(AsO4)2 MgBr2
−64.6
0.00 −62.06 −54.97 −150.0 −184.40 −75.04 −68.47 −148.1 −41.47 −58.3 −45.53 −43.88 −52.0 −142.2 −102.2 −21.98 −192.9 0.00 −95.28 −65.70 −31.35 −94.12
Mg(CN)2 MgCN2 Mg(C2H3O2)2 MgCO3 MgCl2 MgCl2·H2O MgCl2·2H2O MgCl2·4H2O MgCl2·6H2O MgF2 MgI2 MgMoO4 Mg3N2 Mg(NO3)2 Mg(NO3)2·2H2O Mg(NO3)2·6H2O MgO MgO·SiO2 Mg(OH)2 MgS MgSO4 MgTe MgWO4 Manganese Mn MnBr2 Mn3C
State†
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
aq c aq, 1900 c aq, 278 aq aq c aq, 400 c aq, 2000 c aq, 400 aq c c aq, 400 c c aq c aq, 400 c gls c aq c aq, 400 c
−183.9 −289.7 −293.1 −97.63 −106.45 −87.5 −106.3 −145.57 −144.85 −22.9 −231.1 −65.07 −80.09 −121.3 −47.45 −115.350 −115.88 −142.3 −151.9 −159 −116.58 −121.47 −188.92 −374 −84.9 −95.5 −340.23 −347.02 −411.57
c c aq c aq, 400 aq c aq c c aq, 400 c c c c c c aq, 400 c c c aq, 400 c c c c c, ppt. c, brucite c aq c aq, 400 c c
0.00 −731.3 −749 −123.9 −167.33 −39.7 −61 −344.6 −261.7 −153.220 −189.76 −230.970 −305.810 −453.820 −597.240 −263.8 −86.8 −136.79 −329.9 −115.2 −188.770 −209.927 −336.625 −624.48 −143.84 −347.5 −221.90 −223.9 −84.2 −108 −304.94 −325.4 −25 −345.2
c, α c aq c
0.00 −91 −106 1.1
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −160.00 −269.8 −267.58 −102.03 −70.95 −81.4 −136.40 −210.98 −83.03 −102.95 −37.33 −96.95 −138.0 −106.44 −108.29
−105.64 −314.66 −375.07 0.00 −630.14 −156.94 −29.08 −286.38 −241.7 −143.77 −205.93 −267.20 −387.98 −505.45 −132.45 −100.8 −140.66 −160.28 −496.03 −136.17 −326.7 −200.17 −193.3 −277.7 −283.88
0.00 −97.8 1.26
2-190
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-178
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Compound Manganese (Cont.) Mn(C2H3O2)2 MnCO3 MnC2O4 MnCl2 MnF2 MnI2 Mn5N2 Mn(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2.6H2O MnO MnO2 Mn2O3 Mn3O4 MnO.SiO2 Mn(OH)2 Mn(OH)3 Mn3(PO4)2 MnSe MnS MnSO4 Mn2(SO4)3 Mercury Hg HgBr HgBr2 Hg(C2H3O2)2 HgCl2 HgCl Hg2Cl2 Hg(CN)2 HgC2O4 HgH HgI2 HgI Hg2I2 Hg(NO3)2 Hg2(NO3)2 HgO Hg2O HgS HgSO4 Hg2SO4 Molybdenum Mo Mo2C Mo2N MoO2 MoO3 MoS2 MoS3 Nickel Ni NiBr2 Ni3C Ni(C2H3O2)2 Ni(CN)2 NiCl2
State†
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
c aq c c c aq, 400 aq, 1200 c aq c c aq, 400 c c c c c c c c c c c, green c aq, 400 c aq
−270.3 −282.7 −211 −240.9 −112.0 −128.9 −206.1 −49.8 −76.2 −57.77 −134.9 −148.0 −557.07 −92.04 −124.58 −229.5 −331.65 −301.3 −163.4 −221 −736 −26.3 −47.0 −254.18 −265.2 −635 −657
l g c aq c aq c aq g c c aq, 1110 c g c, red g c aq aq c, red c, yellow ppt. c c, black c c
0.00 23 −40.68 −38.4 −196.3 −192.5 −53.4 −50.3 19 −63.13 62.8 66.25 −159.3 57.1 −25.3 33 −28.88 −56.8 −58.5 −21.6 −20.8 −21.6 −10.7 −166.6 −177.34
c c c c c c c
0.00 4.36 −8.3 −130 −180.39 −56.27 −61.48
c c aq c aq aq c
0.00 −53.4 −72.6 9.2 −249.6 230.9 −75.0
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
Compound
State†
Nickel (Cont.) −227.2 −192.5 −102.2 −180.0 −73.3 −46.49 −101.1 −441.2 −86.77 −111.49 −209.9 −306.22 −282.1 −143.1 −190 −27.5 −48.0 −228.41
NiF2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 NiO Ni(OH)2 Ni(OH)3 NiS NiSO4 Nitrogen N2 NF3 NH3 NH4Br NH4C2H3O2 NH4CN NH4CNS (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2C2O4
0.00 18 −38.8 −9.74 −139.2 −42.2 −23.25 14
NH4Cl NH4ClO4 (NH4)2CrO4 NH4F NH4I NH4NO3
52.25 −24.0 23 −26.53 −13.09 −15.65 −13.94 −12.80 −8.80 −149.12 0.00 2.91 −118.0 −162.01 −54.19 −57.38 0.00 −60.7 8.88 −190.1 66.3
NH4OH (NH4)2S (NH4)2SO4 N2H4 N2H4·H2O N2H4·H2SO4 N2O NO NO2 N2O4 N2O5 NOBr NOCl Osmium Os OsO4 Oxygen O2 O3 Palladium Pd PdO Phosphorus P P
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
aq, 400 c aq c aq c aq, 200 c c c c c aq, 200
−94.34 −157.5 −171.6 −22.4 −42.0 −101.5 −113.5 −58.4 −129.8 −163.2 −20.4 −216 −231.3
g g g aq, 200 c aq c aq, 400 c aq c aq aq c aq c aq, 400 c aq c aq c aq c aq c aq, 500 aq aq, 400 c aq, 400 l l c g g g g c l g
0.00 −27 −10.96 −19.27 −64.57 −60.27 −148.1 −148.58 −0.7 3.6 −17.8 −12.3 −223.4 −266.3 −260.6 −75.23 −71.20 −69.4 −63.2 −276.9 −271.3 −111.6 −110.2 −48.43 −44.97 −87.40 −80.89 −87.59 −55.21 −281.74 −279.33 12.06 −57.96 −232.2 19.55 21.600 7.96 2.23 −10.0 11.6 12.8
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −74.19 −142.9 −36.2 −64.0 −51.7 −105.6
−187.6 0.00 −3.903 −43.54 −108.26 20.4 4.4 −164.1 −196.2 −48.59 −21.1 −209.3 −84.7 −31.3
−14.50 −215.06 −214.02
24.82 20.719 12.26 23.41 19.26 16.1
c c g
0.00 −93.6 −80.1
0.00 −70.9 −68.1
g g
0.00 33.88
0.00 38.86
c c
0.00 −20.40
0.00
c, white (“yellow”) c, red (“violet”) g
0.00 −4.22 150.35
0.00 −1.80 141.88
HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION TABLE 2-178
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Compound Phosphorus (Cont.) P2 P4 PBr3 PBr5 PCl3 PCl5 PH3 PI3 P2O5 POCl3 Platinum Pt PtBr4 PtCl2 PtCl4 PtI4 Pt(OH)2 PtS PtS2 Potassium K K3AsO3 K3AsO4 KH2AsO4 KBr KBrO3 KC2H3O2 KCl KClO3 KClO4 KCN KCNO KCNS K2CO3 K2C2O4 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 KF K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 KH KHCO3 KI KIO3 KIO4 KMnO4 K2MoO4
2-191
State†
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
g g l c g l g g c c g
33.82 13.2 −45 −60.6 −70.0 −76.8 −91.0 2.21 −10.9 −360.0 −138.4
c c aq c c aq c c c c
0.00 −40.6 −50.7 −34 −62.6 −82.3 −18 −87.5 −20.18 −26.64
c aq aq c c aq, 400 c aq, 1667 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 180 c aq c aq c c aq, 2000 c aq, 500 c aq, 400 aq c aq, 400 aq, 880
0.00 −323.0 −390.3 −271.2 −94.06 −89.19 −81.58 −71.68 −173.80 −177.38 −104.348 −100.164 −93.5 −81.34 −103.8 −101.14 −28.1 −25.3 −99.6 −94.5 −47.0 −41.07 −274.01 −280.90 −319.9 −315.5 −333.4 −328.2 −488.5 −472.1 −134.50 −138.36 −48.4 −34.5 −131.8 −119.9 −10 −229.8 −224.85 −78.88 −73.95 −121.69 −115.18 −98.1 −192.9 −182.5 −364.2
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 24.60 5.89 −65.2 −63.3 −73.2 −1.45 −127.2 0.00
Compound Potassium (Cont.) KNH2 KNO2 KNO3 K2O K2O·Al2O3·SiO2 K2O·Al2O3·SiO2 KOH K3PO3 K3PO4 KH2PO4 K2PtCl4 K2PtCl6
−67.9 −18.55 −24.28
K2Se K2SeO4 K2S
0.00 −355.7 −236.7 −90.8 −92.0 −60.30 −156.73 −97.76 −98.76 −69.30 −72.86 −28.08 −90.85 −44.08
K2SO3 K2SO4 K2SO4·Al2(SO4)3 K2SO4·Al2(SO4)3· 24H2O K2S2O6 Rhenium Re ReF6 Rhodium Rh RhO Rh2O Rh2O3 Rubidium Rb RbBr
−264.04
RbCN Rb2CO3
−293.1
RbCl
−306.3 −440.9 −133.13
−5.3 −207.71 −77.37 −79.76 −101.87 −99.68 −169.1 −168.0 −342.9
RbF RbHCO3 RbI RbNH2 RbNO3 Rb2O Rb2O2 RbOH Ruthenium Ru RuS2 Selenium Se
State†
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
c aq c aq, 400 c c, leucite gls c, adularia c, microcline gls c aq, 400 aq aq c c aq c aq, 9400 c aq aq c aq, 400 c aq c aq, 400 c
−28.25 −86.0 −118.08 −109.79 −86.2 −1379.6 −1368.2 −1784.5 −1784.5 −1747 −102.02 −114.96 −397.5 −478.7 −362.7 −254.7 −242.6 −299.5 −286.1 −74.4 −83.4 −267.1 −121.5 −110.75 −267.7 −269.7 −342.65 −336.48 −1178.38
c c
−2895.44 −418.62
−2455.68
c g
0.00 −274
0.00
c c c c
0.00 −21.7 −22.7 −68.3
0.00
0.00 −95.82 −45.0 −90.54 −25.9 −273.22 −282.61 −105.06 −53.6 −101.06 −133.23 −139.31 −230.01 −225.59 −81.04 −31.2 −74.57 −27.74 −119.22 −110.52 −82.9 −107 −101.3 −115.8
0.00
c c g aq, 500 aq c aq, 220 c g aq, ∞ c aq, 400 c aq, 2000 c g aq, 400 c c aq, 400 c c c aq, 200 c c c, I, hexagonal
−75.9 −94.29 −93.68
−105.0 −443.3 −326.1 −226.5 −263.6 −99.10 −240.0 −111.44 −251.3 −314.62 −310.96 −1068.48
−52.50 −93.38 −263.78 −98.48 −57.9 −100.13 −134.5 −209.07 −40.5 −81.13 −95.05
−106.39
0.00 −46.99
0.00 −44.11
0.00
0.00
2-192
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-178
Compound
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
State†
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
Selenium (Cont.) Se2Cl2 SeF6 SeO2 Silicon Si SiBr4 SiC SiCl4 SiF4 SiH4 SiI4 Si3N4 SiO2
Silver Ag AgBr Ag2C2 AgC2H3O2 AgCN Ag2CO3 Ag2C2O4 AgCl AgF AgI AgIO3 AgNO2 AgNO3 Ag2O Ag2S Ag2SO4 Sodium Na Na3AsO3 Na3AsO4 NaBr NaBrO NaBrO3 NaC2H3O2 NaCN NaCNO NaCNS Na2CO3 NaCO2NH2 Na2C2O4 NaCl NaClO3 NaClO4
Compound
State†
Sodium (Cont.) c, II, red, monoclinic l g c
0.2 −22.06 −246 −56.33
−13.73 −222
c l c l g g g c c c, cristobalite, 1600° form c, cristobalite, 1100° form c, quartz c, tridymite
0.00 −93.0 −28 −150.0 −142.5 −370 −14.8 −29.8 −179.25 −202.62
0.00
c c c c aq c c c c c aq, 400 c c c aq c aq, 6500 c c c aq
0.00 −23.90 84.5 −95.9 −91.7 33.8 −119.5 −158.7 −30.11 −48.7 −53.1 −15.14 −42.02 −11.6 −2.9 −29.4 −24.02 −6.95 −5.5 −170.1 −165.8
c aq, 500 c aq, 500 c aq, 400 aq aq, 400 c aq, 400 c aq, 200 c aq c aq, 400 c aq, 1000 c c aq, 600 c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c
0.00 −314.61 −366 −381.97 −86.72 −86.33 −78.9 −68.89 −170.45 −175.450 −22.47 −22.29 −96.3 −91.7 −39.94 −38.23 −269.46 −275.13 −142.17 −313.8 −309.92 −98.321 −97.324 −83.59 −78.42 −101.12
−27.4 −133.9 −133.0 −360 −9.4 −154.74
Na2Cr2O7 NaF NaH NaHCO3 NaI NaIO3 Na2MoO4 NaNO2 NaNO3
−202.46 −203.35 −203.23
Na2CrO4
−190.4 0.00 −23.02 −70.86 38.70 −103.0 −25.98 −47.26 −16.17 −24.08 3.76 9.99 −7.66 −7.81 −2.23 −7.6 −146.8 −139.22 0.00 −341.17 −87.17 −57.59 −152.31 −23.24 −86.00 −39.24 −249.55 −251.36 −283.42 −91.894 −93.92 −62.84
Na2O Na2O2 Na2O·SiO2 Na2O·Al2O3·3SiO2 Na2O·Al2O3·4SiO2 NaOH Na3PO3 Na3PO4 Na2PtCl4 Na2PtCl6 Na2Se Na2SeO4 Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO4 Na2SO4·10H2O Na2WO4 Strontium Sr SrBr2 Sr(C2H3O2)2 Sr(CN)2 SrCO3 SrCl2 SrF2 Sr(HCO3)2 SrI2 Sr3N2 Sr(NO3)2 SrO SrO·SiO2 SrO2 Sr2O Sr(OH)2 Sr3(PO4)2 SrS
aq, 476 c aq, 800 aq, 1200 c aq, 400 c c aq c aq, ∞ aq, 400 c aq c aq c aq, 400 c c c c, natrolite c c aq, 400 aq, 1000 c aq, 400 aq c aq c aq, 440 c aq, 800 c aq, 400 c aq, 800 c aq, 1100 c c aq c c aq, 400 c aq aq c c aq, 400 c aq c aq, 400 c c aq, 400 c gls c c c aq, 800 c aq c
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
−97.66 −319.8 −323.0 −465.9 −135.94 −135.711 −14 −226.0 −222.1 −69.28 −71.10 −112.300 −364 −358.7 −86.6 −83.1 −111.71 −106.880 −99.45 −119.2 −383.91 −1180 −1366 −101.96 −112.193 −389.1 −457 −471.9 −237.2 −272.1 −280.9 −59.1 −78.1 −254 −261.5 −89.8 −105.17 −261.2 −264.1 −330.50 −330.82 −1033.85 −391 −381.5
−73.29
0.00 −171.0 −187.24 −358.0 −364.4 −59.5 −290.9 −197.84 −209.20 −289.0 −459.1 −136.1 −156.70 −91.4 −233.2 −228.73 −140.8 −364 −153.3 −153.6 −228.7 −239.4 −980 −985 −113.1
−296.58 −431.18 −129.0 −128.29 −9.30 −202.66 −202.87 −74.92 −94.84 −333.18 −71.04 −87.62 −88.84 −90.06 −105.0 −361.49 −90.60 −100.18 −428.74 −216.78
−89.42 −230.30 −101.76 −240.14 −241.58 −302.38 −301.28 −870.52 −345.18 0.00 −182.36 −311.80 −54.50 −271.9 −195.86 −413.76 −157.87 −76.5 −185.70 −133.7 −139.0 −208.27 −881.54
HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION TABLE 2-178
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Compound
State†
Strontium (Cont.) SrSO4 SrWO4 Sulfur S
S2 S6 S8 S2Br2 SCl4 S2Cl2 S2Cl4 SF6 SO SO2 SO3
SO2Cl2 Tantalum Ta TaN Ta2O5 Tellurium Te TeBr4 TeCl4 TeF6 TeO2 Thallium Tl TlBr TlCl TlCl3 TlF TlI TlNO3 Tl2O Tl2O3 TlOH Tl2S Tl2SO4 Thorium Th ThBr4 ThC2 ThCl4 ThI4 Th3N4 ThO2 Th(OH)4 Th(SO4)2
2-193
aq c aq, 400 c
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −120.4 −345.3 −345.0 −393 0.00 −0.071 0.257
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −109.78 −309.30 0.00 0.023 0.072 0.071 43.57 19.36 13.97 12.770
53.25 31.02 27.78 27.090 −4 −13.7 −14.2 −24.1 −262 19.02 −70.94 −94.39 −103.03 −105.09 −105.92 −109.34 −82.04 −89.80
−237 12.75 −71.68 −88.59 −88.28 −88.22 −88.34 −88.98 −74.06 −75.06
c c c
0.00 −51.2 −486.0
0.00 −45.11 −453.7
c c c g c
0.00 −49.3 −77.4 −315 −77.56
0.00
c c aq c aq c aq aq c aq c aq c c c aq c c aq, 800
0.00 −41.5 −28.0 −49.37 −38.4 −82.4 −91.0 −77.6 −31.1 −12.7 −58.2 −48.4 −43.18 −120 −57.44 −53.9 −22 −222.8 −214.1
c c aq c c aq aq c c c, “soluble” c aq
0.00 −281.5 −352.0 −45.1 −335 −392 −292.0 −309.0 −291.6 −336.1 −632 −668.1
−5.90
−57.4 −292 −64.66 0.00 −39.43 −32.34 −44.46 −39.09 −44.25 −73.46 −31.3 −20.09 −36.32 −34.01 −45.54 −45.35 −197.79 −191.62 0.00
SnBr2
SnCl2 SnCl4 SnI2 SnO SnO2 Sn(OH)2 Sn(OH)4 SnS Titanium Ti TiC TiCl4 TiN TiO2 Tungsten W WO2 WO3 WS2 Uranium U UC2 UCl3 UCl4 U3N4 UO2 UO2(NO3)2·6H2O UO3 U3O8 Vanadium V VCl2 VCl3 VCl4 VN V2O2 V2O3 V2O4 V2O5 Zinc Zn ZnSb ZnBr2 Zn(C2H3O2)2 Zn(CN)2 ZnCO3 ZnCl2
−295.31
ZnF2 ZnI2
−322.32 −246.33 −282.3 −280.1
Zn(NO3)2 ZnO ZnO·SiO2 Zn(OH)2 ZnS ZnSO4
−549.2
c, II, tetragonal c, III, “gray,” cubic c aq c aq c aq l aq c aq c c c c c
0.00 0.6 −61.4 −60.0 −94.8 −110.6 −83.6 −81.7 −127.3 −157.6 −38.9 −33.3 −67.7 −138.1 −136.2 −268.9 −18.61
−68.94 −110.4 −124.67
c c l c c, III, rutil amorphous
0.00 −110 −181.4 −80.0 −225.0 −214.1
0.00 −109.2 −165.5 −73.17 −211.9 −201.4
c c c c
0.00 −130.5 −195.7 −84
0.00 −118.3 −177.3
c c c c c c c c c
0.00 −29 −213 −251 −274 −256.6 −756.8 −291.6 −845.1
0.00
c c l l c c c c c
0.00 −147 −187 −165 −41.43 −195 −296 −342 −373
c c c aq, 400 c aq, 400 c c c aq, 400 aq c aq aq, 400 c, hexagonal c c, rhombic c, wurtzite c aq, 400
0.00 −3.6 −77.0 −93.6 −259.4 −269.4 17.06 −192.9 −99.9 −115.44 −192.9 −50.50 −61.6 −134.9 −83.36 −282.6 −153.66 −45.3 −233.4 −252.12
Compound Tin Sn
SnBr4
c, rhombic c, monoclinic l, λ l, λµ equilibrium g g g g l l l l g g g g l c, α c, β c, γ g l
State†
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 0.00 1.1 −55.43 −97.66
−30.95 −60.75 −123.6 −115.95 −226.00
−249.6 −242.2 −617.8
0.00
−35.08 −277 −316 −342 0.00 −3.88 −72.9 −214.4 −173.5 −88.8 −166.6 −49.93 −87.7 −76.19 −44.2 −211.28
2-194
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-178
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Concluded)
Compound Zirconium Zr ZrC ZrCl4 ZrN
State† c c c c
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 0.00 −29.8 −268.9 −82.5
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol 0.00 −34.6 −75.9
Compound Zirconium (Cont.) ZrO2 Zr(OH)4 ZrO(OH)2
State† c, monoclinic c c
Heat of formation‡§ ∆H (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −258.5 −411.0 −337
Free energy of formation¶ ∆F (formation) at 25 °C, kcal/mol −244.6 −307.6
† The physical state is indicated as follows: c, crystal (solid); l, liquid; g, gas; gls, glass or solid supercooled liquid; aq, in aqueous solution. A number following the symbol aq applies only to the values of the heats of formation (not to those of free energies of formation); and indicates the number of moles of water per mole of solute; when no number is given, the solution is understood to be dilute. For the free energy of formation of a substance in aqueous solution, the concentration is always that of the hypothetical solution of unit molality. ‡ The increment in heat content, ∆H, is the reaction of forming the given substance from its elements in their standard states. When ∆H is negative, heat is evolved in the process, and, when positive, heat is absorbed. § The heat of solution in water of a given solid, liquid, or gaseous compound is given by the difference in the value for the heat of formation of the given compound in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state and its heat of formation in aqueous solution. The following two examples serve as an illustration of the procedure: (1) For NaCl(c) and NaCl(aq, 400H2O), the values of ∆H(formation) are, respectively, −98.321 and −97.324 kcal/mol. Subtraction of the first value from the second gives ∆H = 0.998 kcal/mol for the reaction of dissolving crystalline sodium chloride in 400 mol of water. When this process occurs at a constant pressure of 1 atm, 0.998 kgcal of energy are absorbed. (2) For HCl(g) and HCl(aq, 400H2O), the values for ∆H(formation) are, respectively, −22.06 and −39.85 kcal/mol. Subtraction of the first from the second gives ∆H = −17.79 kcal/mol for the reaction of dissolving gaseous hydrogen chloride in 400 mol of water. At a constant pressure of 1 atm, 17.79 kcal of energy are evolved in this process. The increment in the free energy, ∆F, is the reaction of forming the given substance in its standard state from its elements in their standard states. The standard states are: for a gas, fugacity (approximately equal to the pressure) of 1 atm; for a pure liquid or solid, the substance at a pressure of 1 atm; for a substance in aqueous solution, the hypothetical solution of unit molality, which has all the properties of the infinitely dilute solution except the property of concentration. ¶ The free energy of solution of a given substance from its normal standard state as a solid, liquid, or gas to the hypothetical one molal state in aqueous solution may be calculated in a manner similar to that described in footnote § for calculating the heat of solution.
TABLE 2-179
Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic Compounds at 298.15 K
2-195
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane
C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl
75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6
Mol. wt.
Ideal gas enthalpy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07
Ideal gas Gibbs energy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07
Ideal gas entropy, J/(kmolK) × 1E-05
Standard net enthalpy of combustion, J/kmol × 1E-09
44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541
−16.64 −23.83 −46.11 −57.25 −21.57 7.404 22.82 −8.18 −35.591 18.37 0 −4.5898 −6.79 0 −10.09 8.288 11.15 −29.41 21.57 5.68 −9.025 −11.5 9.33 17.849 3.091 10.5018 −6.36 −3.77 16.23 10.924 −12.579 −44.58 −43.32 −27.51 −29.29 −0.05 −0.74 −1.1 −48.56 −1.314 −8.78 −9.66 16.52 −20.7 −47.58 3.40578 −39.351 11.69 −11.053 −9.581 −92.21 0 5.109 −11.226 −10.29 −8.196 −13.318 −14.477
−13.33 −15.96 −40.3 −47.34 −15.13 9.1868 21.068 −5.68 −30.6 19.37 0 −1.64 2.27 0 −0.211 12.96 14.76 −21.42 25.78 17.3 −0.254 3.37 16.3 27.63 0.314 13.8532 −2.582 −2.819 19.86 14.972 −1.67 −30.44 −29.18 −15.07 −16.7 7.041 6.536 6.32 −31.26 14.54 1.139 0.512 20.225 −11.63 −36 10.8658 −39.437 6.68 −13.715 −5.354 −87.76 0 9.829 −6.0499 −7.01 −5.844 −5.261 −6.136
2.642 2.722 2.825 3.899 2.954 2.4329 2.0081 2.97 3.15 2.753 1.99 1.9266 3.61 1.54737 3.641 2.693 3.369 3.69 3.21 4.4 3.713 4.39 3.607 3.9367 2.4535 3.24386 2.873 2.458 2.93 2.7889 3.0991 4.065 4.065 3.618 3.566 3.074 3.012 2.965 4.425 4.3949 3.752 3.667 2.9039 3.4365 3.601 3.25432 2.13677 2.379 1.97556 3.0991 2.62 2.22972 3.1403 2.7578 2.956 2.3418 3.1547 3.0594
−1.1045 −1.0741 −0.7866 −1.675 −1.659 −1.19043 −1.257 −1.5468 −1.32717 −1.69 0 −0.31683 −3.6072 0 −3.39877 −3.136 −3.4474 −3.0951 −3.5238 −6.2876 −3.56 −4.83 −4.06 −6.248 −3.01917 −1.285 −0.70542 −2.4617 −2.409 −2.65732 −2.2678 −2.2824 −2.454 −2.446 −2.5408 −2.5339 −2.53 −3.28 −5.5644 −2.9554 −2.949 −2.4647 −2.3035 −2.008 −2.4148 −1.0769 −0.283 −0.2653 0.5286 −2.976 −1.2849 −0.38 −0.67538 −1.867 −1.863
2-196
TABLE 2-179
Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic Compounds at 298.15 K (Continued)
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane
C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si
108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6
108.138 108.138 108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106 84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170
Ideal gas enthalpy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07
Ideal gas Gibbs energy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07
−13.23 −12.857 −12.535 0.4 30.9072 2.85 −12.33 −28.62 −22.61 −0.46 −7.703 3.23 5.33 −9.602 −33.17 −24.946 −59.43 −39.85 −12.21 −21.09 4.1 0 −4.08 −3.89
−4.019 −3.543 −3.166 13.79 29.7598 11.22 3.191 −10.95 −9.028 10.77 3.885 11.05 10.44 4.886 −6.739 3.318 −30.5 −10.02 12.27 6.165 25.16 0 −1.181 −1.054
−33.34 2.57 3.02 2.25 −12.941 −12.979 −9.552 −15.08 −16.28 −40.847 −7.142 −25.21 −8.356 −49.7 −44.77 −45.23 −14.38 −31.92 −31.14 −38.97 −38.42 14.57 −1.845 −17.68 −18.1 −17.2172 −17.9996 −2.42 −18.41 −19.17 −19.41 −60.5 −9.47
−8.827 7.79 8.29 7.67 −7.259 −7.3945 −6.896 −6.52 −8.018 −22.574 7.308 −12.21 1.774 −43.9485 −39.19 −42.4747 6.42 −12.48 −12.37 −23.8 −20.11 18.49 6.839 −0.3125 3.52293 4.12124 3.44761 1.516 −11.28 −8.84 0.5717 −46.7749 −1.925
Ideal gas entropy, J/(kmolK) × 1E-05
Standard net enthalpy of combustion, J/kmol × 1E-09
3.5604 3.5259 3.5075 3.86 2.41463 2.64396 2.97276 3.277 3.3426 3.10518 2.929 2.91267 2.37378 3.646 5.7912 5.457 5.99 5.971 5.433 6.116 5.263 1.4486 3.276 3.297 2.92964 5.014 3.4353 3.4185 3.3674 3.0501 3.0828 2.7018 3.448 3.548 4.29 3.522 3.423 3.681 2.824 2.88194 2.4658 4.12 3.989 4.27 3.726 4.038 2.833 2.7296 3.6592 3.65012 3.7451 3.70912 3.35291 2.667 3.26 4.1455 6.6 2.9953
−3.52783 −3.528 −3.52256 −4.951 −1.0961 −2.5678 −3.656 −3.4639 −3.299 −3.532 −3.0709 −2.9393 −1.9593 −3.968 −5.959 −6.29422 −5.72 −6.116 −6.1809 −6.6161 −6.1037 −0.24625 −1.16 −1.1769 −4.94691 −2.825 −2.826 −2.802 −1.1104 −1.105 −0.51388 −1.72 −1.707 −2.4105 −2.8003 −2.5035 −2.9607 −0.773662 −0.823 −0.183031 −3.99 −3.70261 −4.095 −2.394 −2.996 −2.4189 −1.6146 −3.84761 −4.8639 −4.87084 −4.86436 −2.0441 −1.3284 −1.78871 −4.46075 −4.4662 −2.569
2-197
117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179
Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan
C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S
75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9
62.134 78.133 194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190 170.335 282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079 144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 4.003 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240
−3.724 −15.046 −64.4 −31.58 5.2 −11.6 −29.072 −45.646 −8.382 −23.495 −44.45 −4.715 2.992 −32.6 −53.78 −48.55 −17.15 −12.69 5.251 −1.73 −39.22 12.3428 −5.263 −38.83 −55.95 −33.37 −28.58 −28.61 −4.63 −46.36 −27.22 −59.54 0 −11.6566 −26.44 −23.43 −10.86 −19.22 −40.55 −3.48 0 −39.445 −26.94 −18.765 −53.62 −33.68 −35.54 −30.1 −30.0453 −6.289 −14.95 10.3 −37.417 −24.86 −16.694 −51.19 −31.62 −33.46 −27.9826 −27.76 −4.167 10.6 −12.92
0.7302 −8.1441 −47.4 −18.16 17.5 8.68 4.981 11.57 −3.192 −16.785 −32.8 3.616 13.073 −19.05 −35.9 −31.22 3.955 4.48 6.844 10.3 −30.18 17.7987 −1.323 −30.31 −32.5 −9.042 −12.64 −13.3 −0.4814 −31.93 −11.52 −51.01 0 −6.9036 −21.23 −21.04 −10.26 −14.71 −37.78 0.08225 0 9.083 −9.191 0.8165 −33.4 −12.55 −14.25 −12.25 −11.96 9.482 3.622 22.7 8.216 −10.005 −0.006634 −33.8 −13.39 −15.06 −13.0081 −12.6 8.7 19.9 2.759
2.8585 3.0627 5.5 3.0012 4.13 4.29 6.2415 9.3787 2.2912 2.8064 3.597 2.848 3.6063 4.55 4.23 4.417 3.826 3.783 2.192 3.21833 3.04891 2.5062 2.4299 3.282 5.1 5.076 3.8 4.069 2.961 4.025 3.881 4.07 2.02682 3.02629 2.644 2.22734 2.1866 2.4857 2.487 2.6714 1.26044 8.2023 4.6138 4.2798 4.8 4.795 4.74 4.58 4.486 4.252 4.939 4.085 7.8102 4.2214 3.8874 4.41 4.402 4.349 4.17856 4.092 3.863 3.76 4.546
−1.7443 −1.6054 −4.4115 −2.1863 −5.8939 −4.0189 −7.51368 −12.3908 −1.42864 −1.235 −2.061 −1.5874 −4.3448 −4.41 −3.21203 −3.284 −4.87051 −4.2839 −1.323 −1.691 −1.0527 −1.481 −1.218 −1.50696 −4.448 −4.943 −3.103 −3.4863 −1.7366 −2.674 −3.12 −1.671 −2.81451 −1.127 −0.5219 −0.5268 −0.5021 −0.2115 −1.9959 0 −10.5618 −4.136 −4.46473 −3.839 −4.285 −4.282 −4.098 −4.09952 −4.3499 −4.7865 −4.2717 −9.95145 −3.52 −3.8551 −3.23 −3.675 −3.67 −3.49 −3.492 −3.7397 −3.64 −4.1762
2-198
TABLE 2-179
Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic Compounds at 298.15 K (Continued)
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237
1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl -1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol
C6H10 C6H10 H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O
693-02-7 764-35-2 302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0
Mol. wt.
Ideal gas enthalpy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07
Ideal gas Gibbs energy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07
Ideal gas entropy, J/(kmolK) × 1E-05
Standard net enthalpy of combustion, J/kmol × 1E-09
82.144 82.144 32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122
12.37 10.5 9.5353 0 −3.629 −9.231 13.5143 −27.33 −2.063 −48.41 −8.38 −76.68 −36.8 −7.452 −20.094 −24 −41.19 18.49 −33.3 −2.297 −28.79 12.908 −15.37 −49.8 −30.3 −3.53 −4.18 26 −25.81 −10.2 13.8 −45.07 −21.5 −15.48 −33.2 −32.7 −35.26 −10.62 −0.38 0.74 −40.2 −21.64 −23.9 −5.96 −35.24 −26.6 −28.64 −6.24 −25.2 −26.26 −8.96 −2.29 −36 −57.95 −17.455 −27.8 −13.499 −31.24
21.85 19.9 15.917 0 −5.334 −9.53 12.4725 −27.54 −3.344 −36.21 3.192 −67 −28.8 −5.049 −16.232 −13.5 −32.42 19.384 −25.7 3.207 −18.1 19.75 −1.405 −34.99 −14.1 6.668 6.045 30.25 −10.17 2.691 20.72 −30.53 −16.61 2.733 −12.9 −12.68 −15.24 3.63 10.38 11.38 −34.83 −11.71 −14.7 1.147 −29.5 −10.7 −13.51 0.0244 −12.18 −13.93 1.4509 −0.98 −25.4 −31.8 −0.5338 −9.35 −2.144 −17.76
3.694 3.72 2.3861 1.30571 1.98591 1.86786 2.01719 1.7367 2.056 3.412 3.124 3.7 3.5 1.8627 2.3988 3.2 3.198 2.4836 3.66 2.433 4.14 3.2151 3.4374 3.9 3.869 3.395 3.386 2.78 3.901 4.118 3.189 3.988 2.98277 3.433 3.75 3.853 3.853 3.399 3.264 3.305 3.287 3.0881 3.394 3.332 2.852 3.81 4.129 1.955 3.416 3.699 3.59 2.55 4.01 5.533 3.8089 4.32 2.955 3.263
−3.661 −3.64 −0.5342 −0.24182 −0.06904 −0.0286 −0.62329 0.1524 −0.518 −2.0004 −2.1566 −0.7732 −1.93 −0.80262 −0.6382 −1.71 −1.461 −1.8487 −1.9303 −0.97508 −3.772 −3.032 −3.23954 −2.622 −3.062 −3.1159 −3.1088 −2.93 −3.12818 −3.5723 −3.046 −2.686 −1.693 −4.25714 −4.058 −4.0574 −4.0318 −3.6741 −3.534 −3.5464 −1.357 −1.9314 −2.268 −2.354 −0.8924 −3.122 −3.4762 −1.06 −2.5311 −2.877 −2.957 −1.1517 −2.54 −5.056 −3.84915 −3.739 −2.64895 −2.4239
2-199
238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300
2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid
C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2
115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4
56.106 88.105 74.122 90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148 58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079
−1.71 −42.75 −23.82 −8.23 −2.91 11.83 −28.32 −10.8 15.058 0 −10.21 0 −13.2089 −7.47 8.205 9.025 −43.579 −31.09 −22.874 −57.73 −37.79 −39.71 −10.35 −19.08 6.17 −41.512 −29.02 −20.875 −55.6 −35.73 −37.62 −32.16 −33.9 −8.194 −17.01 8.23 −72.37 0 14.2671 −35.311 −22.78 −14.676 −49.13 −29.57 −31.37 −25.92 −25.79 −2.162 −11.3 −10.84 14.44 12.89 20.12 −9.6399 −1.454 −37.14 19.05 −10.468 −25.46 −27.21 4.677 −18.63 −47.99
5.808 −31.1 −11.1 1.793 1.853 21.73 −11.7 −4.73 22.408 0 −0.6125 0 −9.06 −0.6934 10.416 8.657 10.74 −7.553 2.498 −31.7 −10.86 −12.61 11.23 5.28 24.34 9.91 −8.377 1.6 −32.5 −11.7 −13.43 −11.38 −12.81 10.57 4.457 23.5 −66.14 0 16.3164 7.426 −10.71 −0.8813 −34.7 −14.23 −15.88 −13.83 −13.44 7.837 1.814 1.94408 21.03 19.45 30.219 −3.2637 4.87212 −30.7001 20.08 −2.439 −15.99 −17.52 20.85 −12.46 −38.5
2.9309 3.596 3.52 3.717 2.565 3.725 3.578 3.08 3.3315 1.46219 3.168 1.915 2.6062 2.751 2.1985 2.106 8.9866 5.3988 5.064 5.59 5.579 5.523 5.041 5.724 4.8699 8.5945 5.0063 4.6723 5.2 5.187 5.132 4.962 4.879 4.637 5.331 4.478 3.433 2.05043 2.38823 7.4181 3.8289 3.4945 4.02 4.01 3.958 3.786 3.7 3.462 4.05 4.154 3.298 3.3084 3.945 3.1481 3.527 3.995 2.439 2.702 3.226 3.175 4.233 3.044 2.949
−2.5242 −2.078 −2.51739 −2.962 −1.999 −4.8214 −3.105 −1.77431 −4.9809 0 −1.25 −0.6432 −0.0820482 −0.0902489 −11.7812 −5.35 −5.68455 −5.061 −5.506 −5.506 −5.5716 −6.006 −5.493 −11.1715 −4.74 −5.07415 −4.448 −4.895 −4.894 −4.6984 −4.711 −4.961 −5.3962 −4.88145 −0.1989 0 −0.142671 −9.34237 −2.91 −3.24494 −2.617 −3.064 −3.058 −2.87956 −2.8804 −3.13037 −3.564 −3.5641 −3.051 −3.0291 −6.8282 −2.921 −3.298 −3.1715 −1.8563 −2.04311 −1.844 −1.834 −5.232 −1.6857 −1.395
2-200 TABLE 2-179
Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic Compounds at 298.15 K (Concluded)
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345
Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene
C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3
Mol. wt.
Ideal gas enthalpy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07
Ideal gas Gibbs energy of formation, J/kmol × 1E-07
Ideal gas entropy, J/(kmolK) × 1E-05
Standard net enthalpy of combustion, J/kmol × 1E-09
55.079 102.132 59.110 120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165
5.18 −46.48 −7.05 0.79 2.023 −40.76 −7.59 −6.75 −42.15 −12.29 −161.494 14.74 −82.29 −29.684 −122.047 −39.572 −71.79 27.66 −33.244 −18.418 2.661 −3.376 −22.56 11.544 5.017 −14.2 −31.177 −9.58 −2.431 −0.95 −1.38 −22.401 −21.845 6.24 4.34 −27.043 −41.9 −31.49 30.46 2.845 −48.116 −24.1814 1.732 1.908 1.803
9.74949 −32.04 4.17 13.76 6.264 −29.36 −0.218 0.2583 −30.4 −6.92 −157.27 21.39 −69.73 −30.012 −111.653 −37.095 −59.9 42.3 6.599 −7.969 16.71 4.59 2.239 12.67 12.22 −8.097 5.771 11.41 9.899 12.61 11.71 1.394 1.828 26.79 28.44 4.116 −9.177 −22.79 30.6 4.195 −42.5514 −22.859 11.876 12.2 12.14
2.8614 4.023 3.242 4.0014 2.67 3.678 3.243 3.365 3.52 3.205 2.82651 3.451 4.034 2.481 2.91625 2.5651 4.48 5.263 7.0259 2.9729 3.6964 3.1 3.893 2.784 3.2099 3.371 6.6337 4.054 2.87 3.805 3.961 4.2296 4.2702 4.435 4.607 5.8493 6.363 3.28 2.794 2.7354 3.73966 1.88724 3.5854 3.5383 3.52165
−1.8007 −2.672 −2.165 −4.95415 −1.9262 −2.041 −2.3398 −2.3458 −1.6476 −2.658 0.7055 −4.219 −1.3591 0.924 0.1422 −3.0576 −9.053 −8.73282 −2.325 −5.3575 −2.76549 −5.0639 −2.4352 −3.734 −0.9685 −8.1229 −4.0405 −2.2449 −4.934 −4.9307 −5.06528 −5.06876 −2.6867 −3.2959 −6.9036 −6.726 −1.95 −2.362 −1.178 −1.544 −4.3318 −4.333 −4.333
The compounds are considered to be formed from the elements in their standard states at 298.15 K and 101,325 Pa. These include C (graphite) and S (rhombic). Enthalpy of combustion is the net value for the compound in its standard state at 298.15 K and 101,325 Pa. Products of combustion are taken to be CO2 (gas), H2O (gas), Cl2 (gas), Br2 (gas), I2 (gas), SO2 (gas), N2 (gas), P4O10 (crystalline), SiO2 (crystobalite), and Al2O3 (crystal, alpha).
Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007).
PROPERTIES OF FORMATION AND COMBUSTION REACTIONS TABLE 2-180
2-201
Ideal Gas Sensible Enthalpies, hT - h298 (kJ/kmol), of Combustion Products
Temperature, K
CO
CO2
H
OH
H2
N
NO
NO2
N2
N2O
O
O2
SO2
H2O
200 240 260 280 298.15
−2858 −1692 −1110 −529 0
−3414 −2079 −1383 −665 0
−2040 −1209 −793 −377 0
−2976 −1756 −1150 −546 0
−2774 −1656 −1091 −522 0
−2040 −1209 −793 −378 0
−2951 −1743 −1142 −543 0
−3495 −2104 −1392 −672 0
−2857 −1692 −1110 −528 0
−3553 −2164 −1438 −692 0
−2186 −1285 −840 −398 0
−2868 −1703 −1118 −533 0
−3736 −2258 −1496 −718 0
−3282 −1948 −1279 −609 0
300 320 340 360 380
54 638 1221 1805 2389
69 823 1594 2382 3184
38 454 870 1285 1701
55 654 1251 1847 2442
53 630 1209 1791 2373
38 454 870 1286 1701
55 652 1248 1845 2442
68 816 1571 2347 3130
54 636 1219 1802 2386
72 854 1654 2470 3302
41 478 913 1346 1777
54 643 1234 1828 2425
74 881 1702 2538 3387
62 735 1410 2088 2769
400 420 440 460 480
2975 3563 4153 4643 5335
4003 4835 5683 6544 7416
2117 2532 2948 3364 3779
3035 3627 4219 4810 5401
2959 3544 4131 4715 5298
2117 2533 2949 3364 3780
3040 3638 4240 4844 5450
3927 4735 5557 6392 7239
2971 3557 4143 4731 5320
4149 5010 5884 6771 7670
2207 2635 3063 3490 3918
3025 3629 4236 4847 5463
4250 5126 6015 6917 7831
3452 4139 4829 5523 6222
500 550 600 650 700
5931 7428 8942 10477 12023
8305 10572 12907 15303 17754
4196 5235 6274 7314 8353
5992 7385 8943 10423 11902
5882 6760 8811 10278 11749
4196 5235 6274 7314 8353
6059 7592 9144 10716 12307
8099 10340 12555 14882 17250
5911 7395 8894 10407 11937
8580 10897 13295 15744 18243
4343 5402 6462 7515 8570
6084 7653 9244 10859 12499
8758 11123 13544 16022 18548
6925 8699 10501 12321 14192
750 800 850 900 950
13592 15177 16781 18401 20031
20260 22806 25398 28030 30689
9392 10431 11471 12510 13550
13391 14880 16384 17888 19412
13223 14702 16186 17676 19175
9329 10431 11471 12510 13550
13919 15548 17195 18858 20537
19671 22136 24641 27179 29749
13481 15046 16624 18223 19834
20791 23383 26014 28681 31381
9620 10671 11718 12767 13812
14158 15835 17531 19241 20965
21117 23721 26369 29023 31714
16082 18002 19954 21938 23954
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
21690 25035 28430 31868 35343
33397 38884 44473 50148 55896
14589 16667 18746 20824 22903
20935 24024 27160 30342 33569
20680 23719 26797 29918 33082
14589 16667 18746 20824 22903
22229 25653 29120 32626 36164
32344 37605 42946 48351 53808
21463 24760 28109 31503 34936
34110 39647 45274 50976 56740
14860 16950 19039 21126 23212
22703 26212 29761 33344 36957
34428 39914 45464 51069 56718
26000 30191 34506 38942 43493
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
38850 42385 45945 49526 53126
61705 67569 73480 79431 85419
24982 27060 29139 31217 33296
36839 40151 43502 46889 50310
36290 39541 42835 46169 49541
24982 27060 29139 31218 33296
39729 43319 46929 50557 54201
59309 64846 70414 76007 81624
38405 41904 45429 48978 52548
62557 68420 74320 80254 86216
25296 27381 29464 31547 33630
40599 44266 47958 51673 55413
62404 68123 73870 79642 85436
48151 52908 57758 62693 67706
2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
56744 60376 64021 67683 71324
91439 97488 103562 109660 115779
35375 37453 39532 41610 43689
53762 57243 60752 64285 67841
52951 56397 59876 63387 66928
35375 37454 39534 41614 43695
57859 61530 65212 68904 72606
87259 92911 98577 104257 109947
56137 59742 63361 66995 70640
92203 98212 104240 110284 116344
35713 37796 39878 41962 44045
59175 62961 66769 70600 74453
91250 97081 102929 108792 114669
72790 77941 83153 88421 93741
2500 2600 2700 2800 2900
74985 78673 82369 86074 89786
121917 128073 134246 140433 146636
45768 47846 49925 52004 54082
71419 75017 78633 82267 85918
70498 74096 77720 81369 85043
45777 47860 49945 52033 54124
76316 80034 83759 87491 91229
115648 121357 127075 132799 138530
74296 77963 81639 85323 89015
122417 128501 134596 140701 146814
46130 48216 50303 52391 54481
78328 82224 86141 90079 94036
120559 126462 132376 138302 144238
99108 104520 109973 115464 120990
3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
93504 112185 130989 149895 168890
152852 184109 215622 247354 279283
56161 66554 75947 87340 97733
89584 108119 126939 145991 165246
88740 107555 126874 146660 166876
56218 66769 77532 88614 100111
94973 113768 132671 151662 170730
144267 173020 201859 230756 259692
92715 111306 130027 148850 167763
152935 183636 214453 245348 276299
56574 67079 77675 88386 99222
98013 118165 188705 159572 180749
150184 180057 210145 240427 270893
126549 154768 183552 212764 242313
Converted and usually rounded off from JANAF Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971 (1141 pp.).
2-202
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-181 Temperature, K
Ideal Gas Entropies s°, kJ/(kmolK), of Combustion Products CO
CO2
H
OH
H2
N
NO
NO2
N2
N2O
O
O2
SO2
H2O
200 240 260 280 298.15
186.0 191.3 193.7 195.3 197.7
200.0 206.0 208.8 211.5 213.8
106.4 110.1 111.8 113.3 114.7
171.6 177.1 179.5 181.8 183.7
119.4 124.5 126.8 129.2 130.7
145.0 148.7 150.4 151.9 153.3
198.7 204.1 206.6 208.8 210.8
225.9 232.2 235.0 237.7 240.0
180.0 185.2 187.6 189.8 191.6
205.6 211.9 214.8 217.5 220.0
152.2 156.2 158.0 159.7 161.1
193.5 198.7 201.1 203.3 205.1
233.0 239.9 242.8 245.8 248.2
175.5 181.4 184.1 186.6 188.8
300 320 340 360 380
197.8 199.7 201.5 203.2 204.7
214.0 216.5 218.8 221.0 223.2
114.8 116.2 117.4 118.6 119.7
183.9 185.9 187.7 189.4 191.0
130.9 132.8 134.5 136.2 137.7
153.4 154.8 156.0 157.2 158.3
210.9 212.9 214.7 216.4 218.0
240.3 242.7 245.0 247.2 249.3
191.8 193.7 195.5 197.2 198.7
220.2 222.7 225.2 227.5 229.7
161.2 162.6 163.9 165.2 166.3
205.3 207.2 209.0 210.7 212.5
248.5 251.1 253.6 256.0 258.2
189.0 191.2 193.3 195.2 197.1
400 420 440 460 480
206.2 207.7 209.0 210.4 211.6
225.3 227.3 229.3 231.2 233.1
120.8 121.8 122.8 123.7 124.6
192.5 194.0 195.3 196.6 197.9
139.2 140.6 141.9 143.2 144.5
159.4 160.4 161.4 162.3 163.1
219.5 221.0 222.3 223.7 225.0
251.3 253.2 255.1 257.0 258.8
200.2 201.5 202.9 204.2 205.5
231.9 234.0 236.0 238.0 239.9
167.4 168.4 169.4 170.4 171.3
213.8 215.3 216.7 218.0 219.4
260.4 262.5 264.6 266.6 268.5
198.8 200.5 202.0 203.6 205.1
500 550 600 650 700
212.8 215.7 218.3 220.8 223.1
234.9 239.2 243.3 247.1 250.8
125.5 127.5 129.3 131.0 132.5
199.1 201.8 204.4 206.8 209.0
145.7 148.6 151.1 153.4 155.6
164.0 166.0 167.8 169.4 171.0
226.3 229.1 231.9 234.4 236.8
260.6 264.7 268.8 272.6 276.0
206.7 209.4 212.2 214.6 216.9
241.8 246.2 250.4 254.3 258.0
172.2 174.2 176.1 177.7 179.3
220.7 223.7 226.5 229.1 231.5
270.5 274.9 279.2 283.1 286.9
206.5 210.5 213.1 215.9 218.7
750 800 850 900 950
225.2 227.3 229.2 231.1 232.8
255.4 257.5 260.6 263.6 266.5
133.9 135.2 136.4 137.7 138.8
211.1 213.0 214.8 216.5 218.1
157.6 159.5 161.4 163.1 164.7
172.5 173.8 175.1 176.3 177.4
239.0 241.1 243.0 245.0 246.8
279.3 282.5 285.5 288.4 291.3
219.0 221.0 223.0 224.8 226.5
261.5 264.8 268.0 271.1 274.0
180.7 182.1 183.4 184.6 185.7
233.7 235.9 237.9 239.9 241.8
290.4 293.8 297.0 300.1 303.0
221.3 223.8 226.2 228.5 230.6
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
234.5 237.7 240.7 243.4 246.0
269.3 274.5 279.4 283.9 288.2
139.9 141.9 143.7 145.3 146.9
219.7 222.7 225.4 228.0 230.3
166.2 169.1 171.8 174.3 176.6
178.5 180.4 182.2 183.9 185.4
248.4 251.8 254.8 257.6 260.2
293.9 298.9 303.6 307.9 311.9
228.2 231.3 234.2 236.9 239.5
276.8 282.1 287.0 291.5 295.8
186.8 188.8 190.6 192.3 193.8
243.6 246.9 250.0 252.9 255.6
305.8 311.0 315.8 320.3 324.5
232.7 236.7 240.5 244.0 247.4
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
248.4 250.7 252.9 254.9 256.8
292.2 296.0 299.6 303.0 306.2
148.3 149.6 150.9 152.1 153.2
232.6 234.7 236.8 238.7 240.6
178.8 180.9 182.9 184.8 186.7
186.9 188.2 189.5 190.7 191.8
262.7 265.0 267.2 269.3 271.3
315.7 319.3 322.7 325.9 328.9
241.9 244.1 246.3 248.3 250.2
299.8 303.6 307.2 310.6 313.8
195.3 196.6 197.9 199.1 200.2
258.1 260.4 262.7 264.8 266.8
328.4 332.1 335.6 338.9 342.0
250.6 253.7 256.6 259.5 262.2
2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
258.7 260.5 262.2 263.8 265.4
309.3 312.2 315.1 317.8 320.4
154.3 155.3 156.3 157.2 158.1
242.3 244.0 245.7 247.2 248.7
188.4 190.1 191.7 193.3 194.8
192.9 193.9 194.8 195.8 196.7
273.1 274.9 276.6 278.3 279.8
331.8 334.5 337.2 339.7 342.1
252.1 253.8 255.5 257.1 258.7
316.9 319.8 322.6 325.3 327.9
201.3 202.3 203.2 204.2 205.0
268.7 270.6 272.4 274.1 275.7
345.0 347.9 350.6 353.2 355.7
264.8 267.3 269.7 272.0 274.3
2500 2600 2700 2800 2900
266.9 268.3 269.7 271.0 272.3
322.9 325.3 327.6 329.9 332.1
158.9 159.7 160.5 161.3 162.0
250.2 251.6 253.0 254.3 255.6
196.2 197.7 199.0 200.3 201.6
197.5 198.3 199.1 199.9 200.6
281.4 282.8 284.2 285.6 286.9
344.5 346.7 348.9 350.9 352.9
260.2 261.6 263.0 264.3 265.6
330.4 332.7 335.0 337.3 339.4
205.9 206.7 207.5 208.3 209.0
277.3 278.8 280.3 281.7 283.1
358.1 360.4 362.6 364.8 366.9
276.5 278.6 380.7 282.7 284.6
3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
273.6 279.4 284.4 288.8 292.8
334.2 343.8 352.2 359.7 366.4
162.7 165.9 168.7 171.1 173.3
256.8 262.5 267.6 272.1 276.1
202.9 208.7 213.8 218.5 222.8
201.3 204.6 207.4 210.1 212.5
288.2 294.0 299.0 303.5 307.5
354.9 363.8 371.5 378.3 384.4
266.9 272.6 277.6 282.1 286.0
341.5 350.9 359.2 366.5 373.0
209.7 212.9 215.8 218.3 220.6
284.4 290.7 296.2 301.1 305.5
368.9 378.1 386.1 393.3 399.7
286.5 295.2 302.9 309.8 316.0
Usually rounded off from JANAF Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971 (1141 pp.). Equilibrium constants can be calculated by combining ∆h°f values from Table 2-179, hT − h298 from Table 2-180, and s° values from the above, using the formula ln kp = −∆G/(RT), where ∆G = ∆h°f + (hT − h298) − T °. s
HEATS OF SOLUTION
2-203
HEATS OF SOLUTION TABLE 2-182
Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water
Heat evolved, in kilocalories per gram formula weight, on solution in water at 18 °C. Computed from data in Bichowsky and Rossini, Thermochemistry of Chemical Substances, Reinhold, New York, 1936. Substance
Dilution*
Formula
Heat, kcal/mol
Aluminum bromide chloride
aq 600 600 aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq ∞ aq 600 aq ∞ aq ∞ 800 aq aq aq aq aq
AlBr3 AlCl3 AlCl3·6H2O AlF3 AlF3·aH2O AlF3·3aH2O AlI3 Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3·6H2O Al2(SO4)3·18H2O NH4Br NH4Cl (NH4)2CrO4 (NH4)2Cr2O7 NH4I NH4NO3 NH4BO3·H2O (NH4)2SO4 NH4HSO4 (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO3·H2O SbF3 SbI3 H3AsO4
+85.3 +77.9 +13.2 +31 +19.0 −1.7 +89.0 +126 +56.2 +6.7 −4.45 −3.82 −5.82 −12.9 −3.56 −6.47 −9.0 −2.75 +0.56 −1.2 −4.13 −1.7 −0.8 −0.4
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ aq aq aq ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq
Ba(BrO3)2·H2O BaBr2 BaBr2·H2O BaBr2·2H2O Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO3)2·H2O BaCl2 BaCl2·H2O BaCl2.2H2O Ba(CN)2 Ba(CN)2·H2O Ba(CN)2·2H2O Ba(IO3)2 Ba(IO3)2·H2O BaI2 BaI2·H2O BaI2·2H2O BaI2·2aH2O BaI2·7H2O Ba(NO3)2 Ba(ClO4)2 Ba(ClO4)2·3H2O BaS BeBr2 BeCl2 BeI2 BeSO4 BeSO4·H2O BeSO4·2H2O BeSO4·4H2O BiI3 H3BO3
−15.9 +5.3 −0.8 −3.87 −6.7 −10.6 +2.4 −2.17 −4.5 +1.5 −2.4 −4.9 −9.1 −11.3 +10.5 +2.7 +0.14 −0.58 −6.61 −10.2 −2.8 −10.5 +7.2 +62.6 +51.1 +72.6 +18.1 +13.5 +7.9 +1.1 +3 −5.4
400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 ∞ ∞
CdBr2 CdBr2·4H2O CdCl2 CdCl2·H2O CdCl2·2aH2O Cd(NO3)2·H2O Cd(NO3)2·4H2O CdSO4 CdSO4·H2O CdSO4·2wH2O Ca(C2H3O2)2 Ca(C2H3O2)2·H2O
+0.4 −7.3 +3.1 +0.6 −3.00 +4.17 −5.08 +10.69 +6.05 +2.51 +7.6 +6.5
fluoride iodide sulfate Ammonium bromide chloride chromate dichromate iodide nitrate perborate sulfate sulfate, acid sulfite Antimony fluoride iodide Arsenic acid Barium bromate bromide chlorate chloride cyanide iodate iodide
nitrate perchlorate sulfide Beryllium bromide chloride iodide sulfate
Bismuth iodide Boric acid Cadmium bromide chloride nitrate sulfate Calcium acetate
Substance Calcium—(Cont.) bromide
Dilution*
Formula
Heat, kcal/mol
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 400 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ aq aq ∞ ∞ ∞ aq
+24.86 −0.9 +4.9 +12.3 +12.5 +2.4 −4.11 +0.7 +28.0 +1.8 +4.1 +0.7 −3.2 −4.2 −7.99 −0.6 −1 +5.1 +3.6 −0.18 +18.6 +5.3 +2.0 +5.7 +18.4 −1.25 +18.5 +9.8 −2.9 +18.8 +15.0 −1.4 −3.6 +2.4 +0.5 +10.3 −2.6 −10.7 +15.9 +9.3 +3.65 −2.85 +11.6
Cuprous sulfate
aq
CaBr2 CaBr2·6H2O CaCl2 CaCl2·H2O CaCl2·2H2O CaCl2·4H2O CaCl2·6H2O Ca(CHO2)2 CaI2 CaI2·8H2O Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2·H2O Ca(NO3)2·2H2O Ca(NO3)2·3H2O Ca(NO3)2·4H2O Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O CaHPO4·2H2O CaSO4 CaSO4·aH2O CaSO4·2H2O CrCl2 CrCl2·3H2O CrCl2·4H2O CrI2 CoBr2 CoBr2·6H2O CoCl2 CoCl2·2H2O CoCl2·6H2O CoI2 CoSO4 CoSO4·6H2O CoSO4·7H2O Cu(C2H3O2)2 Cu(CHO2)2 Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2·3H2O Cu(NO3)2·6H2O CuSO4 CuSO4·H2O CuSO4·3H2O CuSO4·5H2O Cu2SO4
Ferric chloride
1000 1000 1000 800 aq 400 400 400 aq 400 400 400 400
FeCl3 FeCl3·2aH2O FeCl3·6H2O Fe(NO3)3·9H2O FeBr2 FeCl2 FeCl2·2H2O FeCl2·4H2O FeI2 FeSO4 FeSO4·H2O FeSO4·4H2O FeSO4·7H2O
+31.7 +21.0 +5.6 −9.1 +18.0 +17.9 +8.7 +2.7 +23.3 +14.7 +7.35 +1.4 −4.4
400 400 aq aq aq 400 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
Pb(C2H3O2)2 Pb(C2H3O2)2·3H2O PbBr2 PbCl2 Pb(CHO2)2 Pb(NO3)2 LiBr LiBr·H2O LiBr·2H2O LiBr·3H2O LiCl
+1.4 −5.9 −10.1 −3.4 −6.9 −7.61 +11.54 +5.30 +2.05 −1.59 +8.66
chloride
formate iodide nitrate
phosphate, monodibasic sulfate Chromous chloride iodide Cobaltous bromide chloride iodide sulfate Cupric acetate formate nitrate sulfate
nitrate Ferrous bromide chloride iodide sulfate
Lead acetate bromide chloride formate nitrate Lithium bromide
chloride
aq aq aq 400 400 400 aq 400 400 400 aq aq 200 200 200 800
*The numbers represent moles of water used to dissolve 1 g formula weight of substance; ∞ means “infinite dilution”; and aq means “aqueous solution of unspecified dilution.”
2-204
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-182
Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water (Continued)
Substance Lithium—(Cont.)
fluoride hydroxide iodide
nitrate sulfate Magnesium bromide chloride
iodide nitrate phosphate sulfate
sulfide Manganic nitrate sulfate Manganous acetate bromide chloride formate iodide
sulfate Mercuric acetate bromide chloride nitrate Mercurous nitrate Nickel bromide Nickel chloride
iodide nitrate sulfate
Dilution*
Formula
Heat, kcal/mol
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
LiCl·H2O LiCl·2H2O LiCl·3H2O LiF LiOH LiOH·fH2O LiOH·H2O LiI LiI·aH2O LiI·H2O LiI·2H2O LiI·3H2O LiNO3 LiNO3·3H2O Li2SO4 Li2SO4·H2O
+4.45 +1.07 −1.98 −0.74 +4.74 +4.39 +9.6 +14.92 +10.08 +6.93 +3.43 −0.17 +0.466 −7.87 +6.71 +3.77
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ aq ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ aq 400 400 400 aq aq aq aq aq aq 400 400 400 aq aq aq aq aq aq aq 400 400 400 aq aq aq aq aq
MgBr2 MgBr2·H2O MgBr2·6H2O MgCl2 MgCl2·2H2O MgCl2·4H2O MgCl2·6H2O MgI2 Mg(NO3)2·6H2O Mg3(PO4)2 MgSO4 MgSO4·H2O MgSO4·2H2O MgSO4·4H2O MgSO4·6H2O MgSO4·7H2O MgS Mn(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2·3H2O Mn(NO3)2·6H2O Mn2(SO4)3 Mn(C2H3O2)2 Mn(C2H3O2)2·4H2O MnBr2 MnBr2·H2O MnBr2·4H2O MnCl2 MnCl2·2H2O MnCl2·4H2O Mn(CHO2)2 Mn(CHO2)2·2H2O MnI2 MnI2·H2O MnI2·2H2O MnI2·4H2O MnI2·6H2O MnSO4 MnSO4·H2O MnSO4·7H2O Hg(C2H3O2)2 HgBr2 HgCl2 Hg(NO3)2·aH2O Hg2(NO3)2·2H2O
+43.7 +35.9 +19.8 +36.3 +20.8 +10.5 +3.4 +50.2 −3.7 +10.2 +21.1 +14.0 +11.7 +4.9 +0.55 −3.18 +25.8 +12.9 −3.9 −6.2 +22 +12.2 +1.6 +15 +14.4 +16.1 +16.0 +8.2 +1.5 +4.3 −2.9 +26.2 +24.1 +22.7 +19.9 +21.2 +13.8 +11.9 −1.7 −4.0 −2.4 −3.3 −0.7 −11.5
aq aq 800 800 800 800 aq 200 200 200 200
NiBr2 NiBr2·3H2O NiCl2 NiCl2·2H2O NiCl2·4H2O NiCl2·6H2O NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2·6H2O NiSO4 NiSO4·7H2O
+19.0 +0.2 +19.23 +10.4 +4.2 −1.15 +19.4 +11.8 −7.5 +15.1 −4.2
Substance
Dilution*
Phosphoric acid, orthopyroPotassium acetate aluminum sulfate
∞ 400 aq aq aq ∞ 800 ∞ aq aq ∞ aq ∞
+2.79 −0.1 +25.9 +4.65 +3.55 +48.5 +26.6 −10.1 −5.1 −10.13 −5.13 +6.58 +4.25 −0.43 −10.31 −4.404 −4.9 +55 +42 +33 +7 −9.5 −3.0 −17.8 +3.96 −1.85 −6.05 +0.86 +1.21 +12.91 +4.27 +3.48 +0.86 −6.93 −5.23 −8.633 −4.6 −7.5 −12.94 −10.4 +4.7 −11.0 −10.22 −6.32 −3.10 −11.0 +1.8 +1.37 −6.08 −13.0 −4.5
aq 200 ∞ ∞ 500 500 1800 900 900 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 800 800 800 200 200
AgC2H3O2 AgNO3 NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2·3H2O Na3AsO4 Na3AsO4·12H2O NaHCO3 Na2B4O7 Na2B4O7·10H2O NaBr NaBr·2H2O Na2CO3 Na2CO3·H2O Na2CO3·7H2O Na2CO3·10H2O NaClO3 NaCl Na2CrO4 Na2CrO4·4H2O Na2CrO4·10H2O NaCN NaCN·aH2O
−5.4 −4.4 +4.085 −4.665 +15.6 −12.61 −4.1 +10.0 −16.8 −0.58 −4.57 +5.57 +2.19 −10.81 −16.22 −5.37 −1.164 +2.50 −7.52 −16.0 −0.37 −0.92
2000 ∞ ∞ ∞
chlorate chloride chromate chrome sulfate
∞ ∞ 2185 600
cyanide dichromate fluoride
200 1600 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 400
hydroxide
iodate iodide nitrate oxalate perchlorate permanganate phosphate, dihydrogen pyrosulfite sulfate sulfate, acid sulfide sulfite thiocyanate thionate, dithiosulfate Silver acetate nitrate Sodium acetate arsenate bicarbonate borate, tetrabromide carbonate
chlorate chloride chromate cyanide
Heat, kcal/mol
H3PO4 H3PO4·aH2O H4P2O7 H4P2O7·1aH2O KC2H3O2 KAl(SO4)2 KAl(SO4)2·3H2O KAl(SO4)2·12H2O KHCO3 KBrO3 KBr K2CO3 K2CO3·aH2O K2CO3·1aH2O KClO3 KCl K2CrO4 KCr(SO4)2 KCr(SO4)2·H2O KCr(SO4)2·2H2O KCr(SO4)2·6H2O KCr(SO4)2·12H2O KCN K2Cr2O7 KF KF·2H2O KF·4H2O KHS KHS·dH2O KOH KOH·eH2O KOH·H2O KOH·7H2O KIO3 KI KNO3 K2C2O4 K2C2O4·H2O KClO4 KMnO4 KH2PO4 K2S2O5 K2S2O5·aH2O K2SO4 KHSO4 K2S K2SO3 K2SO3·H2O KCNS K2S2O6 K2S2O3
400 400 aq aq ∞ 600 600
bicarbonate bromate bromide carbonate
hydrosulfide
Formula
HEATS OF SOLUTION TABLE 2-182
Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water (Concluded)
Substance
Dilution*
Formula
Heat, kcal/mol
200 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 600 ∞ aq ∞ 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 600 600 800 800 1600 1600 1200 1200 ∞ ∞ 800 800 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
NaCN·2H2O NaF NaHS NaHS·2H2O NaOH NaOH·aH2O NaOH·wH2O NaOH·eH2O NaOH·H2O NaI NaI·2H2O NaPO3 NaNO3 NaNO2 NaClO4 Na2HPO4 Na3PO4 Na3PO4·12H2O Na2HPO4·2H2O Na2HPO4·7H2O Na2HPO4·12H2O NaH2PO3 NaH2PO3·2aH2O Na2HPO3 Na2HPO3·5H2O Na4P2O7 Na4P2O7·10H2O Na2H2P2O7 Na2H2P2O7·6H2O Na2SO4 Na2SO4·10H2O NaHSO4 NaHSO4·H2O Na2S Na2S·4aH2O Na2S·5H2O Na2S·9H2O Na2SO3 Na2SO3·7H2O NaCNS
−4.41 −0.27 +4.62 −1.49 +10.18 +8.17 +7.08 +6.48 +5.17 +1.57 −3.89 +3.97 −5.05 −3.6 −4.15 +5.21 +13 −15.3 −0.82 −12.04 −23.18 +0.90 −5.29 +9.30 −4.54 +11.9 −11.7 −2.2 −14.0 +0.28 −18.74 +1.74 +0.15 +15.2 +0.09 −6.54 −16.65 +2.8 −11.1 −1.83
Sodium—(Cont.) fluoride hydrosulfide Sodium hydroxide
iodide metaphosphate nitrate nitrite perchlorate phosphate di triphosphate di diphosphite, monodipyrophosphate disulfate sulfate, acid sulfide
sulfite thiocyanate NOTE:
2-205
Substance Sodium—(Cont.) thionate, diSodium thiosulfate Stannic bromide Stannous bromide iodide Strontium acetate bromide
chloride
iodide
nitrate sulfate Sulfuric acid, pyroZinc acetate bromide chloride iodide nitrate sulfate
To convert kilocalories per mole to British thermal units per pound-mole, multiply by 1.799 × 10−3.
Dilution*
Formula
Heat, kcal/mol
aq aq aq aq aq aq aq ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
Na2S2O6 Na2S2O6·2H2O Na2S2O3 Na2S2O3·5H2O SnBr4 SnBr2 SnI2 Sr(C2H3O2)2 Sr(C2H3O2)2·aH2O SrBr2 SrBr2·H2O SrBr2·2H2O SrBr2·4H2O SrBr2·6H2O SrCl2 SrCl2·H2O SrCl2·2H2O SrCl2·6H2O SrI2 SrI2·H2O SrI2·2H2O SrI2·6H2O Sr(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2·4H2O SrSO4 H2S2O7
−5.80 −11.86 +2.0 −11.30 +15.5 −1.6 −5.8 +6.2 +5.9 +16.4 +9.25 +6.5 +0.4 −6.1 +11.54 +6.4 +2.95 −7.1 +20.7 +12.65 +10.4 −4.5 −4.8 −12.4 +0.5 −18.08
400 400 400 400 400 aq 400 400 400 400 400 400
Zn(C2H3O2)2 Zn(C2H3O2)2·H2O Zn(C2H3O2)2·2H2O ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnI2 Zn(NO3)2·3H2O Zn(NO3)2·6H2O ZnSO4 ZnSO4·H2O ZnSO4·6H2O ZnSO4·7H2O
+9.8 +7.0 +3.9 +15.0 +15.72 +11.6 −5 −6.0 +18.5 +10.0 −0.8 −4.3
2-206
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-183 Heats of Solution of Organic Compounds in Water (at Infinite Dilution and Approximately Room Temperature) Recalculated and rearranged from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 148–150. cal/mol = Btu/(lb⋅mol) × 1.799.
Solute Acetic acid (solid), C2H4O2 Acetylacetone, C5H8O2 Acetylurea, C3H6N2O2 Aconitic acid, C6H6O6 Ammonium benzoate, C7H9NO2 picrate succinate (n-) Aniline, hydrochloride, C6H8ClN Barium picrate Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 Camphoric acid, C10H16O4 Citric acid, C6H8O7 Dextrin, C12H20O10 Fumaric acid, C4H4O4 Hexamethylenetetramine, C6H12N4 Hydroxybenzamide (m-), C7H7NO2 (m-), (HCl) (o-), C7H7NO2 (p-) Hydroxybenzoic acid (o-), C7H6O3 (p-), C7H6O3 Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (o-), C7H8O2 Inulin, C36H62O31 Isosuccinic acid, C4H6O4 Itaconic acid, C5H6O4 Lactose, C12H22O11·H2O Lead picrate (2H2O) Magnesium picrate (8H2O) Maleic acid, C4H4O4 Malic acid, C4H6O5 Malonic acid, C3H4O4 Mandelic acid, C8H2O3 Mannitol, C6H14O6 Menthol, C10H20O Nicotine dihydrochloride, C10H16Cl2N2 Nitrobenzoic acid (m-), C7H5NO4 (o-), C7H5NO4 (p-), C7H5NO4 Nitrophenol (m-), C6H5NO3 (o-), C6H5NO3 (p-), C6H5NO3
Heat of solution, cal/mol solute* −2,251 −641 −6,812 −4,206 −2,700 −8,700 −3,489 −2,732 −4,708 −6,501 −502 −5,401 268 −5,903 4,780 −4,161 −7,003 −4,340 −5,392 −6,350 −5,781 −3,203 −96 −3,420 −5,922 −3,705 −7,098 −13,193 14,699 −15,894 −4,441 −3,150 −4,493 −3,090 −5,260 0 6,561 −5,593 −5,306 −8,891 −5,210 −6,310 −4,493
Solute Oxalic acid, C2H2O4 (2H2O) Phenol (solid), C6H6O Phthalic acid, C8H6O4 Picric acid, C6H3N3O7 Piperic acid, C12H10O4 Piperonylic acid, C8H6O4 Potassium benzoate citrate tartrate (n-) (0.5 H2O) Pyrogallol, C6H6O3 Pyrotartaric acid Quinone Raffinose, C18H32O16 (5H2O) Resorcinol, C6H6O2 Silver malonate (n-) Sodium citrate (tri-) picrate potassium tartrate (4H2O) succinate (n-) (6H2O) tartrate (n-) (2H2O) Strontium picrate (6H2O) Succinic acid, C4H6O4 Succinimide, C4H5NO2 Sucrose, C12H22O11 Tartaric acid (d-) Thiourea, CH4N2S Urea, CH4N2O acetate formate nitrate oxalate Vanillic acid Vanillin Zinc picrate (8H2O)
Heat of solution, cal/mol solute* −2,290 −8,485 −2,605 −4,871 −7,098 −10,492 −9,106 −1,506 2,820 −5,562 −3,705 −5,019 −3,991 −9,703 −3,960 −9,799 5,270 −6,441 −1,817 −12,342 2,390 −10,994 −1,121 −5,882 7,887 −14,412 −6,405 −4,302 −1,319 −3,451 −5,330 −3,609 −8,795 −7,194 −10,803 −17,806 −5,160 −5,210 −11,496 −15,894
*+ denotes heat evolved, and − denotes heat absorbed. The data in the International Critical Tables were calculated by E. Anderson.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
2-207
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES EXPLANATION OF TABLES The following subsection presents information on the thermodynamic properties of a number of fluids. In some cases transport properties are also included. Properties for the compounds listed in Table 2-184 were generated by using the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). Megan Friend’s help in generating these tables is acknowledged and gratefully appreciated. The number of digits provided in these tables was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format. Properties for many of these compounds can also be generated by going to http://webbook.nist.gov and selecting NIST Chemistry WebBook, then Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems High Accuracy Data. This site allows the user to generate tables of thermodynamic properties. The user can select the units as well as the temperatures and/or pressure increments for which properties are to be generated. The resulting table can be copied into a spreadsheet. Because of this capability, properties for the compounds listed in Table 2-184 are not tabulated at as many temperatures and pressures as might otherwise be the case. Notation cp = isobaric specific heat cv = isochoric specific heat e = specific internal energy h = enthalpy k = thermal conductivity p = pressure s = specific entropy t = temperature T = absolute temperature u = specific internal energy µ = viscosity v = specific volume f = subscript denoting saturated liquid g = subscript denoting saturated vapor UNITS CONVERSIONS For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable: cp, specific heat: To convert kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin to British thermal units per pound–degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 0.23885. e, internal energy: To convert kilojoules per kilogram to British thermal units per pound, multiply by 0.42992. g, gravity acceleration: To convert meters per second squared to feet per second squared, multiply by 3.2808.
h, enthalpy: To convert kilojoules per kilogram to British thermal units per pound, multiply by 0.42992. k, thermal conductivity: To convert watts per meter-kelvin to British thermal unit–feet per hour–square foot–degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 0.57779. p, pressure: To convert bars to kilopascals, multiply by 1 × 102; to convert bars to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 14.504; and to convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 0.01934. s, entropy: to convert kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin to British thermal units per pound–degree Rankine, multiply by 0.23885. t, temperature: °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32. T, absolute temperature: °R = 9⁄ 5 K. u, internal energy: to convert kilojoules per kilogram to British thermal units per pound, multiply by 0.42992. µ, viscosity: to convert pascal-seconds to pound-force–seconds per square foot, multiply by 0.020885; to convert pascal-seconds to cp, multiply by 1000. v, specific volume: to convert cubic meters per kilogram to cubic feet per pound, multiply by 16.018. ρ, density: to convert kilograms per cubic meter to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 0.062428.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Bretsznajder, Prediction of Transport and Other Physical Properties of Fluids, Pergamon, New York, 1971. D’Ans and Lax, Handbook for Chemists and Physicists (in German), 3 vols., Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Engineering Data Book, Natural Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Tulsa, Okla. Ganic, Hartnett, and Rohsenow, Handbook of Heat Transfer, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984. Gray, American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. Kay and Laby, Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, Longman, London, various editions and dates. Landolt-Börnstein Tables, many volumes and dates, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Lange, Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, various editions and dates. Partington, Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry, 5 vols., Longman, London, 1950. Raznjevic, Handbook of Thermodynamic Tables and Charts, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976 and other editions. Reynolds, Thermodynamic Properties in SI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 1979. Stephan and Lucas, Viscosity of Dense Fluids, Plenum, New York and London, 1979. Selected Values of Properties of Chemical Compounds and Selected Values of the Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds, Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST, Boulder, Colo., looseleaf, periodic publication. Vargaftik, Tables of the Thermophysical Properties of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1975. Vargaftik, Filippov, Tarzimanov, and Totskiy, Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases (in Russian), Standartov, Moscow, 1978. Weast, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber Co., Boca Raton, FL, annually.
2-208
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-184 List of Substances for Which Thermodynamic Property Tables Were Generated from NIST Standard Reference Database 23 Table no.
Name
2-185 2-187 2-189 2-190 2-193 2-195 2-196 2-197 2-198 2-199 2-200 2-203 2-207 2-208 2-209 2-210 2-212 2-213 2-214 2-215 2-216 2-219 2-220 2-221 2-223 2-224 2-226 2-227 2-228 2-229 2-233 2-234 2-235 2-236 2-238 2-239 2-241 2-242 2-243 2-244 2-245 2-246 2-248 2-249 2-250 2-251 2-252 2-255 2-256 2-257 2-258 2-271 2-272 2-274 2-275 2-276 2-277 2-278 2-279 2-280 2-281 2-282 2-284 2-285 2-288 2-289 2-290 2-296 2-300 2-301 2-303 2-305 2-307
Acetone Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Butane 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-butene Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbonyl sulfide Cyclohexane Decane Deuterium oxide 2,2-Dimethylpropane Dodecane Ethane Ethanol Ethylene Fluorine Helium Heptane Hexane Normal hydrogen para-Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Isobutane Isobutene Krypton Methane Methanol 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylpentane Neon Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrous oxide Nonane Octane Oxygen Pentane Propane Propylene R-11 R-12 R-13 R-22 R-23 R-32 R-41 R-113 R-114 R-116 R-123 R-124 R-125 R-134a R-141b R-142b R-143a R-152a R-218 R227ea R-404A R-407C R-410A R-507A Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Toluene Water Xenon
Chemical formula
Alternate name
C3H6O NH3 Ar C6H6 C4H10 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 CO2 CO COS C6H12 C10H22 D2O C5H14 C12H26 C2H6 C2H6O C2H4 F2 He C7H16 C6H14 H2 H2 H2S C4H10 C4H8 Kr CH4 CH4O C5H12 C6H14 Ne N2 NF3 N2O C9H20 C8H18 O2 C5H12 C3H8 C3H6 CCl3F CCl2F2 CClF3 CHClF2 CHF3 CH2F2 CH3F C2Cl3F3 C2Cl2F4 C2F6 C2HF5 C2HClF4 C2HF5 C2H2F4 C2H3Cl2F C2H3ClF2 C2H3F3 C2H4F2 C3F8 C3HF7
SO2 SF6 C7H8 H2O Xe
Heavy water Neopentane
2-methyl propene
Isopentane Isohexane
Trichlorofluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Trifluoromethane Difluoromethane Fluoromethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Hexafluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Pentafluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Octafluoropropane 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-185
2-209
Thermodynamic Properties of Acetone
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
178.50 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 480.00 495.00 508.10
2.3265E-06 2.8743E-06 1.9454E-05 9.6588E-05 0.00037556 0.0012008 0.0032765 0.0078514 0.016899 0.033259 0.060720 0.10404 0.16891 0.26188 0.39033 0.56235 0.78681 1.0733 1.4324 1.8759 2.4172 3.0725 3.8632 4.6924
178.50 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 480.00 495.00 508.10
2.3265E-06 2.8743E-06 1.9454E-05 9.6588E-05 0.00037556 0.0012008 0.0032765 0.0078514 0.016899 0.033259 0.060720 0.10404 0.16891 0.26188 0.39033 0.56235 0.78681 1.0733 1.4324 1.8759 2.4172 3.0725 3.8632 4.6924
200.00 250.00 300.00 328.84
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
328.84 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 416.48
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
416.48 450.00 500.00 550.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
0.063601 0.063715 0.064868 0.066048 0.067264 0.068525 0.069840 0.071218 0.072673 0.074217 0.075867 0.077643 0.079569 0.081677 0.084008 0.086616 0.089578 0.093001 0.097051 0.10200 0.10832 0.11706 0.13145 0.21277
0.47366 0.64687 2.3835 4.1282 5.8823 7.6487 9.4311 11.234 13.060 14.915 16.802 18.725 20.687 22.693 24.746 26.852 29.015 31.243 33.546 35.938 38.445 41.117 44.096 49.249
0.47366 0.64687 2.3835 4.1282 5.8823 7.6488 9.4314 11.234 13.062 14.918 16.807 18.733 20.701 22.714 24.779 26.900 29.085 31.343 33.685 36.130 38.707 41.476 44.604 50.247
637,900. 520,660. 83,324. 18,065. 4,973.1 1,656.0 642.89 282.74 137.74 72.996 41.482 24.979 15.782 10.377 7.0503 4.9192 3.5050 2.5368 1.8547 1.3611 0.99393 0.71168 0.48154 0.21277
36.689 36.764 37.528 38.314 39.121 39.947 40.790 41.649 42.522 43.406 44.302 45.207 46.119 47.033 47.946 48.849 49.733 50.582 51.376 52.083 52.648 52.968 52.771 49.249
38.173 38.260 39.149 40.059 40.989 41.936 42.897 43.869 44.849 45.834 46.821 47.806 48.784 49.751 50.698 51.615 52.490 53.305 54.033 54.636 55.050 55.154 54.631 50.247
0.065254 0.069389 0.074210 0.077500
2.9626 8.8328 14.913 18.575
2.9691 8.8397 14.921 18.583
45.137 46.843 50.998 55.474 60.316 65.522
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(mol⋅K)
Cv kJ/(mol⋅K)
Cp kJ/(mol⋅K)
Sound speed m/s
0.0080825 0.0090488 0.018316 0.026935 0.035003 0.042602 0.049806 0.056674 0.063259 0.069601 0.075739 0.081702 0.087517 0.093209 0.098798 0.10431 0.10975 0.11516 0.12056 0.12599 0.13150 0.13720 0.14341 0.15437
0.082500 0.082598 0.083407 0.084076 0.084758 0.085541 0.086468 0.087553 0.088794 0.090180 0.091697 0.093329 0.095063 0.096886 0.098794 0.10078 0.10286 0.10504 0.10736 0.10986 0.11265 0.11600 0.12077
0.11544 0.11550 0.11604 0.11660 0.11731 0.11825 0.11946 0.12094 0.12270 0.12474 0.12704 0.12962 0.13249 0.13568 0.13924 0.14328 0.14794 0.15350 0.16042 0.16967 0.18350 0.20893 0.28551
1765.7 1757.0 1672.3 1591.8 1514.4 1439.4 1366.3 1294.8 1224.5 1155.2 1086.7 1018.8 951.24 883.84 816.36 748.57 680.21 610.99 540.51 468.19 392.99 312.66 221.66 0
0.21928 0.21801 0.20686 0.19803 0.19103 0.18546 0.18104 0.17754 0.17479 0.17266 0.17102 0.16980 0.16892 0.16831 0.16791 0.16768 0.16754 0.16745 0.16734 0.16711 0.16664 0.16569 0.16367 0.15437
0.050120 0.050280 0.051928 0.053740 0.055800 0.058169 0.060883 0.063945 0.067329 0.070988 0.074863 0.078895 0.083030 0.087227 0.091459 0.095718 0.10001 0.10438 0.10887 0.11357 0.11865 0.12436 0.13126
0.058440 0.058600 0.060265 0.062119 0.064267 0.066795 0.069763 0.073198 0.077094 0.081429 0.086172 0.091302 0.096822 0.10277 0.10927 0.11649 0.12481 0.13483 0.14772 0.16583 0.19480 0.25197 0.42947
172.60 173.29 179.95 186.29 192.29 197.94 203.19 207.99 212.26 215.93 218.90 221.08 222.35 222.60 221.70 219.53 215.94 210.76 203.80 194.82 183.50 169.39 151.36 0
0.021248 0.047436 0.069594 0.081247
0.083638 0.086143 0.090180 0.093199
0.11621 0.11902 0.12473 0.12941
47.730 49.643 54.255 59.166 64.436 70.066
0.16988 0.17552 0.18783 0.19939 0.21049 0.22122
0.078579 0.079533 0.085418 0.092823 0.10033 0.10753
0.090892 0.090386 0.094849 0.10175 0.10903 0.11612
220.94 229.44 246.85 262.23 276.40 289.72
2.9486 8.8130 14.885 21.312 28.263 30.714
3.0138 8.8824 14.959 21.392 28.351 30.806
0.021178 0.047357 0.069499 0.089316 0.10788 0.11389
0.083649 0.086152 0.090182 0.095644 0.10213 0.10452
0.11619 0.11896 0.12460 0.13326 0.14605 0.15210
1649.7 1396.0 1162.0 936.35 707.25 627.32
50.387 54.081 59.388 64.832
53.120 57.281 63.156 69.107
0.16747 0.17709 0.18947 0.20081
0.10335 0.10087 0.10402 0.10950
0.13228 0.11921 0.11743 0.12100
212.13 233.76 256.99 275.55
JouleThomson K/MPa
Saturated Properties 15.723 15.695 15.416 15.141 14.867 14.593 14.319 14.041 13.760 13.474 13.181 12.880 12.568 12.243 11.904 11.545 11.163 10.753 10.304 9.8043 9.2319 8.5423 7.6072 4.7000 1.5677E-06 1.9207E-06 1.2001E-05 5.5355E-05 0.00020108 0.00060385 0.0015555 0.0035368 0.0072603 0.013699 0.024107 0.040034 0.063362 0.096367 0.14184 0.20329 0.28530 0.39420 0.53918 0.73472 1.0061 1.4051 2.0767 4.7000
−0.43351 −0.43308 −0.42849 −0.42274 −0.41520 −0.40545 −0.39322 −0.37827 −0.36033 −0.33907 −0.31399 −0.28437 −0.24915 −0.20678 −0.15495 −0.090162 −0.0069455 0.10371 0.25760 0.48516 0.85357 1.5474 3.3240 14.310 3845.4 3637.4 2139.7 1312.0 834.10 547.82 370.79 258.27 184.97 136.14 102.93 79.878 63.590 51.884 43.343 37.032 32.325 28.797 26.154 24.184 22.717 21.551 20.240 14.310
Single-Phase Properties 15.325 14.411 13.475 12.903 0.038565 0.035712 0.030709 0.027083 0.024272 0.022008 15.333 14.423 13.491 12.483 11.308 10.852 0.36582 0.31254 0.26538 0.23391
25.930 28.002 32.563 36.923 41.200 45.437 0.065220 0.069336 0.074123 0.080107 0.088431 0.092149 2.7336 3.1996 3.7681 4.2751
1645.6 1391.1 1155.7 1024.0
−0.42678 −0.39768 −0.33922 −0.28685 81.384 58.339 30.192 18.173 12.201 8.8355 −0.42708 −0.39848 −0.34115 −0.24033 −0.042437 0.074613 29.536 20.211 12.984 9.1542
2-210
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-185 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Acetone (Concluded ) Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Cv kJ/(mol⋅K)
Cp kJ/(mol⋅K)
Sound speed m/s
JouleThomson K/MPa
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
15.367 14.471 13.560 12.588 11.490 10.123 7.8139 1.7344
0.065073 0.069106 0.073747 0.079439 0.087035 0.098782 0.12798 0.57657
2.8871 8.7271 14.762 21.128 27.958 35.450 44.435 60.563
3.2125 9.0726 15.130 21.525 28.393 35.944 45.075 63.446
0.020868 0.047011 0.069085 0.088784 0.10711 0.12488 0.14406 0.17943
0.083704 0.086197 0.090197 0.095584 0.10186 0.10898 0.11961 0.12191
0.11609 0.11871 0.12408 0.13214 0.14320 0.16059 0.23343 0.17820
1667.9 1417.7 1189.0 972.15 759.27 538.79 262.33 205.69
−0.42837 −0.40187 −0.34909 −0.25988 −0.10136 0.26123 2.3418 10.650
15.410 14.528 13.641 12.709 11.683 10.491 8.9733 6.6600
0.064894 0.068831 0.073307 0.078687 0.085592 0.095320 0.11144 0.15015
2.8125 8.6237 14.616 20.916 27.629 34.864 42.815 52.079
3.4614 9.3120 15.349 21.703 28.485 35.818 43.930 53.581
0.020488 0.046589 0.068589 0.088163 0.10626 0.12352 0.14060 0.15896
0.083781 0.086264 0.090234 0.095554 0.10166 0.10827 0.11552 0.12442
0.11598 0.11843 0.12351 0.13100 0.14066 0.15332 0.17314 0.22174
1689.9 1443.6 1220.9 1013.1 815.03 622.74 433.48 255.34
−0.42983 −0.40569 −0.35775 −0.27983 −0.15336 0.080235 0.63674 2.7218
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(mol⋅K)
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
15.320 14.657 14.023 13.409 12.813 12.234 11.674
0.065276 0.068228 0.071312 0.074574 0.078044 0.081739 0.085664
7.2620 12.852 18.631 24.654 30.941 37.489 44.286
13.790 19.675 25.763 32.112 38.745 45.663 52.852
0.040421 0.061873 0.080632 0.097579 0.11320 0.12777 0.14147
0.088285 0.092127 0.097243 0.10299 0.10892 0.11478 0.12045
0.11631 0.11946 0.12424 0.12980 0.13553 0.14112 0.14639
1791.8 1616.6 1466.4 1337.4 1226.9 1133.0 1053.8
−0.43634 −0.42000 −0.39555 −0.36734 −0.33807 −0.30922 −0.28171
450.00 500.00 550.00
500.00 500.00 500.00
15.616 15.306 15.012
0.064037 0.065335 0.066615
27.237 33.413 39.856
59.256 66.081 73.163
0.097266 0.11164 0.12514
0.11562 0.12123 0.12669
0.13393 0.13909 0.14416
2201.1 2129.8 2067.5
−0.39010 −0.37710 −0.36510
The values in this table were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.1% in the saturated liquid density between 280 and 310 K, 0.5% in density in the liquid phase below 380 K, and 1% in density elsewhere, including all states at pressures above 100 MPa. The uncertainties in vapor pressure are 0.5% above 270 K (0.25% between 290 and 390 K), and the uncertainties in heat capacities and speeds of sound are 1%. These uncertainties (in caloric properties and sound speeds) may be higher at pressures above the saturation pressure and at temperatures above 320 K in the liquid phase and at supercritical conditions. TABLE 2-186
Saturated Acetylene*
Temperature, K
Pressure, bar
162.0 169.3 173.9 180.0 184.3
vcond, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hcond, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
scond, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
0.101 0.203 0.304 0.507 0.709
5.081 2.644 1.805 1.116 0.810
158 173 182 194 203
983 994 999 1007 1011
2.967 3.039 3.095 3.161 3.216
8.062 7.889 7.797 7.672 7.596
189.1 192.4t
1.013 1.283
0.5780 0.4617
214 221
1015 1018
3.272 3.312
7.511 7.455
192.4t 200.9 209.4
1.283 2.027 3.040
0.00164 0.00165 0.00169
0.4617 0.3011 0.2074
378 411 445
1018 1027 1035
4.127 4.296 4.461
7.455 7.362 7.280
221.5 230.4 240.7 253.2 263.0
5.066 7.093 10.13 15.20 20.27
0.00174 0.00179 0.00186 0.00195 0.00204
0.1264 0.0907 0.0635 0.0420 0.0309
493 528 565 602 628
1046 1052 1058 1061 1061
4.684 4.837 4.990 5.133 5.231
7.180 7.111 7.037 6.947 6.878
271.6 278.9 284.9 290.4 300.0
25.33 30.40 35.46 40.53 50.66
0.00213 0.00223 0.00232 0.00242 0.00270
0.0240 0.0193 0.0159 0.0133 0.0093
654 680 704 727 778
1060 1057 1051 1041 1017
5.326 5.414 5.494 5.576 5.737
6.822 6.767 6.716 6.658 6.534
307.8 308.7c
60.80 62.47
0.00335 0.00434
0.0061 0.0043
850 908
968 908
5.965 6.158
6.351 6.158
*Values recalculated into SI units from those of Din. Thermodynamic Functions of Gases, vol. 2, Butterworth, London, 1956. Above the solid line the condensed phase is solid; below the line it is liquid. t = triple point; c = critical point.
TABLE 2-187
Thermodynamic Properties of Air
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
59.75 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114
0.005265 0.005546 0.006797 0.008270 0.009994 0.012000 0.014320 0.016988 0.020042 0.023520 0.027461 0.031908 0.036905 0.042498 0.048733 0.055659 0.063326 0.071786 0.081091 0.091294 0.10245 0.11462 0.12785 0.14221 0.15775 0.17453 0.19262 0.21207 0.23295 0.25531 0.27922 0.30475 0.33196 0.36091 0.39166 0.42429 0.45886 0.49543 0.53408 0.57486 0.61786 0.66313 0.71074 0.76077 0.81329 0.86836 0.92606 0.98645 1.0496 1.1156 1.1845 1.2564 1.3314 1.4095 1.4908 1.5753
33.067 33.031 32.888 32.745 32.601 32.457 32.312 32.166 32.020 31.873 31.725 31.576 31.427 31.277 31.126 30.974 30.821 30.668 30.513 30.357 30.200 30.042 29.883 29.722 29.560 29.397 29.232 29.066 28.898 28.729 28.558 28.385 28.210 28.033 27.854 27.673 27.489 27.304 27.115 26.924 26.730 26.533 26.333 26.130 25.923 25.713 25.499 25.281 25.058 24.831 24.598 24.361 24.118 23.868 23.613 23.350
0.030242 0.030275 0.030406 0.030539 0.030674 0.030810 0.030949 0.031089 0.031231 0.031375 0.031521 0.031669 0.031820 0.031972 0.032127 0.032285 0.032445 0.032608 0.032773 0.032941 0.033112 0.033287 0.033464 0.033645 0.033829 0.034017 0.034209 0.034404 0.034604 0.034808 0.035017 0.035230 0.035449 0.035672 0.035901 0.036137 0.036378 0.036625 0.036880 0.037142 0.037411 0.037688 0.037975 0.038270 0.038575 0.038891 0.039217 0.039556 0.039908 0.040273 0.040653 0.041050 0.041464 0.041896 0.042350 0.042826
−1.0619 −1.0481 −0.99308 −0.93803 −0.88298 −0.82792 −0.77286 −0.71777 −0.66267 −0.60755 −0.55239 −0.49720 −0.44196 −0.38669 −0.33135 −0.27597 −0.22051 −0.16499 −0.10939 −0.05371 0.002063 0.057934 0.11391 0.17000 0.22621 0.28255 0.33903 0.39566 0.45245 0.50940 0.56653 0.62386 0.68138 0.73912 0.79709 0.85529 0.91375 0.97248 1.0315 1.0908 1.1505 1.2104 1.2708 1.3315 1.3926 1.4542 1.5162 1.5787 1.6417 1.7053 1.7695 1.8343 1.8997 1.9659 2.0329 2.1007
−1.0617 −1.0480 −0.99287 −0.93778 −0.88267 −0.82755 −0.77241 −0.71725 −0.66205 −0.60681 −0.55152 −0.49619 −0.44079 −0.38533 −0.32979 −0.27417 −0.21846 −0.16265 −0.10673 −0.05070 0.005456 0.061749 0.11819 0.17478 0.23155 0.28849 0.34562 0.40296 0.46051 0.51829 0.57631 0.63459 0.69315 0.75199 0.81115 0.87062 0.93044 0.99063 1.0512 1.1122 1.1736 1.2354 1.2978 1.3606 1.4240 1.4880 1.5525 1.6177 1.6836 1.7502 1.8176 1.8858 1.9549 2.0250 2.0960 2.1682
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
JouleThomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.034011 0.033955 0.033731 0.033512 0.033298 0.033089 0.032884 0.032683 0.032486 0.032294 0.032105 0.031920 0.031739 0.031562 0.031388 0.031217 0.031050 0.030886 0.030725 0.030568 0.030413 0.030262 0.030113 0.029968 0.029826 0.029686 0.029550 0.029417 0.029286 0.029158 0.029033 0.028911 0.028792 0.028676 0.028563 0.028453 0.028346 0.028241 0.028140 0.028042 0.027948 0.027856 0.027768 0.027684 0.027603 0.027525 0.027452 0.027383 0.027317 0.027256 0.027200 0.027149 0.027103 0.027062 0.027028 0.027000
0.055064 0.055062 0.055060 0.055062 0.055069 0.055081 0.055098 0.055120 0.055148 0.055181 0.055220 0.055266 0.055317 0.055376 0.055441 0.055514 0.055594 0.055682 0.055779 0.055884 0.055998 0.056122 0.056256 0.056400 0.056556 0.056723 0.056902 0.057094 0.057300 0.057521 0.057757 0.058009 0.058278 0.058566 0.058874 0.059202 0.059553 0.059928 0.060329 0.060757 0.061216 0.061707 0.062232 0.062796 0.063401 0.064052 0.064753 0.065508 0.066323 0.067206 0.068163 0.069205 0.070341 0.071585 0.072951 0.074459
1030.3 1028.3 1020.3 1012.2 1004.0 995.77 987.48 979.13 970.72 962.24 953.70 945.10 936.43 927.70 918.90 910.04 901.11 892.11 883.05 873.91 864.71 855.44 846.09 836.67 827.18 817.61 807.96 798.24 788.44 778.56 768.59 758.55 748.42 738.20 727.90 717.51 707.03 696.46 685.80 675.05 664.20 653.26 642.22 631.08 619.84 608.50 597.06 585.51 573.85 562.09 550.21 538.21 526.10 513.86 501.48 488.97
−0.40785 −0.40743 −0.40565 −0.40375 −0.40173 −0.39958 −0.39729 −0.39485 −0.39227 −0.38952 −0.38660 −0.38352 −0.38024 −0.37677 −0.37310 −0.36922 −0.36511 −0.36076 −0.35616 −0.35130 −0.34616 −0.34074 −0.33500 −0.32894 −0.32254 −0.31577 −0.30862 −0.30107 −0.29308 −0.28464 −0.27572 −0.26628 −0.25629 −0.24573 −0.23455 −0.22270 −0.21016 −0.19686 −0.18275 −0.16779 −0.15189 −0.13501 −0.11705 −0.09794 −0.07758 −0.05588 −0.03271 −0.00795 0.018543 0.046927 0.077386 0.11012 0.14538 0.18342 0.22456 0.26917
171.43 171.02 169.40 167.78 166.16 164.53 162.91 161.28 159.65 158.01 156.37 154.73 153.09 151.44 149.79 148.14 146.49 144.83 143.16 141.50 139.83 138.15 136.48 134.80 133.11 131.42 129.78 128.11 126.44 124.76 123.07 121.38 119.69 118.00 116.30 114.61 112.91 111.21 109.51 107.81 106.11 104.41 102.71 101.01 99.316 97.623 95.933 94.247 92.565 90.888 89.216 87.551 85.893 84.242 82.599 80.965
376.64 371.92 353.83 336.91 321.09 306.27 292.39 279.38 267.17 255.71 244.94 234.81 225.28 216.31 207.85 199.88 192.35 185.23 178.51 172.14 166.11 160.39 154.96 149.80 144.90 140.23 135.78 131.54 127.50 123.63 119.93 116.38 112.98 109.72 106.59 103.58 100.68 97.879 95.179 92.571 90.048 87.605 85.236 82.937 80.703 78.529 76.412 74.347 72.331 70.361 68.432 66.542 64.688 62.867 61.075 59.311
Saturated Properties
2-211
−0.01536 −0.01513 −0.01422 −0.01333 −0.01245 −0.01158 −0.01073 −0.00989 −0.00906 −0.00824 −0.00744 −0.00664 −0.00586 −0.00508 −0.00432 −0.00357 −0.00282 −0.00209 −0.00136 −0.00064 6.86E-05 0.000772 0.001467 0.002156 0.002838 0.003513 0.004181 0.004844 0.005501 0.006153 0.006799 0.007440 0.008077 0.008708 0.009336 0.009960 0.010579 0.011195 0.011808 0.012418 0.013025 0.013630 0.014232 0.014833 0.015431 0.016029 0.016625 0.017221 0.017816 0.018411 0.019006 0.019602 0.020200 0.020799 0.021400 0.022004
2-212
TABLE 2-187 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Air (Continued ) Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
2.1695 2.2392 2.3100 2.3821 2.4554 2.5303 2.6069 2.6854 2.7662 2.8496 2.9363 3.0269 3.1227 3.2253 3.3379 3.4661 3.6243 3.8680 4.4004
2.2415 2.3161 2.3922 2.4697 2.5490 2.6302 2.7135 2.7992 2.8878 2.9796 3.0753 3.1759 3.2827 3.3976 3.5243 3.6695 3.8497 4.1302 4.7627
4.8774 4.8825 4.9025 4.9225 4.9424 4.9621 4.9817 5.0012 5.0205 5.0397 5.0587 5.0774 5.0960 5.1144 5.1326 5.1505 5.1682 5.1856 5.2028 5.2196 5.2362 5.2525 5.2684 5.2841 5.2994 5.3143 5.3289 5.3431 5.3569 5.3703 5.3832 5.3958 5.4079 5.4195 5.4307 5.4413 5.4514 5.4610
5.3730 5.3800 5.4081 5.4361 5.4639 5.4915 5.5189 5.5461 5.5731 5.5998 5.6263 5.6525 5.6784 5.7040 5.7292 5.7541 5.7786 5.8027 5.8264 5.8497 5.8726 5.8949 5.9169 5.9383 5.9591 5.9795 5.9993 6.0185 6.0372 6.0552 6.0726 6.0893 6.1054 6.1207 6.1354 6.1492 6.1624 6.1747
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
JouleThomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.076131 0.077996 0.080090 0.082459 0.085163 0.088280 0.091919 0.096227 0.10142 0.10781 0.11589 0.12645 0.14089 0.16186 0.19519 0.25624 0.40151 1.0148
476.31 463.48 450.49 437.29 423.88 410.23 396.30 382.04 367.40 352.31 336.67 320.36 303.21 285.00 265.37 243.75 219.07 189.12 0
0.31767 0.37057 0.42848 0.49214 0.56243 0.64047 0.72765 0.82574 0.93703 1.0646 1.2125 1.3865 1.5951 1.8510 2.1752 2.6058 3.2246 4.2808 6.3978
79.340 77.724 76.119 74.523 72.938 71.363 69.798 68.243 66.700 65.170 63.658 62.176 60.751 59.445 58.409 58.054 59.591 67.802
57.571 55.852 54.152 52.467 50.794 49.130 47.469 45.809 44.141 42.460 40.755 39.013 37.215 35.332 33.316 31.072 28.384 24.467
0.029217 0.029225 0.029261 0.029302 0.029348 0.029399 0.029455 0.029518 0.029587 0.029663 0.029746 0.029836 0.029934 0.030040 0.030155 0.030278 0.030410 0.030552 0.030703 0.030865 0.031037 0.031220 0.031415 0.031621 0.031840 0.032072 0.032317 0.032577 0.032851 0.033141 0.033447 0.033770 0.034111 0.034472 0.034853 0.035256 0.035681 0.036132
154.83 155.14 156.38 157.60 158.81 159.99 161.16 162.30 163.42 164.53 165.60 166.66 167.69 168.70 169.69 170.65 171.58 172.49 173.37 174.23 175.05 175.85 176.62 177.36 178.07 178.75 179.40 180.02 180.61 181.17 181.69 182.19 182.65 183.08 183.47 183.84 184.17 184.46
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
0.022611 0.023223 0.023840 0.024462 0.025092 0.025731 0.026380 0.027041 0.027717 0.028412 0.029131 0.029880 0.030668 0.031512 0.032436 0.033492 0.034804 0.036863 0.041603
0.026979 0.026965 0.026961 0.026966 0.026982 0.027010 0.027053 0.027113 0.027194 0.027300 0.027438 0.027618 0.027855 0.028171 0.028607 0.029242 0.030266 0.032343
0.096708 0.096323 0.094825 0.093392 0.092020 0.090705 0.089445 0.088235 0.087074 0.085959 0.084887 0.083855 0.082862 0.081906 0.080983 0.080094 0.079235 0.078406 0.077604 0.076828 0.076076 0.075348 0.074643 0.073957 0.073292 0.072645 0.072016 0.071403 0.070806 0.070224 0.069655 0.069099 0.068556 0.068024 0.067503 0.066991 0.066489 0.065995
0.020805 0.020809 0.020825 0.020843 0.020864 0.020886 0.020911 0.020938 0.020968 0.021000 0.021035 0.021072 0.021113 0.021156 0.021201 0.021250 0.021302 0.021356 0.021414 0.021474 0.021538 0.021605 0.021674 0.021747 0.021822 0.021901 0.021983 0.022068 0.022155 0.022246 0.022340 0.022436 0.022536 0.022638 0.022744 0.022852 0.022964 0.023078
Saturated Properties 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 132.63 59.75 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
1.6633 1.7546 1.8495 1.9479 2.0499 2.1557 2.2653 2.3787 2.4960 2.6173 2.7427 2.8721 3.0055 3.1431 3.2845 3.4295 3.5770 3.7228 3.7858 0.002432 0.002584 0.003274 0.004111 0.005120 0.006325 0.007756 0.009442 0.011416 0.013713 0.016372 0.019431 0.022933 0.026921 0.031443 0.036547 0.042282 0.048702 0.055859 0.063810 0.072611 0.082321 0.093001 0.10471 0.11751 0.13147 0.14665 0.16312 0.18094 0.20018 0.22091 0.24320 0.26712 0.29273 0.32011 0.34934 0.38047 0.41359
23.080 22.801 22.514 22.217 21.908 21.588 21.253 20.903 20.534 20.144 19.727 19.278 18.788 18.242 17.616 16.863 15.869 14.198 10.448 0.004907 0.005192 0.006475 0.008005 0.009817 0.011948 0.014438 0.017326 0.020659 0.024481 0.028841 0.033789 0.039379 0.045664 0.052702 0.060550 0.069268 0.078918 0.089564 0.10127 0.11410 0.12813 0.14343 0.16006 0.17811 0.19765 0.21875 0.24150 0.26598 0.29228 0.32048 0.35068 0.38298 0.41747 0.45426 0.49345 0.53517 0.57953
0.043328 0.043857 0.044417 0.045011 0.045645 0.046323 0.047052 0.047841 0.048700 0.049643 0.050691 0.051871 0.053225 0.054818 0.056765 0.059300 0.063015 0.070432 0.095715 203.80 192.59 154.45 124.93 101.86 83.693 69.263 57.715 48.406 40.849 34.673 29.595 25.394 21.899 18.975 16.515 14.437 12.671 11.165 9.8746 8.7639 7.8043 6.9721 6.2475 5.6145 5.0595 4.5715 4.1408 3.7597 3.4214 3.1203 2.8516 2.6111 2.3954 2.2014 2.0265 1.8686 1.7255
58.283 57.634 55.151 52.832 50.666 48.640 46.742 44.963 43.293 41.724 40.248 38.858 37.548 36.313 35.146 34.043 32.999 32.010 31.072 30.183 29.337 28.534 27.769 27.041 26.346 25.684 25.051 24.447 23.869 23.316 22.786 22.278 21.791 21.324 20.876 20.445 20.031 19.632
5.2938 5.3199 5.4244 5.5291 5.6340 5.7391 5.8444 5.9500 6.0559 6.1621 6.2688 6.3759 6.4835 6.5917 6.7005 6.8099 6.9202 7.0312 7.1431 7.2560 7.3700 7.4851 7.6014 7.7192 7.8384 7.9591 8.0817 8.2060 8.3324 8.4610 8.5919 8.7254 8.8616 9.0008 9.1433 9.2893 9.4390 9.5929
4.2197 4.2382 4.3119 4.3855 4.4590 4.5324 4.6057 4.6788 4.7519 4.8248 4.8976 4.9703 5.0429 5.1154 5.1878 5.2602 5.3325 5.4048 5.4771 5.5494 5.6217 5.6940 5.7664 5.8389 5.9116 5.9844 6.0574 6.1307 6.2043 6.2781 6.3524 6.4272 6.5024 6.5782 6.6547 6.7318 6.8098 6.8887
97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 132.63
0.44878 0.48609 0.52562 0.56742 0.61159 0.65820 0.70732 0.75903 0.81341 0.87055 0.93052 0.9934 1.0593 1.1282 1.2004 1.2757 1.3545 1.4366 1.5223 1.6115 1.7045 1.8013 1.9020 2.0067 2.1156 2.2287 2.3462 2.4682 2.5949 2.7266 2.8633 3.0055 3.1536 3.3084 3.4712 3.6462 3.7858
0.62667 0.67671 0.72980 0.78609 0.84575 0.90895 0.97587 1.0467 1.1217 1.2011 1.2852 1.3742 1.4684 1.5682 1.6740 1.7862 1.9053 2.0318 2.1664 2.3097 2.4625 2.6259 2.8009 2.9889 3.1913 3.4103 3.6481 3.9078 4.1934 4.5101 4.8653 5.2697 5.7405 6.3074 7.0343 8.1273 10.448
1.5957 1.4777 1.3702 1.2721 1.1824 1.1002 1.0247 0.95535 0.89147 0.83254 0.77810 0.72772 0.68102 0.63767 0.59737 0.55985 0.52486 0.49217 0.46160 0.43296 0.40608 0.38082 0.35702 0.33457 0.31335 0.29323 0.27412 0.25590 0.23847 0.22173 0.20554 0.18976 0.17420 0.15854 0.14216 0.12304 0.095715
5.4701 5.4785 5.4864 5.4936 5.5002 5.5060 5.5112 5.5156 5.5193 5.5221 5.5240 5.5250 5.5251 5.5241 5.5221 5.5188 5.5143 5.5085 5.5012 5.4924 5.4819 5.4695 5.4550 5.4383 5.4190 5.3969 5.3715 5.3424 5.3089 5.2701 5.2248 5.1713 5.1069 5.0268 4.9209 4.7566 4.4004
6.1862 6.1968 6.2066 6.2154 6.2233 6.2302 6.2360 6.2408 6.2444 6.2469 6.2481 6.2480 6.2465 6.2436 6.2391 6.2330 6.2252 6.2156 6.2039 6.1901 6.1740 6.1554 6.1341 6.1097 6.0819 6.0504 6.0147 5.9740 5.9277 5.8746 5.8133 5.7417 5.6563 5.5513 5.4143 5.2053 4.7627
5.6800 9.8544 14.072 18.500 23.201 28.145 33.282 38.568 43.966 49.453
6.4941 12.348 18.231 24.323 30.686 37.293 44.094 51.042 58.104 65.253
1.2007 1.5924
0.065510 0.065031 0.064560 0.064094 0.063633 0.063177 0.062726 0.062277 0.061832 0.061389 0.060947 0.060506 0.060065 0.059623 0.059180 0.058735 0.058286 0.057833 0.057375 0.056910 0.056437 0.055955 0.055461 0.054954 0.054432 0.053890 0.053326 0.052735 0.052112 0.051448 0.050732 0.049950 0.049076 0.048067 0.046830 0.045064 0.041603
0.023196 0.023317 0.023441 0.023568 0.023698 0.023833 0.023970 0.024112 0.024258 0.024408 0.024563 0.024722 0.024887 0.025058 0.025234 0.025418 0.025608 0.025807 0.026015 0.026232 0.026461 0.026701 0.026956 0.027226 0.027514 0.027823 0.028155 0.028516 0.028910 0.029344 0.029827 0.030371 0.030994 0.031726 0.032619 0.033814
0.036610 0.037116 0.037654 0.038225 0.038834 0.039483 0.040176 0.040918 0.041714 0.042570 0.043492 0.044490 0.045573 0.046751 0.048038 0.049450 0.051005 0.052727 0.054644 0.056790 0.059209 0.061956 0.065102 0.068738 0.072988 0.078015 0.084052 0.091426 0.10063 0.11241 0.12801 0.14959 0.18134 0.23261 0.32992 0.59804
184.72 184.95 185.14 185.30 185.42 185.51 185.55 185.57 185.54 185.48 185.38 185.24 185.07 184.85 184.60 184.30 183.97 183.59 183.17 182.71 182.21 181.66 181.08 180.45 179.78 179.06 178.31 177.51 176.68 175.81 174.91 173.96 172.98 171.93 170.79 169.40 0
19.249 18.879 18.523 18.180 17.848 17.528 17.218 16.918 16.628 16.346 16.072 15.805 15.546 15.292 15.044 14.800 14.561 14.324 14.090 13.856 13.623 13.388 13.151 12.909 12.661 12.405 12.137 11.854 11.553 11.229 10.874 10.480 10.033 9.5119 8.8740 7.9854 6.3978
9.7513 9.9145 10.083 10.257 10.438 10.626 10.821 11.024 11.237 11.459 11.693 11.939 12.198 12.473 12.764 13.074 13.406 13.762 14.145 14.559 15.008 15.499 16.039 16.635 17.298 18.042 18.884 19.849 20.968 22.288 23.877 25.841 28.367 31.807 37.001 46.996
6.9686 7.0495 7.1317 7.2153 7.3003 7.3870 7.4755 7.5659 7.6586 7.7537 7.8514 7.9521 8.0560 8.1634 8.2749 8.3907 8.5114 8.6375 8.7696 8.9086 9.0552 9.2104 9.3755 9.5518 9.7412 9.9456 10.168 10.411 10.681 10.982 11.324 11.720 12.191 12.775 13.553 14.798
0.080463 0.11269 0.12770 0.13794 0.14593 0.15255 0.15823 0.16320 0.16762 0.17160
0.021087 0.020796 0.021504 0.022817 0.024150 0.025246 0.026091 0.026734 0.027229 0.027619
0.030116 0.029149 0.029830 0.031137 0.032467 0.033562 0.034406 0.035049 0.035544 0.035934
198.24 347.36 446.40 523.89 589.60 648.15 701.76 751.59 798.38 842.62
17.423 2.2510 0.50305 −0.12430 −0.41124 −0.56194 −0.64963 −0.70457 −0.74078 −0.76547
9.4692 26.384 39.944 51.755 62.543 72.680 82.381 91.781 100.97 110.01
7.1068 18.537 27.090 34.176 40.394 46.051 51.325 56.325 61.127 65.783
1.2383 1.6321
0.013532 0.017351
0.027868 0.027368
0.061355 0.065680
658.25 582.97
−0.14308 −0.00232
104.97 93.879
88.326 73.903
5.5251 9.8022 14.046 18.485 23.190 28.138 33.278 38.565 43.964 49.451
6.2479 12.289 18.218 24.326 30.698 37.311 44.114 51.065 58.128 65.278
0.060461 0.093372 0.10851 0.11877 0.12677 0.13340 0.13908 0.14405 0.14847 0.15245
0.024739 0.020859 0.021526 0.022830 0.024159 0.025253 0.026096 0.026738 0.027233 0.027622
0.044597 0.029563 0.029954 0.031194 0.032498 0.033582 0.034419 0.035057 0.035550 0.035939
185.23 348.45 448.46 525.96 591.54 649.96 703.44 753.17 799.86 844.02
15.779 2.1789 0.47425 −0.13809 −0.41899 −0.56686 −0.65304 −0.70711 −0.74278 −0.76711
11.965 26.684 40.110 51.868 62.628 72.748 82.438 91.830 101.01 110.05
7.9625 18.672 27.179 34.242 40.446 46.094 51.361 56.357 61.155 65.808
1.0983 9.5710
1.2820 12.042
0.012483 0.079244
0.028034 0.021131
0.058181 0.031423
710.56 355.63
−0.21837 1.8817
111.13 28.389
96.436 19.420
Single-Phase Properties 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 100 106.22
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 1
2-213
108.1 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
100 300
5 5
0.12283 0.040103 0.024046 0.017175 0.013359 0.010931 0.009249 0.008016 0.007073 0.006329 26.593 25.232 1.3836 0.40205 0.23974 0.17119 0.13319 0.10902 0.092279 0.079999 0.070604 0.063185 27.222 2.0232
8.1414 24.936 41.586 58.223 74.855 91.486 108.12 124.75 141.38 158.00 0.037604 0.039632 0.72278 2.4873 4.1711 5.8415 7.5079 9.1727 10.837 12.500 14.163 15.827 0.036735 0.49426
TABLE 2-187 2-214
Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Air (Concluded) Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
JouleThomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
Single Phase Properties 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
1.1814 0.84321 0.65711 0.53874 0.45667 0.39636 0.35015 0.31361
0.84642 1.1859 1.5218 1.8562 2.1898 2.5229 2.8559 3.1887
13.935 18.417 23.146 28.107 33.256 38.550 43.954 49.445
18.167 24.347 30.755 37.388 44.205 51.165 58.234 65.389
0.094907 0.10529 0.11334 0.11999 0.12568 0.13066 0.13509 0.13907
0.021621 0.022885 0.024197 0.025282 0.026119 0.026757 0.027249 0.027636
0.030478 0.031434 0.032632 0.033664 0.034473 0.035095 0.035577 0.035958
458.30 535.45 600.34 658.10 711.01 760.23 806.49 850.28
0.36370 −0.19118 −0.44905 −0.58606 −0.66646 −0.71716 −0.75073 −0.77366
40.969 52.433 63.045 73.076 82.707 92.057 101.21 110.22
27.606 34.545 40.682 46.287 51.523 56.497 61.278 65.917
100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
27.863 4.0370 2.3157 1.6542 1.2922 1.0618 0.90165 0.78374 0.69321 0.62149
0.035889 0.24771 0.43183 0.60452 0.77388 0.94184 1.1091 1.2759 1.4426 1.6090
0.99444 9.2885 13.802 18.336 23.092 28.070 33.231 38.532 43.943 49.438
1.3533 11.766 18.120 24.382 30.831 37.489 44.321 51.292 58.368 65.528
0.011382 0.072612 0.088894 0.099422 0.10752 0.11420 0.11990 0.12489 0.12932 0.13330
0.028284 0.021441 0.021733 0.022952 0.024243 0.025317 0.026146 0.026780 0.027268 0.027653
0.055716 0.033664 0.031078 0.031710 0.032786 0.033760 0.034537 0.035139 0.035608 0.035981
763.47 369.50 471.81 547.83 611.64 668.47 720.60 769.17 814.87 858.18
−0.27969 1.5212 0.25100 −0.24405 −0.47890 −0.60517 −0.67990 −0.72730 −0.75881 −0.78039
117.77 31.116 42.260 53.257 63.641 73.538 83.082 92.372 101.48 110.45
105.78 20.637 28.194 34.944 40.985 46.531 51.728 56.673 61.432 66.054
100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
33.161 21.138 15.089 11.803 9.7481 8.3307 7.2877 6.4847 5.8456 5.3239
0.030156 0.047309 0.066273 0.084722 0.10258 0.12004 0.13722 0.15421 0.17107 0.18783
0.24746 7.0356 12.371 17.367 22.408 27.580 32.880 38.287 43.779 49.340
3.2631 11.767 18.999 25.840 32.667 39.584 46.602 53.708 60.886 68.123
0.001378 0.049067 0.067619 0.079134 0.087711 0.09465 0.10051 0.10559 0.11009 0.11411
0.031980 0.023981 0.023117 0.023855 0.024903 0.025831 0.026565 0.027131 0.027569 0.027915
0.048218 0.038366 0.034686 0.034011 0.034331 0.034845 0.035323 0.035723 0.036049 0.036317
1192.4 818.47 772.41 790.14 821.78 857.40 894.00 930.40 966.13 1001.0
−0.47290 −0.49747 −0.55640 −0.62591 −0.67702 −0.71435 −0.74281 −0.76506 −0.78264 −0.79653
179.20 86.312 71.549 73.572 79.057 85.797 93.151 100.84 108.75 116.78
252.46 53.642 42.159 43.339 46.948 51.158 55.511 59.875 64.208 68.504
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900
500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500
34.106 29.826 26.714 24.283 22.305 20.651 19.243 18.027 16.963
0.029320 0.033528 0.037433 0.041180 0.044833 0.048423 0.051966 0.055473 0.058952
6.2145 11.583 16.768 22.008 27.358 32.814 38.354 43.961 49.623
20.875 28.348 35.484 42.598 49.775 57.025 64.337 71.698 79.098
0.033155 0.052311 0.064323 0.073261 0.080460 0.086515 0.091746 0.096353 0.10047
0.028875 0.026614 0.026496 0.026991 0.027539 0.028000 0.02836 0.02864 0.02886
0.039265 0.036111 0.035494 0.035702 0.036073 0.036415 0.036693 0.036911 0.037085
1678.8 1573.6 1514.8 1482.8 1468.3 1465.1 1469.3 1478.5 1491.1
−0.57656 −0.65015 −0.67879 −0.68796 −0.69130 −0.69354 −0.69594 −0.69875 −0.70188
208.23 178.50 161.67 151.95 146.88 144.95 145.84 148.48 152.39
181.12 120.62 97.470 86.531 81.387 79.411 79.312 80.393 82.251
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
40.130 36.567 33.895 31.736 29.916 28.338 26.946 25.701 24.577
0.024919 0.027347 0.029503 0.031510 0.033427 0.035288 0.037111 0.038909 0.040688
6.8286 12.271 17.554 22.890 28.327 33.857 39.461 45.123 50.830
31.747 39.618 47.057 54.399 61.754 69.145 76.573 84.032 91.519
0.024761 0.044944 0.057468 0.066695 0.074073 0.080246 0.085561 0.090229 0.094392
0.032271 0.029334 0.028754 0.028917 0.029215 0.029476 0.029675 0.029821 0.029928
0.041510 0.037843 0.036801 0.036702 0.036858 0.037051 0.037224 0.037369 0.037491
2208.5 2104.7 2033.9 1984.7 1951.3 1929.3 1915.7 1908.3 1905.8
−0.50493 −0.57316 −0.60504 −0.61882 −0.62560 −0.62968 −0.63251 −0.63465 −0.63632
274.96 247.30 230.60 219.72 212.46 207.70 204.81 203.41 203.25
337.76 219.41 174.51 149.43 133.76 123.58 116.94 112.74 110.27
This table was generated for a standard three-component dry air containing mole fractions 0.7812 nitrogen, 0.2096 oxygen, and 0.0092 argon. The values in this table were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T, Penoncello, S. G., and Friend, D. G., “Thermodynamic Properties of Air and Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen from 60 to 2000 K at Pressures to 2000 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29(3):331–385, 2000. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Equations for Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Air,” Int. J. Thermophys. 25:21–69, 2004. Properties at the freezing point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. In the range from the solidification point to 873 K at pressures to 70 MPa, the estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the equation of state is 0.1%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated speed of sound values is 0.2% and that for calculated heat capacities is 1%. At temperatures above 873 K and 70 MPa, the estimated uncertainty of calculated density values is 0.5%, increasing to 1.0% at 2000 K and 2000 MPa. For viscosity, the uncertainty is 1% in the dilute gas. The uncertainty is around 2% between 270 and 300 K and increases to 5% outside of this region. There are very few measurements between 130 and 270 K for air to validate this claim, and the uncertainties may be even higher in this supercritical region. For thermal conductivity, the uncertainty for the dilute gas is 2% with increasing uncertainties near the triple points. The uncertainties range from 3% between 140 and 300 K to 5% at the triple point and at high temperatures. The uncertainties above 100 MPa are not known due to a lack of experimental data.
−100
0
10. 8.
60
(R-729) reference state: h = 0.0 kJ/kg, s = 0.00 kJ/(kg·K) for ideal gas at 0 K
0.
0.
0.
Air
100
200 0.
300
.
400
150.
200
30
40
50
−200 20.
500
3
100.
g/m ρ = 80. k
700.
10. 8.
40.
6.
30.
c.p.
110
100
90
70
60.
4.
20.
T = 80 K
2.
800.
900.
6. 4.
600 20.
15.
120
2.
10.
120
500
480
440
420
400
380
360
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
160
140
6.
80
0 6.6
0 6.4
0
)
g·K
/(k
00
J 0k
3.0
0.4
0.2
20
7.
7.
s=
7.4
300
400
0.1 0.08
0.40
0.06 0.04
0.20 0.15 0 7.8
200
0.60
0.30
0
100
0.6
1.0
7.6
0
4.0
1.5
0.02
−100
1. 0.8
2.0
70
0.01 −200
6.0
0.80
6.2
or
100
saturated vap
0.9
0.8
0.7
2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00
0.04
0.5
80
0.1 0.08 0.06
0.6
0.3 x = 0.4
0.2
0.1
ted li
0.2
quid
90
180
0.4
T = 460 K
8.0
T = 100 K
0.6
satura
Pressure (MPa)
110
1. 0.8
0.02
0.10
500
0.01 600
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
2-215
FIG. 2-5 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for dry air. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T., Penoncello, S. G., and Friend, D. G., “Thermodynamic Properties of Air and Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen from 60 to 2000 K at Pressures to 2000 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29:331–385, 2000.
2-216
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-188
Air
Other tables include Stewart, R. B., S. G. Penoncello, et al., University of Idaho CATS report, 85-5, 1985 (0.1–700 bar, 85–750 K), and Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T., Penoncello, S. G., and Friend, D. G., Thermodynamic Properties of Air and Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen from 60 to 2000 K at Pressures to 2000 MPa, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 29(3): 331–385, 2000. Tables including reactions with hydrocarbons include Gordon, S., NASA Techn. Paper 1907, 4 vols., 1982. See also Gupta, R. N., K-P. Lee, et al., NASA RP 1232, 1990 (89 pp.) and RP 1260, 1991 (75 pp.). Analytic expressions for high temperatures were given by Matsuzaki, R., Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 21, 7 (1982): 1009–1013 and Japanese National Aerospace Laboratory report NAL TR 671, 1981 (45 pp.). Functions from 1500 to 15,000 K were tabulated by Hilsenrath, J. and M. Klein, AEDC-TR-65-58 = AD 612 301, 1965 (333 pp.). Tables from 10000 to 10,000,000 K were authored by Gilmore, F. R., Lockheed rept. 3-27-67-1, vol 1., 1967 (340 pp.), also published as Radiative Properties of Air, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1969 (648 pp.). Saturation and superheat tables and a chart to 7000 psia, 660°R appear in Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, Ga, 1986 (521 pp.). For specific heat, thermal conductivity, and viscosity see Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993. AIR, MOIST An ASHRAE publication, Thermodynamic Properties of Dry Air and Water and S. I. Psychrometric Charts, 1983 (360 pp.), extensively reviews moist air properties. Gandiduson, P., Chem. Eng., Oct. 29, 1984 gives on page 118 a nomograph from 50 to 120°F, while equations in SI units were given by Nelson, B., Chem. Eng. Progr. 76, 5 (May 1980): 83–85. Liley, P. E., 2000 Solved Problems in M.E. Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989, gives four simple equations with which most calculations can be made. Devres, Y.O., Appl. Energy 48 (1994): 1–18 gives equations with which three known properties can be used to determine four others. Klappert, M. T. and G. F. Schilling, Rand RM-4244-PR = AD 604 856, 1984 (40 pp.) gives tables from 100 to 270 K, while programs from −60 to 2°F are given by Sando, F. A., ASHRAE Trans., 96, 2 (1990): 299–308. Viscosity references include Kestin, J. and J. H. Whitelaw, Int. J. Ht. Mass Transf. 7, 11 (1964): 1245–1255; Studnokov, E. L., Inz.-Fiz. Zhur. 19, 2 (1970): 338–340; Hochramer, D. and F. Munczak, Setzb. Ost. Acad. Wiss II 175, 10 (1966): 540–550. For thermal conductivity see, for instance, Mason, E. A. and L. Monchick, Humidity and Moisture Control in Science and Industry, Reinhold, New York, 1965 (257–272).
TABLE 2-189
Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
195.50 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 405.40
0.0060912 0.0086509 0.017739 0.033790 0.060407 0.10223 0.16494 0.25531 0.38107 0.55092 0.77436 1.0617 1.4240 1.8728 2.4205 3.0802 3.8660 4.7929 5.8778 7.1402 8.6045 10.305 11.339
43.035 42.754 42.111 41.442 40.748 40.032 39.293 38.533 37.748 36.939 36.101 35.230 34.320 33.363 32.350 31.264 30.087 28.788 27.321 25.606 23.465 20.232 13.212
195.50 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 405.40
0.0060912 0.0086509 0.017739 0.033790 0.060407 0.10223 0.16494 0.25531 0.38107 0.55092 0.77436 1.0617 1.4240 1.8728 2.4205 3.0802 3.8660 4.7929 5.8778 7.1402 8.6045 10.305 11.339
0.0037635 0.0052305 0.010249 0.018721 0.032214 0.052667 0.082417 0.12421 0.18126 0.25729 0.35664 0.48448 0.64702 0.85202 1.1094 1.4325 1.8399 2.3598 3.0375 3.9558 5.2979 7.6973 13.212
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.00000 0.32333 1.0480 1.7825 2.5265 3.2793 4.0403 4.8093 5.5862 6.3712 7.1651 7.9691 8.7850 9.6153 10.463 11.333 12.232 13.169 14.158 15.224 16.424 17.969 20.640
0.00014154 0.32353 1.0484 1.7833 2.5279 3.2818 4.0445 4.8160 5.5963 6.3861 7.1866 7.9993 8.8265 9.6714 10.538 11.432 12.361 13.335 14.373 15.503 16.790 18.478 21.499
23.661 23.770 24.006 24.233 24.450 24.655 24.846 25.021 25.179 25.317 25.435 25.528 25.595 25.632 25.634 25.595 25.505 25.350 25.107 24.734 24.144 23.047 20.640
25.279 25.424 25.737 26.038 26.325 26.596 26.847 27.077 27.281 27.459 27.606 27.720 27.796 27.830 27.816 27.746 27.606 27.381 27.042 26.539 25.768 24.386 21.499
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
0.00000 0.0016351 0.0051707 0.0085874 0.011894 0.015098 0.018205 0.021222 0.024154 0.027010 0.029797 0.032525 0.035203 0.037843 0.040458 0.043065 0.045682 0.048339 0.051075 0.053961 0.057149 0.061223 0.068559
0.049972 0.049837 0.049521 0.049207 0.048906 0.048613 0.048327 0.048047 0.047774 0.047511 0.047266 0.047044 0.046856 0.046715 0.046636 0.046642 0.046767 0.047064 0.047619 0.048589 0.050319 0.054109
0.071565 0.071988 0.072971 0.073950 0.074883 0.075764 0.076608 0.077448 0.078328 0.079296 0.080412 0.081747 0.083390 0.085465 0.088145 0.091701 0.096576 0.10357 0.11435 0.13314 0.17550 0.38707
2124.2 2080.2 1992.7 1913.7 1839.2 1766.9 1695.6 1624.5 1553.1 1481.0 1407.8 1333.2 1256.7 1177.9 1096.5 1011.8 923.38 830.62 732.78 628.75 515.88 384.58 0
0.12931 0.12714 0.12273 0.11884 0.11536 0.11224 0.10942 0.10684 0.10447 0.10227 0.10021 0.098259 0.096395 0.094589 0.092817 0.091046 0.089242 0.087355 0.085316 0.083003 0.080169 0.075992 0.068559
0.026510 0.026650 0.027053 0.027583 0.028245 0.029043 0.029978 0.031050 0.032253 0.033581 0.035028 0.036584 0.038244 0.040004 0.041868 0.043844 0.045954 0.048233 0.050744 0.053589 0.056957 0.061281
0.035130 0.035345 0.035961 0.036783 0.037836 0.039142 0.040728 0.042623 0.044859 0.047476 0.050530 0.054099 0.058302 0.063320 0.069443 0.077150 0.087280 0.10141 0.12286 0.16000 0.24170 0.59477
354.12 357.91 365.94 373.38 380.19 386.30 391.66 396.20 399.86 402.59 404.30 404.95 404.45 402.70 399.61 395.05 388.86 380.83 370.69 357.96 341.67 318.22 0
Therm. Joule-Thomson cond. K/MPa mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
Saturated Properties 0.023237 0.023389 0.023747 0.024130 0.024541 0.024980 0.025450 0.025952 0.026491 0.027072 0.027700 0.028385 0.029138 0.029973 0.030912 0.031986 0.033237 0.034737 0.036602 0.039054 0.042616 0.049426 0.075690 265.71 191.19 97.573 53.415 31.043 18.987 12.133 8.0506 5.5168 3.8867 2.8040 2.0641 1.5455 1.1737 0.90139 0.69810 0.54350 0.42377 0.32922 0.25279 0.18875 0.12992 0.075690
−0.23362 −0.22917 −0.21883 −0.20813 −0.19712 −0.18561 −0.17327 −0.15963 −0.14414 −0.12612 −0.10470 −0.078790 −0.046923 −0.0070718 0.043673 0.10967 0.19774 0.31928 0.49497 0.76738 1.2455 2.3557 5.0513 171.13 152.55 120.01 96.215 78.430 64.852 54.280 45.905 39.175 33.701 29.207 25.489 22.391 19.794 17.599 15.728 14.112 12.690 11.400 10.172 8.9038 7.3513 5.0513
818.99 803.14 768.02 733.17 698.80 665.09 632.16 600.07 568.85 538.50 508.99 480.25 452.23 424.83 397.96 371.51 345.32 319.25 293.07 266.57 239.65 216.00
559.57 507.28 414.98 346.68 294.94 254.85 223.08 197.34 176.06 158.12 142.74 129.33 117.49 106.91 97.325 88.555 80.430 72.796 65.493 58.315 50.877 41.802
19.636 19.684 19.860 20.132 20.503 20.978 21.560 22.258 23.079 24.034 25.138 26.408 27.872 29.568 31.559 33.945 36.900 40.752 46.149 54.556 70.114 113.54
6.8396 6.9515 7.2115 7.4846 7.7679 8.0587 8.3552 8.6558 8.9595 9.2664 9.5771 9.8938 10.220 10.561 10.927 11.330 11.792 12.346 13.053 14.025 15.527 18.529
2-217
2-218
TABLE 2-189
Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
200.00 239.56 239.56 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 200.00 298.05 298.05 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 200.00 300.00 362.03 362.03 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 200.00 300.00 398.32 398.32 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0
42.756 40.064 0.051595 0.040502 0.030171 0.024091 0.020060 0.017188 42.774 35.403 0.45697 0.45215 0.31157 0.24426 0.20197 0.17248 42.852 35.450 28.505 2.4828 1.8706 1.3046 1.0412 0.87563 42.947 35.714 20.945 7.1390 6.5455 2.8656 2.1650 1.7835 38.995 33.105 27.067 21.518 17.303 45.670 42.416 39.515 36.909 34.550 49.944 47.551 45.362 43.378 41.556
0.023388 0.024960 19.382 24.690 33.144 41.509 49.849 58.179 0.023379 0.028246 2.1883 2.2117 3.2095 4.0940 4.9513 5.7977 0.023336 0.028209 0.035081 0.40277 0.53459 0.76650 0.96040 1.1420 0.023284 0.028000 0.047744 0.14008 0.15278 0.34897 0.46190 0.56069 0.025644 0.030207 0.036945 0.046473 0.057794 0.021896 0.023576 0.025307 0.027094 0.028943 0.020022 0.021030 0.022045 0.023053 0.024064
0.32270 3.2461 24.646 26.378 29.297 32.514 36.096 40.068 0.31651 7.8111 25.512 25.592 29.019 32.359 35.994 39.994 0.28942 7.8852 13.365 25.309 27.540 31.630 35.527 39.662 0.25644 7.7848 17.655 23.303 23.801 30.616 34.920 39.241 6.5830 13.432 20.212 26.825 33.074 4.7114 10.633 16.367 22.007 27.680 4.1818 9.8612 15.432 20.911 26.418
0.32504 3.2486 26.584 28.847 32.612 36.665 41.081 45.885 0.33989 7.8393 27.700 27.804 32.229 36.453 40.945 45.792 0.40611 8.0263 13.540 27.323 30.213 35.462 40.329 45.373 0.48928 8.0648 18.132 24.704 25.329 34.106 39.539 44.848 9.1474 16.453 23.907 31.472 38.854 15.660 22.421 29.021 35.554 42.152 24.204 30.891 37.477 43.964 50.481
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.071983 0.075726 0.039079 0.036849 0.038883 0.042280 0.046083 0.050015 0.071938 0.081465 0.053356 0.052493 0.041627 0.043338 0.046628 0.050341 0.071739 0.080899 0.10538 0.10501 0.061581 0.048779 0.049210 0.051836 0.071495 0.079960 0.30653 0.46915 0.30552 0.057806 0.052806 0.053796 0.072740 0.073557 0.075495 0.075193 0.072317 0.067831 0.066802 0.065418 0.065476 0.066615 0.065784 0.066677 0.065150 0.064819 0.065697
2080.3 1770.0 386.05 434.39 497.93 550.96 597.69 640.16 2081.5 1347.9 404.91 407.16 488.94 546.79 595.60 639.15 2086.8 1361.2 811.17 378.95 441.81 528.14 586.79 635.17 2093.5 1394.2 409.04 323.12 336.28 505.64 577.38 631.50 1774.7 1378.2 1081.8 918.11 861.52 2597.1 2353.2 2176.9 2044.6 1943.8 3230.2 2997.6 2842.8 2728.6 2639.0
−0.22921 −0.18613 65.377 27.493 10.681 5.5276 3.2702 2.0841 −0.22959 −0.084271 26.163 25.620 10.494 5.4884 3.2544 2.0746 −0.23126 −0.089577 0.34968 12.419 9.6373 5.2830 3.1693 2.0254 −0.23328 −0.10159 2.0704 7.6606 7.7633 4.9335 3.0278 1.9491 −0.19551 −0.11309 0.049919 0.23722 0.32753 −0.25055 −0.25064 −0.25260 −0.24722 −0.23682 −0.25989 −0.25431 −0.26084 −0.26235 −0.25820
803.24 666.56 20.955 25.100 37.215 53.119 68.607 78.312 804.23 485.81 26.145 26.308 38.087 53.750 69.123 78.751 808.60 487.57 313.94 41.693 45.730 57.294 71.791 80.941 814.02 496.50 218.73 101.04 95.455 63.922 76.053 84.235 622.86 431.98 305.65 234.79 196.04 989.00 804.05 674.00 582.63 511.57 1324.0 1138.9 996.49 887.73 797.25
507.47 256.42 8.0459 10.161 13.971 17.863 21.682 25.391 509.28 131.82 9.8313 9.9115 13.927 17.877 21.717 25.434 517.30 132.49 71.291 12.475 14.036 18.073 21.941 25.662 527.29 136.36 43.632 17.793 17.230 18.722 22.393 26.035 193.71 96.237 60.386 46.188 41.237 376.31 188.46 120.77 91.251 77.538 554.62 274.91 174.11 129.02 107.14
Single-Phase Properties 0.0016320 0.014960 0.11237 0.12080 0.13162 0.14065 0.14869 0.15609 0.0016010 0.031996 0.098633 0.098979 0.11177 0.12119 0.12937 0.13684 0.0014649 0.032243 0.048887 0.086956 0.094581 0.10634 0.11521 0.12298 0.0012980 0.031903 0.060394 0.076892 0.078458 0.098525 0.10844 0.11663 0.027511 0.048523 0.065147 0.078942 0.090326 0.018023 0.037482 0.052215 0.064127 0.074295 0.011750 0.030984 0.045686 0.057514 0.067559
0.049842 0.048626 0.029005 0.028021 0.030417 0.033897 0.037731 0.041678 0.049890 0.047085 0.036271 0.035866 0.031641 0.034312 0.037928 0.041791 0.050097 0.047090 0.047152 0.048722 0.038466 0.036193 0.038798 0.042289 0.050342 0.047164 0.053149 0.060447 0.057611 0.038603 0.039862 0.042896 0.048894 0.046636 0.045999 0.046723 0.048331 0.052877 0.051527 0.050431 0.050614 0.051816 0.055176 0.054864 0.053323 0.052940 0.053649
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Tillner-Roth, R., Harms-Watzenberg, F., and Baehr, H. D.,“Eine neue Fundamentalgleichung fuer Ammoniak,” DKV-Tagungsbericht, 20:167–181, 1993. The source for viscosity is Fenghour, A., Wakeham, W. A., Vesovic, V., Watson, J. T. R., Millat, J., and Vogel, E., “The Viscosity of Ammonia,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 24:1649–1667, 1995. The source for thermal conductivity is Tufeu, R., Ivanov, D. Y., Garrabos, Y., and Le Neindre, B., “Thermal Conductivity of Ammonia in a Large Temperature and Pressure Range Including the Critical Region,” Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 88:422–427, 1984. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.2% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 2% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.2%. The uncertainty varies from 0.5% for the viscosity of the dilute gas phase at moderate temperatures to about 5% for the viscosity at high pressures and temperatures. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 2%.
1200
0.
0.
1400
0.
0.
1600
.
1800
2000
2200 3
0. k ρ = 10 80.
150
20.
60. c.p.
40.
20
15.
80
10. 8.0
2.
4.0 T = 20 °C
20
300
280
260
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
saturated
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
x=
sat
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
ura
ted
0.1
liqu
id
vapor
0
240
0.6 0.4
1. 0.8
2.0
0.6
1.5
0.4
1.0 0.80 0.60
60
00
40
60
0.02
K)
g·
8.
7.
0 7.2
0 6.8
0
0 6.4
6.0
0
0 5.6
5.2
4.80
4.40
4.00
3.60
3.20
2.80
2.40
2.00
1.60
1.20
0.80
0.40
0.06
s
=
(k J/
k
0.1 0.08
0.20
0.06
80
8.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0.15
0.10 0.080
8.
0.2
0.30 40
0.04
2.
3.0
0.40
0.1 0.08
4.
6.0
40
0.01 −200
6.
20.
60
Pressure (MPa)
10. 8.
30.
100
1. 0.8
2400 40.
g/m
.
200
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.
0.
. 550
600
1000
120
0
40
60
6. 4.
800
650.
700.
10. 8.
40
(R-717) reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C
T = 20 °C
20.
.
Ammonia
600
120
400
100
200
80
0
60
−200 40.
0.060
2200
0.04
0.02
0.01 2400
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) 2-219
FIG. 2-6 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for ammonia. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Tillner-Roth, R., Harms-Watzenberg, F., and Baehr, H. D., “Eine neue Fundamentalgleichung für Ammoniak, DKV-Tagungsbericht 20(II):167–181, 1993.
Enthalpy-concentration diagram for aqueous ammonia. From Thermodynamic and Physical Properties NH3 –H2O, Int. Inst. Refrigeration, Paris, France, 1994 (88 pp.). Reproduced by permission. In order to determine equilibrium compositions, draw a vertical from any liquid composition on any boiling line (the lowest plots) to intersect the appropriate auxiliary curve (the intermediate curves). A horizontal then drawn from this point to the appropriate dew line (the upper curves) will establish the vapor composition. The Int. Inst. Refrigeration publication also gives extensive P-v-x tables from −50 to 316°C. Other sources include Park, Y. M. and Sonntag, R. E., ASHRAE Trans., 96, 1 (1990): 150–159 (x, h, s, tables, 360 to 640 K); Ibrahim, O. M. and S. A. Klein, ASHRAE Trans., 99, 1 (1993): 1495–1502 (Eqs., 0.2 to 110 bar, 293 to 413 K); Smolen, T. M., D. B. Manley, et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 36 (1991): 202–208 (p-x correlation, 0.9 to 450 psia, 293–413 K); Ruiter, J. P., Int. J. Refrig., 13 (1990): 223–236 gives ten subroutines for computer calculations. FIG. 2-7
TABLE 2-190
Thermodynamic Properties of Argon
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
83.806 85.000 87.000 89.000 91.000 93.000 95.000 97.000 99.000 101.00 103.00 105.00 107.00 109.00 111.00 113.00 115.00 117.00 119.00 121.00 123.00 125.00 127.00 129.00 131.00 133.00 135.00 137.00 139.00 141.00 143.00 145.00 147.00 149.00 150.69
0.068891 0.078897 0.098131 0.12078 0.14723 0.17785 0.21305 0.25323 0.29882 0.35023 0.40789 0.47224 0.54371 0.62276 0.70982 0.80535 0.90981 1.0237 1.1473 1.2814 1.4262 1.5823 1.7503 1.9305 2.1237 2.3303 2.5509 2.7862 3.0369 3.3037 3.5876 3.8896 4.2111 4.5541 4.8630
35.465 35.284 34.977 34.667 34.353 34.035 33.713 33.386 33.054 32.715 32.371 32.020 31.662 31.296 30.921 30.538 30.144 29.739 29.322 28.891 28.446 27.983 27.502 26.999 26.471 25.913 25.320 24.683 23.993 23.233 22.379 21.385 20.163 18.446 13.407
0.028197 0.028342 0.028590 0.028846 0.029109 0.029381 0.029662 0.029953 0.030254 0.030567 0.030892 0.031230 0.031584 0.031953 0.032340 0.032747 0.033174 0.033626 0.034104 0.034613 0.035155 0.035735 0.036361 0.037039 0.037778 0.038591 0.039495 0.040513 0.041678 0.043041 0.044686 0.046762 0.049597 0.054213 0.074586
−4.8531 −4.8000 −4.7110 −4.6220 −4.5328 −4.4433 −4.3534 −4.2632 −4.1725 −4.0812 −3.9893 −3.8968 −3.8034 −3.7092 −3.6141 −3.5180 −3.4207 −3.3222 −3.2223 −3.1208 −3.0175 −2.9123 −2.8049 −2.6949 −2.5820 −2.4655 −2.3449 −2.2192 −2.0871 −1.9468 −1.7953 −1.6277 −1.4335 −1.1822 −0.53575
−4.8512 −4.7977 −4.7082 −4.6185 −4.5285 −4.4380 −4.3471 −4.2556 −4.1634 −4.0705 −3.9767 −3.8820 −3.7862 −3.6893 −3.5912 −3.4916 −3.3905 −3.2878 −3.1831 −3.0764 −2.9674 −2.8558 −2.7413 −2.6234 −2.5018 −2.3756 −2.2442 −2.1063 −1.9605 −1.8046 −1.6350 −1.4458 −1.2247 −0.93533 −0.17304
0.053110 0.053740 0.054774 0.055787 0.056778 0.057752 0.058708 0.059649 0.060575 0.061489 0.062391 0.063283 0.064165 0.065039 0.065906 0.066767 0.067623 0.068477 0.069328 0.070179 0.071031 0.071886 0.072747 0.073616 0.074496 0.075392 0.076309 0.077253 0.078235 0.079268 0.080375 0.081593 0.083001 0.084835 0.089789
83.806 85.000 87.000 89.000 91.000 93.000 95.000 97.000 99.000 101.00 103.00 105.00 107.00 109.00 111.00 113.00 115.00 117.00 119.00 121.00 123.00 125.00
0.068891 0.078897 0.098131 0.12078 0.14723 0.17785 0.21305 0.25323 0.29882 0.35023 0.40789 0.47224 0.54371 0.62276 0.70982 0.80535 0.90981 1.0237 1.1473 1.2814 1.4262 1.5823
9.8526 8.7019 7.1253 5.8895 4.9104 4.1266 3.4935 2.9774 2.5533 2.2021 1.9092 1.6632 1.4553 1.2786 1.1274 0.99752 0.88525 0.78776 0.70269 0.62813 0.56248 0.50443
1.0103 1.0212 1.0388 1.0554 1.0710 1.0855 1.0988 1.1108 1.1216 1.1309 1.1387 1.1449 1.1494 1.1521 1.1528 1.1515 1.1480 1.1421 1.1336 1.1223 1.1079 1.0901
1.6891 1.7078 1.7380 1.7668 1.7939 1.8194 1.8431 1.8648 1.8845 1.9021 1.9174 1.9303 1.9406 1.9483 1.9531 1.9549 1.9534 1.9485 1.9398 1.9271 1.9101 1.8883
0.13115 0.13028 0.12887 0.12753 0.12626 0.12504 0.12387 0.12275 0.12167 0.12062 0.11962 0.11864 0.11769 0.11676 0.11585 0.11497 0.11409 0.11323 0.11238 0.11153 0.11069 0.10984
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.021956 0.021764 0.021461 0.021178 0.020912 0.020662 0.020424 0.020198 0.019982 0.019777 0.019580 0.019393 0.019214 0.019044 0.018883 0.018731 0.018589 0.018458 0.018337 0.018229 0.018134 0.018056 0.017995 0.017955 0.017941 0.017957 0.018011 0.018109 0.018264 0.018501 0.018882 0.019546 0.020842 0.023975
0.044570 0.044571 0.044620 0.044720 0.044869 0.045063 0.045301 0.045583 0.045909 0.046282 0.046705 0.047181 0.047715 0.048313 0.048984 0.049737 0.050584 0.051541 0.052626 0.053865 0.055288 0.056938 0.058870 0.061161 0.063916 0.067291 0.071519 0.076964 0.084237 0.094443 0.10982 0.13580 0.18993 0.37941
862.43 854.24 840.43 826.48 812.39 798.14 783.72 769.14 754.37 739.40 724.21 708.81 693.16 677.26 661.08 644.60 627.79 610.64 593.11 575.16 556.75 537.83 518.34 498.21 477.36 455.69 433.10 409.47 384.62 358.17 329.41 297.06 258.79 209.33 0
−0.40500 −0.40120 −0.39386 −0.38530 −0.37551 −0.36447 −0.35214 −0.33847 −0.32336 −0.30671 −0.28840 −0.26827 −0.24614 −0.22181 −0.19503 −0.16549 −0.13284 −0.096667 −0.056465 −0.011619 0.038624 0.095199 0.15928 0.23236 0.31637 0.41386 0.52823 0.66427 0.82889 1.0326 1.2928 1.6405 2.1416 2.9836 5.2503
133.63 131.86 128.91 125.97 123.06 120.16 117.28 114.44 111.63 108.82 106.03 103.26 100.50 97.768 95.055 92.363 89.695 87.049 84.428 81.832 79.260 76.711 74.185 71.679 69.190 66.713 64.243 61.773 59.297 56.816 54.352 52.009 50.224 51.152
290.17 279.46 262.70 247.29 233.09 219.98 207.87 196.65 186.24 176.58 167.58 159.18 151.32 143.96 137.04 130.52 124.35 118.50 112.93 107.61 102.49 97.565 92.791 88.143 83.595 79.119 74.689 70.276 65.850 61.374 56.802 52.060 46.982 41.002
0.012972 0.013015 0.013092 0.013176 0.013267 0.013364 0.013469 0.013580 0.013700 0.013828 0.013964 0.014108 0.014263 0.014427 0.014602 0.014789 0.014989 0.015203 0.015432 0.015679 0.015945 0.016234
0.022172 0.022310 0.022563 0.022845 0.023159 0.023506 0.023892 0.024318 0.024789 0.025310 0.025887 0.026526 0.027235 0.028024 0.028904 0.029890 0.030998 0.032251 0.033674 0.035305 0.037186 0.039377
168.12 169.08 170.64 172.12 173.52 174.85 176.11 177.29 178.39 179.41 180.36 181.22 182.01 182.71 183.33 183.87 184.33 184.70 184.98 185.17 185.27 185.28
35.712 34.706 33.127 31.668 30.315 29.056 27.883 26.785 25.755 24.786 23.873 23.009 22.189 21.410 20.667 19.955 19.272 18.615 17.979 17.361 16.758 16.167
Saturated Properties
2-221
0.10150 0.11492 0.14035 0.16979 0.20365 0.24233 0.28625 0.33587 0.39165 0.45412 0.52379 0.60126 0.68714 0.78213 0.88696 1.0025 1.1296 1.2694 1.4231 1.5920 1.7778 1.9824
5.3590 5.4485 5.6006 5.7559 5.9147 6.0776 6.2452 6.4180 6.5969 6.7825 6.9760 7.1783 7.3908 7.6149 7.8524 8.1054 8.3764 8.6685 8.9853 9.3315 9.7128 10.136
6.8558 6.9622 7.1414 7.3219 7.5039 7.6877 7.8736 8.0617 8.2524 8.4461 8.6432 8.8440 9.0492 9.2592 9.4749 9.6969 9.9262 10.164 10.411 10.670 10.942 11.228
2-222 TABLE 2-190
Thermodynamic Properties of Argon (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
127.00 129.00 131.00 133.00 135.00 137.00 139.00 141.00 143.00 145.00 147.00 149.00 150.69
1.7503 1.9305 2.1237 2.3303 2.5509 2.7862 3.0369 3.3037 3.5876 3.8896 4.2111 4.5541 4.8630
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
100.00 116.60
1.0000 1.0000
116.60 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
0.45288 0.40690 0.36570 0.32861 0.29505 0.26451 0.23652 0.21066 0.18647 0.16342 0.14073 0.11646 0.074586
1.0685 1.0428 1.0122 0.97615 0.93360 0.88331 0.82353 0.75170 0.66386 0.55308 0.40516 0.17894 −0.53575
1.8612 1.8283 1.7888 1.7419 1.6862 1.6203 1.5418 1.4476 1.3328 1.1887 0.99779 0.70930 −0.17304
1.2122 2.4833 3.7351 4.9842 6.2324 7.4803 8.7279
2.0249 4.1414 6.2279 8.3099 10.390 12.470 14.550
0.13179 0.14649 0.15495 0.16094 0.16559 0.16938 0.17258
0.030345 0.033533
−4.1375 −3.3421
−4.1072 −3.3086
1.2403 0.61937 0.40331 0.30073 0.24013 0.19997 0.17137
0.80628 1.6145 2.4795 3.3252 4.1644 5.0007 5.8354
1.1435 2.3849 3.6807 4.9476 6.2054 7.4592 8.7110
33.343 3.5342 2.0596 1.5022 1.1914 0.98986 0.84774
0.029992 0.28295 0.48554 0.66567 0.83938 1.0102 1.1796
33.779 8.4545 4.1955 2.9896 2.3554 1.9532 1.6722
0.029604 0.11828 0.23835 0.33449 0.42455 0.51198 0.59801
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
0.041958 0.045036 0.048764 0.053370 0.059209 0.066854 0.077279 0.092257 0.11542 0.15563 0.24158 0.54500
185.18 184.98 184.68 184.27 183.74 183.03 182.09 180.81 179.05 176.57 172.74 165.39 133.87
0.012807 0.012497 0.012479 0.012475 0.012474 0.012473 0.012473
0.021852 0.020918 0.020834 0.020810 0.020801 0.020796 0.020793
0.060927 0.068305
0.019909 0.018483
1.9497 3.9995 6.1603 8.2728 10.370 12.460 14.546
0.11340 0.12686 0.13563 0.14171 0.14639 0.15020 0.15342
−4.1962 1.8892 3.4362 4.7860 6.0868 7.3671 8.6370
−4.0463 3.3039 5.8640 8.1144 10.284 12.418 14.535
−4.2615 1.1163 3.1284 4.5884 5.9428 7.2556 8.5473
−3.9654 2.2991 5.5119 7.9333 10.188 12.375 14.527
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
15.585 15.007 14.430 13.851 13.262 12.655 12.019 11.341 10.606 9.7892 8.8407 7.6233 0
10.611 11.150 11.768 12.487 13.337 14.363 15.633 17.255 19.424 22.530 27.572 38.688
11.533 11.860 12.212 12.596 13.018 13.489 14.022 14.638 15.370 16.274 17.475 19.366
184.16 263.21 322.67 372.65 416.64 456.40 492.95
25.048 7.4099 3.6153 1.9970 1.1105 0.55603 0.17948
6.4504 12.539 17.837 22.516 26.726 30.573 34.134
8.2341 15.998 22.741 28.704 34.077 38.997 43.556
0.045870 0.051339
751.59 614.12
−0.32095 −0.10424
0.015159 0.012725 0.012545 0.012507 0.012493 0.012487 0.012483
0.031986 0.022195 0.021266 0.021025 0.020928 0.020879 0.020851
184.63 261.59 323.44 374.06 418.25 458.06 494.61
18.745 7.2269 3.5287 1.9489 1.0808 0.53628 0.16568
0.060330 0.11098 0.12145 0.12793 0.13277 0.13667 0.13993
0.020096 0.013847 0.012825 0.012643 0.012578 0.012547 0.012530
0.044750 0.030481 0.023284 0.021972 0.021480 0.021239 0.021104
777.34 257.20 328.37 381.06 425.81 465.68 502.09
−0.35058 6.1700 3.1276 1.7370 0.95180 0.45113 0.10636
114.41 16.132 19.721 23.882 27.811 31.477 34.910
193.32 18.205 23.850 29.440 34.619 39.420 43.899
0.059648 0.10142 0.11472 0.12170 0.12674 0.13073 0.13404
0.020331 0.015240 0.013145 0.012803 0.012681 0.012621 0.012587
0.043670 0.048544 0.025892 0.023107 0.022129 0.021662 0.021400
805.91 267.70 338.42 391.51 436.14 475.69 511.73
−0.37991 4.1966 2.6066 1.4795 0.79870 0.35092 0.036761
118.60 23.573 22.192 25.505 29.044 32.479 35.757
205.82 23.429 25.583 30.479 35.348 39.971 44.338
Saturated Properties 2.2081 2.4576 2.7345 3.0431 3.3893 3.7806 4.2280 4.7471 5.3629 6.1190 7.1057 8.5869 13.407
0.10899 0.10813 0.10725 0.10635 0.10542 0.10445 0.10343 0.10233 0.10113 0.099762 0.098120 0.095873 0.089789
0.016549 0.016892 0.017269 0.017684 0.018152 0.018697 0.019352 0.020167 0.021213 0.022619 0.024694 0.028532
Single-Phase Properties
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
0.12304 0.060310 0.040115 0.030069 0.024050 0.020041 0.017177 32.955 29.821
8.1275 16.581 24.928 33.257 41.580 49.899 58.217
110.85 87.579 8.6079 12.995 18.142 22.749 26.915 30.733 34.272
183.08 119.65 10.115 16.256 22.901 28.817 34.163 39.065 43.612
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
30.368 24.152 19.710 16.607 14.372 12.695
0.032930 0.041404 0.050736 0.060216 0.069578 0.078769
−1.9234 0.48428 2.5103 4.2850 5.9046 7.4268
1.3696 4.6247 7.5839 10.307 12.862 15.304
0.077319 0.090561 0.099092 0.10518 0.10984 0.11361
0.017598 0.015534 0.014579 0.014048 0.013716 0.013492
0.034137 0.031005 0.028287 0.026288 0.024915 0.023969
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00
41.639 38.382 35.672 33.368 31.379 29.643
0.024016 0.026054 0.028033 0.029969 0.031868 0.033734
−2.6867 −0.59281 1.3125 3.0950 4.7903 6.4198
9.3214 12.434 15.329 18.079 20.724 23.287
0.063085 0.075743 0.084083 0.090226 0.095050 0.099002
0.022923 0.019980 0.018316 0.017262 0.016535 0.016000
0.032604 0.029872 0.028142 0.026929 0.026007 0.025273
1519.6 1443.8 1393.0 1358.5 1334.9 1318.8
−0.60932 −0.67083 −0.71809 −0.75700 −0.79113 −0.82207
218.05 184.82 161.66 145.02 132.94 124.11
504.85 259.42 183.29 151.69 135.48 125.84
44.836 42.715 40.856 39.201 37.711
0.022304 0.023411 0.024476 0.025510 0.026518
−0.13952 1.7386 3.5106 5.2086 6.8515
22.164 25.150 27.987 30.718 33.369
0.068356 0.076958 0.083293 0.088276 0.092364
0.022820 0.020840 0.019528 0.018596 0.017896
0.030815 0.029020 0.027790 0.026881 0.026165
1866.0 1823.7 1791.9 1767.8 1749.3
−0.61332 −0.65733 −0.69220 −0.72129 −0.74683
267.67 243.17 223.98 208.59 196.06
666.74 410.53 297.24 239.91 207.86
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0
854.48 733.39 690.42 683.08 690.94 705.52
−0.51219 −0.45856 −0.45296 −0.49513 −0.55858 −0.62622
99.994 70.273 59.077 54.952 53.635 53.660
120.12 75.589 61.649 57.655 57.185 58.260
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Tegeler, Ch., Span, R., and Wagner, W., “A New Equation of State for Argon Covering the Fluid Region for Temperatures from the Melting Line to 700 K at Pressures up to 1000 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28(3):779–850, 1999. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Equations for Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Air,” Int. J. Thermophys. 25:21–69, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The estimated uncertainty in density is less than 0.02% for pressures up to 12 MPa and temperatures up to 340 K with the exception of the critical region and less than 0.03% for pressures up to 30 MPa and temperatures between 235 and 520 K. Elsewhere, the uncertainty in density is generally within 0.2%. In the region with densities up to one-half the critical density and for temperatures between 90 and 450 K, the estimated uncertainty of calculated speeds of sound is in general less than 0.02%. In the liquid and supercritical regions, the uncertainty is less than 1%. The uncertainty in heat capacities is within 0.3% for the vapor and 2% for the liquid. The formulation gives reasonable extrapolation behavior up to very high pressures (50 GPa) and temperatures (17,000 K). For viscosity, the uncertainty is 0.5% in the dilute gas. Away from the dilute gas (pressures greater than 1 MPa and in the liquid), the uncertainties are as low as 1% between 270 and 300 K at pressures less than 100 MPa, and increase outside that range. The uncertainties are around 2% at temperatures of 180 K and higher. Below this and away from the critical region, the uncertainties steadily increase to around 5% at the triple points of the fluids. The uncertainties in the critical region are higher. For thermal conductivity, the uncertainty for the dilute gas is 2% with increasing uncertainties near the triple point. For the nondilute gas, the uncertainty is 2% for temperatures greater than 170 K. The uncertainty is 3% at temperatures less than the critical point and 5% in the critical region, except for states very near the critical point.
2-223
2-224
TABLE 2-191
Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Data for the Argon-Nitrogen-Oxygen System
Liquid mole fraction N2/(N2 +O2)
Ar
N2
Vapor mole fraction O2
Ar
N2
O2
p0 (kPa)
Relative volatility Temperature K
N2/Ar
N2/O2
Ar/O2
Ar
Activity coefficent
Enthalpy kJ/kmol
Isobaric specific heat, kJ/(kmolK)
N2
O2
Ar
N2
O2
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Pressure, 101.325 kPa (1 atm) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.10
0.00000 0.01590 0.03151 0.04684 0.06189 0.07667 0.10548 0.14692 0.27211 0.48104 0.65969 0.82774 0.91247
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1.0000 0.9841 0.9685 0.9532 0.9381 0.9233 0.8945 0.8531 0.7279 0.5190 0.3403 0.1723 0.0875
90.188 90.128 90.070 90.013 89.956 89.901 89.794 89.640 89.183 88.470 87.948 87.566 87.420
— — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — —
1.606 1.600 1.594 1.589 1.583 1.578 1.567 1.550 1.495 1.390 1.292 1.201 1.158
136.010 135.210 134.430 133.680 132.930 132.200 130.810 128.810 123.040 114.430 108.420 104.180 102.590
366.29 364.42 362.62 360.86 359.10 357.41 354.14 349.47 335.88 315.46 301.10 290.90 287.07
101.33 100.69 100.08 99.49 98.89 98.32 97.22 95.65 91.10 84.35 79.66 76.35 75.12
1.196 1.192 1.188 1.183 1.179 1.175 1.167 1.156 1.120 1.065 1.028 1.006 1.001
— — — — — — — — — — — — —
1.000 1.000 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.002 1.002 1.004 1.012 1.039 1.082 1.143 1.181
−4268 −4271 −4275 −4278 −4282 −4285 −4292 −4302 −4336 −4409 −4491 −4586 −4638
2550 2536 2523 2510 2497 2484 2460 2425 2320 2147 2004 1873 1808
54.378 54.269 54.160 54.052 53.944 53.837 53.622 53.302 52.253 50.224 48.281 46.417 45.515
31.061 30.929 30.801 30.674 30.550 30.429 30.192 29.851 28.822 27.089 25.578 24.123 23.378
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01
0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.72 0.54 0.36 0.18 0.09
0.0000 0.0122 0.0242 0.0361 0.0479 0.0596 0.0826 0.1164 0.2230 0.4179 0.6027 0.7916 0.8923
0.3150 0.3108 0.3066 0.3025 0.2985 0.2945 0.2866 0.2751 0.2390 0.1749 0.1167 0.0598 0.0306
0.6850 0.6771 0.6692 0.6614 0.6536 0.6459 0.6308 0.6086 0.5380 0.4072 0.2807 0.1486 0.0771
87.546 87.529 87.512 87.495 87.479 87.463 87.432 87.389 87.270 87.121 87.077 87.132 87.201
2.573 2.579 2.584 2.589 2.595 2.600 2.611 2.627 2.680 2.790 2.904 3.023 3.085
4.138 4.131 4.124 4.117 4.110 4.103 4.089 4.068 3.999 3.866 3.742 3.625 3.569
1.608 1.602 1.596 1.590 1.584 1.578 1.566 1.549 1.492 1.386 1.288 1.199 1.157
103.960 103.780 103.590 103.410 103.230 103.060 102.720 102.260 100.980 99.401 98.938 99.517 100.250
290.37 289.93 289.48 289.03 288.61 288.19 287.38 286.26 283.17 279.34 278.22 279.63 281.40
76.18 76.04 75.89 75.75 75.61 75.48 75.22 74.86 73.87 72.64 72.28 72.73 73.30
1.193 1.188 1.184 1.180 1.176 1.172 1.164 1.153 1.119 1.065 1.029 1.008 1.002
1.099 1.097 1.095 1.093 1.092 1.090 1.086 1.082 1.069 1.057 1.062 1.084 1.101
1.012 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.014 1.014 1.015 1.017 1.025 1.052 1.093 1.150 1.185
−4235 −4238 −4241 −4244 −4248 −4251 −4257 −4266 −4300 −4378 −4469 −4575 −4633
2471 2461 2452 2443 2434 2425 2408 2382 2302 2157 2023 1889 1818
54.388 54.281 54.175 54.068 53.962 53.856 53.645 53.330 52.291 50.269 48.319 46.440 45.527
30.764 30.669 30.576 30.484 30.392 30.302 30.123 29.861 29.029 27.486 25.986 24.404 23.542
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.02
0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.64 0.48 0.32 0.16 0.08
0.0000 0.0098 0.0195 0.0292 0.0388 0.0484 0.0674 0.0957 0.1879 0.3685 0.5541 0.7583 0.8729
0.5104 0.5050 0.4995 0.4941 0.4888 0.4835 0.4729 0.4573 0.4069 0.3108 0.2158 0.1150 0.0599
0.4896 0.4853 0.4810 0.4767 0.4724 0.4682 0.4597 0.4470 0.4052 0.3206 0.2302 0.1267 0.0671
85.511 85.519 85.526 85.534 85.542 85.551 85.568 85.594 85.695 85.947 86.280 86.717 86.987
2.606 2.611 2.616 2.621 2.626 2.631 2.641 2.656 2.707 2.812 2.921 3.033 3.090
4.170 4.162 4.154 4.146 4.139 4.131 4.115 4.092 4.017 3.878 3.750 3.630 3.572
1.600 1.594 1.588 1.582 1.576 1.570 1.558 1.541 1.484 1.379 1.284 1.197 1.156
83.506 83.580 83.645 83.719 83.793 83.876 84.033 84.274 85.216 87.602 90.832 95.211 97.996
240.35 240.53 240.69 240.88 241.06 241.27 241.66 242.25 244.59 250.48 258.43 269.15 275.93
60.37 60.42 60.47 60.53 60.59 60.65 60.77 60.96 61.68 63.52 66.01 69.39 71.55
1.188 1.184 1.180 1.176 1.172 1.169 1.161 1.150 1.117 1.066 1.030 1.009 1.003
1.076 1.074 1.073 1.071 1.070 1.069 1.066 1.063 1.054 1.048 1.057 1.082 1.101
1.027 1.027 1.028 1.028 1.029 1.029 1.030 1.032 1.040 1.066 1.104 1.157 1.188
−4176 −4179 −4183 −4186 −4190 −4193 −4200 −4211 −4250 −4340 −4444 −4563 −4628
2409 2403 2396 2389 2383 2376 2363 2344 2282 2161 2038 1903 1827
54.481 54.374 54.267 54.161 54.054 53.948 53.736 53.420 52.376 50.337 48.366 46.464 45.539
30.819 30.742 30.665 30.588 30.512 30.436 30.285 30.061 29.328 27.881 26.371 24.673 23.701
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.32 0.24 0.16 0.08 0.04
0.60 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.48 0.36 0.24 0.12 0.06
0.0000 0.0070 0.0139 0.0209 0.0279 0.0349 0.0490 0.0702 0.1424 0.2971 0.4762 0.6988 0.8364
0.7339 0.7285 0.7230 0.7176 0.7121 0.7067 0.6957 0.6792 0.6237 0.5066 0.3743 0.2133 0.1153
0.2661 0.2646 0.2630 0.2615 0.2600 0.2585 0.2553 0.2506 0.2340 0.1963 0.1496 0.0880 0.0483
82.557 82.590 82.623 82.656 82.689 82.722 82.789 82.890 83.238 83.994 84.870 85.936 86.573
2.639 2.644 2.649 2.654 2.659 2.664 2.673 2.688 2.738 2.842 2.947 3.052 3.101
4.138 4.131 4.123 4.116 4.108 4.101 4.087 4.066 3.998 3.871 3.753 3.637 3.577
1.568 1.562 1.557 1.551 1.545 1.540 1.529 1.513 1.460 1.362 1.273 1.192 1.153
— — — — — — — — — 70.40 77.76 87.50 93.75
179.50 180.11 180.72 181.33 181.95 182.56 183.81 185.71 192.37 207.45 226.01 250.22 265.58
42.12 42.29 42.47 42.65 42.82 43.00 43.37 43.92 45.87 50.35 55.96 63.43 68.26
— — — — — — — — — 1.069 1.034 1.012 1.004
1.036 1.035 1.034 1.033 1.033 1.032 1.031 1.029 1.027 1.031 1.049 1.079 1.100
1.067 1.067 1.067 1.068 1.068 1.068 1.069 1.071 1.077 1.097 1.129 1.171 1.196
−4012 −4017 −4022 −4028 −4033 −4038 −4049 −4066 −4123 −4250 −4389 −4538 −4616
2320 2316 2313 2309 2305 2301 2294 2282 2243 2158 2056 1926 1844
54.860 54.749 54.637 54.526 54.415 54.304 54.083 53.752 52.662 50.537 48.489 46.520 45.566
31.014 30.957 30.899 30.841 30.783 30.724 30.607 30.431 29.830 28.539 27.042 25.171 24.005
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
0.60 0.59 0.59 0.58
0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39
0.0000 0.0054 0.0108 0.0163
0.8586 0.8538 0.8489 0.8441
0.1414 0.1408 0.1402 0.1396
80.441 80.485 80.530 80.574
2.657 2.661 2.666 2.671
4.047 4.041 4.036 4.030
1.523 1.519 1.514 1.509
— — — —
143.61 144.30 145.00 145.69
31.97 32.16 32.35 32.54
— — — —
1.010 1.009 1.009 1.009
1.121 1.121 1.120 1.121
−3821 −3828 −3836 −3843
2256 2254 2252 2249
55.455 55.334 55.214 55.093
31.192 31.145 31.097 31.050
2-225
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.58 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.48 0.36 0.24 0.12 0.06
0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.32 0.24 0.16 0.08 0.04
0.0218 0.0273 0.0384 0.0554 0.1145 0.2487 0.4170 0.6475 0.8025
0.8392 0.8343 0.8244 0.8094 0.7573 0.6402 0.4949 0.2979 0.1665
0.1390 0.1384 0.1372 0.1352 0.1282 0.1112 0.0881 0.0546 0.0310
80.619 80.664 80.755 80.893 81.368 82.415 83.658 85.216 86.175
2.676 2.681 2.690 2.705 2.756 2.860 2.967 3.068 3.111
4.024 4.018 4.007 3.991 3.938 3.839 3.743 3.640 3.581
1.504 1.499 1.489 1.475 1.429 1.342 1.262 1.186 1.151
— — — — — — — 80.82 89.80
146.40 147.12 148.56 150.78 158.60 176.90 200.64 233.67 255.91
32.74 32.94 33.34 33.95 36.14 41.36 48.32 58.30 65.21
— — — — — — — 1.015 1.006
1.008 1.008 1.008 1.007 1.008 1.019 1.041 1.077 1.099
1.121 1.121 1.121 1.121 1.123 1.135 1.155 1.186 1.204
−3851 −3859 −3874 −3898 −3978 −4148 −4327 −4512 −4604
2247 2245 2240 2233 2207 2147 2066 1945 1858
54.973 54.853 54.614 54.257 53.083 50.811 48.644 46.584 45.595
31.002 30.954 30.857 30.709 30.196 29.035 27.586 25.615 24.292
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.64 0.48 0.32 0.16 0.08
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.02
0.0000 0.0044 0.0089 0.0133 0.0179 0.0224 0.0317 0.0458 0.0958 0.2139 0.3708 0.6029 0.7712
0.9404 0.9362 0.9319 0.9276 0.9233 0.9190 0.9102 0.8967 0.8492 0.7375 0.5897 0.3716 0.2139
0.0596 0.0594 0.0592 0.0590 0.0588 0.0586 0.0581 0.0575 0.0550 0.0486 0.0396 0.0255 0.0149
78.768 78.820 78.871 78.923 78.974 79.027 79.132 79.292 79.848 81.090 82.596 84.549 85.793
2.673 2.677 2.682 2.687 2.691 2.696 2.705 2.720 2.769 2.874 2.982 3.082 3.121
3.942 3.938 3.934 3.930 3.926 3.921 3.913 3.901 3.863 3.793 3.723 3.639 3.584
1.475 1.471 1.467 1.463 1.459 1.455 1.447 1.434 1.395 1.320 1.249 1.181 1.148
— — — — — — — — — — — 74.99 86.14
119.30 120.01 120.70 121.41 122.12 122.85 124.31 126.55 134.60 153.99 180.22 219.07 246.87
25.42 25.60 25.79 25.97 26.16 26.35 26.74 27.34 29.51 34.85 42.32 53.85 62.39
— — — — — — — — — — — 1.018 1.008
0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.999 1.011 1.036 1.074 1.098
1.189 1.188 1.187 1.187 1.186 1.186 1.185 1.183 1.179 1.178 1.185 1.201 1.212
−3620 −3630 −3640 −3650 −3660 −3670 −3691 −3721 −3825 −4039 −4261 −4483 −4591
2205 2204 2202 2201 2200 2198 2195 2191 2175 2133 2069 1960 1872
56.237 56.103 55.970 55.836 55.704 55.571 55.307 54.914 53.625 51.154 48.829 46.656 45.625
31.347 31.306 31.266 31.225 31.183 31.142 31.058 30.929 30.476 29.417 28.030 26.011 24.563
0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.72 0.54 0.36 0.18 0.09
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01
0.0000 0.0040 0.0081 0.0122 0.0164 0.0206 0.0291 0.0421 0.0886 0.1999 0.3513 0.5828 0.7563
0.9722 0.9683 0.9643 0.9603 0.9562 0.9521 0.9438 0.9310 0.8857 0.7772 0.6299 0.4049 0.2364
0.0278 0.0277 0.0276 0.0275 0.0274 0.0273 0.0271 0.0268 0.0257 0.0229 0.0189 0.0124 0.0073
78.036 78.090 78.144 78.199 78.254 78.309 78.420 78.589 79.177 80.497 82.110 84.233 85.608
2.683 2.687 2.692 2.696 2.701 2.705 2.714 2.728 2.776 2.880 2.988 3.088 3.125
3.891 3.888 3.884 3.881 3.877 3.874 3.867 3.857 3.825 3.768 3.711 3.638 3.585
1.450 1.447 1.443 1.439 1.436 1.432 1.425 1.414 1.378 1.308 1.242 1.178 1.147
— — — — — — — — — — — 72.35 84.404
109.71 110.4 111.09 111.79 112.5 113.22 114.67 116.9 124.93 144.49 171.42 212.4 242.58
22.91 23.088 23.267 23.45 23.634 23.82 24.198 24.783 26.908 32.209 39.784 51.833 61.055
— — — — — — — — — — — 1.020 1.009
0.998 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.996 0.996 0.998 1.009 1.034 1.073 1.097
1.228 1.227 1.226 1.225 1.224 1.223 1.221 1.219 1.211 1.202 1.201 1.209 1.216
−3519.2 −3530.4 −3541.6 −3552.8 −3564.1 −3575.3 −3598 −3632.1 −3747.3 −3983.9 −4226.4 −4468.2 −4584.8
2182.4 2181.5 2180.5 2179.5 2178.5 2177.5 2175.3 2172 2159.4 2124.8 2068.5 1965.6 1877.8
56.7 56.6 56.4 56.3 56.1 56.0 55.7 55.3 53.9 51.3 48.9 46.7 45.6
31.418 31.380 31.342 31.303 31.264 31.225 31.146 31.024 30.594 29.578 28.223 26.192 24.692
0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.87 0.78 0.58 0.39 0.19 0.10
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00
0.0000 0.0038 0.0077 0.0116 0.0155 0.0195 0.0275 0.0399 0.0842 0.1912 0.3389 0.5694 0.7462
0.9921 0.9883 0.9844 0.9806 0.9767 0.9727 0.9647 0.9524 0.9084 0.8022 0.6557 0.4270 0.2516
0.0080 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0078 0.0078 0.0077 0.0074 0.0066 0.0055 0.0036 0.0022
77.555 77.610 77.666 77.722 77.779 77.836 77.950 78.125 78.734 80.104 81.786 84.018 85.481
2.691 2.695 2.700 2.704 2.708 2.712 2.721 2.735 2.781 2.884 2.992 3.092 3.128
3.857 3.854 3.851 3.848 3.844 3.841 3.835 3.826 3.798 3.750 3.702 3.636 3.585
1.433 1.430 1.426 1.423 1.420 1.416 1.409 1.399 1.366 1.300 1.237 1.176 1.146
— — — — — — — — — — — 70.593 83.23
103.74 104.41 105.09 105.78 106.49 107.2 108.62 110.85 118.85 138.44 165.73 207.94 239.66
21.375 21.546 21.722 21.898 22.079 22.261 22.629 23.204 25.294 30.551 38.159 50.496 60.153
— — — — — — — — — — — 1.022 1.009
0.999 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998 1.009 1.033 1.072 1.097
1.257 1.256 1.254 1.253 1.252 1.251 1.249 1.245 1.235 1.219 1.212 1.215 1.219
−3448.5 −3460.5 −3472.5 −3484.6 −3496.6 −3508.7 −3533 −3569.5 −3692.7 −3944.8 −4202.1 −4457.7 −4580.2
2167.6 2166.9 2166.1 2165.3 2164.5 2163.7 2162.1 2159.4 2149.1 2119.2 2068.1 1969.5 1881.9
57.0 56.9 56.7 56.6 56.5 56.3 56.0 55.6 54.2 51.5 49.0 46.7 45.7
31.465 31.429 31.392 31.355 31.318 31.280 31.203 31.086 30.670 29.681 28.347 26.313 24.780
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.10
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.0000 0.0037 0.0075 0.0113 0.0151 0.0190 0.0269 0.0390 0.0824 0.1877 0.3338 0.5639 0.7420
1.0000 0.9963 0.9925 0.9887 0.9849 0.9810 0.9731 0.9610 0.9176 0.8123 0.6662 0.4361 0.2580
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
77.355 77.411 77.468 77.525 77.582 77.640 77.756 77.933 78.550 79.941 81.650 83.928 85.426
2.695 2.699 2.703 2.708 2.712 2.716 2.725 2.738 2.784 2.885 2.994 3.094 3.130
— — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — 69.867 82.725
101.33 102 102.68 103.37 104.06 104.77 106.2 108.41 116.38 135.99 163.38 206.1 238.41
20.762 20.932 21.106 21.282 21.459 21.64 22.006 22.574 24.647 29.883 37.493 49.945 59.766
— — — — — — — — — — — 1.022 1.010
1.000 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.999 1.009 1.033 1.072 1.097
— — — — — — — — — — — — —
−3418.2 −3430.5 −3442.9 −3455.3 −3467.7 −3480.2 −3505.1 −3542.7 −3669.3 −3927.9 −4191.7 −4453.2 −4578.2
2161.5 2160.8 2160.1 2159.4 2158.7 2158 2156.5 2154.1 2144.7 2116.8 2067.7 1971 1883.6
57.2 57.0 56.9 56.7 56.6 56.4 56.2 55.7 54.3 51.6 49.0 46.7 45.7
31.485 31.449 31.413 31.377 31.340 31.303 31.227 31.112 30.701 29.723 28.398 26.364 24.817
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.01
0.00 0.00
1.00 0.99
0.0000 0.0138
0.0000 0.0000
1.0000 0.9862
105.910 105.850
— —
1.120 1.117
— —
1.000 1.001
−3392.4 −3397.5
2857 2843.2
56.8 56.7
33.744 33.638
Pressure, 405.3 kPa (4 atm) — —
1.392 1.388
503.85 501.72
1146.8 1142.6
405.33 403.52
2-226
TABLE 2-191
Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Data for the Argon-Nitrogen-Oxygen System (Concluded)
Liquid mole fraction N2/(N2 +O2)
Ar
N2
Vapor mole fraction O2
Ar
N2
O2
p0 (kPa)
Relative volatility Temperature K
N2/Ar
N2/O2
Ar/O2
Ar
Activity coefficent
Enthalpy kJ/kmol
Isobaric specific heat, kJ/(kmolK)
N2
O2
Ar
N2
O2
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Pressure, 405.3 kPa (4 atm) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.10
0.0275 0.0410 0.0543 0.0675 0.0933 0.1310 0.2484 0.4556 0.6412 0.8190 0.9084
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9725 0.9590 0.9457 0.9326 0.9067 0.8690 0.7516 0.5445 0.3588 0.1810 0.0916
105.790 105.740 105.680 105.630 105.520 105.370 104.900 104.150 103.590 103.190 103.030
— — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — —
1.385 1.381 1.378 1.374 1.367 1.357 1.322 1.255 1.191 1.131 1.102
499.6 497.83 495.72 493.96 490.12 484.91 468.86 444.04 426.16 413.71 408.8
1138.3 1134.8 1130.5 1127 1119.3 1108.8 1076.5 1026.3 989.9 964.49 954.46
401.72 400.22 398.43 396.94 393.68 389.27 375.67 354.7 339.63 329.15 325.03
1.115 1.112 1.110 1.107 1.102 1.095 1.074 1.040 1.016 1.003 1.001
— — — — — — — — — — —
1.001 1.001 1.002 1.002 1.004 1.005 1.014 1.037 1.071 1.115 1.142
−3402.6 −3407.8 −3412.9 −3418 −3428.3 −3443.6 −3495.1 −3601.7 −3716.7 −3842.6 −3910.1
2829.5 2816.1 2802.8 2789.7 2764 2726.7 2611.3 2411.9 2238.3 2076.7 1997.2
56.5 56.4 56.3 56.2 56.0 55.7 54.6 52.5 50.5 48.6 47.6
33.534 33.431 33.329 33.229 33.031 32.744 31.846 30.249 28.788 27.354 26.620
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01
0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.72 0.54 0.36 0.18 0.09
0.0000 0.0117 0.0233 0.0348 0.0462 0.0575 0.0799 0.1129 0.2186 0.4159 0.6047 0.7958 0.8955
0.2399 0.2369 0.2339 0.2309 0.2280 0.2251 0.2193 0.2109 0.1841 0.1352 0.0899 0.0456 0.0232
0.7601 0.7515 0.7429 0.7343 0.7259 0.7174 0.7008 0.6762 0.5973 0.4489 0.3054 0.1586 0.0813
103.430 103.400 103.380 103.360 103.340 103.320 103.280 103.220 103.060 102.840 102.740 102.760 102.820
2.045 2.048 2.051 2.054 2.057 2.060 2.066 2.075 2.105 2.166 2.229 2.294 2.328
2.840 2.837 2.833 2.830 2.827 2.823 2.817 2.807 2.774 2.709 2.648 2.591 2.563
1.389 1.385 1.381 1.378 1.374 1.370 1.363 1.352 1.317 1.251 1.188 1.129 1.101
421.14 420.21 419.59 418.97 418.34 417.72 416.49 414.63 409.72 403.04 400.02 400.62 402.43
979.68 977.77 976.5 975.23 973.97 972.7 970.17 966.38 956.33 942.64 936.47 937.7 941.41
335.41 334.62 334.1 333.57 333.05 332.53 331.49 329.93 325.8 320.19 317.66 318.16 319.68
1.129 1.127 1.124 1.121 1.118 1.116 1.111 1.104 1.081 1.046 1.021 1.006 1.002
0.992 0.992 0.990 0.989 0.988 0.987 0.985 0.983 0.975 0.968 0.972 0.986 0.997
1.021 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.022 1.023 1.024 1.026 1.032 1.052 1.082 1.122 1.146
−3351.1 −3356.1 −3361.1 −3366.1 −3371.1 −3376.2 −3386.3 −3401.7 −3454.5 −3568 −3693.2 −3830.8 −3904.2
2779.8 2769.2 2758.7 2748.2 2737.9 2727.6 2707.4 2677.6 2583 2409.5 2247.1 2086.1 2003.1
56.8 56.7 56.5 56.4 56.3 56.2 56.0 55.7 54.6 52.6 50.6 48.6 47.6
33.931 33.841 33.752 33.663 33.575 33.488 33.315 33.059 32.238 30.684 29.163 27.585 26.748
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.02
0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.64 0.48 0.32 0.16 0.08
0.0000 0.0101 0.0201 0.0301 0.0400 0.0499 0.0696 0.0989 0.1948 0.3822 0.5719 0.7738 0.8829
0.4159 0.4114 0.4069 0.4025 0.3981 0.3937 0.3849 0.3720 0.3300 0.2496 0.1706 0.0889 0.0457
0.5841 0.5785 0.5730 0.5674 0.5619 0.5564 0.5455 0.5291 0.4753 0.3682 0.2575 0.1373 0.0713
101.340 101.340 101.340 101.350 101.350 101.350 101.360 101.380 101.440 101.640 101.940 102.350 102.610
2.061 2.064 2.067 2.070 2.072 2.075 2.081 2.089 2.118 2.176 2.237 2.299 2.330
2.848 2.845 2.841 2.837 2.834 2.830 2.823 2.812 2.777 2.711 2.649 2.592 2.564
1.382 1.378 1.375 1.371 1.367 1.364 1.356 1.346 1.311 1.246 1.185 1.127 1.100
359.58 359.58 359.58 359.85 359.85 359.85 360.13 360.69 362.36 367.98 376.52 388.44 396.13
853.02 853.02 853.02 853.59 853.59 853.59 854.17 855.32 858.79 870.43 888.1 912.66 928.48
283.81 283.81 283.81 284.04 284.04 284.04 284.27 284.74 286.13 290.82 297.97 307.94 314.4
1.138 1.135 1.132 1.129 1.127 1.124 1.119 1.111 1.089 1.052 1.026 1.009 1.004
0.988 0.987 0.986 0.985 0.984 0.984 0.982 0.979 0.973 0.968 0.973 0.987 0.998
1.043 1.043 1.044 1.043 1.044 1.045 1.045 1.046 1.052 1.069 1.095 1.129 1.150
−3293.1 −3298.4 −3303.7 −3309.1 −3314.5 −3319.9 −3330.8 −3347.5 −3405.2 −3530.2 −3668.1 −3818.6 −3898.3
2714.9 2706.6 2698.3 2690.1 2681.9 2673.7 2657.6 2633.6 2555.4 2404.5 2253.6 2094.6 2008.8
56.9 56.8 56.6 56.5 56.4 56.3 56.1 55.8 54.7 52.6 50.6 48.6 47.6
34.186 34.106 34.026 33.946 33.867 33.787 33.630 33.395 32.622 31.093 29.517 27.809 26.873
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.32 0.24 0.16 0.08 0.04
0.60 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.48 0.36 0.24 0.12 0.06
0.0000 0.0079 0.0157 0.0236 0.0315 0.0394 0.0552 0.0790 0.1595 0.3285 0.5155 0.7330 0.8588
0.6538 0.6484 0.6429 0.6375 0.6321 0.6267 0.6159 0.5996 0.5449 0.4320 0.3092 0.1691 0.0891
0.3462 0.3438 0.3414 0.3389 0.3364 0.3340 0.3290 0.3214 0.2956 0.2396 0.1752 0.0979 0.0521
97.997 98.032 98.067 98.101 98.136 98.172 98.242 98.350 98.721 99.531 100.460 101.570 102.200
2.082 2.084 2.087 2.090 2.092 2.095 2.100 2.108 2.136 2.192 2.249 2.307 2.335
2.832 2.829 2.825 2.822 2.818 2.815 2.808 2.798 2.765 2.704 2.647 2.592 2.564
1.360 1.357 1.354 1.350 1.347 1.344 1.337 1.327 1.295 1.234 1.177 1.124 1.098
275.25 276.05 276.85 277.63 278.43 279.26 280.88 283.38 292.12 311.88 335.75 366.00 384.05
675.50 677.21 678.92 680.58 682.30 684.07 687.51 692.86 711.44 753.27 803.38 866.34 903.62
213.91 214.57 215.23 215.87 216.53 217.21 218.54 220.61 227.81 244.15 263.96 289.17 304.26
1.156 1.153 1.150 1.148 1.145 1.142 1.137 1.130 1.106 1.067 1.037 1.015 1.007
0.981 0.980 0.979 0.978 0.978 0.977 0.976 0.974 0.970 0.968 0.975 0.989 0.999
1.093 1.093 1.093 1.093 1.093 1.093 1.093 1.094 1.096 1.105 1.121 1.143 1.157
−3143.7 −3150.5 −3157.4 −3164.4 −3171.3 −3178.3 −3192.4 −3213.9 −3287.5 −3444.6 −3613.8 −3793.2 −3886.1
2610.3 2605.1 2599.8 2594.5 2589.2 2584.0 2573.4 2557.4 2503.3 2389.2 2261.2 2109.2 2019.4
57.346 57.232 57.118 57.004 56.891 56.778 56.551 56.212 55.091 52.889 50.745 48.673 47.668
34.697 34.629 34.560 34.492 34.423 34.354 34.217 34.009 33.304 31.817 30.162 28.233 27.117
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
0.60 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57
0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38
0.0000 0.0064 0.0129 0.0194 0.0259 0.0325
0.8073 0.8019 0.7966 0.7912 0.7857 0.7803
0.1927 0.1916 0.1906 0.1895 0.1883 0.1872
95.398 95.451 95.503 95.556 95.610 95.663
2.095 2.097 2.100 2.102 2.105 2.108
2.793 2.790 2.787 2.784 2.781 2.778
1.333 1.330 1.327 1.324 1.321 1.318
220.63 221.66 222.67 223.70 224.76 225.80
557.21 559.46 561.68 563.94 566.25 568.53
169.24 170.08 170.90 171.74 172.59 173.44
1.180 1.177 1.174 1.172 1.169 1.166
0.979 0.978 0.978 0.977 0.976 0.976
1.154 1.153 1.153 1.152 1.152 1.151
−2969.3 −2978.2 −2987.2 −2996.2 −3005.3 −3014.3
2527.7 2524.3 2520.9 2517.5 2514.0 2510.5
58.120 57.994 57.869 57.743 57.618 57.493
35.181 35.120 35.057 34.995 34.932 34.869
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.56 0.54 0.48 0.36 0.24 0.12 0.06
0.37 0.36 0.32 0.24 0.16 0.08 0.04
0.0457 0.0657 0.1350 0.2878 0.4690 0.6962 0.8358
0.7694 0.7528 0.6957 0.5707 0.4239 0.2417 0.1303
0.1850 0.1815 0.1694 0.1415 0.1070 0.0622 0.0339
95.771 95.934 96.496 97.721 99.133 100.820 101.810
2.113 2.121 2.148 2.203 2.260 2.314 2.339
2.773 2.765 2.738 2.688 2.641 2.592 2.565
1.312 1.304 1.275 1.220 1.169 1.120 1.096
227.93 231.17 242.61 269.02 302.05 345.35 372.80
573.19 580.27 605.18 662.15 732.50 823.43 880.41
175.17 177.81 187.15 208.79 236.01 271.95 294.86
1.160 1.152 1.127 1.084 1.049 1.021 1.010
0.975 0.974 0.971 0.970 0.977 0.991 1.000
1.150 1.149 1.146 1.145 1.149 1.158 1.164
−3032.6 −3060.2 −3154.0 −3349.9 −3554.9 −3766.5 −3873.6
2503.5 2492.8 2455.3 2369.9 2263.2 2121.1 2029.2
57.243 56.870 55.639 53.238 50.933 48.741 47.694
34.742 34.550 33.887 32.433 30.730 28.628 27.351
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.64 0.48 0.32 0.16 0.08
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.02
0.0000 0.0055 0.0110 0.0165 0.0221 0.0277 0.0390 0.0563 0.1171 0.2562 0.4302 0.6627 0.8139
0.9165 0.9114 0.9063 0.9012 0.8961 0.8909 0.8804 0.8643 0.8082 0.6801 0.5204 0.3076 0.1696
0.0835 0.0831 0.0827 0.0823 0.0819 0.0815 0.0806 0.0793 0.0747 0.0637 0.0494 0.0297 0.0165
93.251 93.315 93.380 93.445 93.510 93.576 93.708 93.910 94.605 96.135 97.925 100.110 101.420
2.106 2.108 2.111 2.113 2.116 2.118 2.123 2.131 2.157 2.212 2.268 2.321 2.343
2.744 2.742 2.740 2.738 2.736 2.734 2.729 2.723 2.704 2.667 2.631 2.590 2.565
1.303 1.301 1.298 1.296 1.293 1.291 1.286 1.278 1.254 1.206 1.160 1.116 1.095
182.01 183.08 184.17 185.27 186.37 187.50 189.76 193.27 205.71 235.21 273.62 326.60 361.80
471.46 473.86 476.32 478.78 481.25 483.77 488.84 496.68 524.32 589.09 672.00 784.23 857.63
138.01 138.88 139.75 140.64 141.53 142.43 144.26 147.09 157.14 181.11 212.57 256.36 285.67
1.212 1.209 1.205 1.202 1.199 1.196 1.190 1.181 1.153 1.104 1.062 1.028 1.013
0.985 0.984 0.984 0.983 0.983 0.982 0.981 0.980 0.976 0.975 0.981 0.994 1.002
1.226 1.225 1.224 1.223 1.221 1.220 1.218 1.215 1.205 1.189 1.178 1.174 1.172
−2783.0 −2794.3 −2805.5 −2816.8 −2828.1 −2839.4 −2862.1 −2896.3 −3011.9 −3249.2 −3492.7 −3738.8 −3860.8
2458.2 2456.1 2454.0 2451.8 2449.7 2447.5 2443.0 2436.0 2410.8 2348.3 2261.3 2130.7 2038.1
59.157 59.014 58.871 58.729 58.586 58.444 58.161 57.739 56.353 53.683 51.165 48.820 47.724
35.652 35.593 35.533 35.474 35.414 35.354 35.232 35.047 34.405 32.970 31.234 28.996 27.577
0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.72 0.54 0.36 0.18 0.09
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01
0.0000 0.0051 0.0102 0.0153 0.0205 0.0258 0.0364 0.0526 0.1099 0.2429 0.4131 0.6471 0.8034
0.9607 0.9558 0.9509 0.9459 0.9409 0.9359 0.9256 0.9100 0.8548 0.7267 0.5631 0.3384 0.1884
0.0393 0.0391 0.0389 0.0387 0.0385 0.0384 0.0380 0.0374 0.0354 0.0304 0.0238 0.0145 0.0082
92.292 92.361 92.431 92.501 92.571 92.642 92.784 93.001 93.751 95.408 97.360 99.771 101.230
2.111 2.114 2.116 2.119 2.121 2.123 2.128 2.136 2.161 2.216 2.272 2.324 2.346
2.719 2.717 2.716 2.714 2.712 2.710 2.707 2.702 2.686 2.655 2.625 2.589 2.565
1.288 1.286 1.283 1.281 1.279 1.276 1.272 1.265 1.242 1.198 1.156 1.114 1.094
166.50 167.59 168.69 169.79 170.91 172.04 174.33 177.86 190.51 220.83 261.03 317.92 356.53
436.43 438.89 441.39 443.90 446.42 448.99 454.16 462.14 490.50 557.64 644.98 765.99 846.69
125.58 126.45 127.33 128.22 129.11 130.02 131.85 134.69 144.86 169.40 202.23 249.16 281.27
1.231 1.227 1.224 1.221 1.218 1.214 1.208 1.199 1.169 1.115 1.069 1.031 1.015
0.991 0.991 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.988 0.987 0.985 0.981 0.978 0.983 0.995 1.002
1.267 1.265 1.264 1.262 1.261 1.259 1.256 1.251 1.237 1.212 1.194 1.181 1.176
−2687.7 −2700.1 −2712.5 −2724.9 −2737.3 −2749.8 −2774.7 −2812.4 −2939.0 −3197.3 −3460.7 −3724.5 −3854.3
2426.8 2425.2 2423.6 2422.0 2420.3 2418.6 2415.2 2409.7 2389.6 2337.1 2259.1 2134.7 2042.2
59.774 59.619 59.466 59.312 59.159 59.007 58.703 58.250 56.769 53.939 51.297 48.865 47.740
35.885 35.827 35.768 35.709 35.650 35.590 35.469 35.286 34.648 33.216 31.467 29.170 27.687
0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.87 0.78 0.58 0.39 0.19 0.10
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00
0.0000 0.0048 0.0097 0.0146 0.0196 0.0246 0.0347 0.0503 0.1053 0.2344 0.4019 0.6366 0.7962
0.9887 0.9839 0.9791 0.9742 0.9693 0.9643 0.9543 0.9389 0.8845 0.7567 0.5911 0.3591 0.2014
0.0113 0.0113 0.0112 0.0112 0.0111 0.0111 0.0110 0.0108 0.0102 0.0088 0.0070 0.0043 0.0024
91.656 91.728 91.801 91.874 91.948 92.022 92.171 92.397 93.182 94.921 96.979 99.538 101.100
2.116 2.118 2.120 2.123 2.125 2.128 2.132 2.140 2.165 2.219 2.274 2.326 2.347
2.702 2.700 2.699 2.697 2.696 2.694 2.691 2.687 2.673 2.647 2.621 2.588 2.565
1.277 1.275 1.273 1.271 1.268 1.266 1.262 1.256 1.235 1.193 1.152 1.112 1.093
156.79 157.87 158.97 160.07 161.20 162.33 164.62 168.15 180.86 211.56 252.78 312.06 352.96
414.28 416.75 419.26 421.78 424.35 426.93 432.16 440.17 468.87 537.25 627.20 753.64 839.27
117.83 118.68 119.56 120.44 121.34 122.24 124.08 126.90 137.09 161.88 195.47 244.29 278.29
1.245 1.242 1.238 1.235 1.231 1.228 1.221 1.212 1.180 1.123 1.074 1.034 1.016
0.997 0.996 0.996 0.995 0.994 0.993 0.992 0.990 0.985 0.981 0.984 0.995 1.003
1.298 1.296 1.294 1.292 1.290 1.288 1.284 1.279 1.261 1.230 1.205 1.187 1.179
−2620.4 −2633.6 −2646.8 −2660.0 −2673.3 −2686.5 −2713.1 −2753.1 −2887.4 −3160.7 −3437.9 −3714.4 −3849.7
2405.9 2404.6 2403.3 2402.0 2400.6 2399.3 2396.5 2392.0 2375.1 2329.1 2257.3 2137.3 2045.0
60.245 60.082 59.920 59.758 59.596 59.436 59.115 58.639 57.084 54.131 51.395 48.897 47.752
36.049 35.990 35.932 35.873 35.813 35.754 35.634 35.450 34.814 33.381 31.622 29.289 27.763
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90
1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.10
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.0000 0.0047 0.0095 0.0143 0.0192 0.0241 0.0341 0.0493 0.1035 0.2310 0.3973 0.6322 0.7931
1.0000 0.9953 0.9905 0.9857 0.9808 0.9759 0.9659 0.9507 0.8965 0.7690 0.6027 0.3678 0.2069
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
91.391 91.465 91.539 91.613 91.688 91.763 91.915 92.146 92.945 94.718 96.818 99.439 101.040
2.118 2.120 2.122 2.125 2.127 2.129 2.134 2.141 2.166 2.220 2.275 2.327 2.347
— — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — —
152.87 153.96 155.05 156.15 157.27 158.39 160.69 164.24 176.95 207.79 249.36 309.59 351.32
405.30 407.79 410.30 412.81 415.38 417.95 423.20 431.27 460.07 528.92 619.80 748.43 835.85
114.70 115.57 116.44 117.31 118.21 119.10 120.94 123.77 133.95 158.82 192.67 242.25 276.92
1.252 1.248 1.245 1.241 1.238 1.234 1.228 1.217 1.185 1.126 1.076 1.035 1.017
1.000 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.995 0.993 0.987 0.982 0.985 0.996 1.003
— — — — — — — — — — — — —
−2591.4 −2605.0 −2618.5 −2632.1 −2645.7 −2659.3 −2686.6 −2727.6 −2865.3 −3144.8 −3428.1 −3710.1 −3847.7
2397.1 2396.0 2394.8 2393.6 2392.4 2391.2 2388.6 2384.6 2369.0 2325.6 2256.4 2138.3 2046.2
60.458 60.291 60.124 59.959 59.793 59.629 59.301 58.814 57.225 54.217 51.438 48.912 47.757
36.119 36.060 36.002 35.943 35.883 35.824 35.704 35.520 34.883 33.450 31.687 29.339 27.795
2-227
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source is Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T., Penoncello, S. G., and Friend, D. G., “Thermodynamic Properties of Air and Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen from 60 to 2000 K at Pressures to 2000 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29(3):331–385, 2000. p° is the vapor pressure.
2-228
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-192
Thermodynamic Properties of the International Standard Atmosphere* T, K
P, bar
ρ, kg/m3
g, m/s2
M
a, m/s
µ, Pa⋅s
k, W/(m⋅K)
λ, m
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
288.15 281.65 275.15 268.66 262.17
1.01325 0.89876 0.79501 0.70121 0.61660
1.2250 1.1117 1.0066 0.90925 0.81935
9.80665 9.8036 9.8005 9.7974 9.7943
28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964
340.29 336.43 332.53 328.58 324.59
1.79.−5 1.76.−5 1.73.−5 1.69.−5 1.66.−5
2.54.−5 2.49.−5 2.43.−5 2.38.−5 2.33.−5
6.63.−8 7.31.−8 8.07.−8 8.94.−8 9.92.−8
0 1,000 2,999 2,999 3,997
5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000
255.68 249.19 242.70 236.22 229.73
0.54048 0.47217 0.41105 0.35651 0.30800
0.73643 0.66011 0.59002 0.52579 0.46706
9.7912 9.7882 9.7851 9.7820 9.7789
28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964
320.55 316.45 312.31 308.11 303.85
1.63.−5 1.59.−5 1.56.−5 1.53.−5 1.49.−5
2.28.−5 2.22.−5 2.17.−5 2.12.−5 2.06.−5
1.10.−7 1.23.−7 1.38.−7 1.55.−7 1.74.−7
4,996 5,994 6,992 7,990 8,987
10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000
223.25 216.65 216.65 221.55 226.51
0.26499 0.12111 0.05529 0.02549 0.01197
0.41351 0.19476 0.08891 0.04008 0.01841
9.7759 9.7605 9.7452 9.7300 9.7147
28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964
299.53 295.07 295.07 298.39 301.71
1.46.−5 1.42.−5 1.42.−5 1.45.−5 1.48.−5
2.01.−5 1.95.−5 1.95.−5 1.99.−5 2.04.−5
1.97.−7 4.17.−7 9.14.−7 2.03.−6 4.42.−6
9,984 14,965 19,937 24,902 29,859
40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000
250.35 270.65 247.02 219.59 198.64
2.87.−3 8.00.−4 2.20.−4 5.22.−5 1.05.−5
4.00.−3 1.03.−3 3.10.−4 8.28.−5 1.85.−5
9.6844 9.6542 9.6241 9.5942 9.5644
28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964 28.964
317.19 329.80 315.07 297.06 282.54
1.60.−5 1.70.−5 1.58.−5 1.44.−5 1.32.−5
2.23.−5 2.40.−5 2.21.−5 1.98.−5 1.80.−5
2.03.−5 7.91.−5 2.62.−4 9.81.−4 4.40.−3
39,750 49,610 59,439 69,238 79,006
90,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000
186.87 195.08 634.39 854.56 941.33
1.84.−6 3.20.−7 4.54.−9 8.47.−10 2.48.−10
3.43.−6 5.60.−7 2.08.−9 2.54.−10 6.07.−11
9.5348 9.5052 9.3597 9.2175 9.0785
28.95 28.40 24.10 21.30 19.19
2.37.−2 0.142 33 240 890
88,744 98,451 146,542 193,899 240,540
300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 800,000
976.01 995.83 999.24 999.85 999.99
8.77.−11 1.45.−11 3.02.−12 8.21.−13 1.70.−13
1.92.−11 2.80.−12 5.22.−13 1.14.−13 1.14.−14
8.9427 8.6799 8.4286 8.1880 7.7368
17.73 15.98 14.33 11.51 5.54
2600 1.6.+4 7.7.+4 2.8.+5 1.4.+6
286,480 376,320 463,540 548,252 710,574
1,000,000
1000.00
7.51.−14
3.56.−15
7.3218
3.94
3.1.+6
864,071
Z, m
H, m
*Extracted from U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the U.S. Air Force, Washington, 1976. Z = geometric altitude, T = temperature, P = pressure, g = acceleration of gravity, M = molecular weight, a = velocity of sound, µ = viscosity, k = thermal conductivity, λ = mean free path, ρ = density, and H = geopotential altitude. The notation 1.79.−5 signifies 1.79 × 10−5.
TABLE 2-193
Thermodynamic Properties of Benzene
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
278.7 280 295 310 325 340 355 370 385 400 415 430 445 460 475 490 505 520 535 550 562.05
0.0047988 0.0051472 0.010954 0.021374 0.038777 0.066128 0.10696 0.16531 0.24565 0.35284 0.49204 0.66869 0.88851 1.1575 1.4820 1.8689 2.3256 2.8608 3.4853 4.2145 4.9012
278.7 280 295 310 325 340 355 370 385 400 415 430 445 460 475 490 505 520 535 550 562.05
0.0047988 0.0051472 0.010954 0.021374 0.038777 0.066128 0.10696 0.16531 0.24565 0.35284 0.49204 0.66869 0.88851 1.1575 1.4820 1.8689 2.3256 2.8608 3.4853 4.2145 4.9012
300.00 350.00 352.81
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
352.81 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.45084 −0.45037 −0.43580 −0.41192 −0.38479 −0.35639 −0.32675 −0.29499 −0.25976 −0.21937 −0.17166 −0.11372 −0.04137 0.05173 0.17604 0.35018 0.61096 1.0427 1.8878 4.2186 15.682
Saturated Properties 11.441 11.424 11.227 11.024 10.816 10.605 10.389 10.170 9.9444 9.7123 9.4716 9.2204 8.9560 8.6747 8.3719 8.0406 7.6701 7.2419 6.7170 5.9774 3.9561 0.0020778 0.0022187 0.0044939 0.0083797 0.014587 0.023968 0.037514 0.056356 0.081780 0.11526 0.15852 0.21364 0.28321 0.37058 0.48038 0.61931 0.79794 1.0349 1.3697 1.9242 3.9561
0.087404 0.087532 0.089073 0.090715 0.092455 0.094297 0.096251 0.098331 0.10056 0.10296 0.10558 0.10845 0.11166 0.11528 0.11945 0.12437 0.13038 0.13809 0.14888 0.16730 0.25278 481.28 450.72 222.52 119.34 68.556 41.723 26.657 17.744 12.228 8.6760 6.3082 4.6807 3.5310 2.6984 2.0817 1.6147 1.2532 0.96626 0.73008 0.51970 0.25278
−10.278 −10.105 −8.1218 −6.1160 −4.0576 −1.9360 0.25114 2.5029 4.8180 7.1959 9.6372 12.144 14.721 17.372 20.108 22.940 25.887 28.980 32.284 35.991 41.513
−10.278 −10.105 −8.1208 −6.1140 −4.0540 −1.9297 0.26143 2.5192 4.8427 7.2322 9.6892 12.217 14.820 17.506 20.285 23.172 26.190 29.375 32.802 36.696 42.752
−0.03257 −0.03196 −0.02506 −0.01842 −0.01194 −0.00556 0.000737 0.006950 0.013084 0.019144 0.025138 0.031076 0.036970 0.042839 0.048703 0.054589 0.060537 0.066611 0.072938 0.079902 0.090526
0.095741 0.095210 0.092757 0.094410 0.097865 0.10197 0.10619 0.11029 0.11418 0.11788 0.12142 0.12487 0.12827 0.13170 0.13524 0.13896 0.14300 0.14755 0.15298 0.16038
0.13301 0.13274 0.13249 0.13531 0.13934 0.14373 0.14815 0.15251 0.15684 0.16124 0.16581 0.17070 0.17609 0.18223 0.18948 0.19847 0.21044 0.22839 0.26197 0.37221
1369.2 1366.0 1316.2 1251.1 1180.0 1108.1 1037.7 969.46 903.49 839.45 776.89 715.33 654.26 593.15 531.41 468.41 403.32 335.01 261.60 179.15 0
22.307 22.394 23.427 24.522 25.676 26.881 28.135 29.431 30.765 32.132 33.526 34.942 36.370 37.803 39.228 40.625 41.966 43.200 44.221 44.709 41.513
24.617 24.714 25.864 27.073 28.334 29.640 30.986 32.365 33.769 35.194 36.630 38.072 39.508 40.927 42.313 43.642 44.880 45.965 46.766 46.899 42.752
0.092630 0.092396 0.090149 0.088632 0.087716 0.087296 0.087285 0.087613 0.088218 0.089048 0.090056 0.091203 0.092449 0.093754 0.095076 0.096364 0.097548 0.098514 0.099038 0.098452 0.090526
0.067199 0.067633 0.072601 0.077506 0.082363 0.087187 0.091992 0.096792 0.10160 0.10643 0.11129 0.11620 0.12117 0.12624 0.13144 0.13684 0.14252 0.14867 0.15562 0.16433
0.075641 0.076082 0.081164 0.086243 0.091352 0.096528 0.10181 0.10724 0.11287 0.11877 0.12502 0.13176 0.13918 0.14759 0.15753 0.17002 0.18715 0.21415 0.26827 0.45840
182.14 182.47 186.19 189.61 192.67 195.28 197.37 198.86 199.67 199.73 198.94 197.20 194.42 190.45 185.11 178.19 169.36 158.20 144.00 125.56 0
−0.022832 −0.0013533 −0.00017807
0.092996 0.10479 0.10558
0.13320 0.14668 0.14751
0.087264 0.10072 0.11482 0.12870 0.14233 0.15567
0.091290 0.10432 0.11715 0.12898 0.13981 0.14967
0.10103 0.11349 0.12601 0.13766 0.14838 0.15817
69.790 68.760 58.188 49.702 42.885 37.396 32.960 29.366 26.447 24.076 22.158 20.623 19.421 18.522 17.915 17.610 17.642 18.090 19.073 20.568 15.682
Single-Phase Properties 11.161 10.462 10.421
2-229
0.035232 0.030711 0.027110 0.024299 0.022032 0.020161
0.089602 0.095585 0.095958 28.383 32.562 36.887 41.154 45.388 49.600
−7.4606 −0.48554 −0.072586
−7.4516 −0.47598 −0.062991
27.949 32.595 38.153 44.322 51.054 58.300
30.787 35.851 41.842 48.437 55.592 63.260
1296.2 1061.0 1047.8 197.10 210.66 223.76 235.93 247.41 258.31
−0.42861 −0.33684 −0.33119 33.552 20.922 13.727 9.5972 7.0666 5.4319
2-230 TABLE 2-193
Thermodynamic Properties of Benzene (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 451.58
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
11.170 10.476 9.7282 8.8655 8.8350
0.089523 0.095456 0.10279 0.11280 0.11319
−7.4897 −0.52680 7.1526 15.593 15.873
−7.4002 −0.43135 7.2554 15.706 15.987
451.58 500.00 550.00 600.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
3.1340 3.7002 4.2144 4.6952
36.999 43.395 50.362 57.755
40.133 47.096 54.577 62.450
300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
11.213 10.537 9.8210 9.0240 8.0418 6.4075 1.5540
0.089185 0.094904 0.10182 0.11082 0.12435 0.15607 0.64348
−7.6160 −0.70378 6.8987 15.189 24.331 35.199 53.945
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
−0.022929 −0.0014714 0.019036 0.038922 0.039545
0.092978 0.10480 0.11785 0.12940 0.12977
0.13308 0.14651 0.16097 0.17801 0.17867
1301.8 1068.0 846.37 634.37 627.51
−0.43004 −0.33971 −0.22423 −0.013693 −0.0036091
0.093016 0.10766 0.12192 0.13561
0.12338 0.13222 0.14175 0.15089
0.14272 0.14607 0.15344 0.16150
192.83 214.43 231.44 245.85
−7.1700 −0.22926 7.4078 15.743 24.953 35.979 57.162
−0.023353 −0.0019818 0.018394 0.038012 0.057399 0.078369 0.11554
0.092913 0.10485 0.11775 0.12877 0.13990 0.15609 0.16178
0.13259 0.14581 0.15956 0.17438 0.19602 0.27120 0.21373
1325.8 1097.9 886.30 692.84 496.64 246.43 176.29
−0.43605 −0.35136 −0.25035 −0.088322 0.27193 2.1959 9.3898
Single-Phase Properties
0.31908 0.27026 0.23728 0.21298
18.991 11.641 7.9458 5.8511
300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
11.263 10.608 9.9256 9.1886 8.3418 7.2764 5.7109
0.088783 0.094266 0.10075 0.10883 0.11988 0.13743 0.17510
−7.7671 −0.91178 6.6097 14.760 23.600 33.351 44.567
−6.8793 0.030879 7.6172 15.848 24.799 34.726 46.318
−0.023867 −0.0025897 0.017651 0.037025 0.055872 0.074776 0.094920
0.092869 0.10497 0.11774 0.12832 0.13831 0.14918 0.16240
0.13203 0.14508 0.15816 0.17132 0.18753 0.21149 0.25868
1354.1 1132.3 930.56 752.83 586.00 420.33 257.52
−0.44280 −0.36378 −0.27601 −0.15003 0.073722 0.56941 2.1761
350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
11.061 10.527 10.001 9.4723 8.9322 8.3797
0.090412 0.094991 0.099985 0.10557 0.11196 0.11934
−2.2210 4.9365 12.570 20.624 29.094 37.984
2.2996 9.6861 17.570 25.902 34.691 43.951
−0.0066440 0.013066 0.031627 0.049177 0.065924 0.082032
0.10685 0.11931 0.12871 0.13669 0.14419 0.15154
0.14195 0.15301 0.16219 0.17116 0.18047 0.18989
1337.7 1173.3 1041.8 932.63 839.96 761.25
−0.41928 −0.37184 −0.32474 −0.26918 −0.20274 −0.12687
350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00
75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000
11.280 10.798 10.331 9.8716 9.4118 8.9496
0.088652 0.092613 0.096793 0.10130 0.10625 0.11174
−2.8344 4.2071 11.699 19.570 27.813 36.435
3.8145 11.153 18.958 27.167 35.782 44.815
−0.0087087 0.010874 0.029250 0.046542 0.062956 0.078670
0.10831 0.12070 0.12977 0.13730 0.14435 0.15124
0.14116 0.15181 0.16021 0.16819 0.17644 0.18489
1431.4 1277.8 1157.1 1058.5 975.53 905.02
−0.43585 −0.39637 −0.36122 −0.32227 −0.27775 −0.22901
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Polt, A., Platzer, B., and Maurer, G., “Parameter der thermischen Zustandsgleichung von Bender fuer 14 mehratomige reine Stoffe,” Chem. Tech. (Leipzig), 44(6):216–224, 1992. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density for benzene are 1% in the vapor phase, 0.3% in the liquid phase up to 400 K (with lower uncertainties at lower temperatures), 1% in the liquid phase between 400 and 500 K, and 2% and rising at temperatures above 500 K. Near the saturation line at temperatures below 350 K, the liquid-phase uncertainty decreases to 0.05%. The uncertainties in vapor pressures are 0.15% at temperatures below 380 K, and 0.5% at higher temperatures. The uncertainties in heat capacities and sound speeds are 2% in the vapor phase and 5% in the liquid phase.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-194
2-231
Saturated Bromine* vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
260 280 300 320 340
0.042 0.124 0.310 0.680 1.330
3.106.−4 3.168.−4 3.232.−4 3.311.−4 3.385.−4
3.195 1.169 0.5002 0.2425 0.1309
−147.2 −138.9 −131.6 −124.2 −112.3
51.8 56.2 60.6 64.8 71.1
0.903 0.933 0.956 0.978 1.004
1.669 1.629 1.597 1.570 1.539
0.486 0.479 0.475 0.473 0.471
13.4 11.5 9.3 7.8 6.7
0.131 0.127 0.122 0.118 0.114
360 380 400 420 440
2.384 4.010 6.390 9.730 14.25
3.464.−4 3.550.−4 3.647.−4 3.752.−4 3.885.−4
0.0767 0.0477 0.0311 0.0211 0.0148
−108.6 −100.6 −93.4 −85.8 −77.7
73.1 76.9 80.6 84.0 87.1
1.026 1.048 1.063 1.084 1.103
1.531 1.515 1.501 1.488 1.477
0.470 0.471 0.475 0.480 0.489
5.7 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.7
0.109 0.104 0.099 0.094 0.089
460 480 500 520 540
20.17 27.75 37.21 48.81 62.80
4.023.−4 4.179.−4 4.378.−4 4.623.−4 4.938.−4
0.0107 0.00786 0.00589 0.00445 0.00337
−69.0 −59.7 −49.3 −37.7 −24.0
89.9 92.2 94.0 95.0 94.8
1.122 1.142 1.161 1.183 1.207
1.467 1.457 1.448 1.438 1.428
0.503 0.527 0.595 0.710 0.860
3.3 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.5
0.084 0.079 0.073 0.066 0.059
79.41 98.90 103.4
5.368.−4 6.250.−4 8.475.−4
0.00251 0.00167 0.00085
−7.1 18.8 64.8
92.5 82.5 64.8
1.237 1.280 1.356
1.414 1.390 1.356
1.063 2.31 ∞
2.3 2.2 2.1
0.050 0.035 ∞
T, K
560 580 584.2c
P, bar
*Reproduced or converted from a tabulation by Seshadri, Viswanath, and Kuloor, Ind. J. Technol., 6 (1970): 191–198. c = critical point.
TABLE 2-195
Thermodynamic Properties of Butane
2-232
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
134.9 140 155 170 185 200 215 230 245 260 275 290 305 320 335 350 365 380 395 410 425.13
6.6566E-07 1.6922E-06 0.00001767 0.00011616 0.00054113 0.0019390 0.0056671 0.014106 0.030885 0.060978 0.11065 0.18734 0.29946 0.45624 0.66761 0.94418 1.2974 1.7399 2.2868 2.9578 3.796
134.9 140 155 170 185 200 215 230 245 260 275 290 305 320 335 350 365 380 395 410 425.13
6.6566E-07 1.6922E-06 0.00001767 0.00011616 0.00054113 0.0019390 0.0056671 0.014106 0.030885 0.060978 0.11065 0.18734 0.29946 0.45624 0.66761 0.94418 1.2974 1.7399 2.2868 2.9578 3.796
150.00 200.00 250.00 272.31
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
272.31 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 200.00
1.0000 1.0000
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−5.2207 −4.6347 −2.9051 −1.1617 0.59963 2.3840 4.1972 6.0455 7.9351 9.8722 11.863 13.914 16.031 18.222 20.494 22.858 25.328 27.928 30.703 33.782 39.364
−5.2207 −4.6347 −2.9051 −1.1617 0.59967 2.3842 4.1977 6.0467 7.9379 9.8780 11.874 13.933 16.062 18.271 20.568 22.967 25.485 28.150 31.018 34.237 40.331
−0.57143 −0.56883 −0.55989 −0.54850 −0.53413 −0.51637 −0.49482 −0.46909 −0.43868 −0.40288 −0.36055 −0.30993 −0.24825 −0.17103 −0.07074 0.066051 0.26565 0.58704 1.1936 2.7451 15.851
176.56 174.84 169.24 163.00 156.32 149.36 142.26 135.13 128.09 121.19 114.50 108.06 101.92 96.103 90.627 85.498 80.706 76.219 71.976 67.979
2304.3 1887.3 1195.3 844.68 634.79 496.50 399.50 328.38 274.41 232.32 198.71 171.28 148.46 129.09 112.34 97.559 84.220 71.859 59.958 47.596
22.482 22.771 23.648 24.567 25.525 26.519 27.550 28.614 29.709 30.834 31.984 33.156 34.343 35.541 36.739 37.923 39.073 40.147 41.076 41.673 39.364
23.604 23.935 24.937 25.980 27.062 28.179 29.328 30.507 31.711 32.934 34.170 35.414 36.657 37.890 39.100 40.270 41.370 42.353 43.130 43.475 40.331
−3.4846 2.3816 8.5729 11.502
-3.4765 2.3902 8.5822 11.512
−0.014834 0.018891 0.046489 0.057711
0.083837 0.085632 0.091432 0.095158
0.11544 0.11985 0.12863 0.13415
31.776 34.241 39.149 44.681 50.834 57.578 64.875
33.948 36.663 42.009 47.970 54.548 61.714 69.432
0.14010 0.14959 0.16605 0.18195 0.19743 0.21252 0.22723
0.085131 0.091498 0.10399 0.11669 0.12893 0.14043 0.15112
0.095267 0.10103 0.11299 0.12545 0.13755 0.14897 0.15960
−3.4986 2.3598
−3.4180 2.4460
−0.014927 0.018782
0.083887 0.085677
0.11540 0.11977
Saturated Properties 12.645 12.563 12.323 12.082 11.840 11.596 11.349 11.097 10.840 10.575 10.301 10.016 9.7171 9.4002 9.0607 8.6916 8.2822 7.8141 7.2504 6.4885 3.9228 5.935E-07 1.4538E-06 1.3712E-05 8.2203E-05 0.00035209 0.0011686 0.0031862 0.0074503 0.015434 0.029042 0.050611 0.082943 0.12941 0.19420 0.28270 0.40241 0.56471 0.78888 1.1133 1.6409 3.9228
0.079082 0.079598 0.081151 0.082767 0.084458 0.086236 0.088115 0.090113 0.092253 0.094562 0.097075 0.099837 0.10291 0.10638 0.11037 0.11505 0.12074 0.12797 0.13792 0.15412 0.25492 1684900 687860 72930 12165 2840.2 855.70 313.85 134.22 64.792 34.433 19.759 12.056 7.7271 5.1494 3.5374 2.4850 1.7708 1.2676 0.89820 0.60943 0.25492
−0.02703 −0.02277 −0.01103 −0.00030 0.009630 0.018903 0.027645 0.035954 0.043912 0.051585 0.059030 0.066292 0.073412 0.080426 0.087371 0.094284 0.10121 0.10822 0.11543 0.12318 0.13735
0.083783 0.083802 0.083864 0.084118 0.084688 0.085627 0.086949 0.088641 0.090679 0.093026 0.095645 0.098497 0.10155 0.10478 0.10817 0.11173 0.11552 0.11966 0.12445 0.13061
0.11467 0.11492 0.11573 0.11677 0.11813 0.11986 0.12199 0.12455 0.12755 0.13098 0.13488 0.13925 0.14418 0.14976 0.15620 0.16389 0.17360 0.18719 0.21028 0.27186
1826.8 1793.1 1699.3 1610.1 1523.4 1438.2 1354.1 1270.8 1188.2 1106.4 1025.2 944.51 864.09 783.62 702.63 620.37 535.75 447.13 352.08 246.50 0
0.18665 0.18130 0.16859 0.15936 0.15267 0.14788 0.14453 0.14230 0.14094 0.14026 0.14011 0.14037 0.14094 0.14174 0.14269 0.14372 0.14473 0.14559 0.14609 0.14572 0.13735
0.055993 0.057048 0.059941 0.062670 0.065393 0.068227 0.071254 0.074521 0.078047 0.081835 0.085872 0.090138 0.094611 0.099274 0.10412 0.10910 0.11417 0.11962 0.12600 0.13401
0.064308 0.065363 0.068258 0.070995 0.073744 0.076640 0.079787 0.083261 0.087120 0.091404 0.096154 0.10142 0.10730 0.11394 0.12161 0.13080 0.14259 0.16009 0.19220 0.28133
148.87 151.48 158.89 165.94 172.61 178.87 184.64 189.81 194.27 197.86 200.46 201.90 202.04 200.69 197.62 192.54 185.07 174.66 160.51 141.36 0
361.89 315.59 218.48 157.83 117.96 90.683 71.432 57.513 47.254 39.578 33.766 29.330 25.936 23.353 21.423 20.061 19.268 19.058 19.446 20.469 15.851
4.8545 5.0913 5.8353 6.6513 7.5389 8.4974 9.5258 10.624 11.792 13.034 14.357 15.775 17.311 18.999 20.889 23.058 25.626 28.813 33.129 40.394
3.3208 3.4522 3.8372 4.2205 4.6014 4.9792 5.3531 5.7226 6.0877 6.4502 6.8133 7.1826 7.5668 7.9782 8.4346 8.9610 9.5964 10.407 11.532 13.373
Single-Phase Properties 12.404 11.597 10.753 10.351 0.046045 0.041289 0.034963 0.030400 0.026924 0.024176 0.021945 12.411 11.608
0.080622 0.086227 0.092993 0.096608 21.718 24.220 28.601 32.894 37.142 41.363 45.569 0.080576 0.086150
1730.2 1438.8 1161.4 1039.7 200.07 211.28 229.21 245.29 260.14 274.06 287.25 1733.9 1443.9
−0.56316 −0.51649 −0.42760 −0.36868 34.694 24.802 14.912 9.8194 6.9019 5.0916 3.8945 −0.56354 −0.51758
171.22 149.40 125.81 115.68 14.113 16.747 22.115 28.275 35.230 42.982 51.533 171.48 149.79
1370.9 496.90 259.42 204.22 6.7480 7.4522 8.6907 9.8987 11.083 12.248 13.395 1381.3 500.58
250.00 300.00 350.00 352.62 352.62 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
10.770 9.8412 8.6953 8.6234 0.42728 0.34181 0.28958 0.25369 0.22679
0.092855 0.10161 0.11500 0.11596 2.3404 2.9256 3.4533 3.9418 4.4094
8.5389 15.271 22.851 23.281 38.127 43.808 50.185 57.063 64.449
8.6318 15.373 22.966 23.397 40.468 46.734 53.638 61.005 68.858
0.046353 0.070896 0.094264 0.095491 0.14390 0.16057 0.17683 0.19234 0.20730
0.091477 0.10054 0.11173 0.11237 0.10997 0.11928 0.13036 0.14132 0.15171
0.12845 0.14209 0.16378 0.16540 0.13262 0.13410 0.14250 0.15221 0.16189
1168.5 899.57 621.53 605.80 191.42 221.49 244.24 262.94 279.30
−0.43053 −0.27749 0.063603 0.095319 19.881 11.545 7.5723 5.3868 4.0325
126.34 104.51 85.560 84.637 23.473 29.230 36.235 44.067 52.702
150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
12.442 11.653 10.838 9.9548
0.080374 0.085815 0.092266 0.10045
−3.5595 2.2656 8.3942 15.037
−3.1577 2.6947 8.8555 15.539
−0.015338 0.018306 0.045767 0.070104
0.084107 0.085873 0.091674 0.10072
0.11525 0.11943 0.12773 0.14034
1749.9 1466.4 1199.3 943.54
−0.56513 −0.52214 −0.44237 −0.31083
172.63 151.52 128.64 107.50
350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
8.9238 7.5216 3.1209 1.7051 1.3443
0.11206 0.13295 0.32042 0.58647 0.74389
22.411 30.873 44.259 54.030 62.232
22.971 31.537 45.861 56.962 65.951
0.092982 0.11581 0.14921 0.17272 0.18986
0.11170 0.12435 0.14234 0.14611 0.15448
0.15798 0.18921 0.35080 0.18483 0.17804
694.05 430.26 147.05 208.77 244.93
−0.067667 0.64313 11.475 6.6929 4.4692
89.620 75.035 55.862 51.142 57.838
106.76 65.426 19.322 14.775 14.928
261.81 157.29 97.696 95.139 9.0627 10.156 11.323 12.475 13.611 1428.2 516.90 272.30 165.96
150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
12.480 11.707 10.919 10.082 9.1484 8.0346 6.5680 4.6089 3.2339
0.080129 0.085415 0.091586 0.099189 0.10931 0.12446 0.15225 0.21697 0.30923
−3.6330 2.1534 8.2254 14.776 21.971 29.964 38.976 49.153 58.940
−2.8317 3.0075 9.1412 15.768 23.064 31.209 40.499 51.323 62.032
−0.015840 0.017730 0.045071 0.069202 0.091668 0.11339 0.13524 0.15803 0.17846
0.084373 0.086111 0.091916 0.10096 0.11182 0.12357 0.13606 0.14784 0.15662
0.11508 0.11906 0.12697 0.13868 0.15374 0.17293 0.20093 0.22343 0.20486
1769.4 1493.4 1235.4 993.02 766.31 554.16 360.83 243.50 242.94
−0.56694 −0.52718 −0.45489 −0.34276 −0.16435 0.17567 1.0509 2.9827 3.2916
174.03 153.61 131.40 110.99 94.017 81.081 71.907 65.910 65.615
1488.3 537.30 285.19 176.33 116.79 77.782 48.326 27.075 19.386
150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
12.622 11.905 11.197 10.483 9.7548 9.0036 8.2322 7.4563 6.7039
0.079224 0.083996 0.089313 0.095388 0.10251 0.11107 0.12147 0.13411 0.14917
−3.9002 1.7557 7.6534 13.956 20.772 28.147 36.070 44.490 53.337
−1.5235 4.2756 10.333 16.817 23.848 31.479 39.714 48.514 57.812
−0.017740 0.015602 0.042606 0.066223 0.087875 0.10824 0.12762 0.14616 0.16387
0.085345 0.086999 0.092823 0.10187 0.11265 0.12399 0.13519 0.14590 0.15594
0.11453 0.11796 0.12491 0.13486 0.14654 0.15873 0.17053 0.18124 0.19043
1842.9 1591.7 1361.4 1153.4 971.05 816.42 691.11 595.43 527.27
−0.57242 −0.54200 −0.48867 −0.41613 −0.32840 −0.22551 −0.10687 0.023732 0.15444
179.28 161.37 141.44 123.09 108.07 97.051 90.031 86.541 85.903
1748.0 619.22 335.06 214.53 150.45 110.91 83.811 64.099 49.561
150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
65.000 65.000 65.000 65.000 65.000 65.000 65.000 65.000 65.000
12.844 12.196 11.576 10.979 10.399 9.8373 9.2935 8.7710 8.2737
0.077859 0.081993 0.086384 0.091087 0.096160 0.10165 0.10760 0.11401 0.12087
−4.2847 1.2046 6.9077 12.978 19.516 26.564 34.118 42.152 50.632
0.77614 6.5342 12.523 18.898 25.767 33.172 41.112 49.563 58.488
−0.020732 0.012378 0.039078 0.062302 0.083456 0.10322 0.12191 0.13971 0.15671
0.086776 0.088354 0.094214 0.10329 0.11406 0.12536 0.13648 0.14709 0.15706
0.11392 0.11690 0.12318 0.13220 0.14267 0.15351 0.16402 0.17389 0.18299
1957.6 1737.3 1537.0 1359.9 1208.7 1082.5 979.42 896.76 831.73
−0.57756 −0.55581 −0.51712 −0.46758 −0.41511 −0.36425 −0.31694 −0.27399 −0.23593
187.43 173.22 156.34 140.34 126.97 116.89 110.18 106.55 105.59
2300.4 766.46 419.12 275.14 199.77 154.25 123.77 101.78 85.075
2-233
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, NIST Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Buecker, D., and Wagner, W., “Reference Equations of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Fluid Phase n-Butane and Isobutane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35(2): 929–1019, 2006. The source for viscosity is Vogel, E., Kuechenmeister, C., and Bich, E., “Viscosity for n-Butane in the Fluid Region,” High Temp.—High Pressures 31(2):173–186, 1999. The source for thermal conductivity is Perkins, R. A, Ramires, M. L. V., Nieto de Castro, C. A., and Cusco, L., “Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Butane from 135 K to 600 K at Pressures to 70 MPa,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 47(5):1263–1271, 2002. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single–phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.02% at temperatures below 340 K and pressures below 12 MPa (both liquid and vapor states), 0.1% at temperatures below 270 K and pressures above 12 MPa, 0.2% between 340 and 515 K at pressures less than 0.6 MPa, and 0.4% elsewhere. In the critical region, deviations in pressure are 0.5%. At temperatures above 500 K, the uncertainties in density increase up to 1%. Uncertainties in heat capacities are typically 1%, rising to 5% in the critical region and at pressures above 30 MPa. Uncertainties in the speed of sound are typically 0.5%, rising to 1% at temperatures below 200 K and to 4% in a large area around the critical point. The uncertainty in viscosity varies from 0.4% in the dilute gas between room temperature and 600 K, to 3.0% over the rest of the fluid surface. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the critical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.
2-234 TABLE 2-196
Thermodynamic Properties of 1-Butene
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
87.800 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 419.29
5.95E-13 1.2730E-05 9.3335E-05 0.00046966 0.0017787 0.0054125 0.013876 0.031052 0.062301 0.11440 0.19537 0.31425 0.48093 0.70602 1.0009 1.3777 1.8505 2.4356 3.1556 4.0057
87.800 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 419.29
5.95E-13 1.2730E-05 9.3335E-05 0.00046966 0.0017787 0.0054125 0.013876 0.031052 0.062301 0.11440 0.19537 0.31425 0.48093 0.70602 1.0009 1.3777 1.8505 2.4356 3.1556 4.0057
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
0.068578 0.074746 0.076351 0.078017 0.079756 0.081585 0.083519 0.085582 0.087798 0.090204 0.092841 0.095769 0.099067 0.10285 0.10730 0.11269 0.11956 0.12901 0.14444 0.23585
−19.753 −13.108 −11.509 −9.8961 −8.2633 −6.6054 −4.9174 −3.1944 −1.4319 0.37503 2.2316 4.1435 6.1173 8.1613 10.286 12.507 14.848 17.357 20.167 25.194 10.763 13.339 14.060 14.822 15.621 16.456 17.323 18.219 19.139 20.081 21.039 22.009 22.985 23.957 24.912 25.827 26.665 27.351 27.680 25.194
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
−19.753 −13.108 −11.509 −9.8961 −8.2632 −6.6050 −4.9162 −3.1918 −1.4264 0.38535 2.2497 4.1736 6.1650 8.2339 10.393 12.662 15.069 17.672 20.622 26.139
−0.12145 −0.064173 −0.054011 −0.044655 −0.035943 −0.027753 −0.019990 −0.012577 −0.0054542 0.0014312 0.0081238 0.014663 0.021087 0.027432 0.033738 0.040056 0.046456 0.053070 0.060243 0.073219
0.080229 0.071962 0.072351 0.073193 0.074385 0.075854 0.077551 0.079443 0.081507 0.083732 0.086107 0.088628 0.091289 0.094094 0.097052 0.10019 0.10358 0.10741 0.11236
0.10913 0.10631 0.10701 0.10813 0.10964 0.11149 0.11367 0.11619 0.11904 0.12227 0.12593 0.13010 0.13492 0.14061 0.14758 0.15666 0.16976 0.19258 0.25490
2086.5 1744.9 1649.6 1555.6 1463.4 1373.4 1285.6 1199.6 1115.4 1032.5 950.65 869.48 788.58 707.49 625.58 541.98 455.28 362.75 258.01 0
−0.55371 −0.55469 −0.54558 −0.53276 −0.51623 −0.49587 −0.47138 −0.44220 −0.40748 −0.36587 −0.31542 −0.25308 −0.17406 −0.070421 0.071832 0.27973 0.61278 1.2326 2.7886 14.832
11.493 14.586 15.432 16.317 17.238 18.192 19.174 20.177 21.195 22.223 23.253 24.279 25.290 26.274 27.212 28.078 28.823 29.354 29.425 26.139
0.23442 0.12046 0.10927 0.10097 0.094833 0.090329 0.087076 0.084791 0.083257 0.082311 0.081820 0.081681 0.081801 0.082098 0.082489 0.082878 0.083133 0.083025 0.081979 0.073219
0.035901 0.046819 0.049589 0.052497 0.055552 0.058761 0.062133 0.065668 0.069362 0.073208 0.077198 0.081324 0.085583 0.089980 0.094533 0.099287 0.10434 0.10992 0.11666
0.044215 0.055138 0.057921 0.060867 0.064008 0.067378 0.071013 0.074946 0.079208 0.083840 0.088901 0.094492 0.10078 0.10808 0.11696 0.12863 0.14599 0.17800 0.27163
126.59 161.79 168.95 175.70 182.01 187.84 193.09 197.63 201.32 204.02 205.56 205.77 204.47 201.43 196.37 188.91 178.55 164.58 145.93 0
Saturated Properties 14.582 13.379 13.097 12.818 12.538 12.257 11.973 11.685 11.390 11.086 10.771 10.442 10.094 9.7227 9.3197 8.8735 8.3641 7.7513 6.9234 4.2400 8.1441E-13 1.0208E-05 6.8053E-05 0.00031411 0.0010999 0.0031172 0.0074985 0.015861 0.030305 0.053404 0.088232 0.13847 0.20868 0.30478 0.43505 0.61215 0.85778 1.2160 1.8085 4.2400
1.2279E+12 97966. 14694. 3183.5 909.21 320.80 133.36 63.049 32.998 18.725 11.334 7.2216 4.7920 3.2811 2.2986 1.6336 1.1658 0.82239 0.55294 0.23585
6453.8 519.37 334.05 224.29 156.42 112.91 84.169 64.687 51.184 41.642 34.789 29.808 26.172 23.538 21.690 20.504 19.927 19.957 20.477 14.832
Single-Phase Properties 100.00 200.00 266.51
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
266.51 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
100.00 200.00 300.00 344.96
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
344.96 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
14.342 12.446 11.158 0.047098 0.041199 0.030377 0.024172 14.347 12.457 10.465 9.3208 0.43467 0.33780 0.25311
0.069727 0.080347 0.089625 21.232 24.273 32.920 41.370 0.069701 0.080273 0.095554 0.10729 2.3006 2.9603 3.9508
−18.432 −7.7161 −0.050006
−18.425 −7.7081 −0.041044
−0.10737 −0.033172 −0.00015346
0.076348 0.074849 0.083200
0.10761 0.11021 0.12149
2041.3 1433.8 1051.7
−0.55898 −0.51000 −0.37627
19.860 22.407 31.321 42.371
21.983 24.834 34.613 46.508
0.082486 0.092558 0.12055 0.14700
0.072300 0.078346 0.099614 0.12081
0.082725 0.087850 0.10831 0.12931
203.49 217.19 251.29 280.25
43.586 27.387 10.192 5.2895
−18.441 −7.7377 4.1009 10.280
−18.371 −7.6574 4.1965 10.388
−0.10745 −0.033280 0.014521 0.033722
0.076343 0.074873 0.088626 0.097044
0.10760 0.11013 0.12974 0.14756
2045.4 1439.7 878.06 625.79
24.909 30.561 41.920
27.210 33.521 45.871
0.082488 0.099463 0.12695
0.094521 0.10210 0.12152
0.11694 0.11588 0.13206
196.39 229.62 269.53
21.694 11.604 5.5503
−0.55906 −0.51117 −0.26069 0.071399
14.371 12.507 10.593 7.7924 1.6432
0.069585 0.079955 0.094404 0.12833 0.60858
−18.478 −7.8313 3.8689 18.376 39.334
−18.131 −7.4315 4.3409 19.018 42.377
−0.10783 −0.033753 0.013736 0.055643 0.10830
0.076326 0.074982 0.088648 0.10867 0.12539
0.10752 0.10983 0.12795 0.17944 0.15726
2063.2 1464.8 924.82 398.89 221.46
−0.55939 −0.51602 −0.29848 0.92138 6.5598
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
14.400 12.566 10.734 8.4254 4.4457
0.069444 0.079577 0.093162 0.11869 0.22494
−18.524 −7.9428 3.6108 17.389 35.004
−17.830 −7.1471 4.5424 18.576 37.254
−0.10830 −0.034325 0.012845 0.053002 0.094450
0.076316 0.075127 0.088724 0.10763 0.12805
0.10743 0.10949 0.12625 0.15809 0.20133
2084.7 1494.9 976.91 531.56 235.89
−0.55976 −0.52136 −0.33426 0.27589 3.6822
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
14.511 12.781 11.176 9.5263 7.8006
0.068913 0.078241 0.089478 0.10497 0.12820
−18.695 −8.3397 2.8019 15.547 30.094
−16.628 −5.9925 5.4862 18.696 33.940
−0.11011 −0.036441 0.0099119 0.047777 0.081710
0.076383 0.075766 0.089276 0.10751 0.12649
0.10716 0.10853 0.12244 0.14231 0.16189
2164.7 1602.5 1142.6 802.89 578.80
−0.56070 −0.53694 −0.41541 −0.21113 0.077488
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
70.000 70.000 70.000 70.000
13.133 11.778 10.537 9.3918
0.076142 0.084903 0.094902 0.10648
−8.9642 1.7245 13.811 27.536
−3.6342 7.6677 20.454 34.989
−0.040078 0.0055841 0.042252 0.074613
0.077144 0.090645 0.10876 0.12760
0.10763 0.11961 0.13655 0.15389
1777.6 1376.9 1099.3 914.99
−0.55246 −0.47674 −0.37969 −0.28997
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Ihmels, E. C., “Thermodynamic Properties of the Butenes. Part II. Short Fundamental Equations of State,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 228–229C:173–187, 2005. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of densities calculated by the equation of state (based on a coverage factor of 2) are 0.1% in the liquid phase at temperatures above 270 K (rising to 0.5% in density at temperatures below 200 K), 0.2% at temperatures above the critical temperature and at pressures above 10 MPa, and 0.5% in the vapor phase, including supercritical conditions below 10 MPa. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.25% above 200 K. The uncertainty in heat capacities is 0.5% at saturated liquid conditions, rising to 5% at much higher pressures and at temperatures above 350 K.
2-235
2-236 TABLE 2-197
Thermodynamic Properties of cis-2-Butene
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
134.30 140.00 155.00 170.00 185.00 200.00 215.00 230.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 290.00 305.00 320.00 335.00 350.00 365.00 380.00 395.00 410.00 425.00 435.75
2.6365E-07 8.0149E-07 9.6316E-06 7.0502E-05 0.00035720 0.0013683 0.0042205 0.010977 0.024918 0.050686 0.094280 0.16294 0.26496 0.40952 0.60651 0.86653 1.2009 1.6221 2.1441 2.7840 3.5654 4.2360
134.30 140.00 155.00 170.00 185.00 200.00 215.00 230.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 290.00 305.00 320.00 335.00 350.00 365.00 380.00 395.00 410.00 425.00 435.75
2.6365E-07 8.0149E-07 9.6316E-06 7.0502E-05 0.00035720 0.0013683 0.0042205 0.010977 0.024918 0.050686 0.094280 0.16294 0.26496 0.40952 0.60651 0.86653 1.2009 1.6221 2.1441 2.7840 3.5654 4.2360
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. Energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Saturated Properties 14.084 13.976 13.696 13.419 13.143 12.868 12.591 12.312 12.030 11.742 11.446 11.140 10.822 10.488 10.134 9.7540 9.3387 8.8746 8.3381 7.6790 6.7389 4.2440 2.3611E-07 6.8856E-07 7.4740E-06 4.9890E-05 0.00023239 0.00082449 0.0023717 0.0057914 0.012427 0.024061 0.042902 0.071600 0.11331 0.17184 0.25199 0.36018 0.50560 0.70265 0.97689 1.3825 2.0863 4.2440
0.071002 0.071549 0.073014 0.074523 0.076087 0.077715 0.079421 0.081218 0.083127 0.085168 0.087369 0.089765 0.092403 0.095344 0.098675 0.10252 0.10708 0.11268 0.11993 0.13023 0.14839 0.23563 4235300. 1452300. 133800. 20044. 4303.0 1212.9 421.65 172.67 80.467 41.562 23.309 13.966 8.8256 5.8195 3.9684 2.7764 1.9779 1.4232 1.0237 0.72331 0.47931 0.23563
−16.205 −15.556 −13.866 −12.194 −10.529 −8.8626 −7.1860 −5.4919 −3.7731 −2.0229 −0.23513 1.5965 3.4781 5.4164 7.4188 9.4943 11.655 13.918 16.313 18.901 21.868 26.307
−16.205 −15.556 −13.866 −12.194 −10.529 −8.8625 −7.1857 −5.4910 −3.7710 −2.0186 −0.22689 1.6111 3.5026 5.4554 7.4786 9.5831 11.783 14.101 16.570 19.263 22.397 27.305
−0.081920 −0.077189 −0.065723 −0.055424 −0.046038 −0.037376 −0.029294 −0.021677 −0.014438 −0.0075050 −0.00082003 0.0056653 0.011993 0.018199 0.024318 0.030386 0.036443 0.042540 0.048756 0.055246 0.062490 0.073584
0.079059 0.078138 0.076346 0.075319 0.074926 0.075072 0.075681 0.076690 0.078045 0.079699 0.081613 0.083753 0.086090 0.088602 0.091273 0.094094 0.097073 0.10024 0.10367 0.10763 0.11310
0.11421 0.11344 0.11195 0.11114 0.11096 0.11135 0.11228 0.11371 0.11560 0.11795 0.12075 0.12400 0.12777 0.13211 0.13720 0.14328 0.15087 0.16100 0.17620 0.20480 0.30217
1931.8 1897.3 1805.9 1714.3 1623.4 1533.6 1445.0 1357.7 1271.7 1186.9 1103.2 1020.4 938.24 856.41 774.55 692.22 608.84 523.58 435.01 340.18 231.16 0
13.340 13.603 14.312 15.048 15.811 16.601 17.417 18.259 19.124 20.011 20.917 21.839 22.775 23.718 24.662 25.597 26.506 27.364 28.124 28.692 28.785 26.307
14.457 14.767 15.601 16.461 17.348 18.261 19.197 20.154 21.129 22.117 23.114 24.115 25.113 26.101 27.069 28.003 28.882 29.673 30.319 30.706 30.494 27.305
0.14638 0.13940 0.12439 0.11314 0.10465 0.098239 0.093417 0.089825 0.087196 0.085325 0.084057 0.083264 0.082846 0.082717 0.082798 0.083015 0.083288 0.083518 0.083563 0.083155 0.081542 0.073584
0.045782 0.046445 0.048209 0.050082 0.052140 0.054433 0.056990 0.059826 0.062937 0.066305 0.069907 0.073716 0.077706 0.081857 0.086156 0.090605 0.095223 0.10007 0.10526 0.11109 0.11843
0.054097 0.054760 0.056526 0.058410 0.060499 0.062862 0.065554 0.068614 0.072067 0.075928 0.080211 0.084945 0.090186 0.096045 0.10272 0.11059 0.12039 0.13368 0.15445 0.19596 0.34488
153.35 156.40 164.10 171.37 178.22 184.64 190.57 195.95 200.67 204.61 207.65 209.64 210.44 209.88 207.78 203.91 197.97 189.62 178.35 163.51 144.08 0
−0.50947 −0.51181 −0.51506 −0.51402 −0.50857 −0.49860 −0.48403 −0.46470 −0.44035 −0.41046 −0.37418 −0.33016 −0.27626 −0.20906 −0.12307 −0.0089736 0.14999 0.38688 0.77697 1.5369 3.6646 14.802 1022.9 846.64 534.19 352.76 241.97 171.51 125.19 93.915 72.325 57.138 46.280 38.405 32.629 28.363 25.214 22.923 21.324 20.319 19.863 19.920 20.169 14.802
Single-Phase Properties 150.00 250.00 276.53
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
276.53 350.00 450.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 250.00 350.00 356.43
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
356.43 450.00
1.0000 1.0000
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
13.790 11.936 11.415 0.045328 0.034963 0.026927 13.797 11.951 9.7615 9.5810 0.41725 0.28985
0.072517 0.083783 0.087603 22.062 28.602 37.137 0.072480 0.083676 0.10244 0.10437 2.3967 3.4501
−14.429 −3.1958 −0.050523
−14.421 −3.1874 −0.041763
−0.069410 −0.012105 −0.00015051
0.076853 0.078567 0.081821
0.11236 0.11633 0.12106
1836.9 1243.8 1094.7
−0.51448 −0.43122 −0.37008
21.010 26.707 36.211
23.216 29.567 39.925
0.083956 0.10426 0.13019
0.070286 0.084207 0.10536
0.080672 0.093226 0.11396
207.90 235.49 266.57
45.358 18.349 8.0313
−14.442 −3.2258 9.4809 10.409
−14.369 −3.1421 9.5833 10.513
−0.069498 −0.012226 0.030348 0.032980
0.076879 0.078590 0.094087 0.095350
0.11234 0.11619 0.14310 0.14630
1840.9 1250.7 694.58 656.67
25.991 35.598
28.388 39.048
0.083130 0.10966
0.092560 0.10690
0.11449 0.11882
201.64 250.49
22.160 8.7484
−0.51475 −0.43363 −0.013023 0.052242
13.827 12.016 9.9638 3.4526
0.072321 0.083219 0.10036 0.28964
−14.500 −3.3549 9.1178 29.287
−14.138 −2.9388 9.6196 30.736
−0.069886 −0.012747 0.029293 0.080884
0.076995 0.078700 0.093949 0.12364
0.11223 0.11561 0.13889 0.49664
1858.7 1280.3 758.54 144.63
−0.51590 −0.44345 −0.10935 13.395
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
13.864 12.094 10.171 7.3847
0.072127 0.082686 0.098318 0.13542
−14.569 −3.5069 8.7400 23.767
−13.848 −2.6800 9.7232 25.121
−0.070362 −0.013371 0.028171 0.066644
0.077144 0.078849 0.093912 0.11375
0.11212 0.11500 0.13550 0.17964
1880.2 1315.2 825.19 387.53
−0.51720 −0.45403 −0.18764 1.0233
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00
20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000
13.936 12.236 10.498 8.4814
0.071757 0.081725 0.095255 0.11791
−14.703 −3.7846 8.1362 22.018
−13.268 −2.1501 10.041 24.376
−0.071287 −0.014539 0.026317 0.062213
0.077453 0.079171 0.094047 0.11264
0.11192 0.11403 0.13149 0.15577
1921.2 1379.1 932.72 586.98
−0.51938 −0.47093 −0.28055 0.13495
250.00 350.00 450.00
50.000 50.000 50.000
12.592 11.161 9.7684
0.079414 0.089596 0.10237
−4.4655 6.9055 19.807
−0.017580 0.022259 0.056195
0.080215 0.094937 0.11311
0.11231 0.12655 0.14428
1538.7 1160.5 893.45
−0.50151 −0.39521 −0.26115
−0.49483 11.385 24.926
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Ihmels, E. C., “Thermodynamic Properties of the Butenes. Part II. Short Fundamental Equations of State,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 228–229C:173–187, 2005. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in densities calculated using the equation of state are 0.1% in the liquid phase at temperatures above 270 K (rising to 0.5% at temperatures below 200 K), 0.2% at temperatures above the critical temperature and at pressures above 10 MPa, and 0.5% in the vapor phase, including supercritical conditions below 10 MPa. The uncertainty in the vapor phase may be higher than 0.5% in some regions. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.2% between 220 and 310 K and 0.5% above 310 K, and the uncertainty in heat capacities is 0.5% at saturated liquid conditions, rising to 5% at much higher pressures and at temperatures above 300 K.
2-237
2-238 TABLE 2-198
Thermodynamic Properties of trans-2-Butene
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
167.60 170.00 185.00 200.00 215.00 230.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 290.00 305.00 320.00 335.00 350.00 365.00 380.00 395.00 410.00 425.00 428.61
0.000074817 0.000098940 0.00047141 0.0017229 0.0051236 0.012948 0.028726 0.057367 0.10513 0.17951 0.28905 0.44317 0.65207 0.92670 1.2790 1.7221 2.2718 2.9483 3.7851 4.0191
167.60 170.00 185.00 200.00 215.00 230.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 290.00 305.00 320.00 335.00 350.00 365.00 380.00 395.00 410.00 425.00 428.61
0.000074817 0.000098940 0.00047141 0.0017229 0.0051236 0.012948 0.028726 0.057367 0.10513 0.17951 0.28905 0.44317 0.65207 0.92670 1.2790 1.7221 2.2718 2.9483 3.7851 4.0191
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.53710 −0.53489 −0.52040 −0.50389 −0.48446 −0.46138 −0.43391 −0.40117 −0.36199 −0.31463 −0.25645 −0.18323 −0.088064 0.041045 0.22658 0.51577 1.0273 2.1709 7.0491 14.836
Saturated Properties 13.141 13.097 12.827 12.556 12.284 12.008 11.728 11.441 11.146 10.840 10.520 10.183 9.8227 9.4330 9.0030 8.5154 7.9376 7.1898 5.8610 4.2130 0.000053703 0.000070020 0.00030677 0.0010387 0.0028818 0.0068419 0.014361 0.027327 0.048069 0.079385 0.12463 0.18794 0.27462 0.39199 0.55094 0.76954 1.0825 1.5757 2.6760 4.2130
0.076099 0.076351 0.077960 0.079642 0.081408 0.083277 0.085267 0.087404 0.089718 0.092251 0.095056 0.098206 0.10181 0.10601 0.11107 0.11743 0.12598 0.13909 0.17062 0.23736 18,621. 14,282. 3259.8 962.76 347.00 146.16 69.632 36.594 20.803 12.597 8.0236 5.3209 3.6414 2.5511 1.8151 1.2995 0.92378 0.63463 0.37369 0.23736
−12.322 −12.060 −10.409 −8.7337 −7.0328 −5.3024 −3.5381 −1.7351 0.11181 2.0081 3.9596 5.9728 8.0553 10.217 12.471 14.840 17.363 20.137 23.657 26.217
−12.322 −12.060 −10.409 −8.7336 −7.0324 −5.3013 −3.5357 −1.7301 0.12124 2.0247 3.9871 6.0163 8.1216 10.315 12.613 15.042 17.650 20.547 24.303 27.171
−0.056582 −0.055030 −0.045722 −0.037018 −0.028818 −0.021038 −0.013608 −0.0064657 0.00044042 0.0071551 0.013718 0.020164 0.026529 0.032849 0.039171 0.045556 0.052111 0.059086 0.067765 0.074373
0.075471 0.075651 0.076779 0.077989 0.079349 0.080901 0.082660 0.084626 0.086786 0.089124 0.091618 0.094251 0.097011 0.099897 0.10292 0.10614 0.10969 0.11399 0.12174
0.10906 0.10931 0.11086 0.11250 0.11434 0.11646 0.11890 0.12171 0.12491 0.12854 0.13267 0.13740 0.14294 0.14962 0.15815 0.17004 0.18946 0.23383 0.63363
1653.9 1639.3 1549.4 1461.5 1375.6 1291.2 1208.2 1126.4 1045.4 965.18 885.29 805.47 725.30 644.30 561.78 476.68 387.01 288.25 165.30 0
13.917 14.051 14.913 15.805 16.724 17.667 18.632 19.616 20.617 21.632 22.656 23.685 24.709 25.716 26.685 27.583 28.347 28.822 28.287 26.217
15.310 15.465 16.450 17.464 18.502 19.560 20.632 21.716 22.804 23.893 24.976 26.043 27.083 28.080 29.006 29.821 30.445 30.693 29.702 27.171
0.10829 0.10688 0.099458 0.093969 0.089946 0.087053 0.085037 0.083710 0.082924 0.082564 0.082533 0.082747 0.083130 0.083605 0.084083 0.084447 0.084505 0.083831 0.080468 0.074373
0.056121 0.056517 0.058961 0.061448 0.064084 0.066934 0.070029 0.073369 0.076939 0.080711 0.084658 0.088756 0.092992 0.097368 0.10191 0.10670 0.11191 0.11800 0.12690
0.064451 0.064850 0.067333 0.069906 0.072698 0.075804 0.079283 0.083170 0.087492 0.092287 0.097621 0.10363 0.11056 0.11889 0.12962 0.14503 0.17158 0.23687 0.83276
168.85 169.97 176.77 183.16 189.08 194.41 199.05 202.86 205.70 207.43 207.89 206.90 204.25 199.66 192.81 183.21 170.22 152.90 129.63 0
333.88 313.10 214.55 152.47 111.85 84.452 65.512 52.156 42.578 35.618 30.512 26.754 24.009 22.059 20.773 20.089 19.999 20.460 20.057 14.836
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 273.69
0.10000 0.10000
273.69 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
200.00 300.00 353.43
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
353.43 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
−0.037029 −0.00015647
0.077991 0.086590
0.11249 0.12461
22.709 25.044 35.016 46.932
0.082975 0.091118 0.11968 0.14618
0.076618 0.080917 0.10071 0.12004
0.087096 0.090604 0.10946 0.12856
205.49 216.41 251.03 280.24
−8.7565 3.2597 10.724
−8.6769 3.3536 10.831
−0.037132 0.011401 0.034294
0.078010 0.090766 0.10058
0.11242 0.13089 0.15138
1467.8 920.75 625.59
2.3574 2.9288 3.9367
25.942 30.880 42.308
28.299 33.808 46.245
0.083718 0.098365 0.12606
0.098392 0.10374 0.12089
0.12109 0.11833 0.13164
198.31 227.44 268.79
21.710 12.735 6.0235
12.615 10.766 8.1724 1.7031
0.079271 0.092881 0.12236 0.58716
−8.8455 3.0452 17.547 39.420
−8.4492 3.5096 18.158 42.355
−0.037581 0.010676 0.052539 0.10676
0.078096 0.090769 0.10973 0.12565
0.11215 0.12936 0.17328 0.16251
1492.3 964.95 451.39 215.66
−0.50911 −0.31451 0.61704 7.3063
12.557 11.172 0.045873 0.041314 0.030400 0.024180 12.568 10.652 9.3386 0.42419 0.34144 0.25402
−8.7360 −0.051921
−8.7280 −0.042970
20.529 22.623 31.727 42.796
0.079566 0.093883 0.10708
0.079634 0.089507 21.799 24.205 32.895 41.357
1462.2 1052.5
−0.50400 −0.36572 43.299 30.137 11.036 5.7119 −0.50499 −0.28393 0.077370
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
12.671 10.895 8.6867 4.7944
0.078919 0.091783 0.11512 0.20858
−8.9520 2.8039 16.708 34.462
−8.1628 3.7218 17.859 36.547
−0.038127 0.0098449 0.050312 0.091756
0.078213 0.090820 0.10892 0.12831
0.11184 0.12787 0.15802 0.21038
1521.6 1014.7 568.97 241.07
−0.51368 −0.34416 0.18397 3.5123
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000
12.827 11.215 9.5005 7.5935
0.077961 0.089166 0.10526 0.13169
−9.2436 2.2040 15.305 30.258
−7.2946 4.4332 17.937 33.551
−0.039668 0.0076959 0.046401 0.081157
0.078610 0.091136 0.10862 0.12604
0.11112 0.12501 0.14563 0.16587
1602.1 1139.2 778.83 531.13
−0.52436 −0.40118 −0.17082 0.22774
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
13.054 11.620 10.240 8.9015
0.076608 0.086061 0.097652 0.11234
−9.6567 1.4532 13.991 28.100
−5.8263 5.7562 18.873 33.717
−0.041984 0.0048127 0.042428 0.075482
0.079350 0.091871 0.10919 0.12638
0.11038 0.12263 0.13997 0.15648
1718.0 1299.8 994.88 788.67
−0.53554 −0.44882 −0.32579 −0.19336
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Ihmels, E. C., “Thermodynamic Properties of the Butenes. Part II. Short Fundamental Equations of State,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 228–229C:173–187, 2005. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in densities calculated using the equation of state are 0.1% in the liquid phase at temperatures above 270 K (rising to 0.5% at temperatures below 200 K), 0.2% at temperatures above the critical temperature and at pressures above 10 MPa, and 0.5% in the vapor phase, including supercritical conditions below 10 MPa. The uncertainty in the vapor phase may be higher than 0.5% in some regions. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.3% above 200 K, and the uncertainty in heat capacities is 0.5% at saturated liquid conditions, rising to 5% at much higher pressures and at temperatures above 250 K.
2-239
2-240 TABLE 2-199 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
180.63 176.15 169.67 163.28 156.98 150.75 144.58 138.47 132.40 126.35 120.31 114.25 108.17 102.03 95.810 89.546 83.558 80.593
256.70 242.01 222.19 204.23 187.88 172.96 159.30 146.74 135.14 124.40 114.40 105.02 96.174 87.731 79.548 71.409 62.936 53.107
11.014 11.301 11.745 12.221 12.736 13.297 13.917 14.610 15.396 16.306 17.381 18.687 20.325 22.468 25.424 29.821 37.215 53.689
10.951 11.135 11.409 11.689 11.976 12.272 12.579 12.902 13.245 13.614 14.017 14.469 14.987 15.601 16.361 17.357 18.792 21.306
Saturated Properties 216.59 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 304.13
0.51796 0.59913 0.73509 0.89291 1.0747 1.2825 1.5185 1.7850 2.0843 2.4188 2.7909 3.2033 3.6589 4.1607 4.7123 5.3177 5.9822 6.7131 7.3773
26.777 26.497 26.078 25.646 25.201 24.742 24.264 23.767 23.246 22.697 22.114 21.491 20.817 20.077 19.247 18.284 17.100 15.434 10.625
0.037345 0.037740 0.038347 0.038992 0.039680 0.040418 0.041213 0.042075 0.043018 0.044059 0.045219 0.046531 0.048037 0.049808 0.051957 0.054693 0.058480 0.064793 0.094118
3.5030 3.7943 4.2235 4.6554 5.0908 5.5303 5.9749 6.4256 6.8836 7.3505 7.8282 8.3190 8.8266 9.3560 9.9154 10.519 11.197 12.036 13.928
3.5223 3.8169 4.2517 4.6902 5.1334 5.5821 6.0375 6.5007 6.9733 7.4571 7.9544 8.4681 9.0024 9.5633 10.160 10.810 11.547 12.471 14.622
0.022943 0.024279 0.026209 0.028110 0.029986 0.031840 0.033678 0.035505 0.037326 0.039148 0.040979 0.042829 0.044711 0.046643 0.048657 0.050805 0.053196 0.056151 0.063094
0.042895 0.042682 0.042383 0.042103 0.041843 0.041605 0.041393 0.041212 0.041079 0.041029 0.041109 0.041351 0.041750 0.042270 0.042900 0.043734 0.045175 0.049288
0.085960 0.086338 0.087024 0.087886 0.088954 0.090263 0.091866 0.093831 0.096251 0.099258 0.10306 0.10798 0.11457 0.12385 0.13790 0.16176 0.21098 0.38279
975.85 951.21 915.16 879.09 842.88 806.38 769.44 731.78 693.01 652.58 610.07 565.46 519.14 471.54 422.75 371.95 315.91 245.67 0
−0.14430 −0.13180 −0.11104 −0.086994 −0.059053 −0.026454 0.011808 0.057087 0.11121 0.17663 0.25672 0.35639 0.48324 0.64959 0.87650 1.2037 1.7218 2.7258 5.8665
216.59 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 304.13
0.51796 0.59913 0.73509 0.89291 1.0747 1.2825 1.5185 1.7850 2.0843 2.4188 2.7909 3.2033 3.6589 4.1607 4.7123 5.3177 5.9822 6.7131 7.3773
0.31268 0.35941 0.43766 0.52878 0.63442 0.75654 0.89743 1.0599 1.2472 1.4637 1.7149 2.0080 2.3535 2.7663 3.2702 3.9074 4.7654 6.1028 10.625
3.1982 2.7824 2.2849 1.8912 1.5762 1.3218 1.1143 0.94353 0.80180 0.68320 0.58314 0.49800 0.42490 0.36150 0.30579 0.25593 0.20985 0.16386 0.094118
17.286 17.329 17.387 17.438 17.481 17.515 17.538 17.550 17.549 17.532 17.498 17.441 17.359 17.241 17.078 16.848 16.509 15.935 13.928
18.943 18.996 19.067 19.127 19.175 19.210 19.230 19.234 19.220 19.185 19.125 19.037 18.913 18.746 18.519 18.209 17.764 17.035 14.622
0.094138 0.093276 0.092055 0.090878 0.089736 0.088622 0.087526 0.086439 0.085352 0.084254 0.083133 0.081972 0.080750 0.079437 0.077987 0.076319 0.074270 0.071364 0.063094
0.027691 0.028120 0.028782 0.029488 0.030241 0.031042 0.031899 0.032827 0.033844 0.034955 0.036164 0.037482 0.038949 0.040628 0.042629 0.045155 0.048677 0.054908
0.039992 0.040943 0.042489 0.044244 0.046248 0.048555 0.051242 0.054421 0.058244 0.062912 0.068721 0.076168 0.086123 0.10020 0.12177 0.15906 0.23904 0.52463
222.78 223.15 223.49 223.57 223.40 222.96 222.24 221.22 219.87 218.19 216.15 213.75 210.96 207.72 203.94 199.45 193.84 185.33 0
26.174 25.084 23.617 22.288 21.077 19.969 18.950 18.005 17.117 16.277 15.476 14.704 13.947 13.185 12.387 11.509 10.459 9.0093 5.8665
Single-Phase Properties 250.00 450.00 650.00 850.00 1050.0
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.048542 0.026758 0.018506 0.014148 0.011452
250.00 450.00 650.00 850.00 1050.0
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.53250 0.27038 0.18527 0.14131 0.11430
250.00 287.43
5.0000 5.0000
287.43 450.00 650.00 850.00 1050.0
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
250.00 450.00 650.00 850.00 1050.0
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
18.448 24.664 32.199 40.636 49.704
20.509 28.401 37.602 47.705 58.436
0.11415 0.13712 0.15397 0.16750 0.17883
0.026766 0.034775 0.040192 0.043944 0.046573
0.035428 0.043148 0.048529 0.052271 0.054895
247.79 324.41 385.01 437.11 483.65
17.399 4.0212 1.6551 0.78058 0.34646
12.950 29.346 45.466 60.295 73.843
12.565 21.901 29.873 36.707 42.692
1.8779 3.6985 5.3976 7.0767 8.7487
18.023 24.546 32.133 40.591 49.671
19.901 28.244 37.530 47.668 58.419
0.093263 0.11771 0.13473 0.14830 0.15965
0.029361 0.034954 0.040239 0.043965 0.046585
0.042504 0.043866 0.048779 0.052397 0.054970
235.08 322.89 385.36 438.06 484.84
17.606 3.9880 1.6311 0.76632 0.33777
13.584 29.620 45.651 60.435 73.956
12.691 21.954 29.907 36.732 42.712
0.041563 0.053196
6.2824 10.202
6.4902 10.468
0.034925 0.049681
0.041321 0.043268
0.090937 0.14775
762.21 398.39
142.22 92.760
153.15 75.598
0.28090 0.70647 1.0755 1.4237 1.7650
16.977 24.000 31.842 40.395 49.524
18.381 27.533 37.219 47.513 58.349
0.077209 0.10313 0.12091 0.13469 0.14613
0.043774 0.035769 0.040445 0.044055 0.046637
0.13705 0.047478 0.049898 0.052945 0.055297
201.86 317.50 387.59 442.64 490.31
11.974 3.8034 1.5263 0.70611 0.30129
27.323 31.164 46.589 61.117 74.494
16.808 22.429 30.157 36.899 42.836
24.459 2.9910 1.8632 1.3930 1.1205
0.040885 0.33433 0.53671 0.71790 0.89248
6.0862 23.276 31.482 40.155 49.347
6.4950 26.619 36.849 47.334 58.271
0.034120 0.095787 0.11461 0.12866 0.14021
0.041488 0.036785 0.040693 0.044164 0.046701
0.087624 0.052935 0.051293 0.053603 0.055685
804.05 314.60 391.91 449.04 497.48
−0.034849 3.4705 1.3965 0.63635 0.25964
147.52 33.917 48.005 62.093 75.242
162.47 23.679 30.687 37.224 43.066
24.060 18.798 3.5600 1.4155 0.92982 0.70241 0.56658
20.601 37.372 54.037 70.683 87.321
0.015208 1.0195
250.00 450.00 650.00 850.00 1050.0
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
28.075 19.246 13.677 10.636 8.7929
0.035619 0.051959 0.073117 0.094022 0.11373
4.3002 16.560 27.132 37.076 46.995
7.8621 21.756 34.444 46.478 58.368
0.026023 0.067062 0.090445 0.10660 0.11916
0.043569 0.040841 0.043108 0.045620 0.047676
0.073521 0.066107 0.061252 0.059534 0.059512
1227.6 753.30 646.36 646.61 668.90
−0.27302 −0.11128 −0.054084 −0.13292 −0.21482
206.28 106.65 86.093 87.259 94.022
287.05 83.996 58.868 54.445 55.058
450.00 650.00 850.00 1050.0
500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00
28.922 25.661 23.144 21.126
0.034576 0.038969 0.043208 0.047334
13.014 23.302 33.551 43.903
30.302 42.786 55.155 67.570
0.050604 0.073576 0.090166 0.10328
0.047702 0.048419 0.049676 0.050818
0.063434 0.061885 0.061912 0.062247
1576.4 1404.7 1320.1 1278.7
−0.38514 −0.40369 −0.41098 −0.41674
239.59 197.25 177.31 168.50
303.64 191.14 145.07 123.33
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Span, R., and Wagner, W., “A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region from the Triple-Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25(6):1509–1596, 1996. The source for viscosity is Fenghour, A., Wakeham, W. A., and Vesovic, V., “The Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27:31–44, 1998. The source for thermal conductivity is Vesovic, V., Wakeham, W. A., Olchowy, G. A., Sengers, J. V., Watson, J. T. R., and Millat, J., “The Transport Properties of Carbon Dioxide,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19:763–808, 1990. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. At pressures up to 30 MPa and temperatures up to 523 K, the estimated uncertainty ranges from 0.03% to 0.05% in density, 0.03% (in the vapor) to 1% in the speed of sound (0.5% in the liquid), and 0.15% (in the vapor) to 1.5% (in the liquid) in heat capacity. Special interest has been focused on the description of the critical region and the extrapolation behavior of the formulation (to the limits of chemical stability). The uncertainty in viscosity ranges from 0.3% in the dilute gas near room temperature to 5% at the highest pressures. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is less than 5%.
2-241
2-242
TABLE 2-200 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Monoxide Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
0.032971 0.033262 0.033588 0.033924 0.034270 0.034628 0.034999 0.035383 0.035782 0.036197 0.036630 0.037082 0.037556 0.038052 0.038574 0.039125 0.039708 0.040326 0.040985 0.041689 0.042446 0.043263 0.044151 0.045124 0.046197 0.047395 0.048749 0.050307 0.052141 0.054377 0.057259 0.061393 0.092166
−0.81158 −0.70065 −0.58046 −0.46058 −0.34088 −0.22127 −0.10165 0.018099 0.13806 0.25835 0.37906 0.50030 0.62218 0.74482 0.86835 0.99289 1.1186 1.2457 1.3742 1.5045 1.6368 1.7713 1.9085 2.0487 2.1925 2.3405 2.4938 2.6536 2.8221 3.0024 3.2010 3.4328 4.2912
−0.81106 −0.69995 −0.57950 −0.45927 −0.33915 −0.21900 −0.098716 0.021834 0.14277 0.26421 0.38629 0.50915 0.63291 0.75773 0.88377 1.0112 1.1402 1.2710 1.4039 1.5390 1.6768 1.8175 1.9616 2.1097 2.2624 2.4205 2.5853 2.7583 2.9420 3.1403 3.3608 3.6210 4.6137
−0.010820 −0.0092140 −0.0075210 −0.0058785 −0.0042823 −0.0027285 −0.0012138 0.00026503 0.0017110 0.0031269 0.0045153 0.0058787 0.0072195 0.0085399 0.0098422 0.011129 0.012402 0.013663 0.014916 0.016162 0.017404 0.018646 0.019891 0.021142 0.022406 0.023688 0.024996 0.026343 0.027744 0.029230 0.030854 0.032745 0.040039
5.1252 5.1600 5.1971 5.2334 5.2688 5.3031 5.3363 5.3682 5.3988 5.4280 5.4556 5.4816 5.5058 5.5280 5.5482 5.5661 5.5816 5.5945 5.6044 5.6112 5.6145 5.6138 5.6088
5.6859 5.7343 5.7859 5.8361 5.8849 5.9320 5.9775 6.0210 6.0625 6.1019 6.1388 6.1733 6.2050 6.2338 6.2595 6.2819 6.3007 6.3157 6.3265 6.3327 6.3339 6.3295 6.3191
0.084499 0.082704 0.080887 0.079194 0.077613 0.076131 0.074739 0.073426 0.072185 0.071007 0.069885 0.068813 0.067785 0.066796 0.065840 0.064912 0.064007 0.063120 0.062248 0.061385 0.060526 0.059665 0.058797
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.035351 0.034805 0.034248 0.033724 0.033232 0.032768 0.032329 0.031915 0.031522 0.031150 0.030798 0.030463 0.030146 0.029846 0.029562 0.029294 0.029043 0.028809 0.028592 0.028395 0.028218 0.028066 0.027941 0.027850 0.027800 0.027803 0.027874 0.028038 0.028333 0.028826 0.029646 0.031097
0.060430 0.060226 0.060064 0.059961 0.059917 0.059930 0.060002 0.060132 0.060324 0.060578 0.060899 0.061291 0.061760 0.062314 0.062962 0.063716 0.064590 0.065604 0.066781 0.068153 0.069759 0.071656 0.073916 0.076648 0.080005 0.084225 0.089692 0.097070 0.10762 0.12411 0.15392 0.22603
998.20 980.50 961.22 941.89 922.49 903.01 883.44 863.76 843.95 824.00 803.89 783.60 763.12 742.41 721.45 700.22 678.68 656.78 634.50 611.77 588.54 564.73 540.25 515.01 488.86 461.63 433.11 403.00 370.88 336.15 297.82 254.03 0
−0.36906 −0.36553 −0.36074 −0.35489 −0.34794 −0.33981 −0.33041 −0.31966 −0.30742 −0.29356 −0.27794 −0.26034 −0.24056 −0.21834 −0.19335 −0.16523 −0.13353 −0.097704 −0.057078 −0.010824 0.042104 0.10304 0.17371 0.25641 0.35427 0.47167 0.61495 0.79382 1.0239 1.3325 1.7728 2.4703 6.1475
180.28 175.49 170.45 165.55 160.76 156.06 151.45 146.89 142.40 137.96 133.57 129.23 124.94 120.69 116.51 112.38 108.31 104.30 100.36 96.482 92.679 88.948 85.290 81.702 78.180 74.716 71.296 67.896 64.476 60.972 57.261 53.107
274.18 252.15 232.14 215.32 201.01 188.69 177.96 168.52 160.13 152.60 145.77 139.52 133.75 128.38 123.34 118.57 114.02 109.66 105.45 101.35 97.342 93.404 89.510 85.641 81.774 77.888 73.954 69.940 65.797 61.448 56.748 51.348
0.021089 0.021155 0.021238 0.021333 0.021441 0.021563 0.021699 0.021850 0.022017 0.022199 0.022397 0.022611 0.022842 0.023089 0.023352 0.023633 0.023931 0.024248 0.024586 0.024945 0.025329 0.025741 0.026186
0.029785 0.029947 0.030153 0.030394 0.030672 0.030993 0.031360 0.031777 0.032250 0.032783 0.033383 0.034057 0.034813 0.035661 0.036615 0.037690 0.038906 0.040288 0.041869 0.043694 0.045820 0.048326 0.051322
167.25 169.22 171.27 173.22 175.07 176.80 178.42 179.92 181.29 182.54 183.66 184.65 185.51 186.22 186.80 187.23 187.52 187.67 187.66 187.51 187.20 186.73 186.11
40.804 38.426 36.126 34.080 32.250 30.604 29.116 27.763 26.527 25.392 24.345 23.377 22.477 21.638 20.853 20.118 19.426 18.773 18.154 17.565 17.001 16.458 15.930
Saturated Properties 68.160 70.000 72.000 74.000 76.000 78.000 80.000 82.000 84.000 86.000 88.000 90.000 92.000 94.000 96.000 98.000 100.00 102.00 104.00 106.00 108.00 110.00 112.00 114.00 116.00 118.00 120.00 122.00 124.00 126.00 128.00 130.00 132.86
0.015537 0.021053 0.028718 0.038447 0.050599 0.065559 0.083738 0.10556 0.13148 0.16196 0.19748 0.23852 0.28559 0.33919 0.39983 0.46805 0.54438 0.62934 0.72348 0.82736 0.94154 1.0666 1.2031 1.3517 1.5130 1.6877 1.8765 2.0802 2.2997 2.5360 2.7904 3.0647 3.4982
68.160 70.000 72.000 74.000 76.000 78.000 80.000 82.000 84.000 86.000 88.000 90.000 92.000 94.000 96.000 98.000 100.00 102.00 104.00 106.00 108.00 110.00 112.00
0.015537 0.021053 0.028718 0.038447 0.050599 0.065559 0.083738 0.10556 0.13148 0.16196 0.19748 0.23852 0.28559 0.33919 0.39983 0.46805 0.54438 0.62934 0.72348 0.82736 0.94154 1.0666 1.2031
30.330 30.064 29.773 29.478 29.180 28.878 28.573 28.262 27.947 27.626 27.300 26.967 26.627 26.280 25.924 25.559 25.184 24.798 24.399 23.987 23.560 23.114 22.649 22.161 21.646 21.099 20.513 19.878 19.179 18.390 17.464 16.288 10.850 0.027707 0.036656 0.048780 0.063796 0.082130 0.10424 0.13059 0.16171 0.19810 0.24036 0.28906 0.34486 0.40845 0.48058 0.56209 0.65388 0.75700 0.87260 1.0020 1.1468 1.3088 1.4903 1.6938
36.091 27.281 20.500 15.675 12.176 9.5935 7.6573 6.1841 5.0478 4.1605 3.4595 2.8997 2.4483 2.0808 1.7791 1.5293 1.3210 1.1460 0.99799 0.87198 0.76404 0.67102 0.59039
6.6865 6.8845 7.1009 7.3188 7.5382 7.7592 7.9820 8.2067 8.4335 8.6627 8.8944 9.1291 9.3672 9.6091 9.8555 10.107 10.366 10.632 10.909 11.198 11.502 11.828 12.181
4.6366 4.7768 4.9329 5.0934 5.2589 5.4300 5.6076 5.7922 5.9847 6.1860 6.3968 6.6182 6.8512 7.0969 7.3566 7.6317 7.9239 8.2350 8.5675 8.9238 9.3073 9.7221 10.173
114.00 116.00 118.00 120.00 122.00 124.00 126.00 128.00 130.00 132.86
1.3517 1.5130 1.6877 1.8765 2.0802 2.2997 2.5360 2.7904 3.0647 3.4982
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
100.00 108.96
1.0000 1.0000
108.96 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
1.9228 2.1815 2.4754 2.8123 3.2027 3.6629 4.2194 4.9212 5.8832 10.850
0.52008 0.45841 0.40397 0.35558 0.31224 0.27301 0.23700 0.20320 0.16998 0.092166
5.5986 5.5827 5.5598 5.5286 5.4872 5.4324 5.3595 5.2594 5.1113 4.2912
6.3016 6.2762 6.2416 6.1959 6.1367 6.0602 5.9605 5.8264 5.6322 4.6137
0.057914 0.057008 0.056070 0.055084 0.054034 0.052892 0.051613 0.050117 0.048216 0.040039
5.7653 7.8674 9.9522 12.045 14.169
6.5785 9.5259 12.446 15.371 18.328
0.080014 0.10048 0.11231 0.12073 0.12733
0.039586 0.042829
1.1047 1.7009
1.1443 1.7437
0.71782 1.6200 2.4867 3.3334 4.1732
5.6147 7.7647 9.8936 12.005 14.140
25.864 3.4130 2.0232 1.4824 1.1786
0.038663 0.29299 0.49426 0.67458 0.84845
0.026671 0.027203 0.027794 0.028462 0.029229 0.030133 0.031233 0.032636 0.034579
0.054966 0.059493 0.065263 0.072864 0.083320 0.098585 0.12291 0.16759 0.27599
185.33 184.38 183.27 181.99 180.52 178.84 176.93 174.68 171.86 0
15.411 14.894 14.372 13.833 13.265 12.648 11.956 11.140 10.100 6.1475
12.569 13.005 13.507 14.101 14.826 15.747 16.981 18.777 21.845
10.667 11.213 11.821 12.509 13.301 14.234 15.373 16.840 18.936
0.021118 0.020812 0.020833 0.021028 0.021479
0.030153 0.029239 0.029191 0.029364 0.029807
201.29 288.05 353.12 407.29 454.00
17.820 5.3111 2.5186 1.2653 0.56244
10.075 19.227 26.605 33.106 39.272
6.9147 12.897 17.731 21.870 25.540
0.012262 0.017998
0.029062 0.028142
0.064114 0.070627
685.44 577.22
−0.14414 0.070176
112.87 90.884
6.3325 9.3847 12.380 15.338 18.313
0.060114 0.080819 0.092976 0.10149 0.10812
0.025522 0.020996 0.020895 0.021064 0.021505
0.046966 0.030510 0.029646 0.029598 0.029948
186.99 286.20 354.42 409.43 456.39
16.739 5.1924 2.4256 1.2088 0.52786
11.655 19.474 26.760 33.222 39.364
0.99666 7.2656 9.6364 11.834 14.015
1.1900 8.7305 12.108 15.207 18.258
0.011154 0.064994 0.078767 0.087691 0.094498
0.029263 0.021878 0.021174 0.021224 0.021618
0.060925 0.038000 0.031673 0.030585 0.030535
737.92 285.27 362.95 420.15 467.56
−0.21740 4.3757 2.0288 0.98413 0.39254
152.30 22.190 27.812 33.871 39.837
112.19 15.094 18.716 22.588 26.139
Single-Phase Properties 0.12298 0.060293 0.040104 0.030062 0.024045 25.261 23.349 1.3931 0.61727 0.40214 0.29999 0.23962
8.1315 16.586 24.935 33.265 41.588
113.83 95.450 9.5017 13.192 17.918 22.024 25.676
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
26.482 7.4298 4.0263 2.9079 2.3052
0.037761 0.13459 0.24837 0.34389 0.43381
0.88669 6.5960 9.3290 11.634 13.870
1.2643 7.9419 11.813 15.073 18.208
0.0099878 0.056188 0.072068 0.081462 0.088461
0.029539 0.022832 0.021511 0.021420 0.021755
0.058409 0.048831 0.034036 0.031689 0.031188
792.04 307.84 379.01 435.68 482.48
−0.27800 2.8854 1.5731 0.74980 0.25486
200.46 34.772 30.972 35.414 40.797
110.33 19.114 19.862 23.298 26.682
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
29.422 20.591 14.766 11.439 9.3865
0.033988 0.048566 0.067725 0.087418 0.10654
0.39153 4.5424 7.7949 10.518 13.024
2.0910 6.9707 11.181 14.889 18.350
0.0040257 0.038097 0.055259 0.065951 0.073681
0.031398 0.025036 0.023212 0.022620 0.022659
0.052094 0.045541 0.039083 0.035519 0.033937
1066.8 706.01 609.73 604.51 622.30
−0.43831 −0.28689 −0.21242 −0.27153 −0.36911
567.46 256.88 139.18 94.476 76.899
99.463 50.929 34.086 31.319 32.167
31.474 24.888 20.200 16.970 14.662
0.031772 0.040181 0.049505 0.058928 0.068206
0.095937 3.9022 7.0625 9.8487 12.449
3.2732 7.9203 12.013 15.741 19.269
−0.00053857 0.031951 0.048608 0.059353 0.067230
0.033037 0.026437 0.024358 0.023555 0.023434
0.050530 0.043352 0.038799 0.036051 0.034683
1282.4 987.69 866.60 822.33 808.91
−0.47725 −0.50923 −0.54516 −0.59581 −0.64123
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
1005.7 536.84 331.69 229.18 173.58
90.560 73.380 54.648 45.748 42.504
2-243
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850,2006. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Version 9.08 of the NIST14 database. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The equation of state is valid from the triple point to 500 K with pressures to 100 MPa. At higher pressures, the deviations from the equation increase rapidly, and it is not recommended to use the equation above 100 MPa. The uncertainties in the equation are 0.3% in density (approaching 1% near the critical point), 0.2% in vapor pressure, and 2% in heat capacities. For viscosity, estimated uncertainty is 2%. For thermal conductivity, estimated uncertainty, except near the critical region, is 4–6%.
2-244
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Temperature-entropy diagram for carbon monoxide. Pressure P, in atmospheres; density ρ, in grams per cubic centimeter; enthalpy H, in joules per gram. (From Hust and Stewart, NBS Tech. Note 202, 1963.)
FIG. 2-8
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-201
2-245
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Carbon Tetrachloride hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf , 10−6 Pa·s
kf , W/(m⋅K)
Pr
280 290 300 310 320
0.064 0.105 0.165 0.251 0.370
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
619 625 633 641 649
2.414 1.495 0.971 0.669 0.463
205.5 212.9 220.9 228.8 236.9
420.7 425.7 430.9 436.1 441.3
1.018 1.042 1.068 1.095 1.121
1.787 1.775 1.768 1.764 1.760
0.835 0.844 0.853 0.863 0.874
1042 892 774 679 603
0.1043 0.1020 0.0998 0.0975 0.0952
8.34 7.38 6.62 6.01 5.54
330 340 350 360 370
0.531 0.743 1.017 1.361 1.795
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
657 666 674 684 694
0.3306 0.2407 0.1802 0.1370 0.1053
246.0 254.5 263.1 271.8 280.8
446.4 451.5 456.6 461.7 466.6
1.149 1.174 1.199 1.224 1.248
1.756 1.754 1.752 1.751 1.751
0.885 0.897 0.910 0.924 0.939
539 486 441 402 368
0.0930 0.0907 0.0884 0.0861 0.0839
5.13 4.81 4.54 4.31 4.12
380 390 400 410 420
2.327 2.970 3.735 4.642 5.700
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
704 715 727 739 753
0.0820 0.0651 0.0525 0.0426 0.0350
289.7 298.1 307.9 317.1 326.0
471.5 475.8 481.2 485.8 490.4
1.272 1.295 1.319 1.341 1.363
1.750 1.751 1.752 1.753 1.754
0.954 0.970 0.987 1.010 1.034
338 311 287 265 246
0.0816 0.0794 0.0771 0.0749 0.0726
3.95 3.80 3.67 3.57 3.50
430 440 450 460 470
6.927 8.342 9.958 11.792 13.869
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
766 780 796 801 834
0.02899 0.02413 0.02020 0.01692 0.01425
335.2 344.3 353.6 363.1 372.8
494.9 499.2 503.4 507.3 511.1
1.384 1.405 1.426 1.446 1.467
1.756 1.757 1.759 1.760 1.761
1.060 1.094 1.141 1.207 1.240
227 211 195 180 167
0.0704 0.0682 0.0660 0.0638 0.0666
3.42 3.38 3.37 3.36 3.36
480 490 500 510 520
16.21 18.83 21.77 25.02 28.68
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
856 880 858 945 987
0.01205 0.01011 0.00858 0.00722 0.00607
382.6 392.0 402.5 412.9 424.3
514.6 517.5 520.2 522.6 524.2
1.487 1.507 1.526 1.546 1.568
1.762 1.763 1.762 1.761 1.760
1.278 1.320 1.375 1.44 1.52
156 145 133
0.0594 0.0511 0.0549
3.36 3.35 3.35
530 540 550 556.4c
32.71 37.18 44.12 45.60
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
041 121 248 792
0.00500 0.00400 0.00309 0.00179
436.4 448.3 463.4 494.4
524.5 522.7 518.2 494.4
1.590 1.614 1.638 1.692
1.756 1.749 1.738 1.692
T, K
vf, m3/kg
P, bar
vg, m3/kg
c = critical point. Base points: hf = 200 at 273.15 K = 0°C = hA − 300 kJ/kg; sf = 1.000 at 273.15 K = 0°C = sA − 4.000 kJ/(kg⋅K). Values mostly rounded and converted from Altunin, V. V., V. Z. Geller, et al., Thermophysical Properties of Freons, vol. 9, Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 1987 (243 pp.). Some irregularities exist in these data.
TABLE 2-202
Saturated Carbon Tetrafluoride (R14)* µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
0.887 0.887 0.890 0.896 0.904
3.56
0.136 0.128 0.119 0.111 0.104
6.696 6.662 6.629 6.607 6.583
0.922 0.975 1.031 1.104 1.203
3.28 3.03 2.80 2.59 2.39
0.097 0.089 0.081 0.072 0.064
6.558 6.536 6.490 6.371
1.334 1.506 1.73 ∞
2.19 2.01 1.85
0.057 0.049 0.042 ∞
P, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
100 110 120 130 140
0.0089 0.0286 0.0924 0.2986 0.6901
5.370.−4 5.515.−4 5.668.−4 5.834.−4 6.018.−4
10.77 3.648 1.228 0.4051 0.1855
495.8 502.7 510.4 518.8 527.7
648.4 652.9 657.1 661.1 664.8
5.487 5.556 5.624 5.691 5.757
7.003 6.919 6.847 6.786 6.736
150 160 170 180 190
1.4074 2.598 4.426 7.067 10.702
6.225.−4 6.460.−4 6.733.−4 7.055.−4 7.449.−4
0.0951 0.0532 0.0318 0.0200 0.0131
537.2 549.4 557.6 568.2 579.3
668.3 671.4 674.0 676.1 677.4
5.822 5.885 5.947 6.007 6.066
200 210 220 227.5c
15.531 21.794 29.269 37.45
7.957.−4 8.674.−4 9.931.−4 1.598.−3
0.0087 0.0058 0.0036 0.0016
591.0 603.5 618.5 646.9
677.8 676.4 671.4 646.9
6.124 6.182 6.233 6.371
T, K
*P, v, h, and s values interpolated, extrapolated, and converted from Oguchi, Reito, 52 (1977): 869–889. c = critical point. The notation 5.370.−4 signifies 5.370 × 10−4. Equations and constants approximated to ASHRAE tables are given by Mecaryk, K. and M. Masaryk, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 11, 2–3 (1991). The 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (S.I. ed.) contains a saturation table from −140 to −45.65 °C and an enthalpy–log-pressure diagram from 0.1 to 300 bar, −140 to 300 °C. For properties to 1000 bar from 90 to 420 K, see Rublo, R. G., J. A. Zollweg, et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 36 (1991): 171–184. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 80 bar, 600 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). Chari, Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, 1960, presents saturation-temperature tables in fps units for 1°F increments from −270 to −51°F. Thermodynamic and transport properties, equations, and computer code and tables at constant entropy from 89 to 845 K are given by Hunt, J. L. and Boney, L. R., NASA TN D-7181, 1973 (105 pp.), largely based upon the Chari data.
2-246 TABLE 2-203
Thermodynamic Properties of Carbonyl Sulfide
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
134.30 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 378.77
0.000064435 0.00014316 0.00049244 0.0014232 0.0035714 0.0079826 0.016210 0.030380 0.053219 0.088035 0.13868 0.20947 0.30513 0.43069 0.59148 0.79300 1.0409 1.3412 1.6998 2.1232 2.6180 3.1915 3.8523 4.6109 5.4827 6.3688
134.30 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 378.77
0.000064435 0.00014316 0.00049244 0.0014232 0.0035714 0.0079826 0.016210 0.030380 0.053219 0.088035 0.13868 0.20947 0.30513 0.43069 0.59148 0.79300 1.0409 1.3412 1.6998 2.1232 2.6180 3.1915 3.8523 4.6109 5.4827 6.3688
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
−0.036049 −0.032962 −0.027934 −0.023315 −0.019029 −0.015019 −0.011239 −0.0076537 −0.0042337 −0.00095536 0.0022014 0.0052538 0.0082168 0.011104 0.013927 0.016699 0.019432 0.022138 0.024832 0.027531 0.030256 0.033041 0.035938 0.039054 0.042698 0.050522
0.050295 0.049071 0.047317 0.045963 0.044919 0.044118 0.043507 0.043047 0.042708 0.042464 0.042299 0.042198 0.042150 0.042147 0.042186 0.042262 0.042376 0.042533 0.042738 0.043007 0.043365 0.043857 0.044569 0.045699 0.047851
0.074835 0.073691 0.072140 0.071067 0.070377 0.070000 0.069885 0.069996 0.070307 0.070804 0.071479 0.072335 0.073381 0.074640 0.076145 0.077949 0.080132 0.082812 0.086180 0.090546 0.096471 0.10507 0.11899 0.14652 0.23509
1449.7 1423.0 1376.1 1329.2 1282.3 1235.4 1188.5 1141.6 1094.7 1047.8 1000.8 953.72 906.38 858.76 810.74 762.21 713.03 663.05 612.06 559.82 505.95 449.91 390.71 326.44 252.51 0
−0.47647 −0.48236 −0.48929 −0.49217 −0.49125 −0.48674 −0.47875 −0.46727 −0.45221 −0.43335 −0.41029 −0.38249 −0.34913 −0.30911 −0.26092 −0.20244 −0.13069 −0.041371 0.071920 0.21913 0.41667 0.69379 1.1092 1.8033 3.2373 8.9233
0.12786 0.12252 0.11442 0.10767 0.10200 0.097198 0.093108 0.089601 0.086575 0.083945 0.081643 0.079610 0.077800 0.076171 0.074687 0.073316 0.072030 0.070799 0.069593 0.068379 0.067117 0.065750 0.064185 0.062245 0.059425 0.050522
0.022770 0.023105 0.023740 0.024427 0.025159 0.025933 0.026745 0.027592 0.028471 0.029382 0.030323 0.031293 0.032292 0.033320 0.034376 0.035463 0.036585 0.037748 0.038964 0.040251 0.041639 0.043181 0.044969 0.047203 0.050441
0.031089 0.031429 0.032079 0.032795 0.033580 0.034438 0.035375 0.036399 0.037521 0.038751 0.040105 0.041602 0.043268 0.045137 0.047258 0.049700 0.052570 0.056029 0.060340 0.065951 0.073691 0.085260 0.10478 0.14532 0.28170
159.29 162.31 167.40 172.22 176.77 181.06 185.07 188.78 192.15 195.15 197.76 199.92 201.62 202.81 203.46 203.53 202.98 201.77 199.84 197.14 193.61 189.17 183.76 177.26 169.47 0
Saturated Properties 22.518 22.330 22.002 21.674 21.346 21.016 20.683 20.345 20.002 19.653 19.295 18.927 18.548 18.155 17.747 17.320 16.870 16.394 15.885 15.335 14.733 14.060 13.287 12.352 11.072 7.4100 0.000057710 0.00012301 0.00039506 0.0010711 0.0025330 0.0053579 0.010340 0.018492 0.031038 0.049400 0.075184 0.11018 0.15639 0.21605 0.29173 0.38642 0.50374 0.64823 0.82581 1.0446 1.3165 1.6600 2.1078 2.7278 3.7183 7.4100
0.044409 0.044783 0.045451 0.046138 0.046847 0.047583 0.048349 0.049151 0.049994 0.050884 0.051827 0.052834 0.053914 0.055080 0.056348 0.057737 0.059276 0.060998 0.062953 0.065210 0.067877 0.071123 0.075261 0.080962 0.090320 0.13495 17,328. 8,129.4 2,531.3 933.62 394.79 186.64 96.715 54.078 32.218 20.243 13.301 9.0759 6.3942 4.6285 3.4278 2.5879 1.9852 1.5427 1.2109 0.95730 0.75961 0.60241 0.47442 0.36660 0.26894 0.13495
−6.2965 −5.8733 −5.1446 −4.4289 −3.7220 −3.0204 −2.3213 −1.6224 −0.92144 −0.21676 0.49332 1.2104 1.9359 2.6716 3.4192 4.1805 4.9579 5.7542 6.5728 7.4185 8.2981 9.2217 10.207 11.289 12.572 15.239
−6.2965 −5.8733 −5.1446 −4.4289 −3.7219 −3.0201 −2.3206 −1.6209 −0.91878 −0.21228 0.50050 1.2214 1.9524 2.6954 3.4525 4.2263 5.0196 5.8360 6.6798 7.5570 8.4758 9.4487 10.497 11.662 13.067 16.099
14.600 14.730 14.963 15.201 15.443 15.689 15.938 16.187 16.436 16.684 16.927 17.166 17.397 17.619 17.830 18.027 18.207 18.365 18.497 18.596 18.651 18.647 18.555 18.321 17.782 15.239
15.716 15.894 16.209 16.529 16.853 17.179 17.505 17.830 18.151 18.466 18.772 19.067 19.348 19.613 19.858 20.079 20.273 20.434 20.556 20.629 20.640 20.570 20.383 20.011 19.256 16.099
230.42 199.85 158.07 127.26 104.13 86.482 72.846 62.184 53.756 47.024 41.595 37.175 33.545 30.541 28.040 25.945 24.185 22.698 21.437 20.357 19.412 18.546 17.674 16.625 14.934 8.9233
Single-Phase Properties 150.00 200.00 222.70
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
222.70 250.00 300.00 350.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 200.00 250.00 288.48
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
288.48 300.00 350.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
−5.1456 −1.6235 −0.025288
−5.1411 −1.6186 −0.020175
16.750 17.590 19.215 20.954
18.550 19.628 21.683 23.845
0.045423 0.049103 0.053843 0.059031
−5.1547 −1.6382 1.9164 4.8385
2.0650 2.1944 2.7038
22.068 20.446 18.707 16.644 13.583
22.003 20.347 19.557 0.055571 0.049051 0.040528 0.034596 22.015 20.365 18.572 16.940 0.48426 0.45571 0.36985
0.045448 0.049148 0.051133
−0.027941 −0.0076594 −0.000090227
0.072138 0.069990 0.070969
0.083293 0.087860 0.095346 0.10201
0.029634 0.030973 0.033493 0.035716
0.039104 0.040014 0.042188 0.044263
195.90 207.32 226.21 243.37
−5.1093 −1.5891 1.9703 4.8975
−0.028002 −0.0077331 0.0081385 0.019018
0.047344 0.043071 0.042163 0.042357
0.072112 0.069917 0.073223 0.079771
1379.4 1145.9 910.91 720.56
18.180 18.640 20.566
20.245 20.834 23.270
0.072221 0.074222 0.081735
0.036412 0.036112 0.036823
0.052100 0.050249 0.048032
203.11 209.62 233.01
0.045315 0.048909 0.053456 0.060080 0.073622
−5.1945 −1.7019 1.8087 5.5592 10.000
−4.9679 −1.4574 2.0760 5.8596 10.369
−0.028269 −0.0080546 0.0077029 0.021479 0.035328
0.047452 0.043169 0.042245 0.042516 0.044139
0.072006 0.069609 0.072395 0.080087 0.10909
1392.3 1163.4 935.94 701.33 422.84
−0.49145 −0.47508 −0.37256 −0.11429 0.86866
17.995 20.387 24.674 28.905
1376.4 1141.9 1035.1
−0.48934 −0.46739 −0.42755
0.047320 0.043049 0.042413
45.441 32.301 19.802 13.574 −0.48974 −0.46887 −0.35287 −0.14261 24.434 21.627 14.214
150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
22.132 20.543 18.864 16.938 14.430
0.045183 0.048678 0.053012 0.059038 0.069300
−5.2426 −1.7780 1.6837 5.3293 9.3887
−4.7907 −1.2912 2.2138 5.9197 10.082
−0.028596 −0.0084436 0.0071898 0.020687 0.033492
0.047587 0.043292 0.042351 0.042551 0.043442
0.071886 0.069265 0.071522 0.077434 0.091456
1408.1 1184.3 965.13 746.52 517.30
−0.49341 −0.48206 −0.39347 −0.18740 0.36632
150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000
22.256 20.726 19.146 17.418 15.414
0.044932 0.048249 0.052230 0.057411 0.064877
−5.3340 −1.9196 1.4600 4.9523 8.6515
−4.4353 −0.95458 2.5046 6.1005 9.9491
−0.029231 −0.0091833 0.0062486 0.019350 0.031203
0.047854 0.043536 0.042574 0.042705 0.043268
0.071679 0.068683 0.070163 0.074036 0.080401
1438.4 1223.7 1018.0 821.57 634.40
−0.49677 −0.49387 −0.42634 −0.28388 −0.00046299
200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
21.201 19.828 18.430 16.985
0.047167 0.050433 0.054259 0.058876
−2.2782 0.93091 4.1637 7.4493
0.080117 3.4526 6.8767 10.393
−0.011163 0.0038870 0.016368 0.027205
0.044246 0.043245 0.043321 0.043748
0.067514 0.067745 0.069343 0.071325
1327.4 1148.2 986.75 844.44
−0.51767 −0.48534 −0.42082 −0.32515
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The resulting equation has uncertainties of 0.1% in density in the liquid below 450 K, 1% in density at temperatures between 450 and 500 K, 3% in density at temperatures above 500 K, 0.5% in density in the vapor phase and at supercritical conditions below 10 MPa and 450 K, 0.5% in vapor pressure, and 2% in isobaric heat capacity.
2-247
2-248
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-204 T, K 301.6m 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1500
Saturated Cesium* P, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
2.66.−9 3.83.−6 3.11.−4 5.65.−3 0.0440
5.444.−4 5.615.−4 5.800.−4 5.999.−4 6.215.−4
7.01.+7 6.54.+4 1001 65.63 9.671
74.6 98.5 122.0 144.9 167.0
637.6 651.9 666.1 678.4 688.9
0.696 0.765 0.817 0.859 0.893
2.563 2.148 1.905 1.748 1.638
0.245 0.240 0.232 0.224 0.219
0.2029 0.6620 1.693 6.790 27.6
6.443.−4 6.689.−4 6.954.−4 7.628.−4 8.84.−4
188.7 210.6 233.2 281.1 358.8
698.3 707.3 716.4 736.1 772.2
0.922 0.975 0.972 1.015 1.072
1.559 1.500 1.455 1.394 1.345
0.217 0.222 0.231 0.248 0.275
2.353 0.796 0.335 0.097 0.029
*Converted from tables in Vargaftik, Tables of the Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Nauka, Moscow, 1972, and Hemisphere, Washington, 1975. m = melting point. The notation 2.66.−9 signifies 2.66 × 10−9. Many of the Vargaftik values also appear in Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Sci. Pubs., Oxford, 1985 (1020 pp.). This source contains superheat data. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 30 bar, 1550 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). For a Mollier diagram from 0.1 to 327 psia, 1300−2700 °R, see Weatherford, W. D., J. C. Tyler, et al., WADD-TR-61-96, 1961. An extensive review of properties of the solid and the saturated liquid was given by Alcock, C. B., M. W. Chase, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 3 (1994): 385–497.
TABLE 2-205
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Chlorine
T, °C
P, bar
vf , m3/kg
vg , m3/kg
hf , kJ/kg
hg , kJ/kg
sf , kJ/(kg·K)
sg , kJ/(kg·K)
cpf , kJ/(kg·K)
cpg , kJ/(kg·K)
µf , 10−6 Pa·s
µg , 10−6 Pa·s
kf ,W/(m· K)
kg,W/(m· K)
Prf
Prg
−50 −40 −30 −20 −10
0.475 0.773 1.203 1.802 2.608
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
623 634 645 656 668
0.5448 0.3481 0.2314 0.1593 0.1134
221.5 231.0 240.6 250.3 260.0
518.2 522.2 526.1 529.9 533.9
1.7650 1.8074 1.8480 1.8869 1.9243
3.0946 3.0562 3.0223 2.9921 2.9649
0.9454 0.9474 0.9496 0.9520 0.9547
0.476 0.484 0.497 0.513 0.532
565 520 483 452 422
10.3 10.8 11.4 11.9 12.4
0.1684 0.1650 0.1613 0.1573 0.1527
0.0061 0.0065 0.0069 0.0074 0.0078
3.17 2.99 2.85 2.74 2.64
0.809 0.815 0.820 0.826 0.841
0 10 20 30 40
3.664 5.014 6.702 8.774 11.27
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
681 695 710 726 744
0.0829 0.0619 0.0471 0.0364 0.0286
269.7 279.4 289.2 299.0 308.8
537.4 540.5 543.3 545.7 548.0
1.9604 1.9953 2.0291 2.0622 2.0946
2.9402 2.9177 2.8924 2.8777 2.8593
0.9579 0.9618 0.9667 0.9728 0.9816
0.554 0.579 0.607 0.638 0.674
393 368 348 333 318
13.0 13.5 14.1 14.7 15.2
0.1478 0.1427 0.1378 0.1327 0.1282
0.0083 0.0088 0.0093 0.0099 0.0104
2.55 2.48 2.45 2.44 2.43
0.864 0.888 0.918 0.950 0.985
50 60 70 80 90
14.25 17.76 21.85 26.65 32.17
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
763 784 808 834 865
0.02276 0.01827 0.01481 0.01202 0.00972
318.6 329.1 340.0 351.4 364.1
549.8 551.2 552.1 552.5 552.4
2.1264 2.1578 2.1892 2.2207 2.2528
2.8417 2.8245 2.8074 2.7900 2.7714
0.9968 1.022 1.054 1.124 1.253
0.720 0.786 0.885 1.017 1.205
304 290 278 267 256
15.8 16.4 17.1 17.9 18.7
0.1230 0.1171 0.1122 0.1050 0.0986
0.0110 0.0117 0.0126 0.0137 0.0149
2.46 2.53 2.61 2.85 3.26
1.034 1.107 1.201 1.331 1.510
100 110 120 130 140
38.44 45.54 53.57 62.68 72.84
0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001
901 956 016 121 335
0.00789 0.00639 0.00508 0.00392 0.00282
377.8 391.3 407.1 426.1 451.1
551.0 548.8 543.7 535.0 517.3
2.2860 2.3207 2.3590 2.4032 2.4595
2.7502 2.7317 2.7064 2.6733 2.6198
1.418 1.632 1.891
1.434 1.696 1.960
247 238 230
19.5 20.6 22.2
0.0916 0.0850 0.0775
0.0163 0.0178 0.0195
3.82 4.57 5.61
1.700 1.96 2.23
144c
77.10
0.001 77
0.00177
483.1
483.1
2.5365
2.5365
c = critical point. Values interpolated and converted from Martin, J. J., 1977 (private communication), and from Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, vol. 5, Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 1983. Values of Ziegler, Chem.-Ing.Tech., 22 (1950): 229, apparently were also used in Landolt-Bornstein, IVa, (1967): 238–239, and in Ullmans Enzyklopädie der technische Chemie, 9, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1975 (317–372).
2-249
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA 10 Chlorine
8 6
200°C 180
4
2.
6
160
140 2.
7
2 120
100°C 2.
8
10 8 80 6
•
9
/kg kJ 0 . 3 60
2.
4
Satu rate d va por
Pressure, bar
2-250
2
K
0
3. t En
ro
py
40
20
1
3.
1 2
3.
0.8 0°C 0.6 –20
3.3
0.4
–40 3.4
0.2 –60
0.1
FIG. 2-9
500 Enthalpy–log-pressure diagram for chlorine.
3.5
550 Enthalpy, kJ/kg
600
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-206 T, K
P, bar
2-251
Saturated Chloroform (R20) vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg·K)
sg, kJ/(kg·K)
280 300 320 340 360
0.115 0.293 0.620 1.224 2.255
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
660 678 695 715 739
1.689 0.714 0.358 0.190 0.107
−46.0 −32.6 −13.4 5.2 23.3
219.5 230.6 241.1 252.1 263.0
−0.165 −0.105 −0.041 0.015 0.065
0.798 0.773 0.754 0.741 0.731
380 400 420 440 460
3.830 6.039 9.058 13.39 18.80
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
765 795 822 871 921
0.0653 0.0425 0.0288 0.0195 0.0137
41.7 61.4 82.8 106.1 131.6
273.7 284.2 294.2 303.6 311.2
0.114 0.165 0.217 0.270 0.325
480 500 520 530 536.6c
26.00 34.66 44.68 50.44 54.72
0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002
980 059 193 328 00
0.00962 0.00673 0.00467 0.00359 0.00200
157.4 186.2 219.6 242.7 284.1
316.5 320.8 321.3 315.7 284.1
0.380 0.436 0.499 0.540 0.602
cpf, kJ/(kg·K)
µf, 10−6 Pa·s
kf, W/(m·K)
Prf
1.03
748 587 468 381 319
0.120 0.114 0.109 0.103 0.095
3.35
0.725 0.722 0.721 0.719 0.716
1.07 1.11 1.15 1.21 1.32
273 237 206 177 155
0.0921 0.0863 0.0808 0.0750 0.0694
3.17 3.04 2.93 2.86 2.95
0.711 0.706 0.694 0.678 0.602
1.43 1.59
129.6 105.5 81.2 67.7
0.0641 0.0584 0.0518 0.0461
2.89 2.87
c = critical point. hf = sf = 0 at n.b.p., 334.5 K. P, v, h, and s interpolated from Altunin, V. V., V. Z. Geller, et al., Thermophysical Properties of Freons, U.S.S.R. N.S.R.D.S. series, vol. 9., Hemisphere, 1987.
2-252
TABLE 2-207
Thermodynamic Properties of Cyclohexane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
279.47 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 440.00 450.00 460.00 470.00 480.00 490.00 500.00 510.00 520.00 530.00 540.00 550.00 553.64
0.0052538 0.0089097 0.014139 0.021670 0.032188 0.046481 0.065433 0.090023 0.12131 0.16044 0.20862 0.26711 0.33727 0.42046 0.51814 0.63180 0.76300 0.91333 1.0845 1.2781 1.4961 1.7402 2.0124 2.3150 2.6505 3.0222 3.4352 3.8928 4.0750
9.4045 9.2862 9.1736 9.0604 8.9462 8.8309 8.7142 8.5958 8.4756 8.3533 8.2285 8.1009 7.9701 7.8357 7.6970 7.5533 7.4037 7.2473 7.0828 6.9085 6.7225 6.5223 6.3048 6.0655 5.7961 5.4765 5.0307 4.1555 3.2438
279.47 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 440.00 450.00 460.00 470.00 480.00 490.00 500.00 510.00 520.00 530.00 540.00 550.00 553.64
0.0052538 0.0089097 0.014139 0.021670 0.032188 0.046481 0.065433 0.090023 0.12131 0.16044 0.20862 0.26711 0.33727 0.42046 0.51814 0.63180 0.76300 0.91333 1.0845 1.2781 1.4961 1.7402 2.0124 2.3150 2.6505 3.0222 3.4352 3.8928 4.0750
0.0022692 0.0037161 0.0057156 0.0085063 0.012293 0.017306 0.023800 0.032056 0.042386 0.055130 0.070668 0.089425 0.11188 0.13860 0.17021 0.20749 0.25135 0.30293 0.36362 0.43522 0.52006 0.62133 0.74350 0.89342 1.0826 1.3338 1.7017 2.3597 3.2438
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
1403.6 1314.7 1245.3 1185.7 1132.8 1084.4 1039.4 996.64 955.45 915.28 875.71 836.40 797.11 757.60 717.72 677.33 636.33 594.66 552.32 509.35 465.88 422.08 378.12 333.83 287.99 236.86 171.37 108.39 0
−0.50892 −0.47482 −0.44719 −0.42239 −0.39928 −0.37708 −0.35516 −0.33304 −0.31028 −0.28642 −0.26103 −0.23356 −0.20340 −0.16978 −0.13174 −0.087993 −0.036876 0.023882 0.097405 0.18807 0.30221 0.44929 0.64479 0.91793 1.3377 2.1175 4.2415 10.542 19.224
Saturated Properties 0.10633 0.10769 0.10901 0.11037 0.11178 0.11324 0.11476 0.11634 0.11799 0.11971 0.12153 0.12344 0.12547 0.12762 0.12992 0.13239 0.13507 0.13798 0.14119 0.14475 0.14875 0.15332 0.15861 0.16487 0.17253 0.18260 0.19878 0.24065 0.30828 440.68 269.10 174.96 117.56 81.348 57.785 42.017 31.195 23.593 18.139 14.151 11.183 8.9379 7.2152 5.8751 4.8195 3.9785 3.3011 2.7501 2.2977 1.9228 1.6095 1.3450 1.1193 0.92368 0.74972 0.58765 0.42378 0.30828
−12.076 −10.567 −9.0626 −7.4959 −5.8733 −4.1995 −2.4777 −0.71047 1.1006 2.9544 4.8503 6.7880 8.7677 10.790 12.855 14.964 17.119 19.321 21.572 23.876 26.236 28.655 31.140 33.699 36.350 39.135 42.215 46.176 48.978
−12.075 −10.566 −9.0611 −7.4935 −5.8697 −4.1942 −2.4702 −0.70000 1.1149 2.9736 4.8756 6.8210 8.8100 10.843 12.922 15.048 17.222 19.447 21.726 24.061 26.458 28.922 31.459 34.081 36.807 39.687 42.898 47.113 50.235
−0.038084 −0.032787 −0.027686 −0.022550 −0.017398 −0.012248 −0.0071081 −0.0019852 0.0031169 0.0081966 0.013253 0.018287 0.023301 0.028296 0.033275 0.038241 0.043199 0.048153 0.053108 0.058071 0.063050 0.068054 0.073094 0.078189 0.083372 0.088731 0.094586 0.10213 0.10770
0.094354 0.10358 0.11089 0.11715 0.12261 0.12749 0.13193 0.13604 0.13992 0.14362 0.14720 0.15069 0.15412 0.15751 0.16088 0.16425 0.16762 0.17101 0.17442 0.17788 0.18140 0.18499 0.18868 0.19249 0.19650 0.20083 0.20611 0.21549
0.13918 0.14714 0.15372 0.15959 0.16495 0.16991 0.17461 0.17911 0.18349 0.18781 0.19210 0.19642 0.20079 0.20528 0.20990 0.21472 0.21980 0.22522 0.23106 0.23747 0.24464 0.25284 0.26259 0.27496 0.29284 0.32631 0.43566 0.97375
19.476 20.430 21.380 22.370 23.397 24.459 25.555 26.684 27.842 29.029 30.242 31.480 32.739 34.019 35.315 36.625 37.945 39.270 40.597 41.918 43.228 44.519 45.779 46.995 48.145 49.186 50.020 50.334 48.978
21.791 22.828 23.854 24.917 26.015 27.145 28.305 29.492 30.704 31.939 33.194 34.467 35.754 37.053 38.359 39.670 40.980 42.285 43.579 44.855 46.105 47.319 48.486 49.586 50.593 51.452 52.039 51.984 50.235
0.083095 0.082366 0.082030 0.082001 0.082241 0.082719 0.083406 0.084277 0.085309 0.086481 0.087775 0.089174 0.090660 0.092220 0.093839 0.095502 0.097195 0.098905 0.10062 0.10231 0.10398 0.10560 0.10715 0.10859 0.10988 0.11093 0.11151 0.11099 0.10770
0.088889 0.093915 0.098579 0.10318 0.10775 0.11233 0.11692 0.12155 0.12623 0.13097 0.13577 0.14063 0.14557 0.15059 0.15569 0.16088 0.16615 0.17153 0.17701 0.18259 0.18828 0.19406 0.19990 0.20573 0.21142 0.21669 0.22086 0.22221
0.097282 0.10238 0.10715 0.11190 0.11667 0.12149 0.12641 0.13145 0.13663 0.14199 0.14756 0.15338 0.15949 0.16596 0.17286 0.18030 0.18840 0.19737 0.20746 0.21903 0.23261 0.24895 0.26922 0.29534 0.33088 0.38411 0.48310 0.96007
173.20 175.72 177.99 180.09 182.00 183.70 185.14 186.30 187.14 187.65 187.78 187.51 186.80 185.62 183.94 181.73 178.96 175.58 171.56 166.87 161.44 155.22 148.10 139.91 130.29 118.65 104.10 87.229 0
37.820 39.495 39.306 38.189 36.613 34.853 33.070 31.353 29.750 28.282 26.956 25.772 24.723 23.803 23.004 22.319 21.739 21.259 20.872 20.572 20.351 20.204 20.128 20.128 20.237 20.538 21.201 22.656 19.224
Single-Phase Properties −9.0661 −0.090837
−9.0552 −0.079147
−0.027698 −0.00022335
0.11091 0.13740
0.15371 0.18063
1245.8 982.29
−0.44737 −0.32529
27.080 33.301 49.598 69.610 92.840
29.907 36.546 53.708 74.568 98.639
0.084616 0.10224 0.14037 0.17831 0.21535
0.12316 0.14262 0.18205 0.21697 0.24653
0.13322 0.15196 0.19081 0.22554 0.25502
186.62 200.08 224.91 246.67 266.50
30.786 18.560 8.2156 4.7321 3.1661
0.10888 0.12522 0.13962
−9.1021 8.7122 20.490
−8.9932 8.8374 20.630
−0.027818 0.023162 0.050740
0.11106 0.15416 0.17279
0.15360 0.20043 0.22821
1250.6 803.90 572.63
0.33339 0.27733 0.21435 0.17821
2.9995 3.6058 4.6653 5.6112
39.963 48.369 68.879 92.287
42.963 51.975 73.544 97.898
0.099799 0.11868 0.15793 0.19542
0.17438 0.18654 0.21804 0.24682
0.20248 0.20332 0.22955 0.25703
173.56 198.76 233.28 258.70
21.046 11.678 5.2822 3.2649
9.2252 8.0768 6.5774 1.8230 1.0620
0.10840 0.12381 0.15204 0.54855 0.94165
−9.2570 8.3977 30.362 63.154 89.416
−8.7150 9.0168 31.122 65.897 94.125
−0.028339 0.022365 0.071493 0.13428 0.17787
0.11167 0.15438 0.18830 0.23018 0.24921
0.15315 0.19856 0.24756 0.32421 0.27380
1272.4 843.04 459.37 141.27 220.29
−0.45730 −0.23916 0.29542 9.9456 3.9618
300.00 353.45
0.10000 0.10000
9.1745 8.5546
353.45 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.035368 0.030817 0.024334 0.020172 0.017244
300.00 400.00 455.22
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
9.1840 7.9861 7.1625
455.22 500.00 600.00 700.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
0.10900 0.11690 28.274 32.450 41.095 49.575 57.992
−0.44930 −0.20919 0.060445
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
9.2742 8.1782 6.8741 4.9059 2.6733
0.10783 0.12228 0.14547 0.20384 0.37407
−9.4403 8.0451 29.472 55.388 84.812
−8.3620 9.2679 30.927 57.426 88.552
−0.028964 0.021455 0.069619 0.11776 0.16576
0.11229 0.15456 0.18805 0.22275 0.25026
0.15264 0.19678 0.23749 0.30052 0.30095
1300.3 888.19 554.89 265.77 217.61
−0.46622 −0.26775 0.059727 1.5290 2.8239
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000
9.4073 8.4285 7.3968 6.2973 5.1531
0.10630 0.11864 0.13519 0.15880 0.19406
−9.9312 7.1716 27.819 51.613 78.272
−7.2736 10.138 31.199 55.583 83.123
−0.030689 0.019116 0.065971 0.11034 0.15273
0.11356 0.15480 0.18805 0.21982 0.24808
0.15139 0.19342 0.22750 0.25993 0.28977
1386.2 1006.6 739.78 540.01 414.69
−0.48739 −0.32157 −0.16655 0.046982 0.35809
400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000
8.9762 8.2410 7.5637 6.9477
0.11141 0.12134 0.13221 0.14393
5.2440 25.023 47.767 73.174
13.599 34.124 57.683 83.969
0.013443 0.059111 0.10198 0.14245
0.15529 0.18956 0.22144 0.24950
0.18906 0.22091 0.24976 0.27541
1308.3 1084.3 931.19 824.46
−0.39015 −0.31328 −0.25806 −0.21348
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Penoncello, S. G., Goodwin, A. R. H., and Jacobsen, R. T., “A Thermodynamic Property Formulation for Cyclohexane,” Int. J. Thermophys. 16(2):519–531, 1995. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 1% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region.
2-253
2-254 TABLE 2-208 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Decane Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.18497 0.18621 0.19012 0.19417 0.19838 0.20279 0.20744 0.21239 0.21770 0.22343 0.22968 0.23659 0.24434 0.25317 0.26349 0.27594 0.29166 0.31306 0.34638 0.42098 0.60976
−69.252 −67.383 −61.516 −55.461 −49.202 −42.725 −36.021 −29.084 −21.908 −14.493 -6.8339 1.0694 9.2198 17.622 26.283 35.219 44.457 54.055 64.149 75.300 82.386
−69.252 −67.383 −61.516 −55.461 −49.202 −42.725 −36.020 −29.082 −21.905 −14.485 −6.8192 1.0950 9.2624 17.690 26.388 35.375 44.687 54.391 64.646 76.096 83.668
1,441,800. 724,920. 112,280. 23,769. 6,439.4 2,124.2 821.18 361.00 176.20 93.649 53.355 32.164 20.290 13.268 8.9134 6.0979 4.2045 2.8784 1.8993 1.0853 0.60976
−15.410 −14.150 −10.121 −5.8536 −1.3417 3.4167 8.4178 13.654 19.113 24.781 30.642 36.677 42.864 49.176 55.580 62.026 68.438 74.676 80.422 84.493 82.386
−13.386 −12.071 −7.8760 −3.4432 1.2331 6.1533 11.312 16.697 22.295 28.087 34.053 40.168 46.408 52.738 59.118 65.490 71.762 77.770 83.148 86.546 83.668
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−0.20307 −0.19549 −0.17292 −0.15129 −0.13043 −0.11018 −0.090462 −0.071189 −0.052306 −0.033764 −0.015527 0.0024370 0.020158 0.037667 0.054997 0.072193 0.089321 0.10649 0.12397 0.14276 0.15491
0.22393 0.22704 0.23712 0.24780 0.25893 0.27034 0.28191 0.29354 0.30512 0.31659 0.32790 0.33901 0.34991 0.36059 0.37108 0.38143 0.39176 0.40231 0.41372 0.42875
0.28635 0.28898 0.29787 0.30773 0.31832 0.32946 0.34100 0.35282 0.36483 0.37700 0.38931 0.40181 0.41460 0.42793 0.44218 0.45818 0.47770 0.50540 0.55950 0.87382
1468.5 1438.4 1349.4 1265.6 1186.0 1109.9 1036.6 965.68 896.48 828.54 761.40 694.57 627.57 559.85 490.80 419.70 345.68 267.65 184.05 91.074 0
−0.48339 −0.47764 −0.45826 −0.43680 −0.41360 −0.38881 −0.36228 −0.33365 −0.30225 −0.26699 −0.22626 −0.17752 −0.11677 −0.037250 0.073195 0.23865 0.51353 1.0476 2.4223 9.9501 34.686
144.08 142.30 136.88 131.57 126.38 121.32 116.40 111.63 107.04 102.62 98.409 94.401 90.612 87.051 83.726 80.640 77.794 75.192 72.934 73.097
2433.6 2066.6 1350.0 957.69 718.75 561.90 452.88 373.57 313.65 266.90 229.40 198.56 172.63 150.36 130.83 113.31 97.183 81.781 66.154 47.430
0.026360 0.025751 0.025744 0.028079 0.032268 0.037934 0.044772 0.052538 0.061027 0.070070 0.079524 0.089267 0.099191 0.10919 0.11917 0.12901 0.13855 0.14751 0.15533 0.15989 0.15491
0.19210 0.19573 0.20739 0.21963 0.23228 0.24518 0.25823 0.27134 0.28446 0.29754 0.31053 0.32343 0.33621 0.34890 0.36154 0.37421 0.38707 0.40046 0.41513 0.43359
0.20042 0.20405 0.21571 0.22797 0.24065 0.25363 0.26684 0.28022 0.29376 0.30748 0.32142 0.33567 0.35042 0.36600 0.38308 0.40300 0.42896 0.47018 0.56612 1.2127
121.84 123.41 128.09 132.58 136.85 140.87 144.56 147.82 150.52 152.52 153.66 153.78 152.66 150.07 145.68 139.04 129.53 116.14 97.344 71.032 0
Saturated Properties 243.50 250.00 270.00 290.00 310.00 330.00 350.00 370.00 390.00 410.00 430.00 450.00 470.00 490.00 510.00 530.00 550.00 570.00 590.00 610.00 617.70
1.4042E-06 2.8673E-06 1.9993E-05 0.00010141 0.00039985 0.0012883 0.0035240 0.0084305 0.018060 0.035300 0.063919 0.10855 0.17465 0.26846 0.39696 0.56801 0.79054 1.0751 1.4353 1.8918 2.1014
5.4064 5.3702 5.2597 5.1502 5.0409 4.9312 4.8206 4.7082 4.5936 4.4757 4.3538 4.2266 4.0927 3.9499 3.7952 3.6240 3.4286 3.1943 2.8870 2.3754 1.6400
243.50 250.00 270.00 290.00 310.00 330.00 350.00 370.00 390.00 410.00 430.00 450.00 470.00 490.00 510.00 530.00 550.00 570.00 590.00 610.00 617.70
1.4042E-06 2.8673E-06 1.9993E-05 0.00010141 0.00039985 0.0012883 0.0035240 0.0084305 0.018060 0.035300 0.063919 0.10855 0.17465 0.26846 0.39696 0.56801 0.79054 1.0751 1.4353 1.8918 2.1014
6.9358E-07 1.3795E-06 8.9067E-06 4.2071E-05 0.00015529 0.00047076 0.0012178 0.0027701 0.0056755 0.010678 0.018742 0.031091 0.049284 0.075371 0.11219 0.16399 0.23784 0.34741 0.52650 0.92143 1.6400
320.14 287.01 208.26 154.49 116.99 90.369 71.168 57.142 46.790 39.094 33.355 29.089 25.969 23.781 22.413 21.855 22.255 24.065 28.492 37.614 34.686
6.4788 6.7500 7.6856 8.7681 9.9889 11.339 12.808 14.385 16.056 17.808 19.629 21.506 23.438 25.431 27.522 29.799 32.477 36.104 42.347 59.648
4.3408 4.4520 4.7935 5.1337 5.4722 5.8086 6.1419 6.4713 6.7963 7.1172 7.4356 7.7555 8.0842 8.4344 8.8280 9.3033 9.9327 10.874 12.566 17.240
Single-Phase Properties −67.388 −36.029 −0.23039
−67.369 −36.008 −0.20685
−0.19551 −0.090485 −0.00046204
0.22705 0.28192 0.33722
0.28898 0.34098 0.39976
1438.9 1037.4 705.42
−0.47770 −0.36251 −0.18612
142.33 116.44 95.037
35.686 36.739 71.828 111.67
39.166 40.251 76.277 117.00
0.087670 0.090090 0.16222 0.23014
0.32134 0.32313 0.37514 0.41928
0.33333 0.33498 0.38484 0.42830
153.83 154.68 176.60 194.21
29.697 28.767 12.764 7.0015
21.198 21.529 32.572 44.613
0.18606 0.20711 0.23575 0.29042 0.30715
−67.431 −36.104 0.92464 44.348 51.697
−67.245 −35.897 1.1604 44.638 52.004
−0.19569 −0.090699 0.0021144 0.089120 0.10233
0.22712 0.28198 0.33902 0.39165 0.39972
0.28892 0.34075 0.40097 0.47560 0.49744
1443.8 1044.7 706.99 353.85 286.94
−0.47822 −0.36461 −0.18764 0.47267 0.87812
142.62 116.88 95.062 78.107 75.797
2093.8 458.58 201.71 98.236 85.478
0.31644 0.21839
3.1602 4.5790
73.196 109.33
76.356 113.91
0.14542 0.20734
0.39714 0.42517
0.45776 0.44558
119.81 167.63
23.453 8.8875
35.085 44.104
10.603 11.626
5.3914 4.8586 4.3034 3.6402 2.6391
0.18548 0.20582 0.23237 0.27471 0.37891
−67.618 −36.424 0.32894 42.808 91.156
−66.691 −35.395 1.4908 44.181 93.050
−0.19644 −0.091624 0.00076852 0.086242 0.16772
0.22744 0.28223 0.33912 0.39052 0.43712
0.28869 0.33985 0.39795 0.45616 0.52513
1465.1 1075.7 757.95 467.92 213.89
−0.48040 −0.37303 −0.22390 0.098466 1.6230
143.89 118.77 97.851 82.872 75.400
2204.8 481.47 215.38 114.20 55.304
4.8938 4.3700 3.7932 3.1242
0.20434 0.22883 0.26363 0.32009
−36.797 −0.32038 41.527 88.002
−34.754 1.9680 44.163 91.203
−0.092723 −0.00073280 0.083766 0.16225
0.28255 0.33929 0.39008 0.43362
0.33892 0.39532 0.44754 0.49145
1112.2 813.41 562.29 369.51
−0.38180 −0.25552 −0.060225 0.31317
121.04 101.03 87.304 81.597
510.17 231.67 129.37 76.394
250.00 350.00 446.75
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
5.3706 4.8213 4.2477
446.75 450.00 550.00 650.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.028735 0.028470 0.022477 0.018766
250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00 565.17
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
5.3745 4.8284 4.2417 3.4433 3.2558
565.17 650.00
1.0000 1.0000
250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00 650.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
350.00 450.00 550.00 650.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
0.18620 0.20741 0.23542 34.801 35.125 44.491 53.287
2069.3 453.43 203.20 7.7032 7.7604 9.4815 11.158
350.00 450.00 550.00 650.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
5.3085 4.9747 4.6758 4.4066
0.18838 0.20102 0.21387 0.22693
−41.033 −6.2415 33.447 77.332
−22.195 13.860 54.834 100.03
−0.10704 −0.016697 0.065371 0.14078
0.28785 0.34377 0.39337 0.43497
0.33463 0.38610 0.43213 0.47043
1562.8 1360.6 1216.3 1111.9
−0.43121 −0.37226 −0.32986 −0.30079
152.54 139.48 130.26 124.76
1088.0 498.37 308.65 219.90
550.00 650.00
300.00 300.00
5.3265 5.1406
0.18774 0.19453
28.160 71.521
84.482 129.88
0.047128 0.12288
0.40016 0.44112
0.43412 0.47265
1858.1 1766.6
−0.34462 −0.32003
192.00 188.95
698.31 480.95
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W,. and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850, 2006. The source for viscosity is Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Xiang, H. W, “Viscosity Correlations for Minor Constituent Fluids in Natural Gas: n-Octane, n-Nonane and n-decane,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 224:263–270, 2004. The source for thermal conductivity is Huber, M. L., and Perkins, R. A., “Thermal Conductivity Correlations for Minor Constituent Fluids in Natural Gas: n-Octane, n-Nonane and n-Decane,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 227:47–55, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.05% in the saturated liquid density between 290 and 320 K, 0.2% in the liquid phase at temperatures to 400 K (with somewhat higher uncertainties above 100 MPa, up to 0.5%), 1% in the liquid phase up to 500 MPa, and 2% at higher temperatures as well as in the vapor phase. Vapor pressures have an uncertainty of 0.2%, and the uncertainties in liquid heat capacities and liquid sound speeds are 1%. The uncertainty in heat capacities may be higher at pressures above 10 MPa. The estimated uncertainty in viscosity is 1% along the saturated liquid line, 2% in compressed liquid to 200 MPa, 5% in vapor and supercritical regions. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the supercritical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.
2-255
2-256 TABLE 2-209
Thermodynamic Properties of Deuterium Oxide (Heavy Water)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
276.97 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 580.00 600.00 620.00 640.00 643.89
0.00066103 0.00082243 0.0030641 0.0094511 0.025012 0.058391 0.12292 0.23743 0.42676 0.72190 1.1598 1.7833 2.6406 3.7850 5.2758 7.1787 9.5679 12.530 16.171 20.654 21.660
55.198 55.214 55.126 54.780 54.254 53.593 52.817 51.937 50.957 49.875 48.687 47.386 45.961 44.390 42.641 40.660 38.357 35.563 31.867 24.976 17.875
276.97 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 580.00 600.00 620.00 640.00 643.89
0.00066103 0.00082242 0.0030641 0.0094511 0.025012 0.058391 0.12292 0.23743 0.42676 0.72190 1.1598 1.7833 2.6406 3.7850 5.2758 7.1787 9.5679 12.530 16.171 20.654 21.660
0.00028721 0.00035350 0.0012303 0.0035636 0.0089021 0.019720 0.039608 0.073418 0.12741 0.20947 0.32939 0.49953 0.73576 1.0594 1.5008 2.1062 2.9537 4.1942 6.2033 11.096 17.875
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
−8.2294 −7.9735 −6.2759 −4.5798 −2.8930 −1.2168 0.45077 2.1139 3.7786 5.4521 7.1417 8.8551 10.601 12.390 14.236 16.162 18.203 20.425 22.980 26.745 29.926
−8.2294 −7.9735 −6.2758 −4.5796 −2.8926 −1.2157 0.45310 2.1185 3.7870 5.4666 7.1655 8.8927 10.658 12.475 14.360 16.339 18.453 20.777 23.487 27.572 31.137
36.006 36.083 36.589 37.091 37.585 38.064 38.521 38.946 39.329 39.660 39.925 40.116 40.219 40.219 40.096 39.815 39.318 38.492 37.081 33.747 29.926
38.307 38.409 39.079 39.743 40.394 41.025 41.624 42.180 42.679 43.106 43.447 43.686 43.808 43.792 43.612 43.224 42.557 41.479 39.688 35.608 31.137
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−0.025460 −0.024541 −0.018685 −0.013212 −0.0080990 −0.0033082 0.0011999 0.0054654 0.0095268 0.013420 0.017176 0.020824 0.024390 0.027902 0.031394 0.034909 0.038511 0.042313 0.046577 0.052801 0.058280
0.084185 0.084523 0.084432 0.082466 0.079894 0.077173 0.074503 0.071990 0.069689 0.067622 0.065790 0.064181 0.062780 0.061580 0.060585 0.059829 0.059403 0.059524 0.060792 0.066781
0.084334 0.084574 0.084957 0.084598 0.084075 0.083580 0.083248 0.083196 0.083502 0.084212 0.085360 0.087004 0.089266 0.092393 0.096848 0.10351 0.11428 0.13431 0.18616 0.82671
1324.3 1332.9 1394.9 1436.7 1455.5 1455.6 1440.4 1413.3 1376.7 1331.9 1279.7 1219.9 1152.3 1076.5 991.90 897.91 793.19 674.99 537.16 359.72 0
−0.22218 −0.21843 −0.19991 −0.18770 −0.17806 −0.16908 −0.15944 −0.14815 −0.13444 −0.11766 −0.097022 −0.071339 −0.038642 0.0043364 0.063056 0.14707 0.27477 0.48803 0.91327 2.2860 3.7063
564.56 569.58 596.96 615.88 628.04 634.49 635.99 633.11 626.31 616.01 602.53 586.08 566.82 544.81 520.11 492.75 462.70 430.22 396.40 420.92
2085.6 1868.6 1046.6 688.90 497.65 381.94 306.06 253.36 215.11 186.33 164.01 146.23 131.71 119.53 109.01 99.548 90.597 81.477 70.992 53.746
0.14256 0.14111 0.13250 0.12530 0.11922 0.11403 0.10955 0.10562 0.10213 0.098964 0.096048 0.093309 0.090688 0.088127 0.085564 0.082917 0.080069 0.076817 0.072707 0.065358 0.058280
0.025895 0.025952 0.026375 0.026887 0.027487 0.028182 0.029002 0.030006 0.031275 0.032903 0.034981 0.037576 0.040723 0.044416 0.048619 0.053289 0.058406 0.064014 0.070293 0.077762
0.034265 0.034329 0.034822 0.035451 0.036239 0.037225 0.038484 0.040139 0.042357 0.045350 0.049371 0.054720 0.061780 0.071116 0.083703 0.10149 0.12892 0.17822 0.29956 1.5264
389.85 391.88 404.89 417.19 428.74 439.47 449.26 457.95 465.33 471.15 475.13 476.97 476.36 472.96 466.44 456.44 442.43 423.35 395.96 343.38 0
Saturated Properties 0.018117 0.018111 0.018140 0.018255 0.018432 0.018659 0.018933 0.019254 0.019624 0.020050 0.020539 0.021103 0.021758 0.022528 0.023452 0.024594 0.026071 0.028119 0.031381 0.040039 0.055943 3481.8 2828.9 812.82 280.61 112.33 50.709 25.247 13.621 7.8485 4.7740 3.0359 2.0019 1.3591 0.94392 0.66632 0.47479 0.33856 0.23842 0.16120 0.090120 0.055943
394.78 363.66 220.57 143.76 100.20 74.063 57.443 46.206 38.108 31.903 26.904 22.747 19.244 16.294 13.819 11.743 9.9759 8.4154 6.9363 5.1241 3.7063
16.529 16.753 18.277 19.890 21.616 23.487 25.539 27.812 30.356 33.231 36.529 40.398 45.081 50.974 58.649 68.218 79.570 98.667 133.97 285.74
9.6017 9.6779 10.228 10.840 11.492 12.169 12.856 13.544 14.226 14.897 15.558 16.213 16.871 17.547 18.267 19.071 20.029 21.290 23.259 28.595
Single-Phase Properties −6.2760 −0.032221
−6.2742 −0.030336
38.391 39.139 42.023 45.017 48.166 51.481
41.454 42.427 46.162 49.996 53.980 58.128
0.018132 0.019246 0.020374
−6.2770 2.1086 6.5927
0.28575 0.25193 0.20474 0.17382 0.15139 55.254 52.073 46.085 42.947
3.4996 3.9693 4.8843 5.7529 6.6052 0.018098 0.019204 0.021699 0.023284
1.4172 1.1342 0.91389 0.77903
300.00 374.20
0.10000 0.10000
374.20 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
300.00 400.00 453.53
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
55.152 51.959 49.083
453.53 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 536.66
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
536.66 600.00 700.00 800.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
300.00 400.00 500.00 583.19
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
583.19 600.00 700.00 800.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
300.00 700.00 800.00
100.00 100.00 100.00
55.129 53.053
−0.018686 −0.000080962
0.084951 0.083320
0.11078 0.11330 0.12163 0.12861 0.13475 0.14029
0.028748 0.028403 0.029147 0.030636 0.032285 0.033959
0.038084 0.037410 0.037685 0.039048 0.040652 0.042306
−6.2589 2.1279 6.6131
−0.018689 0.0054522 0.015974
0.084361 0.071968 0.066357
0.084894 0.083157 0.084938
1397.1 1415.4 1297.4
−0.19988 −0.14835 −0.10418
597.49 633.54 607.22
1046.3 253.63 170.66
39.847 41.482 44.748 48.001 51.363 −6.2816 2.0813 10.558 13.923
43.347 45.451 49.632 53.754 57.969 −6.1911 2.1773 10.667 14.039
0.096969 0.10139 0.10902 0.11537 0.12100 −0.018705 0.0053836 0.024304 0.030810
0.034254 0.032240 0.031708 0.032710 0.034141 0.084079 0.071858 0.062722 0.060736
0.047940 0.043385 0.041087 0.041565 0.042787 0.084647 0.082958 0.088880 0.095981
474.06 503.79 556.10 600.64 640.67 1405.7 1426.2 1163.3 1006.7
28.417 19.634 10.106 6.1060 4.1567 −0.19974 −0.14937 −0.042258 0.051819
35.408 38.239 48.345 60.651 74.254 599.61 635.76 568.91 524.42
15.345 17.445 21.886 26.233 30.468 1045.2 255.02 132.48 110.68
0.70563 0.88170 1.0942 1.2836
40.127 43.329 47.210 50.818
43.655 47.738 52.681 57.237
0.085995 0.093213 0.10085 0.10693
0.047884 0.038071 0.034830 0.034981
0.081310 0.054713 0.046443 0.045153
467.76 524.33 584.32 631.66
57.219 53.862 63.474 76.389
18.142 21.508 26.310 30.769
0.018057 0.019152 0.021579 0.026351
−6.2874 2.0479 10.471 18.544
−6.1068 2.2394 10.687 18.807
−0.018725 0.0052992 0.024128 0.039101
0.083735 0.071726 0.062611 0.059377
0.084346 0.082718 0.088119 0.11663
1415.9 1439.3 1185.7 775.32
−0.19956 −0.15059 −0.049352 0.30140
0.32053 0.36059 0.50864 0.61793
39.212 40.719 46.072 50.085
42.417 44.325 51.158 56.265
0.079584 0.082812 0.093421 0.10025
0.059266 0.051641 0.038049 0.036102
0.13479 0.097980 0.054970 0.048671
439.77 468.72 562.64 621.09
9.7157 9.0626 5.9486 4.1215
56.338 53.254 48.076 40.498 26.703 12.014
0.017750 0.018778 0.020801 0.024693 0.037449 0.083233
−6.3323 1.8073 9.8899 18.559 29.678 42.333
−5.4448 2.7462 10.930 19.794 31.551 46.495
−0.018905 0.0046700 0.022920 0.039048 0.057059 0.077124
0.081303 0.070872 0.062103 0.057208 0.055751 0.045204
0.082295 0.081058 0.083801 0.096053 0.15684 0.10482
1484.2 1527.2 1327.9 997.60 588.37 569.23
−0.19786 −0.15849 −0.088396 0.10313 1.0407 2.4839
622.24 659.16 603.54 493.46 331.10 169.04
1038.3 269.56 145.01 98.391 62.248 40.739
57.439 35.855 26.322
0.017410 0.027890 0.037991
−6.3859 25.888 34.906
−4.6449 28.677 38.706
−0.019168 0.050728 0.064110
0.078994 0.052858 0.045160
0.080433 0.095839 0.10162
1546.7 944.96 785.38
−0.19571 0.21724 0.69848
645.56 435.02 323.29
1041.5 84.790 66.016
55.380 52.214 46.341 37.950 3.1198 2.7732 1.9660 1.6183
30.631 32.883 41.395 49.784 58.134 66.469
1395.1 1446.2
−0.19991 −0.16237
0.084425 0.075265
0.032646 0.030411 0.024157 0.020087 0.017202 0.015045
0.018139 0.018849
446.53 462.35 515.85 562.30 604.21 642.79
61.573 46.430 19.445 10.077 6.0901 4.1486
14.202 9.9010 6.1037 4.1656
597.01 636.03 24.923 27.024 36.485 47.629 60.182 73.869
602.23 638.50 573.22 457.66 81.935 72.595 69.164 80.100
1046.5 325.15 12.656 13.658 17.747 21.980 26.224 30.405
1043.9 256.74 134.06 89.173 20.204 21.210 26.519 31.206
2-257
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Hill, P. G., MacMillan, R. D. C., and Lee, V., “A Fundamental Equation of State for Heavy Water,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11(1):1–14, 1982. The source for viscosity is International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Heavy Water Substance,” Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam, Orlando, Fla., Sept. 11–16, 1994, A107-A138. The source for thermal conductivity is International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Heavy Water Substance,” Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam, Orlando, Fla., Sept. 11–16, 1994, A107-A138. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. For a discussion of the uncertainties associated with the equation of state and thermal conductivity entries of this table, please see the source references given above. The uncertainty in viscosity is 1% in the liquid below 474 K, 2% in the liquid at higher temperatures and in the vapor, and 5% between 623 and 723 K at pressures between 16 and 50 MPa. The uncertainty in viscosity is 2% in the liquid below 623 K and in the vapor below 573 K, 5% elsewhere in the liquid and vapor, and 10% in the critical region (623 to 723 K and 21.66 to 50 MPa).
2-258 TABLE 2-210 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of 2,2-Dimethylpropane (Neopentane) Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.11492 0.11554 0.11745 0.11946 0.12160 0.12389 0.12636 0.12903 0.13194 0.13515 0.13872 0.14273 0.14733 0.15270 0.15913 0.16712 0.17764 0.19306 0.22442 0.30581
−4.0448 −3.5333 −2.0036 −0.43520 1.1729 2.8218 4.5127 6.2470 8.0264 9.8530 11.729 13.659 15.647 17.699 19.824 22.038 24.368 26.878 29.850 32.506
−4.0407 −3.5286 −1.9963 −0.42422 1.1889 2.8444 4.5439 6.2892 8.0826 9.9266 11.825 13.781 15.802 17.894 20.069 22.345 24.755 27.373 30.525 33.484
18.019 18.336 19.288 20.267 21.271 22.298 23.346 24.411 25.490 26.580 27.676 28.773 29.862 30.932 31.969 32.946 33.817 34.476 34.498 32.506
20.107 20.447 21.461 22.498 23.554 24.625 25.710 26.803 27.901 28.999 30.091 31.170 32.226 33.246 34.211 35.088 35.822 36.287 35.972 33.484
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
−0.014961 −0.012981 −0.0072081 −0.0015039 0.0041396 0.0097305 0.015276 0.020784 0.026263 0.031720 0.037165 0.042610 0.048067 0.053555 0.059099 0.064738 0.070543 0.076679 0.083875 0.090610
0.11106 0.11212 0.11525 0.11839 0.12153 0.12467 0.12781 0.13096 0.13411 0.13728 0.14047 0.14369 0.14696 0.15032 0.15380 0.15752 0.16164 0.16662 0.17440
0.14987 0.15116 0.15504 0.15903 0.16315 0.16742 0.17188 0.17655 0.18151 0.18683 0.19263 0.19910 0.20651 0.21536 0.22655 0.24199 0.26680 0.32099 0.65083
1061.0 1043.4 992.29 941.76 891.68 841.93 792.35 742.82 693.20 643.34 593.09 542.29 490.74 438.21 384.34 328.55 269.76 205.53 129.02 0
−0.45488 −0.44532 −0.41587 −0.38403 −0.34919 −0.31054 −0.26700 −0.21713 −0.15892 −0.089543 −0.0048767 0.10132 0.23893 0.42456 0.68847 1.0924 1.7855 3.2489 8.3551 19.128
0.079147 0.079232 0.079672 0.080361 0.081260 0.082334 0.083553 0.084890 0.086318 0.087815 0.089355 0.090912 0.092458 0.093957 0.095360 0.096596 0.097537 0.097901 0.096542 0.090610
0.097392 0.098838 0.10307 0.10727 0.11146 0.11562 0.11978 0.12394 0.12810 0.13228 0.13648 0.14073 0.14505 0.14948 0.15407 0.15892 0.16422 0.17039 0.17895
0.10663 0.10818 0.11278 0.11744 0.12220 0.12709 0.13214 0.13741 0.14299 0.14898 0.15554 0.16293 0.17158 0.18223 0.19633 0.21707 0.25302 0.33783 0.86890
176.08 176.77 178.55 179.94 180.88 181.34 181.26 180.58 179.24 177.18 174.30 170.51 165.68 159.65 152.23 143.15 132.06 118.40 100.88 0
Saturated Properties 256.60 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 433.74
0.035401 0.041178 0.062611 0.091973 0.13106 0.18184 0.24636 0.32680 0.42545 0.54466 0.68688 0.85466 1.0507 1.2778 1.5390 1.8380 2.1788 2.5668 3.0111 3.1963
8.7017 8.6547 8.5146 8.3711 8.2236 8.0715 7.9140 7.7503 7.5792 7.3993 7.2090 7.0060 6.7873 6.5488 6.2842 5.9837 5.6295 5.1798 4.4559 3.2700
256.60 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 433.74
0.035401 0.041178 0.062611 0.091973 0.13106 0.18184 0.24636 0.32680 0.42545 0.54466 0.68688 0.85466 1.0507 1.2778 1.5390 1.8380 2.1788 2.5668 3.0111 3.1963
0.016951 0.019508 0.028804 0.041222 0.057423 0.078145 0.10423 0.13664 0.17651 0.22521 0.28448 0.35651 0.44433 0.55219 0.68654 0.85798 1.0863 1.4175 2.0429 3.2700
58.993 51.262 34.717 24.259 17.415 12.797 9.5944 7.3187 5.6655 4.4402 3.5152 2.8049 2.2506 1.8110 1.4566 1.1655 0.92056 0.70547 0.48949 0.30581
42.543 40.673 35.912 32.069 28.950 26.412 24.346 22.672 21.330 20.277 19.485 18.940 18.642 18.607 18.876 19.520 20.655 22.431 24.389 19.128
Single-Phase Properties 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.041573 0.035109 0.030488 0.026981 0.024215 0.021973
300.00 350.00 367.56
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
8.0927 7.2257 6.8424
367.56 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
24.054 28.482 32.800 37.063 41.296 45.510
22.482 28.668 35.683 43.493 52.060 61.352
24.888 31.516 38.963 47.199 56.190 65.903
0.087934 0.10834 0.12820 0.14758 0.16652 0.18502
0.11446 0.13169 0.14811 0.16371 0.17858 0.19273
0.12428 0.14083 0.15694 0.17238 0.18715 0.20124
186.71 203.23 217.95 231.47 244.10 256.02
24.744 14.420 9.4234 6.6348 4.9220 3.7932
0.12357 0.13839 0.14615
2.7638 11.687 15.155
2.8874 11.825 15.301
0.0095365 0.037043 0.046731
0.12470 0.14045 0.14616
0.16698 0.19204 0.20459
852.01 599.54 503.42
−0.31857 −0.017539 0.20165
0.42120 0.35635 0.29713 0.25832 0.22988
2.3741 2.8062 3.3655 3.8712 4.3501
29.597 34.611 42.712 51.444 60.842
31.971 37.418 46.077 55.315 65.192
0.092083 0.10628 0.12667 0.14613 0.16494
0.14399 0.15145 0.16541 0.17958 0.19337
0.16932 0.16863 0.17859 0.19109 0.20397
166.96 188.60 211.98 230.27 245.89
18.691 12.099 7.6415 5.3700 4.0038
8.1890 7.4104 6.4044 4.6105 1.9914 1.4527
0.12211 0.13495 0.15614 0.21690 0.50215 0.68839
2.4999 11.213 21.099 33.057 47.248 57.986
3.1104 11.887 21.879 34.142 49.759 61.428
0.0086423 0.035660 0.062302 0.091100 0.12411 0.14637
0.12485 0.14039 0.15611 0.17461 0.18590 0.19664
0.16516 0.18654 0.21533 0.30156 0.24909 0.22704
897.98 671.51 444.29 198.33 166.16 205.52
−0.35167 −0.13585 0.37314 3.5214 7.2775 4.5988
8.2958 7.5920 6.7750 5.7764 4.5715 3.4249
0.12054 0.13172 0.14760 0.17312 0.21875 0.29198
2.2072 10.739 20.216 30.691 42.114 53.968
3.4126 12.056 21.692 32.422 44.301 56.887
0.0076277 0.034237 0.059940 0.085190 0.11020 0.13419
0.12506 0.14048 0.15568 0.17074 0.18530 0.19832
0.16345 0.18250 0.20328 0.22624 0.24770 0.25208
949.31 743.85 555.11 391.52 276.41 234.55
−0.38267 −0.22237 0.041740 0.55851 1.5460 2.4058
400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
8.5990 8.2554 7.9290 7.6203
0.11629 0.12113 0.12612 0.13123
15.633 24.735 34.489 44.867
27.262 36.848 47.101 57.990
0.045388 0.067954 0.089546 0.11029
0.15862 0.17287 0.18665 0.19993
0.18487 0.19848 0.21152 0.22395
1257.1 1172.6 1103.1 1046.3
−0.42302 −0.38739 −0.35738 −0.33233
550.00
200.00
8.6161
0.11606
42.742
65.955
0.10250
0.20230
0.22337
1444.9
−0.36818
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density in the equation of state range from 0.2% in the liquid phase at pressures less than 10 MPa to 1% in the liquid phase at higher pressures (up to 200 MPa) and at temperatures above the critical point (up to 550 K). The uncertainty in density in the vapor phase is 0.5%. Uncertainties in other properties are 0.1% for the vapor pressure, 2% in liquid-phase heat capacities, 0.5% in vapor-phase heat capacities, 1% for liquid-phase sound speeds, and 0.02% for vapor-phase sound speeds.
2-259
2-260
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-211
Saturated Diphenyl* hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
0.0 13.0 30.0 47.2 65.0
444.2 444.2 446.7 449.7 454.5
0.000 0.036 0.084 0.130 0.178
1.298 1.266 1.236 1.213 1.200
1.760 1.782 1.813 1.844 1.875
15.0 13.5 11.7 10.3 9.1
0.139 0.138 0.136 0.135 0.133
82.7 99.3 139.9 180.3 222.7
462.7 461.2 499.0 532.4 569.7
0.224 0.273 0.358 0.451 0.545
1.194 1.202 1.228 1.267 1.378
1.906 1.936 1.998 2.060 2.122
8.1 7.3 6.0 5.0 4.3
0.132 0.130 0.127 0.125 0.122
0.9594 0.4452 0.3652 0.2261 0.1447
267.6 314.9 361.5 404.5 457.2
611.6 651.8 687.8 723.8 762.7
0.652 0.746 0.824 0.915 1.032
1.367 1.424 1.477 1.529 1.582
2.184 2.246 2.308 2.370 2.432
3.7 3.3 2.7 2.4 2.2
0.119 0.116 0.113 0.110 0.107
1.258.−3 1.291.−3 1.326.−3 1.366.−3 1.412.−3
0.0977 0.0685 0.0504 0.0381 0.0301
522.3 563.7 630.4 689.1 745.9
801.7 842.4 886.4 930.9 977.1
1.125 1.223 1.316 1.375 1.457
1.635 1.688 1.740 1.748 1.791
2.494 2.556 2.618 2.680 2.741
1.90 1.71 1.54 1.39 1.24
0.105 0.102 0.099 0.096 0.093
2.803 2.865 2.93 3.00
1.10 0.97
0.090 0.087
T, K
P, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
343 350 360 370 380
0.0010 0.0016 0.0029 0.0049 0.0064
1.010.−3 1.014.−3 1.021.−3 1.030.−3 1.037.−3
252.5 156.1 85.0 49.9 29.9
390 400 420 440 460
0.0129 0.0200 0.0432 0.0879 0.1694
1.046.−3 1.054.−3 1.072.−3 1.092.−3 1.112.−3
480 500 520 540 560
0.3112 0.5218 0.8375 1.290 1.941
1.132.−3 1.154.−3 1.177.−3 1.204.−3 1.230.−3
580 600 620 640 660
2.818 3.926 5.408 7.328 9.572
18.3 11.7 5.84 3.021 1.652
hf, kJ/kg
680 700 720 740 760
12.05 15.21 19.14 23.93 28.71
1.465.−3 1.529.−3 1.56.−3 1.70.−3 1.95.−3
0.0236 0.0186 0.0147 0.0113 0.0085
802.8 860.1 917.5 975.2 1033.1
1024.9 1073.1 1116.7 1152.8 1182.5
1.585 1.663 1.746 1.822 1.901
1.856 1.951 2.003 2.058 2.099
780 800
34.83 42.46
2.16.−3 3.18.−3
0.0058 0.0032
1091.2 1148.4
1163.0 1148.4
1.977 2.047
2.107 2.047
*Interpolated by P. E. Liley from the Landolt-Börnstein band IVa, p. 557, 1967 tables based on Technical Data on Fuel, British National Committee, World Energy Conference, London.
TABLE 2-212
Thermodynamic Properties of Dodecane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
263.60 270.00 290.00 310.00 330.00 350.00 370.00 390.00 410.00 430.00 450.00 470.00 490.00 510.00 530.00 550.00 570.00 590.00 610.00 630.00 650.00 658.10
6.2621E-07 1.2617E-06 8.8545E-06 4.5799E-05 0.00018556 0.00061679 0.0017432 0.0043088 0.0095271 0.019190 0.035739 0.062299 0.10268 0.16136 0.24347 0.35486 0.50211 0.69279 0.93585 1.2426 1.6298 1.8176
4.5291 4.5008 4.4131 4.3261 4.2393 4.1522 4.0641 3.9747 3.8833 3.7893 3.6920 3.5907 3.4842 3.3713 3.2503 3.1189 2.9736 2.8091 2.6161 2.3747 2.0078 1.3300
263.60 270.00 290.00 310.00 330.00 350.00 370.00 390.00 410.00 430.00 450.00 470.00 490.00 510.00 530.00 550.00 570.00 590.00 610.00 630.00 650.00 658.10
6.2621E-07 1.2617E-06 8.8545E-06 4.5799E-05 0.00018556 0.00061679 0.0017432 0.0043088 0.0095271 0.019190 0.035739 0.062299 0.10268 0.16136 0.24347 0.35486 0.50211 0.69279 0.93585 1.2426 1.6298 1.8176
2.8572E-07 5.6205E-07 3.6724E-06 1.7772E-05 6.7670E-05 0.00021228 0.00056862 0.0013382 0.0028309 0.0054855 0.0098881 0.016797 0.027184 0.042311 0.063865 0.094219 0.13692 0.19777 0.28746 0.43012 0.71569 1.3300
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
−96.621 −94.309 −86.960 −79.402 −71.612 −63.574 −55.276 −46.712 −37.875 −28.762 −19.371 −9.6999 0.25270 10.490 21.016 31.839 42.975 54.448 66.310 78.676 92.046 101.36
−96.621 −94.309 −86.960 −79.402 −71.612 −63.574 −55.276 −46.711 −37.872 −28.757 −19.361 −9.6825 0.28217 10.538 21.091 31.953 43.144 54.695 66.667 79.199 92.858 102.72
−33.699 −32.120 −26.993 −21.566 −15.834 −9.7983 −3.4632 3.1615 10.063 17.224 24.628 32.254 40.078 48.075 56.215 64.460 72.758 81.036 89.170 96.902 103.34 101.36
−31.507 −29.875 −24.582 −18.989 −13.092 −6.8927 −0.39757 6.3814 13.428 20.723 28.242 35.962 43.855 51.889 60.027 68.226 76.425 84.539 92.425 99.791 105.62 102.72
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−0.26003 −0.25136 −0.22511 −0.19991 −0.17556 −0.15192 −0.12887 −0.10633 −0.084231 −0.062532 −0.041187 −0.020162 0.00057539 0.021053 0.041300 0.061352 0.081249 0.10105 0.12086 0.14087 0.16193 0.17683
0.28923 0.29275 0.30440 0.31679 0.32968 0.34285 0.35616 0.36947 0.38269 0.39574 0.40859 0.42118 0.43351 0.44557 0.45738 0.46897 0.48040 0.49179 0.50334 0.51558 0.53081
0.35985 0.36265 0.37246 0.38355 0.39559 0.40831 0.42150 0.43503 0.44878 0.46268 0.47672 0.49091 0.50530 0.52003 0.53534 0.55164 0.56974 0.59128 0.62041 0.67253 0.91317
1427.2 1398.7 1313.5 1233.4 1157.5 1085.1 1015.6 948.42 883.07 819.18 756.37 694.32 632.70 571.20 509.51 447.33 384.30 320.04 253.82 183.58 100.02 0
−0.45503 −0.45038 −0.43398 −0.41526 −0.39464 −0.37230 −0.34817 −0.32197 −0.29316 −0.26089 −0.22391 −0.18039 −0.12755 −0.061022 0.026306 0.14688 0.32430 0.60884 1.1288 2.3418 8.0937 40.219
143.93 142.27 137.24 132.45 127.86 123.43 119.12 114.92 110.81 106.77 102.79 98.863 94.976 91.129 87.324 83.568 79.876 76.283 72.856 69.764 68.073
2892.5 2447.1 1578.5 1112.9 832.98 650.53 524.02 431.83 361.82 306.78 262.21 225.20 193.79 166.63 142.76 121.46 102.19 84.516 68.050 52.302 35.652
−0.013011 −0.012718 −0.010011 −0.0050291 0.0017708 0.010028 0.019454 0.029808 0.040891 0.052536 0.064598 0.076955 0.089500 0.10213 0.11477 0.12730 0.13964 0.15163 0.16308 0.17355 0.18156 0.17683
0.24443 0.24903 0.26382 0.27906 0.29454 0.31008 0.32559 0.34098 0.35619 0.37119 0.38596 0.40048 0.41475 0.42878 0.44259 0.45625 0.46984 0.48353 0.49764 0.51290 0.53205
0.25274 0.25734 0.27214 0.28739 0.30288 0.31848 0.33408 0.34965 0.36515 0.38060 0.39603 0.41151 0.42715 0.44316 0.45987 0.47792 0.49854 0.52443 0.56276 0.64061 1.0334
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Saturated Properties 0.22079 0.22218 0.22660 0.23115 0.23589 0.24084 0.24605 0.25159 0.25751 0.26390 0.27085 0.27850 0.28701 0.29662 0.30766 0.32063 0.33629 0.35598 0.38225 0.42111 0.49805 0.75188 3,499,900. 1,779,200. 272,300. 56,267. 14,778. 4,710.8 1,758.6 747.29 353.24 182.30 101.13 59.534 36.786 23.635 15.658 10.614 7.3034 5.0563 3.4787 2.3249 1.3973 0.75188
115.35 116.70 120.83 124.81 128.63 132.26 135.66 138.74 141.40 143.51 144.95 145.55 145.16 143.58 140.61 135.98 129.36 120.31 108.12 91.557 67.007 49.653
330.02 296.37 215.32 160.20 121.85 94.623 74.946 60.510 49.785 41.738 35.662 31.061 27.591 25.017 23.184 22.013 21.503 21.771 23.181 26.817 37.545 0
6.7106 7.0413 8.1425 9.3434 10.640 12.030 13.512 15.090 16.769 18.561 20.479 22.543 24.775 27.206 29.871 32.819 36.118 39.870 44.272 49.828 60.081
3.8271 3.9297 4.2511 4.5733 4.8958 5.2183 5.5399 5.8599 6.1775 6.4920 6.8034 7.1122 7.4202 7.7302 8.0477 8.3808 8.7440 9.1635 9.6956 10.493 12.293
2-261
2-262 TABLE 2-212 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Dodecane (Concluded) Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.22883 0.25445 0.28651
−83.216 −42.339 −0.30755
−83.193 −42.313 −0.27889
39.638 44.299 89.425 139.71
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
Single-Phase Properties −0.21241 −0.095254 −0.00056937
0.31053 0.37610 0.43283
0.37786 0.44184 0.50449
1273.5 916.43 636.11
−0.42497 −0.30827 −0.13079
134.86 112.91 95.191
43.413 48.185 94.254 145.42
0.088800 0.098451 0.18229 0.26108
0.41397 0.42081 0.47769 0.52517
0.42628 0.43268 0.48757 0.53435
145.21 147.79 167.29 183.12
27.759 25.222 12.534 7.4958
24.647 25.670 35.525 46.039
−83.277 −42.444 5.1293 60.165 69.090
−83.048 −42.190 5.4196 60.531 69.480
−0.21262 −0.095518 0.010431 0.11067 0.12541
0.31061 0.37615 0.43951 0.49726 0.50605
0.37775 0.44147 0.51125 0.60093 0.62919
1279.2 924.90 616.23 296.10 238.23
−0.42580 −0.31138 −0.11178 0.75711 1.3130
135.18 113.40 93.839 74.943 72.109
3.1841 4.7249
90.990 136.66
94.175 141.39
0.16559 0.23754
0.50099 0.53113
0.57515 0.55438
104.78 152.31
23.748 9.1496
45.410 51.144
4.3910 3.9683 3.5099 2.9472 2.1498
0.22774 0.25200 0.28491 0.33930 0.46517
−83.541 −42.890 4.2808 57.896 117.69
−82.402 −41.630 5.7054 59.593 120.02
−0.21351 −0.096648 0.0087025 0.10677 0.19979
0.31099 0.37639 0.43938 0.49475 0.54281
0.37733 0.44002 0.50646 0.57114 0.63863
1303.7 960.72 674.60 420.49 215.10
−0.42924 −0.32355 −0.16525 0.19333 1.5765
136.59 115.50 97.177 81.179 70.846
1398.2 423.55 201.12 99.888 42.370
4.4115 4.0039 3.5776 3.0995 2.5593
0.22668 0.24976 0.27952 0.32263 0.39074
−83.856 −43.403 3.3852 56.144 113.82
−81.590 −40.906 6.1804 59.370 117.72
−0.21459 −0.097972 0.0068314 0.10365 0.19351
0.31147 0.37674 0.43944 0.49390 0.53945
0.37689 0.43856 0.50252 0.55974 0.60482
1333.1 1001.9 735.90 517.52 359.64
−0.43298 −0.33581 −0.20845 −0.0053841 0.33979
138.29 117.98 100.85 86.682 77.506
1484.7 452.04 221.12 119.96 65.788
300.00 400.00 488.89
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
4.3700 3.9300 3.4902
488.89 500.00 600.00 700.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.026496 0.025735 0.020711 0.017494
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 614.58
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
4.3739 3.9374 3.4447 2.7332 2.5662
0.22863 0.25398 0.29030 0.36588 0.38968
614.58 700.00
1.0000 1.0000
0.31406 0.21164
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
37.741 38.857 48.284 57.163
1315.3 395.13 195.41 7.4030 7.5935 9.2766 10.929 1330.4 400.40 183.76 77.601 64.404 9.8451 11.188
400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
4.3951 4.1426 3.9126 3.7019
0.22753 0.24140 0.25559 0.27013
−48.840 −4.0985 46.019 100.67
−26.088 20.041 71.578 127.69
−0.11422 −0.011523 0.082301 0.16871
0.38400 0.44564 0.49884 0.54304
0.43214 0.48959 0.53969 0.58105
1472.8 1297.7 1169.1 1073.9
−0.39899 −0.35002 −0.31375 −0.28792
149.79 140.67 134.18 129.56
967.99 510.30 334.45 242.80
600.00 700.00
300.00 300.00
4.4838 4.3441
0.22302 0.23020
40.123 94.208
107.03 163.27
0.062648 0.14926
0.50752 0.55080
0.54106 0.58241
1807.8 1725.5
−0.33126 −0.31036
190.55 190.65
737.48 531.88
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E.W., and Huber, M.L., “Thermodynamic Properties of n-Dodecane,” Energy & Fuels, 18:960–967, 2004. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Perkins, R. A., “Transport Properties of n-Dodecane,” Energy & Fuels 18: 968–975, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties (where the uncertainties can be considered as estimates of a combined expanded uncertainty with a coverage factor of 2) of density values calculated using the equation of state in the liquid phase (including at saturation) are 0.2% for pressures less than 200 MPa and 0.5% for higher pressures. The uncertainty for heat capacities is 1%, and that for sound speeds is 0.5%. The estimated uncertainties of vapor pressures calculated using the Maxwell criterion are 0.2% for temperatures above 350 K and approach 5% as the temperature decreases to the triple point temperature. These estimated uncertainties for calculated properties are consistent with the experimental accuracies of the various available experimental data. The estimated uncertainty in viscosity is 0.5% along the saturated-liquid line, 2% in compressed liquid to 200 MPa, 5% in vapor and supercritical regions. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the supercritical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.
TABLE 2-213
Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
90.368 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 305.32
1.1421E-06 1.1081E-05 7.4287E-05 0.0003523 0.0012839 0.0038136 0.009638 0.021405 0.042819 0.078638 0.13459 0.21723 0.33380 0.49205 0.70018 0.96679 1.3008 1.7118 2.2100 2.8067 3.5159 4.3573 4.8722
90.368 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 305.32
1.1421E-06 1.1081E-05 7.4287E-05 0.0003523 0.0012839 0.0038136 0.0096380 0.021405 0.042819 0.078638 0.13459 0.21723 0.33380 0.49205 0.70018 0.96679 1.3008 1.7118 2.2100 2.8067 3.5159 4.3573 4.8722
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
−6.5907 −5.9245 −5.2401 −4.5559 −3.8686 −3.1764 −2.4784 −1.7736 −1.0608 −0.3389 0.3938 1.1391 1.8991 2.6766 3.4747 4.2973 5.1501 6.0406 6.9809 7.9919 9.1194 10.525 12.490
−6.5907 −5.9245 −5.2401 −4.5559 −3.8685 −3.1762 −2.4779 −1.7724 −1.0585 −0.33459 0.40133 1.1515 1.9188 2.7064 3.5184 4.3598 5.2374 6.1606 7.1438 8.2124 9.4204 10.957 13.200
10.542 10.803 11.080 11.362 11.648 11.938 12.231 12.525 12.817 13.104 13.384 13.654 13.914 14.160 14.389 14.597 14.776 14.915 14.999 14.998 14.846 14.314 12.490
11.293 11.634 11.994 12.359 12.728 13.099 13.471 13.841 14.205 14.559 14.898 15.221 15.523 15.801 16.050 16.264 16.434 16.545 16.578 16.495 16.215 15.458 13.200
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−0.55899 −0.56656 −0.56429 −0.55668 −0.54585 −0.53246 −0.51640 −0.49723 −0.47424 −0.44655 −0.41304 −0.37225 −0.32220 −0.26011 −0.18185 −0.08101 0.05295 0.23862 0.51141 0.94945 1.7713 3.9421 9.6957
255.62 247.83 239.12 229.91 220.35 210.57 200.71 190.84 181.03 171.34 161.84 152.56 143.47 134.60 125.95 117.51 109.29 101.24 93.309 85.434 77.574 71.489
1280.8 873.22 633.38 485.78 388.17 319.79 269.55 231.16 200.83 176.18 155.68 138.27 123.23 110.05 98.339 87.799 78.190 69.305 60.936 52.839 44.603 34.970
Saturated Properties 21.668 21.316 20.951 20.584 20.214 19.840 19.461 19.074 18.680 18.275 17.858 17.426 16.976 16.504 16.006 15.475 14.901 14.270 13.559 12.728 11.684 10.094 6.8569 1.5201E-06 1.3327E-05 8.1234E-05 0.00035326 0.0011893 0.0032857 0.0077732 0.016263 0.030843 0.054053 0.088865 0.13870 0.20749 0.29989 0.42157 0.57983 0.78456 1.0502 1.3998 1.8748 2.5679 3.8079 6.8569
0.046151 0.046913 0.04773 0.048581 0.049469 0.050402 0.051385 0.052426 0.053534 0.054720 0.055998 0.057386 0.058907 0.060590 0.062476 0.064622 0.067112 0.070079 0.073750 0.078565 0.085590 0.099071 0.14584 657,870 75,033 12,310 2,830.8 840.82 304.35 128.65 61.489 32.422 18.500 11.253 7.2100 4.8195 3.3346 2.3721 1.7246 1.2746 0.9522 0.71441 0.53338 0.38943 0.26261 0.14584
−0.04975 −0.04275 −0.03623 −0.03027 −0.02477 −0.01964 −0.01483 −0.01028 −0.00596 −0.00183 0.002133 0.005957 0.009667 0.013287 0.016839 0.020347 0.023839 0.027349 0.030924 0.034644 0.038677 0.043620 0.050820
0.048264 0.046324 0.045172 0.044453 0.043962 0.043607 0.043351 0.043183 0.043100 0.043108 0.043210 0.043411 0.043717 0.044131 0.044661 0.045314 0.046109 0.047076 0.048269 0.049743 0.051927 0.057488
0.069935 0.068639 0.068351 0.068544 0.068959 0.069499 0.070139 0.070888 0.071768 0.072812 0.074056 0.075548 0.077345 0.079529 0.082221 0.085612 0.090024 0.096059 0.10496 0.11989 0.15219 0.30137
2008.7 1938.4 1866.4 1794.4 1722.0 1649.1 1575.5 1501.3 1426.3 1350.5 1273.7 1196.0 1117.3 1037.3 956.09 873.25 788.33 700.52 608.92 512.38 405.70 274.91 0
0.14815 0.13284 0.12045 0.11069 0.10289 0.096610 0.091501 0.087308 0.083831 0.080912 0.078433 0.076302 0.074447 0.072806 0.071324 0.069948 0.068624 0.067290 0.065865 0.064224 0.062107 0.058625 0.050820
0.026809 0.027384 0.027997 0.028651 0.029380 0.030154 0.030876 0.031513 0.032173 0.033015 0.034120 0.035457 0.036937 0.038486 0.040077 0.041742 0.043548 0.045586 0.047971 0.050986 0.055181 0.062820
0.035124 0.035699 0.036318 0.036992 0.037770 0.038623 0.039449 0.040235 0.041138 0.042375 0.044070 0.046220 0.048771 0.051718 0.055176 0.059419 0.064956 0.072712 0.084634 0.10591 0.15523 0.39989
180.93 189.86 198.61 206.89 214.69 222.01 228.84 235.12 240.73 245.54 249.41 252.26 254.02 254.65 254.05 252.14 248.79 243.81 237.02 228.10 216.50 200.51 0
249.88 199.02 177.19 158.49 129.38 96.433 70.230 54.075 45.339 40.255 36.410 32.914 29.687 26.853 24.485 22.563 21.017 19.757 18.700 17.721 16.582 14.497 9.6957
2.9082 3.4563 4.0447 4.6568 5.2959 5.9661 6.6725 7.4216 8.2209 9.0790 10.005 11.011 12.109 13.318 14.662 16.179 17.930 20.023 22.667 26.327 32.319 47.465
3.0427 3.3157 3.6034 3.8961 4.1937 4.4956 4.8011 5.1100 5.4223 5.7388 6.0609 6.3908 6.7319 7.0889 7.4687 7.8814 8.3424 8.8764 9.5257 10.373 11.617 14.023
2-263
2-264
TABLE 2-213
Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
21.317 0.061716 0.040388 0.030155 0.024084 0.020056
100.00 200.00 241.10
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
21.329 17.457 15.414
241.10 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
0.046910 16.203 24.760 33.162 41.521 49.861
−5.9253 13.768 17.702 22.785 29.137 36.675
−5.9206 15.388 20.178 26.102 33.289 41.661
−0.042756 0.083336 0.10263 0.11958 0.13557 0.15080
0.046885 0.057283 0.064876
−5.9325 1.1164 4.3894
−5.8856 1.1737 4.4543
1.6672 2.3012 3.2290 4.1060 4.9639
14.618 17.331 22.568 28.986 36.562
21.381 17.610 10.907 1.7653 1.2769 1.0245
0.046771 0.056786 0.091680 0.56647 0.78316 0.97605
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.046328 0.034553 0.044475 0.057153 0.069620 0.080870
0.068636 0.043810 0.053048 0.065586 0.078001 0.089227
1938.8 257.90 312.23 355.24 393.08 427.63
−0.56660 30.845 10.722 5.0759 2.7932 1.6883
247.88 10.723 21.218 35.965 53.769 73.338
873.92 6.3683 9.4081 12.213 14.778 17.135
−0.042828 0.0058431 0.020731
0.046362 0.043441 0.045394
0.068612 0.075331 0.086038
1942.4 1204.0 864.04
−0.56691 −0.37737 −0.068172
248.30 153.30 116.60
880.24 139.33 86.702
16.285 19.632 25.797 33.092 41.526
0.069802 0.082230 0.099896 0.11613 0.13147
0.041932 0.045482 0.057476 0.069783 0.080969
0.059951 0.057061 0.067069 0.078784 0.089708
251.85 296.92 348.76 390.24 426.64
22.377 11.381 5.1250 2.7821 1.6715
16.358 22.177 36.459 54.084 73.562
−5.9638 1.0063 10.087 21.484 28.293 36.055
−5.7300 1.2902 10.546 24.316 32.209 40.936
−0.043144 0.0052852 0.042046 0.083790 0.10138 0.11726
0.046517 0.043595 0.053743 0.059017 0.070476 0.081384
0.068510 0.074345 0.17141 0.076481 0.082676 0.091919
1957.7 1242.5 359.63 322.27 380.40 424.37
−0.56823 −0.40076 2.3430 5.2035 2.6757 1.5738
250.17 156.99 73.067 39.974 55.976 74.801
909.15 144.70 39.648 13.905 15.995 18.124
Single-Phase Properties
0.59982 0.43455 0.30970 0.24355 0.20145
7.9293 9.6518 12.417 14.954 17.289
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
21.444 17.786 12.680 4.1977 2.6794 2.0757
0.046634 0.056225 0.078863 0.23822 0.37322 0.48177
−6.0016 0.88047 9.0258 19.826 27.390 35.421
−5.5352 1.4427 9.8145 22.208 31.122 40.239
−0.043532 0.0046352 0.038217 0.073976 0.093896 0.11050
0.046712 0.043786 0.050799 0.060880 0.071226 0.081836
0.068393 0.073343 0.10280 0.096368 0.088180 0.094716
1976.2 1286.7 579.32 310.38 377.77 427.41
−0.56975 −0.42471 0.58968 4.4129 2.3866 1.4041
252.48 161.36 86.388 48.699 59.523 76.885
947.29 151.27 52.867 17.942 17.954 19.504
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
21.682 18.371 14.784 10.812 7.6781 5.8933
0.046121 0.054434 0.067640 0.092490 0.13024 0.16968
−6.1384 0.46960 7.6392 15.788 24.381 33.201
−4.7548 2.1026 9.6684 18.563 28.288 38.291
−0.045002 0.0024068 0.032933 0.058427 0.080115 0.098343
0.047466 0.044528 0.050618 0.061395 0.072527 0.082911
0.068003 0.070795 0.081850 0.094994 0.098504 0.10204
2044.8 1433.6 909.38 585.71 497.87 505.75
−0.57447 −0.48623 −0.18133 0.40872 0.71195 0.59060
261.51 177.27 112.64 81.974 78.720 88.635
1127.3 177.04 77.610 42.216 30.510 27.539
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
70.000 70.000 70.000 70.000 70.000
19.230 16.537 14.033 11.869 10.144
0.052001 0.060469 0.071259 0.084254 0.098582
0.098974 6.4673 13.756 21.871 30.754
3.5411 10.700 18.744 27.769 37.654
0.0010269 0.027905 0.050977 0.071077 0.089078
0.045892 0.051766 0.062135 0.073299 0.083730
0.068554 0.075512 0.085472 0.094785 0.10274
1648.3 1238.5 970.70 827.80 764.56
−0.54018 −0.42067 −0.27243 −0.15903 −0.10326
204.45 145.70 115.84 107.39 111.32
230.70 113.52 71.766 53.331 44.741
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Buecker, D., and Wagner, W., “A Reference Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane for Temperatures from the Melting Line to 675 K and Pressures up to 900 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 35(1):205–206, 2006. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Friend, D.G., Ingham, H., and Ely, J.F., “Thermophysical Properties of Ethane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 35(1):205–266, 2006. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.02% to 0.04% in density from the melting line up to temperatures of 520 K and pressures of 30 MPa. The uncertainties increase to 0.3% at higher temperatures and to 1% at higher pressures. The uncertainty in speed of sound ranges from 0.02% in the gaseous phase to 0.15% in the liquid phase. Above 450 K, the uncertainties increase to 0.3% at lower pressures and to 1% at higher pressures. At pressures above 40 MPa at all temperatures, the uncertainties are 1% up to 100 MPa, and 5% at higher pressures. The uncertainties in heat capacities range from 2% in the vapor and liquid regions below 450 K and 30 MPa to 5% at high pressures. The uncertainties in vapor pressure are 0.01% above 170 K and 10 MPa below 170 K. The uncertainty in viscosity is 2%. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 2%.
TABLE 2-214 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethanol Temperature K
Pressure MPa
250.00 265.00 280.00 295.00 310.00 325.00 340.00 355.00 370.00 385.00 400.00 415.00 430.00 445.00 460.00 475.00 490.00 505.00 513.90
0.00027007 0.00089527 0.0025823 0.0066146 0.015298 0.032394 0.063544 0.11663 0.20205 0.33279 0.52446 0.79509 1.1649 1.6559 2.2916 3.0963 4.0954 5.3159 6.1480
250.00 265.00 280.00 295.00 310.00 325.00 340.00 355.00 370.00 385.00 400.00 415.00 430.00 445.00 460.00 475.00 490.00 505.00 513.90
0.00027007 0.00089527 0.0025823 0.0066146 0.015298 0.032394 0.063544 0.11663 0.20205 0.33279 0.52446 0.79509 1.1649 1.6559 2.2916 3.0963 4.0954 5.3159 6.1480
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
6.9274 8.3792 9.9424 11.630 13.445 15.385 17.444 19.615 21.892 24.268 26.740 29.307 31.970 34.737 37.629 40.684 44.002 47.926 53.880
6.9275 8.3793 9.9426 11.631 13.446 15.387 17.448 19.622 21.905 24.290 26.775 29.362 32.054 34.862 37.810 40.943 44.374 48.480 54.906
0.037330 0.042968 0.048704 0.054574 0.060574 0.066684 0.072875 0.079123 0.085403 0.091699 0.098000 0.10430 0.11061 0.11695 0.12335 0.12991 0.13684 0.14485 0.15723
49.039 49.932 50.851 51.792 52.749 53.717 54.684 55.640 56.573 57.469 58.312 59.087 59.774 60.348 60.777 61.004 60.916 60.144 53.880
51.116 52.134 53.174 54.234 55.307 56.383 57.450 58.494 59.500 60.451 61.329 62.115 62.785 63.312 63.654 63.747 63.453 62.328 54.906
0.21409 0.20808 0.20310 0.19899 0.19561 0.19282 0.19053 0.18862 0.18701 0.18562 0.18438 0.18322 0.18208 0.18088 0.17954 0.17792 0.17578 0.17228 0.15723
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.076657 0.083798 0.091653 0.099433 0.10670 0.11322 0.11893 0.12381 0.12792 0.13130 0.13405 0.13625 0.13798 0.13934 0.14041 0.14134 0.14234 0.14382
0.093612 0.10028 0.10829 0.11678 0.12524 0.13340 0.14115 0.14847 0.15543 0.16215 0.16883 0.17576 0.18341 0.19262 0.20504 0.22469 0.26508 0.41790
1325.0 1260.8 1202.8 1149.2 1098.1 1048.0 997.94 947.31 895.56 842.31 787.16 729.67 669.25 605.07 535.80 459.19 371.03 264.74 0
−0.44553 −0.41423 −0.37872 −0.34323 −0.30910 −0.27615 −0.24356 −0.21011 −0.17428 −0.13410 −0.086812 −0.028333 0.047976 0.15384 0.31228 0.57597 1.0976 2.5369 8.6373
178.12 173.58 169.56 165.87 162.38 159.01 155.69 152.39 149.09 145.78 142.47 139.18 135.93 132.78 129.85 127.41 126.33 129.43
3140.9 2182.0 1564.4 1152.5 869.40 669.49 524.87 417.88 337.04 274.76 225.91 186.93 155.35 129.37 107.62 88.972 72.213 55.104
0.058885 0.060795 0.062753 0.064753 0.066816 0.068988 0.071336 0.073932 0.076838 0.080106 0.083774 0.087876 0.092450 0.097544 0.10323 0.10966 0.11709 0.12644
0.067215 0.069146 0.071149 0.073238 0.075464 0.077921 0.080736 0.084059 0.088058 0.092930 0.098936 0.10646 0.11610 0.12898 0.14727 0.17612 0.23200 0.42053
226.86 233.03 238.89 244.41 249.49 254.02 257.88 260.92 263.02 264.03 263.82 262.27 259.21 254.44 247.61 238.10 224.59 203.70 0
Cv kJ/(molK)
Saturated Properties 17.911 17.642 17.376 17.106 16.828 16.537 16.231 15.905 15.557 15.181 14.774 14.331 13.843 13.298 12.676 11.941 11.007 9.5842 5.9910 0.00012998 0.00040670 0.0011115 0.0027080 0.0059814 0.012150 0.022975 0.040873 0.069039 0.11160 0.17385 0.26261 0.38683 0.55876 0.79629 1.1286 1.6143 2.4339 5.9910
0.055831 0.056681 0.057551 0.058460 0.059426 0.060469 0.061610 0.062872 0.064281 0.065871 0.067684 0.069779 0.072241 0.075202 0.078889 0.083745 0.090848 0.10434 0.16692 7693.7 2458.8 899.69 369.28 167.18 82.305 43.525 24.466 14.485 8.9606 5.7521 3.8080 2.5851 1.7897 1.2558 0.88602 0.61945 0.41086 0.16692
149.30 111.11 87.283 71.858 61.180 53.164 46.697 41.226 36.486 32.353 28.756 25.644 22.967 20.681 18.747 17.136 15.831 14.728 8.6373
14.936 15.737 16.612 17.566 18.602 19.731 20.969 22.341 23.886 25.659 27.741 30.251 33.369 37.377 42.735 50.248 61.578 82.512
7.2715 7.7433 8.2114 8.6756 9.1353 9.5902 10.040 10.486 10.929 11.372 11.820 12.283 12.774 13.318 13.961 14.786 15.982 18.148
2-265
2-266 TABLE 2-214 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethanol (Concluded) Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
164.74 153.26
1047.2 443.11
Single-Phase Properties 300.00 351.05
0.10000 0.10000
351.05 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
300.00 400.00 423.85
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
423.85 500.00 600.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
300.00 400.00 500.00 501.39
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
501.39 600.00
5.0000 5.0000
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
12.219 19.033
12.225 19.040
0.056554 0.077475
0.10193 0.12261
0.11962 0.14658
1132.5 960.72
−0.33179 −0.21908
55.390 59.207 67.925 77.796
58.222 62.477 72.058 82.775
0.18909 0.20043 0.22176 0.24127
0.073221 0.080640 0.092910 0.10403
0.083127 0.089997 0.10162 0.11252
260.21 279.09 312.39 341.55
42.587 28.685 11.830 5.6356
0.058707 0.067589 0.071181
12.202 26.715 30.866
12.261 26.783 30.938
0.056497 0.097937 0.10802
0.10191 0.13400 0.13732
0.11954 0.16857 0.18015
1137.9 791.85 694.41
3.0216 3.9114 4.8846
59.504 67.014 77.311
62.526 70.925 82.195
0.18255 0.20078 0.22131
0.090516 0.096953 0.10581
0.11184 0.11008 0.11605
260.65 300.64 337.33
24.014 12.007 5.6301
0.058443 0.066842 0.097846 0.099875
12.129 26.516 46.419 46.876
12.421 26.851 46.908 47.375
0.056249 0.097435 0.14179 0.14272
0.10185 0.13359 0.14311 0.14340
0.11922 0.16658 0.32410 0.35152
1161.4 829.44 308.88 292.31
−0.33665 −0.11211 1.7596 2.0063
2.1809 1.1372
0.45852 0.87939
60.445 74.966
62.737 79.363
0.17336 0.20395
0.12389 0.11419
0.34099 0.13659
209.80 314.06
15.000 5.6703
75.676 61.725
17.454 18.972
17.203 15.147 11.521 2.8001
0.058131 0.066020 0.086800 0.35713
12.041 26.293 44.752 71.266
12.623 26.953 45.620 74.837
0.055950 0.096860 0.13830 0.19172
0.10179 0.13313 0.14031 0.12599
0.11885 0.16456 0.22204 0.18744
1189.5 872.36 464.50 273.66
−0.34096 −0.13414 0.60618 5.6926
170.07 149.80 130.15 84.190
1111.8 252.40 80.680 23.411
17.016 15.993 0.035314 0.030577 0.024191 0.020086 17.034 14.795 14.049 0.33095 0.25567 0.20473 17.111 14.961 10.220 10.013
0.058768 0.062527 28.317 32.704 41.338 49.786
−0.33273 −0.089821 0.013963
21.965 26.374 37.865 52.622 165.24 142.87 137.25 32.003 39.539 53.583 167.43 146.07 127.42 128.00
10.369 11.853 14.768 17.543 1053.2 227.32 167.52 12.568 14.859 17.678 1079.6 238.82 61.882 59.510
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
18.389 17.030 15.408 13.601
0.054380 0.058722 0.064899 0.073523
10.984 24.075 39.356 55.055
16.422 29.947 45.846 62.407
0.051802 0.090466 0.12589 0.15608
0.10149 0.12901 0.13221 0.12575
0.11571 0.15081 0.16433 0.16553
1558.1 1348.2 1166.1 1015.1
−0.37198 −0.25352 −0.17199 −0.082822
207.54 195.29 188.35 187.31
1611.3 435.09 192.15 109.49
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00
19.244 18.138 16.878 15.505
0.051963 0.055134 0.059250 0.064494
10.349 22.905 37.295 51.902
20.742 33.931 49.145 64.801
0.048505 0.086238 0.12014 0.14869
0.10196 0.12678 0.12868 0.12066
0.11495 0.14539 0.15623 0.15566
1830.4 1660.3 1525.6 1422.7
−0.37578 −0.28090 −0.22946 −0.19099
238.67 228.57 224.49 226.40
2085.4 591.02 269.30 148.43
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Dillon, H.E., and Penoncello, S.G., “A Fundamental Equation for Calculation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ethanol,” Int. J. Thermophys., 25(2):321–335, 2004. The source for viscosity is Kiselev, S. B., Ely, J. F., Abdulagatov, I. M., and Huber, M. L.,”Generalized SAFT-DFT/DMT Model for the Thermodynamic, Interfacial, and Transport Properties of Associating Fluids: Application for n-Alkanols,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44:6916–6927, 2005. The source for thermal conductivity is unpublished, 2004; however, the fit uses functional form found in Marsh, K., Perkins, R., and Ramires, M.L.V., “Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Propane from 86 to 600 K at Pressures to 70 MPa,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47(4):932–940, 2002. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.2% in density, 3% in heat capacities, 1% in speed of sound, and 0.5% in vapor pressure and saturation densities. The estimated uncertainty in the liquid phase along the saturation boundary is approximately 3%, increasing to 10% at pressures to 100 MPa, and is estimated at 10% in the vapor phase. The estimated uncertainty in the liquid phase is approximately 5% and is estimated as 10% in the vapor phase.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Enthalpy-concentration diagram for aqueous ethyl alcohol. Reference states: Enthalpies of liquid water and ethyl alcohol at 0 °C are zero. NOTE: In order to interpolate equilibrium compositions, a vertical may be erected from any liquid composition on the boiling line and its intersection with the auxiliary line determined. A horizontal from this intersection will establish the equilibrium vapor composition on the dew line. (Bosnjakovic, Technische Thermodynamik, T. Steinkopff, Leipzig, 1935.) FIG. 2-10
2-267
2-268 TABLE 2-215 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Ethylene Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
−4.4352 −4.3661 −3.6839 −3.0030 −2.3250 −1.6496 −0.97554 −0.30104 0.37612 1.0585 1.7492 2.4516 3.1699 3.9095 4.6774 5.4842 6.3476 7.3042 8.4637 10.545
−4.4352 −4.3661 −3.6838 −3.0029 −2.3247 −1.6488 −0.97364 −0.29724 0.38311 1.0706 1.7688 2.4820 3.2155 3.9758 4.7715 5.6157 6.5297 7.5568 8.8262 11.206
10.621 10.647 10.895 11.142 11.385 11.624 11.855 12.078 12.289 12.486 12.667 12.829 12.966 13.074 13.144 13.162 13.105 12.923 12.460 10.545
11.486 11.520 11.850 12.179 12.502 12.818 13.122 13.412 13.683 13.933 14.155 14.346 14.501 14.610 14.664 14.645 14.522 14.232 13.587 11.206
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
−0.033074 −0.032412 −0.026206 −0.020529 −0.015311 −0.010484 −0.0059884 −0.0017710 0.0022141 0.0060075 0.0096456 0.013162 0.016589 0.019960 0.023314 0.026699 0.030191 0.033937 0.038375 0.046609
0.045503 0.045394 0.044202 0.042929 0.041693 0.040562 0.039568 0.038729 0.038051 0.037536 0.037184 0.036995 0.036970 0.037115 0.037446 0.037996 0.038851 0.040322 0.043922
0.068155 0.068183 0.068194 0.067951 0.067669 0.067475 0.067448 0.067649 0.068127 0.068937 0.070151 0.071867 0.074242 0.077537 0.082229 0.089292 0.10110 0.12549 0.21287
1766.6 1760.2 1694.4 1626.0 1556.2 1485.3 1413.2 1339.9 1265.0 1188.5 1110.0 1029.3 946.13 860.08 770.62 676.97 577.38 467.22 334.73 0
−0.50257 −0.50171 −0.49455 −0.48779 −0.47928 −0.46747 −0.45105 −0.42866 −0.39877 −0.35944 −0.30804 −0.24081 −0.15205 −0.032706 0.13270 0.37286 0.74844 1.4173 2.9732 8.7988
270.65 269.25 255.56 242.07 228.83 215.95 203.50 191.54 180.09 169.21 158.78 148.78 139.15 129.81 120.64 111.48 102.11 92.171 81.576
0.12003 0.11888 0.10888 0.10093 0.094519 0.089286 0.084954 0.081316 0.078216 0.075532 0.073165 0.071037 0.069079 0.067225 0.065409 0.063551 0.061532 0.059128 0.055687 0.046609
0.024972 0.024975 0.025028 0.025131 0.025307 0.025577 0.025956 0.026454 0.027081 0.027844 0.028751 0.029816 0.031060 0.032511 0.034212 0.036243 0.038789 0.042250 0.048136
0.033295 0.033300 0.033376 0.033533 0.033814 0.034263 0.034922 0.035833 0.037045 0.038617 0.040637 0.043243 0.046651 0.051237 0.057696 0.067503 0.084393 0.12086 0.26071
202.67 203.65 213.03 221.86 230.09 237.62 244.36 250.18 254.99 258.69 261.18 262.38 262.18 260.50 257.19 252.09 244.94 235.28 221.57 0
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Viscosity µPas
Saturated Properties 103.99 105.00 115.00 125.00 135.00 145.00 155.00 165.00 175.00 185.00 195.00 205.00 215.00 225.00 235.00 245.00 255.00 265.00 275.00 282.35
0.00012196 0.00014568 0.00069745 0.0025267 0.0073921 0.018309 0.039755 0.077693 0.13944 0.23344 0.36901 0.55614 0.80534 1.1276 1.5342 2.0376 2.6509 3.3898 4.2752 5.0417
103.99 105.00 115.00 125.00 135.00 145.00 155.00 165.00 175.00 185.00 195.00 205.00 215.00 225.00 235.00 245.00 255.00 265.00 275.00 282.35
0.00012196 0.00014568 0.00069745 0.0025267 0.0073921 0.018309 0.039755 0.077693 0.13944 0.23344 0.36901 0.55614 0.80534 1.1276 1.5342 2.0376 2.6509 3.3898 4.2752 5.0417
23.334 23.288 22.834 22.375 21.909 21.435 20.952 20.456 19.945 19.417 18.865 18.286 17.671 17.011 16.291 15.488 14.560 13.419 11.793 7.6368 0.00014109 0.00016690 0.00073000 0.0024363 0.0066178 0.015333 0.031379 0.058231 0.099997 0.16142 0.24802 0.36638 0.52471 0.73386 1.0092 1.3747 1.8719 2.5886 3.7947 7.6368
0.042856 0.042940 0.043793 0.044692 0.045643 0.046652 0.047729 0.048885 0.050137 0.051502 0.053008 0.054687 0.056589 0.058784 0.061382 0.064566 0.068682 0.074519 0.084795 0.13095 7087.6 5991.6 1369.9 410.46 151.11 65.217 31.869 17.173 10.000 6.1950 4.0319 2.7294 1.9058 1.3627 0.99086 0.72745 0.53422 0.38631 0.26352 0.13095
154.90 150.43 114.92 90.667 73.502 60.977 51.588 44.379 38.733 34.236 30.602 27.626 25.155 23.074 21.287 19.706 18.213 16.604 14.315 8.7988
6.8012 6.7393 6.6223 7.0116 7.5850 8.2013 8.8125 9.4170 10.036 10.700 11.446 12.313 13.346 14.607 16.186 18.250 21.166 26.045 39.168
685.73 662.48 488.07 378.67 305.49 253.84 215.68 186.36 163.03 143.88 127.73 113.76 101.40 90.217 79.891 70.142 60.685 51.112 40.397 0.77270 1.0011 2.7342 3.8262 4.5578 5.0886 5.5112 5.8799 6.2279 6.5765 6.9410 7.3341 7.7689 8.2612 8.8342 9.5251 10.404 11.632 13.765
Single-Phase Properties 150.00 169.16
0.10000 0.10000
169.16 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 221.33
1.0000 1.0000
221.33 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
150.00 225.00 281.98
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
281.98 300.00 375.00 450.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
−1.3137 −0.020110
−1.3090 −0.015171
12.167 13.722 16.100 18.990 22.436
13.527 15.568 18.580 22.099 26.173
0.047119 0.057938
−1.3281 3.6350
1.5378 1.5821 2.3510 3.0336 3.6904
21.333 17.364 9.0494
21.197 20.246
−0.0082061 −0.000089238
0.067428 0.067811
0.079970 0.090386 0.10190 0.11234 0.12222
0.026699 0.028730 0.034782 0.042202 0.049547
0.036297 0.037508 0.043294 0.050626 0.057930
252.31 291.07 330.82 364.16 394.34
−1.2810 3.6929
−0.0083026 0.018726
0.040075 0.037041
0.067329 0.076196
1456.3 892.05
13.038 13.173 15.822 18.803 22.297
14.576 14.755 18.173 21.836 25.987
0.067898 0.068701 0.081821 0.092696 0.10277
0.031952 0.031799 0.035459 0.042478 0.049700
0.049381 0.048297 0.046096 0.051961 0.058724
261.30 265.10 320.09 358.72 391.57
23.800 22.637 10.271 5.7053 3.5291
0.046876 0.057591 0.11050
−1.3902 3.7130 9.9242
−1.1558 4.0009 10.477
−0.0087214 0.019071 0.044044
0.040199 0.037097 0.061633
0.066921 0.073970 3.8740
1483.4 926.49 189.76
−0.47016 −0.13327 7.3487
214.70 135.08 145.71
231.18 93.288 27.667
6.2408 3.1277 1.8590 1.4297
0.16024 0.31972 0.53792 0.69947
11.247 13.977 17.877 21.650
12.048 15.576 20.567 25.147
0.049617 0.061893 0.076837 0.087965
0.066988 0.040822 0.043817 0.050366
5.9539 0.089599 0.060244 0.062753
191.76 263.71 337.12 381.96
10.151 10.910 5.6244 3.3730
182.63 30.862 35.453 45.106
19.004 13.344 14.287 16.277
21.464 17.739 11.510 4.3583 3.0293
0.046589 0.056372 0.086881 0.22945 0.33011
−1.4634 3.5022 9.6517 16.483 20.798
−0.99754 4.0659 10.521 18.778 24.099
−0.0092238 0.018094 0.042563 0.067434 0.080391
0.040364 0.037190 0.041889 0.045508 0.051131
0.066475 0.070996 0.11956 0.077265 0.068674
1515.1 996.58 420.01 328.58 379.55
−0.47905 −0.22081 1.9372 4.7029 2.9790
219.60 140.93 79.635 45.198 50.075
229.03 96.609 37.621 17.402 18.014
21.223 17.260 0.65028 0.63206 0.42535 0.32964 0.27097
13.602 18.456 24.805 31.096 37.364
1449.9 1309.0
−0.46008 −0.41725
0.040048 0.038427
0.073519 0.054182 0.040315 0.032159 0.026764
0.047176 0.049393
41.871 20.438 10.015 5.6845 3.5485 −0.46205 −0.080890
209.74 186.72 9.6709 12.903 20.558 31.002 42.200 210.67 133.22 14.112 14.323 21.362 31.533 42.581
233.39 176.06 6.0256 7.8384 10.381 12.827 15.092 232.98 94.208 8.0724 8.1765 10.589 13.017 15.284
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
23.148 20.862 18.775 16.889 15.219
0.043200 0.047935 0.053261 0.059210 0.065708
−2.3062 1.8396 5.9492 10.287 14.942
2.0139 6.6331 11.275 16.208 21.513
−0.015964 0.0090426 0.026831 0.041488 0.054370
0.043582 0.040468 0.043293 0.048765 0.054851
0.063328 0.060888 0.063490 0.068211 0.073224
1891.7 1581.0 1328.5 1143.7 1020.9
−0.54092 −0.54008 −0.48350 −0.41039 −0.34600
294.42 200.24 154.23 131.89 121.24
199.89 126.05 98.312 81.449 70.072
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00
25.298 23.718 22.336 21.120 20.042
0.039530 0.042162 0.044772 0.047350 0.049894
−2.9624 0.79998 4.5667 8.6213 13.065
8.8964 13.448 17.998 22.826 28.033
−0.024942 −0.00029268 0.017143 0.031488 0.044131
0.048504 0.044752 0.047124 0.052222 0.057988
0.062644 0.059805 0.062135 0.066814 0.072043
2343.7 2151.3 1984.6 1847.1 1740.6
−0.54689 −0.57336 −0.55352 −0.51701 −0.48199
432.13 275.32 209.21 178.33 163.32
161.49 155.50 157.18 156.74 153.81
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Smukala, J., Span, R., and Wagner, W., “A New Equation of State for Ethylene Covering the Fluid Region for Temperatures from the Melting Line to 450 K at Pressures up to 300 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 29(5):1053–1122, 2000. The source for viscosity is Holland, P.M., Eaton, B.E., and Hanley, H.J.M., “A Correlation of the Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Data of Gaseous and Liquid Ethylene,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12(4):917–932, 1983. The source for thermal conductivity is Holland, P.M., Eaton, B.E., and Hanley, H.J.M., “A Correlation of the Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Data of Gaseous and Liquid Ethylene,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12(4):917–932, 1983. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density of the equation of state range from 0.02% in the liquid and most of the vapor phase to 0.1% for supercritical states. At p 100 MPa, the uncertainty in density is 0.5%. The uncertainty in heat capacity is 3% in the liquid phase, 0.2% in the vapor phase, and as high as 5% in the supercritical region at higher pressures. For the speed of sound, the uncertainty is 0.05 to 0.1% in the vapor phase, rising to 3% in the liquid phase. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is less than 0.05% above 140 K. The uncertainty in viscosity is 5%, increasing to 10% in the dense liquid. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 5%, increasing to 10% in the dense liquid. 2-269
2-270
TABLE 2-216
Thermodynamic Properties of Fluorine
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
53.481 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 75.000 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 144.41
0.00023881 0.00038159 0.0014872 0.0046126 0.011981 0.027062 0.054668 0.10090 0.17296 0.27894 0.42751 0.62778 0.88912 1.2212 1.6342 2.1389 2.7475 3.4739 4.3357 5.2394
44.917 44.657 43.829 43.005 42.169 41.315 40.437 39.531 38.590 37.609 36.582 35.499 34.351 33.119 31.777 30.280 28.549 26.416 23.427 15.603
53.481 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 75.000 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 144.41
0.00023881 0.00038159 0.0014872 0.0046126 0.011981 0.027062 0.054668 0.10090 0.17296 0.27894 0.42751 0.62778 0.88912 1.2212 1.6342 2.1389 2.7475 3.4739 4.3357 5.2394
0.00053725 0.00083488 0.0029857 0.0085667 0.020743 0.044003 0.084093 0.14789 0.24329 0.37919 0.56568 0.81460 1.1406 1.5630 2.1098 2.8245 3.7825 5.1364 7.3237 15.603
84.922
0.10000
39.546
84.922 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
100.00 111.80
1.0000 1.0000
111.80 150.00
1.0000 1.0000
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
−0.026073 −0.024487 −0.019663 −0.015187 −0.011024 −0.0071357 −0.0034817 −0.000024789 0.0032663 0.0064180 0.0094534 0.012394 0.015261 0.018078 0.020877 0.023700 0.026617 0.029765 0.033502 0.041160
0.036802 0.035214 0.034254 0.033385 0.032745 0.032241 0.031737 0.031196 0.030634 0.030073 0.029532 0.029024 0.028561 0.028159 0.027847 0.027681 0.027791 0.028512 0.030963
0.057963 0.055732 0.055680 0.056098 0.056274 0.056496 0.056860 0.057394 0.058117 0.059051 0.060243 0.061773 0.063791 0.066559 0.070566 0.076800 0.087576 0.10995 0.18235
1041.6 1040.8 1043.5 1019.2 973.15 921.41 871.16 823.90 779.02 735.47 692.27 648.60 603.67 556.65 506.54 452.05 391.41 321.84 238.35 0
−0.30422 −0.31810 −0.31768 −0.31059 −0.30322 −0.29375 −0.28123 −0.26509 −0.24474 −0.21935 −0.18762 −0.14746 −0.095557 −0.026510 0.068825 0.20691 0.42042 0.78572 1.5459 4.3227
0.020800 0.020805 0.020831 0.020886 0.020984 0.021139 0.021361 0.021653 0.022013 0.022432 0.022900 0.023406 0.023951 0.024547 0.025234 0.026096 0.027303 0.029246 0.033084
0.029129 0.029139 0.029204 0.029341 0.029589 0.029984 0.030562 0.031349 0.032368 0.033644 0.035219 0.037174 0.039668 0.043016 0.047844 0.055492 0.069276 0.099896 0.21077
127.97 129.76 135.46 140.83 145.85 150.47 154.65 158.34 161.52 164.12 166.12 167.46 168.12 168.05 167.26 165.81 163.76 161.03 156.46 0
76.144 71.404 58.461 48.604 40.910 34.772 29.788 25.696 22.322 19.545 17.279 15.449 13.988 12.827 11.886 11.069 10.250 9.2577 7.8082 4.3227
Saturated Properties 0.022263 0.022393 0.022816 0.023253 0.023714 0.024204 0.024730 0.025296 0.025913 0.026589 0.027336 0.028170 0.029112 0.030194 0.031470 0.033025 0.035027 0.037855 0.042685 0.064090 1861.3 1197.8 334.92 116.73 48.208 22.726 11.892 6.7617 4.1103 2.6372 1.7678 1.2276 0.87675 0.63979 0.47398 0.35404 0.26438 0.19469 0.13654 0.064090
−1.7783 −1.6923 −1.4151 −1.1355 −0.85459 −0.57283 −0.28975 −0.0046707 0.28316 0.57448 0.87013 1.1711 1.4785 1.7943 2.1213 2.4642 2.8314 3.2397 3.7349 4.7226 5.3412 5.3726 5.4753 5.5765 5.6750 5.7697 5.8592 5.9423 6.0181 6.0855 6.1438 6.1916 6.2274 6.2487 6.2511 6.2277 6.1664 6.0431 5.7921 4.7226
−1.7783 −1.6923 −1.4151 −1.1354 −0.85430 −0.57217 −0.28840 −0.0021183 0.28764 0.58190 0.88182 1.1887 1.5044 1.8312 2.1728 2.5349 2.9276 3.3712 3.9200 5.0584 5.7857 5.8296 5.9734 6.1149 6.2526 6.3847 6.5093 6.6246 6.7290 6.8212 6.8995 6.9623 7.0070 7.0300 7.0256 6.9850 6.8928 6.7195 6.3841 5.0584
0.11536 0.11228 0.10348 0.096356 0.090504 0.085622 0.081489 0.077936 0.074837 0.072094 0.069630 0.067380 0.065284 0.063285 0.061318 0.059301 0.057119 0.054567 0.051103 0.041160
Single-Phase Properties
0.14668 0.12275 0.080628 0.060267 0.048155 0.040106 36.645 33.918 1.2803 0.85139
0.025287 6.8177 8.1468 12.403 16.593 20.766 24.934
−0.0091317
−0.0066030
5.9411 6.2721 7.3358 8.3977 9.4869 10.617
6.6228 7.0868 8.5761 10.057 11.564 13.110
−0.000077307
0.031205
0.057385
824.62
−0.26537
0.077988 0.083019 0.095107 0.10363 0.11035 0.11598
0.021648 0.021268 0.021022 0.021401 0.022142 0.023021
0.031335 0.030345 0.029539 0.029803 0.030505 0.031368
158.29 173.11 213.56 246.33 274.27 298.96
25.754 17.864 7.4423 4.1219 2.6600 1.8799
0.027289 0.029483
0.86105 1.5911
0.88834 1.6206
0.0093623 0.016279
0.029558 0.028409
0.060025 0.064682
696.10 587.03
−0.19109 −0.073051
0.78106 1.1746
6.2369 7.1946
7.0180 8.3692
0.064557 0.075007
0.024158 0.021931
0.040751 0.032606
168.18 207.71
13.540 7.3873
200.00 250.00 300.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.61498 0.48577 0.40251
1.6261 2.0586 2.4844
8.3181 9.4313 10.573
100.00 143.33
5.0000 5.0000
37.065 19.879
0.026980 0.050304
143.33 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
10.490 6.5097 3.3899 2.5221 2.0427
0.095333 0.15362 0.29499 0.39650 0.48954
5.3751 6.2260 7.9204 9.1743 10.377
0.80142 4.2229
9.9441 11.490 13.057
0.084080 0.090978 0.096691
0.021681 0.022225 0.023032
0.030928 0.031046 0.031678
244.27 273.76 299.28
4.1390 2.6581 1.8692
0.0087568 0.037196
0.029727 0.036294
0.058693 0.63033
721.70 169.23
−0.21256 2.8620
5.8518 6.9941 9.3953 11.157 12.824
0.046806 0.054653 0.068706 0.076582 0.082665
0.039553 0.027354 0.022993 0.022698 0.023148
1.0196 0.084441 0.037593 0.033813 0.033134
148.40 177.58 237.67 273.06 301.36
6.0573 6.7256 3.8562 2.4478 1.6957
0.93632 4.4744
100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
37.536 24.141 7.6450 5.2188 4.1242
0.026641 0.041423 0.13080 0.19162 0.24247
0.73479 3.9349 7.3273 8.8378 10.136
1.0012 4.3491 8.6354 10.754 12.561
0.0080653 0.034822 0.060060 0.069563 0.076160
0.029857 0.027090 0.024489 0.023418 0.023411
0.057385 0.094016 0.050206 0.037864 0.035025
752.43 324.06 240.08 278.39 307.87
−0.23402 0.86131 3.1116 2.0656 1.4058
100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000
37.961 27.008 12.412 7.9757 6.1790
0.026343 0.037026 0.080569 0.12538 0.16184
0.67509 3.5725 6.7026 8.4961 9.9020
1.0702 4.1279 7.9111 10.377 12.330
0.0074311 0.032052 0.053898 0.064977 0.072112
0.029870 0.026615 0.025220 0.024073 0.023725
0.056345 0.070563 0.060759 0.042125 0.036972
783.34 415.88 263.46 289.64 318.16
-0.25114 0.33099 2.0529 1.7085 1.1770
100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000
38.348 28.645 16.458 10.648 8.1626
0.026077 0.034910 0.060762 0.093913 0.12251
0.62089 3.3586 6.1944 8.1664 9.6749
1.1424 4.0568 7.4096 10.045 12.125
0.0068429 0.030382 0.049659 0.061490 0.069094
0.029763 0.026518 0.025474 0.024527 0.024015
0.055495 0.062828 0.062710 0.045421 0.038840
815.20 480.50 304.19 307.96 331.68
−0.26507 0.11826 1.2436 1.3200 0.98352
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is de Reuck, K.M., “International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State—11 Fluorine,” International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1990. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.2% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 1.5% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region.
TABLE 2-217
Flutec
Proprietary name for a series of fluorocarbons produced by the Imperial Smelting Corp., Avonmouth, Bristol, UK. Bulletins of thermodynamic properties include PP1 (C6F14), PP2 (C7F14), PP3 (C8F16), PP5 (C10F18), PP9 (C11F20), and PP50, usually for 0.1–100 kg/m2, 0–500°C. See also Green, S. W., Chem. & Ind. (1969): 63–67.
TABLE 2-218
Halon
A series of fire-extinguishing fluids. Halon 1211 is produced by ICI, and Halon 1301, by duPont, the latter issuing a bulletin with thermodynamic properties and a diagram for the range 0.6–600 psia, −160–460°F.
2-271
2-272 TABLE 2-219 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Helium Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
Saturated Properties 2.1768 2.2000 2.3500 2.5000 2.6500 2.8000 2.9500 3.1000 3.2500 3.4000 3.5500 3.7000 3.8500 4.0000 4.1500 4.3000 4.4500 4.6000 4.7500 4.9000 5.0500 5.1953
0.0048565 0.0051477 0.0073079 0.010001 0.013298 0.017270 0.021983 0.027502 0.033890 0.041209 0.049518 0.058879 0.069351 0.080998 0.093886 0.10809 0.12368 0.14075 0.15942 0.17983 0.20225 0.22637
36.537 36.523 36.396 36.217 35.992 35.727 35.423 35.082 34.705 34.291 33.838 33.342 32.799 32.203 31.545 30.813 29.986 29.032 27.895 26.456 24.384 17.399
0.027370 0.027380 0.027475 0.027611 0.027784 0.027990 0.028230 0.028504 0.028814 0.029162 0.029553 0.029993 0.030489 0.031053 0.031700 0.032454 0.033349 0.034445 0.035849 0.037798 0.041010 0.057475
−0.030158 −0.029596 −0.026858 −0.025011 −0.023514 −0.022106 −0.020660 −0.019120 −0.017461 −0.015675 −0.013757 −0.011706 −0.0095155 −0.0071756 −0.0046702 −0.0019735 0.00095551 0.0041842 0.0078334 0.012155 0.017863 0.034500
−0.030025 −0.029455 −0.026658 −0.024734 −0.023145 −0.021623 −0.020040 −0.018336 −0.016485 −0.014473 −0.012294 −0.0099402 −0.0074010 −0.0046603 −0.0016940 0.0015343 0.0050800 0.0090322 0.013548 0.018953 0.026157 0.047510
−0.0087120 −0.0084552 −0.0072478 −0.0064839 −0.0059016 −0.0053835 −0.0048790 −0.0043676 −0.0038422 −0.0033010 −0.0027443 −0.0021719 −0.0015832 −0.00097628 −0.00034763 0.00030858 0.0010017 0.0017471 0.0025725 0.0035365 0.0048066 0.0087388
0.025164 0.023062 0.014101 0.010092 0.0085050 0.0080743 0.0081637 0.0084575 0.0088040 0.0091348 0.0094238 0.0096652 0.0098629 0.010024 0.010158 0.010273 0.010378 0.010481 0.010592 0.010726 0.010920
0.025289 0.023216 0.014502 0.010808 0.0095913 0.0095802 0.010142 0.010969 0.011921 0.012944 0.014037 0.015223 0.016553 0.018104 0.019993 0.022416 0.025720 0.030604 0.038735 0.055286 0.10769
216.83 216.59 215.68 216.03 216.74 216.57 215.08 212.50 209.15 205.24 200.91 196.21 191.15 185.70 179.82 173.44 166.48 158.80 150.22 140.44 128.80 0
−1.0411 −1.1290 −1.7580 −2.2958 −2.5162 −2.4447 −2.2326 −1.9844 −1.7406 −1.5095 −1.2873 −1.0669 −0.84045 −0.59987 −0.33639 −0.03948 0.30472 0.71637 1.2278 1.8978 2.8635 5.6142
13.522 13.631 14.294 14.894 15.442 15.946 16.408 16.829 17.209 17.548 17.844 18.098 18.307 18.474 18.599 18.688 18.753 18.811 18.892 19.051 19.490
3.5963 3.6153 3.7039 3.7456 3.7541 3.7391 3.7074 3.6637 3.6113 3.5525 3.4890 3.4218 3.3516 3.2785 3.2025 3.1231 3.0392 2.9490 2.8488 2.7312 2.5752
2.1768 2.2000 2.3500 2.5000 2.6500 2.8000 2.9500 3.1000 3.2500 3.4000 3.5500 3.7000 3.8500 4.0000 4.1500 4.3000 4.4500 4.6000 4.7500 4.9000 5.0500 5.1953
0.0048565 0.0051477 0.0073079 0.010001 0.013298 0.017270 0.021983 0.027502 0.033890 0.041209 0.049518 0.058879 0.069351 0.080998 0.093886 0.10809 0.12368 0.14075 0.15942 0.17983 0.20225 0.22637
0.28619 0.30076 0.40515 0.52873 0.67363 0.84193 1.0357 1.2573 1.5091 1.7941 2.1157 2.4783 2.8871 3.3494 3.8747 4.4768 5.1759 6.0046 7.0212 8.3467 10.326 17.399
3.4942 3.3249 2.4682 1.8913 1.4845 1.1878 0.96551 0.79536 0.66264 0.55738 0.47265 0.40351 0.34637 0.29856 0.25808 0.22337 0.19320 0.16654 0.14243 0.11981 0.096844 0.057475
0.045977 0.046200 0.047628 0.049016 0.050355 0.051635 0.052848 0.053985 0.055037 0.055993 0.056842 0.057570 0.058158 0.058586 0.058825 0.058834 0.058554 0.057896 0.056698 0.054637 0.050816 0.034500
0.062946 0.063316 0.065665 0.067931 0.070096 0.072147 0.074072 0.075859 0.077494 0.078962 0.080247 0.081328 0.082179 0.082769 0.083055 0.082977 0.082449 0.081335 0.079403 0.076183 0.070403 0.047510
0.033998 0.033714 0.032039 0.030582 0.029283 0.028106 0.027023 0.026018 0.025074 0.024180 0.023324 0.022495 0.021684 0.020881 0.020074 0.019249 0.018388 0.017465 0.016437 0.015216 0.013568 0.0087388
0.013890 0.013900 0.013945 0.013954 0.013937 0.013897 0.013840 0.013767 0.013682 0.013588 0.013485 0.013376 0.013262 0.013144 0.013022 0.012898 0.012770 0.012637 0.012496 0.012341 0.012146
0.024259 0.024319 0.024692 0.025049 0.025413 0.025800 0.026230 0.026720 0.027292 0.027973 0.028799 0.029817 0.031095 0.032736 0.034897 0.037844 0.042056 0.048501 0.059461 0.081908 0.15172
83.225 83.564 85.668 87.618 89.415 91.063 92.568 93.934 95.167 96.271 97.250 98.108 98.847 99.469 99.978 100.38 100.67 100.88 101.05 101.28 101.95 0
27.717 27.045 23.375 20.607 18.480 16.819 15.504 14.450 13.597 12.902 12.329 11.856 11.460 11.127 10.841 10.587 10.349 10.104 9.8116 9.3953 8.6477 5.6142
3.9767 4.0381 4.4135 4.7651 5.1055 5.4423 5.7797 6.1203 6.4659 6.8180 7.1823 7.5561 7.9453 8.3558 8.7965 9.2815 9.8336 10.490 11.319 12.465 14.402
0.53761 0.54487 0.59162 0.63825 0.68502 0.73220 0.77999 0.82863 0.87831 0.92926 0.98171 1.0359 1.0922 1.1509 1.2125 1.2776 1.3473 1.4230 1.5075 1.6065 1.7364
Single-Phase Properties 1.2679 4.3860 7.5039 10.622 13.740 16.857
2.1006 7.2972 12.494 17.690 22.886 28.083
0.089342 0.11538 0.12659 0.13383 0.13919 0.14344
0.012475 0.012472 0.012472 0.012472 0.012472 0.012472
0.020791 0.020785 0.020785 0.020786 0.020786 0.020786
589.24 1101.2 1441.5 1715.7 1951.7 2162.0
−0.54790 −0.61403 −0.57336 −0.54223 −0.51882 −0.50057
73.713 173.53 252.40 321.87 385.47 444.91
9.7778 22.154 32.215 41.153 49.382 57.105
0.84359 2.9212 4.9988 7.0768 9.1550 11.233
1.2672 4.3875 7.5054 10.623 13.741 16.859
2.1108 7.3086 12.504 17.700 22.896 28.092
0.070191 0.096243 0.10744 0.11468 0.12004 0.12430
0.012506 0.012477 0.012474 0.012473 0.012473 0.012472
0.020837 0.020782 0.020783 0.020784 0.020784 0.020784
596.88 1104.7 1444.0 1717.6 1953.3 2163.5
−0.54470 −0.61441 −0.57410 −0.54296 −0.51949 −0.50117
74.600 174.19 253.00 322.43 386.00 445.41
9.8922 22.180 32.231 41.164 49.391 57.112
5.6058 1.6858 0.99204 0.70266 0.54393 0.44368
0.17839 0.59320 1.0080 1.4232 1.8385 2.2539
1.2641 4.3938 7.5120 10.630 13.747 16.864
2.1560 7.3598 12.552 17.745 22.939 28.134
0.056777 0.082880 0.094074 0.10131 0.10667 0.11092
0.012635 0.012500 0.012484 0.012479 0.012477 0.012475
0.021029 0.020769 0.020771 0.020775 0.020777 0.020779
630.65 1120.3 1454.9 1726.3 1960.6 2169.9
−0.53640 −0.61554 −0.57711 −0.54605 −0.52237 −0.50380
79.465 176.72 255.23 324.52 387.99 447.32
10.374 22.297 32.299 41.212 49.428 57.143
100.00 350.00 600.00 850.00 1100.0 1350.0
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.12010 0.034351 0.020042 0.014148 0.010933 0.0089085
100.00 350.00 600.00 850.00 1100.0 1350.0
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.1854 0.34233 0.20005 0.14131 0.10923 0.089021
100.00 350.00 600.00 850.00 1100.0 1350.0
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
8.3265 29.111 49.896 70.681 91.467 112.25
100.00 350.00 600.00 850.00 1100.0 1350.0
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
10.505 3.3086 1.9638 1.3957 1.0823 0.88379
0.095194 0.30224 0.50921 0.71649 0.92394 1.1315
1.2606 4.4013 7.5200 10.637 13.754 16.871
2.2125 7.4237 12.612 17.802 22.994 28.186
0.050975 0.077139 0.088326 0.095556 0.10091 0.10516
0.012775 0.012527 0.012497 0.012487 0.012482 0.012479
0.021226 0.020755 0.020756 0.020763 0.020769 0.020772
672.30 1140.1 1468.8 1737.3 1969.9 2178.0
−0.53355 −0.61584 −0.58023 −0.54953 −0.52572 −0.50691
85.417 179.43 257.42 326.55 389.94 449.21
10.926 22.435 32.383 41.272 49.475 57.181
100.00 350.00 600.00 850.00 1100.0 1350.0
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
35.384 14.387 9.0593 6.6048 5.1933 4.2772
0.028261 0.069507 0.11038 0.15140 0.19256 0.23380
1.2602 4.4519 7.5781 10.695 13.811 16.926
2.6732 7.9272 13.097 18.265 23.438 28.615
0.037457 0.063904 0.075052 0.082253 0.087587 0.091828
0.013484 0.012710 0.012587 0.012543 0.012521 0.012508
0.021607 0.020725 0.020666 0.020682 0.020701 0.020716
962.59 1299.0 1584.0 1829.4 2047.7 2245.9
−0.53310 −0.59388 −0.58658 −0.56519 −0.54419 −0.52586
127.36 197.39 268.59 334.90 397.07 455.79
14.393 23.353 32.979 41.713 49.825 57.471
51.724 24.886 16.512 12.359 8.2113
0.019333 0.040183 0.060563 0.080910 0.12178
1.3032 4.5034 7.6393 10.759 16.988
3.2366 8.5217 13.696 18.850 29.166
0.031667 0.058239 0.069398 0.076579 0.086124
0.013965 0.012884 0.012683 0.012605 0.012542
0.021327 0.020817 0.020630 0.020615 0.020653
1228.1 1482.2 1727.9 1948.4 2335.4
−0.51530 −0.55155 −0.57040 −0.56473 -0.53766
197.79 217.91 281.89 342.93 458.27
18.001 24.221 33.590 42.188 57.800
100.00 350.00 600.00 850.00 1350.0
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is McCarty, R.D., and Arp, V. D., “A New Wide Range Equation of State for Helium,” Adv. Cryo. Eng. 35:1465–1475, 1990. The source for viscosity is Arp, V. D., McCarty, R. D., and Friend, D. G., “Thermophysical Properties of Helium-4 from 0.8 to 1500 K with Pressures to 2000 MPa,” NIST Technical Note 1334, Boulder, Colo., 1998. The source for thermal conductivity is Hands, B. A., and Arp, V. D., “A Correlation of Thermal Conductivity Data for Helium,” Cryogenics, 21(12):697–703, 1981. Properties at the triple point and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state range from 1% at low temperatures (<20 K) to 0.1% at temperatures between 200 and 400 K, and from 3% in the speed of sound in the liquid phase to 0.1% in the speed of sound between 100 and 500 K. The uncertainty in heat capacities is about 5%. The uncertainty in viscosity is 10%. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 5%, except at low temperatures where it increases to 10%.
2-273
2-274 TABLE 2-220 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Heptane Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
1669.5 1656.1 1550.9 1452.3 1358.8 1269.3 1183.0 1099.5 1018.0 938.09 859.20 780.76 702.10 622.51 541.08 456.64 367.46 270.69 161.32 0
−0.52328 −0.52236 −0.51267 −0.49878 −0.48063 −0.45837 −0.43224 −0.40232 −0.36834 −0.32951 −0.28429 −0.22999 −0.16200 −0.072112 0.055234 0.25318 0.60537 1.3922 4.2679 26.539
155.74 155.56 153.03 149.21 144.65 139.70 134.59 129.47 124.41 119.45 114.61 109.90 105.28 100.73 96.175 91.522 86.595 81.058 74.208
Viscosity µPas
Saturated Properties 182.55 185.00 205.00 225.00 245.00 265.00 285.00 305.00 325.00 345.00 365.00 385.00 405.00 425.00 445.00 465.00 485.00 505.00 525.00 540.13
1.7549E-07 2.5788E-07 4.0249E-06 3.5822E-05 0.00021055 0.00090411 0.0030469 0.0084921 0.020357 0.043242 0.083287 0.14809 0.24655 0.38874 0.58581 0.85019 1.1961 1.6406 2.2070 2.7311
7.7457 7.7246 7.5549 7.3882 7.2229 7.0579 6.8917 6.7233 6.5515 6.3747 6.1914 5.9995 5.7965 5.5785 5.3401 5.0723 4.7587 4.3628 3.7651 2.3153
182.55 185.00 205.00 225.00 245.00 265.00 285.00 305.00 325.00 345.00 365.00 385.00 405.00 425.00 445.00 465.00 485.00 505.00 525.00 540.13
1.7549E-07 2.5788E-07 4.0249E-06 3.5822E-05 0.00021055 0.00090411 0.0030469 0.0084921 0.020357 0.043242 0.083287 0.14809 0.24655 0.38874 0.58581 0.85019 1.1961 1.6406 2.2070 2.7311
1.1562E-07 1.6766E-07 2.3614E-06 1.9151E-05 0.00010342 0.00041102 0.0012912 0.0033793 0.0076646 0.015529 0.028777 0.049694 0.081188 0.12711 0.19291 0.28714 0.42516 0.64076 1.0396 2.3153
0.12910 0.12946 0.13236 0.13535 0.13845 0.14169 0.14510 0.14874 0.15264 0.15687 0.16151 0.16668 0.17252 0.17926 0.18726 0.19715 0.21014 0.22921 0.26559 0.43191
−41.621 −41.139 −37.178 −33.158 −29.056 −24.852 −20.526 −16.058 −11.436 −6.6463 −1.6791 3.4744 8.8226 14.375 20.147 26.159 32.455 39.129 46.501 55.157
−41.621 −41.139 −37.178 −33.158 −29.056 −24.852 −20.525 −16.057 −11.433 −6.6396 −1.6656 3.4991 8.8651 14.445 20.256 26.327 32.706 39.506 47.087 56.336
−0.15398 −0.15136 −0.13103 −0.11232 −0.094861 −0.078369 −0.062631 −0.047486 −0.032809 −0.018509 −0.0045150 0.0092301 0.022774 0.036160 0.049436 0.062666 0.075947 0.089485 0.10393 0.12095
0.14886 0.14924 0.15264 0.15666 0.16146 0.16706 0.17337 0.18029 0.18765 0.19534 0.20321 0.21119 0.21920 0.22720 0.23517 0.24315 0.25123 0.25971 0.26971
0.19662 0.19687 0.19936 0.20287 0.20746 0.21311 0.21972 0.22715 0.23527 0.24397 0.25320 0.26293 0.27327 0.28444 0.29693 0.31186 0.33203 0.36700 0.48246
8,649,000. 5,964,600. 423,480. 52,218. 9,669.6 2,433.0 774.44 295.92 130.47 64.395 34.750 20.123 12.317 7.8674 5.1838 3.4827 2.3521 1.5607 0.96195 0.43191
1.0688 1.3477 3.7004 6.1891 8.8178 11.592 14.516 17.589 20.809 24.169 27.660 31.271 34.984 38.780 42.627 46.478 50.254 53.786 56.608 55.157
2.5867 2.8859 5.4048 8.0596 10.854 13.792 16.875 20.102 23.465 26.954 30.555 34.251 38.021 41.838 45.663 49.439 53.067 56.346 58.731 56.336
0.088185 0.086612 0.076690 0.070867 0.068037 0.067457 0.068598 0.071069 0.074569 0.078862 0.083760 0.089105 0.094763 0.10061 0.10653 0.11237 0.11793 0.12283 0.12611 0.12095
0.11339 0.11424 0.12103 0.12796 0.13529 0.14313 0.15149 0.16033 0.16957 0.17912 0.18889 0.19880 0.20878 0.21881 0.22889 0.23906 0.24945 0.26036 0.27248
0.12171 0.12255 0.12935 0.13628 0.14363 0.15153 0.16002 0.16910 0.17874 0.18891 0.19961 0.21088 0.22285 0.23587 0.25064 0.26877 0.29447 0.34231 0.50359
127.51 128.33 134.83 140.99 146.83 152.32 157.38 161.89 165.69 168.60 170.42 170.92 169.84 166.88 161.58 153.35 141.27 123.97 99.655 0
478.91 454.07 301.84 208.67 148.90 109.17 82.064 63.190 49.846 40.301 33.422 28.458 24.914 22.470 20.951 20.312 20.689 22.542 26.764 26.539
4.8076 4.9177 5.8582 6.8855 8.0159 9.2615 10.631 12.128 13.757 15.521 17.424 19.473 21.682 24.071 26.681 29.592 32.980 37.355 45.104
3857.1 3523.8 1889.1 1175.0 805.42 589.93 452.87 359.75 293.16 243.54 205.28 174.90 150.12 129.39 111.58 95.804 81.246 66.925 50.757 0.93944 1.6197 3.8170 4.4411 4.8725 5.2813 5.6934 6.1135 6.5434 6.9849 7.4417 7.9194 8.4272 8.9798 9.6020 10.339 11.280 12.649 15.245
Single-Phase Properties −38.176 −17.194 −0.13101
−38.163 −17.180 −0.11470
−0.13596 −0.051241 −0.00030834
0.15175 0.17852 0.20564
0.19864 0.22520 0.25610
1576.9 1120.8 835.31
−0.51551 −0.41037 −0.26890
28.747 34.506 57.027 83.290
31.670 37.702 61.114 88.236
0.085345 0.10099 0.15307 0.20242
0.19189 0.20404 0.24438 0.27936
0.20297 0.21430 0.25347 0.28808
170.72 179.24 203.88 224.61
31.736 23.441 10.262 5.6176
18.032 20.824 31.544 43.213
0.13154 0.14759 0.17045 0.20269
−38.202 −17.244 7.3729 29.049
−38.071 −17.096 7.5433 29.251
−0.13609 −0.051406 0.019169 0.068829
0.15181 0.17857 0.21722 0.24689
0.19861 0.22503 0.26994 0.32029
1581.3 1127.5 732.61 415.88
−0.51586 −0.41229 −0.19065 0.38883
154.03 131.16 107.01 89.279
2203.0 385.02 158.14 88.930
0.34452 0.30146 0.22064
2.9026 3.3172 4.5322
48.251 54.943 82.131
51.154 58.260 86.663
0.11501 0.12960 0.18133
0.24385 0.25108 0.28189
0.27933 0.27563 0.29560
148.28 166.14 207.02
20.343 14.530 6.3945
31.091 33.576 44.625
10.743 11.093 12.599
7.6229 6.8141 5.9526 4.8210 2.2376
0.13118 0.14675 0.16799 0.20743 0.44691
−38.316 −17.456 6.9316 35.998 72.724
−37.661 −16.722 7.7715 37.035 74.958
−0.13667 −0.052121 0.018047 0.083125 0.15188
0.15208 0.17879 0.21734 0.25622 0.29509
0.19848 0.22435 0.26714 0.32159 0.43674
1600.2 1156.4 783.30 423.74 134.50
−0.51732 −0.42010 −0.23205 0.32892 7.5010
154.89 132.76 109.78 89.492 63.671
2331.7 405.07 169.17 84.960 27.947
200.00 300.00 371.09
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
7.5975 6.7666 6.1340
371.09 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.034210 0.031296 0.024471 0.020221
200.00 300.00 400.00 474.30
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
7.6022 6.7756 5.8668 4.9336
474.30 500.00 600.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
0.13162 0.14778 0.16303 29.231 31.953 40.864 49.453
153.84 130.79 113.16
2174.6 380.51 195.32 7.5845 8.1460 10.052 11.883
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
7.6479 6.8595 6.0454 5.0885 3.8337
0.13075 0.14578 0.16542 0.19652 0.26084
−38.454 −17.705 6.4514 34.818 67.259
−37.147 −16.247 8.1056 36.783 69.867
−0.13737 −0.052975 0.016799 0.080607 0.14081
0.15241 0.17908 0.21753 0.25576 0.29039
0.19835 0.22363 0.26465 0.30908 0.35093
1623.3 1190.5 838.61 532.87 303.32
−0.51893 −0.42839 −0.26850 0.040826 0.87871
155.94 134.68 112.88 95.612 82.499
2498.6 430.15 182.05 98.261 55.622
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
7.1493 6.5292 5.9397 5.3846
0.13987 0.15316 0.16836 0.18572
−19.254 3.9425 30.741 60.741
−12.260 11.600 39.159 70.026
−0.058701 0.0096885 0.071034 0.12723
0.18121 0.21935 0.25677 0.28945
0.22068 0.25730 0.29309 0.32327
1412.7 1139.8 940.60 800.70
−0.46360 −0.37509 −0.29668 −0.23327
147.62 130.89 119.90 114.54
635.00 269.35 158.19 109.31
7.4106 6.8927 6.4248 6.0005
0.13494 0.14508 0.15565 0.16665
−20.560 2.1360 28.397 57.894
−0.064263 0.0037009 0.064512 0.12021
0.18354 0.22143 0.25865 0.29113
0.21976 0.25527 0.29041 0.32068
1622.2 1385.0 1216.1 1095.6
−0.47764 −0.40643 −0.35005 −0.31028
160.40 146.71 137.75 133.53
909.65 364.81 209.24 143.14
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
−7.0660 16.644 43.961 74.559
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Span, R., and Wagner, W., “Equations of State for Technical Applications. II. Results for Nonpolar Fluids,” Int. J. Thermophys., 24(1):41–109, 2003. The source for viscosity is NIST14, Version 9.08. The source for thermal conductivity is NIST14, Version 9.08. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are approximately 0.2% (to 0.5% at high pressures) in density, 1% (in the vapor phase) to 2% in heat capacity, 1% (in the vapor phase) to 2% in the speed of sound, and 0.2% in vapor pressure, except in the critical region. For viscosity, estimated uncertainty is 2%. For thermal conductivity, estimated uncertainty, except near the critical region, is 4–6%.
2-275
2-276 TABLE 2-221 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Hexane Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
−30.053 −29.702 −27.247 −24.744 −22.190 −19.583 −16.916 −14.184 −11.380 −8.4998 −5.5378 −2.4895 0.64962 3.8834 7.2160 10.652 14.195 17.854 21.638 25.562 29.656 33.983 38.752 45.698
−30.053 −29.702 −27.247 −24.744 −22.190 −19.583 −16.916 −14.183 −11.379 −8.4969 −5.5324 −2.4800 0.66541 3.9085 7.2544 10.709 14.278 17.970 21.799 25.782 29.956 34.393 39.331 46.822
6.5712 6.7793 8.2570 9.8013 11.411 13.086 14.827 16.633 18.505 20.440 22.438 24.494 26.606 28.769 30.977 33.223 35.497 37.783 40.061 42.299 44.438 46.363 47.752 45.698
8.0497 8.2759 9.8783 11.547 13.281 15.079 16.941 18.865 20.850 22.893 24.989 27.135 29.324 31.549 33.804 36.077 38.356 40.621 42.848 44.994 46.992 48.702 49.742 46.822
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−0.11799 −0.11602 −0.10292 −0.090556 −0.078815 −0.067597 −0.056819 −0.046408 −0.036304 −0.026456 −0.016823 −0.0073691 0.0019333 0.011109 0.020180 0.029166 0.038087 0.046965 0.055828 0.064717 0.073697 0.082910 0.092809 0.10743
0.11891 0.11944 0.12299 0.12642 0.12992 0.13361 0.13753 0.14172 0.14616 0.15084 0.15571 0.16074 0.16590 0.17114 0.17645 0.18178 0.18713 0.19251 0.19791 0.20338 0.20902 0.21509 0.22251
0.16166 0.16212 0.16527 0.16850 0.17196 0.17575 0.17992 0.18448 0.18943 0.19474 0.20040 0.20638 0.21269 0.21932 0.22633 0.23378 0.24184 0.25078 0.26113 0.27400 0.29208 0.32426 0.42766
1638.9 1626.3 1542.5 1463.6 1388.4 1316.2 1246.3 1178.5 1112.3 1047.6 984.03 921.37 859.40 797.86 736.47 674.93 612.85 549.78 485.05 417.67 346.06 267.23 174.59 0
−0.55189 −0.54996 −0.53626 −0.52146 −0.50504 −0.48667 −0.46617 −0.44339 −0.41819 −0.39031 −0.35939 −0.32478 −0.28553 −0.24020 −0.18658 −0.12130 −0.038945 0.069646 0.22117 0.44954 0.83549 1.6275 4.0963 21.950
155.43 155.64 155.51 153.36 149.89 145.59 140.79 135.74 130.60 125.50 120.53 115.73 111.15 106.82 102.74 98.910 95.319 91.941 88.736 85.638 82.537 79.234 75.402
2392.6 2235.0 1474.2 1048.0 786.13 613.59 493.58 406.45 340.96 290.31 250.18 217.72 190.99 168.61 149.58 133.16 118.78 105.97 94.348 83.551 73.177 62.632 50.415
0.096281 0.094966 0.087463 0.082256 0.078835 0.076827 0.075951 0.075993 0.076780 0.078177 0.080072 0.082372 0.085000 0.087889 0.090978 0.094213 0.097538 0.10090 0.10422 0.10741 0.11033 0.11272 0.11384 0.10743
0.095572 0.096248 0.10079 0.10523 0.10975 0.11444 0.11936 0.12457 0.13005 0.13579 0.14178 0.14798 0.15435 0.16085 0.16746 0.17415 0.18092 0.18775 0.19467 0.20173 0.20903 0.21678 0.22558
0.10389 0.10456 0.10910 0.11356 0.11809 0.12282 0.12783 0.13317 0.13886 0.14492 0.15136 0.15817 0.16537 0.17297 0.18106 0.18976 0.19931 0.21014 0.22312 0.24003 0.26537 0.31367 0.46871
136.57 137.36 142.71 147.84 152.75 157.43 161.83 165.91 169.59 172.79 175.43 177.42 178.64 179.01 178.39 176.64 173.59 169.01 162.60 153.94 142.42 127.17 106.85 0
Saturated Properties 177.83 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 480.00 495.00 507.82
1.2771E-06 1.7416E-06 1.2006E-05 6.0531E-05 0.00023840 0.00077035 0.0021200 0.0051148 0.011066 0.021865 0.040031 0.068721 0.11169 0.17326 0.25821 0.37176 0.51954 0.70759 0.94243 1.2313 1.5827 2.0071 2.5196 3.0429
8.8394 8.8166 8.6607 8.5066 8.3535 8.2006 8.0472 7.8927 7.7363 7.5774 7.4151 7.2487 7.0772 6.8995 6.7141 6.5194 6.3129 6.0916 5.8506 5.5825 5.2736 4.8943 4.3496 2.7059
177.83 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 480.00 495.00 507.82
1.2771E-06 1.7416E-06 1.2006E-05 6.0531E-05 0.00023840 0.00077035 0.0021200 0.0051148 0.011066 0.021865 0.040031 0.068721 0.11169 0.17326 0.25821 0.37176 0.51954 0.70759 0.94243 1.2313 1.5827 2.0071 2.5196 3.0429
8.6377E-07 1.1637E-06 7.4054E-06 3.4674E-05 0.00012750 0.00038658 0.0010029 0.0022917 0.0047185 0.0089152 0.015688 0.026023 0.041099 0.062314 0.091349 0.13027 0.18173 0.24933 0.33826 0.45679 0.61964 0.85826 1.2664 2.7059
0.11313 0.11342 0.11546 0.11756 0.11971 0.12194 0.12427 0.12670 0.12926 0.13197 0.13486 0.13796 0.14130 0.14494 0.14894 0.15339 0.15840 0.16416 0.17092 0.17913 0.18963 0.20432 0.22990 0.36957 1,157,700. 859,330. 135,040. 28,840. 7,842.9 2,586.8 997.06 436.35 211.93 112.17 63.742 38.427 24.332 16.048 10.947 7.6763 5.5026 4.0108 2.9563 2.1892 1.6138 1.1651 0.78962 0.36957
381.55 363.60 265.13 198.42 151.75 118.24 93.691 75.403 61.606 51.090 43.011 36.767 31.926 28.172 25.277 23.080 21.471 20.386 19.809 19.784 20.448 22.098 25.172 21.950
5.2567 5.3651 6.1371 6.9555 7.8286 8.7644 9.7697 10.851 12.012 13.258 14.592 16.018 17.540 19.162 20.892 22.739 24.719 26.858 29.203 31.843 34.979 39.160 46.755
3.0564 3.2844 4.1334 4.5617 4.9114 5.2472 5.5832 5.9228 6.2669 6.6161 6.9712 7.3333 7.7043 8.0869 8.4853 8.9054 9.3563 9.8524 10.417 11.090 11.951 13.186 15.416
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 300.00 341.45
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
8.6098 7.5784 7.1184
341.45 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.037028 0.030895 0.024344 0.020168
200.00 300.00
1.0000 1.0000
8.6159 7.5906
400.00 438.24
1.0000 1.0000
438.24 500.00 600.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.11615 0.13195 0.14048 27.006 32.368 41.078 49.583
−26.420 −8.5042 −0.10255
−26.409 −8.4910 −0.088504
−0.098737 −0.026471 −0.00025850
0.12414 0.15084 0.16467
0.16632 0.19472 0.21117
1516.3 1048.3 874.04
−0.53154 −0.39056 −0.29532
178.43 196.30 221.55 243.38
32.965 17.891 8.1885 4.6052
155.01 125.55 112.22
26.101 35.725 54.980 77.506
28.801 38.962 59.088 82.464
0.084352 0.11177 0.15654 0.19908
0.15282 0.17421 0.20940 0.23990
0.16363 0.18376 0.21824 0.24850
0.11606 0.13174
−26.445 −8.5541
−26.329 −8.4223
−0.098862 −0.026637
0.12419 0.15088
0.16628 0.19451
6.4028 5.7953
0.15618 0.17255
12.928 22.473
13.084 22.645
0.034934 0.057745
0.18534 0.19908
0.23836 0.26364
642.57 470.76
−0.081596 0.26228
96.993 88.060
124.96 91.958
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.36099 0.27702 0.21383
2.7701 3.6098 4.6765
40.550 53.661 76.704
43.320 57.271 81.381
0.10492 0.13470 0.17859
0.19618 0.21315 0.24143
0.22634 0.22970 0.25320
160.93 196.29 230.76
19.754 10.036 5.0002
29.744 36.713 49.365
10.551 11.711 13.575
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
8.6424 7.6426 6.5335 4.8882 1.5349
0.11571 0.13085 0.15306 0.20457 0.65149
−26.553 −8.7667 12.434 38.358 71.648
−25.975 −8.1124 13.199 39.381 74.906
−0.099407 −0.027355 0.033675 0.091842 0.15663
0.12440 0.15106 0.18536 0.22066 0.24956
0.16610 0.19368 0.23424 0.30042 0.30605
1541.5 1087.5 702.66 311.48 173.73
−0.53416 −0.40464 −0.15548 1.0544 6.3809
157.01 128.58 100.50 81.341 59.195
1411.9 312.23 136.08 64.368 20.153
1521.0 1055.7
−0.53204 −0.39338
17.170 23.256 35.216 48.247
1308.5 290.66 196.89
155.38 126.12
7.6155 8.9061 11.054 13.104 1327.2 294.62
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
8.6744 7.7032 6.6684 5.3956 3.6515
0.11528 0.12982 0.14996 0.18533 0.27386
−26.683 −9.0138 11.917 36.755 65.462
−25.530 −7.7156 13.416 38.608 68.201
−0.10007 −0.028204 0.032326 0.088363 0.14220
0.12466 0.15128 0.18546 0.21933 0.24998
0.16591 0.19280 0.23093 0.27365 0.31536
1566.5 1124.9 765.76 455.87 248.16
−0.53649 −0.41638 −0.21470 0.25439 1.7834
159.01 131.56 104.41 88.518 79.582
1521.9 334.21 148.74 80.764 43.840
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
8.0787 7.3187 6.5956 5.9215
0.12378 0.13664 0.15162 0.16888
−10.511 9.3999 32.487 58.351
−4.3222 16.232 40.068 66.794
−0.033766 0.025137 0.078194 0.12685
0.15301 0.18689 0.21979 0.24844
0.18931 0.22225 0.25371 0.27993
1362.7 1090.0 895.54 763.82
−0.46412 −0.36559 −0.27952 −0.21072
152.57 128.45 115.10 111.13
513.27 231.13 140.55 100.20
8.4063 7.7789 7.2120 6.7006
0.11896 0.12855 0.13866 0.14924
−11.737 7.6799 30.244 55.635
0.15835 20.535 44.110 70.559
−0.039032 0.019368 0.071845 0.11999
0.15494 0.18864 0.22138 0.24989
0.18811 0.21997 0.25089 0.27732
1582.2 1345.0 1178.8 1062.8
−0.48273 −0.40550 −0.34615 −0.30501
175.12 152.26 138.03 132.17
753.68 319.21 188.34 132.10
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Span, R., and Wagner, W., “Equations of State for Technical Applications. II. Results for Nonpolar Fluids,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(1):41–109, 2003. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is NIST14, Version 9.08. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are approximately 0.2% (to 0.5% at high pressures) in density, 1% (in the vapor phase) to 2% in heat capacity, 1% (in the vapor phase) to 2% in the speed of sound, and 0.2% in vapor pressure, except in the critical region. For viscosity, estimated uncertainty is 2%. For thermal conductivity, estimated uncertainty, except near the critical region, is 4–6 %.
2-277
2-278
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-222 Temperature, K 386.6 390 400 410 420 440 460 480 500 520
Saturated Hydrazine vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
h f, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
s f, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
1.013 1.135 1.560 2.102 2.786
0.001 053 0.001 060 0.001 081 0.001 104 0.001 127
0.9833 0.8850 0.6579 0.4994 0.3850
−105.9 −104.8 −101.4 −97.6 −93.9
65.4 66.0 68.2 70.6 73.0
0.5994 0.6029 0.6120 0.6211 0.6300
1.0426 1.0409 1.0360 1.0314 1.0275
4.732 7.610 11.76 17.42 29.59
0.001 178 0.001 235 0.001 299 0.001 374 0.001 460
0.2355 0.1500 0.1005 0.0690 0.0407
−86.1 −76.9 −67.1 −57.3 −47.8
77.6 82.1 86.6 90.8 94.6
0.6492 0.6707 0.6916 0.7124 0.7320
1.0212 1.0163 1.0118 1.0086 1.0058
Pressure, bar
540 560 580 600 620
34.75 47.09 62.44 81.17 102.7
0.001 563 0.001 681 0.001 835 0.002 045 0.002 320
0.0353 0.0263 0.0196 0.0142 0.0106
−36.0 −25.2 −12.4 5.2 23.2
97.7 101.2 103.6 104.2 103.6
0.7566 0.7762 0.8002 0.8335 0.8671
1.0042 1.0020 1.0002 0.9988 0.9967
640 653 c
128.1 146.9
0.002 86 0.004 33
0.0074 0.0043
45.9 83.7
98.1 83.7
0.9035 0.9715
0.9906 0.9715
Converted from E. F. Fricke, Republic Aviation Co. rept. F-5028-101. c = critical point.
TABLE 2-223
Thermodynamic Properties of Normal Hydrogen
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
13.957 14.000 15.000 16.000 17.000 18.000 19.000 20.000 21.000 22.000 23.000 24.000 25.000 26.000 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000 31.000 32.000 33.190
0.0077031 0.0078936 0.013436 0.021534 0.032848 0.048078 0.067960 0.093249 0.12472 0.16314 0.20932 0.26406 0.32818 0.40250 0.48788 0.58524 0.69554 0.81989 0.95964 1.1168 1.3301
38.148 38.129 37.701 37.261 36.802 36.321 35.812 35.274 34.702 34.092 33.439 32.738 31.979 31.152 30.242 29.225 28.067 26.706 25.017 22.637 14.940
13.957 14.000 15.000 16.000 17.000 18.000 19.000 20.000 21.000 22.000 23.000 24.000 25.000 26.000 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000 31.000 32.000 33.190
0.0077031 0.0078936 0.013436 0.021534 0.032848 0.048078 0.067960 0.093249 0.12472 0.16314 0.20932 0.26406 0.32818 0.40250 0.48788 0.58524 0.69554 0.81989 0.95964 1.1168 1.3301
0.067540 0.069018 0.11050 0.16764 0.24349 0.34126 0.46437 0.61652 0.80187 1.0251 1.2919 1.6089 1.9848 2.4307 2.9618 3.6003 4.3810 5.3643 6.6763 8.6823 14.940
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
0.026214 0.026226 0.026524 0.026838 0.027172 0.027533 0.027923 0.028350 0.028817 0.029333 0.029905 0.030546 0.031271 0.032101 0.033067 0.034217 0.035629 0.037444 0.039973 0.044175 0.066934
−0.10434 −0.10367 −0.088896 −0.074446 −0.059414 −0.043440 −0.026375 −0.0081516 0.011274 0.031947 0.053929 0.077308 0.10222 0.12884 0.15744 0.18843 0.22245 0.26061 0.30524 0.36302 0.53004
−0.10414 −0.10346 −0.088539 −0.073868 −0.058521 −0.042116 −0.024477 −0.0055080 0.014868 0.036732 0.060188 0.085375 0.11248 0.14176 0.17357 0.20846 0.24723 0.29132 0.34360 0.41236 0.61907
−0.0059480 −0.0059000 −0.0048799 −0.0039471 −0.0030355 −0.0021219 −0.0011983 −0.00026211 0.00068790 0.0016528 0.0026344 0.0036357 0.0046610 0.0057167 0.0068122 0.0079614 0.0091865 0.010527 0.012063 0.014035 0.020012
14.806 14.489 9.0494 5.9651 4.1069 2.9303 2.1535 1.6220 1.2471 0.97549 0.77406 0.62153 0.50383 0.41141 0.33763 0.27775 0.22826 0.18642 0.14978 0.11518 0.066934
0.68715 0.68764 0.69864 0.70899 0.71875 0.72783 0.73614 0.74359 0.75005 0.75541 0.75951 0.76218 0.76318 0.76224 0.75895 0.75276 0.74277 0.72747 0.70374 0.66274 0.53004
0.80120 0.80201 0.82024 0.83745 0.85365 0.86871 0.88249 0.89484 0.90558 0.91455 0.92154 0.92630 0.92853 0.92783 0.92368 0.91531 0.90154 0.88031 0.84748 0.79136 0.61907
0.058918 0.058777 0.055705 0.053010 0.050622 0.048480 0.046537 0.044755 0.043103 0.041554 0.040085 0.038674 0.037303 0.035950 0.034594 0.033206 0.031749 0.030160 0.028317 0.025879 0.020012
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.011064 0.010957 0.0096961 0.0096482 0.010003 0.010462 0.010915 0.011323 0.011677 0.011978 0.012235 0.012457 0.012655 0.012840 0.013025 0.013224 0.013460 0.013764 0.014198 0.014926
0.015654 0.015547 0.014420 0.014709 0.015557 0.016642 0.017842 0.019120 0.020476 0.021935 0.023539 0.025351 0.027465 0.030024 0.033265 0.037610 0.043909 0.054194 0.074872 0.14185
1361.1 1359.6 1318.5 1271.6 1226.6 1185.5 1147.3 1110.7 1074.7 1038.2 1000.5 960.99 919.10 874.29 826.00 773.58 716.22 652.73 581.16 497.24 0
−1.4137 −1.4230 −1.5204 −1.4695 −1.3623 −1.2409 −1.1194 −1.0003 −0.88232 −0.76268 −0.63795 −0.50414 −0.35648 −0.18882 0.0073109 0.24446 0.54283 0.93827 1.5038 2.4292 5.3208
76.293 76.650 84.106 90.079 94.784 98.405 101.10 103.01 104.24 104.87 104.98 104.60 103.79 102.53 100.83 98.654 95.935 92.547 88.221 82.176
25.463 25.310 22.215 19.784 17.815 16.182 14.799 13.607 12.565 11.641 10.811 10.057 9.3625 8.7151 8.1034 7.5160 6.9409 6.3620 5.7518 5.0391
0.013157 0.013129 0.012872 0.012907 0.012992 0.013083 0.013178 0.013280 0.013392 0.013514 0.013650 0.013802 0.013973 0.014167 0.014392 0.014655 0.014971 0.015358 0.015854 0.016535
0.021964 0.021944 0.021898 0.022199 0.022618 0.023121 0.023724 0.024449 0.025329 0.026401 0.027724 0.029376 0.031482 0.034234 0.037960 0.043253 0.051322 0.065054 0.093486 0.18606
304.61 305.17 316.15 325.05 333.00 340.22 346.75 352.59 357.75 362.25 366.11 369.34 371.95 373.96 375.38 376.19 376.39 375.97 374.91 373.31 0
Saturated Properties
31.943 31.808 28.572 25.724 23.407 21.522 19.961 18.642 17.507 16.513 15.629 14.829 14.091 13.396 12.726 12.061 11.374 10.624 9.7362 8.5059 5.3208
10.375 10.431 11.624 12.681 13.681 14.669 15.675 16.716 17.806 18.956 20.180 21.493 22.916 24.477 26.218 28.202 30.535 33.407 37.226 43.200
0.66345 0.66695 0.74268 0.81064 0.87421 0.93555 0.99611 1.0569 1.1186 1.1819 1.2472 1.3151 1.3863 1.4619 1.5433 1.6331 1.7362 1.8628 2.0375 2.3378
2-279
2-280
TABLE 2-223
Thermodynamic Properties of Normal Hydrogen (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.81207 1.7949 3.0224 4.4642 5.9947 7.5545
1.0088 2.6261 4.4785 6.5442 8.6984 10.882
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
Single-Phase Properties 25.000 100.00 175.00 250.00 325.00 400.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
25.000 31.268
1.0000 1.0000
31.268 100.00 175.00 250.00 325.00 400.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
25.000 100.00 175.00 250.00 325.00 400.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
0.50823 0.12030 0.068680 0.048077 0.036986 0.030054
1.9676 8.3127 14.560 20.800 27.037 33.273
0.049309 0.079163 0.092882 0.10269 0.11022 0.11626
0.012734 0.014263 0.018150 0.020003 0.020681 0.020865
0.022519 0.022637 0.026480 0.028323 0.028998 0.029180
403.66 808.92 1026.9 1209.1 1371.7 1519.7
12.894 1.4058 0.13575 −0.22980 −0.38965 −0.47650
20.761 68.334 117.11 160.59 197.72 234.06
1.3142 4.1896 6.1845 7.9025 9.4561 10.892
0.030538 0.040861
0.089693 0.31894
0.12023 0.35980
0.0041410 0.012531
0.012580 0.014353
0.025394 0.084709
985.14 560.14
−0.51115 1.7031
106.80 86.829
9.9923 5.5759
0.14049 0.83027 1.4653 2.0926 2.7176 3.3418
0.69511 1.7679 3.0101 4.4576 5.9910 7.5525
0.83559 2.5982 4.4754 6.5501 8.7086 10.894
0.027747 0.059751 0.073667 0.083515 0.091062 0.097113
0.016014 0.014331 0.018190 0.020028 0.020699 0.020878
0.10713 0.023244 0.026659 0.028401 0.029039 0.029204
374.52 817.03 1035.8 1217.3 1379.1 1526.4
9.4548 1.3036 0.11718 −0.23428 −0.39039 −0.47605
38.524 70.413 118.31 161.46 198.43 234.65
2.0997 4.2550 6.2213 7.9283 9.4759 10.908
35.661 5.9683 3.3132 2.3268 1.7990 1.4680
0.028042 0.16755 0.30183 0.42978 0.55587 0.68120
0.046611 1.6549 2.9582 4.4292 5.9750 7.5440
0.18682 2.4927 4.4673 6.5781 8.7543 10.950
0.0021443 0.045314 0.059998 0.070022 0.077631 0.083710
0.012376 0.014583 0.018352 0.020136 0.020776 0.020937
0.020610 0.025613 0.027370 0.028723 0.029211 0.029304
1223.4 865.94 1077.3 1254.0 1412.0 1556.2
−0.90198 0.86369 0.032971 −0.25678 −0.39563 −0.47537
119.36 80.395 123.58 165.19 201.36 237.09
13.101 4.5875 6.3871 8.0420 9.5631 10.979
32.746 24.474 7.1182 1.2044 0.68243 0.47788 0.36797 0.29924
25.000 100.00 175.00 250.00 325.00 400.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
37.930 11.417 6.3697 4.5028 3.5006 2.8687
0.026364 0.087588 0.15699 0.22209 0.28567 0.34859
0.020221 1.5346 2.9000 4.3966 5.9563 7.5339
0.28386 2.4105 4.4699 6.6175 8.8130 11.020
0.00059913 0.038585 0.053931 0.064133 0.071811 0.077921
0.012222 0.014838 0.018532 0.020260 0.020867 0.021006
0.018499 0.027423 0.028063 0.029065 0.029402 0.029419
1402.1 955.43 1133.3 1300.6 1453.0 1593.1
−1.0762 0.39679 −0.068718 −0.28786 −0.40519 −0.47687
131.12 94.196 130.39 169.92 205.05 240.15
16.625 5.1692 6.6199 8.1898 9.6733 11.067
100.00 175.00 250.00 325.00 400.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
31.993 22.700 17.524 14.304 12.107
0.031257 0.044053 0.057066 0.069911 0.082595
1.1768 2.6415 4.2297 5.8539 7.4773
2.7397 4.8442 7.0830 9.3494 11.607
0.023964 0.039587 0.050225 0.058153 0.064404
0.016349 0.019545 0.020999 0.021434 0.021458
0.026254 0.029321 0.030163 0.030202 0.029985
1710.1 1632.6 1690.7 1784.8 1887.2
−0.57213 −0.46415 −0.46214 −0.48443 −0.51016
192.47 189.52 211.67 237.63 267.11
10.534 9.1377 9.7772 10.827 11.965
33.019 27.257 23.228 20.261
0.030286 0.036688 0.043051 0.049356
2.5589 4.1604 5.8083 7.4555
5.5875 7.8292 10.113 12.391
0.033643 0.044291 0.052281 0.058588
0.020316 0.021603 0.021923 0.021864
0.029140 0.030346 0.030469 0.030246
2128.4 2125.4 2170.6 2235.8
−0.52750 −0.50698 −0.51215 −0.52481
282.17 303.19 327.83 356.83
13.079 12.218 12.546 13.289
175.00 250.00 325.00 400.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Younglove, B. A., “Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. I. Argon, Ethylene, Parahydrogen, Nitrogen, Nitrogen Trifluoride, and Oxygen,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Suppl. 1, 11: 1–11, 1982. The source for viscosity is McCarty, R. D., and Weber, L. A., “Thermophysical Properties of Parahydrogen from the Freezing Liquid Line to 5000 R for Pressures to 10,000 psia,” N.B.S. Tech. Note 617, 1972. The source for thermal conductivity is McCarty, R. D., and Weber, L. A., “Thermophysical Properties of Parahydrogen from the Freezing Liquid Line to 5000 R for Pressures to 10,000 psia,” N.B.S. Tech. Note 617, 1972. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.1% in the liquid phase, 0.25% in the vapor phase, and 0.2% in the supercritical region. The uncertainty in heat capacity is 3%, and the uncertainty in speed of sound is 2% in the liquid phase and 1% elsewhere. The uncertainty in viscosity ranges from 4% to 15%. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity below 100 K is estimated to be 3% below 150 atm and up to 10% below 700 atm. For temperatures around 100 K at low densities, the uncertainty is about 1%. Above 100 K, the uncertainty is estimated to be on the order of 10%.
TABLE 2-224
Thermodynamic Properties of para-Hydrogen
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
13.800 14.000 15.000 16.000 17.000 18.000 19.000 20.000 21.000 22.000 23.000 24.000 25.000 26.000 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000 31.000 32.000 32.938
0.0070373 0.0078936 0.013436 0.021534 0.032848 0.048078 0.067960 0.093249 0.12472 0.16314 0.20932 0.26406 0.32818 0.40250 0.48788 0.58524 0.69554 0.81989 0.95964 1.1168 1.2838
38.214 38.129 37.701 37.261 36.802 36.321 35.812 35.274 34.702 34.092 33.439 32.738 31.979 31.152 30.242 29.225 28.067 26.706 25.017 22.637 15.556
13.800 14.000 15.000 16.000 17.000 18.000 19.000 20.000 21.000 22.000 23.000 24.000 25.000 26.000 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000 31.000 32.000 32.938
0.0070373 0.0078936 0.013436 0.021534 0.032848 0.048078 0.067960 0.093249 0.12472 0.16314 0.20932 0.26406 0.32818 0.40250 0.48788 0.58524 0.69554 0.81989 0.95964 1.1168 1.2838
0.062340 0.069018 0.11050 0.16764 0.24349 0.34126 0.46437 0.61652 0.80187 1.0251 1.2919 1.6089 1.9848 2.4307 2.9618 3.6003 4.3810 5.3643 6.6763 8.6823 15.556
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
0.026168 0.026226 0.026524 0.026838 0.027172 0.027533 0.027923 0.028350 0.028817 0.029333 0.029905 0.030546 0.031271 0.032101 0.033067 0.034217 0.035629 0.037444 0.039973 0.044175 0.064284
−0.10640 −0.10334 −0.088758 −0.074351 −0.059344 −0.043395 −0.026352 −0.0081471 0.011263 0.031923 0.053894 0.077266 0.10217 0.12879 0.15739 0.18839 0.22242 0.26061 0.30526 0.36307 0.51279
−0.10621 −0.10313 −0.088401 −0.073773 −0.058452 −0.042071 −0.024454 −0.0055035 0.014857 0.036709 0.060154 0.085332 0.11243 0.14171 0.17353 0.20842 0.24721 0.29131 0.34362 0.41240 0.59532
−0.0060986 −0.0058783 −0.0048719 −0.0039418 −0.0030317 −0.0021196 −0.0011972 −0.00026188 0.00068738 0.0016517 0.0026329 0.0036338 0.0046588 0.0057145 0.0068101 0.0079596 0.0091852 0.010526 0.012063 0.014036 0.019385
16.041 14.489 9.0494 5.9651 4.1069 2.9303 2.1535 1.6220 1.2471 0.97549 0.77406 0.62153 0.50383 0.41141 0.33763 0.27775 0.22826 0.18642 0.14978 0.11518 0.064284
0.68576 0.68798 0.69878 0.70909 0.71881 0.72787 0.73616 0.74359 0.75004 0.75539 0.75948 0.76213 0.76314 0.76219 0.75891 0.75272 0.74275 0.72747 0.70375 0.66278 0.51279
0.79865 0.80235 0.82037 0.83754 0.85372 0.86876 0.88251 0.89484 0.90557 0.91453 0.92151 0.92626 0.92848 0.92778 0.92363 0.91527 0.90151 0.88031 0.84749 0.79141 0.59532
0.059471 0.058799 0.055713 0.053015 0.050625 0.048482 0.046538 0.044755 0.043102 0.041553 0.040083 0.038672 0.037301 0.035948 0.034592 0.033204 0.031747 0.030159 0.028317 0.025880 0.019385
4.1229 10.397 16.641 22.879 29.116
1.1351 2.4062 4.2197 5.9434 7.5556
1.5474 3.4459 5.8837 8.2313 10.467
0.064284 0.086764 0.10202 0.11200 0.11919
1.0703 2.3861 4.2097 5.9379 7.5525
1.4520 3.4298 5.8845 8.2390 10.478
0.043845 0.067460 0.082821 0.092837 0.10004
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.010937 0.010548 0.0096208 0.0096210 0.0099778 0.010438 0.010895 0.011306 0.011663 0.011966 0.012226 0.012450 0.012652 0.012841 0.013030 0.013235 0.013476 0.013785 0.014225 0.014957
0.015530 0.015138 0.014345 0.014682 0.015532 0.016618 0.017822 0.019103 0.020462 0.021923 0.023529 0.025344 0.027461 0.030025 0.033270 0.037620 0.043924 0.054215 0.074899 0.14188
1376.3 1367.4 1320.2 1272.2 1227.2 1186.0 1147.7 1111.1 1075.0 1038.4 1000.7 961.13 919.17 874.28 825.90 773.39 715.93 652.36 580.72 496.76 0
−1.4263 −1.4615 −1.5284 −1.4722 −1.3645 −1.2427 −1.1207 −1.0012 −0.88292 −0.76309 −0.63820 −0.50428 −0.35652 −0.18881 0.0073097 0.24439 0.54264 0.93791 1.5033 2.4286 5.2019
75.249 76.869 84.107 90.003 94.698 98.339 101.06 103.00 104.25 104.89 105.01 104.64 103.82 102.56 100.85 98.669 95.941 92.543 88.209 82.155
26.035 25.310 22.215 19.784 17.815 16.182 14.799 13.607 12.565 11.641 10.811 10.057 9.3625 8.7151 8.1034 7.5160 6.9409 6.3620 5.7518 5.0391
0.012705 0.012720 0.012797 0.012879 0.012967 0.013059 0.013158 0.013263 0.013378 0.013503 0.013641 0.013795 0.013969 0.014168 0.014397 0.014666 0.014986 0.015380 0.015881 0.016566
0.021484 0.021535 0.021823 0.022172 0.022593 0.023097 0.023703 0.024433 0.025315 0.026390 0.027714 0.029369 0.031478 0.034235 0.037965 0.043264 0.051337 0.065075 0.093513 0.18609
305.17 307.13 316.53 325.20 333.13 340.35 346.87 352.69 357.84 362.33 366.17 369.39 371.98 373.96 375.33 376.10 376.25 375.77 374.65 372.98 0
0.012710 0.022470 0.024087 0.022011 0.021169
0.021301 0.030820 0.032413 0.030330 0.029486
583.04 841.25 1054.3 1250.9 1418.7
0.012853 0.022526 0.024121 0.022033 0.021186
0.024464 0.031195 0.032545 0.030392 0.029519
575.43 848.73 1062.6 1258.8 1425.9
Saturated Properties
33.288 32.412 28.670 25.755 23.433 21.544 19.978 18.654 17.516 16.521 15.634 14.832 14.092 13.396 12.725 12.058 11.370 10.621 9.7335 8.5044 5.2019
10.454 10.649 11.625 12.604 13.595 14.603 15.637 16.705 17.816 18.981 20.214 21.529 22.951 24.507 26.241 28.217 30.541 33.404 37.214 43.179
0.65046 0.66695 0.74268 0.81064 0.87421 0.93555 0.99611 1.0569 1.1186 1.1819 1.2472 1.3151 1.3863 1.4619 1.5433 1.6331 1.7362 1.8628 2.0375 2.3378
4.8322 0.59482 −0.023305 −0.27924 −0.41834
38.576 106.18 155.64 183.10 212.22
2.4717 4.9004 6.7798 8.4358 9.9461
4.4711 0.55405 −0.032981 −0.28185 −0.41854
42.291 107.83 156.70 183.91 212.88
2.6080 4.9523 6.8120 8.4592 9.9645
Single-Phase Properties
2-281
50.000 125.00 200.00 275.00 350.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.24255 0.096180 0.060094 0.043708 0.034345
50.000 125.00 200.00 275.00 350.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
2.6201 0.95806 0.59708 0.43458 0.34179
0.38166 1.0438 1.6748 2.3010 2.9257
2-282
TABLE 2-224
Thermodynamic Properties of para-Hydrogen (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
16.715 4.6789 2.9000 2.1189 1.6731
0.059826 0.21372 0.34482 0.47194 0.59770
0.73484 2.3021 4.1677 5.9145 7.5394
1.0340 3.3707 5.8918 8.2742 10.528
0.024551 0.053441 0.069234 0.079371 0.086623
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
0.013420 0.022747 0.024261 0.022129 0.021255
0.041376 0.032653 0.033076 0.030649 0.029661
692.39 888.35 1100.2 1293.6 1457.5
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
1.6074 0.37288 −0.078236 −0.29566 −0.42110
79.882 115.33 161.31 187.32 215.63
4.3382 5.1978 6.9555 8.5624 10.045
Single-Phase Properties 50.000 125.00 200.00 275.00 350.00 50.000 125.00 200.00 275.00 350.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
26.141 8.9624 5.5879 4.1087 3.2606
0.038254 0.11158 0.17896 0.24339 0.30669
0.53828 2.2107 4.1201 5.8874 7.5240
0.92082 3.3264 5.9097 8.3212 10.591
0.017729 0.047053 0.063249 0.073512 0.080815
0.013420 0.022979 0.024419 0.022240 0.021338
0.031369 0.033916 0.033613 0.030928 0.029822
1020.9 952.54 1149.8 1337.5 1497.0
−0.00090690 0.16557 −0.13543 −0.31595 −0.42707
109.43 125.40 167.23 191.64 219.08
6.6673 5.5904 7.1499 8.6948 10.147
50.000 125.00 200.00 275.00 350.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
41.635 28.231 20.660 16.295 13.485
0.024018 0.035422 0.048403 0.061368 0.074155
0.33890 1.8792 3.8955 5.7445 7.4386
1.5398 3.6503 6.3157 8.8129 11.146
0.0075571 0.032377 0.049075 0.059704 0.067214
0.014831 0.024288 0.025325 0.022913 0.021862
0.021072 0.034391 0.034876 0.031923 0.030536
1903.0 1571.6 1590.0 1701.1 1813.9
−0.85893 −0.41268 −0.39075 −0.44355 −0.48674
205.72 207.03 219.10 229.75 249.51
18.078 9.5718 9.2598 10.106 11.203
38.364 30.845 25.763 22.144
0.026066 0.032420 0.038815 0.045159
1.8103 3.8148 5.6828 7.4012
4.4169 7.0568 9.5643 11.917
0.026596 0.043119 0.053790 0.061362
0.025170 0.026034 0.023474 0.022320
0.033554 0.034871 0.032151 0.030806
2093.0 2056.2 2114.9 2185.5
−0.46785 −0.43974 −0.48043 −0.50940
308.69 320.11 324.21 340.22
15.278 12.564 12.252 12.765
125.00 200.00 275.00 350.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Younglove, B. A., “Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. I. Argon, Ethylene, Parahydrogen, Nitrogen, Nitrogen Trifluoride, and Oxygen,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Suppl. 1, 11: 1–11, 1982. The source for viscosity is McCarty, R. D., and Weber, L. A., “Thermophysical Properties of Parahydrogen from the Freezing Liquid Line to 5000 R for Pressures to 10,000 psia,” N.B.S. Tech. Note 617, 1972. The source for thermal conductivity is McCarty, R. D., and Weber, L. A., “Thermophysical Properties of Parahydrogen from the Freezing Liquid Line to 5000 R for Pressures to 10,000 psia,” N.B.S. Tech. Note 617, 1972. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.1% in the liquid phase, 0.25% in the vapor phase, and 0.2% in the supercritical region. The uncertainty in heat capacity is 3%, and the uncertainty in speed of sound is 2% in the liquid phase and 1% elsewhere. The uncertainty in viscosity ranges from 4% to 15%. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity below 100 K is estimated to be 3% below 150 atm and up to 10% below 700 atm. For temperatures around 100 K at low densities, the uncertainty is about 1%. Above 100 K, the uncertainty is estimated to be on the order of 10%.
TABLE 2-225 T, K 273 300 350 400 450
Saturated Hydrogen Peroxide*
P, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
0.0004 0.0031 0.0564 0.4521 2.143
0.00068 0.00069 0.00072 0.00076 0.00081
1672 235 15.1 2.12 0.487
−5577 −5510 −5376 −5238 −5091
−4027 −3995 −3933 −3878 −3820
2.990 3.224 3.631 4.032 4.346
8.662 8.269 7.758 7.440 7.172
1.45 1.48 1.54 1.61 1.68
18.0 11.3 4.3 2.2 1.3
0.483 0.481 0.474 0.464 0.453
1.75 1.82 1.90
500 550 600 650 700
7.126 18.56 40.75 79.27 141.7
0.00088 0.00095 0.00107 0.00125 0.00171
0.155 0.0605 0.0268 0.0125 0.0048
−4945 −4794 −4635 −4463 −4195
−3777 −3745 −3731 −3746 −3860
4.656 4.941 5.209 5.485 5.682
6.992 6.846 6.720 6.582 6.339
708.5c
155.3
0.00284
0.0028
−4012
−4012
5.732
5.732
0.89 0.65 0.50
0.443 0.431 0.416
*Values reproduced or converted from a tabulation by Tsykalo and Tabachnikov in V. A. Rabinovich (ed.), Thermophysical Properties of Gases and Liquids, Standartov, Moscow, 1968; NBS-NSF transl. TT 69-55091, 1970. The reader may be reminded that very pure hydrogen peroxide is very difficult to obtain owing to its decomposition or instability. c = critical point. The FMC Corp., Philadelphia, PA tech. bull. 67, 1969 (100 pp.) contains an enthalpy-pressure diagram to 3000 psia, 1100 K.
TABLE 2-226 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen Sulfide Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.034345 0.034479 0.035082 0.035717 0.036390 0.037107 0.037875 0.038702 0.039599 0.040580 0.041662 0.042868 0.044230 0.045791 0.047618 0.049818 0.052573 0.056256 0.061837 0.074429 0.098135
−1.7210 −1.5628 −0.87841 −0.19759 0.48138 1.1602 1.8406 2.5245 3.2135 3.9100 4.6161 5.3348 6.0696 6.8248 7.6068 8.4246 9.2932 10.241 11.335 12.903 14.470
−1.7202 −1.5619 −0.87664 −0.19446 0.48661 1.1686 1.8534 2.5434 3.2408 3.9481 4.6685 5.4053 6.1629 6.9469 7.7650 8.6283 9.5548 10.578 11.779 13.538 15.353
16.328 16.382 16.611 16.832 17.043 17.244 17.431 17.604 17.761 17.899 18.016 18.108 18.171 18.199 18.183 18.109 17.957 17.684 17.192 16.046 14.470
17.876 17.947 18.250 18.541 18.818 19.079 19.320 19.539 19.735 19.902 20.039 20.139 20.198 20.207 20.156 20.027 19.793 19.403 18.736 17.266 15.353
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−0.34039 −0.33923 −0.33253 −0.32287 −0.30988 −0.29305 −0.27174 −0.24509 −0.21197 −0.17084 −0.11959 −0.055218 0.026636 0.13260 0.27324 0.46655 0.74618 1.1841 1.9714 3.9324 6.3885
254.24 251.74 240.93 230.26 219.81 209.52 199.43 189.56 179.91 170.48 161.26 152.24 143.40 134.71 126.16 117.71 109.36 101.19 93.864 92.754
439.13 428.67 385.68 346.75 311.74 280.37 252.29 227.14 204.60 184.32 166.02 149.44 134.32 120.43 107.58 95.533 84.050 72.784 61.060 46.102
Saturated Properties 187.70 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 373.10
0.023259 0.027106 0.050340 0.087474 0.14366 0.22485 0.33767 0.48934 0.68751 0.94022 1.2558 1.6429 2.1103 2.6672 3.3233 4.0889 4.9755 5.9969 7.1713 8.5294 8.9987
29.116 29.003 28.505 27.998 27.480 26.949 26.403 25.838 25.253 24.642 24.002 23.327 22.609 21.838 21.000 20.073 19.021 17.776 16.172 13.436 10.190
187.70 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 373.10
0.023259 0.027106 0.050340 0.087474 0.14366 0.22485 0.33767 0.48934 0.68751 0.94022 1.2558 1.6429 2.1103 2.6672 3.3233 4.0889 4.9755 5.9969 7.1713 8.5294 8.9987
0.015024 0.017314 0.030704 0.051165 0.080932 0.12253 0.17879 0.25286 0.34834 0.46937 0.62086 0.80887 1.0411 1.3280 1.6843 2.1323 2.7096 3.4881 4.6442 6.9933 10.190
66.559 57.758 32.569 19.545 12.356 8.1613 5.5933 3.9547 2.8707 2.1305 1.6107 1.2363 0.96050 0.75300 0.59373 0.46898 0.36906 0.28669 0.21532 0.14299 0.098135
−0.0085877 −0.0077504 −0.0042394 −0.00091743 0.0022415 0.0052596 0.0081564 0.010949 0.013654 0.016285 0.018857 0.021385 0.023885 0.026373 0.028873 0.031414 0.034044 0.036848 0.040035 0.044599 0.049374
0.044390 0.044124 0.043042 0.042067 0.041188 0.040393 0.039677 0.039030 0.038449 0.037930 0.037470 0.037070 0.036732 0.036462 0.036273 0.036191 0.036265 0.036600 0.037471 0.040079
0.068835 0.068707 0.068273 0.068029 0.067975 0.068115 0.068461 0.069032 0.069859 0.070989 0.072490 0.074466 0.077082 0.080603 0.085498 0.092666 0.10410 0.12534 0.17963 0.63367
1437.8 1425.8 1373.4 1321.0 1268.4 1215.6 1162.3 1108.5 1053.9 998.54 942.08 884.34 825.04 763.84 700.23 633.51 562.59 485.59 398.86 292.76 0
0.095815 0.094930 0.091395 0.088301 0.085567 0.083129 0.080933 0.078934 0.077092 0.075375 0.073752 0.072193 0.070669 0.069149 0.067594 0.065956 0.064157 0.062064 0.059360 0.054674 0.049374
0.025347 0.025386 0.025586 0.025837 0.026142 0.026502 0.026917 0.027388 0.027914 0.028496 0.029136 0.029838 0.030608 0.031458 0.032407 0.033485 0.034746 0.036293 0.038364 0.041755
0.034000 0.034078 0.034487 0.035021 0.035698 0.036537 0.037563 0.038807 0.040312 0.042139 0.044378 0.047166 0.050723 0.055410 0.061879 0.071400 0.086837 0.11617 0.19265 0.80649
245.84 247.20 252.82 257.96 262.58 266.64 270.10 272.91 275.05 276.47 277.15 277.05 276.12 274.34 271.64 268.00 263.35 257.65 250.84 242.80 0
55.730 53.868 46.796 41.090 36.435 32.601 29.412 26.737 24.476 22.550 20.897 19.466 18.212 17.097 16.081 15.116 14.142 13.053 11.629 9.0701 6.3885
10.628 10.775 11.429 12.107 12.816 13.566 14.365 15.227 16.166 17.202 18.360 19.675 21.197 22.997 25.187 27.946 31.600 36.820 45.513 70.939
8.0025 8.1053 8.5566 9.0159 9.4844 9.9634 10.455 10.961 11.485 12.031 12.604 13.213 13.867 14.582 15.380 16.300 17.405 18.833 20.940 25.604
2-283
2-284
TABLE 2-226
Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen Sulfide (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.035080 0.035888
−0.87902 −0.021243
−0.87551 −0.017654
16.888 19.164 21.830 24.642 27.626 30.789
18.615 21.640 25.146 28.794 32.611 36.607
0.035053 0.040795
−0.89011 4.0550
−0.85506 4.0958
2.0080 2.2968 3.2255 4.0993 4.9547 5.8015
17.925 18.775 21.626 24.507 27.525 30.710
19.933 21.072 24.852 28.606 32.480 36.511
0.034935 0.043749 0.052654
−0.93837 5.9433 9.3164
−0.76369 6.1620 9.5797
0.36675 0.55412 0.77288 0.96476 1.1466
17.952 20.549 23.863 27.065 30.353
19.786 23.319 27.728 31.889 36.086
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
0.043042 0.041830
0.068269 0.067997
1373.6 1307.4
−0.33258 −0.31984
240.95 227.54
0.087559 0.099486 0.10956 0.11770 0.12465 0.13081
0.025911 0.025979 0.027268 0.028923 0.030708 0.032534
0.035183 0.034563 0.035693 0.037297 0.039059 0.040873
259.21 309.73 356.35 396.06 431.20 463.05
39.791 16.968 8.9467 5.5432 3.7250 2.6185
−0.0042980 0.016821
0.043058 0.037830
0.068210 0.071266
1377.6 986.97
−0.33351 −0.16116
0.075033 0.079019 0.089907 0.098281 0.10534 0.11155
0.028623 0.027626 0.027708 0.029100 0.030799 0.032589
0.042564 0.039427 0.037234 0.038036 0.039492 0.041157
276.67 296.60 351.09 393.73 430.30 462.94
22.188 17.369 9.0111 5.5366 3.7023 2.5947
−0.0045411 0.023458 0.034113
0.043127 0.036740 0.036269
0.067957 0.075047 0.10449
1394.7 855.61 560.70
0.064108 0.073747 0.083609 0.091196 0.097665
0.034782 0.030043 0.029940 0.031216 0.032838
0.087361 0.048271 0.041996 0.041590 0.042472
263.22 325.86 384.33 427.30 463.26
Viscosity µPas
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 212.60
0.10000 0.10000
212.60 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
200.00 272.07
1.0000 1.0000
272.07 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 300.00 340.26
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
340.26 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
28.506 27.865 0.057900 0.040389 0.030157 0.024088 0.020059 0.017187 28.528 24.513 0.49800 0.43539 0.31003 0.24394 0.20183 0.17237 28.625 22.858 18.992 2.7266 1.8047 1.2939 1.0365 0.87211
17.271 24.759 33.160 41.515 49.853 58.182
−0.0042425 −0.000082766
−0.33745 −0.017492 0.75500 14.116 9.1749 5.4471 3.5816 2.4840
12.288 17.999 24.990 32.218 39.592 47.091 241.31 168.56 17.430 19.015 25.609 32.691 39.980 47.423 242.90 146.15 109.14
385.79 337.30 9.1366 12.954 17.172 21.094 24.714 28.082 387.91 180.39 12.147 13.337 17.465 21.319 24.893 28.227 397.26 139.57 83.760
31.710 29.786 35.063 41.773 48.924
17.437 19.070 22.459 25.773 28.935
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
28.741 23.238 5.0473 2.8037 2.1399 1.7663
0.034793 0.043033 0.19812 0.35667 0.46730 0.56617
−0.99643 5.7496 18.370 22.959 26.466 29.903
-0.64850 6.1800 20.351 26.526 31.139 35.564
−0.0048367 0.022795 0.062081 0.076030 0.084452 0.091275
0.043212 0.036779 0.034651 0.031080 0.031755 0.033155
0.067668 0.072377 0.10189 0.048875 0.044597 0.044212
1415.5 902.78 291.29 375.68 426.01 465.45
−0.34197 −0.077399 8.2243 5.1487 3.3812 2.3347
244.82 150.49 44.719 38.963 44.210 50.878
408.90 148.08 23.639 24.438 27.165 30.013
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000
26.050 21.973 17.947 14.519 11.974
0.038388 0.045510 0.055720 0.068874 0.083511
4.3332 9.9713 15.404 20.474 25.148
7.2123 13.384 19.583 25.640 31.412
0.017506 0.035260 0.049092 0.060142 0.069045
0.037754 0.035381 0.034762 0.034994 0.035721
0.061705 0.061962 0.061649 0.059227 0.056291
1276.9 983.51 786.35 688.11 654.55
−0.33612 −0.18247 0.057516 0.27314 0.36585
187.18 134.39 103.90 87.712 82.684
232.59 124.22 81.074 62.531 54.563
27.794 24.751 21.937 19.449 17.335
0.035979 0.040403 0.045585 0.051416 0.057687
3.5100 8.6429 13.539 18.248 22.811
8.9069 14.703 20.377 25.960 31.464
0.013888 0.030575 0.043238 0.053420 0.061906
0.038777 0.036402 0.035779 0.036044 0.036804
0.058983 0.057226 0.056273 0.055409 0.054711
1538.4 1302.6 1132.1 1019.1 949.06
−0.40376 −0.37006 −0.31802 −0.26874 −0.23292
214.24 165.64 135.75 118.38 110.03
311.25 174.85 119.57 93.323 79.581
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3): 785–850, 2006. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is NIST14, Version 9.08. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.1% in the liquid phase below the critical temperature, 0.4% in the vapor phase, 1% at supercritical temperatures up to 500 K, and 2.5% at higher temperatures. Uncertainties will be higher near the critical point, and may be lower than 0.5% between 400 and 500 K. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.25%, and the uncertainty in heat capacities is estimated to be 1%. For viscosity, estimated uncertainty is 2%. For thermal conductivity, estimated uncertainty, except near the critical region, is 4–6%.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
FIG. 2-11 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for aqueous hydrogen chloride at 1 atm. Reference states: enthalpy of liquid water at 0°C is zero; enthalpy of pure saturated HCl vapor at 1 atm (−85.03°C) is 8000 kcal/mol. NOTE: It should be observed that the weight basis includes the vapor, which is particularly important in the two-phase region. Saturation values may be read at the ends of the tie lines. [Van Nuys, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 39, 663 (1943).]
2-285
2-286 TABLE 2-227
Thermodynamic Properties of Isobutane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
113.73 115 130 145 160 175 190 205 220 235 250 265 280 295 310 325 340 355 370 385 400 407.81
2.2891E-08 3.1711E-08 8.8064E-07 1.1510E-05 8.8176E-05 0.00045673 0.0017628 0.0054294 0.014023 0.031511 0.06335 0.11640 0.19876 0.31952 0.48858 0.71658 1.0148 1.3957 1.8727 2.4620 3.1856 3.629
113.73 115 130 145 160 175 190 205 220 235 250 265 280 295 310 325 340 355 370 385 400 407.81
2.2891E-08 3.1711E-08 8.8064E-07 1.1510E-05 8.8176E-05 0.00045673 0.0017628 0.0054294 0.014023 0.031511 0.06335 0.11640 0.19876 0.31952 0.48858 0.71658 1.0148 1.3957 1.8727 2.4620 3.1856 3.629
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
−6.5316 −6.4068 −4.9101 −3.3714 −1.7912 −0.16946 1.4945 3.2024 4.9572 6.7622 8.6216 10.540 12.522 14.575 16.705 18.920 21.234 23.665 26.245 29.045 32.319 35.910
−6.5316 −6.4068 −4.9101 −3.3714 −1.7911 −0.16942 1.4946 3.2029 4.9585 6.7652 8.6277 10.551 12.543 14.608 16.758 19.001 21.354 23.839 26.494 29.404 32.862 36.846
20.462 20.517 21.194 21.928 22.716 23.555 24.442 25.374 26.348 27.360 28.406 29.481 30.581 31.700 32.830 33.960 35.075 36.146 37.123 37.906 38.148 35.910
21.408 21.473 22.275 23.133 24.046 25.009 26.018 27.070 28.159 29.279 30.423 31.584 32.754 33.925 35.086 36.222 37.313 38.323 39.190 39.793 39.712 36.846
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−0.03951 −0.03842 −0.02619 −0.01499 −0.00463 0.005061 0.014182 0.022832 0.031092 0.039028 0.046697 0.054149 0.061427 0.068569 0.075615 0.082601 0.089574 0.096591 0.10375 0.11123 0.11975 0.12937
0.068243 0.068392 0.070255 0.072110 0.073940 0.075811 0.077792 0.079933 0.082269 0.084817 0.087581 0.090556 0.093728 0.097085 0.10062 0.10432 0.10821 0.11234 0.11686 0.12220 0.13078
0.098159 0.098388 0.10118 0.10397 0.10673 0.10951 0.11237 0.11540 0.11865 0.12216 0.12600 0.13021 0.13486 0.14006 0.14598 0.15290 0.16139 0.17260 0.18958 0.22324 0.36901
1999.8 1988.6 1863.4 1750.1 1645.3 1546.1 1450.9 1358.6 1268.6 1180.3 1093.4 1007.7 922.77 838.36 753.97 669.03 582.74 494.00 401.01 300.29 184.38 0
−0.68375 −0.68180 −0.65814 −0.63434 −0.61032 −0.58545 −0.55901 −0.53024 −0.49839 −0.46255 −0.42158 −0.37389 −0.31712 −0.24757 −0.15928 −0.04193 0.12359 0.37690 0.81512 1.7502 4.9259 16.282
157.92 157.70 154.39 150.06 144.95 139.28 133.23 126.94 120.56 114.21 107.94 101.85 95.986 90.398 85.118 80.169 75.561 71.293 67.356 63.794 61.898
8767.2 8096.1 3698.4 2060.1 1302.4 897.76 657.25 502.16 395.73 319.15 262.04 218.23 183.83 156.24 133.64 114.69 98.394 83.919 70.526 57.352 42.498
0.20615 0.20401 0.18292 0.16780 0.15686 0.14894 0.14325 0.13926 0.13655 0.13483 0.13388 0.13352 0.13361 0.13405 0.13474 0.13559 0.13651 0.13739 0.13806 0.13822 0.13688 0.12937
0.042812 0.043157 0.047087 0.050787 0.054332 0.057806 0.061291 0.064859 0.068567 0.072455 0.076548 0.080855 0.085375 0.090101 0.09503 0.10017 0.10541 0.11078 0.11703 0.12502 0.13683
0.051127 0.051472 0.055402 0.059103 0.062655 0.066151 0.06969 0.07337 0.077281 0.081501 0.086099 0.091145 0.096722 0.10295 0.11003 0.11832 0.12842 0.14204 0.16455 0.21348 0.43911
139.39 140.07 147.92 155.36 162.43 169.14 175.44 181.26 186.48 190.96 194.52 197.02 198.29 198.13 196.37 192.73 186.90 178.45 166.77 150.88 128.90 0
Saturated Properties 12.738 12.717 12.473 12.229 11.984 11.736 11.485 11.231 10.971 10.705 10.431 10.148 9.8523 9.5416 9.2114 8.8560 8.4662 8.0276 7.5139 6.8650 5.8674 3.8798 2.4207E-08 3.3165E-08 8.1474E-07 9.5478E-06 6.6294E-05 0.0003141 0.0011181 0.0032007 0.0077418 0.016419 0.031405 0.055358 0.091469 0.14360 0.21659 0.31684 0.45354 0.64121 0.90588 1.3046 2.0369 3.8798
0.078508 0.078635 0.080171 0.081772 0.083447 0.085209 0.087069 0.089043 0.091150 0.093415 0.095866 0.098544 0.10150 0.10480 0.10856 0.11292 0.11812 0.12457 0.13309 0.14567 0.17043 0.25775 41,310,000 30,152,000 1,227,400 104,740 15,084 3,183.6 894.34 312.43 129.17 60.904 31.842 18.064 10.933 6.9638 4.6171 3.1561 2.2049 1.5596 1.1039 0.76649 0.49095 0.25775
577.37 553.27 348.08 233.14 164.07 120.18 91.024 70.957 56.748 46.450 38.843 33.140 28.823 25.545 23.074 21.254 20.032 19.459 19.526 20.215 21.293 16.282
2.2717 2.3426 3.2114 4.1386 5.1239 6.1666 7.2652 8.4173 9.6201 10.872 12.174 13.532 14.961 16.487 18.151 20.022 22.207 24.900 28.498 34.050 46.452
2.8476 2.8811 3.2763 3.6690 4.0588 4.4452 4.8275 5.2047 5.5763 5.9424 6.3045 6.6660 7.0328 7.4136 7.8217 8.2772 8.8129 9.4859 10.409 11.844 14.761
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 261.07
0.10000 0.10000
261.07 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
200.00 300.00 339.34
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
339.34 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
11.317 10.223
2.6343 10.040
0.019983 0.052213
0.079206 0.089756
0.11436 0.12906
29.197 32.513 42.834 55.743
31.278 34.944 46.127 59.881
0.13356 0.14664 0.17863 0.20922
0.079705 0.089474 0.11631 0.14101
0.089774 0.098798 0.12501 0.14952
196.48 212.04 245.50 274.09
34.485 21.436 8.6878 4.5740
13.170 17.082 28.880 43.232
0.088272 0.10574 0.11786
2.6017 15.229 21.129
2.6900 15.335 21.247
0.019864 0.070771 0.089265
0.079268 0.098270 0.10803
0.11426 0.14150 0.16097
1395.0 819.00 586.60
−0.54183 −0.23012 0.11482
129.47 89.092 75.758
2.2394 2.9675 3.9573
35.027 42.086 55.288
37.266 45.054 59.246
0.13647 0.15757 0.18916
0.10518 0.11833 0.14174
0.12792 0.13200 0.15229
187.21 224.30 263.78
20.073 9.9934 4.7852
22.102 29.559 44.232
11.379 9.5950 6.7797 1.6118
0.087884 0.10422 0.14750 0.62041
2.4992 14.958 31.029 52.732
2.9387 15.479 31.767 55.834
0.019346 0.069851 0.11631 0.17060
0.079538 0.098458 0.12520 0.14556
0.11385 0.13915 0.20584 0.17644
1417.9 870.18 328.20 219.06
−0.54814 −0.28002 1.3689 5.5914
131.11 92.042 64.364 50.270
574.91 160.04 56.352 15.871
11.329 9.4575 8.4843 0.44655 0.33698 0.25270
20.817 24.305 32.925 41.375
1389.7 1030.1
−0.54030 −0.38717
2.6255 10.031
0.048038 0.041143 0.030372 0.024169
0.088361 0.097817
129.10 103.43
547.68 228.69 6.5710 7.5436 9.9294 12.195 552.65 149.88 99.071 8.7869 10.129 12.391
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
11.438 9.7443 7.5550 4.0999
0.087424 0.10262 0.13236 0.24391
2.3778 14.662 29.780 48.735
3.2521 15.689 31.103 51.174
0.018721 0.068827 0.11292 0.15751
0.079860 0.098710 0.12349 0.14786
0.11339 0.13705 0.17456 0.21137
1445.4 926.11 486.23 239.25
−0.55506 −0.32494 0.34096 3.1085
133.10 95.422 70.562 61.481
603.11 172.11 72.797 28.154
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000
11.496 9.8755 7.9692 5.5655
0.086989 0.10126 0.12548 0.17968
2.2631 14.403 29.065 46.521
3.5679 15.922 30.948 49.217
0.018121 0.067905 0.11092 0.15156
0.080166 0.098964 0.12324 0.14693
0.11300 0.13552 0.16619 0.19670
1471.7 975.70 583.15 343.01
−0.56110 −0.35793 0.062447 1.1026
135.03 98.548 75.048 67.712
631.76 183.72 84.081 41.020
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
11.654 10.198 8.6989 7.1701
0.085807 0.098056 0.11496 0.13947
1.9531 13.768 27.757 43.945
4.5274 16.709 31.205 48.129
0.016439 0.065552 0.10708 0.14475
0.081000 0.099691 0.12354 0.14649
0.11206 0.13266 0.15745 0.18019
1544.8 1100.2 775.70 572.71
−0.57512 −0.41943 −0.21676 0.033041
140.47 106.90 85.299 78.479
720.69 216.98 109.96 66.356
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Buecker, D., and Wagner, W., “Reference Equations of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Fluid Phase n-Butane and Isobutane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35(2):929–1019, 2006. The source for viscosity is Vogel, E., Kuechenmeister, C., and Bich, E., “Viscosity Correlation for Isobutane over Wide Ranges of the Fluid Region,” Int. J. Thermophys, 21(2):343–356, 2000. The source for thermal conductivity is Perkins, R. A., “Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Isobutane from 114 K to 600 K at Pressures to 70 MPa,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 47(5):1272–1279, 2002. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.02% at temperatures below 340 K and pressures below 12 MPa (both liquid and vapor states), 0.3% at temperatures below 300 K and pressures above 12 MPa, 0.1% in the vapor phase between 340 and 450 K, and 0.5% elsewhere. In the critical region, deviations in pressure are 0.5%. Uncertainties in heat capacities are typically 1–2%, rising to 5% in the critical region and at temperatures below 200 K. Uncertainties in the speed of sound are typically 1–2%, rising to 5% at temperatures below 200 K and in the critical region. The uncertainty in viscosity varies from 0.4% in the dilute gas between room temperature and 600 K to 3.0% over the rest of the fluid surface. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the critical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.
2-287
2-288 TABLE 2-228
Thermodynamic Properties of Isobutene (2-Methyl 1-Propene)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
132.40 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 418.09
6.7619E-07 1.1116E-06 1.3438E-05 9.7764E-05 0.00048920 0.0018451 0.0055971 0.014316 0.031980 0.064075 0.11754 0.20057 0.32243 0.49324 0.72386 1.0259 1.4121 1.8963 2.4955 3.2319 4.0157
132.40 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 418.09
6.7619E-07 1.1116E-06 1.3438E-05 9.7764E-05 0.00048920 0.0018451 0.0055971 0.014316 0.031980 0.064075 0.11754 0.20057 0.32243 0.49324 0.72386 1.0259 1.4121 1.8963 2.4955 3.2319 4.0157
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.56574 −0.56403 −0.55349 −0.54130 −0.52677 −0.50932 −0.48847 −0.46371 −0.43442 −0.39974 −0.35836 −0.30827 −0.24634 −0.16750 −0.063276 0.081482 0.29633 0.64712 1.3162 3.0714 15.166
Saturated Properties 13.667 13.619 13.343 13.070 12.796 12.522 12.246 11.966 11.681 11.389 11.088 10.774 10.446 10.098 9.7251 9.3181 8.8642 8.3412 7.7041 6.8249 4.1700 6.1426E-07 9.9037E-07 1.0775E-05 7.1284E-05 0.00032720 0.0011411 0.0032245 0.0077400 0.016347 0.031202 0.054953 0.090771 0.14247 0.21479 0.31394 0.44866 0.63242 0.88850 1.2646 1.8955 4.1700
0.073170 0.073428 0.074943 0.076514 0.078149 0.079860 0.081662 0.083571 0.085610 0.087805 0.090191 0.092812 0.095729 0.099027 0.10283 0.10732 0.11281 0.11989 0.12980 0.14652 0.23981 1,628,000. 1,009,700. 92,803. 14,028. 3,056.2 876.38 310.13 129.20 61.174 32.049 18.197 11.017 7.0191 4.6557 3.1853 2.2289 1.5812 1.1255 0.79073 0.52758 0.23981
−15.196 −14.919 −13.315 −11.692 −10.049 −8.3822 −6.6870 −4.9587 −3.1926 −1.3838 0.47283 2.3824 4.3506 6.3837 8.4899 10.680 12.969 15.383 17.975 20.892 25.759
−15.196 −14.919 −13.315 −11.692 −10.049 −8.3821 −6.6865 −4.9575 −3.1899 −1.3782 0.48343 2.4010 4.3814 6.4326 8.5643 10.790 13.128 15.611 18.299 21.365 26.722
−0.078577 −0.076509 −0.065239 −0.054931 −0.045402 −0.036508 −0.028133 −0.020185 −0.012587 −0.0052767 0.0017979 0.0086815 0.015413 0.022030 0.028568 0.035068 0.041581 0.048183 0.055015 0.062470 0.075104
0.074156 0.074179 0.074543 0.075233 0.076215 0.077475 0.079001 0.080776 0.082776 0.084977 0.087351 0.089877 0.092533 0.095306 0.098189 0.10119 0.10433 0.10770 0.11149 0.11647
0.10623 0.10642 0.10755 0.10881 0.11028 0.11203 0.11407 0.11645 0.11917 0.12224 0.12570 0.12958 0.13397 0.13900 0.14491 0.15215 0.16163 0.17548 0.20028 0.27285
1842.9 1827.0 1734.4 1641.6 1549.8 1459.4 1370.6 1283.4 1197.6 1113.1 1029.6 946.77 864.37 781.98 699.15 615.32 529.74 441.23 347.41 242.00 0
12.185 12.304 13.018 13.778 14.581 15.424 16.303 17.214 18.155 19.122 20.111 21.118 22.138 23.164 24.185 25.186 26.144 27.018 27.725 28.046 25.759
13.286 13.427 14.265 15.150 16.076 17.041 18.039 19.064 20.112 21.176 22.250 23.328 24.401 25.460 26.491 27.473 28.377 29.152 29.699 29.751 26.722
0.13654 0.13346 0.11863 0.10775 0.099740 0.093867 0.089606 0.086578 0.084503 0.083170 0.082415 0.082110 0.082147 0.082436 0.082890 0.083425 0.083938 0.084292 0.084244 0.083176 0.075104
0.045424 0.046004 0.049224 0.052312 0.055381 0.058529 0.061825 0.065309 0.068992 0.072865 0.076909 0.081099 0.085414 0.089840 0.094375 0.099036 0.10387 0.10900 0.11468 0.12162
0.053739 0.054319 0.057543 0.060645 0.063755 0.066994 0.070461 0.074224 0.078326 0.082797 0.087668 0.092989 0.098854 0.10544 0.11307 0.12238 0.13473 0.15340 0.18881 0.29879
152.35 153.69 161.19 168.31 175.06 181.39 187.22 192.45 196.96 200.59 203.21 204.65 204.73 203.27 200.03 194.71 186.95 176.23 161.89 142.88 0
932.58 849.42 514.47 329.24 220.54 153.60 110.74 82.434 63.248 49.962 40.590 33.877 29.016 25.486 22.947 21.185 20.076 19.567 19.640 20.140 15.166
Single-Phase Properties 150.00 250.00 265.81
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
265.81 350.00 450.00 550.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 250.00 343.85
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
343.85 350.00 450.00 550.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
13.344 11.488 11.173 0.047251 0.034911 0.026911 0.021943 13.352 11.506 9.3507 0.43682 0.42121 0.28769 0.22650
0.074938 0.087047 0.089503 21.164 28.645 37.160 45.572 0.074895 0.086914 0.10694 2.2893 2.3741 3.4759 4.4150
−13.316 −1.9936 −0.050895
−13.309 −1.9849 −0.041944
−0.065249 −0.0076921 −0.00015725
0.074545 0.084223 0.086672
0.10754 0.12117 0.12469
1734.9 1141.5 1052.8
19.833 26.949 37.274 49.523
21.949 29.814 40.990 54.081
0.082576 0.10818 0.13616 0.16237
0.075763 0.092639 0.11313 0.13123
0.086265 0.10158 0.12171 0.13969
202.59 234.72 266.02 293.54
−13.330 −2.0267 10.509
−13.255 −1.9398 10.616
−0.065342 −0.0078249 0.034571
0.074562 0.084239 0.10096
0.10751 0.12099 0.15153
1739.5 1149.4 621.79
25.111 25.767 36.712 49.150
27.400 28.142 40.188 53.565
0.083383 0.085521 0.11575 0.14255
0.098674 0.098979 0.11442 0.13168
0.12159 0.11981 0.12599 0.14162
195.20 199.99 251.31 285.82
−0.55354 −0.41214 −0.37070 42.897 15.195 6.9323 4.0208 −0.55391 −0.41526 0.068431 21.295 19.480 7.4906 4.1331
13.386 11.581 9.4333 2.4761 1.3207
0.074707 0.086351 0.10601 0.40387 0.75720
−13.390 −2.1681 10.992 32.462 47.230
−13.017 −1.7364 11.522 34.481 51.016
−0.065747 −0.0083971 0.035956 0.092351 0.12568
0.074643 0.084319 0.10188 0.12422 0.13385
0.10737 0.12027 0.14839 0.22025 0.15463
1759.5 1182.8 663.68 169.25 255.06
−0.55549 −0.42781 −0.014643 10.828 4.4151
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
13.426 11.668 9.6916 6.6358 3.1171
0.074480 0.085703 0.10318 0.15070 0.32081
−13.463 −2.3329 10.547 26.495 44.413
−12.718 −1.4758 11.579 28.002 47.621
−0.066244 −0.0090755 0.034624 0.075649 0.11510
0.074751 0.084439 0.10172 0.12143 0.13595
0.10722 0.11952 0.14363 0.19240 0.17757
1783.6 1221.8 741.89 325.60 248.73
−0.55725 −0.44099 −0.13006 1.5013 3.4960
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00
20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000
13.504 11.827 10.075 8.0205 5.7872
0.074050 0.084554 0.099256 0.12468 0.17279
−13.601 −2.6298 9.8719 24.414 40.594
−12.120 −0.93871 11.857 26.907 44.050
−0.067205 −0.010332 0.032532 0.070229 0.10458
0.074987 0.084720 0.10175 0.11990 0.13615
0.10695 0.11836 0.13862 0.16238 0.17749
1829.3 1292.1 862.17 539.83 377.20
−0.56021 −0.46137 −0.25114 0.19834 0.90256
250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
12.214 10.805 9.4377 8.1524
0.081874 0.092548 0.10596 0.12266
−3.3402 8.5711 22.086 37.030
0.75353 13.199 27.384 43.163
−0.013539 0.028177 0.063736 0.095351
0.085706 0.10258 0.12031 0.13651
0.11640 0.13309 0.15031 0.16471
1463.7 1105.6 858.20 704.72
−0.49631 −0.38284 −0.25457 −0.13437
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W, and Ihmels, E. C., “Thermodynamic Properties of the Butenes. Part II. Short Fundamental Equations of State,” Fluid Phase Equilibria, 228–229C:173–187, 2005. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in densities calculated using the equation of state are 0.1% in the liquid phase at temperatures above 270 K (rising to 0.5% at temperatures below 200 K), 0.2% at temperatures above the critical temperature and at pressures above 10 MPa, and 0.5% in the vapor phase, including supercritical conditions below 10 MPa. The uncertainty in the vapor phase may be higher than 0.5% in some regions. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.5% above 250 K, and the uncertainty in heat capacities is 0.5% at saturated liquid conditions, rising to 5% at much higher pressures and at temperatures above 250 K.
2-289
2-290 TABLE 2-229 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Krypton Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
0.034250 0.034705 0.035270 0.035867 0.036502 0.037180 0.037906 0.038689 0.039539 0.040469 0.041494 0.042636 0.043925 0.045404 0.047140 0.049240 0.051903 0.055571 0.061645 0.092166
−0.17537 0.008003 0.22606 0.44593 0.66802 0.89279 1.1207 1.3524 1.5885 1.8297 2.0770 2.3317 2.5952 2.8697 3.1584 3.4661 3.8015 4.1824 4.6620 5.8827
12.752 9.3246 6.6272 4.8380 3.6142 2.7542 2.1351 1.6796 1.3380 1.0771 0.87464 0.71513 0.58764 0.48428 0.39926 0.32818 0.26752 0.21409 0.16360 0.092166
7.9735 8.0103 8.0498 8.0846 8.1140 8.1375 8.1544 8.1640 8.1655 8.1578 8.1395 8.1089 8.0637 8.0007 7.9154 7.8004 7.6434 7.4192 7.0576 5.8827
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
−0.17285 0.011593 0.23136 0.45351 0.67859 0.90720 1.1400 1.3778 1.6213 1.8716 2.1300 2.398 2.6775 2.9713 3.2833 3.6194 3.9901 4.4167 4.9622 6.3920
−0.00146 9.61E-05 0.001877 0.003602 0.005280 0.006916 0.008518 0.010092 0.011644 0.013181 0.014711 0.016241 0.017781 0.019345 0.020950 0.022623 0.024412 0.026413 0.028917 0.035568
0.021225 0.020889 0.020519 0.020175 0.019855 0.019558 0.019283 0.019030 0.018799 0.018594 0.018417 0.018276 0.018179 0.018142 0.018193 0.018377 0.018781 0.019602 0.021432
0.043334 0.043577 0.043953 0.044431 0.045022 0.045743 0.046614 0.047664 0.048934 0.050480 0.052386 0.054776 0.057846 0.061924 0.067602 0.076087 0.090283 0.11946 0.21813
698.97 681.44 660.52 639.35 617.89 596.06 573.82 551.09 527.76 503.74 478.86 452.95 425.75 396.95 366.08 332.48 295.17 252.47 200.85 0
−0.50800 −0.49215 −0.47002 −0.44379 −0.41290 −0.37662 −0.33403 −0.28396 −0.22485 −0.15466 −0.07060 0.03121 0.15636 0.31329 0.51538 0.78550 1.1669 1.7554 2.8313 6.4431
8.9108 8.9748 9.0444 9.1066 9.1606 9.2055 9.2405 9.2644 9.2761 9.2742 9.2567 9.2216 9.1657 9.0850 8.9736 8.8224 8.6156 8.3219 7.8541 6.3920
0.077003 0.074790 0.072381 0.070164 0.068109 0.066190 0.064384 0.062670 0.061030 0.059447 0.057903 0.056379 0.054856 0.053310 0.051708 0.050007 0.048132 0.045939 0.043024 0.035568
0.013270 0.013453 0.013699 0.013976 0.014283 0.014618 0.014982 0.015372 0.015789 0.016235 0.016713 0.017230 0.017796 0.018426 0.019147 0.019998 0.021054 0.022465 0.024624
0.022596 0.023062 0.023713 0.024485 0.025395 0.026463 0.027716 0.029193 0.030948 0.033060 0.035646 0.038887 0.043072 0.048693 0.056647 0.068771 0.089467 0.13256 0.27498
136.12 138.00 140.03 141.85 143.45 144.82 145.98 146.92 147.64 148.13 148.39 148.42 148.21 147.75 147.01 145.97 144.56 142.62 139.66 0
49.758 45.644 41.448 37.834 34.693 31.940 29.510 27.351 25.418 23.675 22.088 20.627 19.260 17.955 16.679 15.388 14.023 12.486 10.545 6.4431
Saturated Properties 115.77 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 209.48
0.073503 0.10344 0.15007 0.21125 0.28957 0.38778 0.50867 0.65513 0.83007 1.0365 1.2774 1.5560 1.8754 2.2390 2.6505 3.1140 3.6340 4.2163 4.8690 5.5255
29.197 28.814 28.353 27.880 27.396 26.896 26.381 25.847 25.291 24.710 24.100 23.455 22.766 22.024 21.213 20.309 19.267 17.995 16.222 10.850
115.77 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 209.48
0.073503 0.10344 0.15007 0.21125 0.28957 0.38778 0.50867 0.65513 0.83007 1.0365 1.2774 1.5560 1.8754 2.2390 2.6505 3.1140 3.6340 4.2163 4.8690 5.5255
0.078418 0.10724 0.15089 0.20670 0.27668 0.36308 0.46836 0.59537 0.74740 0.92843 1.1433 1.3983 1.7017 2.0649 2.5046 3.0471 3.7380 4.6709 6.1126 10.850
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.060557 0.040171 0.030088 0.024059 0.020044 0.017179
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.64884 0.40911 0.30268 0.24094 0.20035 0.17155
200.00 205.94
5.0000 5.0000
205.94 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
18.695 15.764
16.513 24.893 33.236 41.565 49.889 58.210 1.5412 2.4443 3.3039 4.1505 4.9913 5.8291
9.0557 10.313 11.564 12.813 14.062 15.310
10.707 12.803 14.888 16.970 19.051 21.131
0.086165 0.094664 0.10066 0.10531 0.10910 0.11231
0.012553 0.012488 0.012478 0.012475 0.012474 0.012474
0.021091 0.020880 0.020832 0.020813 0.020804 0.020799
181.32 222.65 257.24 287.64 315.11 340.36
15.987 7.9817 4.8486 3.1571 2.0967 1.3720
8.8431 10.207 11.493 12.761 14.020 15.276
10.384 12.651 14.797 16.911 19.012 21.105
0.065940 0.075164 0.081341 0.086060 0.089890 0.093117
0.013359 0.012634 0.012536 0.012509 0.012498 0.012492
0.024440 0.021770 0.021250 0.021058 0.020965 0.020912
176.18 221.94 257.69 288.54 316.19 341.52
15.667 7.8257 4.7410 3.0825 2.0440 1.3340
0.053490 0.063436
4.0257 4.7766
4.2932 5.0938
0.025582 0.029518
0.018694 0.022035
0.092820 0.27057
286.26 189.55
1.3105 3.1528
0.15373 0.44908 0.64511 0.82624 1.0015 1.1738
6.9575 9.6909 11.172 12.528 13.839 15.130
7.7261 11.936 14.397 16.659 18.847 20.999
0.042300 0.060067 0.067171 0.072221 0.076212 0.079530
0.025196 0.013335 0.012800 0.012660 0.012603 0.012572
0.34754 0.026859 0.023237 0.022154 0.021667 0.021402
138.88 220.60 260.80 293.14 321.36 346.89
10.086 6.9488 4.2506 2.7636 1.8241 1.1768
20.764 4.9580 3.1738 2.4249 1.9842 1.6870
0.048160 0.20169 0.31508 0.41238 0.50399 0.59277
3.5349 8.9533 10.764 12.241 13.620 14.954
4.0165 10.970 13.915 16.365 18.660 20.881
0.022941 0.051900 0.060436 0.065913 0.070099 0.073525
0.017485 0.014221 0.013132 0.012848 0.012733 0.012672
0.059683 0.035983 0.025901 0.023506 0.022506 0.021979
386.03 225.22 267.23 300.18 328.56 354.04
0.41868 5.4452 3.6190 2.3913 1.5769 1.0028
6.5051 2.2268 1.5501 1.2103 0.99847 0.85191
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
27.903 23.193 19.351 16.428 14.234 12.558
0.035839 0.043116 0.051678 0.060871 0.070256 0.079631
1.8128 4.6453 7.1023 9.2300 11.121 12.850
5.3966 8.9569 12.270 15.317 18.146 20.814
0.012020 0.026484 0.036035 0.042844 0.048008 0.052122
0.019196 0.016847 0.015591 0.014841 0.014355 0.014021
0.036607 0.034479 0.031754 0.029280 0.027397 0.026021
779.27 643.59 570.49 537.49 525.89 525.42
−0.62535 −0.55209 −0.49661 −0.48427 −0.50576 −0.54812
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00
30.673 27.185 24.274 21.877 19.905 18.266
0.032602 0.036785 0.041196 0.045709 0.050239 0.054748
1.2743 3.8223 6.1068 8.1787 10.086 11.868
7.7946 11.179 14.346 17.321 20.134 22.818
0.0070011 0.020757 0.029882 0.036526 0.041659 0.045799
0.020666 0.018195 0.016813 0.015938 0.015341 0.014910
0.035096 0.032708 0.030662 0.028881 0.027435 0.026300
976.34 867.80 798.01 754.77 728.59 713.29
−0.69885 −0.72858 −0.75899 −0.79823 −0.84213 −0.88605
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W, and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The equation of state is valid from the triple point to 750 K with pressures to 200 MPa, although the uncertainties increase substantially above 100 MPa. The uncertainties in density are typically 0.2% below 100 MPa, increasing to 1% at pressures up to 200 MPa. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.2%, and the uncertainties in speed of sound are 0.01% in the vapor phase (including supercritical conditions) at low pressures, 1% below 20 MPa in the liquid phase, and 3% below 100 MPa at other state points. The limited amount of heat capacity data shows that the uncertainty is 1% near the triple point, and uncertainties in heat capacities at other states are probably within 2%, at least at pressures up to 20 MPa.
2-291
2-292
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-230 T, K 453.7m 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1500
Saturated Lithium*
P, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
1.78.−13 8.21.−12 4.18.−9 3.51.−7 9.57.−6
1.912.−3 1.946.−3 1.988.−3 2.028.−3 2.070.−3
2.40.+7 9.94.+5
1703 1905 2334 2697 3174
24259 24390 24674 24869 25162
6.776 7.199 7.983 8.633 9.192
56.492 52.169 45.216 40.307 36.678
4.30 4.34 4.23 4.19 4.17
1.24.−4 9.60.−4 0.0204 0.1794 0.4269
2.114.−3 2.160.−3 2.262.−3 2.370.−3 2.433.−3
8.55.+4 1.22.+4 669.3 86.06 38.17
3590 4006 4835 5668 6088
25341 25477 25654 25778 25845
9.682 10.120 10.876 11.518 11.808
33.850 31.591 28.225 25.882 24.979
4.16 4.16 4.14 4.19 4.20
*Converted from tables in Vargaftik, Tables of the Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Nauka, Moscow, 1972, and Hemisphere, Washington, 1975. m = melting point. The notation 1.78.−13 signifies 1.78 × 10−13. Many of the Vargaftik values also appear in Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Sci. Pubs., Oxford, 1985 (1020 pp.). This source contains superheat data. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 14 bar, 2200 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). For a Mollier diagram from 0.1 to 140 psia, 2100–3600 °R, see Weatherford, P. M., J. C. Tyler, et al., WADD-TR-61-96, 1961. An extensive review of properties of the solid and the saturated liquid was given by Alcock, C. B., M. W. Chase, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 3 (1994): 385–497.
TABLE 2-231
Lithium Bromide—Water Solutions
Ruiter, J. P., Rev. Int. Froid = Int. J. Refrig., 13 (1990): 223–236 gives subroutines for computer calculations. See also ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-232
2-293
Saturated Mercury*
T, K
P, bar
vf × 105, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
hfg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
203.15 213.15 223.15 233.15 243.15
2.298 ⋅ 10−11 1.288 ⋅ 10−10 6.169 ⋅ 10−10 2.580 ⋅ 10−9 9.573 ⋅ 10−9
7.26239 7.27570 7.28900 7.30231 7.31563
3.665 ⋅ 109 6.862 ⋅ 108 1.499 ⋅ 108 3.746 ⋅ 107 1.053 ⋅ 107
33.131 34.567 35.997 37.422 38.842
342.637 343.674 344.710 345.746 346.782
309.506 309.107 308.713 308.324 307.940
0.32434 0.33124 0.33780 0.34404 0.35001
1.84787 1.78142 1.72123 1.66647 1.61647
253.15 263.15 273.15 283.15 293.15
3.198 ⋅ 10−8 9.736 ⋅ 10−8 2.728 ⋅ 10−7 7.101 ⋅ 10−7 1.729 ⋅ 10−6
7.32896 7.34229 7.35563 7.36898 7.38234
3.281 ⋅ 106 1.120 ⋅ 106 4.150 ⋅ 105 1.653 ⋅ 105 7.026 ⋅ 104
40.258 41.668 43.074 44.476 45.874
347.819 348.855 349.891 350.927 351.964
307.561 307.187 306.817 306.451 306.090
0.35571 0.36118 0.36642 0.37146 0.37631
1.57065 1.52852 1.48967 1.45375 1.42045
303.15 313.15 323.15 333.15 343.15
3.968 ⋅ 10−6 8.626 ⋅ 10−6 1.786 ⋅ 10−5 3.356 ⋅ 10−5 6.724 ⋅ 10−5
7.39572 7.40911 7.42252 7.43594 7.44938
3.167 ⋅ 104 1.505 ⋅ 104 7.501 ⋅ 103 3.905 ⋅ 103 2.115 ⋅ 103
47.268 48.659 50.046 51.430 52.810
353.000 354.036 355.072 356.108 357.145
305.732 305.377 305.026 304.678 304.335
0.38099 0.38550 0.38986 0.39408 0.39816
1.38951 1.36068 1.33378 1.30862 1.28505
353.15 363.15 373.15 383.15
1.232 ⋅ 10−4 2.182 ⋅ 10−4 3.745 ⋅ 10−4 6.247 ⋅ 10−4
7.46285 7.47633 7.48984 7.50337
1.188 ⋅ 103 6.899 ⋅ 102 413.0 254.2
54.188 55.563 56.936 58.306
358.181 359.217 360.253 361.289
303.993 303.654 303.317 302.983
0.40212 0.40596 0.40969 0.41331
1.26292 1.24213 1.22255 1.20408
393.15 403.15 413.15 423.15 433.15
1.015 ⋅ 10−3 1.608 ⋅ 10−3 2.491 ⋅ 10−3 3.778 ⋅ 10−3 5.618 ⋅ 10−3
7.51693 7.53052 7.55415 7.55780 7.57148
153.6 103.9 68.75 46.43 31.96
59.674 61.039 62.403 63.765 65.125
362.326 363.362 364.397 365.433 366.469
302.652 302.323 301.994 301.668 301.344
0.41684 0.42027 0.42361 0.42687 0.43004
1.18665 1.17017 1.15456 1.13978 1.12575
443.15 453.15 463.15 473.15 483.15
8.204 ⋅ 10−3 1.178 ⋅ 10−2 1.664 ⋅ 10−2 2.315 ⋅ 10−2 3.177 ⋅ 10−2
7.58520 7.59897 7.61277 7.62662 7.64051
66.484 67.842 69.198 70.553 71.908
367.504 368.539 369.574 370.609 371.642
301.020 300.697 300.376 300.056 299.734
0.43314 0.43617 0.43913 0.44203 0.44486
1.11242 1.09975 1.08768 1.07619 1.06524
493.15 503.15 513.15 523.15 533.15
4.304 ⋅ 10−2 5.758 ⋅ 10−2 7.614 ⋅ 10−2 9.959 ⋅ 10−2 0.12892
7.65444 7.66843 7.68247 7.69656 7.71071
4.748 3.621 2.793 2.176 1.7132
73.261 74.614 75.967 77.319 78.671
372.676 373.708 374.740 375.771 376.800
299.415 299.094 298.773 298.452 298.129
0.44763 0.45035 0.45301 0.45562 0.45818
1.05478 1.04479 1.03525 1.02611 1.01737
543.15 553.15 563.15 573.15 583.15
0.16527 0.20993 0.26435 0.33015 0.40910
7.72491 7.73918 7.75351 7.7679 7.7823
1.3613 1.0912 0.88213 0.71874 0.59002
80.023 81.375 82.728 84.080 85.434
377.829 378.855 379.880 380.904 381.925
297.806 297.480 297.152 296.824 296.491
0.46069 0.46316 0.46558 0.46796 0.47030
1.00899 1.00095 0.99324 0.98584 0.97893
593.15 603.15 613.15 623.15 633.15
0.50320 0.61460 0.74567 0.89896 1.0772
7.7969 7.8115 7.8262 7.8409 7.8558
0.48779 0.40600 0.34008 0.28660 0.24291
86.788 88.143 89.499 90.856 92.215
382.944 383.960 384.973 385.984 386.991
296.156 295.817 295.474 295.128 294.776
0.47260 0.47487 0.47709 0.47929 0.48145
0.97190 0.96532 0.95899 0.95289 0.94702
643.15 653.15 663.15 673.15 683.15
1.2834 1.5207 1.9725 2.1024 2.454
7.8707 7.8858 7.9008 7.9160 7.9313
0.20702 0.17735 0.15269 0.13207 0.11476
93.575 94.937 96.300 97.666 99.033
387.994 388.994 389.989 390.980 391.966
294.419 294.057 293.689 293.314 292.933
0.48358 0.48568 0.48774 0.48978 0.49180
0.94135 0.93589 0.93061 0.92552 0.92059
693.15 703.15 713.15 723.15 733.15
2.852 3.299 3.801 4.362 4.986
7.9467 7.9622 7.9778 7.9935 8.0094
0.10014 0.08775 0.07719 0.06815 0.06039
100.403 101.775 103.150 104.528 105.908
392.947 393.923 394.893 395.858 396.816
292.544 292.148 291.743 291.330 290.908
0.49378 0.49574 0.49768 0.49959 0.50148
0.91583 0.91123 0.90677 0.90245 0.89827
743.15 753.15 763.15 773.15 783.15
5.679 6.446 7.292 8.222 9.242
8.0252 8.0413 8.0574 8.074 8.090
0.05369 0.04789 0.04285 0.03846 0.03462
107.292 108.679 110.069 111.463 112.861
397.767 398.711 399.649 400.579 401.501
290.475 290.032 289.580 289.116 288.640
0.50335 0.50519 0.50702 0.50882 0.51061
0.89422 0.89029 0.88647 0.88277 0.87917
793.15 803.15 813.15 823.15 833.15
10.358 11.576 12.901 14.340 15.899
8.106 8.123 8.140 8.157 8.174
0.03124 0.02827 0.02565 0.02333 0.02126
114.262 115.668 117.078 118.492 119.911
402.415 403.321 404.218 405.106 405.985
288.153 287.653 287.140 286.614 286.074
0.51238 0.51412 0.51586 0.51757 0.51927
0.87568 0.87228 0.86898 0.86576 0.86263
22.39 15.95 11.54 8.469 6.301
*From Vukalovich, Ivanov, Fokin, and Yakovlev, Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, Standartov, Moscow, 1971. For the saturated liquid the specific volume at 203.15 K is 7.26239 × 10−5 m3/kg, etc. All the tabular values for 203.15 K, 213.15 K, 223.15 K, and 233.15 K represent a metastable equilibrium between the subcooled liquid and the saturated vapor. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 100 bar, 1600 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). For a Mollier diagram from 1 to 8200 psia and 2700°R, see Weatherford, W. D., J. C. Tyler, et al., WADD-TR-61-96, 1961.
2-294
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-232
Saturated Mercury* (Concluded)
T, K
P, bar
vf × 105, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
hfg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
843.15 853.15 863.15 873.15 883.15
17.584 19.403 21.36 23.46 25.72
8.191 8.209 8.226 8.244 8.262
0.019426 0.017785 0.016317 0.015000 0.013815
121.335 122.763 124.197 125.636 127.080
406.855 407.715 408.565 409.405 410.235
285.520 284.952 284.368 283.769 283.155
0.52095 0.52262 0.52427 0.52591 0.52753
0.85959 0.85662 0.85372 0.85090 0.84815
893.15 903.15 913.15 923.15 933.15
28.14 30.72 33.47 36.41 39.53
8.280 8.298 8.316 8.335 8.353
0.012748 0.011784 0.010911 0.010120 0.009401
128.530 129.986 131.448 132.915 134.389
411.054 411.861 412.658 413.444 414.218
282.524 281.875 281.210 280.529 279.829
0.52914 0.53074 0.53232 0.53389 0.53545
0.84546 0.84284 0.84028 0.83777 0.83533
943.15 953.15 963.15 973.15 983.15
42.85 46.36 50.09 54.03 58.20
8.372 8.391 8.410 8.430 8.450
0.008746 0.008150 0.007604 0.007105 0.006648
135.869 137.356 138.850 140.350 141.858
414.980 415.731 416.469 417.195 417.909
279.111 278.375 277.619 276.845 276.051
0.53700 0.53854 0.54006 0.54158 0.54308
0.83294 0.83060 0.82831 0.82606 0.82387
993.15 1003.15 1013.15 1023.15 1033.15
62.59 67.22 72.10 77.22 82.60
8.468 8.488 8.508 8.529 8.550
0.006228 0.005842 0.005487 0.005159 0.004856
143.372 144.894 146.424 147.961 149.506
418.610 419.298 419.974 420.636 421.286
275.238 274.404 273.550 272.675 271.780
0.54458 0.54607 0.54754 0.54901 0.55047
0.82172 0.81961 0.81754 0.81552 0.81353
1043.15 1053.15 1063.15 1073.15
88.25 94.17 100.37 106.85
8.570 8.590 8.612 8.632
0.004576 0.004317 0.004077 0.003854
151.059 152.619 154.188 155.766
421.923 422.546 423.156 423.752
270.864 269.927 268.968 267.986
0.55192 0.55336 0.55479 0.55621
0.81158 0.80966 0.80778 0.80593
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Enthalpy-log-pressure diagram for mercury. (Drawn from tabular data in footnote reference to Table 2-232.)
FIG. 2-12
2-295
2-296 TABLE 2-233 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Methane Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
0.035534 0.036554 0.037143 0.037768 0.038431 0.039138 0.039896 0.040714 0.041600 0.042569 0.043636 0.044825 0.046165 0.047702 0.049500 0.051667 0.054394 0.058078 0.063825 0.079902 0.098628
−1.1526 −0.64728 −0.37306 −0.096585 0.18242 0.46425 0.74927 1.0379 1.3307 1.6284 1.9317 2.2418 2.5602 2.8887 3.2304 3.5895 3.9734 4.3965 4.8955 5.7074 6.2136
−1.1522 −0.64602 −0.37097 −0.093257 0.18750 0.47174 0.75999 1.0529 1.3511 1.6557 1.9676 2.2884 2.6199 2.9647 3.3262 3.7098 4.1244 4.5873 5.1420 6.0685 6.6672
−0.011389 −0.0060856 −0.0034096 −0.00083691 0.0016441 0.0040439 0.0063722 0.0086383 0.010851 0.013020 0.015154 0.017264 0.019362 0.021462 0.023584 0.025755 0.028021 0.030467 0.033313 0.038000 0.041109
63.981 23.782 15.116 10.038 6.9171 4.9183 3.5915 2.6825 2.0424 1.5803 1.2393 0.98256 0.78568 0.63206 0.51014 0.41163 0.33038 0.26139 0.19945 0.12816 0.098628
6.8310 7.0469 7.1582 7.2654 7.3680 7.4652 7.5562 7.6403 7.7165 7.7837 7.8406 7.8856 7.9166 7.9306 7.9238 7.8898 7.8184 7.6893 7.4515 6.7850 6.2136
7.5793 7.8644 8.0104 8.1501 8.2825 8.4067 8.5215 8.6257 8.7180 8.7970 8.8608 8.9074 8.9340 8.9369 8.9109 8.8482 8.7357 8.5480 8.2217 7.3641 6.6672
0.084885 0.079019 0.076413 0.074103 0.072036 0.070168 0.068464 0.066891 0.065421 0.064029 0.062694 0.061391 0.060098 0.058789 0.057431 0.055982 0.054371 0.052471 0.049961 0.044819 0.041109
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.034776 0.033908 0.033500 0.033115 0.032749 0.032400 0.032069 0.031757 0.031469 0.031206 0.030974 0.030780 0.030631 0.030541 0.030531 0.030634 0.030920 0.031554 0.033085 0.041746
0.054029 0.054681 0.055135 0.055656 0.056253 0.056941 0.057741 0.058684 0.059809 0.061169 0.062840 0.064932 0.067613 0.071156 0.076044 0.083218 0.094816 0.11699 0.17822 1.5082
1538.6 1452.0 1403.9 1354.7 1304.6 1253.5 1201.3 1148.1 1093.6 1037.7 980.17 920.85 859.39 795.43 728.42 657.52 581.27 497.01 398.59 250.31 0
−0.48191 −0.45812 −0.44202 −0.42328 −0.40145 −0.37589 −0.34578 −0.31006 −0.26735 −0.21579 −0.15286 −0.075032 0.022798 0.14836 0.31398 0.54087 0.86918 1.3866 2.3397 5.2488 6.8877
211.24 199.67 193.03 186.18 179.21 172.15 165.04 157.91 150.78 143.65 136.54 129.43 122.32 115.19 108.01 100.73 93.324 85.799 78.733 96.970
204.52 155.78 136.86 121.34 108.39 97.432 88.031 79.868 72.699 66.333 60.620 55.437 50.682 46.266 42.105 38.115 34.196 30.193 25.773 18.982
0.025243 0.025487 0.025652 0.025842 0.026056 0.026295 0.026560 0.026854 0.027182 0.027549 0.027965 0.028439 0.028989 0.029636 0.030412 0.031374 0.032615 0.034338 0.037087 0.045796
0.033851 0.034425 0.034853 0.035378 0.036016 0.036786 0.037714 0.038836 0.040203 0.041885 0.043985 0.046657 0.050144 0.054849 0.061496 0.071527 0.088273 0.12151 0.21701 2.2590
249.13 260.09 265.31 270.01 274.17 277.76 280.76 283.13 284.86 285.93 286.31 285.97 284.88 283.01 280.30 276.66 271.99 266.04 258.03 238.55 0
47.921 37.826 33.883 30.662 28.004 25.790 23.928 22.347 20.993 19.819 18.789 17.870 17.035 16.255 15.500 14.732 13.896 12.892 11.492 8.4951 6.8877
8.8517 10.015 10.669 11.350 12.062 12.811 13.604 14.449 15.355 16.334 17.402 18.581 19.904 21.423 23.225 25.477 28.545 33.392 43.706 119.40
Saturated Properties 90.694 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 190.56
0.011696 0.034376 0.056377 0.088130 0.13221 0.19143 0.26876 0.36732 0.49035 0.64118 0.82322 1.0400 1.2950 1.5921 1.9351 2.3283 2.7765 3.2852 3.8617 4.5186 4.5992
28.142 27.357 26.923 26.478 26.021 25.551 25.065 24.562 24.038 23.491 22.917 22.309 21.661 20.964 20.202 19.355 18.384 17.218 15.668 12.515 10.139
90.694 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 190.56
0.011696 0.034376 0.056377 0.088130 0.13221 0.19143 0.26876 0.36732 0.49035 0.64118 0.82322 1.0400 1.2950 1.5921 1.9351 2.3283 2.7765 3.2852 3.8617 4.5186 4.5992
0.015630 0.042048 0.066154 0.099622 0.14457 0.20332 0.27844 0.37278 0.48962 0.63279 0.80691 1.0177 1.2728 1.5821 1.9603 2.4294 3.0268 3.8257 5.0137 7.8027 10.139
3.6388 3.9976 4.1951 4.3964 4.6019 4.8123 5.0285 5.2517 5.4833 5.7254 5.9806 6.2526 6.5462 6.8688 7.2313 7.6515 8.1609 8.8251 9.8238 12.455
Single-Phase Properties −0.64803 −0.012738
−0.64438 −0.0089413
7.2969 9.5570 12.175 15.151 18.673 22.795
8.1908 11.209 14.665 18.475 22.831 27.784
0.036493 0.044610
−0.65829 2.1878
1.0220 1.5537 2.4524 3.3108 4.1567 4.9971
27.586 5.4706 2.1799 1.5333 1.2013 0.99281
100.00 111.51
0.10000 0.10000
111.51 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
100.00 149.14
1.0000 1.0000
149.14 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.97852 0.64363 0.40776 0.30205 0.24058 0.20012
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
27.360 26.341
−0.0060931 −0.000079677
0.054672 0.055828
0.073456 0.093427 0.10741 0.11834 0.12803 0.13705
0.025904 0.025259 0.027479 0.032300 0.038196 0.044179
0.035558 0.033784 0.035869 0.040652 0.046533 0.052509
271.33 369.98 449.74 510.56 561.86 608.04
29.808 9.2893 4.3216 2.2395 1.2245 0.68722
−0.62179 2.2325
−0.0061960 0.016902
0.033950 0.030810
0.054562 0.064535
1459.6 931.21
−0.46060 −0.089695
7.8788 9.3582 12.072 15.083 18.623 22.755
8.9007 10.912 14.524 18.393 22.780 27.752
0.061614 0.073276 0.087922 0.099023 0.10879 0.11784
0.028353 0.025879 0.027621 0.032360 0.038227 0.044198
0.046147 0.036730 0.036721 0.041056 0.046766 0.052659
286.08 357.81 447.04 510.57 562.99 609.73
18.022 9.5001 4.2699 2.2001 1.1998 0.67124
18.368 23.028 35.152 50.558 68.902 89.200
0.036250 0.18279 0.45874 0.65221 0.83240 1.0072
−0.70190 7.8197 11.590 14.779 18.401 22.581
−0.52065 8.7337 13.884 18.040 22.563 27.617
−0.0066393 0.051495 0.072954 0.084897 0.094971 0.10417
0.034116 0.032029 0.028262 0.032614 0.038361 0.044277
0.054117 0.11667 0.041234 0.042903 0.047789 0.053309
1490.0 291.29 439.25 513.11 569.49 618.13
−0.46993 8.9784 3.9428 2.0089 1.0870 0.60013
204.45 40.612 38.480 52.693 70.509 90.498
165.28 10.828 12.194 14.872 17.410 19.768
27.802 16.593 4.6859 3.1002 2.3887 1.9619
0.035969 0.060268 0.21340 0.32256 0.41863 0.50971
−0.75239 5.1551 10.942 14.401 18.132 22.371
−0.39270 5.7578 13.077 17.627 22.318 27.468
−0.0071652 0.034542 0.065137 0.078246 0.088698 0.098073
0.034314 0.030129 0.028995 0.032902 0.038516 0.044371
0.053642 0.085085 0.048165 0.045220 0.049007 0.054070
1525.7 567.92 444.53 522.58 580.99 630.63
−0.47979 1.0266 3.2606 1.7355 0.94125 0.51200
209.07 84.234 44.730 55.941 72.781 92.268
174.83 29.399 13.896 15.766 18.011 20.217
27.403 22.416
8.9395 16.524 24.901 33.243 41.572 49.895
1452.6 1339.7
−0.45829 −0.41705
0.033911 0.033003
0.11186 0.060518 0.040158 0.030082 0.024055 0.020042
0.036549 0.037963
199.74 184.09 11.561 21.941 34.552 50.127 68.564 88.921 200.62 130.66
155.91 117.20 4.4579 7.8096 11.245 14.272 16.976 19.431 157.63 56.297 6.2043 8.0145 11.367 14.357 17.040 19.483
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
25.496 21.266 17.881 15.305 13.357
0.039222 0.047024 0.055926 0.065340 0.074869
3.0510 7.0865 11.121 15.405 20.074
6.9732 11.789 16.713 21.939 27.561
0.020596 0.040126 0.054276 0.065922 0.076160
0.032058 0.031823 0.035273 0.040312 0.045724
0.048512 0.048281 0.050523 0.054139 0.058364
1541.0 1267.5 1115.8 1044.8 1018.4
−0.51619 −0.44889 −0.37484 −0.32811 −0.30439
188.05 137.68 120.38 120.87 130.36
80.392 47.835 37.584 33.590 32.111
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00
33.003 30.786 28.929 27.331 25.934
0.030301 0.032482 0.034567 0.036588 0.038559
2.3322 5.9505 9.7401 13.934 18.612
17.482 22.192 27.024 32.228 37.892
0.0061671 0.025271 0.039152 0.050747 0.061061
0.037832 0.037006 0.039890 0.044407 0.049344
0.047821 0.047114 0.049933 0.054280 0.059017
2664.2 2500.0 2360.3 2250.3 2168.1
−0.53926 −0.55416 −0.52806 −0.49035 −0.45514
429.60 358.93 312.36 285.41 272.14
205.24 106.90 78.768 66.669 60.413
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Setzmann, U., and Wagner, W., “A New Equation of State and Tables of Thermodynamic Properties for Methane Covering the Range from the Melting Line to 625 K at Pressures up to 1000 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 20(6):1061–1151, 1991. The source for viscosity is Younglove, B. A., and Ely, J. F., “Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. II. Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane and Normal Butane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 16:577–798, 1987. The source for thermal conductivity is Friend, D. G., Ely, J. F., and Ingham, H., “Tables for the Thermophysical Properties of Methane,” NIST Tech. Note 1325, 1989. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.03% for pressures below 12 MPa and temperatures below 350 K and up to 0.07% for pressures less than 50 MPa. For the speed of sound, the uncertainty ranges from 0.03% (in the vapor phase) to 0.3% depending on temperature and pressure. Heat capacities may be generally calculated within an uncertainty of 1%. The uncertainty in viscosity is 2%, except in the critical region which is 5%. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity of the dilute gas between 130 and 625 K is 2.5%. For temperatures below 130 K, the uncertainty is less than 10%. Excluding the dilute gas, the uncertainty is 2% between 110 and 725 K at pressures up to 70 MPa, except near the critical point which has an uncertainty of 5% or greater. For the vapor at lower temperatures and the dense liquid near the triple point, an uncertainty of 10% is possible. 2-297
2-298 TABLE 2-234 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Methanol Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Saturated Properties 175.61 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 480.00 495.00 510.00 513.38
1.8635E-07 3.7619E-07 3.2175E-06 1.9841E-05 9.4330E-05 0.00036348 0.0011791 0.0033166 0.0082787 0.018682 0.038692 0.074453 0.13447 0.22992 0.37483 0.58617 0.88399 1.2914 1.8349 2.5433 3.4456 4.5713 5.9794 7.7496 8.2159
175.61 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 480.00 495.00 510.00 513.38
1.8635E-07 3.7619E-07 3.2175E-06 1.9841E-05 9.4330E-05 0.00036348 0.0011791 0.0033166 0.0082787 0.018682 0.038692 0.074453 0.13447 0.22992 0.37483 0.58617 0.88399 1.2914 1.8349 2.5433 3.4456 4.5713 5.9794 7.7496 8.2159
28.230 28.096 27.629 27.163 26.703 26.250 25.802 25.360 24.922 24.484 24.041 23.590 23.124 22.638 22.123 21.571 20.973 20.315 19.579 18.741 17.759 16.553 14.880 11.689 8.7852 1.2764E-07 2.5140E-07 1.9855E-06 1.1378E-05 5.0556E-05 0.00018304 0.00056065 0.0014959 0.0035581 0.0076845 0.015300 0.028438 0.049870 0.083267 0.13344 0.20674 0.31179 0.46071 0.67055 0.96219 1.3555 1.9102 2.9050 5.1706 8.7852
0.035423 0.035592 0.036194 0.036815 0.037449 0.038096 0.038756 0.039432 0.040125 0.040844 0.041595 0.042390 0.043244 0.044174 0.045203 0.046358 0.047681 0.049226 0.051075 0.053360 0.056310 0.060411 0.067203 0.085547 0.11383 7,834,400. 3,977,700. 503,660. 87,892. 19,780. 5,463.4 1,783.7 668.48 281.05 130.13 65.359 35.164 20.052 12.009 7.4940 4.8370 3.2073 2.1706 1.4913 1.0393 0.73775 0.52352 0.34423 0.19340 0.11383
−12.440 −12.130 −11.067 −10.001 −8.9277 −7.8395 −6.7318 −5.5991 −4.4351 −3.2329 −1.9858 −0.68700 0.66961 2.0901 3.5806 5.1475 6.7983 8.5423 10.392 12.364 14.488 16.820 19.521 23.297 25.917
−12.440 −12.130 −11.067 −10.001 −8.9277 −7.8395 −6.7318 −5.5990 −4.4347 −3.2322 −1.9842 −0.68385 0.67543 2.1003 3.5975 5.1746 6.8404 8.6058 10.485 12.500 14.682 17.096 19.923 23.960 26.852
−0.049524 −0.047781 −0.042108 −0.036846 −0.031908 −0.027226 −0.022750 −0.018434 −0.014239 −0.010129 −0.0060725 −0.0020451 0.0019747 0.0060049 0.010061 0.014159 0.018314 0.022546 0.026879 0.031347 0.036009 0.040977 0.046590 0.054351 0.059911
0.056728 0.056689 0.056604 0.057072 0.057992 0.059275 0.060916 0.062917 0.065250 0.067864 0.070693 0.073674 0.076752 0.079881 0.083033 0.086189 0.089346 0.092514 0.095722 0.099032 0.10257 0.10666 0.11250 0.12653
0.070390 0.070750 0.070897 0.071215 0.072004 0.073141 0.074617 0.076487 0.078803 0.081584 0.084823 0.088505 0.092616 0.097164 0.10219 0.10776 0.11405 0.12133 0.13007 0.14120 0.15679 0.18345 0.25717 1.1088
1625.1 1590.2 1496.4 1425.3 1363.2 1304.6 1248.2 1194.1 1142.6 1093.5 1046.3 1000.2 954.32 907.64 859.31 808.48 754.41 696.47 634.17 567.09 494.36 412.12 308.94 192.83 0
28.219 28.353 28.810 29.259 29.698 30.123 30.534 30.932 31.321 31.703 32.077 32.442 32.789 33.108 33.385 33.601 33.736 33.767 33.687 33.541 33.439 33.258 32.267 29.688 25.917
29.679 29.850 30.430 31.003 31.564 32.109 32.637 33.149 33.648 34.134 34.606 35.060 35.485 35.869 36.194 36.436 36.571 36.570 36.423 36.184 35.981 35.652 34.325 31.187 26.852
0.19032 0.18544 0.17069 0.15841 0.14806 0.13923 0.13164 0.12508 0.11938 0.11442 0.11009 0.10627 0.10287 0.099808 0.096984 0.094317 0.091723 0.089128 0.086505 0.083978 0.081813 0.079634 0.075685 0.068520 0.059911
0.031874 0.032397 0.035224 0.040104 0.047248 0.056324 0.066572 0.077055 0.086920 0.095581 0.10279 0.10860 0.11331 0.11736 0.12125 0.12546 0.13033 0.13587 0.14101 0.14238 0.13589 0.12618 0.12608 0.13259
0.040287 0.040854 0.043954 0.049389 0.057480 0.067973 0.080135 0.093000 0.10564 0.11740 0.12798 0.13749 0.14644 0.15559 0.16605 0.17917 0.19663 0.21986 0.24709 0.26502 0.25879 0.27959 0.42448 1.9096
239.95 242.62 251.06 258.49 265.30 271.89 278.43 284.90 291.19 297.15 302.63 307.47 311.48 314.48 316.20 316.34 314.53 310.36 303.71 295.26 285.25 267.83 247.46 212.65 0
−0.40884 −0.40373 −0.39791 −0.39361 −0.38674 −0.37793 −0.36733 −0.35457 −0.33915 −0.32073 −0.29904 −0.27385 −0.24479 −0.21121 −0.17199 −0.12529 −0.068163 0.0042669 0.10021 0.23444 0.43762 0.79465 1.6506 4.6061 6.7425 1187400. 857090. 293110. 105090. 39363. 15552. 6557.5 2971.8 1449.9 759.96 426.34 254.84 161.53 108.02 75.802 55.467 42.002 32.587 25.532 19.860 15.568 13.904 12.099 9.5115 6.7425
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 300.00 337.30
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
337.30 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
200.00 300.00 400.00 409.75
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
409.75 500.00 600.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 300.00 400.00 484.95
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
484.95 500.00 600.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
27.474 24.486 23.366 0.037626 0.030452 0.024157 0.020089
0.036398 0.040839 0.042798
−10.709 −3.2300 −0.030266
−0.040317 −0.010133 −0.000089518
0.056702 0.067862 0.075163
0.070943 0.081580 0.090451
1471.5 1094.1 977.93
−0.39677 −0.32081 −0.26023
32.613 36.075 40.921 46.476
35.271 39.359 45.060 51.454
0.10457 0.11581 0.12851 0.14014
0.11100 0.044972 0.051823 0.059065
0.14187 0.054208 0.060380 0.067441
309.54 349.19 387.15 420.71
−10.720 −3.2472 6.2298 7.3401
−10.684 −3.2064 6.2770 7.3883
−0.040354 −0.010176 0.016901 0.019645
0.056724 0.067848 0.088257 0.090347
0.070932 0.081541 0.11177 0.11623
1475.1 1100.0 775.46 736.51
33.758 40.335 46.300
36.586 44.303 51.178
0.090904 0.10818 0.12070
0.13203 0.056676 0.061344
0.20333 0.068069 0.070369
313.48 376.08 413.09
38.678 13.330 4.5635
0.036283 0.040592 0.046640 0.062203
−10.752 −3.3039 6.0896 17.655
−10.571 −3.1010 6.3228 17.966
−0.040517 −0.010367 0.016546 0.042725
0.056820 0.067795 0.087676 0.10826
0.070883 0.081377 0.11029 0.19836
1490.9 1125.5 818.58 381.15
−0.39825 −0.32568 −0.11504 0.98684
2.1711 1.7679 1.1389
0.46060 0.56566 0.87808
33.047 35.907 45.247
35.350 38.735 49.638
0.078574 0.085457 0.10553
0.12499 0.098975 0.072927
0.32263 0.17315 0.087489
260.06 301.43 379.21
13.826 12.155 5.1009
27.648 24.779 21.717 15.932 2.6640
0.036169 0.040357 0.046048 0.062765 0.37537
−10.791 −3.3713 5.9321 19.374 43.262
−10.430 −2.9677 6.3925 20.002 47.015
−0.040716 −0.010598 0.016141 0.046226 0.096406
0.056935 0.067746 0.087087 0.10760 0.088868
0.070820 0.081196 0.10880 0.18959 0.12122
1509.9 1155.3 865.91 424.68 343.60
−0.39966 −0.32990 −0.13884 0.83939 5.0965
−7.8460 −0.44914 8.4277 19.458 32.525
−0.043691 −0.013840 0.011565 0.036085 0.059862
0.057827 0.067889 0.082823 0.095694 0.10406
0.068992 0.079818 0.098951 0.12152 0.13787
1772.1 1515.8 1334.7 1164.1 977.50
−0.41976 −0.35799 −0.26099 −0.14407 −0.023905
10.949 19.430 29.089 40.322
−0.022106 0.0022308 0.023726 0.044161
0.070293 0.077541 0.084883 0.092281
0.080627 0.089761 0.10419 0.12017
2316.0 2194.8 2123.2 2074.1
−0.34762 −0.30897 −0.24751 −0.19279
27.491 24.514 21.193 20.772 0.35352 0.25202 0.20501 27.561 24.635 21.441 16.076
26.577 32.839 41.396 49.779
−10.713 −3.2341 −0.034546
0.036376 0.040793 0.047185 0.048143 2.8287 3.9680 4.8778
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
28.911 26.630 24.493 22.020 19.139
0.034588 0.037552 0.040827 0.045413 0.052250
−11.305 −4.2043 4.3449 14.917 27.300
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00
30.547 29.154 27.670 26.003
0.032736 0.034300 0.036140 0.038457
−5.4195 2.2795 11.020 21.094
202.71 40.941 12.933 4.3382 −0.39705 −0.32177 −0.090229 −0.047179
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is de Reuck, K. M., and Craven, R. J. B., “Methanol, International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State—12,” IUPAC, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 1993. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are generally 0.1% in density and 2% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region and high pressures.
2-299
2-300 TABLE 2-235 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of 2-Methyl Butane (Isopentane) Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
−26.072 −25.774 −23.896 −22.028 −20.148 −18.240 −16.293 −14.298 −12.247 −10.136 −7.9595 −5.7124 −3.3908 −0.99085 1.4914 4.0602 6.7200 9.4764 12.336 15.310 18.410 21.662 25.110 28.871 35.298
−26.072 −25.774 −23.896 −22.028 −20.148 −18.240 −16.293 −14.298 −12.247 −10.136 −7.9583 −5.7097 −3.3856 −0.98128 1.5078 4.0869 6.7616 9.5389 12.428 15.440 18.593 21.916 25.463 29.370 36.331
7.8069 7.9134 8.6432 9.4580 10.355 11.333 12.390 13.524 14.732 16.011 17.357 18.766 20.234 21.756 23.326 24.939 26.587 28.263 29.953 31.643 33.305 34.899 36.342 37.430 35.298
8.7435 8.8695 9.7241 10.664 11.686 12.788 13.969 15.227 16.557 17.955 19.416 20.935 22.503 24.115 25.763 27.438 29.132 30.831 32.522 34.183 35.782 37.268 38.543 39.362 36.331
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. Cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−0.13287 −0.13026 −0.11491 −0.10131 −0.08897 −0.07757 −0.06690 −0.05679 −0.04714 −0.03786 −0.02888 −0.02016 −0.01163 −0.00329 0.004922 0.013015 0.021017 0.028954 0.036852 0.044740 0.052658 0.060668 0.068880 0.077578 0.092549
0.088268 0.087968 0.087279 0.088069 0.089805 0.092192 0.095056 0.098282 0.10179 0.10553 0.10944 0.11351 0.11771 0.12200 0.12638 0.13084 0.13535 0.13992 0.14455 0.14926 0.15409 0.15915 0.16468 0.17145
0.12675 0.12625 0.12456 0.12473 0.12613 0.12840 0.13133 0.13478 0.13865 0.14289 0.14744 0.15230 0.15744 0.16288 0.16864 0.17476 0.18133 0.18849 0.19649 0.20576 0.21716 0.23260 0.25764 0.31907
2024.6 2007.2 1899.0 1796.0 1698.3 1605.5 1517.0 1432.2 1350.7 1271.9 1195.4 1120.7 1047.6 975.50 904.21 833.33 762.50 691.33 619.38 546.13 470.92 392.75 309.77 217.58 0
−0.61677 −0.61938 −0.62810 −0.62623 −0.61691 −0.60215 −0.58328 −0.56116 −0.53631 −0.50892 −0.47898 −0.44620 −0.41003 −0.36957 −0.32346 −0.26964 −0.20494 −0.12436 −0.01964 0.12385 0.33435 0.67407 1.3120 2.9280 18.924
177.46 177.30 174.59 169.97 164.30 158.07 151.59 145.02 138.51 132.11 125.89 119.87 114.07 108.49 103.13 98.008 93.105 88.417 83.934 79.645 75.537 71.596 67.829 64.403
18091 15987 7701.7 4126.6 2438.0 1564.5 1074.5 779.51 591.10 464.45 375.48 310.55 261.53 223.37 192.84 167.77 146.69 128.56 112.60 98.258 85.057 72.595 60.422 47.740
0.17618 0.17099 0.14371 0.12415 0.10999 0.099732 0.092376 0.087227 0.083784 0.081674 0.080615 0.080389 0.080825 0.081787 0.083164 0.084865 0.086812 0.088933 0.091161 0.093423 0.095630 0.097660 0.099299 0.10003 0.092549
0.044856 0.045769 0.051515 0.057098 0.062541 0.067888 0.073180 0.078451 0.083733 0.089051 0.094425 0.099871 0.10539 0.11100 0.11669 0.12246 0.12831 0.13425 0.14029 0.14648 0.15286 0.15958 0.16690 0.17558
0.053170 0.054083 0.059829 0.065412 0.070856 0.076206 0.081510 0.086811 0.092156 0.09759 0.10316 0.10890 0.11485 0.12105 0.12757 0.13447 0.14187 0.14999 0.15916 0.17005 0.18403 0.20431 0.24064 0.34061
124.05 125.14 131.91 138.36 144.53 150.45 156.12 161.53 166.66 171.43 175.77 179.56 182.71 185.07 186.54 186.97 186.20 184.05 180.31 174.70 166.85 156.26 142.23 123.63 0
Saturated Properties 112.65 115 130 145 160 175 190 205 220 235 250 265 280 295 310 325 340 355 370 385 400 415 430 445 460.35
8.9347E-11 1.9071E-10 1.1761E-08 2.8119E-07 3.4585E-06 2.6222E-05 0.00013839 0.00055325 0.0017804 0.0048228 0.011375 0.023974 0.046069 0.082015 0.13700 0.21693 0.32835 0.47831 0.67436 0.92461 1.2378 1.6238 2.0941 2.6640 3.3782
112.65 115 130 145 160 175 190 205 220 235 250 265 280 295 310 325 340 355 370 385 400 415 430 445 460.35
8.9527E-11 1.9071E-10 1.1761E-08 2.8119E-07 3.4585E-06 2.6222E-05 0.00013839 0.00055325 0.0017804 0.0048228 0.011375 0.023974 0.046069 0.082015 0.13700 0.21693 0.32835 0.47831 0.67436 0.92461 1.2378 1.6238 2.0941 2.6640 3.3782
10.936 10.903 10.698 10.500 10.306 10.116 9.9281 9.7405 9.5525 9.3629 9.1708 8.9750 8.7745 8.5679 8.3537 8.1302 7.8950 7.6451 7.3765 7.0835 6.7572 6.3830 5.9327 5.3333 3.2710 9.5585E-11 1.9975E-10 1.0881E-08 2.3324E-07 2.5998E-06 1.8023E-05 8.7629E-05 0.00032489 0.00097556 0.0024804 0.0055234 0.011056 0.020302 0.034759 0.056212 0.086783 0.12904 0.18620 0.26252 0.36398 0.49975 0.68534 0.95152 1.3789 3.2710
0.091442 0.091719 0.093478 0.095242 0.097028 0.09885 0.10072 0.10266 0.10468 0.10680 0.10904 0.11142 0.11397 0.11671 0.11971 0.12300 0.12666 0.13080 0.13557 0.14117 0.14799 0.15667 0.16856 0.18750 0.30572 1.05E+10 5.01E+09 91,905,000 4,287,500 384,650 55,485 11,412 3,077.9 1,025.1 403.15 181.05 90.449 49.256 28.769 17.790 11.523 7.7495 5.3705 3.8092 2.7474 2.0010 1.4591 1.0510 0.72521 0.30572
1474.9 867.62 543.86 358.94 247.17 176.38 129.80 98.138 76.055 60.317 48.903 40.504 34.252 29.560 26.024 23.372 21.417 20.043 19.189 18.851 19.092 20.076 22.072 18.924
2.3120 2.3996 3.0011 3.6746 4.4196 5.2372 6.1289 7.0964 8.1416 9.2673 10.477 11.776 13.169 14.664 16.270 17.997 19.860 21.877 24.077 26.507 29.248 32.469 36.596 43.254
2.775 2.827 3.1624 3.5046 3.853 4.2074 4.5669 4.931 5.2989 5.6698 6.0432 6.4187 6.7963 7.1769 7.5619 7.9543 8.3586 8.7821 9.2355 9.7357 10.311 11.011 11.947 13.438
Single-Phase Properties 150.00 225.00 300.00 300.60
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
300.60 375.00 450.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 388.92
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
388.92 450.00
1.0000 1.0000
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
10.435 9.4905 8.4975 8.4890 0.041839 0.032734 0.027025 10.441 9.5002 8.5157 7.2951 7.0019 0.39567 0.30367
0.095828 0.10537 0.11768 0.11780 23.901 30.549 37.003 0.095776 0.10526 0.11743 0.13708 0.14282 2.5273 3.2931
−21.406 −11.554 −0.17289 −0.074609
−21.396 −11.543 −0.16112 −0.062829
−0.097086 −0.044025 −0.00053568 −0.00020836
0.088566 0.10302 0.12345 0.12363
0.12508 0.14001 0.16476 0.16499
1763.3 1324.8 951.69 948.83
−0.62386 −0.52760 −0.35493 −0.35312 32.344 14.520 8.0746
168.19 136.40 106.68 106.46
22.336 31.687 42.874
24.726 34.742 46.575
0.082257 0.11194 0.14064
0.11311 0.13702 0.16045
0.12344 0.14615 0.16919
185.73 210.31 231.26
−21.422 −11.582 −0.22558 13.279 16.107
−21.326 −11.477 −0.10815 13.417 16.250
−0.097192 −0.044150 −0.00071178 0.039387 0.046804
0.088617 0.10306 0.12349 0.14609 0.15050
0.12507 0.13992 0.16444 0.19894 0.20848
1767.4 1330.6 960.79 600.15 526.70
32.081 41.914
34.609 45.207
0.094009 0.11931
0.14812 0.16299
0.17332 0.17764
172.88 207.91
19.050 9.5995
27.189 34.291
−0.62411 −0.52893 −0.36015 0.013112 0.17073
15.250 23.271 32.656 168.39 136.76 107.23 82.749 78.555
3428.5 543.85 212.48 211.22 7.3199 9.1730 10.981 3436.2 547.08 214.82 108.44 94.715 9.8772 11.376
10.466 9.5418 8.5922 7.4791 5.7922
0.095550 0.10480 0.11638 0.13371 0.17265
−21.491 −11.704 −0.44721 12.787 28.764
−21.013 −11.180 0.13471 13.456 29.627
−0.097661 −0.044697 −0.0014609 0.038048 0.077218
0.088840 0.10325 0.12363 0.14600 0.16985
0.12500 0.13954 0.16321 0.19336 0.24769
1785.1 1355.9 999.20 670.90 327.62
−0.62511 −0.53441 −0.38047 −0.10299 1.0932
169.25 138.31 109.58 86.612 68.533
3470.1 561.26 224.97 119.86 59.364
10.496 9.5915 8.6795 7.6607 6.3848
0.095275 0.10426 0.11521 0.13054 0.15662
−21.575 −11.848 −0.69963 12.293 27.389
−20.622 −10.805 0.45251 13.598 28.955
−0.098235 −0.045356 −0.0023313 0.036668 0.073910
0.089117 0.10348 0.12382 0.14603 0.16843
0.12494 0.13913 0.16197 0.18923 0.22130
1806.7 1386.1 1043.2 742.26 471.81
−0.62619 −0.54037 −0.40072 −0.18850 0.27965
170.30 140.18 112.31 90.691 75.593
3511.8 578.68 237.18 132.45 78.440
−0.054491 −0.012648 0.024366 0.058454
0.10727 0.12720 0.14895 0.17040
0.13669 0.15576 0.17686 0.19748
1787.0 1539.5 1352.4 1210.1
−0.57796 −0.50239 −0.43356 −0.37778
165.84 145.78 130.89 121.48
860.73 420.70 290.41 234.19
0.15705 0.17779
0.17792 0.19805
2411.2 2302.8
−0.44269 −0.40062
211.59 205.82
864.12 747.58
225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
10.235 9.6137 9.0393 8.5029
0.097700 0.10402 0.11063 0.11761
−13.576 −3.2651 8.5444 21.892
−3.8061 7.1368 19.607 33.653
375.00 450.00
500.00 500.00
10.851 10.550
0.092161 0.094785
5.2760 18.067
51.356 65.459
0.0033611 0.037589
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is NIST14, Version 9.08. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties are approximately 0.2% in density at temperatures up to 320 K, 0.5% in density at higher temperatures, 2% in heat capacity above 250 K, 4% in heat capacity at lower temperatures, 0.1% in the vapor phase speed of sound, 3% in the liquid-phase speed of sound, and 0.4% in vapor pressure at temperatures above 200 K. For viscosity, estimated uncertainty is 2%. For thermal conductivity, estimated uncertainty, except near the critical region, is 4–6%
2-301
2-302 TABLE 2-236 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of 2-Methyl Pentane (Isohexane) Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. Energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.59545 −0.59577 −0.60440 −0.60052 −0.58671 −0.56534 −0.53846 −0.50751 −0.47322 −0.43565 −0.39411 −0.34721 −0.29249 −0.22585 −0.14022 −0.022615 0.15352 0.45116 1.0612 2.9251 22.418
Saturated Properties 119.60 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 497.70
7.3432E-12 8.6393E-12 2.6628E-09 1.6516E-07 3.6662E-06 4.0345E−05 0.00026966 0.0012504 0.0044049 0.012572 0.030459 0.064855 0.12457 0.22023 0.36396 0.56922 0.85081 1.2253 1.7125 2.3384 3.0426
9.3708 9.3662 9.1438 8.9315 8.7257 8.5239 8.3237 8.1236 7.9216 7.7163 7.5058 7.2881 7.0608 6.8210 6.5643 6.2850 5.9735 5.6136 5.1716 4.5506 2.7150
119.60 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 497.70
7.3432E-12 8.6393E-12 2.6628E-09 1.6516E-07 3.6662E-06 4.0345E-05 0.00026966 0.0012504 0.0044049 0.012572 0.030459 0.064855 0.12457 0.22023 0.36396 0.56922 0.85081 1.2253 1.7125 2.3384 3.0426
7.7171E-12 8.8145E-12 2.2870E-09 1.2415E-07 2.4497E-06 2.4265E-05 0.00014751 0.00062783 0.0020480 0.0054602 0.012471 0.025273 0.046680 0.080240 0.13054 0.20388 0.30983 0.46493 0.70383 1.1281 2.7150
0.10671 0.10677 0.10936 0.11196 0.11460 0.11732 0.12014 0.12310 0.12624 0.12960 0.13323 0.13721 0.14163 0.14661 0.15234 0.15911 0.16740 0.17814 0.19337 0.21975 0.36832 1.2958E+11 1.1345E+11 43,7250,000. 8,054,900. 4,08,210. 41,212. 6,779.4 1,592.8 488.27 183.14 80.187 39.568 21.422 12.463 7.6606 4.9048 3.2276 2.1509 1.4208 0.88647 0.36832
−36.470 −36.409 −33.376 −30.354 −27.297 −24.169 −20.943 −17.596 −14.114 −10.484 −6.6984 −2.7483 1.3732 5.6736 10.162 14.852 19.761 24.925 30.414 36.430 44.813
−36.470 −36.409 −33.376 −30.354 −27.297 −24.169 −20.943 −17.596 −14.113 −10.483 −6.6944 −2.7394 1.3908 5.7059 10.218 14.942 19.903 25.143 30.745 36.944 45.934
−0.17002 −0.16951 −0.14612 −0.12595 −0.10795 −0.091478 −0.076105 −0.061550 −0.047617 −0.034172 −0.021115 −0.0083705 0.0041212 0.016411 0.028548 0.040580 0.052569 0.064603 0.076849 0.089761 0.10771
0.10838 0.10835 0.10816 0.10991 0.11321 0.11773 0.12318 0.12928 0.13582 0.14266 0.14969 0.15683 0.16404 0.17128 0.17854 0.18581 0.19312 0.20057 0.20838 0.21745
0.15299 0.15291 0.15094 0.15162 0.15435 0.15866 0.16418 0.17061 0.17772 0.18535 0.19342 0.20190 0.21081 0.22027 0.23047 0.24183 0.25521 0.27266 0.30051 0.37420
2019.9 2016.9 1877.8 1750.1 1631.2 1519.7 1414.3 1314.2 1218.4 1126.1 1036.6 948.94 862.49 776.48 690.10 602.46 512.43 418.45 317.90 204.95 0
3.2114 3.2365 4.5677 6.0465 7.6734 9.4535 11.391 13.489 15.742 18.144 20.686 23.355 26.139 29.022 31.987 35.009 38.050 41.048 43.875 46.190 44.813
4.2058 4.2342 5.7317 7.3769 9.1700 11.116 13.220 15.480 17.893 20.447 23.128 25.921 28.807 31.767 34.775 37.801 40.796 43.683 46.308 48.263 45.934
0.17008 0.16919 0.13321 0.10987 0.094644 0.084949 0.079177 0.076268 0.075483 0.076291 0.078294 0.081194 0.084758 0.088803 0.093173 0.097727 0.10231 0.10674 0.11068 0.11334 0.10771
0.062593 0.062751 0.070285 0.077610 0.085136 0.092992 0.10116 0.10956 0.11814 0.12686 0.13569 0.14461 0.15360 0.16265 0.17176 0.18095 0.19027 0.19983 0.20995 0.22144
0.070908 0.071065 0.078600 0.085925 0.093451 0.10131 0.10950 0.11797 0.12670 0.13570 0.14499 0.15463 0.16471 0.17537 0.18690 0.19986 0.21550 0.23692 0.27434 0.38625
114.33 114.51 122.90 130.73 138.07 144.98 151.49 157.59 163.19 168.11 172.17 175.13 176.74 176.73 174.77 170.42 163.11 151.97 135.67 112.14 0
1878.9 1852.6 971.14 557.20 341.59 220.67 148.98 104.56 76.030 57.168 44.401 35.601 29.461 25.167 22.214 20.301 19.294 19.227 20.404 23.602 22.418
Single-Phase Properties 150.00 250.00 332.95
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
9.0371 8.0239 7.1422
332.95 350.00 450.00 550.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.037947 0.035789 0.027168 0.022045
150.00 250.00 350.00 428.63
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
9.0415 8.0324 6.9610 5.8255
428.63 450.00 550.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
0.11065 0.12463 0.14001 26.353 27.941 36.808 45.361
−31.868 −15.876 −0.099839
−31.857 −15.864 −0.085838
−0.13572 −0.054530 −0.00025709
0.10883 0.13251 0.16149
0.15099 0.17408 0.20761
1813.1 1266.4 892.88
−0.60387 −0.49091 −0.31289
25.145 27.784 45.429 66.610
27.780 30.578 49.110 71.146
0.083438 0.091632 0.13801 0.18212
0.15042 0.15693 0.19438 0.22795
0.16110 0.16712 0.20338 0.23660
176.34 181.93 209.65 232.80
31.381 25.747 10.406 5.5017
0.11060 0.12450 0.14366 0.17166
−31.886 −15.912 3.4284 21.956
−31.775 −15.787 3.5720 22.127
−0.13584 −0.054671 0.010082 0.057750
0.10889 0.13256 0.16769 0.19631
0.15098 0.17397 0.21498 0.26204
1816.8 1272.3 829.36 472.47
−0.60402 −0.49228 −0.26842 0.26084
0.36934 0.33044 0.23887
2.7075 3.0263 4.1863
39.354 43.784 65.703
42.062 46.810 69.889
0.10426 0.11507 0.16131
0.19435 0.19990 0.22981
0.22372 0.22188 0.24260
158.83 173.64 216.16
19.140 14.396 6.1837
9.0608 8.0692 7.0426 5.7124 2.3237
0.11037 0.12393 0.14199 0.17506 0.43035
−31.962 −16.063 3.1052 26.615 58.312
−31.410 −15.443 3.8152 27.490 60.464
−0.13635 −0.055282 0.0091444 0.068380 0.13398
0.10915 0.13278 0.16784 0.20366 0.24134
0.15096 0.17352 0.21301 0.26396 0.37655
1833.1 1297.7 873.72 476.76 137.16
−0.60459 −0.49791 −0.29846 0.22550 8.5257
9.0844 8.1131 7.1333 5.9777 4.3857
0.11008 0.12326 0.14019 0.16729 0.22801
−32.055 −16.241 2.7454 25.695 52.778
−30.954 −15.009 4.1473 27.368 55.059
−0.13698 −0.056017 0.0080780 0.066210 0.12162
0.10949 0.13305 0.16805 0.20340 0.23673
0.15093 0.17304 0.21116 0.25395 0.29917
1853.0 1328.1 923.39 576.50 305.87
−0.60519 −0.50401 −0.32667 −0.0027791 1.0063
250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
8.6765 8.0271 7.4403 6.9067
0.11525 0.12458 0.13440 0.14479
−18.375 −0.67131 20.331 44.426
−6.8492 11.787 33.771 58.905
−0.066142 −0.0037487 0.051327 0.10166
0.13735 0.17182 0.20635 0.23764
0.17026 0.20310 0.23620 0.26573
1729.6 1445.5 1247.4 1108.2
−0.54229 −0.44895 −0.37634 −0.32474
450.00 550.00
500.00 500.00
9.0895 8.7910
0.11002 0.11375
16.069 39.474
71.078 96.350
0.028505 0.079120
0.21492 0.24537
0.23767 0.26717
2315.0 2204.0
−0.39042 −0.35059
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.2% in density in the liquid phase, 0.5% in density in the vapor phase, 1% in density above the critical temperature, 0.2% in vapor pressure between 280 and 350 K, 0.5% in vapor pressure at higher temperatures, 2% in heat capacities, and 1% in the speed of sound.
2-303
2-304
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-237
Saturated Methyl Chloride* µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
1.483 1.486 1.489 1.492 1.496
4.44 4.27 4.11 3.96 3.82
0.241 0.236 0.232 0.228 0.224
5.896 5.866 5.845 5.822 5.786
1.500 1.504 1.508 1.513 1.518
3.69 3.57 3.46 3.35 3.25
0.219 0.215 0.211 0.207 0.202
4.050 4.080 4.110 4.139 4.168
5.762 5.740 5.720 5.699 5.680
1.523 1.528 1.533 1.539 1.546
3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.85
0.198 0.194 0.190 0.186 0.182
824.4 826.8 829.0 831.2 833.2
4.197 4.225 4.253 4.280 4.308
5.662 5.644 5.628 5.612 5.597
1.554 1.565 1.574 1.583 1.594
2.78 2.72 2.66 2.61 2.56
0.177 0.173 0.169 0.165 0.160
461.2 469.3 477.4 485.6 493.8
835.2 837.0 838.8 840.5 841.9
4.334 4.361 4.388 4.414 4.440
5.581 5.567 5.553 5.540 5.527
1.605 1.617 1.631 1.644 1.658
2.51 2.46 2.42 2.37 2.33
0.156 0.152 0.148 0.143 0.139
0.0386 0.0343 0.0282 0.0228 0.0186
502.1 510.4 518.8 538.3 562.9
843.3 844.5 846.4 847.5 847.6
4.465 4.491 4.542 4.592 4.643
5.516 5.504 5.481 5.457 5.434
2.30 2.27 2.12 1.99 1.87
0.135 0.131 0.124 0.117 0.110
13.47.−4 14.11.−4 14.67.−4 15.66.−4 16.48.−4
0.0151 0.0117 0.0096 0.0075 0.0063
581.6 602.8 622.9 643.6 663.2
845.9 842.6 837.4 826.4 819.1
4.694 4.747 4.805 4.870 4.904
5.398 5.382 5.358 5.323 5.289
1.77 1.67 1.59 1.51
0.103 0.095 0.086 0.075
17.97.−4 21.10.−4 27.40.−4
0.0052 0.0038 0.0027
677.3 714.1 749.3
807.1 778.6 749.3
4.954 5.025 5.116
5.256 5.200 5.116
T, K
P, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
175 180 185 190 195
0.0117 0.0165 0.0233 0.0327 0.0462
8.84.−4 8.91.−4 8.97.−4 9.04.−4 9.10.−4
27.90 19.85 14.12 10.12 7.208
274.5 280.9 287.5 294.5 301.7
764.3 767.7 771.0 774.3 777.5
3.529 3.570 3.603 3.647 3.684
6.328 6.274 6.222 6.172 6.124
1.469 1.472 1.475 1.477 1.480
200 205 210 215 220
0.0653 0.0919 0.1315 0.181 0.243
9.17.−4 9.25.−4 9.33.−4 9.40.−4 9.48.−4
5.137 3.835 2.656 1.975 1.505
309.0 316.3 323.7 331.0 338.4
780.7 783.9 787.0 790.1 793.2
3.722 3.756 3.791 3.825 3.859
6.080 6.038 5.998 5.961 5.928
225 230 235 240 245
0.319 0.417 0.539 0.688 0.866
9.56.−4 9.65.−4 9.73.−4 9.81.−4 9.89.−4
1.168 0.911 0.718 0.572 0.462
345.7 353.1 360.5 368.0 375.6
796.3 799.3 802.3 805.3 808.2
3.892 3.925 3.957 3.988 4.019
250 255 260 265 270
1.076 1.328 1.627 1.970 2.364
9.98.−4 10.08.−4 10.18.−4 10.27.−4 10.36.−4
0.377 0.311 0.257 0.215 0.1807
383.2 390.7 398.3 406.0 413.7
811.1 814.0 816.8 819.4 822.0
275 280 285 290 295
2.830 3.347 3.936 4.612 5.361
10.46.−4 10.57.−4 10.68.−4 10.79.−4 10.91.−4
0.1524 0.1301 0.1115 0.0960 0.0830
421.5 429.4 437.3 445.2 453.2
300 305 310 315 320
6.189 7.110 8.111 9.243 10.47
11.03.−4 11.15.−4 11.27.−4 11.40.−4 11.55.−4
0.0723 0.0632 0.0556 0.0489 0.0433
325 330 340 350 360
11.78 13.27 16.52 20.53 25.29
11.70.−4 11.86.−4 12.17.−4 12.54.−4 12.97.−4
370 380 390 400 405
30.74 36.99 44.05 52.29 56.6
410 415 416c
61.5 67.4 69.0
*Interpolated by P. E. Liley from the Landolt-Börnstein band IVa, p. 677, 1967 tables by Steinle/Dienemann. c = critical point. The notation 8.84.−4 signifies 8.84 × 10−4.
TABLE 2-238 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Neon Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol −0.099873 −0.081689 −0.042983 −0.0055930 0.031967 0.070340 0.10979 0.15041 0.19218 0.23507 0.27908 0.32426 0.37073 0.41874 0.46869 0.52120 0.57729 0.63879 0.70940 0.79805 0.92402 1.0877
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
−0.0038092 −0.0030751 −0.0015561 −0.00014422 0.0012227 0.0025706 0.0039099 0.0052441 0.0065735 0.0078977 0.0092172 0.010534 0.011853 0.013181 0.014529 0.015914 0.017363 0.018922 0.020686 0.022883 0.026030 0.030313
0.018679 0.018439 0.018193 0.018006 0.017803 0.017589 0.017371 0.017156 0.016952 0.016768 0.016614 0.016498 0.016426 0.016404 0.016438 0.016536 0.016715 0.017014 0.017522 0.018471 0.020210
0.043081 0.040416 0.037847 0.037540 0.038200 0.039303 0.040595 0.041956 0.043347 0.044788 0.046343 0.048115 0.050251 0.052967 0.056597 0.061719 0.069475 0.082509 0.10852 0.17680 0.44810
674.66 652.08 617.51 596.00 579.65 564.56 548.99 532.26 514.19 494.83 474.28 452.65 429.96 406.17 381.08 354.35 325.39 293.27 256.54 213.78 170.57 0
−0.22893 −0.25101 −0.27322 −0.27053 −0.25492 −0.23297 −0.20788 −0.18090 −0.15212 −0.12096 −0.086349 −0.046782 −0.00027396 0.055871 0.12549 0.21441 0.33222 0.49632 0.74180 1.1433 1.8283 2.9448
0.068586 0.067767 0.065882 0.064031 0.062250 0.060549 0.058928 0.057377 0.055888 0.054449 0.053047 0.051670 0.050303 0.048930 0.047531 0.046079 0.044539 0.042855 0.040930 0.038566 0.035154 0.030313
0.035186 0.029819 0.022043 0.018031 0.016001 0.015021 0.014604 0.014497 0.014566 0.014745 0.015000 0.015316 0.015688 0.016118 0.016614 0.017189 0.017863 0.018664 0.019634 0.020823 0.022208
0.047919 0.041791 0.033098 0.028839 0.026943 0.026349 0.026517 0.027183 0.028231 0.029633 0.031418 0.033669 0.036531 0.040243 0.045207 0.052136 0.062405 0.079029 0.10997 0.18428 0.55080
113.01 115.48 121.12 126.17 130.23 133.28 135.55 137.25 138.54 139.52 140.26 140.78 141.11 141.24 141.18 140.93 140.49 139.83 138.95 137.87 136.83 0
27.054 23.404 18.114 15.446 14.023 13.110 12.393 11.758 11.166 10.606 10.073 9.5602 9.0641 8.5780 8.0944 7.6033 7.0917 6.5404 5.9193 5.1760 4.1789 2.9448
Saturated Properties 24.562 25.000 26.000 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000 31.000 32.000 33.000 34.000 35.000 36.000 37.000 38.000 39.000 40.000 41.000 42.000 43.000 44.000 44.492
0.043464 0.050920 0.071611 0.098173 0.13159 0.17287 0.22307 0.28324 0.35446 0.43782 0.53443 0.64543 0.77202 0.91543 1.0770 1.2581 1.4603 1.6855 1.9355 2.2121 2.5168 2.6786
62.059 61.645 60.761 59.903 59.032 58.129 57.186 56.198 55.162 54.078 52.941 51.749 50.493 49.162 47.736 46.187 44.462 42.471 40.021 36.640 31.327 23.882
0.016114 0.016222 0.016458 0.016694 0.016940 0.017203 0.017487 0.017794 0.018128 0.018492 0.018889 0.019324 0.019805 0.020341 0.020948 0.021651 0.022491 0.023545 0.024987 0.027292 0.031921 0.041873
24.562 25.000 26.000 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000 31.000 32.000 33.000 34.000 35.000 36.000 37.000 38.000 39.000 40.000 41.000 42.000 43.000 44.000 44.492
0.043464 0.050920 0.071611 0.098173 0.13159 0.17287 0.22307 0.28324 0.35446 0.43782 0.53443 0.64543 0.77202 0.91543 1.0770 1.2581 1.4603 1.6855 1.9355 2.2121 2.5168 2.6786
0.22026 0.25406 0.34598 0.46111 0.60299 0.77543 0.98260 1.2292 1.5204 1.8625 2.2630 2.7308 3.2778 3.9193 4.6762 5.5788 6.6734 8.0363 9.8091 12.303 16.541 23.882
4.5402 3.9361 2.8903 2.1687 1.6584 1.2896 1.0177 0.81356 0.65772 0.53690 0.44190 0.36619 0.30508 0.25515 0.21385 0.17925 0.14985 0.12443 0.10195 0.081282 0.060455 0.041873
1.4817 1.4898 1.5046 1.5159 1.5247 1.5318 1.5372 1.5411 1.5435 1.5443 1.5432 1.5401 1.5347 1.5265 1.5150 1.4994 1.4784 1.4500 1.4107 1.3530 1.2537 1.0877
−0.099172 −0.080863 −0.041805 −0.0039541 0.034196 0.073314 0.11370 0.15545 0.19860 0.24317 0.28917 0.33673 0.38602 0.43736 0.49125 0.54844 0.61014 0.67848 0.75776 0.85843 1.0044 1.1999 1.6790 1.6902 1.7116 1.7288 1.7430 1.7547 1.7642 1.7716 1.7767 1.7794 1.7794 1.7765 1.7702 1.7601 1.7453 1.7249 1.6972 1.6597 1.6080 1.5328 1.4058 1.1999
2-305
2-306
TABLE 2-238 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Neon (Concluded) Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Single-Phase Properties 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.12034 0.060106 0.040072 0.030057 0.024047 0.020040 0.017178
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.2090 0.59828 0.39903 0.29952 0.23978 0.19992 0.17143
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
6.1145 2.9287 1.9580 1.4747 1.1837 0.98897 0.84934
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
8.3098 16.637 24.955 33.270 41.585 49.899 58.214
2.4474 3.6964 4.9441 6.1915 7.4388 8.6861 9.9333
3.2784 5.3601 7.4396 9.5185 11.597 13.676 15.755
0.091975 0.10641 0.11484 0.12082 0.12546 0.12925 0.13245
0.012479 0.012475 0.012473 0.012473 0.012473 0.012472 0.012472
0.020851 0.020800 0.020791 0.020789 0.020787 0.020787 0.020786
262.24 370.87 454.13 524.31 586.15 642.06 693.47
1.6033 0.12447 −0.30667 −0.49467 −0.59137 −0.64538 −0.67670
0.82716 1.6715 2.5061 3.3387 4.1705 5.0020 5.8334
2.4215 3.6864 4.9392 6.1891 7.4379 8.6861 9.9339
3.2486 5.3579 7.4453 9.5278 11.608 13.688 15.767
0.072572 0.087212 0.095677 0.10167 0.10631 0.11010 0.11331
0.012547 0.012502 0.012491 0.012485 0.012482 0.012480 0.012478
0.021444 0.020926 0.020841 0.020813 0.020800 0.020794 0.020791
264.06 373.32 456.29 526.19 587.81 643.54 694.81
1.5285 0.11185 −0.30952 −0.49518 −0.59127 −0.64516 −0.67651
0.16355 0.34145 0.51074 0.67810 0.84478 1.0112 1.1774
2.3075 3.6436 4.9181 6.1787 7.4338 8.6860 9.9366
3.1252 5.3508 7.4718 9.5693 11.658 13.742 15.824
0.058098 0.073620 0.082226 0.088261 0.092921 0.096721 0.099930
0.012814 0.012619 0.012565 0.012539 0.012523 0.012513 0.012506
0.024056 0.021453 0.021051 0.020917 0.020858 0.020828 0.020810
275.27 384.50 465.95 534.57 595.18 650.12 700.76
1.1885 0.054603 −0.32325 −0.49810 −0.59116 −0.64435 −0.67575
12.113 5.6967 3.8255 2.8938 2.3306 1.9519 1.6795
0.082559 0.17554 0.26141 0.34556 0.42908 0.51231 0.59540
2.1736 3.5933 4.8930 6.1661 7.4286 8.6858 9.9399
2.9992 5.3487 7.5070 9.6217 11.719 13.809 15.894
0.051158 0.067620 0.076381 0.082467 0.087148 0.090958 0.094172
0.013095 0.012752 0.012653 0.012603 0.012573 0.012553 0.012539
0.026878 0.022026 0.021291 0.021040 0.020927 0.020868 0.020835
296.54 399.17 478.16 545.08 604.43 658.38 708.23
0.80676 −0.014628 −0.34148 −0.50266 −0.59158 −0.64363 −0.67492
728.18 673.52 694.50 729.70 767.75 805.72 842.83
−0.37331 −0.43751 −0.49312 −0.54535 −0.58985 −0.62513 −0.65210
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
50.564 34.632 26.457 21.512 18.185 15.781 13.955
0.019777 0.028875 0.037796 0.046486 0.054990 0.063366 0.071657
1.4006 3.1327 4.6205 6.0160 7.3645 8.6852 9.9877
3.3783 6.0202 8.4001 10.665 12.863 15.022 17.153
0.028294 0.046773 0.056445 0.062965 0.067874 0.071810 0.075096
0.016249 0.014308 0.013708 0.013422 0.013245 0.013121 0.013028
0.028809 0.024694 0.023102 0.022262 0.021756 0.021432 0.021216
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00
59.131 53.366 48.708 44.864 41.633
0.016912 0.018738 0.020530 0.022290 0.024020
4.6368 6.0941 7.5120 8.9046 10.278
13.093 15.463 17.777 20.049 22.288
0.042072 0.048897 0.054063 0.058207 0.061658
0.015948 0.015200 0.014770 0.014481 0.014265
0.024091 0.023386 0.022915 0.022544 0.022235
1306.5 1293.9 1294.1 1301.3 1312.5
−0.47221 −0.49185 −0.50859 −0.52455 −0.53993
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Katti, R. S., Jacobsen, R. T., Stewart, R. B., and Jahangiri, M., “Thermodynamic Properties for Neon for Temperatures from the Triple Point to 700 K at Pressures to 700 MPa,” Adv. Cryo. Eng. 31:1189–1197, 1986. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 1% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.2%.
TABLE 2-239 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
−4.2230 −4.1194 −4.0071 −3.8946 −3.7819 −3.6689 −3.5556 −3.4419 −3.3278 −3.2132 −3.0980 −2.9822 −2.8657 −2.7483 −2.6301 −2.5107 −2.3902 −2.2683 −2.1449 −2.0196 −1.8923 −1.7625 −1.6298 −1.4938 −1.3537 −1.2086 −1.0571 −0.89741 −0.72635 −0.53833 −0.32093 −0.031475 0.51527
−4.2226 −4.1188 −4.0063 −3.8935 −3.7804 −3.6669 −3.5530 −3.4385 −3.3235 −3.2078 −3.0913 −2.9739 −2.8555 −2.7360 −2.6152 −2.4930 −2.3691 −2.2434 −2.1156 −1.9854 −1.8525 −1.7163 −1.5765 −1.4323 −1.2828 −1.1271 −0.96336 −0.78944 −0.60161 −0.39322 −0.14962 0.17937 0.81891
0.067951 0.069569 0.071270 0.072924 0.074535 0.076105 0.077637 0.079133 0.080597 0.082030 0.083436 0.084815 0.086172 0.087507 0.088823 0.090123 0.091408 0.092682 0.093946 0.095204 0.096459 0.097715 0.098977 0.10025 0.10154 0.10285 0.10420 0.10561 0.10710 0.10873 0.11059 0.11310 0.11807
1.2945 1.3299 1.3675 1.4042 1.4400 1.4747 1.5082 1.5404 1.5713 1.6007 1.6284 1.6544 1.6784 1.7005 1.7203 1.7377 1.7525 1.7645 1.7733 1.7788 1.7804 1.7778 1.7703
1.8147 1.8639 1.9160 1.9668 2.0162 2.0639 2.1099 2.1539 2.1957 2.2353 2.2725 2.3070 2.3386 2.3672 2.3925 2.4143 2.4324 2.4463 2.4557 2.4603 2.4595 2.4528 2.4394
0.16355 0.16161 0.15966 0.15786 0.15618 0.15461 0.15314 0.15176 0.15046 0.14923 0.14806 0.14694 0.14587 0.14485 0.14385 0.14289 0.14195 0.14103 0.14012 0.13922 0.13832 0.13742 0.13651
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.032951 0.032591 0.032207 0.031831 0.031463 0.031106 0.030760 0.030427 0.030105 0.029795 0.029499 0.029215 0.028944 0.028687 0.028444 0.028215 0.028001 0.027804 0.027624 0.027464 0.027327 0.027214 0.027133 0.027088 0.027089 0.027149 0.027290 0.027545 0.027981 0.028755 0.030317 0.034680
0.056033 0.056121 0.056231 0.056360 0.056512 0.056690 0.056899 0.057142 0.057425 0.057752 0.058130 0.058566 0.059068 0.059647 0.060315 0.061088 0.061983 0.063026 0.064246 0.065684 0.067392 0.069443 0.071937 0.075021 0.078914 0.083966 0.090771 0.10044 0.11531 0.14140 0.20028 0.46831
995.28 976.36 956.04 935.83 915.66 895.49 875.28 855.00 834.61 814.07 793.36 772.44 751.28 729.84 708.09 685.99 663.50 640.57 617.14 593.17 568.58 543.30 517.24 490.29 462.32 433.19 402.67 370.43 335.85 297.68 253.32 195.48 0
−0.40419 −0.39833 −0.39135 −0.38364 −0.37508 −0.36560 −0.35506 −0.34334 −0.33029 −0.31574 −0.29951 −0.28135 −0.26099 −0.23813 −0.21237 −0.18326 −0.15025 −0.11264 −0.069613 −0.020100 0.037239 0.10414 0.18288 0.27654 0.38936 0.52741 0.69974 0.92076 1.2154 1.6317 2.2811 3.5308 6.0831
173.24 169.51 165.49 161.47 157.47 153.46 149.47 145.48 141.50 137.55 133.61 129.66 125.72 121.77 117.83 113.89 109.95 106.02 102.08 98.144 94.208 90.272 86.337 82.404 78.472 74.544 70.626 66.728 62.883 59.196 56.121 56.435
311.59 282.07 254.55 230.85 210.32 192.43 176.75 162.94 150.71 139.82 130.07 121.31 113.38 106.18 99.602 93.568 88.004 82.847 78.042 73.543 69.306 65.292 61.464 57.786 54.224 50.740 47.290 43.824 40.270 36.509 32.310 26.935
0.021007 0.021059 0.021123 0.021196 0.021278 0.021370 0.021472 0.021585 0.021709 0.021845 0.021994 0.022157 0.022334 0.022528 0.022738 0.022967 0.023217 0.023489 0.023787 0.024113 0.024471 0.024860 0.025284
0.029647 0.029788 0.029969 0.030180 0.030427 0.030712 0.031039 0.031413 0.031839 0.032323 0.032873 0.033496 0.034204 0.035008 0.035925 0.036973 0.038177 0.039568 0.041185 0.043081 0.045326 0.048012 0.051276
161.11 163.20 165.37 167.43 169.39 171.23 172.95 174.55 176.03 177.38 178.60 179.68 180.63 181.43 182.10 182.62 182.99 183.21 183.28 183.18 182.93 182.51 181.93
40.718 38.268 35.907 33.803 31.922 30.231 28.707 27.328 26.074 24.931 23.884 22.923 22.035 21.212 20.446 19.730 19.057 18.421 17.815 17.236 16.676 16.132 15.600
Saturated Properties
2-307
63.151 65.000 67.000 69.000 71.000 73.000 75.000 77.000 79.000 81.000 83.000 85.000 87.000 89.000 91.000 93.000 95.000 97.000 99.000 101.00 103.00 105.00 107.00 109.00 111.00 113.00 115.00 117.00 119.00 121.00 123.00 125.00 126.19
0.012520 0.017404 0.024300 0.033213 0.044527 0.058656 0.076043 0.097152 0.12247 0.15251 0.18780 0.22886 0.27626 0.33055 0.39230 0.46210 0.54052 0.62817 0.72566 0.83358 0.95259 1.0833 1.2264 1.3826 1.5526 1.7371 1.9370 2.1533 2.3869 2.6391 2.9116 3.2069 3.3958
63.151 65.000 67.000 69.000 71.000 73.000 75.000 77.000 79.000 81.000 83.000 85.000 87.000 89.000 91.000 93.000 95.000 97.000 99.000 101.00 103.00 105.00 107.00
0.012520 0.017404 0.024300 0.033213 0.044527 0.058656 0.076043 0.097152 0.12247 0.15251 0.18780 0.22886 0.27626 0.33055 0.39230 0.46210 0.54052 0.62817 0.72566 0.83358 0.95259 1.0833 1.2264
30.957 30.685 30.387 30.085 29.779 29.468 29.153 28.832 28.506 28.175 27.837 27.492 27.139 26.779 26.409 26.030 25.640 25.238 24.822 24.390 23.941 23.471 22.978 22.457 21.902 21.306 20.658 19.943 19.134 18.187 16.997 15.210 11.184 0.024070 0.032594 0.044300 0.059031 0.077273 0.099542 0.12638 0.15838 0.19613 0.24030 0.29157 0.35069 0.41846 0.49576 0.58355 0.68291 0.79504 0.92134 1.0634 1.2231 1.4027 1.6049 1.8331
0.032303 0.032589 0.032909 0.033239 0.033581 0.033935 0.034302 0.034683 0.035080 0.035493 0.035924 0.036375 0.036847 0.037343 0.037865 0.038417 0.039002 0.039623 0.040288 0.041000 0.041769 0.042605 0.043520 0.044530 0.045658 0.046935 0.048407 0.050144 0.052262 0.054985 0.058834 0.065747 0.089414 41.546 30.680 22.573 16.940 12.941 10.046 7.9124 6.3140 5.0986 4.1614 3.4297 2.8515 2.3897 2.0171 1.7137 1.4643 1.2578 1.0854 0.94038 0.81759 0.71291 0.62309 0.54553
5.6209 5.8164 6.0298 6.2457 6.4645 6.6870 6.9138 7.1458 7.3839 7.6295 7.8837 8.1483 8.4251 8.7163 9.0247 9.3533 9.7060 10.087 10.503 10.960 11.467 12.035 12.679
4.3763 4.5123 4.6601 4.8088 4.9585 5.1096 5.2621 5.4164 5.5727 5.7313 5.8924 6.0565 6.2238 6.3948 6.5700 6.7499 6.9353 7.1270 7.3260 7.5334 7.7509 7.9804 8.2245
TABLE 2-239 2-308
Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen (Concluded) Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
1.7573 1.7377 1.7102 1.6730 1.6234 1.5572 1.4665 1.3343 1.1039 0.51527
2.4183 2.3884 2.3479 2.2946 2.2251 2.1341 2.0119 1.8376 1.5417 0.81891
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
0.055332 0.060528 0.067435 0.077010 0.091003 0.11312 0.15295 0.24490 0.66512
181.19 180.28 179.15 177.75 176.01 173.87 171.17 167.43 160.26 0
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
15.075 14.546 13.996 13.409 12.767 12.045 11.203 10.148 8.6030 6.0831
13.419 14.284 15.315 16.580 18.186 20.329 23.424 28.604 41.535
8.4867 8.7716 9.0860 9.4395 9.8474 10.336 10.953 11.813 13.326
9.3806 44.840 70.075 92.344
6.9581 29.577 44.199 56.398
Saturated Properties 109.00 111.00 113.00 115.00 117.00 119.00 121.00 123.00 125.00 126.19
1.3826 1.5526 1.7371 1.9370 2.1533 2.3869 2.6391 2.9116 3.2069 3.3958
100.00 600.00 1100.0 1600.0
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
100.00 103.75
1.0000 1.0000
103.75 600.00 1100.0 1600.0
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
100.00 600.00 1100.0 1600.0
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
2.0916 2.3860 2.7240 3.1162 3.5786 4.1370 4.8380 5.7846 7.3244 11.184
0.47811 0.41911 0.36711 0.32091 0.27944 0.24172 0.20670 0.17287 0.13653 0.089414
0.13557 0.13461 0.13360 0.13253 0.13138 0.13009 0.12860 0.12675 0.12400 0.11807
0.025750 0.026284 0.026924 0.027721 0.028723 0.029997 0.031683 0.034185 0.039278
Single-Phase Properties
100.00 600.00 1100.0 1600.0 600.00 1100.0 1600.0 600.00 1100.0 1600.0
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 500.00 500.00 500.00 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0
0.12268 0.020037 0.010930 0.0075152 24.658 23.768 1.4754 0.19960 0.10899 0.074993
8.1514 49.908 91.489 133.06 0.040554 0.042073 0.67778 5.0099 9.1755 13.335
2.0396 12.573 24.284 37.272
2.8547 17.564 33.433 50.579
0.15950 0.21217 0.23131 0.24414
0.021049 0.021796 0.024932 0.026815
0.030012 0.030118 0.033248 0.035130
201.64 496.27 660.05 788.94
16.082 0.021483 −0.65654 −0.81543
−2.0907 −1.8441
−2.0501 −1.8020
0.094493 0.096928
0.027546 0.027281
0.064564 0.068113
609.42 559.22
−0.054514 0.060996
100.58 92.738
76.255 67.783
1.7800 12.554 24.277 37.270
2.4577 17.564 33.452 50.605
0.13799 0.19300 0.21216 0.22499
0.024612 0.021812 0.024938 0.026820
0.046272 0.030198 0.033267 0.035138
182.79 498.66 662.07 790.64
16.471 0.0061465 −0.65940 −0.81612
11.671 44.992 70.155 92.399
7.8351 29.626 44.221 56.411
25.436 0.98084 0.53797 0.37146
0.039314 1.0195 1.8588 2.6921
−2.2176 12.469 24.247 37.259
−2.0210 17.567 33.541 50.720
0.093188 0.17948 0.19875 0.21161
0.027713 0.021881 0.024969 0.026839
0.059868 0.030539 0.033350 0.035170
673.24 509.60 671.08 798.18
−0.17096 −0.057679 −0.67112 −0.81886
108.13 45.797 70.555 92.663
84.510 29.882 44.330 56.476
26.188 1.9183 1.0590 0.73435
0.038186 0.52130 0.94433 1.3618
−2.3398 12.368 24.211 37.246
−1.9580 17.581 33.654 50.864
0.091882 0.17355 0.19296 0.20583
0.028004 0.021965 0.025006 0.026863
0.056646 0.030926 0.033447 0.035209
734.22 523.87 682.37 807.57
−0.25658 −0.12928 −0.68394 −0.82170
115.90 46.995 71.130 93.033
93.648 30.284 44.493 56.570
27.434 21.868 18.335
0.036451 0.045729 0.054541
10.778 23.840 37.584
29.003 46.705 64.855
0.13791 0.15935 0.17295
0.026493 0.027586 0.028647
0.035336 0.035848 0.036665
1574.4 1501.4 1506.6
−0.70223 −0.72394 −0.73166
177.40 149.37 147.47
103.10 79.801 79.226
34.270 29.362 25.920
0.029180 0.034057 0.038580
11.714 25.065 38.999
40.894 59.122 77.579
0.13093 0.15303 0.16685
0.029169 0.029373 0.029977
0.036905 0.036577 0.037212
2107.2 1985.1 1942.0
−0.61888 −0.65271 −0.65439
278.97 232.49 214.36
208.00 129.86 110.35
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Span, R., Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T., Wagner, W., and Yokozeki, A., “A Reference Quality Thermodynamic Property Formulation for Nitrogen,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29(6):1361–1433, 2000. See also Int. J. Thermophys. 14(4):1121–1132, 1998. The source for viscosity is Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Equations for Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Air,” Int. J. Thermophys. 25:21–69, 2004. The source for thermal conductivity is Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Equations for Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Air,” Int. J. Thermophys. 25:21–69, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density of the equation of state is 0.02% from the triple point up to temperatures of 523 K and pressures up to 12 MPa and from temperatures of 240 to 523 K at pressures less than 30 MPa. In the range from 270 to 350 K at pressures less than 12 MPa, the uncertainty in density is 0.01%. The uncertainty at very high pressures (>1 GPa) is 0.6% in density. The uncertainty in pressure in the critical region is estimated to be 0.02%. In the gaseous and supercritical region, the speed of sound can be calculated with a typical uncertainty of 0.005% to 0.1%. At liquid states and at high pressures, the uncertainty increases to 0.5% to 1.5%. For pressures up to 30 MPa, the estimated uncertainty for heat capacities ranges from 0.3% at gaseous and gaslike supercritical states up to 0.8% at liquid states and at certain gaseous and supercritical states at low temperatures. The uncertainty is 2% for pressures up to 200 MPa and larger at higher pressures. The estimated uncertainties of vapor pressure, saturated-liquid density, and saturated-vapor density are in general 0.02% for each property. The formulation yields a reasonable extrapolation behavior up to the limits of chemical stability of nitrogen. For viscosity, the uncertainty is 0.5% in dilute gas. Away from the dilute gas (pressures greater than 1 MPa and in the liquid), the uncertainties are as low as 1% between 270 and 300 K at pressures less than 100 MPa, and increase outside that range. The uncertainties are around 2% at temperatures of 180 K and higher. Below this and away from the critical region, the uncertainties steadily increase to around 5% at the triple points of the fluids. The uncertainties in the critical region are higher. For thermal conductivity, the uncertainty for the dilute gas is 2% with increasing uncertainties near the triple point. For the nondilute gas, the uncertainty is 2% for temperatures greater than 150 K. The uncertainty is 3% at temperatures less than the critical point and 5% in the critical region, except for states very near the critical point.
10. 8.
0
Nitrogen
0.
100
0.
−100
(R-728) reference state: h = 0.0 kJ/kg, s = 0.00 kJ/(kg·K) for ideal gas at 0 K
50
60
−200 20.
0.
200 0.
.
400
150.
200
30
40
300
500 3
/m ρ = 80. kg
100.
700.
800.
6. 4.
600 20.
60.
10. 8.
40.
6.
30. c.p.
4.
120
110
100
90
2.
T = 80 K
70
20. 15.
2.
10.
110
100
80
0.04
200
180
160
140
4.0
0.6
500
480
T = 460 K
440
420
400
380
360
320
300
280
260
1. 0.8
0.4
2.0
1.5
0.2
1.0 0.80
6.
60
0 6.4
0 6.2
0 6.0
0 5.8
0.06
6.0
3.0
)
2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60
0.1 0.08
120
or
0.9
saturated vap
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
x = 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
liquid rated satu
0.2
90
240
0.4
220
0.6
340
T = 100 K
freezing line
Pressure (MPa)
8.0
1. 0.8
80
J/
00
7.
6.
·K (kg
s=
k .20
7
0 7.4
70
0.60
0.1 0.08
0.40
0.06
0.30 0
7.6
0.15
0.02
0.04
0.20 0
7.8
0.02
0.10
triple point = 63.15 K
0.01 −200
solid + vapor region
−100
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.01 600
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) 2-309
FIG. 2-13 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for nitrogen. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Span, R., Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T., Wagner, W., and Yokozeki, A,. “A Reference Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen for Temperatures from 63.151 to 1000 K and Pressures to 2200 MPa.,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29:1361–1433, 2000.
2-310
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-240
Saturated Nitrogen Tetroxide vg, m3/kg
Mf
Mg
299.32 309.57 326.66 337.43 345.45
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
694 711 733 749 762
0.2996 0.1630 0.0876 0.0608 0.0469
91.857 91.886 91.766 91.625 91.488
79.157 76.503 73.538 71.748 70.480
10 15 20 30 40
351.88 364.09 373.17 386.57 396.52
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
774 800 822 863 903
0.0382 0.0262 0.0199 0.0133 0.0098
91.346 90.979 90.601 89.823 89.018
69.483 67.742 66.547 64.997 64.099
50 60 80 100
404.50 411.20 422.07 430.76
0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001
945 993 129 577
0.00761 0.00607 0.00394 0.00209
88.191 87.344 85.602 83.817
63.532 63.181 62.959 63.366
Pressure, bar 1.0133 2 4 6 8
Temperature, K
vf, m3/kg
Condensed from McCarty, R. D., H-U. Steurer, et al., NBS IR 86 - 3054, 1986 (106 pp.). M = mol wt for the reaction N2O4 → 2NO2 → 2NO + O2. No derived thermodynamic functions were tabulated due to unduly large differences in literature values, but 92 references are given.
TABLE 2-241
Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen Trifluoride
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
90.000 95.000 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 234.00
0.00015612 0.00040547 0.00094625 0.0020164 0.0039755 0.0073310 0.012759 0.021119 0.033457 0.051008 0.075184 0.10757 0.14989 0.20401 0.27193 0.35573 0.45760 0.57979 0.72462 0.89450 1.0918 1.3192 1.5791 1.8742 2.2073 2.5815 3.0003 3.4682 3.9918 4.4607
90.000 95.000 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00
0.00015612 0.00040547 0.00094625 0.0020164 0.0039755 0.0073310 0.012759 0.021119 0.033457 0.051008 0.075184 0.10757 0.14989 0.20401 0.27193 0.35573 0.45760 0.57979 0.72462 0.89450 1.0918 1.3192 1.5791 1.8742 2.2073 2.5815
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
−0.033490 −0.029648 −0.026000 −0.022531 −0.019227 −0.016074 −0.013057 −0.010163 −0.0073784 −0.0046923 −0.0020929 0.00042986 0.0028858 0.0052840 0.0076328 0.0099402 0.012214 0.014461 0.016690 0.018907 0.021121 0.023341 0.025577 0.027843 0.030157 0.032548 0.035068 0.037830 0.041203 0.049280
0.045791 0.045221 0.044514 0.043768 0.043048 0.042394 0.041825 0.041346 0.040957 0.040653 0.040428 0.040274 0.040186 0.040159 0.040187 0.040269 0.040404 0.040591 0.040834 0.041136 0.041505 0.041953 0.042494 0.043150 0.043953 0.044950 0.046220 0.047920 0.050506
0.070957 0.071116 0.071131 0.071067 0.070980 0.070913 0.070898 0.070958 0.071113 0.071379 0.071771 0.072303 0.072988 0.073841 0.074876 0.076114 0.077577 0.079300 0.081326 0.083719 0.086571 0.090023 0.094298 0.099779 0.10717 0.11795 0.13575 0.17267 0.30655
1081.4 1049.3 1018.1 986.86 955.57 924.52 894.02 864.29 835.40 807.28 779.79 752.68 725.72 698.67 671.28 643.36 614.73 585.25 554.78 523.23 490.50 456.52 421.22 384.52 346.33 306.49 264.69 220.19 171.03 0
−0.44772 −0.44233 −0.43718 −0.43184 −0.42594 −0.41921 −0.41143 −0.40241 −0.39193 −0.37972 −0.36549 −0.34889 −0.32951 −0.30688 −0.28044 −0.24950 −0.21319 −0.17042 −0.11971 −0.059078 0.014249 0.10427 0.21696 0.36170 0.55413 0.82239 1.2231 1.8903 3.2539 8.0982
0.11824 0.11213 0.10681 0.10217 0.098099 0.094513 0.091341 0.088521 0.086004 0.083746 0.081709 0.079863 0.078179 0.076634 0.075207 0.073880 0.072636 0.071459 0.070337 0.069254 0.068196 0.067150 0.066097 0.065016 0.063879 0.062642
0.025384 0.025553 0.025759 0.026007 0.026301 0.026641 0.027032 0.027474 0.027968 0.028515 0.029116 0.029770 0.030477 0.031236 0.032049 0.032913 0.033831 0.034801 0.035825 0.036905 0.038044 0.039245 0.040516 0.041867 0.043315 0.044890
0.033709 0.033889 0.034117 0.034400 0.034747 0.035166 0.035666 0.036255 0.036942 0.037735 0.038644 0.039680 0.040854 0.042183 0.043684 0.045384 0.047313 0.049515 0.052050 0.055001 0.058491 0.062704 0.067933 0.074677 0.083847 0.097325
118.26 121.38 124.38 127.25 129.99 132.58 135.01 137.27 139.35 141.23 142.91 144.37 145.59 146.58 147.30 147.77 147.95 147.85 147.44 146.73 145.68 144.29 142.53 140.38 137.79 134.71
Saturated Properties 25.006 24.719 24.427 24.132 23.831 23.526 23.217 22.902 22.583 22.259 21.931 21.596 21.256 20.908 20.552 20.186 19.809 19.418 19.011 18.584 18.135 17.659 17.148 16.595 15.987 15.305 14.514 13.541 12.148 7.9200
2-311
0.00020869 0.00051363 0.0011394 0.0023144 0.0043618 0.0077094 0.012896 0.020570 0.031490 0.046520 0.066627 0.092885 0.12648 0.16872 0.22107 0.28514 0.36279 0.45613 0.56766 0.70033 0.85776 1.0445 1.2665 1.5317 1.8518 2.2450
0.039990 0.040455 0.040938 0.041439 0.041962 0.042506 0.043073 0.043664 0.044281 0.044925 0.045599 0.046304 0.047046 0.047829 0.048658 0.049539 0.050483 0.051499 0.052602 0.053808 0.055141 0.056630 0.058316 0.060260 0.062552 0.065340 0.068899 0.073850 0.082320 0.12626 4791.8 1946.9 877.68 432.07 229.26 129.71 77.545 48.615 31.756 21.496 15.009 10.766 7.9063 5.9269 4.5236 3.5071 2.7564 2.1923 1.7616 1.4279 1.1658 0.95740 0.78960 0.65287 0.54001 0.44543
−3.8551 −3.4999 −3.1442 −2.7887 −2.4336 −2.0790 −1.7245 −1.3701 −1.0151 −0.65928 −0.30195 0.057452 0.41959 0.78514 1.1549 1.5295 1.9100 2.2972 2.6920 3.0957 3.5095 3.9350 4.3742 4.8297 5.3052 5.8067 6.3449 6.9434 7.6794 9.3687
−3.8551 −3.4999 −3.1442 −2.7886 −2.4335 −2.0786 −1.7240 −1.3691 −1.0137 −0.65699 −0.29853 0.062433 0.42664 0.79490 1.1681 1.5472 1.9331 2.3270 2.7301 3.1438 3.5697 4.0097 4.4663 4.9426 5.4433 5.9754 6.5516 7.1995 8.0080 9.9320
9.0527 9.1794 9.3064 9.4337 9.5609 9.6879 9.8143 9.9397 10.064 10.186 10.305 10.422 10.536 10.645 10.750 10.850 10.943 11.031 11.110 11.181 11.241 11.289 11.323 11.340 11.333 11.296
9.8008 9.9688 10.137 10.305 10.472 10.639 10.804 10.966 11.126 11.282 11.434 11.580 11.721 11.854 11.980 12.097 12.205 12.302 12.386 12.458 12.514 12.552 12.570 12.563 12.525 12.446
125.93 109.58 96.037 84.718 75.177 67.076 60.154 54.206 49.068 44.607 40.717 37.310 34.315 31.671 29.330 27.250 25.397 23.743 22.263 20.936 19.746 18.678 17.718 16.854 16.072 15.354
2-312
TABLE 2-241
Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen Trifluoride (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
220.00 225.00 230.00 234.00
3.0003 3.4682 3.9918 4.4607
2.7432 3.4146 4.4712 7.9200
0.36453 0.29286 0.22365 0.12626
11.213 11.055 10.725 9.3687
100.00 143.95
0.10000 0.10000
0.040934 0.046153
−3.1452 −0.018242
−3.1411 −0.013626
143.95 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
10.398 12.215 16.237 21.208 26.869
11.550 13.856 18.723 24.530 31.025
100.00 187.76
1.0000 1.0000
0.040901 0.054527
−3.1540 3.3230
187.76 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.2755 1.4245 2.4068 3.2887 4.1476
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
24.532 17.659 2.4334 1.5833 1.2132
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.046643 0.048690 0.051363
0.11971 0.16599 0.32814
131.07 126.78 121.80 0
14.662 13.900 12.709 8.0982
0.044502 0.040301
0.071124 0.072179
1018.9 758.35
−0.43728 −0.35259
0.080236 0.093729 0.11332 0.12997 0.14444
0.029628 0.034723 0.045284 0.053558 0.059251
0.039451 0.043508 0.053741 0.061943 0.067609
144.08 169.06 203.45 232.46 258.38
37.990 15.650 5.5743 2.8668 1.7661
−3.1131 3.3775
−0.026098 0.020131
0.044398 0.041331
0.071055 0.085231
1026.3 505.29
11.215 11.738 16.042 21.082 26.771
12.491 13.162 18.449 24.371 30.918
0.068667 0.072132 0.093526 0.11051 0.12510
0.037527 0.037614 0.045687 0.053632 0.059244
0.056853 0.053386 0.055540 0.062664 0.067998
146.19 154.62 199.37 231.33 258.62
0.040763 0.056627 0.41095 0.63161 0.82425
−3.1921 4.1435 15.064 20.512 26.341
−2.9883 4.4266 17.119 23.670 30.462
−0.026483 0.024397 0.076882 0.095734 0.11087
0.043955 0.041665 0.047559 0.053907 0.059206
0.070771 0.087072 0.067409 0.066129 0.069735
1057.9 477.43 183.97 228.50 260.85
−0.44174 0.053822 5.3277 2.5958 1.5696
Saturated Properties 12.307 12.071 11.618 9.9320
0.061229 0.059479 0.056898 0.049280
Single-Phase Properties 24.430 21.667 0.086803 0.060926 0.040232 0.030102 0.024060 24.449 18.339 0.78400 0.70199 0.41548 0.30407 0.24110
11.520 16.413 24.856 33.220 41.562
−0.026009 −0.000094174
−0.43816 −0.020346 20.263 16.645 5.5586 2.8289 1.7349
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
24.630 18.214 5.9501 3.2770 2.4256
0.040600 0.054902 0.16806 0.30515 0.41227
−3.2377 3.8853 13.534 19.798 25.826
−2.8317 4.4343 15.214 22.849 29.949
−0.026951 0.023042 0.066202 0.088300 0.10414
0.043446 0.041251 0.049590 0.054171 0.059167
0.070455 0.081506 0.093780 0.070777 0.071809
1094.6 536.12 185.51 231.76 266.86
−0.44552 −0.078962 3.9475 2.1918 1.3296
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000
24.895 19.339 12.709 7.8701 5.7388
0.040168 0.051709 0.078686 0.12706 0.17425
−3.3631 3.3539 10.815 17.964 24.506
−2.3589 4.6466 12.782 21.141 28.863
−0.028280 0.020118 0.052928 0.077032 0.094275
0.042128 0.041959 0.049110 0.054897 0.059344
0.069766 0.074322 0.086464 0.079284 0.076236
1191.1 642.55 338.34 285.01 303.16
−0.45304 −0.26070 0.50765 0.90188 0.66132
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
25.271 20.560 15.995 12.237 9.6861
0.039572 0.048639 0.062520 0.081722 0.10324
−3.5465 2.8054 9.4909 16.326 23.086
−1.5679 5.2373 12.617 20.412 28.248
−0.030335 0.016816 0.046643 0.069057 0.086544
0.040341 0.044958 0.052084 0.057087 0.060630
0.069490 0.070043 0.076746 0.078504 0.078201
1322.6 734.96 484.09 397.17 380.22
−0.45498 −0.38097 −0.15530 0.026532 0.066751
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Younglove, B. A., “Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. I. Argon, Ethylene, Parahydrogen, Nitrogen, Nitrogen Trifluoride, and Oxygen,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Suppl. 1, 11: 1–11, 1982. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.25% in the liquid phase and 0.3% in the vapor and supercritical regions. The uncertainty in speed of sound and heat capacity is 5%.
TABLE 2-242
Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrous Oxide
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
182.33 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 309.52
0.087837 0.10325 0.13782 0.18085 0.23367 0.29767 0.37431 0.46509 0.57160 0.69544 0.83828 1.0018 1.1878 1.3979 1.6341 1.8982 2.1920 2.5177 2.8772 3.2728 3.7068 4.1820 4.7012 5.2681 5.8874 6.5663 7.2447
28.113 27.935 27.599 27.257 26.910 26.557 26.197 25.829 25.453 25.069 24.674 24.268 23.849 23.417 22.968 22.502 22.015 21.505 20.966 20.393 19.777 19.106 18.361 17.505 16.466 15.022 10.270
182.33 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 309.52
0.087837 0.10325 0.13782 0.18085 0.23367 0.29767 0.37431 0.46509 0.57160 0.69544 0.83828 1.0018 1.1878 1.3979 1.6341 1.8982 2.1920 2.5177 2.8772 3.2728 3.7068 4.1820 4.7012 5.2681 5.8874 6.5663 7.2447
0.059336 0.068951 0.090180 0.11615 0.14754 0.18508 0.22958 0.28190 0.34298 0.41387 0.49575 0.58993 0.69791 0.82145 0.96261 1.1239 1.3082 1.5196 1.7627 2.0443 2.3734 2.7632 3.2349 3.8252 4.6102 5.8106 10.270
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.035570 0.035797 0.036234 0.036688 0.037161 0.037656 0.038173 0.038716 0.039288 0.039891 0.040529 0.041207 0.041930 0.042705 0.043538 0.044440 0.045423 0.046501 0.047697 0.049037 0.050564 0.052339 0.054464 0.057125 0.060732 0.066569 0.097371
−0.18142 0.020258 0.39840 0.77745 1.1577 1.5396 1.9234 2.3094 2.6982 3.0899 3.4852 3.8844 4.2881 4.6969 5.1115 5.5326 5.9614 6.3990 6.8471 7.3078 7.7841 8.2804 8.8039 9.3670 9.9960 10.768 12.745
−0.17830 0.023954 0.40340 0.78408 1.1664 1.5508 1.9377 2.3274 2.7206 3.1177 3.5192 3.9257 4.3379 4.7566 5.1826 5.6170 6.0609 6.5161 6.9843 7.4682 7.9715 8.4993 9.0600 9.6680 10.354 11.205 13.450
14.931 14.984 15.082 15.176 15.268 15.356 15.440 15.521 15.596 15.666 15.730 15.789 15.840 15.883 15.917 15.941 15.953 15.952 15.935 15.899 15.839 15.749 15.618 15.429 15.145 14.661 12.745
16.411 16.481 16.610 16.733 16.852 16.965 17.071 17.170 17.262 17.346 17.421 17.487 17.541 17.584 17.614 17.630 17.629 17.609 17.567 17.500 17.401 17.262 17.071 16.806 16.422 15.791 13.450
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
−0.00096900 0.00012922 0.0021464 0.0041159 0.0060420 0.0079284 0.0097789 0.011597 0.013385 0.015148 0.016888 0.018607 0.020311 0.022000 0.023681 0.025355 0.027028 0.028704 0.030391 0.032097 0.033833 0.035615 0.037468 0.039439 0.041620 0.044293 0.051414
0.042295 0.042134 0.041852 0.041596 0.041365 0.041155 0.040967 0.040797 0.040645 0.040510 0.040392 0.040290 0.040203 0.040132 0.040078 0.040041 0.040025 0.040030 0.040064 0.040134 0.040251 0.040437 0.040727 0.041190 0.041979 0.043564
0.075603 0.075669 0.075851 0.076111 0.076452 0.076875 0.077388 0.077995 0.078706 0.079533 0.080489 0.081595 0.082875 0.084362 0.086100 0.088150 0.090597 0.093564 0.097233 0.10189 0.10803 0.11651 0.12910 0.14997 0.19222 0.32907
1149.6 1132.4 1100.2 1068.2 1036.3 1004.5 972.70 940.94 909.16 877.35 845.46 813.47 781.31 748.95 716.31 683.32 649.86 615.81 580.97 545.11 507.90 468.86 427.31 382.17 331.57 271.24 0
−0.26723 −0.26287 −0.25377 −0.24334 −0.23146 −0.21798 −0.20272 −0.18545 −0.16592 −0.14379 −0.11869 −0.090113 −0.057462 −0.019968 0.023355 0.073794 0.13307 0.20351 0.28843 0.39261 0.52333 0.69225 0.91943 1.2430 1.7475 2.6810 6.2530
0.090017 0.089089 0.087443 0.085908 0.084469 0.083117 0.081842 0.080634 0.079485 0.078387 0.077332 0.076314 0.075325 0.074359 0.073408 0.072464 0.071519 0.070564 0.069588 0.068575 0.067508 0.066361 0.065093 0.063636 0.061848 0.059328 0.051414
0.025545 0.025844 0.026427 0.027038 0.027674 0.028331 0.029006 0.029694 0.030395 0.031105 0.031824 0.032552 0.033289 0.034037 0.034798 0.035577 0.036377 0.037205 0.038072 0.038988 0.039971 0.041046 0.042252 0.043653 0.045376 0.047733
0.034993 0.035439 0.036334 0.037309 0.038365 0.039506 0.040736 0.042062 0.043494 0.045048 0.046741 0.048600 0.050660 0.052967 0.055585 0.058600 0.062136 0.066370 0.071572 0.078164 0.086856 0.098934 0.11700 0.14723 0.20883 0.40691
211.93 212.91 214.62 216.14 217.48 218.62 219.56 220.30 220.82 221.13 221.20 221.04 220.64 219.98 219.07 217.88 216.41 214.64 212.56 210.15 207.39 204.24 200.67 196.63 192.02 186.66 0
Saturated Properties
2-313
16.853 14.503 11.089 8.6098 6.7780 5.4030 4.3558 3.5474 2.9156 2.4162 2.0171 1.6951 1.4329 1.2174 1.0388 0.88979 0.76438 0.65808 0.56730 0.48917 0.42135 0.36189 0.30912 0.26142 0.21691 0.17210 0.097371
44.590 42.793 39.645 36.768 34.146 31.765 29.606 27.653 25.888 24.295 22.858 21.560 20.387 19.325 18.361 17.483 16.679 15.939 15.251 14.603 13.981 13.366 12.734 12.043 11.210 10.014 6.2530
2-314 TABLE 2-242
Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrous Oxide (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.061319 0.040304 0.030129 0.024075
200.00 234.95
1.0000 1.0000
234.95 300.00 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 292.69
5.0000 5.0000
292.69 300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.092110 0.10698 0.11873 0.12862
0.025918 0.030437 0.034363 0.037563
0.035025 0.038943 0.042764 0.045926
221.52 267.85 306.03 339.54
0.0059677 0.018590
0.041381 0.040291
0.076317 0.081583
1040.5 813.80
0.076324 0.086931 0.099190 0.10926
0.032545 0.031268 0.034610 0.037680
0.048580 0.041833 0.043833 0.046488
221.04 260.01 303.02 338.49
21.573 10.924 5.5924 3.3701
0.0055897 0.038510
0.041467 0.040948
0.075665 0.13883
1061.6 403.56
−0.24314 1.0778
Single-Phase Properties
26.940 24.272 0.58888 0.42412 0.30696 0.24260 27.091 17.918
16.308 24.811 33.190 41.537 0.037120 0.041200 1.6981 2.3578 3.2578 4.1220 0.036913 0.055811
15.382 18.214 21.467 25.072 1.1429 3.8803 15.788 17.944 21.310 24.963 1.0679 9.1008
17.013 20.695 24.786 29.226 1.1800 3.9215 17.486 20.302 24.568 29.085 1.2525 9.3799
31.472 10.733 5.6159 3.4059 −0.23345 −0.090429
3.5344 3.1047 1.6773 1.2538
0.28294 0.32209 0.59621 0.79755
15.525 16.114 20.558 24.469
16.940 17.725 23.539 28.457
0.064339 0.066990 0.083920 0.094897
0.042976 0.039518 0.035787 0.038199
0.13106 0.091593 0.049876 0.049186
198.56 212.60 290.66 334.89
12.373 11.486 5.4199 3.1966
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
27.269 18.407 3.7981 2.6054
0.036672 0.054327 0.26329 0.38381
0.97935 9.1891 19.470 23.835
1.3461 9.7324 22.102 27.673
0.0051379 0.038771 0.075432 0.087896
0.041579 0.040304 0.037387 0.038831
0.074951 0.11033 0.061591 0.052973
1086.5 462.21 279.96 333.21
−0.25384 0.72534 4.9171 2.9341
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000
27.751 20.902 11.546 6.9433
0.036035 0.047843 0.086610 0.14402
0.74199 8.0747 16.070 21.962
1.6429 9.2708 18.235 25.563
0.0038961 0.034710 0.060433 0.076883
0.041933 0.039937 0.040060 0.040346
0.073298 0.082004 0.087395 0.063761
1154.2 654.64 352.41 357.12
−0.27902 0.10041 1.7332 1.8422
300.00 400.00 500.00
50.000 50.000 50.000
22.869 17.051 12.463
0.043727 0.058649 0.080236
7.1665 13.791 19.764
9.3528 16.723 23.776
0.031190 0.052389 0.068153
0.040453 0.040588 0.041531
0.072893 0.073379 0.067192
828.55 568.05 477.36
−0.14288 0.23352 0.52378
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.1% in density in the liquid and vapor phases between 220 and 300 K, 0.25% at temperatures above 300 K and at temperatures below 220 K, and 0.5% in the critical region, except very close to the critical point. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.2%, that for heat capacities is 3%, and that for the speed of sound in the vapor phase is 0.05% above 220 K. The uncertainty in the liquid phase is not known but is estimated to be within 5%.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
FIG. 2-14 Mollier diagram for nitrous oxide. (Fig. 9, Univ. Texas Rep., Cont. DAI-23072-ORD-685, June 1, 1956, by Couch and Kobe. Reproduced by permission.) Some irregularity in the compressibility factors from 80 to 160 atm, 50 to 100 °C exists (Couch, private communication, 1967). See Couch et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 6, (1961) for PVT data.
2-315
2-316 TABLE 2-243 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Nonane Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
−60.675 −60.599 −55.459 −50.195 −44.779 −39.190 −33.413 −27.437 −21.252 −14.851 −8.2313 −1.3870 5.6854 12.991 20.537 28.335 36.408 44.798 53.602 73.819
−60.675 −60.599 −55.459 −50.195 −44.779 −39.190 −33.413 −27.436 −21.249 −14.846 −8.2208 −1.3679 5.7183 13.045 20.622 28.464 36.600 45.080 54.015 75.080
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−0.19174 −0.19139 −0.16904 −0.14797 −0.12791 −0.10863 −0.089996 −0.071883 −0.054209 −0.036909 −0.019932 −0.0032367 0.013213 0.029452 0.045513 0.061438 0.077283 0.093141 0.10920 0.144498
0.19748 0.19757 0.20402 0.21164 0.22016 0.22932 0.23894 0.24886 0.25894 0.26908 0.27921 0.28927 0.29920 0.30899 0.31863 0.32814 0.33756 0.34703 0.35685 —
0.25433 0.25440 0.25984 0.26681 0.27497 0.28402 0.29376 0.30400 0.31464 0.32557 0.33677 0.34824 0.36002 0.37228 0.38530 0.39965 0.41650 0.43881 0.47629 —
1544.5 1543.0 1449.8 1361.7 1277.9 1197.9 1121.1 1046.8 974.60 903.98 834.45 765.54 696.76 627.57 557.35 485.36 410.60 331.60 245.76 —
−0.50071 −0.50053 −0.48613 −0.46790 −0.44671 −0.42315 −0.39747 −0.36960 −0.33918 −0.30546 −0.26723 −0.22257 −0.16849 −0.10004 −0.0087139 0.12153 0.32444 0.68436 1.4810 31.599
153.02 152.90 145.29 138.35 131.98 126.11 120.68 115.63 110.92 106.50 102.33 98.374 94.594 90.947 87.384 83.848 80.262 76.518 72.450 —
4037.3 3978.4 1914.0 1194.3 842.44 638.13 505.83 413.37 344.96 292.08 249.76 214.92 185.56 160.30 138.18 118.43 100.46 83.674 67.309 —
0.047770 0.047676 0.043246 0.041911 0.042975 0.045920 0.050349 0.055950 0.062471 0.069707 0.077488 0.085673 0.094142 0.10279 0.11150 0.12018 0.12868 0.13679 0.14413 0.144498
0.16161 0.16174 0.17103 0.18119 0.19199 0.20323 0.21478 0.22652 0.23839 0.25032 0.26226 0.27416 0.28601 0.29779 0.30950 0.32118 0.33293 0.34492 0.35757 —
0.16993 0.17006 0.17935 0.18951 0.20033 0.21161 0.22326 0.23519 0.24737 0.25979 0.27245 0.28541 0.29878 0.31276 0.32778 0.34467 0.36530 0.39454 0.44973 —
122.37 122.45 127.73 132.76 137.56 142.11 146.36 150.21 153.55 156.23 158.10 158.99 158.70 157.00 153.58 148.05 139.82 127.99 111.07 —
Saturated Properties 219.70 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 594.55
4.4449E-07 4.6229E-07 4.8933E-06 3.3858E-05 0.00016888 0.00065182 0.0020515 0.0054791 0.012806 0.026830 0.051367 0.091247 0.15227 0.24110 0.36527 0.53313 0.75413 1.0392 1.4023 2.2820
6.0520 6.0501 5.9249 5.8013 5.6785 5.5557 5.4321 5.3071 5.1799 5.0496 4.9154 4.7760 4.6299 4.4754 4.3096 4.1286 3.9259 3.6898 3.3948 1.8100
219.70 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 594.55
4.4449E-07 4.6229E-07 4.8933E-06 3.3858E-05 0.00016888 0.00065182 0.0020515 0.0054791 0.012806 0.026830 0.051367 0.091247 0.15227 0.24110 0.36527 0.53313 0.75413 1.0392 1.4023 2.2820
2.4333E-07 2.5273E-07 2.4522E-06 1.5664E-05 7.2578E-05 0.00026168 0.00077364 0.0019519 0.0043356 0.0086887 0.016023 0.027625 0.045117 0.070581 0.10681 0.15781 0.22994 0.33476 0.49815 1.8100
0.16524 0.16529 0.16878 0.17237 0.17610 0.18000 0.18409 0.18843 0.19305 0.19803 0.20344 0.20938 0.21599 0.22345 0.23204 0.24221 0.25472 0.27102 0.29457 0.55249 4,109,700. 3,956,800. 407,790. 63,840. 13,778. 3,821.5 1,292.6 512.31 230.65 115.09 62.412 36.200 22.165 14.168 9.3627 6.3369 4.3490 2.9872 2.0074 0.55249
−9.8808 −9.8323 −6.5064 −2.9862 0.74180 4.6851 8.8457 13.220 17.802 22.580 27.541 32.671 37.952 43.363 48.876 54.456 60.045 65.548 70.762 73.819
−8.0542 −8.0032 −4.5110 −0.82471 3.0688 7.1760 11.497 16.027 20.756 25.668 30.747 35.974 41.327 46.779 52.296 57.834 63.325 68.652 73.577 75.080
363.94 361.95 254.36 183.36 135.32 102.10 78.695 61.932 49.767 40.846 34.258 29.384 25.803 23.233 21.504 20.545 20.405 21.346 24.126 31.599
6.2016 6.2133 7.0659 8.0682 9.2127 10.493 11.902 13.436 15.091 16.864 18.757 20.773 22.918 25.205 27.655 30.306 33.233 36.613 40.989 —
4.0513 4.0567 4.4125 4.7673 5.1206 5.4722 5.8211 6.1663 6.5069 6.8425 7.1737 7.5025 7.8332 8.1731 8.5341 8.9361 9.4142 10.039 10.990 —
Single-Phase Properties −52.849 −39.196 −24.378 −8.2368 −0.19510
−52.832 −39.178 −24.359 −8.2164 −0.17406
−0.15838 −0.10865 −0.063016 −0.019946 −0.00041018
0.20771 0.22933 0.25389 0.27921 0.29097
0.26315 0.28401 0.30925 0.33675 0.35022
1405.7 1198.6 1011.2 834.97 753.80
33.563 41.125 56.284
36.880 44.697 60.317
0.087103 0.10500 0.13790
0.27619 0.28978 0.31440
0.28766 0.30044 0.32419
159.03 165.87 177.26
0.17042 0.17978 0.19037 0.20292 0.21878 0.24114
−52.889 −39.250 −24.450 −8.3375 9.1743 28.203
−52.719 −39.070 −24.260 −8.1346 9.3930 28.444
−0.15854 −0.10883 −0.063223 −0.020199 0.021057 0.061172
0.20778 0.22940 0.25395 0.27927 0.30414 0.32810
0.26309 0.28387 0.30900 0.33627 0.36516 0.39811
1410.5 1204.4 1018.5 844.45 674.11 496.26
−0.47809 −0.42451 −0.35745 −0.27280 −0.14850 0.096651
142.11 126.55 113.76 102.96 93.482 84.482
1501.9 645.13 380.90 252.79 174.91 120.06
5.8875 5.5884 5.2884 4.9781 4.6466 4.2772
0.16985 0.17894 0.18909 0.20088 0.21521 0.23380
−53.064 −39.480 −24.758 −8.7590 8.5689 27.246
−52.214 −38.585 −23.813 −7.7546 9.6450 28.415
−0.15925 −0.10961 −0.064113 −0.021267 0.019689 0.059215
0.20809 0.22969 0.25422 0.27950 0.30429 0.32797
0.26282 0.28333 0.30802 0.33447 0.36159 0.38941
1431.5 1229.8 1049.7 884.19 727.45 574.69
−0.48055 −0.42952 −0.36725 −0.29292 −0.19528 −0.043276
143.55 128.25 115.82 105.52 96.800 89.174
1587.0 673.50 397.43 265.35 186.34 132.45
5.9111 5.6194 5.3297 5.0347 4.7272 4.3995
0.16917 0.17796 0.18763 0.19862 0.21154 0.22730
−53.273 −39.753 −25.116 −9.2354 7.9189 26.321
−51.582 −37.973 −23.240 −7.2492 10.034 28.594
−0.16011 −0.11054 −0.065168 −0.022500 0.018184 0.057270
0.20848 0.23005 0.25456 0.27981 0.30452 0.32803
0.26253 0.28275 0.30700 0.33273 0.35854 0.38371
1456.9 1260.0 1086.3 929.33 784.82 650.34
−0.48327 −0.43494 −0.37743 −0.31235 −0.23486 −0.13338
145.29 130.31 118.27 108.48 100.47 93.894
1699.9 709.84 418.13 280.67 199.70 145.66
250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 423.42
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
5.8635 5.5564 5.2447 4.9160 4.7515
423.42 450.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.030145 0.027993 0.024798
250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
5.8679 5.5624 5.2530 4.9280 4.5708 4.1469
250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
0.17055 0.17997 0.19067 0.20342 0.21046 33.173 35.724 40.326
−0.47750 −0.42329 −0.35500 −0.26752 −0.21411 28.690 22.301 14.792
141.78 126.15 113.28 102.36 97.717 21.130 23.838 29.272
1483.4 638.82 377.18 249.91 209.56 7.5587 8.0448 8.9428
300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
6.0143 5.8100 5.6178 5.4358 5.2628
0.16627 0.17212 0.17800 0.18396 0.19001
−43.037 −29.086 −13.998 2.2421 19.589
−26.410 −11.875 3.8029 20.639 38.590
−0.12342 −0.078654 −0.036820 0.0028129 0.040621
0.23562 0.25980 0.28476 0.30915 0.33224
0.27987 0.30194 0.32520 0.34808 0.36974
1662.5 1534.1 1426.4 1335.5 1258.2
−0.46881 −0.43419 −0.40174 −0.37331 −0.34915
158.86 149.98 143.57 139.19 136.49
1638.6 851.44 557.39 406.92 316.22
500.00
300.00
5.9601
0.16778
15.017
65.352
0.023367
0.33895
0.37096
1885.2
−0.36365
184.31
733.45
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. The source for viscosity is Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Xiang, H. W., “Viscosity Correlations for Minor Constituent Fluids in Natural Gas: n-Octane, n-Nonane and n-Decane,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 224:263–270, 2004. The source for thermal conductivity is Huber, M. L., and Perkins, R. A., “Thermal Conductivity Correlations for Minor Constituent Fluids in Natural Gas: n-Octane, n-Nonane and n-Decane,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 227:47–55, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation are 0.05% in the saturated-liquid density between 280 and 335 K and 0.2% in density in the liquid phase below 430 K and 10 MPa. The uncertainty increases to 0.3% up to 100 MPa and 0.5% up to 800 MPa. In the vapor phase and at supercritical state points, the uncertainty in density is 1%, whereas in the liquid phase between 430 K and the critical point it is 0.5% in density. Other uncertainties are 0.2% in vapor pressure between 300 and 430 K, 0.5% in vapor pressure at higher temperatures, 2% in heat capacities below 550 K, 5% at higher temperatures, and 1% in the liquid-phase speed of sound below 430 K. The estimated uncertainty in viscosity is 1.0% along the saturated-liquid line, 5% elsewhere. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the supercritical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.
2-317
2-318 TABLE 2-244 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Octane Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
−47.586 −46.751 −42.103 −37.353 −32.477 −27.455 −22.268 −16.904 −11.351 −5.6010 0.35204 6.5150 12.895 19.502 26.352 33.473 40.921 48.832 57.752 64.527
−47.586 −46.751 −42.103 −37.353 −32.477 −27.454 −22.267 −16.901 −11.345 −5.5904 0.37164 6.5490 12.951 19.591 26.489 33.677 41.223 49.282 58.476 65.741
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−0.15718 −0.15335 −0.13313 −0.11412 −0.096062 −0.078739 −0.062005 −0.045746 −0.029879 −0.014338 0.00092888 0.015963 0.030805 0.045494 0.060080 0.074631 0.089269 0.10426 0.12068 0.13332
0.18017 0.18100 0.18613 0.19222 0.19917 0.20684 0.21505 0.22363 0.23245 0.24139 0.25035 0.25926 0.26810 0.27685 0.28552 0.29419 0.30300 0.31238 0.32413
0.22965 0.23031 0.23473 0.24044 0.24730 0.25511 0.26370 0.27290 0.28260 0.29271 0.30321 0.31416 0.32572 0.33823 0.35240 0.36979 0.39457 0.44291 0.68855
1496.9 1479.7 1388.4 1301.6 1218.5 1138.6 1061.2 985.87 912.09 839.36 767.20 695.05 622.34 548.39 472.36 393.17 309.23 217.99 115.40 0
−0.50088 −0.49876 −0.48455 −0.46633 −0.44452 −0.41949 −0.39136 −0.35994 −0.32455 −0.28395 −0.23602 −0.17723 −0.10167 0.0013050 0.15251 0.39829 0.86399 2.0228 7.6023 28.218
153.28 151.81 144.08 136.89 130.16 123.83 117.86 112.19 106.78 101.59 96.614 91.804 87.139 82.591 78.136 73.755 69.457 65.431 64.209
2275.3 2055.6 1275.2 875.51 644.21 498.03 399.06 328.21 275.06 233.59 200.14 172.37 148.75 128.19 109.92 93.322 77.803 62.572 45.346
0.062519 0.061430 0.057431 0.056201 0.057097 0.059649 0.063500 0.068366 0.074020 0.080278 0.086985 0.094013 0.10124 0.10857 0.11587 0.12299 0.12970 0.13551 0.13877 0.13332
0.14278 0.14422 0.15246 0.16128 0.17068 0.18058 0.19087 0.20147 0.21227 0.22318 0.23415 0.24512 0.25607 0.26700 0.27795 0.28899 0.30032 0.31238 0.32642
0.15110 0.15253 0.16078 0.16962 0.17906 0.18906 0.19955 0.21047 0.22178 0.23348 0.24557 0.25818 0.27154 0.28610 0.30284 0.32404 0.35598 0.42387 0.78365
Saturated Properties 216.37 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 569.32
1.9889E-06 3.0719E-06 2.5565E-05 0.00014507 0.00061336 0.0020600 0.0057644 0.013932 0.029907 0.058269 0.10483 0.17652 0.28132 0.42812 0.62676 0.88820 1.2251 1.6533 2.1958 2.4978
6.6864 6.6606 6.5193 6.3793 6.2396 6.0991 5.9569 5.8120 5.6633 5.5097 5.3495 5.1809 5.0012 4.8068 4.5922 4.3477 4.0556 3.6731 3.0341 2.0564
216.37 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 569.32
1.9889E-06 3.0719E-06 2.5565E-05 0.00014507 0.00061336 0.0020600 0.0057644 0.013932 0.029907 0.058269 0.10483 0.17652 0.28132 0.42812 0.62676 0.88820 1.2251 1.6533 2.1958 2.4978
1.1056E-06 1.6794E-06 1.2813E-05 6.7137E-05 0.00026380 0.00082859 0.0021820 0.0049961 0.010232 0.019165 0.033420 0.055042 0.086662 0.13183 0.19572 0.28672 0.42068 0.63573 1.0851 2.0564
0.14956 0.15014 0.15339 0.15676 0.16027 0.16396 0.16787 0.17206 0.17657 0.18150 0.18693 0.19302 0.19995 0.20804 0.21776 0.23000 0.24657 0.27225 0.32959 0.48629 904,510. 595,460. 78,047. 14,895. 3,790.7 1,206.9 458.30 200.15 97.731 52.177 29.922 18.168 11.539 7.5854 5.1093 3.4877 2.3771 1.5730 0.92161 0.48629
−1.8491 −1.3282 1.6370 4.7709 8.0822 11.576 15.253 19.108 23.136 27.323 31.658 36.123 40.698 45.358 50.064 54.757 59.333 63.555 66.584 64.527
−0.050104 0.50093 3.6323 6.9318 10.407 14.062 17.894 21.897 26.058 30.363 34.794 39.330 43.945 48.605 53.266 57.855 62.245 66.156 68.608 65.741
129.10 130.14 135.72 141.02 146.04 150.71 154.94 158.59 161.53 163.56 164.51 164.17 162.27 158.49 152.37 143.24 130.05 111.06 83.717 0
314.66 294.38 207.62 150.42 111.63 84.719 65.728 52.133 42.292 35.112 29.858 26.034 23.316 21.503 20.514 20.401 21.459 24.546 31.412 28.218
6.1594 6.3194 7.2936 8.4195 9.6907 11.102 12.651 14.338 16.164 18.138 20.268 22.571 25.072 27.811 30.863 34.377 38.702 44.855 57.602
4.2034 4.2717 4.6468 5.0206 5.3924 5.7614 6.1263 6.4865 6.8419 7.1948 7.5505 7.9191 8.3171 8.7715 9.3258 10.056 11.113 12.885 17.102
Single-Phase Properties −27.460 −0.16168
−27.444 −0.14303
−0.078758 −0.00035827
0.20684 0.24959
0.25509 0.30230
1139.3 773.32
−0.41966 −0.24045
123.88 97.030
31.284 31.684 57.485 87.490
34.413 34.830 61.548 92.422
0.086401 0.087444 0.14688 0.20307
0.23322 0.23402 0.27938 0.31885
0.24453 0.24527 0.28878 0.32771
164.48 164.97 189.53 209.46
30.243 29.707 12.431 6.6034
20.080 20.249 31.224 43.584
0.16374 0.18638 0.22959 0.23532
−27.511 0.25030 33.432 36.111
−27.347 0.43668 33.661 36.346
−0.078927 0.00067378 0.074548 0.079880
0.20690 0.25038 0.29416 0.29733
0.25495 0.30262 0.36900 0.37746
1145.7 778.09 396.85 363.62
−0.42119 −0.24368 0.38286 0.52889
124.30 97.295 73.948 72.196
503.48 202.65 93.722 87.646
0.32874 0.22849
3.0419 4.3766
56.425 85.870
59.467 90.247
0.29302 0.32280
0.33370 0.33940
139.04 186.79
20.620 8.0078
35.810 45.491
10.386 11.637
6.1393 5.4311 4.5686 3.0593
0.16288 0.18413 0.21888 0.32688
−27.730 −0.17211 32.275 70.832
−26.915 0.74852 33.369 72.466
−0.079664 −0.00039889 0.072174 0.14322
0.20714 0.25054 0.29359 0.33497
0.25435 0.30044 0.35339 0.44331
1173.4 823.37 499.49 188.23
−0.42743 −0.27213 0.076618 2.6621
126.15 100.17 79.631 64.841
525.55 213.73 105.97 42.657
300.00 398.30
0.10000 0.10000
6.0999 5.3634
398.30 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.031955 0.031787 0.024611 0.020274
300.00 400.00 500.00 507.20
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
6.1073 5.3654 4.3556 4.2495
507.20 600.00
1.0000 1.0000
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
0.16394 0.18645 31.294 31.459 40.633 49.325
0.12547 0.18117
498.56 202.73 7.5200 7.5528 9.4433 11.290
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
6.1772 5.5037 4.7443 3.7971
0.16188 0.18170 0.21078 0.26336
−27.987 −0.64047 31.275 67.577
−26.368 1.1765 33.383 70.211
−0.080546 −0.0016150 0.070056 0.13708
0.20745 0.25077 0.29343 0.33156
0.25373 0.29842 0.34556 0.38999
1206.2 873.81 588.81 358.22
−0.43408 −0.29834 −0.072942 0.45738
128.36 103.45 84.985 73.121
553.60 227.34 118.55 61.952
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
6.4220 5.8987 5.4043 4.9374
0.15572 0.16953 0.18504 0.20254
−29.605 −3.1776 27.307 61.436
−21.819 5.2989 36.559 71.563
−0.086527 −0.0087968 0.060791 0.12452
0.20976 0.25276 0.29481 0.33146
0.25121 0.29206 0.33234 0.36666
1422.7 1159.5 965.74 826.07
−0.46254 −0.38084 −0.30867 −0.24994
143.51 123.35 110.66 103.74
798.49 335.22 198.43 134.83
6.6452 6.2050 5.8089 5.4489
0.15048 0.16116 0.17215 0.18352
−30.984 −5.0534 24.893 58.505
−15.936 11.063 42.108 76.857
−0.092407 −0.015013 0.054099 0.11736
0.21232 0.25503 0.29686 0.33331
0.25061 0.29032 0.32988 0.36412
1629.4 1399.1 1233.7 1113.8
−0.47349 −0.40628 −0.35233 −0.31375
158.61 141.31 131.06 125.82
1163.7 478.53 291.34 208.31
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Span, R., and Wagner, W., “Equations of State for Technical Applications. II. Results for Nonpolar Fluids,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(1):41–109, 2003. The source for viscosity is Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Xiang, H. W., “Viscosity Correlations for Minor Constituent Fluids in Natural Gas: n-Octane, n-Nonane and n-Decane,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 224:263–270, 2004. The source for thermal conductivity is Huber, M. L., and Perkins, R. A., “Thermal Conductivity Correlations for Minor Constituent Fluids in Natural Gas: n-Octane, n-Nonane and n-Decane,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 227:47–55, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are approximately 0.2% (to 0.5% at high pressures) in density, 1% (in the vapor phase) to 2% in heat capacity, 1% (in the vapor phase) to 2% in the speed of sound, and 0.2% in vapor pressure, except in the critical region. The estimated uncertainty in viscosity is 0.5% along the saturated-liquid line, 2% in compressed liquid to 200 MPa, 5% in vapor and supercritical regions. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the supercritical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.
2-319
2-320 TABLE 2-245
Thermodynamic Properties of Oxygen
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
54.361 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 75.000 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 154.58
0.00014628 0.00017857 0.00072582 0.0023349 0.0062623 0.014547 0.030123 0.056831 0.099350 0.16308 0.25400 0.37853 0.54340 0.75559 1.0223 1.3509 1.7491 2.2250 2.7878 3.4477 4.2186 5.0428
40.816 40.734 40.064 39.367 38.656 37.936 37.203 36.457 35.692 34.905 34.092 33.245 32.360 31.426 30.434 29.367 28.203 26.907 25.415 23.599 21.110 13.630
54.361 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 75.000 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 154.58
0.00014628 0.00017857 0.00072582 0.0023349 0.0062623 0.014547 0.030123 0.056831 0.099350 0.16308 0.25400 0.37853 0.54340 0.75559 1.0223 1.3509 1.7491 2.2250 2.7878 3.4477 4.2186 5.0428
0.00032370 0.00039060 0.0014561 0.0043291 0.010804 0.023509 0.045891 0.082138 0.13710 0.21627 0.32579 0.47267 0.66506 0.91283 1.2284 1.6285 2.1366 2.7893 3.6487 4.8412 6.7170 13.630
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
0.024500 0.024549 0.024960 0.025402 0.025869 0.026360 0.026879 0.027430 0.028017 0.028649 0.029333 0.030079 0.030903 0.031820 0.032858 0.034051 0.035457 0.037165 0.039347 0.042375 0.047372 0.073368
−6.1954 −6.1613 −5.8938 −5.6258 −5.3573 −5.0889 −4.8202 −4.5510 −4.2806 −4.0084 −3.7337 −3.4556 −3.1732 −2.8853 −2.5904 −2.2867 −1.9711 −1.6394 −1.2839 −0.88908 −0.41330 0.66752
−6.1954 −6.1612 −5.8938 −5.6257 −5.3572 −5.0885 −4.8194 −4.5495 −4.2778 −4.0038 −3.7263 −3.4442 −3.1564 −2.8612 −2.5568 −2.2407 −1.9091 −1.5567 −1.1742 −0.74298 −0.21346 1.0375
0.066946 0.067571 0.072225 0.076516 0.080495 0.084199 0.087667 0.090931 0.094023 0.096967 0.099787 0.10250 0.10513 0.10770 0.11022 0.11271 0.11520 0.11773 0.12035 0.12319 0.12654 0.13442
3089.2 2560.2 686.75 230.99 92.556 42.536 21.791 12.175 7.2938 4.6239 3.0695 2.1156 1.5036 1.0955 0.81405 0.61407 0.46803 0.35852 0.27407 0.20656 0.14888 0.073368
1.1195 1.1327 1.2355 1.3377 1.4393 1.5397 1.6377 1.7320 1.8209 1.9031 1.9772 2.0421 2.0966 2.1391 2.1678 2.1801 2.1722 2.1380 2.0670 1.9383 1.6938 0.66752
1.5714 1.5898 1.7339 1.8770 2.0189 2.1584 2.2941 2.4239 2.5455 2.6571 2.7569 2.8430 2.9136 2.9668 3.0000 3.0097 2.9908 2.9357 2.8311 2.6505 2.3219 1.0375
0.20982 0.20850 0.19935 0.19194 0.18587 0.18083 0.17659 0.17297 0.16984 0.16708 0.16462 0.16238 0.16032 0.15838 0.15652 0.15471 0.15289 0.15100 0.14896 0.14659 0.14345 0.13442
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.038252 0.037651 0.034835 0.033469 0.032532 0.031745 0.031030 0.030365 0.029745 0.029169 0.028636 0.028146 0.027703 0.027311 0.026976 0.026712 0.026536 0.026485 0.026634 0.027189 0.028982
0.053541 0.053489 0.053548 0.053668 0.053697 0.053719 0.053808 0.054012 0.054361 0.054880 0.055599 0.056557 0.057816 0.059469 0.061666 0.064659 0.068905 0.075327 0.086099 0.10778 0.17484
1123.4 1126.9 1127.4 1101.7 1066.3 1027.5 987.43 946.87 905.90 864.40 822.19 779.06 734.77 689.03 641.52 591.86 539.50 483.69 423.10 355.20 273.80 0
−0.37992 −0.37886 −0.37011 −0.36312 −0.35686 −0.34972 −0.34056 −0.32856 −0.31302 −0.29316 −0.26804 −0.23637 −0.19639 −0.14551 −0.079899 0.0063780 0.12309 0.28750 0.53357 0.93865 1.7389 5.0628
201.92 201.02 193.94 186.82 179.70 172.58 165.44 158.27 151.05 143.81 136.55 129.25 121.92 114.57 107.23 99.912 92.634 85.404 78.217 71.056 64.190
773.62 747.53 578.07 457.94 371.79 308.66 261.22 224.62 195.64 172.12 152.56 135.93 121.52 108.81 97.426 87.086 77.571 68.687 60.223 51.869 42.900
0.021241 0.021297 0.021815 0.022310 0.022565 0.022513 0.022239 0.021896 0.021624 0.021515 0.021605 0.021894 0.022361 0.022978 0.023726 0.024597 0.025604 0.026794 0.028269 0.030276 0.033574
0.029631 0.029698 0.030320 0.030934 0.031294 0.031336 0.031177 0.031019 0.031053 0.031420 0.032204 0.033461 0.035245 0.037647 0.040839 0.045146 0.051204 0.060349 0.075824 0.10781 0.21201
140.32 141.11 147.03 152.65 158.07 163.33 168.36 173.06 177.30 180.99 184.06 186.44 188.14 189.13 189.41 188.96 187.75 185.74 182.82 178.78 172.82 0
Saturated Properties
507.90 480.26 284.62 156.71 87.254 52.570 35.817 27.728 23.649 21.338 19.753 18.446 17.250 16.118 15.045 14.029 13.062 12.120 11.155 10.071 8.6358 5.0628
4.4204 4.4842 4.9840 5.4863 5.9925 6.5051 7.0277 7.5654 8.1241 8.7113 9.3362 10.010 10.748 11.571 12.509 13.607 14.940 16.641 18.977 22.582 29.666
4.0962 4.1481 4.5528 4.9555 5.3557 5.7533 6.1486 6.5423 6.9355 7.3301 7.7281 8.1324 8.5467 8.9760 9.4273 9.9112 10.445 11.061 11.823 12.881 14.721
Single-Phase Properties 100.00 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
100.00 119.62
1.0000 1.0000
119.62 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
100.00 154.36
5.0000 5.0000
154.36 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
0.12316 0.040116 0.024050 0.017177 0.013360
2.0355 6.2338 10.604 15.357 20.438
2.8474 8.7265 14.762 21.179 27.923
0.17297 0.20531 0.22069 0.23147 0.23994
0.020885 0.021078 0.022781 0.024672 0.026045
0.029925 0.029435 0.031108 0.032992 0.034363
188.37 329.72 421.27 493.31 555.60
18.479 2.6530 0.75388 0.10517 −0.18735
0.029276 0.032774
−3.7444 −2.6131
−3.7151 −2.5803
0.099680 0.11003
0.028683 0.027000
0.055399 0.061476
826.85 645.19
−0.27181 −0.085501
0.83209 2.4791 4.1649 5.8360 7.5029
2.1662 6.1772 10.576 15.340 20.426
2.9983 8.6563 14.741 21.176 27.929
0.15666 0.18598 0.20149 0.21230 0.22078
0.023665 0.021148 0.022802 0.024682 0.026051
0.040564 0.029887 0.031240 0.033052 0.034395
189.41 329.90 422.68 494.87 557.14
15.124 2.6066 0.73726 0.098376 −0.19062
12.433 26.894 41.288 54.139 66.001
34.497 16.011
0.028988 0.062457
−3.7983 0.35374
−3.6533 0.66602
0.099132 0.13204
0.028935 0.038878
0.054458 3.5718
850.39 163.89
−0.28978 4.2044
140.71 75.954
160.92 29.668
11.160 2.0616 1.1908 0.84728 0.65931
0.089610 0.48505 0.83975 1.1802 1.5167
1.0294 5.9227 10.454 15.264 20.373
1.4774 8.3480 14.653 21.165 27.956
0.13729 0.17177 0.18787 0.19881 0.20734
0.041906 0.021448 0.022894 0.024726 0.026076
4.2513 0.032003 0.031815 0.033309 0.034537
158.85 332.25 429.36 501.98 564.07
6.0016 2.3730 0.66261 0.068114 −0.20519
72.313 28.797 42.362 54.901 66.593
20.574 21.766 31.267 39.261 46.305
34.158 30.512 1.2018 0.40337 0.24010 0.17135 0.13328
8.1192 24.928 41.579 58.216 74.849
9.0852 26.485 41.046 53.966 65.867 137.23 107.79
7.7121 20.652 30.486 38.653 45.806 153.89 98.249 9.3921 20.846 30.630 38.766 45.899
100.00 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
34.885 4.2056 2.3538 1.6705 1.3010
0.028665 0.23778 0.42484 0.59861 0.76866
−3.8593 5.6024 10.306 15.171 20.307
−3.5726 7.9802 14.554 21.157 27.993
0.098498 0.16499 0.18182 0.19292 0.20150
0.029235 0.021790 0.022999 0.024776 0.026104
0.053516 0.034749 0.032491 0.033613 0.034706
877.07 339.35 438.67 511.24 572.92
−0.30803 2.0332 0.56900 0.030534 −0.22339
144.82 31.466 43.708 55.839 67.321
169.49 23.153 32.074 39.873 46.804
100.00 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00
25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000
35.884 10.393 5.6243 3.9923 3.1222
0.027867 0.096215 0.17780 0.25048 0.32028
−4.0109 4.7194 9.8920 14.907 20.117
−3.3142 7.1247 14.337 21.169 28.124
0.096845 0.15490 0.17346 0.18495 0.19369
0.030037 0.022521 0.023256 0.024901 0.026174
0.051627 0.040917 0.034167 0.034397 0.035155
945.24 390.80 472.62 541.32 600.66
−0.34532 1.0167 0.30658 −0.076019 −0.27597
155.97 41.851 47.943 58.651 69.464
194.38 29.605 34.705 41.714 48.271
100.00 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00
75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000 75.000
38.263 21.603 13.760 10.201 8.1749
0.026135 0.046289 0.072675 0.098029 0.12233
−4.3340 3.1884 8.8798 14.192 19.571
−2.3739 6.6601 14.330 21.544 28.745
0.092788 0.14315 0.16284 0.17498 0.18403
0.031906 0.023601 0.023725 0.025126 0.026293
0.049123 0.041272 0.036534 0.035903 0.036153
1115.1 645.54 619.75 657.04 701.72
−0.39472 −0.18640 −0.20732 −0.31840 −0.40609
184.96 75.261 64.149 68.835 76.863
274.96 53.378 45.084 48.269 53.163
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Schmidt, R., and Wagner, W., “A New Form of the Equation of State for Pure Substances and Its Application to Oxygen,” Fluid Phase Equilibria, 19:175–200, 1985. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Equations for Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Air,” Int. J. Thermophys. 25:21–69, 2004. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 1% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. For viscosity, the uncertainty is 1% in the dilute gas at temperatures above 200 K, and 5% in the dilute gas at lower temperatures. The uncertainty is around 2% between 270 and 300 K, and increases to 5% outside of this region. The uncertainty may be higher in the liquid near the triple point. The uncertainty for the dilute gas is 2% with increasing uncertainties near the triple point. For thermal conductivity, the uncertainties range from 3% between 270 and 300 K to 5% elsewhere. The uncertainties above 100 MPa are not known due to a lack of experimental data.
2-321
−100
0
0.
0. 60
50
0.
.
0.
0.
.
400
500 20. 3
kg/m ρ = 100. 80.
150.
200
30
40
300
60. 140
1000.
c.p.
40.
150
30.
10. 8. 6. 4.
20.
130
120
110
2.
200
140
100
80
4.
1100.
1200.
6.
70
800
900
(R-732) reference state: h = 0.0 kJ/kg, s = 0.00 kJ/(kg·K) for ideal gas at 0 K
T = 90 K
10. 8.
.
Oxygen
100
150
2-322
−200 20.
15.
130
2.
8.0
480
500 3.0
40
20
6.
6.
0 6.0
5.8
0
0
1. 0.8 0.6 0.4
0.2
1.0 0.80
5.6
5.40
5.20
5.00
T = 460 K
440
420
400
340
320
300
280
240
220
200
160
140
120
0.9
saturated va
0.8
0.7 4.80
4.60
4.40
4.20
3.80
4.00
3.40
3.60
3.00
3.20
4.0
1.5
0.60
)
2.80
6.0
2.0
90
2.60
0.06
0.6
por
0.1 0.08
0.5
0.3
satu
x = 0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
liquid
100
180
0.4
260
T = 110 K
380
0.6
360
1. 0.8
rated
Pressure (MPa)
10. 120
g·K
/(k
0
6 6.
s=
0.04
0 6.8
kJ
0.40 0.30
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04
0
7.0
80
0.20
0.02
.20
7
0.15
0.02
0.10
0.01 −200
−100
0
100
200
300
400
0.01 500
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Pressure-enthalpy diagram for oxygen. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O. and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Schmidt, R., and Wagner, W., “A New Form of the Equation of State for Pure Substances and Its Application to Oxygen,” Fluid Phase Equilibria 19:175–200, 1985.
FIG. 2-15
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
2-323
FIG. 2-16 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for oxygen-nitrogen mixture at 1 atm. Reference states: Enthalpies of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen at the normal boiling point of nitrogen are zero. (Dodge, Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1944.) Wilson, Silverberg, and Zellner, AFAPL TDR 64-64 (AD 603151), 1964, p. 314, present extensive vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the three-component system argon-nitrogen-oxygen as well as for binary systems including oxygen-nitrogen. Calculations for this mixture are also available with the NIST REFPROP software.
2-324 TABLE 2-246 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Pentane Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
−25.092 −24.164 −22.032 −19.892 −17.737 −15.558 −13.348 −11.099 −8.8042 −6.4555 −4.0461 −1.5694 0.98088 3.6106 6.3259 9.1332 12.040 15.057 18.197 21.482 24.952 28.698 33.125 36.504
−25.092 −24.164 −22.032 −19.892 −17.737 −15.557 −13.347 −11.099 −8.8031 −6.4532 −4.0414 −1.5608 0.99557 3.6346 6.3635 9.1900 12.123 15.176 18.364 21.715 25.275 29.150 33.811 37.552
8.3431 8.8107 9.9311 11.110 12.343 13.627 14.962 16.347 17.780 19.260 20.787 22.357 23.968 25.617 27.297 29.002 30.721 32.439 34.133 35.764 37.264 38.471 38.730 36.504
9.5360 10.058 11.303 12.607 13.964 15.372 16.829 18.333 19.882 21.472 23.101 24.763 26.454 28.168 29.896 31.629 33.352 35.046 36.682 38.214 39.557 40.520 40.328 37.552
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−0.11487 −0.10855 −0.095008 −0.082594 −0.071091 −0.060326 −0.050163 −0.040489 −0.031215 −0.022266 −0.013582 −0.0051134 0.0031816 0.011338 0.019386 0.027354 0.035271 0.043168 0.051083 0.059073 0.067234 0.075780 0.085678 0.093548
0.10392 0.10408 0.10469 0.10558 0.10680 0.10837 0.11032 0.11267 0.11539 0.11847 0.12186 0.12552 0.12940 0.13348 0.13770 0.14204 0.14649 0.15103 0.15570 0.16056 0.16578 0.17187 0.18139
0.14205 0.14201 0.14231 0.14312 0.14441 0.14621 0.14853 0.15137 0.15473 0.15857 0.16289 0.16766 0.17288 0.17857 0.18478 0.19161 0.19928 0.20814 0.21894 0.23325 0.25525 0.30145 0.60959
1829.9 1788.3 1696.9 1610.3 1527.4 1447.4 1369.7 1293.8 1219.4 1146.3 1074.0 1002.5 931.46 860.59 789.61 718.18 645.89 572.27 496.72 418.39 335.90 246.17 138.75 0
−0.54905 −0.54859 −0.54514 −0.53850 −0.52866 −0.51549 −0.49891 −0.47884 −0.45516 −0.42770 −0.39609 −0.35971 −0.31748 −0.26769 −0.20766 −0.13303 −0.036610 0.094152 0.28299 0.58010 1.1123 2.3196 7.5108 19.135
175.03 172.92 167.37 161.20 154.70 148.08 141.47 134.95 128.57 122.40 116.43 110.69 105.17 99.882 94.813 89.958 85.304 80.839 76.544 72.402 68.402 64.610 63.369
3709.1 2750.8 1587.7 1048.4 757.19 581.46 466.22 385.57 326.15 280.49 244.17 214.42 189.45 168.04 149.32 132.67 117.61 103.78 90.837 78.483 66.354 53.842 38.530
0.12648 0.11959 0.10702 0.097955 0.091475 0.086957 0.083956 0.082144 0.081276 0.081162 0.081654 0.082633 0.084003 0.085681 0.087596 0.089684 0.091880 0.094117 0.096313 0.098358 0.10007 0.10105 0.099694 0.093548
0.070619 0.072591 0.076717 0.080473 0.084066 0.087665 0.091392 0.095331 0.099526 0.10400 0.10874 0.11373 0.11894 0.12435 0.12993 0.13567 0.14155 0.14759 0.15383 0.16037 0.16742 0.17552 0.18671
0.078934 0.080906 0.085033 0.088791 0.092395 0.096021 0.099805 0.10385 0.10823 0.11297 0.11811 0.12367 0.12966 0.13613 0.14317 0.15092 0.15968 0.17000 0.18300 0.20125 0.23193 0.30440 0.82173
135.94 138.80 145.17 151.28 157.11 162.67 167.92 172.81 177.25 181.16 184.42 186.93 188.56 189.17 188.63 186.76 183.35 178.13 170.76 160.78 147.55 130.14 106.55 0
Saturated Properties 143.47 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 469.70
7.6322E-08 2.6809E-07 3.1471E-06 2.3256E-05 0.00012116 0.00048191 0.0015504 0.0042112 0.0099767 0.021139 0.040858 0.073168 0.12293 0.19575 0.29786 0.43606 0.61766 0.85052 1.1432 1.5050 1.9472 2.4836 3.1355 3.3710
143.47 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 469.70
7.6322E-08 2.6809E-07 3.1471E-06 2.3256E-05 0.00012116 0.00048191 0.0015504 0.0042112 0.0099767 0.021139 0.040858 0.073168 0.12293 0.19575 0.29786 0.43606 0.61766 0.85052 1.1432 1.5050 1.9472 2.4836 3.1355 3.3710
10.566 10.482 10.292 10.105 9.9190 9.7339 9.5483 9.3613 9.1719 8.9791 8.7818 8.5788 8.3688 8.1499 7.9200 7.6765 7.4155 7.1319 6.8175 6.4595 6.0340 5.4866 4.5754 3.2156 6.3981E-08 2.1496E-07 2.2940E-06 1.5540E-05 7.4749E-05 0.00027623 0.00083048 0.0021198 0.0047454 0.0095553 0.017654 0.030405 0.049446 0.076727 0.11460 0.16601 0.23477 0.32623 0.44834 0.61427 0.84898 1.2118 1.9618 3.2156
0.094640 0.095399 0.097163 0.098964 0.10082 0.10273 0.10473 0.10682 0.10903 0.11137 0.11387 0.11657 0.11949 0.12270 0.12626 0.13027 0.13485 0.14022 0.14668 0.15481 0.16573 0.18226 0.21856 0.31099 15,630,000. 4,652,000. 435,920. 64,349. 13,378. 3,620.1 1,204.1 471.75 210.73 104.65 56.645 32.889 20.224 13.033 8.7259 6.0239 4.2594 3.0654 2.2305 1.6279 1.1779 0.82522 0.50974 0.31099
542.15 453.68 311.80 222.93 164.55 124.69 96.614 76.365 61.487 50.401 42.052 35.715 30.879 27.184 24.375 22.275 20.767 19.785 19.316 19.406 20.186 21.884 24.088 19.135
4.0211 4.3338 5.0759 5.8544 6.6764 7.5505 8.4862 9.4926 10.578 11.752 13.022 14.394 15.879 17.484 19.221 21.106 23.164 25.433 27.980 30.941 34.634 40.108 55.658
3.2806 3.4236 3.7558 4.0934 4.4362 4.7837 5.1356 5.4918 5.8525 6.2179 6.5890 6.9672 7.3547 7.7547 8.1719 8.6130 9.0883 9.6135 10.215 10.939 11.885 13.312 16.549
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 300.00 308.83
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
9.8581 8.5793 8.4562
308.83 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.040733 0.030611 0.024257 0.020135
200.00 300.00 398.07
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
9.8656 8.5958 6.9671
398.07 400.00 500.00 600.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
0.10144 0.11656 0.11826 24.550 32.668 41.224 49.665
−17.016 −1.5709 −0.077672
−17.006 −1.5592 −0.065846
−0.067441 −0.0051184 −0.00021257
0.10728 0.12552 0.12778
0.14495 0.16765 0.17068
1501.0 1002.8 960.65
−0.52472 −0.35984 −0.33565
152.53 110.71 107.41
690.14 214.50 199.24
23.300 35.260 51.273 70.070
25.755 38.527 55.396 75.037
0.083398 0.11949 0.15700 0.19274
0.11677 0.14472 0.17449 0.20055
0.12714 0.15376 0.18314 0.20906
188.00 217.34 243.86 267.28
32.712 12.986 6.4310 3.8205
15.254 24.749 37.084 50.416
7.1940 9.3018 11.487 13.525
0.10136 0.11634 0.14353
−17.038 −1.6210 16.730
−16.937 −1.5046 16.874
−0.067555 −0.0052858 0.047422
0.10733 0.12555 0.15353
0.14489 0.16737 0.21364
1505.8 1011.2 531.90
−0.52539 −0.36413 0.18628
152.82 111.23 78.507
0.38746 0.38317 0.26375 0.20980
2.5809 2.6098 3.7914 4.7663
33.355 33.666 50.465 69.531
35.936 36.276 54.257 74.297
0.095310 0.096162 0.13622 0.17270
0.15092 0.15126 0.17624 0.20129
0.17655 0.17612 0.18896 0.21181
174.46 175.97 226.09 257.70
19.468 18.915 7.2197 3.9909
26.763 26.951 38.498 51.523
9.8980 8.6652 7.1612 3.2553 1.2834
0.10103 0.11540 0.13964 0.30719 0.77916
−17.137 −1.8329 16.501 42.207 66.610
−16.632 −1.2559 17.199 43.743 70.506
−0.068053 −0.0060014 0.046820 0.10528 0.15448
0.10753 0.12571 0.15388 0.19073 0.20500
0.14467 0.16627 0.20601 0.42935 0.23291
1527.0 1047.2 606.55 135.39 220.81
−0.52817 −0.38106 0.017312 9.4810 4.4347
154.08 113.46 82.387 59.214 57.890
726.41 228.42 107.19 26.017 17.494
696.76 217.09 96.722 9.9253 9.9649 12.017 13.960
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
9.9373 8.7452 7.3792 5.4581 3.0774
0.10063 0.11435 0.13552 0.18321 0.32495
−17.255 −2.0763 15.896 37.622 62.405
−16.249 −0.93280 17.251 39.455 65.655
−0.068660 −0.0068390 0.045232 0.094589 0.14230
0.10778 0.12592 0.15383 0.18299 0.20754
0.14442 0.16515 0.20020 0.24567 0.26294
1552.6 1088.8 687.58 349.25 229.05
−0.53127 −0.39826 −0.10747 0.88491 2.8865
155.61 116.08 86.892 69.546 67.434
763.99 242.27 120.04 57.792 28.573
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
10.209 9.2247 8.2838 7.3733 6.5265
0.097953 0.10840 0.12072 0.13562 0.15322
−18.043 −3.5039 13.310 32.748 54.478
−13.146 1.9164 19.346 39.529 62.139
−0.072988 −0.012155 0.037795 0.082724 0.12389
0.10968 0.12755 0.15501 0.18248 0.20695
0.14331 0.16079 0.18829 0.21473 0.23672
1731.1 1343.9 1056.0 853.23 723.60
−0.54573 −0.46478 −0.35370 −0.25198 −0.17131
166.40 132.95 109.81 97.812 94.951
1086.9 346.81 195.02 130.14 95.489
10.479 9.6305 8.8688 8.1734 7.5451
0.095431 0.10384 0.11275 0.12235 0.13254
−18.760 −4.6330 11.680 30.587 51.860
−9.2168 5.7508 22.955 42.822 65.113
−0.077502 −0.017033 0.032278 0.076502 0.11708
0.11180 0.12937 0.15665 0.18394 0.20826
0.14305 0.15917 0.18547 0.21138 0.23383
1911.9 1570.5 1325.1 1153.2 1035.8
−0.55097 −0.49017 −0.40837 −0.34418 −0.29936
177.42 148.83 128.55 117.64 114.07
1550.8 473.34 270.23 187.06 142.50
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Span, R., and Wagner, W., “Equations of State for Technical Applications. II. Results for Nonpolar Fluids,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(1):41–109, 2003. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is NIST14, Version 9.08. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are approximately 0.2% (to 0.5% at high pressures) in density, 1% (in the vapor phase) to 2% in heat capacity, 1% (in the vapor phase) to 2% in the speed of sound, and 0.2% in vapor pressure, except in the critical region. For viscosity, estimated uncertainty is 2%. For thermal conductivity, estimated uncertainty, except near the critical region, is 4–6%.
2-325
2-326
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-247 T, K 336.4m 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1500
Saturated Potassium*
P, bar
vf, m3/kg
1.37.−9 1.84.−7 3.13.−5 9.26.−4 0.01022
0.001208 0.001229 0.001266 0.001304 0.001346
0.06116 0.7322 3.913 12.44 20.0
0.001389 0.001488 0.001605 0.001742 0.001816
vg, m3/kg
h f, kJ/kg
h g, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
s g, kJ/(kg⋅K)
c pf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
4.64.+6 3.39.+4 3164 142.3
93.8 145.5 225.1 302.7 379.4
2327 2342 2390 2433 2468
1.928 2.068 2.246 2.388 2.506
8.567 7.559 6.576 5.937 5.490
0.822 0.805 0.785 0.771 0.762
455.5 609.7 773.5 948.0 1040.0
2498 2552 2610 2679 2718
2.608 2.780 2.929 3.063 3.123
5.161 4.722 4.459 4.299 4.209
0.761 0.792 0.846 0.899 0.924
26.75 2.691 0.584 0.207 0.132
*Converted from tables in Vargaftik, Tables of the Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Nauka, Moscow, 1972; and Hemisphere, Washington, 1975. m = melting point. The notation 1.37.−9 signifies 1.37 × 10−9. Many of the Vargaftik values also appear in Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Sci. Pubs., Oxford, 1985 (1020 pp.). This source contains superheat data. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 30 bar, 1650 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). For a Mollier diagram from 0.1 to 250 psia, 1300 to 2700°R, see Weatherford, W. D., J. C. Tyler, et al., WADD-TR61-96, 1961. An extensive review of properties of the solid and the saturated liquid is given by Alcock, C. B., M. W. Chase, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 3 (1994):385–497.
FIG. 2-17 Mollier diagram for potassium. Basis: enthalpy = 0.0 cal/g atom at 298 K; entropy = 15.8 cal/(g atom·K) at 298 K. (Aerojet-General Rep. AGN8194, vol. 2, 1967. Reproduced by permission.)
TABLE 2-248 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Propane Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
−7.4323 −6.1638 −4.8753 −3.5682 −2.2418 −0.89395 0.47907 1.8816 3.3189 4.7964 6.3203 7.8975 9.5360 11.246 13.041 14.943 16.996 19.317 23.653
−7.4323 −6.1638 −4.8753 −3.5682 −2.2418 −0.89372 0.47981 1.8836 3.3234 4.8056 6.3375 7.9275 9.5854 11.324 13.159 15.120 17.257 19.707 24.503
15.887 16.399 16.947 17.527 18.137 18.775 19.437 20.120 20.819 21.528 22.242 22.954 23.656 24.336 24.977 25.543 25.971 26.098 23.653
16.718 17.356 18.028 18.732 19.466 20.226 21.007 21.801 22.602 23.401 24.189 24.956 25.690 26.376 26.989 27.488 27.791 27.699 24.503
−7.4332 1.4085 4.3719
−7.4270 1.4157 4.3795
21.326 25.482 33.084 42.616 −7.4410 1.3862 11.833 11.844
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
−0.048110 −0.036293 −0.025763 −0.016249 −0.0075455 0.00050603 0.0080327 0.015137 0.021903 0.028399 0.034686 0.040815 0.046833 0.052790 0.058740 0.064759 0.070985 0.077769 0.090537
0.058376 0.058304 0.058442 0.058710 0.059141 0.059774 0.060636 0.061740 0.063087 0.064672 0.066484 0.068514 0.070755 0.073209 0.075898 0.078882 0.082328 0.087215
0.083833 0.085262 0.086525 0.087764 0.089109 0.090658 0.092484 0.094646 0.097193 0.10018 0.10368 0.10780 0.11272 0.11880 0.12672 0.13817 0.15818 0.21184
2030.4 1930.7 1827.2 1724.5 1623.4 1523.6 1424.7 1326.6 1229.1 1131.9 1034.8 937.63 839.90 741.08 640.30 536.11 425.33 300.04 0
−0.62852 −0.61354 −0.59904 −0.58338 −0.56521 −0.54342 −0.51702 −0.48497 −0.44601 −0.39841 −0.33958 −0.26538 −0.16892 −0.037850 0.15178 0.45297 1.0100 2.3857 12.890
203.23 196.90 189.40 181.11 172.30 163.19 153.97 144.76 135.72 126.91 118.40 110.26 102.52 95.209 88.324 81.819 75.581 69.491
3780.3 1822.7 1080.5 729.42 534.62 412.89 329.94 269.81 224.28 188.66 160.10 136.69 117.11 100.38 85.735 72.510 60.014 47.137
0.19339 0.16822 0.15042 0.13755 0.12813 0.12119 0.11607 0.11230 0.10953 0.10753 0.10609 0.10507 0.10435 0.10381 0.10335 0.10282 0.10197 0.10028 0.090537
0.032981 0.035381 0.037630 0.039780 0.041911 0.044098 0.046406 0.048888 0.051579 0.054504 0.057677 0.061104 0.064794 0.068763 0.072895 0.077315 0.083072 0.091334
0.041296 0.043696 0.045946 0.048104 0.050262 0.052519 0.054975 0.057727 0.060867 0.064488 0.068703 0.073667 0.079635 0.087064 0.096756 0.11131 0.13963 0.22264
153.65 163.64 172.99 181.78 190.03 197.68 204.61 210.64 215.59 219.25 221.39 221.82 220.30 216.53 210.16 200.74 187.44 168.95 0
−0.048119 0.012800 0.026576
0.058377 0.061348 0.064197
0.083831 0.093874 0.099283
23.175 27.937 36.389 46.761
0.10803 0.12602 0.15020 0.17327
0.053648 0.065918 0.085775 0.10431
0.063403 0.074796 0.094327 0.11276
218.35 249.37 286.19 318.30
−7.3796 1.4577 11.924 11.934
−0.048197 0.012688 0.054770 0.054806
0.058391 0.061383 0.074077 0.074092
0.083810 0.093756 0.12118 0.12123
2034.6 1366.3 707.81 707.18
Saturated Properties 100.00 115.00 130.00 145.00 160.00 175.00 190.00 205.00 220.00 235.00 250.00 265.00 280.00 295.00 310.00 325.00 340.00 355.00 369.83
2.5330E-08 1.0677E-06 1.7600E-05 0.00015328 0.00084980 0.0033874 0.010547 0.027195 0.060583 0.12030 0.21798 0.36693 0.58173 0.87805 1.2726 1.7837 2.4320 3.2432 4.2477
100.00 115.00 130.00 145.00 160.00 175.00 190.00 205.00 220.00 235.00 250.00 265.00 280.00 295.00 310.00 325.00 340.00 355.00 369.83
2.5330E-08 1.0677E-06 1.7600E-05 0.00015328 0.00084980 0.0033874 0.010547 0.027195 0.060583 0.12030 0.21798 0.36693 0.58173 0.87805 1.2726 1.7837 2.4320 3.2432 4.2477
100.00 200.00 230.74
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
230.74 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
100.00 200.00 300.00 300.09
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
16.287 15.941 15.596 15.251 14.904 14.554 14.198 13.834 13.459 13.070 12.663 12.234 11.775 11.277 10.726 10.097 9.3403 8.3162 5.0000 3.0465E-08 1.1166E-06 1.6284E-05 0.00012717 0.00063940 0.0023346 0.0067219 0.016180 0.033974 0.064224 0.11195 0.18328 0.28598 0.43050 0.63231 0.91726 1.3363 2.0253 5.0000
0.061397 0.062730 0.064117 0.065568 0.067094 0.068710 0.070434 0.072288 0.074301 0.076511 0.078968 0.081740 0.084925 0.088673 0.093229 0.099036 0.10706 0.12025 0.20000 32,825,000. 895,550. 61,410. 7,863.4 1,564.0 428.34 148.77 61.804 29.435 15.570 8.9325 5.4561 3.4968 2.3229 1.5815 1.0902 0.74835 0.49375 0.20000
420.53 267.23 181.79 130.32 97.395 75.331 59.995 49.008 40.931 34.865 30.235 26.669 23.923 21.832 20.354 19.511 19.120 18.854 12.890
2.4171 3.2182 4.0849 5.0168 6.0131 7.0721 8.1917 9.3706 10.611 11.922 13.323 14.845 16.544 18.503 20.863 23.881 28.187 36.060
2.9792 3.3431 3.7167 4.0976 4.4832 4.8708 5.2578 5.6429 6.0262 6.4107 6.8027 7.2123 7.6551 8.1548 8.7494 9.5073 10.574 12.373
Single-Phase Properties 16.288 13.958 13.182 0.054083 0.040726 0.030257 0.024125
2-327
16.295 13.974 11.101 11.097
0.061394 0.071646 0.075860 18.490 24.554 33.050 41.452 0.061368 0.071560 0.090085 0.090112
2030.8 1359.8 1159.5
−0.62854 −0.49655 −0.41295 36.423 16.357 7.1977 3.9113 −0.62871 −0.49871 0.017030 0.018141
203.26 147.87 129.38 11.542 18.513 30.995 46.363 203.49 148.40 92.871 92.828
3784.5 288.12 197.97 6.3010 8.1962 10.819 13.290 3822.7 290.36 95.307 95.215
2-328 TABLE 2-248
Thermodynamic Properties of Propane (Continued)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
300.09 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.49153 0.32145 0.24776
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
Single-Phase Properties 2.0344 3.1109 4.0362
24.559 32.638 42.322
26.593 35.749 46.359
0.10366 0.12993 0.15353
0.070157 0.086666 0.10468
0.090035 0.097825 0.11438
214.68 272.57 311.60
21.259 7.6356 3.9684
19.249 31.915 47.555
8.3433 10.996 13.477
16.326 14.047 11.363 2.5448 1.4059
0.061251 0.071191 0.088002 0.39296 0.71129
−7.4751 1.2900 11.506 29.499 40.868
−7.1688 1.6459 11.946 31.463 44.425
−0.048542 0.012202 0.053658 0.10822 0.13725
0.058457 0.061542 0.074005 0.093912 0.10638
0.083721 0.093272 0.11643 0.16341 0.12446
2051.3 1394.2 779.30 197.49 284.88
−0.62944 −0.50758 −0.10225 10.349 4.1092
204.51 150.70 97.139 42.438 52.411
3995.6 300.33 103.08 14.948 15.207
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
16.365 14.133 11.627 7.5861 3.2486
0.061108 0.070758 0.086007 0.13182 0.30783
−7.5164 1.1767 11.173 24.108 38.754
−6.9053 1.8843 12.033 25.426 41.832
−0.048966 0.011619 0.052499 0.090675 0.12746
0.058554 0.061744 0.074065 0.093138 0.10818
0.083620 0.092746 0.11280 0.16714 0.14277
2071.2 1427.0 851.72 338.94 275.78
−0.63025 −0.51720 −0.19531 1.7653 3.4683
205.77 153.49 101.80 68.250 58.851
4219.8 312.82 111.73 41.091 19.828
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
16.644 14.696 12.850 11.043 9.3527
0.060081 0.068047 0.077822 0.090552 0.10692
−7.8016 0.46479 9.6226 20.208 32.246
−4.7976 3.8672 13.514 24.735 37.592
−0.052119 0.0076714 0.046601 0.078767 0.10739
0.059685 0.063347 0.075522 0.092492 0.10930
0.083087 0.090345 0.10376 0.12069 0.13596
2203.4 1638.0 1203.5 901.34 721.97
−0.63391 −0.56103 −0.42987 −0.26933 −0.11844
214.99 173.15 129.30 103.15 94.269
6389.5 416.61 167.38 95.902 63.347
−0.055583
0.061388
0.082816
2328.3
−0.63418
225.01
0.065107 0.077244 0.094108 0.11078
0.089250 0.10131 0.11714 0.13224
1833.0 1467.7 1214.6 1052.7
−0.58053 −0.49303 −0.40159 −0.33205
193.78 155.37 129.74 118.57
100.00
100.00
16.946
0.059010
−8.0684
−2.1674
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
15.221 13.700 12.331 11.114
0.065700 0.072994 0.081095 0.089974
−0.13496 8.6070 18.712 30.308
6.4350 15.906 26.822 39.306
0.0038087 0.042047 0.073340 0.10113
10396. 561.59 229.66 138.80 98.032
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Buecker, D., and Wagner, W., “Reference Equations of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Fluid Phase n-Butane and Isobutane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35(2):929–1019, 2006. The source for viscosity is Vogel, E., Kuechenmeister, C., Bich, E., and Laesecke, A., “Reference Correlation of the Viscosity of Propane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27(5):947–970, 1998. The source for thermal conductivity is Marsh, K., Perkins, R., and Ramires, M. L. V., “Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Propane from 86 to 600 K at Pressures to 70 MPa,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 47(4):932–940, 2002. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. Typical uncertainties in density are 0.02% in the liquid phase, 0.05% in the vapor phase and at supercritical temperatures, and 0.1% in the critical region, except very near the critical point, where the uncertainty in pressure is 0.1%. For vapor pressures, the uncertainty is 0.02% above 180 K, 0.05% above 1 Pa (115 K), and dropping to 0.001 mPa at the triple point. The uncertainty in heat capacity (isobaric, isochoric, and saturated) is 0.5% at temperatures above 125 K and 2% at temperatures below 125 K for the liquid, and is 0.5% for all vapor states. The uncertainty in the liquid-phase speed of sound is 0.5%, and that for the vapor phase is 0.05%. The uncertainties are higher for all properties very near the critical point except pressure (saturated vapor/liquid and single phase). The uncertainty in viscosity varies from 0.4% in the dilute gas between room temperature and 600 K, to about 2.5% from 100 to 475 K up to about 30 MPa, and to about 4% outside this range. Uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 3%, except in the critical region and dilute gas which have an uncertainty of 5%.
TABLE 2-249 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Propylene Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
−0.039412 −0.029431 −0.020215 −0.011635 −0.0036693 0.0037429 0.010683 0.017233 0.023468 0.029455 0.035251 0.040906 0.046469 0.051993 0.057541 0.063218 0.069261 0.076741 0.084569
0.047146 0.048479 0.051603 0.053564 0.054606 0.055253 0.055851 0.056582 0.057524 0.058697 0.060098 0.061715 0.063540 0.065577 0.067855 0.070450 0.073575 0.078178
0.074152 0.076350 0.080066 0.082659 0.084443 0.085952 0.087538 0.089404 0.091663 0.094401 0.097711 0.10174 0.10676 0.11327 0.12246 0.13754 0.17154 0.39594
1984.2 1860.6 1740.6 1637.2 1542.5 1450.8 1359.1 1266.3 1171.8 1075.9 978.69 880.57 781.63 681.71 580.13 475.08 362.18 229.03 0
−0.63335 −0.61019 −0.57672 −0.55180 −0.53067 −0.50839 −0.48173 −0.44843 −0.40645 −0.35329 −0.28530 −0.19657 −0.077005 0.092061 0.34911 0.78805 1.7115 4.9073 12.042
0.18156 0.15964 0.14383 0.13221 0.12357 0.11710 0.11221 0.10851 0.10570 0.10354 0.10186 0.10053 0.099433 0.098452 0.097460 0.096280 0.094563 0.090988 0.084569
0.031371 0.033039 0.034573 0.036090 0.037686 0.039423 0.041343 0.043468 0.045811 0.048376 0.051168 0.054191 0.057457 0.060989 0.064833 0.069077 0.073899 0.079791
0.039685 0.041354 0.042891 0.044423 0.046064 0.047910 0.050046 0.052548 0.055492 0.058970 0.063112 0.068131 0.074408 0.082685 0.094593 0.11448 0.15900 0.42332
162.00 172.27 181.89 190.90 199.27 206.90 213.67 219.38 223.85 226.88 228.25 227.73 225.06 219.92 211.93 200.59 185.21 164.25 0
Saturated Properties 105.00 120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 365.57
1.8242E-07 4.8828E-06 5.9371E-05 0.00041697 0.0019723 0.0069671 0.019747 0.047272 0.099223 0.18775 0.32701 0.53269 0.82165 1.2118 1.7225 2.3751 3.1956 4.2202 4.6646
105.00 120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 365.57
1.8242E-07 4.8828E-06 5.9371E-05 0.00041697 0.0019723 0.0069671 0.019747 0.047272 0.099223 0.18775 0.32701 0.53269 0.82165 1.2118 1.7225 2.3751 3.1956 4.2202 4.6646
100.00 200.00 225.17
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
225.17 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
100.00 200.00 292.39
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
292.39 300.00
1.0000 1.0000
17.799 17.383 16.973 16.567 16.162 15.755 15.343 14.922 14.487 14.035 13.559 13.054 12.509 11.911 11.240 10.455 9.4631 7.8236 5.3086 2.0896E-07 4.8940E-06 5.2900E-05 0.00033450 0.0014403 0.0046776 0.012310 0.027633 0.054946 0.099531 0.16779 0.26768 0.40967 0.60872 0.88863 1.2929 1.9214 3.1801 5.3086
0.056183 0.057526 0.058917 0.060361 0.061873 0.063470 0.065175 0.067016 0.069027 0.071251 0.073750 0.076607 0.079945 0.083956 0.088971 0.095644 0.10567 0.12782 0.18837 4,785,700. 204,330. 18,904. 2,989.5 694.32 213.78 81.237 36.188 18.200 10.047 5.9598 3.7358 2.4410 1.6428 1.1253 0.77343 0.52045 0.31446 0.18837
−6.2877 −5.1660 −3.9917 −2.7699 −1.5160 −0.23811 1.0625 2.3884 3.7442 5.1356 6.5692 8.0523 9.5938 11.205 12.904 14.722 16.734 19.290 21.862
−6.2877 −5.1660 −3.9917 −2.7699 −1.5159 −0.23766 1.0638 2.3916 3.7510 5.1490 6.5933 8.0931 9.6595 11.307 13.057 14.949 17.071 19.829 22.741
16.041 16.525 17.032 17.560 18.109 18.676 19.258 19.850 20.446 21.042 21.630 22.202 22.749 23.254 23.693 24.022 24.137 23.631 21.862
16.914 17.522 18.154 18.807 19.479 20.166 20.862 21.560 22.252 22.928 23.579 24.192 24.754 25.245 25.632 25.859 25.801 24.958 22.741
260.32 186.64 139.37 107.24 84.470 67.837 55.441 46.072 38.921 33.424 29.182 25.909 23.398 21.502 20.107 19.116 18.381 17.115 12.042
Single-Phase Properties 17.939 15.206 14.482 0.055346 0.040648 0.030232 0.024118 0.020074 17.947 15.224 12.222
2-329
0.49938 0.47670
−6.6629 1.4997 3.7598
−6.6573 1.5063 3.7667
−0.043075 0.012896 0.023538
0.049534 0.056075 0.057536
0.076050 0.088113 0.091692
20.453 24.309 30.772 38.745 48.088
22.260 26.769 34.080 42.891 53.070
0.10567 0.12289 0.14382 0.16342 0.18194
0.045839 0.056666 0.072240 0.086809 0.099688
0.055529 0.065495 0.080757 0.095223 0.10806
223.89 258.13 295.63 328.33 357.96
0.055720 0.065684 0.081820
−6.6707 1.4781 10.378
−6.6149 1.5437 10.460
−0.043152 0.012788 0.049191
0.049534 0.056080 0.064516
0.076021 0.087997 0.10973
2014.7 1335.9 732.56
2.0025 2.0978
23.004 23.500
25.006 25.598
0.098942 0.10094
0.059161 0.059932
0.078164 0.077330
222.86 228.89
0.055745 0.065766 0.069051 18.068 24.601 33.078 41.463 49.815
2009.3 1328.9 1170.7
−0.61954 −0.47165 −0.40591 38.850 16.866 7.2207 3.7462 2.2036 −0.61988 −0.47384 −0.0016360 22.395 20.287
2-330
TABLE 2-249 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Propylene (Concluded) Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
400.00 500.00 600.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.31858 0.24704 0.20332
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Enthalpy kJ/mol
3.1389 4.0480 4.9183
30.390 38.516 47.935
33.529 42.564 52.854
15.306 12.206 2.2829 1.3832 1.0713
0.065334 0.081924 0.43803 0.72298 0.93348
1.3850 10.889 27.896 37.351 47.197
15.402 12.515 7.5283 3.1462 2.2419
0.064925 0.079905 0.13283 0.31784 0.44605
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.12371 0.14381 0.16254
0.073331 0.087329 0.099980
0.084055 0.096722 0.10888
283.73 322.07 354.28
7.6465 3.8350 2.2229
1.7117 11.299 30.087 40.966 51.865
0.012317 0.050918 0.10377 0.12811 0.14796
0.056114 0.065369 0.080080 0.089729 0.10124
0.087522 0.10822 0.12610 0.10566 0.11304
1365.9 752.67 221.38 297.48 342.05
−0.48279 −0.041773 9.5490 4.0173 2.2088
1.2752 10.553 22.740 35.603 46.180
1.9245 11.352 24.068 38.781 50.641
0.011753 0.049747 0.085918 0.11902 0.14065
0.056174 0.065258 0.081711 0.092261 0.10253
0.087009 0.10422 0.16868 0.12166 0.11891
1401.2 828.84 302.55 287.51 340.40
−0.49245 −0.15061 2.6128 3.5544 1.9833
Single-Phase Properties
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
16.616 14.839 13.274 11.892 10.680
0.060184 0.067390 0.075333 0.084087 0.093635
−0.021002 8.0040 17.017 27.127 38.256
5.9974 14.743 24.550 35.536 47.620
0.0040990 0.039443 0.067574 0.092040 0.11404
0.058338 0.067573 0.081108 0.094320 0.10601
0.083715 0.092245 0.10402 0.11555 0.12591
1815.4 1457.4 1192.7 1020.4 913.65
−0.55416 −0.48492 −0.40335 −0.33132 −0.27115
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00
17.488 16.028 14.825 13.819 12.963
0.057182 0.062389 0.067452 0.072363 0.077142
−0.77627 6.8870 15.619 25.539 36.558
10.660 19.365 29.110 40.011 51.987
−0.0018754 0.033304 0.061259 0.085539 0.10734
0.060831 0.070484 0.084735 0.098618 0.11085
0.083362 0.091727 0.10329 0.11458 0.12471
2084.9 1796.1 1568.7 1403.8 1282.8
−0.55991 −0.51205 −0.45996 −0.42037 −0.39117
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Angus, S., Armstrong, B., and de Reuck, K. M., “International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State—7 Propylene,” International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are generally 0.1% in density (except in the critical region), 1% in the heat capacity in the vapor phase, and 2–5% in the heat capacity in the liquid phase.
TABLE 2-250
Thermodynamic Properties of R-11, Trichlorofluoromethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
162.68 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 471.11
6.5101E-06 9.0030E-06 5.8433E-05 0.00027433 0.0010018 0.0030014 0.0076770 0.017281 0.035048 0.065240 0.11311 0.18478 0.28718 0.42787 0.61496 0.85703 1.1631 1.5427 2.0061 2.5648 3.2329 4.0318 4.4076
162.68 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 420.00 435.00 450.00 465.00 471.11
6.5101E-06 9.0030E-06 5.8433E-05 0.00027433 0.0010018 0.0030014 0.0076770 0.017281 0.035048 0.065240 0.11311 0.18478 0.28718 0.42787 0.61496 0.85703 1.1631 1.5427 2.0061 2.5648 3.2329 4.0318 4.4076
200.00 296.49
0.10000 0.10000
296.49 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s 1224.2 1221.1 1178.8 1119.8 1057.5 996.42 937.75 881.67 827.91 776.09 725.77 676.56 628.04 579.81 531.47 482.57 432.58 380.86 326.51 268.20 203.77 132.04 0
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Saturated Properties 12.874 12.841 12.618 12.392 12.164 11.933 11.699 11.462 11.219 10.971 10.715 10.449 10.172 9.8812 9.5733 9.2442 8.8882 8.4966 8.0545 7.5340 6.8663 5.7930 4.0330 4.8133E-06 6.5631E-06 3.9056E-05 0.00016934 0.00057483 0.0016103 0.0038729 0.0082428 0.015895 0.028297 0.047202 0.074674 0.11315 0.16555 0.23549 0.32766 0.44843 0.60714 0.81886 1.1115 1.5503 2.3952 4.0330
0.077673 0.077878 0.079249 0.080694 0.082210 0.083801 0.085475 0.087246 0.089131 0.091150 0.093329 0.095702 0.098308 0.10120 0.10446 0.10818 0.11251 0.11769 0.12415 0.13273 0.14564 0.17262 0.24796 207,760. 152,370. 25,605. 5,905.3 1,739.7 621.01 258.21 121.32 62.911 35.340 21.186 13.391 8.8379 6.0405 4.2464 3.0519 2.2300 1.6471 1.2212 0.89966 0.64504 0.41751 0.24796
15.035 15.280 16.886 18.531 20.204 21.899 23.613 25.346 27.099 28.875 30.677 32.508 34.371 36.271 38.213 40.203 42.247 44.359 46.558 48.882 51.423 54.535 57.789
15.035 15.280 16.886 18.531 20.204 21.899 23.614 25.347 27.102 28.881 30.687 32.525 34.399 36.315 38.277 40.295 42.378 44.541 46.808 49.223 51.894 55.231 58.881
0.079300 0.080791 0.090108 0.098885 0.10715 0.11494 0.12232 0.12932 0.13600 0.14240 0.14856 0.15452 0.16030 0.16594 0.17145 0.17687 0.18223 0.18756 0.19292 0.19840 0.20422 0.21124 0.21886
0.074722 0.074630 0.075084 0.076137 0.077185 0.078127 0.078986 0.079799 0.080594 0.081391 0.082199 0.083025 0.083873 0.084749 0.085663 0.086633 0.087686 0.088870 0.090270 0.092058 0.094658 0.099494
0.10506 0.10557 0.10851 0.11069 0.11231 0.11364 0.11489 0.11621 0.11767 0.11933 0.12124 0.12343 0.12595 0.12888 0.13232 0.13648 0.14171 0.14871 0.15899 0.17674 0.21832 0.43941
44.924 45.039 45.809 46.618 47.463 48.339 49.242 50.168 51.115 52.075 53.045 54.015 54.979 55.928 56.851 57.736 58.569 59.331 59.992 60.498 60.727 60.210 57.789
46.276 46.411 47.305 48.238 49.206 50.203 51.224 52.265 53.320 54.381 55.441 56.490 57.517 58.512 59.462 60.352 61.163 61.872 62.442 62.805 62.813 61.894 58.881
0.27134 0.26946 0.25910 0.25123 0.24525 0.24074 0.23736 0.23488 0.23310 0.23188 0.23108 0.23060 0.23036 0.23028 0.23030 0.23035 0.23039 0.23035 0.23014 0.22962 0.22849 0.22557 0.21886
0.049536 0.050011 0.052998 0.055869 0.058662 0.061395 0.064063 0.066646 0.069122 0.071480 0.073723 0.075868 0.077940 0.079972 0.081998 0.084057 0.086191 0.088457 0.090937 0.093775 0.097282 0.10241
0.057858 0.058335 0.061344 0.064262 0.067140 0.070004 0.072855 0.075684 0.078487 0.081281 0.084113 0.087058 0.090222 0.093753 0.097861 0.10286 0.10929 0.11813 0.13148 0.15496 0.20995 0.51972
107.23 107.92 112.26 116.42 120.39 124.15 127.67 130.89 133.75 136.17 138.07 139.37 140.01 139.89 138.95 137.09 134.19 130.10 124.58 117.29 107.74 95.245 0
−0.60355 −0.59915 −0.57445 −0.55514 −0.53850 −0.52214 −0.50429 −0.48363 −0.45904 −0.42946 −0.39364 −0.34999 −0.29629 −0.22926 −0.14389 −0.032121 0.11986 0.33760 0.67402 1.2582 2.4973 6.3140 15.427 1885.7 1701.5 905.28 508.88 301.60 188.62 124.75 87.418 64.864 50.774 41.663 35.564 31.344 28.342 26.165 24.577 23.443 22.687 22.277 22.202 22.379 21.779 15.427
Single-Phase Properties 12.317 10.776
2-331
0.042088 0.041523 0.030462 0.024206 0.020110
0.081186 0.092803 23.760 24.083 32.827 41.312 49.728
19.084 30.252
19.092 30.262
0.10168 0.14714
0.076484 0.082009
0.11128 0.12077
1099.8 737.44
−0.54951 −0.40266
52.817 53.078 60.756 69.066 77.853
55.193 55.486 64.039 73.197 82.825
0.23123 0.23221 0.25678 0.27719 0.29474
0.073207 0.073294 0.079843 0.085650 0.089636
0.083443 0.083384 0.088628 0.094219 0.098111
137.67 138.61 161.80 181.31 198.74
43.472 41.094 15.373 9.4764 6.5190
2-332 TABLE 2-250
Thermodynamic Properties of R-11, Trichlorofluoromethane (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
200.00 300.00 382.43
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
12.325 10.733 9.0718
0.081134 0.093174 0.11023
19.066 30.637 41.208
19.147 30.730 41.318
382.43 400.00 500.00 600.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
2.6083 2.8311 3.8853 4.8256
58.156 59.743 68.469 77.413
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
12.359 10.810 8.8674 2.1555 1.2189
0.080912 0.092509 0.11277 0.46393 0.82040
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.10159 0.14843 0.17953
0.076374 0.082161 0.087142
0.11122 0.12101 0.13891
1106.2 731.85 457.99
−0.55026 −0.39806 0.036901
60.765 62.574 72.354 82.239
0.23038 0.23501 0.25684 0.27486
0.085101 0.083835 0.086291 0.090004
0.10582 0.10080 0.097662 0.10006
135.79 143.19 172.67 194.29
18.988 30.464 43.167 64.141 75.225
19.393 30.926 43.731 66.460 79.327
0.10120 0.14785 0.18456 0.23416 0.25776
0.075954 0.082048 0.087727 0.094709 0.091726
0.11098 0.12006 0.13909 0.18205 0.11326
1133.5 757.72 448.07 120.07 173.08
−0.55346 −0.41608 0.070413 14.043 7.0186
Single-Phase Properties
0.38339 0.35322 0.25738 0.20723
23.965 19.717 10.081 6.6365
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
12.399 10.899 9.1187 6.3465 3.0124
0.080649 0.091755 0.10966 0.15757 0.33196
18.894 30.263 42.641 56.993 71.945
19.700 31.181 43.737 58.568 75.265
0.10072 0.14716 0.18319 0.21613 0.24670
0.075562 0.082018 0.087335 0.093373 0.093817
0.11072 0.11907 0.13358 0.17100 0.13897
1164.8 787.03 500.70 231.94 167.77
−0.55716 −0.43502 −0.076836 1.9364 5.3068
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000
12.475 11.057 9.4912 7.6205 5.5967
0.080163 0.090438 0.10536 0.13123 0.17868
18.716 29.905 41.844 54.651 67.668
20.320 31.714 43.951 57.275 71.241
0.099796 0.14590 0.18104 0.21072 0.23619
0.075119 0.082196 0.087334 0.091707 0.094708
0.11027 0.11753 0.12773 0.13823 0.13794
1220.3 838.26 578.74 378.80 265.18
−0.56373 −0.46461 −0.23372 0.31683 1.2664
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
12.543 11.197 9.7739 8.2190 6.6706
0.079723 0.089311 0.10231 0.12167 0.14991
18.552 29.591 41.235 53.466 65.781
20.943 32.270 44.304 57.116 70.278
0.098918 0.14476 0.17932 0.20788 0.23188
0.075012 0.082559 0.087676 0.091885 0.095040
0.10990 0.11638 0.12450 0.13097 0.13106
1268.1 882.50 638.80 464.35 357.26
−0.56938 −0.48678 −0.31979 −0.028029 0.34752
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Jacobsen, R. T., Penoncello, S. G., and Lemmon, E. W., “A Fundamental Equation for Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11),” Fluid Phase Equilibria 80:45–56, 1992. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density for the liquid, and 0.25% for the vapor, 2% in heat capacity, and 1% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.2%.
50
180
11
170
160
50
10
11
.
00
10
0. 95 . 0 90 0. 85 0. 80
. 00
7
190
00 12
150
130
.
00
.
.
. 50 12
13
120
110
100
90
13
00
50
.
.
. 00
70
.
450
c.p.
500
1. 0.8
550 20.
10. 8.
0. 60 500. 3 . 400 g/m 00. k ρ= 3 200.
6. 4.
150.
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110
40
30
20
10
0
10
400
100. 80.
40. 30.
100 90
0.6
20.
80
15.
70
0.4 60
T = 40 °C 30
0.1 0.08
d va rate
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
·K
0.01 150
200
0.4
0.2
4.0 3.0
0.1 0.08
2.0
0.06 0.04
250
300
kg
1.0
J/(
5 2.0
0k
0.80
350
400
450
0.60
0.02
2.
10
s=
− 20
2.0
1.9
5
0 1.9
5 1.8
1.8
0
5 1.7
0 1.7
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
− 10
0.02
0.6
)
sa
0
6.0
1.5
satu
x=
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
ate
dl iqu
id
10
tur
0.04
por
20
0.06
1. 0.8
10. 8.0
50
0.2
2.
60.
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 T = 200 °C 210 220
Pressure (MPa)
2.
T = −20 °C
4.
350
1500.
1550.
6.
14
145
(trichlorofluoromethane) reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C
50
10. 8.
0.
R-11
300
140
250
80
200
60
150 20.
500
0.01 550
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant 11. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Jacobsen, R. T., Penoncello, S. G., and Lemmon, E. W., “A Fundamental Equation for Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11),” Fluid Phase Equilibria 80:45–56, 1992.
FIG. 2-18
2-333
2-334 TABLE 2-251 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of R-12, Dichlorodifluoromethane Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
1310.0 1290.2 1215.7 1143.1 1072.5 1003.9 937.07 872.00 808.46 746.23 685.03 624.56 564.41 504.07 442.82 379.59 312.77 239.96 158.26 0
−0.53048 −0.53554 −0.54646 −0.54643 −0.53813 −0.52327 −0.50270 −0.47654 −0.44424 −0.40455 −0.35528 −0.29292 −0.21173 −0.10203 0.053692 0.29048 0.68965 1.4874 3.7100 13.369
Saturated Properties 116.10 120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 385.12
2.4255E-07 5.8432E-07 1.0092E-05 9.1829E-05 0.00053030 0.0021945 0.0070692 0.018793 0.043015 0.087479 0.16186 0.27747 0.44693 0.68394 1.0032 1.4203 1.9528 2.6209 3.4527 4.1362
116.10 120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 385.12
2.4255E-07 5.8432E-07 1.0092E-05 9.1829E-05 0.00053030 0.0021945 0.0070692 0.018793 0.043015 0.087479 0.16186 0.27747 0.44693 0.68394 1.0032 1.4203 1.9528 2.6209 3.4527 4.1362
15.125 15.039 14.712 14.387 14.064 13.738 13.409 13.075 12.733 12.380 12.013 11.629 11.223 10.787 10.312 9.7818 9.1671 8.4050 7.3032 4.6728 2.5127E-07 5.8564E-07 8.9910E-06 7.3643E-05 0.00038683 0.0014695 0.0043835 0.010883 0.023468 0.045368 0.080547 0.13381 0.21108 0.32006 0.47149 0.68182 0.97985 1.4275 2.2257 4.6728
0.066114 0.066492 0.067972 0.069505 0.071106 0.072790 0.074574 0.076482 0.078538 0.080776 0.083241 0.085990 0.089104 0.092703 0.096973 0.10223 0.10909 0.11898 0.13693 0.21401 3,979,800. 1,707,500. 111,220. 13,579. 2,585.1 680.49 228.13 91.884 42.611 22.042 12.415 7.4735 4.7376 3.1244 2.1209 1.4667 1.0206 0.70055 0.44930 0.21401
8.0204 8.4220 9.9342 11.419 12.897 14.381 15.881 17.403 18.953 20.533 22.149 23.803 25.502 27.250 29.059 30.943 32.930 35.078 37.570 41.164
8.0204 8.4220 9.9342 11.419 12.897 14.381 15.882 17.405 18.956 20.540 22.162 23.827 25.541 27.314 29.157 31.088 33.143 35.390 38.042 42.049
0.033619 0.037021 0.048899 0.059328 0.068717 0.077328 0.085332 0.092852 0.099978 0.10678 0.11331 0.11961 0.12574 0.13172 0.13762 0.14348 0.14940 0.15556 0.16248 0.17270
0.069219 0.068095 0.065219 0.063937 0.063633 0.063942 0.064638 0.065582 0.066683 0.067882 0.069143 0.070443 0.071775 0.073152 0.074611 0.076246 0.078279 0.081286 0.087150
0.10352 0.10239 0.099608 0.098564 0.098622 0.099406 0.10070 0.10237 0.10436 0.10664 0.10925 0.11226 0.11579 0.12012 0.12572 0.13360 0.14625 0.17199 0.26475
33.279 33.415 33.968 34.567 35.208 35.888 36.602 37.342 38.102 38.873 39.647 40.415 41.165 41.887 42.562 43.166 43.655 43.941 43.738 41.164
34.244 34.413 35.091 35.814 36.579 37.381 38.214 39.069 39.935 40.801 41.657 42.488 43.283 44.024 44.689 45.249 45.648 45.777 45.289 42.049
0.25949 0.25361 0.23524 0.22196 0.21224 0.20511 0.19986 0.19601 0.19322 0.19120 0.18976 0.18873 0.18799 0.18742 0.18693 0.18639 0.18565 0.18441 0.18181 0.17270
0.034581 0.035365 0.038409 0.041427 0.044365 0.047211 0.049977 0.052681 0.055348 0.058002 0.060669 0.063373 0.066138 0.068991 0.071972 0.075158 0.078715 0.083065 0.089754
0.042896 0.043680 0.046725 0.049750 0.052712 0.055621 0.058515 0.061451 0.064497 0.067735 0.071271 0.075247 0.079875 0.085504 0.092789 0.10314 0.12016 0.15653 0.30373
99.513 100.95 106.27 111.28 116.02 120.49 124.63 128.34 131.52 134.05 135.80 136.64 136.46 135.10 132.40 128.14 122.00 113.54 102.14 0
532.61 464.92 288.39 190.47 132.65 96.659 73.304 57.635 46.836 39.210 33.704 29.653 26.640 24.405 22.790 21.703 21.085 20.831 20.225 13.369
Single-Phase Properties 125.00 225.00 243.09
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
243.09 325.00 425.00 525.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
125.00 225.00 314.87
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
314.87 325.00 425.00 525.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
125.00 225.00 325.00 425.00 525.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
125.00 225.00 325.00 425.00 525.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
8.9296 18.951 20.863
8.9363 18.959 20.871
0.041166 0.099970 0.10814
0.066915 0.066686 0.068138
0.10121 0.10435 0.10715
1265.3 808.74 733.55
−0.54064 −0.44443 −0.39528
39.033 44.257 51.527 59.527
40.979 46.920 55.039 63.880
0.19086 0.21187 0.23360 0.25225
0.058549 0.067874 0.076661 0.082795
0.068435 0.076721 0.085212 0.091242
134.48 156.65 179.16 198.90
37.929 16.166 8.3282 5.1283
0.066945 0.078422 0.096933
8.9186 18.922 29.043
8.9856 19.001 29.140
0.041078 0.099842 0.13757
0.066988 0.066739 0.074598
0.10119 0.10418 0.12566
1267.0 813.10 443.35
2.1279 2.2587 3.3167 4.2430
42.556 43.348 51.055 59.210
44.684 45.606 54.372 63.453
0.18693 0.18982 0.21333 0.23250
0.071945 0.071678 0.077527 0.083185
0.092716 0.089701 0.088660 0.092926
132.43 137.48 171.39 195.20
14.968 12.827 10.252 2.2637 1.3295
0.066807 0.077958 0.097546 0.44176 0.75217
8.8706 18.799 29.898 47.937 57.642
9.2046 19.189 30.385 50.146 61.402
0.040691 0.099289 0.14025 0.19225 0.21615
0.067308 0.066963 0.075544 0.083408 0.085038
0.10110 0.10352 0.12368 0.14054 0.10337
1274.3 831.96 450.15 131.42 180.93
−0.54205 −0.45954 0.017671 10.771 5.2339
15.006 12.917 10.544 6.6383 3.0541
0.066639 0.077418 0.094842 0.15064 0.32743
8.8124 18.655 29.472 42.586 55.399
9.4788 19.429 30.420 44.093 58.673
0.040215 0.098631 0.13887 0.17528 0.20629
0.067691 0.067222 0.075613 0.084440 0.087008
0.10099 0.10281 0.11858 0.16445 0.12146
1283.4 854.41 501.05 204.25 177.27
−0.54334 −0.47253 −0.12043 2.4031 4.2532
14.931 12.734 12.306 0.051383 0.037543 0.028469 0.022973 14.938 12.752 10.316 0.46996 0.44273 0.30150 0.23568
0.066977 0.078531 0.081264 19.462 26.636 35.126 43.529
−0.54091 −0.44741 0.052069 22.802 19.919 8.7630 5.1839
225.00 325.00 425.00 525.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
13.992 12.599 11.358 10.262
0.071470 0.079369 0.088042 0.097444
17.017 26.406 36.302 46.498
24.164 34.343 45.106 56.243
0.090059 0.12742 0.15626 0.17978
0.069779 0.077370 0.084005 0.088827
0.098455 0.10504 0.10984 0.11260
1155.1 937.26 788.21 690.80
−0.55347 −0.49945 −0.45110 −0.41225
225.00 325.00 425.00 525.00
200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00
14.702 13.559 12.582 11.738
0.068017 0.073751 0.079477 0.085195
16.054 25.016 34.535 44.429
29.657 39.766 50.431 61.468
0.083541 0.12065 0.14923 0.17254
0.070631 0.077764 0.084238 0.088994
0.097995 0.10414 0.10881 0.11168
1397.8 1220.9 1091.3 999.41
−0.56210 −0.52944 −0.50685 −0.49445
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Marx, V., Pruss, A., and Wagner, W., “Neue Zustandsgleichungen fuer R 12, R 22, R 11 und R 113. Beschreibung des thermodynamishchen Zustandsverhaltens bei Temperaturen bis 525 K und Druecken bis 200 MPa,” Duesseldorf: VDI Verlag, Series 19 (Waermetechnik/Kaeltetechnik), No. 57, 1992. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.2% below the critical point temperature and increase to 1% in and above the critical region. The uncertainties for vapor pressures are 0.2% above 200 K and greater than 1% below 200 K. The uncertainties in heat capacities and sound speeds are 1% each.
2-335
.
.
00
100
80
90
11
12
400 0.
0.
.
−10
100 90 80 70
500
. 600 . 3 500 g/m 00. k ρ= 4 300.
700
80
90
450
110
.
00
50
50
60
12
13
40
30
13
00
50
.
.
0. 140
145
.
00
10
1500.
0
350
c.p.
−20
1550.
300
−30
2.
−50
4.
−40
6.
(dichlorodifluoromethane) reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C
−70 1600. T = −60 °C
10. 8.
0.
R-12
250
70
200
20
150
10
2-336
100 20.
550 20.
10. 8. 6.
200. 150.
4.
100. 80.
2.
60.
60
40.
1. 0.8
30.
40 30
0.6
20.
20
1. 0.8 0.6
15. 10
0.4
0.4 10.
0
8.0
−10
0.2
−20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 T = 180 °C 190 200
Pressure (MPa)
50
T = −20 °C
ted va
0.9
0.8
0.7
− 50
0.06 0.04
·K )
200
kg
0.80
J/(
250
300
350
400
0
0.02
2.1
5 2.0
0k 2.0
5
0.60 0.40
s=
1.9
0 1.9
5 1.8
0 1.8
5 1.7
0 1.7
1.65
1.60
1.50 1.55
1.45
1.35 1.40
1.30
1.20
1.25
1.15
1.10
1.00
1.05
0.90
0.95
0.85
0.80
150
0.1 0.08
1.0
− 70
0.01 100
3.0
1.5
− 60
0.75
0.02
0.2
4.0
2.0
satura
x=
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
sat
0.04
0.6
− 40
id ura
ted
liqu
0.06
por
− 30
0.1 0.08
6.0
450
500
0.01 550
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) FIG. 2-19 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant 12. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Marx, V., Pruβ, A., and Wagner, W., “Neue Zustandsgleichungen für R 12, R 22, R 11 und R 113. Beschreibung des thermodynamischen Zustandsverhaltens bei Temperaturen bis 525 K und Drücken bis 200 MPa,” VDI-Fortschritt-Ber. Series 19, No. 57, Düsseldorf: VDI Verlag, 1992.
TABLE 2-252
Thermodynamic Properties of R-13, Chlorotrifluoromethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
92.000 100.00 110.00 120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 302.00
3.2889E-07 2.6891E-06 2.3101E-05 0.00013272 0.00056195 0.0018797 0.0052264 0.012543 0.026741 0.051763 0.092557 0.15496 0.24553 0.37145 0.54033 0.76025 1.0397 1.3878 1.8145 2.3316 2.9538 3.7065 3.8790
92.000 100.00 110.00 120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 302.00
3.2889E-07 2.6891E-06 2.3101E-05 0.00013272 0.00056195 0.0018797 0.0052264 0.012543 0.026741 0.051763 0.092557 0.15496 0.24553 0.37145 0.54033 0.76025 1.0397 1.3878 1.8145 2.3316 2.9538 3.7065 3.8790
100.00 175.00 191.43
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
191.43 250.00 325.00 400.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
918.05 1032.1 1078.3 1072.1 1039.3 992.15 937.71 879.99 821.49 763.71 707.45 653.03 600.48 549.57 499.97 451.26 402.91 354.31 304.57 252.29 194.59 122.38 0
−0.61098 −0.56374 −0.53784 −0.52512 −0.51544 −0.50447 −0.49023 −0.47186 −0.44883 −0.42058 −0.38628 −0.34462 −0.29355 −0.22995 −0.14899 −0.043013 0.10085 0.30583 0.61895 1.1529 2.2680 6.3031 11.123
Saturated Properties 17.840 17.596 17.288 16.976 16.660 16.339 16.012 15.679 15.337 14.987 14.626 14.254 13.866 13.461 13.033 12.577 12.083 11.537 10.919 10.183 9.2260 7.4440 5.5800 4.2996E-07 3.2343E-06 2.5261E-05 0.00013307 0.00052045 0.0016191 0.0042135 0.0095248 0.019245 0.035532 0.060985 0.098644 0.15204 0.22536 0.32372 0.45374 0.62459 0.84999 1.1527 1.5762 2.2289 3.7166 5.5800
0.056054 0.056830 0.057844 0.058907 0.060023 0.061202 0.062451 0.063780 0.065200 0.066725 0.068370 0.070158 0.072118 0.074289 0.076727 0.079511 0.082762 0.086674 0.091587 0.098198 0.10839 0.13434 0.17921 2,325,800. 309,190. 39,587. 7,514.8 1,921.4 617.64 237.33 104.99 51.961 28.144 16.398 10.137 6.5771 4.4373 3.0891 2.2039 1.6010 1.1765 0.86755 0.63445 0.44866 0.26906 0.17921
3.4760 4.1217 4.9721 5.8413 6.7158 7.5918 8.4698 9.3523 10.242 11.143 12.057 12.988 13.939 14.913 15.914 16.947 18.018 19.137 20.319 21.591 23.021 25.005 26.462
3.4760 4.1217 4.9721 5.8413 6.7159 7.5919 8.4701 9.3531 10.244 11.146 12.063 12.999 13.956 14.940 15.955 17.007 18.104 19.258 20.485 21.820 23.341 25.503 27.158
0.0038039 0.010530 0.018633 0.026196 0.033195 0.039687 0.045744 0.051439 0.056835 0.061982 0.066925 0.071701 0.076341 0.080874 0.085328 0.089732 0.094118 0.098526 0.10301 0.10769 0.11280 0.11981 0.12522
0.059797 0.059177 0.057632 0.055848 0.054335 0.053311 0.052818 0.052815 0.053227 0.053972 0.054972 0.056159 0.057477 0.058882 0.060340 0.061829 0.063338 0.064870 0.066451 0.068161 0.070241 0.074099
0.077526 0.083231 0.086329 0.087308 0.087538 0.087670 0.087987 0.088595 0.089527 0.090788 0.092386 0.094338 0.096688 0.099513 0.10294 0.10719 0.11266 0.12009 0.13115 0.15049 0.19837 0.74301
22.976 23.192 23.477 23.781 24.101 24.435 24.782 25.137 25.499 25.864 26.231 26.597 26.959 27.315 27.659 27.987 28.289 28.552 28.753 28.850 28.740 27.886 26.462
23.741 24.023 24.392 24.778 25.181 25.596 26.022 26.454 26.888 27.321 27.749 28.168 28.574 28.963 29.329 29.663 29.954 30.185 30.327 30.329 30.066 28.884 27.158
0.22408 0.20954 0.19518 0.18400 0.17523 0.16829 0.16276 0.15832 0.15474 0.15184 0.14948 0.14755 0.14595 0.14462 0.14347 0.14246 0.14152 0.14055 0.13947 0.13808 0.13599 0.13108 0.12522
0.026152 0.027668 0.029536 0.031384 0.033228 0.035092 0.037002 0.038978 0.041033 0.043168 0.045375 0.047639 0.049946 0.052282 0.054636 0.057009 0.059411 0.061872 0.064450 0.067265 0.070591 0.075537
0.034466 0.035983 0.037856 0.039718 0.041601 0.043546 0.045603 0.047816 0.050218 0.052835 0.055688 0.058800 0.062214 0.066006 0.070318 0.075407 0.081759 0.090357 0.10345 0.12745 0.19031 0.91719
98.239 101.74 105.92 109.91 113.70 117.29 120.64 123.73 126.48 128.85 130.77 132.18 133.00 133.16 132.58 131.16 128.80 125.37 120.73 114.75 107.22 98.019 0
846.97 607.63 414.42 291.57 210.73 155.99 118.01 91.120 71.760 57.628 47.196 39.425 33.599 29.214 25.919 23.463 21.667 20.399 19.555 19.007 18.455 15.921 11.123
Single-Phase Properties 17.598 15.165 14.574
2-337
0.065539 0.048881 0.037259 0.030170
0.056826 0.065942 0.068616 15.258 20.458 26.839 33.145
4.1207 10.689 12.189
4.1264 10.696 12.196
0.010520 0.059427 0.067617
0.059127 0.053557 0.055131
0.083227 0.090103 0.092642
1033.2 792.98 699.56
−0.56370 −0.43564 −0.38082
26.284 29.189 33.487 38.384
27.809 31.235 36.171 41.699
0.14918 0.16476 0.18198 0.19726
0.045695 0.052574 0.061422 0.068694
0.056115 0.061514 0.069986 0.077154
131.00 150.16 170.52 188.46
45.943 17.864 8.3711 5.2121
2-338
TABLE 2-252
Thermodynamic Properties of R-13, Chlorotrifluoromethane (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
100.00 175.00 248.71
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
248.71 250.00 325.00 400.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
100.00 175.00
5.0000 5.0000
250.00 325.00 400.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
17.609 15.188 12.149
0.056790 0.065843 0.082311
4.1118 10.666 17.878
4.1686 10.731 17.960
1.6671 1.6848 2.5108 3.2128
28.252 28.338 33.099 38.116
17.658 15.284
0.056633 0.065427
12.436 3.5611 1.8042
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.010431 0.059291 0.093552
0.058689 0.053474 0.063142
0.083187 0.089928 0.11187
1042.6 800.56 409.14
−0.56328 −0.43907 0.079502
29.919 30.023 35.610 41.329
0.14164 0.14205 0.16162 0.17744
0.059099 0.059028 0.062521 0.068870
0.080842 0.080216 0.073958 0.078791
129.16 129.97 162.24 184.36
21.866 21.418 8.9819 5.3350
4.0724 10.564
4.3555 10.891
0.010032 0.058704
0.056929 0.053220
0.083080 0.089221
1081.6 831.21
−0.56120 −0.45278
0.080411 0.28081 0.55425
17.696 29.869 36.726
18.098 31.273 39.497
0.092801 0.13759 0.16061
0.062047 0.071896 0.070112
0.10644 0.18862 0.090875
461.89 120.24 170.26
−0.057256 10.597 5.4004
Single-Phase Properties
0.59985 0.59355 0.39827 0.31126
100.00 175.00 250.00 325.00 400.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
17.716 15.396 12.772 8.8242 4.2213
0.056446 0.064954 0.078295 0.11332 0.23689
4.0235 10.446 17.377 25.758 34.655
4.5880 11.096 18.160 26.891 37.023
0.0095294 0.058009 0.091462 0.12181 0.14997
0.055111 0.053119 0.061300 0.069005 0.071938
0.083086 0.088480 0.10203 0.13617 0.11434
1124.6 863.64 518.33 240.23 173.36
−0.55799 −0.46709 −0.17104 1.3924 3.9992
100.00 175.00 250.00 325.00 400.00
15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000
17.772 15.499 13.041 9.9265 6.3827
0.056268 0.064521 0.076680 0.10074 0.15667
3.9751 10.336 17.115 24.846 32.962
4.8192 11.304 18.265 26.357 35.312
0.0090235 0.057352 0.090334 0.11854 0.14333
0.053642 0.053200 0.061058 0.068084 0.072431
0.083232 0.087860 0.099258 0.11665 0.11694
1162.0 890.77 562.82 322.91 213.68
−0.55407 −0.47907 −0.24338 0.49723 1.9494
175.00 250.00 325.00 400.00
35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000
15.857 13.811 11.718 9.7082
0.063065 0.072404 0.085341 0.10301
9.9615 16.358 23.258 30.364
12.169 18.892 26.245 33.969
0.055005 0.086896 0.11257 0.13395
0.054657 0.062146 0.069359 0.074599
0.086150 0.093881 0.10153 0.10349
962.40 679.17 492.75 383.00
−0.51269 −0.38660 −0.18758 0.022671
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Magee, J. W., Outcalt, S. L., and Ely, J. F., “Molar Heat Capacity C(v), Vapor Pressure, and (p, Rho, T) Measurements from 92 to 350 K at Pressures to 35 MPa and a New Equation of State for Chlorotrifluoromethane (R13),” Int. J. Thermophys. 21(5):1097–1121, 2000. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.15% in density and 2% in heat capacity, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.1%.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-253
2-339
Saturated Refrigerant 13B1, Bromotrifluoromethane*
P, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
170 180 190 200 210
0.059 0.127 0.250 0.455 0.777
4.594.−4 4.677.−4 4.765.−4 4.860.−4 4.961.−4
1.6015 0.7840 0.4190 0.2407 0.1467
−40.90 −34.75 −28.51 −22.17 −15.68
90.95 94.37 97.83 101.32 104.82
−0.2033 −0.1682 −0.1345 −0.1020 −0.0704
0.5723 0.5491 0.5305 0.5154 0.5033
0.597 0.618 0.634 0.648 0.663
9.54 7.60 6.20 5.13 4.33
0.101 0.096 0.091 0.086 0.082
215.4 220 230 240 250
1.013 1.254 1.933 2.863 4.096
5.020.−4 5.071.−4 5.190.−4 5.321.−4 5.466.−4
0.1147 0.0940 0.0628 0.0433 0.0308
−12.09 −9.02 −2.19 4.83 12.03
106.70 108.28 111.68 114.99 118.16
−0.0536 −0.0396 −0.0094 0.0202 0.0494
0.4978 0.4936 0.4857 0.4793 0.4739
0.670 0.676 0.690 0.703 0.721
3.97 3.71 3.22 2.83 2.51
0.079 0.077 0.073 0.068 0.063
260 270 280 290 300
5.690 7.703 10.20 13.25 16.91
5.627.−4 5.809.−4 6.018.−4 6.264.−4 6.562.−4
0.0224 0.0166 0.0124 0.0094 0.0072
19.44 27.06 34.94 43.11 51.68
121.16 123.93 126.41 128.51 130.09
0.0781 0.1064 0.1345 0.1625 0.1908
0.4693 0.4652 0.4612 0.4570 0.4522
0.742 0.767 0.800 0.842 0.891
2.25 2.04 1.84 1.69 1.57
0.059 0.054 0.049 0.045 0.040
310 320 330 340.2c
21.28 26.44 32.48 39.64
6.940.−4 7.458.−4 8.295.−4 1.344.−3
0.0055 0.0041 0.0030 0.0013
60.81 70.80 82.42 108.70
130.97 130.76 128.59 108.70
0.2197 0.2503 0.2845 0.3605
0.4460 0.4376 0.4245 0.3605
0.951 1.09 1.29 ∞
1.45 1.26 0.99 0.35
0.035 0.030 0.026 ∞
T, K
*Values reproduced or converted from Table 4, p. 17.83, ASHRAE Handbook, 1981: Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 1981. Copyright material. Reproduced by permission of the copyright owner. c = critical point. The notation 4.594.−4 signifies 4.594 × 10−4. The 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI ed.) contains a table at closer temperature increments and also an enthalpy–log-pressure diagram from 0.1 to 35 bar, −80 to 220 °C. For tables and a chart to 500 psia, 480 °F, see Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, 1986 (521 pp.). For specific heat, thermal conductivity, and viscosity, see Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993.
Refrigerant 14 (tetrafluoromethane) See Carbon Tetrafluoride (Table 2-202).
TABLE 2-254
Refrigerant 20 See Chloroform (Table 2-206).
Saturated Refrigerant 21, Dichlorofluoromethane
Temperature, K
Pressure, bar
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
250 260 270 280 290
0.2415 0.3953 0.6200 0.9364 1.3682
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
677 687 698 709 722
0.8292 0.5247 0.3455 0.2355 0.1654
16.6 26.5 36.6 46.7 57.1
274.8 279.9 284.9 290.0 295.0
0.0687 0.1076 0.1454 0.1824 0.2186
1.1015 1.0820 1.0653 1.0511 1.0389
300 310 320 330 340
1.9417 2.6849 3.6279 4.8022 6.2409
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
735 748 763 778 794
0.1192 0.0879 0.0661 0.0505 0.0391
67.7 78.4 89.5 100.7 112.3
300.0 304.8 309.5 314.1 318.4
0.2543 0.2894 0.3242 0.3586 0.3927
1.0286 1.0196 1.0119 1.0051 0.9989
vf, m3/kg
sg, kJ⋅(kg⋅K)
350 360 370 380 390
7.978 10.049 12.489 15.337 18.630
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
812 830 850 870 893
0.0307 0.0243 0.0194 0.0155 0.0125
124.1 136.2 148.6 161.2 173.9
322.4 326.1 329.3 331.9 333.8
0.4266 0.4602 0.4935 0.5264 0.5587
0.9932 0.9877 0.9820 0.9758 0.9688
400 410 420 430 440
22.41 26.72 31.60 37.10 43.26
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001
918 944 972 002 034
0.01011 0.00820 0.00672 0.00564 0.00491
186.4 198.3 208.7 216.4 221.1
334.8 334.7 333.7 332.4 332.3
0.5896 0.6180 0.6418 0.6587 0.6682
0.9605 0.9506 0.9394 0.9286 0.9208
Reproduced and rounded from unpublished Center for Applied Thermodynamic Studies, Moscow ID report, 1981. For a thermodynamic diagram to 350 bar, 370 °C, see Rombusch, U. K., Allgem. Warme., 11, 3 (1962).
2-340 TABLE 2-255
Thermodynamic Properties of R-22, Chlorodifluoromethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
115.73 120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 369.30
3.7947E-07 9.9588E-07 1.7187E-05 0.00015627 0.00089946 0.0037009 0.011835 0.031218 0.070909 0.14319 0.26329 0.44888 0.71966 1.0970 1.6039 2.2661 3.1130 4.1837 4.9900
115.73 120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 369.30
3.7947E-07 9.9588E-07 1.7187E-05 0.00015627 0.00089946 0.0037009 0.011835 0.031218 0.070909 0.14319 0.26329 0.44888 0.71966 1.0970 1.6039 2.2661 3.1130 4.1837 4.9900
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.44463 −0.44526 −0.44448 −0.43872 −0.43084 −0.42063 −0.40608 −0.38505 −0.35555 −0.31561 −0.26263 −0.19248 −0.097827 0.035333 0.23608 0.57205 1.2334 3.0745 10.366
Saturated Properties 19.907 19.777 19.325 18.873 18.420 17.963 17.500 17.028 16.542 16.036 15.506 14.944 14.341 13.686 12.956 12.114 11.069 9.5229 6.0582 3.9436E-07 9.9813E-07 1.5313E-05 0.00012533 0.00065634 0.0024808 0.0073561 0.018161 0.038991 0.075182 0.13342 0.22208 0.35201 0.53822 0.80363 1.1882 1.7777 2.8529 6.0582
0.050235 0.050564 0.051747 0.052985 0.054289 0.055670 0.057141 0.058726 0.060453 0.062359 0.064493 0.066919 0.069730 0.073070 0.077181 0.082547 0.090340 0.10501 0.16506 2,535,700. 1,001,900. 65,305. 7,979.0 1,523.6 403.09 135.94 55.062 25.647 13.301 7.4950 4.5029 2.8409 1.8580 1.2443 0.84159 0.56253 0.35052 0.16506
2.5595 2.9559 4.3400 5.7179 7.0951 8.4715 9.8483 11.230 12.622 14.034 15.472 16.945 18.462 20.034 21.676 23.418 25.325 27.613 30.901
2.5595 2.9559 4.3400 5.7179 7.0951 8.4717 9.8490 11.232 12.627 14.043 15.489 16.975 18.513 20.114 21.800 23.605 25.606 28.053 31.725
0.0065813 0.0099451 0.020814 0.030493 0.039243 0.047227 0.054574 0.061399 0.067804 0.073877 0.079692 0.085308 0.090782 0.096166 0.10152 0.10696 0.11267 0.11931 0.12907
0.061918 0.061567 0.060123 0.059099 0.058356 0.057679 0.057097 0.056707 0.056579 0.056737 0.057171 0.057856 0.058767 0.059887 0.061218 0.062814 0.064858 0.068488
0.092976 0.092700 0.091960 0.091824 0.091789 0.091751 0.091898 0.092431 0.093482 0.095120 0.097391 0.10037 0.10424 0.10941 0.11688 0.12929 0.15550 0.25950
1410.9 1388.4 1312.3 1239.0 1166.5 1095.0 1024.5 954.55 884.79 814.96 744.97 674.69 603.91 532.11 458.37 381.15 298.16 201.90 0
27.807 27.929 28.373 28.840 29.329 29.836 30.357 30.885 31.411 31.928 32.428 32.900 33.335 33.717 34.021 34.207 34.184 33.661 30.901
28.769 28.927 29.495 30.087 30.699 31.328 31.966 32.603 33.229 33.833 34.401 34.922 35.380 35.755 36.017 36.114 35.935 35.127 31.725
0.23305 0.22637 0.20715 0.19295 0.18230 0.17421 0.16800 0.16317 0.15937 0.15634 0.15386 0.15178 0.14996 0.14830 0.14666 0.14486 0.14261 0.13896 0.12907
0.028465 0.028872 0.030386 0.031990 0.033655 0.035388 0.037218 0.039177 0.041300 0.043615 0.046138 0.048881 0.051851 0.055064 0.058574 0.062516 0.067254 0.074178
0.036779 0.037186 0.038703 0.040316 0.042018 0.043849 0.045881 0.048204 0.050920 0.054144 0.058023 0.062763 0.068713 0.076534 0.087659 0.10579 0.14389 0.29995
119.91 121.91 128.58 134.79 140.59 145.98 150.87 155.15 158.70 161.35 162.96 163.38 162.45 159.98 155.73 149.36 140.39 127.92 0
398.80 367.18 269.83 197.57 146.30 110.28 84.902 66.865 53.872 44.348 37.240 31.852 27.725 24.549 22.102 20.201 18.613 16.641 10.366
Single-Phase Properties 150.00 232.06
0.10000 0.10000
232.06 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 250.00 296.57
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
296.57 350.00 450.00 550.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
5.7167 13.284
5.7220 13.290
0.030484 0.070699
0.059102 0.056618
0.091820 0.094177
1239.3 851.94
−0.43876 −0.33819
31.656 32.442 37.325 43.093 49.620
33.517 34.465 40.211 46.822 54.186
0.15786 0.16180 0.18105 0.19762 0.21238
0.042364 0.043860 0.053191 0.061672 0.068475
0.052366 0.053391 0.061845 0.070141 0.076877
160.06 166.39 196.16 221.08 243.30
49.032 38.154 13.439 6.7638 4.0604
0.052952 0.063648 0.072248
5.7053 14.961 19.669
5.7582 15.024 19.741
0.030408 0.077665 0.094938
0.059134 0.057020 0.059612
0.091780 0.096318 0.10807
1241.8 773.25 548.68
2.0425 2.6523 3.6110 4.5027
33.635 36.754 42.774 49.400
35.677 39.407 46.385 53.903
0.14867 0.16025 0.17776 0.19283
0.054305 0.055369 0.062289 0.068737
0.074523 0.068138 0.072300 0.077971
160.70 184.85 216.22 241.16
25.205 14.183 6.8582 4.0624
18.931 15.837 11.141 1.6422 1.1832
0.052823 0.063142 0.089759 0.60893 0.84520
5.6555 14.822 25.585 41.131 48.377
5.9197 15.138 26.034 44.175 52.603
0.030074 0.077105 0.11341 0.16067 0.17760
0.059277 0.057135 0.064765 0.065284 0.069855
0.091614 0.095206 0.14356 0.087278 0.083655
1253.0 797.37 317.33 194.56 232.93
−0.44109 −0.30700 1.0314 7.0507 3.9600
18.874 16.306 0.053734 0.049441 0.034652 0.026819 0.021901 18.885 15.711 13.841 0.48960 0.37703 0.27693 0.22209
0.052982 0.061325 18.610 20.226 28.859 37.287 45.660
−0.43921 −0.28642 0.00029448
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
18.987 15.982 12.008 4.2433 2.5432
0.052667 0.062569 0.083275 0.23566 0.39321
5.5953 14.663 24.782 38.423 47.019
6.1220 15.289 25.615 40.780 50.951
0.029665 0.076450 0.11098 0.14893 0.16944
0.059460 0.057274 0.063647 0.068870 0.071068
0.091420 0.094054 0.11843 0.12461 0.092204
1266.7 825.41 412.24 184.82 229.21
−0.44331 −0.32844 0.39255 5.5220 3.5059
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
19.198 16.469 13.518 10.241 7.3810
0.052089 0.060719 0.073976 0.097648 0.13548
5.3741 14.132 23.279 33.086 42.738
6.9367 15.953 25.499 36.016 46.802
0.028113 0.074181 0.10621 0.13259 0.15425
0.060251 0.057799 0.063170 0.069234 0.073417
0.090769 0.091018 0.10053 0.10864 0.10533
1318.0 921.00 603.47 392.35 317.51
−0.45090 −0.38542 −0.13764 0.40072 0.89994
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 550.00
60.000 60.000 60.000 60.000 60.000
19.480 17.029 14.650 12.381 10.405
0.051336 0.058724 0.068258 0.080770 0.096108
5.0916 13.533 22.111 31.083 40.152
8.1717 17.056 26.206 35.929 45.919
0.026007 0.071434 0.10216 0.12657 0.14662
0.061560 0.058519 0.063912 0.070220 0.075020
0.089983 0.088686 0.094730 0.099099 0.10030
1384.9 1034.6 764.59 589.21 492.11
−0.45992 −0.42947 −0.31532 −0.17799 −0.055349
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Kamei, A., Beyerlein, S. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Application of Nonlinear Regression in the Development of a Wide Range Formulation for HCFC-22,” Int. J. Thermophys. 16:1155–1164, 1995. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 1% in heat capacity, and 0.3% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.2%.
2-341
00
0.
450
.
600
500
550
400.
.
500
3
10. 8.
90
200.
0
6.
150.
100. 80.
80 70
40.
40
15.
10 0
10. 8.0
T = −20 °C
0.2
ted va
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
/(k
0.80
0.2
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04
0.60
2.
20 2.
40
kJ
−70
0.02
0.4
3.0
s=
2.2
0
0 2.1
0
0 1.9
0 1.8
1.70
1.60
1.50
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
−60
0.6
1.0
g·
0.04
4.0
1.5 K)
−50
1. 0.8
6.0
2.0
satura
x=
sat
0.06
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
id
−40
ura
ted
liqu
0.1 0.08
por
−30
−20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 T = 180 °C 190 200
−10
2.0
Pressure (MPa)
20.
20
0.4
2.
30.
30
0.6
4.
60.
60 50
1. 0.8
600 20.
g/m
0. k ρ = 30
c.p.
−10
−20
0.
70
80
90
10
80
70
400
0.
.
.
. 10
11
50
40
350
50
00
50 11
12
125
00
.
.
0.
300
1350.
1400.
−30
−40
−50
T = −60 °C
−80
4.
1450.
1500.
6.
2.
130 10
(chlorodifluoromethane) reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C
−70
10. 8.
0.
R-22
250
60
200
30
150
20
2-342
100 20.
0.40
0.02
0.30
0.01 100
−80
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
0.01 600
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) FIG. 2-20 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant 22. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Kamei, A., Beyerlein, S. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Application of Nonlinear Regression in the Development of a Wide Range Formulation for HCFC-22,” Int. J. Thermophysics 16:1155–1164, 1995.
TABLE 2-256
Thermodynamic Properties of R-23, Trifluoromethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
118.02 120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 299.29
5.8041E-05 8.1883E-05 0.00038808 0.0014276 0.0043019 0.011055 0.024979 0.050823 0.094862 0.16485 0.26991 0.42035 0.62755 0.90390 1.2628 1.7190 2.2887 2.9913 3.8516 4.8317
118.02 120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 299.29
5.8041E-05 8.1883E-05 0.00038808 0.0014276 0.0043019 0.011055 0.024979 0.050823 0.094862 0.16485 0.26991 0.42035 0.62755 0.90390 1.2628 1.7190 2.2887 2.9913 3.8516 4.8317
150.00 190.90
0.10000 0.10000
190.90 250.00 350.00 450.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 242.93
1.0000 1.0000
242.93 250.00 350.00 450.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
−0.25719 −0.088512 0.75355 1.5903 2.4276 3.2675 4.1116 4.9618 5.8204 6.6899 7.5735 8.4748 9.3983 10.350 11.336 12.370 13.469 14.670 16.074 19.029
−0.25719 −0.088509 0.75356 1.5904 2.4278 3.2680 4.1127 4.9642 5.8250 6.6981 7.5873 8.4969 9.4325 10.401 11.411 12.477 13.621 14.885 16.386 19.672
19.268 19.320 19.581 19.845 20.109 20.372 20.632 20.886 21.133 21.369 21.589 21.791 21.968 22.112 22.214 22.256 22.209 22.017 21.529 19.029
20.249 20.317 20.661 21.005 21.348 21.688 22.020 22.342 22.648 22.935 23.196 23.426 23.617 23.759 23.839 23.835 23.712 23.403 22.727 19.672
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
268.59 261.17 229.32 204.76 185.36 169.64 156.60 145.55 135.98 127.54 119.92 112.91 106.33 100.01 93.771 87.445 80.778 73.344 64.064
2055.0 1889.2 1285.4 927.74 702.09 551.48 446.01 369.03 310.79 265.32 228.80 198.71 173.29 151.31 131.85 114.17 97.624 81.444 64.222
Saturated Properties 24.308 24.217 23.746 23.263 22.771 22.272 21.763 21.243 20.709 20.158 19.584 18.982 18.345 17.660 16.913 16.081 15.123 13.958 12.367 7.5200 5.9176E-05 8.2116E-05 0.00035955 0.0012302 0.0034701 0.0083994 0.017990 0.034921 0.062608 0.10526 0.16798 0.25707 0.38050 0.54888 0.77721 1.0885 1.5223 2.1579 3.2161 7.5200
0.041139 0.041293 0.042112 0.042987 0.043915 0.044900 0.045950 0.047074 0.048288 0.049608 0.051061 0.052680 0.054512 0.056625 0.059125 0.062186 0.066126 0.071643 0.080863 0.13298 16,899. 12,178. 2,781.2 812.86 288.17 119.06 55.587 28.636 15.972 9.5007 5.9532 3.8900 2.6281 1.8219 1.2866 0.91866 0.65691 0.46341 0.31093 0.13298
−0.0049376 −0.0035202 0.0032204 0.0094218 0.015198 0.020619 0.025736 0.030596 0.035238 0.039699 0.044011 0.048206 0.052315 0.056370 0.060409 0.064481 0.068658 0.073078 0.078112 0.088893
0.057095 0.055755 0.052298 0.051128 0.050605 0.050302 0.050114 0.050024 0.050032 0.050140 0.050350 0.050666 0.051093 0.051645 0.052347 0.053248 0.054447 0.056175 0.059136
0.085477 0.084936 0.083783 0.083657 0.083836 0.084188 0.084721 0.085477 0.086504 0.087863 0.089628 0.091906 0.094862 0.098763 0.10409 0.11180 0.12412 0.14787 0.21909
1211.2 1208.8 1168.8 1111.2 1051.8 994.03 938.04 883.23 829.00 774.87 720.45 665.40 609.38 552.02 492.89 431.39 366.67 297.30 220.12 0
0.16881 0.16652 0.15635 0.14810 0.14134 0.13574 0.13107 0.12714 0.12378 0.12088 0.11834 0.11607 0.11399 0.11203 0.11012 0.10816 0.10603 0.10350 0.099978 0.088893
0.026617 0.026770 0.027678 0.028813 0.030153 0.031671 0.033344 0.035155 0.037094 0.039149 0.041312 0.043578 0.045950 0.048442 0.051088 0.053955 0.057163 0.060947 0.065857
0.034991 0.035155 0.036154 0.037439 0.039008 0.040857 0.042992 0.045436 0.048225 0.051416 0.055095 0.059399 0.064561 0.070995 0.079472 0.091578 0.11107 0.14938 0.26628
135.67 136.72 141.80 146.52 150.89 154.87 158.43 161.51 164.02 165.89 167.03 167.35 166.76 165.16 162.43 158.44 153.01 145.86 136.34 0
−0.37494 −0.37515 −0.37102 −0.36298 −0.35278 −0.34018 −0.32445 −0.30465 −0.27966 −0.24798 −0.20758 −0.15554 −0.087415 0.0038879 0.13049 0.31494 0.60438 1.1166 2.2579 8.4094 1947.8 1684.9 854.63 472.27 282.89 182.40 125.40 90.972 68.962 54.182 43.846 36.378 30.839 26.639 23.387 20.801 18.652 16.699 14.524 8.4094
3.7962 3.9025 4.4400 4.9794 5.5230 6.0746 6.6400 7.2268 7.8452 8.5073 9.2284 10.028 10.931 11.970 13.197 14.687 16.578 19.150 23.215
5.3460 5.4612 6.0411 6.6166 7.1868 7.7511 8.3091 8.8611 9.4081 9.9521 10.497 11.048 11.616 12.216 12.873 13.633 14.579 15.906 18.223
Single-Phase Properties 22.773 20.660 0.065782 0.048799 0.034513 0.026771 22.792 17.448
2-343
0.60881 0.57474 0.35949 0.27164
0.043911 0.048402 15.202 20.492 28.974 37.355
2.4262 5.8986
2.4306 5.9034
0.015189 0.035649
0.050608 0.050037
0.083827 0.086612
1052.1 824.11
−0.35289 −0.27709 67.381 22.325 8.0459 4.0690
21.155 23.373 27.705 32.978
22.675 25.422 30.603 36.713
0.12350 0.13604 0.15338 0.16869
0.037275 0.038440 0.048023 0.057058
0.048496 0.047375 0.056526 0.065464
164.22 188.56 220.23 247.21
0.043874 0.057313
2.4134 10.635
2.4573 10.692
0.015103 0.057555
0.050638 0.051834
0.083752 0.10015
1055.5 534.88
1.6425 1.7399 2.7818 3.6813
22.147 22.544 27.401 32.791
23.790 24.284 30.182 36.472
0.11147 0.11347 0.13337 0.14914
0.049200 0.046933 0.048882 0.057361
0.073220 0.067137 0.059316 0.066629
164.48 169.72 214.59 245.15
−0.35386 0.036629 25.601 23.136 8.0837 4.0345
185.41 135.18 7.9031 11.046 16.386 21.735 185.86 98.175 12.308 12.612 17.536 22.720
702.64 306.22 9.4574 12.547 17.318 21.621 707.90 145.37 12.401 12.737 17.376 21.629
2-344 TABLE 2-256
Thermodynamic Properties of R-23, Trifluoromethane (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
22.876 17.302 2.2512 1.4480
0.043714 0.057797 0.44420 0.69062
2.3577 11.094 25.765 31.931
2.5763 11.383 27.986 35.384
0.014729 0.059422 0.11523 0.13386
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.050778 0.051903 0.053415 0.058685
0.083431 0.098833 0.081317 0.072566
1070.0 539.89 190.19 237.91
−0.35795 0.027079 7.7729 3.7699
187.83 97.307 23.888 27.113
731.40 141.75 19.400 22.593
Single-Phase Properties 150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00 150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
22.976 17.719 6.4822 3.1053
0.043523 0.056437 0.15427 0.32203
2.2910 10.828 22.835 30.818
2.7262 11.392 24.378 34.039
0.014275 0.058319 0.10116 0.12572
0.050969 0.051625 0.058836 0.060182
0.083065 0.094482 0.14411 0.081111
1086.9 590.19 186.97 235.46
−0.36259 −0.061719 4.7798 3.2093
190.23 101.24 39.852 33.390
761.17 153.45 30.808 25.446
150.00 250.00 350.00 450.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
23.670 19.633 15.604 12.055
0.042247 0.050935 0.064086 0.082953
1.8477 9.5803 17.587 25.724
3.9600 12.127 20.792 29.871
0.011072 0.052740 0.081836 0.10464
0.052531 0.052051 0.057678 0.064073
0.080990 0.083522 0.089445 0.091553
1193.2 826.45 563.57 437.72
−0.38760 −0.29649 −0.085583 0.13382
207.85 121.46 92.030 77.100
1020.9 226.71 113.25 73.803
20.957 17.954 15.405
0.047717 0.055698 0.064915
8.7360 16.172 23.879
13.508 21.741 30.370
0.048428 0.076094 0.097761
0.053244 0.059172 0.065748
0.080401 0.084434 0.087934
1002.1 778.97 652.70
−0.36685 −0.30018 −0.24430
137.85 111.99 100.34
307.24 167.69 119.14
250.00 350.00 450.00
100.00 100.00 100.00
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Penoncello, S. G., Lemmon, E. W., Jacobsen, R. T., and Shan, Z., “A Fundamental Equation for Triflurormethane (R-23),” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 32(4):1473–1499, 2003. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is Shan, Z., Penoncello, S. G., and Jacobsen, R. T., “A Generalized Model for Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Trifluoromethane (R-23),” ASHRAE Trans. 106:1–11, 2000. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 0.5% in heat capacities and speed of sound, and 0.2% in vapor pressures.Uncertainties in the critical region will be higher. The uncertainty in viscosity is 1%. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 2%.
TABLE 2-257
Thermodynamic Properties of R-32, Difluoromethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
136.34 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 351.26
4.8000E-05 8.3535E-05 0.00032474 0.0010410 0.0028536 0.0068782 0.014904 0.029545 0.054344 0.093819 0.15345 0.23965 0.35967 0.52157 0.73415 1.0069 1.3501 1.7749 2.2934 2.9194 3.6686 4.5614 5.6311 5.7826
136.34 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 351.26
4.8000E-05 8.3535E-05 0.00032474 0.0010410 0.0028536 0.0068782 0.014904 0.029545 0.054344 0.093819 0.15345 0.23965 0.35967 0.52157 0.73415 1.0069 1.3501 1.7749 2.2934 2.9194 3.6686 4.5614 5.6311 5.7826
150.00 221.24
0.10000 0.10000
221.24 225.00 300.00 375.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
−0.99220 −0.68946 0.13324 0.95053 1.7640 2.5753 3.3862 4.1983 5.0135 5.8337 6.6608 7.4969 8.3443 9.2056 10.084 10.983 11.908 12.866 13.867 14.930 16.088 17.428 19.453 20.836
−0.99220 −0.68946 0.13325 0.95057 1.7641 2.5756 3.3868 4.1995 5.0158 5.8377 6.6675 7.5077 8.3609 9.2303 10.120 11.034 11.979 12.963 13.998 15.107 16.328 17.760 19.977 21.546
21.981 22.076 22.335 22.593 22.850 23.103 23.350 23.588 23.816 24.032 24.234 24.421 24.590 24.738 24.860 24.952 25.006 25.011 24.950 24.797 24.503 23.943 22.380 20.836
23.115 23.239 23.581 23.921 24.258 24.589 24.910 25.219 25.513 25.788 26.042 26.272 26.474 26.643 26.775 26.862 26.894 26.858 26.735 26.491 26.068 25.316 23.365 21.546
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
−0.0054608 −0.0032696 0.0024067 0.0076815 0.012613 0.017251 0.021635 0.025800 0.029778 0.033594 0.037271 0.040830 0.044291 0.047671 0.050989 0.054264 0.057517 0.060775 0.064076 0.067477 0.071088 0.075179 0.081343 0.085769
0.055447 0.054980 0.053793 0.052740 0.051818 0.051021 0.050345 0.049783 0.049333 0.048988 0.048747 0.048604 0.048559 0.048610 0.048761 0.049019 0.049399 0.049934 0.050685 0.051776 0.053487 0.056594 0.066340
0.082847 0.082588 0.081975 0.081513 0.081215 0.081087 0.081137 0.081373 0.081803 0.082443 0.083313 0.084442 0.085874 0.087676 0.089947 0.092852 0.096659 0.10185 0.10938 0.12140 0.14404 0.20457 1.2085
1414.4 1395.1 1342.3 1289.9 1237.6 1185.7 1133.8 1082.1 1030.4 978.59 926.62 874.35 821.65 768.33 714.18 658.88 602.05 543.11 481.27 415.41 343.84 263.77 163.70 0
−0.33760 −0.33728 −0.33542 −0.33191 −0.32650 −0.31891 −0.30886 −0.29600 −0.27988 −0.25996 −0.23550 −0.20551 −0.16864 −0.12292 −0.065518 0.0079177 0.10428 0.23517 0.42163 0.70602 1.1876 2.1660 5.4955 8.0731
242.91 241.74 237.64 232.45 226.39 219.64 212.37 204.70 196.75 188.62 180.39 172.14 163.92 155.78 147.75 139.86 132.11 124.48 116.94 109.42 101.80 94.166 97.067
0.17135 0.16765 0.15872 0.15125 0.14493 0.13955 0.13492 0.13090 0.12738 0.12428 0.12151 0.11901 0.11674 0.11464 0.11268 0.11079 0.10895 0.10709 0.10516 0.10305 0.10060 0.097403 0.091024 0.085769
0.025987 0.026110 0.026507 0.027014 0.027667 0.028505 0.029560 0.030843 0.032341 0.034016 0.035821 0.037709 0.039648 0.041621 0.043631 0.045693 0.047840 0.050119 0.052598 0.055390 0.058707 0.063103 0.071998
0.034319 0.034451 0.034889 0.035477 0.036272 0.037336 0.038728 0.040483 0.042613 0.045105 0.047943 0.051127 0.054696 0.058741 0.063434 0.069063 0.076110 0.085424 0.098649 0.11948 0.15836 0.26199 1.9028
169.60 171.76 177.47 182.88 187.97 192.69 197.00 200.85 204.20 206.99 209.19 210.73 211.57 211.65 210.90 209.26 206.64 202.95 198.02 191.66 183.49 172.68 154.59 0
0.0024002 0.034057
0.053795 0.048953
0.081971 0.082538
1342.7 972.15
0.12392 0.12467 0.13708 0.14749
0.034234 0.033681 0.035327 0.041082
0.045439 0.044513 0.044188 0.049630
207.30 209.39 241.95 267.64
Saturated Properties 27.473 27.302 26.835 26.364 25.889 25.409 24.921 24.424 23.916 23.394 22.858 22.303 21.726 21.124 20.491 19.820 19.102 18.323 17.460 16.477 15.299 13.740 10.732 8.1501 4.2353E-05 7.1788E-05 0.00026061 0.00078411 0.0020270 0.0046295 0.0095503 0.018112 0.032028 0.053428 0.084890 0.12949 0.19093 0.27370 0.38340 0.52726 0.71503 0.96054 1.2848 1.7233 2.3442 3.3211 5.7166 8.1501
0.036399 0.036627 0.037265 0.037930 0.038626 0.039357 0.040127 0.040944 0.041814 0.042745 0.043749 0.044838 0.046028 0.047340 0.048802 0.050454 0.052350 0.054577 0.057273 0.060691 0.065364 0.072779 0.093180 0.12270 23,611. 13,930. 3,837.2 1,275.3 493.35 216.01 104.71 55.213 31.223 18.717 11.780 7.7224 5.2375 3.6537 2.6083 1.8966 1.3985 1.0411 0.77830 0.58029 0.42658 0.30111 0.17493 0.12270
881.12 769.01 541.12 391.73 291.02 221.02 170.81 133.79 106.00 84.924 68.870 56.605 47.194 39.922 34.246 29.758 26.148 23.187 20.693 18.510 16.477 14.312 10.637 8.0731
6.9492 6.9554 7.0006 7.0875 7.2166 7.3887 7.6049 7.8668 8.1765 8.5374 8.9546 9.4365 9.9965 10.656 11.449 12.431 13.691 15.376 17.748 21.309 27.173 38.601 87.141
Single-Phase Properties 26.836 23.329
2-345
0.056727 0.055592 0.040576 0.032244
0.037263 0.042866 17.628 17.988 24.645 31.013
0.13226 5.9359 24.058 24.191 26.760 29.631
0.13599 5.9402 25.821 25.989 29.224 32.733
−0.33547 −0.25719 82.688 76.114 25.024 12.117
237.67 187.60 8.5859 8.7199 12.643 18.907
2-346 TABLE 2-257
Thermodynamic Properties of R-32, Difluoromethane (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
150.00 225.00 279.77
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
279.77 300.00 375.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
150.00 225.00 300.00 344.33
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
344.33 375.00
5.0000 5.0000
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
26.851 23.159 19.836
0.037243 0.043179 0.050414
0.12350 6.2265 10.962
0.16075 6.2697 11.013
1.9100 2.1692 2.9484
24.951 25.950 29.227
0.037154 0.042923 0.053448 0.078078
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
0.0023417 0.035360 0.054190
0.053807 0.048867 0.049012
0.081935 0.082690 0.092777
1345.7 957.47 660.15
−0.33584 −0.25084 0.0060372
237.89 185.10 140.04
26.861 28.120 32.175
0.11084 0.11518 0.12727
0.045646 0.041298 0.042549
0.068922 0.057916 0.053538
209.31 223.83 259.50
0.085198 6.1394 12.637 18.130
0.27097 6.3541 12.905 18.520
0.0020846 0.034970 0.060001 0.077304
0.053863 0.048922 0.049679 0.059015
0.081784 0.082027 0.096911 0.28240
1358.9 978.81 586.17 224.84
0.25071 0.43051
23.524 26.928
24.777 29.080
0.095475 0.10755
0.065786 0.050835
0.39574 0.090625
166.61 218.44
Single-Phase Properties
0.52357 0.46100 0.33917 26.915 23.298 18.710 12.808 3.9887 2.3228
29.848 23.889 11.929 −0.33741 −0.26135 0.13431 2.9944 13.148 10.800
12.406 13.334 19.059 238.83 187.71 128.72 91.412 48.235 26.239
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
26.993 23.461 19.196 10.448
0.037047 0.042625 0.052094 0.095714
0.038702 6.0369 12.346 21.112
0.40917 6.4632 12.867 22.069
0.0017692 0.034504 0.058997 0.085980
0.053932 0.048996 0.049538 0.057265
0.081608 0.081303 0.092105 0.21222
1375.0 1004.1 639.69 231.14
−0.33924 −0.27287 0.031716 3.5190
239.97 190.81 134.49 77.284
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
27.285 24.030 20.517 16.472
0.036650 0.041614 0.048739 0.060708
−0.13357 5.6813 11.542 17.786
0.96593 6.9297 13.004 19.607
0.00056834 0.032836 0.056105 0.075712
0.054209 0.049307 0.049670 0.052941
0.081027 0.079197 0.083697 0.093069
1436.1 1094.1 789.57 536.98
−0.34524 −0.30661 −0.15824 0.21392
244.02 201.89 152.78 112.94
225.00 300.00 375.00
70.000 70.000 70.000
24.916 22.090 19.309
0.040135 0.045270 0.051788
5.1400 10.583 16.127
7.9495 13.752 19.752
0.030109 0.052355 0.070195
0.049916 0.050281 0.053544
0.076915 0.078370 0.081767
1240.7 986.17 788.81
−0.34341 −0.28333 −0.18583
219.54 179.29 147.00
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Tillner-Roth, R., and Yokozeki, A., “An International Standard Equation of State for Difluoromethane (R-32) for Temperatures from the Triple Point at 136.34 K to 435 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 26(6):1273–1328, 1997. Validated equations for the viscosity are not currently available for this fluid. The source for thermal conductivity is unpublished; however, the fit uses the functional form found in Marsh, K., Perkins, R., and Ramires, M. L. V., “Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Propane from 86 to 600 K at Pressures to 70 MPa,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 47(4):932–940, 2002. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. For the equation of state, typical uncertainties are 0.05% for density, 0.02% for the vapor pressure, and 0.5% to 1% for the heat capacity and speed of sound in the liquid phase. In the vapor phase, the uncertainty in the speed of sound is 0.02%. For thermal conductivity, the estimated uncertainty of the correlation is 5%, except for the dilute gas and points approaching critical where the uncertainty rises to 10%.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800 20.
20. 0.
0.
0.
3
.
/m 00. kg ρ= 2 150.
300
40
50
70
70
80
900
60
50
40
100 30
20
0.
.
0.
0. 105
10
−10
0.
60
10. 8.
100. 80.
c.p.
1150.
1200.
60.
60
−20
−30
−40
50
30. 20.
0
0.6
−40
0.4
4.0
0.2
1.0
0.1 0.08
0.80
0.06
K) g· /(k
20 3.
3.
0.30
3.
30
s
400
500
600
0.04
0.40
=
300
0.6
6.0
0.60
kJ 10
00 3.
0 2.9
0 2.8
0 2.7
0
0
0 2.6
2.5
2.4
2.30
2.20
2.00
2.10
1.80
1.90
1.70
1.50
1.60
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.00
1.10
0.90
0.70
0.80
0.60
0.50
0.40
160
140
120
100
80
60
20
vapor saturated
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
.4 x=0
0.3
0.2
0.1
d liq rate satu
−60
0.01 200
8.0
1.5
−80
100
1. 0.8
3.0
−70
0.02
10.
2.0
−50
0.04
0
0.2
−20
T = −30 °C
40
−20
0.4
T = 180 °C
−10
uid
Pressure (MPa)
15.
10
0
2.
30
1. 0.8
0.06
4.
40.
40
20
0.1 0.08
6.
200
2.
T = −50 °C
−70
−80
4.
1250.
1300.
6.
−60
10. 8.
0
1100
.
R-32 (difluoromethane) reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C
700
0.02
0.20
0.01 800
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) 2-347
FIG. 2-21 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant 32. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Tillner-Roth, R., and Yokozeki, A., “An International Standard Equation of State for Difluoromethane (R-32) for Temperatures from the Triple Point at 136.34 K to 435 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 26(6):1273–1328, 1997.
2-348 TABLE 2-258
Thermodynamic Properties of R-41, Fluoromethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
129.82 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 317.28
0.00034504 0.00035370 0.0012519 0.0036677 0.0092373 0.020585 0.041505 0.077054 0.13355 0.21852 0.34056 0.50928 0.73518 1.0296 1.4048 1.8740 2.4519 3.1548 4.0027 5.0232 5.9062
129.82 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 317.28
0.00034504 0.00035370 0.0012519 0.0036677 0.0092373 0.020585 0.041505 0.077054 0.13355 0.21852 0.34056 0.50928 0.73518 1.0296 1.4048 1.8740 2.4519 3.1548 4.0027 5.0232 5.9062
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
−0.019920 −0.019820 −0.014492 −0.0095735 −0.0050057 −0.00073794 0.0032736 0.0070672 0.010676 0.014131 0.017458 0.020682 0.023828 0.026921 0.029987 0.033058 0.036178 0.039414 0.042906 0.047088 0.055113
0.050428 0.050396 0.048727 0.047265 0.045989 0.044881 0.043923 0.043101 0.042407 0.041832 0.041372 0.041022 0.040783 0.040657 0.040652 0.040786 0.041098 0.041677 0.042763 0.045267
0.072206 0.072196 0.071584 0.071018 0.070568 0.070278 0.070180 0.070303 0.070678 0.071342 0.072345 0.073761 0.075695 0.078315 0.081902 0.086969 0.094564 0.10725 0.13357 0.23071
1413.8 1413.1 1371.7 1325.5 1276.1 1224.2 1170.6 1115.6 1059.3 1001.8 943.19 883.36 822.19 759.47 694.85 627.81 557.39 481.85 397.63 295.99 0
0.12874 0.12858 0.12051 0.11382 0.10819 0.10339 0.099254 0.095640 0.092444 0.089580 0.086979 0.084582 0.082334 0.080186 0.078086 0.075974 0.073776 0.071373 0.068535 0.064565 0.055113
0.025226 0.025228 0.025399 0.025715 0.026225 0.026955 0.027900 0.029030 0.030304 0.031684 0.033143 0.034668 0.036262 0.037939 0.039727 0.041668 0.043822 0.046290 0.049264 0.053237
0.033592 0.033595 0.033848 0.034322 0.035097 0.036230 0.037744 0.039636 0.041897 0.044538 0.047606 0.051200 0.055502 0.060820 0.067681 0.077052 0.090909 0.11407 0.16236 0.33830
205.35 205.49 213.06 220.17 226.74 232.71 238.00 242.53 246.25 249.08 250.96 251.81 251.54 250.07 247.30 243.07 237.22 229.42 219.09 204.65 0
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Saturated Properties 29.650 29.640 29.080 28.514 27.942 27.362 26.770 26.165 25.544 24.901 24.233 23.534 22.796 22.010 21.164 20.239 19.207 18.018 16.564 14.501 9.3000 0.00031992 0.00032749 0.0010777 0.0029538 0.0070026 0.014779 0.028398 0.050558 0.084573 0.13444 0.20496 0.30200 0.43294 0.60737 0.83844 1.1452 1.5578 2.1293 2.9728 4.4455 9.3000
0.033727 0.033738 0.034388 0.035070 0.035788 0.036548 0.037355 0.038218 0.039148 0.040159 0.041266 0.042492 0.043868 0.045434 0.047251 0.049410 0.052065 0.055501 0.060372 0.068961 0.10753 3125.8 3053.5 927.93 338.55 142.80 67.662 35.214 19.779 11.824 7.4384 4.8791 3.3112 2.3098 1.6464 1.1927 0.87319 0.64192 0.46963 0.33638 0.22495 0.10753
−3.7550 −3.7420 −3.0231 −2.3102 −1.6024 −0.89848 −0.19668 0.50493 1.2085 1.9164 2.6312 3.3561 4.0946 4.8508 5.6304 6.4408 7.2930 8.2059 9.2189 10.456 12.765
−3.7549 −3.7420 −3.0230 −2.3100 −1.6021 −0.89772 −0.19513 0.50787 1.2137 1.9251 2.6453 3.3778 4.1268 4.8976 5.6968 6.5334 7.4207 8.3810 9.4606 10.802 13.400
14.466 14.470 14.716 14.957 15.190 15.411 15.620 15.813 15.988 16.144 16.278 16.388 16.470 16.519 16.527 16.484 16.374 16.167 15.803 15.090 12.765
15.544 15.550 15.878 16.199 16.509 16.804 17.081 17.337 17.567 17.769 17.940 18.075 18.168 18.214 18.203 18.121 17.948 17.649 17.149 16.220 13.400
−0.35314 −0.35309 −0.35022 −0.34606 −0.33979 −0.33071 −0.31808 −0.30109 −0.27874 −0.24979 −0.21256 −0.16475 −0.10306 −0.022535 0.084654 0.23174 0.44318 0.77036 1.3453 2.6641 7.4905 365.81 363.97 278.51 217.09 170.82 135.12 107.41 85.993 69.518 56.880 47.167 39.654 33.780 29.121 25.360 22.257 19.624 17.292 15.070 12.533 7.4905
Single-Phase Properties 150.00 194.60
0.10000 0.10000
194.60 225.00 300.00 375.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 225.00 249.10
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
249.10 300.00 375.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
150.00 225.00 300.00 309.79
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
309.79 375.00
5.0000 5.0000
−0.0095803 0.0087476
0.047264 0.042767
0.071013 0.070442
17.446 18.604 21.380 24.398
0.094125 0.099660 0.11030 0.11926
0.029600 0.027396 0.029496 0.034142
0.040629 0.036814 0.038140 0.042610
244.34 265.51 305.33 336.84
−2.3206 2.9761 4.7819
−2.2855 3.0179 4.8272
−0.0096430 0.019009 0.026644
0.047252 0.041178 0.040664
0.070965 0.072808 0.078045
1330.7 918.60 765.18
1.6961 2.2815 2.9971
16.516 18.437 21.029
18.212 20.718 24.026
0.080377 0.089572 0.099411
0.037784 0.032042 0.034956
0.060289 0.044524 0.044943
250.26 291.25 329.85
29.499 17.553 9.3564
0.034919 0.041392 0.058628 0.068696
−2.3615 2.8706 9.0202 10.426
−2.1869 3.0775 9.3133 10.769
−0.0099181 0.018535 0.042218 0.046985
0.047205 0.041150 0.042199 0.045181
0.070762 0.071655 0.11693 0.22600
1351.1 952.55 436.81 298.41
−0.34938 −0.21829 1.0494 2.6188
4.4014 2.0056
0.22720 0.49861
15.113 19.699
16.249 22.192
0.064673 0.082450
0.053137 0.038898
0.32991 0.060151
205.02 299.64
12.597 8.3579
28.517 25.882 0.064499 0.054701 0.040421 0.032197 28.539 23.924 22.083 0.58959 0.43831 0.33366 28.637 24.159 17.057 14.557
−2.3112 0.82800
−2.3077 0.83187
15.896 16.776 18.906 21.292
0.035039 0.041800 0.045284
0.035067 0.038637 15.504 18.281 24.739 31.059
1326.0 1089.8
−0.34613 −0.29155 77.876 44.413 18.192 9.5450 −0.34675 −0.19408 −0.030727
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
28.756 24.428 18.494 5.4445
0.034776 0.040937 0.054071 0.18367
−2.4107 2.7503 8.4188 17.496
−2.0629 3.1596 8.9595 19.333
−0.010253 0.017985 0.040105 0.070759
0.047153 0.041136 0.041153 0.043934
0.070531 0.070486 0.090910 0.10163
1375.8 991.68 556.97 274.07
−0.35235 −0.24309 0.45639 6.1896
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
29.189 25.306 20.991 15.862
0.034259 0.039516 0.047639 0.063045
−2.5895 2.3574 7.3266 12.699
−1.5617 3.5429 8.7557 14.590
−0.011513 0.016117 0.036076 0.053392
0.047004 0.041195 0.040629 0.043123
0.069806 0.067503 0.072733 0.082994
1467.3 1123.5 794.05 538.73
−0.36156 −0.30724 −0.067863 0.53694
225.00 300.00 375.00
70.000 70.000 70.000
26.558 23.298 20.079
0.037653 0.042923 0.049804
1.8062 6.3044 10.864
4.4419 9.3090 14.350
0.013266 0.031929 0.046913
0.041529 0.041001 0.043364
0.064822 0.065644 0.068927
1323.8 1056.2 851.76
−0.36575 −0.28880 −0.15494
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.1% in density (except near the critical point), 0.25% in vapor-pressure, 1% in heat capacities, 0.2% in the vapor-phase speed of sound, and 3% in the liquid speed of sound. The liquid speed of sound uncertainty is an estimate and cannot be verified without experimental information. The uncertainties above 290 K in vapor pressure may be as high as 0.5%.
2-349
2-350
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-259
Saturated R-401A (SUVA MP 39)
Pf, bar
Pg, bar
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−6 Pa·s
kf , W/(m·K)
Prf
−40 −30 −20 −10 0
0.733 1.155 1.748 2.553 3.615
0.533 0.871 1.361 2.043 2.965
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
712 728 744 762 781
0.3778 0.2391 0.1576 0.1075 0.0755
154.0 164.9 176.2 188.6 200.0
385.0 390.6 396.3 401.8 407.3
0.8188 0.8647 0.9099 0.9577 1.0000
1.8244 1.8059 1.7907 1.7781 1.7675
1.078 1.109 1.137 1.165 1.197
351 323 291 266 241
0.1209 0.1154 0.1107 0.1057 0.1012
3.13 3.06 2.99 2.93 2.85
10 20 30 40 50
4.984 6.712 8.857 11.475 14.628
4.177 5.733 7.697 10.133 13.112
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
803 826 851 878 909
0.0544 0.0399 0.0298 0.0225 0.0172
212.7 225.3 238.3 252.0 266.4
412.6 417.6 422.2 426.5 430.1
1.0454 1.0884 1.1316 1.1752 1.2194
1.7587 1.7510 1.7439 1.7372 1.7304
1.233 1.277 1.329 1.392 1.468
221 202 186 170 157
0.0967 0.0922 0.0877 0.0830 0.0781
2.82 2.80 2.83 2.85 2.95
60 70 80 90 100
18.378 22.79 27.92 33.83 40.53
16.711 21.01 26.12 32.13 39.22
0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001
944 988 028 084 140
0.01313 0.01005 0.00764 0.00570 0.00403
281.6 297.9 315.9 336.2 361.4
433.0 434.9 435.4 433.5 426.9
1.2647 1.3118 1.3616 1.4163 1.4820
1.7228 1.7138 1.7022 1.6858 1.6584
1.564 1.652 1.802 1.958 2.16
143 131 122 115 110
0.0737 0.0684 0.0631 0.0577 0.0533
3.04 3.16 3.48 3.90 4.46
108.0c
46.04
46.04
0.001 96
0.00196
397
397
Temp., °C
vf, m3/kg
c = critical point. SUVA MP 39 = R401A = CHClF2 (R22) 53% wt + CH3CHF2 (R 152a) 13% wt + CHClFCF3 (R124) 34% wt, near-azeotropic blend. Some values read from charts are approximate. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts.
TABLE 2-260
R-401A (SUVA MP 39) at Atmospheric Pressure
Temp., °C
−27.01
−20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
v (m3/kg) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg⋅K) cp (kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6 Pa·s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr Z
0.2102 351.7 1.8009 0.648 10.17 0.00878 0.750 0.9829
0.2167 396.9 1.8193 0.669 10.43 0.00921 0.758 0.9852
0.2351 410.4 1.8706 0.698 11.18 0.01041 0.750 0.9906
0.2534 424.5 1.9204 0.727 11.93 0.01161 0.749 0.9949
0.2715 439.2 1.9689 0.757 12.68 0.01282 0.749 0.9979
0.2896 454.4 2.0161 0.787 13.42 0.01404 0.748 1.0005
0.3076 470.3 2.0623 0.811 14.17 0.01536 0.748 1.0025
0.3256 486.6 2.1073 0.836 14.89 0.01668 0.748 1.0043
0.3435 503.5 2.1513 0.859 15.61 0.01796 0.747 1.0056
0.3613 521.2 2.1943 0.883 16.32 0.01929 0.747 1.0060
For composition see footnote to Table 2-259. Some values read from charts are approximate. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-261 Pressure, bar
Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated R-407A (Klea 60) Tf , K
Tg , K
vg , m3/kg
hf , kJ/kg
hg , kJ/kg
227.3 236.1 242.8 248.3 253.0
234.0 242.5 249.1 254.5 259.1
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
7118 7263 7381 7483 7573
0.2097 0.1433 0.1093 0.0885 0.0744
−7.80 3.92 12.89 20.27 26.57
229.64 235.02 239.07 242.35 245.08
0.9965 0.9833 0.9744 0.9679 0.9629
4 5 6 8 10
260.7 267.3 272.9 282.1 289.8
266.8 273.1 278.5 287.5 295.0
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
7735 7880 8012 8254 8480
0.0564 0.0442 0.0384 0.0286 0.0228
37.23 46.12 53.84 67.02 78.23
249.54 253.07 255.24 260.70 263.86
0.9552 0.9496 0.9450 0.9378 0.9318
12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5
297.9 304.8 311.0 316.5 321.4
302.8 309.5 315.4 320.7 325.5
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
8750 9017 9290 9613 9884
0.01802 0.01481 0.01247 0.01069 0.00928
90.50 101.51 111.64 121.18 130.31
266.95 269.12 270.58 271.46 271.79
0.9257 0.9190 0.9128 0.9065 0.8999
25 27.5 30
326.1 330.4 334.5
329.8 333.9 337.6
0.001 023 0.001 063 0.001 115
0.00828 0.00717 0.00635
139.17 147.89 156.58
271.63 270.97 269.81
0.8927 0.8850 0.8765
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
vf , m3/kg
sf , kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg , kJ/(kg⋅K)
hf = sf = 0 at 233.15 K = −40 °C. Converted and interpolated from Thermodynamic Properties of Klea 60 (British units, 20 pp.), copyright ICI Chemicals and Polymers Limited, 1993. Reproduced by permission. Tf = bubble point temperature; Tg = dew point temperature.
TABLE 2-262 Pressure, bar
Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated R-407B (Klea 61) Tf , K
Tg , K
vg , m3/kg
hf , kJ/kg
hg , kJ/kg
225.6 234.3 241.8 246.4 251.1
230.0 238.5 245.0 250.4 254.9
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6852 6994 7110 7211 7301
0.1800 0.1230 0.0937 0.0758 0.0637
−9.45 2.52 9.72 16.59 22.47
191.64 196.90 200.88 204.10 206.80
0.8433 0.8341 0.8282 0.8245 0.8215
4 5 6 8 10
258.9 265.4 270.9 280.2 287.8
262.6 269.0 274.4 283.4 290.9
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
7463 7607 7740 7985 8214
0.04831 0.03888 0.03249 0.02435 0.01936
32.43 40.76 48.00 59.82 70.98
211.22 214.74 217.65 222.21 225.63
0.8172 0.8141 0.8123 0.8080 0.8048
12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5
295.8 302.8 308.8 314.3 319.3
298.7 305.5 311.4 316.7 321.5
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
8491 8768 9053 9353 9680
0.01528 0.01251 0.01049 0.00896 0.00774
82.59 93.02 102.67 111.79 120.55
228.80 231.08 232.64 233.60 233.99
0.8010 0.7971 0.7929 0.7882 0.7829
25 27.5 30
323.9 328.1 332.1
325.9 330.0 333.7
0.001 005 0.001 048 0.001 102
0.00674 0.00590 0.00518
129.11 137.62 146.21
233.85 233.16 231.84
0.7769 0.7700 0.7619
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
vf , m3/kg
sf , kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg , kJ/(kg⋅K)
Converted and interpolated from Thermodynamic Properties of Klea 61 (British units, 20 pp.), copyright ICI Chemicals and Polymers Limited, 1993. Reproduced by permission. Tf = bubble-point temperature; Tg = dew-point temperature. hf = sf = 0 at 233.15 K = −40°C.
2-351
2-352
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
30 0.9 0
5
0.70 0.75
0 .9
20
R 60
0.80
0
425
1.0
15
0.90
400
1.1 0
10
1.0
5
kJ/ kg
•
K
0.85
8
5
375
350
1.2
6
0
1.1
Pressure, bar
0.95
1.3
0
325
1.2
5
4
1.
35
300 K
40
2
5
1.
275
1
FIG. 2-22
1.4
1.5
250 Enthalpy–log-pressure diagram for R-407A (Klea 60).
300 Enthalpy (h), kJ/kg
350
400
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
2-353
30 0.80
0.70 0.75
0.8 5
0.80
20
450
0.9 0
0.85 0.90 15
0.9
5
0.95
425
J/k
g
•
K
400
1.0
0k
10
5 1.0
rated
0
375
350
1.1
6
Satu
Pressure, bar
vapo
r
8
1.1
5
4
1.2
0
325
1.2
5
300
30
2
1.3
5
1.
275 1.5 250 K
1 200 FIG. 2-23
250 Enthalpy–log-pressure diagram for R-407B (Klea 61).
300 Enthalpy (h), kJ/kg
350
2-354
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-263
Saturated R-404A (SUVA HP 62)
Pf, bar
Pg, bar
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−6 Pa·s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
−50 −40 −30 −20 −10
0.852 1.367 2.095 3.087 4.404
0.821 1.325 2.041 3.018 4.321
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
761 779 799 820 843
0.2244 0.1434 0.0953 0.0656 0.0463
133.1 145.6 159.9 172.8 186.1
337.3 343.8 350.3 356.5 362.6
0.7318 0.7862 0.8460 0.8975 0.9487
1.6487 1.6380 1.6301 1.6245 1.6202
0.0970
1.220 1.260 1.302
370 318 276 238 207
0.0868 0.0834 0.0801
3.88 3.60 3.37
0 10 20 30 40
6.111 8.278 10.977 14.287 18.292
6.013 8.165 10.851 14.150 18.148
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
868 898 933 977 037
0.03338 0.02444 0.01809 0.01348 0.01003
200.0 214.5 229.9 246.2 263.8
368.3 373.6 378.3 382.2 385.0
1.0000 1.0515 1.1038 1.1574 1.2130
1.6188 1.6138 1.6106 1.6065 1.6005
1.351 1.412 1.489 1.592 1.753
181 158 138 122 106
0.0767 0.0733 0.0698 0.0663 0.0624
3.19 3.04 2.94 2.93 2.98
50 60 70 72.1c
23.08 28.75 35.58 37.32
22.94 28.63
0.001 122 0.001 261
386.1 384.2 375.9 361
1.5910 1.5742
2.09
91 76 61
0.0583 0.0535
3.26
0.002 06
283.2 305.8 339.8 361
1.2723 1.3389
37.32
0.00739 0.00527 0.00285 0.00206
Temp., °C
vf, m3/kg
Prf
c = critical point. SUVA HP 62 = CHF2CF3 (R125) 44% wt + CH3CF3 (R143a) 52% wt + CH2FCF3 (R134a) 4% wt, near-azeotropic blend. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts. Some values read from charts may be approximate.
TABLE 2-264
R-404A (SUVA HP 62) at Atmospheric Pressure
Temp., °C
−45.63
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
v (m3/kg) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg⋅K) cp (kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6 Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr Z
0.1866 336.0 1.6599 0.732 9.47 0.00860 0.806 0.9755
0.1921 344.4 1.6636 0.738 9.68 0.00932 0.767 0.9800
0.2100 359.9 1.7274 0.781 10.45 0.01059 0.771 0.9867
0.2278 376.2 1.7891 0.821 11.22 0.01186 0.777 0.9919
0.2455 393.1 1.8491 0.860 11.99 0.01313 0.785 0.9961
0.2630 410.9 1.9076 0.897 12.76 0.01440 0.795 0.9989
0.2805 429.3 1.9646 0.933 13.53 0.01568 0.805 1.0014
0.2980 448.4 2.0203 0.967 14.30 0.01695 0.816 1.0037
0.3153 468.2 2.0747 1.000 15.07 0.01827 0.827 1.0050
0.3325 488.7 2.1278 1.032 15.84 0.01949 0.839 1.0060
v,h, and s from DuPont bull. T—HP62—SI, June 1993 (17 pp.). cp and k from DuPont bull. ART 18, June 1993 (37 pp.). Some values read from charts may be approximate. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-265
2-355
Saturated R-401B (SUVA MP 66)
Pf, bar
Pg, bar
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−6 Pa·s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
Prf
−40 −30 −20 −10 0
0.788 1.239 1.872 2.726 3.850
0.585 0.952 1.479 2.212 3.198
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
710 725 740 758 778
0.3498 0.2224 0.1471 0.1008 0.0710
153.8 164.8 176.0 188.6 200.0
386.0 391.6 397.1 402.6 407.8
0.8184 0.8643 0.9095 0.9577 1.0000
1.8291 1.8100 1.7940 1.7807 1.7694
1.078 1.109 1.137 1.165 1.197
349 313 282 257 236
0.1209 0.1154 0.1106 0.1057 0.1012
3.11 3.01 2.90 2.83 2.79
10 20 30 40 50
5.297 7.120 9.379 12.133 15.444
4.491 6.146 8.229 10.808 13.955
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
801 827 858 895 939
0.05124 0.03771 0.02818 0.02131 0.01625
212.6 225.1 238.2 251.9 266.3
412.9 417.7 422.1 426.1 429.4
1.0450 1.0879 1.1311 1.1747 1.2190
1.7598 1.7512 1.7433 1.7357 1.7278
1.233 1.277 1.329 1.392 1.468
217 198 181 168 151
0.0967 0.0922 0.0877 0.0830 0.0781
2.77 2.74 2.74 2.82 2.84
60 70 80 90 100
19.378 24.00 29.37 35.55 42.30
17.750 22.28 27.64 33.96
0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001
994 066 164 313
0.01244 0.00951 0.00721 0.00534
281.6 298.1 316.3 337.2
431.9 433.4 433.2 430.4
1.2645 1.3120 1.3625 1.4187
1.7191 1.7088 1.6956 1.6768
1.564 1.652 1.802
139 127 116
0.0737 0.0684 0.0631 0.0577 0.0533
2.95 3.07 3.31
106.1c
46.82
46.82
0.001 95
0.00195
389
389
Temp., °C
vf, m3/kg
c = critical point. SUVA MP 66 = R-401B = CHClF2 (R22) 61% wt + CH3CHF2 (R152a) 11% wt + CHClFCF3 (R124) 28% wt, near-azeotropic blend. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts. Some values read from charts are approximate.
TABLE 2-266 Temp., °C 3
v (m /kg) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg⋅K) cp (kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6 Pa·s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr Z
R-401B (SUVA MP 66) at Atmospheric Pressure −28.63b
−20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0.2086 392.2 1.8081 0.641 9.78 0.00817 0.767 0.9652
0.2177 397.9 1.8299 0.652 10.43 0.00921 0.738 0.9730
0.2362 411.2 1.8804 0.688 11.18 0.01041 0.737 0.9783
0.2545 425.1 1.9295 0.716 11.93 0.01161 0.736 0.9822
0.2727 439.6 1.9772 0.744 12.68 0.01282 0.735 0.9852
0.2908 454.6 2.0237 0.771 13.42 0.01404 0.735 0.9876
0.3089 470.1 2.0690 0.796 14.17 0.01536 0.734 0.9896
0.3269 486.2 2.1132 0.822 14.89 0.01668 0.734 0.9912
0.3449 502.7 2.1564 0.844 15.61 0.01796 0.733 0.9925
0.3629 519.4 2.1986 0.866 16.32 0.01929 0.733 0.9937
v, h, and s from DuPont bull. T—MP 66—SI, Jan. 1993 (17 pp.). cp, µ, and k from DuPont bull. ART 10, Jan. 1993 (27 pp.). Some values read from charts may be approximate. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts. b = normal boiling point.
TABLE 2-267 Temp., °C
Saturated R-402A (SUVA HP 80) vf, m3/kg
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−6 Pa·s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
1.6327 1.6206 1.6110 1.6034 1.5972
0.0970
1.193 1.217 1.236
377 317 283 247 215
0.0880 0.0849 0.0813
3.84 3.54 3.27
1.0000 1.0461 1.0927 1.1403 1.1897
1.5919 1.5870 1.5820 1.5762 1.5690
1.253 1.286 1.340 1.412 1.512
188 165 146 128 113
0.0778 0.0743 0.0708 0.0672 0.0634
3.03 2.86 2.76 2.69 2.70
1.2420 1.2998
1.5589 1.5433
1.64 1.81
98 83 68
0.0593 0.0551
2.71 2.79
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
679 695 713 733 757
0.2033 0.1303 0.0869 0.0598 0.0423
139.6 150.8 163.1 174.9 187.6
334.1 339.9 345.6 351.1 356.4
0.7578 0.8070 0.8584 0.9053 0.9541
785 819 860 911 977
0.03060 0.02248 0.01671 0.01250 0.00936
200.0 213.0 226.7 241.2 256.8
361.3 365.9 369.8 373.1 375.4
24.04 29.97
0.001 070 0.001 212
0.00696 0.00505
273.9 293.6
376.2 374.6
41.35
0.001 850
0.00185
340
340
Pf, bar
Pg, bar
−50 −40 −30 −20 −10
0.962 1.520 2.305 3.370 4.776
0.872 1.403 2.156 3.188 4.560
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0 10 20 30 40
6.588 8.877 11.720 15.195 19.388
6.336 8.592 11.404 14.855 19.034
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
50 60 70 75.5c
24.39 30.30 41.35
Prf
c = critical point. SUVA HP 80 = R-402A = CHF2CF3 (R125) 60% wt + CH3CH2CH3 (R290) 2% wt + CHClF2 (R22) 38% wt, near-azeotropic blend. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts. Some values, read from charts, may be approximate.
2-356
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-268
R-402A (SUVA HP 80) at Atmospheric Pressure
Temp., °C
−46.95b
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
v (m3/kg) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg⋅K) cp (kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6 Pa·s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr Z
0.1768 335.9 1.6286 0.648 9.42 0.00888 0.687 0.9673
0.1827 340.5 1.6490 0.654 9.69 0.00932 0.680 0.9697
0.1996 354.3 1.7055 0.687 10.45 0.01059 0.678 0.9758
0.2164 368.6 1.7599 0.721 11.22 0.01186 0.681 0.9804
0.2331 383.5 1.8124 0.749 11.99 0.01313 0.685 0.9840
0.2497 398.7 1.8633 0.779 12.75 0.01440 0.690 0.9868
0.2663 414.9 1.9128 0.807 13.52 0.01568 0.696 0.9892
0.2828 431.4 1.9610 0.836 14.29 0.01695 0.703 0.9910
0.2992 448.5 2.0081 0.863 15.06 0.01822 0.713 0.9923
0.3155 466.1 2.0541 0.890 15.82 0.01949 0.722 0.9932
b = normal boiling pt. v, h, and s from DuPont bull. T—HP 80—SI, Jan. 1993 (17 pp.). cp, µ, and k from DuPont bull. ART 18, June 1993 (37 pp.). Some values read from charts may be approximate. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts.
TABLE 2-269 Temp., °C
Saturated R-402B (SUVA HP 81) vf, m3/kg
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−6 Pa·s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
Prf
1.7122 1.6957 1.6820 1.6706 1.6611
1.178 1.191 1.204
383 333 290 253 223
0.1031 0.0983 0.0941 0.0900 0.0863
3.63 3.35 3.11
1.0000 1.0450 1.0905 1.1367 1.1842 1.2339
1.6528 1.6451 1.6376 1.6299 1.6211 1.6104
1.221 1.288 1.313 1.37 1.75 2.07
195 173 151 137 122 106
0.0818 0.0790 0.0753 0.0715 0.0676 0.0633
2.91 2.82 2.63 2.49 3.16 3.47
1.2873 1.3164
1.5961 1.5866
91 75
0.0586 0.0544
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
687 702 719 739 761
0.2425 0.1548 0.1028 0.0707 0.0499
140.3 151.4 163.3 174.9 187.8
351.7 357.2 362.7 368.0 373.0
0.7606 0.8092 0.8589 0.9054 0.9550
787 817 854 899 955 030
0.03610 0.02656 0.01980 0.01490 0.01125 0.00848
200.0 212.7 226.0 240.1 255.1 271.4
377.8 382.2 386.0 389.3 391.5 392.8
28.03 34.60
0.001 136 0.001 307
0.00632 0.00456
289.5 299.6
392.2 390.9
44.45
0.001 88
0.00188
351
351
Pf, bar
Pg, bar
−50 −40 −30 −20 −10
0.883 1.403 2.135 3.132 4.451
0.787 1.273 1.967 2.923 4.198
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0 10 20 30 40 50
6.153 8.307 10.984 14.261 18.216 22.93
5.852 7.959 10.591 13.827 17.750 22.45
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
60 70 80 82.6c
28.50 35.01 44.45
c = critical point. SUVA HP 81 = R402B (38/2/60) = CHF2CF3 (R125) 38% wt + CH3CH2CH3 (R290) 2% wt + CHClF2 (R22) 60% wt, near-azeotropic blend. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts. Some values read from charts may be approximate.
TABLE 2-270 Temp., °C 3
v (m /kg) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg⋅K) cp (kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6 Pa·s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr Z
R-402B (SUVA HP 81) at Atmospheric Pressure −44.87b
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.1903 354.7 1.7032 1.187 10.16 0.00739 1.632 0.9622
0.1960 357.7 1.7169 1.177 10.33 0.00768 1.583 0.9703
0.2142 370.8 1.7711 1.169 11.10 0.00902 1.439 0.9766
0.2322 384.6 1.8232 1.159 11.86 0.01036 1.327 0.9811
0.2500 398.8 1.8735 1.149 12.62 0.01170 1.239 0.9843
0.2678 413.6 1.9222 1.143 13.39 0.01304 1.174 0.9870
0.2856 428.9 1.9696 1.134 14.15 0.01438 1.124 0.9894
0.3032 444.7 2.0158 1.128 14.78 0.01572 1.061 0.9909
0.3209 461.0 2.0607 1.124 15.54 0.01706 1.024 0.9926
0.3386 477.7 2.1047 1.120 16.30 0.01840 0.992 0.9940
b = normal boiling point. v, h, and s from DuPont bull. T—HP 81—SI, Jan. 1993 (17 pp.). cp, µ, and k from DuPont bull. ART 18, June 1993 (37 pp.). Some values, read from charts, may be approximate. Material used by permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts.
TABLE 2-271 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of R-113, 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Saturated Properties
2-357
236.93 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 440.00 450.00 460.00 470.00 480.00 487.21
0.0018714 0.0022999 0.0043168 0.0076484 0.012885 0.020766 0.032185 0.048190 0.069977 0.098880 0.13636 0.18400 0.24349 0.31660 0.40521 0.51127 0.63682 0.78398 0.95499 1.1522 1.3781 1.6354 1.9271 2.2568 2.6288 3.0498 3.3923
9.0987 9.0614 8.9395 8.8172 8.6941 8.5702 8.4450 8.3183 8.1897 8.0588 7.9252 7.7884 7.6479 7.5029 7.3529 7.1968 7.0336 6.8619 6.6797 6.4845 6.2728 6.0390 5.7742 5.4624 5.0712 4.5104 2.9887
236.93 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 440.00 450.00 460.00 470.00 480.00 487.21
0.0018714 0.0022999 0.0043168 0.0076484 0.012885 0.020766 0.032185 0.048190 0.069977 0.098880 0.13636 0.18400 0.24349 0.31660 0.40521 0.51127 0.63682 0.78398 0.95499 1.1522 1.3781 1.6354 1.9271 2.2568 2.6288 3.0498 3.3923
0.00095199 0.0011554 0.0020850 0.0035597 0.0057917 0.0090358 0.013590 0.019793 0.028029 0.038727 0.052364 0.069475 0.090662 0.11662 0.14813 0.18615 0.23182 0.28656 0.35216 0.43104 0.52654 0.64356 0.78990 0.97939 1.2415 1.6684 2.9887
0.10991 0.11036 0.11186 0.11342 0.11502 0.11668 0.11841 0.12022 0.12211 0.12409 0.12618 0.12840 0.13076 0.13328 0.13600 0.13895 0.14217 0.14573 0.14971 0.15421 0.15942 0.16559 0.17318 0.18307 0.19719 0.22171 0.33460
31.483 31.985 33.627 35.279 36.945 38.626 40.323 42.036 43.767 45.516 47.284 49.071 50.879 52.708 54.560 56.437 58.340 60.271 62.235 64.236 66.280 68.379 70.548 72.817 75.247 78.016 82.401
31.484 31.986 33.627 35.280 36.947 38.629 40.327 42.042 43.776 45.528 47.301 49.095 50.911 52.751 54.616 56.508 58.430 60.386 62.378 64.414 66.500 68.650 70.881 73.230 75.765 78.692 83.536
0.16386 0.16596 0.17266 0.17914 0.18543 0.19154 0.19750 0.20331 0.20898 0.21453 0.21998 0.22531 0.23055 0.23571 0.24079 0.24579 0.25074 0.25564 0.26050 0.26533 0.27015 0.27500 0.27990 0.28494 0.29024 0.29621 0.30602
0.11672 0.11694 0.11797 0.11931 0.12084 0.12245 0.12410 0.12576 0.12740 0.12901 0.13060 0.13215 0.13367 0.13517 0.13665 0.13813 0.13961 0.14112 0.14266 0.14428 0.14601 0.14794 0.15016 0.15288 0.15638 0.16109
0.16341 0.16366 0.16467 0.16593 0.16735 0.16891 0.17056 0.17231 0.17414 0.17606 0.17807 0.18020 0.18247 0.18491 0.18755 0.19047 0.19374 0.19749 0.20191 0.20730 0.21416 0.22344 0.23712 0.25998 0.30706 0.47179
907.79 897.63 863.61 828.94 794.26 759.92 726.09 692.84 660.17 628.04 596.38 565.13 534.20 503.50 472.94 442.41 411.80 380.97 349.77 317.99 285.39 251.65 216.41 179.46 141.14 101.80 0
−0.45956 −0.45692 −0.44732 −0.43622 −0.42364 −0.40951 −0.39367 −0.37590 −0.35588 −0.33321 −0.30739 −0.27774 −0.24340 −0.20323 −0.15569 −0.098686 −0.029233 0.057005 0.16660 0.31000 0.50481 0.78295 1.2078 1.9196 3.2778 6.5781 19.849
1050.4 865.51 479.61 280.92 172.66 110.67 73.586 50.523 35.677 25.822 19.097 14.394 11.030 8.5752 6.7508 5.3719 4.3136 3.4897 2.8396 2.3200 1.8992 1.5539 1.2660 1.0210 0.80548 0.59937 0.33460
61.277 61.580 62.580 63.602 64.643 65.701 66.774 67.860 68.957 70.061 71.172 72.286 73.400 74.513 75.621 76.720 77.808 78.878 79.926 80.944 81.922 82.844 83.689 84.417 84.942 85.005 82.401
63.243 63.570 64.650 65.750 66.868 67.999 69.143 70.295 71.453 72.615 73.776 74.934 76.086 77.228 78.356 79.467 80.555 81.614 82.638 83.617 84.539 85.386 86.129 86.721 87.059 86.833 83.536
0.29790 0.29756 0.29675 0.29634 0.29625 0.29644 0.29686 0.29748 0.29826 0.29918 0.30020 0.30131 0.30248 0.30370 0.30495 0.30621 0.30747 0.30871 0.30991 0.31105 0.31210 0.31304 0.31379 0.31426 0.31427 0.31317 0.30602
0.098915 0.099759 0.10244 0.10502 0.10751 0.10994 0.11231 0.11463 0.11691 0.11917 0.12140 0.12362 0.12583 0.12804 0.13024 0.13246 0.13469 0.13695 0.13926 0.14165 0.14414 0.14679 0.14969 0.15299 0.15703 0.16277
0.10733 0.10819 0.11094 0.11361 0.11623 0.11883 0.12142 0.12402 0.12666 0.12935 0.13214 0.13503 0.13807 0.14130 0.14477 0.14857 0.15281 0.15765 0.16333 0.17026 0.17911 0.19114 0.20894 0.23897 0.30270 0.54016
106.58 107.21 109.17 111.03 112.77 114.38 115.82 117.08 118.14 118.97 119.57 119.89 119.93 119.66 119.05 118.07 116.69 114.87 112.57 109.72 106.25 102.05 97.003 90.902 83.480 74.333 0
82.183 77.881 66.150 57.141 50.111 44.541 40.065 36.421 33.419 30.923 28.833 27.074 25.594 24.353 23.322 22.480 21.816 21.322 21.000 20.858 20.915 21.204 21.779 22.716 24.091 25.627 19.849
2-358 TABLE 2-271
Thermodynamic Properties of R-113, 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
250.00 320.34
0.10000 0.10000
8.9405 8.0543
320.34 325.00 400.00 475.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.039138 0.038492 0.030653 0.025598
250.00 325.00 400.00 412.41
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
8.9494 8.0093 6.8729 6.6340
412.41 475.00
1.0000 1.0000
250.00 325.00 400.00 475.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Single-Phase Properties
250.00 325.00 400.00 475.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
33.623 45.576
33.634 45.588
0.17265 0.21472
0.11797 0.12907
0.16466 0.17612
864.02 626.96
−0.44747 −0.33239
70.099 70.661 80.120 90.324
72.654 73.259 83.382 94.230
0.29921 0.30109 0.32908 0.35391
0.11925 0.11993 0.13100 0.14017
0.12945 0.12998 0.14005 0.14891
119.00 120.05 135.10 148.01
30.846 29.068 14.858 9.5374
0.11174 0.12485 0.14550 0.15074
33.589 46.338 60.238 62.713
33.701 46.463 60.383 62.864
0.17251 0.21708 0.25555 0.26166
0.11802 0.12985 0.14107 0.14304
0.16456 0.17671 0.19705 0.20311
867.87 618.26 384.09 342.18
−0.44882 −0.32646 0.047064 0.19754
0.36984 0.28704
2.7039 3.4839
80.174 89.325
82.878 92.809
0.31019 0.33262
0.13983 0.14241
0.16487 0.15696
111.93 133.62
20.948 11.300
8.9881 8.0819 7.0485 5.5199
0.11126 0.12373 0.14187 0.18116
33.441 46.082 59.694 74.959
33.998 46.701 60.403 75.865
0.17191 0.21629 0.25417 0.28950
0.11826 0.13008 0.14058 0.15167
0.16413 0.17538 0.19113 0.23166
884.22 644.07 433.49 217.18
−0.45442 −0.34900 −0.086367 1.2219
9.0343 8.1644 7.2197 6.0609
0.11069 0.12248 0.13851 0.16499
33.266 45.791 59.149 73.507
34.373 47.016 60.534 75.157
0.17119 0.21536 0.25274 0.28621
0.11861 0.13042 0.14040 0.14885
0.16368 0.17407 0.18683 0.20446
903.13 672.87 481.58 313.71
−0.46053 −0.37126 −0.18229 0.32498
970.17 867.10 788.68
−0.48114 −0.45624 −0.42986
0.11185 0.12416 25.551 25.979 32.623 39.065
325.00 400.00 475.00
100.00 100.00 100.00
9.0570 8.5204 8.0191
0.11041 0.11737 0.12470
42.816 54.955 67.454
53.857 66.691 79.924
0.20444 0.23995 0.27026
0.13658 0.14351 0.14864
0.16811 0.17396 0.17872
475.00
200.00
8.7846
0.11384
65.196
87.963
0.26222
0.14928
0.17693
1035.9
−0.46436
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Marx, V., Pruss, A., and Wagner, W., “Neue Zustandsgleichungen fuer R 12, R 22, R 11 und R 113. Beschreibung des thermodynamishchen Zustandsverhaltens bei Temperaturen bis 525 K und Druecken bis 200 MPa,” Duesseldorf: VDI Verlag, Series 19 (Waermetechnik/Kaeltetechnik), No. 57, 1992. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density is 0.2%, that for vapor pressure is 0.3%, and that for the isobaric heat capacity is 2%. The uncertainties are higher in and above the critical region.
TABLE 2-272
Thermodynamic Properties of R-114, 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 345.00 350.00 355.00 360.00 365.00 370.00 375.00 380.00 385.00 390.00 395.00 400.00 405.00 410.00 415.00 418.83
0.094764 0.11455 0.13740 0.16362 0.19353 0.22746 0.26574 0.30872 0.35677 0.41024 0.46953 0.53501 0.60708 0.68615 0.77265 0.86701 0.96967 1.0811 1.2018 1.3323 1.4730 1.6246 1.7878 1.9630 2.1511 2.3530 2.5694 2.8015 3.0507 3.2516
8.9110 8.8268 8.7415 8.6548 8.5667 8.4771 8.3858 8.2927 8.1976 8.1004 8.0007 7.8984 7.7932 7.6847 7.5726 7.4565 7.3358 7.2098 7.0779 6.9389 6.7916 6.6345 6.4651 6.2804 6.0759 5.8442 5.5731 5.2381 4.7774 3.3932
275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 345.00 350.00 355.00 360.00 365.00 370.00 375.00 380.00 385.00 390.00 395.00 400.00
0.094764 0.11455 0.13740 0.16362 0.19353 0.22746 0.26574 0.30872 0.35677 0.41024 0.46953 0.53501 0.60708 0.68615 0.77265 0.86701 0.96967 1.0811 1.2018 1.3323 1.4730 1.6246 1.7878 1.9630 2.1511 2.3530
0.043032 0.051392 0.060964 0.071869 0.084238 0.098213 0.11395 0.13161 0.15138 0.17347 0.19810 0.22553 0.25605 0.28999 0.32774 0.36975 0.41655 0.46878 0.52722 0.59285 0.66690 0.75097 0.84722 0.95861 1.0895 1.2467
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.11222 0.11329 0.11440 0.11554 0.11673 0.11796 0.11925 0.12059 0.12199 0.12345 0.12499 0.12661 0.12832 0.13013 0.13205 0.13411 0.13632 0.13870 0.14129 0.14412 0.14724 0.15073 0.15468 0.15922 0.16459 0.17111 0.17943 0.19091 0.20932 0.29471
34.479 35.301 36.128 36.960 37.798 38.641 39.491 40.348 41.211 42.082 42.960 43.846 44.739 45.642 46.553 47.475 48.407 49.350 50.306 51.276 52.261 53.265 54.291 55.343 56.428 57.557 58.749 60.042 61.532 64.391
34.490 35.314 36.143 36.979 37.820 38.668 39.523 40.385 41.255 42.133 43.019 43.913 44.817 45.731 46.655 47.591 48.539 49.500 50.476 51.468 52.478 53.510 54.567 55.655 56.782 57.960 59.211 60.577 62.171 65.349
23.239 19.458 16.403 13.914 11.871 10.182 8.7760 7.5984 6.6059 5.7648 5.0480 4.4340 3.9055 3.4484 3.0512 2.7045 2.4007 2.1332 1.8967 1.6868 1.4995 1.3316 1.1803 1.0432 0.91784 0.80213
55.626 56.123 56.622 57.121 57.620 58.119 58.617 59.113 59.608 60.100 60.589 61.074 61.554 62.029 62.497 62.957 63.408 63.849 64.277 64.690 65.086 65.461 65.810 66.126 66.401 66.621
57.828 58.352 58.875 59.397 59.917 60.435 60.949 61.459 61.965 62.465 62.959 63.446 63.925 64.395 64.855 65.302 65.736 66.155 66.557 66.938 67.295 67.624 67.920 68.174 68.376 68.509
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.17204 0.17500 0.17792 0.18082 0.18368 0.18652 0.18933 0.19212 0.19488 0.19763 0.20035 0.20306 0.20575 0.20843 0.21109 0.21375 0.21640 0.21904 0.22169 0.22434 0.22700 0.22967 0.23237 0.23511 0.23790 0.24078 0.24379 0.24704 0.25078 0.25828
0.11622 0.11691 0.11763 0.11838 0.11917 0.11997 0.12079 0.12162 0.12247 0.12333 0.12419 0.12507 0.12595 0.12684 0.12775 0.12866 0.12959 0.13054 0.13152 0.13252 0.13356 0.13465 0.13581 0.13705 0.13842 0.13997 0.14180 0.14408 0.14726
0.16411 0.16513 0.16623 0.16741 0.16866 0.16998 0.17138 0.17286 0.17441 0.17606 0.17781 0.17967 0.18167 0.18383 0.18617 0.18875 0.19162 0.19485 0.19854 0.20284 0.20795 0.21417 0.22201 0.23227 0.24644 0.26750 0.30245 0.37230 0.57876
636.17 617.82 599.54 581.32 563.14 545.01 526.89 508.80 490.70 472.58 454.45 436.26 418.03 399.72 381.32 362.81 344.17 325.38 306.40 287.21 267.77 248.03 227.95 207.45 186.45 164.86 142.55 119.37 95.263 0
−0.32927 −0.31514 −0.29975 −0.28301 −0.26478 −0.24491 −0.22318 −0.19936 −0.17315 −0.14418 −0.11201 −0.076088 −0.035744 0.0098734 0.061838 0.12152 0.19072 0.27180 0.36794 0.48354 0.62482 0.80081 1.0252 1.3196 1.7200 2.2906 3.1570 4.5962 7.3420 18.568
0.25690 0.25728 0.25769 0.25812 0.25859 0.25908 0.25958 0.26010 0.26063 0.26117 0.26171 0.26225 0.26279 0.26332 0.26384 0.26435 0.26484 0.26531 0.26575 0.26615 0.26651 0.26681 0.26705 0.26720 0.26725 0.26715
0.10567 0.10683 0.10799 0.10916 0.11032 0.11150 0.11268 0.11387 0.11508 0.11630 0.11754 0.11880 0.12008 0.12139 0.12274 0.12412 0.12555 0.12703 0.12856 0.13016 0.13185 0.13363 0.13552 0.13755 0.13975 0.14217
0.11538 0.11680 0.11826 0.11977 0.12133 0.12295 0.12465 0.12643 0.12831 0.13031 0.13245 0.13475 0.13725 0.13998 0.14299 0.14634 0.15013 0.15444 0.15945 0.16534 0.17244 0.18118 0.19228 0.20692 0.22720 0.25728
116.26 116.64 116.94 117.15 117.27 117.29 117.20 117.00 116.68 116.25 115.69 115.00 114.17 113.19 112.05 110.75 109.28 107.63 105.77 103.71 101.42 98.885 96.087 92.999 89.593 85.834
24.935 24.301 23.725 23.203 22.730 22.303 21.919 21.576 21.272 21.005 20.776 20.582 20.423 20.301 20.216 20.169 20.160 20.193 20.269 20.392 20.565 20.790 21.072 21.411 21.805 22.243
Saturated Properties
2-359
2-360
TABLE 2-272
Thermodynamic Properties of R-114, 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
405.00 410.00 415.00 418.83
2.5694 2.8015 3.0507 3.2516
1.4416 1.6966 2.0686 3.3932
300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.041312 0.035003 0.030432 0.026945 0.024188
300.00 350.00 356.40
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
8.4984 7.4651 7.3010
356.40 400.00 450.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
0.69369 0.58941 0.48342 0.29471
66.763 66.782 66.570 64.391
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
0.14487 0.14792 0.15144
0.30666 0.40278 0.67085
81.678 77.066 71.914 0
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Saturated Properties 68.545 68.433 68.045 65.349
0.26684 0.26620 0.26493 0.25828
22.687 23.035 22.963 18.568
Single-Phase Properties 24.206 28.569 32.860 37.113 41.342
58.335 64.107 70.284 76.817 83.661
60.756 66.964 73.570 80.529 87.796
0.26666 0.28578 0.30341 0.31980 0.33510
0.11051 0.11931 0.12703 0.13376 0.13956
0.11990 0.12828 0.13580 0.14241 0.14813
122.03 132.80 142.49 151.42 159.78
19.386 12.959 9.4836 7.3132 5.8366
0.11767 0.13396 0.13697
38.583 47.454 48.670
38.701 47.588 48.807
0.18633 0.21369 0.21714
0.11994 0.12863 0.12986
0.16950 0.18840 0.19249
551.87 364.95 338.92
−0.25320 0.11384 0.21213
0.43061 0.34682 0.29218 0.25510
2.3223 2.8833 3.4226 3.9201
63.533 69.357 76.104 83.069
65.855 72.240 79.526 86.989
0.26498 0.28188 0.29904 0.31477
0.12596 0.12912 0.13466 0.14003
0.15128 0.14474 0.14726 0.15132
108.84 126.86 141.14 152.73
20.165 11.867 8.1166 6.1412
8.6001 7.6832 6.4329 3.3217 1.7533
0.11628 0.13015 0.15545 0.30105 0.57034
38.303 46.919 56.400 69.251 79.658
38.884 47.570 57.177 70.756 82.509
0.18538 0.21213 0.23775 0.26953 0.29444
0.11983 0.12793 0.13659 0.14905 0.14423
0.16738 0.18096 0.20814 0.34888 0.18709
584.86 420.00 251.68 94.479 121.74
−0.28910 −0.048046 0.75207 9.2719 7.0501
300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
8.7118 7.8877 6.9197 5.6865 4.2030
0.11479 0.12678 0.14452 0.17586 0.23793
37.991 46.398 55.329 64.892 74.962
39.139 47.666 56.774 66.650 77.341
0.18430 0.21057 0.23488 0.25812 0.28064
0.11975 0.12746 0.13488 0.14158 0.14594
0.16542 0.17597 0.18894 0.20710 0.21449
621.41 473.47 338.62 225.09 163.22
−0.32232 −0.15701 0.18601 1.0459 2.5802
300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00
15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000
8.8106 8.0508 7.2160 6.2819 5.2683
0.11350 0.12421 0.13858 0.15919 0.18981
37.713 45.970 54.628 63.643 72.897
39.415 47.834 56.707 66.030 75.744
0.18332 0.20926 0.23294 0.25489 0.27536
0.11973 0.12720 0.13421 0.14025 0.14487
0.16394 0.17290 0.18200 0.19084 0.19667
654.14 517.56 398.49 301.49 235.39
−0.34729 −0.22334 −0.017272 0.34360 0.89448
300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00
20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000
8.8998 8.1881 7.4361 6.6421 5.8257
0.11236 0.12213 0.13448 0.15056 0.17165
37.460 45.603 54.086 62.835 71.746
39.707 48.046 56.775 65.846 75.179
0.18241 0.20811 0.23141 0.25277 0.27243
0.11973 0.12704 0.13385 0.13972 0.14442
0.16278 0.17079 0.17821 0.18438 0.18846
683.99 555.75 446.47 358.35 294.31
−0.36679 −0.26854 −0.12632 0.081032 0.35805
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Platzer, B., Polt, A., and Maurer, G., Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density is 0.2% up to 400 K and 1% at higher temperatures. The vapor pressure uncertainty is 1.5%. In the liquid phase, the uncertainty in isobaric heat capacity is 3%.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-273 Temp., °F −100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Saturated Refrigerant 115, Chloropentafluoroethane* Volume, ft3/lb
Enthalpy, Btu/lb
Entropy, Btu/(lb)(°F)
Pressure, lb/in2 abs.
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
2.327 4.573 8.306 14.13 22.74
0.00966 0.00986 0.01009 0.01033 0.01060
10.57 5.624 3.218 1.953 1.245
−13.07 −8.78 −4.43 0.00 4.50
45.83 48.39 50.96 53.53 56.07
−0.0335 −0.0219 −0.0108 0.0000 0.0104
0.1302 0.1286 0.1278 0.1275 0.1277
0 20 40 60 80
34.94 51.59 73.65 102.1 138.1
0.01090 0.01123 0.01161 0.01204 0.01255
0.8257 0.5657 0.3979 0.2857 0.2081
9.09 13.76 18.54 23.45 28.54
58.56 61.00 63.35 65.60 67.71
0.0206 0.0305 0.0401 0.0496 0.0591
0.1282 0.1290 0.1298 0.1308 0.1317
100 120 140 160 170
182.7 237.3 303.2 382.0 427.0
0.01316 0.01393 0.01496 0.01664 0.01838
0.1530 0.1125 0.0817 0.0567 0.0444
33.85 39.50 45.67 52.76 56.56
69.63 71.24 72.36 72.42 71.33
0.0686 0.0782 0.0884 0.0996 0.1055
0.1325 0.1330 0.1329 0.1314 0.1290
175.89 c
457.6
0.0261
0.0261
64.30
64.30
0.1175
0.1175
*Unpublished data of General Chemicals Division, Allied Chemical Company. Used by permission. c = critical temperature. No material in SI units appears in the 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI ed.). Tables and a chart to 50 ata, 200 °C are given by Mathias, H. and H. J. Loffler, Techn. Univ. Berlin rept., 1966 (42 pp.). A chart to 1500 psia, 500 °F was given by Mears, W. H., E. Rosenthal, et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 11, 3 (1966): 338–343.
2-361
2-362 TABLE 2-274
Thermodynamic Properties of R-116, Hexafluoroethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
173.10 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 293.03
0.026084 0.029802 0.041661 0.057021 0.076558 0.10101 0.13116 0.16784 0.21194 0.26438 0.32611 0.39814 0.48150 0.57725 0.68650 0.81042 0.95020 1.1071 1.2826 1.4781 1.6952 1.9360 2.2027 2.4983 2.8276 3.0477
173.10 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 293.03
0.026084 0.029802 0.041661 0.057021 0.076558 0.10101 0.13116 0.16784 0.21194 0.26438 0.32611 0.39814 0.48150 0.57725 0.68650 0.81042 0.95020 1.1071 1.2826 1.4781 1.6952 1.9360 2.2027 2.4983 2.8276 3.0477
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.081274 0.081649 0.082664 0.083720 0.084824 0.085979 0.087192 0.088469 0.089818 0.091248 0.092769 0.094395 0.096140 0.098026 0.10007 0.10232 0.10480 0.10756 0.11070 0.11431 0.11857 0.12376 0.13043 0.13986 0.15692 0.22502
13.031 13.266 13.887 14.516 15.153 15.797 16.450 17.111 17.781 18.461 19.151 19.851 20.563 21.286 22.023 22.774 23.541 24.325 25.130 25.959 26.818 27.715 28.667 29.710 30.973 33.029
13.033 13.268 13.891 14.521 15.159 15.806 16.461 17.126 17.800 18.485 19.181 19.889 20.609 21.343 22.092 22.857 23.640 24.444 25.272 26.128 27.019 27.955 28.954 30.059 31.417 33.715
28.993 29.113 29.433 29.755 30.079 30.406 30.733 31.061 31.389 31.716 32.041 32.364 32.682 32.995 33.302 33.599 33.885 34.157 34.409 34.636 34.830 34.975 35.047 34.992 34.631 33.029
30.408 30.541 30.893 31.247 31.601 31.954 32.306 32.656 33.003 33.345 33.683 34.014 34.336 34.649 34.950 35.237 35.507 35.755 35.977 36.164 36.306 36.387 36.375 36.207 35.669 33.715
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.073325 0.074672 0.078175 0.081622 0.085018 0.088366 0.091671 0.094937 0.098169 0.10137 0.10454 0.10769 0.11082 0.11394 0.11705 0.12015 0.12326 0.12638 0.12952 0.13269 0.13593 0.13926 0.14274 0.14651 0.15106 0.15879
0.083104 0.083413 0.084236 0.085077 0.085933 0.086803 0.087686 0.088580 0.089485 0.090402 0.091330 0.092270 0.093224 0.094193 0.095179 0.096188 0.097226 0.098301 0.099429 0.10063 0.10195 0.10345 0.10525 0.10768 0.11183
0.12322 0.12375 0.12518 0.12670 0.12829 0.12996 0.13173 0.13361 0.13560 0.13773 0.14002 0.14249 0.14520 0.14818 0.15152 0.15531 0.15970 0.16491 0.17129 0.17942 0.19040 0.20651 0.23354 0.29195 0.54643
653.29 645.09 623.59 602.22 580.95 559.75 538.61 517.48 496.36 475.20 453.97 432.64 411.18 389.53 367.64 345.46 322.91 299.89 276.28 251.91 226.54 199.81 171.13 139.42 102.12 0
−0.38383 −0.37807 −0.36202 −0.34452 −0.32540 −0.30443 −0.28132 −0.25573 −0.22722 −0.19525 −0.15913 −0.11798 −0.070666 −0.015673 0.049034 0.12626 0.21998 0.33604 0.48338 0.67638 0.93994 1.3211 1.9215 3.0109 5.6531 13.224
0.17370 0.17338 0.17263 0.17203 0.17155 0.17118 0.17090 0.17069 0.17056 0.17049 0.17046 0.17047 0.17051 0.17056 0.17063 0.17068 0.17072 0.17073 0.17069 0.17056 0.17033 0.16992 0.16924 0.16807 0.16572 0.15879
0.067328 0.067932 0.069527 0.071130 0.072742 0.074365 0.076000 0.077648 0.079312 0.080992 0.082691 0.084412 0.086158 0.087932 0.089742 0.091594 0.093497 0.095465 0.097518 0.099682 0.10200 0.10454 0.10743 0.11094 0.11584
0.076383 0.077064 0.078887 0.080765 0.082706 0.084719 0.086816 0.089011 0.091322 0.093772 0.096389 0.099211 0.10229 0.10569 0.10951 0.11388 0.11901 0.12520 0.13296 0.14316 0.15741 0.17918 0.21720 0.30201 0.66697
106.90 107.29 108.24 109.07 109.78 110.35 110.78 111.05 111.15 111.07 110.80 110.33 109.63 108.69 107.50 106.02 104.24 102.13 99.661 96.789 93.477 89.681 85.354 80.445 74.869 0
43.932 42.424 38.839 35.743 33.062 30.736 28.716 26.960 25.435 24.112 22.967 21.983 21.143 20.435 19.850 19.381 19.024 18.777 18.637 18.605 18.677 18.837 19.040 19.127 18.438 13.224
Saturated Properties 12.304 12.247 12.097 11.945 11.789 11.631 11.469 11.303 11.134 10.959 10.779 10.594 10.401 10.201 9.9926 9.7735 9.5423 9.2968 9.0336 8.7482 8.4341 8.0803 7.6671 7.1502 6.3727 4.4440 0.018437 0.020874 0.028519 0.038215 0.050323 0.065236 0.083387 0.10525 0.13135 0.16228 0.19868 0.24133 0.29110 0.34902 0.41636 0.49465 0.58587 0.69256 0.81820 0.96766 1.1482 1.3717 1.6592 2.0572 2.7232 4.4440
54.238 47.907 35.064 26.168 19.872 15.329 11.992 9.5011 7.6132 6.1624 5.0331 4.1437 3.4353 2.8652 2.4018 2.0216 1.7069 1.4439 1.2222 1.0334 0.87090 0.72904 0.60271 0.48610 0.36721 0.22502
Single-Phase Properties 175.00 194.81
0.10000 0.10000
194.81 250.00 325.00 400.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
175.00 250.00 251.65
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
251.65 325.00 400.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
250.00 325.00 400.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
13.263 15.773
13.271 15.782
0.074658 0.088242
0.083417 0.086771
0.12373 0.12990
645.46 560.54
−0.37835 −0.30525
30.394 34.892 42.103 50.430
31.941 36.932 44.784 53.744
0.17119 0.19368 0.22106 0.24582
0.074304 0.087457 0.10389 0.11740
0.084642 0.096533 0.11253 0.12590
110.33 126.48 144.51 160.19
30.817 13.742 6.5149 3.7890
0.081484 0.10473 0.10567
13.232 23.534 23.797
13.314 23.638 23.903
0.074480 0.12323 0.12428
0.083472 0.097224 0.097576
0.12349 0.15951 0.16132
650.25 323.69 315.37
−0.38185 0.21614 0.25543
0.61920 0.40237 0.31155
1.6150 2.4853 3.2097
33.976 41.594 50.096
35.591 44.080 53.305
0.17073 0.20033 0.22584
0.094138 0.10529 0.11796
0.12091 0.11782 0.12829
103.59 135.84 156.26
18.931 7.1157 3.8772
9.9221 3.7219 1.7961
0.10078 0.26868 0.55676
23.073 37.500 48.386
23.577 38.843 51.170
0.12134 0.17386 0.20825
0.097206 0.11497 0.12060
0.14935 0.24037 0.14444
376.03 101.35 144.06
12.249 11.637 0.064625 0.049033 0.037293 0.030174 12.272 9.5480 9.4631
0.081637 0.085935 15.474 20.394 26.815 33.141
0.0088070 7.5484 3.8425
250.00 325.00 400.00
10.000 10.000 10.000
10.261 7.1151 3.9471
0.097459 0.14055 0.25335
22.648 34.117 46.132
23.622 35.522 48.666
0.11954 0.16098 0.19742
0.097376 0.11174 0.12255
0.14319 0.17544 0.16440
425.10 207.64 156.43
−0.12130 1.0712 2.4329
250.00 325.00 400.00
20.000 20.000 20.000
10.747 8.5892 6.4948
0.093053 0.11643 0.15397
22.031 32.498 43.572
23.892 34.826 46.651
0.11682 0.15497 0.18769
0.097852 0.11132 0.12291
0.13725 0.15339 0.16013
498.98 328.94 246.48
−0.24812 0.093523 0.50074
250.00 325.00 400.00
50.000 50.000 50.000
11.642 10.197 8.8968
0.085893 0.098067 0.11240
20.902 30.607 40.984
25.197 35.511 46.604
0.11135 0.14736 0.17805
0.099289 0.11250 0.12396
0.13120 0.14332 0.15192
647.29 516.00 437.11
−0.37511 −0.28102 −0.20643
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation are 0.5% in density for liquid and vapor states and 1% in density or pressure for supercritical states. For vapor pressure, the uncertainty is 0.3%, that for vapor-phase speed of sounds is 0.2%, and the uncertainty for heat capacities is 5%.
2-363
2-364 TABLE 2-275
Thermodynamic Properties of R-123, 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
166.00 170.00 185.00 200.00 215.00 230.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 290.00 305.00 320.00 335.00 350.00 365.00 380.00 395.00 410.00 425.00 440.00 455.00 456.83
4.2021E-06 7.5115E-06 5.1172E-05 0.00024954 0.00093965 0.0028868 0.0075380 0.017260 0.035500 0.066848 0.11700 0.19264 0.30136 0.45147 0.65201 0.91268 1.2440 1.6577 2.1672 2.7898 3.5547 3.6619
166.00 170.00 185.00 200.00 215.00 230.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 290.00 305.00 320.00 335.00 350.00 365.00 380.00 395.00 410.00 425.00 440.00 455.00 456.83
4.2021E-06 7.5115E-06 5.1172E-05 0.00024954 0.00093965 0.0028868 0.0075380 0.017260 0.035500 0.066848 0.11700 0.19264 0.30136 0.45147 0.65201 0.91268 1.2440 1.6577 2.1672 2.7898 3.5547 3.6619
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
15.111 15.678 17.800 19.919 22.050 24.204 26.388 28.607 30.863 33.158 35.492 37.867 40.286 42.751 45.270 47.853 50.514 53.281 56.204 59.412 63.738 65.873
15.111 15.678 17.800 19.919 22.050 24.204 26.389 28.609 30.867 33.165 35.504 37.888 40.319 42.804 45.349 47.967 50.677 53.510 56.527 59.873 64.496 66.891
0.081219 0.084599 0.096559 0.10757 0.11785 0.12753 0.13673 0.14552 0.15395 0.16208 0.16993 0.17753 0.18492 0.19212 0.19917 0.20612 0.21300 0.21990 0.22695 0.23446 0.24446 0.24965
47.940 48.198 49.206 50.269 51.386 52.550 53.755 54.996 56.264 57.553 58.855 60.163 61.468 62.760 64.026 65.252 66.412 67.468 68.348 68.866 67.881 65.873
49.320 49.612 50.744 51.931 53.171 54.456 55.779 57.131 58.504 59.887 61.270 62.645 63.999 65.319 66.591 67.794 68.899 69.857 70.581 70.847 69.293 66.891
0.28730 0.28421 0.27463 0.26763 0.26259 0.25906 0.25669 0.25522 0.25445 0.25422 0.25440 0.25489 0.25560 0.25645 0.25737 0.25829 0.25913 0.25977 0.26002 0.25940 0.25500 0.24965
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.096271 0.096537 0.096881 0.097283 0.098162 0.099479 0.10110 0.10291 0.10483 0.10680 0.10879 0.11080 0.11283 0.11491 0.11704 0.11927 0.12167 0.12433 0.12747 0.13159 0.13975
0.14206 0.14181 0.14120 0.14151 0.14272 0.14455 0.14676 0.14919 0.15176 0.15443 0.15722 0.16020 0.16350 0.16729 0.17186 0.17772 0.18579 0.19804 0.21999 0.27613 1.2865
1243.8 1227.9 1167.0 1104.3 1040.9 977.54 914.89 853.42 793.34 734.70 677.42 621.30 566.09 511.47 457.07 402.48 347.23 290.69 231.85 168.40 90.823 0
−0.47555 −0.47661 −0.47672 −0.47027 −0.45811 −0.44149 −0.42124 −0.39765 −0.37048 −0.33894 −0.30164 −0.25640 −0.19988 −0.12681 −0.028618 0.10963 0.31613 0.65103 1.2687 2.7240 10.053 16.566
115.89 114.18 109.51 105.59 101.48 97.035 92.395 87.716 83.129 78.719 74.533 70.585 66.863 63.340 59.972 56.709 53.486 50.222 46.810 43.102 39.324
4953.8 4180.7 2571.4 1795.0 1337.4 1036.8 825.41 669.88 551.59 459.38 386.07 326.86 278.37 238.12 204.30 175.46 150.45 128.23 107.74 87.306 58.622
0.064141 0.065216 0.069152 0.072951 0.076634 0.080226 0.083755 0.087245 0.090715 0.094177 0.097639 0.10111 0.10459 0.10810 0.11165 0.11529 0.11908 0.12313 0.12767 0.13325 0.14227
0.072457 0.073532 0.077473 0.081290 0.085017 0.088699 0.092390 0.096144 0.10001 0.10405 0.10832 0.11290 0.11790 0.12353 0.13011 0.13821 0.14902 0.16522 0.19466 0.27310 1.6671
100.97 102.08 106.14 110.02 113.72 117.20 120.41 123.27 125.72 127.66 129.01 129.68 129.58 128.62 126.67 123.57 119.13 113.03 104.85 93.850 78.287 0
Saturated Properties 11.580 11.520 11.298 11.079 10.861 10.640 10.415 10.185 9.9497 9.7073 9.4567 9.1962 8.9238 8.6365 8.3301 7.9984 7.6316 7.2132 6.7113 6.0457 4.6936 3.5964 3.0446E-06 5.3144E-06 3.3272E-05 0.00015013 0.00052637 0.0015145 0.0037253 0.0080830 0.015852 0.028647 0.048445 0.077628 0.11908 0.17640 0.25423 0.35900 0.50026 0.69385 0.97042 1.4081 2.5178 3.5964
0.086355 0.086807 0.088511 0.090257 0.092076 0.093989 0.096017 0.098182 0.10051 0.10302 0.10575 0.10874 0.11206 0.11579 0.12005 0.12502 0.13103 0.13863 0.14900 0.16541 0.21305 0.27805 328,450. 188,170. 30,055. 6,660.7 1,899.8 660.29 268.44 123.72 63.083 34.907 20.642 12.882 8.3975 5.6690 3.9334 2.7855 1.9990 1.4412 1.0305 0.71016 0.39718 0.27805
335.67 305.67 219.47 162.12 122.83 95.252 75.497 61.102 50.463 42.504 36.493 31.923 28.442 25.804 23.846 22.466 21.617 21.309 21.605 22.561 21.950 16.566
1.6736 1.9014 2.7552 3.6080 4.4590 5.3073 6.1533 6.9987 7.8477 8.7073 9.5872 10.500 11.463 12.497 13.627 14.889 16.332 18.039 20.168 23.176 30.870
5.5300 5.7017 6.3386 6.9646 7.5791 8.1817 8.7712 9.3465 9.9065 10.450 10.979 11.494 12.002 12.515 13.054 13.656 14.390 15.384 16.913 19.744 29.346
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 300.00 300.61
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
300.61 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
200.00 300.00 384.30
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
384.30 400.00 500.00 600.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
19.917 34.709 34.805
19.926 34.720 34.815
0.10756 0.16734 0.16766
0.097300 0.10812 0.10820
0.14151 0.15627 0.15639
1104.5 696.38 694.05
−0.47033 −0.31484 −0.31326
58.473 68.902 80.750 93.743
60.866 72.178 84.879 98.716
0.25432 0.28673 0.31502 0.34022
0.096626 0.11170 0.12437 0.13502
0.10704 0.12066 0.13300 0.14352
128.68 150.93 169.33 185.60
38.084 14.728 7.9263 5.0504
0.090194 0.10462 0.12662
19.896 34.660 48.607
19.986 34.764 48.733
0.10745 0.16717 0.20809
0.097447 0.10822 0.11994
0.14145 0.15597 0.17975
1105.5 701.57 386.73
−0.47094 −0.31949 0.16009
105.80 76.273 55.784
2.5301 2.7480 3.8625 4.8220
65.592 67.553 80.024 93.232
68.122 70.301 83.887 98.054
0.25855 0.26410 0.29441 0.32022
0.11636 0.11698 0.12571 0.13546
0.14096 0.13715 0.13778 0.14581
122.45 129.70 160.11 181.06
22.169 18.389 8.3865 5.1181
15.282 16.135 21.585 27.069
13.849 14.368 17.431 19.994
11.118 9.6324 7.7754 2.1822 1.2117
0.089944 0.10382 0.12861 0.45826 0.82529
19.803 34.450 50.791 74.934 90.757
20.253 34.969 51.434 77.225 94.883
0.10699 0.16646 0.21368 0.27035 0.30270
0.098069 0.10865 0.12180 0.13698 0.13749
0.14121 0.15478 0.17810 0.23468 0.16051
1110.5 723.64 388.06 111.01 161.94
−0.47345 −0.33792 0.14142 11.061 5.1664
106.62 77.874 55.285 30.182 30.009
1902.1 436.12 160.58 28.291 24.445
11.080 9.5412 9.5309 0.041795 0.030530 0.024219 0.020111 11.087 9.5586 7.8974 0.39525 0.36390 0.25890 0.20738
0.090251 0.10481 0.10492 23.926 32.754 41.290 49.724
105.61 75.903 75.734 9.3269 15.085 20.780 26.460
1797.1 408.75 405.88 10.826 14.262 17.224 19.696 1815.8 413.78 167.94
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
11.156 9.7177 8.0432 5.5005 2.8283
0.089639 0.10290 0.12433 0.18180 0.35357
19.691 34.208 50.152 68.419 87.359
20.588 35.237 51.395 70.237 90.895
0.10642 0.16564 0.21200 0.25388 0.29164
0.098779 0.10912 0.12141 0.13402 0.13939
0.14095 0.15357 0.17093 0.21202 0.18482
1117.0 749.33 447.83 205.61 163.33
−0.47622 −0.35684 −0.033773 1.7914 3.7808
107.63 79.793 58.469 41.785 35.942
2017.3 464.14 181.18 78.103 39.777
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000
11.229 9.8704 8.4163 6.7515 4.9944
0.089054 0.10131 0.11882 0.14812 0.20022
19.480 33.778 49.229 65.791 83.034
21.261 35.804 51.605 68.753 87.039
0.10532 0.16412 0.20949 0.24770 0.28102
0.099998 0.10993 0.12134 0.13081 0.13822
0.14055 0.15175 0.16430 0.17889 0.18342
1130.7 795.84 534.29 348.69 257.14
−0.48062 −0.38528 −0.19523 0.27303 0.96765
109.63 83.416 63.653 49.919 41.677
2276.1 521.04 217.09 115.74 74.025
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
40.000 40.000 40.000 40.000 40.000
11.368 10.125 8.9071 7.7025 6.5412
0.087968 0.098764 0.11227 0.12983 0.15288
19.099 33.072 47.981 63.586 79.686
22.618 37.023 52.472 68.779 85.801
0.10325 0.16152 0.20590 0.24225 0.27327
0.10179 0.11120 0.12199 0.13053 0.13791
0.14011 0.14952 0.15901 0.16697 0.17293
1160.1 875.49 653.37 503.02 409.64
−0.48571 −0.42067 −0.32210 −0.17413 0.011715
113.48 90.039 72.037 60.777 52.389
2947.0 640.89 282.73 165.05 115.87
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Younglove, B. A., and McLinden, M. O., “An International Standard Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 123 (2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane),” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23:731–779, 1994. The source for viscosity is Tanaka, Y, and Sotani, T., “Transport Properties (Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity),” in McLinden, M. O., Ed., R123—Thermodynamic and Physical Properties, Paris: International Institute of Refrigeration, 1995. See also Int. J. Thermophys. 17(2):293–328, 1996. The source for thermal conductivity is Laesecke, A., Perkins, R. A., and Howley, J. B., “An Improved Correlation for the Thermal Conductivity of HCFC123 (2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane),” Int. J. Refrigeration 19:231–238, 1996. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 1.5% in heat capacity, and 2% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.1%. Uncertainties are greater below 180 K. The uncertainty in viscosity is 5%. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 2%.
2-365
2-366 FIG. 2-24
Enthalpy–log-pressure diagram for Refrigerant 123.
TABLE 2-276
Thermodynamic Properties of R-124, 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 395.43
2.6739E-08 8.0309E-07 1.1223E-05 9.0881E-05 0.00049265 0.0019732 0.0062626 0.016573 0.037986 0.077612 0.14453 0.24955 0.40500 0.62447 0.92279 1.3163 1.8234 2.4663 3.2770 3.6243
120.00 135.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 395.43
2.6739E-08 8.0309E-07 1.1223E-05 9.0881E-05 0.00049265 0.0019732 0.0062626 0.016573 0.037986 0.077612 0.14453 0.24955 0.40500 0.62447 0.92279 1.3163 1.8234 2.4663 3.2770 3.6243
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
1293.6 1225.8 1157.4 1089.0 1021.3 954.41 888.65 824.09 760.75 698.57 637.46 577.23 517.54 457.87 397.44 335.05 269.18 198.17 115.48 0
−0.48257 −0.47832 −0.47012 −0.45872 −0.44440 −0.42707 −0.40640 −0.38173 −0.35205 −0.31583 −0.27079 −0.21337 −0.13780 −0.034029 0.11699 0.35590 0.78492 1.7419 5.4469 14.607
Saturated Properties 13.576 13.288 13.003 12.718 12.433 12.145 11.853 11.554 11.248 10.931 10.601 10.253 9.8843 9.4868 9.0506 8.5590 7.9793 7.2348 6.0066 4.1033 2.6799E-08 7.1548E-07 8.9989E-06 6.6260E-05 0.00032946 0.0012200 0.0036077 0.0089652 0.019455 0.037965 0.068150 0.11457 0.18300 0.28114 0.42003 0.61719 0.90480 1.3577 2.2903 4.1033
0.073661 0.075255 0.076906 0.078626 0.080432 0.082339 0.084369 0.086547 0.088904 0.091481 0.094332 0.097528 0.10117 0.10541 0.11049 0.11684 0.12532 0.13822 0.16648 0.24371 37,314,000. 1,397,700. 111,120. 15,092. 3,035.3 819.64 277.19 111.54 51.400 26.340 14.674 8.7285 5.4645 3.5569 2.3808 1.6202 1.1052 0.73653 0.43662 0.24371
6.7015 8.6014 10.510 12.437 14.388 16.367 18.378 20.426 22.512 24.641 26.816 29.043 31.327 33.677 36.106 38.634 41.302 44.202 47.714 50.813
6.7015 8.6014 10.510 12.437 14.388 16.367 18.379 20.427 22.515 24.648 26.830 29.067 31.368 33.743 36.208 38.788 41.531 44.543 48.259 51.696
0.027106 0.042024 0.055431 0.067673 0.078987 0.089547 0.099484 0.10890 0.11787 0.12648 0.13477 0.14280 0.15061 0.15826 0.16580 0.17332 0.18092 0.18889 0.19827 0.20684
0.088123 0.087495 0.087696 0.088451 0.089589 0.091000 0.092610 0.094368 0.096239 0.098199 0.10024 0.10235 0.10454 0.10685 0.10933 0.11213 0.11553 0.12005 0.12812
0.12662 0.12684 0.12778 0.12919 0.13095 0.13299 0.13527 0.13778 0.14055 0.14361 0.14702 0.15090 0.15545 0.16102 0.16825 0.17860 0.19587 0.23450 0.46802
36.727 37.530 38.388 39.300 40.262 41.269 42.318 43.400 44.507 45.631 46.762 47.892 49.009 50.100 51.145 52.111 52.940 53.497 53.233 50.813
37.725 38.653 39.636 40.671 41.757 42.887 44.054 45.248 46.459 47.675 48.883 50.070 51.222 52.321 53.342 54.244 54.955 55.314 54.664 51.696
0.28563 0.26462 0.24960 0.23879 0.23104 0.22555 0.22175 0.21922 0.21764 0.21678 0.21645 0.21649 0.21679 0.21724 0.21772 0.21811 0.21821 0.21761 0.21470 0.20684
0.051678 0.055405 0.059044 0.062605 0.066113 0.069600 0.073111 0.076698 0.080420 0.084321 0.088420 0.092708 0.097166 0.10179 0.10663 0.11180 0.11757 0.12466 0.13608
0.059992 0.063720 0.067361 0.070933 0.074474 0.078043 0.081721 0.085612 0.089837 0.094522 0.099789 0.10578 0.11271 0.12102 0.13162 0.14664 0.17189 0.23071 0.61311
92.125 97.256 102.10 106.70 111.05 115.13 118.89 122.21 124.99 127.10 128.40 128.75 128.00 125.97 122.47 117.17 109.67 99.240 84.410 0
997.50 558.90 338.42 218.53 149.08 106.83 80.088 62.512 50.458 41.824 35.421 30.583 26.921 24.195 22.252 21.001 20.405 20.431 20.196 14.607
2-367
2-368
TABLE 2-276
Thermodynamic Properties of R-124, 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
150.00 225.00 260.87
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
13.004 11.556 10.804
0.076901 0.086537 0.092562
260.87 300.00 375.00 450.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 225.00 300.00 333.28
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
333.28 375.00 450.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Single-Phase Properties 10.509 20.423 25.487
10.516 20.431 25.496
0.055420 0.10889 0.12976
0.087698 0.094369 0.098988
0.12777 0.13777 0.14489
1157.7 824.54 674.53
−0.47016 −0.38192 −0.29941
46.073 49.579 57.006 65.395
48.150 52.011 60.088 69.114
0.21660 0.23038 0.25436 0.27627
0.085902 0.092039 0.10524 0.11804
0.096509 0.10148 0.11403 0.12661
127.71 138.33 155.52 170.43
39.096 22.359 10.936 6.3680
0.076859 0.086432 0.10093 0.11175
10.494 20.392 31.280 36.649
10.570 20.479 31.381 36.760
0.055319 0.10875 0.15045 0.16744
0.087712 0.094382 0.10452 0.10991
0.12773 0.13761 0.15494 0.17017
1160.8 829.31 523.28 384.03
−0.47053 −0.38397 −0.14686 0.15954
2.1867 2.7250 3.5074
51.364 56.110 64.848
53.551 58.835 68.356
0.21782 0.23277 0.25590
0.10772 0.10870 0.11949
0.13441 0.12428 0.13091
121.47 140.23 162.32
21.922 12.660 6.7329
13.042 11.630 10.055 7.8072 2.0764
0.076674 0.085982 0.099451 0.12809 0.48161
10.428 20.262 30.991 43.322 61.347
10.811 20.692 31.488 43.963 63.755
0.054877 0.10817 0.14947 0.18645 0.23451
0.087777 0.094440 0.10448 0.11692 0.12778
0.12756 0.13696 0.15210 0.19006 0.18398
1174.3 849.95 558.86 276.48 124.73
−0.47207 −0.39231 −0.19712 0.71939 8.2236
0.048164 0.041129 0.032447 0.026891 13.011 11.570 9.9082 8.9488 0.45731 0.36697 0.28511
20.763 24.314 30.820 37.187
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
13.080 11.702 10.213 8.3628 5.4895
0.076452 0.085459 0.097912 0.11958 0.18217
10.348 20.109 30.675 42.388 56.064
11.113 20.963 31.654 43.584 57.886
0.054334 0.10747 0.14838 0.18379 0.21844
0.087856 0.094513 0.10449 0.11566 0.12834
0.12736 0.13626 0.14957 0.17088 0.21040
1190.9 874.54 597.87 359.58 179.08
−0.47382 −0.40129 −0.24225 0.22172 2.3542
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000
13.153 11.832 10.473 8.9796 7.2897
0.076029 0.084516 0.095482 0.11136 0.13718
10.197 19.827 30.150 41.285 53.276
11.717 21.518 32.059 43.513 56.020
0.053282 0.10615 0.14651 0.18054 0.21090
0.088011 0.094657 0.10459 0.11536 0.12652
0.12702 0.13514 0.14630 0.15949 0.17382
1222.7 920.41 664.60 462.43 319.21
−0.47677 −0.41563 −0.30098 −0.080024 0.35516
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
40.000 40.000 40.000 40.000 40.000
13.287 12.057 10.865 9.6799 8.5132
0.075260 0.082941 0.092042 0.10331 0.11746
9.9211 19.345 29.347 39.971 51.192
12.932 22.662 33.028 44.103 55.890
0.051293 0.10380 0.14350 0.17641 0.20504
0.088302 0.094922 0.10483 0.11550 0.12642
0.12653 0.13366 0.14289 0.15243 0.16186
1282.4 1002.2 772.84 600.05 479.46
−0.48099 −0.43482 −0.36270 −0.26440 −0.14030
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is de Vries, B., Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H. D., “Thermodynamic Properties of HCFC 124,” 19th Int. Congress of Refrigeration, The Hague, The Netherlands, International Institute of Refrigeration, IVa:582–589, 1995. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.05% in density, 1% in heat capacity, and 1% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.1%.
TABLE 2-277
Thermodynamic Properties of R-125, Pentafluoroethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
172.52 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 339.17
0.0029140 0.0056285 0.012328 0.024602 0.045417 0.078505 0.12833 0.20004 0.29934 0.43250 0.60624 0.82782 1.1050 1.4463 1.8610 2.3600 2.9579 3.6179
172.52 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 339.17
0.0029140 0.0056285 0.012328 0.024602 0.045417 0.078505 0.12833 0.20004 0.29934 0.43250 0.60624 0.82782 1.1050 1.4463 1.8610 2.3600 2.9579 3.6179
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
10.457 11.389 12.646 13.919 15.210 16.523 17.858 19.219 20.607 22.025 23.478 24.971 26.511 28.112 29.793 31.595 33.632 37.417
10.457 11.389 12.647 13.921 15.214 16.529 17.869 19.235 20.632 22.063 23.532 25.048 26.619 28.259 29.994 31.869 34.017 38.174
0.058837 0.064124 0.070919 0.077448 0.083750 0.089856 0.095792 0.10158 0.10725 0.11282 0.11830 0.12374 0.12916 0.13461 0.14015 0.14593 0.15231 0.16438
31.863 32.307 32.913 33.530 34.157 34.788 35.421 36.052 36.678 37.292 37.890 38.460 38.988 39.453 39.828 40.054 39.964 37.417
33.293 33.795 34.477 35.167 35.860 36.552 37.237 37.911 38.568 39.202 39.805 40.363 40.858 41.267 41.554 41.651 41.355 38.174
0.19120 0.18860 0.18582 0.18368 0.18207 0.18087 0.18000 0.17940 0.17900 0.17874 0.17857 0.17844 0.17826 0.17797 0.17744 0.17649 0.17454 0.16438
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.081329 0.082012 0.083102 0.084327 0.085644 0.087029 0.088472 0.089971 0.091529 0.093153 0.094843 0.096594 0.098430 0.10043 0.10274 0.10571 0.11043
0.12417 0.12500 0.12647 0.12825 0.13028 0.13254 0.13505 0.13785 0.14102 0.14468 0.14903 0.15440 0.16135 0.17099 0.18593 0.21395 0.29625
932.57 893.63 843.11 793.91 745.67 698.07 650.89 603.92 556.99 510.02 462.91 415.46 367.36 318.17 267.31 213.55 153.34 0
−0.38374 −0.37406 −0.35818 −0.33901 −0.31627 −0.28935 −0.25723 −0.21839 −0.17062 −0.11056 −0.032921 0.070972 0.21606 0.43036 0.77370 1.4029 2.9184 12.361
116.02 112.52 107.79 103.06 98.331 93.653 89.019 84.443 79.940 75.520 71.187 66.940 62.772 58.667 54.597 50.534 46.661
1152.4 957.54 768.40 631.00 527.00 445.76 380.67 327.41 283.01 245.39 213.02 184.73 159.60 136.86 115.81 95.602 74.602
0.059815 0.061648 0.064126 0.066646 0.069223 0.071864 0.074575 0.077362 0.080230 0.083141 0.086003 0.088869 0.092050 0.095933 0.10077 0.10679 0.11481
0.068285 0.070217 0.072893 0.075712 0.078713 0.081939 0.085437 0.089271 0.093526 0.098283 0.10368 0.11025 0.11918 0.13255 0.15449 0.19725 0.32843
116.43 118.54 121.15 123.47 125.44 127.01 128.11 128.68 128.64 127.93 126.44 124.10 120.81 116.42 110.71 103.29 93.550 0
90.257 77.516 64.018 53.589 45.456 39.066 34.014 29.998 26.787 24.232 22.293 20.938 20.043 19.438 19.016 18.738 18.404 12.361
Saturated Properties 14.086 13.885 13.613 13.336 13.052 12.762 12.461 12.150 11.824 11.481 11.117 10.724 10.295 9.8162 9.2637 8.5923 7.6744 4.7790 0.0020381 0.0037809 0.0078784 0.015031 0.026661 0.044514 0.070679 0.10763 0.15835 0.22645 0.31661 0.43510 0.59084 0.79742 1.0777 1.4778 2.1269 4.7790
0.070990 0.072020 0.073461 0.074988 0.076615 0.078360 0.080247 0.082305 0.084572 0.087098 0.089954 0.093245 0.097130 0.10187 0.10795 0.11638 0.13030 0.20925 490.65 264.49 126.93 66.529 37.508 22.465 14.148 9.2907 6.3153 4.4159 3.1585 2.2983 1.6925 1.2540 0.92787 0.67670 0.47016 0.20925
5.2349 5.7185 6.3724 7.0353 7.7081 8.3929 9.0929 9.8136 10.563 11.356 12.213 13.169 14.286 15.680 17.586 20.574 26.607
7.4339 7.7624 8.1999 8.6344 9.0657 9.4944 9.9221 10.353 10.791 11.246 11.732 12.266 12.884 13.638 14.635 16.104 18.766
2-369
2-370
TABLE 2-277
Thermodynamic Properties of R-125, Pentafluoroethane (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
200.00 224.79
0.10000 0.10000
13.337 12.619
224.79 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
200.00 286.46
1.0000 1.0000
286.46 300.00 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
Single-Phase Properties 13.916 17.160
13.924 17.168
0.077436 0.092721
0.084327 0.087714
0.12823 0.13371
794.34 675.42
−0.33920 −0.27468
35.092 41.155 50.746 61.864
36.881 43.613 54.054 66.012
0.18042 0.20616 0.23608 0.26271
0.073155 0.086960 0.10398 0.11764
0.083578 0.095910 0.11252 0.12607
127.60 149.16 172.25 192.24
36.498 13.603 5.6807 3.1093
0.074878 0.095673
13.888 25.960
13.963 26.055
0.077295 0.12724
0.084329 0.097767
0.12805 0.15865
799.42 384.49
−0.34145 0.15862
103.50 64.240
1.8842 2.0720 3.1466 4.0661
38.807 40.159 50.310 61.591
40.691 42.231 53.456 65.657
0.17833 0.18359 0.21585 0.24302
0.090862 0.092286 0.10520 0.11806
0.11564 0.11224 0.11626 0.12764
122.09 129.90 165.47 189.33
20.318 16.539 5.9354 3.1109
13.866 14.732 22.513 31.336
12.653 13.270 17.404 21.014
13.432 10.214 2.1222 1.3333
0.074450 0.097901 0.47120 0.75004
13.768 27.606 47.739 60.288
14.140 28.095 50.095 64.038
0.076686 0.13288 0.19593 0.22710
0.084364 0.099404 0.11164 0.12001
0.12732 0.15790 0.15240 0.13643
820.94 379.39 136.55 180.53
−0.35061 0.16755 6.6581 2.9952
105.29 62.727 27.340 33.551
671.00 155.81 22.244 23.530
0.055877 0.040689 0.030228 0.024108 13.355 10.452 0.53072 0.48261 0.31780 0.24593
0.074979 0.079245 17.897 24.576 33.082 41.479
103.09 91.425 8.7263 14.156 22.115 30.917
631.60 412.85 9.6994 13.041 17.070 20.691 638.78 168.19
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
13.522 10.597 5.5436 2.8438
0.073953 0.094369 0.18039 0.35165
13.626 27.096 43.724 58.555
14.366 28.039 45.528 62.072
0.075959 0.13109 0.18103 0.21813
0.084459 0.098728 0.11417 0.12198
0.12655 0.14971 0.19389 0.14925
845.71 441.85 165.42 183.47
−0.36040 −0.0032571 2.8474 2.4316
107.42 67.164 40.583 37.529
712.07 177.37 46.568 29.745
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
13.835 11.489 9.0272 6.8239
0.072281 0.087039 0.11078 0.14654
13.138 25.838 39.705 54.141
15.306 28.449 43.028 58.538
0.073355 0.12645 0.16830 0.20288
0.085197 0.098551 0.11217 0.12339
0.12439 0.13883 0.15193 0.15662
927.73 597.35 391.05 307.14
−0.38765 −0.23171 0.060756 0.34144
115.19 79.855 59.824 53.649
889.29 245.90 112.78 67.694
300.00 400.00 500.00
60.000 60.000 60.000
12.259 10.465 8.9121
0.081575 0.095559 0.11221
24.732 37.854 51.703
29.626 43.587 58.436
0.12196 0.16206 0.19516
0.10001 0.11339 0.12470
0.13426 0.14453 0.15193
735.32 563.68 471.23
−0.32748 −0.23451 −0.15582
93.938 75.022 67.810
338.04 173.26 113.08
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “A New Functional Form and New Fitting Techniques for Equations of State with Application to Pentafluoroethane (HFC-125),” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 34(1):69–108, 2005. The source for viscosity is Huber, M. L., and Laesecke, A.,“Correlation for the Viscosity of Pentafluoroethane (R125) from the Triple Point to 500 K at Pressures up to 60 MPa,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45(12):4447–4453, 2006. The source for thermal conductivity is Perkins, R., and Huber, M. L., “Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Pentafluoroethane (R125) from 190 K to 512 K at Pressures to 70 MPa,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):898–904, 2006. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density is 0.1% at temperatures from the triple point to 400 K at pressures up to 60 MPa, except in the critical region, where an uncertainty of 0.2% in pressure is generally attained. In the limited region between 340 and 400 K and at pressures from 4 to 10 MPa, as well as for all states above 400 K, the uncertainty in density increases to 0.5%. At temperatures below 330 K and pressures below 30 MPa, the uncertainty in density in the liquid phase may be as low as 0.04%. In the vapor and supercritical region, speed of sound data are represented within 0.05% at pressures below 1 MPa. The estimated uncertainty for heat capacities is 0.5%, and the estimated uncertainty for the speed of sound in the liquid phase is 0.5% for T > 250 K. The estimated uncertainties of vapor pressures and saturated liquid densities calculated using the Maxwell criterion are 0.1% for each property, and the estimated uncertainty for saturated vapor densities is 0.2%. The uncertainty in density increases as the critical point is approached, while the accompanying uncertainty in calculated pressures is 0.2%. The viscosity correlation has an estimated uncertainty of 3.0% along the saturation boundary in the liquid phase, and 0.8% in the vapor. For thermal conductivity, the estimated uncertainty of the correlation is 3%, except for the dilute gas and points approaching critical, where the uncertainty rises to 5%.
FIG. 2-25
Enthalpy–log-pressure diagram for Refrigerant 125.
2-371
2-372 TABLE 2-278
Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a, 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
169.85 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 374.21
0.00038956 0.00039617 0.0011275 0.0028170 0.0063130 0.012910 0.024433 0.043287 0.072481 0.11561 0.17684 0.26082 0.37271 0.51805 0.70282 0.93340 1.2166 1.5599 1.9715 2.4611 3.0405 3.7278 4.0591
169.85 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 374.21
0.00038956 0.00039617 0.0011275 0.0028170 0.0063130 0.012910 0.024433 0.043287 0.072481 0.11561 0.17684 0.26082 0.37271 0.51805 0.70282 0.93340 1.2166 1.5599 1.9715 2.4611 3.0405 3.7278 4.0591
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
7.2907 7.3088 8.5179 9.7328 10.957 12.194 13.444 14.710 15.992 17.293 18.613 19.956 21.322 22.716 24.141 25.603 27.108 28.667 30.297 32.029 33.932 36.283 38.947
7.2907 7.3088 8.5179 9.7330 10.958 12.195 13.446 14.713 15.997 17.301 18.627 19.976 21.352 22.759 24.201 25.685 27.219 28.816 30.495 32.293 34.289 36.797 39.756
0.042100 0.042207 0.049117 0.055686 0.061966 0.067999 0.073815 0.079441 0.084899 0.090209 0.095389 0.10046 0.10543 0.11032 0.11516 0.11996 0.12475 0.12956 0.13446 0.13952 0.14496 0.15159 0.15938
32.764 32.772 33.287 33.821 34.371 34.934 35.508 36.090 36.675 37.261 37.844 38.420 38.986 39.538 40.069 40.573 41.038 41.451 41.785 41.994 41.973 41.323 38.947
34.175 34.184 34.781 35.395 36.023 36.662 37.308 37.956 38.602 39.242 39.870 40.482 41.073 41.636 42.166 42.653 43.083 43.438 43.687 43.775 43.576 42.617 39.756
0.20038 0.20029 0.19502 0.19075 0.18729 0.18451 0.18228 0.18050 0.17909 0.17797 0.17709 0.17640 0.17586 0.17542 0.17504 0.17469 0.17432 0.17387 0.17326 0.17232 0.17075 0.16731 0.15938
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.080831 0.080824 0.080732 0.081114 0.081784 0.082633 0.083595 0.084636 0.085734 0.086879 0.088067 0.089298 0.090576 0.091908 0.093303 0.094777 0.096352 0.098067 0.10001 0.10241 0.10601 0.11372
0.12079 0.12079 0.12112 0.12193 0.12303 0.12434 0.12582 0.12746 0.12927 0.13126 0.13348 0.13597 0.13883 0.14216 0.14615 0.15108 0.15740 0.16598 0.17863 0.20012 0.24863 0.52085
1120.0 1119.2 1068.3 1017.7 967.61 918.33 869.85 822.11 775.00 728.39 682.14 636.12 590.17 544.15 497.89 451.23 404.00 355.90 306.37 254.06 196.05 127.23 0
−0.38145 −0.38136 −0.37370 −0.36352 −0.35119 −0.33678 −0.32011 −0.30082 −0.27839 −0.25204 −0.22073 −0.18299 −0.13675 −0.079015 −0.0052732 0.091533 0.22306 0.41006 0.69376 1.1714 2.1419 5.1434 11.931
145.24 145.15 139.12 133.32 127.74 122.36 117.17 112.14 107.27 102.53 97.922 93.414 88.995 84.644 80.341 76.063 71.781 67.464 63.075 58.581 54.062 51.767
2153.6 2139.7 1479.1 1106.2 867.31 702.27 582.15 491.22 420.20 363.25 316.57 277.54 244.34 215.64 190.46 168.04 147.78 129.20 111.81 95.095 78.146 57.956
0.051318 0.051354 0.053742 0.056118 0.058489 0.060874 0.063296 0.065783 0.068357 0.071031 0.073812 0.076698 0.079686 0.082776 0.085974 0.089297 0.092780 0.096484 0.10052 0.10510 0.11074 0.11928
0.059719 0.059756 0.062208 0.064682 0.067201 0.069802 0.072534 0.075455 0.078618 0.082078 0.085888 0.090115 0.094850 0.10023 0.10650 0.11404 0.12355 0.13638 0.15548 0.18870 0.26594 0.70016
Saturated Properties 15.594 15.590 15.331 15.069 14.804 14.535 14.262 13.984 13.699 13.406 13.104 12.791 12.465 12.121 11.758 11.368 10.945 10.478 9.9483 9.3237 8.5279 7.2558 5.0171 0.00027611 0.00028055 0.00075481 0.0017896 0.0038201 0.0074704 0.013574 0.023188 0.037603 0.058360 0.087278 0.12651 0.17865 0.24685 0.33512 0.44874 0.59505 0.78498 1.0363 1.3818 1.8973 2.8805 5.0171
0.064126 0.064142 0.065228 0.066362 0.067550 0.068798 0.070116 0.071512 0.072999 0.074593 0.076311 0.078179 0.080227 0.082499 0.085050 0.087965 0.091364 0.095439 0.10052 0.10725 0.11726 0.13782 0.19932 3621.7 3564.4 1324.8 558.79 261.77 133.86 73.669 43.125 26.593 17.135 11.458 7.9043 5.5976 4.0511 2.9840 2.2285 1.6805 1.2739 0.96498 0.72368 0.52707 0.34717 0.19932
126.79 126.84 130.05 133.11 135.98 138.63 141.01 143.06 144.73 145.98 146.75 146.99 146.63 145.61 143.88 141.33 137.86 133.33 127.57 120.33 111.25 99.370 0
373.57 370.78 234.43 160.10 116.94 90.215 72.584 60.236 51.130 44.137 38.613 34.169 30.561 27.621 25.230 23.301 21.768 20.578 19.687 19.033 18.448 17.050 11.931
3.0801 3.0921 3.8934 4.6952 5.4978 6.3018 7.1080 7.9176 8.7324 9.5551 10.389 11.241 12.118 13.035 14.011 15.081 16.303 17.780 19.711 22.525 27.365 40.137
6.8294 6.8353 7.2319 7.6253 8.0147 8.3993 8.7786 9.1524 9.5209 9.8853 10.247 10.611 10.980 11.363 11.771 12.219 12.735 13.358 14.164 15.300 17.140 21.336
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 246.79
0.10000 0.10000
246.79 275.00 350.00 425.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
200.00 275.00 312.54
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
312.54 350.00 425.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 275.00 350.00 425.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
10.955 16.873
10.962 16.880
0.061955 0.088519
0.081787 0.086506
0.12301 0.13060
968.03 743.31
−0.35132 −0.26099
37.073 39.124 45.154 52.096
39.037 41.348 48.032 55.610
0.17830 0.18716 0.20860 0.22818
0.070161 0.073781 0.086248 0.098386
0.080931 0.083445 0.095065 0.10695
145.63 154.76 175.31 192.97
46.198 29.047 12.552 6.7852
0.067479 0.079009 0.088775
10.933 20.597 25.980
11.001 20.676 26.069
0.061846 0.10281 0.12117
0.081812 0.089915 0.095165
0.12291 0.13695 0.15252
972.08 619.10 439.31
−0.35256 −0.16746 0.12101
128.11 91.627 74.978
2.0729 2.5555 3.3352
40.695 44.290 51.597
42.768 46.846 54.933
0.17460 0.18694 0.20785
0.090164 0.090315 0.099891
0.11623 0.10603 0.11116
140.54 159.63 185.14
22.877 13.885 7.0297
15.374 17.989 23.806
12.343 13.936 16.917
14.880 12.804 9.8674 2.0736
0.067202 0.078103 0.10134 0.48225
10.839 20.385 31.397 48.647
11.175 20.776 31.904 51.058
0.061371 0.10203 0.13765 0.18734
0.081929 0.089864 0.10066 0.10791
0.12246 0.13495 0.17178 0.15381
989.55 651.41 320.01 148.25
−0.35768 −0.19924 0.59952 7.9048
129.56 94.015 63.012 28.574
915.11 277.35 109.32 20.974 966.05 295.02 128.79 46.711
14.805 13.501 0.050898 0.044972 0.034753 0.028455 14.819 12.657 11.264 0.48242 0.39132 0.29983
0.067543 0.074068 19.647 22.236 28.775 35.143
127.78 104.04 9.2899 11.540 17.537 23.539
868.18 380.27 9.7687 10.906 13.823 16.650 876.60 262.84 162.71
200.00 275.00 350.00 425.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
14.954 12.967 10.478 6.1370
0.066874 0.077121 0.095440 0.16295
10.727 20.149 30.642 43.563
11.395 20.920 31.597 45.193
0.060796 0.10115 0.13537 0.17038
0.082085 0.089868 0.099573 0.11141
0.12196 0.13304 0.15486 0.20870
1010.3 687.36 400.60 177.89
−0.36339 −0.22964 0.21924 3.0434
131.31 96.744 68.919 44.888
200.00 275.00 350.00 425.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
15.216 13.479 11.662 9.7202
0.065720 0.074190 0.085750 0.10288
10.326 19.398 29.071 39.385
12.298 21.624 31.644 42.471
0.058683 0.098210 0.13038 0.15838
0.082769 0.090220 0.098885 0.10808
0.12047 0.12865 0.13885 0.14967
1084.1 801.47 582.52 425.63
−0.38053 −0.30014 −0.15240 0.10364
137.79 105.87 82.955 67.154
1211.0 364.87 183.26 107.03
275.00 350.00 425.00
70.000 70.000 70.000
14.181 12.797 11.494
0.070517 0.078141 0.087004
18.373 27.492 37.066
23.310 32.961 43.157
0.093839 0.12484 0.15121
0.091314 0.099542 0.10829
0.12519 0.13226 0.13963
962.41 787.10 661.39
−0.35619 −0.30093 −0.23655
119.84 99.868 86.640
521.91 277.09 181.77
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H. D., “An International Standard Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for temperatures from 170 K to 455 K at Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23:657–729, 1994. The source for viscosity is Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., and Perkins, R. A., “Model for the Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Refrigerants, Including a New Correlation for the Viscosity of R134a,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42:3163–3178, 2003. The source for thermal conductivity is Perkins, R. A., Laesecke, A., Howley, J., Ramires, M. L. V., Gurova, A. N., and Cusco, L.,”Experimental Thermal Conductivity Values for the IUPAC Round-Robin Sample of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a),” NISTIR, 2000. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. Typical uncertainties are 0.05% for density, 0.02% for vapor pressure, 0.5% to 1% for heat capacity, 0.05% for vapor speed of sound, and 1% for liquid speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in viscosity is 1.5% along the saturated-liquid line, 3% in the liquid phase, 0.5% in the dilute gas, 3% to 5% in the vapor phase, and 5% in the supercritical region, rising to 8% at pressures above 40 MPa. Below 200 K, the uncertainty is 8%. The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is 5%.
2-373
2.
300
.
.
450
0.
80
.
700
500
.
600
550
kg/m 400.
10. 8.
300.
150.
4.
100. 80.
80
0
−10
−20
6.
200. c.p.
90
−30
600 20.
3
500. ρ=
100
90
80
0.
90
10
10
11
70
60
400
00
50
00
50 11
12 50
40
.
.
. 00
50
350
1350.
1400.
T = −40 °C
−60
4.
−50
1450.
6.
12
130
(1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C
10
10. 8.
0.
R-134a
250 .
200
30
150
20
2-374
100 20.
70
60.
2.
60
40. 30.
40
1. 0.8
30
0.6
20.
20
15.
10
0.4
10.
−40
) kg
·K
200
250
J/( 40 2.
300
0.4
350
400
450
500
180
0.2
4.0
2.0
0.1 0.08
1.5
0.06
1.0
0.04
0.60
2.3 s=
−60
150
0.6
0.80
0k
0 2.2
0 2.1
2.0
0
0 1.9
1.80
1.70
1.60
1.50
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
−50
0.01 100
170
150
T = 160 °C
140
130
120
110
ted v
0.04
0.02
6.0
3.0
satura
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4 x=
0.3
0.2
iqu
0.1
dl sa
tur
ate
0.06
0.9
−30
id
0.1 0.08
apor
−20
100
T = −10 °C
0.2
1. 0.8
8.0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Pressure (MPa)
50
550
0.02
0.40
0.01 600
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) FIG. 2-26 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant 134a. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H. D., “An International Standard Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) Covering Temperatures from 170 K to 455 K at Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23(5):657–729, 1994.
TABLE 2-279 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of R-141b, 1,1-Dichloro-1-Fluoroethane Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
1362.2 1336.2 1264.8 1196.3 1130.5 1067.1 1005.9 946.56 888.79 832.34 776.95 722.38 668.39 614.74 561.17 507.38 452.97 397.38 339.70 278.17 208.92 118.23 0
−0.46011 −0.46486 −0.47325 −0.47511 −0.47131 −0.46244 −0.44884 −0.43061 −0.40759 −0.37931 −0.34494 −0.30314 −0.25184 −0.18789 −0.10633 0.00079658 0.14720 0.35834 0.68768 1.2701 2.5762 8.4848 15.683
Saturated Properties 169.68 175.00 190.00 205.00 220.00 235.00 250.00 265.00 280.00 295.00 310.00 325.00 340.00 355.00 370.00 385.00 400.00 415.00 430.00 445.00 460.00 475.00 477.50
6.4927E-06 1.3392E-05 7.9884E-05 0.00035111 0.0012182 0.0035074 0.0086986 0.019117 0.038053 0.069799 0.11960 0.19353 0.29839 0.44157 0.63091 0.87470 1.1817 1.5611 2.0234 2.5805 3.2487 4.0574 4.2117
169.68 175.00 190.00 205.00 220.00 235.00 250.00 265.00 280.00 295.00 310.00 325.00 340.00 355.00 370.00 385.00 400.00 415.00 430.00 445.00 460.00 475.00 477.50
6.4927E-06 1.3392E-05 7.9884E-05 0.00035111 0.0012182 0.0035074 0.0086986 0.019117 0.038053 0.069799 0.11960 0.19353 0.29839 0.44157 0.63091 0.87470 1.1817 1.5611 2.0234 2.5805 3.2487 4.0574 4.2117
12.560 12.475 12.241 12.009 11.779 11.549 11.318 11.083 10.845 10.602 10.351 10.092 9.8211 9.5371 9.2365 8.9148 8.5660 8.1809 7.7444 7.2267 6.5517 5.2532 3.9210 4.6024E-06 9.2047E-06 5.0581E-05 0.00020615 0.00066719 0.0018021 0.0042156 0.0087866 0.016681 0.029348 0.048516 0.076209 0.11480 0.16710 0.23659 0.32780 0.44696 0.60344 0.81289 1.1059 1.5609 2.6472 3.9210
0.079620 0.080158 0.081696 0.083271 0.084897 0.086588 0.088358 0.090224 0.092205 0.094324 0.096609 0.099093 0.10182 0.10485 0.10827 0.11217 0.11674 0.12224 0.12913 0.13838 0.15263 0.19036 0.25504 217,280. 108,640. 19,770. 4,850.8 1,498.8 554.92 237.22 113.81 59.949 34.074 20.612 13.122 8.7112 5.9846 4.2267 3.0507 2.2373 1.6572 1.2302 0.90427 0.64064 0.37776 0.25504
9.9164 10.635 12.622 14.573 16.505 18.434 20.369 22.319 24.291 26.290 28.323 30.393 32.505 34.664 36.876 39.148 41.489 43.912 46.442 49.122 52.069 55.987 58.424
9.9164 10.635 12.622 14.573 16.506 18.434 20.370 22.321 24.294 26.297 28.334 30.412 32.535 34.710 36.945 39.246 41.627 44.103 46.703 49.480 52.565 56.760 59.498
0.054895 0.059062 0.069959 0.079842 0.088942 0.097423 0.10540 0.11298 0.12022 0.12717 0.13389 0.14041 0.14677 0.15299 0.15909 0.16512 0.17110 0.17706 0.18308 0.18925 0.19586 0.20453 0.21020
0.094555 0.093422 0.091221 0.090109 0.089760 0.089963 0.090575 0.091495 0.092648 0.093975 0.095432 0.096986 0.098610 0.10029 0.10201 0.10377 0.10557 0.10745 0.10945 0.11171 0.11464 0.12111
0.13580 0.13422 0.13103 0.12928 0.12859 0.12869 0.12943 0.13069 0.13238 0.13446 0.13691 0.13972 0.14292 0.14659 0.15085 0.15592 0.16222 0.17053 0.18264 0.20353 0.25500 0.92342
42.292 42.585 43.445 44.353 45.303 46.291 47.312 48.362 49.437 50.531 51.641 52.763 53.890 55.016 56.134 57.234 58.300 59.311 60.231 60.993 61.427 60.578 58.424
43.703 44.040 45.025 46.056 47.129 48.237 49.376 50.538 51.718 52.910 54.106 55.302 56.489 57.659 58.801 59.902 60.944 61.898 62.720 63.326 63.508 62.110 59.498
0.25401 0.24995 0.24050 0.23342 0.22814 0.22424 0.22143 0.21946 0.21816 0.21739 0.21703 0.21700 0.21722 0.21763 0.21817 0.21877 0.21939 0.21994 0.22033 0.22037 0.21965 0.21579 0.21020
0.054464 0.055738 0.059180 0.062459 0.065653 0.068824 0.072021 0.075271 0.078582 0.081944 0.085336 0.088731 0.092106 0.095442 0.098733 0.10198 0.10522 0.10848 0.11185 0.11548 0.11977 0.12640
0.062782 0.064059 0.067515 0.070830 0.074095 0.077393 0.080793 0.084345 0.088081 0.092019 0.096171 0.10056 0.10521 0.11023 0.11578 0.12213 0.12983 0.13996 0.15495 0.18176 0.25134 1.1603
117.92 119.57 124.11 128.46 132.61 136.53 140.16 143.44 146.30 148.66 150.46 151.61 152.02 151.61 150.27 147.85 144.19 139.04 132.06 122.74 110.25 93.316 0
881.00 725.60 439.35 282.90 192.43 137.32 102.08 78.530 62.188 50.500 41.951 35.598 30.835 27.254 24.582 22.633 21.289 20.490 20.229 20.562 21.544 21.336 15.683
2-375
2-376 TABLE 2-279
Thermodynamic Properties of R-141b, 1,1-Dichloro-1-Fluoroethane (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
200.00 300.00 304.82
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
12.087 10.519 10.438
0.082735 0.095063 0.095799
13.923 26.963 27.617
13.931 26.973 27.627
0.076634 0.12943 0.13160
304.82 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
51.257 59.875 70.152
53.693 63.154 74.282
200.00 300.00 391.53
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.082685 0.094914 0.11407
13.904 26.923 40.158
391.53 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
2.6612 2.7746 3.8663
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
12.127 10.606 8.7814 2.5394
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.090387 0.094448 0.094917
0.12973 0.13523 0.13602
1219.1 813.87 795.96
−0.47521 −0.36865 −0.35757
0.21711 0.24405 0.26884
0.084163 0.096356 0.10833
0.094713 0.10524 0.11691
149.91 173.74 194.56
44.615 15.111 8.0045
13.987 27.018 40.272
0.076539 0.12930 0.16773
0.090431 0.094476 0.10455
0.12969 0.13502 0.15848
1222.5 819.45 483.80
57.703 58.638 69.520
60.364 61.413 73.387
0.21904 0.22169 0.24841
0.10339 0.10298 0.10961
0.12527 0.12252 0.12123
146.42 150.55 184.02
0.082464 0.094284 0.11388 0.39380
13.822 26.751 41.014 63.911
14.234 27.222 41.584 65.880
0.076124 0.12872 0.16989 0.22278
0.090629 0.094606 0.10538 0.12220
0.12954 0.13416 0.15604 0.29767
1237.0 843.29 502.40 113.94
−0.47789 −0.38665 0.0060632 14.372
12.166 10.688 9.0042 6.4723
0.082198 0.093559 0.11106 0.15451
13.722 26.550 40.515 56.831
14.544 27.486 41.625 58.376
0.075616 0.12803 0.16859 0.20581
0.090880 0.094784 0.10531 0.11637
0.12937 0.13326 0.15122 0.19130
1254.5 871.09 554.81 265.53
−0.48033 −0.40188 −0.10586 1.3996
Single-Phase Properties
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
0.041044 0.030497 0.024216 12.094 10.536 8.7668 0.37577 0.36041 0.25865
24.364 32.790 41.296
−0.47573 −0.37223 0.058567 21.978 19.770 8.7395
300.00 400.00 500.00
100.00 100.00 100.00
11.645 10.676 9.7763
0.085873 0.093670 0.10229
24.317 36.738 49.945
32.904 46.105 60.174
0.11935 0.15726 0.18863
0.098509 0.10834 0.11752
0.12788 0.13645 0.14460
1200.2 995.82 852.98
−0.49651 −0.44654 −0.39437
400.00 500.00
400.00 400.00
12.505 11.986
0.079970 0.083429
33.644 46.201
65.632 79.572
0.14209 0.17316
0.11569 0.12401
0.13564 0.14302
1606.9 1498.0
−0.48581 −0.46416
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The equation has uncertainties of 0.2% in density between 180 and 400 K at pressures to 100 MPa, and 0.5% in density at higher pressures. The uncertainty in density may be higher as temperatures approach 400 K. Vapor pressures are represented with an uncertainty of 0.2% from 270 to 400 K. The uncertainty in speed of sound is 0.01% in the vapor phase and 0.5% in the liquid phase. There are no heat capacity data to verify the equation of state; however, the uncertainties are estimated to be within 2%.
TABLE 2-280
Thermodynamic Properties of R-142b, 1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
142.72 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 410.26
3.6327E-06 1.1727E-05 9.0545E-05 0.00047371 0.0018484 0.0057557 0.015025 0.034108 0.069220 0.12829 0.22078 0.35741 0.54995 0.81110 1.1545 1.5950 2.1496 2.8397 3.6991 4.0548
142.72 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 225.00 240.00 255.00 270.00 285.00 300.00 315.00 330.00 345.00 360.00 375.00 390.00 405.00 410.26
3.6327E-06 1.1727E-05 9.0545E-05 0.00047371 0.0018484 0.0057557 0.015025 0.034108 0.069220 0.12829 0.22078 0.35741 0.54995 0.81110 1.1545 1.5950 2.1496 2.8397 3.6991 4.0548
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.49370 −0.49255 −0.48684 −0.47689 −0.46285 −0.44466 −0.42204 −0.39443 −0.36085 −0.31977 −0.26876 −0.20400 −0.11928 −0.0039877 0.16142 0.41716 0.86137 1.8155 5.3582 14.009
Saturated Properties 14.439 14.281 13.963 13.650 13.339 13.028 12.715 12.396 12.069 11.732 11.380 11.010 10.617 10.193 9.7272 9.2033 8.5896 7.8118 6.5381 4.4380
2-377
3.0614E-06 9.4031E-06 6.6018E-05 0.00031681 0.0011428 0.0033148 0.0081206 0.017432 0.033721 0.060064 0.10020 0.15871 0.24138 0.35595 0.51364 0.73250 1.0462 1.5347 2.5436 4.4380
0.069257 0.070022 0.071619 0.073262 0.074968 0.076756 0.078649 0.080672 0.082856 0.085239 0.087873 0.090824 0.094190 0.098109 0.10280 0.10866 0.11642 0.12801 0.15295 0.22533 326,650. 106,350. 15,147. 3,156.4 875.03 301.68 123.14 57.365 29.655 16.649 9.9797 6.3006 4.1428 2.8094 1.9469 1.3652 0.95585 0.65159 0.39314 0.22533
5.0138 5.8147 7.4687 9.1343 10.818 12.526 14.263 16.033 17.841 19.692 21.590 23.538 25.545 27.617 29.765 32.009 34.381 36.963 40.117 43.151
5.0138 5.8147 7.4687 9.1343 10.818 12.526 14.264 16.036 17.847 19.703 21.609 23.571 25.597 27.696 29.884 32.182 34.632 37.327 40.683 44.065
0.026013 0.031486 0.041995 0.051656 0.060640 0.069077 0.077064 0.084681 0.091990 0.099042 0.10588 0.11255 0.11908 0.12551 0.13189 0.13828 0.14477 0.15160 0.15973 0.16786
0.067327 0.068270 0.070168 0.072051 0.073955 0.075895 0.077877 0.079897 0.081949 0.084027 0.086128 0.088252 0.090406 0.092605 0.094876 0.097271 0.099910 0.10313 0.10871
0.11000 0.11005 0.11057 0.11158 0.11299 0.11477 0.11689 0.11931 0.12205 0.12513 0.12859 0.13253 0.13714 0.14271 0.14984 0.15984 0.17613 0.21217 0.44141
1457.9 1403.7 1301.7 1209.7 1125.1 1046.0 971.28 899.90 831.11 764.28 698.87 634.41 570.43 506.46 441.95 376.09 307.44 232.74 141.73 0
32.685 33.008 33.711 34.461 35.253 36.082 36.944 37.831 38.737 39.657 40.582 41.506 42.419 43.306 44.149 44.916 45.551 45.920 45.483 43.151
33.872 34.256 35.083 35.956 36.870 37.819 38.794 39.787 40.790 41.793 42.786 43.758 44.697 45.585 46.397 47.094 47.605 47.771 46.938 44.065
0.22821 0.22109 0.20935 0.20067 0.19424 0.18952 0.18609 0.18365 0.18196 0.18086 0.18019 0.17984 0.17972 0.17972 0.17975 0.17970 0.17937 0.17838 0.17518 0.16786
0.043630 0.045288 0.048631 0.051923 0.055225 0.058589 0.062056 0.065643 0.069344 0.073133 0.076978 0.080851 0.084737 0.088646 0.092615 0.096730 0.10116 0.10632 0.11368
0.051946 0.053606 0.056964 0.060296 0.063688 0.067227 0.070991 0.075042 0.079422 0.084167 0.089331 0.095026 0.10147 0.10911 0.11883 0.13261 0.15586 0.21004 0.55965
118.57 121.19 126.42 131.39 136.07 140.40 144.30 147.66 150.35 152.25 153.23 153.15 151.86 149.19 144.89 138.64 129.97 118.18 102.00 0
826.84 618.59 363.33 230.77 156.62 112.18 83.865 64.873 51.637 42.170 35.289 30.249 26.559 23.894 22.043 20.877 20.328 20.306 19.783 14.009
2-378
TABLE 2-280 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of R-142b, 1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane (Concluded) Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/molK
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Single-Phase Properties 150.00 225.00 263.70
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
263.70 300.00 375.00 450.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 225.00 300.00 338.73
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
338.73 375.00 450.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
5.8131 14.260 18.910
5.8201 14.268 18.918
0.031476 0.077053 0.096110
0.068275 0.077880 0.083152
0.11005 0.11688 0.12379
1404.1 971.75 792.14
−0.49259 −0.42221 −0.33806
39.269 41.979 48.175 55.179
41.372 44.411 51.257 58.897
0.18126 0.19205 0.21237 0.23092
0.071534 0.076432 0.087964 0.098211
0.082128 0.085864 0.096734 0.10678
151.56 162.77 182.58 199.94
45.775 26.250 12.432 7.4502
0.069982 0.078553 0.090630 0.10073
5.7989 14.234 23.498 28.857
5.8689 14.312 23.589 28.957
0.031381 0.076937 0.11241 0.12923
0.068317 0.077905 0.088238 0.093915
0.11003 0.11676 0.13215 0.14661
1407.4 976.69 640.59 469.03
2.2648 2.7214 3.5002
43.804 47.311 54.646
46.069 50.033 58.146
0.17974 0.19087 0.21058
0.090944 0.091549 0.099383
0.11443 0.10695 0.11074
146.90 164.80 190.29
22.728 14.567 7.9246
14.321 12.791 11.170 8.9978 2.2231
0.069826 0.078178 0.089523 0.11114 0.44982
5.7370 14.121 23.263 33.787 50.992
6.0861 14.512 23.710 34.343 53.241
0.030965 0.076430 0.11162 0.14314 0.18867
0.068506 0.078025 0.088194 0.098897 0.10800
0.10997 0.11629 0.13015 0.15862 0.17517
1421.7 997.91 676.41 373.38 139.23
−0.49417 −0.43157 −0.25069 0.42121 10.314
14.282 12.716 11.875 0.047556 0.041113 0.032446 0.026895 14.289 12.730 11.034 9.9277 0.44153 0.36746 0.28570
0.070018 0.078641 0.084211 21.028 24.323 30.820 37.182
−0.49289 −0.42404 −0.21142 0.084297
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
14.360 12.864 11.321 9.4491 6.5247
0.069636 0.077739 0.088335 0.10583 0.15326
5.6618 13.987 23.001 33.097 45.004
6.3581 14.765 23.885 34.155 46.536
0.030454 0.075821 0.11072 0.14120 0.17118
0.068749 0.078190 0.088215 0.098194 0.10853
0.10991 0.11578 0.12826 0.14723 0.18939
1439.0 1023.0 716.03 451.41 220.16
−0.49558 −0.43976 −0.28769 0.11527 2.1126
225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
13.119 11.787 10.406 8.9530
0.076223 0.084836 0.096097 0.11169
13.519 22.183 31.547 41.538
15.805 24.728 34.430 44.889
0.073606 0.10777 0.13659 0.16199
0.078954 0.088691 0.097974 0.10623
0.11435 0.12401 0.13464 0.14384
1110.6 840.46 635.15 484.32
−0.46323 −0.37159 −0.22643 −0.010974
225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
60.000 60.000 60.000 60.000
13.434 12.284 11.180 10.119
0.074437 0.081409 0.089443 0.098828
12.957 21.322 30.259 39.706
17.423 26.207 35.626 45.636
0.070756 0.10439 0.13238 0.15670
0.080223 0.089774 0.098881 0.10699
0.11326 0.12130 0.12975 0.13689
1217.3 975.81 801.25 675.38
−0.48274 −0.42589 −0.35484 −0.27949
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density are 0.3% in the liquid phase below 370 K, 1% at higher temperatures in the liquid and supercritical regions, and 0.5% in the vapor phase. Uncertainties for other properties are 0.5% for vapor pressure, 2% for heat capacities and liquid sound speeds, and 0.2% for vapor sound speeds.
TABLE 2-281 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of R-143a, 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.43936 −0.42914 −0.41402 −0.39585 −0.37472 −0.35034 −0.32211 −0.28906 −0.24979 −0.20231 −0.14368 −0.069548 0.026895 0.15683 0.34002 0.61491 1.0681 1.9469 4.3897 12.397
Saturated Properties 161.34 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 345.86
0.0010749 0.0025084 0.0059324 0.012629 0.024624 0.044602 0.075908 0.12252 0.18902 0.28049 0.40251 0.56112 0.76276 1.0144 1.3234 1.6983 2.1483 2.6850 3.3250 3.7618
161.34 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 345.86
0.0010749 0.0025084 0.0059324 0.012629 0.024624 0.044602 0.075908 0.12252 0.18902 0.28049 0.40251 0.56112 0.76276 1.0144 1.3234 1.6983 2.1483 2.6850 3.3250 3.7618
15.832 15.583 15.291 14.994 14.692 14.384 14.069 13.745 13.410 13.062 12.698 12.314 11.904 11.461 10.975 10.426 9.7846 8.9829 7.7913 5.1285 0.00080362 0.0017832 0.0039967 0.0081006 0.015110 0.026311 0.043269 0.067850 0.10227 0.14916 0.21175 0.29409 0.40144 0.54109 0.72367 0.96617 1.2991 1.7898 2.6696 5.1285
0.063163 0.064174 0.065399 0.066693 0.068062 0.069519 0.071077 0.072753 0.074570 0.076556 0.078751 0.081208 0.084004 0.087249 0.091119 0.095914 0.10220 0.11132 0.12835 0.19499 1244.4 560.78 250.20 123.45 66.180 38.007 23.111 14.738 9.7783 6.7041 4.7225 3.4004 2.4910 1.8481 1.3818 1.0350 0.76974 0.55871 0.37458 0.19499
4.4138 5.2969 6.3240 7.3629 8.4164 9.4869 10.576 11.685 12.817 13.973 15.156 16.368 17.615 18.903 20.239 21.638 23.125 24.750 26.688 29.429
4.4138 5.2971 6.3244 7.3637 8.4181 9.4900 10.581 11.694 12.831 13.995 15.188 16.414 17.680 18.991 20.360 21.801 23.344 25.048 27.114 30.163
0.026403 0.031735 0.037606 0.043223 0.048626 0.053849 0.058915 0.063848 0.068665 0.073385 0.078027 0.082607 0.087149 0.091675 0.096221 0.10083 0.10559 0.11065 0.11659 0.12527
0.068393 0.068179 0.068405 0.068990 0.069825 0.070836 0.071969 0.073190 0.074475 0.075809 0.077186 0.078605 0.080078 0.081625 0.083293 0.085172 0.087455 0.090641 0.096654
0.10179 0.10225 0.10325 0.10460 0.10621 0.10803 0.11005 0.11227 0.11474 0.11750 0.12066 0.12435 0.12879 0.13438 0.14180 0.15244 0.16980 0.20591 0.35704
1058.1 1016.7 969.14 921.61 874.04 826.46 778.88 731.28 683.65 635.90 587.94 539.61 490.70 440.95 389.93 337.04 281.21 220.39 149.32 0
25.521 25.895 26.340 26.796 27.262 27.736 28.213 28.693 29.170 29.641 30.102 30.548 30.972 31.366 31.715 32.000 32.183 32.184 31.732 29.429
26.859 27.302 27.824 28.355 28.892 29.431 29.968 30.498 31.018 31.521 32.003 32.456 32.872 33.240 33.544 33.758 33.837 33.684 32.977 30.163
0.16552 0.16118 0.15705 0.15370 0.15100 0.14881 0.14704 0.14560 0.14444 0.14349 0.14270 0.14202 0.14141 0.14081 0.14017 0.13940 0.13838 0.13682 0.13384 0.12527
0.044397 0.046371 0.048691 0.051040 0.053424 0.055867 0.058395 0.061026 0.063766 0.066612 0.069560 0.072606 0.075756 0.079035 0.082489 0.086214 0.090400 0.095488 0.10298
0.052938 0.055037 0.057550 0.060156 0.062886 0.065796 0.068954 0.072428 0.076287 0.080611 0.085515 0.091184 0.097932 0.10632 0.11743 0.13359 0.16076 0.22018 0.47999
137.57 140.62 143.91 146.92 149.60 151.89 153.71 155.02 155.74 155.81 155.15 153.70 151.36 148.04 143.59 137.85 130.56 121.34 109.29 0
385.09 262.77 176.43 124.70 92.835 72.442 58.764 49.133 42.049 36.657 32.456 29.136 26.498 24.406 22.765 21.499 20.526 19.682 18.259 12.397
2-379
2-380 TABLE 2-281
Thermodynamic Properties of R-143a, 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
200.00 225.63
0.10000 0.10000
225.63 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
200.00 289.48
1.0000 1.0000
289.48 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Single-Phase Properties 8.4143 11.198
8.4211 11.205
0.048616 0.061709
0.069829 0.072648
0.10620 0.11128
874.45 752.07
−0.37493 −0.30416
28.483 33.380 41.260 50.551 61.004
30.268 35.833 44.566 54.698 65.987
0.14619 0.16745 0.19247 0.21503 0.23558
0.059863 0.070758 0.086121 0.099065 0.10950
0.070868 0.079793 0.094695 0.10751 0.11790
154.52 179.93 207.36 231.13 252.55
52.958 18.414 7.5341 4.1010 2.5191
0.067956 0.087067
8.3891 18.835
8.4570 18.922
0.048489 0.091441
0.069866 0.081543
0.10604 0.13406
879.27 443.55
−0.37736 0.14902
1.8765 2.0285 3.1249 4.0544 4.9391
31.346 32.269 40.778 50.244 60.781
33.223 34.298 43.903 54.298 65.720
0.14084 0.14449 0.17212 0.19527 0.21607
0.078861 0.077834 0.087343 0.099519 0.10975
0.10583 0.099455 0.098681 0.10927 0.11891
148.24 155.53 198.53 227.30 251.11
24.503 20.787 7.7199 4.0976 2.4913
14.806 11.380 2.2504 1.3639 1.0491
0.067539 0.087876 0.44436 0.73318 0.95318
8.2811 19.812 38.004 48.802 59.789
8.6188 20.251 40.225 52.468 64.554
0.047943 0.094764 0.15165 0.17903 0.20106
0.070021 0.082741 0.093496 0.10135 0.11075
0.10541 0.13222 0.13815 0.11872 0.12364
900.01 452.11 159.25 213.49 246.86
−0.38724 0.11636 8.1026 3.8903 2.2996
14.694 13.888 0.056043 0.040759 0.030247 0.024114 0.020066 14.715 11.485 0.53292 0.49298 0.32001 0.24665 0.20246
0.068054 0.072006 17.843 24.534 33.061 41.469 49.836
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
14.913 11.776 6.3531 3.0122 2.1596
0.067054 0.084916 0.15740 0.33199 0.46305
8.1545 19.382 33.679 46.933 58.580
8.8250 20.231 35.253 50.252 63.211
0.047292 0.093258 0.13608 0.16976 0.19339
0.070195 0.082583 0.095653 0.10303 0.11178
0.10473 0.12585 0.17697 0.13206 0.12945
924.61 514.06 196.98 211.16 248.28
−0.39776 −0.037998 2.9315 3.0876 1.9304
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
15.598 13.358 11.268 9.4018 7.8978
0.064113 0.074862 0.088747 0.10636 0.12662
7.3673 17.612 28.859 40.839 53.306
10.573 21.355 33.296 46.157 59.637
0.042937 0.086486 0.12077 0.14943 0.17399
0.070934 0.083360 0.096003 0.10668 0.11548
0.10170 0.11389 0.12454 0.13213 0.13720
1089.7 794.12 590.09 478.93 431.69
−0.44295 −0.33796 −0.20571 −0.077157 −0.0052131
14.343 12.767 11.435 10.314
0.069721 0.078330 0.087453 0.096952
16.500 27.298 38.923 51.227
23.472 35.131 47.668 60.923
0.081539 0.11502 0.14296 0.16711
0.084059 0.097186 0.10821 0.11716
0.11166 0.12126 0.12921 0.13566
1008.9 833.69 723.22 656.57
−0.40055 −0.35302 −0.31534 −0.28902
300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (HFC-143a) for Temperatures from 161 to 450 K and Pressures to 50 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29(4):521–552, 2000. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The estimated uncertainties of properties calculated using the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 0.5% in heat capacities, 0.02% in the speed of sound for the vapor at pressures less than 1 MPa, 0.5% in speed of sound elsewhere, and 0.1% in vapor pressure, except in the critical region.
TABLE 2-282
Thermodynamic Properties of R-152a, 1,1-Difluoroethane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
154.56 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 386.41
6.4139E-05 0.00012983 0.00041463 0.0011411 0.0027751 0.0060859 0.012233 0.022836 0.040024 0.066451 0.10530 0.16024 0.23541 0.33537 0.46506 0.62978 0.83519 1.0873 1.3925 1.7577 2.1907 2.7000 3.2967 3.9966 4.5168
154.56 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 386.41
6.4139E-05 1.2983E-04 0.00041463 0.0011411 0.0027751 0.0060859 0.012233 0.022836 0.040024 0.066451 0.10530 0.16024 0.23541 0.33537 0.46506 0.62978 0.83519 1.0873 1.3925 1.7577 2.1907 2.7000 3.2967 3.9966 4.5168
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.43262 −0.42405 −0.41381 −0.40568 −0.39686 −0.38620 −0.37317 −0.35753 −0.33902 −0.31735 −0.29203 −0.26235 −0.22731 −0.18547 −0.13478 −0.072262 0.0064939 0.10833 0.24433 0.43380 0.71349 1.1636 2.0014 4.1151 11.292
Saturated Properties 18.061 17.910 17.630 17.350 17.067 16.781 16.491 16.198 15.899 15.594 15.281 14.960 14.628 14.283 13.924 13.546 13.147 12.719 12.257 11.748 11.176 10.510 9.6829 8.4686 5.5715
2-381
4.9919E-05 9.7623E-05 0.00029357 0.00076374 0.0017625 0.0036817 0.0070756 0.012679 0.021415 0.034408 0.052990 0.078721 0.11343 0.15926 0.21879 0.29518 0.39242 0.51573 0.67231 0.87269 1.1336 1.4847 1.9912 2.8726 5.5715
0.055369 0.055836 0.056720 0.057638 0.058594 0.059592 0.060638 0.061737 0.062897 0.064128 0.065440 0.066846 0.068363 0.070011 0.071819 0.073821 0.076065 0.078621 0.081587 0.085118 0.089475 0.095147 0.10328 0.11808 0.17949 20,032. 10,244. 3,406.3 1,309.3 567.37 271.61 141.33 78.873 46.696 29.063 18.871 12.703 8.8162 6.2791 4.5705 3.3877 2.5483 1.9390 1.4874 1.1459 0.88218 0.67352 0.50220 0.34812 0.17949
0.91117 1.4460 2.4420 3.4453 4.4524 5.4638 6.4814 7.5077 8.5448 9.5949 10.660 11.741 12.841 13.962 15.105 16.273 17.470 18.699 19.968 21.284 22.662 24.126 25.730 27.655 30.732
0.91117 1.4460 2.4421 3.4454 4.4525 5.4641 6.4822 7.5091 8.5474 9.5992 10.667 11.752 12.857 13.985 15.138 16.319 17.533 18.785 20.081 21.434 22.858 24.383 26.070 28.127 31.543
0.0073929 0.010794 0.016832 0.022566 0.028011 0.033199 0.038164 0.042938 0.047548 0.052017 0.056365 0.060607 0.064759 0.068835 0.072848 0.076812 0.080741 0.084652 0.088567 0.092513 0.096532 0.10070 0.10515 0.11043 0.11914
0.065711 0.066998 0.067926 0.068069 0.068043 0.068097 0.068309 0.068689 0.069217 0.069868 0.070618 0.071447 0.072342 0.073294 0.074300 0.075363 0.076490 0.077694 0.078997 0.080433 0.082059 0.083973 0.086395 0.090038
0.097583 0.098932 0.10007 0.10053 0.10090 0.10143 0.10218 0.10317 0.10439 0.10583 0.10747 0.10932 0.11140 0.11374 0.11641 0.11951 0.12318 0.12765 0.13333 0.14093 0.15192 0.16999 0.20774 0.35969
1400.9 1359.2 1293.7 1236.1 1182.6 1131.3 1081.2 1031.8 982.80 933.98 885.23 836.44 787.50 738.29 688.71 638.61 587.86 536.30 483.73 429.89 374.37 316.40 254.38 183.93 0
26.412 26.619 27.009 27.412 27.825 28.247 28.676 29.110 29.546 29.984 30.419 30.851 31.277 31.694 32.099 32.488 32.857 33.199 33.506 33.764 33.953 34.036 33.933 33.381 30.732
27.697 27.949 28.422 28.906 29.399 29.900 30.405 30.911 31.415 31.915 32.406 32.887 33.352 33.800 34.224 34.622 34.985 35.308 35.577 35.779 35.886 35.855 35.589 34.772 31.543
0.18069 0.17644 0.16965 0.16401 0.15931 0.15538 0.15208 0.14931 0.14697 0.14500 0.14332 0.14189 0.14067 0.13960 0.13866 0.13782 0.13704 0.13629 0.13552 0.13470 0.13375 0.13256 0.13088 0.12792 0.11914
0.037824 0.038592 0.040032 0.041518 0.043061 0.044675 0.046371 0.048158 0.050042 0.052027 0.054111 0.056291 0.058564 0.060926 0.063373 0.065904 0.068522 0.071233 0.074054 0.077013 0.080160 0.083590 0.087501 0.092461
0.046148 0.046923 0.048389 0.049922 0.051550 0.053297 0.055192 0.057260 0.059528 0.062017 0.064754 0.067769 0.071103 0.074811 0.078977 0.083731 0.089270 0.095924 0.10426 0.11534 0.13140 0.15806 0.21461 0.44168
154.04 156.44 160.70 164.78 168.64 172.27 175.63 178.66 181.32 183.57 185.35 186.60 187.28 187.33 186.70 185.34 183.16 180.10 176.06 170.91 164.49 156.55 146.71 134.10 0
336.54 294.63 233.22 186.99 151.71 124.45 103.17 86.396 73.068 62.400 53.805 46.838 41.163 36.517 32.701 29.557 26.966 24.832 23.083 21.662 20.515 19.584 18.738 17.420 11.292
2-382 TABLE 2-282 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of R-152a, 1,1-Difluoroethane (Concluded) Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 248.83
0.10000 0.10000
248.83 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
200.00 300.00 316.76
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
316.76 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
5.4618 10.535
5.4678 10.541
0.033189 0.055862
0.068102 0.070526
0.10142 0.10726
1131.7 890.93
−0.38632 −0.29520
30.369 33.323 40.103 48.286
32.350 35.766 43.405 52.430
0.14351 0.15598 0.17786 0.19794
0.053862 0.060341 0.074770 0.088343
0.064421 0.069611 0.083404 0.096818
185.16 204.37 235.25 261.80
54.718 27.531 10.509 5.4858
0.059530 0.073703 0.077752
5.4436 16.249 18.296
5.5031 16.323 18.374
0.033097 0.076732 0.083384
0.068150 0.075359 0.077294
0.10133 0.11920 0.12609
1135.5 642.81 553.13
2.1165 3.0733 4.0246
33.092 39.505 47.922
35.208 42.579 51.947
0.13653 0.15720 0.17807
0.070342 0.076729 0.088892
0.093615 0.088940 0.098930
181.20 222.89 256.19
25.479 10.836 5.4940
16.867 13.783 3.1526 1.4336
0.059288 0.072554 0.31720 0.69753
5.3645 16.011 34.823 46.169
5.6609 16.373 36.409 49.657
0.032698 0.075926 0.13126 0.16117
0.068345 0.075345 0.092011 0.091345
0.10098 0.11645 0.26333 0.11166
1152.1 684.64 148.13 232.93
−0.39242 −0.13417 12.808 5.3800
16.782 15.318 0.050481 0.040939 0.030290 0.024131 16.798 13.568 12.861 0.47247 0.32539 0.24847
0.059586 0.065282 19.809 24.427 33.014 41.441
−0.38750 −0.078450 0.072197
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
16.949 14.014 9.5224 3.4436
0.059000 0.071358 0.10502 0.29039
5.2700 15.752 28.480 43.674
5.8600 16.466 29.530 46.578
0.032215 0.075036 0.11233 0.15056
0.068554 0.075376 0.087211 0.094041
0.10058 0.11401 0.16027 0.13591
1172.7 729.99 310.79 219.92
−0.39792 −0.18420 1.2458 4.4385
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
17.248 14.709 11.934 8.9569
0.057977 0.067986 0.083794 0.11165
4.9338 14.971 26.048 38.069
6.6732 17.010 28.561 41.418
0.030434 0.072215 0.10535 0.13400
0.069111 0.075740 0.085262 0.094199
0.099355 0.10883 0.12249 0.13295
1253.5 869.51 576.62 407.30
−0.41462 −0.29079 −0.0089214 0.48690
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
60.000 60.000 60.000 60.000
17.625 15.424 13.309 11.312
0.056738 0.064836 0.075135 0.088399
4.5216 14.174 24.599 35.736
7.9258 18.064 29.107 41.039
0.028097 0.069098 0.10080 0.12739
0.069524 0.076558 0.086520 0.095954
0.098187 0.10570 0.11507 0.12324
1367.5 1020.4 770.60 613.84
−0.42991 −0.35644 −0.24663 −0.11541
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Outcalt, S. L., and McLinden, M. O., “A Modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of R152a (1,1-Difluoroethane),” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25(2):605–636, 1996. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 0.05% in the vapor speed of sound, except in the critical region. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.1%.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-283 Temp., °F
Saturated Refrigerant 216a, 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane Pressure, lb/in2 abs.
Volume, ft3/lb
Enthalpy, Btu/lb
Entropy, Btu/(lb)(°F)
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
−40 −20 0 20 40
0.339 0.713 1.382 2.497 4.247
0.00927 0.00942 0.00958 0.00974 0.00992
59.957 29.749 15.986 9.184 5.582
0.000 4.778 9.541 14.298 19.056
62.415 65.276 68.208 71.199 74.239
0.0000 0.0111 0.0217 0.0318 0.0415
0.1487 0.1487 0.1493 0.1504 0.1520
60 80 100 120 140
6.862 10.612 15.797 22.753 31.845
0.01010 0.01030 0.01050 0.01073 0.01097
3.558 2.361 1.6215 1.1462 0.8304
23.821 28.598 33.391 38.205 43.049
77.319 80.429 83.559 86.701 89.845
0.0509 0.0599 0.0686 0.0770 0.0852
0.1538 0.1559 0.1582 0.1607 0.1632
160 180 200 220 240
43.468 58.046 76.033 97.913 124.21
0.01124 0.01153 0.01186 0.01223 0.01266
0.6142 0.4623 0.3529 0.2725 0.2121
47.930 52.861 57.857 62.939 68.132
92.981 96.099 99.186 102.225 105.196
0.0931 0.1009 0.1085 0.1161 0.1235
0.1658 0.1685 0.1712 0.1739 0.1765
260 280 300 320 340
155.50 192.40 235.63 286.03 344.81
0.01317 0.01378 0.01458 0.01570 0.01764
0.1660 0.1300 0.1013 0.0776 0.0565
73.474 79.015 84.835 91.089 98.234
108.066 110.789 113.282 115.373 116.538
0.1309 0.1384 0.1460 0.1539 0.1628
0.1790 0.1813 0.1834 0.1851 0.1856
355.98c
399.45
0.02771
0.0277
110.248
110.248
0.1773
0.1773
*From published data, Chemicals Division, Union Carbide Corporation. Used by permission. The paper describing these data is by Shank, ASHRAE J., 1(1965): 94–101. c = critical temperature. The 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI ed.) gives material for integral degrees Celsius with temperatures on the ITS 90 scale from −118.59 to 113.26 °C. The thermodynamic diagram from 0.1 to 30 bar extends to 180 °C. For tables and a diagram to 400 psia, 360 °F, see Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, 1986 (521 pp.). For specific heat and viscosity, see Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993. Thermal conductivity data as a function of pressure and temperature are reported by Krauss, R. and K. Stephan, Proc. 12th Symp. Thermophys. Props., Boulder, CO, 1994.
2-383
2-384 TABLE 2-284
Thermodynamic Properties of R-218, Octafluoropropane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
125.45 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 345.02
2.0186E-06 4.8985E-06 2.7215E-05 0.00011605 0.00040065 0.0011659 0.0029499 0.0066482 0.013606 0.025681 0.045264 0.075274 0.11911 0.18060 0.26395 0.37369 0.51466 0.69206 0.91150 1.1793 1.5030 1.8924 2.3634 2.6402
125.45 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 345.02
2.0186E-06 4.8985E-06 2.7215E-05 1.1605E-04 0.00040065 0.0011659 0.0029499 0.0066482 0.013606 0.025681 0.045264 0.075274 0.11911 0.18060 0.26395 0.37369 0.51466 0.69206 0.91150 1.1793 1.5030 1.8924 2.3634 2.6402
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.48474 −0.48168 −0.47276 −0.46146 −0.44819 −0.43313 −0.41623 −0.39731 −0.37604 −0.35194 −0.32433 −0.29229 −0.25451 −0.20911 −0.15332 −0.082915 0.0089029 0.13369 0.31279 0.59020 1.0733 2.1079 5.6878 17.096
Saturated Properties 10.687 10.598 10.407 10.219 10.033 9.8482 9.6632 9.4771 9.2890 9.0979 8.9027 8.7022 8.4950 8.2795 8.0537 7.8151 7.5602 7.2843 6.9802 6.6366 6.2324 5.7189 4.9092 3.3400 1.9353E-06 4.5321E-06 2.3384E-05 9.3093E-05 0.00030151 0.00082688 0.0019804 0.0042437 0.0082953 0.015024 0.025536 0.041158 0.063461 0.094301 0.13591 0.19105 0.26332 0.35768 0.48153 0.64702 0.87704 1.2252 1.8924 3.3400
0.093572 0.094353 0.096088 0.097856 0.099670 0.10154 0.10349 0.10552 0.10765 0.10992 0.11233 0.11491 0.11772 0.12078 0.12417 0.12796 0.13227 0.13728 0.14326 0.15068 0.16045 0.17486 0.20370 0.29940 516,720. 220,650. 42,765. 10,742. 3,316.6 1,209.4 504.96 235.65 120.55 66.559 39.161 24.297 15.758 10.604 7.3580 5.2343 3.7977 2.7958 2.0767 1.5456 1.1402 0.81620 0.52844 0.29940
12.346 13.024 14.528 16.054 17.607 19.189 20.800 22.444 24.121 25.832 27.580 29.365 31.190 33.056 34.966 36.923 38.933 41.000 43.134 45.351 47.677 50.177 53.102 56.252
12.346 13.024 14.528 16.054 17.607 19.189 20.801 22.445 24.122 25.835 27.585 29.374 31.204 33.077 34.998 36.971 39.001 41.095 43.265 45.528 47.918 50.508 53.583 57.042
0.057736 0.063044 0.074187 0.084719 0.094739 0.10433 0.11354 0.12242 0.13102 0.13937 0.14750 0.15544 0.16320 0.17082 0.17832 0.18571 0.19302 0.20029 0.20754 0.21483 0.22226 0.23002 0.23893 0.24883
0.086723 0.088773 0.093214 0.097514 0.10165 0.10561 0.10942 0.11310 0.11667 0.12014 0.12355 0.12690 0.13022 0.13351 0.13680 0.14010 0.14343 0.14683 0.15035 0.15405 0.15812 0.16294 0.17021
0.14866 0.14939 0.15145 0.15392 0.15668 0.15964 0.16276 0.16603 0.16944 0.17301 0.17675 0.18069 0.18489 0.18940 0.19432 0.19980 0.20607 0.21355 0.22299 0.23603 0.25690 0.30134 0.52335
1157.7 1119.0 1041.4 972.09 909.32 851.65 797.99 747.52 699.61 653.72 609.45 566.44 524.41 483.09 442.24 401.64 361.06 320.24 278.86 236.46 192.26 144.68 89.750 0
37.874 38.208 38.983 39.808 40.680 41.595 42.548 43.536 44.553 45.596 46.661 47.744 48.843 49.952 51.067 52.183 53.291 54.381 55.437 56.433 57.322 57.996 58.081 56.252
38.917 39.289 40.147 41.055 42.009 43.005 44.038 45.102 46.193 47.305 48.433 49.573 50.720 51.867 53.009 54.139 55.246 56.316 57.330 58.256 59.035 59.540 59.330 57.042
0.26954 0.26508 0.25718 0.25139 0.24725 0.24442 0.24263 0.24167 0.24138 0.24161 0.24227 0.24326 0.24452 0.24598 0.24759 0.24929 0.25104 0.25277 0.25442 0.25589 0.25700 0.25739 0.25584 0.24883
0.072287 0.074826 0.080190 0.085274 0.090119 0.094776 0.099300 0.10374 0.10814 0.11253 0.11693 0.12135 0.12577 0.13020 0.13463 0.13906 0.14352 0.14802 0.15262 0.15742 0.16259 0.16855 0.17647
0.080604 0.083144 0.088516 0.093623 0.098514 0.10326 0.10792 0.11258 0.11730 0.12213 0.12712 0.13232 0.13776 0.14351 0.14970 0.15649 0.16420 0.17340 0.18521 0.20207 0.23055 0.29532 0.62247
78.648 79.920 82.654 85.299 87.846 90.278 92.569 94.686 96.589 98.233 99.570 100.55 101.12 101.22 100.79 99.737 97.968 95.356 91.730 86.859 80.422 72.007 61.241 0
854.14 682.22 432.76 288.12 200.28 144.70 108.17 83.339 65.928 53.394 44.174 37.278 32.063 28.095 25.083 22.826 21.188 20.088 19.493 19.423 19.958 21.201 22.532 17.096
Single-Phase Properties 150.00 225.00 236.07
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
236.07 300.00 375.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 225.00 300.00 303.52
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
303.52 375.00
1.0000 1.0000
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
16.052 28.465 30.468
16.061 28.477 30.479
0.084701 0.15148 0.16017
0.097521 0.12523 0.12892
0.15391 0.17867 0.18321
972.51 588.11 540.83
−0.46154 −0.30918 −0.27015
48.410 56.919 68.272
50.269 59.362 71.361
0.24400 0.27801 0.31363
0.12403 0.14104 0.16055
0.13558 0.15028 0.16927
100.95 116.42 131.00
33.943 12.416 6.1732
0.097772 0.11333 0.14308 0.14568
16.028 28.413 43.116 43.905
16.125 28.527 43.259 44.051
0.084540 0.15125 0.20748 0.21010
0.097582 0.12522 0.15030 0.15163
0.15385 0.17828 0.22248 0.22705
976.23 594.72 280.68 264.07
−0.46230 −0.31433 0.30296 0.39586
1.8718 2.8080
55.797 67.521
57.669 70.329
0.25497 0.29246
0.15428 0.16284
0.19038 0.17689
90.170 120.35
19.406 7.1384
10.262 8.9050 7.2996 4.0113
0.097443 0.11230 0.13699 0.24930
15.923 28.196 42.444 60.519
16.411 28.757 43.129 61.765
0.083839 0.15027 0.20518 0.26018
0.097864 0.12525 0.14888 0.17483
0.15361 0.17677 0.20895 0.31884
992.31 622.21 346.02 101.99
−0.46544 −0.33410 0.039275 4.7668
10.220 8.8041 8.5773 0.053789 0.040933 0.032372 10.228 8.8236 6.9891 6.8645 0.53424 0.35613
0.097848 0.11358 0.11659 18.591 24.430 30.891
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
10.304 8.9969 7.5606 5.6952
0.097050 0.11115 0.13227 0.17559
15.799 27.949 41.847 57.659
16.769 29.060 43.170 59.415
0.082988 0.14913 0.20307 0.25128
0.098234 0.12538 0.14819 0.16841
0.15336 0.17531 0.20166 0.23156
1011.4 653.07 403.66 219.93
−0.46885 −0.35341 −0.10223 0.67650
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00
20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000
10.382 9.1565 7.9189 6.5981
0.096321 0.10921 0.12628 0.15156
15.565 27.517 40.989 55.836
17.492 29.701 43.515 58.867
0.081360 0.14709 0.19992 0.24552
0.099023 0.12580 0.14793 0.16668
0.15301 0.17326 0.19500 0.21331
1046.6 706.41 486.73 339.02
−0.47434 −0.38080 −0.22897 0.012472
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
10.454 9.2933 8.1774 7.0690
0.095654 0.10760 0.12229 0.14146
15.351 27.147 40.353 54.800
18.220 30.375 44.022 59.044
0.079818 0.14527 0.19747 0.24210
0.099855 0.12636 0.14819 0.16662
0.15280 0.17191 0.19173 0.20796
1078.7 751.98 549.34 416.45
−0.47844 −0.39925 −0.28972 −0.15627
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density is 0.2% for the liquid phase and 0.5% for the vapor phase. Above the critical temperature, the uncertainties are estimated to be 1% in density and 0.5% in pressure. Calculated vapor pressures have an uncertainty of 0.5%. The uncertainties for heat capacities and sound speeds are 1%.
2-385
2-386 TABLE 2-285
Thermodynamic Properties of R-227ea, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
146.35 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 375.95
7.0312E-06 1.2811E-05 5.6086E-05 0.00019958 0.00059967 0.0015672 0.0036466 0.0076967 0.014961 0.027114 0.046286 0.075058 0.11644 0.17384 0.25102 0.35208 0.48145 0.64388 0.84450 1.0889 1.3836 1.7358 2.1552 2.6553 2.9991
146.35 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 375.95
7.0312E-06 1.2811E-05 5.6086E-05 0.00019958 0.00059967 0.0015672 0.0036466 0.0076967 0.014961 0.027114 0.046286 0.075058 0.11644 0.17384 0.25102 0.35208 0.48145 0.64388 0.84450 1.0889 1.3836 1.7358 2.1552 2.6553 2.9991
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
1068.8 1048.3 994.14 942.81 893.95 847.26 802.44 759.23 717.37 676.63 636.81 597.69 559.10 520.85 482.77 444.69 406.42 367.76 328.49 288.32 246.84 203.37 156.53 102.78 0
−0.42071 −0.42085 −0.41876 −0.41349 −0.40546 −0.39497 −0.38217 −0.36707 −0.34954 −0.32930 −0.30590 −0.27867 −0.24663 −0.20842 −0.16205 −0.10460 −0.031613 0.064014 0.19426 0.38093 0.66802 1.1593 2.1701 5.2930 16.489
Saturated Properties 11.086 11.020 10.841 10.663 10.487 10.310 10.133 9.9539 9.7727 9.5883 9.3999 9.2065 9.0068 8.7997 8.5834 8.3560 8.1148 7.8563 7.5756 7.2652 6.9135 6.4988 5.9733 5.1649 3.4100 5.7786E-06 1.0273E-05 4.2170E-05 0.00014128 0.00040123 0.00099473 0.0022037 0.0044452 0.0082891 0.014469 0.023890 0.037635 0.056982 0.083437 0.11880 0.16526 0.22559 0.30344 0.40387 0.53442 0.70732 0.94497 1.2970 1.9293 3.4100
0.090205 0.090746 0.092245 0.093780 0.095359 0.096992 0.098689 0.10046 0.10233 0.10429 0.10638 0.10862 0.11103 0.11364 0.11650 0.11967 0.12323 0.12729 0.13200 0.13764 0.14465 0.15387 0.16741 0.19361 0.29326 173,050. 97,345. 23,714. 7,078.0 2,492.3 1,005.3 453.78 224.96 120.64 69.111 41.858 26.571 17.550 11.985 8.4176 6.0510 4.4328 3.2956 2.4761 1.8712 1.4138 1.0582 0.77102 0.51831 0.29326
12.227 12.821 14.446 16.072 17.705 19.352 21.017 22.703 24.413 26.148 27.912 29.706 31.531 33.390 35.286 37.220 39.197 41.221 43.299 45.442 47.666 50.002 52.517 55.458 59.193
12.227 12.821 14.446 16.072 17.705 19.352 21.017 22.704 24.414 26.151 27.917 29.714 31.544 33.410 35.315 37.262 39.256 41.303 43.411 45.592 47.866 50.269 52.877 55.972 60.073
0.063811 0.067824 0.078309 0.088164 0.097501 0.10641 0.11495 0.12317 0.13112 0.13884 0.14635 0.15367 0.16083 0.16784 0.17474 0.18153 0.18824 0.19488 0.20149 0.20810 0.21476 0.22158 0.22873 0.23696 0.24773
0.11121 0.11136 0.11222 0.11357 0.11528 0.11723 0.11934 0.12157 0.12386 0.12618 0.12851 0.13085 0.13318 0.13549 0.13781 0.14011 0.14243 0.14477 0.14716 0.14964 0.15227 0.15517 0.15867 0.16399
0.16308 0.16271 0.16238 0.16286 0.16396 0.16554 0.16750 0.16976 0.17228 0.17502 0.17797 0.18114 0.18454 0.18822 0.19225 0.19673 0.20183 0.20782 0.21515 0.22467 0.23817 0.26018 0.30696 0.51614
41.158 41.423 42.179 42.976 43.814 44.689 45.600 46.543 47.515 48.513 49.533 50.570 51.622 52.684 53.752 54.818 55.878 56.922 57.938 58.909 59.808 60.587 61.146 61.164 59.193
42.374 42.670 43.509 44.389 45.308 46.265 47.255 48.275 49.320 50.387 51.470 52.565 53.666 54.768 55.864 56.949 58.012 59.044 60.029 60.946 61.764 62.424 62.807 62.540 60.073
0.26981 0.26682 0.25995 0.25474 0.25085 0.24805 0.24613 0.24494 0.24433 0.24421 0.24448 0.24507 0.24591 0.24695 0.24813 0.24942 0.25076 0.25211 0.25342 0.25463 0.25564 0.25630 0.25632 0.25471 0.24773
0.072002 0.073562 0.077861 0.082177 0.086488 0.090782 0.095053 0.099298 0.10352 0.10771 0.11188 0.11601 0.12010 0.12416 0.12818 0.13216 0.13612 0.14009 0.14409 0.14817 0.15244 0.15704 0.16228 0.16893
0.080321 0.081883 0.086194 0.090535 0.094896 0.099275 0.10368 0.10813 0.11263 0.11721 0.12189 0.12670 0.13166 0.13684 0.14232 0.14822 0.15475 0.16227 0.17136 0.18320 0.20027 0.22897 0.29185 0.56287
89.345 90.352 93.045 95.643 98.141 100.53 102.77 104.85 106.73 108.37 109.71 110.73 111.36 111.55 111.26 110.42 108.94 106.75 103.73 99.740 94.584 88.022 79.757 69.452 0
630.83 540.51 363.36 253.26 182.56 135.75 103.86 81.549 65.553 53.830 45.075 38.434 33.337 29.395 26.339 23.978 22.183 20.864 19.969 19.477 19.399 19.775 20.625 21.487 16.489
Single-Phase Properties 150.00 225.00 256.43
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
256.43 300.00 375.00 450.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
150.00 225.00 300.00 326.58
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
326.58 375.00 450.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
12.819 25.274 30.875
12.828 25.284 30.886
0.067809 0.13499 0.15829
0.11137 0.12502 0.13235
0.16271 0.17360 0.18330
1048.6 697.31 572.84
−0.42089 −0.34002 −0.25870
51.245 56.684 67.081 78.645
53.272 59.112 70.162 82.364
0.24559 0.26660 0.29941 0.32903
0.11864 0.12925 0.14667 0.16079
0.12987 0.13881 0.15550 0.16939
111.18 122.16 137.79 151.34
35.009 17.772 8.4581 5.1086
0.090682 0.10312 0.12284 0.13559
12.799 25.234 39.137 44.701
12.890 25.337 39.260 44.837
0.067676 0.13482 0.18804 0.20584
0.11146 0.12507 0.14240 0.14878
0.16267 0.17337 0.20096 0.22108
1051.5 702.21 412.50 302.19
2.0587 2.7173 3.5127
58.583 66.118 78.039
60.642 68.835 81.552
0.25423 0.27764 0.30854
0.14676 0.15025 0.16198
0.17873 0.16647 0.17375
101.23 123.32 144.14
19.600 10.030 5.4173
11.058 9.7613 8.3150 6.0063 1.9568
0.090430 0.10245 0.12026 0.16649 0.51103
12.712 25.066 38.729 54.845 74.454
13.164 25.578 39.330 55.677 77.009
0.067092 0.13406 0.18665 0.23506 0.28716
0.11182 0.12533 0.14230 0.15968 0.16853
0.16253 0.17247 0.19592 0.25736 0.21820
1064.0 723.03 454.01 188.73 117.53
−0.42305 −0.35330 −0.12586 1.3729 5.8791
11.021 9.6823 9.0790 0.049336 0.041177 0.032454 0.026888 11.028 9.6973 8.1405 7.3754 0.48574 0.36801 0.28468
0.090739 0.10328 0.11014 20.269 24.286 30.813 37.191
−0.42131 −0.34268 −0.045381 0.30867
225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
9.8358 8.4921 6.7736 4.4095
0.10167 0.11776 0.14763 0.22679
24.870 38.308 53.368 70.066
25.887 39.485 54.845 72.334
0.13316 0.18518 0.23077 0.27322
0.12567 0.14237 0.15755 0.17015
0.17153 0.19196 0.21921 0.23938
747.22 496.71 286.63 162.15
−0.36439 −0.18923 0.34861 2.0189
225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000
10.091 8.9874 7.8569 6.7284
0.099103 0.11127 0.12728 0.14862
24.209 37.111 51.038 65.707
27.182 40.449 54.856 70.165
0.13000 0.18079 0.22359 0.26078
0.12709 0.14335 0.15736 0.16895
0.16914 0.18477 0.19887 0.20846
829.42 619.36 467.67 368.25
−0.39369 −0.30379 −0.17451 −0.017558
225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00
60.000 60.000 60.000 60.000
10.391 9.4675 8.5978 7.7868
0.096240 0.10562 0.11631 0.12842
23.457 35.965 49.374 63.495
29.231 42.302 56.353 71.201
0.12610 0.17614 0.21789 0.25396
0.12922 0.14519 0.15896 0.17036
0.16752 0.18109 0.19315 0.20230
926.46 743.76 617.08 530.91
−0.41551 −0.36285 −0.30676 −0.25596
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is an interim equation from Lemmon, E. W., personal communication (NIST, Boulder, CO, 2006). Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.2% in density, except in a small region close to the critical point, 0.2% in vapor pressure between 250 and 360 K, 0.4% in vapor pressure outside this region, 1% in heat capacities (with increasing uncertainties in the critical region and at higher temperatures), 0.1% in the vapor-phase speed of sound, and 3% in the liquid-phase speed of sound.
2-387
2-388
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-286
Saturated Refrigerant 245cb 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane*
P, bar
v f, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
172 180 190 200 210
0.0034 0.0076 0.0190 0.0425 0.0870
6.46.−4 6.57.−4 6.70.−4 6.83.−4 6.97.−4
31.49 14.63 6.20 2.91 1.48
220 230 240 250 260
0.1654 0.2946 0.4958 0.7946 1.2204
7.11.−4 7.25.−4 7.40.−4 7.55.−4 7.72.−4
270 280 290 300 310
1.806 2.584 3.600 4.888 6.491
320 330 340 350 360 370 375 380.1c
T, K
h f, kJ/kg
h g, kJ/kg
s f, kJ/(kg⋅K)
s g, kJ/(kg⋅K)
−63.4 −55.9 −46.2 −36.0 −25.7
133.8 138.7 145.1 151.7 158.5
−0.3131 −0.2707 −0.2182 −0.1666 −0.1157
0.8327 0.8099 0.7885 0.7725 0.7612
0.822 0.475 0.292 0.192 0.125
−14.8 −3.6 8.0 19.9 32.3
165.4 172.5 179.6 186.8 194.0
−0.0654 −0.0156 0.0337 0.0824 0.1305
0.7539 0.7500 0.7487 0.7497 0.7525
7.89.−4 8.08.−4 8.30.−4 8.53.−4 8.80.−4
0.0862 0.0611 0.0443 0.0327 0.0246
44.9 57.9 71.1 84.6 98.4
201.1 208.3 215.3 222.2 228.9
0.1781 0.2249 0.2711 0.3161 0.3614
0.7567 0.7621 0.7683 0.7751 0.7822
8.456 10.83 13.67 17.04 21.02
9.11.−4 9.48.−4 9.93.−4 0.00105 0.00113
0.0186 0.0143 0.0111 0.0084 0.0063
112.6 127.1 142.1 157.2 174.7
235.3 241.4 246.9 251.5 254.8
0.4057 0.4497 0.4937 0.5382 0.5844
0.7893 0.7960 0.8018 0.8060 0.8071
25.71 28.46 31.37
0.00125 0.00137 0.00204
0.0045 0.0036 0.0020
193.6 205.2 231.8
255.2 252.5 231.8
0.6349 0.6649 0.7341
0.8013 0.7953 0.7341
*Values converted from tables of Shank, Thermodynamic Properties of UCON 245 Refrigerant, Union Carbide Corporation, New York, 1966. See also Shank, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 12, 474–480 (1967). c = critical point. The notation 6.46.−4 signifies 6.46 × 10−4.
TABLE 2-287 Refrigerant RC 318, Octafluorocyclobutane* P, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
200 210 220 230 240
0.0216 0.0449 0.0875 0.1608 0.2810
5.507.−4 5.593.−4 5.683.−4 5.778.−4 5.879.−4
3.810 1.931 1.038 0.588 0.349
353.5 361.0 369.2 377.6 386.4
498.0 500.1 502.2 504.4 510.9
3.909 3.947 3.984 4.022 4.060
4.560 4.564 4.569 4.574 4.578
0.98 1.00
11.7 9.55
0.088 0.085
250 260 270 280 290
0.466 0.741 1.133 1.672 2.392
5.988.−4 6.106.−4 6.234.−4 6.375.−4 6.529.−4
0.2166 0.1401 0.0938 0.0647 0.0458
395.6 405.2 415.1 425.8 436.2
517.4 524.0 530.7 537.3 543.9
4.097 4.133 4.172 4.210 4.247
4.584 4.592 4.599 4.609 4.618
1.02 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09
7.90 6.63 5.64 4.85 4.22
0.082 0.078 0.075 0.071 0.068
300 310 320 330 340
3.325 4.522 6.007 7.826 10.018
6.694.−4 6.893.−4 7.115.−4 7.365.−4 7.666.−4
0.0332 0.0245 0.0184 0.0139 0.0106
447.3 458.7 470.5 482.7 495.2
550.4 556.9 563.3 569.4 575.4
4.284 4.322 4.359 4.396 4.433
4.626 4.638 4.648 4.659 4.669
1.12 1.15 1.18 1.23 1.27
3.70 3.20 2.94 2.66 2.33
0.065 0.061 0.058 0.054 0.051
350 360 370 380 388.5c
12.632 15.71 19.33 23.59 27.83
8.034.−4 8.508.−4 9.172.−4 1.031.−3 1.613.−3
0.0082 0.0062 0.0047 0.0033 0.0016
508.1 521.5 535.6 551.4 577.2
581.0 585.8 589.9 591.5 577.2
4.469 4.507 4.544 4.585 4.651
4.678 4.685 4.691 4.691 4.651
1.32 1.39
2.00
0.048
T, K
*Values of P, v, h, and s interpolated, extrapolated, and converted from tables of Oguchi, Reito, 52 (1977): 869–889. Values of cp, µ, and k interpolated and converted from tables in Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, New York, 1976. c = critical point. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 80 bar, 580 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). For equations, see Cipollone, R., ASHRAE Trans., 97, 2 (1991): 262–267.
TABLE 2-288
Thermodynamic Properties of R-404A
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 345.00 345.27
0.022649 0.030989 0.041658 0.055101 0.071804 0.092293 0.11713 0.14693 0.18232 0.22397 0.27258 0.32888 0.39363 0.46763 0.55168 0.64664 0.75338 0.87280 1.0059 1.1536 1.3169 1.4970 1.6950 1.9122 2.1499 2.4096 2.6932 3.0027 3.3414 3.7150 3.7348
200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00
0.021264 0.029285 0.039592 0.052629 0.068883 0.088879 0.11318 0.14240 0.17718 0.21817 0.26610 0.32169 0.38571 0.45896 0.54225 0.63645 0.74245 0.86115 0.99353 1.1406 1.3034 1.4830
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.070377 0.071131 0.071905 0.072703 0.073527 0.074380 0.075265 0.076185 0.077145 0.078147 0.079197 0.080301 0.081465 0.082697 0.084006 0.085402 0.086899 0.088513 0.090266 0.092182 0.094295 0.096652 0.099314 0.10237 0.10595 0.11027 0.11570 0.12302 0.13448 0.17413 0.20243
10.353 10.948 11.544 12.144 12.746 13.353 13.963 14.578 15.199 15.824 16.456 17.094 17.738 18.390 19.049 19.717 20.394 21.081 21.780 22.490 23.215 23.956 24.717 25.500 26.310 27.157 28.054 29.026 30.147 32.108 32.875
10.355 10.950 11.547 12.148 12.751 13.359 13.972 14.590 15.213 15.842 16.478 17.120 17.770 18.429 19.096 19.772 20.460 21.159 21.870 22.597 23.339 24.101 24.885 25.695 26.538 27.423 28.365 29.396 30.597 32.755 33.631
29.920 30.185 30.451 30.718 30.987 31.256 31.525 31.795 32.063 32.330 32.596 32.859 33.119 33.375 33.626 33.872 34.111 34.342 34.563 34.773 34.968 35.147
31.555 31.853 32.152 32.451 32.749 33.046 33.340 33.633 33.922 34.208 34.489 34.765 35.034 35.296 35.550 35.794 36.028 36.249 36.455 36.645 36.814 36.960
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.058867 0.061803 0.064678 0.067498 0.070269 0.072995 0.075679 0.078326 0.080939 0.083520 0.086073 0.088600 0.091104 0.093589 0.096056 0.098510 0.10095 0.10339 0.10583 0.10826 0.11071 0.11317 0.11566 0.11818 0.12075 0.12341 0.12619 0.12918 0.13261 0.13874 0.14126
0.076939 0.077522 0.078116 0.078719 0.079326 0.079940 0.080558 0.081183 0.081815 0.082456 0.083107 0.083770 0.084446 0.085137 0.085846 0.086574 0.087326 0.088104 0.088914 0.089761 0.090653 0.091603 0.092625 0.093744 0.094998 0.096455 0.098241 0.10064 0.10445 0.11650
0.11881 0.11915 0.11965 0.12028 0.12103 0.12188 0.12282 0.12386 0.12499 0.12621 0.12754 0.12899 0.13057 0.13229 0.13419 0.13630 0.13866 0.14133 0.14438 0.14793 0.15211 0.15715 0.16339 0.17139 0.18212 0.19751 0.22197 0.26871 0.40392 8.2559
859.89 831.56 804.42 778.20 752.69 727.72 703.16 678.91 654.88 631.01 607.23 583.50 559.77 535.99 512.13 488.15 464.02 439.69 415.13 390.28 365.11 339.56 313.56 287.00 259.73 231.53 201.95 170.20 134.59 89.976 0
−0.34161 −0.33384 −0.32460 −0.31394 −0.30185 −0.28830 −0.27318 −0.25636 −0.23766 −0.21683 −0.19356 −0.16749 −0.13814 −0.10493 −0.067104 −0.023728 0.026418 0.084928 0.15392 0.23626 0.33594 0.45865 0.61280 0.81141 1.0757 1.4433 1.9881 2.8807 4.6353 10.564 12.409
0.16521 0.16408 0.16307 0.16217 0.16138 0.16068 0.16006 0.15952 0.15903 0.15861 0.15823 0.15789 0.15759 0.15732 0.15707 0.15684 0.15661 0.15639 0.15616 0.15592 0.15566 0.15536
0.058696 0.059968 0.061245 0.062526 0.063815 0.065113 0.066424 0.067750 0.069095 0.070463 0.071855 0.073276 0.074728 0.076214 0.077737 0.079300 0.080909 0.082567 0.084282 0.086062 0.087917 0.089863
0.068032 0.069509 0.071021 0.072573 0.074172 0.075826 0.077546 0.079344 0.081232 0.083226 0.085343 0.087604 0.090033 0.092660 0.095524 0.098671 0.10217 0.10609 0.11056 0.11574 0.12186 0.12929
138.13 139.28 140.34 141.29 142.12 142.84 143.43 143.88 144.18 144.33 144.32 144.14 143.77 143.22 142.46 141.49 140.29 138.85 137.16 135.19 132.92 130.34
88.073 77.215 68.305 60.948 54.835 49.721 45.413 41.761 38.642 35.962 33.645 31.630 29.871 28.327 26.970 25.773 24.718 23.789 22.972 22.256 21.633 21.094
Saturated Properties 14.209 14.059 13.907 13.755 13.600 13.444 13.286 13.126 12.963 12.796 12.627 12.453 12.275 12.092 11.904 11.709 11.508 11.298 11.078 10.848 10.605 10.346 10.069 9.7686 9.4384 9.0688 8.6431 8.1285 7.4362 5.7429 4.9400
2-389
0.013010 0.017550 0.023271 0.030378 0.039095 0.049667 0.062359 0.077463 0.095292 0.11619 0.14055 0.16879 0.20137 0.23885 0.28183 0.33102 0.38725 0.45152 0.52501 0.60922 0.70599 0.81772
76.866 56.979 42.971 32.919 25.579 20.134 16.036 12.909 10.494 8.6063 7.1149 5.9247 4.9659 4.1867 3.5483 3.0210 2.5823 2.2148 1.9047 1.6414 1.4165 1.2229
2-390 TABLE 2-288
Thermodynamic Properties of R-404A (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 345.00 345.27
1.6806 1.8975 2.1351 2.3950 2.6789 2.9893 3.3299 3.7109 3.7348
0.94761 1.1001 1.2815 1.5019 1.7781 2.1438 2.6882 4.2113 4.9400
1.0553 0.90903 0.78032 0.66583 0.56239 0.46645 0.37199 0.23746 0.20243
35.304 35.435 35.530 35.578 35.558 35.429 35.084 33.615 32.875
226.65
0.10000
0.074669
13.554
13.561
227.41 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
31.386 36.596 45.121 55.103
289.79
1.0000
0.090189
290.23 300.00 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.091922 0.094123 0.096513 0.099162 0.10220 0.10585 0.11074 0.12022
0.13856 0.15062 0.16713 0.19141 0.23111 0.30867 0.53035 8.6291
127.41 124.10 120.38 116.21 111.51 106.19 100.03 90.307 0
20.630 20.234 19.889 19.571 19.233 18.763 17.851 14.130 12.409
0.073887
0.080143
0.12218
719.55
−0.28348
33.188 39.050 48.428 59.250
0.16038 0.18269 0.20956 0.23365
0.065742 0.076875 0.092844 0.10612
0.076645 0.085907 0.10141 0.11456
143.14 166.24 191.81 213.92
47.558 16.998 6.9229 3.7455
21.750
21.840
0.10572
0.088879
0.14425
416.16
1.8916 2.0323 3.1292 4.0571
34.573 35.486 44.644 54.804
36.464 37.518 47.773 58.861
0.15615 0.15972 0.18922 0.21391
0.084363 0.083854 0.094142 0.10659
0.11078 0.10554 0.10545 0.11631
137.07 143.42 183.69 210.41
10.994 2.2256 1.3561
0.090955 0.44932 0.73741
22.770 41.867 53.389
23.225 44.113 57.076
0.10919 0.16875 0.19774
0.089725 0.10069 0.10859
0.14193 0.14547 0.12579
427.56 148.00 198.35
0.11428 7.6582 3.5826
Saturated Properties (Concluded) 37.078 37.159 37.196 37.173 37.065 36.824 36.323 34.496 33.631
0.15501 0.15459 0.15408 0.15343 0.15257 0.15136 0.14946 0.14379 0.14126
Single-Phase Properties 13.392 0.055492 0.040750 0.030243 0.024113 11.088 0.52866 0.49205 0.31957 0.24648
18.021 24.540 33.066 41.471
0.15078 22.936 19.634 7.1401 3.7496
300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000
11.371 6.1241 2.9622
0.087944 0.16329 0.33758
22.323 37.557 51.539
23.203 39.190 54.915
0.10763 0.15323 0.18852
0.089307 0.10301 0.11046
0.13525 0.18569 0.13925
489.01 184.17 198.11
−0.035312 2.8522 2.8527
300.00 400.00 500.00
25.000 25.000 25.000
12.107 9.2730 6.6326
0.082594 0.10784 0.15077
21.419 34.286 47.758
23.484 36.982 51.527
0.10432 0.14304 0.17548
0.089393 0.10166 0.11215
0.12713 0.14227 0.14633
614.12 381.56 292.53
−0.22002 0.20064 0.65319
300.00 400.00 500.00
50.000 50.000 50.000
12.867 10.834 9.0225
0.077719 0.092300 0.11083
20.472 32.538 45.317
24.358 37.153 50.859
0.10057 0.13731 0.16786
0.090168 0.10251 0.11339
0.12262 0.13302 0.14051
753.19 559.24 455.37
−0.32391 −0.19415 −0.070101
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., “Pseudo Pure-Fluid Equations of State for the Refrigerant Blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(4):991–1006, 2003. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the equation of state is 0.1%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated heat capacities and speed of sound values is 0.5%. Uncertainties of bubble and dew point pressures are 0.5%.
TABLE 2-289
Thermodynamic Properties of R-407C
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 359.35
0.019158 0.035795 0.062640 0.10366 0.16353 0.24755 0.36157 0.51193 0.70540 0.94916 1.2507 1.6182 2.0599 2.5851 3.2038 3.9255 4.6317
200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 359.35
0.011312 0.022624 0.041929 0.072846 0.11979 0.18793 0.28317 0.41203 0.58173 0.80008 1.0757 1.4179 1.8375 2.3470 2.9627 3.7100 4.6317
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.31996 −0.30662 −0.28934 −0.26790 −0.24161 −0.20937 −0.16951 −0.11964 −0.056172 0.026372 0.13683 0.29038 0.51547 0.87274 1.5203 3.0499 10.947
Saturated Properties 17.036 16.697 16.352 15.999 15.637 15.264 14.877 14.472 14.045 13.591 13.102 12.567 11.969 11.278 10.435 9.2661 5.2600 0.0068643 0.013151 0.023450 0.039384 0.062913 0.096374 0.14256 0.20484 0.28739 0.39560 0.53670 0.72101 0.96439 1.2939 1.7642 2.5260 5.2600
0.058698 0.059892 0.061156 0.062503 0.063949 0.065512 0.067218 0.069099 0.071198 0.073576 0.076322 0.079573 0.083552 0.088671 0.095832 0.10792 0.19011 145.68 76.041 42.644 25.391 15.895 10.376 7.0147 4.8820 3.4796 2.5278 1.8632 1.3869 1.0369 0.77283 0.56682 0.39588 0.19011
8.8272 9.9359 11.051 12.175 13.312 14.464 15.632 16.822 18.035 19.278 20.555 21.877 23.255 24.711 26.287 28.110 32.145
8.8283 9.9380 11.055 12.182 13.323 14.480 15.657 16.857 18.085 19.348 20.651 22.006 23.427 24.940 26.594 28.534 33.025
0.050593 0.056002 0.061189 0.066188 0.071026 0.075728 0.080314 0.084805 0.089223 0.093590 0.097931 0.10228 0.10668 0.11119 0.11596 0.12137 0.13372
0.070988 0.071320 0.071817 0.072410 0.073074 0.073803 0.074597 0.075463 0.076412 0.077458 0.078624 0.079950 0.081509 0.083453 0.086157 0.090943
0.11073 0.11118 0.11203 0.11319 0.11465 0.11641 0.11853 0.12111 0.12427 0.12822 0.13331 0.14013 0.14989 0.16541 0.19551 0.28993
956.60 903.06 851.40 801.12 751.77 703.01 654.53 606.09 557.44 508.32 458.46 407.51 354.98 300.07 241.20 174.57 0
30.051 30.504 30.957 31.409 31.857 32.298 32.728 33.145 33.544 33.918 34.259 34.556 34.790 34.931 34.916 34.578 32.145
31.699 32.224 32.745 33.259 33.761 34.248 34.715 35.157 35.568 35.940 36.263 36.523 36.696 36.745 36.595 36.047 33.025
0.16726 0.16412 0.16151 0.15933 0.15749 0.15593 0.15460 0.15343 0.15240 0.15144 0.15051 0.14956 0.14852 0.14727 0.14560 0.14299 0.13372
0.048920 0.050967 0.053143 0.055439 0.057839 0.060328 0.062897 0.065542 0.068266 0.071085 0.074027 0.077140 0.080507 0.084283 0.088801 0.095065
0.057805 0.060200 0.062854 0.065784 0.069010 0.072563 0.076500 0.080917 0.085971 0.091920 0.099203 0.10861 0.12170 0.14208 0.18030 0.28700
149.59 152.36 154.78 156.79 158.33 159.36 159.80 159.60 158.69 156.99 154.41 150.83 146.11 140.03 132.24 122.09 0
109.12 88.122 72.006 59.560 49.904 42.378 36.483 31.840 28.163 25.236 22.898 21.024 19.516 18.284 17.206 15.951 10.947
2-391
2-392 TABLE 2-289
Thermodynamic Properties of R-407C (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
200.00 229.25
0.10000 0.10000
236.25 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
291.84
1.0000
297.47 300.00 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Single-Phase Properties 8.8253 12.091
8.8312 12.097
0.050583 0.065819
0.070990 0.072363
0.11072 0.11310
956.99 804.85
−0.32010 −0.26966
31.690 35.535 42.554 50.849
33.574 37.991 45.862 54.997
0.15814 0.17467 0.19722 0.21756
0.056928 0.063341 0.076588 0.088895
0.067764 0.072378 0.085147 0.097330
157.81 179.00 205.99 229.27
53.242 20.041 7.7925 4.0471
0.074050
19.510
19.584
0.094388
0.077662
0.12906
499.23
2.0105 2.0465 3.1425 4.0637
34.177 34.384 42.101 50.576
36.187 36.431 45.244 54.639
0.15075 0.15156 0.17694 0.19786
0.073268 0.072744 0.078067 0.089416
0.097199 0.095419 0.089213 0.099001
155.15 156.77 198.26 225.88
13.412 2.1880 1.3504
0.074559 0.45703 0.74050
20.240 39.458 49.289
20.613 41.743 52.992
0.096862 0.15675 0.18193
0.078093 0.086188 0.091753
0.12762 0.12964 0.10811
507.10 161.10 213.00
0.027202 8.5257 3.9036
17.038 16.026 0.053062 0.040722 0.030231 0.024109 13.504 0.49738 0.48865 0.31821 0.24608
0.058692 0.062399 18.846 24.557 33.079 41.479
0.044233 23.442 22.566 7.9701 4.0390
300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000
13.740 7.1029 2.9957
0.072780 0.14079 0.33381
19.898 34.426 47.547
20.626 35.834 50.885
0.095679 0.13888 0.17282
0.077756 0.090433 0.094263
0.12301 0.20031 0.12254
558.94 184.71 207.67
−0.063246 3.3408 3.3327
300.00 400.00 500.00
25.000 25.000 25.000
14.443 10.899 7.3363
0.069238 0.091752 0.13631
19.146 30.990 43.479
20.877 33.284 46.886
0.092972 0.12855 0.15889
0.077634 0.087056 0.096319
0.11624 0.13223 0.13592
672.43 399.92 289.22
−0.19834 0.28513 0.97116
300.00 400.00 500.00
50.000 50.000 50.000
15.220 12.648 10.260
0.065703 0.079064 0.097468
18.302 29.255 40.787
21.587 33.209 45.660
0.089730 0.12310 0.15086
0.078160 0.087179 0.096753
0.11176 0.12077 0.12761
802.78 579.57 457.54
−0.28843 −0.12975 0.047330
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., “Pseudo Pure-Fluid Equations of State for the Refrigerant Blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(4):991–1006, 2003. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the equation of state is 0.1%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated heat capacities and speed of sound values is 0.5%. Uncertainties of bubble and dew point pressures are 0.5%.
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
20. 0. 90
10
11
00
00
.
.
0. 120
125
130
0.
0.
70
80
.
600
.
500
400.
3
kg/m
4.
70
60
50
40
30
20
0
80
100. 80.
60
−20
−30
6.
150.
c.p.
60.
50
2. 40.
40
30.
30
1. 0.8
20
20.
10
15.
0.6
1. 0.8 0.6
0
10.
0.4
−10 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 T = 160 °C 170 180
8.0
T = −20 °C
0.2
por ted va
kg
·K
)
0.80
2.5
0
J/( 0k
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04
0.60
s=
2.4
0 2.3
0 2.2
0
0
0.2
3.0
1.0
2.0
1.90
4.0
1.5
satura
0.9 1.80
1.70
1.60
1.50
1.30
1.20
−70
1.40
0.02
0.4
6.0
2.0
−60 1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.04 0.60
0.7
−50
0.8
0.06
0.6
x=
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
−40
sat
ura
ted
0.1 0.08
0.1
liqu
id
−30
2.1
Pressure (MPa)
10. 8.
200. 10
1350.
−10
00. ρ= 3
70
−50
−70
2.
T = −60 °C
−80
4.
1400.
1450.
6.
−40
10. 8.
0.
0.
R-407C [R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)] reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C
650 20.
0.40
0.02
0.30
0.01 50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
0.01 650
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) 2-393
FIG. 2-27 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant 407C. Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the mixture model of Lemmon, E. W., and Jacobsen, R. T., “Equations of State for Mixtures of R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 33:593–620, 2004.
2-394 TABLE 2-290
Thermodynamic Properties of R-410A
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
200.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 344.49
0.029160 0.053727 0.071143 0.092819 0.11946 0.15182 0.19070 0.23697 0.29152 0.35531 0.42933 0.51461 0.61223 0.72330 0.84899 0.99048 1.1490 1.3260 1.5226 1.7404 1.9809 2.2456 2.5364 2.8550 3.2037 3.5848 4.0009 4.4556 4.9012
200.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00
0.029010 0.053489 0.070844 0.092447 0.11900 0.15125 0.19000 0.23611 0.29049 0.35407 0.42786 0.51287 0.61019 0.72092 0.84622 0.98729 1.1454 1.3218 1.5179 1.7351
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.051256 0.052375 0.052962 0.053571 0.054202 0.054858 0.055542 0.056255 0.057002 0.057786 0.058611 0.059482 0.060406 0.061388 0.062439 0.063567 0.064785 0.066109 0.067559 0.069160 0.070948 0.072969 0.075293 0.078025 0.081343 0.085578 0.091491 0.10161 0.15813
7.0380 8.0188 8.5112 9.0052 9.5012 9.9997 10.501 11.006 11.514 12.026 12.543 13.065 13.593 14.127 14.669 15.218 15.776 16.344 16.924 17.516 18.123 18.747 19.392 20.064 20.772 21.531 22.376 23.414 25.988
7.0395 8.0217 8.5149 9.0101 9.5077 10.008 10.512 11.019 11.530 12.047 12.568 13.096 13.630 14.172 14.722 15.281 15.851 16.432 17.026 17.636 18.263 18.911 19.583 20.287 21.032 21.837 22.742 23.867 26.763
26.495 26.835 27.002 27.167 27.329 27.488 27.645 27.798 27.947 28.092 28.232 28.367 28.496 28.619 28.733 28.839 28.935 29.019 29.090 29.144
28.125 28.530 28.726 28.919 29.107 29.290 29.468 29.640 29.806 29.965 30.116 30.258 30.392 30.515 30.626 30.725 30.809 30.876 30.925 30.951
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.040995 0.045781 0.048098 0.050370 0.052600 0.054791 0.056948 0.059073 0.061169 0.063240 0.065289 0.067318 0.069331 0.071331 0.073321 0.075304 0.077284 0.079266 0.081254 0.083253 0.085270 0.087314 0.089398 0.091537 0.093762 0.096123 0.098732 0.10194 0.11022
0.062260 0.062050 0.062014 0.062020 0.062066 0.062151 0.062271 0.062426 0.062615 0.062837 0.063092 0.063380 0.063701 0.064057 0.064451 0.064884 0.065363 0.065893 0.066483 0.067147 0.067901 0.068773 0.069800 0.071046 0.072616 0.074717 0.077843 0.083650
0.097942 0.098396 0.098729 0.099138 0.099628 0.10020 0.10088 0.10165 0.10253 0.10353 0.10466 0.10594 0.10738 0.10902 0.11088 0.11300 0.11543 0.11825 0.12156 0.12550 0.13029 0.13630 0.14413 0.15493 0.17109 0.19853 0.25685 0.46832
929.01 879.84 855.20 830.52 805.81 781.06 756.26 731.41 706.48 681.45 656.31 631.02 605.55 579.88 553.95 527.72 501.14 474.14 446.66 418.60 389.87 360.33 329.82 298.10 264.83 229.46 190.98 147.49 0
−0.30179 −0.28524 −0.27544 −0.26446 −0.25217 −0.23841 −0.22300 −0.20574 −0.18637 −0.16459 −0.14006 −0.11232 −0.080861 −0.045000 −0.0039006 0.043515 0.098651 0.16337 0.24022 0.33275 0.44607 0.58788 0.77028 1.0135 1.3544 1.8665 2.7232 4.4554 9.7623
0.14644 0.14345 0.14212 0.14087 0.13972 0.13864 0.13762 0.13667 0.13577 0.13492 0.13411 0.13333 0.13259 0.13187 0.13116 0.13047 0.12978 0.12908 0.12837 0.12764
0.042482 0.044604 0.045719 0.046862 0.048026 0.049206 0.050400 0.051603 0.052814 0.054033 0.055260 0.056497 0.057747 0.059014 0.060302 0.061618 0.062969 0.064364 0.065814 0.067335
0.052236 0.055055 0.056590 0.058205 0.059899 0.061674 0.063533 0.065483 0.067535 0.069705 0.072011 0.074481 0.077148 0.080057 0.083265 0.086846 0.090901 0.095568 0.10104 0.10760
164.41 167.03 168.16 169.16 170.03 170.75 171.32 171.73 171.97 172.04 171.93 171.62 171.11 170.39 169.45 168.27 166.84 165.16 163.20 160.94
Saturated Properties 19.510 19.093 18.881 18.667 18.449 18.229 18.005 17.776 17.543 17.305 17.062 16.812 16.555 16.290 16.016 15.732 15.436 15.127 14.802 14.459 14.095 13.704 13.282 12.816 12.294 11.685 10.930 9.8413 6.3240 0.017797 0.031567 0.041089 0.052763 0.066925 0.083936 0.10420 0.12814 0.15625 0.18905 0.22714 0.27117 0.32190 0.38018 0.44702 0.52357 0.61123 0.71170 0.82707 0.95997
56.190 31.678 24.338 18.953 14.942 11.914 9.5972 7.8039 6.4000 5.2895 4.4026 3.6877 3.1066 2.6303 2.2371 1.9100 1.6360 1.4051 1.2091 1.0417
113.67 90.100 80.508 72.155 64.889 58.571 53.077 48.299 44.137 40.508 37.336 34.560 32.123 29.979 28.087 26.412 24.924 23.598 22.410 21.338
305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 344.49
1.9749 2.2390 2.5291 2.8472 3.1955 3.5766 3.9935 4.4504 4.9012
221.45
0.10000
221.53 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
280.32
1.0000
280.42 300.00 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
1.1138 1.2933 1.5048 1.7576 2.0668 2.4582 2.9848 3.7974 6.3240
0.89779 0.77322 0.66456 0.56894 0.48384 0.40681 0.33503 0.26334 0.15813
29.178 29.189 29.170 29.112 29.002 28.817 28.510 27.951 25.988
30.951 30.920 30.850 30.732 30.548 30.272 29.848 29.123 26.763
0.12688 0.12606 0.12517 0.12418 0.12305 0.12169 0.11995 0.11740 0.11022
0.068945 0.070671 0.072551 0.074643 0.077041 0.079915 0.083629 0.089197
0.11566 0.12589 0.13943 0.15831 0.18670 0.23464 0.33370 0.65947
158.36 155.44 152.13 148.40 144.16 139.30 133.59 126.39 0
20.365 19.470 18.632 17.826 17.018 16.153 15.123 13.641 9.7623
0.051020
0.062030
0.099271
823.36
−0.26104 69.827 19.643 7.7467 4.0758
Single-Phase Properties 18.604 0.056810 0.040605 0.030202 0.024099
0.053751
9.1541
27.217 31.028 36.670 43.331
28.977 33.491 39.981 47.480
0.14051 0.15794 0.17654 0.19323
0.047215 0.050980 0.061554 0.071249
0.058714 0.059877 0.070067 0.079663
169.44 198.35 227.37 252.59
0.063641
15.253
15.317
0.075429
0.064913
0.11314
526.05
1.8849 2.1460 3.1769 4.0808
28.848 30.151 36.304 43.106
30.733 32.297 39.481 47.187
0.13041 0.13580 0.15648 0.17364
0.061731 0.057548 0.062713 0.071665
0.087169 0.075210 0.073258 0.081012
168.16 180.65 220.92 249.79
14.870 1.9755 1.3185
0.067248 0.50621 0.75845
17.202 34.349 42.072
17.539 36.880 45.864
0.082188 0.13813 0.15821
0.066139 0.068570 0.073521
0.11773 0.097588 0.087959
472.56 192.34 239.51
0.17344 7.6786 3.7957 0.036775 5.0121 3.3106
15.713 0.53054 0.46599 0.31478 0.24505
17.603 24.628 33.111 41.495
9.1488
0.046760 26.279 20.254 7.7768 4.0343
300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000
15.342 5.7949 2.8642
0.065180 0.17257 0.34914
16.830 30.845 40.710
17.482 32.570 44.202
0.080897 0.12363 0.14982
0.065435 0.074099 0.075667
0.11125 0.16518 0.098492
533.86 182.45 233.93
300.00 400.00 500.00
25.000 25.000 25.000
16.289 11.685 7.4115
0.061392 0.085582 0.13493
16.058 26.530 37.197
17.592 28.670 40.570
0.078110 0.10987 0.13644
0.065000 0.072157 0.078574
0.10273 0.11830 0.11515
658.09 379.59 291.31
−0.14678 0.50709 1.2724
300.00 400.00 500.00
50.000 50.000 50.000
17.287 14.049 11.128
0.057845 0.071182 0.089864
15.231 24.722 34.526
18.123 28.281 39.019
0.074923 0.10409 0.12804
0.065499 0.072480 0.079657
0.097459 0.10533 0.10880
792.80 566.13 449.76
−0.26163 −0.063564 0.13566
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., “Pseudo Pure-Fluid Equations of State for the Refrigerant Blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(4):991–1006, 2003. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the equation of state is 0.1%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated heat capacities and speed of sound values is 0.5%. Uncertainties of bubble and dew point pressures are 0.5%.
2-395
2-396
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-291
Saturated Refrigerant 500*
P, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
200 210 220 230 240
0.1219 0.2258 0.3936 0.6511 1.0291
6.966.−4 7.090.−4 7.222.−4 7.361.−4 7.509.−4
1.360 0.766 0.457 0.286 0.187
−29.56 −21.03 −12.17 −2.97 6.58
185.87 191.25 196.63 201.96 207.23
−0.1363 −0.0948 −0.0536 −0.0130 0.0277
0.9408 0.9161 0.8955 0.8782 0.8638
1.044 1.018 0.997 0.987 0.987
6.11 5.15 4.42 3.85 3.42
0.113 0.109 0.106 0.102 0.098
250 260 270 280 290
1.5632 2.2932 3.2624 4.5172 6.1064
7.668.−4 7.839.−4 8.024.−4 8.226.−4 8.450.−4
0.1261 0.0879 0.0628 0.0459 0.0342
16.50 26.78 37.44 48.48 59.91
212.40 217.45 222.35 227.06 231.56
0.0680 0.1082 0.1481 0.1878 0.2275
0.8517 0.8415 0.8329 0.8257 0.8194
0.997 1.017 1.048 1.089 1.140
3.04 2.74 2.48 2.26 2.08
0.094 0.090 0.086 0.082 0.078
300 310 320 330 340
8.0809 10.49 13.40 16.86 20.93
8.699.−4 8.981.−4 9.306.−4 9.690.−4 1.016.−3
0.0259 0.0198 0.0154 0.0119 0.0093
71.76 84.05 96.83 110.17 124.20
235.79 239.69 243.19 246.14 248.36
0.2671 0.3067 0.3464 0.3864 0.4271
0.8139 0.8088 0.8038 0.7985 0.7922
1.201 1.273 1.355 1.447 1.550
1.92 1.77 1.63 1.48 1.34
0.074 0.070 0.066 0.062 0.058
350 360 370 378.6c
25.70 31.25 37.72 44.26
1.077.−3 1.162.−3 1.307.−3 2.012.−3
0.0072 0.0055 0.0040 0.0020
139.18 155.66 175.59 219.50
249.47 248.71 244.26 219.50
0.4689 0.5135 0.5650 0.6729
0.7841 0.7721 0.7509 0.6729
1.663 1.919 2.07 ∞
T, K
*Values reproduced and converted from Table 12, p. 17.99, ASHRAE Handbook, 1981: Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 1981. Copyright material. Reproduced by permission of the copyright owner. c = critical point. The notation 6.966.−4 signifies 6.966 × 10−4. The 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI ed.) gives material for integral degrees Celsius with temperatures on the IPTS 68 scale from −70 to 105.60 °C. The thermodynamic diagram from 0.1 to 70 bar extends to 240 °C. Equations and constants approximated to the 1985 ASHRAE tables were given by Mecaryk, K. and M. Masaryk, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 11, 2/3 (1991): 193–197. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 80 bar, 560 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). Tables and a chart to 1000 psia, 480 °F are given by Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, 1986 (521 pp.). Specific heat and viscosity appear in Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993.
TABLE 2-292
Saturated Refrigerant 502*
P, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
200 210 220 230 240
0.2274 0.4098 0.6965 1.1251 1.7392
6.381.−4 6.507.−4 6.640.−4 6.783.−4 6.938.−4
0.646 0.374 0.228 0.146 0.0969
−29.04 −20.83 −12.15 −2.99 6.66
153.34 158.42 163.49 168.50 173.42
−0.1337 −0.0937 −0.0534 −0.0128 0.0280
0.7782 0.7599 0.7449 0.7328 0.7228
1.018 1.036 1.055 1.075 1.097
5.72 4.88 4.23 3.71 3.28
0.103 0.099 0.095 0.091 0.087
250 260 270 280 290
2.5867 3.7188 5.1893 7.0530 9.3660
7.105.−4 7.289.−4 7.492.−4 7.720.−4 7.979.−4
0.0665 0.0470 0.0340 0.0251 0.0188
16.78 27.36 38.36 49.77 61.55
178.20 182.81 187.21 191.35 195.16
0.0691 0.1102 0.1514 0.1923 0.2330
0.7148 0.7082 0.7027 0.6980 0.6937
1.120 1.144 1.170 1.197 1.225
2.94 2.65 2.41 2.18 1.99
0.083 0.079 0.075 0.072 0.068
T, K
300 310 320 330 340
12.19 15.57 19.60 24.35 29.95
8.280.−4 8.637.−4 9.081.−4 9.666.−4 1.053.−3
0.0143 0.0109 0.0084 0.0064 0.0048
73.68 86.17 99.06 112.53 127.13
198.56 201.43 203.57 204.62 203.71
0.2734 0.3134 0.3532 0.3933 0.4351
0.6896 0.6852 0.6798 0.6723 0.6604
1.254 1.285 1.317 1.351 1.386
1.79 1.59 1.40 1.23 1.07
0.064 0.060 0.056 0.052 0.048
350 355.3c
36.62 40.75
1.220.−3 1.786.−3
0.0033 0.0018
145.44 174.00
197.82 174.00
0.4859 0.5634
0.6355 0.5634
1.422
0.93
0.044
*Values reproduced and converted from Table 13, p. 17.101, ASHRAE Handbook, 1981: Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 1981. Copyright material. Reproduced by permission of the copyright owner. c = critical point. The notation 6.381.−4 signifies 6.381 × 10−4. The 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI ed.) gives material for integral degrees Celsius with temperatures on the IPTS 68 scale from −70 to 82.2 °C. The thermodynamic diagram from 0.1 to 80 bar extends to 180 °C. Equations and constants approximated to 1985 ASHRAE tables are given by Mecaryk, K., and M. Masaryk, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 11, 2/3 (1991): 193–197. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 20 bar, 515 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). Tables and a chart to 1000 psia, 400 °F appear in Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, 1986 (521 pp.). For specific heat and viscosity, see Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES TABLE 2-293
2-397
Saturated Refrigerant 503*
P, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−4 Pa⋅s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
150 160 170 180 190
0.0750 0.1798 0.3828 0.7395 1.3187
6.384.−4 6.478.−4 6.585.−4 6.700.−4 6.850.−4
1.894 0.837 0.414 0.224 0.130
−89.60 −79.73 −69.55 −59.08 −48.36
111.02 115.40 119.70 123.84 127.77
−0.4694 −0.4057 −0.3441 −0.2844 −0.2267
0.8681 0.8139 0.7691 0.7318 0.7003
0.482 0.554 0.620 0.682 0.747
6.12 5.05 4.16 3.43 2.94
0.128 0.123 0.116 0.111 0.105
200 210 220 230 240
2.1999 3.4713 5.2281 7.5713 10.61
7.014.−4 7.204.−4 7.426.−4 7.687.−4 8.001.−4
0.0803 0.0520 0.0350 0.0242 0.0172
−37.45 −26.36 −15.10 − 3.65 8.07
131.45 134.84 137.87 140.49 142.58
−0.1710 −0.1173 −0.0656 −0.0155 0.0334
0.6735 0.6503 0.6298 0.6112 0.5939
0.817 0.896 0.988 1.017 1.227
2.56 2.25 1.98 1.73 1.52
0.099 0.094 0.088 0.082 0.076
250 260 270 280 290
14.46 19.25 25.13 32.27 40.87
8.386.−4 8.874.−4 9.526.−4 1.050.−3 1.264.−3
0.0124 0.0090 0.0064 0.0045 0.0028
20.22 33.10 47.22 63.64 86.41
143.98 144.38 143.23 139.25 127.51
0.0817 0.1305 0.1816 0.2384 0.3131
0.5767 0.5585 0.5373 0.5085 0.4548
1.382 1.57 1.79 2.03 2.35
1.33 1.17 1.03 0.91
0.070 0.065 0.059 0.054
292.6c
43.57
1.773.−3
0.0018
110.20
110.20
0.3864
0.3864
∞
T, K
∞
*P, v, h, and s values reproduced and converted from Table 14, p. 17.103, ASHRAE Handbook, 1981: Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 1981. Copyright material. Reproduced by permission of the copyright owner. cp, µ, and k values interpolated and converted from Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, New York, 1976. c = critical point. The notation 6.384.−4 signifies 6.384 × 10−4. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 80 bar, 600 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). Tables and a chart to 1000 psia, 460 °F are given by Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, 1986 (521 pp.). For specific heat and viscosity see Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993. The 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI ed.) gives material for integral degrees Celsius with temperatures on the IPTS 68 scale for saturation conditions from −125 to 19.50 °C. The thermodynamic diagram from 0.1 to 80 bar extends to 220 °C. TABLE 2-294
Saturated Refrigerant 504* Volume, ft3/lb
Enthalpy, Btu/lb
Entropy, Btu/(lb)(°F)
Temp., °F
Pressure, lb/in2 abs.
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
−120 −100 −80 −60 −40
2.964 6.042 11.34 19.85 32.76
0.01095 0.01119 0.01146 0.01175 0.01206
15.31 7.874 4.372 2.585 1.609
−21.48 −16.39 −11.12 −5.65 0.00
86.69 89.31 91.84 94.25 96.50
−0.0565 −0.0420 −0.0277 −0.0137 0.0000
0.2609 0.2519 0.2435 0.2362 0.2299
−20 0 20 40 60
51.44 77.41 112.3 158.0 216.2
0.01242 0.01282 0.01328 0.01379 0.01443
1.045 0.7029 0.4859 0.3431 0.2458
5.85 11.91 18.22 24.81 31.78
98.58 100.45 102.09 103.44 104.41
0.0135 0.0269 0.0401 0.0533 0.0667
0.2244 0.2195 0.2150 0.2107 0.2065
80 100 120 140 150
289.2 379.1 488.3 618.1 692.2
0.01522 0.01629 0.01783 0.02083 0.02597
0.1773 0.1274 0.0893 0.0578 0.0394
39.25 47.43 56.78 69.97 76.96
104.85 104.49 102.72 97.70 89.76
0.0804 0.0948 0.1107 0.1322 0.1432
0.2020 0.1968 0.1899 0.1784 0.1642
*Unpublished data of Allied Chemical Company, 1970. Used by permission. TABLE 2-295
Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 507*
Temp., K
Pressure, bar
230.5 240 250 260 270 280
1.013 1.59 2.42 3.54 4.95 6.70
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
vf, m3/kg 574 602 627 658 695 738
0.1280 0.0826 0.0546 0.0377 0.0270 0.0198
−3.1 10.3 22.6 37.6 51.6 64.7
143.3 150.2 154.5 159.0 163.8 169.0
−0.015 0.042 0.092 0.149 0.202 0.250
0.620 0.623 0.619 0.617 0.618 0.620
290 300 310 320 330
8.85 11.52 14.74 18.76 23.65
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001
787 839 903 006 221
0.0148 0.0112 0.0084 0.0062 0.0042
77.2 89.4 101.6 115.7 135.5
174.6 180.3 185.4 188.6 189.3
0.295 0.336 0.378 0.422 0.481
0.634 0.640 0.648 0.649 0.641
340 341.5c
29.57 32.67
0.001 618 0.001 97
0.0025 0.0020
161.7 172.7
179.9 172.7
0.557 0.590
0.611 0.590
*Azeotropic mixture of R152a and R218. hf = sf = 0 at 233.15 K = −40 °C. Interpolated, extrapolated and converted from Lavrenchenko, G. K., M. G. Khmelnuk, et al., Int. J. Refrig., 17, 7 (1994): 461. Some values are tentative. This source also gives a ln P–h diagram from 0.6 to 30 bar, −50 to 70 °C. Differences exist between the published diagram and tables. c = critical point.
2-398 TABLE 2-296
Thermodynamic Properties of R-507A
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
200.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 343.77
0.023233 0.042731 0.056515 0.073637 0.094634 0.12008 0.15060 0.18683 0.22945 0.27919 0.33679 0.40302 0.47868 0.56461 0.66165 0.77071 0.89272 1.0286 1.1794 1.3462 1.5300 1.7322 1.9539 2.1967 2.4622 2.7523 3.0697 3.4178 3.7049
200.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00
0.023222 0.042726 0.056512 0.073634 0.094628 0.12007 0.15057 0.18678 0.22938 0.27908 0.33664 0.40281 0.47840 0.56424 0.66119 0.77015 0.89202 1.0278 1.1784 1.3450 1.5287
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.070772 0.072318 0.073126 0.073961 0.074825 0.075722 0.076655 0.077628 0.078646 0.079714 0.080837 0.082022 0.083277 0.084612 0.086039 0.087571 0.089225 0.091024 0.092996 0.095177 0.097618 0.10039 0.10358 0.10735 0.11195 0.11785 0.12607 0.14013 0.20145
10.553 11.749 12.351 12.956 13.566 14.179 14.798 15.421 16.051 16.686 17.328 17.976 18.632 19.296 19.968 20.650 21.343 22.046 22.763 23.495 24.243 25.011 25.803 26.626 27.487 28.405 29.412 30.620 32.908
10.555 11.752 12.355 12.962 13.573 14.188 14.809 15.436 16.069 16.708 17.355 18.009 18.672 19.344 20.025 20.718 21.422 22.140 22.873 23.623 24.392 25.185 26.006 26.862 27.763 28.729 29.799 31.099 33.654
29.992 30.526 30.796 31.067 31.338 31.610 31.881 32.152 32.421 32.688 32.953 33.214 33.471 33.724 33.970 34.209 34.440 34.661 34.869 35.063 35.239
31.624 32.225 32.525 32.825 33.124 33.420 33.715 34.005 34.292 34.575 34.851 35.121 35.384 35.638 35.882 36.115 36.334 36.539 36.726 36.892 37.033
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.059915 0.065751 0.068583 0.071366 0.074104 0.076802 0.079463 0.082089 0.084685 0.087253 0.089796 0.092316 0.094817 0.097301 0.099772 0.10223 0.10469 0.10714 0.10960 0.11207 0.11455 0.11707 0.11962 0.12224 0.12494 0.12779 0.13089 0.13460 0.14193
0.077250 0.078412 0.079028 0.079658 0.080295 0.080939 0.081589 0.082245 0.082907 0.083579 0.084260 0.084954 0.085661 0.086385 0.087128 0.087895 0.088688 0.089513 0.090377 0.091290 0.092263 0.093316 0.094477 0.095794 0.097351 0.099317 0.10208 0.10695
0.11931 0.12015 0.12081 0.12158 0.12247 0.12345 0.12453 0.12569 0.12696 0.12833 0.12982 0.13144 0.13321 0.13517 0.13735 0.13978 0.14254 0.14571 0.14941 0.15379 0.15912 0.16577 0.17441 0.18622 0.20363 0.23262 0.29323 0.52176
851.53 796.42 770.28 744.80 719.84 695.27 671.01 646.97 623.07 599.27 575.51 551.75 527.94 504.05 480.04 455.86 431.49 406.87 381.97 356.72 331.07 304.91 278.14 250.55 221.86 191.54 158.62 121.00 0
−0.34068 −0.32336 −0.31246 −0.30008 −0.28620 −0.27072 −0.25349 −0.23433 −0.21297 −0.18910 −0.16232 −0.13214 −0.097937 −0.058916 −0.014071 0.037902 0.098716 0.17067 0.25689 0.36179 0.49171 0.65619 0.87027 1.1591 1.5687 2.1936 3.2672 5.5872 12.382
0.16527 0.16325 0.16240 0.16166 0.16100 0.16043 0.15992 0.15947 0.15907 0.15872 0.15841 0.15814 0.15788 0.15765 0.15744 0.15723 0.15702 0.15680 0.15656 0.15630 0.15600
0.059362 0.061910 0.063188 0.064473 0.065766 0.067072 0.068393 0.069735 0.071100 0.072492 0.073915 0.075372 0.076865 0.078399 0.079978 0.081605 0.083287 0.085030 0.086845 0.088742 0.090740
0.068766 0.071764 0.073318 0.074919 0.076576 0.078300 0.080105 0.082005 0.084017 0.086159 0.088453 0.090927 0.093613 0.096551 0.099795 0.10341 0.10750 0.11218 0.11764 0.12415 0.13211
137.04 139.19 140.11 140.92 141.60 142.16 142.57 142.84 142.95 142.90 142.67 142.26 141.66 140.85 139.83 138.57 137.08 135.32 133.29 130.95 128.30
85.105 65.962 58.876 53.008 48.113 44.001 40.521 37.557 35.013 32.816 30.909 29.244 27.785 26.502 25.372 24.376 23.500 22.730 22.057 21.472 20.967
Saturated Properties 14.130 13.828 13.675 13.521 13.365 13.206 13.045 12.882 12.715 12.545 12.371 12.192 12.008 11.819 11.623 11.419 11.208 10.986 10.753 10.507 10.244 9.9616 9.6544 9.3151 8.9322 8.4856 7.9323 7.1361 4.9640 0.014226 0.025154 0.032678 0.041875 0.052996 0.066313 0.082125 0.10075 0.12256 0.14794 0.17732 0.21120 0.25014 0.29478 0.34585 0.40424 0.47097 0.54731 0.63483 0.73552 0.85197
70.296 39.755 30.602 23.881 18.869 15.080 12.177 9.9251 8.1593 6.7597 5.6396 4.7348 3.9977 3.3924 2.8914 2.4738 2.1233 1.8271 1.5752 1.3596 1.1737
310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00 335.00 340.00 343.77
1.7307 1.9522 2.1948 2.4602 2.7503 3.0678 3.4166 3.7049
226.14
0.10000
226.14 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
288.99
1.0000
289.02 300.00 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
300.00 400.00 500.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
0.98768 1.1475 1.3389 1.5733 1.8717 2.2784 2.9318 4.9640
1.0125 0.87142 0.74689 0.63559 0.53427 0.43891 0.34109 0.20145
35.391 35.515 35.601 35.634 35.589 35.411 34.936 32.908
37.144 37.217 37.241 37.198 37.058 36.758 36.101 33.654
0.075025
13.705
13.712
31.400 36.736 45.323 55.366
0.090648
0.15565 0.15521 0.15467 0.15397 0.15303 0.15166 0.14932 0.14193
0.092861 0.095142 0.097636 0.10043 0.10368 0.10772 0.11346
0.14217 0.15545 0.17401 0.20216 0.25052 0.35438 0.74186
125.29 121.90 118.07 113.77 108.90 103.35 96.734 0
20.534 20.163 19.838 19.531 19.179 18.634 17.407 12.382
0.074720
0.080441
0.12268
714.23
−0.28283
33.191 39.190 48.629 59.514
0.16087 0.18376 0.21080 0.23504
0.066061 0.077477 0.093474 0.10672
0.076961 0.086497 0.10204 0.11516
141.74 165.13 190.54 212.51
47.115 16.625 6.8071 3.6966
21.903
21.994
0.10665
0.089344
0.14503
411.87
1.8815 2.0390 3.1312 4.0580
34.618 35.647 44.851 55.070
36.500 37.686 47.983 59.128
0.15684 0.16087 0.19047 0.21530
0.084683 0.084205 0.094741 0.10718
0.11121 0.10551 0.10601 0.11688
135.69 142.77 182.55 209.06
10.905 2.2078 1.3533
0.091702 0.45293 0.73892
23.040 42.120 53.669
23.498 44.385 57.364
0.11052 0.17014 0.19916
0.090271 0.10115 0.10913
0.14306 0.14483 0.12621
420.12 147.77 197.37
0.12774 7.5193 3.5221
Single-Phase Properties 13.329 0.055821 0.040743 0.030241 0.024113 11.032 0.53150 0.49044 0.31937 0.24643
17.915 24.544 33.067 41.472
0.15510 22.873 19.202 7.0158 3.6962
300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000
11.289 6.0317 2.9478
0.088585 0.16579 0.33924
22.583 37.890 51.842
23.469 39.548 55.234
0.10892 0.15478 0.18999
0.089813 0.10349 0.11096
0.13611 0.18529 0.13942
482.39 182.13 197.45
−0.028276 2.8871 2.8080
300.00 400.00 500.00
25.000 25.000 25.000
12.033 9.2040 6.5873
0.083106 0.10865 0.15181
21.667 34.588 48.091
23.744 37.304 51.887
0.10556 0.14446 0.17699
0.089890 0.10218 0.11266
0.12779 0.14278 0.14661
608.04 377.87 290.93
−0.21781 0.20389 0.64689
300.00 400.00 500.00
50.000 50.000 50.000
12.796 10.770 8.9711
0.078149 0.092847 0.11147
20.711 32.830 45.655
24.618 37.472 51.229
0.10177 0.13868 0.16935
0.090684 0.10306 0.11396
0.12322 0.13357 0.14097
746.86 554.88 452.46
−0.32316 −0.19407 −0.072291
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., “Pseudo Pure-Fluid Equations of State for the Refrigerant Blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C,” Int. J. Thermophys. 24(4):991–1006, 2003. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the critical point temperature are given in the last entry of the saturation tables. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperaturepressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the equation of state is 0.1%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated heat capacities and speed of sound values is 0.5%. Uncertainties of bubble and dew point pressures are 0.5%.
2-399
2-400
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-297
Saturated Rubidium*
T, K
P, bar
vf, m3/kg
312.7m 400 500 600 700
2.46.−9 1.69.−6 1.73.−4 0.0037 0.0317
6.75.−4 6.98.−4 7.22.−4 7.46.−4 7.73.−4
0.1584 1.467 6.466 18.6 28.5
8.10.−4 8.65.−4 9.40.−4 1.03.−3 1.08.−3
800 1000 1200 1400 1500
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
2.3.+5 2790 156.6 20.75
118.7 151.6 188.8 225.4 261.3
1036 1057 1078 1096 1111
0.998 1.091 1.174 1.241 1.296
3.932 3.355 2.953 2.692 2.511
0.379 0.375 0.369 0.362 0.357
4.662 0.605 0.159
296.8 367.6 440.1
1124 1150 1179
1.343 1.422 1.490
2.378 2.205 2.104
0.353 0.360 0.385
*Converted from tables in Vargaftik, Tables of the Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Nauka, Moscow, 1972, and Hemisphere, Washington, 1975. m = melting point. The notation 2.46.−9 signifies 2.46 × 10−9. Many of the Vargaftik values also appear in Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Sci. Pubs., Oxford, 1985 (1020 pp.). This source contains superheat data. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 40 bar, 1600 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). For a Mollier diagram from 0.1 to 320 psia, 1200 to 2700 °R, see Weatherford, W. D., J. C. Tyler, et al., WADD-TR-61-96, 1961. An extensive review of properties of the solid and the saturated liquid was given by Alcock, C. B., M. W. Chase, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 3 (1994): 385–497.
TABLE 2-298 Temp., °C
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Seawater
Pressure, bar
v, (m3/kg)103
cp, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µ, Ns/m2
k, W/(m⋅K)
NPr
105κ, 1/bar
0 1 2 3 4
0.005993 0.006438 0.006916 0.007427 0.007970
1.000158 1.000099 1.000057 1.000033 1.000025
4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.001
0.001884 0.001827 0.001772 0.001720 0.001669
0.560 0.563 0.565 0.567 0.569
13.46 12.98 12.55 12.13 11.74
5.06 5.02 4.98 4.95 4.92
5 6 7 8 9
0.008548 0.009163 0.009816 0.010511 0.011248
1.000033 1.000057 1.000096 1.000149 1.000261
4.001 4.001 4.002 4.002 4.002
0.001620 0.001574 0.001529 0.001486 0.001445
0.571 0.574 0.576 0.578 0.580
11.35 10.97 10.62 10.29 9.97
4.89 4.86 4.83 4.80 4.78
10 11 12 13 14
0.01203 0.01286 0.01374 0.01467 0.01566
1.000298 1.000392 1.000500 1.000620 1.000727
4.003 4.003 4.003 4.004 4.004
0.001405 0.001367 0.001330 0.001294 0.001259
0.582 0.584 0.586 0.588 0.590
9.70 9.37 9.09 8.81 8.54
4.76 4.74 4.72 4.70 4.68
15 16 17 18 19
0.01671 0.01781 0.01898 0.02022 0.02153
1.000899 1.001055 1.001224 1.001404 1.001595
4.005 4.005 4.006 4.006 4.007
0.001226 0.001195 0.001165 0.001136 0.001107
0.592 0.594 0.595 0.597 0.599
8.29 8.06 7.82 7.62 7.41
4.66 4.65 4.63 4.62 4.60
20 21 22 23 24
0.02291 0.02437 0.02591 0.02753 0.02924
1.001796 1.002009 1.002232 1.002465 1.002708
4.007 4.007 4.008 4.008 4.009
0.001080 0.001054 0.001029 0.001005 0.000981
0.600 0.602 0.604 0.605 0.607
7.21 7.02 6.82 6.66 6.48
4.59 4.57 4.56 4.55 4.54
25 26 27 28 29
0.03104 0.03294 0.03494 0.03705 0.03926
1.002961 1.003224 1.003496 1.003778 1.004069
4.009 4.009 4.010 4.010 4.011
0.000958 0.000936 0.000915 0.000895 0.000875
0.608 0.609 0.611 0.612 0.614
6.31 6.16 6.01 5.86 5.72
4.53 4.52 4.51 4.50 4.49
30
0.04159
1.004369
4.011
0.000855
0.615
5.58
4.48
κ = (−1/V)(∂v/∂p)T ⋅ 105. Thus, at 0 °C, the compressibility is 5.06 × 10−5/bar. For further information see, for instance, Bromley, LeR. A., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 12, 2 (1967): 202–206; 13, 1 (1968): 60–62 and 13, 3: 399–402; 15, 2 (1970): 246–253; and A.I.Ch.E.J., 20, 2 (1974): 326–335. Thermal conductivity data sources include Castelli, V. J., E. M. Stanley, et al., Deep Sea Res., 211 (1974): 311–318; Levy, F. L., Int. J. Refrig., 5, 3 (1982): 155–159. For velocity of sound, see, for instance, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office SP 58, 1962 (50 pp.). More recent information is contained in UNESCO technical papers. See Marine Science No. 38, 1981 (6 pp.) and No. 44, 1983 (53 pp.). For sea ice properties, see Fukusako, S., Int. J. Thermophys., 11, 2 (1990): 353–372.
TABLE 2-299 Temp., K
Saturated Sodium
Pressure, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
cpg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µf, 10−6 Pa·s
µg, 10−6 Pa·s
kf, W/(m⋅K)
kg, W/(m⋅K)
Prg
1.59.−10 1.80.−9 8.99.−7 5.57.−5 0.00105
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
078 088 115 144 174
8.54.+9 8.08.+8 1.99.+6 38022 2320
207 247 382 514 642
4739 4757 4817 4872 4921
2.259 2.920 3.222 3.462 3.661
14.475 14.195 12.092 10.745 10.631
1.383 1.372 1.334 1.301 1.277
0.86 1.25 1.80 2.28
688 599 415 321 264
800 900 1000 1100 1154.7
0.00941 0.05147 0.1995 0.6016 1.013
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
208 242 280 323 347
291.5 58.8 16.6 5.95 3.89
769 895 1020 1146 1215
4966 5007 5044 5079 5097
3.830 3.978 4.110 4.230 4.290
9.076 8.547 8.134 7.805 7.652
1.260 1.252 1.252 1.261 1.271
2.59 2.72 2.70 2.62 2.56
227 201 181 166 159
19.6 20.6 23.0 25.3 26.5
62.9 58.3 54.2 50.5 48.7
0.0343 0.0406 0.0455 0.0492 0.0522
0.0045 0.0043 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041
1.48 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.30
27.5 29.9 32.2 34.6 37.1
47.2 44.0 41.1 38.2 35.4
0.0547 0.0570 0.0592
0.0041 0.0042 0.0044 0.0046 0.0050
1.26 1.27 1.30
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
1.50 3.26 6.30 11.13 18.28
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
366 416 471 531 597
2.54 1.24 0.676 0.400 0.253
1273 1402 1534 1671 1812
5111 5140 5168 5193 5217
4.340 4.444 4.542 4.636 4.727
7.538 7.319 7.138 6.984 6.855
1.279 1.305 1.340 1.384 1.437
2.51 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.34
153 143 135 128 122
1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
28.28 41.61 58.70 79.91 105.5
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002
675 761 862 984 174
0.168 0.117 0.084 0.063 0.0472
1959 2113 2274 2444 2625
5238 5256 5268 5273 5265
4.816 4.904 4.992 5.079
6.745 6.650 6.568 6.494
1.500 1.574 1.661 1.764 1.926
2.41 2.46 2.53 2.66 2.91
117 112 108 104
2200 2300 2400 2500 2503.7c
135.7 170.6 210.3 254.7 256.4
0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.004
320 584 985 19 57
0.0361 0.0275 0.0203 0.0098 0.0046
2822 3047 3331 3965 4294
5241 5188 5078 4617 4294
2.190 2.690 4.012 39.3
3.40 4.47 8.03 417.
89.4 87.2 80.1 73.7 68.0
Prf
371 400 500 600 700
32.6 29.7 26.6 23.2
0.0106 0.0094 0.0069 0.0057 0.0050
0.0054 0.0059 0.0067 0.0079
c = critical point. sf values converted from Cordfunke, E. H. P. and R. J. M. Konings, Thermochemical Data for Reactor Materials and Fission Products, North Holland Elsevier, NY, 1990. sg determined as sf + (hg − hf)/T. µg and kg values estimated by P. E. Liley. All other values are from Fink, J. K. and L. Leibowitz, Argonne Nat. Lab Rept. ANL/RE-95-2, 1995. The Fink and Leibowitz work also appeared in High Temp. Materials Sci., 35, 65–103, 1996. Saturation and superheat tables and a diagram to 14 bar, 1700 K are given by Reynolds, W. C., Thermodynamic Properties in S.I., Stanford Univ. publ., 1979 (173 pp.). For a Mollier diagram for 0.1–150 psia, 1500–2700 °R, see Weatherford, P. M., J. C. Tyler, et al., WADD-TR-61-96, 1961.
2-401
2-402
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
2500 K 2400
6500 2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800
ar
1700 5
10 b
1600 1 ba
r
2
h, kJ/kg
6000
0.5
1500
0.2
1400
0.1
1300
5500
0.0
5
1200
0.0
2
1100
0.0
1
1000
5000 7.0
r
8.0
9.0 Entropy (s), kJ/kg • K
bar
800
01
vapo
0.0
te d
02
tura
0.0
Sa
0.0
05
900
700
10.0
Mollier Diagram for Sodium. Drawn from the Vargaftik et al. values in Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Sci. Pubs., Oxford, UK, 1985. These values are identical with those of Vargaftik, N. B., Handbook of Thermophysical Properties of Gases and Liquids, Moscow, 1972, and the Hemisphere translation, p. 19. An apparent discontinuity exists between the superheat values and the saturation values, not reproduced here. For a Mollier diagram in f.p.s. units from 0.1 to 150 psia, 1500 to 2700°R, see Fig. 3-36, p. 3-232 of the 6th edition of this handbook. An extensive review of properties of the solid and the saturated liquid was given by Alcock, C. B., Chase, M. W. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23(3), 385–497, 1994.
FIG. 2-28
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Enthalpy-concentration diagram for aqueous sodium hydroxide at 1 atm. Reference states: enthalpy of liquid water at 32 °F and vapor pressure is zero; partial molal enthalpy of infinitely dilute NaOH solution at 64 °F and 1 atm is zero. [McCabe, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 31, 129 (1935).]
FIG. 2-29
2-403
2-404 TABLE 2-300
Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Dioxide
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
197.70 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 430.64
0.0016602 0.0020260 0.0045390 0.0093340 0.017835 0.031988 0.054309 0.087910 0.13649 0.20431 0.29614 0.41725 0.57327 0.77025 1.0145 1.3128 1.6720 2.0994 2.6028 3.1904 3.8713 4.6557 5.5562 6.5903 7.7908 7.8753
197.70 200.00 210.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 300.00 310.00 320.00 330.00 340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 430.64
0.0016602 0.0020260 0.0045390 0.0093340 0.017835 0.031988 0.054309 0.087910 0.13649 0.20431 0.29614 0.41725 0.57327 0.77025 1.0145 1.3128 1.6720 2.0994 2.6028 3.1904 3.8713 4.6557 5.5562 6.5903 7.7908 7.8753
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
−0.024986 −0.023967 −0.019681 −0.015610 −0.011730 −0.0080208 −0.0044649 −0.0010454 0.0022525 0.0054424 0.0085368 0.011547 0.014485 0.017362 0.020187 0.022972 0.025730 0.028473 0.031220 0.033991 0.036818 0.039753 0.042899 0.046536 0.053143 0.056233
0.056222 0.056094 0.055527 0.054955 0.054393 0.053849 0.053331 0.052843 0.052388 0.051969 0.051587 0.051243 0.050938 0.050675 0.050455 0.050281 0.050157 0.050089 0.050089 0.050173 0.050373 0.050753 0.051457 0.052928 0.058931
0.088123 0.088031 0.087673 0.087396 0.087214 0.087137 0.087177 0.087344 0.087651 0.088112 0.088748 0.089582 0.090647 0.091988 0.093668 0.095777 0.098448 0.10189 0.10644 0.11271 0.12189 0.13673 0.16539 0.24772 3.7896
1361.6 1350.1 1301.1 1253.3 1206.4 1160.3 1114.8 1069.7 1024.9 980.26 935.65 890.99 846.15 801.04 755.54 709.53 662.87 615.37 566.77 516.72 464.59 409.36 349.05 279.41 182.70 0
−0.31925 −0.31864 −0.31528 −0.31064 −0.30450 −0.29665 −0.28683 −0.27473 −0.26000 −0.24217 −0.22070 −0.19485 −0.16370 −0.12603 −0.080167 −0.023832 0.046220 0.13476 0.24913 0.40128 0.61221 0.92296 1.4276 2.4089 5.8716 7.4962
0.11899 0.11774 0.11277 0.10841 0.10458 0.10120 0.098195 0.095507 0.093090 0.090902 0.088908 0.087077 0.085379 0.083789 0.082284 0.080838 0.079427 0.078025 0.076601 0.075116 0.073516 0.071714 0.069543 0.066577 0.059582 0.056233
0.028340 0.028464 0.029049 0.029713 0.030462 0.031293 0.032204 0.033186 0.034230 0.035327 0.036465 0.037638 0.038838 0.040062 0.041310 0.042587 0.043900 0.045264 0.046699 0.048236 0.049922 0.051835 0.054121 0.057117 0.062123
0.036808 0.036952 0.037650 0.038475 0.039438 0.040551 0.041819 0.043246 0.044838 0.046602 0.048552 0.050709 0.053111 0.055813 0.058901 0.062502 0.066814 0.072150 0.079031 0.088395 0.10210 0.12442 0.16795 0.29279 4.6423
182.19 183.16 187.23 191.08 194.70 198.07 201.15 203.92 206.35 208.42 210.09 211.33 212.12 212.43 212.22 211.47 210.13 208.17 205.54 202.18 198.02 192.95 186.81 179.31 168.96 0
Saturated Properties 25.290 25.205 24.835 24.463 24.088 23.709 23.324 22.932 22.532 22.122 21.701 21.267 20.818 20.352 19.865 19.354 18.814 18.239 17.621 16.949 16.204 15.355 14.340 12.987 9.8261 8.1950 0.0010120 0.0012211 0.0026096 0.0051346 0.0094158 0.016257 0.026653 0.041793 0.063061 0.092046 0.13055 0.18062 0.24460 0.32522 0.42570 0.54995 0.70287 0.89084 1.1225 1.4103 1.7733 2.2444 2.8887 3.8804 6.6270 8.1950
0.039541 0.039674 0.040265 0.040878 0.041514 0.042179 0.042875 0.043608 0.044382 0.045204 0.046081 0.047021 0.048035 0.049136 0.050340 0.051670 0.053153 0.054828 0.056750 0.059001 0.061713 0.065124 0.069734 0.077001 0.10177 0.12203 988.16 818.93 383.20 194.76 106.20 61.512 37.519 23.928 15.858 10.864 7.6600 5.5366 4.0883 3.0748 2.3491 1.8184 1.4227 1.1225 0.89086 0.70908 0.56391 0.44556 0.34618 0.25770 0.15090 0.12203
−5.7212 −5.5186 −4.6402 −3.7650 −2.8921 −2.0207 −1.1497 −0.27785 0.59591 1.4729 2.3545 3.2423 4.1378 5.0430 5.9601 6.8916 7.8408 8.8116 9.8095 10.842 11.921 13.066 14.317 15.782 18.415 19.585
−5.7211 −5.5185 −4.6400 −3.7646 −2.8914 −2.0194 −1.1473 −0.27402 0.60197 1.4821 2.3682 3.2619 4.1653 5.0809 6.0112 6.9594 7.9296 8.9267 9.9572 11.030 12.160 13.369 14.704 16.290 19.207 20.546
21.102 21.164 21.435 21.702 21.967 22.226 22.480 22.726 22.964 23.191 23.407 23.611 23.799 23.969 24.120 24.247 24.345 24.409 24.430 24.396 24.289 24.079 23.705 23.009 20.801 19.585
22.743 22.824 23.174 23.520 23.861 24.194 24.518 24.830 25.128 25.411 25.676 25.921 26.142 26.338 26.503 26.634 26.724 26.765 26.748 26.658 26.472 26.153 25.628 24.707 21.976 20.546
299.66 280.77 214.32 166.88 132.33 106.70 87.372 72.572 61.089 52.073 44.917 39.185 34.550 30.772 27.666 25.092 22.939 21.118 19.558 18.192 16.958 15.777 14.529 12.934 9.1885 7.4962
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 262.84
0.10000 0.10000
262.84 300.00 400.00 500.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
200.00 300.00 329.46
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
329.46 400.00 500.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 300.00 400.00 403.99
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
403.99 500.00
5.0000 5.0000
25.206 22.819
−5.5197 −0.030118
−5.5158 −0.025736
22.794 24.043 27.458 31.151
24.916 26.497 30.765 35.297
0.039653 0.046976 0.050272
−5.5302 3.2251 5.9101
2.3827 3.1281 4.0483
−0.023973 −0.000097639
0.088028 0.087416
0.094795 0.10042 0.11269 0.12279
0.033476 0.032826 0.035338 0.038292
0.043681 0.041994 0.043891 0.046720
204.65 219.46 252.48 280.65
−5.4905 3.2721 5.9604
−0.024025 0.011490 0.020035
0.056110 0.051245 0.050466
0.087995 0.089444 0.093567
1353.1 894.23 758.01
24.112 27.007 30.891
26.495 30.135 34.939
0.082363 0.092405 0.10312
0.041242 0.037220 0.038821
0.058722 0.048421 0.048357
212.25 244.07 276.82
27.819 15.238 8.3664
0.039570 0.046686 0.064770 0.066773
−5.5759 3.1113 13.003 13.548
−5.3780 3.3448 13.327 13.882
−0.024255 0.011108 0.039592 0.040973
0.056174 0.051267 0.050649 0.050981
0.087853 0.088566 0.13367 0.14563
1365.0 915.79 417.04 386.08
−0.32064 −0.21095 0.87444 1.0922
2.4748 1.3950
0.40407 0.71686
23.955 29.591
25.975 33.176
0.070906 0.087109
0.052690 0.041506
0.13790 0.058653
190.64 259.84
15.297 8.2323
25.219 21.287 19.892 0.41969 0.31968 0.24701 25.271 21.420 15.439 14.976
21.213 24.532 33.068 41.465
1350.4 1057.0
−0.31868 −0.27084
0.056096 0.052710
0.047141 0.040764 0.030240 0.024117
0.039672 0.043823
69.019 39.646 15.140 8.3690 −0.31905 −0.19703 −0.082891
300.00 400.00 500.00
10.000 10.000 10.000
21.575 16.326 3.4161
0.046350 0.061251 0.29273
2.9776 12.327 27.477
3.4411 12.940 30.404
0.010654 0.037839 0.076991
0.051308 0.049804 0.045669
0.087615 0.11122 0.085639
941.12 501.11 241.12
−0.22613 0.46626 7.4245
300.00 400.00 500.00
20.000 20.000 20.000
21.859 17.379 9.7192
0.045748 0.057542 0.10289
2.7336 11.494 22.208
3.6486 12.644 24.266
0.0098108 0.035620 0.061366
0.051422 0.049297 0.049635
0.086075 0.096839 0.13354
987.39 608.17 292.48
−0.25095 0.15187 2.7261
300.00 400.00 500.00
35.000 35.000 35.000
22.232 18.377 13.607
0.044980 0.054417 0.073492
2.4136 10.681 19.322
3.9878 12.586 21.894
0.0086740 0.033379 0.054113
0.051645 0.049231 0.048429
0.084373 0.088711 0.097089
1048.5 717.32 462.83
−0.27869 −0.043488 0.67011
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density of the equation of state ranges from 0.1% at low temperatures in the liquid and vapor to 0.5% at the highest temperatures. The uncertainty in heat capacities is 2%, and the uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.4% at temperatures above 270 K. The uncertainty in vapor pressure increases at lower temperatures due to the lack of experimental data. In the critical region, the uncertainties are higher for all properties except vapor pressure.
2-405
2-406 TABLE 2-301
Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Hexafluoride
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
222.38 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 318.73
0.22436 0.25012 0.30561 0.37011 0.44448 0.52962 0.62644 0.73591 0.85899 0.99671 1.1502 1.3204 1.5088 1.7164 1.9447 2.1952 2.4696 2.7698 3.0984 3.7539
222.38 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 305.00 310.00 318.73
0.22436 0.25012 0.30561 0.37011 0.44448 0.52962 0.62644 0.73591 0.85899 0.99671 1.1502 1.3204 1.5088 1.7164 1.9447 2.1952 2.4696 2.7698 3.0984 3.7539
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
0.078884 0.079415 0.080489 0.081642 0.082875 0.084192 0.085600 0.087108 0.088731 0.090487 0.092400 0.094507 0.096852 0.099503 0.10256 0.10617 0.11059 0.11626 0.12417 0.19636
22.560 22.842 23.405 23.996 24.610 25.244 25.894 26.559 27.238 27.932 28.640 29.363 30.105 30.867 31.653 32.470 33.327 34.240 35.238 38.575
22.578 22.862 23.430 24.026 24.647 25.288 25.948 26.623 27.315 28.022 28.746 29.488 30.251 31.037 31.852 32.703 33.600 34.562 35.623 39.312
7.6872 6.9355 5.7314 4.7696 3.9949 3.3655 2.8502 2.4248 2.0711 1.7747 1.5246 1.3120 1.1301 0.97310 0.83661 0.71677 0.61023 0.51377 0.42353 0.19636
36.790 36.943 37.235 37.528 37.820 38.110 38.397 38.681 38.960 39.232 39.496 39.749 39.988 40.209 40.407 40.573 40.695 40.751 40.693 38.575
38.515 38.678 38.987 39.293 39.595 39.892 40.183 40.465 40.739 41.001 41.249 41.481 41.693 41.879 42.034 42.147 42.202 42.174 42.006 39.312
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
0.11968 0.12094 0.12342 0.12596 0.12855 0.13117 0.13380 0.13643 0.13908 0.14172 0.14438 0.14704 0.14973 0.15244 0.15519 0.15801 0.16093 0.16399 0.16732 0.17871
0.063933 0.066189 0.069989 0.073230 0.076028 0.078482 0.080672 0.082667 0.084519 0.086274 0.087968 0.089631 0.091292 0.092978 0.094719 0.096558 0.098567 0.10090 0.10399
0.10620 0.11001 0.11631 0.12154 0.12596 0.12981 0.13330 0.13661 0.13994 0.14344 0.14730 0.15173 0.15702 0.16356 0.17202 0.18353 0.20035 0.22773 0.28254
578.22 565.05 539.86 514.71 489.70 464.88 440.25 415.80 391.49 367.25 343.00 318.65 294.10 269.23 243.92 218.04 191.41 163.77 134.40 0
−0.32279 −0.29395 −0.24573 −0.20297 −0.16256 −0.12208 −0.079442 −0.032633 0.020496 0.082465 0.15646 0.24678 0.35955 0.50392 0.69427 0.95460 1.3279 1.8996 2.8784 11.978
0.19135 0.19124 0.19106 0.19093 0.19083 0.19077 0.19074 0.19072 0.19071 0.19070 0.19069 0.19066 0.19059 0.19048 0.19030 0.19003 0.18960 0.18895 0.18791 0.17871
0.069340 0.070316 0.072196 0.074101 0.076031 0.077991 0.079983 0.082010 0.084077 0.086191 0.088360 0.090597 0.092917 0.095345 0.097913 0.10068 0.10372 0.10722 0.11155
0.080626 0.081915 0.084476 0.087187 0.090076 0.093176 0.096531 0.10020 0.10426 0.10882 0.11403 0.12013 0.12746 0.13657 0.14840 0.16473 0.18917 0.23074 0.31922
112.78 112.82 112.77 112.56 112.19 111.65 110.92 109.99 108.86 107.50 105.91 104.06 101.93 99.489 96.707 93.543 89.944 85.845 81.148 0
24.151 23.609 22.653 21.791 21.015 20.317 19.693 19.139 18.652 18.230 17.872 17.578 17.349 17.185 17.086 17.049 17.065 17.098 17.036 11.978
Saturated Properties 12.677 12.592 12.424 12.249 12.066 11.878 11.682 11.480 11.270 11.051 10.822 10.581 10.325 10.050 9.7505 9.4189 9.0428 8.6013 8.0537 5.0926 0.13009 0.14419 0.17448 0.20966 0.25032 0.29713 0.35086 0.41240 0.48285 0.56348 0.65592 0.76219 0.88492 1.0276 1.1953 1.3951 1.6387 1.9464 2.3611 5.0926
Single-Phase Properties 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
225.00 265.11
1.0000 1.0000
265.11 300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
0.054962 0.040537 0.032243 0.026801 0.022943
37.124 43.122 50.424 58.668 67.581
38.943 45.589 53.525 62.399 71.940
0.19969 0.22504 0.24859 0.27014 0.28973
0.069072 0.089337 0.10425 0.11482 0.12235
0.078403 0.098060 0.11277 0.12326 0.13075
117.21 135.40 151.16 165.37 178.44
20.832 8.9939 4.9674 3.1241 2.1242
0.079249 0.090528
22.807 27.948
22.886 28.038
0.12079 0.14178
0.066092 0.086313
0.10946 0.14352
570.46 366.71
−0.30187 0.083989
0.56543 0.45567 0.33888 0.27473 0.23243
1.7686 2.1946 2.9509 3.6399 4.3024
39.238 42.504 50.051 58.408 67.387
41.007 44.699 53.002 62.048 71.689
0.19070 0.20379 0.22845 0.25042 0.27022
0.086239 0.091458 0.10508 0.11528 0.12264
0.10893 0.10595 0.11588 0.12496 0.13181
107.47 122.90 145.14 162.15 176.71
18.222 10.582 5.2070 3.1619 2.1142
9.6705 2.2583 1.5252 1.2155
0.10341 0.44281 0.65566 0.82269
32.693 47.826 57.112 66.464
33.210 50.040 60.390 70.578
0.15873 0.20902 0.23421 0.25515
0.096509 0.10970 0.11717 0.12378
0.16433 0.14796 0.13497 0.13716
257.24 119.18 151.89 173.02
0.56212 6.1481 3.1819 2.0030
12.618 11.046
18.194 24.669 31.015 37.312 43.585
300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
10.303 5.9487 3.3384 2.4910
0.097057 0.16810 0.29955 0.40144
31.996 44.159 55.295 65.252
32.966 45.840 58.291 69.266
0.15625 0.19435 0.22473 0.24729
0.095358 0.11121 0.11863 0.12474
0.14728 0.18759 0.15056 0.14433
332.30 145.44 154.01 177.25
0.14584 2.6476 2.5753 1.6978
300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00
25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000
11.266 9.1060 7.0706 5.5874
0.088766 0.10982 0.14143 0.17897
30.853 41.023 51.697 62.312
33.072 43.768 55.233 66.786
0.15199 0.18375 0.21161 0.23536
0.095576 0.10890 0.11870 0.12549
0.13478 0.14958 0.15437 0.15348
455.74 314.62 248.92 234.29
−0.17165 0.14966 0.47538 0.57992
300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00
50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000
12.151 10.625 9.2093 8.0206
0.082298 0.094118 0.10859 0.12468
29.792 39.323 49.451 59.888
33.906 44.029 54.881 66.122
0.14767 0.17775 0.20410 0.22720
0.098484 0.10946 0.11846 0.12538
0.12950 0.14045 0.14799 0.15134
565.06 454.58 394.01 361.13
−0.30996 −0.19915 −0.10589 −0.058213
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is de Reuck, K. M., Craven, R. J. B., and Cole, W. A., “Report on the Development of an Equation of State for Sulphur Hexafluoride,” IUPAC Thermodynamic Tables Project Centre, London, 1991. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties of the equation of state are 0.1% in density, 2% in heat capacity, and 5% in the speed of sound, except in the critical region.
2-407
200
250
00 13
14
15
700.
600.
40
30
20
80.
2. 60.
por ted va
0.9
−20
0.8
satura
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4 x=
0.3
0.2
iqu dl
0.1
ate tur sa
1. 30.
20.
5 1.8
0k
15.
0.4
s=
1.8
5 1.7
0 1.7
5 1.6
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
−30
0.90
0.6
J/(k
g·K
)
0.6 0.85
4.
40.
−10
id
freezing line
6.
100.
0
0.4
8.
240
230
210
T = 220 °C
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
T = 10 °C
30
20
2.
0.8
10.
150.
c.p.
30
1.
3
g/m
0. k ρ = 50
20
0
.
800
500 20.
200.
4.
Pressure (MPa)
.
900
450
300.
10
−10
1600
.
1700.
1800.
−30
T = −20 °C
−40
6.
.
00
10
400
400.
10. 8.
.
00
11
12
reference state: h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) for saturated liquid at 0 °C
350
.
00
.
00
.
.
Sulfur Hexafluoride
300
00
2-408
150 20.
−40
10. triple point = 50.77 °C
0.2 150
solid + vapor region
200
250
300
350
400
450
0.2 500
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Pressure-enthalpy diagram for sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Properties computed with the NIST REFPROP Database, Version 7.0 (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., 2002, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, Version 7.0, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology), based on the equation of state of de Reuck, K. M., Craven, R.J.B., and Cole, W. A., “Report on the Development of an Equation of State for Sulphur Hexafluoride,” IUPAC Thermodynamic Tables Project Centre, London, 1991. FIG. 2-30
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
2-409
Enthalpy-concentration diagram for aqueous sulfuric acid at 1 atm. Reference states: enthalpies of pure-liquid components at 32° F and vapor pressures are zero. NOTE: It should be observed that the weight basis includes the vapor, which is particularly important in the two-phase region. The upper ends of the tie lines in this region are assumed to be pure water. (Hougen and Watson, Chemical Process Principles, part I, Wiley, New York, 1943.) FIG. 2-31
TABLE 2-302
Saturated SUVA AC 9000
DuPont bulletin T–AC–9000–SI, 1994 (16 pp.) gives tables and a chart to 100 bar, 235°C. With a stated composition of 23% wt CH2F2 (R23), 25% wt CHF2CF3 (R125), and 52% wt CH2FCH3 (R134a) this is apparently identical to KLEA 66, to which the reader is referred.
2-410 TABLE 2-303 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Toluene Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa −0.57170 −0.57178 −0.56718 −0.55455 −0.53604 −0.51329 −0.48747 −0.45928 −0.42904 −0.39664 −0.36162 −0.32305 −0.27947 −0.22860 −0.16688 −0.088509 0.016497 0.16681 0.40139 0.81616 1.7226 4.9610 19.734
Saturated Properties 178.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 580.00 591.75
3.9393E-08 5.5336E-08 1.0833E-06 1.1479E-05 7.7542E-05 0.00037312 0.0013829 0.0041774 0.010727 0.024170 0.048980 0.090988 0.15731 0.25622 0.39698 0.58974 0.84559 1.1766 1.5964 2.1207 2.7691 3.5688 4.1264
178.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 580.00 591.75
3.9393E-08 5.5336E-08 1.0833E-06 1.1479E-05 7.7542E-05 0.00037312 0.0013829 0.0041774 0.010727 0.024170 0.048980 0.090988 0.15731 0.25622 0.39698 0.58974 0.84559 1.1766 1.5964 2.1207 2.7691 3.5688 4.1264
10.580 10.559 10.349 10.144 9.9416 9.7408 9.5402 9.3385 9.1347 8.9275 8.7157 8.4979 8.2722 8.0367 7.7887 7.5246 7.2394 6.9258 6.5719 6.1562 5.6334 4.8513 3.1690 2.6618E-08 3.6974E-08 6.5146E-07 6.2760E-06 3.8866E-05 0.00017271 0.00059503 0.0016815 0.0040644 0.0086767 0.016770 0.029922 0.050060 0.079525 0.12122 0.17889 0.25767 0.36515 0.51366 0.72590 1.0524 1.6605 3.1690
0.094517 0.094708 0.096627 0.098582 0.10059 0.10266 0.10482 0.10708 0.10947 0.11201 0.11474 0.11768 0.12089 0.12443 0.12839 0.13290 0.13813 0.14439 0.15216 0.16244 0.17751 0.20613 0.31556 37,569,000. 27,046,000. 1,535,000. 159,340. 25,729. 5,790.1 1,680.6 594.71 246.04 115.25 59.631 33.420 19.976 12.575 8.2496 5.5901 3.8810 2.7386 1.9468 1.3776 0.95020 0.60222 0.31556
−31.779 −31.508 −28.792 −26.046 −23.242 −20.358 −17.378 −14.290 −11.084 −7.7538 −4.2939 −0.70017 3.0306 6.9017 10.917 15.082 19.404 23.896 28.580 33.494 38.729 44.585 50.827
−31.779 −31.508 −28.792 −26.046 −23.242 −20.358 −17.378 −14.289 −11.083 −7.7511 −4.2882 −0.68946 3.0496 6.9336 10.968 15.160 19.521 24.066 28.823 33.839 39.220 45.321 52.129
−0.11617 −0.11466 −0.10035 −0.087266 −0.075068 −0.063529 −0.052490 −0.041839 −0.031496 −0.021403 −0.011516 −0.0018023 0.0077653 0.017209 0.026551 0.035811 0.045015 0.054196 0.063400 0.072709 0.082291 0.092723 0.10409
0.094332 0.094377 0.095732 0.098418 0.10209 0.10651 0.11147 0.11682 0.12243 0.12819 0.13403 0.13988 0.14571 0.15148 0.15718 0.16280 0.16836 0.17388 0.17943 0.18518 0.19153 0.20008
0.13565 0.13561 0.13627 0.13855 0.14205 0.14648 0.15162 0.15729 0.16337 0.16976 0.17640 0.18325 0.19032 0.19764 0.20531 0.21350 0.22253 0.23298 0.24610 0.26495 0.30025 0.44025
1887.6 1876.5 1768.3 1664.8 1565.9 1471.5 1381.2 1294.5 1210.9 1130.0 1051.3 974.11 898.08 822.67 747.37 671.66 594.94 516.53 435.57 350.82 260.06 157.29 0
12.076 12.186 13.353 14.646 16.071 17.632 19.331 21.165 23.130 25.218 27.421 29.730 32.133 34.618 37.172 39.776 42.408 45.035 47.606 50.033 52.136 53.371 50.827
13.556 13.683 15.016 16.475 18.066 19.793 21.655 23.649 25.769 28.003 30.342 32.770 35.275 37.840 40.447 43.073 45.690 48.257 50.713 52.955 54.768 55.520 52.129
0.13852 0.13640 0.11869 0.10601 0.097048 0.090897 0.086914 0.084624 0.083666 0.083758 0.084678 0.086250 0.088329 0.090796 0.093548 0.096491 0.099533 0.10258 0.10550 0.10811 0.11005 0.11031 0.10409
0.054735 0.055322 0.061435 0.067930 0.074733 0.081779 0.089005 0.096358 0.10379 0.11127 0.11875 0.12622 0.13364 0.14100 0.14832 0.15558 0.16283 0.17013 0.17758 0.18540 0.19407 0.20499
0.063049 0.063636 0.069750 0.076246 0.083057 0.090124 0.097403 0.10486 0.11248 0.12026 0.12819 0.13630 0.14463 0.15326 0.16234 0.17214 0.18316 0.19639 0.21403 0.24190 0.30118 0.55687
136.02 136.69 143.14 149.27 155.12 160.70 166.00 170.96 175.47 179.42 182.67 185.07 186.44 186.62 185.42 182.60 177.87 170.89 161.17 148.11 130.92 108.57 0
821.69 783.08 496.50 328.33 225.22 159.61 116.50 87.391 67.283 53.119 42.979 35.624 30.237 26.277 23.381 21.313 19.928 19.156 19.007 19.581 21.067 23.353 19.734
Single-Phase Properties 200.00 325.00 383.28
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
383.28 450.00 575.00 700.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
200.00 325.00 450.00 489.95
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
489.95 575.00 700.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 325.00 450.00 575.00 700.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
200.00 325.00 450.00 575.00 700.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
10.350 9.0842 8.4614 0.032692 0.027344 0.021125 0.017270 10.354 9.0933 7.6732 7.0876 0.30691 0.23372 0.18116
0.096623 0.11008 0.11818 30.589 36.572 47.338 57.904 0.096581 0.10997 0.13032 0.14109 3.2583 4.2786 5.5199
−28.794 −10.267 −0.097277
−28.784 −10.256 −0.085459
−0.10036 −0.028962 −0.00022242
0.095737 0.12386 0.14084
0.13627 0.16493 0.18440
1768.7 1191.0 961.57
−0.56720 −0.42130 −0.31629 34.622 18.656 8.1724 4.5991
30.118 39.369 60.145 84.697
33.177 43.026 64.879 90.487
0.086560 0.11021 0.15289 0.19311
0.12744 0.14828 0.18229 0.20915
0.13765 0.15755 0.19099 0.21767
185.37 202.98 230.86 255.08
−28.811 −10.303 12.928 21.616
−28.715 −10.193 13.058 21.757
−0.10045 −0.029074 0.031073 0.049581
0.095778 0.12389 0.16000 0.17110
0.13625 0.16482 0.20893 0.22749
1771.8 1196.3 715.87 556.21
43.717 59.065 84.035
46.976 63.344 89.555
0.10105 0.13184 0.17301
0.16645 0.18481 0.21011
0.18937 0.19848 0.22077
174.71 210.35 244.28
19.469 9.4517 4.8519
−0.56742 −0.42281 −0.13702 0.083851
10.373 9.1328 7.7765 5.6051 1.1698
0.096400 0.10950 0.12859 0.17841 0.85487
−28.887 −10.460 12.548 41.699 80.250
−28.405 −9.9129 13.191 42.591 84.524
−0.10083 −0.029562 0.030217 0.087531 0.15419
0.095961 0.12404 0.16002 0.19430 0.21547
0.13619 0.16434 0.20635 0.28257 0.24819
1785.8 1219.1 761.15 285.95 197.87
−0.56831 −0.42907 −0.18092 1.3449 5.8706
10.397 9.1800 7.8890 6.1856 3.2697
0.096178 0.10893 0.12676 0.16166 0.30584
−28.980 −10.647 12.131 40.014 73.814
−28.018 −9.5580 13.398 41.630 76.873
−0.10130 −0.030150 0.029259 0.084396 0.13965
0.096187 0.12422 0.16009 0.19242 0.21978
0.13612 0.16382 0.20400 0.24975 0.30359
1802.9 1246.4 810.93 425.25 189.44
−0.56932 −0.43597 −0.22080 0.38997 3.9797
−2.7551 19.397 45.521 74.845
−0.038333 0.019038 0.070122 0.11620
0.12727 0.16256 0.19323 0.21782
0.16019 0.19397 0.22291 0.24523
1609.1 1308.6 1104.9 967.84
−0.48598 −0.38806 −0.31962 −0.27316
−0.00069710 0.050390 0.096461
0.17022 0.20000 0.22392
0.19432 0.22274 0.24550
2238.9 2087.2 1977.5
−0.40813 −0.35992 −0.32978
325.00 450.00 575.00 700.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
9.7930 8.9423 8.1649 7.4598
0.10211 0.11183 0.12248 0.13405
−12.967 8.2140 33.274 61.439
450.00 575.00 700.00
500.00 500.00 500.00
10.545 10.097 9.7036
0.094835 0.099035 0.10305
3.6375 27.662 54.974
51.055 77.179 106.50
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in density in the equation of state are 0.05% in the liquid phase up to 540 K, 0.5% up to the critical temperature, 1% at higher temperatures, 0.5% at pressures from 100 to 500 MPa, and 0.2% in the vapor phase. The uncertainty for the saturated-liquid density (and densities near atmospheric pressure) approaches 0.01% around 300 K. The uncertainties in vapor pressure are 0.3% from 270 to 305 K, 0.05% from 305 to 425 K, 0.1% up to 555 K, and 0.15% up to the critical temperature. The uncertainty in heat capacities is 0.5% and rises to 3% in the critical region. The uncertainty in the speed of sound is 1% up to 500 K and 100 MPa and rises to 2% at higher pressures and higher temperatures.
2-411
2-412
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-304
Saturated Solid/Vapor Water* Volume, ft3/lb
Enthalpy, Btu/lb
Entropy, Btu/(lb)(°F)
Temp., °F
Pressure, lb/in2 abs.
Solid
Vapor
Solid
Vapor
Solid
Vapor
−160 −150 −140 −130 −120
4.949.−8 1.620.−7 4.928.−7 1.403.−6 3.757.−6
0.01722 0.01723 0.01724 0.01725 0.01726
3.607.+9 1.139.+9 3.864.+8 1.400.+8 5.386.+7
−222.05 −218.82 −215.49 −212.08 −208.58
990.38 994.80 999.21 1003.63 1008.05
−0.4907 −0.4801 −0.4695 −0.4590 −0.4485
3.5549 3.4387 3.3301 3.2284 3.1330
−110 −100 −90 −80 −70
9.517.−6 2.291.−5 5.260.−5 1.157.−4 2.443.−4
0.01728 0.01729 0.01730 0.01731 0.01732
2.189.+7 9.352.+6 4.186.+6 1.955.+6 9.501.+5
−204.98 −201.28 −197.49 −193.60 −189.61
1012.47 1016.89 1021.31 1025.73 1030.15
−0.4381 −0.4277 −0.4173 −0.4069 −0.3965
3.0434 2.9591 2.8796 2.8045 2.7336
−60 −50 −45 −40 −35
4.972.−4 9.776.−4 1.354.−3 1.861.−3 2.540.−3
0.01734 0.01735 0.01736 0.01737 0.01737
4.788.+5 2.496.+5 1.824.+5 1.343.+5 9.961.+4
−185.52 −181.34 −179.21 −177.06 −174.88
1034.58 1039.00 1041.21 1043.42 1045.63
−0.3862 −0.3758 −0.3707 −0.3655 −0.3604
2.6664 2.6028 2.5723 2.5425 2.5135
−30 −25 −20 −15 −10
3.440.−3 4.627.−3 6.181.−3 8.204.−3 1.082.−2
0.01738 0.01739 0.01739 0.01740 0.01741
7.441.+4 5.596.+4 4.237.+4 3.228.+4 2.475.+4
−172.68 −170.46 −168.21 −165.94 −163.65
1047.84 1050.05 1052.26 1054.47 1056.67
−0.3552 −0.3501 −0.3449 −0.3398 −0.3347
2.4853 2.4577 2.4308 2.4046 2.3791
−5 0 5 10 15
1.419.−2 1.849.−2 2.396.−2 3.087.−2 3.957.−2
0.01741 0.01742 0.01743 0.01744 0.01744
1.909.+4 1.481.+4 1.155.+4 9.060.+3 7.144.+3
−161.33 −158.98 −156.61 −154.22 −151.80
1058.88 1061.09 1063.29 1065.50 1067.70
−0.3295 −0.3244 −0.3193 −0.3142 −0.3090
2.3541 2.3297 2.3039 2.2827 2.2600
16 18 20 22 24
4.156.−2 4.581.−2 5.045.−2 5.552.−2 6.105.−2
0.01745 0.01745 0.01745 0.01746 0.01746
6.817.+3 6.210.+3 5.662.+3 5.166.+3 4.717.+3
−151.32 −150.34 −149.36 −148.38 −147.39
1068.14 1069.02 1069.90 1070.38 1071.66
−0.3080 −0.3060 −0.3039 −0.3019 −0.2998
2.2555 2.2466 2.2378 2.2291 2.2205
26 28 30 31 32
6.708.−2 7.365.−2 8.080.−2 8.461.−2 8.858.−2
0.01746 0.01746 0.01747 0.01747 0.01747
4.311.+3 3.943.+3 3.608.+3 3.453.+3 3.305.+3
−146.40 −145.40 −144.40 −143.90 −143.40
1072.53 1073.41 1074.29 1074.73 1075.16
−0.2978 −0.2957 −0.2937 −0.2927 −0.2916
2.2119 2.2034 2.1950 2.1908 2.1867
*Condensed from Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1967 and 1972. Reproduced by permission. The validity of many standard reference tables has been critically reviewed by Jancso, Pupezin, and van Hook, J. Phys. Chem., 74 (1970):2984. Current information on the properties of solid, vapor, and liquid water properties can be found at http://www.iapws.org. The notation 4.949.−8, 3.607.+9, etc., means 4.949 × 10−8, 3.607 × 109, etc.
2-412
TABLE 2-305 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Water Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
0 0.51875 1.2742 2.0278 2.7808 3.5339 4.2873 5.0414 5.7964 6.5526 7.3104 8.0701 8.8320 9.5966 10.364 11.136 11.911 12.692 13.477 14.269 15.068 15.875 16.690 17.515 18.352 19.200 20.064 20.943 21.841 22.762 23.709 24.688 25.707 26.777 27.917 29.160 30.585 32.422 36.314
1.1E-05 0.51877 1.2742 2.0279 2.7810 3.5340 4.2876 5.0419 5.7972 6.5538 7.3121 8.0725 8.8354 9.6013 10.371 11.144 11.923 12.706 13.496 14.293 15.098 15.913 16.737 17.573 18.421 19.285 20.165 21.065 21.987 22.935 23.915 24.932 25.996 27.119 28.324 29.648 31.180 33.180 37.548
0 0.001876 0.004527 0.007082 0.009551 0.011941 0.014260 0.016511 0.018700 0.020830 0.022906 0.024932 0.026911 0.028847 0.030743 0.032602 0.034427 0.036222 0.037988 0.039729 0.041448 0.043147 0.044830 0.046498 0.048156 0.049807 0.051454 0.053102 0.054756 0.056422 0.058106 0.059821 0.061577 0.063396 0.065309 0.067371 0.069715 0.072737 0.079393
42.785 42.954 43.201 43.446 43.690 43.931 44.169 44.404 44.634 44.860 45.079 45.291 45.496 45.691 45.876 46.050 46.211 46.359
45.055 45.280 45.609 45.936 46.261 46.582 46.900 47.212 47.519 47.819 48.111 48.393 48.665 48.924 49.170 49.400 49.613 49.807
0.16494 0.16174 0.15741 0.15344 0.14981 0.14647 0.14339 0.14054 0.13791 0.13546 0.13317 0.13104 0.12904 0.12715 0.12537 0.12369 0.12208 0.12054
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.075978 0.075669 0.075095 0.074412 0.073645 0.072811 0.071927 0.071008 0.070070 0.069124 0.068180 0.067247 0.066331 0.065438 0.064570 0.063731 0.062920 0.062140 0.061390 0.060671 0.059984 0.059327 0.058702 0.058109 0.057548 0.057023 0.056536 0.056089 0.055690 0.055347 0.055071 0.054881 0.054808 0.054902 0.055258 0.056100 0.058152 0.064521
0.076023 0.075688 0.075429 0.075320 0.075294 0.075317 0.075373 0.075456 0.075567 0.075708 0.075883 0.076098 0.076357 0.076664 0.077026 0.077447 0.077934 0.078495 0.079136 0.079869 0.080706 0.081662 0.082757 0.084013 0.085464 0.087149 0.089124 0.091464 0.094275 0.097713 0.10201 0.10754 0.11491 0.12526 0.14100 0.16852 0.23108 0.46736
1402.3 1434.1 1472.1 1501.4 1523.2 1538.7 1548.7 1553.9 1554.8 1552.0 1545.8 1536.5 1524.3 1509.5 1492.2 1472.5 1450.6 1426.5 1400.4 1372.2 1342.0 1309.8 1275.7 1239.6 1201.5 1161.3 1119.1 1074.6 1027.9 978.54 926.44 871.23 812.49 749.57 681.27 604.73 513.19 400.66 0
−0.24142 −0.23515 −0.22720 −0.22024 −0.21393 −0.20804 −0.20241 −0.19690 −0.19140 −0.18581 −0.18005 −0.17404 −0.16769 −0.16092 −0.15366 −0.14581 −0.13728 −0.12794 −0.11767 −0.10631 −0.09369 −0.07959 −0.06372 −0.04578 −0.02534 −0.00189 0.025264 0.057002 0.094527 0.13949 0.19425 0.26220 0.34857 0.46172 0.61660 0.84473 1.2251 1.9542 3.7410
561.04 574.04 592.73 610.28 626.05 639.71 651.18 660.55 668.00 673.76 678.02 681.00 682.83 683.64 683.52 682.53 680.70 678.05 674.59 670.28 665.12 659.07 652.06 644.05 634.95 624.68 613.15 600.26 585.95 570.21 553.08 534.74 515.43 495.46 475.03 454.10 432.51 414.93
1791.2 1433.7 1084.0 853.84 693.54 577.02 489.49 421.97 368.77 326.10 291.36 262.69 238.77 218.60 201.43 186.68 173.91 162.77 152.98 144.31 136.58 129.64 123.37 117.66 112.42 107.57 103.05 98.792 94.746 90.857 87.074 83.342 79.600 75.773 71.759 67.382 62.244 55.247
0.025553 0.025657 0.025816 0.025982 0.026158 0.026350 0.026568 0.026821 0.027118 0.027469 0.027883 0.028372 0.028944 0.029608 0.030369 0.031230 0.032187 0.033234
0.033947 0.034073 0.034270 0.034483 0.034716 0.034980 0.035287 0.035653 0.036091 0.036617 0.037249 0.038004 0.038903 0.039963 0.041203 0.042634 0.044269 0.046114
409.00 413.92 420.99 427.89 434.63 441.18 447.54 453.68 459.58 465.22 470.57 475.61 480.32 484.67 488.65 492.22 495.39 498.12
Saturated Properties
2-413
273.16 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 647.1
0.000612 0.000992 0.001920 0.003537 0.006231 0.010546 0.017213 0.027188 0.041682 0.062194 0.090535 0.12885 0.17964 0.24577 0.33045 0.43730 0.57026 0.73367 0.9322 1.1709 1.4551 1.7905 2.1831 2.6392 3.1655 3.7690 4.4569 5.2369 6.1172 7.1062 8.2132 9.448 10.821 12.345 14.033 15.901 17.969 20.265 22.064
273.16 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440
0.000612 0.000992 0.001920 0.003537 0.006231 0.010546 0.017213 0.027188 0.041682 0.062194 0.090535 0.12885 0.17964 0.24577 0.33045 0.43730 0.57026 0.73367
55.497 55.501 55.440 55.315 55.139 54.919 54.662 54.371 54.049 53.698 53.321 52.918 52.490 52.038 51.563 51.064 50.541 49.994 49.421 48.824 48.199 47.545 46.861 46.145 45.393 44.603 43.770 42.889 41.954 40.956 39.885 38.725 37.456 36.048 34.451 32.577 30.210 26.729 17.874 0.000269 0.000426 0.000797 0.001420 0.002424 0.003978 0.006304 0.009681 0.014448 0.021014 0.029859 0.041537 0.056683 0.076014 0.10034 0.13055 0.16765 0.21276
0.018019 0.018018 0.018038 0.018078 0.018136 0.018209 0.018294 0.018392 0.018502 0.018623 0.018754 0.018897 0.019051 0.019217 0.019394 0.019583 0.019786 0.020003 0.020234 0.020482 0.020748 0.021033 0.021340 0.021671 0.022030 0.022420 0.022847 0.023316 0.023836 0.024417 0.025072 0.025823 0.026698 0.027741 0.029026 0.030697 0.033101 0.037413 0.055948 3711.0 2345.4 1254.3 704.01 412.60 251.39 158.62 103.30 69.213 47.586 33.491 24.075 17.642 13.156 9.9666 7.6601 5.9649 4.7002
592.65 477.26 351.65 264.35 203.74 161.25 130.92 108.77 92.178 79.440 69.427 61.373 54.749 49.181 44.405 40.237 36.550 33.259
17.071 17.442 18.031 18.673 19.369 20.117 20.922 21.784 22.707 23.695 24.750 25.875 27.074 28.347 29.699 31.128 32.638 34.230
9.2163 9.3815 9.6414 9.9195 10.213 10.518 10.833 11.157 11.487 11.823 12.162 12.504 12.848 13.192 13.538 13.883 14.228 14.573
2-414
TABLE 2-305
Thermodynamic Properties of Water (Continued)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 647.1
0.93220 1.1709 1.4551 1.7905 2.1831 2.6392 3.1655 3.7690 4.4569 5.2369 6.1172 7.1062 8.2132 9.4480 10.821 12.345 14.033 15.901 17.969 20.265 22.064
0.26711 0.33209 0.40925 0.50035 0.60738 0.73265 0.87884 1.0491 1.2473 1.4780 1.7471 2.0620 2.4325 2.8720 3.3994 4.0434 4.8497 5.9009 7.3737 9.8331 17.874
3.7438 3.0113 2.4435 1.9986 1.6464 1.3649 1.1379 0.95318 0.80174 0.67659 0.57238 0.48497 0.41110 0.34819 0.29417 0.24732 0.20620 0.16946 0.13562 0.10170 0.055948
55.317 53.212
0.018078 0.018793
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.048177 0.050469 0.053005 0.055809 0.058919 0.062388 0.066289 0.070723 0.075827 0.081789 0.088873 0.097461 0.10813 0.12178 0.13994 0.16540 0.20384 0.26923 0.40819 0.94736
500.41 502.24 503.60 504.45 504.78 504.55 503.71 502.23 500.05 497.10 493.31 488.58 482.79 475.80 467.41 457.33 445.11 429.99 410.21 379.64 0
30.307 27.653 25.265 23.118 21.187 19.450 17.886 16.475 15.197 14.035 12.973 11.997 11.093 10.248 9.4499 8.6837 7.9329 7.1743 6.3669 5.3854 3.7410
35.904 37.663 39.512 41.455 43.502 45.666 47.969 50.442 53.130 56.102 59.456 63.341 67.981 73.721 81.108 91.052 105.17 126.66 163.44 250.01
14.917 15.261 15.606 15.952 16.300 16.653 17.011 17.377 17.755 18.149 18.563 19.007 19.489 20.024 20.634 21.350 22.229 23.374 25.018 27.938
−0.22024 −0.17843
610.32 678.97
67.038 47.254 19.298 10.567 6.6444 4.5167 3.2280 2.3885 1.8122 1.4006
25.053 27.008 35.861 46.367 57.964 70.385 83.466 97.085 111.15 125.58
−0.22022 −0.16113 −0.11435
610.73 684.10 673.37
29.473 19.741 10.615 6.6387 4.5077 3.2212 2.3837 1.8089 1.3982
36.427 38.799 47.636 58.735 70.983 84.000 97.573 111.57 125.89
−0.22012 −0.16222 −0.04945 0.047232
612.54 686.54 646.52 604.15
Saturated Properties 46.492 46.609 46.708 46.788 46.848 46.885 46.898 46.883 46.838 46.758 46.641 46.478 46.264 45.988 45.636 45.188 44.613 43.855 42.801 41.095 36.314
49.982 50.134 50.263 50.367 50.442 50.487 50.500 50.475 50.411 50.302 50.142 49.925 49.641 49.278 48.819 48.242 47.506 46.550 45.238 43.156 37.548
0.11907 0.11764 0.11627 0.11493 0.11362 0.11233 0.11105 0.10979 0.10852 0.10724 0.10595 0.10462 0.10324 0.10180 0.10026 0.098600 0.096755 0.094631 0.092029 0.088324 0.079393
0.034362 0.035561 0.036821 0.038137 0.039503 0.040920 0.042391 0.043920 0.045519 0.047197 0.048968 0.050848 0.052856 0.055017 0.057361 0.059939 0.062831 0.066197 0.070465 0.077576
Single-Phase Properties 300 372.76
0.1 0.1
372.76 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
300 400 453.03
1 1 1
453.03 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
300 400 500 537.09
5 5 5 5
537.09 600 700
5 5 5
0.032769 0.030397 0.024154 0.020086 0.017201 0.015044 0.013369 0.012030 0.010936 0.010024 55.340 52.060 49.243 0.28559 0.25158 0.20466 0.17377 0.15134 0.13418 0.12058 0.10951 0.10032 55.439 52.173 46.267 43.151 1.4072 1.1320 0.91269
30.517 32.898 41.401 49.786 58.136 66.471 74.799 83.123 91.444 99.763
2.0277 7.5196
2.0295 7.5214
0.007081 0.02347
0.074406 0.067921
0.075315 0.075938
45.138 45.900 48.619 51.387 54.256 57.240 60.347 63.581 66.941 70.426
48.190 49.189 52.759 56.365 60.069 63.887 67.827 71.893 76.085 80.402
0.13257 0.13516 0.14313 0.14970 0.15541 0.16050 0.16514 0.16943 0.17342 0.17718
0.02801 0.02717 0.02717 0.028103 0.029225 0.030431 0.031687 0.032963 0.034228 0.035458
0.037444 0.036170 0.035693 0.036513 0.037592 0.038778 0.040024 0.041293 0.042554 0.043781
0.018070 0.019209 0.020307
2.0263 9.5914 13.717
2.0444 9.6106 13.737
0.007077 0.028834 0.038518
0.074353 0.065422 0.061169
0.075270 0.076628 0.079348
3.5015 3.9749 4.8861 5.7547 6.6074 7.4524 8.2932 9.1313 9.9677
46.529 48.111 51.123 54.087 57.121 60.258 63.511 66.885 70.380
50.030 52.086 56.009 59.842 63.729 67.710 71.804 76.016 80.347
0.11863 0.12295 0.13011 0.13602 0.14121 0.14590 0.15021 0.15422 0.15799
0.034718 0.030084 0.029002 0.029629 0.030651 0.031821 0.033051 0.034290 0.035504
0.048846 0.041065 0.038358 0.038495 0.039301 0.040358 0.041522 0.042719 0.043905
0.018038 0.019167 0.021614 0.023175
2.0204 9.5643 17.474 20.685
2.1106 9.6601 17.582 20.801
0.007057 0.028766 0.046415 0.052622
0.074119 0.065337 0.058082 0.056215
0.075070 0.076438 0.083643 0.090740
0.71063 0.88340 1.0957
46.785 49.734 53.286
50.338 54.151 58.765
0.10762 0.11436 0.12148
0.046699 0.034611 0.031678
0.079952 0.051045 0.043318
1501.5 1543.5 471.99 490.31 548.31 598.61 643.92 685.47 724.03 760.17 794.33 826.85 1503.0 1511.3 1392.0 501.02 535.74 592.58 640.55 683.48 722.85 759.50 794.01 826.77 1509.8 1520.9 1250.0 1087.8 498.04 561.07 624.59
14.362 10.407 6.5536
55.203 54.653 62.680
853.83 282.91 12.256 13.285 17.270 21.407 25.564 29.669 33.685 37.592 41.382 45.054 853.67 218.80 150.24 15.021 17.051 21.329 25.550 29.687 33.718 37.630 41.420 45.088 853.00 219.84 118.27 100.01 18.032 21.062 25.547
800 900 1000 1100 1200
5 5 5 5 5
300 400 500 584.15
10 10 10 10
584.15 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
0.77805 0.68224 0.60918 0.55109 0.50355 55.561 52.312 46.517 38.213 3.0787 2.7628 1.9625 1.6157 1.3945 1.2345 1.1111 1.0119
1.2853 1.4658 1.6416 1.8146 1.9859
56.576 59.855 63.197 66.632 70.172
63.002 67.183 71.405 75.705 80.101
0.12714 0.13207 0.13652 0.14061 0.14444
0.031683 0.032430 0.033447 0.034565 0.035704
0.041848 0.041922 0.042571 0.043465 0.044458
674.39 717.57 756.57 792.63 826.45
4.4532 3.1856 2.3599 1.7924 1.3865
73.950 86.626 99.971 113.64 127.51
29.806 33.891 37.821 41.606 45.257
0.017998 0.019116 0.021497 0.026169
2.0131 9.5311 17.389 25.105
2.1931 9.7222 17.604 25.367
0.007031 0.028682 0.046244 0.060543
0.073834 0.065233 0.058028 0.054835
0.074829 0.076208 0.082910 0.11032
1518.2 1532.7 1271.3 847.33
−0.21999 −0.16351 −0.05669 0.29540
614.81 689.57 651.64 526.83
852.28 221.13 119.55 81.795
0.32482 0.36195 0.50956 0.61893 0.71709 0.81002 0.90002 0.98820
45.852 47.183 52.145 55.851 59.334 62.798 66.314 69.910
49.100 50.802 57.241 62.040 66.505 70.898 75.314 79.792
0.10117 0.10405 0.11405 0.12046 0.12572 0.13035 0.13456 0.13846
0.055964 0.047271 0.034838 0.033089 0.033219 0.033947 0.034908 0.035954
0.128640 0.092535 0.051779 0.045603 0.044062 0.043952 0.044427 0.045164
472.51 503.34 602.20 662.61 710.98 753.03 791.02 826.16
9.9124 9.4382 6.3228 4.3529 3.1289 2.3241 1.7683 1.3695
76.543 71.110 69.301 78.476 90.516 103.50 116.73 130.00
20.267 21.036 25.704 30.054 34.176 38.111 41.882 45.506
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
57.573 54.500 49.914 43.935 36.179 26.768 19.073 14.734 12.246 10.631
0.017369 0.018349 0.020034 0.022761 0.027640 0.037359 0.052429 0.067868 0.081656 0.094062
1.8921 9.0423 16.289 23.820 31.916 40.700 48.805 55.188 60.470 65.222
3.6290 10.877 18.292 26.097 34.680 44.435 54.048 61.975 68.635 74.628
0.006516 0.027360 0.043895 0.058109 0.071320 0.084331 0.095669 0.10404 0.11039 0.11561
0.069812 0.063582 0.057324 0.052776 0.049610 0.047143 0.043932 0.041345 0.040131 0.039810
0.071696 0.073086 0.075607 0.081104 0.091576 0.10108 0.088057 0.071678 0.062539 0.057826
1667.9 1717.3 1555.7 1300.4 1020.0 813.97 765.30 792.50 832.67 872.28
−0.21618 −0.17905 −0.12564 −0.02079 0.21155 0.65939 1.0399 1.0944 0.98401 0.83544
654.50 741.80 730.42 645.83 510.14 351.46 257.03 232.07 223.70 219.07
856.88 243.50 138.92 101.51 79.363 62.042 53.250 51.518 52.497 54.415
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500
63.750 60.862 57.695 54.316 50.847 47.385 44.018 40.814 37.834 35.124
0.015686 0.016431 0.017332 0.018411 0.019667 0.021104 0.022718 0.024501 0.026432 0.028470
1.5247 7.9635 14.264 20.481 26.606 32.615 38.492 44.233 49.839 55.312
9.3678 16.179 22.930 29.687 36.439 43.167 49.851 56.484 63.055 69.547
0.003746 0.023347 0.038412 0.050731 0.061141 0.070124 0.077998 0.084987 0.091251 0.096900
0.063403 0.059634 0.055769 0.052734 0.050315 0.048442 0.047068 0.046126 0.045537 0.045218
0.068296 0.067603 0.067522 0.067584 0.067436 0.067080 0.066596 0.066041 0.065356 0.064451
2228.6 2258.7 2200.7 2093.8 1970.5 1850.1 1743.4 1655.7 1589.3 1543.9
−0.19915 −0.19486 −0.18339 −0.16883 −0.15188 −0.13256 −0.11124 −0.08910 −0.06907 −0.05511
763.82 929.09 1096.6 1097.9 935.15 738.72 572.49 445.17 350.97 282.78
1089.4 320.18 189.08 141.83 118.47 104.70 95.388 88.418 83.021 78.952
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
65.942 63.253 60.572 57.937 55.384 52.937 50.611 48.415 46.349
0.015165 0.015810 0.016509 0.017260 0.018056 0.018890 0.019759 0.020655 0.021575
7.4792 13.357 19.141 24.836 30.435 35.938 41.354 46.695 51.976
22.644 29.167 35.650 42.096 48.491 54.828 61.113 67.350 73.551
0.019833 0.034391 0.046212 0.056150 0.064689 0.072155 0.078776 0.084722 0.090117
0.057934 0.055063 0.053055 0.051393 0.050059 0.049062 0.048373 0.047942 0.047713
0.065743 0.064967 0.064676 0.064219 0.063663 0.063101 0.062594 0.062176 0.061861
2718.6 2677.2 2602.3 2513.7 2423.7 2338.7 2261.5 2193.2 2133.6
−0.19303 −0.19158 −0.18789 −0.18439 −0.18105 −0.17779 −0.17459 −0.17139 −0.16808
1172.7 2199.5 3250.5 3202.2 2408.7 1610.7 1052.9 703.41 487.61
329.93 190.55 137.73 108.98 91.430 80.198 72.716 67.520 63.774
2-415
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Wagner, W., and Pruss, A., “The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31(2):387–535, 2002. The source for viscosity is International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, Revised Release on the IAPS Formulation 1985 for the Viscosity of Ordinary Water Substance, IAPWS, 1997. The source for thermal conductivity is the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, Revised Release on the IAPS Formulation 1985 for the Thermal Conductivity of Ordinary Water Substance, IAPWS, 1998. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainty in density of the equation of state is 0.0001% at 1 atm in the liquid phase, and 0.001% at other liquid states at pressures up to 10 MPa and temperatures to 423 K. In the vapor phase, the uncertainty is 0.05% or less. The uncertainties rise at higher temperatures and/or pressures, but are generally less than 0.1% in density except at extreme conditions. The uncertainty in pressure in the critical region is 0.1%. The uncertainty of the speed of sound is 0.15% in the vapor and 0.1% or less in the liquid, and increases near the critical region and at high temperatures and pressures. The uncertainty in isobaric heat capacity is 0.2% in the vapor and 0.1% in the liquid, with increasing values in the critical region and at high pressures. The uncertainties of saturation conditions are 0.025% in vapor pressure, 0.0025% in saturated-liquid density, and 0.1% in saturated-vapor density. The uncertainties in the saturated densities increase substantially as the critical region is approached. For the uncertainties in the viscosity and thermal conductivity, see the IAPWS Release.
2-416
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-306
Thermodynamic Properties of Water Substance along the Melting Line
P, bar
T, °C
103 v f , m3/kg
h f , kJ/kg
s f, kJ/kg⋅K
cpf, kJ/kg⋅K
cmelt, kJ/kg⋅K
106α f, K−1
106K f,T bar−1
6.117 10-3t 1.01325 50 100 150
0.0100 0.0026 −0.3618 −0.7410 −1.1249
1.00021 1.00016 0.99770 0.99523 0.99278
0 0.0719 3.5140 6.9794 10.3964
0 −0.0001 −0.0054 −0.0110 −0.0167
4.219 4.218 4.196 4.174 4.152
3.969 3.970 3.997 4.023 4.047
−67.42 −67.17 −54.92 −42.52 −30.24
50.90 50.88 50.30 49.73 49.17
200 250 300 400 500
−1.5166 −1.9151 −2.3206 −3.1532 −4.0156
0.99037 0.98798 0.98562 0.98098 0.97643
13.7648 17.0843 20.3547 26.7472 32.9403
−0.0225 −0.0285 −0.0347 −0.0474 −0.0607
4.132 4.112 4.092 4.056 4.022
4.070 4.092 4.113 4.150 4.184
−18.05 −5.93 6.12 30.09 53.97
48.63 48.11 47.59 46.61 45.68
600 800 1000
−4.909 −6.790 −8.803
0.97196 0.96326 0.95493
38.932 50.300 60.836
−0.0747 −0.1046 −0.1371
3.992 3.937 3.893
4.215 4.270 4.320
77.87 126.18 175.98
44.80 43.19 41.74
Condensed from U. Grigull, Private communication, January 18, 1995. Materials prepared at Technical University München, Germany by U. Grigull and S. Marek. For a table as a function of temperature, see Grigull, U. and S. Marek, Warme u. Stoff., 30 (1994): 1–8. t = the triple point (at 6.117 × 10−3 bar, 0.01 °C); vf = 0.0010021 m3/kg: α f = −67.42 × 10−6/K. Other equations for properties are given by Jones, F. E. and G. L. Harris, J. Res. N.I.S.T., 97, 3 (1992): 335–340, and by Wagner, W. and A. Pruss, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 3 (1993): 783–787. Steam tables include Walker, W. A., U.S. Naval Ordn. Lab. rept. NOLTR NOLTR-66-217 = AD 651105 (0–1000 bar, 0–150°C), 1967 (72 pp.); Grigull, U., J. Straub, et al., Steam Tables in S.I. Units (0.01–1000 bar, 0–1000 °C), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990 (133 pp.); Tseng, C. M., T. A. Hamp, et al., Atomic Energy of Canada rept. (30 props, sat liq & vap., 1–220 bar), AECL-5910 1977 (90 pp.). For dissociation, see e.g., Knonicek, V., Rozpr. Cesko Acad Ved., Rada techn ved (0.01–100 bar, 1000–5000 K). 77, 1 (1967). The proceedings of the 10th international conference on the properties of steam were edited by Sytchev, V. V. and A. A. Aleksandrov, Plenum, NY, 1984; and for the 11th conference by Pichal, M. and O. Sifner, Hemisphere, 1989 (550 pp.). Current information on the properties of solid, vapor, and liquid water properties can be found at http://www.iapws.org. For electrical conductivity, see e.g., Marshall, W. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 32 (1987): 221–226.
TABLE 2-307 Temperature K
Thermodynamic Properties of Xenon Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
0.044263 0.045137 0.045673 0.046232 0.046815 0.047426 0.048068 0.048743 0.049455 0.050210 0.051013 0.051869 0.052787 0.053776 0.054847 0.056017 0.057304 0.058735 0.060344 0.062183 0.064330 0.066910 0.070156 0.074566 0.081686 0.11905
−0.16663 0.21574 0.43915 0.66366 0.88953 1.1170 1.3464 1.5779 1.8119 2.0487 2.2887 2.5324 2.7802 3.0328 3.2907 3.5550 3.8265 4.1068 4.3976 4.7014 5.0218 5.3646 5.7397 6.1681 6.7103 8.2423
−0.16301 0.22176 0.44706 0.67390 0.90261 1.1335 1.3669 1.6033 1.8429 2.0864 2.3341 2.5866 2.8446 3.1089 3.3802 3.6598 3.9488 4.2491 4.5628 4.8930 5.2441 5.6230 6.0416 6.5247 7.1435 8.9377
−0.00099337 0.0013152 0.0026109 0.0038765 0.0051149 0.0063292 0.0075220 0.0086959 0.0098535 0.010997 0.012130 0.013254 0.014373 0.015488 0.016605 0.017726 0.018857 0.020002 0.021170 0.022371 0.023618 0.024935 0.026360 0.027976 0.030022 0.036074 0.077430 0.074250 0.072554 0.070955 0.069442 0.068004 0.066633 0.065319 0.064056 0.062836 0.061653 0.060498 0.059367 0.058252 0.057147 0.056042 0.054930 0.053801 0.052641 0.051434 0.050157 0.048773 0.047224 0.045388 0.042934 0.036074
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas
0.022064 0.021486 0.021176 0.020884 0.020609 0.020349 0.020104 0.019873 0.019656 0.019453 0.019264 0.019091 0.018933 0.018794 0.018675 0.018580 0.018515 0.018487 0.018507 0.018591 0.018767 0.019077 0.019604 0.020521 0.022329
0.044446 0.044730 0.044972 0.045274 0.045640 0.046075 0.046585 0.047179 0.047868 0.048666 0.049590 0.050663 0.051914 0.053385 0.055128 0.057218 0.059766 0.062932 0.066972 0.072312 0.079722 0.090763 0.10917 0.14668 0.26914
653.38 629.12 614.85 600.43 585.85 571.10 556.14 540.97 525.55 509.85 493.84 477.47 460.71 443.49 425.74 407.38 388.30 368.36 347.41 325.20 301.44 275.68 247.28 215.12 176.78 0
−0.63704 −0.60760 −0.58689 −0.56326 −0.53642 −0.50604 −0.47173 −0.43300 −0.38927 −0.33987 −0.28392 −0.22039 −0.14796 −0.064982 0.030670 0.14178 0.27205 0.42662 0.61272 0.84107 1.1284 1.5023 2.0135 2.7688 4.0593 8.3700
72.081 68.920 67.037 65.137 63.229 61.320 59.415 57.519 55.633 53.759 51.897 50.048 48.209 46.379 44.554 42.730 40.903 39.071 37.238 35.418 33.653 32.016 30.622 29.654 29.742
516.89 457.99 427.78 400.07 374.57 351.01 329.16 308.84 289.88 272.13 255.47 239.78 224.96 210.92 197.57 184.83 172.63 160.90 149.54 138.48 127.61 116.78 105.75 94.067 80.469
0.013321 0.013615 0.013809 0.014020 0.014247 0.014491 0.014750 0.015025 0.015314 0.015618 0.015938 0.016273 0.016625 0.016996 0.017389 0.017808 0.018258 0.018748 0.019288 0.019894 0.020590 0.021413 0.022428 0.023764 0.025741
0.022698 0.023442 0.023957 0.024539 0.025194 0.025929 0.026755 0.027681 0.028722 0.029898 0.031232 0.032757 0.034515 0.036563 0.038982 0.041885 0.045436 0.049883 0.055621 0.063311 0.074154 0.090577 0.11833 0.17512 0.35495
128.33 130.83 132.15 133.36 134.47 135.46 136.35 137.13 137.79 138.35 138.80 139.13 139.35 139.45 139.43 139.29 139.02 138.62 138.07 137.36 136.47 135.36 133.95 132.11 129.38 0
64.799 57.103 53.274 49.835 46.729 43.913 41.350 39.009 36.862 34.888 33.066 31.378 29.805 28.333 26.946 25.629 24.367 23.142 21.938 20.732 19.500 18.207 16.800 15.185 13.131 8.3700
3.1160 3.3040 3.4175 3.5348 3.6563 3.7826 3.9143 4.0523 4.1975 4.3511 4.5144 4.6894 4.8787 5.0855 5.3151 5.5745 5.8750 6.2336 6.6778 7.2524 8.0324 9.1495 10.852 13.688 19.481
13.386 14.014 14.392 14.781 15.180 15.592 16.018 16.460 16.920 17.399 17.901 18.429 18.987 19.579 20.212 20.892 21.630 22.437 23.333 24.341 25.501 26.874 28.575 30.845 34.410
0.021719 0.021011 0.020884
143.95 177.58 205.37
39.340 18.027 10.987
3.8225 5.5664 7.2216
16.051 23.114 30.061
Saturated Properties 161.40 170.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 289.73
0.081748 0.13343 0.17325 0.22153 0.27933 0.34774 0.42789 0.52091 0.62797 0.75025 0.88893 1.0452 1.2203 1.4155 1.6321 1.8712 2.1344 2.4229 2.7382 3.0820 3.4561 3.8623 4.3032 4.7818 5.3025 5.8420
22.592 22.155 21.895 21.630 21.361 21.085 20.804 20.516 20.220 19.916 19.603 19.279 18.944 18.596 18.232 17.852 17.451 17.026 16.572 16.082 15.545 14.945 14.254 13.411 12.242 8.4000
161.40 170.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 289.73
0.081748 0.13343 0.17325 0.22153 0.27933 0.34774 0.42789 0.52091 0.62797 0.75025 0.88893 1.0452 1.2203 1.4155 1.6321 1.8712 2.1344 2.4229 2.7382 3.0820 3.4561 3.8623 4.3032 4.7818 5.3025 5.8420
0.062613 0.098131 0.12476 0.15646 0.19385 0.23755 0.28826 0.34671 0.41374 0.49026 0.57731 0.67606 0.78791 0.91450 1.0578 1.2202 1.4049 1.6157 1.8581 2.1394 2.4705 2.8685 3.3629 4.0140 4.9911 8.4000
15.971 10.190 8.0157 6.3913 5.1587 4.2096 3.4691 2.8842 2.4170 2.0397 1.7322 1.4791 1.2692 1.0935 0.94537 0.81952 0.71181 0.61892 0.53818 0.46742 0.40477 0.34861 0.29736 0.24913 0.20036 0.11905
11.189 11.261 11.298 11.332 11.362 11.388 11.409 11.426 11.437 11.442 11.442 11.434 11.420 11.397 11.365 11.322 11.268 11.199 11.114 11.009 10.878 10.713 10.500 10.209 9.7610 8.2423
12.495 12.621 12.687 12.748 12.803 12.852 12.893 12.928 12.954 12.973 12.981 12.980 12.968 12.945 12.908 12.856 12.787 12.699 12.588 12.450 12.277 12.059 11.779 11.400 10.823 8.9377
200.00 300.00 400.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.061174 0.040297 0.030132
16.347 24.816 33.188
11.693 12.971 14.227
13.328 15.453 17.546
Single-Phase Properties 2-417
0.080422 0.089046 0.095069
0.012825 0.012529 0.012489
2-418
TABLE 2-307
Thermodynamic Properties of Xenon (Concluded)
Temperature K
Pressure MPa
Density mol/dm3
500.00 600.00 700.00
0.10000 0.10000 0.10000
0.024077 0.020054 0.017184
200.00 218.61
1.0000 1.0000
218.61 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
200.00 282.15
5.0000 5.0000
282.15 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000
Volume dm3/mol
Int. energy kJ/mol
Enthalpy kJ/mol
Entropy kJ/(molK)
Cv kJ/(molK)
Cp kJ/(molK)
Sound speed m/s
Joule-Thomson K/MPa
Therm. cond. mW/(mK)
Viscosity µPas 36.679 42.919 48.797
Single-Phase Properties (Concluded)
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
20.545 19.370 0.64740 0.42338 0.30719 0.24284 0.20128 0.17205 20.777 12.969 4.3744 3.0178 1.6846 1.2596 1.0212 0.86365
41.533 49.866 58.193 0.048673 0.051625 1.5446 2.3619 3.2553 4.1179 4.9682 5.8123 0.048130 0.077107
15.479 16.728 17.977 1.5644 2.4644 11.437 12.735 14.081 15.373 16.646 17.910 1.4588 6.3800
19.632 21.715 23.796 1.6131 2.5160 12.982 15.097 17.337 19.491 21.614 23.723 1.6995 6.7656
0.099724 0.10352 0.10673
0.012480 0.012477 0.012475
0.020841 0.020822 0.020811
229.73 251.71 271.90
7.4876 5.3775 3.9611
8.7865 10.259 11.644
0.0086285 0.012943
0.019883 0.019137
0.047017 0.050348
543.44 482.05
−0.43967 −0.23885
57.759 50.560
0.060816 0.069105 0.075560 0.080369 0.084241 0.087491
0.016178 0.013071 0.012653 0.012555 0.012521 0.012506
0.032313 0.023342 0.021812 0.021347 0.021143 0.021033
139.05 174.22 204.53 229.84 252.27 272.69
31.834 17.710 10.799 7.3466 5.2698 3.8786
4.6396 5.9066 7.4612 8.9749 10.414 11.777
18.280 23.825 30.617 37.129 43.291 49.110
0.0080923 0.028774
0.019975 0.021130
0.045835 0.17857
562.91 199.64
−0.48921 3.2255
59.693 29.468
324.93 88.606
310.61 244.05
0.22860 0.33137 0.59361 0.79390 0.97922 1.1579
10.045 11.189 13.369 14.889 16.278 17.615
11.188 12.846 16.337 18.859 21.175 23.404
0.044447 0.050182 0.060390 0.066031 0.070256 0.073694
0.024500 0.017212 0.013445 0.012902 0.012724 0.012645
0.22292 0.057127 0.027264 0.023853 0.022627 0.022028
131.10 155.40 202.15 231.38 255.44 276.67
14.382 14.736 9.6973 6.6609 4.7873 3.5219
15.582 9.7191 8.7332 9.8856 11.137 12.377
32.133 29.671 33.661 39.357 45.049 50.547
21.038 13.284 3.8169 2.6239 2.0706 1.7304
0.047533 0.075281 0.26199 0.38111 0.48294 0.57792
1.3406 6.6026 12.321 14.257 15.817 17.251
1.8159 7.3554 14.941 18.068 20.646 23.030
0.0074790 0.029493 0.052029 0.059048 0.063756 0.067433
0.020097 0.018200 0.014472 0.013339 0.012977 0.012819
0.044678 0.088497 0.037766 0.027456 0.024556 0.023262
584.79 258.88 204.59 235.98 260.98 282.62
−0.53901 2.0533 7.6552 5.6862 4.1777 3.0965
61.959 29.649 11.158 11.280 12.172 13.210
341.91 94.113 39.566 42.848 47.602 52.559
819.84 690.23 597.21 538.16 504.61 487.44
−0.80697 −0.77003 −0.68464 −0.60849 −0.56578 −0.55679
91.685 62.741 46.987 38.256 33.282 30.399
582.16 293.11 188.96 141.62 118.14 106.02
−0.96827 −1.0167 −1.0606 −1.1030
96.278 80.779 71.145 64.734
544.58 424.61 352.34 304.58
200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
23.707 20.755 18.043 15.689 13.750 12.188
0.042181 0.048181 0.055422 0.063739 0.072728 0.082045
0.22766 3.3951 6.2728 8.8555 11.158 13.232
4.4458 8.2132 11.815 15.229 18.431 21.437
0.00066778 0.015969 0.026343 0.033970 0.039814 0.044451
0.022077 0.018781 0.017019 0.015937 0.015222 0.014724
0.038788 0.036811 0.035156 0.033084 0.030987 0.029184
400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00
25.007 23.787 22.695 21.712
0.039989 0.042040 0.044062 0.046058
4.1551 6.3322 8.3949 10.364
24.150 27.352 30.426 33.393
0.012220 0.019372 0.024980 0.029555
0.020738 0.019369 0.018396 0.017664
0.032768 0.031337 0.030178 0.029185
1164.9 1121.3 1086.3 1058.1
The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., and Span, R., “Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(3):785–850, 2006. The source for viscosity and thermal conductivity is McCarty, R. D., Correlations for the Thermophysical Properties of Xenon, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colo., 1989. Properties at the triple point temperature and the critical point temperature are given in the first and last entries of the saturation tables, respectively. In the single-phase table, when the temperature range for a given isobar includes a vapor-liquid phase boundary, the temperature of phase equilibrium is noted, and properties for both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are given (with liquid properties given in the upper line). Lines are omitted from the temperature-pressure grid of the single-phase table, when the system would be in the solid phase or if there are potential problems with the source property surface. The uncertainties in the equation of state are 0.2% in density up to 100 MPa, rising to 1% at higher pressures, 0.2% in vapor pressure, 1% in the speed of sound, and 2% in heat capacities. For viscosity, estimated uncertainty is less than 5%. For thermal conductivity, estimated uncertainty is less than 6%.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
2-419
TABLE 2-308
Surface Tension (N/m) of Saturated Liquid Refrigerants*
R no.
−50
−25
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
0.0279 0.0188 0.0092 0.0197 0.0115
0.0244 0.0152 0.0056 0.0156 0.0065
0.0210 0.0118 0.0025 0.0117 0.0025
0.0178 0.0085 0.0002 0.0081
0.0146 0.0055 — 0.0047 —
0.0116 0.0029 — 0.0018 —
0.0087 0.0007 — — —
0.0060 — — — —
0.0036 — — — —
—
0.0231 0.0154
0.0069 0.0172 0.0109 0.0047 0.0082
0.0032 0.0144 0.0082 0.0022 0.0050
0.0002 0.0118 0.0056
0.0192
0.0201 0.0138 0.0075 0.0117
0.0021
— 0.0092 0.0033 — 0.0000
— 0.0067 0.0012 — —
— 0.0045 — — —
142b 152a 170 290 C318
0.0213 0.0201 0.0100
0.0178 0.0166 0.0051
—
0.0143
0.0145 0.0132 0.0032 0.0101 0.0113
0.0113 0.0100 0.0005 0.0082 0.0085
0.0083 0.0068 — 0.0041 0.0048
0.0055 0.0038 — 0.0016 0.0033
0.0029 0.0011 — — 0.0011
— — — —
— — — — —
502 503 600 600a 718
0.0159 0.0094
0.0121 0.0053 0.0180
—
—
0.0086 0.0018 0.0150 0.0132 0.0755
0.0054 — 0.0122 0.0101 0.0720
0.0026 — 0.0094 0.0073 0.0680
— 0.0068 0.0047 0.0636
— — 0.0043 0.0024 0.0590
— — 0.0020 0.0005 0.0540
— — 0.0001 — 0.0488
0.0096 0.0055 0.0136
0.0044 0.0013 0.0102
0.0005
—
—
—
—
—
0.0100 0.0171
0.0070
0.0041
0.0014
Temperature, °C 11 12 13 22 23 32 113 114 115 134a
744 1150 1270
*Dashes indicate inaccessible states; blanks indicate no available data. Values and equations were given by Srinivasan, K., Can. J. Chem. Eng. (27 liquids), 68 (1990): 493; Lielmezs, J. and T. A. Herrick, Chem. Eng. J. (34 liquids), 32 (1986): 165–169. Somayajulu, G. R., Int. J. Thermophys. (64 liquids); 9, 4 (1988): 559–566; Ibrahim, N. and S. Murad, Chem. Eng. Commun. (29 polar liquids), 79 (1979): 165–174; Yaws, C. L.; Morachevsky, A. G. and I. B. Sladkov, Physico-Chemical Properties of Molecular Inorganic Compounds (200 compounds), Khimiya, Leningrad, 1987, Jasper, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (2200 compounds), 1, (1972): 841–1009; and Vargaftik, N. B., B. N. Volkov, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (water), 12, 3 (1983): 817–820. See also Escobedo, J. and Mansoori, G. R., AIChE J., 42(5), May 1996: 1425–1433.
TABLE 2-309
Surface Tension (dyn/cm) of Various Liquids
Compound Acetic acid Acetone Aniline
Benzene
Benzonitrile Bromobenzene n-Butane Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
T, K
293 333 298 308 318 293 313 333 353 293 313 333 353 293 323 363 293 323 373 203 233 293 293 313 288 308 328 348 368 293 323 373
27.59 23.62 24.02 22.34 21.22 42.67 40.5 38.33 36.15 28.88 26.25 23.67 21.2 39.37 35.89 31.26 35.82 32.34 26.54 23.31 19.69 12.46 32.32 29.35 27.65 25.21 22.76 20.31 17.86 33.59 30.01 24.06
Compound p-Cresol Cyclohexane Cyclopentane Diethyl ether 2,3-Dimethylbutane Ethyl acetate
Ethyl benzoate Ethyl bromide Ethyl mercaptan Formamide n-Heptane
T, K
313 373 293 313 333 293 313 288 303 293 313 293 313 333 353 373 293 313 333 283 303 288 303 298 338 373 293 313 333 353
34.88 29.32 25.24 22.87 20.49 22.61 19.68 17.56 16.2 17.38 15.38 23.97 21.65 19.32 17 14.68 35.04 32.92 30.81 25.36 23.04 23.87 22.68 57.02 53.66 50.71 20.14 18.18 16.22 14.26
Compound
T, K
Isobutyric acid
293 313 333 363 293 323 373 423 473 293 313 333 313 333 373 293 313 333 363 293 313 333 353 373 293 313 333
25.04 23.2 21.36 18.6 24.62 20.05 12.9 6.3 0.87 22.56 20.96 19.41 39.27 37.13 32.96 23.71 22.15 20.6 18.27 29.98 26.83 24.68 22.53 20.38 37.21 34.6 31.98
Methyl formate
Methyl alcohol Phenol n-Propyl alcohol
n-Propyl benzene
Pyridine
Methyl formate values from D. B. Macleod, Trans. Faradaay Soc. 19:38, 1923. All others from J. J. Jasper, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1:841, 1972.
2-420
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-310
Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Gaseous Refrigerants at Atmospheric Pressure* Temperature, °C
−50
−25
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
14
158
166
173
180
187
194
200
206
212
170 290 600 600a 718
272 — — — —
286 227 — — —
299 238 200 201 —
311 249 210 211 —
323 258 220 221 —
334 268 228 229 —
344 277 237 237 473
355 286 245 246 490
364 294 252 253 505
290 —
248 305 235
258 318 246
269 330 257
279 341 267
288 352 277
297 363 286
307 373 295
316 384 303
R. no.
744 1150 1270
*Dashes indicate inaccessible states; blanks indicate no available data. Values for the velocity of sound for all compounds listed in Table 2-184 are given in their respective tables earlier in this section.
TABLE 2-311
Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Saturated Liquid Refrigerants* Temperature, °C
R. no.
−50
−25
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
14
182
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
290 600 600a 718
1210 1290 1205 —
982 1163 1078 —
884 1031 947 1402
719 896 812 1495
551 759 661 1542
367 609 528 1554
— 477 378 1543
— 325 208 1514
— 142 — 1468
751 644 1022
525 372 859
272
—
—
—
—
—
874 1184
694
524
335
744 1150 1270
*Dashes indicate inaccessible states; blanks indicate no available data. Values for the velocity of sound for all compounds listed in Table 2-184 are given in their respective tables earlier in this section.
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES INTRODUCTION Extensive tables of the viscosity and thermal conductivity of air and of water or steam for various pressures and temperatures are given with the thermodynamic-property tables. The thermal conductivity and the viscosity for the saturated-liquid state are also tabulated for many fluids along with the thermodynamic-property tables earlier in this section. UNITS CONVERSIONS For this subsection the following units conversions are applicable: Diffusivity: to convert square centimeters per second to square feet per hour, multiply by 3.8750; to convert square meters per second to square feet per hour, multiply by 38,750. Pressure: to convert bars to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 14.504. Temperature: °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32; °R = 9⁄5 K. Thermal conductivity: to convert watts per meter-kelvin to British thermal unit–feet per hour–square foot–degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 0.57779; and to convert British thermal unit–feet per hour–square foot–degree Fahrenheit to watts per meter-kelvin, multiply by 1.7307. Viscosity: to convert pascal-seconds to centipoises, multiply by 1000. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES An extensive coverage of the general pressure and temperature variation of thermal conductivity is given in the monograph by Vargaftik, Filippov, Tarzimanov, and Totskiy, Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases (in Russian), Standartov, Moscow, 1978, now published in English translation by CRC Press, Miami, FL. For a similar work on viscosity, see Stephan and Lucas, Viscosity of Dense Fluids, Plenum, New York and London, 1979. Tables and
polynomial fits for refrigerants in both the gaseous and the liquid state are contained in ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, SI ed., ASHRAE, Atlanta, 2005. Other sources for viscosity include Fischer & Porter Co. catalog 10-A-94, “Fluid densities and viscosities,” 1953 (200 industrial fluids in 48 pp.) and van Velzen, D., R. L. Cardozo et al., EURATOM Ispra, Italy rept. 4735 e, 1972 (160 pp.). Liquid viscosity, 314 cpds, is summarized in I&EC Fundtls., 11 (1972): 20–26. Five hundred forty-nine binary and ternary systems are discussed in Skubla, P., Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun., 46 (1981): 303–339. See also Duhne, C. R., Chem. Eng. (NY), 86, 15 (July 16, 1979): 83–91 (equations and 326 liquids); and Rao, K. V. K., Chem. Eng. (NY), 90, 11 (May 30, 1983): 90–91 (nomograph, 87 liquids). For rheology, non-Newtonian behavior, and the like, see, for instance, Barnes, H., The Chem. Engr. (UK), (June 24, 1993): 17–23; Hyman, W. A., I&EC Fundtls., 16 (1976): 215–218; and Ferguson, J. and Z. Kemblowski, Applied Fluid Rheology, Elsevier, 1991 (325 pp.). Other sources for thermal conductivity include Ho, C. Y., R. W. Powell et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1 (1972) and 3, suppl. 1 (1974); Childs, Ericks et al., N.B.S. Monogr. 131, 1973; Jamieson, D. T., J. B. Irving et al., Liquid Thermal Conductivity, H.M.S.O., Edinburgh, Scotland, 1975 (220 pp.). Other references include Poling, Prausnitz, and O’Connell, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000; Vargaftik, Vinogradov, and Yargin, Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Begell House, New York, 1996; Yaws, Chemical Properties Handbook: Physical, Thermodynamics, Environmental Transport, Safety & Health Related Properties for Organic & Inorganic Chemicals, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998; and Riazi, Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2005. Free web resources include the NIST Webbook at http://webbook.nist.gov and the KDB (Korea thermophysical properties) database at http://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/.
TABLE 2-312
Vapor Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Substances (Pas)
2-421
Cmpd. no.
Name
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol
Formula C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4
44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541 108.138
1.222E-07 1.423E-07 2.7449E-08 1.20E-07 3.1005E-08 5.1964E-08 1.2025E-06 6.523E-07 1.7154E-07 4.302E-08 1.425E-06 4.1855E-08 1.7531E-07 9.2121E-07 2.5082E-08 3.134E-08 1.1184E-07 7.4266E-08 4.2137E-08 3.779E-07 6.9022E-08 1.56E-07 4.0138E-08 1.3874E-06 7.3534E-08 2.232E-07 5.29E-07 7.8796E-08 6.0259E-07 2.696E-07 3.4387E-08 7.5626E-08 7.0728E-08 1.4031E-06 1.2114E-07 6.9744E-07 4.2898E-08 1.05E-06 1.006E-07 3.4205E-07 5.4539E-08 3.1378E-08 2.7856E-06 8.0079E-08 2.128E-06 8.0223E-08 2.148E-06 5.8204E-08 1.1127E-06 3.137E-06 2.1709E-06 2.60E-07 1.065E-07 3.12E-07 1.696E-07 8.60E-08 3.638E-07 3.8802E-07 1.4427E-07
0.787 0.7574 1.0123 0.7915 0.9762 0.8857 0.4952 0.579 0.7418 0.9114 0.5039 0.9806 0.72 0.60529 0.96663 0.9676 0.8002 0.8289 0.92271 0.6005 0.84014 0.7181 0.90735 0.4434 0.93798 0.7146 0.632 0.90476 0.5309 0.6715 0.94604 0.83521 0.84383 0.4611 0.76972 0.5462 0.91349 0.4867 0.77881 0.59764 0.88896 0.96513 0.377 0.8178 0.4273 0.80561 0.46 0.9262 0.5338 0.3742 0.45853 0.7423 0.7942 0.6711 0.7693 0.8706 0.6417 0.6367 0.7438
77 272.14 7.4948 105.3 23.139 38.805 291.4 410.8 138.4 54.3 108.3 30.8 176.17 83.24
C4
7.9 152.43 91.197 45.387 409 74.746 180 34.714 678.22 184.9 226 199.64 134.7 71.798 64.391 537 92.661 305.25 358.7 95.108 234.21 43.687 663.14 65.855 886 75.207 290 44.581 94.7 491.5 208 98.3 94.7 139 96.6 35.8 208.3 205.08 166.15
−41,400
Tmin, K
Viscosity at Tmin
Tmax, K
Viscosity at Tmax
150.15 353.33 289.81 200.15 178.45 229.32 192.40 185.45 286.15 189.63 80.00 195.41 235.65 83.78 403.00 278.68 442.29 395.45 260.40 321.35 257.85 458.15 243.95 342.20 265.85 429.24 154.55 179.47 136.95 164.25 134.86 220.00 196.15 183.85 158.45 87.80 134.26 167.62 199.65 185.30 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 267.95 161.25 194.67 161.11 68.15 250.33 89.56 200.00 227.95 134.80 209.63 230.00 150.35 155.97 285.39
4.171E-06 6.842E-06 8.315E-06 5.213E-06 4.329E-06 5.476E-06 6.468E-06 4.174E-06 7.680E-06 3.985E-06 5.508E-06 6.378E-06 5.122E-06 6.742E-06 8.274E-06 7.077E-06 1.089E-05 8.578E-06 6.079E-06 5.324E-06 5.680E-06 9.122E-06 5.151E-06 6.186E-06 1.383E-05 1.187E-05 5.195E-06 8.626E-06 3.340E-06 4.553E-06 3.559E-06 5.157E-06 4.580E-06 3.961E-06 3.772E-06 1.795E-06 3.770E-06 4.044E-06 4.216E-06 3.425E-06 3.833E-06 3.520E-06 3.329E-06 4.017E-06 6.220E-06 3.284E-06 9.749E-06 5.048E-06 4.434E-06 8.361E-06 5.132E-06 8.900E-06 5.611E-06 4.127E-06 7.091E-06 8.468E-06 3.805E-06 4.175E-06 6.113E-06
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 600 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 3273.1 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 600 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 800 1000 1000 1000 1500 800 1250 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 700 1000 1000 1000
2.605E-05 2.094E-05 2.966E-05 2.572E-05 2.571E-05 2.271E-05 1.923E-05 2.523E-05 2.532E-05 2.213E-05 6.227E-05 3.551E-05 2.155E-05 1.001E-11 1.992E-05 2.486E-05 2.441E-05 2.087E-05 2.363E-05 1.698E-05 2.129E-05 1.886E-05 2.045E-05 1.768E-05 2.967E-05 2.623E-05 3.396E-05 4.081E-05 1.966E-05 2.457E-05 2.369E-05 2.260E-05 2.259E-05 2.207E-05 2.259E-05 2.325E-05 2.360E-05 2.229E-05 1.993E-05 1.720E-05 2.427E-05 2.466E-05 1.893E-05 2.134E-05 2.208E-05 1.948E-05 5.203E-05 2.693E-05 4.654E-05 2.789E-05 4.267E-05 3.992E-05 2.348E-05 2.824E-05 3.143E-05 2.454E-05 2.534E-05 2.618E-05 2.108E-05
2-422
TABLE 2-312
Vapor Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Substances (Pas) (Continued)
Cmpd. no.
Name
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide
Formula C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5
108.138 108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106 84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170 62.134 78.133
8.7371E-08 1.4305E-07 3.3699E-07 4.0854E-08 1.0881E-06 6.77E-08 7.9581E-08 5.2312E-08 1.3326E-06 2.3619E-07 3.026E-07 1.7578E-06 3.915E-08 1.2638E-07 2.64E-08 7.1748E-08 5.5065E-08 6.1192E-08 3.272E-08 5.6914E-07 2.4999E-07 1.4125E-07 1.1379E-07 2.9444E-07 7.7147E-08 2.334E-07 1.603E-07 1.5913E-07 2.0135E-07 1.4321E-07 7.6787E-07 1.4906E-07 1.1989E-07 3.3628E-08 4.3184E-07 1.948E-06 6.5492E-08 2.7228E-06 4.3934E-07 7.7484E-07 4.138E-07 1.691E-07 9.2797E-08 4.4172E-08 3.9833E-08 1.9377E-06 2.757E-07 6.8567E-07 7.822E-07 8.4576E-07 9.9104E-07 3.2282E-08 0.00000268 3.5538E-06 5.0372E-07 5.2195E-08 4.7238E-08 5.2854E-07 8.6101E-08
0.80775 0.7451 0.60751 0.97182 0.48359 0.8367 0.8376 0.89422 0.4537 0.67465 0.64991 0.4265 0.91427 0.7248 0.9487 0.7982 0.8341 0.82546 0.9302 0.50744 0.6878 0.8097 0.8502 0.728 0.79906 0.714 0.763 0.7639 0.73421 0.7785 0.5741 0.7617 0.79108 0.9426 0.6035 0.41 0.86232 0.39531 0.64867 0.57978 0.5999 0.7114 0.7819 0.91098 0.91566 0.4093 0.6841 0.52542 0.4994 0.487 0.4723 0.97742 0.3975 0.3766 0.54462 0.85584 0.90849 0.6112 0.8345
98.538 159.8 221.17 6.6762 330.86 36.7 104.97 58.008 445 139 167.14 370.34 22.264 176.88 71 109.38 79.56 77.434 39.13 273.3 0.5962 83.243 93.816 154.74 80.765 260 205 193.14 111.98 98.159 276.16 105.9 84.37 39.587 247 495.8 59.455 445.07 169.64 198.7 269.5 124 93.399 492.69 133.2 278.82 371.6 398 436.89 534 1176.1 227.44 69.036 302.85 167.86
C4
Tmin, K
Viscosity at Tmin
Tmax, K
Viscosity at Tmax
304.19 307.93 177.14 245.25 182.48 279.69 296.60 242.00 169.67 179.28 138.13 145.59 189.64 267.15 243.51 304.55 280.05 206.89 247.56 229.15 60.00 210.15 282.85 370.10 175.30 248.39 256.15 326.14 176.19 237.49 178.01 200.00 172.71 301.15 223.35 156.85 169.20 154.56 215.00 136.95 357.05 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.10 240.91 180.96 145.19 392.70 402.94 396.58 188.44 131.65 212.72 160.00 274.18 122.93 174.88 291.67
6.688E-06 6.731E-06 3.480E-06 8.353E-06 4.797E-06 6.671E-06 6.917E-06 5.714E-06 3.778E-06 4.409E-06 3.369E-06 4.150E-06 4.238E-06 4.365E-06 3.755E-06 5.070E-06 4.715E-06 3.632E-06 4.761E-06 4.091E-06 4.137E-06 7.685E-06 1.038E-05 1.538E-05 3.278E-06 5.850E-06 6.127E-06 8.313E-06 5.487E-06 7.164E-06 5.895E-06 5.515E-06 4.742E-06 6.450E-06 5.364E-06 3.720E-06 4.046E-06 5.148E-06 8.001E-06 5.478E-06 8.016E-06 4.218E-06 4.089E-06 4.497E-06 5.701E-06 6.006E-06 5.563E-06 3.211E-06 7.936E-06 7.900E-06 7.957E-06 5.405E-06 3.688E-06 4.097E-06 3.300E-06 5.089E-06 3.739E-06 4.544E-06 6.231E-06
1000 1000 1000 600 1000 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 480 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
2.108E-05 2.120E-05 1.834E-05 2.024E-05 2.308E-05 1.928E-05 2.346E-05 2.381E-05 2.118E-05 2.191E-05 2.309E-05 2.441E-05 2.118E-05 1.605E-05 1.730E-05 1.605E-05 1.622E-05 1.701E-05 1.944E-05 1.488E-05 1.744E-05 3.502E-05 3.696E-05 3.895E-05 1.781E-05 2.569E-05 2.588E-05 2.611E-05 2.887E-05 2.824E-05 3.175E-05 2.599E-05 2.611E-05 2.176E-05 2.239E-05 2.212E-05 2.388E-05 2.891E-05 3.317E-05 1.172E-12 2.055E-05 2.049E-05 1.881E-05 2.388E-05 2.225E-05 2.194E-05 2.744E-05 2.021E-05 1.796E-05 1.749E-05 1.801E-05 2.762E-05 2.722E-05 2.202E-05 1.766E-05 1.804E-05 2.511E-05 2.766E-05 2.350E-05
2-423
119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181
Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne
C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10
120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2
194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190 170.335 282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079 144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 4.003 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144
4.8739E-08 2.7334E-07 2.8451E-08 1.29E-07 6.344E-08 2.9236E-07 2.5906E-07 1.0613E-07 3.214E-06 4.934E-07 4.2231E-07 6.3441E-08 9.2371E-08 1.6175E-07 4.107E-07 2.1696E-06 2.0789E-06 1.3744E-07 8.6706E-08 2.8132E-07 4.3403E-08 6.761E-07 2.5704E-08 7.9129E-08 1.3974E-07 1.0498E-07 8.5992E-08 5.53E-07 5.1539E-07 3.2769E-08 6.36E-07 2.1174E-07 8.8742E-07 1.2269E-07 4.758E-07 6.829E-08 2.8608E-07 6.432E-07 3.253E-07 3.1338E-07 8.4633E-08 6.672E-08 7.2834E-08 2.572E-07 9.1526E-08 8.9656E-08 8.8629E-08 7.7509E-08 4.697E-08 5.9501E-07 1.2463E-07 9.6724E-08 1.7514E-07 8.4032E-08 1.5773E-07 1.0652E-07 9.782E-08 9.8882E-08 8.006E-08 5.2127E-07 4.3636E-08 2.9986E-07 5.5562E-07
0.8749 0.7393 0.93622 0.744 0.8287 0.62458 0.67988 0.8066 0.3572 0.5924 0.58154 0.8369 0.7908 0.7163 0.57143 0.3812 0.4163 0.7557 0.83923 0.6792 0.94806 0.5804 0.94738 0.79565 0.74266 0.76988 0.8427 0.6061 0.5726 0.9729 0.6638 0.7087 0.5404 0.82167 0.6405 0.8774 0.6958 0.5854 0.7162 0.6238 0.79185 0.82837 0.81279 0.6502 0.78346 0.78236 0.78376 0.81089 0.8932 0.52758 0.7322 0.78044 0.70737 0.80073 0.7189 0.77022 0.7772 0.7755 0.81293 0.5444 0.90747 0.62647 0.5337
51.885 129.93 117.03 219.5 702.84 98.902 52.7 667 239.17 239.21 73.63 102.32 142.27 230.06 577.77 352.7 122.8 75.512 238.46
3,590
354.9 83.193 98.58 100.41 58.148 273.66 288.76 61.6 157.42 251.82 161.7 54.864 184.25 325.3 −9.6 692.2 94.487 85.752 89.874 248.6 100.28 100.14 100.18 69.927 57.6 274.02 395 97.798 157.14 96.779 163.3 105.85 99.53 99.825 65.274 237.01 42.32 178.17 244.38
107
6,000
413.80 284.95 300.03 210.15 263.57 309.58 90.35 200.00 189.60 192.15 178.20 238.45 258.15 175.15 161.84 134.71 169.41 284.29 260.15 329.00 160.65 193.55 235.00 180.00 140.00 204.15 125.26 199.25 145.65 167.55 53.48 357.88 129.95 131.35 181.15 275.60 281.45 187.55 20.00 295.13 229.80 182.57 265.83 239.15 230.00 234.15 238.15 154.12 229.92 192.22 291.31 217.15 177.83 269.25 228.55 223.00 217.35 217.50 133.39 170.05 192.62 141.25 183.65
8.433E-06 1.226E-05 5.933E-06 4.429E-06 3.511E-06 3.214E-06 2.643E-06 6.029E-06 4.632E-06 4.953E-06 3.673E-06 4.733E-06 5.344E-06 3.392E-06 3.103E-06 2.659E-06 5.714E-06 6.863E-06 7.150E-06 8.359E-06 5.356E-06 5.069E-06 4.532E-06 3.371E-06 3.219E-06 4.224E-06 3.441E-06 5.768E-06 2.994E-06 4.779E-06 4.148E-06 9.491E-06 4.192E-06 6.752E-06 7.025E-06 7.882E-06 8.751E-06 5.037E-06 3.531E-06 3.254E-06 4.444E-06 3.391E-06 5.088E-06 4.440E-06 4.516E-06 4.485E-06 4.550E-06 3.169E-06 4.832E-06 3.932E-06 3.274E-06 4.444E-06 3.631E-06 5.457E-06 4.567E-06 4.650E-06 4.397E-06 4.403E-06 2.871E-06 3.567E-06 4.235E-06 2.947E-06 3.851E-06
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
1.953E-05 3.995E-05 1.831E-05 1.970E-05 1.593E-05 1.284E-05 2.583E-05 2.651E-05 2.274E-05 2.384E-05 1.893E-05 1.915E-05 1.975E-05 1.989E-05 1.729E-05 1.914E-05 2.726E-05 2.264E-05 2.655E-05 2.477E-05 3.032E-05 2.750E-05 1.787E-05 1.781E-05 2.150E-05 1.946E-05 2.742E-05 2.857E-05 2.088E-05 2.718E-05 5.874E-05 2.446E-05 2.963E-05 3.579E-05 3.419E-05 2.776E-05 2.954E-05 2.768E-05 7.561E-05 1.377E-05 1.836E-05 1.878E-05 1.834E-05 1.838E-05 1.864E-05 1.812E-05 1.809E-05 1.962E-05 2.124E-05 1.787E-05 1.399E-05 1.933E-05 2.005E-05 1.934E-05 1.945E-05 1.970E-05 1.909E-05 1.907E-05 2.064E-05 1.811E-05 2.209E-05 3.758E-13 1.782E-05
2-424
TABLE 2-312
Vapor Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Substances (Pas) (Continued)
Cmpd. no.
Name
182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240
Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether
Formula H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
C4
302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5
32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122
2.3489E-07 1.797E-07 9.17E-08 4.924E-07 1.278E-08 4.5101E-14 3.9314E-08 1.1202E-07 5.2542E-08 8.4213E-08 9.113E-08 5.2546E-07 3.0663E-07 8.0599E-08 1.3226E-06 1.163E-06 1.648E-06 5.6409E-07 7.4106E-08 4.0824E-07 2.4344E-08 1.869E-07 8.8783E-08 5.0602E-07 8.5423E-07 5.6844E-07 3.9342E-08 4.995E-08 4.0748E-08 3.733E-07 4.8806E-08 6.5281E-07 8.5736E-08 2.40E-07 2.00E-07 9.0798E-07 3.7026E-08 3.9771E-08 1.977E-07 2.6098E-07 2.6552E-08 8.6219E-08 6.9755E-06 1.5035E-07 9.4257E-08 3.1573E-07 1.925E-07 1.0826E-07 8.6077E-08 1.637E-07 4.889E-07 7.2131E-08 1.1164E-06 1.0546E-07 1.0871E-07 9.605E-07 9.0981E-07 3.5642E-07 4.4941E-08
0.7151 0.685 0.9273 0.6702 1.0631 3.0005 1.0134 0.7822 0.88063 0.82573 0.8222 0.59006 0.69655 0.8392 0.4885 0.4787 0.4444 0.5863 0.82436 0.5923 0.97376 0.7096 0.80279 0.55258 0.47389 0.553 0.91086 0.89479 0.92709 0.6177 0.92549 0.5294 0.80277 0.68 0.704 0.495 0.92849 0.92242 0.7453 0.68276 0.98316 0.83591 0.3154 0.7338 0.7845 0.66404 0.7091 0.77382 0.81669 0.76706 0.6096 0.80319 0.4537 0.77106 0.78135 0.4856 0.49288 0.6327 0.90199
205.05 −0.59
140
157.7 340 −521.83
76,111
100.3 102.08 93.57 105.67 205 77.332 504.3 316 510.66 231.9 83.086 208.22 −91.597 192 77.075 199.82 239.34 227.18 44.662 256.5 310.59 100.77 210 187 355.89 131.22 133.4 72.564 1034.5 108.5 90.183 173.59 109 93.349 71.294 107.97 342.23 99.437 374.74 93.745 70.639 381 260.08 232.2
18,720
Tmin, K
Viscosity at Tmin
Tmax, K
Viscosity at Tmax
274.69 13.95 206.45 200.00 300.00 285.50 250.00 227.15 177.95 407.95 288.15 90.69 240.00 301.15 250.00 170.45 196.32 179.69 260.75 159.53 150.00 450.15 155.95 135.58 139.39 160.15 157.48 175.30 183.45 187.35 139.05 146.58 299.15 280.15 269.15 130.73 146.62 115.00 182.55 160.00 186.48 167.23 174.15 150.00 189.15 256.15 127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 224.95 240.00 119.55 176.00 150.00 298.97 132.81 185.65 133.97
7.460E-06 6.517E-07 1.285E-05 9.594E-06 2.576E-06 9.931E-06 1.058E-05 5.415E-06 5.037E-06 9.639E-06 7.242E-06 3.468E-06 7.523E-06 7.714E-06 6.505E-06 4.769E-06 4.781E-06 5.167E-06 5.515E-06 3.572E-06 2.621E-06 1.000E-05 3.423E-06 3.083E-06 3.263E-06 3.893E-06 3.947E-06 4.052E-06 5.112E-06 3.993E-06 4.698E-06 2.934E-06 6.232E-06 6.331E-06 6.062E-06 2.722E-06 3.800E-06 3.165E-06 5.574E-06 4.552E-06 4.534E-06 4.341E-06 5.117E-06 3.448E-06 3.901E-06 7.481E-06 3.242E-06 3.968E-06 4.065E-06 4.450E-06 5.265E-06 4.162E-06 2.366E-06 3.707E-06 3.707E-06 6.727E-06 3.423E-06 4.316E-06 3.725E-06
1673.15 3000 800 1000 425 472.68 480 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 800 800 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 600 1000 1000 1000
4.225E-05 4.330E-05 4.512E-05 4.358E-05 4.421E-06 2.019E-05 2.050E-05 2.261E-05 2.304E-05 2.293E-05 2.440E-05 2.800E-05 3.128E-05 2.464E-05 2.125E-05 2.045E-05 2.350E-05 2.628E-05 2.034E-05 2.022E-05 2.191E-05 2.109E-05 2.111E-05 1.918E-05 1.820E-05 2.112E-05 2.125E-05 2.312E-05 2.463E-05 2.118E-05 2.917E-05 1.930E-05 1.994E-05 2.175E-05 2.181E-05 2.046E-05 2.259E-05 2.327E-05 3.009E-05 2.573E-05 2.364E-05 2.588E-05 3.029E-05 2.157E-05 1.951E-05 2.642E-05 2.327E-05 2.076E-05 2.265E-05 2.956E-05 2.456E-05 1.685E-05 1.865E-05 1.983E-05 2.242E-05 1.312E-05 2.174E-05 2.288E-05 2.284E-05
2-425
241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303
Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine
C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N
3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8
90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148 58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079 55.079 102.132 59.110
5.8223E-08 3.8926E-07 7.1455E-07 1.571E-07 7.646E-07 6.4318E-07 7.19E-07 2.4391E-07 6.5592E-07 8.2005E-07 4.070E-07 2.115E-06 1.467E-06 3.0465E-07 7.1902E-08 1.0344E-07 7.0165E-08 1.20E-07 7.0111E-08 6.6329E-08 3.8673E-08 6.1447E-07 3.2095E-07 1.0321E-07 3.1191E-08 7.9611E-08 1.752E-07 8.1701E-08 8.0901E-08 6.1515E-11 5.0324E-05 3.3253E-08 5.7084E-07 1.1453E-07 1.101E-06 1.196E-07 4.0828E-08 2.27E-07 6.3412E-08 9.4314E-08 1.8903E-07 1.1749E-07 2.463E-07 1.164E-07 1.6378E-06 8.8646E-08 2.7467E-08 4.1022E-08 5.765E-07 4.3478E-07 1.0094E-07 8.536E-08 4.3511E-08 6.0758E-07 4.9054E-08 7.942E-07 1.2003E-06 5.4749E-07 1.7526E-07 1.61E-07 1.0111E-07 2.1372E-07 1.62E-07
0.88057 0.63159 0.49832 0.733 0.5476 0.5389 0.6659 0.702 0.6081 0.61423 0.6485 0.4642 0.5123 0.62218 0.8013 0.77301 0.8062 0.74 0.80701 0.82027 0.91142 0.50705 0.61839 0.7589 0.92925 0.7948 0.6941 0.79241 0.79062 1.8808 0.077611 0.9351 0.52446 0.7968 0.5634 0.84797 0.8766 0.6767 0.84758 0.7932 0.7031 0.7649 0.6653 0.7615 0.44337 0.81492 0.97555 0.90585 0.53498 0.5272 0.799 0.80872 0.908 0.53845 0.90125 0.5491 0.494 0.53893 0.72691 0.7457 0.7821 0.6894 0.7285
48.298 169.45 303.31 111.578 284 400.16 5.3 280 54.714 114.58 367.5 305.7 125.4 705.34 92.051 220.47 100.36 180 89.582 76.204 50.646 287.19 709.09 121.26 55.092 106.6 206.8 97.709 99.338 3604.6 32.426 271.76 126.34 96.3 212.68 191.74 41.718 98.279 175.9 103.78 208.7 107.94 636.11 85.198 235.2 238.27 103.1 88.273 102.73 173.45 415.8 479.78 283.52 119.93 159.3 89.5 178.57 117
−26,218
160.17 116.34 249.95 164.55 278.65 353.43 30.00 183.63 63.15 66.46 244.60 182.30 110.00 305.04 255.15 219.66 285.65 268.15 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246.00 216.38 289.65 257.65 241.55 252.85 255.55 171.45 223.95 193.55 462.65 54.35 80.15 283.07 182.00 143.42 239.15 410.95 200.00 196.29 234.18 108.02 160.75 197.45 167.45 163.83 372.38 314.06 243.15 404.15 136.87 85.47 200.00 187.35 199.00 170.00 252.45 180.26 178.15 188.36
3.908E-06 3.196E-06 5.057E-06 3.944E-06 8.264E-06 7.125E-06 5.884E-06 3.752E-06 4.372E-06 3.964E-06 5.756E-06 8.854E-06 7.618E-06 3.231E-06 4.483E-06 3.335E-06 4.957E-06 4.499E-06 4.219E-06 3.542E-06 4.995E-06 4.170E-06 3.266E-06 4.510E-06 3.677E-06 5.267E-06 4.583E-06 4.498E-06 4.611E-06 2.075E-06 3.406E-06 4.579E-06 3.758E-06 1.196E-05 3.773E-06 4.922E-06 3.288E-06 3.740E-06 3.305E-06 5.150E-06 9.111E-06 4.452E-06 4.003E-06 5.079E-06 2.813E-06 3.638E-06 4.766E-06 4.242E-06 3.621E-06 6.010E-06 7.514E-06 5.324E-06 8.072E-06 3.788E-06 2.702E-06 4.732E-06 4.471E-06 3.914E-06 4.297E-06 6.105E-06 3.927E-06 3.802E-06 4.540E-06
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 3273.1 1000 1970 1000 1000 1000 1500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
2.434E-05 5.762E-13 1.714E-05 2.235E-05 2.616E-05 1.900E-05 1.573E-04 2.432E-05 6.432E-05 1.975E-12 2.625E-05 4.000E-05 5.737E-05 1.314E-05 1.669E-05 1.767E-05 1.672E-05 1.688E-05 1.697E-05 1.781E-05 1.996E-05 1.585E-05 1.345E-05 1.741E-05 1.813E-05 1.743E-05 1.755E-05 1.774E-05 1.733E-05 2.700E-05 1.868E-05 2.057E-05 1.681E-05 2.498E-05 6.371E-05 4.184E-05 1.436E-05 2.042E-05 2.124E-05 2.058E-05 2.068E-05 2.098E-05 2.019E-05 2.023E-05 2.176E-05 2.275E-05 2.320E-05 2.141E-05 1.879E-05 1.340E-05 2.283E-05 2.093E-05 2.090E-05 2.135E-05 2.480E-05 2.490E-05 2.461E-05 1.765E-05 2.373E-05 2.397E-05 2.060E-05 2.122E-05 2.223E-05
2-426
TABLE 2-312
Vapor Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Substances (Pas) (Concluded)
Cmpd. no.
Name
304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345
Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene
Formula C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3
120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165
3.0387E-07 7.3919E-07 6.0741E-07 3.5532E-08 7.9457E-08 4.543E-08 1.1085E-07 2.1671E-07 6.3863E-07 2.273E-07 6.863E-07 5.3986E-07 3.9067E-06 2.2452E-08 7.0859E-07 5.1567E-09 3.778E-07 5.0784E-07 8.5988E-08 8.1458E-07 1.03E-06 8.7268E-07 2.7081E-07 3.5585E-08 2.411E-07 1.2434E-06 7.8498E-07 6.8812E-07 1.107E-07 8.2418E-07 3.4066E-08 2.8471E-08 3.594E-08 5.9537E-08 1.388E-07 6.7484E-07 2.379E-07 3.6429E-08 1.7096E-08 6.8293E-07 8.3436E-07 9.3485E-07
0.61945 0.5423 0.5863 0.95654 0.84656 0.9173 0.8008 0.76757 0.5254 0.6845 0.6112 0.6349 0.3845 0.97631 0.51971 1.1561 0.6533 0.5614 0.82841 0.50257 0.5497 0.49397 0.6955 0.8987 0.6845 0.4832 0.49855 0.51063 0.746 0.4931 0.95252 0.96571 0.9052 0.81842 0.7599 0.5304 0.71517 0.95924 1.1146 0.52199 0.49713 0.47683
210.35 263.73 367.29 65.878 61 152.51 16.28 295.1 229.8 217 34.5 470.1 652.24 271.01 328.55 68.172 380.29 569.4 323.79 187.93 165.3 223 447.7 362.79 330.88 72.4 371.44 43.528 30.83 125 90.245 98 230.17 102.84 324.17 365.86 371.96
C4
19,000
Tmin, K
Viscosity at Tmin
Tmax, K
Viscosity at Tmax
173.55 87.89 180.25 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85 250.00 242.54 460.65 197.67 205.15 297.93 700.15 329.35 279.01 164.65 237.38 176.99 373.96 234.94 178.18 236.50 267.76 158.45 156.08 247.79 229.33 165.78 387.91 398.40 354.00 247.57 288.45 180.35 173.15 119.36 178.35 273.16 225.30 247.98 286.41
3.351E-06 2.093E-06 4.203E-06 4.085E-06 4.132E-06 4.832E-06 9.439E-06 1.410E-05 5.158E-06 1.009E-05 8.280E-06 9.790E-06 1.355E-05 1.346E-05 4.837E-06 3.465E-06 4.006E-06 4.592E-06 4.520E-06 7.930E-06 6.049E-06 4.008E-06 6.756E-06 3.344E-06 3.210E-06 3.689E-06 4.975E-06 4.520E-06 3.488E-06 7.958E-06 9.208E-06 7.581E-06 3.506E-06 4.677E-06 4.660E-06 4.459E-06 3.907E-06 5.260E-06 8.882E-06 4.735E-06 5.225E-06 6.037E-06
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 500 1000 1000 1000 5000 694.19 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1073.15 1000 1000 1000
1.812E-05 2.477E-05 2.550E-05 2.632E-05 2.583E-05 2.418E-05 2.429E-05 2.475E-05 1.858E-05 2.091E-05 3.844E-05 1.195E-04 2.883E-05 1.906E-05 1.554E-05 1.516E-05 2.710E-05 1.847E-05 2.461E-05 1.900E-05 2.926E-05 2.000E-05 2.782E-05 1.517E-05 2.230E-05 2.418E-05 1.803E-05 1.760E-05 1.786E-05 1.812E-05 2.352E-05 2.179E-05 1.660E-05 1.558E-05 2.407E-05 2.140E-05 1.263E-12 2.749E-05 4.082E-05 1.899E-05 1.894E-05 1.836E-05
The vapor viscosity is calculated by
C1T C2 µ 2 1 C3/T C4/T where µ is the viscosity in Pas and T is the temperature in K. Viscosities are at either 1 atm or the vapor pressure, whichever is lower. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
TABLE 2-313
Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Pa⭈s)
2-427
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane m-Cresol
C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C7H8O
75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6 108-39-4
44.053 59.067 60.052 102.089 58.079 41.052 26.037 56.063 72.063 53.063 28.960 17.031 108.138 39.948 121.137 78.112 110.177 122.121 103.121 182.218 108.138 136.191 124.203 154.208 159.808 157.008 108.965 94.939 54.090 54.090 58.122 90.121 90.121 74.122 74.122 56.106 56.106 56.106 116.158 134.218 90.187 90.187 54.090 72.106 88.105 69.105 44.010 76.141 28.010 153.823 88.004 70.906 112.557 64.514 119.378 50.488 78.541 78.541 108.138
−5.895 1.5525 −9.03 −14.164 −14.918 −10.906 6.224 −12.032 −28.12 2.019 −20.077 −6.743 −15.407 −8.8685 −12.632 7.5117 −8.4562 −12.947 −20.236 13.354 −14.152 −11.46 −11.459 −9.9265 16.775 −20.611 −10.015 −8.103 −10.143 17.844 −7.2471 −393.86 −390.03 0.87669 −16.323 −10.773 −10.346 −10.335 −17.488 −23.802 −10.807 −10.903 −3.4644 −10.057 −9.817 −10.136 18.775 −10.306 −4.9735 −8.0738 −9.9212 −9.5412 0.15772 −10.216 −14.109 −25.132 −13.994 −15.458 59.686
668.21 1376.4 1212.3 1350.3 1023.4 872.02 −151.8 867.34 2280.2 239.7 285.15 598.3 1518.7 204.29 2668.2 294.68 1024.4 2557.9 1737.4 −232.91 2652 1497 1334.4 1576.3 −314 1656.5 823.43 570.8 472.79 −310.2 534.82 19042 18609 1602.9 3141.7 591.61 522.3 521.39 1478.2 1887.2 966.74 932.82 334.5 903.73 1388 1006.4 −402.92 703.01 97.67 1121.1 300.5 456.62 540.5 702 1049.2 1381.9 949.4 1086 −3517.9
C3
C4
C5
−0.84323 −2.0126 −0.322 0.4492 0.5961 −2.6554 0.19534 2.3956 −1.8975 1.784 −0.7341 0.60172 −0.38305
−6.2382E-22 −3.69E-27
10 10
−1.2937E-22
10
−2.794 −0.30635 1.3531 −3.2685
1.7488E+20
−8.052
−0.043397 0.00049694 −0.21119 −3.9763 1.4415 −0.11122 −0.32958 −0.028241 −4.5058 −0.57469 59.978 60.014 −2.1475
−4.6625E-27 −0.049479 −0.055844 3.3866E+22
10 1 1 −9.9231
−0.011847 −0.013184 0.91828 1.8479 −0.014851 0.023034 −1.0811 −0.13186 −0.238 −0.1337 −4.6854
−6.9171E-26
10
−4.4999E-27 −6.163E-17
10 6
9.0312E+12
−5
−1.1088 −0.4726 −1.6075 −0.072 0.5377 2.0811 0.50223 0.654 −9.838
Tmin, K
Viscosity at Tmin
Tmax, K
Viscosity at Tmax
150.15 353.33 289.81 210.00 190.00 229.32 193.15 185.45 286.15 220.00 59.15 195.41 235.65 83.78 403.00 278.68 258.27 395.52 270.00 321.35 257.85 275.65 243.95 342.20 265.85 242.43 154.55 179.47 136.95 250.00 134.86 220.00 196.15 190.00 158.45 87.80 134.26 167.62 250.00 200.00 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 267.95 161.25 216.58 161.58 68.15 250.00 89.56 172.12 250.00 150.00 209.63 175.43 150.35 250.00 273.15
3.446E-03 1.728E-03 1.265E-03 4.834E-03 1.655E-03 8.220E-04 1.958E-04 1.773E-03 1.359E-03 8.040E-04 3.430E-04 5.240E-04 3.429E-03 2.950E-04 2.451E-03 7.761E-04 2.047E-03 1.530E-03 1.977E-03 6.100E-03 2.092E-02 1.887E-03 2.513E-03 1.427E-03 1.353E-03 2.842E-03 5.260E-03 1.316E-03 1.081E-03 2.547E-04 2.243E-03 2.020E+02 4.410E+04 3.237E-01 3.327E+01 1.770E-02 1.483E-03 6.810E-04 1.496E-03 1.030E-02 8.717E-03 2.288E-02 1.369E-03 3.602E-03 2.561E-03 1.031E-02 2.488E-04 2.590E-03 2.689E-04 2.032E-03 1.408E-03 1.020E-03 1.422E-03 2.748E-03 1.970E-03 1.501E-03 5.728E-03 5.515E-04 8.670E-02
294.00 494.30 391.05 412.70 329.44 436.40 273.15 353.22 460.00 350.50 130.00 393.15 426.73 150.00 563.15 545.00 442.29 600.80 450.00 664.00 478.60 458.15 472.03 723.15 350.00 429.24 311.50 276.71 284.00 400.00 420.00 544.00 540.80 391.90 372.90 335.60 276.87 274.03 399.26 456.46 373.15 358.13 373.15 348.05 436.42 390.75 303.15 441.60 131.37 455.00 145.10 333.72 540.00 373.15 353.20 403.15 423.15 308.85 564.68
2.216E-04 2.895E-04 3.890E-04 2.783E-04 2.351E-04 1.350E-04 9.819E-05 2.181E-04 2.086E-04 2.215E-04 4.276E-05 4.858E-05 2.736E-04 3.823E-05 3.730E-04 7.106E-05 3.333E-04 1.680E-04 3.009E-04 2.660E-04 1.821E-04 2.121E-04 1.788E-04 1.076E-04 6.021E-04 3.310E-04 3.321E-04 3.732E-04 1.773E-04 4.880E-05 3.566E-05 3.440E-04 2.890E-04 3.877E-04 3.715E-04 1.220E-04 1.982E-04 2.022E-04 2.521E-04 2.359E-04 2.475E-04 2.851E-04 1.271E-04 2.660E-04 3.087E-04 2.344E-04 5.652E-05 1.640E-04 6.515E-05 2.030E-04 3.897E-04 2.820E-04 1.291E-04 1.567E-04 3.410E-04 5.951E-05 1.154E-04 2.767E-04 1.630E-04
2-428
TABLE 2-313
Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Pa⭈s) (Continued)
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide
C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS
95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5
108.138 108.138 120.192 52.035 56.106 84.159 100.159 98.143 82.144 70.133 68.117 42.080 116.224 156.265 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 174.347 138.250 4.032 187.861 187.861 173.835 130.228 147.002 147.002 147.002 98.959 98.959 84.933 112.986 112.986 105.136 73.137 74.122 90.187 66.050 66.050 52.023 101.190 102.175 114.185 90.121 104.148 54.090 45.084 86.175 112.213 112.213 112.213 94.199 46.068 73.094 100.202 194.184 60.170 62.134 78.133
C1
C2
−0.033937 390.77 −1.6355 1052.9 −24.988 1807.9 −12.086 994.23 −3.4968 397.94 −33.763 2497.2 280.87 −31869 −44.877 3227.7 −11.641 1154.3 −3.2612 614.16 −4.1508 599.77 −3.524 342.54 −11.338 1304.1 −10.115 1111.9 −9.6489 1181.1 −12.305 2324.1 −69.985 5818.8 −15.868 1434.8 −11.464 1510.1 −2.3633 791.93 0.000001348 −10.457 1101.1 −17.582 1635.4 −10.013 921.31 10.027 206 −1.9265 387.67 −30.6 2153.4 31.63 −1080 −8.991 870.2 15.312 −41.12 −13.071 940.03 −10.872 1033.1 −11.269 1195.3 −375.21 17177 −17.57 1385.7 10.197 −63.8 −5.135 667.5 10.501 −52.181 −10.072 710.48 −17.723 850.2 −1.7366 599.8 −11.5 993 −15.097 1426.9 −10.968 885.49 −10.631 1086.4 0.10842 300.2 −10.93 699.5 7.2565 221.4 −10.716 1140.5 −11.796 1463.5 −11.344 1168.9 −10.577 1172.6 −10.62 448.99 −20.425 1515.5 −12.08 1112.2 16.961 −423.16 −17.641 −37.347
1067.5 2835
C3 −1.4547 −1.3891 2.0556
C4 5.0187E+12 3.6844E+17
−1.1087 3.2236 −38.837 3,994,500 4.887 0.066511 −1.156 −1.0308 −1.1599 0.000092396 −0.015659 −0.24367 9.0522E+34 −0.055494 8.0715 0.68071 −0.012754 −1.2272
C5 −5 −7
−2.002
−15
−0.0031354 0.9932 −3.1607 −1.1335 2.9371 −6.114 −0.2805 −3.919 0.3733 −0.00067435 0.012736 66.66 0.85647 −3.226 −0.8553 −3.3459 −0.14677 1.0601 −1.4237 0.022 0.51512
1.5037E+14
−6
−3.6367
0.5
−1.1719E-18
7
1.362E+15
−6
−1.6831 −2.7946 −0.047736 0.04513 −0.14244 0.000083967 1.4444 0.09654 −3.8178 1.0317 3.7937
Tmin, K
Viscosity at Tmin
Tmax, K
Viscosity at Tmax
293.15 273.15 200.00 245.25 182.48 279.69 296.60 242.00 200.00 225.00 138.13 145.59 189.64 267.15 240.05 304.55 285.00 206.89 247.56 229.15 20.35 210.15 282.85 220.60 175.30 248.39 256.15 326.14 176.19 237.49 208.38 200.00 172.71 293.15 223.35 200.00 225.00 154.56 215.00 137.00 250.00 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.10 240.91 200.00 220.00 239.66 223.16 184.99 188.44 131.65 240.00 160.00 274.18
9.600E-03 9.770E-02 6.363E-03 3.250E-04 8.345E-04 1.260E-03 6.330E-02 8.960E-03 4.018E-03 1.122E-03 7.531E-03 9.601E-04 1.155E-02 2.381E-03 2.780E-03 6.798E-03 1.937E-02 4.975E-03 4.364E-03 3.786E-03 1.348E-06 5.331E-03 2.042E-03 2.920E-03 5.931E-03 2.540E-03 2.727E-03 8.543E-04 4.076E-03 1.839E-03 1.407E-03 3.312E-03 1.381E-02 8.130E-01 1.191E-03 7.359E-04 1.113E-03 1.229E-03 5.231E-04 1.830E-03 7.479E-04 2.259E-03 4.569E-03 4.375E-03 2.950E-03 3.796E-04 5.917E-04 1.103E-03 1.992E-03 5.310E-03 8.315E-03 6.093E-03 7.398E-04 2.041E-03 9.669E-03 6.030E-02
558.04 563.72 400.00 320.12 367.94 443.04 520.08 428.58 373.15 325.00 405.60 318.40 431.95 488.15 494.16 543.15 503.00 443.75 512.35 505.60 20.35 381.15 404.51 488.80 414.15 547.16 453.57 447.21 330.45 400.00 373.93 361.25 369.52 589.28 329.10 373.15 365.25 343.15 283.65 343.15 357.05 341.45 397.55 337.45 366.15 371.00 308.15 331.13 392.70 484.92 396.58 382.90 248.31 425.15 362.93 612.80
2.160E-04 1.940E-04 2.881E-04 1.260E-04 1.278E-04 2.070E-04 1.650E-04 4.402E-04 2.877E-04 3.167E-04 1.416E-04 1.080E-04 2.440E-04 3.583E-04 1.550E-04 2.304E-04 2.727E-04 2.064E-04 1.848E-04 2.167E-04 1.348E-06 5.071E-04 5.120E-04 2.950E-04 1.989E-04 2.340E-04 3.761E-04 3.039E-04 3.407E-04 2.557E-04 2.374E-04 3.301E-04 3.495E-04 1.090E-04 2.260E-04 1.141E-04 2.354E-04 1.026E-04 2.257E-04 6.050E-05 2.193E-04 2.110E-04 2.194E-04 2.378E-04 4.695E-04 1.186E-04 1.734E-04 2.509E-04 3.045E-04 1.540E-04 2.956E-04 2.336E-04 1.490E-04 2.981E-04 2.147E-04 2.730E-04
225.00 6.696E-04 291.67 2.253E-03
310.48 464.00
2.528E-04 3.547E-04
2-429
119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181
Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne
C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S C6H10 C6H10
120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2
194.184 88.105 170.207 101.190 170.335 282.547 30.069 46.068 88.105 45.084 106.165 150.175 116.158 116.158 112.213 98.186 28.053 60.098 62.068 43.068 44.053 74.079 144.211 130.228 88.148 100.159 62.134 102.132 88.148 163.506 37.997 96.102 48.060 34.033 30.026 45.041 46.026 68.074 4.003 240.468 114.185 100.202 130.185 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 98.186 132.267 96.170 226.441 100.159 86.175 116.158 102.175 102.175 100.159 100.159 84.159 82.144 118.240 82.144 82.144
−11.488 −46.166 −12.373 −15.404 −7.8244 −18.315 −7.0046 7.875 14.354 19.822 −13.563 −40.706 −12.24 −15.485 −22.11 −6.894 1.8878 −53.908 −20.515 −11.012 −8.521 −9.8417 −13.037 −11.311 −11.331 −11.452 −9.7574 −8.9215 0.7109 7.8744 8.18 −10.064 −10.758 −10.501 −11.24 40.153 −48.529 −10.923 −9.6312 −19.991 −10.443 −9.4622 −40.543 −66.654 11.225 −9.3874 −13.929 −10.819 −11.812 −2.7947 −20.182 −10.745 −6.3276 −46.402 −39.324 −82.705 −11.445 −13.684 −10.36 −4.2684 −10.073 −4.7263 −3.7464
1922.6 3086.2 2017.5 1390 1191.9 2283.5 276.38 781.98 −154.6 −0.12598 1208.6 3035 1836.4 1325.6 1673 818.6 78.865 4030.8 2468.5 967.4 634.2 876.4 2346 1337.2 908.46 1172.7 729.43 950.8 386.51 −106.34 −75.6 1058.7 558.81 427.78 751.69 −912.39 3394.7 894.63 −3.841 2245.1 1063.2 877.07 3328.3 5325.8 25.319 1204.9 1321.9 841.33 1291.9 563.86 2203.5 1021.4 640 3448.6 3841 7404.9 1187.2 1283.4 775.85 647.6 1123.3 594.43 624.2
5.104 0.5564 −0.49963 0.95485 −0.6087 −3.0418 −3.7887 −4.9793 0.377 4.2655 0.021868 0.6432 1.641 −0.5941 −2.1554 5.9704 1.2435
3.9572E+23 −3.1108E-18
2.4998E+12
−0.3314 −0.1708 −0.02982 0.00042478 −0.00010095 −0.14912 −0.32687 −1.7754 −2.6884 −3.5148 −0.17162 −0.016459 0.0086309 −0.024579 −7.5664 5.3903 −0.00068418 −1.458 1.1982 −0.031488 −0.23445 4.1804 7.66 −3.2694 −0.32618 0.40382 0.076469 −1.1636 1.2289 −0.000055427 −0.694 5.0849 3.6933 6.4721 0.0029076 0.33755 −0.082348 −1.0087 −0.16515 −0.86247 −1.084
4.2757E+13
1.6873E+24 −1.065E-08 1.4022E+22 −2.2512E-28 1.0082E+11
5.6884E+21 −2.1166E-30 1.5016
413.80 284.95 293.15 260.00 −10 262.15 309.58 7 90.35 200.00 220.00 192.15 178.20 250.00 258.15 250.00 200.00 253.15 104.00 284.29 −5 260.15 250.00 160.65 245.00 235.00 180.00 140.00 204.15 125.26 250.00 200.00 −6 167.55 53.48 232.15 129.95 131.35 181.15 −10 273.15 281.45 200.00 10 2.20 295.13 229.80 −10 180.15 265.83 9.9041 239.15 −4.3444 230.00 234.15 250.00 154.12 229.92 192.22 291.31 217.15 −10 174.65 269.25 10.485 250.00 0.41014 223.00 217.35 217.50 133.39 170.05 192.62 141.25 183.65
1.068E-03 1.525E-03 4.120E-03 9.454E-04 3.020E-03 4.243E-03 1.247E-03 1.315E-02 1.132E-03 1.727E-03 8.012E-03 6.643E-03 6.705E-03 1.319E-03 6.406E-03 9.605E-04 6.334E-04 2.487E-03 1.340E-01 7.909E-04 1.918E-03 7.435E-04 4.717E-02 1.765E-02 7.908E-03 3.319E-03 9.520E-03 9.848E-04 1.156E-03 1.010E-02 7.317E-04 1.599E-03 1.448E-03 7.450E-04 7.331E-04 7.408E-03 2.319E-03 1.575E-03 3.628E-06 3.814E-03 2.510E-03 4.420E-03 9.242E-03 8.805E-02 4.036E-01 2.427E-03 1.642E-03 4.700E-03 3.097E-03 2.528E-03 3.536E-03 2.378E-03 2.400E-03 5.854E-03 2.822E-02 4.919E-01 2.561E-03 2.563E-03 7.108E-03 3.550E-03 6.035E-03 8.332E-03 2.483E-03
561.15 374.65 613.44 382.35 526.40 616.93 300.00 440.00 473.15 289.73 413.10 486.55 466.95 394.65 404.94 378.15 250.00 483.15 576.00 329.00 283.85 345.00 510.10 417.15 326.15 386.55 308.15 372.25 337.01 447.96 140.00 453.15 235.45 194.82 254.05 493.00 373.71 304.50 5.10 575.30 425.95 432.16 496.15 448.60 432.90 421.15 424.18 429.92 450.09 447.20 564.15 401.45 406.08 478.85 429.90 412.40 400.70 396.65 336.63 432.00 425.81 412.00 435.00
3.154E-04 4.610E-04 1.130E-04 2.118E-04 1.680E-04 2.078E-04 3.587E-05 1.416E-04 9.061E-05 2.236E-04 2.326E-04 3.109E-04 2.822E-04 2.533E-04 2.956E-04 2.599E-04 6.143E-05 1.723E-04 2.520E-04 3.123E-04 2.863E-04 2.486E-04 2.165E-04 2.522E-04 1.949E-04 2.207E-04 2.626E-04 2.480E-04 2.086E-04 1.550E-04 5.954E-05 1.542E-04 2.087E-04 2.587E-04 2.210E-04 1.821E-04 5.444E-04 3.392E-04 2.532E-06 2.088E-04 2.924E-04 1.430E-04 3.754E-04 3.190E-04 2.723E-04 2.040E-04 2.318E-04 1.420E-04 2.087E-04 1.777E-04 2.054E-04 2.744E-04 1.340E-04 4.019E-04 3.343E-04 3.274E-04 2.108E-04 2.185E-04 1.966E-04 1.377E-04 2.172E-04 2.083E-04 1.368E-04
2-430
TABLE 2-313
Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Pa⭈s) (Continued)
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
C4
182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240
Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether
H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10 C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O
302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82-2 79-41-4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5 75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5
32.045 2.016 80.912 36.461 27.025 20.006 34.081 88.105 59.110 104.061 86.089 16.042 32.042 73.094 74.079 40.064 86.089 31.057 136.148 68.117 72.149 102.132 88.148 70.133 70.133 66.101 88.148 104.214 68.117 102.132 80.589 98.186 114.185 114.185 114.185 84.159 82.144 82.144 115.034 60.095 72.106 76.161 60.052 88.148 100.159 57.051 74.122 86.132 90.187 48.107 100.116 158.238 86.175 102.175 58.122 74.122 56.106 88.105 74.122
−75.781 −11.661 −11.633 −116.34 −21.927 353.99 −10.905 −11.497 −31.157 −19.834 −14.527 −6.1572 −25.317 −4.648 13.557 −2.8737 10.848 −17.044 −21.971 −10.481 −12.596 −1.035 −25.882 −10.755 −8.4453 −3.6585 −11.278 −10.97 −1.8842 −12.206 −12.002 −11.358 −6.1534 −6.6904 −6.6915 −1.8553 −4.8515 −6.7424 −10.517 −11.104 −1.0598 −10.842 −39.641 −11.27 −11.394
4175.4 24.7 316.38 3834.6 1266.5 13928 762.11 1365.7 1926 2784.5 1497.7 178.15 1789.2 1832 −187.3 301.35 75 1074 2267.4 648.37 889.11 1048.5 3359.4 705.48 639.21 441.1 949.12 1067.3 433.58 1141.7 1009.7 1213.1 3219 3150.5 3173.2 612.62 679.07 788.86 745.32 627.18 520.68 863.65 2113.3 888.42 1168.7
9.6508 −0.261 0.56191 16.864 1.5927 −41.717 −0.11863 0.036966 2.925 1.1161 0.51747 −0.95239 2.069 −1.2191 −3.6592 −1.2271 −3.297 0.84203 1.4173 −0.041947 0.20469 −1.5474 1.5787 −0.011113 −0.38409 −1.0547 −0.00012343 −0.017484 −1.3238 0.15014
−7.27E-09 −4.1E-16
−11.216 −11.272 −11.075 −10.628 −0.099 −12.579 −12.86 −11.391 −13.912 51.356 −10.385 −4.841 −10.705
737.75 1048.9 990.72 645 496 2224.2 946.91 1090.8 797.09 −1249.5 599.59 696.7 788.94
0.019308 0.00030493
−2.5875E-10 −2,962
−9.0606E-24
C5 3 10 4 −0.5
10
−1.4494 −1.392 −1.3046 −1.3774 −0.93238 −0.69862 0.036581 −1.4961 −0.00074603 4.308 0.024736 −0.007539
0.025885 −1.5939 0.26191 1.0752E-07 0.45308 −9.4593 −0.046088 −0.9194 −0.048383
3.694E+24
−9.8759
Tmin, K
Viscosity at Tmin
Tmax, K
Viscosity at Tmax
274.69 13.95 185.15 158.97 259.83 189.79 187.68 250.00 250.00 404.15 288.15 90.69 175.47 301.15 250.00 170.45 275.00 179.69 288.15 159.53 150.00 298.15 155.95 135.58 139.39 160.15 157.48 175.30 183.45 200.00 139.05 146.58 299.15 280.15 269.15 248.15 146.62 115.00 275.00 160.00 186.48 167.23 250.00 150.00 189.15
1.450E-03 2.546E-05 9.207E-04 1.000E-03 2.754E-04 1.550E-03 5.726E-04 2.938E-03 6.737E-04 1.939E-03 1.664E-03 2.063E-04 1.193E-02 3.995E-03 6.135E-04 6.045E-04 6.126E-04 1.236E-03 2.299E-03 1.321E-03 3.542E-03 1.774E-03 3.776E+01 3.675E-03 3.164E-03 1.915E-03 5.239E-03 6.930E-03 1.628E-03 3.339E-03 8.730E-03 4.590E-02 2.584E-02 3.729E-02 1.107E-01 9.288E-04 7.669E-03 4.086E-02 4.070E-04 9.133E-04 2.266E-03 3.409E-03 6.104E-04 5.390E-03 5.222E-03
522.52 33.00 206.45 318.15 298.85 368.92 350.00 450.00 453.15 580.00 434.15 188.00 337.85 478.15 425.00 373.15 400.00 273.15 472.65 314.00 310.00 450.15 404.15 304.30 311.70 390.15 343.31 396.58 364.00 375.90 353.60 457.68 548.80 491.20 493.60 353.15 433.60 420.80 314.70 280.50 535.50 339.80 304.90 331.70 389.15
2.190E-04 3.906E-06 8.206E-04 5.780E-05 1.821E-04 1.190E-04 8.089E-05 2.649E-04 1.214E-04 3.593E-04 3.582E-04 2.263E-05 3.442E-04 2.392E-04 1.198E-04 8.846E-05 1.636E-04 2.275E-04 2.149E-04 1.739E-04 1.928E-04 2.859E-04 3.051E-04 2.034E-04 1.841E-04 1.476E-04 2.006E-04 2.286E-04 2.035E-04 2.539E-04 1.070E-04 1.650E-04 8.026E-05 1.360E-04 2.356E-04 2.742E-04 1.301E-04 1.129E-04 2.891E-04 1.731E-04 7.577E-05 2.474E-04 3.134E-04 2.143E-04 2.170E-04
127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 260.00 240.00 119.55 176.00 110.00 295.56 132.81 250.00 133.97
4.722E-03 4.305E-03 4.977E-03 2.023E-03 8.635E-04 3.646E-02 2.506E-02 5.554E-03 1.072E-02 5.440E-03 2.253E-03 8.002E-04 6.390E-03
303.92 367.55 553.10 279.11 400.00 518.15 333.41 372.00 310.95 451.21 266.25 352.60 312.20
1.703E-04 2.212E-04 9.292E-05 2.827E-04 2.229E-04 2.519E-04 2.038E-04 2.120E-04 1.588E-04 1.010E-04 2.270E-04 2.593E-04 2.127E-04
2-431
241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303
Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine
C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N
3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8
90.187 46.144 118.176 88.148 58.079 128.171 20.180 75.067 28.013 71.002 61.040 44.013 30.006 268.521 142.239 128.255 158.238 144.255 144.255 126.239 160.320 124.223 254.494 128.212 114.229 144.211 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 112.213 146.294 110.197 90.035 31.999 47.998 212.415 86.132 72.149 102.132 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 70.133 104.214 104.214 68.117 68.117 178.229 94.111 119.121 148.116 40.064 44.096 60.095 60.095 122.207 58.079 74.079 55.079 102.132 59.110
−10.569
952.38
−0.063873
160.17
7.103E-03
368.69
2.333E-04
−11.632 −6.921 −10.34 −19.308 −17.945 −4.438 16.004
1251.6 790.773 519.61 1822.5 115.57 746.5 −181.61
0.071692 −0.654 −0.013899 1.218 1.428 −0.9385 −5.1551
249.95 164.55 151.15 353.43 25.09 200.00 63.15
1.972E-03 4.284E-03 9.377E-04 9.077E-04 1.602E-04 3.421E-03 2.633E-04
438.65 450.00 278.65 633.15 44.13 387.22 124.00
2.382E-04 1.052E-04 1.929E-04 1.892E-04 2.706E-05 3.027E-04 3.331E-05
−9.5556 19.329 −246.65 −16.403 −12.94 −68.54 −48.851 −39.863 −98.854 −21.921 −11.319 −2.3409 −22.688 −10.191 −7.556 −60.795 −19.907 16.792 −11.736 −20.804 −11.19 −11.498 −3.8552
981.64 −381.68 3150.3 2119.5 1257.6 3165.3 4095 4089 7183.8 1603.9 1428 715.52 2466 1072.4 881.09 4617.8 2791.7 1353.6 1415.2 1834.6 1057.4 1362.1 684.22
−0.19453 −4.8618 49.98 0.6881 0.37191 9.0919 5.294 3.7631 12.283 1.5971 −0.022545 −1.222 1.5703 −0.030553 −0.52502 7.028 0.94296 −4.6357 0.0003618 1.3403
244.60 210.00 109.50 305.04 255.15 218.15 285.55 280.00 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246.00 211.15 289.65 280.00 241.55 252.85 255.55 171.45 223.95 193.55
1.344E-03 2.065E-04 3.858E-04 4.012E-03 2.606E-03 3.310E-03 1.030E-02 1.733E-02 2.310E-01 5.699E-03 3.026E-03 3.206E-03 3.926E-03 2.479E-03 2.660E-03 6.652E-03 1.569E-02 4.576E-01 2.161E-03 2.039E-03 6.590E-03 4.837E-03 3.614E-03
374.35 283.09 180.05 603.15 468.15 593.15 528.75 485.20 471.70 420.02 492.95 487.20 589.86 447.15 454.96 512.85 468.35 452.90 446.15 440.65 453.52 472.19 468.00
3.078E-04 7.730E-05 3.791E-05 2.068E-04 3.468E-04 5.000E-05 3.670E-04 2.852E-04 3.334E-04 2.127E-04 1.913E-04 2.172E-04 2.057E-04 3.425E-04 1.460E-04 3.576E-04 2.901E-04 1.899E-04 1.913E-04 2.075E-04 1.420E-04 2.000E-04 1.868E-04
−4.1476 −10.94 −19.299 −10.846 −53.509 −37.067 −36.561 −410.49 −11.055 −2.8695 −10.667 −6.9168 −11.677 −1.7273 −3.7241 −22.472 −43.335 −11.31 195.25 −6.3528 −17.156 23.467 −8.8918 −11.208 −9.9177 −23.931 −5.7136 17.797 −9.8074
94.04 415.96 2088.6 980.01 1836.6 2856.7 3542.2 18371 1005.3 596.32 659.56 818.76 1091.2 424.34 516.54 2566.9 3881.7 1280 −11072 240.85 646.25 116.07 2357.6 1079.8 839.53 1834.6 703.62 −252.43 1010.4
54.36 77.55 283.07 182.00 143.42 270.00 253.15 200.00 250.00 234.18 108.02 220.00 197.45 167.45 163.83 372.38 291.45 243.15 404.15 136.87 85.47 146.95 185.26 199.00 170.00 252.45 250.00 250.00 188.36
7.170E-04 3.790E-03 3.486E-03 4.129E-03 3.529E-03 3.773E-03 1.649E-02 3.823E+01 9.009E-04 1.024E-03 1.045E-02 1.643E-03 3.746E-03 2.323E-03 1.902E-03 1.920E-03 1.270E-02 2.370E-03 1.229E-03 5.772E-04 9.458E-03 2.069E+01 3.917E-01 3.080E-03 2.912E-03 2.275E-03 7.372E-04 1.002E-03 3.060E-03
150.00 208.80 543.84 376.15 465.15 458.65 410.90 392.20 375.46 375.14 303.22 385.15 399.79 378.00 415.20 610.03 555.40 522.40 557.65 298.15 360.00 370.35 355.30 508.80 321.15 414.32 370.50 473.15 321.00
6.990E-05 1.300E-04 2.091E-04 2.553E-04 4.796E-05 3.516E-04 3.844E-04 5.828E-04 2.354E-04 2.232E-04 2.051E-04 2.385E-04 2.463E-04 1.898E-04 9.980E-05 2.849E-04 1.940E-04 1.420E-04 1.986E-04 1.416E-04 4.275E-05 4.735E-04 4.892E-04 1.130E-04 2.562E-04 3.430E-04 2.171E-04 1.045E-04 2.908E-04
−2.14E-17
10
−0.22541
1
−0.000013519
2
4.6342E+22
−10
2.3041E+24 2.6663E+31
−10.09 −13.039
0.015575 −1.0071 −1.207 1.1091 −0.0054565 7.1409 3.7344 3.3364 61.985 0.0039301 −1.2025 −0.59628 0.10658 −1.342 −1.1167 1.5749 4.3983 −29.084 −0.58229 1.1101 −5.3372 −0.91376 −0.16735 1.9124 −0.78123 −4.291 −0.25697
−0.000019627 −8.0487E-37 −0.0095612
3.0548E+24
−7.3439E-11 2.8801E+09
2 12.84 1.2201
−10
4 −4.0267
2-432
TABLE 2-313
Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Pa⭈s) (Concluded)
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345
Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene
C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H2O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3
120.192 42.080 88.105 76.161 76.161 76.094 108.095 104.079 104.149 118.088 64.064 146.055 80.063 166.131 230.304 198.388 72.106 132.202 88.171 114.229 84.140 92.138 133.404 184.361 101.190 59.110 120.192 120.192 114.229 114.229 213.105 227.131 156.308 172.308 86.089 52.075 62.498 161.490 18.015 106.165 106.165 106.165
−18.282 −92.082 −73.735 −5.7244 −10.153 −804.54 −14.846
1549.7 1907.3 2668.2 638.2 840.71 30487 1829.4
1.0454 15.639 10.993 −0.76415 −0.093763 130.79 0.3729
−22.675 −13.422 46.223 3.8305 −88.793
1758 3431.8 −1378 41.21 6400.7
1.6701
−215.09 −14.493 −10.321 −11.167 −10.843 5.5351 −16.671 −226.08 0.388 −4.1103 −3.7067 10.142 −11.756 −9.6461 −12.928 −4.0309 −10.707 −11.504 52.176 −69.778 −22.407 −2.2333 0.26297 −10.37 −52.843 −11.91 −15.489 −7.381
11612 1710.8 900.92 1193.2 1165.2 632.38 1342.5 6805.7 736.5 1005.3 585.78 −130.41 1483.1 1281.2 1137.5 990.76 1818.5 3301 −4951.9 5905.2 1462.8 320.37 276.55 823.31 3703.6 1094.9 1393.5 911.7
C4
C5
−0.043098 −0.018364
1 1
−0.15449
1
−8.7475 −2.1342 10.709 31.849 0.4417 −0.069128 0.096226 −2.6576 0.8388 37.542 −1.7063 −1.0188 −1.0926 −3.2199 −0.040387 −0.29478 0.25725 −1.1771 −0.39102 −8.5676 8.0214 1.7006 −1.2915 −1.7282 5.866 0.13825 0.63711 −0.54152
−0.026882 3.0895E+28
1 −12
9.5986E+11
-5
−0.060853
1
1.0017E+19
−8
−3.6929E-28
10
570,980
−5.879E-29
−2
10
Tmin, K
Viscosity at Tmin
Tmax, K
Viscosity at Tmax
200.00 87.90 180.25 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85
6.774E-03 1.550E-02 5.852E-03 6.477E-03 4.641E-03 9.500E+02 3.643E-04
432.39 333.15 353.97 325.71 340.87 500.80 454.00
2.357E-04 5.150E-05 2.810E-04 2.784E-04 2.656E-04 3.310E-04 1.965E-04
242.54 460.65 225.00 223.15 289.95
1.919E-03 2.550E-03 6.900E-04 5.388E-04 2.477E-03
418.31 644.80 400.00 318.69 318.15
2.268E-04 3.040E-04 6.557E-05 2.383E-04 9.456E-04
329.35 277.65 164.65 237.40 293.15 373.96 250.00 178.18 236.50 267.67 250.00 200.00 247.79 229.33 165.78 172.22 398.40 353.15 247.57 288.45 225.00 173.15 130.00 178.35 273.16 225.30 247.98 286.41
1.736E-02 3.350E-03 5.505E-03 1.300E-02 1.040E-03 1.999E-04 1.269E-03 1.569E-02 2.955E-03 3.450E-03 6.135E-04 5.156E-04 2.495E-03 3.477E-03 8.636E-03 1.305E-02 2.150E-03 1.167E-02 3.240E-03 2.089E-02 1.237E-03 8.764E-04 2.425E-03 3.170E-03 1.702E-03 1.834E-03 1.735E-03 7.021E-04
723.15 554.40 373.15 576.00 303.15 454.00 393.15 383.78 387.00 540.00 359.05 308.15 449.27 442.53 541.15 387.91 676.80 625.00 511.20 590.15 345.65 364.00 400.00 434.52 646.15 413.10 418.10 413.10
1.522E-04 1.810E-04 2.446E-04 2.100E-04 9.125E-04 8.859E-05 2.625E-04 2.428E-04 3.798E-04 1.740E-04 2.028E-04 1.612E-04 1.663E-04 1.942E-04 4.530E-05 2.049E-04 3.290E-04 1.601E-04 1.570E-04 1.856E-04 2.654E-04 1.273E-04 8.272E-05 2.090E-04 5.028E-05 2.189E-04 2.459E-04 2.169E-04
The liquid viscosity is calculated by
µ exp(C1 C2/T C3 ln T C4T c5) where µ is the viscosity in Pas and T is the temperature in K. Viscosities are at either 1 atm or the vapor pressure, whichever is higher. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source shold be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
TABLE 2-314
Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Substances [W/(m⭈K)]
2-433
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane
C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl
75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6
44.05 59.07 60.05 102.09 58.08 41.05 26.04 56.06 72.06 53.06 28.96 17.03 108.14 39.95 121.14 78.11 110.18 122.12 103.12 182.22 108.14 136.19 124.20 154.21 159.81 157.01 108.97 94.94 54.09 54.09 58.12 90.12 90.12 74.12 74.12 56.11 56.11 56.11 116.16 134.22 90.19 90.19 54.09 72.11 88.11 69.11 44.01 76.14 28.01 153.82 88.00 70.91 112.56 64.51 119.38 50.49 78.54 78.54
3.7272E-07 0.00013195 0.000001691 0.00042004 −26.8 4.901E-08 0.000075782 0.024098 0.0009265 0.0013784 0.00031417 9.6608E-06 0.00059858 0.000633 0.025389 0.00001652 0.00047951 0.0001163 0.00015674 0.0001235 0.00023476 0.00096451 0.00015525 2.8646E-06 1.0404E-06 0.00027085 0.00019745 0.000038314 0.000088221 −20,890 0.051094 −295.44 −918.39 0.0011484 4.5894E-06 0.000096809 0.000067737 0.000078576 5.86E-09 0.1807 0.00097826 0.9719 0.000037269 1138.6 0.002751 5.2879E-07 3.69 0.0003467 0.00059882 0.00016599 0.000092004 0.0009993 0.0004783 −19.283 0.00043073 −22136 0.00004861 0.00009154
1.8129 0.97 1.6692 0.8066 0.9098 2.1091 1.0327 0.3285 0.7035 1.2093 0.7786 1.3799 0.7527 0.6221 0.28547 1.3117 0.7818 0.9705 0.95503 0.9495 0.8639 0.69225 0.9446 1.4098 1.4685 0.7932 0.8824 1.0484 1.0273 0.9593 0.45253 −0.21463 −0.21199 0.87647 1.4484 1.1153 1.0709 1.0565 2.376 0.0082225 0.78643 −0.111 1.1427 0.95596 0.2734 1.6715 −0.3838 0.7345 0.6863 0.94375 1.0164 0.5472 0.8994 0.20238 0.83878 0.7666 1.1407 1.0681
C3 728.3 658 439.37 −126500000 −36.227 1325.3 627.58 50594 −0.7116 354.04 70 1018.3 491 463.4 740 711.32 778.7 187.8 519.99 715.78 −391.35 278.33 647 287.38 75.316 −9.382E+10 5455.5 91602 334420 3253.7 781.82 −65.881 14.63 −401.32 −129.42 1531.5 1167.2 −43.844 7.5086E+09 −314.55 −381.9 964 479 57.13 1449.6 270.83 458.6 1845.5 −715050 1874.5 −4.8749E+10 593 746.6
C4
−95,400 142,620 31,432 577,830 112,460 2,121.7 241,830 1,228,600 189,410
193,840 278,930 156,820 165,880 99,063 1,979,800 −7.6032E+08 −2.8842E+09
129,390 105,920 69,280 1,691,500 67,115 3,163,200 79,421 95,650 1,860,000 501.92
163,000 −271,300,000
Tmin, K
Thermal cond. at Tmin
Tmax, K
Thermal cond. at Tmax
273.15 494.30 294.70 412.70 329.44 354.75 189.35 325.84 414.15 350.50 70.00 200.00 426.73 90.00 563.15 339.15 442.29 522.40 464.15 579.24 478.60 458.15 472.03 373.15 300.00 429.24 311.50 273.00 284.00 268.74 272.65 469.57 481.38 370.70 372.90 266.91 273.15 274.03 273.00 456.46 371.61 358.13 281.22 347.95 436.40 273.00 194.67 273.15 70.00 349.79 145.10 200.00 400.00 273.15 334.33 213.15 319.67 308.85
0.00973 0.02189 0.01049 0.01864 0.01363 0.01170 0.01011 0.01534 0.02027 0.01133 0.00603 0.01446 0.01809 0.00585 0.02317 0.01407 0.01861 0.02090 0.02180 0.02213 0.02167 0.01936 0.02071 0.01123 0.00452 0.01302 0.01018 0.00669 0.01172 0.01281 0.01357 0.02426 0.02110 0.02097 0.02435 0.01252 0.01105 0.01200 0.00783 0.02151 0.01832 0.01749 0.01268 0.01419 0.05192 0.00706 0.00887 0.00776 0.00576 0.00812 0.00505 0.00551 0.01579 0.00960 0.00854 0.00590 0.01225 0.01222
994 1000 686.88 1000 1000 994.75 1000 1000 1000 990.5 2000 900 1000 3273.1 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 712.94 1000 1000 1273.15 1257 800 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 526.32 1000 1500 1000 1500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 750 1000 1000
0.10124 0.06206 0.05236 0.06981 0.11362 0.10298 0.09545 0.08028 0.06867 0.11107 0.11675 0.11523 0.06796 0.09525 0.05618 0.09542 0.06427 0.05452 0.06713 0.04899 0.06636 0.06398 0.06171 0.06347 0.00956 0.04495 0.05321 0.04158 0.09071 0.16809 0.13799 0.10046 0.08332 0.06536 0.10161 0.12049 0.13926 0.13704 0.07634 0.07465 0.08610 0.08470 0.09644 0.11186 0.03792 0.07660 0.09025 0.03745 0.08724 0.04595 0.08108 0.03002 0.07935 0.07920 0.04920 0.05448 0.08065 0.08389
2-434
TABLE 2-314
Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Substances [W/(mK)] (Continued)
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate Dimethylsilane
C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4 C2H8Si
108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3 1111-74-6
108.14 108.14 108.14 120.19 52.03 56.11 84.16 100.16 98.14 82.14 70.13 68.12 42.08 116.22 156.27 142.28 172.27 158.28 140.27 174.35 138.25 4.03 187.86 187.86 173.83 130.23 147.00 147.00 147.00 98.96 98.96 84.93 112.99 112.99 105.14 73.14 74.12 90.19 66.05 66.05 52.02 101.19 102.17 114.19 90.12 104.15 54.09 45.08 86.18 112.21 112.21 112.21 94.20 46.07 73.09 100.20 194.18 60.17
C1
C2
0.00019307 0.9248 0.00018648 0.9302 0.00019063 0.9282 1.6743E-07 1.8369 0.000026933 1.137 −449,910 0.27364 0.000000859 1.7709 0.0032207 0.5991 −1,095.5 −0.023408 0.0000901 1.0897 9.5461E-06 1.4641 0.0010949 0.71644 −91.383 0.89718 0.0000813 1.0674 −4.9825 0.04928 −668.4 0.9323 0.00017047 0.9313 −0.3072 0.489 0.000027232 1.257 0.00012058 1.0111 0.000016707 1.2128 0.00028527 0.9874 0.00021231 0.8052 0.00015878 0.8636 0.00021302 0.8719 0.0032694 0.58633 −1,067.8 0.754 −1,420 0.7614 −1,520.8 0.754 0.0001315 1.0113 0.00021054 0.9574 0.0014796 0.69531 0.000057603 1.1148 0.000062435 1.103 −11,633 0.4621 0.00001706 1.248 −0.0044894 0.6155 0.0018097 0.67406 0.000059249 1.0713 2.4194E-06 1.4456 0.000013015 1.1897 0.00051305 0.8076 0.00019879 0.9423 −8.5357 −0.0056423 0.00046265 0.81968 3.7962E-06 1.4462 0.00021761 0.9187 1.6085 −0.1103 0.000034741 1.1646 0.008856 0.4215 0.013298 0.3692 0.012144 0.3854 0.00022578 0.892 0.059975 0.2667 0.014449 0.3612 0.000022421 1.2137 0.00012822 0.9324 0.0011808 0.742
C3
C4
710 709.37 716.91 −449.46 112,760 28.119 −1.0001E+10 −9.8654E+12 243 608.69 509,290 498,780 −7.8355E+09 655 632.62 175.55 346,040 −283,310,000 697.6 −1107 −67,349,000 −4.071E+09 757.67 −67,500 −29,400,000 751.7 740 −206.08 153,850 −200.51 21,807 649.51 659.5 1,620 1259.9 300,890 −3.0361E+09 −4.5040E+09 −4.3328E+09 1,023.8 1,414 2,657.4 849.98 913.43 −3.7939E+09 −112.8 77,960 −3266.3 1179.7 174,850 101.84 45,974 360.19 306.8 1882.1 539.34 217 2160.3 −99.956 −50.645 0.1027 52.191 697 1,018.6 595.22 −146.91 752.5 1131
154,510 106,230 −65,622,000 104,530 132,070 2,989,300 130,820 764,580 852,540 803,590 1,098,800 728,130 131,830 6,400
Thermal cond. at Tmin, K Tmin
Tmax, K
Thermal cond. at Tmax
475.43 464.15 475.13 380.00 252.00 285.66 325.00 434.00 428.58 356.12 273.00 317.38 240.37 431.95 488.15 447.30 543.15 504.07 443.75 512.35 447.15 233.15 381.15 404.51 370.10 323.15 446.23 453.57 447.21 330.45 356.59 312.90 361.25 369.52 541.54 273.15 200.00 365.25 248.95 303.65 221.50 357.05 328.05 397.55 337.45 366.15 300.13 280.03 331.13 392.70 402.94 396.58 382.90 248.31 425.15 362.93 556.85 253.55
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 600 1000 1000 993.65 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1500 1000 1000 1000 1000
0.06716 0.06736 0.06762 0.08181 0.06749 0.14994 0.14198 0.09535 0.12704 0.10116 0.14429 0.10148 0.15854 0.07629 0.10382 0.10286 0.06034 0.09389 0.09175 0.07482 0.07667 0.44547 0.03351 0.03729 0.03356 0.07330 0.06430 0.06066 0.06417 0.07025 0.06498 0.04931 0.06881 0.06647 0.07463 0.09804 0.05181 0.08089 0.08447 0.05206 0.04826 0.08967 0.09444 0.13085 0.08099 0.08279 0.09199 0.12209 0.10506 0.09500 0.09196 0.09376 0.06310 0.19458 0.07539 0.09962 0.04587 0.09296
0.02316 0.02230 0.02319 0.01534 0.01302 0.01356 0.01380 0.02399 0.02291 0.01914 0.01061 0.01360 0.01061 0.02022 0.02381 0.02173 0.02508 0.02591 0.02149 0.02709 0.02092 0.11474 0.00940 0.01077 0.00687 0.01244 0.01561 0.01507 0.01564 0.01132 0.01177 0.00847 0.01220 0.01222 0.03044 0.01148 0.00764 0.01743 0.01016 0.00938 0.00803 0.01836 0.01598 0.02015 0.01554 0.01936 0.01288 0.01845 0.01581 0.01884 0.01948 0.01952 0.01613 0.01139 0.02001 0.01797 0.01981 0.01291
2-435
117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179
Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne Hexyl mercaptan
C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10 C6H14S
75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4 111-31-9
62.13 0.00023614 78.13 0.00064761 194.18 −25,190 88.11 6.4032E-07 170.21 0.00014629 101.19 0.0001123 170.33 0.000005719 282.55 −375.32 30.07 0.000073869 46.07 −0.010109 88.11 1.3575E-07 45.08 0.3935 106.17 0.000017537 150.17 0.00002012 116.16 0.00017727 116.16 829.29 112.21 0.0000748 98.19 0.0043244 28.05 8.6806E-06 60.10 0.1655 62.07 −8,145,800 43.07 0.00077079 44.05 −0.0003788 74.08 508 144.21 2.5804E-06 130.23 0.0052833 88.15 0.00021652 100.16 −152,400 62.13 0.0015251 102.13 1.0507E-07 88.15 5.8174E-08 163.51 2.9354E-06 38.00 0.00012144 96.10 0.000053432 48.06 0.0004104 34.03 0.003959 30.03 44.847 45.04 0.00025893 46.03 0.0003754 68.07 −644,950 4.00 0.00226 240.47 −114.41 114.19 1,556.7 100.20 −0.070028 130.19 0.00019376 116.20 -0.061993 116.20 0.00017569 114.19 1,348.6 114.19 2,049.3 98.19 0.00002133 132.27 0.0083145 96.17 0.000060732 226.44 0.000004438 100.16 −7,157,100 86.18 −650.5 116.16 0.00021014 102.17 −4,935,500 102.18 0.00018361 100.16 −1.2158 100.16 −0.33262 84.16 0.000064256 82.14 6.9682E-06 118.24 0.074318
0.9204 0.7716 0.3639 1.7194 0.9377 0.9958 1.4699 1.0708 1.1689 0.6475 1.9681 0.0131 1.3144 1.1513 0.9428 1.0156 1.1103 0.5429 1.4559 0.1798 −0.30502 0.7713 1.115 0.9023 1.4669 0.52982 0.94192 −0.049106 0.70243 1.9854 2.0116 1.4153 0.93831 1.1576 0.8333 0.4834 −0.7096 0.9083 0.8459 0.2862 0.7305 1.0566 1.0284 0.38068 0.92434 0.2792 0.97218 1.0313 1.0323 1.2885 0.51862 1.0586 1.4949 −0.05819 0.8053 0.91616 −0.1653 0.97199 0.026637 0.12054 1.1355 1.347 0.30035
638 1013.3 −6,869,000,000 745.89 183.2 579.4 −8,783,600,000 500.73 −7,332 1,380 560.65 −89.583 712.4 8,955,300,000 686 333.67 299.72 3,827.9 1,832,500,000 446.16 −5,641 2,170,000,000
82,563
98,000
−268,000 1,710,000 125,410
570,470 −29,403 1,600,000 −1.1842E+13 197,930
1,415.7 632.16 80,955,000 1,347.5
378,180
−372.68
57,690
−9.3122E+11 35,085
760.75 723 997.4 −3,493.5 5,353,200 723.6 674.4 −1.6794E+10 −1.7372E+13 −18.63 440 −2,211,400,000 17,049,000,000 −7,049.9 −2,400,500 739.56 −3,336 −1,642,000 686.56 14,832,000,000 22,983,000,000 487.8 2,253 532,590 −102.79 143,140 682 4,089,000,000 −4.5826E+13 −1,412,100,000 727.64 1,563,100,000 −1.5752E+13 677.05 −1,711.6 −13,176,000 −2,472.6 −5,493,400 445.15 64,810 −214.35 110,480 4,470.1 1,775,800
310.48 462.15 561.15 337.85 531.46 279.65 489.47 616.93 184.55 293.15 273.15 289.73 409.35 486.55 466.95 394.65 404.95 376.62 170.00 390.41 470.45 329.00 273.15 327.46 500.66 417.15 326.15 386.55 308.15 400.00 273.15 373.15 70.00 357.88 235.45 194.82 254.05 493.00 373.71 304.50 30.00 575.30 425.95 339.15 496.15 449.45 432.90 420.55 424.18 366.79 450.09 372.93 560.01 401.45 339.09 478.85 429.90 412.40 273.00 273.00 336.63 354.35 425.81
0.01520 0.02059 0.02060 0.01427 0.02188 0.01055 0.02354 0.02563 0.00886 0.01475 0.00847 0.01622 0.02007 0.01855 0.02306 0.01583 0.02180 0.01832 0.00879 0.02272 0.02513 0.01610 0.01004 0.01426 0.02353 0.01967 0.01717 0.01889 0.01487 0.01540 0.01133 0.01281 0.00654 0.01546 0.00955 0.00827 0.01256 0.02930 0.02008 0.01367 0.03124 0.02454 0.01967 0.01583 0.02413 0.02345 0.02484 0.01943 0.01951 0.01845 0.02289 0.01827 0.02568 0.01842 0.01704 0.02381 0.02220 0.02421 0.00775 0.00800 0.01644 0.01485 0.02151
1000 1000 1000 768.01 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 990.21 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 590.92 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 550 573.15 700 600 1000 1000 994.05 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
0.08319 0.06379 0.04529 0.05855 0.05449 0.08515 0.09301 0.06968 0.15807 0.13417 0.10682 0.10532 0.09859 0.05524 0.06973 0.10314 0.09505 0.09659 0.06613 0.08915 0.09896 0.09659 0.18063 0.11921 0.06492 0.07348 0.08882 0.12768 0.08195 0.09499 0.03690 0.02352 0.05675 0.03874 0.07531 0.05589 0.11532 0.07973 0.07733 0.13631 0.58820 0.07649 0.11110 0.11493 0.06605 0.10722 0.08596 0.11287 0.11145 0.10518 0.07899 0.08751 0.08055 0.11472 0.12003 0.06816 0.11104 0.09022 0.10523 0.10980 0.10850 0.08546 0.08167
2-436
TABLE 2-314
Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Substances [W/(mK)] (Continued)
Cmpd. no.
Name
180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237
1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane 2-Methyl-2-propanol
Formula
CAS no.
C6H10 693-02-7 C6H10 764-35-2 H4N2 302-01-2 H2 1333-74-0 HBr 10035-10-6 HCl 7647-01-0 CHN 74-90-8 HF 7664-39-3 H2S 7783-06-4 C4H8O2 79-31-2 C3H9N 75-31-0 C3H4O4 141-82-2 C4H6O2 79-41-4 CH4 74-82-8 CH4O 67-56-1 C3H7NO 79-16-3 C3H6O2 79-20-9 C3H4 74-99-7 C4H6O2 96-33-3 CH5N 74-89-5 C8H8O2 93-58-3 C5H8 598-25-4 C5H12 78-78-4 C5H10O2 116-53-0 C5H12O 123-51-3 C5H10 563-46-2 C5H10 513-35-9 C5H6 78-80-8 C5H12O 628-28-4 C5H12S 628-29-5 C5H8 598-23-2 C5H10O2 623-42-7 CH5ClSi 993-00-0 C7H14 108-87-2 C7H14O 590-67-0 C7H14O 7443-70-1 C7H14O 7443-52-9 C6H12 96-37-7 C6H10 693-89-0 C6H10 1120-62-3 CH4Cl2Si 75-54-7 C3H8O 540-67-0 C4H8O 78-93-3 C3H8S 624-89-5 C2H4O2 107-31-3 C5H12O 625-44-5 C6H12O 108-10-1 C2H3NO 624-83-9 C4H10O 598-53-8 C5H10O 563-80-4 C4H10S 1551-21-9 CH4S 74-93-1 C5H8O2 80-62-6 C9H18O2 3004-93-1 C6H14 107-83-5 C6H14O 628-80-8 C4H10 75-28-5 C4H10O 75-65-0
Mol. wt.
C1
82.14 0.000058116 82.14 0.000011631 32.05 0.00043196 2.02 0.002653 80.91 0.00049725 36.46 0.001865 27.03 4.6496E-06 20.01 0.000034629 34.08 1.381E-07 88.11 0.000214 59.11 0.00028183 104.06 0.00033075 86.09 0.00019847 16.04 8.3983E-06 32.04 5.7992E-07 73.09 0.034177 74.08 −25,343 40.06 0.00026544 86.09 0.4734 31.06 −55.13 136.15 0.000023963 68.12 0.0002509 72.15 0.0008968 102.13 0.0001799 88.15 2,053.4 70.13 0.00019098 70.13 0.00021736 66.10 0.00015498 88.15 0.000023993 104.21 0.079414 68.12 0.000065855 102.13 1,333.1 80.59 0.00037057 98.19 0.0000719 114.19 0.00011359 114.19 0.069565 114.19 0.075448 84.16 0.0024385 82.14 0.0040082 82.14 0.0019845 115.03 0.00041077 60.10 0.00024036 72.11 −4,202,700 76.16 0.0034805 60.05 −800,040 88.15 0.00020053 100.16 −2,483,300 57.05 0.0026136 74.12 2.1191 86.13 −5,935,000 90.19 0.0071536 48.11 0.00002653 100.12 0.00072502 158.24 0.0001813 86.18 0.000061119 102.17 0.93312 58.12 0.089772 74.12 1.1776E-06
C2 1.0724 1.2753 0.86603 0.7452 0.63088 0.49755 1.3669 1.1224 1.8379 0.9248 0.92094 0.81895 0.9284 1.4268 1.7862 0.3312 −0.1934 0.8921 −0.1111 1.065 1.1308 0.899 0.7742 0.9457 0.90109 0.9341 0.9171 0.9364 1.1976 0.23442 1.072 0.9962 0.81367 1.1274 1.0311 0.1633 0.155 0.61774 0.54462 0.6393 0.75688 0.93177 −0.1524 0.61906 −0.2285 0.95381 −0.046517 0.62 −0.19015 −0.089497 0.53907 1.1631 0.7395 0.92912 1.0861 −0.1172 0.18501 1.6618
C3
C4
−77.165 −202.84 641.48 12 331.62 358 −210.76 18.744 −352.09 698 619.17 777.75 678.69 −49.654
123,900 122,990
2,070 11,164,000 222.19 533.57 −448,200,000 −67.272 253.4 456 704.6 8,755,500,000 84.07 112.3 15.366 58.59 2,671.9 −36.369 12,317,000,000 609.17 667 709.27 208.7 218.44 223.01 242.12 227.11 591.5 588.14 2,084,600,000 1,810.8 248,100,000 644.42 1,313,100,000 1,631.7 1,453.4 3,098,800,000 2,700.7 29.996 365.68 793.45 −59.592 1,154.3 639.23
1,195,600 −67,259,000,000 79,869 1,649,600
58,295 46,041
125,720 149,500 230,640 155,720 177,690 137,400 35,667 1,366,100 106,430
1,209,500 1,252,500 477,570 559,040 434,120 −1.4577E+13 166,290 −1.5034E+12 −1.5798E+13 126,720 3,575,500 −2.7994E+13 241,730 32,519 204,360 141,260 2,961,700 1,114,700
Thermal cond. at Tmin, K Tmin
Tmax, K
Thermal cond. at Tmax
344.48 357.67 386.65 22.00 206.45 190.00 273.15 350.00 212.80 427.85 304.92 580.00 434.15 111.63 273.00 478.15 330.09 249.94 353.35 266.82 472.65 314.00 273.15 450.15 404.15 304.30 311.71 305.40 273.15 396.58 302.15 375.90 281.85 374.08 441.15 438.15 440.15 344.96 348.64 338.05 314.70 273.00 352.79 339.80 300.00 331.70 389.65 312.00 303.92 367.55 171.64 273.15 373.45 518.15 333.41 372.00 261.43 333.82
1000 1000 1000 1600 600 700 673.15 450 600 1000 1000 1000 1000 600 684.37 1000 1000 1000 1000 650 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 766.87
0.09155 0.08466 0.10430 0.64299 0.01812 0.03213 0.04185 0.03160 0.03258 0.07497 0.10081 0.05327 0.07210 0.08425 0.06726 0.07895 0.11878 0.09675 0.06904 0.07917 0.05588 0.08902 0.11176 0.07253 0.11843 0.09771 0.09504 0.08664 0.08586 0.07960 0.10120 0.10543 0.06357 0.10399 0.08238 0.08888 0.08908 0.10227 0.09578 0.09888 0.04813 0.09447 0.11740 0.08415 0.13148 0.08863 0.12433 0.06864 0.09451 0.12847 0.07516 0.07704 0.07637 0.06195 0.10242 0.08117 0.11701 0.07325
0.01679 0.01506 0.02828 0.01718 0.00551 0.00880 0.00985 0.02356 0.00724 0.02206 0.01804 0.02590 0.02176 0.01263 0.01303 0.02498 0.01415 0.01154 0.01569 0.01259 0.01784 0.01326 0.01198 0.02266 0.02116 0.01348 0.01320 0.01304 0.01173 0.01966 0.01468 0.01495 0.01155 0.02056 0.02322 0.02415 0.02435 0.01592 0.01544 0.01501 0.01109 0.01419 0.01546 0.01653 0.01369 0.01729 0.01869 0.01221 0.01606 0.01760 0.00459 0.01171 0.01680 0.02383 0.01606 0.01828 0.01273 0.01839
2-437
238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300
2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane alpha-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde Propionic acid
C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O C3H6O2
115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6 79-09-4
56.11 −488.1 88.11 −200.9 74.12 0.011136 90.19 0.0023574 46.14 12.248 118.18 0.21276 88.15 0.0002084 58.08 0.00032359 128.17 0.000091828 20.18 0.0011385 75.07 0.0011282 28.01 0.00033143 71.00 2.1443 61.04 0.00003135 44.01 0.001096 30.01 0.0004096 268.52 0.000049571 142.24 −11.621 128.26 −0.065771 158.24 0.000178 144.25 −30.715 144.26 0.00016337 126.24 0.000021269 160.32 0.047041 124.22 0.000016681 254.49 −291.08 128.21 −110.89 114.23 −8,758 144.21 0.00018263 130.23 −0.0030238 130.23 0.00016915 128.21 −0.0020184 128.21 8.1833E-08 112.21 0.0000133 146.29 −3,965.5 110.20 0.000060734 90.03 0.05881 32.00 0.00044994 48.00 0.0043147 212.41 4.7796E-06 86.13 −4,918,700 72.15 −684.4 102.13 0.00024601 88.15 2,896 88.15 0.00019575 86.13 −0.01719 86.13 22.775 70.13 2.7081E-06 104.21 0.00022307 104.21 0.00011261 68.12 0.000052415 68.12 0.00025623 178.23 0.00010167 94.11 0.038846 119.12 0.00016675 148.12 0.0000593 40.06 0.000061629 44.10 −1.12 60.10 −613.84 60.10 7.3907E-07 122.21 0.00010242 58.08 1,165.1 74.08 0.00022286
0.8877 −0.1321 0.4831 0.67434 −0.5611 −0.022299 0.93034 0.8892 1.0345 0.6646 0.6895 0.7722 −0.30545 1.1119 0.667 0.7509 1.2652 0.025653 0.27198 0.9288 −0.1075 0.97256 1.2943 0.29733 1.218 1.0615 −0.000042988 0.8448 0.9283 0.8745 0.97238 1.0027 2.0418 1.3554 0.5213 1.0516 0.278 0.7456 0.47999 1.4851 −0.10297 0.764 0.8946 0.8985 0.9692 0.4832 1.0019 1.5493 0.93358 1.034 1.0948 1.0073 0.988 0.2392 0.91777 1.046 1.0731 0.10972 0.7927 1.7419 1.0486 0.90419 0.91704
−1,448,500,000 104,000 2,170.3 1,804.1 −1,067 −194.68 364.832 623.22 731.78 8.7 679.11 16.323 1,860.3 −91.6 540 45.6 3,332.3 2,248.3 −3,482.3 753 8,107 709.74 662.21 2,460.6 −199.41 −6,019,900,000 51,384 −2.7121E+10 741.3 −13,352 698.55 −20,406 504.59 −1,851,900,000 −124.91 14,815 56.699 700.09 643.13 2,691,100,000 −1,055,000,000 696.42 12,735,000,000 664.04 −3,798 191,000,000 41.075 794.16 693.05 −51.09 1,423.7 797 985.81 730.1 765.5 1.8579 −9,834.6 −1,157,400,000 701.56 5,472,900,000 678.21
266.25 350.00 312.20 368.69 216.25 438.65 273.00 278.65 491.14 30.00 238,800 387.22 373.72 63.15 1,216,700 144.09 128,000 374.35 182.30 121.38 603.05 −135,100,000 468.15 −1,580,300 423.97 528.75 −156,830,000 485.20 471.70 420.02 1,367,200 492.95 144,580 423.85 589.86 −1.0701E+09 447.15 339.00 513.05 468.35 452.90 446.15 440.65 394.41 472.19 158,300 399.35 569.00 80.00 161.85 543.84 −2.3179E+13 376.15 273.15 458.65 410.90 392.20 −1,235,000 273.00 273.00 8,301.3 303.22 385.15 399.79 101,160 313.33 329.27 610.03 937,170 454.99 439.43 557.65 70,128 238.65 −7,535,800 231.11 370.35 355.30 431.65 321.15 414.32 −846,000,000 281,220 155,660 2,715,200 1,708,700 73,041
0.01276 0.01402 0.01648 0.01802 0.01108 0.01969 0.01161 0.01493 0.02243 0.00846 0.01580 0.00602 0.00648 0.01365 0.00891 0.01094 0.02502 0.02228 0.02130 0.02484 0.02436 0.02599 0.02051 0.02559 0.01981 0.02491 0.02117 0.01503 0.02450 0.02380 0.02545 0.02046 0.02050 0.01926 0.02505 0.01967 0.01269 0.00691 0.00931 0.02529 0.01705 0.01288 0.02349 0.02084 0.02372 0.00877 0.00898 0.01546 0.01890 0.02019 0.01517 0.01653 0.02490 0.02183 0.01669 0.01864 0.00980 0.01114 0.02135 0.02049 0.02262 0.01263 0.02124
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 3273.1 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 750 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 990.95 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 720.25 1000 1000 1000 1000
0.15513 0.10886 0.09079 0.08398 0.09590 0.07255 0.08958 0.09273 0.06730 0.24616 0.06887 0.11638 0.06377 0.06553 0.07133 0.05567 0.07147 0.10522 0.10597 0.06209 0.09895 0.07905 0.09771 0.07598 0.07956 0.07395 0.10893 0.11053 0.06391 0.10288 0.08229 0.10597 0.10923 0.10295 0.07845 0.08394 0.02537 0.12655 0.06990 0.08299 0.11788 0.12707 0.07002 0.11087 0.09509 0.12002 0.12082 0.11472 0.07858 0.08412 0.09608 0.11119 0.05208 0.06936 0.05461 0.04615 0.09526 0.14599 0.07034 0.12428 0.08421 0.10983 0.07487
2-438
TABLE 2-314
Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Substances [W/(mK)] (Concluded)
Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345
Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene
C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3
55.08 102.13 59.11 120.19 42.08 88.11 76.16 76.16 76.09 108.09 104.08 104.15 118.09 64.06 146.06 80.06 166.13 230.30 198.39 72.11 132.20 88.17 114.23 84.14 92.14 133.40 184.36 101.19 59.11 120.19 120.19 114.23 114.23 213.10 227.13 156.31 172.31 86.09 52.07 62.50 161.49 18.02 106.17 106.17 106.17
0.001321 1,325.3 0.2833 0.16992 0.0000449 740.1 0.00018367 0.0087425 0.0001666 −5,678,600 0.0000955 0.010048 0.00032875 10.527 0.00048883 1.0702 0.00017531 0.000078652 −163.62 9.5521E-06 0.00007754 0.00085604 0.000015235 0.00013384 0.00002392 0.0000952 5.3701E-06 0.000106 0.00027648 0.000098408 0.00008498 0.00001758 0.000020248 0.00020544 0.00018189 0.038012 2,498.8 −3,279,500 0.000054197 −229.41 3510.8 6.2041E-06 3.0593E-09 4.9707E-06 9.9305E-08
1.2202 1 0.055046 0.021288 1.2018 0.9732 0.9627 0.51733 0.9765 −0.045252 0.928 0.4033 0.8172 −0.7732 0.6518 −0.2348 0.8901 0.95174 0.9193 1.4561 1.0778 0.7297 1.2816 0.98115 1.2694 1.0423 1.4751 1.0161 0.901 1.0452 1.061 1.3114 1.2284 0.87137 0.88744 0.68615 0.95209 −0.12941 1.0632 0.59582 0.225 1.3973 2.4182 1.3787 1.9229
51,822 12,235,000,000 1,325.9 −54.484 421 5,646,000,000 646.01 2,358.1 706 2,615,700,000 63.6 553.74 740.97 −1,333 −117.08 2,010.4 909.56 −282.82 −1.0876E+09 662.22 729 531.99 −111.88 645.95 537 1,243.3 599.09 91 167.68 720.49 708 392.9 −174.72 807.3 803.39 34,663 2.0167E+10 1.7104E+09 −70.589 −169,430,000 401,720,000 −569.28 −225.64 −469.93
C4
1,817,600 1,624,800
334,590 −3.5415E+13 685,570 1,506,400 78,863 1,277,000 289,490
213,840 124,120
132,900 132,200
147,800 8,721,900 −1.2727E+13 9,0617
121,060 66,786 113,460
Tmin, K
Thermal cond. at Tmin
Tmax, K
Thermal cond. at Tmax
370.50 374.65 321.00 432.39 225.45 353.97 325.71 340.87 460.75 454.00 333.55 418.31 591.00 250.00 273.15 317.90 832.00 373.15 526.73 339.12 480.77 394.27 379.44 357.31 383.78 387.00 508.62 273.15 273.15 449.27 442.53 355.15 387.91 629.60 625.00 469.08 520.30 345.65 278.25 259.25 363.85 273.16 320 320 320
0.01278 0.01520 0.01709 0.02022 0.01054 0.01403 0.01616 0.01654 0.02624 0.02593 0.01761 0.01837 0.02685 0.00745 0.01163 0.01386 0.03328 0.00950 0.02517 0.01564 0.02395 0.01801 0.01964 0.01525 0.01901 0.01125 0.02422 0.01018 0.01280 0.02238 0.02098 0.01846 0.02001 0.02474 0.02410 0.02259 0.02486 0.01515 0.01123 0.00963 0.01198 0.01574 0.00867 0.01492 0.01019
990.5 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 702.45 1000 1000 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1073.15 1000 1000 1000
0.11209 0.10832 0.10000 0.07658 0.12737 0.10893 0.08624 0.08439 0.08302 0.12665 0.03837 0.07276 0.05342 0.03969 0.04587 0.04930 0.04297 0.05598 0.08615 0.13419 0.07676 0.07579 0.10528 0.07139 0.10007 0.05684 0.08942 0.09680 0.10734 0.07816 0.07583 0.10847 0.10079 0.04675 0.04635 0.09798 0.08899 0.12177 0.08222 0.08300 0.04135 0.10652 0.09965 0.08084 0.09060
The vapor thermal conductivity is calculated by
C1T C2 k 1 C3/T C4/T 2 where k is the thermal conductivity in W/(m·K) and T is the temperature in K. Thermal conductivites are at either 1 atm or the vapor pressure, whichever is lower. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source shold be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007) . The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
TABLE 2-315 Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [W/(mK)]
2-439
Cmpd. no.
Name
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Air Ammonia Anisole Argon Benzamide Benzene Benzenethiol Benzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzophenone Benzyl alcohol Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl mercaptan Biphenyl Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoethane Bromomethane 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Butyl acetate Butylbenzene Butyl mercaptan sec-Butyl mercaptan 1-Butyne Butyraldehyde Butyric acid Butyronitrile Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrafluoride Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane
Formula C2H4O C2H5NO C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C2H3N C2H2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H3N Mixture H3N C7H8O Ar C7H7NO C6H6 C6H6S C7H6O2 C7H5N C13H10O C7H8O C9H12O C7H8S C12H10 Br2 C6H5Br C2H5Br CH3Br C4H6 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C4H10S C4H10S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H7N CO2 CS2 CO CCl4 CF4 Cl2 C6H5Cl C2H5Cl CHCl3 CH3Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
75-07-0 60-35-5 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 74-86-2 107-02-8 79-10-7 107-13-1 132259-10-0 7664-41-7 100-66-3 7440-37-1 55-21-0 71-43-2 108-98-5 65-85-0 100-47-0 119-61-9 100-51-6 539-30-0 100-53-8 92-52-4 7726-95-6 108-86-1 74-96-4 74-83-9 590-19-2 106-99-0 106-97-8 584-03-2 107-88-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 106-98-9 590-18-1 624-64-6 123-86-4 104-51-8 109-79-5 513-53-1 107-00-6 123-72-8 107-92-6 109-74-0 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 56-23-5 75-73-0 7782-50-5 108-90-7 75-00-3 67-66-3 74-87-3 540-54-5 75-29-6
44.05 59.07 60.05 102.09 58.08 41.05 26.04 56.06 72.06 53.06 28.96 17.03 108.14 39.95 121.14 78.11 110.18 122.12 103.12 182.22 108.14 136.19 124.20 154.21 159.81 157.01 108.97 94.94 54.09 54.09 58.12 90.12 90.12 74.12 74.12 56.11 56.11 56.11 116.16 134.22 90.19 90.19 54.09 72.11 88.11 69.11 44.01 76.14 28.01 153.82 88.00 70.91 112.56 64.51 119.38 50.49 78.54 78.54
0.311 0.39363 0.214 0.23638 0.2878 0.33192 0.33363 0.2703 0.2441 0.28941 0.28472 1.169 0.23494 0.1819 0.28485 0.23444 0.20996 0.2391 0.21284 0.25867 0.17847 0.2029 0.20316 0.19053 −0.2185 0.16983 0.1799 0.1912 0.21966 0.22231 0.27349 0.064621 −0.0032865 0.2136 0.22787 0.22153 0.21378 0.21153 0.21721 0.18707 0.21143 0.2069 0.22334 0.21915 0.1967 0.2597 0.4406 0.2333 0.2855 0.1589 0.20771 0.2246 0.1841 0.2438 0.1778 0.41067 0.20143 0.21232
−0.000436 −0.00037053 −0.0001834 −0.00024263 −0.000427 −0.00043243 −0.00083655 −0.0003764 −0.0002904 −0.00041691 −0.0017393 −0.002314 −0.00026477 −0.0003176 −0.00025225 −0.00030572 −0.0002146 −0.0002325 −0.00021587 −0.00022516 −0.000065843 −0.0002226 −0.00019912 −0.00015145 0.0042143 −0.0001981 −0.000262 −0.000299 −0.0003436 −0.0003664 −0.00071267 0.00067625 0.0011463 −0.0002034 −0.00030727 −0.00035023 −0.00035445 −0.00035056 −0.00026563 −0.00020037 −0.000258 −0.0002568 −0.0003515 −0.00024846 −0.000168 −0.00031 −0.0012175 −0.000275 −0.001784 −0.0001987 −0.00078883 −0.000064 −0.0001917 −0.000419 −0.0002023 −0.0008478 −0.00028925 −0.0003149
C3
C4
C5
−0.00000411
−0.000017753
5.1555E-07 −1.0491E-06 −1.5525E-06
−0.000000788
3.1041E-08
−2.0108E-11
Tmin, K
Thermal cond. at Tmin
Tmax, K
Thermal cond. at Tmax
150.15 353.33 289.81 200.15 178.45 229.32 192.40 185.45 286.15 189.63 75.00 195.41 235.65 83.78 403.00 278.68 258.27 395.45 260.40 321.35 257.85 275.65 243.95 342.20 266.00 242.43 154.55 179.47 136.95 164.25 134.86 220.00 196.15 183.85 158.45 87.80 134.26 167.62 199.65 185.30 157.46 133.02 147.43 176.75 267.95 161.25 216.58 161.11 68.15 250.33 89.56 172.12 227.95 134.80 209.63 175.43 150.35 155.97
0.2455 0.2627 0.1609 0.1878 0.2116 0.2328 0.1727 0.2005 0.1610 0.2104 0.1543 0.7168 0.1726 0.1264 0.1832 0.1492 0.1545 0.1472 0.1566 0.1863 0.1615 0.1415 0.1546 0.1387 0.1299 0.1218 0.1394 0.1375 0.1726 0.1621 0.1868 0.1626 0.1618 0.1762 0.1792 0.1908 0.1662 0.1528 0.1642 0.1499 0.1708 0.1727 0.1715 0.1752 0.1517 0.2097 0.1769 0.1890 0.1639 0.1092 0.1371 0.1902 0.1404 0.1873 0.1354 0.2619 0.1579 0.1632
294.00 494.30 391.05 412.70 343.15 349.32 250.00 325.84 484.50 350.50 125.00 400.05 512.50 150.00 563.15 413.10 442.29 596.00 464.15 664.00 478.60 528.60 472.03 723.15 584.00 429.24 414.14 370.10 284.00 268.74 400.00 469.57 481.38 391.90 372.90 266.91 276.87 274.03 453.75 473.15 371.61 358.13 281.22 382.15 573.15 390.75 300.00 319.37 125.00 349.79 145.10 410.00 404.87 373.15 400.00 350.00 400.95 386.70
0.1828 0.2105 0.1423 0.1363 0.1413 0.1809 0.1245 0.1477 0.1034 0.1433 0.0673 0.2433 0.0992 0.0418 0.1428 0.1082 0.1150 0.1005 0.1126 0.1092 0.1470 0.0852 0.1092 0.0810 0.0316 0.0848 0.0714 0.0805 0.1221 0.1238 0.0709 0.1509 0.1888 0.1339 0.1133 0.1281 0.1156 0.1155 0.0967 0.0923 0.1156 0.1149 0.1245 0.1242 0.1004 0.1386 0.0754 0.1455 0.0625 0.0894 0.0933 0.0659 0.1065 0.0875 0.0969 0.1139 0.0855 0.0905
2-440
TABLE 2-315 Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [W/(mK)] (Continued) Cmpd. no. 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
Name m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol Cumene Cyanogen Cyclobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyclohexyl mercaptan Decanal Decane Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 1-Decene Decyl mercaptan 1-Decyne Deuterium 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane Dibutyl ether m-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane Diethanol amine Diethyl amine Diethyl ether Diethyl sulfide 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane Difluoromethane Di-isopropyl amine Di-isopropyl ether Di-isopropyl ketone 1,1-Dimethoxyethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane Dimethyl acetylene Dimethyl amine 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethyl formamide 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dimethyl phthalate
Formula C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C9H12 C2N2 C4H8 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C3H6 C6H12S C10H20O C10H22 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20 C10H22S C10H18 D2 C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C8H18O C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C4H10O C4H10S C2H4F2 C2H4F2 CH2F2 C6H15N C6H14O C7H14O C4H10O2 C5H12O2 C4H6 C2H7N C6H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C7H16 C10H10O4
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 98-82-8 460-19-5 287-23-0 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 287-92-3 142-29-0 75-19-4 1569-69-3 112-31-2 124-18-5 334-48-5 112-30-1 872-05-9 143-10-2 764-93-2 7782-39-0 557-91-5 106-93-4 74-95-3 142-96-1 541-73-1 95-50-1 106-46-7 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-09-2 78-99-9 78-87-5 111-42-2 109-89-7 60-29-7 352-93-2 75-37-6 624-72-6 75-10-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 565-80-0 534-15-6 7778-85-0 503-17-3 124-40-3 79-29-8 590-66-9 2207-01-4 6876-23-9 624-92-0 115-10-6 68-12-2 565-59-3 131-11-3
108.14 108.14 108.14 120.19 52.03 56.11 84.16 100.16 98.14 82.14 70.13 68.12 42.08 116.22 156.27 142.28 172.27 158.28 140.27 174.35 138.25 4.03 187.86 187.86 173.83 130.23 147.00 147.00 147.00 98.96 98.96 84.93 112.99 112.99 105.14 73.14 74.12 90.19 66.05 66.05 52.02 101.19 102.17 114.19 90.12 104.15 54.09 45.08 86.18 112.21 112.21 112.21 94.20 46.07 73.09 100.20 194.18
0.18241 0.19186 0.17971 0.1855 0.4685 0.22262 0.19813 0.1715 0.17557 0.20926 0.2066 0.21776 0.24348 0.18374 0.20383 0.2063 0.206 0.228 0.20237 0.20134 0.20839 1.264 0.1426 0.13622 0.17558 0.19418 0.16694 0.16994 0.16977 0.18881 0.214 0.23847 0.18 0.19653 0.0218 0.2587 0.2495 0.21065 0.27019 0.23171 0.37296 0.1844 0.19162 0.22076 0.22078 0.22998 0.22773 0.2454 0.1774 0.1807 0.18092 0.17675 0.21373 0.31174 0.26 0.17964 0.13905
−0.00011109 −0.0001303 −0.00012037 −0.00020895 −0.00086594 −0.00034082 −0.0002505 −0.0001255 −0.00012392 −0.00026037 −0.0002696 −0.00027783 −0.00042568 −0.0001925 −0.0002 −0.00025 −0.0002 −0.000223 −0.00024187 −0.00020826 −0.00023622 −0.00016402 −0.0001179 −0.00022499 −0.00022246 −0.0001667 −0.0001637 −0.0001799 −0.00026083 −0.000266 −0.00033366 −0.00023144 −0.00025012 0.0010315 −0.00054343 −0.000407 −0.0002623 −0.000661 −0.00038503 −0.00088707 −0.000239 −0.0002762 −0.00027624 −0.00031271 −0.00030372 −0.00034804 −0.000338 −0.0002436 −0.0002177 −0.0002108 −0.0002077 −0.0002447 −0.0005638 −0.000255 −0.000246 0.0001509
C3
−0.000001355 4.2097E-07 3.443E-07 2.5762E-07
−3.978E-07
C4
C5
Tmin, K
Thermal cond. at Tmin
Tmax, K
Thermal cond. at Tmax
285.39 304.19 307.93 177.14 245.25 182.48 279.69 296.60 242.00 169.67 179.28 138.13 145.59 189.64 267.15 243.51 304.75 280.05 206.89 247.56 229.15 20.40 210.15 282.85 220.60 175.30 248.39 262.87 326.14 176.19 253.15 178.01 200.00 172.71 301.15 223.35 156.85 169.20 154.56 215.00 136.95 176.85 187.65 204.81 159.95 226.10 240.91 180.96 145.19 239.66 223.16 184.99 188.44 131.65 250.00 160.00 273.15
0.1507 0.1522 0.1426 0.1485 0.2561 0.1604 0.1281 0.1343 0.1456 0.1651 0.1583 0.1794 0.1815 0.1472 0.1504 0.1454 0.1451 0.1656 0.1523 0.1498 0.1543 1.2640 0.1081 0.1029 0.1260 0.1552 0.1255 0.1269 0.1111 0.1429 0.1467 0.1791 0.1337 0.1533 0.2096 0.1583 0.1857 0.1663 0.1763 0.1489 0.2563 0.1421 0.1398 0.1642 0.1708 0.1613 0.1439 0.1842 0.1420 0.1285 0.1339 0.1383 0.1676 0.2375 0.1963 0.1403 0.1506
475.43 464.15 475.13 413.15 252.00 285.66 353.87 563.15 428.58 356.12 322.40 333.15 240.37 431.95 488.15 447.30 543.15 503.00 443.75 512.35 447.15 20.40 498.40 404.51 370.10 523.15 446.23 351.71 548.00 416.90 356.59 325.00 438.00 457.60 673.15 453.15 433.15 365.25 363.15 372.80 302.56 357.05 400.10 460.00 337.45 366.15 300.13 403.15 331.15 392.70 402.94 596.15 382.90 320.03 425.15 362.93 556.85
0.1296 0.1314 0.1225 0.0992 0.2503 0.1253 0.1095 0.1008 0.1225 0.1165 0.1197 0.1252 0.1412 0.1006 0.1062 0.0945 0.0974 0.1158 0.0950 0.0946 0.1028 1.2640 0.0609 0.0885 0.0923 0.0778 0.0926 0.1124 0.0712 0.0801 0.1192 0.1300 0.0786 0.0821 0.1022 0.0989 0.0732 0.1148 0.0756 0.0882 0.1282 0.0991 0.0811 0.0937 0.1153 0.1188 0.1233 0.1091 0.0967 0.0952 0.0960 0.0529 0.1200 0.1313 0.1516 0.0904 0.0997
2-441
116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178
Dimethylsilane Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate 1,4-Dioxane Diphenyl ether Dipropyl amine Dodecane Eicosane Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl amine Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate 2-Ethyl butanoic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid Ethylhexyl ether Ethylisopropyl ether Ethylisopropyl ketone Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl propionate Ethylpropyl ether Ethyltrichlorosilane Fluorine Fluorobenzene Fluoroethane Fluoromethane Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furan Helium-4 Heptadecane Heptanal Heptane Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanone 2-Heptanone 1-Heptene Heptyl mercaptan 1-Heptyne Hexadecane Hexanal Hexane Hexanoic acid 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 1-Hexene 3-Hexyne
C2H8Si C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C4H8O2 C12H10O C6H15N C12H26 C20H42 C2H6 C2H6O C4H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C8H16 C7H14 C2H4 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C5H12O C6H12O C2H6S C5H10O2 C5H12O C2H5Cl3Si F2 C6H5F C2H5F CH3F CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O He C17H36 C7H14O C7H16 C7H14O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14 C7H16S C7H12 C16H34 C6H12O C6H14 C6H12O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12 C6H10
1111-74-6 75-18-3 67-68-5 120-61-6 123-91-1 101-84-8 142-84-7 112-40-3 112-95-8 74-84-0 64-17-5 141-78-6 75-04-7 100-41-4 93-89-0 88-09-5 105-54-4 1678-91-7 1640-89-7 74-85-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 149-57-5 5756-43-4 625-54-7 565-69-5 75-08-1 105-37-3 628-32-0 115-21-9 7782-41-4 462-06-6 353-36-6 593-53-3 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 110-00-9 7440-59-7 629-78-7 111-71-7 142-82-5 111-14-8 111-70-6 543-49-7 106-35-4 110-43-0 592-76-7 1639-09-4 628-71-7 544-76-3 66-25-1 110-54-3 142-62-1 111-27-3 626-93-7 591-78-6 589-38-8 592-41-6 928-49-4
60.17 62.13 78.13 194.18 88.11 170.21 101.19 170.33 282.55 30.07 46.07 88.11 45.08 106.17 150.17 116.16 116.16 112.21 98.19 28.05 60.10 62.07 43.07 44.05 74.08 144.21 130.23 88.15 100.16 62.13 102.13 88.15 163.51 38.00 96.10 48.06 34.03 30.03 45.04 46.03 68.07 4.00 240.47 114.19 100.20 130.19 116.20 116.20 114.19 114.19 98.19 132.27 96.17 226.44 100.16 86.18 116.16 102.17 102.18 100.16 100.16 84.16 82.14
0.25547 0.23942 0.3142 0.21593 0.3027 0.18686 0.2224 0.2047 0.2178 0.35758 0.2468 0.2501 0.30059 0.1999 0.20771 0.2175 0.21043 0.17662 0.18334 0.4194 0.36434 0.088067 0.3097 0.26957 0.2587 0.20954 0.19356 0.21928 0.22873 0.23392 0.2137 0.22717 0.19769 0.2758 0.20962 0.2595 0.445 0.37329 0.3847 0.302 0.2198 −0.013833 0.20926 0.21816 0.215 0.202 0.2239 0.21134 0.2026 0.2108 0.19664 0.2037 0.21098 0.20749 0.22196 0.22492 0.1855 0.2193 0.21391 0.21076 0.23493 0.19112 0.20996
−0.0004411 −0.0003311 −0.00030809 −0.00020805 −0.0004827 −0.00014953 −0.000314 −0.0002326 −0.0002233 −0.0011458 −0.000264 −0.0003563 −0.000581 −0.00023823 −0.00021265 −0.0002407 −0.00024903 −0.0002014 −0.0002228 −0.001591 −0.0004433 0.00094712 −0.0004023 −0.0003984 −0.00033 −0.00022251 −0.00024102 −0.00032568 −0.0002913 −0.0003206 −0.0002515 −0.0003298 −0.00017713 −0.0016297 −0.00028034 −0.0005008 −0.001023 −0.00065 −0.0001065 −0.000108 −0.00031405 0.022913 −0.0002215 −0.0003015 −0.000303 −0.0002 −0.000226 −0.00024776 −0.0002234 −0.000246 −0.00016623 −0.0002252 −0.00026652 −0.00021917 −0.00032053 −0.0003533 −0.000146 −0.00022 −0.00026042 −0.00024 −0.0002912 −0.000083519 −0.0002692
6.1866E-07 6.602E-07
0.000001306 −1.3114E-06
−1.5448E-07
−0.0054872 1.033E-07
−2.5241E-07
1.1554E-07
−5.1407E-07
0.0004585
122.93 174.88 291.67 413.80 284.95 300.03 210.15 263.57 309.58 90.35 159.05 189.60 192.15 178.20 238.45 258.15 175.15 161.84 134.71 104.00 284.29 260.15 195.20 160.65 193.55 235.00 180.00 140.00 204.15 125.26 199.25 145.65 167.55 53.48 238.15 129.95 131.35 204.00 275.70 281.45 187.55 2.20 295.13 229.80 182.57 265.83 239.15 230.00 234.15 238.15 154.12 229.92 192.22 291.31 217.15 177.83 269.25 228.55 223.00 217.35 217.50 133.39 170.05
0.2013 0.1815 0.2243 0.1298 0.1652 0.1420 0.1564 0.1434 0.1487 0.2591 0.2048 0.1826 0.2133 0.1575 0.1570 0.1554 0.1668 0.1440 0.1533 0.2681 0.2383 0.2457 0.2312 0.2056 0.1948 0.1573 0.1502 0.1737 0.1693 0.1938 0.1636 0.1791 0.1637 0.1886 0.1429 0.1944 0.3106 0.2407 0.3553 0.2716 0.1609 0.0149 0.1439 0.1543 0.1597 0.1488 0.1699 0.1544 0.1503 0.1522 0.1650 0.1519 0.1598 0.1436 0.1578 0.1621 0.1462 0.1690 0.1558 0.1586 0.1716 0.1708 0.1642
253.55 310.48 464.00 561.15 374.47 531.46 382.00 489.47 616.93 300.00 353.15 350.21 293.15 413.10 549.40 516.50 453.15 404.94 376.62 280.00 390.41 470.45 329.00 283.85 433.15 500.66 466.40 391.20 450.10 308.15 495.00 400.07 371.05 130.00 353.15 292.59 283.15 234.00 493.00 373.71 304.50 4.80 575.30 553.15 371.58 496.15 573.15 432.90 553.15 424.05 366.79 450.09 372.93 560.01 533.15 370.00 603.15 575.00 412.40 400.85 466.00 336.63 354.35
0.1436 0.1366 0.1713 0.0992 0.1219 0.1074 0.1025 0.0908 0.0800 0.0695 0.1536 0.1253 0.1870 0.1015 0.0909 0.0932 0.0976 0.0951 0.0994 0.0763 0.1913 0.2434 0.1773 0.1565 0.1158 0.0981 0.0811 0.0919 0.0976 0.1351 0.0892 0.0952 0.1107 0.0639 0.1106 0.1130 0.1553 0.2212 0.3322 0.2616 0.1242 0.0204 0.0818 0.0830 0.1024 0.1028 0.0944 0.1041 0.0790 0.1065 0.1017 0.1023 0.1116 0.0848 0.0839 0.0942 0.0974 0.0928 0.1065 0.1146 0.0992 0.1048 0.1146
2-442
TABLE 2-315 Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [W/(mK)] (Continued) Cmpd. no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236
Hexyl mercaptan 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Isobutyric acid Isopropyl amine Malonic acid Methacrylic acid Methane Methanol N-Methyl acetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl amine Methyl benzoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne Methylbutyl ether Methylbutyl sulfide 3-Methyl-1-butyne Methyl butyrate Methylchlorosilane Methylcyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene Methyldichlorosilane Methylethyl ether Methylethyl ketone Methylethyl sulfide Methyl formate Methylisobutyl ether Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl isocyanate Methylisopropyl ether Methylisopropyl ketone Methylisopropyl sulfide Methyl mercaptan Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methylpentane Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methylpropane
C6H14S C6H10 C6H10 H4N2 H2 HBr HCl CHN HF H2S C4H8O2 C3H9N C3H4O4 C4H6O2 CH4 CH4O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C3H4 C4H6O2 CH5N C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H6 C5H12O C5H12S C5H8 C5H10O2 CH5ClSi C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6H12 C6H10 C6H10 CH4Cl2Si C3H8O C4H8O C3H8S C2H4O2 C5H12O C6H12O C2H3NO C4H10O C5H10O C4H10S CH4S C5H8O2 C9H18O2 C6H14 C6H14O C4H10
111-31-9 693-02-7 764-35-2 302-01-2 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 79-31-2 75-31-0 141-82−2 79-41−4 74-82-8 67-56-1 79-16-3 79-20-9 74-99-7 96-33-3 74-89-5 93-58-3 598-25-4 78-78-4 116-53-0 123-51-3 563-46-2 513-35-9 78-80-8 628-28-4 628-29-5 598-23-2 623-42-7 993-00-0 108-87-2 590-67-0 7443-70-1 7443-52-9 96-37-7 693-89-0 1120-62-3 75-54-7 540-67-0 78-93-3 624-89-5 107-31-3 625-44-5 108-10-1 624-83-9 598-53-8 563-80-4 1551-21-9 74-93-1 80-62-6 3004-93-1 107-83-5 628-80-8 75-28-5
118.24 82.14 82.14 32.05 2.02 80.91 36.46 27.03 20.01 34.08 88.11 59.11 104.06 86.09 16.04 32.04 73.09 74.08 40.06 86.09 31.06 136.15 68.12 72.15 102.13 88.15 70.13 70.13 66.10 88.15 104.21 68.12 102.13 80.59 98.19 114.19 114.19 114.19 84.16 82.14 82.14 115.03 60.10 72.11 76.16 60.05 88.15 100.16 57.05 74.12 86.13 90.19 48.11 100.12 158.24 86.18 102.17 58.12
0.2058 0.21492 0.2119 1.3675 −0.0917 0.234 0.8045 0.43454 0.7516 0.4842 0.21668 0.237 0.28918 0.2306 0.41768 0.2837 0.23743 0.2777 0.23648 0.26082 0.33446 0.22142 0.1983 0.21246 0.22284 0.17471 0.19447 0.19636 0.20385 0.22235 0.20698 0.20348 0.21748 0.24683 0.1791 0.21558 0.21839 0.21828 0.1929 0.20023 0.1994 0.21956 0.27304 0.2197 0.22136 0.3246 0.222 0.2301 0.2822 0.24154 0.2332 0.20978 0.26119 0.2583 0.20911 0.19334 0.21698 0.20455
−0.0002324 −0.0002899 −0.00027048 −0.0015895 0.017678 −0.0004636 −0.002102 −0.0007008 −0.0010874 −0.001184 −0.0002556 −0.000332 −0.0002614 −0.00025201 −0.0024528 −0.000281 −0.0002362 −0.000417 −0.00041639 −0.0003506 −0.00067427 −0.00022759 −0.0002822 −0.00033581 −0.0002516 −0.0001256 −0.0002901 −0.000291 −0.0002874 −0.0003044 −0.00024439 −0.0003106 −0.00025913 −0.00038854 −0.0002291 −0.00022728 −0.00025776 −0.0002557 −0.0002492 −0.00025581 −0.00026149 −0.00032153 −0.0004518 −0.0002505 −0.00028938 −0.000468 −0.00032217 −0.00028899 −0.00042037 −0.0003774 −0.0003044 −0.00026468 −0.00038345 −0.000379 −0.00021852 −0.00028038 −0.00028998 −0.00036589
C3
−0.000382
3.5588E-06
8.033E-07
C4
−3.3324E-06
C5
1.0266E-07
Tmin, K
Thermal cond. at Tmin
Tmax, K
Thermal cond. at Tmax
192.62 141.25 183.65 274.69 13.95 185.15 273.15 259.83 189.79 193.15 227.15 177.95 407.95 288.15 90.69 175.47 301.15 175.15 170.45 196.32 179.69 260.75 159.53 113.25 357.15 155.95 135.58 139.39 160.15 157.48 175.30 183.45 187.35 139.05 273.15 299.15 280.15 269.15 130.73 146.62 115.00 182.55 160.00 186.48 167.23 174.15 150.00 189.15 256.15 127.93 180.15 171.64 150.18 290.15 208.20 119.55 176.00 113.54
0.1610 0.1740 0.1622 0.9309 0.0754 0.1482 0.2303 0.2525 0.5452 0.2555 0.1586 0.1779 0.1825 0.1580 0.2245 0.2344 0.1663 0.2047 0.1655 0.1920 0.2392 0.1621 0.1533 0.1744 0.1330 0.1551 0.1551 0.1558 0.1578 0.1744 0.1641 0.1465 0.1689 0.1928 0.1165 0.1476 0.1462 0.1495 0.1603 0.1627 0.1693 0.1609 0.2008 0.1730 0.1730 0.2431 0.1737 0.1754 0.1745 0.1933 0.1784 0.1644 0.2036 0.1483 0.1636 0.1598 0.1659 0.1630
425.81 344.48 357.67 623.15 31.00 290.62 323.15 298.85 394.45 292.42 482.75 305.55 644.00 530.00 180.00 337.85 478.15 386.15 249.94 421.00 283.15 547.90 314.00 368.13 480.90 404.15 304.30 311.70 305.40 463.15 396.58 302.15 493.15 281.85 374.08 548.80 484.20 484.80 344.95 348.64 338.05 314.70 341.34 352.79 339.80 373.15 390.00 451.42 312.00 370.00 435.90 357.91 279.11 363.45 555.20 389.25 432.30 400.00
0.1068 0.1151 0.1152 0.3770 0.0847 0.0993 0.1252 0.2251 0.3227 0.1380 0.0933 0.1356 0.1208 0.0970 0.0915 0.1888 0.1245 0.1167 0.1324 0.1132 0.2079 0.0967 0.1097 0.0888 0.1019 0.1239 0.1062 0.1057 0.1161 0.0814 0.1101 0.1096 0.0897 0.1373 0.0934 0.0908 0.0936 0.0943 0.1069 0.1110 0.1110 0.1184 0.1188 0.1313 0.1230 0.1500 0.0964 0.0996 0.1510 0.1019 0.1005 0.1151 0.1542 0.1206 0.0878 0.0842 0.0916 0.0582
2-443
237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299
2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methyl propene Methyl propionate Methylpropyl ether Methylpropyl sulfide Methylsilane α-Methyl styrene Methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Naphthalene Neon Nitroethane Nitrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nonadecane Nonanal Nonane Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 1-Nonene Nonyl mercaptan 1-Nonyne Octadecane Octanal Octane Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 1-Octene Octyl mercaptan 1-Octyne Oxalic acid Oxygen Ozone Pentadecane Pentanal Pentane Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1-Pentene 2-Pentyl mercaptan Pentyl mercaptan 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne Phenanthrene Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Phthalic anhydride Propadiene Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propenylcyclohexene Propionaldehyde
C4H10O C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10S CH6Si C9H10 C5H12O C3H6O C10H8 Ne C2H5NO2 N2 F3N CH3NO2 N2O NO C19H40 C9H18O C9H20 C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H18 C9H20S C9H16 C18H38 C8H16O C8H18 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16 C8H18S C8H14 C2H2O4 O2 O3 C15H32 C5H10O C5H12 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10 C5H12S C5H12S C5H8 C5H8 C14H10 C6H6O C7H5NO C8H4O3 C3H4 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C9H14 C3H6O
75-65-0 115-11-7 554-12-1 557-17-5 3877-15-4 992-94-9 98-83-9 1634-04-4 107-25-5 91-20-3 7440-01-9 79-24-3 7727-37-9 7783-54-2 75-52-5 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 629-92-5 124-19-6 111-84-2 112-05-0 143-08-8 628-99-9 124-11-8 1455-21-6 3452-09-3 593-45-3 124-13-0 111-65-9 124-07-2 111-87-5 123-96-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 111-66-0 111-88-6 629-05-0 144-62-7 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 629-62-9 110-62-3 109-66-0 109-52-4 71-41-0 6032-29-7 107-87-9 96-22-0 109-67-1 2084-19-7 110-66-7 627-19-0 627-21-4 85-01-8 108-95-2 103-71-9 85-44-9 463-49-0 74-98-6 71-23-8 67-63-0 13511-13-2 123-38-6
74.12 56.11 88.11 74.12 90.19 46.14 118.18 88.15 58.08 128.17 20.18 75.07 28.01 71.00 61.04 44.01 30.01 268.52 142.24 128.26 158.24 144.25 144.26 126.24 160.32 124.22 254.49 128.21 114.23 144.21 130.23 130.23 128.21 128.21 112.21 146.29 110.20 90.03 32.00 48.00 212.41 86.13 72.15 102.13 88.15 88.15 86.13 86.13 70.13 104.21 104.21 68.12 68.12 178.23 94.11 119.12 148.12 40.06 44.10 60.10 60.10 122.21 58.08
0.21258 0.2802 0.22534 0.24817 0.21103 0.2774 0.19657 0.2253 0.28035 0.17096 0.2971 0.247 0.2654
−0.00029864 −0.000786 −0.0002683 −0.0003774 −0.00025985 −0.00054608 −0.0002118 −0.00037273 −0.0004646 −0.00010059 −0.017356 −0.0002814 −0.001677
0.3276 0.10112 0.1878 0.21229 0.21523 0.209 0.204 0.2292 0.20829 0.20468 0.20244 0.20954 0.2137 0.20143 0.2156 0.203 0.2316 0.20955 0.2132 0.21732 0.20467 0.2012 0.2095 0.3074 0.2741 0.17483 0.20649 0.22697 0.2537 0.1848 0.2006 0.21875 0.2161 0.21569 0.21361 0.20597 0.2086 0.22102 0.21282 0.13753 0.18831 0.16326 0.22946 0.23081 0.26755 0.2203 0.20161 0.1831 0.2498
−0.000405 0.0010293 −0.00022 −0.0002799 −0.000264 −0.0002 −0.00023 −0.00022922 −0.00025738 −0.00021343 −0.00024588 −0.0002252 −0.00021102 −0.00029483 −0.0002 −0.0002407 −0.00023733 −0.0002494 −0.00024969 −0.0002675 −0.0002142 −0.00025334 −0.00028101 −0.00138 0.00075288 −0.00021911 −0.00033227 −0.000576 −0.0001434 −0.0001603 −0.00027849 −0.00024866 −0.00024081 −0.00030777 −0.00024518 −0.00024536 −0.000322 −0.0002856 −0.000025247 −0.0001 −0.00017777 −0.00021345 −0.0004078 −0.00066457 −0.0002155 −0.00021529 −0.00020275 −0.00030075
6.516E-07
1.1728E-07 0.0005911
−0.00000943 9.572E-08
−2.5228E-06 1.177E-07 0.000000344
2.774E-07
−0.000007421
298.97 132.81 185.65 133.97 160.17 116.34 249.95 164.55 151.15 353.43 25.00 183.63 63.15
0.1233 0.1873 0.1755 0.1976 0.1694 0.2139 0.1436 0.1671 0.2101 0.1354 0.1167 0.1953 0.1595
404.96 395.20 475.00 373.00 368.69 216.25 438.65 328.18 341.10 646.97 44.00 387.22 124.00
0.0916 0.0713 0.0979 0.1074 0.1152 0.1593 0.1037 0.1156 0.1219 0.1059 0.0457 0.1380 0.0575
244.60 277.59 110.00 305.04 255.15 219.66 285.55 268.15 238.15 191.91 253.05 223.15 301.31 246.00 216.38 289.65 257.65 241.55 252.85 255.55 171.45 223.95 193.55 462.65 60.00 77.35 283.07 182.00 143.42 239.15 273.15 200.00 196.29 234.18 108.02 160.75 197.45 167.45 163.83 372.38 314.06 243.15 404.15 136.87 85.47 200.00 185.26 199.00 170.00
0.2285 0.1011 0.1869 0.1452 0.1501 0.1510 0.1469 0.1675 0.1537 0.1553 0.1484 0.1547 0.1458 0.1495 0.1518 0.1451 0.1696 0.1522 0.1501 0.1535 0.1588 0.1532 0.1605 0.1774 0.1913 0.2180 0.1445 0.1704 0.1782 0.1505 0.1568 0.1631 0.1673 0.1593 0.1804 0.1666 0.1602 0.1671 0.1660 0.1281 0.1569 0.1200 0.1432 0.1750 0.2128 0.1772 0.1617 0.1428 0.1987
374.35 277.59 176.40 603.05 593.15 423.97 528.75 578.65 471.70 420.02 492.95 423.85 589.86 573.15 398.83 512.85 570.15 452.90 499.00 440.65 394.41 472.19 399.35 643.20 150.00 161.85 543.84 513.15 445.00 458.65 353.15 392.20 375.46 375.14 303.22 385.15 399.79 313.33 329.27 610.03 454.99 439.43 557.65 238.65 350.00 370.35 425.00 431.65 453.15
0.1760 0.1011 0.0759 0.0796 0.0829 0.0971 0.0983 0.0961 0.1002 0.0966 0.0972 0.1053 0.0809 0.0805 0.0980 0.1004 0.0944 0.1021 0.0887 0.1073 0.0992 0.1001 0.1083 0.1267 0.0671 0.2306 0.0873 0.0875 0.0655 0.1190 0.1440 0.1095 0.1227 0.1254 0.1203 0.1115 0.1105 0.1201 0.1188 0.1221 0.1428 0.0851 0.1104 0.1335 0.0689 0.1405 0.1101 0.0956 0.1135
2-444
TABLE 2-315 Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids [W/(mK)] (Concluded) Cmpd. no.
Name
300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345
Propionic acid Propionitrile Propyl acetate Propyl amine Propylbenzene Propylene Propyl formate 2-Propyl mercaptan Propyl mercaptan 1,2-Propylene glycol Quinone Silicon tetrafluoride Styrene Succinic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur trioxide Terephthalic acid o-Terphenyl Tetradecane Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydrothiophene 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Thiophene Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Tridecane Triethyl amine Trimethyl amine 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Undecane 1-Undecanol Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetylene Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichlorosilane Water m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene
Formula C3H6O2 C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H12 C3H6 C4H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8O2 C6H4O2 F4Si C8H8 C4H6O4 O2S F6S O3S C8H6O4 C18H14 C14H30 C4H8O C10H12 C4H8S C8H18 C4H4S C7H8 C2H3Cl3 C13H28 C6H15N C3H9N C9H12 C9H12 C8H18 C8H18 C6H3N3O6 C7H5N3O6 C11H24 C11H24O C4H6O2 C4H4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3Si H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
79-09-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 107-10-8 103-65-1 115-07-1 110-74-7 75-33-2 107-03-9 57-55-6 106-51-4 7783-61-1 100-42-5 110-15-6 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7446-11-9 100-21-0 84-15-1 629-59-4 109-99-9 119-64-2 110-01-0 594-82-1 110-02-1 108-88-3 79-00-5 629-50-5 121-44-8 75-50-3 526-73-8 95-63-6 540-84-1 560-21-4 99-35-4 118-96-7 1120-21-4 112-42-5 108-05-4 689-97-4 75-01-4 75-94-5 7732-18-5 108-38-3 95-47-6 106-42-3
74.08 55.08 102.13 59.11 120.19 42.08 88.11 76.16 76.16 76.09 108.09 104.08 104.15 118.09 64.06 146.06 80.06 166.13 230.30 198.39 72.11 132.20 88.17 114.23 84.14 92.14 133.40 184.36 101.19 59.11 120.19 120.19 114.23 114.23 213.10 227.13 156.31 172.31 86.09 52.07 62.50 161.49 18.02 106.17 106.17 106.17
0.1954 0.26626 0.2332 0.2632 0.18707 0.24719 0.2247 0.21706 0.2202 0.2152 0.26524
−0.000164 −0.0003307 −0.0003096 −0.0004278 −0.00019846 −0.00048824 −0.000264 −0.00028952 −0.00028535 −0.0000497 −0.00028676
0.20215 0.28215 0.38218 0.2544 0.92882
−0.0002201 −0.0002585 −0.0006254 −0.0006595 −0.0030803
0.16853 0.20293 0.19428 0.14563 0.20414 0.17835 0.20571 0.20463 0.20731 0.20447 0.1918 0.23813 0.18854 0.19216 0.1659 0.16815 0.18421 −1.5128 0.20515 0.21211 0.256 0.22838 0.2333 0.21831 −0.432 0.20044 0.19989 0.20003
−0.00010817 −0.00021798 −0.000249 −0.0000536 −0.00021217 −0.00023704 −0.00020028 −0.00024252 −0.00024997 −0.00022612 −0.0002453 −0.00038397 −0.0001963 −0.0002105 −0.00022686 −0.00020535 −0.00016097 0.0079553 −0.00023933 −0.00021815 −0.0003542 −0.00035173 −0.00039223 −0.00029122 0.0057255 −0.00023544 −0.0002299 −0.00023573
C3
C4
0.000000412
0.00000266
−0.000010066
−0.000008078
1.861E-09
C5
Tmin, K
Thermal cond. at Tmin
Tmax, K
Thermal cond. at Tmax
252.45 180.26 178.15 188.36 173.55 87.89 180.25 142.61 159.95 213.15 388.85
0.1540 0.2067 0.1780 0.1972 0.1526 0.2043 0.1771 0.1758 0.1746 0.2046 0.1537
543.15 370.50 434.82 333.15 583.15 340.49 483.15 325.71 340.87 460.75 545.00
0.1063 0.1437 0.0986 0.1664 0.0713 0.0809 0.0971 0.1228 0.1229 0.1923 0.1090
242.54 460.65 197.67 223.15 289.95
0.1488 0.1631 0.2586 0.1072 0.2593
418.31 642.00 400.00 318.69 481.47
0.1101 0.1162 0.1320 0.0442 0.0624
329.35 279.01 164.65 237.38 176.98 373.96 234.94 178.18 236.50 267.76 158.45 156.08 247.79 229.33 165.78 172.22 398.40 357.20 247.57 288.45 180.35 173.15 119.36 178.35 273.16 225.30 247.98 286.41
0.1329 0.1421 0.1533 0.1329 0.1666 0.0897 0.1587 0.1614 0.1482 0.1439 0.1529 0.1782 0.1399 0.1439 0.1283 0.1328 0.1201 0.0445 0.1459 0.1492 0.1921 0.1675 0.1865 0.1664 0.5672 0.1474 0.1429 0.1325
723.15 526.73 339.12 480.77 394.27 426.00 357.31 474.85 482.00 508.62 483.15 276.02 449.27 442.53 372.39 387.91 629.60 393.20 469.08 561.20 410.00 278.25 345.60 434.52 633.15 413.10 417.58 413.10
0.0903 0.0881 0.1098 0.1199 0.1205 0.0774 0.1342 0.0895 0.0868 0.0895 0.0733 0.1322 0.1004 0.0990 0.0814 0.0885 0.0829 0.0590 0.0929 0.0897 0.1108 0.1305 0.0977 0.0918 0.4272 0.1032 0.1039 0.1027
The liquid thermal conductivity is calculated by k C1 C2T C3T 2 C4T 3 C5T 4. where k is the thermal conductivity in W/(mK) and T is the temperature in K. Thermal conductivites are at either 1 atm or the vapor pressure, whichever is higher. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calculations from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES TABLE 2-316
2-445
Transport Properties of Selected Gases at Atmospheric Pressure* Viscosity, 10−4 Pa⋅s Temperature, K
Thermal conductivity, W/(m⋅K) Temperature, K Substance
250
300
400
500
Acetone Acetylene Benzene
0.0080 0.0162 0.0077
0.0115 0.0213 0.0104
0.0201 0.0332 0.0195
0.0310 0.0452 0.0335
Bromine CCl4 Chlorine
0.0038 0.0053 0.0071
0.0048 0.0067 0.0089
0.0067 0.0099 0.0124
Deuterium Propylene R 11 R 12 R 13
0.122 0.0114 0.0072 0.0091
0.141 0.0168 0.0078 0.0097 0.0121
0.176 0.0226 0.0119 0.0151 0.0185
0.0208 0.0248
R 21 R 22 SO2
0.0080 0.0078
0.0088 0.0109 0.0096
0.0135 0.0170 0.0143
0.0181 0.0230 0.0200
600
300
400
500
600
0.101 0.135 0.101
0.128 0.164 0.127
0.156
0.0561 0.0524
0.077 0.104 0.076
0.0126 0.0156
0.0190
0.101 0.136
0.203 0.131 0.178
0.260 0.162 0.218
0.291 0.191 0.259
0.0580
0.111 0.073 0.094 0.108 0.123
0.126 0.087 0.110 0.126 0.145
0.153 0.115 0.144 0.162 0.190
0.178 0.141
0.201
0.0430
0.100 0.109
0.115 0.129 0.129
0.154 0.168 0.175
0.0290 0.0256
250
Prandtl number, dimensionless Temperature, K
0.217
250
300
400
500
0.860 0.827 0.796
0.797 0.814 0.781 0.766
0.762 0.761 0.745 0.759
0.708 0.757
0.820
0.779 0.771
0.773 0.760
0.154
0.256
*An approximate interpolation scheme is to plot the logarithm of the viscosity or the thermal conductivity versus the logarithm of the absolute temperature. At 250 K the viscosity of gaseous argon is to be read as 1.95 × 10−5 Pa⋅s = 0.0000195 Ns/m2.
TABLE 2-317
Lower and Upper Flammability Limits, Flash Point, and Autoignition Temperature for Selected Hydrocarbons
2-446
CAS no.
Formula
LFL
LFL rating
UFL
UFL rating
Flash point ºC
Flash point rating
74828 74840 74986 106978 75285 109660 78784 463821 1100543 142825 565593 111659 540841 111842 124185
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C7H16 C8H18 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22
5.00 2.90 2.00 1.50 1.80 1.30 1.30 1.40 1.05 1.00 1.12 0.80 0.95 0.70 0.70
12 12 12 12 12 14 12 11 13 14 4 12 11 12 12
15.00 13.00 9.50 9.00 8.40 8.00 8.00 7.50 7.68 7.00 6.75 6.50 6.00 5.60 5.40
12 12 12 12 12 14 12 11 13 14 4 12 11 12 12
−187.15 −130.15 −104.00 −69.00 −82.59 −40.00 −56.00 −72.15 −21.65 −4.15 −6.00 12.85 −12.22 30.85 45.85
4 4 4 6 5 11 11 4 11 11 4 11 11 11 11
536.85 471.85 449.85 287.85 460.00 242.85 420.00 450.00 224.85 203.85 335.00 205.85 411.00 204.85 200.85
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
Olefins Ethy1ene Propy1ene 1- Butene 2- Butene 1-Pentene
74851 115071 106989 107017 109671
C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C4H8 C5H10
2.70 2.00 1.60 1.70 1.50
11 11 11 8 11
36.00 11.00 9.30 9.70 8.70
11 11 11 8 11
−146.15 −108.15 −79.81 <−34.00 −18.15
4 11 5 1 11
450.00 455.00 383.85 325.00 272.85
11 11 11 8 11
Acetylenes Acetylene Vinylacetylene Methylacetylene
74862 689974 613878
C2H2 C4H4 C3H4
2.50 1.80 1.70
12 6 11
80.00 100.00 16.80
12 4 11
−18.15 −66.15 −86.15
11 4 4
305.00 310.00 340.00
11 6 11
Aromatics Benzene Toluene o-Xylene Ethylbenzene Isopropylbenzene (Cumene) Anthracene
71432 108883 95476 100414 98828 120127
C6H6 C7H8 C8H10 C8H10 C9H12 C14H10
1.40 1.20 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.65
11 11 11 11 12 8
7.10 7.10 6.00 6.70 6.50 5.46
11 11 11 11 12 4
−11.15 4.85 16.85 15.00 31.00 120.85
11 11 11 11 12 4
561.85 535.85 463.85 431.85 423.85 540.00
11 11 11 11 11 8
Cyclic hydrocarbons Cyclopropane Furan Cyclopentadiene Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane Phenol Dicyclopentadiene
75194 110009 542927 110827 108872 108952 77736
C3H6 C4H4O C5H6 C6H12 C7H14 C6H6O C10H12
2.40 2.30 1.62 1.30 1.10 1.52 1.00
12 11 4 8 11 6 4
10.40 14.30 7.70 7.80 6.70 8.76 6.76
12 11 4 8 11 6 4
92.00 −36.15 −28.15 −18.15 −6.00 79.85 26.00
4 11 4 4 11 11 4
497.85 510.00 429.85 245.00 250.00 714.85 505.00
11 6 4 11 11 11 5
Alcohols Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol 2-propen-1-ol n-Propyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol n-Butyl alcohol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-l-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Cyclohexanol
67561 64175 107186 71238 67630 71363 78922 78831 75650 108930
CH4O C2H6O C3H6O C3H8O C3H8O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C6H12O
7.30 3.30 2.50 2.10 2.20 1.40 1.68 1.70 1.90 1.20
11 8 11 8 8 8 4 11 4 11
36.00 19.00 18.00 13.50 12.00 11.20 9.80 10.90 9.00 9.30
11 8 11 8 8 8 4 11 4 10
10.85 12.85 20.85 24.63 21.85 37.19 23.85 27.85 10.85 67.85
11 4 11 5 4 5 4 11 4 11
463.85 356.00 377.85 440.00 399.00 359.00 405.00 408.00 480.00 300.00
11 8 11 8 5 5 8 11 8 11
50000 75070 107028 123386 123739 4170303 78842 123728 98011
CH2O C2H4O C3H4O C3H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H8O C4H8O C5H4O2
7.00 4.00 2.80 2.60 2.10 2.10 1.60 2.50 2.10
11 11 11 11 11 8 4 8 8
73.00 60.00 31.00 16.10 15.50 15.50 10.60 12.50 19.30
11 11 11 11 11 8 4 4 4
−52.96 −38.15 −26.00 −30.00 8.00 13.00 −18.15 − 7.15 72.85
3 11 11 11 11 6 4 4 4
430.00 175.00 233.85 206.85 231.85 232.00 204.85 215.76 316.00
11 8 11 11 11 5 11 5 5
115106 107255 60297 101848
C2H6O C3H6O C4H10O C12H10O
3.30 2.60 1.90 0.80
11 11 11 11
27.30 39.00 48.00 1.50
11 11 11 11
−41.15 −56.00 −45.00 95.85
11 11 11 11
350.00 287.00 160.00 618.00
11 11 11 11
Compound
Paraffin hydrocarbons Methane Ethane Propane Butane Isobutane Pentane Isopentane 2,2-Dimethylpropane Hexane Heptane 2,3-Dimethylpentane Octane Isooctane Nonane Decane
Aldehydes Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acrolein Propionaldehyde Crotonic aldehyde Crotonaldehyde Isobutyraldehyde Butyraldehyde 2-Furancarboxaldehyde Ethers Dimethyl ether Viny1 methyl ether Diethyl ether Diphenyl ether
Autoignition T ºC
Autoignition rating
Ketones Acetone Methylethyl ketone Methy1 phenyl ketone
67641 78933 98862
C3H6O C4H8O C8H8O
2.60 1.80 1.10
8 11 8
13.00 10.00 6.89
8 11 4
−18.15 −6.15 82.00
4 11 8
465.00 515.85 571.11
8 11 11
Acids Acetic acid Hydrocyanic acid Formic acid
64197 74908 64186
C2H4O2 HCN CH2O2
4.05 6.00 15.70
8 11 10
16.00 41.00 38.00
4 11 11
42.85 −18.00 48.00
11 6 12
426.85 537.85 480.00
11 11 11
107313 109944
C2H4O2 C3H6O2
5.90 2.80
11 8
20.00 16.00
11 8
−19.15 −19.50
11 6
455.85 455.00
11 8
Esters Methyl formate Ethyl formate
Methyl acetate Vinyl acetate Ethyl acetate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Amyl acetate Inorganic Hydrogen Ammonia Cyanogen
79209 108054 141786 109604 108214 123864 110190 628637 1333740 7664417 460195
3.20 2.60 2.20 2.05 2.00 1.70 1.30 1.10
8 11 11 5 5 8 11 11
16.00 13.40 11.40 8.00 7.80 7.60 10.50 7.50
8 11 11 4 4 8 11 11
−15.50 −8.15 −4.15 − 4.50 21.85 17.85 23.00
6 11 11 − 6 4 11 11
476.85 426.85 426.85 450.00 460.00 425.00 422.85 360.00
14 11 11 4 4 8 11 11
H2 NH3 C2N2
4.00 16.00 6.00
11 11 11
75.00 25.00 32.00
11 11 11
−260.15 Gas −62.15
4 3 4
400.00 650.85 661.85
11 11 4
C3H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H8O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C7H14O2
Oxides Carbon monoxide Ethylene oxide Propylene oxide Dioxan Mesityl oxide Styrene oxide
630380 75218 75569 123911 141797 100425
CO C2H4O C3H6O C4H8O2 C6H10O C8H8O
12.50 3.00 2.10 2.00 1.30 1.10
11 11 11 11 4 11
74.00 100.00 21.50 22.00 7.20 −
11 8 11 11 4 −
−206.15 −19.81 −37.15 11.85 30.00 31.85
4 5 11 11 4 11
608.85 428.85 465.00 180.00 344.85 463.00
11 11 11 11 4 11
Peroxides Di-tert-butyl peroxide
110054
C8H18O2
1.00
6
7.05
4
1.00
−
79.85
4
CS2 H2S COS C2H6S
1.30 4.30 12.00 2.20
11 14 11 8
50.00 45.50 29.00 19.70
11 14 11 8
−30.00 −107.15 −88.15 −36.00
− − − −
90.00 260.00 250.00 205.00
11 11 6 11
CH3Cl C2H5Cl C3H7Cl C2H2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 CH2Cl2 C2H5ClO C2HCl3 C3Cl6 C2H3Cl C6H5Cl C7H7Cl
8.10 3.80 2.80 6.20 3.40 14.00 4.90 8.00 2.90 3.60 1.30 1.10
11 11 11 11 11 6 11 11 1 11 11 11
17.20 15.40 10.70 16.00 14.50 22.00 15.90 40.00 15.70 33.00 7.10 8.00
11 11 11 6 11 4 11 5 1 11 11 4
−70.15 −50.00 −35.00 12.85 13.00 − 9.15 40.55 32.22 121.85 −78.15 31.85 60.00
4 11 11 11 11 4 12 11 10 11 11 11
631.85 518.85 592.85 412.85 556.85 615.00 425.00 410.00 610.00 471.85 637.85 585.00
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
CH3Br
10.00
11
15.00
11
−48.15
4
537.22
11
Sulfur containing Carbon disulfide Hydrogen sulfide Carbon oxysulfide Dimethyl sulfide Chlorine containing Methyl chloride Ethyl chloride Isopropyl chloride Ethylene dichloride Propylene dichloride Dichloromethane 2-Chloroethanol Trichloroethylene Hexachlorobutadiene Vinyl chloride Chlorobenzene Benzyl chloride Bromides Methyl bromide
75150 7783064 463581 75183 74873 75003 75296 107062 78875 75092 107073 79016 87683 75014 108907 100447 74839
Glycols Ethylene glycol Diethylene glycol Triethylene glycol
107211 111466 112276
C2H6O2 C4H10O3 C6H14O4
3.20 2.00 0.90
11 10 11
33.00 17.10 9.20
10 10 11
110.85 123.85 156.00
11 11 11
395.85 223.85 370.85
11 11 11
Amines Methyl amine Ethyl amine Dimethyl amine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Isopropylamine Allylamine Diethyl amine tert-Butylamine Triethyl amine Cyclohexylamine Monoethanolamine Diethanolamine Dimethylethanolamine
74895 75047 124403 75310 75503 75310 107119 109897 75349 121448 108918 141435 111422 108010
CH5N C2H7N C2H7N C3H7N C3H9N C3H9N C3H7N C4H11N C4H11N C6H15N C6H13N C2H7NO C4H11NO2 C4H11NO
4.90 3.50 2.80 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.20 1.70 1.70 1.20 0.66 3.02 1.69 1.67
11 8 11 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 4 4 4
20.70 14.00 14.40 10.40 11.60 10.40 22.00 10.10 8.90 8.00 8.42 24.06 16.25 11.36
11 8 11 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 4 4 4 4
−62.00 −39.00 −57.00 −37.00 − 7.15 −37.00 −28.89 −39.00 − 9.00 −12.15 31.00 85.00 151.85 41.00
7 6 7 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 13 11 11 11
430.00 383.85 400.00 400.00 190.00 400.00 373.89 310.00 380.00 231.85 293.00 410.00 661.85 295.00
11 7 11 12 11 12 11 12 5 10 11 5 11 11
C3H3N C6H15N B2H6 C5H8O2 − C8H8 C12H10 C4H6O2 C8H4O3
2.42 1.30 0.90 2.10 0.80 1.10 0.60 2.80 1.70
11 11 11 11 8 11 11 4 8
17.34 11.00 98.00 12.50 5.00 6.10 5.80 25.00 10.50
13 11 11 11 8 11 11 4 4
0.00 70.00 −148.15 11.00 −6.00 31.85 113.00 5.85 151.85
11 11 4 11 4 11 11 4 6
480.85 616.85 51.85 435.85 290.00 490.00 540.00 468.00 583.85
11 11 11 11 4 11 11 5 11
Miscellaneous Acrylonitrile Aniline Diborane Methyl methacrylate Naptha Styrene Biphenyl Methyl acrylate Phthalic anhydride
107131 62533 19287457 80626 8030306 100425 92524 96333 85449
2-447
LFL and UFL are lower and upper flammability limits respectively in volume percent fuel in air. Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of AIChE, the DIPPR Environmental Safety Property Data and Estimations Steering Committee and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as T. N. Rogers, D. A. Zei, R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007). Flammability limits are from B. Lewis and G. Von Elbe, Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (1987). Flash point data are from N. I. Sax, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 6th ed., New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold (1984). Autoignition data are from I. Glassman, Combustion, 3d ed., New York: Academic Press (1996). The ratings reflect DIPPR® ESP’s effort to provide a critical evaluation and quality assessment of each data point with 15 being the highest score possible. The rating is not directly correlated with the estimated experimental uncertainty.
2-448
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-318
Viscosities of Liquids: Coordinates for Use with Fig. 2-32
Liquid
X
Y
Liquid
X
Y
Acetaldehyde Acetic acid, 100% Acetic acid, 70% Acetic anhydride Acetone, 100% Acetone, 35% Acetonitrile Acrylic acid Allyl alcohol Allyl bromide Allyl iodide Ammonia, 100% Ammonia, 26% Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Aniline Anisole Arsenic trichloride Benzene Brine, CaCl2, 25% Brine, NaCl, 25% Bromine Bromotoluene Butyl acetate Butyl acrylate Butyl alcohol Butyric acid Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chlorosulfonic acid Chlorotoluene, ortho Chlorotoluene, meta Chlorotoluene, para Cresol, meta Cyclohexanol Cyclohexane Dibromomethane Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Diethyl ketone Diethyl oxalate Diethylene glycol Diphenyl Dipropyl ether Dipropyl oxalate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethyl alcohol, 100% Ethyl alcohol, 95% Ethyl alcohol, 40% Ethyl benzene Ethyl bromide 2-Ethyl butyl acrylate Ethyl chloride Ethyl ether Ethyl formate 2-Ethyl hexyl acrylate Ethyl iodide Ethyl propionate Ethyl propyl ether Ethyl sulfide Ethylene bromide Ethylene chloride Ethylene glycol Ethylidene chloride Fluorobenzene Formic acid Freon-11 Freon-12 Freon-21 Freon-22
15.2 12.1 9.5 12.7 14.5 7.9 14.4 12.3 10.2 14.4 14.0 12.6 10.1 11.8 7.5 8.1 12.3 13.9 12.5 6.6 10.2 14.2 20.0 12.3 11.5 8.6 12.1 11.6 16.1 12.7 12.3 14.4 11.2 13.0 13.3 13.3 2.5 2.9 9.8 12.7 13.2 14.6 13.5 11.0 5.0 12.0 13.2 10.3 13.7 12.7 10.5 9.8 6.5 13.2 14.5 11.2 14.8 14.5 14.2 9.0 14.7 13.2 14.0 13.8 11.9 12.7 6.0 14.1 13.7 10.7 14.4 16.8 15.7 17.2
4.8 14.2 17.0 12.8 7.2 15.0 7.4 13.9 14.3 9.6 11.7 2.0 13.9 12.5 18.4 18.7 13.5 14.5 10.9 15.9 16.6 13.2 15.9 11.0 12.6 17.2 15.3 0.3 7.5 13.1 12.4 10.2 18.1 13.3 12.5 12.5 20.8 24.3 12.9 15.8 12.2 8.9 9.2 16.4 24.7 18.3 8.6 17.7 9.1 10.4 13.8 14.3 16.6 11.5 8.1 14.0 6.0 5.3 8.4 15.0 10.3 9.9 7.0 8.9 15.7 12.2 23.6 8.7 10.4 15.8 9.0 5.6 7.5 4.7
Freon-113 Glycerol, 100% Glycerol, 50% Heptane Hexane Hydrochloric acid, 31.5% Iodobenzene Isobutyl alcohol Isobutyric acid Isopropyl alcohol Isopropyl bromide Isopropyl chloride Isopropyl iodide Kerosene Linseed oil, raw Mercury Methanol, 100% Methanol, 90% Methanol, 40% Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate Methyl i-butyrate Methyl n-butyrate Methyl chloride Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl formate Methyl iodide Methyl propionate Methyl propyl ketone Methyl sulfide Napthalene Nitric acid, 95% Nitric acid, 60% Nitrobenzene Nitrogen dioxide Nitrotoluene Octane Octyl alcohol Pentachloroethane Pentane Phenol Phosphorus tribromide Phosphorus trichloride Propionic acid Propyl acetate Propyl alcohol Propyl bromide Propyl chloride Propyl formate Propyl iodide Sodium Sodium hydroxide, 50% Stannic chloride Succinonitrile Sulfur dioxide Sulfuric acid, 110% Sulfuric acid, 100% Sulfuric acid, 98% Sulfuric acid, 60% Sulfuryl chloride Tetrachloroethane Thiophene Titanium tetrachloride Toluene Trichloroethylene Triethylene glycol Turpentine Vinyl acetate Vinyl toluene Water Xylene, ortho Xylene, meta Xylene, para
12.5 2.0 6.9 14.1 14.7 13.0 12.8 7.1 12.2 8.2 14.1 13.9 13.7 10.2 7.5 18.4 12.4 12.3 7.8 14.2 13.0 12.3 13.2 15.0 13.9 14.2 14.3 13.5 14.3 15.3 7.9 12.8 10.8 10.6 12.9 11.0 13.7 6.6 10.9 14.9 6.9 13.8 16.2 12.8 13.1 9.1 14.5 14.4 13.1 14.1 16.4 3.2 13.5 10.1 15.2 7.2 8.0 7.0 10.2 15.2 11.9 13.2 14.4 13.7 14.8 4.7 11.5 14.0 13.4 10.2 13.5 13.9 13.9
11.4 30.0 19.6 8.4 7.0 16.6 15.9 18.0 14.4 16.0 9.2 7.1 11.2 16.9 27.2 16.4 10.5 11.8 15.5 8.2 9.5 9.7 10.3 3.8 8.6 7.5 9.3 9.0 9.5 6.4 18.1 13.8 17.0 16.2 8.6 17.0 10.0 21.1 17.3 5.2 20.8 16.7 10.9 13.8 10.3 16.5 9.6 7.5 9.7 11.6 13.9 25.8 12.8 20.8 7.1 27.4 25.1 24.8 21.3 12.4 15.7 11.0 12.3 10.4 10.5 24.8 14.9 8.8 12.0 13.0 12.1 10.6 10.9
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
Nomograph for viscosities of liquids at 1 atm. For coordinates see Table 2-318. To convert centipoises to pascalseconds, multiply by 0.001.
FIG. 2-32
2-449
2-450
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-320
TABLE 2-319
Viscosity of Sucrose Solutions* Viscosity in centipoises
Percentage sucrose by weight
Temp., °C
20
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
3.818 3.166 2.662 2.275 1.967 1.710 1.510 1.336 1.197 1.074
14.82 11.60 9.830 7.496 6.223 5.206 4.398 3.776 3.261 2.858
60
Temp., °C
113.9 74.9 56.7 44.02 34.01 26.62 21.30 17.24
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Percentage sucrose by weight 20
40
60
0.974 0.887 0.811 0.745 0.688 0.637 0.592 0.552
2.506 2.227 1.989 1.785 1.614 1.467 1.339 1.226 1.127 1.041
14.06 11.71 9.87 8.37 7.18 6.22 5.42 4.75 4.17 3.73
*International Critical Tables, vol. 5, p. 23. Bingham and Jackson, Bur. Standards Bull. 14 (1919): 59.
FIG. 2-33 and TABLE 2-320
Nomograph (right) for thermal conductivity of organic liquids. (From Mallu and Rao, Hydroc. Proc. 78, 1988.)
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES TABLE 2-321
2-451
Prandtl Number of Air* Pressure, bar
Temperature, K
1
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
80 90 100 120 140
mix 0.796 0.786 0.773 0.763
2.31 1.76 0.872 0.813 0.782
2.32 1.77 1.54 0.89 0.82
2.35 1.78 1.53 1.44 0.94
2.37 1.79 1.53 1.65 1.20
2.40 1.81 1.53 1.54 1.59
2.42 1.82 1.53 1.48 2.14
2.45 1.83 1.53 1.43 2.43
2.48 1.85 1.53 1.40 2.07
2.51 1.87 1.54 1.38 1.78
2.54 1.89 1.54 1.36 1.62
2.57 1.91 1.55 1.34 1.52
160 180 200 240 280
0.754 0.745 0.738 0.724 0.710
0.765 0.754 0.743 0.727 0.711
0.78 0.763 0.749 0.729 0.713
0.84 0.792 0.766 0.737 0.717
0.92 0.830 0.788 0.746 0.721
1.03 0.876 0.812 0.756 0.726
1.13 0.932 0.841 0.767 0.731
1.25 1.00 0.87 0.78 0.737
1.37 1.07 0.90 0.80 0.742
1.65 1.14 0.95 0.81 0.75
1.83 1.20 0.97 0.81 0.75
1.72 1.25 1.00 0.82 0.76
300 350 400 450 500
0.705 0.699 0.694 0.691 0.689
0.707 0.699 0.694 0.691 0.689
0.708 0.699 0.694 0.691 0.689
0.712 0.701 0.695 0.691 0.689
0.715 0.703 0.696 0.692 0.689
0.717 0.705 0.697 0.692 0.690
0.721 0.707 0.698 0.693 0.690
0.725 0.709 0.699 0.693 0.690
0.728 0.711 0.700 0.694 0.690
0.732 0.712 0.701 0.695 0.691
0.737 0.714 0.703 0.695 0.691
0.742 0.716 0.704 0.696 0.691
600 700 800 900 1000
0.690 0.696 0.705 0.709 0.711
0.690 0.696 0.704 0.709 0.711
0.690 0.695 0.704 0.708 0.711
0.689 0.695 0.704 0.708 0.711
0.689 0.695 0.704 0.708 0.711
0.689 0.695 0.703 0.708 0.710
0.689 0.695 0.703 0.708 0.710
0.689 0.695 0.703 0.708 0.710
0.689 0.695 0.703 0.708 0.710
0.690 0.695 0.702 0.708 0.709
0.690 0.695 0.702 0.708 0.709
0.690 0.695 0.702 0.708 0.709
*Compiled by P. E. Liley from tables of specific heat at constant pressure, thermal conductivity, and viscosity given in SI units for integral kelvin temperatures and pressures in bars by Vasserman. Thermophysical Properties of Air and Its Components and Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Air and Its Components. Nauka, Moscow, and in translated form by the National Bureau of Standards, Washington. The number of significant figures given above reflects the similar numbers appearing for the constituent properties in the source references. While reasonable agreement occurs for atmospheric pressure with some other works, the fragmentary data available for the saturated, etc., states show large deviations.
TABLE 2-322
Prandtl Number of Liquid Refrigerants* Temperature, K Refrigerant
Trichlorofluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Methyl chloride Trichlorotrifluoroethane Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Chloropentafluoroethane Ethane Propane Octafluorocyclobutane Dichlorodifluoromethane/difluoroethane Chlorodifluoromethane/chloropentafluoroethane Trifluoromethane/chlorotrifluoromethane Methylene fluoride/chloropentafluoroethane Butane Isobutane (2-methyl propane) Ammonia Water Ethylene Propylene
No. 11 12 13 13B1 21 22 40 113 114 115 170 290 C318 500 502 503 504 600 600a 717 718 1150 1270
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
11.9 5.25 2.96 3.75
8.64 4.27 2.67 3.27 5.72
6.73 3.65 2.69 2.94 4.50
5.33 3.27 3.05 2.83 3.87
4.74 3.08 3.57 3.03 3.48
4.18 3.04 3.61 3.25
2.93 2.42
2.79 2.40
2.77 2.45
2.87 2.60
— 15.13 7.85
3.23 2.53 — 11.18 6.16
8.59 5.21
6.94 4.67
5.77 4.40
5.06 4.46
2.55 5.28 —
2.29 4.46 — 5.78 5.73
2.22 3.88 — 4.23 4.71
2.40 3.44 11.2 3.40 4.13
2.70 3.16 8.74 3.13 3.81
3.02 7.35 3.01
3.16 6.37 3.13
2.10
2.09 4.90 6.19 8.26
2.24 3.60 5.20 6.36
2.43 3.04 4.44 5.18 1.97
2.89 2.79 3.83 4.49 1.76
— 1.74 2.24
— 1.78 1.88
— 2.07 1.71
— 2.70 1.71
7.00 4.80 4.68 — 25.7 —
8.35
3.76
— — 1.85 3.80
320
340
360
380
3.19 — 4.52 3.16
3.44 —
4.00 — —
— —
3.17
3.18 2.85 7.04 4.78 4.90
3.54
—
—
5.87 3.35
5.96 3.72
2.69 3.44 3.93 1.54
— 2.85 3.22 3.66 1.40
— 3.30 3.07 3.53 1.29
— — 3.02 3.53 1.24
10.3 4.4 1.88
5.69 — 2.24
3.65 — 3.91
2.60 — 4.73
6.23 4.82
— 5.61
5.18
—
—
—
—
—
— — —
— —
— —
3.77 1.25
4.68 1.34
1.99 —
1.59 — —
*Dashes indicate inaccessible states. Average uncertainty is about 20 percent. Values derived from formulations for thermal conductivity, specific heat at constant pressure, and viscosity contained in Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, New York, 1976. For further details see M. W. Johnson, M.S.M.E. thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., 1976.
2-452
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-323
Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Saturated Liquids Temperature, °C
Substance
Property
Acetaldehyde ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr Acetic acid
−50
−40
−30
−20
−10
0
863 2.05 460 0.211 4.47
852 2.08 404 0.206 4.08
840 2.11 358 0.200 3.78
828 2.14 321 0.195 3.52
816 2.17 290 0.189 3.33
804 2.20 263 0.184 3.14
10
20
794 2.24 241 0.182 2.97
783 2.28 222 0.180 2.81
ρ (kg/m3) cp (kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
30
40
50
60
1049 2.031 1210 0.173 14.2
1039
1028
1018
1006
1102 0.170
1010 0.168
795 0.167
600 0.165
70
80
90
100
995
984
972
960
0.163
0.161
Aniline
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
1039 2.024 10200 0.186 111
1030 2.047 6500 0.184 72
1022 2.071 4400 0.182 50
1013 2.093 3160 0.180 36.7
1005 2.113 2370 0.177 28.3
996 2.132 1850 0.174 22.7
987 2.17 1510 0.171 19.2
978 2.20 1270 0.169 16.5
969 2.23 1090 0.168 14.5
960 2.27 935 0.167 12.7
951 2.32 825 0.167 11.5
Butanol
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
845 1.947 34700 0.175 3860
841 1.996 22400 0.174 2570
837 2.046 14700 0.173 1740
833 2.100 10300 0.172 1260
829 2.153 7400 0.171 930
825 2.202 5190 0.170 670
817 2.262 3870 0.168 120
810 2.345 2950 0.167 41
803 2.437 2300 0.166 33.8
797 2.524 1780 0.165 27.2
791 2.621 1410 0.164 22.5
784
776
768
760
753
1140 0.163
930 0.162
760 630 535 0.161 0.160 0.159
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
1362 0.988 630 0.194 3.21
1348 0.989 580 0.190 3.02
1334 0.990 535 0.186 2.85
1320 0.991 496 0.182 2.70
1306 0.993 463 0.178 2.58
1292 0.996 435 0.174 2.49
1278 1.004 405 0.170 2.39
1263 1.017 375 0.166 2.30
350 0.161
330 0.158
0.156
0.154
0.152
0.150
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
789 2.068 1175 0.122 19.9
779 2.081 980 0.120 17.0
769 2.094 820 0.119 14.4
759 2.106 710 0.118 12.7
750 2.119 605 0.117 11.0
740
731
721
540 0.116
0.114
0.112
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
2.01 6400 0.188 68.4
2.04 4790 0.186 52.5
2.08 3650 0.184 41.3
2.13 2825 0.181 33.2
2.19 2220 0.179 27.2
806 2.27 1770 0.177 22.7
798 2.35 1470 0.175 19.7
789 2.43 1200 0.173 16.9
781 2.52 1000 0.171 14.7
776 2.62 835 0.168 13.0
763 2.73 700 0.165 11.6
754 2.83 590 0.162 10.3
745 2.93 500 0.159 9.2
735 3.03 435 0.156 8.4
725 3.19 370 0.153 7.7
716 3.30 314 0.151 6.9
947
935
924
912
888
876
863
851
838
825
811
797
580
510
901 2.01 455 0.145 6.3
400 0.142
370 0.139
345 0.136
310 0.133
280 0.130
250 230 220 0.127 0.123 0.119
Carbon disulfide
Cyclohexane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 1090 k (W/m⋅K) Pr
Ethylamine
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
761 2.95 580 0.204 8.39
750 2.97 500 0.201 7.39
739 2.98 435 0.199 6.51
729 3.00 390 0.196 5.97
718 3.01 350 0.194 5.43
707 3.03 320 0.191 5.08
695
683
671
658
646
633
620
607
Ethyl ether
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
790 2.135 550 0.159 7.39
780 2.156 470 0.155 6.54
769 2.179 410 0.151 5.92
758 2.205 365 0.147 5.48
747 2.233 330 0.144 5.12
736 2.265 290 0.140 4.69
725 2.299 265 0.139 4.38
714 2.332 233 0.134 4.05
702 2.36 214 0.129 3.92
689 2.39 197 0.125 3.77
676 2.43 181 0.120 3.67
666 2.47 166 0.116 3.54
653 2.51 153 0.112 3.43
640
625
611
140
129
118
Ethyl iodide
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
0.656 0.663 0.670 0.677 730 0.092 5.37
0.684 655 0.090 4.98
0.691 590 0.088 4.63
0.698 539 0.086 4.30
0.705 495 0.085 4.11
0.712 455 0.083 3.90
0.718 420 0.081 3.72
0.724 390 0.080 3.53
Ethylene glycol
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
1127 2.272 57000 0.254 510
1120 2.327 33300 0.255 305
1113 2.381 20200 0.256 190
1106 2.431 13400 0.258 126
1099 2.484 9100 0.259 87.3
1092 2.536 7070 0.260 69.0
1085 2.586 4000
1077 2.636 3450
1070 1063 1056 2.685 2.734 2.779 3000 2440 2000
Formic acid
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
1241
1231
1220
1209
1196
1184
1170
1156
1140
0.265
2260 0.261
1800 0.257
1470 0.257
1220 0.253
1030 0.250
890 0.246
780 0.243
680 615 550 0.240 0.236 0.232
1124
1108
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES TABLE 2-323
2-453
Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Saturated Liquids (Concluded) Temperature, °C
Substance Gasoline
Glycerol
Kerosene
Property
−50
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 1710 k (W/m⋅K) 0.131 Pr ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
—
−40
1400 0.128 —
−30
−20
784 1.88 1170 990 0.125 0.123 15.1 —
—
−10
0
775 1.92 850 0.121 13.5 —
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
767 1.97 735 0.120 12.1
759 2.02 645 0.118 11.0
751 2.06 530 0.116 9.41
743 2.11 464 0.114 8.59
735 2.15 410 0.112 7.87
721 2.20 367 0.110 7.34
717 2.25 330 0.108 6.88
708 2.30 298 0.106 6.47
699 2.35 270 0.104 6.10
690 2.41 246 0.102 5.81
681 2.46 225 0.100 5.54
1276
1270
1260 2.393 1.5.+6 0.284 12650
1254 2.406
1248 2.457
1242 2.504
2.548
2.588
2.625 2.657 2.686
0.285
0.287
0.288
0.289
0.291
0.293 0.294 0.295
2.28 73
2.32 66
2.35 60
2.38 55
1.2.+7 4.0.+6
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 1150 k (W/m⋅K) Pr
725
500
360
275
781 1.91 215 0.140 2.93
774 1.96 173 0.139 2.44
767 2.02 149 0.139 2.17
760 2.07 126 0.138 1.89
754 2.13 108 0.138 1.67
748 2.18 95 0.137 1.51
742 2.23 83 0.137 1.35
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k(W/m⋅K) Pr
2.30 2305 0.225 23.6
2.32 1800 0.222 18.8
2.35 1410 0.219 15.1
2.37 1170 0.216 12.9
2.40 975 0.212 11.0
2.42 820 0.209 9.53
2.45 692 0.206 8.23
2.47 590 0.203 7.18
783 2.49 510 0.199 6.38
774 2.52 455 0.195 5.88
766 2.55 400 0.192 5.31
756 2.65 355 0.189 4.98
746 2.78 315 0.187 4.68
736 2.94 271 0.184 4.34
725 3.13 240 0.182 4.13
711 3.30 218 0.180 3.99
Methyl formate
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
1069 1.84 830 0.217 7.04
1056 1.86 711 0.213 6.21
1043 1.88 618 0.209 5.56
1030 1.90 544 0.205 5.04
1017 1.92 481 0.200 4.62
1003 1.95 430 0.195 4.30
989 1.99 380 0.191 3.96
975 2.03 345 0.186 3.77
960 2.08 315 0.180 3.64
944
929
913
897
880
863
845
Oil, castor
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
Methanol
Oil, olive
Pentane
Propanol
Sulfuric acid
2,420,000 986,000 451,000 231,000 125,000 74,000 43,000 0.182 0.181 0.180 0.179 0.178 0.177 0.176 0.175 0.174 0.17
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
138,000 0.170
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
693 2.060 489 0.142 7.14
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
849 1.955 20,200 13,500 9500 6900 0.167 0.166 0.165 236
684 2.084 428 0.139 6.42
674 2.110 379 0.136 5.88
665 2.137 339 0.132 5.49
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
Turpentine
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
923 1.535 1670 0.149 17.8
913 1.556 1345 0.147 14.2
904 1.579 1100 0.144 12.1
36,300 0.167
24,500 0.166
17,000 12,400 0.166 0.165 0.165 0.164 0.164
646 2.206 279 0.125 4.92
636 2.239 254 0.122 4.66
626 2.273 234 0.119 4.47
616
606
596
585
574
562
209 0.115
190 0.112
175 0.108
161 0.105
148 0.101
137 124 113 0.098 0.095 0.091
811
814
796
788
779
770
761
752
5110
819 2.219 3900
2900
2245
1720 0.171
1400 0.169
1130 0.168
921 0.167
760 0.165
630 508 447 0.164 0.163 0.162
1834 1.382 25,400
15,700
11,500
8820
7220
6090
5190
829 1.80 380 0.124 5.5
820 1.83 355 0.122 5.3
810 1.87 325 0.119 5.1
820
730
675
48,400 35,200 0.314 932 1.514 2120 0.152 21.1
52,000 0.168
656 2.167 307 0.128 5.20
ρ (kg/m3) cp(kJ/kg⋅K) µ (10−6Pa⋅s) k (W/m⋅K) Pr
Toluene
914 1.633 84,000 0.169 810
895 1.602 915 0.142 10.3
886 1.633 770 0.139 9.0
876 1.652 670 0.137 8.1
867 1.675 590 0.134 7.4
858 1.701 520 0.132 6.7
848 1.73 470 0.129 6.3
839 1.76 420 0.126 5.9
1.72 2250 0.130 29.8
1.76 1780 0.129 24.3
1.80 1490 0.128 20.9
1270 0.127 18.4
1070 0.126 16.1
1.93 925 0.125 14.3
550
747
800 1.92 295 0.117 4.8
538
743
790 1.97 270 0.114 4.7
2-454
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-324
Diffusivities of Pairs of Gases and Vapors (1 atm) Dv in cm2/s
Substance Acetic acid Acetone n-Amyl alcohol sec-Amyl alcohol Amyl butyrate Amyl formate i-Amyl formate Amyl isobutyrate Amyl propionate Aniline Anthracene Argon Benzene Benzidine Benzyl chloride n-Butyl acetate i-Butyl acetate n-Butyl alcohol i-Butyl alcohol Butyl amine i-Butyl amine i-Butyl butyrate i-Butyl formate i-Butyl isobutyrate i-Butyl proprionate i-Butyl valerate Butyric acid i-Butyric acid Cadmium Caproic acid i-Caproic acid Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chloropicrin m-Chlorotoluene o-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene Cyanogen chloride Cyclohexane n-Decane Diethylamine 2,3-Dimethyl butane Diphenyl n-Dodecane Ethane Ethanol Ether (diethyl) Ethyl acetate Ethyl alcohol Ethyl benzene Ethyl n-butyrate Ethyl i-butyrate Ethylene Ethyl formate Ethyl propionate Ethyl valerate Eugenol Formic acid Helium n-Heptane n-Hexane Hexyl alcohol Hydrogen
Temp., °C 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 25 500‡ 0 0 450‡ 0 30 0 25 0 0 0 0 15 45 90 0 15 0 126 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 38 15 0 0 25 500
Air
A
H2
0.1064 .109 .0589 .072 .040 .0543 .058 .0419 .046 .0610 .075 .0421
0.416 .361 .235
.077 .0298 .066 .058 .0612 .0703 .088 .0727 .0821 .0853 .0468 .0705 .0457 .0529 .0424 .067 .0679
.306
O2
N2
CO2
N2O
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
n-C4H10
i-C4H10
0.0716 .0422
.171 .1914
.0347
0.194 0.0797
.0528
.2364 .2716
.0425 .0476
.2771
.0483
.185
.0327
.191 .203 .173 .264 .271
.0364 .0366 .0308 .0476 .0471 .17
.050 .0513 .138
.550
.139
0.096
0.153
.163 .0996*
.00215†
.9 .0892
.369 .651 .293
.185 1.0 0.0636
.319
.0744
.063 .137
0.116
.075 .091 .088 .054 .059 .051 .111 0.0719
.0760
.086 .306
.0841
.0884 .0657
.301
.0753
.0751
.0610 .308 .459 .377 .298 .273
.0778 .0715 .089 .102 .0658 .0579 .0591 .0840 .068 .0512 .0377 .1308
.0813 .0686 .0546 .0487
.375
.0685
.224 .229 .486 .337 .236 .205
.0407 .0413 .0573 .0450 .0367
.510
Ref. 8 6, 16 8 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 8 18 8, 15 8 8 8 8 8 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 13 8 8 8 19 1, 9 18 8 8 18 16, 17 5 6 10 8 8 8 10 3 6 3 8 3 8 3 8 20 7, 8 8 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 4, 8 8 8 8 8 19
.0874
.641 .705 .066§ .0663 .0499 .611
.290 .200
.0753 .697 4.2
.0757 .674
.0351 .550 .646
.535
.625
0.459 .537
0.486 .726
0.272
0.277
3 8 8 2 18
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES TABLE 2-324
2-455
Diffusivities of Pairs of Gases and Vapors (1 atm) (Concluded) Dv in cm2/s
Substance
Temp., °C
Air
Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen peroxide Iodine Mercury Mesitylene Methane Methyl acetate Methyl alcohol Methyl butyrate Methyl i-butyrate Methyl cyclopentane Methyl formate Methyl propionate Methyl valerate Naphthalene Nitrogen
0 60 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 30 0
0.173 .188 .07 .112 .056
Nitrous oxide n-Octane Oxygen Phosgene Propionic acid Propyl acetate n-Propyl alcohol i-Propyl alcohol n-Propyl benzene i-Propyl benzene n-Propyl bromide i-Propyl bromide Propyl butyrate Propyl formate n-Propyl iodide i-Propyl iodide n-Propyl isobutyrate i-Propyl isobutyrate Propyl propionate Propyl valerate Safrol i-Safrol Sulfur hexafluoride Toluene Trimethyl carbinol 2,2,4-Trimethyl pentane 2,2,3-Trimethyl heptane n-Valeric acid i-Valeric acid Water
H2
O2
N2
CO2
N2O
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
n-C4H10
i-C4H10
0.070 .13
0.53 1.1
.084 .132 .0633 .0639 0.0731 .0872 .0735 0.0569 .0513
.333 .506 .242 .257 .318
0.0567 .0879 .0446 .0451 0.0742
0.0758
.295
.0528 0.181 0.165 .096
0.535 .0505 0.0642 .178 .095 .0829 .067 .085 .0818 .101 .0481 .0489 .085 .0902 .0530 .0712 .079 .0802 .0549 .059 .057 .0466 .0434 .0455
.271 .697
0.0705
0.0710 0.181
.139
.330
.0588
.315
.0577
.206 .281
.0364 .0490
.212
.0388
.212 .189
.0395 .0341
.418 .076 .088 .087
30 90 0 0 0 450
A
0.071
0.0618
.288
0.0688
.270 0.050 0.0544 0.220
.212 .75
0.148
0.163
0.0960
0.0908
Ref. 10 11 8, 12, 14 8, 12, 13 8 18 8 8 8 8 3 8 8 8 8 8 2 8 8 3 8 10 8 8 8 8 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 4, 8 5 8
0.0705
3
0.0684
3 8 8 8, 20 18
.0376 .138 1.3
*320 mmHg. † 40 atm. ‡ Also at other temperatures. § Strong function of concentration. References 1 Amdur, Irvine, Mason, and Ross, J. Chem. Phys., 20, 436 (1952). 2 Boyd, Stein, Steingrimsson, and Rumpel, J. Chem. Phys., 19, 548 (1951). 3 Cummings and Ubbelohde, J. Chem. Soc. (London), 1953, p. 3751. 4 Fairbanks and Wilke, Ind. Eng. Chem., 42, 471 (1950). 5 Gilliland, Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 681 (1934). 6 Gorynnova and Kuvskinskii, Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., 18, 1421 (1948). 7 Hansen, Dissertation, Jena, 1907. 8 International Critical Tables, vol. 5, p. 62. 9 Jeffries and Drickamer, J. Chem. Phys., 22, 436 (1954). 10 Klotz and Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 69, 2557 (1947). 11 McMurtrie and Keyes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 70, 3755 (1948). 12 Mullaly and Jacques, Phil. Mag., 48, 6, 1105 (1924). 13 Spier, Physica, 6 (1939): 453; 7, 381 (1940). 14 Topley and Whytlaw-Gray, Phil. Mag., 4, 873 (1927). 15 Trautz and Ludwig, Ann. Physik, 5, 5, 887 (1930). 16 Trautz and Muller, Ann. Physik, 22, 353 (1935). 17 Trautz and Ries, Ann. Physik, 8, 163 (1931). 18 Walker and Westenberg, J. Chem. Phys., 32, 136 (1960). 19 Westenberg and Walker, J. Chem. Phys., 26, 1753 (1957). 20 Winkelmann, Wied. Ann., 22, 152 (1884); 23, 203 (1884); 26, 105 (1885); 33, 445 (1888); 36, 92 (1889).
2-456
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
In this table are a representative selection of diffusion coefficients. The subsection “Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties” should be consulted for estimation techniques. As general references, the works by Hirschfelder, Curtiss, and Bird, Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1964; Chapman and Cowling, The Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases, Cambridge, New York, 1970; Reid and Sherwood, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, TABLE 2-325
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964; and Bretsznajder, Prediction of Transport and Other Physical Properties of Fluids, Pergamon, New York, 1971, may be found useful. The most exhaustive recent compilation for gases is by Mason and Marrero, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1 (1972). Unfortunately, the Mason and Marrero work cites only equations and equation constants and not direct tabulations. For these, the LandoltBörnstein series is suggested.
Diffusivities in Liquids (25 °C)
Dilute solutions and 1 atm unless otherwise noted; use DLµ/T = constant to estimate effect of temperature; * indicates that reference gives effect of concentration.
Solute
Solvent
DL × 105, sq cm/sec
Acetal* Acetamide* Acetamide* Acetic acid Acetic acid Acetic acid Acetic acid Acetic acid Acetic acid* Acetonitrile Acetylene Allyl alcohol* Allyl alcohol Ammonia* i-Amyl alcohol* i-Amyl alcohol Benzene Benzene (50 mole %) Benzene (50 mole %) Benzene (50 mole %) Benzene (50 mole %) Benzene (50 mole %) Benzene (50 mole %) Benzoic acid Benzoic acid Benzoic acid Benzoic acid Benzoic acid Bromine Bromine Bromine Bromobenzene Bromoform* Bromoform Bromoform Bromoform* Bromoform Bromoform n-Butanol Caffeine Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 200 atm.) Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 200 atm.) Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 218 atm.) Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 200 atm.) Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 100 atm.) Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 50 atm.) Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 200 atm.) Carbon disulfide (50 mole %) Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride* Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride* Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride Chloral* Chloral hydrate
Ethanol Ethanol Water Acetone Benzene Carbon tetrachloride Ethylene glycol Toluene Water Water Water Ethanol Water Water Ethanol Water Carbon tetrachloride n-Decane 2,4-Dimethyl pentane n-Dodecane n-Heptane n-Hexadecane n-Octadecane Acetone Benzene Carbon tetrachloride Ethylene glycol Toluene Benzene Carbon disulfide Water Benzene Acetone i-Amyl alcohol Ethanol Ethyl ether Methanol n-Propanol Water Water Ethanol Water n-Butanol i-Butanol Chlorobenzene 2,4-Dimethyl pentane n-Heptane Methyl cyclohexane n-Octane Toluene Benzene Cyclohexane Decalin Dioxane Ethanol n-Heptane Kerosene Methanol i-Octane Tetralin Ethanol Water
1.25 0.68 1.19 3.31 2.11 1.49 0.13 2.26 1.24 1.66 1.78, 2.11 1.06 1.19 1.7, 2.0, 2.3 0.87 1.0 1.53 1.72 2.49 1.40 2.47 0.96 0.86 2.62 1.38 0.91 0.043 1.49 2.7 4.1 1.3 2.30 2.90 0.53 1.08 3.62 2.20 0.94 0.96 0.63 4.0 1.96 3.57 2.42 3.00 3.63 3.0 3.5 3.10 2.06 2.04 1.49 0.776 1.02 1.50 3.17 0.961 2.30 2.57 0.735 0.68 0.77
Estimated possible, error, %1 5 5 3
3 5 5 6 5 8
5
5 6 6 1
3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 7
Ref. 11 11 11 4 1, 4 4 4 4 11 11 1, 24 11 11 1, 11 11 11, 25 7 26 26 26 26 26 26 4 4 4 4 4 11 11 11 25 11 11 11 11 23 11 1, 11, 18, 25 11 11 1, 3, 5, 20, 24, 28 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 7, 9 9, 10* 9 9 9, 10* 9 9 9 9 9 11 11
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES TABLE 2-325
Diffusivities in Liquids (25 °C) (Continued)
Dilute solutions and 1 atm unless otherwise noted; use DL µ /T = constant to estimate effect of temperature; * indicates that reference gives effect of concentration.
Solute Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chloroform Cinnamic acid Cinnamic acid Cinnamic acid Cinnamic acid 1,1′-Dichloropropanol Dicyanodiamide* Diethyl ether Diethyl ether 2,4-Dimethyl pentane (50 mole %) 2,4-Dimethyl pentane (50 mole %) Ethanol* Ethyl acetate Ethylene dichloride Formic acid Formic acid Formic acid Formic acid Formic acid Formic acid Glucose Glycerol Glycerol Glycerol* n-Heptane (50 mole %) n-Heptane (50 mole %) n-Heptane (50 mole %) n-Heptane (50 mole %) Hexamethylene tetramine Hydrogen chloride* Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Hydroquinone* Hydroquinone* Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine* Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodine Iodobenzene Lactose* Maltose* Mannitol* Methanol Nicotine* Nitric acid* Nitrobenzene Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxalic acid*
Solvent
DL × 105, sq cm/sec
Water Benzene Benzene Ethanol Acetone Benzene Carbon tetrachloride Toluene Water Water Benzene Water n-Dodecane n-Hexadecane Water Ethyl benzoate Benzene Acetone Benzene Carbon tetrachloride Ethylene glycol Toluene Water Water i-Amyl alcohol Ethanol Water n-Dodecane n-Hexadecane n-Octadecane n-Tetradecane Water Water Water Water Ethanol Water Acetic acid Anisole Benzene Bromobenzene Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Cyclohexane Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl ether Ethylene bromide n-Heptane n-Hexane Mesitylene Methanol Methyl cyclohexane n-Octane Tetrabromoethane n-Tetradecane Toluene m-Xylene Ethanol Water Water Water Water Water Water Carbon tetrachloride Water Water Water
1.44 2.66 2.50 1.38 2.41 1.12 0.76 2.41 1.0 1.18 2.73 0.85 1.44 0.88 1.28 0.94 2.8 3.77 2.28 1.89 0.094 2.65 1.37 0.69 0.12 0.56 0.94 1.58 1.00 0.92 1.29 0.67 3.10 5.85 (4.4) 1.61 0.53 0.88, 1.12 1.13 1.25 1.98 1.25 3.2 1.45 2.30 1.80 1.07 1.30 2.2 3.61 0.93 3.4, 2.5 4.15 1.49 1.74 2.1 2.76 2.0 0.96 2.1 1.82 1.09 0.49 0.48 0.65 1.6 0.60 2.98 1.00 1.9 1.8 1.61
Estimated possible, error, %1 4 6 3
6 4
4
10 6 6
3 5
10 8 3
3 5 5 5 8 2
2
Ref. 1, 28 25 1, 25 11 4 4 4 4 11 11 25 2 26 26 1, 7, 9,* 11,* 22 6 1, 25 4 4 4 4 11 11 11 11 1, 11* 26 26 26 26 11 4, 11,* 12* 1, 11, 24(?) 1 11 2, 11* 11 11 9, 19, 23 4, 11, 19 11, 19, 23 9, 11, 19 11, 23 4 9 4, 11* 11, 19 11 11 9, 11, 19 4, 9 9 19 4 4 11 4 11 9, 11 11 11 11 11 1, 7, 11 11 11 7 1, 24 1, 11 11
2-457
2-458
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-325
Diffusivities in Liquids (25 °C) (Concluded)
Dilute solutions and 1 atm unless otherwise noted; use DL µ /T = constant to estimate effect of temperature; * indicates that reference gives effect of concentration.
Solute Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Pentaerythritol* Phenol Phenol Phenol Phenol Phenol Phenol n-Propanol Pyridine* Pyridine Pyrogallol Raffinose* Resorcinol* Resorcinol* Saccharose* Stearic acid* Succinic acid* Sucrose Sulfur dioxide Sulfuric acid* Tartaric acid* 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Urea Urea Urethane Water
Solvent Glycerol*-water (106 poise) Sucrose*-water (125 poise) Water Water i-Amyl alcohol Benzene Carbon disulfide Chloroform Ethanol Ethyl ether Water Ethanol Water Water Water Ethanol Water Water Ethanol Water Water Water Water Water 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane n-Decane n-Dodecane n-Heptane n-Hexane n-Tetradecane Ethanol Water Water Glycerol
DL × 105, sq cm/sec
Estimated possible, error, %1
Ref.
0.24
13
0.25
13
2.5 0.77 0.2 1.68 3.7 2.0 0.89 3.9 1.1 1.24 0.76 0.74 0.41 0.46 0.87 0.49 0.65 0.94 0.56 1.7 1.97 0.80 0.61 2.09 1.38 3.72 4.21 1.02 0.73 1.37 1.06 0.021
References 1 Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 52, 3937 (1930). 2 Calvet, J. Chim. Phys., 44, 47 (1947). 3 Carlson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 33, 1027 (1911). 4 Chang and Wilke, J. Phys. Chem., 59, 592 (1955). 5 Davidson and Cullen, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., 35, 51 (1957). 6 Dummer, Z. Anorg. Chem., 109, 31 (1949). 7 Gerlach, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig), 10, 437 (1931). 8 Gosting and Akeley, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 2058 (1952). 9 Hammond and Stokes, Trans. Faraday Soc., 49, 890 (1953); 49, 886 (1953). 10 Hammond and Stokes, Trans. Faraday Soc., 52, 781 (1956). 11 International Critical Tables, vol. 5, p. 63. 12 James, Hollingshead, and Gordon, J. Chem. Phys., 7, 89 (1939); 7, 836 (1939). 13 Jordon, Ackermann, and Berger, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 78, 2979 (1956). 14 Koeller and Drickamer, J. Chem. Phys., 21, 575 (1953). 15 Kolthoff and Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 63, 1013 (1941).
20 4
3 7 7 4 5 4 4 5 6 3 10 4
2
1, 3, 15, 21, 24 11 11 1 11 11 11 11 1, 7, 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 2, 27 15, 17 11 11 11 4 4 4 4 4 11 8, 11 11, 25 16
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES TABLE 2-326
2-459
Thermal Conductivities of Some Building and Insulating Materials* k = Btu/(h⋅ft2)(°F/ft)
Material
Apparent density ρ, lb/ft3 at room temperature
Aerogel, silica, opacified
8.5
Asbestos-cement boards Asbestos sheets Asbestos slate
120 55.5 112 112 29.3 29.3 36 36 36 36 43.5 43.5 0.2
Asbestos
Aluminum foil (7 air spaces per 2.5 in.) Ashes, wood Asphalt Boiler scale (Note 1) Bricks: Alumina (92–99% Al2O3 by wt.) fused Alumina (64–65% Al2O3 by wt.) (See also Bricks, fire clay) Building brick work Carbon Chrome brick (32% Cr2O3 by wt.) Diatomaceous earth, natural, across strata (Note 2) Diatomaceous, natural, parallel to strata (Note 2) Diatomaceous earth, molded and fired (Note 2) Diatomaceous earth and clay, molded and fired (Note 2) Diatomaceous earth, high burn, large pores (Note 3)
132
Kaolin insulating firebrick (Note 4) Magnesite (86.8% MgO, 6.3% Fe2O3, 3% CaO, 2.6% SiO2 by wt.)
Silicon carbide brick, recrystallized (Note 3)
Calcium carbonate, natural White marble Chalk Calcium sulfate (4H2O), artificial plaster (artificial) (building) Cambric (varnished) Carbon, gas Carbon stock Cardboard, corrugated
k
120 290 20 51 0 60 −200 0 0 100 200 400 −200 0 38 177 0–100 20
0.013 .026 .43 .096 .087 .114 .043 .090 .087 .111 .120 .129 .090 .135 .025 .038 .041 .43
427 1315 800 1100 20
96.7 200 200 200
200 650 1315
1.8 2.7 0.62 .63 .4 3.0 .67 .85 1.0
27.7 27.7
204 871
0.051 .077
27.7 27.7 38 38
204 871 204 871
.081 .106 .14 .18
42.3 42.3
204 871
.14 .19
27 27 19 19
200 1000 200 600 1000 1400 500 1150 200 760
.13 .34 .58 .85 .95 1.02 0.15 .26 .050 .113
158 158 158
204 650 1200
2.2 1.6 1.1
129 129 129 129 129 162
600 800 1000 1200 1400 30
10.7 9.2 8.0 7.0 6.3 1.3 1.7 0.4 .22 .43 .25 .091 2.0 0.55 3.6 0.037
115 115
37 37
Fire clay (Missouri)
Kaolin insulating brick (Note 3)
t, °C
96 84.6 132 77.9 94
40 75 25 38 0–100 −184 0
Material Cotton wool Cork board Cork (regranulated) (ground) Diatomaceous earth powder, coarse (Note 2) fine (Note 2) molded pipe covering (Note 2) 4 vol. calcined earth and 1 vol. cement, poured and fired (Note 2) Dolomite Ebonite Enamel, silicate Felt, wool Fiber insulating board Fiber, red (with binder, baked) Gas carbon Glass Borosilicate type Window glass Soda glass Granite Graphite, longitudinal powdered, through 100 mesh Gypsum (molded and dry) Hair felt (perpendicular to fibers) Ice Infusorial earth, see diatomaceous earth Kapok Lampblack Lava Leather, sole Limestone (15.3 vol. % H2O) Linen Magnesia (powdered) Magnesia (light carbonate) Magnesium oxide (compressed) Marble Mica (perpendicular to planes) Mill shavings Mineral wool
Apparent density ρ, lb/ft3 at room temperature
t, °C
k
5 10 8.1 9.4 20.0 20.0 17.2 17.2 26.0 26.0
30 30 30 30 38 871 204 871 204 871
0.024 .025 .026 .025 .036 .082 .040 .074 .051 .088
61.8 61.8 167
204 871 50
38 20.6 14.8 80.5
139
30 78 17 57.5 0.88 10 62.4 103 49.7 13 49.9
20 40
0 21 21 20 40 21
0.020 .038 .49 .092 .54 .05 .35 0.034 .32 1.2–1.7 0.25 0.033–0.05 0.0225 .024 .075 .14 3.4 2.9 0.88 .17 .14 .075 .087 .109 0.075–0.092 0.19 1.06 0.03
38 24–127 30 94 0 100 21 21 30 30
.026 .096 .064 .022 .86 .27 0.09–0.097 0.16 .028 .04 .034
24 30 47 21 20 50
9.4 19.7
Paper Paraffin wax Petroleum coke Porcelain Portland cement, see concrete Pumice stone Pyroxylin plastics Rubber (hard) (para) (soft) Sand (dry) Sandstone Sawdust Scale (Note 1) Silk varnished Slag, blast furnace Slag wool Slate Snow Sulfur (monoclinic) (rhombic) Wall board, insulating type Wall board, stiff paste board Wood shavings
.16 .23 1.0 0.10 0.5–0.75 30 0.03 21 .028 20 .27 20–97 .097 0–100 2.0 0.2–0.73 30–75 0.63 0.3–0.61 0.3–0.44 1.0–2.3 20 95 40 0.104 20 .25 30 .021 0 1.3
30 30 0 100 500 200 90 21–66
74.8 94.6 140 12 6.3 12 34.7 14.8 43 8.8
2-460
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-326
Thermal Conductivities of Some Building and Insulating Materials* (Concluded) k = Btu/(h⋅ft2)(°F/ft) Apparent density ρ, lb/ft3 at room temperature
Material Celluloid Charcoal flakes
87.3 11.9 15
Clinker (granular) Coke, petroleum Coke, petroleum (20–100 mesh) Coke (powdered) Concrete (cinder) (stone) (1:4 dry)
62
t, °C
k
30 80 80 0–700 100 500 400 0–100
.12 .043 .051 .27 3.4 2.9 0.55 .11 .20 .54 .44
Material Wood (across grain): Balsa Oak Maple Pine, white Teak White fir Wood (parallel to grain): Pine Wool, animal
Apparent density ρ, lb/ft3 at room temperature
t, °C
k
7–8 51.5 44.7 34.0 40.0 28.1
30 15 50 15 15 60
0.025–0.03 0.12 .11 .087 .10 .062
34.4 6.9
21 30
.20 .021
*Marks, Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941. International Critical Tables, McGraw-Hill, 1929, and other sources. Note 1: B. Kamp [Z. tech. Physik, 12, 30 (1931)] shows the effect of increased porosity in decreasing thermal conductivity of boiler scale. Partridge [University of Michigan, Eng. Research Bull., 15, 1930] has published a 170-page treatise on Formation and Properties of Boiler Scale. Note 2: Townshend and Williams, Chem. & Met., 39, 219 (1932). Note 3: Norton, Refractories, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1942. Note 4: Norton, private communication. TABLE 2-327
Thermal-Conductivity-Temperature Table for Metals* Thermal conductivities tabulated in watts per meter-kelvin Temperature, K
Substance
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
500
7 38,000 470 47 240
32 13,500 230 196 100
121 2,300 110 810 45
174 850 80 1,400 31
160 380 60 1,650 24
125 300 48 1,490 22
55 237 32 480 18
36 273 26 272 16
26 240 22 196 14
20 237 20 146 12
165 900 400 250 4
305 250 570 450 9
400 150 450 380 16
327 120 250 250 18
230 110 180 190 19
170 110 158 160 20
45 105 111 120 23
25 104 90 100 25
15 101 87 85 27
Copper Gallium Gold Graphite† Graphite‡
19,000 2,200 2,800 27 81
10,700 640 1,500 108 420
2,100 250 520 135 1,630
850 200 380 81 2,980
570 170 350 54 4,290
483 140 345 39 4,980
413 100 327 15 3,250
398 85 315 10 2,000
Hastelloy Inconel Iridium Iron Lead
1 2 1,300 710 175
3 4 1,900 1,000 57
4 8 750 560 43
5 10 360 270 42
6 11 230 170 41
7 11 172 132 40
9 14 147 94 37
10 15 145 80 35
11
13
143 69 34
140 61 33
Magnesium Magnesium oxide Manganese Manganin Mercury
1,200 1,100 2 2 54
1,300 3,100 2 4 40
620 2,200 4 9 35
290 950 5 11 33
190 460 5 13 33
169 260 6 13 32
159 75 7 17 32
156 48 8 22 8
153 36 9 28 10
Molybdenum Nickel Nylon Palladium Platinum
150 2,600 0.04 1,200 1,200
280 1,700 0.10 610 490
350 570 0.17 160 130
250 290 0.20 100 92
210 200 0.23 88 82
179 158 0.25 80 79
143 106 0.28 78 75
138 91 0.30 78 73
PTFE§ Pyrex Quartz Rhodium Rubber
0.94 0.12 1,200 2,900
1.43 0.20 480 3,900
1.94 0.33 82 1,000 0.13
2.1 0.42 40 370 0.15
2.15 0.51 30 250 0.16
2.16 0.57
2.20 0.88
2.25 1.1
190 0.17
160 0.20
Alumina Aluminum Antimony Beryllium oxide Bismuth Boron Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Constantan
Selenium (axis) Silica Silver Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Zinc Zirconium
1200
1400
16 232
10 220
8 93
7 99
6 105
111
70
47
33
25
12 99 85 70 30
81
71
65
62
61
392
388
383
371
357
342
312 7 1,460
309 5 1,140
304 4 930
292 3 680
278 3 530
262 2 440
2 370
55 31
43 19
33 22
28 24
31 26
151 27 9 34 11
149 21
146 13
84 10
98 8
112 7
40 12
13
14
134 80
130 72
126 66
118 67
112 72
105 76
100 80
78 72
80 72
72
73
78
78
81
358 61
62
2.3 1.6
2.5 2.1
150 0.22
145 0.24
140 0.25
140
57
25
15
10
8
6
16,500 108 300
5,200 146 93
1,100 88 29
630 68 17
500 62 13
430 59 11
425 58 6
4 1.34 424 57 4
3 1.52 420 58 3
2 1.70 413 58 3
14
320 28
130 39 880
100
110
59
101 37 330 20 150 42
90 33 310 22 135 38
84 31 280 23 130 34
72 26 190 26 123 25
67 21 180 28 120 23
62 20 170 30 116 22
60 20 150 32 110 21
600
1.87 405 59
800
2.22 389 59
1000
2.60 374 60
19 140 110 21
*Especially at low temperatures, the thermal conductivity can often be markedly reduced by even small traces of impurities. This table, for the highest-purity specimens available, should thus be used with caution in applications with commercial materials. From Perry, Engineering Manual, 3d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976. A more detailed table appears as Section 5.5.6 in the Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, Hemisphere Pub. Corp., Washington, DC, 1983. † Parallel to basal plane. ‡ Perpendicular to basal plane. § Also known as Teflon, etc.
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES TABLE 2-328
Thermal Conductivity of Chromium Alloys* k = Btu/(h⋅ft2)(°F/ft)
American Iron and Steel Institute Type No.
k at 212 °F
k at 932 °F
9.4 8.8 8.0 9.3 14.4 15.1 12.5 21.2
12.4 12.5 10.8 12.8 16.6 15.2 14.2 19.5
301, 302, 302B, 303, 304, 316† 308 309, 310 321, 347 403, 406, 410, 414, 416† 430, 430F† 442 501, 502†
*Table 3-322 is based on information from manufacturers. † Shelton and Swanger (National Bureau of Standards), Trans. Am. Soc. Steel Treat., 21, 1061–1078 (1933).
TABLE 2-329 Thermal Conductivity of Some Alloys at High Temperature*
TABLE 2-330 Thermal Conductivities of Some Materials for Refrigeration and Building Insulation* k = Btu/(h⋅ft2)(°F/ft) at approximately room temperature
Material Soft flexible materials in sheet form: Chemically treated wood fiber Eel grass between paper Felted cattle hair Flax fibers between paper Hair and asbestos fibers, felted Insulating hair, and jute Jute and asbestos fibers, felted Loose materials: Cork, regranulated, fine particles Charcoal, 6 mesh Diatomaceous earth, powdered Glass wool, curled Gypsum in powdered form Mineral wool, fibrous
Thermal conductivity, Btu/(ft)(hr)(°R) °R
Kovar
Advance
Monel
Hastelloy A
Inconel
Nichrome V
5.6 6.2 6.8 7.3 7.8
6.0 6.5 7.0 7.6 8.1
5.5 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.8
Sawdust Wood shavings, from planer Semiflexible materials in sheet form: Flax fiber Semirigid materials in board form: Corkboard Mineral wool, block, with binder Stiff fibrous materials in sheet form: Wood pulp Sugar-cane fiber Cellular gypsum
500 600 700 800 900
7.8 8.3 8.6 8.7 8.7
11.4 12.6 13.9 15.1
9.0 10.2 11.2 12.3 13.4
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
8.9 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.2
16.4 17.6 18.8 20.0 21.2
14.4 15.4 16.5 17.6 18.7
8.4 9.0 9.5 10.1 10.7
8.6 9.1 9.7 10.2 10.8
8.4 9.0 9.5 10.1 10.7
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
10.5 10.8 11.1 11.3 11.5
22.5 23.8 25.0 26.2 27.4
19.8 20.8 21.9 23.0 24.0
11.3 11.8 12.3 12.9 13.4
11.3 11.8 12.4 13.0 13.6
11.3 11.9 12.4 13.0 13.5
2000 2100 2200
11.8 12.1 12.3
28.7 30.0
25.1 26.1 27.2
14.0 14.6 15.1
14.0 14.5 15.0
14.1 14.7 15.3
2-461
Apparent density, lb/cu ft room temp.
k
2.2 3.4–4.6 11–13 4.9 7.8 6.1–6.3 10.0
0.023 0.021–0.022 0.022 .023 .023 0.022–0.023 0.031
8–9 15.2 10.6 4–10 26–34 6 10 14 18 12 8.8
.025 .031 .026 .024 0.043–0.05 0.0217 .0225 .0233 .0242 .034 .034
13.0
.026
7.0 10.6 16.7
.0225 .025 .031
16.2–16.9 13.2–14.8 8 12 18 24 30
.028 .028 .029 .037 .049 .064 .083
*Abstracted from U.S. Bur. Standards Letter Circ. 227, Apr. 19, 1927.
*Silverman, J. Metals, 5, 631 (1953). Copyright American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
TABLE 2-331
Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at High Temperatures* k = Btu/(h⋅ft2)(°F/ft)
Material Laminated asbestos felt (approx. 40 laminations per in) Laminated asbestos felt (approx. 20 laminations per in) Corrugated asbestos (4 plies per in) 85% magnesia (density, 13 lb/ft3) Diatomaceous earth, asbestos and bonding material Diatomaceous earth brick Diatomaceous earth brick Diatomaceous earth brick Diatomaceous earth powder (density, 18 lb/ft3) Rock wool
For temperatures, °F up to 700 500 300 600 1600 1600 2000 2500
Mean temperatures, °F 100
200
300
400
500
0.033 .045 .050 .034 .045 .054 .127 .128 .039 .030
0.037 .050 .058 .036 .047 .056 .130 .131 .042 .034
0.040 .055 .069 .038 .049 .058 .133 .135 .044 .039
0.044 .060
0.048 .065
.040 .050 .060 .137 .139 .048 .044
.053 .063 .140 .143 .051 .050
Asbestos cement, 1.2; 85% magnesia cement, 0.05; asbestos and rock wool cement, 0.075 approx. *Marks, Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941.
600
800
1000
0.055 .065 .143 .148 .054 .057
0.060 .069 .150 .155 .061
0.065 .073 .158 .163 .068
1500
2000
0.176 .183
0.203
2-462
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-332 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at Moderate Temperatures (Nusselt)* k = Btu/(h⋅ft2)(°F/ft) Weight, lb/cu ft
Material Asbestos Burned infusorial earth for pipe coverings Insulating composition (loose) Cotton Silk hair Silk Wool Pulverized cork Infusorial earth (loose)
TABLE 2-333 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at Low Temperatures (Gröber)* k = Btu/(h⋅ft2)(°F/ft)
Temperatures, °F 32
100
200
300
400
600
800
36.0
0.087 0.097 0.110 0.117 0.121 0.125 0.130
12.5
.043 .046 .052 .057 .062 .073 .085
25.0 5.0 9.1 6.3 8.5 10.0 22.0
.040 .032 .026 .025 .022 .021 .035
.046 .035 .030 .028 .027 .026 .039
.050 .053 .055 .039 .034 .034 .033 .032 .045 .047 .050 .053
Temperatures, °F
Material
Weight, lb/cu ft
32
−50
−100
−200
−300
Asbestos Asbestos Cotton Silk
44.0 29.0 5.0 6.3
0.135 .0894 .0325 .0290
0.132 .0860 .0302 .0256
0.130 .0820 .0276 .0235
0.125 .0720 .0235 .0196
0.100 .0545 .0198 .0155
*Marks, Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941.
*Marks, Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941.
TABLE 2-334
Thermal Diffusivity (m2/s) of Selected Elements* Temperature, K
Element
20
40
60
80
100
Aluminum Beryllium Chromium Copper Gold
0.50
200
400
600
800
1000
0.012
0.0014
4.4. − 4
0.038 0.16 0.005
0.0037 0.0040 4.5. − 4
5.9. − 4 6.9. − 4 2.3. − 4
2.0. − 4 3.1. − 4 1.8. − 4
2.3. − 4 0.0036 1.2. − 4 2.2. − 4 1.5. − 4
1.1. − 4 1.5. − 4 4.1. − 5 1.3. − 4 1.3. − 4
9.4. − 5 4.0. − 5 2.6. − 5 1.1. − 4 1.2. − 4
8.4. − 5 2.6. − 5 2.0. − 5 1.0. − 4 1.2. − 4
7.4. − 5 2.1. − 5 1.7. − 5 9.0. − 5 1.1. − 4
6.6. − 5 1.7. − 5 1.4. − 5 9.0. − 5 9.8. − 5
Iridium Iron Lead Molybdenum Nickel
0.046 0.043 9.3. − 5 0.0095 0.033
3.2. − 3 3.9. − 5 0.0014 0.0017
4.9. − 4 3.3. − 5 4.0. − 4 3.1. − 4
1.6. − 4 3.1. − 5 2.0. − 4 1.3. − 4
8.4. − 5 8.2. − 5 2.9. − 5 1.3. − 4 8.0. − 5
5.6. − 5 3.1. − 5 2.6. − 5 6.3. − 5 3.1. − 5
4.8. − 5 1.8. − 5 2.3. − 5 5.1. − 5 1.9. − 5
4.4. − 5 1.3. − 5 2.0. − 5 4.5. − 5 1.3. − 5
4.1. − 5 1.1. − 5 1.3. − 5 4.2. − 5 1.4. − 5
3.5. − 5 1.0. − 5 1.5. − 5 3.8. − 5 1.5. − 5
Platinum Silver Zinc
0.0029 0.031 0.0046
1.6. − 4 0.0013 3.1. − 4
6.3. − 5 4.5. − 4 1.0. − 4
4.3. − 5 2.8. − 4 7.0. − 5
3.6. − 5 2.3. − 4 5.5. − 5
2.7. − 5 1.8. − 4 4.7. − 5
2.5. − 5 1.7. − 4 3.9. − 5
2.5. − 5 1.6. − 4 3.4. − 5
2.5. − 5 1.5. − 4 1.8. − 5
2.5. − 5 1.4. − 4 2.2. − 5
*Tables for up to 24 temperatures for 47 elements appear in the Handbook of Heat Transfer, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984. The notation 3.2. − 4 signifies 2.3 × 10−4.
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-335
2-463
Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solid Substances Density, kg/m3
Material Alumina Asphalt Bakelite Beryllia Brick
3975 2110 1300 3000 1925
Brick, fireclay Carbon, amorphous Clay Coal Cotton
2640 1950 1460 1350 80
Diamond Granite Hardboard Magnesite Magnesia
3500 2630 1000 3025 3635
Emissivity
Specific heat, kJ/(kg⋅K)
Thermal conductivity, W/(m⋅K)
0.82 0.93
0.765 0.920 1.465 1.030 0.835
36 0.06 1.4 270 0.72
11.9 0.03 0.74 88 0.45
0.960 0.724 0.880 1.26 1.30
1.0 1.6 1.3 0.26 0.06
0.39 1.13 1.01 0.15 0.58
0.509 0.775 1.38 1.13 0.943
2300 2.79 0.15 4.0 48
1290 1.37 0.11 1.2 14
0.93 0.86 0.91 0.80
0.38 0.72
Oak Paper Pine Plaster board Plywood
770 930 525 800 540
0.90 0.83 0.84 0.91
Pyrex Rubber Rubber, foam Salt Sandstone
2250 1150 70 2150
0.92 0.92 0.90 0.34 0.59
Silica Sapphire Silicon carbide Soil
3975 3160 2050
Teflon Thoria Urethane foam Vermiculite
2200 4160 70 120
2.38 1.34 2.75
Thermal diffusivity, m2/s × 106
0.18 0.011 0.12 0.17 0.12
0.10 0.01 0.54
0.74 0.09
0.854 0.745
1.4 0.2 0.03 7.1 2.9
0.79 0.48 0.86 0.38
0.743 0.765 0.675 1.84
1.3 46 110 0.52
15 230 0.14
0.92 0.28
0.35 0.71 1.05 0.84
0.26 14 0.03 0.06
0.34 4.7 0.36 0.60
1.22 0.835 2.00
0.18
1.8
NOTE: Difficulties of accurately characterizing many of the specimens mean that many of the values presented here must be regarded as being of order of magnitude only. For some materials, actual measurement may be the only way to obtain data of the required accuracy. To convert kilograms per cubic meter to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 0.062428; to convert kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin to British thermal units per pound-degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 0.23885.
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES* INTRODUCTION Physical property values, sufficiently accurate for many engineering applications, can be estimated in the absence of reliable experimental data. The purpose of this subsection is to provide a set of recommended prediction methods for general engineering use; it is not a comprehensive review, and many alternative methods are available in the literature. Methods recommended were selected on the basis of accuracy, generality, and, in most cases, simplicity. They generally correspond to the methods tested and given priority in the DIPPR® 801 database project.† Properties included in this subsection are divided into 10 categories: (1) physical constants: critical properties, normal melting and boiling points, acentric factor, radius of gyration, and dipole moment; (2) vapor
*Some material in this subsection has been retained from the corresponding subsection in the Seventh Edition, which was coauthored by Thomas E. Daubert and Evan Buck. †The Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR®) is an industrial consortium under the auspices of AIChE; Project 801, Evaluated Process Design Data, is a pure-component database of industrially important compounds.
pressure: liquid and solid; (3) thermal properties: enthalpy and Gibbs’ energy of formation and ideal gas entropy; (4) latent enthalpy: vaporization, fusion, and sublimation; (5) heat capacity: ideal gas, gas, liquid, and solid; (6) density: gas, liquid, and solid; (7) viscosity: gas and liquid; (8) thermal conductivity: gas and liquid; (9) surface tension; and (10) flammability properties: flash point, flammability limits, and autoignition temperature. Each of the 10 subsections provides a definition of the relevant properties and a description of one or more recommended prediction methods. Each description lists the type of method, its uncertainty, its limitations, and the expected uncertainty of the predicted value. A numerical example is also given to illustrate use of the method. For brevity, symbols used for physical properties and for variables and constants in the equations are defined under Nomenclature and are not generally defined after their use except where doing so clarifies usage. A list of equation and table numbers in which variables appear is included in the Nomenclature section for quick cross-referencing. Although emphasis is on pure-component properties, some mixture estimation techniques have been included for physical constants, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, surface tension, and flammability. Correlation and estimation of properties that are inherently multicomponent (e.g., diffusion coefficients, mixture excess properties, activity coefficients, etc.) are treated elsewhere in the Handbook.
2-464
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
UNITS The International Metric System (SI) of units has been used throughout this subsection. Where possible, the estimation equations are set up in dimensionless groups. This makes transparent any conversion factors that should be applied to obtain the property in a desired set of units and eliminates the requirement of specific units for variables. For example, rather than use Pc as a variable with defined units, the dimensionless group Pc / Pa is used. When a value for Pc expressed in
any units (say, Pc = 6.53 MPa) is inserted into this group, the result is dimensionless with an explicit indication of conversion factors that must be included: PC 6.53 MPa 6.53 MPa 106 Pa = = = 6.53 106 Pa Pa Pa MPa
Section 1 of this handbook should be used for appropriate unit conversion factors.
Nomenclature Physical constants h k NA R Properties A, B, C B, B(T) Bm CP C op Cv Hi k kb LFL M P P Pc Pr P* P*meas Pr* Pt* Rg So Ss Sr Svib T Tb Tbr Tc Tm Tmeas Tr Tt UFL V Vm Vr wi xi yi Z Zc Zi Gfo Gfs Hfo Hfs Hfus Hrxn Hsub Hv Sfs Sfo Sfus Zv c
Definition Planck’s constant Boltzmann’s constant Avogadro’s number Gas constant Definition Molecular principal moments of inertia Second virial coefficient Second virial coefficient for a mixture Constant-pressure molar heat capacity Ideal gas constant-pressure molar heat capacity Constant-volume molar heat capacity Enthalpy of compound i Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity at Tb Lower flammability limit Molecular weight Pressure Parachor Critical pressure Reduced pressure; Pr = P/Pc Vapor pressure Measured vapor pressure value Reduced vapor pressure; Pr* = P*/Pc Vapor pressure at triple point Radius of gyration Ideal gas entropy Standard state entropy Rotational contribution to entropy Vibrational contribution to entropy Temperature Normal boiling point temperature Reduced temperature at Tb; Tbr = Tb/Tc Critical temperature Melting temperature T at which a dependent property was measured Reduced temperature; Tr = T/Tc Triple point temperature Upper flammability limit Molar volume Mixture molar volume Reduced volume; Vr = ZTr/Pr Mass fraction of component i Mole fraction of component i Mole fraction of component i in vapor phase Compressibility factor; Z = PV/RT Critical compressibility factor; Zc = PcVc/RTc Compressibility factor of reference fluid i Ideal gas standard Gibbs energy of formation Standard state Gibbs energy of formation Ideal gas standard enthalpy of formation Standard state enthalpy of formation Enthalpy of fusion Enthalpy change per mole of reaction as written Enthalpy of sublimation Enthalpy of vaporization Standard state entropy of formation Ideal gas entropy of formation Latent entropy of fusion Change in compressibility factor upon vaporization Molar density; = V−1 Critical molar density; c = Vc−1
Value 6.626 10−34 Js 1.3806 10−23 J/(moleculeK) 6.022 1026 molecule/kmol 8.3143 Pam3/(kmolK) Typical units kgm2 m3/kmol m3/kmol J/(kmolK) J/(kmolK) J/(kmolK) J/kmol W/(mK) W/(mK) % kg/kmol Pa unitless Pa unitless Pa Pa unitless Pa m J/(kmolK) J/(kmolK) J/(kmolK) J/(kmolK) K K unitless K K K unitless K % m3/kmol m3/kmol unitless unitless unitless unitless unitless unitless unitless J/kmol J/kmol J/kmol J/kmol J/kmol J/kmol J/kmol J/kmol J/(kmolK) J/(kmolK) J/(kmolK) unitless kmol/m3 kmol/m3
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Nomenclature (Continued) Properties r o m b r Eq. variables
Definition Reduced molar density; r = /c Acentric factor Viscosity Viscosity at low pressure Surface tension Surface tension of mixture Complementary reduced temperature (= 1 − Tr) Complementary reduced normal boiling temperature (= 1 − Tbr) Dipole moment Reduced dipole moment [defined in Eq. (2-62)] Definition
a a, b, c, . . .
EoS constant GC values for Cp and
a, b, c ai a, b a, b ai, bi, di – a– A, B, C, . . .
Correlation coefficients GC values Terms in second virial correlation Chickos correlation parameters GC values for liquid Cp EoS constant for mixture Correlation constants/parameters
A Ai b bi, ci, . . . b –i b B(i)
Factor in liquid k correlation Constants in Cop correlation EoS constant Reference EoS constants GC value for AIT EoS constant for mixture Second virial expansion terms
C
Number of components in mixture
Ci Ci,int Cij (C op)i Csj Ctj fi f(i) F Gij gEc gEr h K LFLi n nA nE ni
GC values for Tb or Sum of intramolecular group-group interactions Group-group intramolecular interaction pair GC values for ideal gas heat capacity Chickos: GC value for C—H group Chickos: GC value for functional group Halogen correction for ∆Hsub correlation Vapor pressure deviation function Factor in surface tension equation Adjustable mixture viscosity parameter UNIFAC combinatorial excess Gibbs energy UNIFAC residual excess Gibbs energy Parameter in Riedel vapor pressure equation Parameter in Riedel vapor pressure equation GC contribution Number of nonhydrogen atoms Number of atoms in molecule Number of occurrnces of element E in compound Number of occurrences of group i
nf ns
Chickos: no. of different functional groups Chickos: no. of different nonring or aromatic C—H groups bonded to functional groups Total no. of halogen and H atoms attached to C and Si atoms for Hsub correlation Total number of groups in molecule
nx N
NC Nfi Ngi NH
Number of C atoms Chickos: no. of functional groups of type i Chickos: no. of C—H groups of type i bonded to other C atoms Number of H atoms
Typical units unitless unitless Pas Pas mN/m mN/m unitless unitless D unitless (Equations), [Tables] (2-66), [2-354] (2-51), (2-52), (2-53), (2-97), [2-356] (2-21), (2-23) (2-43), (2-97), [2-346, 2-356] (2-61) (2-39), (2-40), (2-41) (2-51), [2-348] (2-76) (2-2), (2-20), (2-22), (2-34), (2-36), (2-50), (2-65), (2-68), (2-83), (2-85), (2-87), (2-88), (2-95), (2-96), (2-101), above (2-114) (2-108), [2-358] (2-45), (2-46) (2-66), [2-354] (2-65), [2-353] (2-124), [2-363, 2-364] (2-75) (2-58), (2-59), (2-60), (2-61) (2-55), (2-72), (2-73), (2-74), (2-75), (2-76), (2-77), (2-80), (2-81), (2-82), (2-98), (2-113), (2-119) (2-15), (2-87), [2-341, 2-355] (2-16) (2-16), [2-342] (2-49), [2-347] (2-41), [2-344] (2-41), [2-345] (2-43), [2-346] (2-25) (2-116), (2-117) (2-98) (2-99) (2-99) following (2-24) following (2-24) (2-122), [2-361, 2-362] (2-15) (2-1), (2-30), (2-31), (2-48) (2-54) (2-27), (2-43), (2-49), (2-51), (2-53), (2-87), (2-109), (2-115), (2-122), (2-123), (2-124) (2-41) (2-41) (2-43) (2-12), (2-15) (2-16), (2-43), (2-49), (2-51), (2-53), (2-54), (2-87), (2-97), (2-109), (2-115) (2-121) (2-41) (2-41) (2-121)
2-465
2-466
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA Nomenclature (Continued) Eq. variables NCR NO NR NS Nsi NX – Pc Pc,ij q qi Qk ri r* Rk (So)i t tm1,i tm2,i – Tc Tc,ij xP U* UFLi Vc,ij Z(0) Z(1) Zc,ij ZRA ⎯ ZRA , , , . . . (Tr) c mn i E P T V (Hfo)i ki Pi si i i j A, B, C j r* mn ξ – ij
Definition Chickos: no. of CH2 groups in nonaromatic ring to form cyclic paraffin of same ring size Chickos: Number of O atoms Chickos: no. of nonaromatic rings Chickos: Number of S atoms Chickos: no. of C—H groups of type i bonded to at least one functional group Number of halogen atoms Pseudocritical pressure for mixture Cross term in mixing rule Rackett equation power for Zc UNIFAC molecular surface area UNIFAC group surface area UNIFAC molecular volume Dimensionless separation distance UNIFAC group volume GC value for entropy Chickos: total no. of functional groups First-order GC contribution for Tm Second-order GC contribution for Tm Pseudocritical temperature for mixture Cross term in mixing rule Term in Pailhes method = log(1 atm/P) Dimensionless intermolecular potential GC contribution Cross term in mixing rule Compressibility factor of simple fluid Acentric deviation term for Z Cross term in mixing rule Modified Rackett correlation parameter Modified Rackett parameter for mixture Correlation parameters for k EoS temperature-dependent function Parameter in Riedel vapor pressure equation Viscosity group-group interactions Reference EoS constant Stoichiometric coefficient in FP correlation Nonlinear correction term in correlation Reference EoS constant = 0 for nonlinear molecules; = 1 for linear EoS parameter Contribution of element E to heat capacity GC contribution to Pc GC contribution to Tc GC contribution to Vc GC value for enthalpy of formation GC for thermal conductivity at Tb GC for parachor Chickos: GC value for group i Lennard-Jones well depth parameter EoS parameter UNIFAC molecular volume fraction Volume fraction of component i Stoichiometric coefficient (+ for product and − for reactant) for compound i in reaction Frequency of vibrational mode j UNIFAC molecular surface fraction UNIFAC group surface fraction Characteristic rotational T of molecule Characteristic vibrational T of mode j Lennard-Jones size parameter Rotational external symmetry number Modified reduced dipole moment Parameter in Riedel vapor pressure equation Parameter in correlation of k for gases UNIFAC interaction factor Viscosity dedimensionalizing factor Pseudoacentric factor for mixture Cross term in mixing rule
Acronyms and abbreviations CC CS DIPPR® EoS
(Equations), [Tables] (2-40) (2-121) (2-40) (2-121) (2-41) (2-121) (2-73) (2-79) (2-69), (2-70), (2-81) following (2-100) following (2-100) following (2-100) (2-4) following (2-100) (2-27), [2-343] (2-41) (2-13), [2-339] (2-13), [2-340] (2-72), (2-73), (2-80) (2-78), (2-80) (2-14) (2-4) (2-123), [2-361, 2-362] (2-78), (2-79) (2-63), (2-64), [2-351] (2-63), (2-64), [2-352] (2-78), (2-79) (2-70) (2-82) (2-106), (2-107), (2-108), (2-109), [2-358] (2-66), [2-354] following (2-24) (2-100), [2-357] (2-65), [2-353] (2-120), (2-121) (2-43), (2-53), [2-346, 2-349] (2-65), [2-353] (2-1), (2-48) (2-66), [2-354] (2-54), [2-350] (2-7), (2-10), [2-336, 2-337] (2-6), (2-9), [2-336, 2-337] (2-8), (2-11), [2-336, 2-337] (2-27), [2-343] (2-109), [2-359] (2-115), [2-360] (2-41), [2-344, 2-345] following (2-4) (2-66), [2-354] following (2-100) (2-80), following (2-100), (2-113) (2-28), (2-29), (2-30) (2-47) following (2-100) following (2-100) before and following (2-31) (2-1), (2-31), (2-48) (2-4) following (2-31) (2-85), (2-86) following (2-24) (2-106) (2-100) (2-89), (2-90), (2-91), (2-92), (2-93), (2-94) (2-74) (2-79) Definition Computational chemistry Corresponding states Design Institute for Physical Properties Equation of state
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
2-467
Nomenclature (Concluded) Acronyms and abbreviations
Definition
GC LJ MC MD QSPR TRC
Group contributions Lennard-Jones Monte Carlo Molecular dynamics Quantitative structure-property relationships Thermodynamics Research Center
GENERAL REFERENCES
(a) Prediction methods:
[PGL4] Reid, R. C., J. M. Prausnitz, and B. E. Poling, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987. [PGL5] Poling, B. E., J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001.
(b) Property databases:
[DIPPR] Rowley, R. L., et al., DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemicals Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York, 2007. [TRC] TRC Thermodynamic Tables—Non-Hydrocarbons, Thermodynamics Research Center, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, Tex., extant 2004; TRC Thermodynamic Tables—Hydrocarbons, Thermodynamics Research Center, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, Tex., extant 2004. [JANAF] Chase, M. W., Jr., et al., “JANAF Thermochemical Tables,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, suppl. 1, 1985. [SWS] Stull, D. R., F. F. Westrum, Jr., and G. C. Sinke, The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1969.
CLASSIFICATION OF ESTIMATION METHODS Physical property estimation methods may be classified into six general areas: (1) theory and empirical extension of theory, (2) corresponding states, (3) group contributions, (4) computational chemistry, (5) empirical and quantitative structure property relations (QSPR) correlations, and (6) molecular simulation. A quick overview of each class is given below to provide context for the methods and to define the general assumptions, accuracies, and limitations inherent in each. Theory and Empirical Extension of Theory Methods based on theory generally provide better extrapolation capability than empirical fits of experimental data. Assumptions required to simplify the theory to a manageable equation suggest accuracy limitations and possible improvements, if necessary. For example, the ideal gas isobaric heat capacity, rigorously obtained from statistical mechanics under the assumption of independent harmonic vibrational modes, is [Rowley, R. L., Statistical Mechanics for Thermophysical Property Calculations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1994] 8 δ 3n 6δ CPo +
2 R j =1 A
δ
{ 10
Θj T
2
eΘ T Θ T (e 1)2
nonlinear molecules linear molecules
j
j
(2-1)
where Θj is the characteristic temperature for the jth vibrational frequency in a molecule of nA atoms. The temperature dependence of this equation is exact to the extent that the frequencies are harmonic. Corrections for anharmonicity can be applied (albeit with difficulty) where warranted. Extension of theory often requires introduction of empirical models and parameters in lieu of terms that cannot be rigorously calculated. Good accuracy is expected in the region where the model parameters were fitted to experimental data, but only limited accuracy when an empirical model is extrapolated to other conditions. For example, a simplified theory suggests that vapor pressure should have the form B ln P* A (2-2) T where the empirical parameter B is given by ∆Hv B R ∆Zv
(2-3)
and ∆Hv and ∆Zv are differences between the vapor and liquid enthalpies and compressibility factors, respectively. Vapor pressures over a narrow temperature range can be effectively correlated using Eq. (2-2), but this equation should not be used to extrapolate vapor pressures over a wide range of temperatures. Corresponding States (CS) The principle of CS applies to conformal fluids [Leland, T. L., Jr., and P. S. Chappelear, Ind. Eng. Chem., 60 (1968): 15]. Two fluids are conformal if their intermolecular interactions are equivalent when scaled in dimensionless form. For example, the Lennard-Jones (LJ) intermolecular pair potential energy U can be written in dimensionless form as U* 4[(r* 12 r* 6)]
(2-4)
where r* r σ, U* U ε, σ is the LJ size parameter, and ε is the LJ attractive well depth parameter. At equivalent scaled temperatures kT ε (k is Boltzmann’s constant) and pressures Pσ3 ε, all LJ fluids will have identical dimensionless properties because the molecules interact through the identical scaled intermolecular potential given by Eq. (2-4). Generalization of this scaling principle is commonly done using critical temperature Tc and critical pressure Pc as scaling factors. At the same reduced coordinates (Tr = T/Tc and Pr = P/Pc) all conformal fluids will have the same dimensionless properties; for example, Z = Z(Tr, Pr) where the compressibility factor is defined as Z = PV/RT. A correlation of experimental data for one fluid can be used as the reference for the properties of all conformal fluids. Nonconformality is the main accuracy limitation. For instance, interactions between nonspherical or polar molecules may not be adequately represented by Eq. (2-4), and so the scaled properties of these fluids will not conform to those of a fluid with interactions well represented by Eq. (2-4). A correction for nonconformality is usually made by the addition of one or more reference fluids whose deviations from the first reference fluid are used to characterize the effect of nonconformality. For example, in the Lee-Kesler method [Lee, B. I., and M. G. Kesler, AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510] n-octane is used as a second, nonspherical reference fluid, and deviations of n-octane scaled properties from those of the spherical reference fluid at equivalent reduced conditions are assumed to be a linear function of the acentric factor. An extended Lee-Kesler method [Wilding, W. V., and R. L. Rowley, Int. J. Thermophys., 7 (1986): 525] uses three reference fluids: n-octane to correct for size-shape nonconformality relative to methane and water to correct for polar effects. Some CS methods [e.g., Teja, A., S. I. Sandler, and N. C. Patel, Chem. Eng. J., 21 (1981): 21] utilize different reference fluids for different classes of fluids to maintain close conformality between the fluid whose properties are to be estimated and the reference fluids. Group Contributions (GC) Chemical and physical properties generally correlate well with molecular structure. GC methods assume a summative behavior of the structural groups of the constituent molecules. For example, ethanol (CH3—CH2—OH) properties would be obtained as the sum of contributions from the —CH3,—CH2, and —OH groups. The contribution of each group is obtained by regression of experimental data that include as many different compounds containing that group as possible. Structural groups must be used exactly as defined in the original correlation. A general priniciple in deciding how to make the groupings is to give the more specific group priority. For example, although the structural piece —COOCH3 is ambiguous in a methyl ester, a more specific group value available for an ester —COO— would take precedence over a combination the two smaller groups —(C苷O)— and
2-468
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
—O— whose values were most likely regressed only from ketone and ether data, respectively. Excellent accuracy can usually be expected from GC methods when group values were regressed from large quantities of experimental data. However, if the ratio of number of groups to regressed experimental data is large, significant errors can result when the method is applied to new compounds (extrapolation). Such excessive specificity in the group definitions leads to poor extrapolation capabilities even though the fit of the regressed data may be excellent. Computational Chemistry (CC) Commercial software is available that solves the Schrödinger equation for approximate forms of the wave function. Various levels of sophistication (termed model chemistry) for the wave function can be chosen at the expense of computational time. Results include structural information (bond lengths, bond angles, dihedral angles, etc.), electron/charge distribution information, internal vibrational modes (for ideal gas properties), and energy of the molecule, valid for the chosen model chemistry. Because calculations are performed on individual molecules, they are primarily suited for ideal gas properties. Relative energies for the same model chemistry are more accurately obtained than absolute energies, so enthalpies and entropies of reaction are common industrial uses of CC predictions in addition to individual structural and ideal gas properties. Empirical QSPR Correlations In quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) methods, physical properties are correlated with molecular descriptors that characterize the molecular and electronic structure of the molecule. Large amounts of experimental data are used to statistically determine the most significant descriptors to be used in the correlation and their contributions. The resultant correlations are simple to apply if the descriptors are available. Descriptors must generally be generated by the user with computational chemistry software, although the DIPPR® 801 database now contains a table of molecular descriptors for most of the compounds in it. QSPR methods are often very accurate for specific families of compounds for which the correlation was developed, but extrapolation problems are even more of an issue than with GC methods. Molecular Simulations Molecular simulations are useful for predicting properties of bulk fluids and solids. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations solve Newton’s equations of motion for a small number (on the order of 103) of molecules to obtain the time evolution of the system. MD methods can be used for equilibrium and transport properties. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations use a model for the potential energy between molecules to simulate configurations of the molecules in proportion to their probability of occurrence. Statistical averages of MC configurations are useful for equilibrium properties, particularly for saturated densities, vapor pressures, etc. Property estimations using molecular simulation techniques are not illustrated in the remainder of this section as commercial software implementations are not generally available at this time.
Recommended Methods Organic molecules: The Ambrose method is recommended for all three critical properties of hydrocarbons and n-alcohols. The Joback method is recommended for Tc and Pc of all other organic molecules. Fedors’ method is recommended for Vc of these compounds, but the Joback method can also be used. Inorganic molecules: The simple correlation Tc = 1.64Tb is recommended if the normal boiling point is known. Critical pressure Pc is best obtained by extrapolating vapor pressure data to Tc, and Vc is best obtained from a correlation of liquid density extrapolated to Tc. Other recent methods including the Wilson-Jasperson (Wilson, G. M., and L.V. Jasperson, Critical Constants Tc, Pc, Estimation Based on Zero, First and Second Order Methods, AIChE Spring Meeting, New Orleans, La., 1996) and Marrero-Pardillo [Marrero-Morejon, J., and E. PardilloFontdevila, AIChE J., 45 (1999): 615] methods have proved to be as good as or better for some classes of compounds than the methods presented here; however, their application is more difficult. Method: Ambrose method. Reference: Ambrose, D., Correlation and Estimation of Vapour-Liquid Critical Properties. I. Critical Temperatures of Organic Compounds, Natl. Phys. Lab. Report Chem. 92 (1978); Correlation and Estimation of Vapour-Liquid Critical Properties. II. Critical Pressures and Volumes of Organic Compounds, Natl. Phys. Lab Report Chem. 98 (1979). Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: ~6 K for Tc (about 1 percent), ~2 bar for Pc (about 5 percent), ~8 cm3/mol for Vc (about 3 percent). Applicability: Organic compounds. Input data: Tb, M, group contributions ∆T, ∆P, and ∆V from Table 2-336. Description: A GC method with first-order contributions and corrections (delta Platt number) for branched alkanes. Variables Tc, Pc, and Vc are given by the following relations: Tc = Tb 1 + 1.242 + ∆T
(2-5)
(2-7)
P
Vc = 40 + ∆V cm3/mol
(2-8)
Example Use the Ambrose method to estimate the critical constants of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. Required data: From the DIPPR® 801 database, Tb = 372.39 K and M = 114.229 kg/kmol. Structure: H3C
CH CH3 3
H 3C
PcVc Zc = RTc
(2-6)
−2
c
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Critical Properties The critical temperature Tc, pressure Pc, and volume Vc of a compound are important, widely used constants. They are important in determining the phase boundaries of a compound and (particularly Tc and Pc) are required input parameters for most thermal and volumetric property calculations of the equilibrium phases using CS or analytical equations of state. Most estimation methods employ weighted group, atom, or bond contributions. The critical temperature of a compound is the temperature above which a liquid phase cannot be formed, no matter the pressure of the system. The critical pressure is the vapor pressure of the compound at the critical temperature. The critical volume is the volume occupied by a set amount of a compound (typically 1 mol) at its critical temperature and pressure. The critical compressibility factor Zc is determined from the experimental or predicted values of the critical properties by the definition
−1
M P = 0.339 + ∆ kg/kmol bar
CH3
Group contributions from Table 2-336: Group
ni
T
P
Alkyl carbons >CH— (correction) >C< (correction) Delta Platt no.
8 1 1 0
0.138 −0.043 −0.120 −0.023
0.226 −0.006 −0.030 −0.026
V 55.1 −8 −17 —
Calculations using Eqs. (2-6), (2-7), and (2-8):
∆
T
= (8)(0.138) + (1)(−0.043) + (1)(−0.120) = 0.941
Tc = Tb(1.4581) = (372.39 K)(1.4581) = 543.0 K
∆
P
= (8)(0.226) + (1)(−0.006) + (1)(−0.030) = 1.772
M Pc = 0.339 + kg/kmol bar Pc = 25.63 bar
∆
−2
P
114.229 = 2 = 25.63 (0.339 + 1.772)
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-336
Ambrose Groupa Contributions for Critical Constants
Group Carbon atoms in alkyl groups Corrections >CH (each) >C< (each) Double bonds (nonaromatic) Triple bonds Delta Platt number,b multiply by Aliphatic functional groups: O >CO CHO COOH COOOC COO NO2 NH2 NH >N CN S SH SiH3 OSi(CH3)2 F Cl Br I Halogen correction in aliphatic compounds: F is present F is absent, but Cl, Br, I are present Aliphatic alcoholsc Ring compound increments (listed only when different from aliphatic values): CH2, >CH, >C< >CH in fused ring Double bond O NH S Aromatic compounds: Benzene Pyridine C4H4 (fused as in naphthalene) F Cl Br I OH Corrections for nonhalogenated substitutions: First Each subsequent Ortho pairs containing OH Ortho pairs with no OH Highly fluorinated aliphatic compounds: CF3, CF2, >CF CF2, >CF (ring) >CF (in fused ring) H (monosubstitution) Double bond (nonring) Double bond (ring) (other increments as in nonfluorinated compounds)
T
P
V
0.138
0.226
55.1
−0.043 −0.120 −0.050 −0.200 −0.023
−0.006 −0.030 −0.065 −0.170 −0.026
−8 −17 −20 −40 —
0.138 0.220 0.220 0.578 1.156 0.330 0.370 0.208 0.208 0.088 0.423 0.105 0.090 0.200 0.496 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055
0.160 0.282 0.220 0.450 0.900 0.470 0.420 0.095 0.135 0.170 0.360 0.270 0.270 0.460 — 0.223 0.318 0.500 —
20 60 55 80 160 80 78 30 30 30 80 55 55 119 — 14 45 67 90
0.125 0.055 d
e
0.090 0.030 −0.030 0.090 0.090 0.090
0.182 0.182 — — — —
0.448 0.448 0.220 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.198
0.924 0.850 0.515 0.183 0.318 0.600 0.850 −0.025
0.010 0.030 −0.080 −0.040
0 0.020 −0.050 −0.050
0.200 0.140 0.030 −0.050 −0.150 −0.030
0.550 0.420 — −0.350 −0.500 —
15 44.5 44.5 −15 10 — 30 f
a Ambrose, D., Correlation and Estimation of Vapour-Liquid Critical Properties. I. Critical Temperatures of Organic Compounds, Natl. Phys. Lab Report Chem. 92 (1978); Correlation and Estimation of Vapour-Liquid Critical Properties. II. Critical Pressures and Volumes of Organic Compounds, Natl. Phys. Lab Report Chem. 98 (1979). b The delta Platt number is defined as the Platt number of the isomer minus the Platt number of the corresponding alkane. (For n-alkanes the Platt number is n − 3.) The Platt number is the total number of groups of four carbon atoms three bonds apart [Platt, J. R., J. Chem. Phys., 15(1947): 419; 56(1952): 328]. This correction is used only for branched alkanes. c Includes naphthenic alcohols and glycols but not aromatic alcohols such as xylenol. d First determine the hydrocarbon homomorph, i.e., substitute CH3 for each OH and calculate ∆T for this compound. Subtract 0.138 from ∆T for each OH substituted. Next, add 0.87 − 0.11n + 0.003n2 where n = [Tb/K (alcohol) − 314]/19.2. Exceptions include methanol ( ∆T = 0), ethanol ( ∆T = 0.939), and any alcohol whose value of n exceeds 10. e Determine the hydrocarbon homomorph as in footnote d. Calculate ∆p and subtract 0.226 for each OH substituted. Add 0.100 − 0.013n, where n is computed as in footnote d. f When estimating the critical volumes of aromatic substances, use ring compound values, if available, and correct for double bonds.
2-469
2-470
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
∆
V
TABLE 2-337 Joback * Group Contributions for Critical Constants
= (8)(55.1) + (1)(−8) + (1)(−17) = 415.8
Group
Vc = (40 + 415.8) cm3 mol = 455.8 cm3 mol
Results: Property
DIPPR® recommended value
Ambrose estimation
% Difference
543.8 25.70 468.0
543.0 25.63 455.8
−0.15 0.27 −2.6
Tc /K Pc /bar Vc /(cm3/mol)
Method: Joback method. Reference: Joback, K. G., M.S. Thesis in Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., June 1984. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 7 K (~1 percent) for Tc; 2 bar (~5 percent) for Pc. Applicability: Organic compounds. Input data: Tb, group contributions ∆T, ∆P, ∆V from Table 2-337, and the number of atoms in the molecule nA. Description: A GC method with first-order contributions. Variables Tc, Pc, and Vc are given by the following relations: Tc = Tb 0.584 + 0.965 ∆T −
2 −1
∆ T
Pc = 0.113 + 0.0032nA − ∆ P bar
−2
Vc = 17.5 + ∆V cm3/mol
(2-9) (2-10) (2-11)
where ∆T, ∆P, ∆V are group contributions from Table 2-337 and nA is the number of atoms in the molecule. Example Estimate the critical constants of o-xylene by using the Joback method. Structure:
CH3
Required input data: From the DIPPR® 801 database, Tb = 417.58 K. From Table 2-337:
苷CH (ring) 苷C < (ring) CH3
T
P
V
0.0141 0.0189 0.0164 0.0067 0.0113 0.0129 0.0117 0.0026 0.0027 0.0020
−0.0012 0 0.0020 0.0043 −0.0028 −0.0006 0.0011 0.0028 −0.0008 0.0016
65 56 41 27 56 46 38 36 46 37
0.0100 0.0122 0.0042 0.0082 0.0143
0.0025 0.0004 0.0061 0.0011 0.0008
48 38 27 41 32
0.0111 0.0105 0.0133 0.0068
−0.0057 −0.0049 0.0057 −0.0034
27 58 71 97
0.0741 0.0240 0.0168 0.0098 0.0380 0.0284 0.0379 0.0791 0.0481 0.0143
0.0112 0.0184 0.0015 0.0048 0.0031 0.0028 0.0030 0.0077 0.0005 0.0101
28 −25 18 13 62 55 82 89 82 36
0.0243 0.0295 0.0130 0.0169 0.0255 0.0085 0.0496 0.0437
0.0109 0.0077 0.0114 0.0074 −0.0099 0.0076 −0.0101 0.0064
38 35 29 9 — 34 91 91
0.0031 0.0119 0.0019
0.0084 0.0049 0.0051
63 54 38
Results:
ni
T
P
V
Property
DIPPR® 801 recommendation
Joback estimation
% Difference
4 2 2
0.0082 0.0143 0.0141
0.0011 0.0008 −0.0012
41 32 65
Tc /K Pc /bar Vc /(cm3/mol)
630.3 37.32 370
630.37 35.86 375.5
0.00 −3.92 1.49
From Eqs. (2-9), (2-10), and (2-11):
∆
T
*Joback, K. G., M.S. thesis in chemical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., June 1984.
CH3
Group
Nonring increments: CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< 苷CH2 苷CH 苷C< 苷C苷 CH C Ring increments: CH2 >CH >C< 苷CH 苷C< Halogen increments: F Cl Br I Oxygen increments: OH (alcohol) OH (phenol) O (nonring) O (ring) >C苷O (nonring) >C苷O (ring) CH苷O (aldehyde) COOH (acid) COO (ester) 苷O (except as above) Nitrogen increments: NH2 >NH (nonring) >NH (ring) >N (nonring) N苷 (nonring) N苷 (ring) CN NO2 Sulfur increments: SH S (nonring) S (ring)
= (4)(0.0082) + (2)(0.0143) + (2)(0.0141) = 0.0896
Example Estimate the critical constants of sec-butanol by using the Joback method. Required input data: From DIPPR® 801 database, Tb = 372.7 K, M = 74.1216 kg/kmol. Structure: H 3C
Tc = Tb[0.584 + 0.965 (0.896) − (0.896)2]−1
OH
CH3
Tc = Tb(1.5096) = (417.58 K)(1.5096) = 630.37 K nA = 18
∆ = (4)(0.0011) + (2)(0.0008) + (2)(−0.0012) = 0.00360 P
Pc = 0.113 + 0.0032nA − bar
∆
−2
P
= [0.113 + (0.0032)(18) − 0.0036]−2 = 35.86
Pc = 35.86 bar
∆
V = (4)(41) + (2)(32) + (2)(65) = 358
Vc = (17.5 + 358) cm3 mol = 375.5 cm3 mol
Group contributions from Table 2-337: Group
ni
T
CH3 >CH2 >CH OH (alcohol)
2 1 1 1
0.0141 0.0189 0.0164 0.0741
From Eqs. (2-9), (2-10), and (2-11):
P −0.0012 0 0.0020 0.0112
V 65 56 41 28
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-338 Fedors*Method Atomic and Structural Contributions Atomic increments Atom C H O O (alcohols) N N (amines) F Cl Br I S
Calculation using Eq. (2-12):
∆
V
Structural increments V
Feature
V
34.426 9.172 20.291 18.000 48.855 47.422 22.242 52.801 71.774 96.402 50.866
Three-member ring Four-member ring Five-member ring Six-member ring Double bond Triple bond Ring attached to another
−15.824 −17.247 −39.126 −39.508 5.028 0.797 35.524
*Fedors, R. F., AIChE J., 25 (1979): 202.
∆
T
= (2)(0.0141) + (1)(0.0189) + (1)(0.0164) + (1)(0.0741) = 0.1376
Tc = Tb(1.4330) = (372.7 K)(1.4330) = 534.1 K
∆
P
= (2)(−0.0012) + (1)(0.0020) + (1)(0.0112) = 0.0108
1 Pc = (0.1022 + 0.0032nA)−2 = bar 0.1022 + (0.0032)(15)
nA = 15
= 44.33 2
Pc = 44.33 bar
∆
V
= (2)(65) + (1)(56) + (1)(41) + (1)(28) = 255
Vc = (17.5 + 255) cm3 mol = 272.5 cm3 mol
= (4)(34.426) + (10)(9.172) + (1)(18.000) = 247.4
Vc = (26.6 + 247.4) cm3 mol = 274.0 cm3 mol
This value differs from the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 269 cm3/mol by 1.9 percent. Mixtures Application of CS methods and analytical equations of state (EoS) to mixtures typically requires pseudocritical temperatures and pressures. These values are obtained from the pure-component critical properties by applying mixing rules specific to the method under consideration. While pseudocritical values should be used for mixture CS and EoS applications, the values are usually quite different from the mixture’s true critical properties. A variety of methods are available for estimating true critical properties for mixtures (see PGL4), but only modest accuracy can be expected. Normal Melting Point The normal melting point is defined as the temperature at which melting occurs at atmospheric pressure. Methods to estimate the melting point have not been particularly effective because the melting point depends strongly on solid crystal structure and that structure is not effectively correlated with standard GC or CS methods. If the triple point temperature is known, then the melting point is best estimated as being equal to the triple point temperature. However, rarely is the triple point temperature available if the melting point has not also been determined. Recommended Method The method of Constantinou and Gani is recommended with caution. Reference: Constantinou, L., and R. Gani, AIChE J., 40 (1994): 1697. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 25 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds. Input data: First-order and second-order group contributions from molecular structure. Description: A group contribution method given by Tm = (102.425 K) ⋅ ln
Results:
N t
i m1,i
i
Property Tc /K Pc /bar Vc /(cm3/mol)
DIPPR® 801 recommendation
Joback estimation
% Difference
536.2 42.02 269
534.1 44.33 272.5
−0.39 5.50 1.30
Method: Fedor method. Reference: Fedors, R. F., AIChE J., 25 (1979): 202. Classification: Atom/structure contributions. Expected uncertainty: ~8 cm3/mol (3 percent). Applicability: Organic compounds. Input data: Molecular structure, atom and structural increments, ∆V in Table 2-238. Description: An atom contribution method with structural increments for Vc, given by N Vc = 26.6 + ni∆V i=1 cm3/mol
(2-12)
Example Use Fedors’ method to estimate the critical volume of secbutanol. Group contributions from Table 2-238: OH CH3 Group
ni
C H Ο (alcohol)
4 10 1
+ Nj tm2, j j
(2-13)
where Ni, Nj = number of first- and second-order groups, respectively tm1,i = first-order group contributions from Table 2-339 tm2,i = second-order group contributions from Table 2-340 Example Estimate the melting point of 2,6-dimethylpyridine. Structure and group contributions:
H3C
N
CH3
Group
Ni
tm1,i
−CH3 −C5H3(N)− Six-member ring
2 1 1
0.4640 12.6275
tm2,i
1.5656
Calculation using Eq. (2-13): Tm = (102.425 K) ln [(2)(0.4640) + 12.6275 + 1.5656] = 278 K
where ∆V are structural contributions from Table 2-238.
H3C
2-471
V 34.426 9.172 18.000
The predicted value is 4 percent higher than the recommended experimental value of 267 K in the DIPPR® 801 database. Normal Boiling Point The normal boiling temperature Tb is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals 101.325 kPa (1.0 atm). In some (usually older) literature sources, Tb values were reported at ambient pressures rather than at 101.325 kPa. If two or more such values are available, they can be be used to obtain Tb by using Eq. (2-2) to linearly interpolate ln P* vs. 1/T values. If there are sufficient vapor pressure data available, then Tb may be found from a regression of the data using an appropriate vapor pressure equation [e.g., Eqs. (2-21)–(2-26)]. If one or a few vapor pressure data at low pressure are available, a common occurrence, then the method of Pailhes can be used to estimate Tb. The most accurate method for prediction of normal boiling temperatures without experimental data is the Nannoolal method.
2-472
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-339 First-Order Groups and Their Contributions for Melting Point* Group CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< CH苷CH2 CH苷CH >C苷CH2 >C苷CH >C苷C< CH苷C苷CH2 >ACH >AC >ACCH3 >ACCH2 >ACCH< OH >ACOH COCH3 COCH2 CHO COOCH3
tm1,i
Group
tm1,i
Group
tm1,i
0.4640 0.9246 0.3557 1.6479 1.6472 1.6322 1.7899 2.0018 5.1175 3.3439 1.4669 0.2098 1.8635 0.4177 −1.7567 3.5979 13.7349 4.8776 5.6622 4.2927 4.0823
COOCH2 OOCH OCH3 OCH2 OCH< OCH2F CH2NH2 >CHNH2 NHCH3 CH2NH >CHNH >NCH3 NCH2 >ACNH2 C5H3(N) CH2CN COOH CH2Cl >CHCl >CCl CHCl2
3.5572 4.2250 2.9248 2.0695 4.0352 4.5047 6.7684 4.1187 4.5341 6.0609 3.4100 4.0580 0.9544 10.1031 12.6275 4.1859 11.5630 3.3376 2.9933 9.8409 5.1638
CCl3 >ACCl CH2NO2 >CHNO2 >ACNO2 CH2SH I Br C CH C C >C苷CCl >ACF CF3 COO CCl2F CClF2 F (other) CONH2 CON(CH3)2 CH3S >CH2S
10.2337 2.7336 5.5424 4.9738 8.4724 3.0044 4.6089 3.7442 3.9106 9.5793 1.5598 2.5015 3.2411 3.4448 7.4756 2.7523 1.9623 31.2786 11.3770 5.0506 3.1468
*
Constantinou, L., and R. Gani, AIChE J., 40 (1994): 1697.
Recommended Method Pailhes method. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 3 K (~1 to 2 percent). Applicability: Organic compounds. Reference: Pailhes, F., Fluid Phase Equilib., 41 (1988): 97. Input data: Molecular structure and one measured vapor pres* sure value Pmeas , (often at a low pressure). The method requires estimation of Tc and Pc using a group contribution method. The original Pailhes method used the Lyderson method [Lydersen, A. L., AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510], but the Joback method is illustrated here for consistency with the previous examples on critical constant estimation.
TABLE 2-340
Description: A simple group contribution method given by log(Pc /bar) + (1 − Tbr)xP 2 Tb = Tmeas − 3xP − 1.49xP log (Pc /bar)
(2-14)
where Tb = estimate of normal boiling point Pc = critical pressure estimated from group contributions Tbr = reduced normal boiling point estimated from Eq. (2-9) xP = log(1 atm/P*meas) Tmeas = temperature at which experimental vapor pressure is known
Second-Order Groups and Their Contributions for Melting Point*
Group
tm21,i
Group
tm21,i
CH(CH3)2 C(CH3)3 CH(CH3)CH(CH3) CH(CH3)C(CH3)2 C(CH3)2C(CH3)2 Three-member ring Five-member ring Six-member ring Seven-member ring CHn苷CHmCHp苷CHk [k, n, m, p = 0, 1, 2] CH3CHm苷CHn [m, n = 0, 1, 2]
0.0381 −0.2355 0.4401 −0.4923 6.0650 1.3772 0.6824 1.5656 6.9709 1.9913
CHCOOH; CCOOH ACCOOH CH3COOCH; CH3COOC COCH2COO or COCHCOO or COCCOO COOCO ACCOO CHOH COH CHm(OH)CHn(OH) [m, n = 0, 1, 2] CHm cyclicOH [m = 0, 1]
−3.1034 28.4324 0.4838 0.0127 −2.3598 −2.0198 −0.5480 0.3189 0.9124 9.5209
CH2CHm苷CHn [m, n = 0, 1, 2]
−0.5870
CHCHm苷CHn or CCHm苷CHn [m, n = 0, 1, 2] Alicyclic side chain: CcyclicCm [m > 1] CH3CH3
−0.2361
CHCHO; CCHO
0.2476
−2.8298 1.4880 2.0547
CH3COCH2
−0.2951
CH3COCH; CH3COC
−0.2986
Ccyclic(苷O) ACCHO
0.7143 −0.6697
*Constantinou, L., and R. Gani, AIChE J., 40 (1994): 1697.
CHm(OH)CHn(NHp) [m, n, p = 0, 1, 2, 3] CHm(NH2)CHn(NH2) [m, n = 0, 1, 2] CHm cyclicNHpCHn cyclic [m, n, p = 0, 1, 2] CHmOCHn苷CHp [m, n, p = 0, 1, 2] ACOCHm [m = 0, 1, 2, 3] CHm cyclicSCHn cyclic [m, n = 0, 1, 2] CHm苷CHnF [m, n = 0, 1, 2] CHm苷CHnBr [m, n = 0, 1, 2] ACBr ACl
2.7826 2.5114 1.0729 0.2476 0.1175 −0.2914 −0.0514 −1.6425 2.5832 −1.5511
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Example The vapor pressure of n-decylacetate at 348.65 K is 106.66 Pa. Estimate the normal boiling point of this compound. Structure and group contributions from Table 2-337:
C3H
O
Group
ni
T
CH3 >CH2 COO (ester)
2 9 1
0.0141 0.0189 0.0481
CH3 P −0.0012 0 0.0005
Group contribution calculations using Eqs. (2-9) and (2-10):
∆
T
= (2)(0.0141) + (9)(0.0189) + (1)(0.0481) = 0.2464
P
nA = 38
= (2)(−0.0012) + (1)(0.0005) = −0.0019
Pc = (0.113 + 0.0032nA + 0.0019)−2 bar = 17.88 bar = 17.65 atm
Calculation of auxiliary quantities: 1 atm 101325 Pa xP = log = log = 2.9777 P*meas 106.66 Pa Calculation of normal boiling point using Eq. (2-14): log17.88 + (1 − 0.76016)(2.9777) Tb = 348.65 − 3(2.9777) − 1.49(2.9777)2 log 17.88 K Tb = 525.3 K
The estimated value is 1.6 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 517.15 K. Recommended Method Nannoolal method. Reference: Nannoolal, Y., et al., Fluid Phase Equilib., 226 (2004): 45. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 7 K (on the order of 2 percent). Applicability: Organic compounds for which group values are available. Input data: GC values Ci in Table 2-341; intramolecular groupgroup interactions Cij in Table 2-342. Description: A GC method that includes second-order corrections for steric effects and intramolecular interactions. Variable Tb is found from N
ni ⋅ Ci
Tb i=1 = + 84.3395 0.6583 n + 1.6868 K
(2-15)
where n = number of nonhydrogen atoms ni = number of occurrences of group i N = number of groups Ci = group contribution from Table 2-341 or Eq. (2-16) Corrections for intramolecular group-group interactions Ci,int are made by dividing the sum of all unique group pairs within the molecule by n. This can be written as 1 N N Ci,int = Cij (2-16) n i=1 j>i or thought of as the sum of terms in the upper half (above and to the right of the diagonal) of the square matrix formed by listing each group in the molecule along the row and column. The values for the interactions are shown in this format in Table 2-342. Example Estimate the normal boiling point of di-isopropanolamine by using the Nannoolal method. Structure:
Corrections OH::OH OH::NH
ni
Ci
2 4 2 1
177.3066 266.8769 390.2446 223.0992
1/9 2/9
291.7985 286.9698
Group total 354.6132 1067.508 780.4892 223.0992 32.42206 63.77107
Total
2521.902
Note that there are three interacting groups (OH, OH, NH) in the molecule which gives two OH::NH interactions and one OH::OH interaction which are then divided by n (= 9) as in Eq. (2-16) to give the frequency.
Tb 2521.902 + 84.3395 = 509.3 = K 90.6583 + 1.6868
Tb = 509.3 K
The calculated value differs by −2.4 percent from the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 521.9 K.
Characterizing and Correlating Constants Acentric Factor The acentric factor of a compound ω is defined in terms of the reduced vapor pressure evaluated at a reduced temperature of 0.7 as ω = −log P*r − 1.0000 (2-17)
Tr = 0.7
It is primarily used as a third parameter (beyond Tc and Pc) in CS predictions as a measure of deviations from nonspherical molecular shape, hence the name, suggesting molecular interactions that are not between centers of molecules. However, as defined in Eq. (2-17), ω also contains polarity information, and ω increases slightly with increasing polarity for molecules of similar size and shape. The value of ω is close to zero for small, spherically shaped, nonpolar molecules (argon, methane, etc.). It increases in value with larger deviations of molecular shape from spherical (longer chain lengths, less chain branching, etc.) and with increasing molecular polarity. When possible, ω should be obtained from experimental vapor pressure correlations by using Eq. (2-17), but an accurate estimation of ω can be made by using the critical constants and a single vapor pressure point by application of CS vapor pressure equations. Recommended Method Ambrose-Walton modification of LeeKesler vapor pressure equations. References: Ambrose, D., and J. Walton, Pure & Appl. Chem., 61 (1989): 1395; Lee, B. I., and M. G. Kesler, AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: Generally within 5 percent. Applicability: Most organic compounds. Input data: Tc, Pc, and a single vapor pressure point (e.g., the normal boiling point). Description: See Eq. (2-25) for the equations used in this method. The vapor pressure equation is inverted to obtain the acentric factor from a single experimental vapor pressure point. Example Calculate the acentric factor of chlorobenzene with a known value for Tb. Input information: From the DIPPR® 801 database, Tb = 404.87 K, Tc = 632.35 K, and Pc = 45.1911 bar. Calculation of auxiliary quantities: 404.87 T Tbr = b = = 0.64 632.35 Tc
τ = 1 − 0.64 = 0.36
(−5.97616)(0.36) + (1.29874)(0.36)1.5 − (0.60394)(0.36)2.5 − (1.06841)(0.36)5 f (0) = 0.64 = − 3.0034
OH H3C
Group
Calculation using Eq. (2-15):
Tbr = 0.584 + 0.965(0.2464) − (0.2464)2 = 0.76106
∆
Group contributions and values:
CH3 >C(c)<(e) ΟΗ sec NH
O
2-473
CH3 NH
OH
(−5.03365)(0.36) + (1.11505)(0.36)1.5 − (5.41217)(0.36)2.5 − (7.46628)(0.36)5 f (1) = 0.64 = − 3.1788
2-474
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-341
Group Contributions for the Nannoolal* Method for Normal Boiling Point
Table-specific nomenclature: (e) = connected to N, O, F, Cl; (ne) = not connected to N, O, F, Cl; (r) = in a ring; (c) = in a chain; (a) = aromatic, not necessarily carbon; (Ca) = aromatic carbon; b = any nonhydrogen atom ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
Group CH3 (ne) CH3 (e) CH3(a) C(c)H2 >C(c)H >C(c)< >C(c)<(e) >C(c)<(Ca) C(r)H2 >C(r)H >C(r)< >C(r)<(e, c) >C(r)<(e, r) >C(r)<(Ca) 苷 C(a)H 苷 C(a)<(ne) 苷 C(a)<(e) (a)苷C(a)<2(a) F (C, Si) CF苷C< F (C,Si)(F)(2b) F (C,Si)([F, Cl])(b) F (C,Si)([F, Cl]2) F (Ca) Cl (C,Si) Cl (C,Si)([F, Cl]) Cl (C, Si)([F, Cl]2) Cl (Ca) CCl苷C< Br (C,Si) Br (Ca) I (C, Si) OH tert HO (C,Si) sec HO (C,Si) long HO (C,Si) short OH (Ca) (C,Si) O (C,Si) >(OC2)< NH2 (C, Si) NH2 (Ca) (C,Si) NH (C,Si) (C,Si)2>N (C,Si) COOH (C) (C) COO (C) HCOO (C) C(c)OO CON< CONH CONH2 O苷C<(Can)2 CHO (Can) SH (C) (C) S (C) (C) S S (C) S(a) (C)C N >C(c)苷C(c)< >C(c)苷 C(c)<(Ca) (e)C(c)苷 C(c)< H2C(c)苷 C< >C(r)苷 C(r)< C C HC C (Ca) O(a) (Ca) 苷N(a) (r5) 苷N(a) (r6) NO2 (C) NO2 (Ca) >Si< >Si<(O) NO3 PO4 O苷N O (C)
Description CH3 not connected to N, O, F, or Cl CH3 connected to N, O, F, or Cl CH3 connected to an aromatic atom (not necessarily C) CH2 in a chain >CH in a chain >C< in a chain >C< in a chain connected to at least one F, Cl, N, or O >C< in a chain connected to at least one aromatic carbon CH2 in a ring >CH in a ring >C< in a ring >C< in a ring; connected to at least one N, O, Cl, or F which are not part of the ring >C< in a ring connected to at least one N or O which are part of the ring >C< in a ring connected to at least one aromatic carbon aromatic 苷CH aromatic 苷C< not connected to O, N, Cl, or F aromatic 苷C< connected to O, N, Cl, or F aromatic 苷C< with three aromatic neighbors F connected to C or Si F on a C苷C (vinylfluoride) F connected to C or Si already substituted with at least one F and two other atoms F connected to a C or Si already substituted with one F or Cl and one other atom F connected to C or Si already substituted with two F or Cl atoms F connected to an aromatic carbon Cl connected to C or Si not already substituted with F or Cl Cl connected to C or Si already substituted with one F or Cl Cl connected to C or Si already substituted with at least two F or Cl Cl connected to aromatic C Cl on a C苷C (vinylchloride) Br connected to a nonaromatic C or Si Br connected to an aromatic C I connected to C or Si OH connected to tertiary carbon OH connected to secondary C or Si OH connected to primary C or Si; chain > 4 C or Si OH connected to primary C or Si; chain < 5 C or Si OH connected to an aromatic C (phenols) ether O connected to two C or Si >(OC2)< (epoxide) NH2 connected to either C or Si NH2 connected to an aromatic C NH connected to two C or Si (secondary amine) >N connected to three C or Si (tertiary amine) COOH connected to C COO connected to two C (ester) HCOO connected to C (formic acid ester) COO in ring, C is connected to C (lactone) CON< disubstituted amide CONH (monosubstituted amide) CONH2 (amide) CO connected to two nonaromatic C (ketones) CHO connected to nonaromatic C (aldehydes) SH connected to C (thioles) S connected to two C SS (disulfide) connected to two C S in an aromatic ring C N (cyanide) connected to C >C苷C< (both C have at least one non-H neighbor) noncyclic >C苷C< connected to at least one aromatic C noncyclic >C苷C< with at least one F, Cl, N, or O H2C苷C< (1-ene) cyclic >C苷C< C C HC C (1-yne) O in an aromatic ring with aromatic C neighbors aromatic N in a five-member ring, free electron pair aromatic 苷N in a six-member ring NO2 connected to aliphatic C NO2 connected to aromatic C >Si< >Si< connected to at least one O nitrate (esters of nitric acid) phosphates nitrites (esters of nitrous acid)
Value 177.3066 251.8338 157.9527 239.4531 240.6785 249.5809 266.8769 201.0115 239.4957 222.1163 209.9749 250.9584 291.2291 244.3581 235.3462 315.4128 348.2779 367.9649 106.5492 49.2701 53.1871 78.7578 103.5672 −19.5575 330.9117 287.1863 267.4170 205.7363 292.5816 419.4959 377.6775 556.3944 349.9409 390.2446 443.8712 488.0819 361.4775 146.4836 820.7118 321.1759 441.4388 223.0992 126.2952 1080.3139 636.2020 642.0427 1142.6119 1052.6072 1364.5333 1487.4109 618.9782 553.8090 434.0811 461.5784 864.5074 304.3321 719.2462 475.7958 586.1413 500.2434 412.6276 475.9623 512.2893 422.2307 37.1936 453.3397 306.7139 866.5843 821.4141 282.0181 207.9312 920.3617 1153.1344 494.2668
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-341
2-475
Group Contributions for the Nannoolal* Method for Normal Boiling Point (Concluded)
Table-specific nomenclature: (e) = connected to N, O, F, Cl; (ne) = not connected to N, O, F, Cl; (r) = in a ring; (c) = in a chain; (a) = aromatic, not necessarily carbon; (Ca) = aromatic carbon; b = any nonhydrogen atom ID
Group
Description
Value
75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 94 95 96 97 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 113 115 116 117
ONC C苷O O C苷O COCl >Si<(F,Cl) O苷C( O)2 OCN SCN (C) (C) SO2 (C) (C)2>Sn<(C)2 AsCl2 GeCl3 (C)2>Ge<(C)2 >C苷C苷C< >C苷C C苷C<(r) >C苷C C苷C<(c) CHO (Ca) (C,Si)苷N (O苷C< (C)2)a O O C C C C ( C苷O O C苷O)r (C,Si)a NH (Ca,Si)a OCON< >N (C苷O)N< (C,Si)2>N< (C,Si)2 F(C,Si)(Cl)(b)2 OCOO >SO4 SO2N< . . .苷CNC苷NC苷. . . >S苷O (S) C N >N(C苷O) (N) C N >P< ON苷(C,Si) >Se< >Al<
ONC (oxime) anhydride connected to two C COCl connected to C (acid chloride) >Si< connected to at least one F or Cl noncyclic carbonate OCN connected to C or Si (cyanate) SCN (thiocyanate) connected to C noncyclic sulfone connected to two C (sulfones) >Sn< connected to four carbons AsCl2 connected to C GeCl3 connected to carbons >Ge< connected to four carbons cumulated double bond conjugated double bond in a ring conjugated double bond in a chain CHO connected to aromatic C (aldehydes) double-bonded amine connected to at least one C or Si CO connected to two C with at least one aromatic C (ketones) peroxide conjugated triple bond cyclic anhydride connected to two C NH connected to two C or Si with at least one aromatic (secondary amines) CO connected to O and N (carbamate) CO connected to two N (urea) Quaternary amine connected to four C or Si F connected to C or Si already substituted with at least one Cl and two other atoms CO connected to two O (carbonates) S(苷O)2 connected to two O (sulfates) S(苷O)2 connected to N imadizole sulfoxide C N (cyanide) connected to S CO connected to N C N (cyanide) connected to N phosphorus connected to at least 1 C or S (phosphine) ON苷connected to C or Si (isoazole) >Se< connected to at least one C or Si >Al< connected to at least one C or Si
1041.0851 1251.2675 778.9151 540.0895 879.7062 660.4645 1018.4865 1559.9840 510.4223 1149.9670 1209.2972 347.7717 664.0903 957.6388 928.9954 560.1024 229.2288 606.1797 273.1755 1218.1878 2082.3288 201.3224 886.7613 1045.0343 −109.6269 111.0590 1573.3769 1483.1289 1506.8136 484.6371 1379.4485 659.7336 492.0707 971.0365 428.8911 612.9506 562.1791 761.6006
118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133
C苷C C苷O (C苷O)C([F,Cl]2,3) (C苷O)C([F,Cl]2,3)2 C[F,Cl]3 (C)2C[F,Cl]2 No hydrogen One-hydrogen (3,4) ring 5-ring Ortho pair(s) Meta pair(s) Para pair(s) ((C苷)(C)CCC3) C2CCC2 C3CCC2 C3CCC3
C苷O connected to sp2 carbon carbonyl connected to C with two or more halogens carbonyl connected to two C, each with at least two halogens carbon with three halogens secondary carbon with two halogens component has no hydrogen component has one hydrogen a three- or four-member nonaromatic ring a five-member nonaromatic ring Ortho- position counted only once and only if there are no meta or para pairs Meta- position counted only once and only if there are no para or ortho pairs Para- position counted only once and only if there are no meta or ortho pairs carbon with four carbon neighbors and one double-bonded carbon neighbor carbon with four carbon neighbors, two on each side carbon with five carbon neighbors carbon with six carbon neighbors
Corrections 40.4205 −82.2328 −247.8893 −20.3996 15.4720 −172.4201 −99.8035 −62.3740 −40.0058 −27.2705 −3.5075 16.1061 25.8348 35.8330 51.9098 111.8372
*
Nannoolal, Y., et al., Fluid Phase Equilib. 226 (2004): 45.
(−0.64771)(0.36) + (2.41539)(0.36)1.5 − (4.26979)(0.36)2.5 + (3.25259)(0.36)5 f (2) = 0.64 = − 0.037 Calculation using Eq. (2-25) at the normal boiling point: 1.01325 ln = − 3.798 = f (0) + ωf (1) + ωf (2) = 3.0034 + 3.1788ω + 0.037ω2 45.1911 ω = 0.249 The value obtained from the Ambrose-Walton-Lee-Kesler method compares favorably with the value of 0.2499 recommended in the DIPPR® 801 database (obtained from the vapor pressure correlation).
Radius of Gyration The radius of gyration Rg is a measure of the mass distribution about the center of mass of a molecule. Radius Rg increases with molecular size. It is useful in CS applications to separate molecular size and shape effects from polar effects. It is defined in terms of the principal moments of inertia of a molecule (A, B, and C) as Rg =
(AB) N M 1/2
A
(2-18)
for planar molecules and as Rg =
2π(ABC) N
M 1/3
A
(2-19)
2-476
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-342 OH OH(a) COOH O >(OC2)< COOC CO CHO
OH OH(a) COOH O >(OC2)< COOC CO CHO O(a) S(na) S(a) SH NH2 >NH OCN CN
Intermolecular Interaction Corrections for the Nannoolal et al.* Method for Normal Boiling Point OH
OH(a)
COOH
O
>(OC2)<
COOC
CO
CHO
291.7985
0 288.6155
146.7286 −1477.9671 117.2044
135.3991 130.3742 612.8821 91.4997
226.4980 0 0 178.7845 1006.388
211.6814 −1184.9784 −183.2986 322.5671 0 431.0990
46.3754 0 −55.9871 15.6980 22.5208 22.5208 −303.9653
0 43.9722 0 17.0400 163.5475 0 −391.3690 582.1763
O(a)
S(na)
S(a)
435.0923 0 0 329.0050 0 707.9404 176.5481 674.6858 0
−74.0193 0 0 394.5505 0 0 0 0 0 −11.9406
Nitrate OH OH(a) COOH O >(OC2)< COOC CO CHO O(a) S(na) S(a) SH NH2 >NH OCN CN Nitrate 苷N(a)−(r5) 苷N(a)−(r6)
0 −1048.124 0 963.6518 0 −205.6165 −3628.903 140.9644 0 0 0 0 663.8009 0 −263.0807 0 65.1432
苷N(a)(r5) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −888.612 0 −348.740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 381.0107 397.575 0 0 0
SH
NH2
>NH
OCN
CN
38.6974 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 217.6360
314.6126 797.4327 0 124.3549 0 182.6291 0 0 395.4093 −562.306 0 0 174.0258
286.9698 0 0 101.8475 0 317.0200 −215.3532 0 0 0 0 0 510.3473 239.8076
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −356.5017
306.3979 0 0 293.5974 0 517.0677 −574.2230 0 0 0 −101.232 0 0 0 0 0
苷N(a)(r6) 1334.6747 −614.3624 0 0 0 0 124.1943 0 0 0 0 0 27.2735 758.9855 0 −370.9729 0 0 −271.9449
*Nannoolal, Y., et al., Fluid Phase Equilib., 226 (2004): 45.
for nonplanar molecules. Radii of gyration can be calculated from these defining equations and principal moments of inertia obtained from spectral data or from computational chemistry software. Recommended Method Principal moments of inertia. Classification: Computational chemistry. Expected uncertainty: Less than 5 percent. Applicability: All molecules. Input data: M and molecular structure. Description: Computational chemistry software is used to optimize the geometry of the molecule and obtain the principal moments of inertia to be used in Eqs. (2-18) and (2-19). Example Calculate the radius of gyration for hydrazine. Input information: From the DIPPR® 801 database, M = 32.0452 kg/kmol. The structure of hydrazine is H2N—NH2 Calculation of the principal moments of inertia: Optimizing hydrazine with HF/6-31G model chemistry gives the following principal moments of inertia:
A = 12.24050 amu⋅Bohr2
B = 72.41081 amu⋅Bohr2
C = 79.16893 amu⋅Bohr
2
Conversion from atomic units to SI gives 5.29177 × 10−11 m A = (12.24050 amu⋅Bohr2) Bohr
= 5.692 × 10−47 kg⋅m2
1.66054 × 10−27 kg amu
2
4.65010−48 kg⋅ m2 B = (72.41081 amu⋅Bohr2) = 3.367 × 10−46 kg⋅m2 amu⋅Bohr2
4.65010−48 kg ⋅ m2 C = (79.16893 amu⋅Bohr2) = 3.681 × 10−46 kg⋅m2 amu ⋅ Bohr2
Calculation using Eq. (2-19): (ABC)1/3 = [(5.692 × 10−47)(3.367 × 10−46)(3.681 × 10−46)]1/3 kg⋅m2 = 1.918 × 10−46 kg⋅m2
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Rg =
2π(1.918 × 10 kg⋅m )(6.022⋅10 kmol ) = 1.505 × 10
32.0452 kg/kmol −46
2
−1
26
−10
m
This is 3.8 percent below the DIPPR® 801 database value of 1.564 × 10−10 m which was obtained from spectral principal moments of inertia.
Dipole Moment The dipole moment of a molecule is the first moment of the electric charge density expansion. All normal paraffins have a value of zero. Charge separation within the molecule due to electronegativity differences between bonded atoms increases the dipole moment. Computational chemistry software uses the electron density distribution of the optimized molecule to calculate dipole moments. Recommended Method Electron density distribution. Classification: Computational chemistry. Expected uncertainty: Uncertainty varies depending upon the model chemistry chosen, but it can be as large as 60 percent. Applicability: All molecules. Input data: Molecular structure.
2-477
be estimated by the methods shown earlier if experimental values are unavailable. Recommended Method 1 Riedel method. Reference: Riedel, L., Chem. Ing. Tech., 26 (1954): 679 Classification: Empirical extension of theory and corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: Varies strongly depending upon relative T, but 1 percent or less above Tb is typical with uncertainties of 5 to 30 percent near the triple point. Applicability: Most organic compounds. Input data: Tb, Tc, Pc. Description: Equation (2-22) in reduced form B ln Pr = A + + C ln Tr + DT6r Tr
(2-24)
Constants for this equation are determined from the following set of relationships:
Example Calculate the dipole moment for methanol. Draw structure and optimize molecule using computational chemistry software: The dipole moment obtained from a geometry optimized with the HF/631G model chemistry for methanol is 2.288 D. This value is 35 percent larger than the experimental gas-phase value of 1.700 D in the DIPPR® 801 database.
36 6 ψ = − 35 + + 42 ln Tbr − T br Tbr
3.758Kψ + ln (Pc /1.01325 bar) αc = Kψ − ln Tbr
ln (Pc /1.01325 bar) h = Tbr 1 − Tbr
D = K(αc − 3.758)
VAPOR PRESSURE
C = αc − 42D
A = 35D
Liquids Vapor pressure is the most important of the basic thermodynamic properties of fluids. It is the pressure of equilibrium, coexisting liquid and vapor phases at a specified temperature. The vapor pressure curve is a monotonic function of temperature from its minimum value (the triple point pressure) at the triple point temperature Tt to its maximum value (the critical pressure) at Tc. Liquid vapor pressure data over a limited temperature range can be correlated with the Antoine [Antoine, C, C.R., 107 (1888): 681, 836] equation B P∗ ln = A − Τ/Κ + C Pa
(2-20)
Data from the triple point to the critical point can be correlated with either a modified form of the Wagner equation [Wagner, W., “A New Correlation Method for Thermodynamic Data Applied to the VaporPressure Curve of Argon, Nitrogen, and Water,” J.T.R. Watson (trans. and ed.), IUPAC Thermodynamic Tables Project Centre, London, 1977; Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 18 (1986): 45; Ambrose, D., and N. B. Ghiassee, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 19 (1987): 903, 911] aτ + bτ1.5 + cτ2.5 + dτ5 ln Pr* = 1−τ
where τ 1 − Tr
(2-21)
Values of the constant K [Vetere, A., Ind. Eng. Chem Res., 30 (1991): 2487]: Class
Value
P∗ B T T ln = A + + C ln + D Pa T/K K K
E
(2-22)
Generally, E in Eq. (2-22) is assigned a value of 6, but values of 2 or 1 have also been used, particularly when correlating low-temperature data. While the Wagner equation can be used to correlate most fluids over the whole liquid range, a fifth term is often required for alcohols [Poling, B. E., Fluid Phase Equil., 116 (1996): 102]: (for alcohols) (2-23)
Correlation of experimental data within a few tenths of a percent over the entire fluid range can usually be obtained with either the Wagner or Riedel equations. Two prediction methods are recommended for liquid vapor pressure. The first method is based on the Riedel equation; the second is a CS method. Both methods require Tc and Pc as input, but these can
K = −0.120 + 0.025h K = 0.373 − 0.030h K = 0.0838
Acids Alcohols All other organic compounds
Example Estimate the vapor pressure of chlorobenzene at 50 K intervals from 300 to 600 K. Input information: From the DIPPR® 801 database, Tb = 404.87 K, Tc = 632.35 K, and Pc = 45.1911 bar. Auxiliary Quantities: K = 0.0838
Tbr = 404.87/632.35 = 0.640
36 ψ = − 35 + + 42 ln 0.640 − (0.640)6 = 2.431 0.640 (3.758)(0.0838)(2.431) + ln(45.191/1.01325) αc = = 7.0248 (0.0838)(2.431) − ln(0.640) D = (0.0838)(7.0248 − 3.758) = 0.2738 B = − (36)(0.2738) = − 9.8552
or the Riedel [Riedel, L., Chem. Ing. Tech., 26 (1954): 679] equation
aτ + bτ1.5 + cτ2.5 + dτ5 + eτ6 ln Pr* = 1−τ
B = − 36D
C = 7.0248 − (42)(0.2738) = − 4.4729 A = − (35)(0.2738) = 9.5814
Calculation using Eq. (2-24) at each T (detailed calculation shown for T = 500 K): Tr = 500/632.35 = 0.7907 9.8552 ln Pr = 9.5814 − − 4.4729 ln 0.7907 + (0.2738)(0.7907)6 = − 1.7651 0.7907 Pr = exp(−1.7651) = 0.1712
P = PrPc = (0.1712)(45.1911 bar) = 7.74 bar
T/K
Tr
ln Pr
P/bar
PDIPPR/bar
% Error
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
0.4744 0.5535 0.6326 0.7116 0.7907 0.8698 0.9488
−7.8532 −5.5704 −3.9323 −2.7101 −1.7651 −1.0067 −0.3705
0.0176 0.172 0.886 3.01 7.74 16.51 31.20
0.0175 0.172 0.880 2.98 7.67 16.39 31.11
0.3 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.3
Recommended Method 2 Ambrose-Walton method. References: Ambrose, D., and J. Walton, Pure & Appl. Chem., 61 (1989): 1395; Lee, B. I., and M. G. Kesler, AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510.
2-478
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: Varies strongly with relative T, but less than 1 percent is typical above Tb if the acentric factor is known. Applicability: Most organic compounds. Input data: Tb, Tc, Pc, and ω. Description: The acentric factor is used to linearly interpolate within the simple-fluid and deviation terms for the ln P* values of the reference fluids, which themselves have been correlated with the Wagner vapor pressure equation. ln Pr* = f (0) + ωf (1) + ω2f (2)
−5.03365τ + 1.11505τ − 5.41217τ − 7.46628τ f (1) = 1−τ 2.5
5
(2-25)
−0.64771τ + 2.41539τ1.5 − 4.26979τ2.5 + 3.25259τ5 f (2) = 1−τ where τ = 1 − Tr. Example Repeat the calculation of the liquid vapor pressure of chlorobenzene at 50 K intervals from 300 to 600 K. Input information: From the DIPPR® 801 database, Tc = 632.35 K, Pc = 45.1911 bar, and ω = 0.249857. Auxiliary quantities: Tr = 500/632.35 = 0.7907
τ = 1 − 0.7907 = 0.2093
Simple-fluid and deviation vapor pressure terms at each T (shown for T = 500 K): (−5.97616)(0.2093) + (1.29874)(0.2093)1.5 − (0.60394)(0.2093)2.5 − (1.06841)(0.2093)5 f (0) = = − 1.4405 0.7907 (−5.03365)(0.2093) + (1.11505)(0.2093)1.5 − (5.41217)(0.2093)2.5 − (7.46628)(0.2093)5 f (1) = = − 1.3383 0.7907 (−0.64771)(0.2093) + (2.41539)(0.2093)1.5 − (4.26979)(0.2093)2.5 + (3.25259)(0.2093)5 f (2) = = 0.0145 0.7907
Calculation using Eq. (2-25): ln Pr* = − 1.4405 + (0.249857)(−1.3383) + (0.249857)2 (0.0145) = − 1.774 P* = (45.1911 bar)[exp(−1.774)] = 7.667 bar
T
τ
f (0)
f (1)
f (2)
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
0.5256 0.4465 0.3674 0.2884 0.2093 0.1302 0.0512
−5.9228 −4.3006 −3.1036 −2.1800 −1.4405 −0.8289 −0.3068
−7.5966 −5.0017 −3.3106 −2.1576 −1.3383 −0.7318 −0.2612
−0.3050 −0.1439 −0.0437 0.0043 0.0145 0.0036 −0.0081
ln P*r
% P*/bar P*DIPPR/bar Error
−7.840 0.0178 −5.559 0.174 −3.933 0.885 −2.719 2.98 −1.774 7.67 −1.012 16.43 −0.373 31.14
0.0175 0.172 0.880 2.98 7.67 16.39 31.11
The liquid and solid vapor pressures are identical at the triple point. A good vapor pressure correlation that is valid at the triple point may be used to obtain the triple point pressure. Estimating solid vapor pressures by using Eq. (2-26) generally requires an estimation of ∆Hsub, and so the illustrative example is combined with the example on enthalpy of sublimation in the section on latent enthalpy. THERMAL PROPERTIES
−5.97616τ + 1.29874τ1.5 − 0.60394τ2.5 − 1.06841τ5 f (0) = 1−τ 1.5
where Tt = triple point temperature P*t = triple point pressure ∆Hsub = enthalpy of sublimation
1.4 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1
Solids Below the triple point, the pressure at which the solid and vapor phases of a pure component are in equilibrium at any given temperature is the vapor pressure of the solid. It is a monotonic function of temperature with a maximum at the triple point. Solid vapor pressures can be correlated with the same equations used for liquids. Estimation of solid vapor pressure can be made from the integrated form of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation
Enthalpy of Formation The standard enthalpy (heat) of formation is the enthalpy change upon formation of 1 mol of the compound in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states. Two different standard enthlapies of formation are commonly defined based on the chosen standard state. The standard state enthalpy of formation ∆Hfs uses the naturally occurring phase at 298.15 K and 1 bar as the standard state; the ideal gas standard enthalpy (heat) of formation ∆Hfo uses the compound in the ideal gas state at 298.15 K and 1 bar as the standard state. In both cases, the standard state for the elements is their naturally occurring state of aggregation at 298.15 K and 1 atm. Sources for data include DIPPR®, TRC, SWS, JANAF, and Daubert, T. E., and R. P. Danner, Technical Data Book—Petroleum Refining, 5th ed., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, extant 1994. The Domalski-Hearing method is the most accurate general method for estimating either ∆Hfs or ∆Hfo if the appropriate GC values are available, but a CC method is also as accurate for estimating ∆Hfo if an isodesmic reaction can be formulated and used. The Domalski-Hearing method also applies to entropies, and the entropy predictive equations are listed in this section for convenience because they are equivalent in form to the enthalpy equations. However, discussion and illustration of the estimation methods for entropy are delayed to the next subsection. Recommended Method Domalski-Hearing method. Reference: Domalski, E. S., and E. D. Hearing, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22 (1993): 805. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 3 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group contributions have been regressed. Input data: Molecular structure. Description: GC values from Table 2-343 are directly additive for both enthalpy of formation and absolute third-law entropies: N H!f ni (∆H!f )i kJ/mol =
i=1
N S! ni (S!)i J⋅mol−1 K−1 =
i=1
where (∆Hof )i = enthalpy of formation GC value from Table 2-343 and (So)i = entropy GC value from Table 2-343. Group values in Table 2-343 are defined by the central, nonhydrogen group and the atoms bonded to that group. Thus, C—(2H)(2C) represents a C atom to which 2 H and 2 C atoms are bonded. For example, propane (CH3—CH2—CH3) is composed of three groups: two C—(3H)(C) and one C—(2H)(2C). Example Estimate the standard and ideal gas enthalpies of formation of o-toluidine. Input information: The melting point (256.8 K) and boiling point (473.49 K) given for o-toluidine in the DIPPR® 801 database bracket 298.15 K, and so the standard state phase at 298.15 K and 1 bar must be liquid. Structure: CH3
P∗ ∆Hsub T ln * = 1 − t Pt RTt T
(2-26)
(2-27)
NH2
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-343
2-479
Domalski-Hearing* Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties
This table is a partial listing of GC values available from the original Domalski-Hearing tables. Table-specific nomenclature: Cd = carbon with double bond; Ct = carbon with triple bond; Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ca = allenic carbon; corr = correction term; Cbf = fused benzene ring; NA = azo nitrogen; NI = imino nitrogen. Group
∆Hfo
So
∆Hfs liq.
Ss liq.
∆Hfs solid
Ss solid 56.69 23.01 −16.89 0.00 −33.19 0.00 0.00 0.00
21.75
CH Groups C(3H)(C) C(2H)(2C) C(H)(3C) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(4C) CH3 corr (quaternary) CH3 corr (tert/quat) CH3 corr (quat/quat) Cd(2H) Cd(H)(C) Cd(2C) Cd(H)(Cd) Cd(C)(Cd) Cd(Cd)(Cb) Cd(H)(Cb) Cd(C)(Cb) Cd(H)(Ct) C(4H), Methane Cd(2Cb) C(2H)(C)(Cd) C(H)(2C)(Cd) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(3C)(Cd) CH3 corr (quaternary) C(H)(C)(2Cd) C(2H)(2Cd) C(2H)(Cd)(Cb) C(H)(C)(Cd)(Cb) cis (unsat) corr tertButyl cis corr Ct(H) Ct(C) Ct(Cd) Ct(Cb) Ct(Ct) C(2H)(C)(Ct) C(H)(2C)(Ct) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(3C)(Ct) CH3 corr (quaternary) C(2H)(2Ct) C(2C)(2Ct) Ca Cb(H)(2Cb) Cb(C)(2Cb) Cb(Cd)(2Cb) Cb(Ct)(2Cb) Cb(3Cb) C(2C)(2Cb) C(2H)(C)(Cb) C(H)(2C)(Cb) C(Cb)(3C) C(2H)(2Cb) C(H)(C)(2Cb) C(H)(3Cb) C(3Cb)(C) C(4Cb) Cbf(Cbf)(2Cb) Cbf(Cb)(2Cbf) Cbf(3Cbf) Cb(2Cb)(Cbf) Cb(Cb)(2Cbf) ortho corr, hydrocarbons meta corr, hydrocarbons Cyclopropane rsc (unsub) Cyclobutane rsc Cyclopentane rsc (unsub) Cyclohexane rsc (unsub) Cycloheptane rsc Cyclooctane rsc Cyclononane rsc Cyclodecane rsc
−42.26 −20.63 −1.17 −2.26 19.20 −4.56 −1.80 −0.64 −26.32 36.32 44.14 28.28 36.78
127.32 39.16 −53.60 0.00 −149.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 115.52 33.05 −50.84 27.74 −61.33
−47.61 −25.73 −4.77 −2.18 17.99 −4.39 −1.77 −0.64 21.75 31.05 39.16 22.18 30.42
83.30 32.38 −23.89 0.00 −98.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.19 28.58 −29.83 13.30 −41.92
28.28 37.95 28.28 −74.48 32.88 −20.88 −1.63 −2.26 22.13 −4.56 −1.17 −18.92
27.74 −51.97 27.74 206.92
22.18 38.58 22.18
13.30
−46.74 −29.41 −5.98 −2.34 12.47 −4.35 −2.70 −2.24 22.43 25.48 32.97 17.53 27.91 56.07 17.53
13.30
17.53
38.20 −50.38 0.00 −150.23 0.00 −53.60 42.08
31.67 −28.07 0.00 −108.20 0.00 −23.89 19.32
49.91 −24.35 −6.49 −2.34 12.51 −4.35 −5.98 −21.60
4.85 17.24 113.50 115.10 121.42 120.76 120.76 −19.70 −3.16 −2.26
5.06 0.00 101.96 26.32 39.92 17.77 25.94 42.80 −45.69 0.00
0.00 0.00 67.57 14.25
5.73 17.57 110.34 101.66
32.36
103.28 103.28 −29.41
−4.56 −41.14
0.00
142.67 13.81 23.64 24.17 24.17 21.66
26.28 48.31 −35.61 −33.85 −33.85 −36.57
−21.34 −4.52 18.28 −46.43
42.59 −48.00 −147.19
22.46 1.26 −0.63 115.15 110.89 26.75 0.68 26.34 40.65 52.91 51.99
−2.18 22.83 −4.39 −39.08 20.67 134.68 8.16 19.16 19.12 19.12 17.21
0.00 0.00 14.39 28.87 −19.50 −9.04 −9.04
−24.81 −5.82 18.70 −26.50 −21.47
47.40 −13.90 −96.10 51.97 28.12
0.00
15.83 11.50 −0.90
−5.54
−2.50 0.00 134.86 126.04 116.22 78.18 73.97 70.78
3.26 0.00 111.58 106.64 22.84 −1.77 23.50 38.10 50.40 50.61
0.00 0.00
−6.86 27.04 20.10 16.00 3.59
30.83 −25.73 −5.02 −2.18 20.79 −4.39 −4.77 −24.43 −24.73 −6.90 5.27 17.48 104.47 107.15 114.77 119.00 104.80 −22.13
51.48 42.24 10.07 15.89 2.96
−2.34 26.38 −4.35 131.08 6.53 13.90 20.27 20.07 17.03 52.81 −22.10 −3.50 21.57 −21.44 16.40 34.48 116.25 64.89 14.10 12.00 1.94 −8.77 47.93 5.00 2.00 114.43 34.00 10.94
21.75 21.75
0.00 0.00 −16.89
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
22.75 −5.50 −10.00 −10.00 −6.00 26.90 22.85 −12.62 −6.00 2.00 7.00 0.00 0.00
2-480
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-343
Domalski-Hearing* Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties (Continued )
This table is a partial listing of GC values available from the original Domalski-Hearing tables. Table-specific nomenclature: Cd = carbon with double bond; Ct = carbon with triple bond; Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ca = allenic carbon; corr = correction term; Cbf = fused benzene ring; NA = azo nitrogen; NI = imino nitrogen. Group
∆Hfo
So
∆Hfs liq.
Ss liq.
∆Hfs solid
Ss solid
CHO Groups CO(2H), formaldehyde CO(C)(CO) CO(H)(CO) CO(CO)(Cb) CO(O)(CO) CO(Cd)(O) CO(C)(O) CO(H)(O) CO(2O) CO(H)(Cd) CO(2Cb) CO(C)(Cb) CO(H)(Cb) CO(O)(Cb) CO(2C) CO(H)(C) CO(C)(Cd) O(2CO), aliphatic O(2CO), aromatic O(Cd)(CO) O(C)(CO) O(H)(CO) O(Cb)(CO) O(C)(O) O(H)(O) O(2Cd) O(H)(Cd) O(C)(Cd) O(2Cb) O(C)(Cb) O(H)(Cb) O(2C) O(H)(C) Cd(H)(CO) Cd(C)(CO) Cd(O)(Cd) Cd(O)(C) Cd(O)(H) Ct(CO) Cb(CO)(2Cb) Cb(O)(2Cb) C(2H)(2CO) C(CO)(3C) C(H)(CO)(2C) C(2H)(CO)(C) C(3H)(CO) C(2H)(CO)(Cd) C(2H)(CO)(Ct) C(2H)(CO)(Cb) C(H)(CO)(C)(Cb) C(H)(O)(CO)(C) C(4O) C(H)(3O) C(3O)(C) C(2O)(2C) C(H)(2O)(C) C(2H)(2O) C(2H)(O)(Cb) C(2H)(O)(Cd) C(H)(CO)(C)(Cb) C(H)(CO)(2Cb) C(O)(3Cb) C(O)(3C) (ethers, esters) C(H)(O)(2C) (ethers, esters) C(O)(3C) (alcohols, peroxides) C(H)(O)(2C) (alcohols, peroxides) C(2H)(O)(C) C(3H)(O) O(CO)(O) C(2C)(O)(Cb) C(H)(C)(2O)
−108.60 −121.29 −105.98 −112.30 −123.75 −136.73 −137.24 −124.39 −111.88 −126.96 −110.00 −148.82 −121.35 −125.00 −132.67 −124.39
224.54
−214.50 −238.30 −198.03 −188.87 −254.30 −167.00 −20.75 −72.26 −139.29
34.16
62.59 62.59 147.03
64.31 147.03
36.03 101.71
−135.04 −123.30 −155.56 −149.37 −142.42 −122.00 −153.05 −119.00 −145.22 −138.12 −140.00 −152.76 −142.42 −230.50 −220.90 −201.42 −196.02 −285.64 −165.50 −23.50 −101.75 −137.32
−129.33 −77.66 −92.55 −160.30 −101.42 −159.33 32.30
121.50 29.33 121.50 35.19
−133.72 −85.27 −104.85 −191.75 −110.83 −191.50 26.61
36.78 44.14 36.32
−61.34 −50.84 33.05
30.42 39.08 31.05
15.50 −4.75 −30.74 23.93 −0.25 −21.84 −42.26 −16.95 −25.48 −16.20 126.63 −152.46 −113.97 −114.39 −53.56 −57.78 −62.22 −33.76 −27.49
9.50 −19.46 −13.50 −26.10 −32.90 −42.26 −88.00 15.30
−43.72
39.58 127.32
37.49
−141.92 −52.80 −144.60 −43.05 43.43 127.32
−140.75
32.72 94.68
33.81 93.55
−117.75 −120.81 −134.10 −153.60
32.90 32.13
−123.00
−42.92
−116.00 −143.70 −160.18 −145.00 −157.95
23.72 32.13
−235.00 −207.00 38.28 38.28
−210.60 −282.15 −170.00 −30.20 −105.30
12.09 21.78 45.32
23.31
−96.20 −122.87 −199.25 −119.00 −199.66 7.82
3.14
43.89 26.78 43.89 −41.92 −29.83 28.58
28.62 28.62 27.53
−85.98 −24.52 39.87 83.30
27.91 32.97 25.48 144.52 8.15 1.00 −19.10 24.02 −9.83 −27.90 −46.74
24.73 56.69
123.43 −133.34 −107.74 −99.54 −41.30 −51.42 −62.89 −29.17 −28.62
−46.71
14.81 −14.39
8.08
0.79 −21.00 −11.13 −27.60 −35.80 −47.61 −90.00 25.80
−94.68 −25.31 −122.48 −29.83 32.59 83.30
10.50 −5.61 −23.06 26.15 −3.89 −24.14 −47.61 −19.62 −26.61 −11.67
−10.59
0.08 1.59
23.85 −14.39 3.72 60.46 −0.50 −20.08 −12.25 −29.08 −33.00 −46.74 −80.50 29.30 −52.50
−14.77 6.95 24.73 56.69
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-343
2-481
Domalski-Hearing* Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties (Continued)
This table is a partial listing of GC values available from the original Domalski-Hearing tables. Table-specific nomenclature: Cd = carbon with double bond; Ct = carbon with triple bond; Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ca = allenic carbon; corr = correction term; Cbf = fused benzene ring; NA = azo nitrogen; NI = imino nitrogen. Group
∆Hfo
So
∆Hfs liq.
Ss liq.
∆Hfs solid −46.74 −34.00 −13.90 −2.34 1.00 −4.35 −26.00 −33.31 −6.30 −46.00 47.80 101.00 18.97
Ss solid
CHN and CHNO Groups C(3H)(N) C(2H)(C)(N) C(H)(2C)(N) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(3C)(N) CH3 corr (quaternary) C(2H)(2N) C(2H)(Cb)(N) N(2H)(C) (first, amino acids) N(2H)(C) (second, amino acids) N(H)(2C) N(3C) N(2H)(N) N(H)(C)(N) N(2C)(N) N(2Cb)(N) N(H)(Cb)(N) N(2CO)(N) N(H)(2Cd) N(C)(2Cd) N(2H)(Cb) N(H)(C)(Cb) N(2C)(Cb) N(C)(2Cb) N(H)(2Cb) N(3Cb) NI(C) NI(Cb) NA(C) NA(Cb) NA(oxide)(C) C(2H)(C)(NA) C(H)(2C)(NA) C(3C)(NA) Cd(H)(N) Cd(C)(N) Cb(N)(2Cb) Cb(NO)(2Cb) Cb(NO2)(2Cb) Cb(CNO)(2Cb) Cb(CN)(2Cb) Cb(NA)(2Cb) Cb(H)(2NI) CO(H)(N) CO(C)(N) CO(Cb)(N) (amides) CO(Cb)(N) (amino acids) CO(Cd)(N) CO(2N) N(2H)(CO) (amides, ureas) N(2H)(CO) (amino acids) N(H)(C)(CO) (amides, ureas) N(H)(C)(CO) (amino acids) N(2C)(CO) N(H)(Cb)(CO) N(H)(2CO) N(C)(2CO) N(Cb)(2CO) N−(2Cb)(CO) N(C)(Cb)(CO) C(3H)(CN), acetonitrile C(2H)(C)(CN) C(H)(2C)(CN) C(3C)(CN) C(2C)(2CN) C(2H)(Cd)(CN) Cd(H)(CN) Ct(CN) C(3H)(NO2), nitromethane C(2H)(2NO2), dinitromethane C(H)(3NO2), trinitromethane C(4NO2), tetranitromethane C(2H)(C)(NO2)
−42.26 −28.30 −16.70 −2.26 0.29 −4.56 −30.00 −24.14 19.25 19.25 67.55 116.50 47.70 89.16 120.71
127.32 42.26 −63.55 0.00 −152.59 0.00
−47.61 −30.80 −14.65 −2.18 5.10 −4.39
83.30 32.38 −20.00 0.00 −87.99 0.00
124.40 126.90 33.96 −61.71 122.18
−26.09 0.33 0.33 51.50 112.00 25.30 75.00 119.00
71.71 71.71 32.09 −38.62 60.58 22.05 −26.94
87.50
73.40
83.55 120.64 19.25 59.00 126.40 120.44 83.55 123.15 81.46 69.00 109.50 109.50 40.80 −20.70 −2.66 11.50 −16.00 −5.74 −1.30 21.50 −1.45 −177.63 151.00 22.55 6.30 −124.39 −133.26
50.50 97.38 −11.00 26.25 109.40 97.38 50.50 121.80 73.68 54.50 104.85 104.85 22.65 −25.70 −5.42 15.50 −15.50 −5.62 1.50
−24.43
−171.80 −111.00 −63.00 −63.00 −16.28 −16.28 45.00 −20.84 −91.00 −11.64 9.12
126.90
47.01
−43.53
71.71
36.40
137.35 66.90 73.62 45.40 88.92 −21.60 36.55 96.50 89.30 45.40 107.50
56.69 23.01 0.00 0.00 39.00 48.75
70.00
57.00 103.00 103.00 −29.41
−28.30
79.95
85.25
122.38 20.08
64.75
147.03 56.70
−188.00 −185.00
93.55
96.00 88.25
−190.50 −63.90 −63.90 −17.10 −17.10 62.00 56.20
10.50 −13.00 −3.95 9.75 23.00 −32.50 155.69 121.20 18.65 0.25
−37.57 110.46 50.45
−194.60 −177.75 −177.75
40.00
−203.10 −65.25 −59.75 −9.80 5.50 55.00 −3.50 −30.80 64.00
69.00 18.00 33.03
60.85 72.00 74.04 94.52 113.50 137.96 95.31 146.65 264.60 −74.86 −58.90 −0.30 82.30 −60.50
252.60 167.25 67.86
158.41 284.14
203.60
40.56 66.07 81.50 116.20 66.40 117.28 250.20 −112.60 −104.90 −32.80 38.30 −93.50
149.62 106.02 −17.91
69.85 69.00 102.07
96.15 74.57
92.72 171.75 −48.00 −99.00
2-482
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-343
Domalski-Hearing* Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties (Continued)
This table is a partial listing of GC values available from the original Domalski-Hearing tables. Table-specific nomenclature: Cd = carbon with double bond; Ct = carbon with triple bond; Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ca = allenic carbon; corr = correction term; Cbf = fused benzene ring; NA = azo nitrogen; NI = imino nitrogen. Group
∆Hfo
∆Hfs liq.
So
Ss liq.
∆Hfs solid
Ss solid
CHN and CHNO Groups C(H)(2C)(NO2) C(3C)(NO2) C(2H)(Cb)(NO2) C(H)(C)(2NO2) C(2C)(2NO2) C(H)(C)(CO)(N) C(2H)(CO)(N) C(H)(Cb)(CO)(N) O(C)(NO) O(C)(NO2) N(H)(C)(NO2) N(H)(Cb)(NO2) N(H)(CO)(NO2) N(C)(2NO2) N(C)(Cb)(NO2) N(2C)(NO) N(2C)(NO2) C(2H)(C)(N3) C(H)(2C)(N3) C(2H)(Cb)(N3) C(3Cb)(N3) Cb(N3)(2Cb)
−53.00 −36.65 −62.00 −36.80 −28.50 −18.70 −3.10
115.32
−24.23 −79.71
166.11 191.92
100.30 183.00 90.00 88.00
−82.50 −61.20 −82.76 −88.80 −77.20
−46.50 −108.96
−89.00 −76.55 −81.00 −91.50 −90.30 −11.65 −30.95 127.50
−124.00 16.50 −14.00
53.50 167.00 59.00 50.00 321.70 255.00 327.40
274.00 347.00 328.60 320.00
−4.00 24.00
150.50 55.00 40.00
346.50 303.50 CHS and CHSO Groups
C(3H)(S) C(2H)(C)(S) C(H)(2C)(S) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(3C)(S) CH3 corr (quaternary) CH3 corr (tert/quat) CH3 corr (quat/quat) C(2H)(Cb)(S) C(2H)(Cd)(S) C(2H)(2S) Cb(S)(2Cb) Cd(H)(S) Cd(C)(S) S(C)(H) S(Cb)(H) S(2C) S(H)(Cd) S(C)(Cd) S(2Cd) S(Cb)(C) S(C)(S) S(Cb)(S) S(2S) S(2Cb) S(H)(S) S(H)(CO) CO(C)(S) C(3H)(SO) C(2H)(C)(SO) C(H)(2C)(SO) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(3C)(SO) CH3 corr (quaternary) C(2H)(Cd)(SO) cis correction Cb(SO)(2Cb) O(SO)(H) O(C)(SO) SO(2C) SO(2Cb) SO(2O) SO(C)(Cb) C(3H)(SO2) C(2H)(C)(SO2) C(H)(2C)(SO2) CH3 corr (tertiary) C(3C)(SO2) CH3 corr (quaternary)
−42.26 −23.17 −5.88 −2.26 13.52 −4.56 −1.80 −0.64 −18.53 −25.93 −25.10 −4.75 36.32 45.73 18.64 48.10 46.99 25.52 54.39 102.60 76.21 27.62 57.45 12.59 102.60 7.95 −5.90 −132.67 −42.26 −29.16
127.32 41.87 −47.36 0.00 −145.38 0.00 0.00 0.00
−47.61 −26.77 −6.07 −2.18 16.69 −4.39 −1.77 −0.64 −23.82 −32.44
83.30 41.09 −16.61 0.00 −86.86 0.00 0.00 0.00
−46.74
56.69
−2.34
0.00
−4.35 −2.70 −2.24
0.00 0.00 0.00
43.72 33.05 −51.92 137.67 57.34 55.19
−5.61 31.05
−10.59 28.58
1.00 25.48
1.59
0.06 28.51 29.82
85.95 89.04 29.80
58.20 14.36
35.44 30.84
−2.26 4.56 −4.56 −27.56 4.11 15.48 −158.60 −92.60 −66.78 −62.26 −213.00 −72.00 −42.26 −27.03 −14.00 −2.26 1.52 −4.56
0.00
68.59 50.50
42.00 40.60
56.07 68.59 130.54 64.31 127.32
93.02 −152.76 −47.61 −36.88
33.81 83.30
−46.74
56.69
−2.18 0.97 −4.39 −32.63 5.27 25.44
0.00
−2.34
0.00
0.00
−4.35
0.00
0.00
5.73 7.55
0.00 0.08
75.73
−108.98
22.18
127.32
−47.61 −33.76
83.30
−46.74 −35.96
56.69
0.00
−2.18 2.00 −4.39
0.00
−2.34 3.78 −4.35
0.00
0.00 5.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-343
2-483
Domalski-Hearing* Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties (Continued)
This table is a partial listing of GC values available from the original Domalski-Hearing tables. Table-specific nomenclature: Cd = carbon with double bond; Ct = carbon with triple bond; Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ca = allenic carbon; corr = correction term; Cbf = fused benzene ring; NA = azo nitrogen; NI = imino nitrogen. Group
∆Hfo
So
∆Hfs liq.
Ss liq.
∆Hfs solid
Ss solid
CHN and CHNO Groups CH3 corr (quat/quat) C(2H)(Cd)(SO2) C(H)(C)(Cd)(SO2) C(2H)(Cb)(SO2) C(2H)(Ct)(SO2) Cb(SO2)(2Cb) Cd(H)(SO2) Cd(C)(SO2) Ct(SO2) SO2(Cd)(Cb) SO2(2Cd) SO2(2C) SO2(C)(Cb) SO2(2Cb) SO2(SO2)(Cb) SO2(2O) SO2(C)(Cd) SO2(Ct)(Cb) O(SO2)(H) O(C)(SO2)
−0.64 −29.49 −71.99 −29.80 16.36 15.48 51.58 64.01 177.10 −291.55 −306.70 −288.58 −289.10 −287.76 −325.18 −417.30 −316.80 −296.30 −158.60 −91.40
C(3H)(F), methyl fluoride C(3H)(Cl), methyl chloride C(3H)(Br), methyl bromide C(3H)(I), methyl iodide C(C)(3F) C(2H)(C)(F) C(H)(2C)(F) C(3C)(F) C(H)(C)(2F) C(2C)(2F) C(C)(Cl)(2F) C(H)(C)(Cl)(F) C(C)(3Cl) C(H)(C)(2Cl) C(2H)(C)(Cl) C(2C)(2Cl) C(H)(2C)(Cl) C(3C)(Cl) C(C)(3Br) C(H)(C)(2Br) C(2H)(C)(Br) C(2C)(2Br) C(H)(2C)(Br) C(3C)(Br) C(C)(3I) C(H)(C)(2I) C(2H)(C)(I) C(2C)(2I) C(H)(2C)(I) C(3C)(I) C(H)(C)(Br)(Cl) N(C)(2F) C(H)(C)(Cl)(O) C(2H)(I)(O) C(C)(2Cl)(F) C(C)(Br)(2F) C(C)(2Br)(F) C(Br)(Cl)(F) Cd(H)(F) Cd(H)(Cl) Cd(H)(Br) Cd(H)(I) Cd(C)(Cl) Cd(2F) Cd(2Cl) Cd(2Br) Cd(2I) Cd(Cl)(F) Cd(Br)(F) Cd(Cl)(Br) Ct(F)
−247.00 −81.90 −37.66 14.30 −673.81 −221.12 −204.46 −202.92 −454.74 −411.39 −462.70 −271.14 −81.98 −79.10 −69.45 −79.56 −55.61 −43.70
87.37
−0.64 −49.05
−2.24
25.44
7.55
0.08
−341.14
−356.62
32.10
−305.40 −361.75
CHX and CHXO Groups 231.93 243.60 254.94 263.14 178.22 146.80 55.76
−61.10 −11.70 −709.07
135.56
164.32 74.48 169.45
−487.23 −400.37 −466.00
138.31
202.14 183.28 159.24 95.41 71.34 −24.26 233.05
−112.93 −102.60 −86.90 −101.80 −71.17 −56.78
145.91 128.45 104.27
−21.78
173.31
−42.65
113.00
−10.75 7.26
84.69 −13.46
−27.31 −7.40
108.78 33.54
228.45 177.78
48.74 68.46 −18.45 −32.64 −90.37 15.90 −322.54 −394.55
88.10 −3.21 191.21
−165.12 4.37 50.94 102.36 −5.06 −329.90 −11.51
137.24 147.85 159.91 169.45 62.76 155.63 175.41 199.16
−235.10
175.61 177.82 188.70
66.53 170.29
4.14
141.71 149.70
−12.67 −2.23 −32.08
−85.65
3.65
24.78 48.60
−343.87
−428.77
115.35
2-484
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-343
Domalski-Hearing* Group Contribution Values for Standard State Thermal Properties (Concluded)
This table is a partial listing of GC values available from the original Domalski-Hearing tables. Table-specific nomenclature: Cd = carbon with double bond; Ct = carbon with triple bond; Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ca = allenic carbon; corr = correction term; Cbf = fused benzene ring; NA = azo nitrogen; NI = imino nitrogen. ∆Hfo
Group
∆Hfs liq.
So
Ss liq.
∆Hfs solid
Ss solid
−191.20 −32.20 19.90 73.70 0.00 −58.41 −55.11 −419.59 −696.66 −44.06 −7.24 −92.56 −225.29 −216.67 −175.49 −117.09 −35.46
54.19 55.47 74.85 61.08 0.00
−194.00 −32.00 13.50 70.40 0.00 −74.75
39.79 43.37 54.45
6.96 25.00 14.00 6.30 0.00 0.00 18.50 40.60 83.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 112.00 6.00 −6.00 8.00 8.00 6.00 10.00 8.50 0.00 34.43 23.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CHX and CHXO Groups Ct(Cl) Ct(Br) Ct(I) Cb(F)(2Cb) Cb(Cl)(2Cb) Cb(Br)(2Cb) Cb(I)(2Cb) cis corr(I)(I) C(2H)(CO)(Cl) C(H)(CO)(2Cl) CO(C)(F) C(Cb)(3F) C(2H)(Cb)(Br) C(2H)(Cb)(I) C(2H)(Cb)(Cl) CO(C)(Cl) CO(Cb)(Cl) CO(C)(Br) CO(C)(I) C(H)(C)(CO)(Cl) C(C)(CO)(2Cl) ortho corr(I)(I) ortho corr(F)(F) ortho corr(Cl)(Cl) ortho corr(alkyl)(X) cis corr(Cl)(Cl) cis corr(CH3)(Br) ortho corr(F)(Cl) ortho corr(F)(Br) ortho corr(F)(I) meta corr(I)(I) meta corr(COCl)(COCl) ortho corr(COCl)(COCl) ortho corr(F)(CF3) meta corr(F)(CF3) ortho corr(F)(CH3) ortho corr(F)(F’) ortho corr(Cl)(Cl’) meta corr(F)(F) meta corr(Cl)(Cl) ortho corr(Cl)(CHO) ortho corr(F)(COOH) ortho corr(Cl)(COCl) ortho corr(F)(OH) ortho corr(Cl)(COOH) ortho corr(Br)(COOH) ortho corr(I)(COOH) ortho corr(NH2)(NH2) meta corr(NH2)(NH2) ortho corr(OH)(Cl) cis corr(CH3)(I)
140.00 151.30 35.53 −181.26 −17.03 36.35 94.50 3.00 −44.26 −40.40 −379.84 −691.79 −29.49 7.31 −73.79 −200.54
67.52 77.08 88.60 98.26 0.00
179.08
176.66
−148.54 −83.94 −39.88 7.56 20.90 9.50 2.51 −4.00 −4.00 13.50 37.25 85.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 111.00 2.00 −3.30 8.00 8.00 0.00 −5.00 −6.75 20.00 0.00 25.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 −10.00 0.00 7.50 −4.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
−212.99
5.50 25.50 8.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.50 42.50 85.20 20.08 16.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 8.00 8.50 4.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 0.00 14.00 11.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
*Domalski, E. S, and E. D. Hearing, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22 (1993): 805
Group contributions: Group Cb(H)(2Cb) Cb(C)(2Cb) Cb(N)(2Cb) C(3H)(C) N(2H)(Cb)
ni
Hf! gas
Hf! liq.
S! gas
Ss liq.
4 1 1 1 1
13.81 23.64 −1.30 −42.26 19.25
8.16 19.16 1.50 −47.61 −11.00
48.31 −35.61 −43.53 127.32 126.90
28.87 −19.50 −24.43 83.30 71.71
Total
54.57
−5.31
368.32
226.56
Calculation from Eq. (2-27): ∆Hof = 54.57 kJ/mol
∆Hsf = −5.31 kJ/mol
So = 368.32 J/(mol⋅ K)
So = 226.56 J/(mol⋅ K)
The recommended DIPPR® 801 standard enthalpies of formation are ∆Hof = 53.20 kJ mol and ∆Hsf = − 4.72 kJ mol; the estimated values are higher than the recommended values by 2.6 and 12.5 percent, respectively. The recommended DIPPR® 801 standard entropies are So = 355.8 J (mol⋅K) and Ss = 231.2 J (mol⋅K). The estimated values differ from these by 3.5 and − 2.0 percent, respectively.
Recommended Method Isodesmic reaction. Reference: Foresman, J. B., and A. Frisch, Exploring Chemistry with Electronic Structure Methods, 2d ed., Gaussian Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1996. Classification: Computational chemistry.
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Expected uncertainty: 5 to 10 percent depending upon the level of theory and basis set size used. Applicability: Compounds for which an isodesmic reaction can be formulated. Input data: Experimental ∆Hof values for all other participants in the isodesmic reaction. Description: While ab initio calculations of absolute enthalpies are not currently as accurate as GC methods, relative enthalpies of molecules calculated with the same level of theory and basis set can be very accurate, as in the case of isodesmic reactions. An isodesmic reaction is one in which the number and type of bonds are preserved during the reaction. For example, the reaction of acetaldehyde with ethane to form acetone and methane H
O HC
H 3C
O
CH3 H3C
CH3
CH3
H
C
H
H
is isodesmic with 12 single bonds and 1 double bond in both reactants and products. To use this method, one devises an isodesmic reaction involving the compound for which ∆Hfo is to be determined and other compounds for which experimental ∆Hfo values are available. Ab initio calculations are performed on all the participating compounds, all at the same level of theory and basis set size, to obtain the enthalpy for each at 298.15 K. The enthalpy of reaction is then calculated from ∆Hrxn = νiHi
(2-28)
where νi = stoichiometric coefficient of i (+ for products, − for reactants). The enthalpy of reaction is also related to ∆Hof by ∆Hrxn = νi(∆Hof )i
Example Estimate the standard ideal gas enthalpy of formation of acetaldehyde. Input information: The isodesmic reaction shown above will be used. The recommended ∆Hfo values from DIPPR® 801 for the other three compounds are Acetone
Methane
Ethane
−215.70 kJ/mol
−74.52 kJ/mol
−83.82 kJ/mol
Ab initio calculations of enthalpy: With structures optimized using HF/631G(d) model chemistry and energies calculated with B3LYP/6-311 + G(3df,2p), the following enthalpies are obtained (including the zero point energy): Acetone
ideal gas So at 298.15 K and 1 bar can be found in various literature sources (DIPPR, JANAF, TRC, SWS, and Daubert, T. E., and R. P. Danner, Technical Data Book-Petroleum Refining, 5th ed., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, extant 1994). Very good estimates for Ss or So can be obtained by using the Domalski-Hearing method. Excellent So values can also be obtained from statistical mechanics by using experimental vibrational frequencies or values of the frequencies generated from computational chemistry. The standard state ∆Sfs and standard ideal gas ∆Sfo entropies of formation at 298.15 K and 1 bar are related to the standard entropies by nA
nA
∆Ssf = Sscompound − νiSselement,i
∆Sof = Socompound − νiSselement,i (2-30)
i=1
i=1
where Sselement,i is the absolute entropy of element i in its standard state at 298.15 K and 1 bar. Recommended Method Domalski-Hearing method. Reference: Domalski, E. S., and E. D. Hearing, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22 (1993): 805. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 3 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group contributions have been regressed. Input data: Molecular structure. Description: See description given under Enthalpy of Formation above. Example Estimate the standard and ideal gas entropies of formation of o-toluidine. Standard state entropies: Estimation of Ss and So using the Domalski-Hearing method was illustrated above in the Enthalpy of Formation section. The standard entropies of formation can be obtained from the values determined in that example. Formula: C7H9N. The standard state entropies of the elements from the DIPPR® 801 database are as follows: Compound: νi: Ssi/[J(kmol⋅K)]:
N2 1/2 1.9151 105
H2 9/2 1.3057 105
C, graphite 7 5740
(2-29)
With experimental values available for all ∆Hof except the desired compound, its value can be back-calculated from Eq. (2-29).
−5.071 × 105 kJ/mol
2-485
Methane
Ethane
Acetaldehyde
−1.063 × 105 kJ/mol
−2.095 × 105 kJ/mol
−4.039 × 105 kJ/mol
Calculation using Eq. (2-28): ∆Hrxn = (−1.063 − 5.071 + 2.095 + 4.039) × 105 kJ mol = − 41.67 kJ mol Calculation using Eq. (2-29): ∆Hof,acetaldehyde = ∆Hof,acetone + ∆Hof,methane − ∆Hof,ethane − ∆Hrxn kJ kJ ∆Hof,acetaldehyde = (−215.70 − 74.52 + 83.82 + 41.67) = −164.73 mol mol ®
The estimated value is 1.0 percent above the DIPPR 801 recommended value of −166.40 kJ mol.
Entropy Absolute or third-law entropies (relative to a perfectly ordered crystal at 0 K) of a compound in its standard state Ss or of an
Entropies of formation can be calculated from these values by using Eq. (2-30): 105 J 9 1 ∆Ssf = 0.22656 − (1.9151) − (1.3057) − (7)(0.0574) 2 2 kmol⋅K
J = − 7.008⋅105 kmol⋅K 105 J 1 9 ∆Sof = 0.36832 − (1.9151) − (1.3057) − (7)(0.0574) 2 2 kmol⋅K
J = − 6.867⋅105 kmol⋅K
Recommended Method Statistical mechanics. Classification: Theory and computational chemistry. Expected uncertainty: 0.2 percent if vibrational frequencies (or their characteristic temperatures) are experimentally available; uncertainty depends upon model chemistry if frequencies are determined from computational chemistry, but generally within about 5 percent. Applicability: Ideal gases. Input data: M; σ (external symmetry number); characteristic rotational temperature(s) (ΘA for linear molecules; ΘA, ΘB, and ΘC for nonlinear molecules); and 3nA − 6 + δ characteristic vibrational temperatures Θj. Description: For harmonic frequencies, the rigorous temperature dependence of So is given by S So 3 M = ln 6175 + r + R 2 kg/kmol R
Θj
T (e
Θj T
3nA − 6 + δ
j=1
− 1)−1 − ln (1 − e−Θ T) j
(2-31)
2-486
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
0 where δ = e 1
vapor and saturated liquid at a temperature between the triple point and critical point (at the corresponding vapor pressure). Variable ∆Hv is related to the vapor pressure P* by the thermodynamically exact Clapeyron equation
nonlinear linear
S r = R
{
1 πT 3 e 3 ln σ ΘAΘ B ΘC
ln
1 2
σΘ 1 2
Te
d ln P∗ d ln P∗ ∆Hv = −R ∆Z v = RT 2 ∆Z v d(1 T) dT
nonlinear
where ∆Zv = ZG − ZL ZG = Z of saturated vapor ZL = Z of saturated liquid
linear
A
T = 298.15 K
Experimental heats of vaporization can be effectively correlated with
Example Calculate S for ammonia. o
Θj/K
Θj/T
1207.91 1850.16 1850.16 3688.19 3821.36 3821.36
4.051 6.205 6.205 12.370 12.817 12.817
∆Hv = A(1 − Tr)B + CT + DT + ET r
Structure: NH3. Input data: M = 17 kg/kmol. McQuarrie [McQuarrie, D. A., Statistical Mechanics, Harper & Row, New York, 1976] gives the following 3m − 6 + δ = 12 − 6 + 0 = 6 characteristic vibrational temperatures (K): 1360, 2330, 2330, 4800, 4880, 4880. The characteristic rotational temperatures given by McQuarrie are ΘA = 13.6 K, ΘB = 13.6 K, and ΘC = 8.92 K. For NH3, σ = 3. Vibrational contribution: The table below shows a spreadsheet calculation of the vibrational terms inside the summation sign in Eq. (2-31).
(298.15 K)3πc3 S 1 r = ln e ⋅ R 3 (13.6 K)(13.6 K)(8.92 K)
1 − Tr ∆Hv = ∆Hv,ref 1 − Tr,ref
f = 5.81593
1 2
Calculation using Eq. (2-31): So298 3 = ln (6175⋅17) + 5.81593 + 0.1186 = 23.277 ∆Hrxn = R 2
ν (∆H ) i
o f i
J So298 = 1.935 × 105 kmol⋅K
∆G = ∆H − T∆S o f
o f
and
∆G = ∆H − T∆S s f
s f
s f
(2-32)
and predicted values of ∆G and ∆G are obtained from Eq. (2-32) by estimating the enthalpies and entropies of formation as shown above. s f
o f
3 r
0.38
∆Hv = R∆Zv (−B + CT + DET E+1)
(2-35)
(2-36)
The ZG and ZL values can be evaluated by using the methods given in the subsection on densities below. Example Calculate ∆Hv for anisole at 452 K. Input data: The vapor pressure coefficients in the DIPPR® 801 database, based on Eq. (2-22), are A = 128.06
B = −9307.7
C = −16.693
D = 0.014919
E=1
The vapor pressure at 452 K is P∗ 9307.7 ln = 128.06 − − 16.693 ln 452 + 0.014919(452)1 = 12.155 Pa 452 P∗ = exp (12.155)⋅Pa = 1.901 × 105Pa
Determine ∆Z: Required data from the DIPPR® 801 database for this calculation are Tc = 645.6 K, Pc = 4.25 MPa, and ω = 0.35017. These values are used to determine the reduced conditions and the values of ZG and ZL from the Lee-Kesler corresponding states method as discussed in the subsection on density.
LATENT ENTHALPY Enthalpy of Vaporization The enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ∆Hv is the difference between the molar enthalpies of the saturated
(2-34)
If an accurate correlation for P* and accurate values for ZG and ZL are available, Eq. (2-33) is the preferred method for obtaining enthalpies of vaporization. Otherwise, the CS methods shown below should be used. Recommended Method 1 Vapor pressure correlation. Classification: Extension of theory. Expected uncertainty: Varies significantly with temperature and with the quality and temperature range of the vapor pressure data used in the correlation. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group contributions have been regressed. Input data: Correlations for P*, ZG, and ZL. If Tr < 0.8, then ZG can be set to 1. Description: An expression for ∆Hv can be obtained from Eq. (2-33) by using an appropriate vapor pressure correlation. If one differentiates the Riedel vapor pressure correlation, Eq. (2-22), in accordance with Eq. (2-33), one obtains the heat of vaporization as
The calculated value differs from the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 1.9266 × 105 J (kmol⋅K) by 0.5 percent.
Gibbs’ Energy of Formation The standard Gibbs energy of formation is the Gibbs energy change upon formation of 1 mol of the compound in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states. The standard state Gibbs energy of formation ∆Gsf uses the naturally occurring phase at 298.15 K and 1 bar as the standard state, while the ideal gas Gibbs energy of formation ∆Gof uses the compound in the ideal gas state at 298.15 K and 1 bar as the standard state. In both cases, the standard state for the elements is their naturally occurring state of aggregation at 298.15 K and 1 atm. Sources for data include DIPPR, TRC, JANAF, and Daubert and Danner, (Daubert, T. E., and R. P. Danner Technical Data Book—Petroleum Refining, 5th ed., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, extant 1994). The Gibbs energies of formation are related to the corresponding enthalpies and entropies of formation by
2 r
A simple method for obtaining ∆Hv at one temperature from a known value at a reference temperature, say, at the normal boiling point, is to truncate Eq. (2-34) after the B term, set B = 0.38, and take a ratio of the ∆Hv values at the two conditions to give the Watson [Thek, R. E., and L. I. Stiel, AIChE J., 12 (1966): 599; 13(1967): 626] correlation
Svib 0.08929 0.01457 0.01457 0.00006 0.00004 0.00004 Sum 0.1186
Rotational contribution:
o f
(2-33)
452 = 0.7 Tr = 645.6
0.1901 Pr = = 0.045 4.25
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Interpolation of the Pr values in Tables 2-351 and 2-352 at a Tr of 0.7 gives 0.050 − 0.010
0.045 − 0.010 Z(1) G = −0.0064 + (−0.0507 + 0.0064) = − 0.0452 0.050 − 0.010
(1) ZG = Z(0) G + ωZG = 0.9554 + (0.35017)(−0.0452) = 0.94
∆ZV = ZG – ZL = 0.94
Calculation using Eq. (2-36):
J ∆Hv = 8.314 (0.94)[9307.7 − (16.693)(452) + (0.014919)(1)(452)2] mol⋅K kJ = 37.59 mol⋅K This value is 0.2 percent higher than the value of 37.51 kJ/(mol⋅K) obtained from the DIPPR® 801 database.
Recommended Method 2 Corresponding states correlation. Reference: PGL5, p. 7.18. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: Less than about 6 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds. Input data: Tc, Pc, and ω. Description: The following correlation is used: where τ = 1 − Tr
(2-37)
Example Repeat the above calculation for anisole’s ∆Hv at 452 K. Input data: Tc = 645.6 K, Pc = 4.25 MPa, and ω = 0.35017. Auxiliary quantities: From the previous example, the reduced temperature is Tr = 0.7
J kJ ∆Hv = (10.785) 8.314 (294 K) = 26.36 mol⋅K mol⋅K This value is 2.4 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 25.73 kJ (mol⋅K).
Enthalpy of Fusion The enthalpy (heat) of fusion ∆Hfus is the difference between the molar enthalpies of the equilibrium liquid and solid at the melting temperature and 1.0 atm pressure. There is no generally applicable, high-accuracy estimation method for ∆Hfus, but the GC method of Chickos can be used to obtain approximate results if the melting temperature is known. Recommended Method Chickos method. Reference: Chickos, J. S., et al., J. Org. Chem., 56 (1991): 927. Classification: QSPR and group contributions. Expected uncertainty: Considerable variation but generally less than 50 percent. Applicability: Only valid at the melting temperature. The method is based on the ∆Sfus between a solid at 0 K and the liquid at the Tm so no solid-solid transitions are taken into account. Values of ∆Hfus will be overestimated if there are solid-solid transitions for the actual material. Input data: Tm and molecular structure. Description: ∆Hfus ∆Sfus Tm = = (Tm K)(a + b) J/mol J/(mol⋅K) K
ng
no nonaromatic rings nonaromatic rings
ns
nf
j=1
k=1
b = Ngi ∆si + Nsj Csj ∆sj + NfkCtk ∆sk i=1
This value is 2.2 percent below the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 37.51 kJ (mol⋅K).
Recommended Method 3 Vetere method for ∆Hv at Tb. Reference: Vetere, A., Fluid Phase Equilib., 106 (1995): 1. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: About 4 percent. Applicability: Valid only at the normal boiling point. Input data: Tc, Pc, and Tb. Description: The following correlation is used:
where τb = 1 − Tbr
F=1
{
J kJ ∆Hv = (6.838) 8.314 (645.6 K) = 36.70 mol⋅K mol⋅K
0.5066 ⋅ bar τ b0.38 ln(Pc /bar) − 0.513 + PcT 2b r 0.38 τb + F(1 − τ b ) ln Tbr
0 a = 35.19N + 4.289(N − 3N ) R CR R
∆Hv = 7.08(0.3)0.354 + 10.95(0.35017)(0.3)0.456 = 6.838 RTc
∆Hv = RTb
τb = 1 − Tbr = 0.369
(0.369)0.38 ln 55.5 − 0.513 + 0.5066/(55.5)(0.631)2 ∆Hv = = 10.785 RTb (0.369) + [1 − (0.369)0.38] ln 0.631
τ = 1 − 0.7 = 0.3
Calculation using Eq. (2-37):
294 Tbr = = 0.631 466 Calculation using Eq. (2-38):
At this low pressure, ZL is very small compared to ZG and may be neglected; so
∆Hv = 7.08τ 0.354 + 10.95ωτ 0.456 RTc
For most compounds, F = 1; compounds that dimerize (e.g., SO2, NO, NO2) and alcohols with more than two C atoms are assigned F = 1.05. Example Calculate ∆Hv at the normal boiling point for acetaldehyde. Input data: Recommended values from the DIPPR® 801 database are Tc = 466.0 K, Pc = 5.55 MPa, and Tb = 294.0 K. Auxiliary quantities: From the previous example, the reduced temperature is
0.045 − 0.010 Z(0) G = 0.9904 + (0.9504 − 0.9904) = 0.9554
2-487
(2-38)
(2-39) (2-40)
(2-41)
where Ngi = number of C—H groups of type i bonded to other carbon atoms ng = number of different nonring or aromatic C—H groups bonded to other carbon atoms Nsj = number of C—H groups of type j bonded to at least one functional group or atom ns = number of different nonring or aromatic C—H groups bonded to at least one functional group or atom Nfk = number of functional groups of type k nf = number of different functional groups or atoms t = total number of functional groups or atoms with the exception that F atoms count as one regardless of number of occurences Csj = value from Table 2-344 for C—H group j bonded to at least one functional group or atom Ctk = value from Table 2-345 for functional group k NR = number of nonaromatic rings NCR = number of —CH2— groups in nonaromatic ring(s) required to form cyclic paraffin of same ring size(s) ∆si = contribution from Table 2-344 for group i ∆sk = contribution from Table 2-345 for group k
2-488
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-344
Cs (CᎏH) Group Values for Chickos Estimation* of ⌬Hfus
Group
Description
Cs
∆s
Group
Description
Cs
∆s
CH3 >CH2 >CH >C < CH2= CH= >C= CH C
methyl methylene secondary C tertiary C terminal alkene alkene subst. alkene term. alkyne alkyne
1.0 1.0 0.69 0.67 1.0 3.23 1.0 1.0 1.0
18.33 9.41 −16.91 −38.70 14.56 4.85 −11.38 10.88 2.18
CHAr CAr CAr CAr >CrH >Cr < CrH= >Cr= Cr or =Cr=
aromatic C ar. C bonded to paraffinic C ar. C bonded to olefinic C or non-C group ar. C bonded to acetylinic C ring structure ring structure ring structure ring structure ring structure
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.76 1.0 0.62 0.86 1.0
6.44 −10.33 −4.27 −2.51 −15.98 −32.97 −4.35 −11.72 −5.36
*Chickos, J. S., et al., J. Org. Chem., 56 (1991): 927. Tm = 304.5 K
Note that nonaromatic ring CH2 groups are accounted for in the a term and are not included in the b term. Example Calculate ∆Hfus at the melting point for (a) benzothiophene, (b)
furfuryl alcohol, and (c) cis-crotonaldehyde. Structures:
O
(a)
(b) NCR = 5
NR = 1
O
(c)
Group
a = 35.19 + (5 − 3)(4.289) = 43.77
Group
Description
N
C
苷CH 苷C 苷C 苷CH 苷CH S
aromatic (Ng type) ring (Ng type) ring (Ns type) ring (Ng type) ring (Ns type) ring
4 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0.86 1 0.62 1
∆s
Total
6.44 −11.72 −11.72 −4.35 −4.35 2.18 Total
25.76 −11.72 −10.08 −4.35 −2.70 2.18 −0.91
TABLE 2-345 Ct (Functional) Group Values for Chickos Estimation* of ⌬H fus Description
C1
C2
C3
C4
s
OH OH O O >C=O >C=O CHO COOH COO NH2 NH2 >NH >NH >N >N =N =N CN NO2 CONH2 CONH SH S S SO2 F F F Cl Br I
alcohol phenol nonring ether ring ether nonring ketone ring ketone aldehyde acid ester aliphatic aromatic nonring ring nonring ring ring aromatic nitrile nitro primary amide secondary amide
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
12.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.83 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0
18.9 1.0 1.0 1.0
26.4 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.13 16.57 1.09 1.34 3.14 −1.88 19.66 14.90 3.68 16.23 15.48 −2.18 1.84 −15.90 −17.07 1.67 7.32 9.62 17.36 26.19 −0.42 17.99 7.20 2.18 3.26 14.73 13.01 15.90 8.37 17.95 16.95
1.88 1.0
1.72 1.0
1.0 1.0
0.36 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0
*Chickos, J. S., et al., J. Org. Chem., 56 (1991): 927.
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.93 0.82
NCR = 5
a = 35.19 + (5 − 3)(4.289) = 43.77
Description
苷CH 苷CH 苷C< 苷O CH2 OH
ring (Ng type) ring (Ns type) ring (Ns type) ring ether Ns type alcohol
Tm = 258.52 K
N
C
2 1 1 1 1 1
1 0.62 0.86 1 1 12.6
∆s
Total
−4.35 −8.70 −4.35 −2.70 −11.72 −10.08 1.34 1.34 9.41 9.41 1.13 14.24 Total 3.51
from DIPPR® 801 database
∆Hfus = (Tm K)(a + b) J mol = (258.52)(43.77 + 3.51) J mol = 12.22 kJ mol This value is 7 percent lower than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 13.13 kJ/mol. (c)
Group
nonring ring nonring on aliph. C on olefinic C on ring C
This value is 10 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 11.83 kJ/mol.
CH3
(a) t = 1 (1 total “functional group”), so the C1 column in Table 2-345 is used. NR = 1
∆Hfus = (Tm K)(a + b) J mol = (304.5)(43.77 − 0.91) J mol = 13.05 kJ mol
(b) t = 2 (2 total “functional groups”), so the C2 column in Table 2-345 is used.
OH
S
from DIPPR® 801 database
t=1
Group CH3 苷CH– 苷CH– CHO
NR = 0
a=0
Description
N
C
∆s
Total
nonring (Ng type) nonring (Ng type) nonring (Ns type) aldehyde
1 1 1 1
1 1 3.23 1
18.33 4.85 4.85 19.66
18.33 4.85 15.67 19.66
Total Tm = 158.38 K
58.51
from DIPPR® 801 database
∆Hfus = (Tm K)(a + b) J mol = (158.38)(0 + 58.51) J mol = 9.27 kJ mol This value is 5 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 8.86 kJ/mol.
Enthalpy of Sublimation The enthalpy (heat) of sublimation ∆Hfus is the difference between the molar enthalpies of the equilibrium vapor and solid along the sublimation curve below the triple point. The effects of pressure on ∆Hfus and melting temperature are very small so that Tt and the normal melting point are nearly equal and ∆Hsub(Tt) = ∆Hv(Tt) + ∆Hfus(Tt)
(2-42)
Equation (2-42) can be used to estimate ∆Hsub at the triple point if ∆Hv is accurately known at Tt. Because ∆Hv is usually obtained from Eq. (2-33), ∆Hv(T) correlations may be less accurate near Tt where P*(Tt) is very small and difficult to measure. In this case, it is better to estimate ∆Hsub directly by using the following recommended
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES method. Although Eqs. (2-33) and (2-34) apply to Tt, ∆Hsub is only a weak function of temperature and can generally be taken as a constant from the triple point temperature down to the first solid-solid phase transition. Recommended Method Goodman method. Reference: Goodman, B., et al., Int. J. Thermophys. 25 (2004): 337. Classification: QSPR and group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 6 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group contributions have been regressed. Input data: Molecular structure and radius of gyration RG. Description:
+ n a + n β N
∆Hsub(Tt) 12 RG = 698.04 + 3.83798 × 10 m RK
N
i i
i=1
2 i i
i=1
(2-43)
N
ni f + i
2-489
Input data: The value of RG from the DIPPR® 801 database is 4.455 × 10−10 m. Calculation using Eq. (2-43): ∆Hsub(Tt) = 698.04 + (3.83798 × 1012)(4.455 × 10−10) + 6657.049 RK
3 + (32)(−2.21614) + (−1543.66) 6
kJ kJ ∆Hsub(Tt) = (8273.134 K) 0.008314 = 68.78 mol⋅K mol The estimated value is 5.6 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 65.11 kJ/mol. Estimate the solid vapor pressure from Eq. (2-26): The solid vapor pressure at 301.15 K can be calculated from Eq. (2-26) by using the estimated ∆Hsub. Recommended values for Tt and P*t from the DIPPR® 801 database are 325.65 K and 182.957 Pa, respectively.
nx
i=1
where ai = GC values from Table 2-346 βi = nonlinear corrections for >CH2 and Ar—CH = groups fi = halogen corrections nx = total number of all halogen and hydrogen atoms attached to C and Si atoms ∆Hsub and the solid vapor pressure for 1,2,3trichlorobenzene at 301.15 K. Structure:
Example Calculate
P∗ = (182.957 Pa)[exp(−2.067)] = 23.16 Pa The estimated value is 0.3 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 23.09 Pa.
HEAT CAPACITY
Cl
∂V dP ∂T
CP = CoP − T
Group contributions: Linear groups
Nonlinear and correction terms
Group
ni
ai
Group
ni
βi
ArCH苷 Ar >C苷 Cl
3 3 3
626.7621 348.8092 1243.445
Ar CH苷 Cl nx
3 3 6
−2.21614
fi −1543.66
ni ai 6657.049 i
TABLE 2-346
Description
CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< CH2= CH= >C= Ar CH= Ar >C= Ar O Ar N= Ar S O OH COH
methyl methylene secondary C tertiary C terminal alkene alkene substituted alkene aromatic C subst. aromatic C furan O pyridine N thiophene S ether alcohol aldehyde
Nonlinear terms >CH2 ArCH=
P
0
2
2
The second term, giving the deviation of the real fluid heat capacity from the ideal gas value, can be neglected at low to moderate pressures, or it can be calculated directly from an appropriate EoS. Ideal gas heat capacities are available from several sources (DIPPR, JANAF, TRC, and SWS). Two common correlating equations for CPo are the Aly-Lee [Aly, F. A., and L. L. Lee, Fluid Phase Equilib., 6
methylene aromatic C
ai 736.5889 561.3543 111.0344 −800.517 572.6245 541.2918 117.9504 626.7621 348.8092 763.284 1317.056 911.2903 970.4474 3278.446 2402.093
Group >C=O COO COOH NH2 NH >N NO2 SH S SS F Cl Br >Si< >Si(O)
i 9.5553 −2.21614
*Goodman, B., et al., Int. J. Thermophys., 25 (2004): 337.
(2-44)
P
Group Contributions and Corrections* for Hsub
Group
Heat capacity CP is defined as the energy required to change the temperature of a unit mass (specific heat) or mole (molar heat capacity) of the material by one degree. Typical units are J/(kg⋅K). Gases The heat capacity of a gas is related rigorously to the ideal gas heat capacity CPo by
Cl Cl
P* 68.78kJ /mol 325.65 ln = 1 − = − 2.067 182.957 Pa [0.008314 kJ (mol⋅K)](325.65 K) 301.15
Description
ai
ketone ester acid primary amine sec. amine tertiary amine nitro thiol/mercaptan sulfide disulfide fluoride chloride bromide silane siloxane
1816.093 2674.525 5006.188 2219.148 1561.222 325.9442 3661.233 1921.097 1930.84 2782.054 626.4494 1243.445 669.9302 −83.7034 −16.0597
Halogen correction terms F Cl Br
F fraction Cl fraction Br fraction
fi −1397.4 −1543.66 5812.49
2-490
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
(1981): 169] equation A2 T CoP = Ao + A1 sinh(A2 T)
2
A4 T + A3 cosh(A4 T)
2
(2-45)
From experimental frequencies: J J 8 C0P = + 0.2769 R = (4.2769) 8.3143 = 35.56 2 mol⋅K mol⋅K
J J 8 C0P = + 0.197 R = (4.197) 8.3143 = 34.90 2 mol⋅K mol⋅K
4
C = AiT
From computational chemistry frequencies:
and a polynomial form (generally fourth-order) o P
i
(2-46)
i=0
Ideal gas heat capacities may also be estimated from several techniques, of which two of the most accurate and commonly used are recommended here. Recommended Method 1 Statistical mechanics. Reference: Rowley, R. L., Statistical Mechanics for Thermophysical Property Calculations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1994. Classification: Theory and computational chemistry. Expected uncertainty: 0.2 percent if vibrational frequencies (or their characteristic temperatures) are experimentally available; accuracy depends upon model chemistry if frequencies are determined from computational chemistry, but generally within 3 percent. Applicability: Ideal gases. Input data: 3nA − 6 + δ vibrational frequencies νj, or the corresponding characteristic vibrational temperatures Θj. The two are related by
The value calculated from experimental frequencies is 0.1 percent lower than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 35.61 J/(mol⋅K); the value calculated from frequencies generated from computational chemistry software is 2.0 percent lower than the DIPPR® 801 value.
Recommended Method 2 Benson method as implemented in CHETAH program. References: Benson, S. W., et al., Chem. Rev., 69 (1969): 279; CHETAH Version 8.0: The ASTM Computer Program for Chemical Thermodynamic and Energy Release Evaluation (NIST Special Database 16). Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 4 percent. Applicability: Ideal gases of organic compounds. Input data: Table 2-347 group values at the seven specified temperatures. Description: Groups are summed at each individual temperature: N
Θj = hνj k
8−δ Co P = + 2 R
j=1
Θj
eΘ T
− 1) T (e 2
j
Θj T
2
δ=e
0 1
nonlinear linear
where ni = number of occurrences of group i and (Cpo)i = individual group contribution. Either Eq. (2-45) or Eq. (2-46) can be used to interpolate between the discrete temperatures. Example Calculate the ideal gas heat capacity of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3butadiene) at 400 K. Structure: CH3
(2-48) Example Calculate the ideal gas heat capacity of ammonia at 300 K. Structure:
H2C
苷CH2 苷C(2C) CH3-(苷C) 苷CH-(C)
H N
CH
CH2
No.
Value, J/(mol⋅K)
2 1 1 1
26.62 19.3 32.82 21.05
Contribution, J/(mol⋅K)
Total
H Input data: McQuarrie (McQuarrie, D. A., Statistical Mechanics, Harper & Row, New York, 1976) gives the following 3m − 6 + δ = 12 − 6 + 0 = 6 characteristic vibrational temperatures (K): 1360, 2330, 2330, 4800, 4880, and 4880. Alternatively, a computational chemistry package gives the following scaled frequencies for HF/6-31G+ model chemistry (1013 Hz): 3.24, 4.97, 4.97, 9.90, 10.26, and 10.26. Calculation: The table on the left uses the experimental Θ values to determine the individual terms in the summation of Eq. (2-48); the table on the right uses the scaled frequencies from computational chemistry software and Eq. (2-47) to obtain Θ values and the individual terms in Eq. (2-48).
C
Group identification and values: Group
H
(2-49)
i=1
where nA = number of atoms in molecule and δ = 1 for linear molecules and 0 for nonlinear molecules. Description: For harmonic frequencies, the rigorous temperature dependence of CPo is given by 3nA −6 + δ
CoP = ni ⋅(Cop)i
(2-47)
53.24 19.3 32.82 21.05 126.41
The value of 126.4 J (mol⋅K) is 3.1 percent below the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 130.4 J (mol⋅K).
Liquids Liquid heat capacity increases with increasing temperature, although a minimum occurs near the triple point for many compounds. Usually liquid heat capacity is correlated as a function of temperature with a polynomial equation. A cubic equation is usually adequate. Estimation of liquid heat capacity can be done by using a number of methods [Ruzicka, V., and E. S. Domalski, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22 (1993): 597, 619; Chueh, C. F., and A. C. Swanson, Chem. Eng.
HF/6-31G + scaled frequencies
Experimental frequencies Θ/K
Θ/(300 K)
Term
νscaled/Hz
Θ/K
Θ/(300 K)
Term
1360 2330 2330 4800 4880 4880
4.533 7.767 7.767 16.000 16.267 16.267
0.2256 0.0256 0.0256 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3.24 4.97 4.97 9.90 10.26 10.26
1555.0 2385.3 2385.3 4751.4 4924.2 4924.2
5.183 7.951 7.951 15.838 16.414 16.414
0.1524 0.0223 0.0223 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Sum
0.2769
Sum
0.1970
NOTE: Empirical scaling factors have been developed for each model chemistry to help correct theoretical frequencies for anharmonic effects [Scott, A. P., and L. Radom, J. Phys. Chem., 100 (1996): 16502].
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-347
2-491
Benson* and CHETAH† Group Contributions for Ideal Gas Heat Capacity
Table-specific nomenclature: Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ct = carbon with a triple bond, (苷C) = carbon with a double bond; Cp = carbon in fused ring; Naz = azide; Nim = imino. Group
298 K
400 K
500 K
600 K
800 K
1000 K
45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.21 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17 45.17
54.5 54.5 54.5 54.5 54.42 54.54 54.54 54.54 54.54 54.5 54.5 54.5 54.5 54.5
61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.95 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83 61.83
20.59 19.42 17.12 20.59 38.51 37.67 35.79 28.76 38.93 53.16
22.35 20.93 19.25 22.35 39.77 39.35 38.3 31.27 40.18 56.93
23.02 21.89 20.59 23.02 40.6 40.18 39.85 33.32 41.02 59.86
37.8 39.14 38.17 40.18 40.98 40.98 63.71 40.18 41.9 39.77 38.01 39.35 39.47 36.84 38.34 41.73 39.72 41.36 40.1 38.72 40.85
45.46 46.34 43.2 47.3 49.35 49.77 72.58 47.3 48.1 46.46 45.46 46.46 46.5 44.58 45.84 51.32 46.97 48.3 47.17 45.92 50.98
51.74 51.65 47.26 52.74 55.25 55.25 78.82 52.74 52.49 51.07 51.03 51.49 51.61 49.94 51.15 59.23 52.24 53.29 52.49 51.28 59.48
36.63 35.12 32.57 35.16 36.54 35.5 36.38 34.28 33.7 31.77
40.73 41.11 38.09 40.18 41.06 40.35 41.44 39.6 38.97 35.41
42.9 43.99 41.44 42.7 43.53 43.11 44.24 42.65 42.07 38.97
25.53 36.75 27.17 19.97 33.07 32.23 27.17 27.63 34.11 34.58 33.99
27.63 38.47 30.43 25.2 35.58 34.32 30.43 31.56 36.5 37.34 36.71
28.46 37.51 31.69 26.71 35.58 34.49 31.23 33.32 33.91 37.51 36.67
1500 K
CH3 Groups CH3(Cb) CH3(CO) CH3(Ct) CH3(C) CH3(N) CH3(O) CH3(PO) CH3(P) CH3(P苷N) CH3(Si) CH3(SO2) CH3(SO) CH3(S) CH3(苷C)
25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.95 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91 25.91
32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.65 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82
39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35 39.35
73.59 73.59 73.59 73.59 73.67 73.59 73.59 73.59 73.59 73.59
73.59
Ct Groups Ct(Cb) Ct(Ct) Ct(C) Ct(苷C) CtBr CtCl CtF CtH CtI Ct(CN)
10.76 14.82 13.1 10.76 34.74 33.07 28.55 22.06 35.16 43.11
14.82 16.99 14.57 14.82 36.42 35.16 31.65 25.07 36.84 47.3
14.65 18.42 15.95 14.65 37.67 36.42 33.99 27.17 38.09 50.65
24.28 23.32 26.58 24.28 41.77 37.04 64.04
CH2 Groups CH2(2CO) CH2(2C) CH2(2O) CH2(2苷C) CH2(Cb,O) CH2(Cb,SO2) CH2(Cb,S) CH2(Cb,苷C) CH2(C,Cb) CH2(C,CO) CH2(C,Ct) CH2(C,N) CH2(C,O) CH2(C,SO2) CH2(C,SO) CH2(C,S) CH2(C,苷C) CH2(苷C,O) CH2(苷C,SO2) CH2(苷C,SO) CH2(苷C,S)
16.03 23.02 11.85 19.67 15.53 15.53 38.09 19.67 24.45 25.95 20.72 21.77 20.89 17.12 19.05 22.52 21.43 19.51 20.34 18.42 22.23
26.66 29.09 21.18 28.46 26.26 27.5 49.02 28.46 31.85 32.23 27.46 28.88 28.67 24.99 26.87 29.64 28.71 29.18 28.51 26.62 28.59
CH(2C,Cb) CH(2C,CO) CH(2C,Ct) CH(2C,N) CH(2C,O) CH(2C,SO2) CH(2C,S) CH(2C,苷C) CH(3C) CH(C,2O)
20.43 18.96 16.7 19.67 20.09 18.5 20.3 17.41 19 22.02
27.88 25.87 23.48 26.37 27.79 26.16 27.25 24.74 25.12 23.06
C(2C,2O) C(3C,Cb) C(3C,CO) C(3C,Ct) C(3C,N) C(3C,O) C(3C,SO2) C(3C,SO) C(3C,S) C(3C,苷C) C(4C)
19.25 19.72 9.71 0.33 18.42 18.12 9.71 12.81 19.13 16.7 18.29
19.25 28.42 18.33 7.33 25.95 25.91 18.33 19.17 26.25 25.28 25.66
32.15 34.53 31.48 35.16 34.66 34.66 57.43 35.16 37.59 36.42 33.19 34.74 34.74 31.56 33.28 36 34.83 36.21 34.95 29.05 34.45
59.65 60.28
60.28 57.6 59.44 61.11
60.11
CH Groups 33.07 30.89 28.67 31.81 33.91 31.65 32.57 30.72 30.01 27.67
44.7 46.55
47.22 46.76
C Groups 23.02 33.86 23.86 14.36 30.56 30.35 23.86 20.26 31.18 31.1 30.81
31.94
34.45 33.99
2-492
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-347
Benson* and CHETAH† Group Contributions for Ideal Gas Heat Capacity (Continued)
Table-specific nomenclature: Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ct = carbon with a triple bond, (苷C) = carbon with a double bond; Cp = carbon in fused ring; Naz = azide; Nim = imino. Group
298 K
400 K
500 K
600 K
800 K
1000 K
1500 K 25.32
Aromatic (Cb and Cp Groups) Cb(Cb) Cb(CO) Cb(Ct) Cb(C) Cb(N) Cb(O) Cb(Si) Cb(SO2) Cb(SO) Cb(S) Cb(苷C) Cb(苷Nim) CbBr CbCl CbF CbH CbI Cb(CHN2) Cb(CN) Cb(N3) Cb(NCO) Cb(NCS) Cb(NO2) Cb(SO2OH) Cp(2Cb,Cp) Cp(3Cp) Cp(Cb,2Cp)
13.94 11.18 15.03 11.18 16.53 16.32 11.18 11.18 11.18 16.32 15.03 16.53 32.65 30.98 26.37 13.56 33.49 47.3 41.86 34.74 55.25 32.23 38.93 65.42 12.56 8.37 12.56
17.66 13.14 16.62 13.14 21.81 22.19 13.14 13.14 13.14 22.19 16.62 21.81 36.42 35.16 31.81 18.59 37.25
20.47 15.4 18.33 15.4 24.86 25.95 15.4 15.4 15.4 25.95 18.33 24.86 39.35 38.51 35.58 22.85 40.18
22.06 17.37 19.76 17.37 26.45 27.63 17.37 17.37 17.37 27.63 19.76 26.45 41.44 40.6 38.09 26.37 41.44
24.11 20.76 22.1 20.76 27.33 28.88 20.76 20.76 20.76 28.88 22.1 27.33 43.11 42.7 41.02 31.56 43.11
24.91 22.77 23.48 22.77 27.46 28.88 22.77 22.77 22.77 28.88 23.48 27.46 43.95 43.53 42.7 35.2 43.95
48.14
52.74
55.67
59.86
62.79
64.04
70.32
74.51
79.95
82.88
50.23 79.49 15.49 12.14 15.49
59.44 84.51 17.58 14.65 17.58
66.56 97.61 19.25 16.74 19.25
76.18 109.25 21.77 19.67 21.77
80.37 113.31 23.02 21.35 23.02
苷C(2C) 苷C(CO,O) 苷C(C,Cb) 苷C(C,CO) 苷C(C,O) 苷C(C,SO2) 苷C(C,S) 苷C(C,苷C) 苷CC(苷C,O) 苷CH(Cb) 苷CH(CO) 苷CH(Ct) 苷CH(C) 苷CH(O) 苷CH(SO2) 苷CH(S) 苷CH(苷C) 苷CH2 苷C苷
17.16 23.4 18.42 22.94 17.16 15.49 14.65 18.42 18.42 18.67 31.73 18.67 17.41 17.41 12.72 17.41 18.67 21.35 16.32
19.3 29.3 22.48 29.22 19.3 26.04 14.94 22.48 22.9 24.24 37.04 24.24 21.05 21.05 19.55 21.05 24.24 26.62 18.42
22.02 32.44 25.87 31.98 22.02 38.51 17.12 25.87 26.29 31.06 40.31 31.06 27.21 27.21 28.63 27.21 31.06 35.58 20.93
24.28 33.57 27.21 33.53 24.28 44.62 18.46 27.21 27.21 34.95 43.45 34.95 32.02 32.02 32.94 32.02 34.95 42.15 22.19
25.45 34.03 27.71 34.32 25.45 47.47 20.93 27.71 27.71 37.63 46.21 37.63 35.37 35.37 36.29 35.37 37.63 47.17 23.02
O(2C) O(2O) O(2苷C) O(Cb,CO) O(CO,O) O(C,Cb) O(C,CO) O(C,O) O(C,苷C) O(苷C,CO) OH(Cb) OH(CO) OH(C) OH(O) O(CN)(Cb) O(CN)(C) O(CN)(苷C) O(NO2)(C) O(NO)(C) (CO)Cl(C) (CO)H(Cb) (CO)H(CO)
14.23 15.49 14.02 8.62 1.51 2.6 11.64 15.49 12.72 6.03 18 15.95 18.12 21.64 34.74 41.86 54.42 39.93 38.09 42.28 33.53 28.13
15.49 15.49 16.32 11.3 6.28 3.01 15.86 15.49 13.9 12.47 18.84 20.85 18.63 24.24
15.49 15.49 17.58 13.02 9.63 4.94 18.33 15.49 14.65 16.66 20.09 24.28 20.18 26.29
15.91 15.49 18.84 14.32 11.89 7.45 19.8 15.49 15.49 18.79 21.77 26.54 21.89 27.88
18.42 17.58 21.35 16.24 15.28 11.89 20.55 17.58 17.54 20.8 25.12 30.01 25.2 29.93
19.25 17.58 22.6 17.5 17.33 14.99 21.05 17.58 18.96 21.77 27.63 32.44 27.67 31.44
48.3 43.11 46.04 44.2 32.78
55.5 46.88 49.39 48.77 37.25
65.3 50.23 51.9 59.48 41.4
68.61 55.67 55.67 68.56 47.84
72.75 58.18 57.76 74.01 50.73
24.07 25.03 25.03
24.07
40.73
85.81
苷C苷, 苷C, 苷CH Groups 20.89 31.31 24.82 31.02 20.89 33.32 16.03 24.82 24.82 28.25 38.8 28.25 24.32 24.32 24.82 24.32 28.25 31.44 19.67
26.62 28.13
28.13 41.77 41.77 40.27 40.27 41.77 55.21 23.86
Oxygen Groups 20.09
20.09
37.34 33.65 34.2
60.69
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-347
2-493
Benson* and CHETAH† Group Contributions for Ideal Gas Heat Capacity (Continued)
Table-specific nomenclature: Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ct = carbon with a triple bond, (苷C) = carbon with a double bond; Cp = carbon in fused ring; Naz = azide; Nim = imino. Group
298 K
400 K
500 K
600 K
800 K
1000 K
40.52 40.52 40.52 48.77 21.05
46.71 46.71 46.71 63.12 26.32
51.07 51.07 51.07 74.68 29.54
55.25 85.64 49.52 68.98 82.88 77.86 46.71 57.85 77.44 74.93 68.52 57.3 57.35 59.86 56.09 54.42 59.9 58.18 56.72 53.75 68.23 53.41 46.88 69.07 48.39 63.21 54.42 74.17 56.3 59.86 59.02 56.51 58.18 55.67 53.16 47.72 46.88 43.95 48.56
56.93 88.66 52.07 70.99 86.23 82.88 52.03 63.46 84.14 80.79 76.06 65.26 64.88 67.81 64.04 63.62 68.15 66.14 64.25 58.81 74.93 59.82
56.09 89.66 53.12 71.24 87.9 85.39 53.24 65.84 87.9 83.72 79.99 69.95 70.32 73.67 69.9 69.49 73.8 72 69.36 61.62 79.53 64.38
74.93 54.83 69.9 59.31 79.7 57.72 62.37 61.53 59.86 61.11 59.44 57.76 51.9 51.49 49.39 52.74
78.28 58.64 74.51 61.95 81.58 56.93 63.62 62.79 61.53 62.79 61.53 60.69 55.25 54.83 53.16 55.67
17.29 26.16 34.45 27.33 29.05 24.99 20.3 20.93 17.66 45.63 21.35 30.93 28.59 13.94 26.29 14.57 29.3 33.78 34.7 33.78 38.93 22.35 28.34
21.89 28.42 37.8 28.59 30.93 27.46 22.1 22.94 20.05 50.9 28.3 33.28 33.07 16.91 30.1 17.75 32.65 39.39 41.69 39.39 43.95 23.82 28.71
23.4 28.76 38.47 34.91 38.68 27.92 22.14 27.08 21.43 53.54 32.98 34.28 36.21 18.21 32.36 18.96 34.74 43.83 46.97 43.83 48.14 23.9 29.51
1500 K
Oxygen Groups (CO)H(C) (CO)H(N) (CO)H(O) (CO)H(苷C) CO(Cb)(O)
29.43 29.43 29.43 24.32 9.12
32.94 32.94 32.94 30.22 11.51
CBr(3C) CBr3(C) CCl(3C) CCl2(2C) CCl3(C) CClF2(C) CF(3C) CF2(2C) CF3(Cb) CF3(C) CF3(S) CH2Br(Cb) CH2Br(C) CH2Br(苷C) CH2Cl(C) CH2F(C) CH2I(Cb) CH2I(C) CH2I(O) CHBr(2C) CHBrCl(C) CHCl(2C) CHCl(C,O) CHCl2(C) CHF(2C) CHF2(C) CHI(2C) CHI2(C) CI(3C) 苷CBr2 苷CBrCl 苷CBrF 苷CCl2 苷CClF 苷CF2 苷CHBr 苷CHCl 苷CHF 苷CHI
39.35 72.12 36.96 51.07 68.23 57.35 28.46 39.01 52.32 53.16 41.36 30.51 38.09 40.6 37.25 33.91 33.91 38.51 34.41 37.38 51.9 35.45 37.67 50.65 30.56 41.44 38.64 56.93 41.15 51.49 50.65 45.21 47.72 43.11 40.6 33.91 33.07 28.46 36.84
47.72 78.65 43.87 62.29 75.35 67.39 37.09 46.97 64.04 62.79 54.46 46.46 46.04 47.72 44.79 41.86 45.17 46.04 43.91 44.62 58.6 42.7 41.44 58.6 37.84 50.23 45.67 63.42 49.18 55.25 53.16 50.23 52.32 48.97 46.04 39.77 38.51 35.16 41.86
36.92 36.92 36.92 39.77 16.65 Halide Groups 52.74 82.92 47.72 66.76 79.95 73.25 42.7 53.24 72 68.65 62.08 52.2 52.74 54.42 51.49 50.23 53.7 54 51.19 50.06 63.3 48.89 43.95 64.46 43.83 57.35 50.9 69.61 54.08 58.18 56.51 53.58 55.67 52.74 50.23 44.37 43.11 39.77 45.63 Nitrogen Groups
CH2(N3)(C) 苷CH(N3) N(2C,Cb) N(2C,CO) N(2C,SO2) N(2C,SO) N(2C,S) N(3C) N(Cb,2CO) N(C,2CO) Nb pyridN NF2(C) NH(2Cb) NH(2CO) NH(2C) NH(Cb,CO) NH(C,Cb) NH(C,CO) NH(C,N) NH2(Cb) NH2(CO) NH2(C) NH2N 苷Naz(C) 苷Naz(N)
64.46 54.42 2.6 13.02 25.2 17.58 15.99 14.57 4.1 4.48 10.88 26.5 9.04 15.03 17.58 2.39 15.99 2.76 20.09 23.94 17.04 23.94 25.53 11.3 8.87
8.46 19.17 26.58 24.61 21.64 19.09 12.81 12.99 13.48 34.58 13.06 23.19 21.81 6.32 20.47 6.49 24.28 27.25 24.03 27.25 30.98 17.16 17.5
13.69 23.52 31.56 25.62 25.99 22.73 17.71 18.04 15.95 40.9 17.29 28.05 25.66 9.96 23.9 10.3 27.21 30.64 29.85 30.64 35.16 20.59 23.06
27.21
39.97
37.67 51.4 51.4 55.25
2-494
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-347
Benson* and CHETAH† Group Contributions for Ideal Gas Heat Capacity (Continued)
Table-specific nomenclature: Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ct = carbon with a triple bond, (苷C) = carbon with a double bond; Cp = carbon in fused ring; Naz = azide; Nim = imino. Group
298 K
400 K
500 K
600 K
800 K
1000 K
1500 K
Nitrogen Groups 苷NazH 苷Nim(Cb) 苷Nim(C) 苷NimH
18.33 12.56 10.38 12.35
S(2Cb) S(2C) S(2S) S(2苷C) S(Cb,S) S(C,Cb) S(C,S) S(C,苷C) SH(Cb) SH(CO) SH(C) SO(2Cb) SO(2C) SO2(2Cb) SO2(2C) SO2(2苷C) SO2(Cb,SO2) SO2(Cb,苷C) SO2(C,Cb) S(CN)(Cb) S(CN)(C) S(CN)(苷C)
8.37 20.89 19.67 20.05 12.1 12.64 21.89 17.66 21.43 31.94 24.53 23.94 37.17 34.99 48.22 48.22 41.06 41.4 41.61 39.77 46.88 59.44
8.41 20.76 20.93 23.36 14.19 14.19 22.69 21.26 22.02 33.86 25.95 38.05 41.98 46.17 50.1 50.1 48.14 48.14 48.14
113.23 −39.64
134.95
47.72 61.95 52.7 45.21 50.19 80.79 36.21 61.62 41.4 72.42 43.11 51.90 51.49 56.93
56.93
64.04
66.22 54 63.67 101.3 46.71 74.47 55.84
20.47
22.77
24.86
28.34
31.06
13.98 19.17
16.53 27
17.96 32.27
19.21 38.22
19.25 41.52
11.47 21.22 21.77 26.33 17.37 16.91 23.06 24.15 25.24 34.2 28.38 47.93 45.17 62.54 59.77 59.77 61.66 61.16 60.74
15.91 22.65 22.19 33.24 20.01 19.34 22.52 24.57 29.26 35.58 30.56 47.97 45.96 66.39 64.38 64.38 65.76 65.8 65.38
19.72 23.98 22.6 40.73 21.35 20.93 21.43 24.57 32.82 34.49 32.27 47.09 46.76 66.81 66.47 66.47 67.1 66.64 66.64
198.62
219.72
70.74
80.79
85.81
77.52 60.69 74.17 117.2 53.96 83.72 66.39
86.48 66.14 82.08 129.76 58.81 90.46 73.75
99.58 72 92.84 146.09 64.92 99.54 82.92
108.41 79.11 99.2 156.13 67.77 104.48 87.32
50.23
56.09
61.11
68.65
73.67
63.21 69.28
72.83 78.19
80.37 84.76
90.41 93.51
97.11 98.74
−11.05 −7.03 −7.95 −10.88 −12.64 −16.37 −14.56
−7.87 −6.2 −7.41 −9.63 18.09 −19.25 −10.88
−5.78 −5.57 −6.78 −8.63 24.35 −23.86 0.84
−10.97 −5.44 −5.99 −6.91 −15.91 −17.33 −12.56 −3.77 −16.74 −15.91 −2.89 −15.32 −15.32
−6.4 4.6 −1.21 −5.36 −11.72 −12.26 −10.88 9.21 −12.01 −11.3 3.6 −18.46 −18.46
−1.8 9.21 0.33 −4.35 −8.08 −9.46 −10.05 17.58 −9.08 −7.53 5.4 −23.32 −23.32
35.33
Sulfur Groups 9.38 21.01 21.35 23.15 15.57 15.53 23.06 23.27 23.32 33.99 27.25 40.6 43.95 56.72 55.88 55.88 56.59 55.88 56.3
Boron and Silicon Groups Si(4C) SiH3(C)
154.5
171.2
252.91
Monovalent Ligands CH2(CN)(C) CH2(NCS)(C) CH2(NO2)(C) CH(CN)(2C) CH(NO2)(2C) CH(NO2)2(C) C(CN)(3C) C(CN)2(2C) C(NO2)(3C) 苷CH(CHN2) 苷CH(CN) 苷CH(NCS) 苷CH(NO2) 苷C(CN)2
105.9
3,4 Member Ring Corrections cyclobutane ring cyclobutene ring cyclopropane ring ethylene oxide ring ethylene sulfide ring thietane ring trimethylene oxide ring
−19.3 −10.59 −12.77 −8.37 −11.93 −19.21 −19.25
−16.28 −9.17 −10.59 −11.72 −10.84 −17.5 −20.93
1,4 dioxane ring cyclohexane ring cyclohexene ring cyclopentadiene ring cyclopentane ring cylopentene ring furan ring piperidine ring pyrrolidine ring tetrahydrofuran ring thiacyclohexane ring thiolane ring thiophene ring
−19.21 −24.28 −17.92 −14.44 −27.21 −25.03 −20.51 −24.7 −25.83 −25.12 −26.04 −20.51 −20.51
−20.8 −17.16 −12.72 −11.85 −23.02 −22.39 −18 −19.67 −23.36 −24.28 −17.83 −19.55 −19.55
−13.14 −7.91 −8.79 −12.56 −11.13 −16.37 −17.58
−2.8 −5.11 −6.36
5,6 Member Ring Corrections −15.91 −12.14 −8.29 −8.96 −18.84 −20.47 −15.07 −12.14 −20.09 −20.09 −9.38 −15.4 −15.4
13.81 3.39 −1.55 −4.52
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
2-495
Benson* and CHETAH† Group Contributions for Ideal Gas Heat Capacity (Concluded)
TABLE 2-347
Table-specific nomenclature: Cb = carbon in benzene ring; Ct = carbon with a triple bond, (苷C) = carbon with a double bond; Cp = carbon in fused ring; Naz = azide; Nim = imino. Group
298 K
400 K
500 K
600 K
800 K
1000 K
−1.63 −1.63 −1.63 −1.63 −1.63 −1.26 2.93 3.68
−1.09 −1.09 −1.09 −1.09 −1.09
1500 K
7 and 8 Member Ring Corrections −38.01 −44.16
cycloheptane ring cyclooctane ring
Gauche and 1,5 Repulsion Corrections −5.61 −5.61 −5.61 −5.61 −5.61 −2.09
but-2-ene structure CC苷CC but-3-ene structure CCC苷C cis- between 2 t-butyl groups cis- involving 1 t-butyl group cis-(not with t-butyl group) ortho- between Cl atoms ortho- between F atoms other ortho- (nonpolar-nonpolar)
−4.56 −4.56 −4.56 −4.56 −4.56 5.02 −0.84 5.65
4.69
−3.39 −3.39 −3.39 −3.39 −3.39 2.09 −0.42 5.44
−2.55 −2.55 −2.55 −2.55 −2.55 −2.51 1.26 4.9
−0.21
2.76
*Benson, S. W., et al., Chem. Rev., 69 (1969): 279. †CHETAH Version 8.0: The ASTM Computer Program for Chemical Thermodynamic and Energy Release Evaluation (NIST Special Database 16).
Prog., 69, 7 (1973): 83; Lee, B. I., and M. G. Kesler, AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510; Tarakad, R. R., and R. P. Danner, AIChE J., 23 (1977): 944] and thermodynamic differentiation. The most accurate and generally applicable method is that by Ruzicka and Domalski. Recommended Method Ruzicka-Domalski. References: Ruzicka, V., and E. S. Domalski, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22 (1993): 597, 619. Classification: Group contributions. Expected Uncertainty: 4 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group values are available. Input data: Molecular structure and Table 2-348 values. Description: Groups are summed to find the temperature coefficients for a cubic polynomial correlation:
C T T P = A + B + D R 100 K 100 K N
N
A = niai
B = nibi i =1
i=1
2
(2-50)
N
D = nidi
(2-51)
ference in the heat capacity of the two equilibrium solid phases that exist on either side of the transition temperature. The heat capacity generally rises steeply with increasing temperature near the triple point. For a quick estimation of solid heat capacity specifically at 298.15 K, the very simple modification of Kopp’s rule [Kopp, H., Ann. Chem. Pharm. (Liebig), 126 (1863): 362] by Hurst and Harrison [Hurst, J. E., and B. K. Harrison, Chem. Eng. Comm., 112 (1992): 21] can be used. At other temperatures and to obtain the temperature dependence of the solid heat capacity, the method given below by Goodman et al. should be used. Recommended Method 1 Goodman method. Reference: Goodman, B. T., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49 (2004): 24. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 10 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group values are available. Input data: Molecular structure and Table 2-349 group values. Description:
i=1
CP A T = J (mol⋅K) 1000 K
where ni = number of occurrences of group i and ai, bi, di = individual group contributions.
i=1
i=1
(2-53)
Example Estimate the solid heat capacity for p-cresol at 307.93 K.
Group contributions: Group
ni
ai
bi
di
C(3C,O) (alcohol) O(H)(C) C(3H)(C)
1 1 3
−44.690 12.952 3.8452
31.769 −10.145 −0.33997
−4.8791 2.6261 0.19489
−20.202
20.604
Sum
N
where ni = number of occurences of group i ai = individual group contribution βi = nonlinear correction terms for chain and aromatic carbons
CH3 H3C CH3 OH
J CP = 8.3143 mol⋅K
N
(2-52)
A = exp 6.7796 + ni ai + n2i βi
Example Estimate the liquid heat capacity for 2-methyl-2-propanol at 340 K. Structure:
0.79267
H3C
OH
−1.668
− 1.668 −20.202 + 20.604 100 100 340
Structure:
340
2
J = 254.16 mol⋅K This value is 0.7 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 252.40 J (mol⋅K).
Solids Solid heat capacity increases with increasing temperature and is proportional to T 3 near absolute zero. The heat capacity at a solidsolid phase transition becomes large, and there can be a substantial dif-
Group contributions: Group
ni
ai
βi
CH3 ArCH苷 Ar >C苷 OH
1 4 2 1
0.20184 0.082478 0.012958 0.10341
0 −0.00033 0 0
From Eq. (2-53): A = exp[6.7796 + 0.20184 + (4)(0.082478) + (2)(0.012958) + 0.10341 + (4)2 (−0.00033)] = 1694.9
2-496
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-348 Liquid Heat Capacity Group Parameters for Ruzicka-Domalski Method* Table-specific nomenclature: Ct refers to a carbon atom with a triple bond; Cb refers to a carbon atom in benzene ring; 苷C refers to a carbon atom with a double bond; Cp refers to a carbon atom in a fused benzene ring; 苷C苷 refers to an allenic carbon atom. Group Definition
a
b
d
T range (K)
Group Definition
Hydrocarbon Groups C(3H,C) C(2H,2C) C(H,3C) C(4C) 苷C(2H) 苷C(H,C) 苷C(2C) 苷C(H,苷C) 苷C(C,苷C) C(3H,苷C) C(2H,C,苷C) C(H,2C,苷C) C(3C,苷C) C(2H,2苷C) Ct(H) Ct(C) 苷C苷 Ct(Cb) Cb(H) Cb(C) Cb(苷C) Cb(Cb) C(2H,C,Ct) C(3H,Ct) C(3H,Cb) C(2H,C,Cb) C(H,2C,Cb) C(3C,Cb) C(2H,2Cb) C(H,3Cb) 苷C(H,Cb) 苷C(C,Cb) Cp(Cp,2Cb) Cp(2Cp,Cb) Cp(3Cp)
3.8452 2.7972 −0.42867 −2.9353 4.1763 4.0749 1.9570 3.6968 1.0679 3.8452 2.0268 −0.87558 −4.8006 1.4973 9.1633 1.4822 3.0880 12.377 2.2609 1.5070 −5.7020 5.8685 2.0268 3.8452 3.8452 1.4142 −0.10495 1.2367 −18.583 −46.611 3.6968 1.0679 −3.5572 −11.635 26.164
−0.33997 −0.054967 0.93805 1.4255 −0.47392 −1.0735 −0.31938 −1.6037 −0.50952 −0.33997 −0.20137 0.82109 2.6004 −0.46017 −4.6695 1.0770 −0.62917 −7.5742 −0.2500 −0.13366 5.8271 −0.86054 −0.20137 −0.33997 −0.33997 0.56919 1.0141 −1.3997 11.344 24.987 −1.6037 −0.50952 2.8308 6.4068 −11.353
0.19489 0.10679 0.0029498 −0.085271 0.099928 0.21413 0.11911 0.55022 0.33607 0.19489 0.11624 0.18415 −0.040688 0.52861 1.1400 −0.19489 0.25779 1.3760 0.12592 0.011799 −1.2013 −0.063611 0.11624 0.19489 0.19489 0.0053465 −0.071918 0.41385 −1.4108 −3.0249 0.55022 0.33607 −0.39125 −0.78182 1.2756
80–490 80–490 85–385 145–395 90–355 90–355 140–315 130–305 130–305 80–490 90–355 110–300 165–295 130–300 150–275 150–285 140–315 230–550 180–670 180–670 230–550 295–670 90–355 80–490 80–490 180–470 180–670 220–295 300–420 375–595 130–305 130–305 250–510 370–510 385–480
2.8647 −1.9986 −0.42564 0.08488 0.41360 0.41360 −0.82721 0.19403 0.33288 −0.92054 0.80145 0.15892 0.24596 0.27199 0.82003 0.44241 0.19165 −0.0055745 −0.0097873 −0.40942 −0.62960 0.39346 1.2520
125–345 125–345 245–310 180–355 140–360 140–360 275–360 168–360 190–420 245–340 240–420 180–420 165–415 120–300 120–240 155–300 120–240 210–365 230–460 245–370 250–320 210–365 245–345
Halogen Groups C(C,3F) C(2C,2F) C(C,3Cl) C(H,C,2Cl) C(2H,C,Cl) C(2H,苷C,Cl) C(H,2C,Cl) C(2H,C,Br) C(H,2C,Br) C(2H,C,I) C(C,2Cl,F) C(C,Cl,2F) C(C,Br,2F) 苷C(H,Cl) 苷C(2F) 苷C(2Cl) 苷C(Cl,F) Cb(F) Cb(Cl) Cb(Br) Cb(I) C(Cb,3F) C(2H,Cb,Cl)
15.423 −8.9527 8.5430 10.880 9.6663 9.6663 −2.0600 6.3944 10.784 0.037620 13.532 7.2295 8.7956 7.1564 7.6646 9.3249 7.8204 3.0794 4.5479 2.2857 2.9033 7.4477 16.752
−9.2464 10.550 2.6966 −0.35391 −1.8601 −1.8601 5.3281 −0.10298 −2.4754 5.6204 −3.2794 0.41759 −0.19165 −0.84442 −2.0750 −1.2478 −0.69005 0.46959 0.22250 2.2573 2.9763 −0.92230 −6.7938
Nitrogen Groups C(3H,N) C−(2H,C,N) C(2H,Cb,N) C(H,2C,N) C(3C,N) N(2H,C) N(2H,Cb)
3.8452 2.4555 2.4555 2.6322 1.9630 8.2758 8.2758
−0.33997 1.0431 1.0431 −2.0135 −1.7235 −0.18365 −0.18365
a
b
d
T range (K)
Nitrogen Groups
0.19489 −0.24054 −0.24054 0.45109 0.31086 0.035272 0.035272
80−490 190–375 190–375 240–370 255–375 185–455 185–455
N(H,2C) N(3C) N(H,C,Cb) N(2C,Cb) N(C,2Cb) Cb(N) N(2H,N) N(H,C,N) N(2C,N) N(H,Cb,N) C(2H,C,CN) C(3C,CN) 苷C(H,CN) Cb(CN) C(2H,C,NO2) O(C,NO2) Cb(NO2) N(H,2Cb) (pyrrole) Nb(2Cb)
−0.10987 4.5942 0.49631 −0.23640 4.5942 −0.78169 6.8050 1.1411 −1.0570 −0.74531 11.976 2.5774 9.0789 1.9389 18.520 −2.0181 15.277 −7.3662 0.84237
0.73024 −2.2134 3.4617 16.260 −2.2134 1.5059 −0.72563 3.5981 4.0038 3.6258 −2.4886 3.5218 −0.86929 3.0269 −5.4568 10.505 −4.4049 6.3622 1.25560
0.89325 0.55316 −0.57161 −2.5258 0.55316 −0.25287 0.15634 −0.69350 −0.71494 −0.53306 0.52358 −0.58466 0.32986 −0.47276 1.05080 −1.83980 0.71161 −0.68137 −0.20336
170–400 160–360 240–380 285–390 160–360 240–455 215–465 205–300 205–300 295–385 185–345 295–345 195–345 265–480 190–300 180–350 280–415 255–450 210–395
2.6261 0.54075 0.54075 −0.87263 0.19489 −0.27140 −4.9593 −4.9593 0.69508 −0.016124 −4.8791 −0.44354 0.37860 −1.44210 0.31655 −0.31693 −1.53670 −0.79259 0.19489 0.47121 0.49646 −0.25674 −1.27110 −0.15377 −0.15377 −0.18312 6.0326 −2.82740 −5.12730 −2.89620 0.53631 −3.24270 3.05310 2.74830 −3.04360 −3.05670 −0.12758 −2.68490
155–505 195–475 195–475 285–400 80–490 135–505 260–460 260–460 185–460 130–170 200–355 170–310 130–350 320–350 300–535 170–310 275–335 285–530 80–490 180–465 185–375 225–360 180–430 220–430 220–430 185–380 275–355 300–465 280–340 180–445 195–350 320–345 175–440 230–500 195–355 195–430 175–500 175–500
0.19489 −0.08349 −0.31234 −0.72356 −0.75674 0.47368 0.47368 0.45625 0.45625 0.17938 0.45625 −0.06131
80–490 130–390 150–390 190–365 260–375 130–380 130–380 165–390 165–390 170–350 165–390 205–345
Oxygen Groups O(H,C) O(H,C) (diol) O(H,Cb) (diol) O(H,Cb) C–(3H,O) C–(2H,C,O) C–(2H,Cb,O) C–(2H,苷C,O) C(H,2C,O) (alcohol) C(H,2C,O) (ether, ester) C(3C,O) (alcohol) C(3C,O) (ether, ester) O(2C) O(C,Cb) O(2Cb) C(2H,2O) C(2C,2O) Cb(O) C(3H,CO) C(2H,C,CO) C(H,2C,CO) C(3C,CO) CO(H,C) CO(H,苷C) CO(H,Cb) CO(2C) CO(C,苷C) CO(C,Cb) CO(H,O) CO(C,O) CO(苷C,O) CO(O,CO) O(C,CO) O(H,CO) 苷C(H,CO) 苷C(C,CO) Cb(CO) CO(Cb,O)
12.952 −10.145 5.2302 −1.5124 5.2302 −1.5124 −7.9768 8.10450 3.8452 −0.33997 1.4596 1.4657 −35.127 28.409 −35.127 28.409 2.2209 −1.4350 0.98790 0.39403 −44.690 31.769 −3.3182 2.6317 5.0312 −1.5718 −22.5240 13.1150 −4.5788 0.94150 1.0852 1.5402 −12.955 9.10270 −1.0686 3.52210 3.8452 −0.33997 6.6782 −2.44730 3.92380 −2.12100 −2.2681 1.75580 −3.82680 7.67190 −8.00240 3.63790 −8.00240 3.63790 5.4375 0.72091 41.507 −32.632 −47.21100 24.36800 13.11800 16.12000 29.24600 3.42610 41.61500 −12.78900 23.99000 6.25730 −21.43400 −4.01640 −27.58700 −0.16485 −9.01080 15.14800 −12.81800 15.99700 12.15100 −1.67050 16.58600 5.44910 Sulfur Groups
C(3H,S) C(2H,C,S) C(H,2C,S) C(3C,S) Cb(S) S(H,C) S(H,Cb) S(2C) S(2Cb) S(C,S) S(Cb,S) S(2Cb) (thiophene)
3.84520 1.54560 −1.64300 −5.38250 −4.45070 10.99400 10.99400 9.23060 9.23060 6.65900 9.23060 3.84610
−0.33997 0.88228 2.30700 4.50230 4.43240 −3.21130 −3.21130 −3.00870 −3.00870 −1.35570 −3.00870 0.36718
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
2-497
TABLE 2-348 Liquid Heat Capacity Group Parameters for Ruzicka-Domalski Method* (Concluded) Table-specific nomenclature: Ct refers to a carbon atom with a triple bond; Cb refers to a carbon atom in benzene ring; 苷C refers to a carbon atom with a double bond; Cp refers to a carbon atom in a fused benzene ring; 苷C苷 refers to an allenic carbon atom. Group Definition
a
b
d
T range (K)
Ring Strain Contributions Hydrocarbons (ring strain) cyclopropane cyclobutane cyclopentane (unsub) cyclopentane (sub) cyclohexane cycloheptane cyclooctane spiropentane cyclopentene cyclohexene cycloheptene cyclooctene cyclohexadiene cyclooctadiene cycloheptatriene cyclooctatetraene indan 1H-indene tetrahydronaphthalene
4.4297 1.2313 −0.33642 0.21983 −2.0097 −11.460 −4.1696 5.9700 0.21433 −1.2086 −5.6817 −14.885 −8.9683 −7.2890 −8.7885 −12.914 −6.1414 −3.6501 −6.3861
−4.3392 −2.8988 −2.8663 −1.5118 −0.72656 4.9507 0.52991 −3.7965 −2.5214 −1.5041 1.5073 7.4878 6.4959 3.1119 8.2530 13.583 3.5709 2.4707 2.6257
1.0222 0.75099 0.70123 0.28172 0.14758 −0.74754 −0.018423 0.74612 0.63136 0.42863 −0.19810 −1.0879 −1.5272 −0.43040 −2.4573 −4.0230 −0.48620 −0.60531 −0.19578
155–240 140–300 180–300 135–365 145–485 270–300 295–320 175–310 140–300 160–320 220–300 260–330 170–300 205–320 200–310 275–330 170–395 280–375 250–320
Group Definition
a
b
decahydronaphthalene −6.8984 0.66846 hexahydroindan −3.9271 −0.29239 dodecahydrofluorene −19.687 8.8265 tetradecahydrophenanthrene −0.67632 −1.4753 hexadecahydropyrene 61.213 −30.927 Nitrogen compounds ethyleneimine 15.281 −2.3360 pyrrolidine 12.703 1.3109 piperidine 25.681 −7.0966 Oxygen compounds ethylene oxide 6.8459 −5.8759 trimethylene oxide −7.0148 7.3764 1, 3-dioxolane −2.3985 −0.48585 furan 9.6704 −2.8138 tetrahydrofuran 3.2842 −5.8260 tetrahydropyran −13.017 3.7416 Sulfur compounds thiacyclobutane −0.73127 −1.3426 thiacyclopentane −3.2899 0.38399 thiacyclohexane −12.766 5.2886
d
T range (K)
−0.070012 0.048561 −1.4031 −0.13087 3.2269
235–485 210–425 315–485 315–485 310–485
−0.13720 −1.18130 0.14304
195–330 170–400 265–370
1.2408 −2.1901 0.10253 0.11376 1.2681 −0.15622
135–325 185–300 175–300 190–305 160–320 295–325
0.40114 0.089358 −0.59558
200–320 170–390 295–340
*Ruzicka, V., and E. S. Domalski, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22 (1993): 597, 619.
From Eq. (2-52):
This neglects the excess heat capacity, which if available can be added to the mole fraction average to improve the estimated value.
J J 1694.9 CP = (307.93)0.79267 = 159.1 mol⋅K mol⋅K 1000 This value is 2.5 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 155.2 J (mol⋅K).
Recommended Method 2 Modified Kopp’s rule.
Reference: Kopp, H., Ann. Chem. Pharm. (Liebig), 126 (1863): 362; Hurst, J. E., and B. K. Harrison, Chem. Eng. Comm., 112 (1992): 21.
Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 10 percent. Applicability: 298.15 K; organic compounds that are solids at 298.15 K. Input data: Compound chemical formula and element contributions of Table 2-350. Description: N CP = nE ∆E (2-54) J/(mol⋅K) E =1 where N = number of different elements in compound nE = number of occurrences of element E in compound ∆E = contribution of element E from Table 2-350 Example Estimate the solid heat capacity at 298.15 K for dibenzothiophene. Structure: C12H8S. Group values from Table 2-350: ∆C = 10.89
∆H = 7.56
∆S = 12.36
Calculation using Eq. (2-54):
This value is 2.5 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 198.45 J (mol⋅K).
Mixtures The heat capacity of liquid and vapor mixtures can be estimated as mole fraction averages of the pure-component values C
i=1
Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume. Density is given in kg/m3 in SI units, but lbm/ft3 and g/cm3 are common AES and cgs units, respectively. Other commonly used forms of density include molar density (density divided by molecular weight) in kmol/m3, relative density (density relative to water at 15°C), and the older term specific gravity (density relative to water at 60°F). Often the inverse of density, specific volume, and the inverse of molar density, molar volume, are correlated and used to convey equivalent information. Gases Gases/vapors are compressible and their densities are strong functions of both temperature and pressure. Equations of state (EoS) are commonly used to correlate molar densities or molar volumes. The most accurate EoS are those developed for specific fluids with parameters regressed from all available data for that fluid. Super EoS are available for some of the most industrially important gases and may contain 50 or more constants specific to that chemical. Different predictive methods may be used for gas densities depending upon the conditions: 1. At very low densities (high temperatures, generally above the critical, and very low pressures, generally below a few bar), the ideal gas EoS PV Z =1 RT
(2-56)
may be applied. 2. At moderate densities (below 40 percent of the critical density), the virial equation truncated after the second virial coefficient
Cp = (12)(10.89) + (8)(7.56) + (1)(12.36) = 203.52 J (mol⋅K)
Cp,m = xiCp,i
DENSITY
(2-55)
B(T) Z=1+ V
(2-57)
may be used. Second virial coefficients B(T) are available in the DIPPR® 801 database for many chemicals and can be estimated for others by using the Tsonopoulos method.
2-498
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-349 Group Values and Nonlinear Correction Terms for Estimation of Solid Heat Capacity with the Goodman et al.* Method Group
Description
ai
Group
Description
CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< CH2苷 CH苷 >C苷 苷C苷 #CH #C Ar CH苷 Ar >C苷 Ar O Ar N苷 Ar >N Ar NH Ar S O OH COH >C苷O COO COOH COOCO
methyl methylene secondary C tertiary C terminal alkene alkene subst. alkene allene terminal alkyne alkyne arom. C subst. arom. C furan O pyridine N subst. pyrrole N pyrrole N thiophene S ether alcohol aldehyde ketone ester acid anhydride
0.20184 0.11644 0.030492 −0.04064 0.18511 0.11224 0.028794 0.053464 −0.02914 0.13298 0.082478 0.012958 0.066027 0.056641 0.008938 −0.05246 0.090926 0.064068 0.10341 0.15699 0.12939 0.13686 0.21019 0.33091
CO3 NH2 >NH >N 苷NH #N N苷N NO2 N苷C苷O SH S SS 苷S >S苷O F Cl Br I >Si< >Si(O) cyc >Si(O) P(苷O)(O)3 >P >P(苷O)
carbonate primary amine secondary amine tertiary amine double-bond NH nitrile diazide nitro isocyanate thiol/mercaptan sulfide disulfide sulfur double bond sulfoxide fluoride chloride bromide iodide silane linear siloxane cyclic siloxane phosphate phosphine phospine oxide
ai 0.2517 0.056138 −0.00717 −0.01661 0.17689 0.015355 0.3687 0.23327 0.2698 0.21123 0.14232 0.31457 0.13753 0.040002 0.15511 0.16995 0.19112 0.11318 0.12213 0.10125 0.063438 0.15016 0.069602 0.21875
Nonlinear Terms i
Usage
−0.00188 −0.00033
Methylene Aromatic carbon
Groups >CH2 Ar苷CH
*Goodman, B. T., W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, and R. L. Rowley, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49 (2004): 24
Recommended Method Tsonopoulos method. Reference: Tsonopoulos, C., AIChE J., 20 (1974): 263; 21 (1975): 827; 24 (1978): 1112. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 8 percent for B(T). Applicability: Nonpolar organic compounds and some classes of polar compounds. Input data: Class of fluid, ω, Pc, Tc, and µ. Description: BP c = B(0) + ωB(1) + B(2) RTc
(2-58)
where ω = acentric factor Pc = critical pressure Tc = critical temperature
0.331 0.423 0.008 B(1) = 0.0637 + − − T2r T3r T8r b a B(2) = 6 − 8 Tr Tr µ µr = D
bar K
TABLE 2-350 Element Contributions to Solid Heat Capacity for the Modified Kopp’s Rule*† Element
E
Element
E
Element
E
C H O N S F Cl Br I Al B
10.89 7.56 13.42 18.74 12.36 26.16 24.69 25.36 25.29 18.07 10.10
Ba Be Ca Co Cu Fe Hg K Li Mg Mn
32.37 12.47 28.25 25.71 26.92 29.08 27.87 28.78 23.25 22.69 28.06
Mo Na Ni Pb Si Sr Ti V W Zr All others
29.44 26.19 25.46 31.60 17.00 28.41 27.24 29.36 30.87 26.82 26.63
*Kopp, H., Ann. Chem. Pharm. (Liebig), 126 (1863): 362. †Hurst, J. E., and B. K. Harrison, Chem. Eng. Comm., 112 (1992): 21.
2
Pc
Tc
(2-61) −2
(2-62)
where µ = dipole moment. The values of a and b used in Eq. (2-61) depend upon the class of fluid, as given in the table below: Class
0.330 0.1385 0.0121 0.000607 B(0) = 0.1445 − − − − (2-59) Tr T2r T3r T8r
(2-60)
a
Nonpolar fluids 0 Ketones, aldehydes, −21.4µr − 4.308 × 1019µ8r nitriles, ethers, esters, NH3, H2S, HCN Monoalkylhalides, −2.188 × 1016µr4 − 7.831 × 1019µ8r mercaptans, sulfides 1-Alcohols except 0.0878 methanol Methanol 0.0878
b 0 0 0 0.00908 + 69.57µr 0.0525
Example Estimate the molar volume of ammonia at 430 K and 2.82 MPa. Input properties: Recommended values from the DIPPR® 801 database are Tc = 405.65 K, Pc = 11.28 MPa, µ = 1.469 D, and ω = 0.252608. Reduced conditions: Tr = (430 K) (405.65 K) = 1.06 Pr = (2.82 MPa) (11.28 MPa) = 0.25 µr = (1.469)2(112.8) (405.65)2 = 0.0014793 Second virial coefficient from Eqs. (2-59) to (2-61): B(0) = 0.1445 – 0.330 1.06 – 0.1385 (1.06)2 − 0.0121 (1.06)3
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES − 0.000607 (1.06)8 = − 0.301 B(1) = 0.0637 + 0.331 (1.06)2 − 0.423 (1.06)3 − 0.008 (1.06)8 = − 0.00189 a = (−21.4)(0.0014793) − (4.308 × 1019)(0.0014793)8 = − 0.033
2-499
Example Estimate the molar volume of saturated decane vapor at 540.5 K. Input properties: Recommended values from the DIPPR® 801 database are Tc = 617.7 K, Pc= 2.11 MPa, P*(540.5 K) = 0.6799 MPa (vapor pressure), and ω = 0.492328. Reduced conditions: Tr = (540.5 K)/(617.7 K) = 0.875
b=0
Pr = (0.6799 MPa)/(2.11 MPa) = 0.322
B(2) = (−0.033) (1.06)6 = − 0.023 From Eq. (2-58):
LK compressiblity factor: Since vapor phase values are needed, the appropriate values from Tables 2-351 and 2-352 that can be used to double-interpolate are
BPc (RTc) = − 0.301 − (0.252608)(0.00189) − 0.023 = − 0.324 B = (− 0.324)[0.008314 m3 ⋅MPa (kmol⋅K)](405.65 K) (11.28 MPa) = − 0.097 m3 kmol Molar volume from Eq. (2-56): m ⋅MPa −0.097 (430 K) 0.0083143 mkmol⋅K km ol 1 + b a V 2.82 MPa
RT B V= 1+ = P V = 1.162 m kmol 3
Note that the ideal gas value, 1.268 m3/kmol, deviates by 9.1 percent from this more accurate value. The truncated virial EoS should be valid for this density since ρ = V−1 = 0.86 kmol m3 is much less than 40 percent of the critical density (the DIPPR® 801 recommended value for the critical density is 13.8 kmol/m3).
3. For higher gas densities, the Lee-Kesler method described below provides excellent predictions for nonpolar and slightly polar fluids. Extended four-parameter corresponding-states methods are available for polar and slightly associating compounds. Recommended Method Lee-Kesler method. Reference: Lee, B. I., and M. G. Kesler, AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 1 percent except near the critical point where errors can be up to 30 percent. Applicability: Nonpolar and moderately polar compounds. An extended Lee-Kesler method, not described here, may be used for polar and slightly associating compounds [Wilding, W. V., and R. L. Rowley, Int. J. Thermophys., 8 (1986): 525]. Input data: Tc, Pc, ω, Z(0),Z(1). Description: Z = Z(0) + ωZ(1) (2-63) where Z = compressibility factor Z(0) = compressibility factor of simple fluid obtained from Table 2-351. Z(1) = deviation from simple fluid obtained from Table 2-352. Analytical expressions for Z(0) and Z(1) can also be generated by using Z(0) = Z0
Tr\Pr
0.2
0.85 0.90
0.8810 0.9015
0.4 (0.7222) 0.7800
3
3
Z(0)
Z1 − Z0 Z(1) = 0.3978
(2-64)
where Z0 and Z1 are determined from γ −γ PrVr B C D c4 Zi = = 1 + + 2 + 5 + β + 2 exp 2 Vr Vr Tr Vr Vr Vr Tr3Vr2
(2-65)
b2 b3 b4 B = b1 − − 2 − 3 Tr Tr Tr c2 c3 C = c1 − + 2 Tr Tr d2 D = d1 + Tr
as applied to the simple reference fluid and to the acentric reference fluid (n-octane), respectively. The constants for Eq. (2-65) for the two reference fluids are given in Table 2-353.
Z(1) Tr\Pr
0.2
0.4
0.85 0.90
−0.0715 −0.0442
(−0.1503) −0.1118
Double linear interpolation within these values gives Z(0) = 0.8058 and Z(1) = −0.1025. From Eq. (2-63): Z = 0.8058 + (0.492328)(−0.1025) = 0.7553 Note: If the analytical form available in Eq. (2-65) is used, the following more accurate values are obtained: Z(0) = 0.8131, Z(1) = − 0.1067, and Z = 0.7606. Molar volume:
ZRT V= = P
m3⋅MPa (0.7553) 0.0083143 kmol⋅K (540.5 K)
0.6799 MPa
m3 = 4.992 kmol
4. Cubic EoS can be used to obtain both vapor and liquid densities as an alternative method to those mentioned above.
Recommended Method Cubic EoS. Classification: Empirical extension of theory. Expected uncertainty: Varies depending upon compound and conditions, but a general expectation is perhaps 10 to 20 percent. Applicability: Nonpolar and moderately polar compounds. Input data: Tc, Pc, ω. Description: The more common cubic EoS can be written in the form V V a α(Tr) Z = − V−b V2 + δV + ε RT
(2-66)
where a, b, δ, and ε are constants that depend upon the model EoS chosen, as does the temperature dependence of the function α(Tr). Definitions of these constants and α(Tr) for some of the more commonly used EoS models are shown in Table 2-354. The corresponding relations for many other EoS models in this same form are available [Soave, G., Chem. Eng. Sci., 27 (1972): 1197]. The independent parameters a and b in these models can be regressed from experimental data to correlate densities or obtained from known critical constants to predict density data. In the latter case, the relationships between a and b and the critical constants shown in Table 2-354 were obtained from the critical point requirements ∂P
∂2P = 0 = 2 ∂V T T=T
` ∂V
C
`
T T=TC
(2-67)
2-500
TABLE 2-351
Simple Fluid Compressibility Factors Z (0)
Values in parentheses are for the opposite phase and may be used to interpolate to or near the phase boundary [PGL4; Wilding, W. V., J. K. Johnson, and R. L. Rowley, Int. J. Thermophys., 8(1987):717]. Tr\Pr 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85
0.010
0.050
0.100
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.500
2.000
3.000
5.000
7.000
0.0029 0.0026 0.0024 0.0022
0.0145 0.0130 0.0119
0.0290 0.0261 0.0239
0.0579 0.0522 0.0477
0.1158 0.1043 0.0953
0.1737 0.1564 0.1429
0.2315 0.2084 0.1904
0.2892 0.2604 0.2379
0.3470 0.3123 0.2853
0.4335 0.3901 0.3563
0.5775 0.5195 0.4744
0.8648 0.7775 0.7095
1.4366 1.2902 1.1758
2.0048 1.7987 1.6373
2.8507 2.5539 2.3211
0.0110
0.0221
0.0442
0.0882
0.1322
0.1762
0.2200
0.2638
0.3294
0.4384
0.6551
1.0841
1.5077
2.1338
(0.9648)
0.0021
0.0103
(0.9741)
(0.8699)
0.9804
0.0098
0.0195
(0.0020)
(0.9000)
(0.7995)
0.9849
0.0093
0.0186
(0.0019)
(0.9211)
(0.8405)
0.9881
0.9377
0.0178
0.0356
(0.0018
(0.0089)
(0.8707)
(0.7367)
0.9904
0.9504
0.8958
0.0344
(0.0086)
(0.0172)
(0.7805)
0.9598
0.9165
0.0336
0.0670
(0.0085)
(0.0169)
(0.8181)
(0.6122)
0.9319
0.8539
0.0661
0.0985
(0.0168)
(0.0332)
(0.6659)
(0.4746)
0.8810
0.0661
0.0983
(0.0336)
(0.7222)
(0.5346)
0.9015
0.7800
0.1006
0.1321
(0.0364)
(0.0685)
(0.6040)
(0.4034)
0.8059
0.6635
0.1359
(0.7350)
(0.1047)
(0.4499)
0.8206
0.6967
0.1410
(0.0822)
(0.1116)
0.4853)
0.7240
0.5580
(0.1312)
(0.1532)
0.9922 0.9935 0.9946
0.9669 0.9725
0.0207
0.9436
0.90
0.9954
0.9768
0.9528
0.93
0.9959
0.9790
0.9573
0.95 0.97
0.9961 0.9963
0.9803 0.9815
0.9600 0.9625
10.000
0.0413
0.0825
0.1236
0.1647
0.2056
0.2465
0.3077
0.4092
0.6110
1.0094
1.4017
1.9801
0.0390
0.0778
0.1166
0.1553
0.1939
0.2323
0.2899
0.3853
0.5747
0.9475
1.3137
1.8520
0.0371
0.0741
0.1109
0.1476
0.1842
0.2207
0.2753
0.3657
0.5446
0.8959
1.2398
1.7440
0.0710
0.1063
0.1415
0.1765
0.2113
0.2634
0.3495
0.5197
0.8526
1.1773
1.6519
0.0687
0.1027
0.1366
0.1703
0.2038
0.2538
0.3364
0.4991
0.8161
1.1241
1.5729
0.1001
0.1330
0.1656
0.1981
0.2464
0.3260
0.4823
0.7854
1.0787
1.5047
0.1307
0.1626
0.1942
0.2411
0.3182
0.4690
0.7598
1.0400
1.4456
0.1301
0.1614
0.1924
0.2382
0.3132
0.4591
0.7388
1.0071
1.3943
0.1630
0.1935
0.2383
0.3114
0.4527
0.7220
0.9793
1.3496
0.1664
0.1963
0.2405
0.3122
0.4507
0.7138
0.9648
1.3257
0.1705
0.1998
0.2432
0.3138
0.4501
0.7092
0.9561
1.3108
0.1779
0.2055
0.2474
0.3164
0.4504
0.7052
0.9480
1.2968
0.1844
0.2097
0.2503
0.3182
0.4508
0.7035
0.9442
1.2901
0.1959
0.2154
0.2538
0.3204
0.4514
0.7018
0.9406
1.2835
0.2901 0.4648 0.5146 0.6026 0.6880 0.7443 0.7858 0.8438 0.8827 0.9103 0.9308 0.9463 0.9583 0.9678 0.9754 0.9865 0.9941 0.9993 1.0031 1.0057 1.0097 1.0115
0.2237 0.2370 0.2629 0.4437 0.5984 0.6803 0.7363 0.8111 0.8595 0.8933 0.9180 0.9367 0.9511 0.9624 0.9715 0.9847 0.9936 0.9998 1.0042 1.0074 1.0120 1.0140
0.2583 0.2640 0.2715 0.3131 0.4580 0.5798 0.6605 0.7624 0.8256 0.8689 0.9000 0.9234 0.9413 0.9552 0.9664 0.9826 0.9935 1.0010 1.0063 1.0101 1.0156 1.0179
0.3229 0.3260 0.3297 0.3452 0.3953 0.4760 0.5605 0.6908 0.7753 0.8328 0.8738 0.9043 0.9275 0.9456 0.9599 0.9806 0.9945 1.0040 1.0106 1.0153 1.0221 1.0249
0.4522 0.4533 0.4547 0.4604 0.4770 0.5042 0.5425 0.6344 0.7202 0.7887 0.8410 0.8809 0.9118 0.9359 0.9550 0.9827 1.0011 1.0137 1.0223 1.0284 1.0368 1.0401
0.7004 0.6991 0.6980 0.6956 0.6950 0.6987 0.7069 0.7358 0.7761 0.8200 0.8617 0.8984 0.9297 0.9557 0.9772 1.0094 1.0313 1.0463 1.0565 1.0635 1.0723 1.0741
0.9372 0.9339 0.9307 0.9222 0.9110 0.9033 0.8990 0.8998 0.9112 0.9297 0.9518 0.9745 0.9961 1.0157 1.0328 1.0600 1.0793 1.0926 1.1016 1.1075 1.1138 1.1136
1.2772 1.2710 1.2650 1.2481 1.2232 1.2021 1.1844 1.1580 1.1419 1.1339 1.1320 1.1343 1.1391 1.1452 1.1516 1.1635 1.1728 1.1792 1.1830 1.1848 1.1834 1.1773
0.9115 0.9174 0.9227
0.8338
0.98
0.9965
0.9821
0.9637
0.9253
0.8398
0.7360
0.99
0.9966
0.9826
0.9648
0.9277
0.8455
0.7471
1.00 1.01 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.50 4.00
0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9971 0.9975 0.9978 0.9981 0.9985 0.9988 0.9991 0.9993 0.9994 0.9995 0.9996 0.9997 0.9998 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0001 1.0001
0.9832 0.9837 0.9842 0.9855 0.9874 0.9891 0.9904 0.9926 0.9942 0.9954 0.9964 0.9971 0.9977 0.9982 0.9986 0.9992 0.9996 0.9998 1.0000 1.0002 1.0004 1.0005
0.9659 0.9669 0.9679 0.9707 0.9747 0.9780 0.9808 0.9852 0.9884 0.9909 0.9928 0.9943 0.9955 0.9964 0.9972 0.9983 0.9991 0.9997 1.0001 1.0004 1.0008 1.0010
0.9300 0.9322 0.9343 0.9401 0.9485 0.9554 0.9611 0.9702 0.9768 0.9818 0.9856 0.9886 0.9910 0.9929 0.9944 0.9967 0.9983 0.9994 1.0002 1.0008 1.0017 1.0021
0.8509 0.8561 0.8610 0.8743 0.8930 0.9081 0.9205 0.9396 0.9534 0.9636 0.9714 0.9775 0.9823 0.9861 0.9892 0.9937 0.9969 0.9991 1.0007 1.0018 1.0035 1.0043
0.7574 0.7671 0.7761 0.8002 0.8323 0.8576 0.8779 0.9083 0.9298 0.9456 0.9575 0.9667 0.9739 0.9796 0.9842 0.9910 0.9957 0.9990 1.0013 1.0030 1.0055 1.0066
0.5887 (0.1703)
0.6138 (0.2324)
0.6353 0.6542 0.6710 0.7130 0.7649 0.8032 0.8330 0.8764 0.9062 0.9278 0.9439 0.9563 0.9659 0.9735 0.9796 0.9886 0.9948 0.9990 1.0021 1.0043 1.0075 1.0090
Table 2-352
Acentric Deviations Z(1) from the Simple Fluid Compressibility Factor
Values in parentheses are for the opposite phase and may be used to interpolate to or near the phase boundary [PGL4; Wilding, W. V., J. K. Johnson, and R. L. Rowley, Int. J. Thermophys., 8(1987):717]. Tr\Pr 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70
0.010
0.050
0.100
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.500
2.000
3.000
5.000
7.000
10.000
−0.0008 −0.0009 −0.0010 −0.0009
−0.0040 −0.0046 −0.0048
−0.0081 −0.0093 −0.0095
−0.0161 −0.0185 −0.0190
−0.0323 −0.0370 −0.0380
−0.0484 −0.0554 −0.0570
−0.0645 −0.0738 −0.0758
−0.0806 −0.0921 −0.0946
−0.0966 −0.1105 −0.1134
−0.1207 −0.1379 −0.1414
−0.1608 −0.1834 −0.1879
−0.2407 −0.2738 −0.2799
−0.3996 −0.4523 −0.4603
−0.5572 −0.6279 −0.6365
−0.7915 −0.8863 −0.8936
−0.0047
−0.0094
−0.0187
−0.0374
−0.0560
−0.0745
−0.0929
−0.1113
−0.1387
−0.1840
−0.2734
−0.4475
−0.6162
−0.8606
−0.0090
−0.0181
−0.0360
−0.0539
−0.0716
−0.0893
−0.1069
−0.1330
−0.1762
−0.2611
−0.4253
−0.5831
−0.8099
−0.0172
−0.0343
−0.0513
−0.0682
−0.0849
−0.1015
−0.1263
−0.1669
−0.2465
−0.3991
−0.5446
−0.7521
−0.0164
−0.0326
−0.0487
−0.0646
−0.0803
−0.0960
−0.1192
−0.1572
−0.2312
−0.3718
−0.5047
−0.6928
−0.0309
−0.0461
−0.0611
−0.0759
−0.0906
−0.1122
−0.1476
−0.2160
−0.3447
−0.4653
−0.6346
−0.0294
−0.0438
−0.0579
−0.0718
−0.0855
−0.1057
−0.1385
−0.2013
−0.3184
−0.4270
−0.5785
−0.0417
−0.0550
−0.0681
−0.0808
−0.0996
−0.1298
−0.1872
−0.2929
−0.3901
−0.5250
−0.0526
−0.0648
−0.0767
−0.0940
−0.1217
−0.1736
−0.2682
−0.3545
−0.4740
−0.0509
−0.0622
−0.0731
−0.0888
−0.1138
−0.1602
−0.2439
−0.3201
−0.4254
−0.0604
−0.0701
−0.0840
−0.1059
−0.1463
−0.2195
−0.2862
−0.3788
−0.0602
−0.0687
−0.0810
−0.1007
−0.1374
−0.2045
−0.2661
−0.3516
−0.0607
−0.0678
−0.0788
−0.0967
−0.1310
−0.1943
−0.2526
−0.3339
−0.0623
−0.0669
−0.0759
−0.0921
−0.1240
−0.1837
−0.2391
−0.3163
−0.0641
−0.0661
−0.0740
−0.0893
−0.1202
−0.1783
−0.2322
−0.3075
−0.0680
−0.0646
−0.0715
−0.0861
−0.1162
−0.1728
−0.2254
−0.2989
−0.0879 −0.0223 −0.0062 0.0220 0.0476 0.0625 0.0719 0.0819 0.0857 0.0864 0.0855 0.0838 0.0816 0.0792 0.0767 0.0719 0.0675 0.0634 0.0598 0.0565 0.0497 0.0443
−0.0609 −0.0473 0.0227 0.1059 0.0897 0.0943 0.0991 0.1048 0.1063 0.1055 0.1035 0.1008 0.0978 0.0947 0.0916 0.0857 0.0803 0.0754 0.0711 0.0672 0.0591 0.0527
−0.0678 −0.0621 −0.0524 0.0451 0.1630 0.1548 0.1477 0.1420 0.1383 0.1345 0.1303 0.1259 0.1216 0.1173 0.1133 0.1057 0.0989 0.0929 0.0876 0.0828 0.0728 0.0651
−0.0824 −0.0778 −0.0722 −0.0432 0.0698 0.1667 0.1990 0.1991 0.1894 0.1806 0.1729 0.1658 0.1593 0.1532 0.1476 0.1374 0.1285 0.1207 0.1138 0.1076 0.0949 0.0849
−0.1118 −0.1072 −0.1021 −0.0838 −0.0373 0.0332 0.1095 0.2079 0.2397 0.2433 0.2381 0.2305 0.2224 0.2144 0.2069 0.1932 0.1812 0.1706 0.1613 0.1529 0.1356 0.1219
−0.1672 −0.1615 −0.1556 −0.1370 −0.1021 −0.0611 −0.0141 0.0875 0.1737 0.2309 0.2631 0.2788 0.2846 0.2848 0.2819 0.2720 0.2602 0.2484 0.2372 0.2268 0.2042 0.1857
−0.2185 −0.2116 −0.2047 −0.1835 −0.1469 −0.1084 −0.0678 0.0176 0.1008 0.1717 0.2255 0.2628 0.2871 0.3017 0.3097 0.3135 0.3089 0.3009 0.2915 0.2817 0.2584 0.2378
−0.2902 −0.2816 −0.2731 −0.2476 −0.2056 −0.1642 −0.1231 −0.0423 0.0350 0.1058 0.1673 0.2179 0.2576 0.2876 0.3096 0.3355 0.3459 0.3475 0.3443 0.3385 0.3194 0.2994
(−0.0740)
−0.0009 (−0.0457)
−0.0314 (−0.0009) −0.0205 (0.0008)
−0.0137 (−0.0008)
−0.0093
0.75
−0.0064
0.80
−0.0044
0.85 0.90
−0.0029 −0.0019
−0.0045 (−0.2270)
−0.0043 (−0.1438)
−0.0041 (0.0949)
−0.0772 (0.0039)
−0.0507 (−0.0038)
−0.0339 (−0.0037)
−0.0228 −0.0152 −0.0099
−0.0086 (−0.2864)
−0.0082 (−0.1857)
−0.0078 (−0.1262)
−0.1161 (−0.0075)
−0.0744 (−0.0072)
−0.0487 (−0.0073)
−0.0319 −0.0205
−0.0156 (−0.2424)
−0.0148 (−0.1685)
−0.0143 (−0.1298)
−0.1160 (−0.0139)
−0.0715 (−0.0144)
−0.0442 (−0.0179)
0.93
−0.0015
−0.0075
−0.0154
−0.0326
0.95
−0.0012
−0.0062
−0.0126
−0.0262
0.97 0.98
−0.0010 −0.0009
−0.0050 −0.0044
−0.0101 −0.0090
−0.0208 −0.0184
−0.0282 (−0.2203)
−0.0272 (−0.1682)
−0.0268 (−0.1503)
−0.1118 (−0.0286)
−0.0763 (−0.0340)
−0.0589 (−0.0444)
−0.0450 −0.0390
−0.0401 (−0.2185)
−0.0391 (−0.1692)
−0.0396 (−0.1580)
−0.1662 (−0.0424)
−0.1110 (−0.0490)
−0.0770 (−0.0714)
−0.0641
0.99
−0.0008
−0.0039
−0.0079
−0.0161
−0.0335
−0.0531
1.00 1.01 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.50 4.00
−0.0007 −0.0006 −0.0005 −0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005
−0.0034 −0.0030 −0.0026 −0.0015 0.0000 0.0011 0.0019 0.0030 0.0036 0.0039 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0039 0.0037 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0029 0.0026 0.0023
−0.0069 −0.0060 −0.0051 −0.0029 0.0001 0.0023 0.0039 0.0061 0.0072 0.0078 0.0080 0.0081 0.0081 0.0079 0.0078 0.0074 0.0070 0.0066 0.0062 0.0059 0.0052 0.0046
−0.0140 −0.0120 −0.0102 −0.0054 0.0007 0.0052 0.0084 0.0125 0.0147 0.0158 0.0162 0.0163 0.0162 0.0159 0.0155 0.0147 0.0139 0.0131 0.0124 0.0117 0.0103 0.0091
−0.0285 −0.0240 −0.0198 −0.0092 0.0038 0.0127 0.0190 0.0267 0.0306 0.0323 0.0330 0.0329 0.0325 0.0318 0.0310 0.0293 0.0276 0.0260 0.0245 0.0232 0.0204 0.0182
−0.0435 −0.0351 −0.0277 −0.0097 0.0106 0.0237 0.0326 0.0429 0.0477 0.0497 0.0501 0.0497 0.0488 0.0477 0.0464 0.0437 0.0411 0.0387 0.0365 0.0345 0.0303 0.0270
−0.0503 (−0.1464)
−0.0514 (−0.1418)
−0.0540 (−0.1532)
−0.1647 (−0.0643)
−0.1100 (−0.0828)
−0.0796 (−0.1621)
−0.0588 −0.0429 −0.0303 −0.0032 0.0236 0.0396 0.0499 0.0612 0.0661 0.0677 0.0677 0.0667 0.0652 0.0635 0.0617 0.0579 0.0544 0.0512 0.0483 0.0456 0.0401 0.0357
2-501
2-502
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-353 Constants for the Two Reference Fluids Used in Lee-Kesler Method* Constant
Simple reference fluid
Acentric reference fluid
b1 b2 b3 b4 c1 c2 c3 c4 d1 104 d2 104 β γ
0.1181193 0.265728 0.154790 0.030323 0.0236744 0.0186984 0.0 0.042724 0.155488 0.623689 0.65392 0.060167
0.2026579 0.331511 0.027655 0.203488 0.0313385 0.0503618 0.016901 0.041577 0.48736 0.0740336 1.226 0.03754
Tr = (353.15 K) (405.65 K) = 0.871 α ={1 + [0.48 + (1.574)(0.252608) − (0.176)(0.252608)2][1 − (0.871)0.5]}2 = 1.119 Rearrange and solve Eq. (2-66) for V: RT aα P= − V−b V(V + b)
V 41.352 m3/mol
PV3 − RTV2 + (aα − bRT − Pb2)V − abα = 0
or m3
+ 4.037 × 10 − 0.029 mol m /mol 3
V
2
−6
3
m6 mol2
V × − 1.25 × 10−10 = 0 m3/mol
*Lee, B. I., and M. G. Kesler, AIChE J., 21 (1975): 510.
Vapor root (initial guess of V = 7.1 × 10−7 m3/mol from ideal gas equation): Vvap = 5.395 × 10−4 m3 mol
Of the cubic EoS given in Table 2-354, the Soave and PengRobinson are the most accurate, but there is no general rule for which EoS produces the best estimated volumes for specific fluids or conditions. The Peng-Robinson equation has been better tuned to liquid densities, while the Soave equation has been better tuned to vapor-liquid equilibrium and vapor densities. In solving the cubic equation for volume, a convenient initial guess to find the vapor root is the ideal gas value, while an initial value of 1.05b is convenient to locate the liquid root.
Liquid root (initial guess of V = 2.72 × 10−5 m3 mol from 1.05b): Vliq = 4.441 × 10−5 m3 mol
Pc = 112.8 bar
a = 4.611 × 106 cm6 ⋅bar mol2
b = 23.262 cm3 mol
α = 1.103 aα RT P = − V−b V 2 + 2bV − b2
ω = 0.252608
P∗ (353.15 K) = 41.352 bar (vapor pressure at 353.15 K)
ρ liq = 1 Vliq = 22.516 kmol m3
and
The corresponding values and equation for the Peng-Robinson EoS are
Example Estimate the molar density of liquid and vapor saturated ammonia at 353.15 K, using the Soave and Peng-Robinson EoS. Required properties: Recommended values in the DIPPR® 801 database are Tc = 405.65 K
ρvap = 1 Vvap = 1.854 kmol m3
and
or
EoS parameters (shown for Soave EoS): PV 3 + (bP − RT)V2 + (aα − 2bRT − 3Pb2)V + (bP3 + RTb2 − abα) = 0 3
0.42748(RTc)2 a = = Pc
0.42748
2
83.145 mol⋅K (405.65 K) bar⋅cm
112.8 bar
V 41.352 m3/mol
m3
+ 3.651 × 10 − 0.0284 mol m /mol 3
V
cm6⋅bar = 4.311 × 106 mol2
0.08664(RTc) b = = Pc
2
3
−6
m6 mol2
V × − 1.018 × 10−10 = 0 m3/mol Vvap = 5.286 × 10−4 m3 mol and ρvap = 1.892 kmol m3
bar⋅cm3 0.08664 83.145 mol ⋅ K (405.65 K)
Vliq = 3.914 × 10−5 m3 mol and ρliq = 25.55 kmol m3
112.8 bar
The liquid density calculated from the Soave EoS is 24.2 percent below the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 29.69 kmol/m3, while that calculated from the Peng-Robinson EoS is 13.9 percent below the recommended value.
cm3 = 25.906 mol
TABLE 2-354
Relationships for Eq. (2-66) for Common Cubic EoS
EoS
δ
ε
α(Tr)
aPc/(RTc)2
bPc/(RTc)
van der Waals* Relich-Kwong† Soave‡ Peng-Robinson§
0 0 b 2b
0 0 0 −b2
1
0.42188 0.42748 0.42748 0.45724
0.125 0.08664 0.08664 0.0778
Tr−0.5 [1 + (0.48 + 1.574ω − 0.176ω2)(1 − Tr0.5)]2 [1 + (0.37464 + 1.54226ω − 0.2699ω2)(1 − Tr0.5)]2
*van der Waal, J. H., Z. Phys. Chem., 5 (1890): 133. †Redlich, O., and J. N. S. Kwong, Chem. Rev., 44 (1949): 233. ‡Soave, G., Chem. Eng. Sci., 27 (1972): 1197. §Peng, D. Y., and D. B. Robinson, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 15 (1976): 59.
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Liquids For most liquids, the saturated molar liquid density ρ can be effectively correlated with A ρ= B[1+(1−T/C) ]
(2-68)
D
adapted from the Rackett prediction equation [Rackett, H. G., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 15 (1970): 514]. The regression constants A, B, and D are determined from the nonlinear regression of available data, while C is usually taken as the critical temperature. The liquid density decreases approximately linearly from the triple point to the normal boiling point and then nonlinearly to the critical density (the reciprocal of the critical volume). A few compounds such as water cannot be fit with this equation over the entire range of temperature. The recommended method for estimation of saturated liquid density for pure organic compounds is the Rackett prediction method. Recommended Method Rackett method. Reference: Rackett, H. G., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 15 (1970): 514. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 8 percent as purely predictive equation; 2 percent if ZRA (see Description below) or some liquid density data are available. Applicability: Saturated liquid densities of organic compounds. Input data: Tc, Pc, and Zc (or, equivalently, Vc). Description: A predictive form of the equation is given by
1 RTc = V = Z qc ρ Pc
where q = 1.0 + (1.0 − Tr)2 7
(2-69)
A modification of the Rackett method by Spencer and Danner [Spencer, C. F., and R. P. Danner, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 17 (1972): 236] replaces Zc with an adjustable parameter ZRA
1 RTc q = V = Z RA ρ Pc
(2-70)
to provide better estimations of liquid density away from the critical point [Eq. (2-70) gives the correct critical density only when ZRA = Zc]. An alternative to this modification when several liquid density data points are available is to replace the 2/7 power in q of Eq. (2-69) with an adjustable parameter. This generally provides good agreement with the experimental values and permits accurate extrapolation of the densities all the way to the critical point. Example Estimate the saturated liquid density of acetonitrile at 376.69 K.
Required properties: The recommended values from the DIPPR® 801 database are Tc = 545.5 K
Pc = 4.83 MPa
Zc = 0.184
Calculate supporting quantities: Tr = (376.69 K) (545.5 K) = 0.691 q = 1 + (1 − 0.691)2 7 = 1.715 Calculate saturated liquid density from Eq. (2-69):
ρ=
c
4.83 × 106 Pa Pa⋅m3 8.314 (545.5 K) mol⋅K
d (0.184)
−1.715
kmol = 19.42 m3
This estimated value is 16.1 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 16.726 kmol/m3.
2-503
Calculate ρsat from Eq. (2-70): Kratzke [Kratzke, H., and S. Muller, J. Chem. Thermo., 17 (1985): 151] reported an experimental density of 18.919 kmol/m3 at 298.08 K. Use of this experimental value in Eq. (2-70) to calculate ZRA gives Tr = (298.08 K) (545.5 K) = 0.546
ZRA =
c
ρ=
q = 1 + (1 – 0.546)2 7 = 1.798
d
4.83 × 106 Pa Pa⋅m3 kmol 8314 (545.5 K) 18.919 k mol⋅K m3
c
4.83 × 106 Pa Pa⋅m3 8.314 (545.5 K) mol⋅K
d (0.202)
−1.715
1/1.798
= 0.202
kmol = 16.577 m3
The value obtained by the modified Rackett method is 0.9 percent below the DIPPR® 801 recommended value. Note, however, that with ZRA = 0.202, Eq. (270) gives ρc = 5.28 kmol m3 as opposed to the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 5.79 kmol/m3. If the power is regressed from the Kratzke density, one obtains q1 = 0.452 and ρ = 15.68 kmol m3 (4 percent below the experimental value), while still retaining ρc = 5.79 kmol/m3.
Solids Solid density data are sparse and usually available only within a narrow temperature range. For most solids, density decreases approximately linearly with increasing temperature. Prediction of solid densities is an inexact science, but reasonable correlation has been found between the density of the liquid phase at the triple point and the solid that is stable at the triple point conditions. Recommended Method Goodman method. Reference: Goodman, B. T., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49 (2004): 1512. Classification: Empirical correlation. Expected uncertainty: 6 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds; applicable to the stable solid phase at the triple point temperature Tt, to either the next solid-phase transition temperature or to approximately 0.3Tt. Input data: Liquid density at the triple point. Description: The density for the solid phase that is stable at the triple point has been correlated as a function of temperature and the liquid density at Tt:
T ρs = 1.28 − 0.16 Tt
ρ (T ) L
(2-71)
t
Example Estimate the density of solid naphthalene at 281.46 K.
Required properties: The recommended values from the DIPPR® 801 database for Tt and the liquid density at Tt are Tt = 353.43 K
ρL(Tt) = 7.6326 kmol m3
From Eq. (2-71):
281.46 K ρs = 1.28 − 0.16 353.43 K
= 8.797 7.6326 m m kmol 3
kmol 3
The estimated value is 4.3 percent lower than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 9.1905 kmol/m3.
Mixtures Both liquid and vapor densities can be estimated using pure-component CS and EoS methods by treating the fluid as a pseudo-pure component with effective parameters calculated from the pure-component parameters and using ad hoc mixing rules. To apply the Lee-Kesler CS method to mixtures, pseudo-pure fluid constants are required. One of the simplest set of mixing rules for these quantities is [Prausnitz, J. M., and R. D. Gunn, AIChE J., 4 (1958): 430, 494; Joffe, J., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 10 (1971): 532]: ⎯ C Tc = xiTc,i i=1
(2-72)
2-504
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA where
C
xZ
i=1
i c,i
⎯ = ⎯ Pc RTc C
xiVc,i
C ⎯ ZRA = 0.29056 − 0.08775 xiωi
(2-73)
and
i=1
T Tr = ⎯ Tc
(2-82)
i=1
C
⎯ = xω ω
i i
(2-74)
i=1
The procedures are identical to those for pure components with the replacement of Tc, Pc, and ω with the effective mixture values calculated by using these equations. To use a cubic EoS for a mixture, mixing rules are used to calculate effective mixture parameters in terms of the pure-component values. Although there are more complex mixing rules available that may improve prediction accuracy, the simplest forms are recommended here for their simplicity and reasonable accuracy without adjustable parameters: ⎯ C (2-75) b = xi bi i=1
⎯= a⎯α
C
x (a α ) i
i
i
1 2
2
(2-76)
i=1
Mixture calculations are then identical to the pure-component calculations using these effective mixture parameters for the pure-component aα and b values. The actual mixture second virial coefficient Bm is related to the pure-component values by C
Example Estimate the saturated liquid density of a liquid mixture of 50 mol % ethane(1) and 50 mol % n-decane(2) at 377.6 K. Required properties: The recommended values from the DIPPR® 801 database for the required properties are as follows:
Ethane Decane
Bii = Bi
where
1 3 V1 3 c,i + Vc, j Vc,ij = 2
ωi + ωj ω ij = 2
3
Zc,i + Zc,j Zc,ij = (2-78) 2
Zc,ijRTc,ij Pc,ij = Vc,ij
(2-79)
These interaction parameters are used in place of the corresponding pure-component parameters to determine the Bij values. The modified Rackett method has also been extended to liquid mixtures [Spencer, C. F., and R. P. Danner, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 17 (1972): 236] using the following combining and mixing rules as modified by Li [Li, C. C., Can. J. Chem. Eng., 19 (1971): 709]: xiVc,i φi = C xV
j=1 j
⎯ C Tc =
C
φ φ T i =1 j=1 i
j c,ij
(2-80)
c,j
Recommended Method Spencer-Danner-Li mixing rules with Rackett equation. References: Spencer, C. F., and R. P. Danner, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 17 (1972): 236; Li, C. C., Can. J. Chem. Eng., 19 (1971): 709. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: About 7 percent on average; higher near the Tc of any of the components. Applicability: Saturated (at the bubble point) liquid mixtures. Input data: Tc, Vc, and xi. Description: The predictive form of the equation is given by 1 = V = R ρ
xiTc,i ⎯q
Z P i=1
ω
0.1455 0.617
48.72 21.1
0.0995 0.4923
(0.5)(0.1455) φ1 = = 0.191; (0.5)(0.1455) + (0.5)(0.617)
φ2 = 0.809
2 K)(6 17.7 K) = 434.3 K Tc,12 = (305.3 ⎯⎯ ⎯ T c = φ 2T + 2φ φ T + φ 2T 1 c,1 2 c,2 1 2 c,12 K = (0.191)2(305.32) + (2)(0.191)(0.809)(434.3) + (0.809)2(617.7) ⎯ Tc = 549.68 K Calculations from Eqs. (2-81) and (2-82):
(2-77)
This requires calculation of all possible binary pair interaction virials (Bij, i ≠ j) for the mixture. Again the pure-component methods can be used to provide estimates of these values by using the following combining rules:
C
Pc / bar
305.32 617.7
Auxiliary quantities from Eq. (2-80):
q = 1 + (1 − 0.687)2/7 = 1.718 ⎯ ZRA = 0.29056 − 0.08775[(0.5)(0.0995) + (0.5)(0.4923)] = 0.2646
i=1 j=1
Tc,ij = T c,iTc, j
Vc /(m3kmol−1)
Tr = (377.6 K)/(549.63 K) = 0.687
C
Bm = xi xjB ij
Tc,ij = T c,iTc,j
Tc /K
c,i
RA
q = 1.0 + (1.0 − Tr)2 7
(2-81)
m3⋅bar V = 0.08314 K⋅kmol
+ (0.2646) 48.72 bar 21.1 bar (0.5)(305.32 K)
(0.5)(617.7 K)
1.718
m3 = 0.151 kmol
The experimental value [Reamer, H. H., and B. H. Sage, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 7 (1962): 161] is 0.149 m3/kmol, and the error in the estimated value is 1.3 percent. VISCOSITY Viscosity is defined as the shear stress per unit area at any point in a confined fluid, divided by the velocity gradient in the direction perpendicular to the direction of flow. The absolute viscosity η is the shear stress at a point, divided by the velocity gradient at that point. The SI unit of viscosity is Pa⋅s [1 kg/(m⋅s)], but the cgs unit of poise (P) [1 g/(cm⋅s)] is also commonly used. Because many common fluids have viscosities on the order of 0.01 P, the unit of centipoise (cP) is also frequently used (1 cP =1 mPa⋅s). The kinematic viscosity ν is defined as the ratio of the absolute viscosity to density at the same temperature and pressure. The SI unit for ν is m2/s, but again cgs units are very common and ν is often given in stokes (St) (1 cm2/s) or centistokes (cSt) (0.01 cm2/s). Gases Experimental data for gases and vapors at low density are often correlated with AT B η o = 2 1 + C/T+D/T
(2-83)
Over smaller temperature ranges, parameters C and D may not be necessary as ln η is often reasonably linear with ln T. Care should be taken in extrapolating using Eq. (2-83) as there can be unintended mathematical poles where the denominator approaches zero.
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Numerous methods have been developed for estimation of vapor viscosity. For nonpolar vapors, the Yoon-Thodos CS method works well, but for polar fluids the Reichenberg method is preferred. Both methods are illustrated below. Recommended Method Yoon-Thodos method. Reference: Yoon, P., and G. Thodos, AIChE J., 16 (1970): 300. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 5 percent. Applicability: Nonpolar and slightly polar organic vapors. Input data: Tc, Pc, and M. Description: The correlation for viscosity as a function of reduced temperature is ηo 46.1Tr0.618 − 20.4 exp(−0.449Tr) + 19.4 exp(−4.058Tr) + 1 = Pa⋅s 2.173424 × 1011(Tc /K)1/6(M/gmol)−1(Pc /Pa)−2/3
TABLE 2-355
2-505
Reichenberg* Group Contribution Values
Group
Ci
Group
Ci
CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< 苷CH2 苷CH >C苷 CH C >CH2 ring >CH ring >C< ring 苷CH ring >C苷 ring
9.04 6.47 2.67 −1.53 7.68 5.53 1.78 7.41 5.24 6.91 1.16 0.23 5.90 3.59
F Cl Br OH alcohol >O >C苷O CHO COOH COO or HCOO NH2 >NH 苷N ring CN >S ring
4.46 10.06 12.83 7.96 3.59 12.02 14.02 18.65 13.41 9.71 3.68 4.97 18.13 8.86
*Reichenberg, D., AIChE J., 21 (1975): 181.
(2-84) Example Estimate the low-pressure vapor viscosity of propane at 353 K.
Required constants: The DIPPR® 801 database recommends the following values: Tc = 369.83 K Pc = 4.248 MPa M = 44.0956 g/mol
Example Estimate the low-pressure vapor viscosity of ethyl acetate at 401.25 K.
Required constants: The DIPPR® 801 database recommends the following values: M = 88.1051 g mol
Tc = 523.3 K
Pc = 3.88 MPa
O
Calculation using Eq. (2-84):
ηo = Pa ⋅ s
H3C Group
(46.1)(0.9545)0.618 − 20.4 exp[−0.449)(0.9545)]+19.4 exp[−4.058(0.9545)]+1 (2.173424 × 1011)(369.83 )−1 2(44.0956)−1 2(4.248× 106)−2 3
−CH3 >CH2 —COO—
ni 2 1 1
O
CH3 Ci
Contribution
9.04 6.47 13.41
18.08 6.47 13.41 Total
= 9.84 × 10−6 The estimated value is 1.5 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 9.70 × 10−6 Pa⋅s.
Recommended Method Reichenberg method. Reference: Reichenberg, D., AIChE J., 21 (1975): 181. Classification: Group contributions and corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 5 percent. Applicability: Nonpolar and polar organic and inorganic vapors. Input data: Tc, Pc, M, µ, and molecular structure. Description: The temperature dependence of the viscosity is given by ATr2 ηo = [1 + 0.36Tr(Tr − 1)]1 6 Pa⋅s
1 + 270(µ*r)4 Tr + 270(µ*r)4
µr* = 52.46µr
(2-86)
and Eq. (2.62).
For organic compounds, A is found from the group values Ci, listed in Table 2-355, using
(kg kmol) M
A = 10
1 2
(Tc / K)
N
(2-87)
nC
i=1 i
i
For inorganic gases, A is obtained from A = 1.6104 × 10−10
M
−1 6
g/mol Pa K 1 2
Pc
2 3
Tc
37.96
Tr = (401.25 K) (523.3 K) = 0.767 From Eqs. (2-62) and (2-86): (1.78)2(38.8) = 0.024 µ*r = 52.46 (523.3)2 From Eq. (2-87): (88.1051)1 2(523.3) A = 10−7 = 1.294 × 10−5 37.96 Calculation using Eq. (2-84):
(2-85)
where the parameter A is determined from group contributions and the modified reduced dipole µ*r is found from
−7
µ = 1.78 D
Supporting quantities: Structural groups:
Reduced temperature: Tr = (353 K)/(369.83 K) = 0.9545
(2-88)
(1.294 × 10−5)(0.767)2 1 + (270)(0.024)4 ηo = 1.003 × 10−5 = [1 + (0.36)(0.767)(0.767 − 1)]1 6 0.767 + (270)(0.024)4 Pa⋅s The estimated value is 1.5 percent lower than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 1.018 × 10−5 Pa⋅s.
The dependence of viscosity upon pressure is principally a density effect. Estimation of vapor viscosity at elevated pressures is commonly done by correlating density deviations from the low-pressure values, which are in turn estimated by using the procedures mentioned above. Several methods are available, but the method developed by Jossi et al. and extended to polar fluids by Stiel and Thodos is relatively accurate and easy to apply. Recommended Method Jossi-Stiel-Thodos Method. References: Stiel, L. I., and G. Thodos, AIChE J., 10 (1964): 26; Jossi, J. A., L. I. Stiel, and G. Thodos, AIChE J., 8 (1962): 59. Classification: Empirical correlation and corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 9 percent—often less for nonpolar gases, larger for polar gases. Applicability: Nonassociating gases; ρr < 2.6. Input data: M, Tc, Pc, Zc, µ,ηo (low-pressure viscosity at same T may be estimated by using methods given above), and ρ (may be calculated from T and P by using density methods given above).
2-506
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Description: Deviation of η from the low-pressure value ηo is given by one of the following correlations depending upon its polarity and reduced density range: For nonpolar gases, 0.1 < ρr < 3.0: η − ηo
ξ + 1 mPa⋅s
1 4
(2-89)
ξ = 1.656ρ mPa⋅s
1.111 r
(2-90)
For polar gases, 0.1 < ρr ≤ 0.9: η − ηo
ξ = 0.0607(9.045ρ + 0.63) mPa⋅s
1.739
r
(2-91)
η − ηo ξ mPa⋅s
= 0.6439 − 0.1005ρr
which is analogous to the Riedel [Riedel, L., Chem. Ing. Tech., 26 (1954): 83] vapor pressure equation. Currently the most accurate method for predicting pure liquid viscosity is the following GC method. Recommended Method Hsu method. Reference: Hsu, H.-C., Y.-W. Sheu, and C.-H. Tu, Chem. Eng. J., 88 (2002): 27. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 20 percent. Applicability: Organic liquids; Tr < 0.75. Input data: Pc and molecular structure. Description: The temperature dependence of the liquid viscosity is given by η ln mPa⋅s
(2-92)
N
c
i=1
N
N
+ d ln (2-97) = a + T b + bar T i
i=1
i
i
i=1
Pc
i
2
i=1
where Pc is critical pressure and the coefficients a, b, c, and d are the sum of the group contributions obtained from Table 2-356.
For polar gases, 2.2 < ρr ≤ 2.6: log 4 − log
(2-96)
N
For polar gases, 0.9 < ρr 2.2:
or an extension of it. For example, the DIPPR® 801 database uses the equation B ln η = A + + C ln T + DTE T
For polar gases, ρr ≤ 0.1: η − ηo
(2-95)
T
= 1.0230 + 0.23364ρr
+ 0.58533ρ2r − 0.40758ρ3r + 0.093324ρ4r
log 4 − log
B ln η = A +
ξ = 0.6439 − 0.1005ρ mPa⋅s
Example Estimate the liquid viscosity of benzotrifluoride at 303.15 K.
η − ηo
Structural information:
r
F
− 0.000475(ρ3r − 10.65)2
(2-93)
F
where ρc = Pc (ZcRTc) and
F −1 2
−2 3
kg/kmol MPa
T ξ = 2173.4 c K
1 6
M
Pc
(2-94)
Example Estimate the vapor viscosity of CO2 at 350 K and 20 MPa if ηo = 0.0174 mPa⋅s and Z = 0.4983 (estimated from Lee-Kesler method, see section on density). Required properties: From the DIPPR® 801 database, M = 44.01 kg kmol Zc = 0.274
Pc = 7.383 MPa Tc = 304.21 K µ = 0 D (nonpolar)
Group >C< (苷CH)A (苷C<)A (F)3
Number 1 5 1 1
a
1.0031 −0.8570 0.7896 1.5394 Total −0.9529
ξ = 2173.4(304.21) (44.01)
−1 2
−2 3
(7.383)
= 224.1
0.0001c −6.0316 2.4376 −0.9222 17.8121 23.0463
d 1.1972 0.1311 0.1928 −2.9915 −0.9460
Supporting values: Pc = 32.1 MPa
Auxiliary quantities: 1 6
100b −0.3677 −0.0098 −0.0231 0.8465 0.4067
Calculation using Eq. (2-97):
7.383 MPa
kmol ρc = = 10.654 m3 0.274[8.314 m3Pa/(K⋅mol)](304.21 K) ρ P 20 MPa ρr = = = ρc ZRTρc 0.4983[8.314 m3⋅Pa/(K⋅mol)](350 K)(10.654 m3⋅kmol) = 1.295 Calculation using Eq. (2-89) for nonpolar fluids: η − ηo
+ 1 224.1 mPa⋅s
1 4
= 1.0230 + 0.23364(1.295) + 0.58533(1.295)2
− 0.40758(1.295)3 + 0.093324(1.295)4 = 1.684 1.6844 − 1 η = mPa⋅s + 0.0174 mPa⋅s = 0.0489 mPa⋅s 224.1 This differs from the experimental value of 0.0473 mPa⋅s by 3.4 percent.
Liquids Liquid viscosity can be correlated as a function of temperature for low pressures. Usually the correlation is based on the Andrade equation [Andrade, E. N. da C., Nature, 125 (1930): 309]
η 230463 = exp −0.9529 + (0.004067)(303.15) + 2 mPa⋅s (303.15)
= 0.610
− 0.9460 ln 32.1
The estimated value is 20 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 0.509 mPa⋅s.
Liquid Mixtures Almost all methods for estimating liquid mixture viscosity interpolate between the pure-component values at the same temperature. The Grunberg-Nissan [Grunberg, L., and A. H. Nissan, Nature, 164 (1949): 799] equation C
1 ln η = xi ln ηi + i
2
C
C
xi xj Gij i=1 j=1
(2-98)
is commonly used for nonaqueous mixtures. The parameter Gij generally must be regressed from an experimental mixture viscosity. However, in the case of hydrocarbon mixtures Gij can be set to zero with expected errors in the mixture viscosity of about 15 percent.
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-356
Group Contributions for the Hsu et al. Method*
Table-specific nomenclature: R = in nonaromatic ring, A = in aromatic ring, RC = attached to nonaromatic ring, AC = attached to aromatic ring, X = halogen, (−X)n = n X atoms attached to same C atom Group
a
100b
0.0001c
d
−1.0563 −0.2382 0.0060 0.4028 −0.3677 −0.2656 0.1612 0.4305 −0.1106 −0.0111 −0.1778 0.7637 −0.0120 1.7694 −0.0098 −0.0231 0.0444 0.0683 1.2165 −0.8665
0.8928 0.7556 1.4157 4.5094 −6.0316 0.9860 1.9408 3.1287 4.4245 0.3265 0.8437 7.2433 2.0143 19.0452 2.4376 −0.9222 8.1690 8.8426 34.2857 −14.7474
−0.0019 −0.1765 0.0751 0.6679 1.1972 −0.4417 0.2507 1.0465 −24.1836 25.0542 −1.5184 8.5951 −0.3677 13.3885 0.1311 0.1928 −0.4351 −0.1685 −11.6500 −2.7574
−0.5310 −1.0010 −0.3645 2.4275 0.8509 −0.3634 0.6362 −0.4377 0.0985 −0.2847 0.0872 −0.2612 0.1142 −0.2405 0.0413 −0.1841 −0.1693 −0.0113 −0.2162 0.0006 1.5834 0.0111 0.2848 1.0614 0.1801 0.1322 0.0427 0.0779 −0.0965 −0.3285 1.2621 0.5248 −1.2592 0.6232
9.5499 13.8366 29.8404 78.5417 77.1759 23.2329 50.0840 17.2243 2.9405 −4.3145 6.4296 3.7241 6.7008 3.8828 27.4079 12.6878 20.0309 9.4694 1.9325 5.4231 34.5474 7.2831 9.3746 49.1049 12.9392 15.8672 12.1837 4.4123 6.0066 1.9387 23.1473 14.2694 −23.9353 27.5184
−1.0300 0.3418 0.4246 0.9650 −6.9285 −0.0172 −1.0539 0.7139 0.1149 8.3131 0.5389 0.2386 0.7348 −12.4994 0.0002 1.1139 0.0279 0.6071 0.4686 0.8717 −0.4244 3.6587 2.1486 2.8583 2.8987 −0.0701 −0.0948 0.9549 0.3464 0.1148 1.3950 3.7646 0.8329 7.7525
−0.2126 −0.1723 0.4842 −0.0180 0.2208 0.5975 −0.2774 0.0432 26.4615 0.1316 1.5664 −4.5188 0.6712 0.1910
7.0544 5.7804 6.1893 23.2752 14.9707 14.0415 31.8007 20.9135 394.1670 45.5193 60.8742 −62.0987 37.9465 12.0578
0.1336 1.6467 0.4718 1.0653 0.1171 −0.0031 0.0001 1.8795 0.3530 1.2172 −4.6399 1.2353 1.9199 −0.0276
C, H Groups CH4 CH3 CH2 >CH >C< 苷CH2 苷CH 苷C< CH C (CH2)R (>CH)R (苷CH)R cycloalkene (>C<)R spirocyclane (苷CH)A (苷C<)A cycloalkene (苷C<)A bi/terphenyl (苷C<)A naphthalene (苷C<)A turpentine (苷C<)A tetralin
−1.7296 0.0570 −0.1497 −2.2942 1.0031 0.9256 1.3365 −3.5020 87.6040 −91.6154 6.0416 −33.8745 1.2028 −56.2158 −0.8570 0.7896 2.0973 0.4392 27.3350 14.2586
OH primary for C<3 OH primary for C>2 OH secondary OH tertiary (OH)RC OH polyhydric (OH)AC OH alkoxyalcohol O (O)R (O)AC CHO >CO (>CO)R HCOOH COOH for C<7 COOH for C>6 HCOO COO for C<8 COO for C>7 >CHO (CO)O(CO) anhydride O(CO)O carbonate (>NO)R NO2 苷CHNO2 (NO2)AC S SH primary SH secondary SH tertiary CSO for C<13 CSO for C>12 >SO
5.7852 1.4351 −2.6895 −18.5630 16.7808 −0.0125 −2.0856 −2.6991 −0.7185 −29.8045 −2.3454 −0.8288 −2.6622 45.9143 −2.7291 −4.0451 −0.6721 −3.3731 −0.0635 −2.5390 −5.4872 −11.8236 −8.0314 −16.9531 −13.0333 −1.9653 −1.2954 −3.2767 −2.1030 −0.2481 −12.3498 −15.2678 3.7475 −32.8607
O, S Groups
N, X Groups NH2 NH N< (NH2)AC (NH)AC (N<)AC HCONH2 HCONH HCON< CONH2 CONH COONH2 COONH (>NH)R
−1.1345 −6.9489 −2.1403 −6.3646 −1.7592 −1.2982 −1.5435 −8.1097 −122.3280 −6.7363 8.9977 17.8400 −10.1316 −0.1589
2-507
2-508
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-356
Group Contributions for the Hsu et al. Method* (Concluded)
Table-specific nomenclature: R = in nonaromatic ring, A = in aromatic ring, RC = attached to nonaromatic ring, AC = attached to aromatic ring, X = halogen, (−X)n = n X atoms attached to same C atom Group
a
100b
0.0001c
d
0.1120 −0.1324 −0.0086 −0.3851 −0.1934 −1.0770 −0.3220 −0.4130 −0.0623 0.2607 −1.1189 0.8465 −0.2352 −0.3682 −0.5629 0.0109 0.1403 −0.6623 −0.3420 −0.1635 −0.2787 −0.0245 −0.0470
6.98437 7.7955 8.6310 3.0118 3.7798 0.1882 8.8683 13.3194 4.1382 11.3406 1.3134 17.8121 −0.1505 4.6451 3.6831 5.9474 10.3743 −2.4228 1.4253 3.0150 4.3362 7.2061 8.2815
0.9719 0.6293 −0.6443 0.5524 −0.4748 1.2223 0.1702 −1.1972 −0.2644 1.8461 2.6681 −2.9915 −0.2893 −0.0751 0.3613 −14.5771 −1.1972 0.7385 73.6293 0.0621 0.5635 −18.9106 0.4485
N, X Groups −4.7601 −2.7194 0.9435 −1.7997 1.5851 −3.0561 −1.3357 4.2070 −0.3083 −9.4982 −10.3980 1.5394 0.4079 −0.8565 −3.4552 54.2824 −2.1710 −0.7586 −279.0030 −8.1919 −1.4672 70.9918 −2.3300
(苷N)R C N (C N)AC Cl primary 苷CHCl (Cl)2 (Cl)3 (Cl)4 (Cl)AC F primary (F)2 (F)3 (F)AC (F)(Cl) (F)(Cl)2 (F)2(Cl) (F)2(Cl)2 Br primary Br secondary (Br)AC I primary (I)AC (CO)Cl
*Hsu, H.-C., Y.-W. Sheu, and C.-H. Tu, Chem. Eng. J., 88 (2002): 27
Estimation of liquid mixture viscosity without any mixture data is difficult because the viscosity is strongly affected by large molecular size differences and strong cross interactions between the different types of molecules. Viscosity-composition plots for aqueous mixtures can have maxima or minima, and viscosities for these mixtures are particularly difficult to estimate. The UNIFAC-VISCO method described below can be used to predict liquid viscosity of organic mixtures without any mixture data. It is relatively successful even for large differences in molecular size, but it is currently limited in scope by the small number of group contributions available. Recommended Method UNIFAC-VISCO method. Reference: Chevalier, J. L., P. Petrino, and Y. Gaston-Bonhomme, Chem. Eng. Sci., 43 (1988): 1303; Gaston-Bonhomme, Y., P. Petrino, and J. L. Chevalier, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49 (1994): 1799. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 20 percent. Applicability: Organic liquids. Input data: Molecular structure; pure-component molar volumes and viscosities at the mixture temperature. Description: The equations for this method are η ln = mPa⋅s
ηi
comp
E c
g
Groups, area fractions, volume fractions: Group CH3 CH2 CHar OH Group
g
where Vm is the mixture molar volume and Vi is the pure-component molar volume of component i. The combinatorial and residual excess Gibbs energies are calculated exactly as in the UNIFAC method (see Sec. 13) with the exception that the group interactions ψmm are calculated by using
N1
N2
1 1 0 1
0 0 6 0
0.9011 0.6744 0 1 Total 2.5755
q1
r2
q2
0.848 0.54 0 1.2 2.588
0 0 3.1878 0 3.1878
0 0 2.4 0 2.4
where in the above table qi = Ni,kQk k=1
m
Q 0.8480 0.5400 0.4000 1.2000
r1
CH3 CH2 CHar OH
(2-99)
i
αmn Ψmn = exp − 298.15
R 0.9011 0.6744 0.5313 1.0000
N
E r
x ln ⋅ + −
mPa⋅s V RT RT i=1 Vi
Required input: Values from the DIPPR® 801 database for the pure components at 298.15 K are η1 = 1.0774 mPa⋅s, η2 = 0.5997 mPa⋅s, V1 = 0.05862 m3 kmol, and V2 = 0.08948 m3 kmol.
(2-100)
The interaction parameters αmn are obtained from Table 2-357. Example Estimate the viscosity of a mixture of 51.13 mol % ethanol(1) and 48.87 mol % benzene(2) at 298.15 K.
N
and
ri = Ni,k Rk k=1
x1q1 (0.5113)(2.588) θ1 = = = 0.53 4 (0.5113)(2.588) + (0.4887)(2.4) x q
ii
θ2 = 0.47
i=1
(0.5113)(2.5755) x1r1 = = 0.458 φ1 = 4 (0.5113)(2.5755) + (0.4887)(3.1878) x r
ii i=1
UNIFAC combinatorial term: 2 2 gCE φi θi = xi ln + 5 xiqi ln = 0.124 xi φi RT i=1 i=1
φ2 = 0.542
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 2-357
2-509
UNIFAC-VISCO* Group Interaction Parameters ␣mn
m/n
CH2
CH3
CH2cy
CHar
Cl
CO
COO
OH
CH3OH
CH2 CH3 CH2cy CHar Cl CO COO OH CH3OH
0 −709.5 −538.1 −623.7 −710.3 586.2 541.6 −634.5 −526.1
66.53 0 187.3 237.2 375.3 −21.56 −44.25 1209.0 653.1
224.9 −130.7 0 50.89 −163.3 740.6 416.2 −138 751.3
406.7 −119.5 8.958 0 −139.8 −117.9 −36.17 197.7 51.31
60.30 82.41 251.4 177.2 0 −4.145 240.5 195.7 −140.9
859.5 11.86 −125.4 128.4 −404.3 0 22.92 664.1 −22.59
1172.0 −172.4 −165.7 −49.85 −525.4 29.20 0 68.35 −286.2
498.6 594.4 694.4 419.3 960.2 221.5 186.8 0 −23.91
−219.7 −228.7 −381.53 −88.81 −165.4 55.52 69.62 416.4 0
*Chevalier, J. L., P. Petrino, and Y. Gaston-Bonhomme, Chem. Eng. Sci., 43 (1988): 1303; Gaston-Bonhomme, Y., P. Petrino, and J. L. Chevalier, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49 (1994): 1799.
Group interactions:
Benzene Group
αmn
m/n group
CH3
CH2
CHar
OH
CH3 CH2 CHar OH
0 66.53 237.2 1209
−709.5 0 −623.7 −634.5
−119.5 406.7 0 197.7
594.4 498.6 419.3 0
Ψmn
m/n group
CH3
CH2
CHar
OH
CH3 CH2 CHar OH
1.000 0.800 0.451 0.017
10.801 1.000 8.100 8.399
1.493 0.256 1.000 0.515
0.136 0.188 0.245 1.000
The α mn values were obtained from Table 2-357, and Ψmn values were calculated from Eq. (2-100).
CH3 CH2 CHar OH
N
X
XQ
Θ
ln γ
0 0 6 0 Sum 6
0 0 1 0
0 0 0.4 0 0.4
0 0 1 0
0.257 −0.728 0.000 2.270
Here Θ and ln γ are defined by the same equations shown above for the mixture groups. UNIFAC residual term: 2 gEr = xi RT i=1
4
N
m,i
(lnγm − lnγm,i) = 0.3425
m=1
where Nm and ln γm refer to the mixture and Nm,i and ln γm,i refer to the purecomponent values. Mixture volume:
Group fractions in the mixture: Group CH3 CH2 CHar OH
X
XQ
Θ
lnγ
0.1145 0.1145 0.6565 0.1145
0.097083 0.061822 0.262618 0.137382 0.558905
0.17370 0.11061 0.46988 0.24581
0.293 −0.873 0.066 1.077
N 0.5113 0.5113 2.9322 0.5113 Sum 4.4661
2 m3 m3 Vm = xiVi = 0.5113 0.05862 + 0.4887 0.08948 kmol kmol i=1
i=1
Θ Ψ − 4
i
0.05862
+ 0.124 − 0.3425 = −0.4523
ΘiΨm,i
4
i,m
i=1
+ 0.4887 = 0.5113 ln 1.0774 0.07370
0.08948 ln 0.5997 0.07370
and
m3 = 0.07370 kmol
η ln mPa⋅s
ln γm = Qm 1 − ln
Using Eq. (2-99):
XmQm 4 Here Θm =
XiQi
4
η = exp (− 0.4523) mPa⋅s = 0.636 mPa⋅s
ΘjΨ j,i
i=1
j=1
The estimated value is 6.6 percent below the reported experimental value of 0.681 mPa⋅s [Kouris, S., and C. Panayiotou, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 34 (1989): 200].
Group fractions in pure components: Ethanol Group CH3 CH2 CHar OH
N 1 1 0 1 Sum 3
X
XQ
Θ
0.3333 0.3333 0.0000 0.3333
0.283 0.180 0.000 0.400 0.863
0.3277 0.2087 0.0000 0.4637
ln γ 0.5306 −0.9405 0.2095 0.6179
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Thermal conductivity k is a measure of the rate at which heat conducts through the material and is defined as the proportionality constant in Fourier’s law of heat conduction that relates the gradient of temperature to the heat flux or flow per unit area. In SI units, it has the units of W/(m⋅K). The conduction mechanism in low-density media, gases,
2-510
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
is primarily via molecular collisions, and k increases with increasing temperature (increasing molecular velocity). In dense media such as liquids, the energy transfer by conduction occurs more efficiently through the attractive intermolecular potential wells between the molecules than through collisions. As a result, liquid thermal conductivity generally decreases with increasing temperature (except for water, aqueous solutions, and a few multihydroxy and multiamine compounds), corresponding to the decrease in density with increased temperature. Below or near the normal boiling point, the temperature dependence of liquid thermal conductivity is nearly linear for modest temperature ranges and can be represented by k = A − BT
monatomic
1.7614 − T
kM R = 1.30 + ηCv Cv
0.3523
(2-102)
linear molecules (2-103)
r
kM R = 1.15 + 2.033 ηCv Cv
nonlinear molecules
(2-104)
Example Estimate the low-pressure thermal conductivity of toluene vapor at 500 K. Required properties from the DIPPR® 801 database: M = 92.138 g mol
η (500 K) = 1.1408 × 10 Pa⋅s −5
Cv = Cp − R = (170.78 − 8.314) J (mol⋅K) = 162.47 J (mol⋅K) Auxiliary quantities: Tr = 500 591.75 = 0.845
R Cv = (8.314) (162.47) = 0.0512
From Eq. (2-104):
(2-105)
0.215 + 0.28288α − 1.061β + 0.26665γ Ψ = 1 + α 0.6366 + βγ + 1.061αβ
C α = v − 1.5 R
(2-106)
β = 0.7862 − 0.7109ω + 1.3168ω2 (2-107)
γ = 2.0 + 10.5T2r
Example Estimate the low-pressue thermal conductivity of naphthalene vapor at 500 K. Required properties from the DIPPR® 801 database: Tc = 748.4 K
M = 128.17 g mol
ω = 0.30203
−5
η(500 K) = 1.0173 × 10 Pa⋅s Cv = Cp − R = (219.82 − 8.314) J (mol⋅K) = 211.51 J (mol⋅K) Auxiliary quantities [Eqs. (2-106) and(2-107)]: Tr = 500 748.4 = 0.6681
R Cv = (8.314) (211.51) = 0.0393
γ = 2.0 + (10.5)(0.6681) = 6.6866 2
α = (0.0393)−1 − 1.5 = 23.9388
β = 0.7862 − (0.7109)(0.30203) + (1.3168)(0.30203)2 = 0.6916 Ψ = 1 + 23.9388 ×
0.215 + 0.28288(23.9388) − 1.061(0.6916) + 0.26665(6.6866)
0.6366 + 0.6916(6.6866) + 1.061(23.9388)(0.6916)
= 9.4273 From Eq. (2-105):
where η = viscosity at same conditions as desired for k. Note: Because this method is only applicable at low pressures, Cv may be calculated as Cpo − R, where Cpo is the ideal gas isobaric heat capacity.
Tc = 591.75 K
kM R = 3.75 Ψ ηCv Cv
(2-101)
where B is generally in the range of 1 × 10−4 to 3 × 10−4 W (m⋅K2). Gases Methods for estimating low-pressure gas thermal conductivities are based on kinetic theory and generally correlate the dimensionless group kM ηCv (M = molecular weight, η = viscosity, Cv = isochoric heat capacity) known as the Eucken factor. The method of Stiel and Thodos is recommended for pure nonpolar compounds, and the method of Chung is recommended for pure polar compounds. Recommended Method Stiel-Thodos method. Reference: Stiel, L. I., and G. Thodos, AIChE J., 10 (1964): 26. Classification: Empirical extension of theory. Expected uncertainty: 15 percent. Applicability: Pure nonpolar gases at low pressure. Input data: M, Tc, η, and Cv. Description: The following equations may be used depending upon the molecular shape: kM = 2.5 ηCv
Applicability: Pure organic gases at low pressure. Input data: Cv, ω, Tc, M, and η. Description: The following equations apply:
J (1.1408 × 10−5Pa⋅s) 162.47 mol⋅K k = [1.15 + (2.033)(0.0512)] g 92.138 mol mW = 25.2 m⋅K
The estimated value is 18 percent below the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 30.76 mW/(m⋅K).
Recommended Method Chung-Lee-Starling method. Reference: Chung, T.-H., L. L. Lee, and K. E. Starling, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 23 (1984): 8. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 15 percent.
k = (3.75)(9.4273)
J (1.1408 × 10−5Pa⋅s) 8.314 mol⋅K g 128.17 mol
mW = 23.33 m⋅K
The estimated value is 1.0 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 23.09 mW/(m⋅K).
Liquids The Baroncini method provides accurate liquid thermal conductivity estimates if the compound clearly belongs to one of the specific families designated by the correlation. The Sastri-Rao method is recommended for other specific families as listed in the discussion of the method given below. As a general method for estimating thermal conductivity of pure liquids at ambient pressure for all other compounds, the Missenard method is recommended. Recommended Method Baroncini method. Reference: Baroncini, C., et al., Int. J. Thermophys., 2 (1981): 21. Classification: Empirical correlation. Expected uncertainty: 10 percent. Applicability: Particularly accurate for the following families: acetates, aliphatic ethers, halogenated compounds, dicarboxylic acids, ketones, aliphatic alcohols, aliphatic acids, propionates and butyrates, and unsaturated aliphatic esters. Input data: M, Tb (normal boiling point), Tc. Description: α
−β
−γ
g/mol K
k Tb = A W (m⋅K) K
M
Tc
(1 − Tr)0.38 T1 6 r
where A, α, β, and γ are obtained from Table 2-358.
(2-108)
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES From Eq. (2-108):
TABLE 2-358 Correlation Parameters for Baroncini et al. Method* for Estimation of Thermal Conductivity Family
A
Saturated hydrocarbons Olefins Cycloparaffins Aromatics Alcohols Organic acids Ketones Esters Ethers Refrigerants R20, R21, R22, R23 Others
0.00350 0.0361 0.0310 0.0346 0.00339 0.00319 0.00383 0.0415 0.0385
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
0.5 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1
0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167
0.562 0.494
0 0
0.5 0.5
−0.167 −0.167
*
Baroncini, C., et al., Int. J. Thermophys., 2 (1981): 21.
Example Estimate the thermal conductivity of liquid p-cresol at 400 K. Required properties from DIPPR® 801 database: M = 108.1378 g mol
Tc = 704.65 K
Tb = 475.133 K
Auxiliary properties:
k = (0.00339)(475.13)1.2(108.1378)−1 2 (704.65)−0.167 W (m⋅K) (1 − 0.5677)0.38 = 0.142 0.56771 6 The estimated value is 7.6 percent higher than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 0.132 W/(m⋅K).
Recommended Method Sastri-Rao method. Reference: Sastri, S. R. S., and K. K. Rao, Chem. Eng. J., 74 (1999): 161. Classification: Group contributions and corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 10 percent. Applicability: Particularly accurate for the following families: alkanes, alkenes, aromatic alcohols, cycloalkanes, epoxides, aliphatic acids, condensed rings. Input data: Tc , Tb (normal boiling point), and molecular structure. Description: The thermal conductivity at the normal boiling point kb is calculated from the sum of the group contributions given in Table 2-359. This value is then scaled to the desired reduced temperature by using a factor αβ in which the power β is related to the fractional reduced temperature distance between the normal boiling point and the critical point as shown in the following equations: N
Tr = T Tc = (400 K) (704.65 K) = 0.5677
kb = ni ∆ki i=1
From Table 2-358 for alcohols: A = 0.00339
α = 1.2
1 β= 2
1 − Tr β=1− 1 − Tbr
Group
ki (W/mK) 0.0545 −0.0008 −0.0600 −0.1230 0.0545 0.0020 −0.0630 0.1200 0.1130 0.0100 0.0830 0.0680 0.0175 0.0730 0.0070
Group
ki (W/mK)
COOH NH2 NH NH ring >N >N ring CN NO2 S F perfluoro F other Cl Br I Hc 3-ring other ringd
0.0650 0.0880 0.0065 0.0450 −0.0605 0.0135 0.0645 0.0700 0.0100 0.0568 0.0510 0.0550 0.0415 0.0245 0.0675 0.1500 0.1100
Corrections for multigroup interactions Hydrocarbons with 4 or fewer carbon atoms Single CH3 group + nonhydrocarbon groups other than COOH, Br, I f Two hydrocarbon + nonhydrocarbon groups other than COOH, Br, I f Unsaturated aliphatic compounds with three hydrocarbon groups Special groups Cl(CH2)nCl More than one nonhydrocarbon group with hydrocarbon groups Nonhydrocarbon groups but no hydrocarbon groups a
0.0150(5 − nC) 0.0600 0.0285 0.0285 0.0350 0.0095 0.1165
e
All rings are treated as separate rings in polycyclic compounds. Used only for aliphatic primary alcohols and phenols having no branch chains. Used in methane, formic acid, formates, etc. d Used for all rings in polycyclic compounds with at least one nonhydrocarbon ring. e The number of carbon atoms is nC. f Aliphatic nonhydrocarbon liquids such as methylformate, aceticanhydride, and ethylformate, having more than one type of nonhydrocarbon group and (1) one or two methyl groups or (2) one ethyl group only, require two correction factors. One is due to the hydrocarbon groups, and one is due to the presence of more than one type of nonhydrocarbon group *SOURCE: Sastri, S. R. S., and K. K. Rao, Chem. Eng. J., 74 (1999): 161. b c
γ
k = kbαβ
(2-109)
where γ = 1.23 for alcohols and 0.2 for all other compounds and α = 0.856 for alcohols and 0.16 for all other compounds.
γ = 0.167
TABLE 2-359 Sastri-Rao* Group Contributions for Liquid Thermal Conductivity at the Normal Boiling Point Hydrocarbons CH3 CH2 >CH >C< 苷CH2 苷CH 苷C< 苷C苷 ringa Nonhydrocarbons O OH primaryb OH other >CO >CHO COO
2-511
2-512
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Example Estimate the thermal conductivity of liquid methyl formate at 323 K. Molecular structure: O
O
ki
ni
ni ki
CH3 1 0.0545 COO 1 0.0070 H 1 0.0675 Corrections for multigroup interactions Single CH3 group + nonhydrocarbon groups More than one nonhydrocarbon with hydrocarbon groups
0.0545 0.0070 0.0675 0.0600 0.0095 Total
0.1985
Required input properties from DIPPR® 801 recommended values: Tc = 487.2 K
Tb = 304.9 K
Tr = T Tc = 323 487.2 = 0.6630
Tbr = 304.9 487.2 = 0.6258
From Eq. (2-109): α = 0.16
γ = 0.2
1 − 0.633 β = 1 − 1 − 0.6257
0.2
(nonalcohol values)
= 0.0207
kb = 0.1985 W (m⋅K)
k = [0.1985 W (m⋅K)] (0.16)0.0207 = 0.1911 W (m⋅K) The estimated value is 10.2 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 0.1734 W/(m⋅K).
Recommended Method Missenard method. Reference: Missenard, A., Comptes Rendus, 260 (1965): 5521. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 20 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds; nonassociating. Input data: Tc, m (number of atoms in molecule), ρ273 (liquid density at 273.15 K), Tb, M, Cp,273 (liquid heat capacity at 273.15 K). Description: 8.4 k273 T ⋅ b = m1 4 mW (m⋅K) K
ρ273
−1 2
g/m g/mol
1 2
1 2
M
3
Cp,273 × J (mol⋅K)
mW 141.3 [3 + 20(1 − 0.5673)2 3] m⋅K k273[3 + 20(1 − Tr)2 3] k = = 3 + 20 (1 − 0.4425)2 3 3 + 20(1 − Tr,273)2 3
CH3
Group contributions from Table 2-359: Group
From Eq. (2-111):
mW = 123.3 m⋅K The estimated value is 4.5 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 118.0 mW/(m⋅K).
Liquid Mixtures The thermal conductivity of liquid mixtures generally shows a modest negative deviation from a linear mass-fraction-weighted average of the pure-component values. Although more complex methods with some improved accuracy are available, two simple methods are recommended here that require very little additional information. The first method applies only to binary mixtures while the second can be used for multiple components. Recommended Method Filippov correlation. References: Filippov, L. P., Vest. Mosk. Univ., Ser. Fiz. Mat. Estestv. Nauk, 10 (1955): 67; Filippov, L. P., and N. S. Novoselova, Sugden, Vest. Mosk. Univ., Ser. Fiz. Mat. Estestv. Nauk, 10 (1955): 37. Classification: Empirical correlation. Expected uncertainty: 4 to 8 percent. Applicability: Binary liquid mixtures. Input data: Pure-component thermal conductivities ki at mixture conditions; wi. Description: The mixture thermal conductivity is calculated from the pure-component values using k = w1k1 + w2k2 − 0.72w1w2 k2 − k1
where wi is the mass fraction of pure fluid i. Recommended Method Li correlation. References: Li, C. C., AIChE J., 22 (1976): 927. Classification: Empirical correlation. Expected uncertainty: 4 to 8 percent. Applicability: Liquid mixtures. Input data: Pure-component thermal conductivities ki at mixture conditions; ρL,i Description: The mixture thermal conductivity is correlated as a function of the mixture volume fractions φi: C
k=
(2-110)
i =1
k273[3 + 20 (1 − Tr)2 3] k = 3 + 20 (1 − Tr,273)2 3
(2-112)
C
2ki kj
φφ
k +k j =1
(2-113)
i j
i
j
−1 xiρL,i where φi = C
xjρ−1L,j
(2-111)
j=1
where Tr,273 = (273 K)/Tc. Example Estimate the thermal conductivity of m-xylene at 350 K. ®
Required properties from DIPPR 801 database: Tc = 617 K
m = 18
ρ273 = 7.6812 kmol m3
Tb = 412.27 K
M = 106.165 kg kmol
Cp,273 = 200.64 kJ/(kmol⋅K)
Auxiliary properties: Tr = 350 617 = 0.5673
Tbr = 412.27 617 = 0.6682
Tr,273 = 273 617 = 0.4425
Example Estimate the thermal conductivity of a mixture containing 30.2 mol % diethyl ether(1) and 69.8 mol % methanol(2) at 273.15 K and 0.1 MPa, using the Filippov and Li correlations. Auxiliary data: The pure-component thermal conductivities and molar densities at 273.15 K recommended in the DIPPR® 801 database are k1 = 0.1383 W (m⋅K)
ρ1 = 9.9335 kmol m3
M1 = 74.1216 kg kmol
k2 = 0.2069 W (m⋅K)
ρ2 = 25.371 kmol m
M2 = 32.0419 kg kmol
3
The mass fractions corresponding to the mole fractions given above are w1 = 0.5
From Eq. (2-110):
w2 = 0.5
The volume fractions are = (8.4)(412.27) mW/(m⋅K) k273
(0.007681)1 2(106.165)−1 2(200.64)(18)−0.25
1 2
= 141.3
(0.302)(9.9335)−1 = 0.525 φ1 = (0.302)(9.9335)−1 + (0.698)(25.371)−1
φ2 = 0.475
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Calculation using Eq. (2-112): W k = [(0.5)(0.1383) + (0.5)(0.2069) − (0.72)(0.5)(0.5)0.2069 − 0.1383] m⋅K = 0.160 W (m⋅K)
Input Data: ρL, molecular structure, and Table 2-360. Description: Equation (2-114) is used with P calculated from N
P = ni ∆Pi
(2-115)
i =1
Calculation using Eq. (2-113):
2-513
Group values for the parachor are given in Table 2-360.
(0.525)(0.475)(2)(0.1383)(0.2069) k = (0.525)2(0.1383) + 2⋅ 0.1383 + 0.2069
Example Estimate the surface tension of ethylacetylene at 237.45 K. Structure:
W + (0.475)2(0.2069) m⋅K
HC
CH3
C
= 0.167 W (m⋅K) The Filippov value is 7.5 percent lower than the experimental value of 0.173 W/(m⋅K) [Jamieson, D. T., and B. K. Hastings, Thermal Conductivity, Proceedings of the Eighth Conference, C. Y. Ho and R. E. Taylor, eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1969]; the Li value is 3.5 percent lower than the experimental value.
Group
ni
∆Pi
ni ∆Pi
CH C >CH2 (n = 1–11) CH3
1 1 1 1
43.64 28.64 39.92 55.25
43.64 28.64 39.92 55.25
Solids There is no reliable method for estimating solid thermal conductivity at this time. SURFACE TENSION The surface layer at a vapor-liquid interface is in tension and will contract to minimize the surface area. Qualitatively, the surface tension is due to the larger attractive forces that molecules at the interface experience from molecules in the dense liquid phase than from those in the low-density gas phase. Quantitatively, surface tension is defined as the force in the surface plane per unit length. Jasper [Jasper, J. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1 (1972): 841] has made a critical evaluation of experimental surface tension data for approximately 2200 pure chemicals and correlated surface tension σ (mN/m = dyn/cm) with temperature as σ = A − BT Jasper’s evaluation also includes values of A and B for most of the tabulated chemicals. Surface tension decreases with increasing temperature and increasing pressure. Pure Liquids An approach suggested by Macleod [Macleod, D. B., Trans. Faraday Soc., 19 (1923): 38] and modified by Sugden [Sugden, S. J., Chem. Soc., 125 (1924): 32] relates σ to the liquid and vapor molar densities and a temperature-independent parameter called the parachor P σ ρL − ρV = P⋅ mN/m 103 kmol/m3
4
(2-114)
where ρL and ρV are the saturated molar liquid and vapor densities, respectively. At low temperatures, where ρL >> ρV, the vapor density can be neglected, but at higher temperatures the density of both phases must be calculated. At the critical point the surface tension is zero as ρL = ρV. Quayle [Quayle, O. R., Chem. Rev., 53 (1953): 439] proposed a group contribution method for estimating P that has been improved in recent years by Knotts et al. [ Knotts, T. A., et. al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46 (2001): 1007]. This method using P is recommended when groups are available; otherwise, the Brock-Bird [Brock, J. R., and R. B. Bird, AIChE J., 1 (1955): 174] corresponding-states method as modified by Miller [Miller, D. G., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 2 (1963): 78] may be used to estimate surface tension for compounds that are not strongly polar or associating. Recommended Method Parachor method. References: Macleod, D. B., Trans. Faraday Soc., 19 (1923): 38; Sugden, S. J., Chem. Soc., 125 (1924): 32; Knotts, T. A., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46 (2001): 1007. Classification: Group contributions and QSPR. Expected uncertainty: 4 percent. Applicability: Organic compounds for which group values are available.
Total
167.45
Required properties: The DIPPR® 801 database gives ρL = 13.2573 kmol/m3 at 237.45 K. Calculation using Eq. (2-114):
13.2573 σ = (167.45) 1000
4
mN N = 0.02429 m m
The estimated value is 0.9 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 0.02407 N/m.
Recommended Method Brock-Bird method. Reference: Brock, J. R., and R. B. Bird, AIChE J., 1 (1955): 174; Miller, D. G., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 2 (1963): 78. Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 5 percent. Applicability: Nonpolar and moderately polar organic compounds. Input data: Tc, Pc, and Tb. Description: σ Pc = (5.553 × 10−5) mN/m Pa
K 2/3
Tc
1/3
F(1 − Tr)11/9
(2-116)
where Tbr [ln(Pc /Pa) − 11.5261] F = − 1.3281 1 − Tbr
(2-117)
Example Estimate the surface tension for ethyl mercaptan at 303.15 K. Required properties from DIPPR® 801: Tc = 499.15 K
Pc = 5.49 × 106 Pa
Tb = 308.15 K
Supporting quantities: Tr = (303.15 K)/(499.15 K) = 0.6073 Tbr = (308.15 K)/(499.15 K) = 0.6173 F = {0.6173 [ln (5.49 × 106) − 11.5261]/(1 − 0.6173)} − 1.3281 = 5.113 [from Eq. (2-117)] From Eq. (2-116): σ = (5.553 × 10−5)(5.49 × 106)2/3(499.15)1/3(5.113)(1 − 0.6073)11/9 mN/m = 22.36 mN/m The estimated value is 1.4 percent lower than the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 22.68 mN/m.
2-514
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-360
Knotts* Group Contributions for the Parachor in Estimating Surface Tension
Group (a) Nonring C CH3 >CH2 (n = 1–11) >CH2 (n = 12–20) >CH2 (n > 20) >CH >C< 苷CH2 苷CH 苷C< 苷C苷 CH C Branch corrections Per branch sec-sec adjacency sec-tert adjacency tert-tert adjacency (b) Nonaromatic ring C CH2 >CH >C< 苷CH 苷C< >CH (fused ring) Ring corrections Three-member ring Four-member ring Five-member ring Six-member ring Seven-member ring (c) Aromatic ring C >CH >C C (fused arom/arom) C (fused arom/aliph) Arom ring corr ortho para meta subst. naphthalene corr (d) Oxygen groups OH (alc, primary) OH (alc, sec) OH (alc, tertiary) OH (phenol) O (nonring) O (ring) O (aromatic) >C苷O (nonring) >C苷O (ring) O苷CH (aldehyde) CHOOH (formic) COOH (acid) OCHO (formate) COO (ester) COOCO (acid anhyd) OC(苷O)O (ring)
Pi 55.25 39.92 40.11 40.51 28.90 15.76 49.76 34.57 24.50 24.76 43.64 28.64 −6.02 −2.73 −3.61 −6.10 39.21 23.94 7.19 34.07 18.85 22.05 12.67 15.76 7.04 5.19 3.00 34.36 16.07 19.73 14.41 −0.60 3.40 2.24 −7.07 31.42 22.68 20.66 30.32 20.61 21.67 23.54 47.02 50.04 66.06 94.01 74.57 82.29 64.97 115.07 84.05
Pi
Group (e) Nitrogen groups RNH2 (primary R) RNH2 (sec R) RNH2 (tert R) ANH2 (attached to arom ring) >NH (nonring) >NH (ring) >NH (in arom ring) >N- (nonring) >N- (ring) N苷 (nonring) >N (aromatic) HC N (hyd cyanide) C N C N (aromatic) (f) Nitrogen and oxygen groups C苷ONH2 (amides) C苷ONH- (amides) C苷ON< (amides) NHCHO >NCHO N苷O NO2 NO2 (aromatic) (g) Sulfur groups R-SH (primary R) R-SH (sec R) R-SH (tert R) SH (aromatic) S (nonring) S (ring) S (aromatic) >S苷O (nonring) >SO2 (nonring) >SO2 (ring) (h) Halogen groups F Cl Br I F (aromatic) Cl (aromatic) Br (aromatic) I (aromatic) (i) Si groups SiH4 >SiH >Si< >Si< (ring) (j) Other inorganic groups PO4 >P >B >Al ClO3
44.98 44.63 46.44 46.53 29.04 31.97 33.92 10.77 15.71 23.24 26.49 80.94 65.23 67.54 93.43 73.64 57.05 91.69 77.12 64.32 73.86 75.05 66.89 63.34 65.33 68.30 51.37 51.75 51.47 72.21 93.20 90.13 21.81 26.24 51.16 54.56 66.30 70.39 90.84 92.04 105.11 54.50 44.93 28.64 115.59 48.84 22.65 25.06 106.03
*Knotts, T. A., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46 (2001): 1007.
Liquid Mixtures Compositions at the liquid-vapor interface are not the same as in the bulk liquid, and so simple (bulk) compositionweighted averages of the pure-fluid values do not provide quantitative estimates of the surface tension at the vapor-liquid interface of a mixture. The behavior of aqueous mixtures is more difficult to correlate and estimate than that of nonpolar mixtures because small amounts of organic material can have a pronounced effect upon the surface concentrations and the resultant surface tension. These effects are usually modeled with thermodynamic methods that account for the activity coefficients. For example, a UNIFAC method [Suarez, J. T. C. TorresMarchal, and P. Rasmussen, Chem. Eng. Sci., 44 (1989): 782] is recommended and illustrated in PGL5. For nonaqueous systems the extension of the parachor method, used above for pure fluids, is a simple and reasonably effective method for estimating σ for mixtures.
Recommended Method Parachor correlation. Reference: Hugill, J. A., and A. J. van Welsenes, Fluid Phase Equil., 29 (1986): 383; Macleod, D. B., Trans. Faraday Soc., 19 (1923): 38; Sugden, S. J., Chem. Soc., 125 (1924). Classification: Corresponding states. Expected uncertainty: 3 to 10 percent. Applicability: Nonaqueous mixtures. Input data: Liquid and vapor ρ at mixture T; parachors of pure components; xi. Description: σm ρL,m ρV,m − PV,m = PL,m mN/m 103 kmol/m3 103 kmol/m3
4
(2-118)
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES where σm = surface tension of the mixture PL,m = parachor of liquid mixture PV,m = parachor of vapor mixture ρL,m = liquid mixture molar density ρV,m = vapor mixture molar density The following definitions are used for the liquid and vapor mixture parachors: 1 PL,m = 2
C
C
i j
i
C
1 PV,m = 2
x x (P + P ) i =1 j =1 j
C
y y (P + P )(2-119) i=1 j =1 i j
i
j
where xi is the mole fraction of component i in the liquid and yi is the mole fraction of component i in the vapor. Note that ρV is generally very small compared to ρL at temperatures substantially lower than Tc and can often be neglected. Example Estimate the surface tension for a 16.06 mol % n-pentane(1) + 83.94 mol % dichloromethane(2) mixture at 298.15 K.
The autoignition temperature is the minimum temperature for a substance to initiate self-combustion in air in the absence of an ignition source. Recommended Methods Flash point: Thornton method. Reference: As described by N. Y. Shebeko, A. V. Ivanov, and E. N. Alekhina, “Calculation of Flash Points and Ignition Temperatures of Organic Compounds,” Soviet Chem. Ind. 16(1984):1371. Classification: Atomic contributions. Expected uncertainty: 5 K. Applicability: Organic compounds. Input data: Number of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, halogen, and oxygen atoms; vapor pressure correlation. Description: A simple atom contribution method is given by Psys P* − =0 1 + 4.76(2β − 1)
P
ρL/(kmol·m ) at 298.15 K
231.1 146.6
8.6173 15.5211
NH − NX NO β = NC + NS + − 4 2
−3
Mixture parachor from Eq. (2-119) and mixture density: PL,m = (0.1606)2(231.1) + (0.1606)(0.8394)(231.1 + 146.6) + (0.8394)2(146.6) = 160.17 ρL,m =
C
−1
−1
+ ρ = 8.6173 15.5211 i=1
xi
0.1606
i
0.8394
kmol kmol = 13.752 m3 m3
Calculation using Eq. (2-118): Because the temperature is low, the density of the vapor can be neglected, and σm mN = [(160.17)(0.013752)]4 = 23.54 m mN/m
(2-120)
where P* = vapor pressure at flash point temperature Psys = total system pressure, typically 1.01325 × 105 Pa β = stoichiometric coefficient, defined by
Required properties from DIPPR® 801:
n-Pentane Dichloromethane
2-515
(2-121)
where NC = number of carbon atoms in compound NS = number of sulfur atoms in compound NH = number of hydrogen atoms in compound NX = number of halogen atoms in compound NO = number of oxygen atoms in compound Procedure: Step 1. Determine the number of carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, halogen, and oxygen atoms in the compound. Step 2. Calculate β from Eq. (2-121). Step 3. Substitute a temperature-dependent expression for vapor pressure in Eq. (2-120) for P*. Step 4. Solve Eq. (2-120) for temperature. This temperature is the flash point estimate. Example Estimate the flash point of phenol. Structure:
OH
The estimated value is 2.9 percent below the experimental value of 24.24 mN/m reported by De Soria et al. [De Soria, M. L. G., et al., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 103 (1985): 354].
FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES Flash points, lower and upper flammability limits, and autoignition temperature are important properties for determining safe operating limits when processing organic compounds. As with any property, experimental values are preferable to predicted values, and prediction techniques for these properties are only modestly accurate. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used. ASTM test methods include procedures using a closed-cup apparatus (ASTM D 56, ASTM D 93, and ASTM D 3828), which is preferred, and an open-cup apparatus (ASTM D 92 and ASTM D 1310). Closed-cup values are typically lower than open-cup values. When several values are available, the lowest reasonable temperature is usually accepted in order to ensure safe operations. The lower and upper flammability limits are the boundary-line equilibrium mixtures of vapor or gas with air, which if ignited will just propagate a flame away from the ignition source. Each of these limits has a temperature at which the flammability limits are reached. The lower flammability limit temperature corresponds approximately to the flash point, but since the flash point is determined with downward flame propagation and nonuniform mixtures and the lower flammability temperature is determined with upward flame propagation and unifrom vapor mixtures, the measured lower flammability temperature is often somewhat lower than the flash point.
Atomic contributions: Atom type
Number
C H O
6 6 1 1 6 β=6+ − =7 4 2
The DIPPR® 801 correlation for the vapor pressure of phenol is 10,113 P* = exp(95.444 − − 10.09 ln T + 6.7603 × 10−18 T 6) T When this expression is used in Eq. (2-120) and solved for temperature, one obtains TFP = 348.7 K, which is 1.2 percent below the DIPRR recommended value of 353 K.
Recommended Method Flammability limits: Pintar method. Reference: Pintar, A. J., Technical Support Document DIPPR Project 912, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1996. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 25 percent.
2-516
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA TABLE 2-361 Group Contributions for Pintar* Flammability Limits Method for Organic Compounds LFLi
UFLi
Group
LFLi
UFLi
17.2750 13.7022 10.0000 5.5291 2.7250 2.1797 −3.0156 −6.0312 4.6752 10.3801 4.8890 1.2955 4.6740 73.8338 57.4447 57.4447 57.4447 45.0633 4.2821 17.5470 −2.9697 −5.9764 −8.0982 −1.2615 −2.1224 −5.1300 −8.0405 −16.0809 −21.9000 −22.0000 −44.0000 −60.0000 3.7078
3.8461 1.4959 0.2183 −0.8422 2.8206 0.5856 −2.2427 −4.4854 0.6009 −1.2148 1.6121 −1.1840 2.4751 9.6661 7.6126 7.2450 7.9291 −5.9925 2.0269 0.7842 1.4008 3.1943 4.2024 0.3984 0.6847 1.1952 4.0018 8.0036 12.0054 11.4300 22.8600 34.2900 1.8802
>NH N苷 CN 苷C苷N 苷NNH2 >NNH2 NO2 SH S SO SO2 SO3 SO4 CO3 OPO2 P苷 PO PO4苷 SiC† SiO† SiH† SiCl† SiN† SiSi Al B Cr Na cis trans Nonarom⋅ring Add’l⋅ring
3.2709 −7.2149 8.0990 2.5963 −3.5071 0.5861 −3.1507 7.9424 11.0079 3.9115 5.5400 2.8600 0.1800 2.4103 7.1419 47.6909 7.1515 −11.5096 −2.2855 2.5034 8.3130 4.1010 15.8960 — — 47.3806 — — −6.8350 0.5821 2.9082 14.2712
−1.9112 −2.3309 3.6918 −1.1463 −0.29897 2.4811 0.8011 0.5344 −1.9832 −4.1834 — — — −3.4894 — — — −6.0260 −3.0576 1.4282 −24.4160 9.7131 1.6577 — — — — — 1.8040 0.9183 3.7760 3.1127
Group CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< H OH O OO 苷C苷O CHO COOH COO COOCO C6H5 m-C6H4 o-C6H4 p-C6H4 Arom. ring 苷 Cl Cl2 Cl3 F F2 F3 Br Br2 Br3 I I2 I3 NH2
*Pintar, A. J., Technical Support Document DIPPR Project 912, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1996. †Does not include contribution of atoms attached to silicon. TABLE 2-362 Group Contributions for Pintar* Flammability Limits Method for Inorganic Compounds Group B Br C Cl F Fe H N Na Ni
LFLi
UFLi
Group
LFLi
UFLi
24.5190 — 32.0745 14.2658 — — 10.3452 −24.5487 — —
−1.3818 — −0.6259 −1.4231 — — 0.6500 1.8453 — —
>NNH2 O P S SiC† SiO† SiH† SiCl† SiN† SiSi
0.5861 −24.3242 24.8302 26.6776 −2.2855 2.5034 8.3130 4.1010 15.8960 —
−0.2990 2.2990 — 1.3171 −3.0576 1.4282 −24.4160 9.7131 1.6577 —
*Pintar, A. J., Technical Support Document DIPPR Project 912, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1996. †Does not include contribution of atoms attached to silicon.
Applicability: Organic and inorganic compounds. Input data: Group contributions from Tables 2-361 and 2-362. Description: A simple GC method with first-order contributions with lower flammability limit (LFL) and upper flammability limit (UFL) in volume % given by
Structure:
CH3
Group contributions:
100% LFL =
niLFLi
(2-122)
100% UFL =
niUFLi
(2-123)
where ni = number of groups of type i in molecule LFLi = contribution of group i to LFL UFLi = contribution of group i to UFL Example Estimate the lower and upper flammability limits of toluene.
Group
LFL
UFL
CH3 C6H5
17.2750 73.8338
3.8461 9.6661
Calculations using Eqs. (2-122) and (2-123): 100% LFL = = 1.10% 17.2750 + 73.8338 100% UFL = = 7.40% 3.8461 + 9.6661
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
2-517
TABLE 2-363 Group Contributions for Pintar*Autoignition Temperature Method for Organic Compounds Group
bi
CH3 >CH2 >CH >C< H OH O OO 苷C苷O CHO COOH COO COOCO C6H5 mC6H4 oC6H4 pC6H4 Aromatic ring 苷 Cl Cl2
301.91 −10.86 −275.17 −570.43 391.48 324.10 −18.60 −397.61 57.65 195.20 370.75 43.90 46.11 380.27 153.15 77.48 99.87 −1339.65 578.72 1116.50 347.39 726.03
Group Cl3 F F2 F3 Br Br2 Br3 I I2 I3 NH2 >NH N苷 CN 苷C苷N 苷NNH2 >NNH2 NO2 SH S SO SO2
bi
Group
bi
1073.47 360.60 755.54 1082.00 420.96 607.69 1260.00 310.53 — — 354.11 9.88 −249.91 469.67 −273.70 378.27 −215.02 292.57 273.84 −60.75 −91.10 —
SO3 SO4 CO3 P苷 PO OPO2 PO4苷 SiC† SiO† SiH† SiCl† SiN† SiSi Al B Cr Na cis trans Nonarom.ring Add’l.ring Zn
— −31.71 442.26 −334.91 −549.59 — −329.45 −147.69 −136.99 −310.52 −200.88 — — — — — 534.29 −29.19 −38.31 605.97 565.11 349.02
*Pintar, A. J., Estimation of Autoignition Temperature, Technical Support Document DIPPR Project 912, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1996. †Does not include contribution of atoms attached to silicon.
TABLE 2-364 Group Contributions for Pintar*Autoignition Temperature Method for Inorganic Compounds Group
bi
Group
bi
Group
bi
B Br C Cl F Fe H
−457.14 — 489.19 395.42 — −2050.90 204.55
N Na Ni >NNH2 O P S
0.71 — −1595.10 −215.02 −13.39 108.45 −3.57
SiC† SiO† SiH† SiCl† SiN† SiSi
−147.69 −136.99 −310.52 −200.88 — —
*Pintar, A. J., Estimation of Autoignition Temperature, Technical Support Document DIPPR Project 912, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1996. †Does not include contribution of atoms attached to silicon.
The values recommended in the DIPPR® 801 database are 1.2 and 7.1 percent, respectively. Flammability temperatures are found by determining the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the partial pressure corresponding to the LFL or UFL.
Recommended Methods Autoignition temperature: Pintar method. Reference: Pintar, A. J., Estimation of Autoignition Temperature, Technical Support Document DIPPR Project 912, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1996. Classification: Group contributions. Expected uncertainty: 25 percent. Applicability: Organic and inorganic compounds. Input data: Group contributions from Tables 2-363 and 2-364. Description: A simple GC method with first-order contributions is given by AIT = ni bi
(2-124)
where ni is the number of groups of type i in the molecule and bi is the contribution of group i to the autoignition temperature. A more accurate but somewhat more complicated logarithmic GC method was also developed by Pintar in the same reference cited here.
Example Estimate the autoignition temperature of 2,3-dimethylpentane. Structure and group information:
H3C
CH3
H3C
CH3
Group
ni
CH3 >CH2 >CH
4 1 2
bi 301.91 −10.86 −275.17
Calculation using Eq. (2-124): AIT = 4(301.91) − 10.86 + 2(−275.17) = 646.4 K The estimated value is 6.3 percent above the DIPPR® 801 recommended value of 608.15 K.
This page intentionally left blank
