PERRY’S CHEMICAL ENGINEERS’ HANDBOOK SEVENTH EDITION McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogotá...
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PERRY’S CHEMICAL ENGINEERS’ HANDBOOK SEVENTH EDITION McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Prepared by a staff of specialists under the editorial direction of Late Editor Robert H. Perry
Editor Don W. Green Deane E. Ackers Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas Associate Editor James O. Maloney Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, University of Kansas
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Perry’s chemical engineers’ handbook. — 7th ed. / prepared by a staff of specialists under the editorial direction of late editor Robert H. Perry : editor, Don W. Green : associate editor, James O’Hara Maloney. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-049841-5 (alk. paper) 1. Chemical engineering—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Perry, Robert H., date. II. Green, Don W. III. Maloney, James O. TP151.P45 1997 660—dc21 96-51648 CIP
Copyright © 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Copyright renewed 1962, 1969 by Robert H. Perry. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
DOW/DOW 9 0 2 1 0 9 8 7
ISBN 0-07-049841-5
INTERNATIONAL EDITION Copyright © 1997. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported from the country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill. The International Edition is not available in North America. When ordering this title, use ISBN 0-07-115448-5.
The sponsoring editors for this book were Zoe Foundotos and Robert Esposito, the editing supervisor was Marc Campbell, and the production supervisor was Pamela A. Pelton. It was set in Caledonia by North Market Street Graphics. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. This book was printed on acid-free paper. Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.
Michael M. Ahbott, Ph.D., Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 4, Thermodynamics) Terry Allen, Ph.D., Senior Research Associate (retired), Du~ont Central Research and Development \Section 20, Size Reduction and Size Enlargement) John D. Dacha, Ph.D., Consulting Scientist, Chevron Products Company; Member, ASTM (American Society for TestiI1cgand Materials), Committee D02 on Petroleufll Products and Lubri"cants; American Chemical Society; International Association for Stability and Handling of Liquid Fuels, Steering Committee (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Glenn w. Baldwin, M.S., P.E., Staff Engineer, Union Carbide Corporatio~; Membe!, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying) Scott D. Barnicki,
Ph.D., Senior Resear~h Chemical Engineer, Eastman Chemical Company
(Section 13, Distillation) Kenneth J. Bell, Ph.D., P.E., Regents Professor Emeritus, School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 11, Heat- Transfer Equipment) Richard C. Bennett, B.S., Ch.E., Registered Professional Engineer, Illinois; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE); President of Crystallization Technology, Inc.; FoJmer Presideptof Swenson Process Equipme~t, Inc. (Section 13, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Charles E. Benson, M.Eng., M.E., Director, Combustion Technology, Arthur D. Little, lIic.; Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Comb~tion Institute (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Patrick M. Bernhagen, P.E., B.S.M.E., Senior Mechanical Engineer, Foster wheeler USA Corporation, American Society of Mechanical EngineeFs ( Section 11, Heat -Transfer Equipment) c
ix
x
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Heinz P. Bloch, P.E., B.S.M.E., M.S.M.E., Consulting Engineer, Process Machinery Consulting; American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vibration Institute; Registered Professional Engineer (New Jersey, Texas) (Section 29, Process Machinery Drives) Frank T. Bodurtha, Sc.D., E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Inc. (retired), Wilmington, Delaware (retired); Consultant, Frank T. Bodurtha, Inc. (Section 26, Process Safety) Meherwan P. Boyce, P.E., Ph.D., President, Boyce Engineering International; ASME Fellow; Registered Professional Engineer (Texas, Oklahoma) (Section 10, Transport and Storage of Fluids; Section 29, Process Mochinery Drives), Laurence G. Britton, Process Safety)
Ph.D.,
Research Scientist, Union Carbide Corporation
(Section 26,
Evan Buck, M.S.Ch.E., Manager, Thermophysical Property Skill Center, Central Technology, Union Carbide Corporation (Section 2, Physical and Chemical Data) Henry R. Bungay, P.E., Ph.D., Professor of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, American Society for Microbiology, American Society for Engineering Education, Society for General Microbiology (Section 24, Biochemical Engineering) Anthony I. Buonicore, M.Ch.E., P.E., Diplomate AAEE, CEO, Environmental Data Resources, Inc.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Air and Waste Management Association (Section 25, Waste Management) Michael M. Calistrat, B.S.M.E., M.S.M.E., Owner, Michael Calistrat and Associates; Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Section 29, Process Machinery Drives) , Giorgio Carta, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, U niversity of Virginia; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International Adsorption Society (Section 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange) Vincent Conrad, Ph.D., Group Leader, Technical Services Development Laboratory,CONSOL, Inc.; Member, Spectroscopy Society of Pittsburgh, Society for Analytical Chemistry of Pittsburgh, Society for Applied Spectroscopy (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Harrison Cooper, ph.D., Harrison R. Cooper Systems, Inc., Salt take City, Utah (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) B. B. Crocker, S.M., P.E., Consulting Chemical Engineer; Fellow, American Institute of chemical Engineers; Member, Air Pollution Control Association (Section 14, Gas Absorption and GasLiquid System Design) Daniel A. Crowl, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society (Section 26, Process Safety) Roger W. Cusack, Vice President, Glitsch Process Systems, Inc.; Member, American Insi:itute of Chemical Engineers (Section 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations and Equipment) Donald A. Dahlstrom, Ph.D., Research Professor, Chemical and Fuels Engineering Department and Metallurgical Engineering Department, University of Utah; Member, National Academy of Engineering, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), American Chemical Society (ACS), Society of Mining, Metallurgic Exploration (SME) of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petrol~um Engine()r~ (AIME), AmericaI) Society of Engineering Education (Section 18, Liquid-Solid °?erations and Equipment) Thomas E. Daubert, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University (Section 2, Physic~ and Chemical Data) R. H. Daugherty, Ph.D., Consulting Engineer, Research Center~ Reliance Electric Company; Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Section 29, Process Machinery Drives)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
xi
James F. DaVis, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Ohio State University (Section 3, Mathematics) James B. Dunson, B.S., Principal Consultant, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.; Member Americanlnstitute of Chemical Engineers; Registered Professional Engineer \Delaware) (Section 17, Gas-Solid Operation and Equipment) Thomas F. Edgar, Ph.p., Professor of Chemical Engineering, y niversity o£Texas, Austin, Texas (Section8, Process Control) Robert C. Emmet, Jr., B,.5., Ch.E., Senior Process Consultant, EIMCO Process Equipment Co.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), Society of Mining, Metallurgical and Exploration Engineers (SME) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Stanley M. Englund, M.S., Ch.E., Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Process Consultant, The Dow Chemical Company (retired) (Section 26, Process Safety) BryanJ. Ennis, Ph.D., President, E&G Associates, and Adjunct Professor of Chemical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Member and Chair of Powder Technology Programming Group of the Particle Technology Forum, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 20, Size Reduction and Size Enlargement) William Eyka~p, Ph.D., Adjunc~ Professor of Chemical Engineering, Tufts University; Formerly President, Koch Membrane Systems; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, North American Membrane Society, European Society of Membrane Science and Technology (Section 22, Altemative Separation Processes) James R. Fair, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas; National Academy of Engineering; Fello'Y, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society, American S,ociety for Engineering Education, N atio~al Society of Professional Engineers
(Section
14, Gas Ab~orption
and
., Gas-Liquid
System
Design)
, Bruce A. Finlayson, Ph.D., Rehnberg Professor and Chair, Department of Chemical Engineering, University ofWashington; Member, National Academy of Engineering (Section 3, Mathematics) Thomas M. FI~n, Ph.D" P.E., Cryogenic Engineer, President CRYOCO, Louisville, CoJorado; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 11, Heat-Trans£er Equipment) Anthony G.,Fonseca, Ph,P., Director, Coal Utiltzation, CONSOL, Inc,; Member, American Chemical Society, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Extraction ( Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) D. G. Friend,
National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado (Section 2,
Physical and Chemical Data) George W. Gassman, B.S.M.E., Senior Research Specialist, Final Control Systems, Fisher Controls International, Inc., Marshalltown, Iowa (Section 8, Process Control) Fred K. Geitner,
P.Eng., B.S.M.E.,
M.S.M.E.,
Consulting Engineer; Registered Professional
Engineer (Ontario, Canada) (Section 29, Process Machinery Drives) Victor M. Goldschmidt,
Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana (Section 11, Heat-Trallsfer Equipment) Stanley Grossel, President, Process Safety & Design, Inc.; Fellow, American Institute of chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society; Member, The Combustion Institute; Member,Explosion Protection Systems Committee of NFPA (Section 26, Process Safety) Peter Harriott, Ph.D., Professor, School of Chemical Engineering, Cornell University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineering, American Chemical Society (ACS) (Section 18; Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
xii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
T. Alan Hatton, Ph.D., Ralph Landau Professor and Director of the DavidH. Koch School of Chemical Engineering Practice, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Founding Fellow, American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering; Member. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International Association of Colloid and Interface scientists, American Association for the Advancement of Science, N eutt:on Scattering Society of America (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes) Joseph D. Henry, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Senior Fellow, Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University; Member, American InStitute of Chemical Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes) W. G. High, C.Eng., B.Sc., F.I.Mech.E., tion 26, Process Safety)
Burgoyne Consultants Ltd., W. Yorks, England (Sec-
Richard Hogg, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) F. A. Holland, D.Sc., Ph.D., Consultant in Heat Energy Recycling; Research Professor, University of Salford, England; Fellow; Institution of Chemical Engineers, London (Section 9, Process Economics) Hoyt C. Hottel,
S.M., Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology; Member, National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Combustion Institute (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer) Colin S.Howat, Ph.D., P.E., John E. & Winfred E. Sharp Professor, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Society of Engineering Education (Section 30, Analysis ofPlant Performance) Predrag S. Hrnjak, Ph.D., V.Res., Assistant Professor, University of Illinois at Urbana champaign and Principal Investigator-U. of I. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center, Assistant Professor, University of Belgrade; Member, International Institute of Refrigeration, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment) Arthur
E. Humphrey,
Ph.D., Retired, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State
University; Member, U.S. National Academy of Engineering, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, American Society for Microbiology (Section 24, Biochemical Engineering) Eric Jenett, M.S.Ch.E.,
Manager, Process Engineering, Brown & Root, Inc.; Associate Member,
AIChE, Project Management Institute; Registered Professional Engineer (Texas) (Section 29, Process Machinery Drives) John S. Jeris, Sc.D., P.E., Professor of Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College; Environmental Consultant; Member, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Section Director (Section 25, Waste Management) T. L. P. Jespen, M.S., MiD. Proc;, Metallurgical Engineer, Basic, Inc;; Gabbs, Nevada (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Keith P. Johnston, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas (Austin); Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, U niversity of Texas Separations Research Program (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes) Trevor A. Kletz, D.Sc., Senior Visiting Research Fellow, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, U.K.; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Royal Academy of Engineers (U .K.), Institution of Chemical Enginee!s (U .K.), and Royal Society of chemistry (U.K.) (Section 26, Process Safety) Edgar B. Klunder, Ph.D., Project Manager, Energy Technol
U,~.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
xiii
Kent S. Knaebel, Ph.D., President, Adsorption Research, Inc.; Member, American Il;lstitute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International Adsorption Society. Professional Engineer (Ohio) (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer) Frank Knoll, M.S., Min. Proc., President, Carpco, Inc., Jacksonville, Florida (Section 19, SolidSolid Operations and Equipment) James G.Knudsen, Ph.D.,Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, Oregon State university; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society; Registered Professional Engineer (Oregon) (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer) Michael Krumpelt, Ph.D., Manager, Fuel Cell TechnolQgy, Argonne National Laboratory; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Electrochemical Society (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Irwin J. Kugelman, Sc.D., Professor of Civil Engineering, Lehigh University; Member, American Society of Civil Engineering, Water Environmental Federation (Section 25, Waste Management) rim Laros, M.S. Mineral Processing, Senior Process Consultant, EIMCO Process Equipment Co,; Member, Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME of AIME) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Richard M. Lemert, Ph.D., P.E., Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Society qf Mining Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes) Robert Lemlich, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering Emeritus, University of Cincinnati; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society, American Society for Engineering Education, American Chemical Society (Sectiqn 22, Alternative Separation Processes) Wallace Leung, Sc.D., Director, Process Technology, Bird Machine Company; Member, American Filtration and Separation Society (Director) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) M. Douglas LeVan, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Intemational Adsorption Society (Section 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange) Peter E. Liley, Ph.D., D.I.C., School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University (Section 2, Physical and Chemical Data) James D. Litster, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland; Member, Institute of Chemical Engiiieers-Australia (Section 20, Size Reduction and Size Enlargement) Peter J. Lofuis, D. Phil., Arthur D. Little, Inc.; Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Hsue-peng Loh, Ph.D., P.E., Federal Energy Technology Center (Morgantown), U .S. Department of Energy; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society of Information Sciences (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Douglas E. Lowenhaupt, M.S., Group Leader, Coke Laboratory, CONSOL, Inc.; Member, American Society for Testing and Materials, Iron and Steel Making Society, International Committee for Coal Petrology (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) James 0. Maloney, Ph.D., P.E., Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Kansas; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineering; Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member, American Chemical Society, American Society for Engineering Education (Section 1, Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols)
Thomas J. McAvoy, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (Section 8, Process Control) Chad McCleary, EIMCO Process Equipment Company, Process Consultant (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Thomas F. McGowan, P.E., Senior Consultant, RMT/Four Nines; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Air and Waste Management Association (Section 25, Waste Management) Howard G. Mcllvried, III, Ph.D., Senior Engineer, Burns and Roe Services Corporation, Federal Energy Technology Center (Pittsburgh), Member, American Chemical Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) John D. McKenna, Ph.D., President and Chairman, ETS International, Inc., Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Air and Waste Management Association (Section 25, Waste Management) Shelhy A. Miller, Ph.D., P.E., Resident Retired Senior Engineer; Argonne National Laboratory; American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow), American Chemical Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Fellow), American Institutes of Chemists (Fellow), Filtration Society, New York Academy of Sciences, Society of Chemical Industry (Section 18; Liqmd.; Solid Operations and Equipment; Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Booker Morey, Ph.D., Senior Consultant, SRI International; Member; Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME of AIME), The Filtration Society, Air and Waste Management Association; Registered Professional Engineer (California and Massachusetts) (Section 18, LiquidSolid Operations and Equipment) Charles G. Moyers, Ph.D., P.E., Principal Engineer, Union Carbide Corporation; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying; Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes) John Newman, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley; Principle Investigator; Inorganic Materials Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes) James Y. Oldshue, Ph.D., President, Oldshue Technologies International, Inc.; Member, National Academy of Engineering; Adjunct Professor of Chemical Engineering atBeijing Institute of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Member; American Chemical Society (ACE), American Institute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE), Traveler Century Club, Executive Committee on the Transfer of Appropriate Technology for the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Robert W. Ormsby, M.S., Ch.E. P.E., Manager of Safety, Chemical Group, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.; Air Products Corp.; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 26, Process Safety) John E. Owens, B.E.E., Electrostatic Consultant, Condux, Inc.; Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Electrostatics Society of America (Section 26, Process Safety) Bhupendra Parekb, Ph.D., Associate Director, Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Mel Pen, Ph.D., Senior Consultant, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Registered Professional Engineer (Delaware) (Section 17, Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment) W. R. Penney, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 14, Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
xv
WalterF. Podolski, Ph.D., Chemical Engineer, Electrochemical Technology Program, Argonne National Laboratory; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Herbert A. Pohl, Ph.D. (deceased), Professor of Physics, Oklahoma State University (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes) Kent Pollock, Ph.D., Member of Technical Staff, Group 91, Space Surveillance Techniques, MIT Lincoln Laboratory (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes) George Priday,B.S., Ch.E., EIMCO Process Equipment Company; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineering {AIChE), Instrument Society of America (ISA) (Section 18, LiquidSolid Operations and Equipment) Michael E. Prudich, Ph.D" Professor and Chair of Chemical Engineering, Ohio U~iversity; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Society of Mining Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education (Section 22, Alternative Skparation Processes) Raj K. Rajamani, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Lawrence K. Rath, B.S., P.E., Federal Energy Technology Center (Morgantown), U .S. Department of Energy; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Grantges J. Raymus, M.E., M.S., President, Raymus Associates, Incorporated, Packaging consultants; Adjunct Professor and Program Coordinator, Center for Packaging Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; formerly Manager of Packaging Engineering, Union Carbide Corporation; Registered Professional Engineer, california; Member, Institute of Packaging Professionals, ASME (Section 21, Handling of Bulk Solids and Packagi?g of Solids and Liquids) Lanny A. Robbins, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Dow Chemical Company; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations and Equipment) Joseph J. Santoleri, P.E.,Senior Consultant, RMT/Four Nines; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Air and Waste Management Association (Section 25, Waste Management) Adel F. Sarofim, Sc.D., Lammot DuPont Professor of Chemical Engineering and Assistant Director, Fuels Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Combustion Institute (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer) Kalanadh v. S. Sastry, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Paul J. Schafbuch, Ph.D" Senior Research Specialist, ~inal Control Systems, Fisher Controls International, Inc., Marshalltown, Iowa (Section 8, Process Control) Carl A. Schiappa, B.S., Ch.E., Process Engineering Associate, Michigan Division Engineering, The Dow Chemical Company; Member, AIChE and CCPS (Section 26, Process Safety) David K. Schmalzer, Ph.D., P.E., Fossil Energy Program Manager, Argonne National Laboratory; Member, American Chemical Society, Americanlnstitute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) J. D. Seader, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society; Member. American SocietY for Enl!ineerin!! Education (Section 13. Distillation)
xvi
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Dale E. Seborg, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California (Section 8, Process Control) Richard L. Shilling, Fintube Company-a
P.E., B.S.M., B.E.M.E., Manager of Engineering Development, Brown Koch Engineering Company; Member, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment) F. Greg Shinskey, B.S.Ch.E.,
Consultant (retired from Foxboro Co.), North Sandwich, New
Hampshire (Section 8, Process Control) Oliver w. Siebert, P.E., B.S.M.E., Washington University, Graduate Metallurgical Engineering, Sever Institute of Technology; Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; President, Siebert Materials Engineering, Inc., St, Louis, Missouri; Senior Engineering Fellow (retired), Monsanto Co.; Mechanical Designer, Sverdrup Corp.; Metallurgist, Carondelet Foundry; United Nations Consultant to the People's Republic of China; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Life Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Past Elected Director and Fellow, N ational Association of Corrosion Engineers, Int'I; American Society for Metals, Int'I; American Welding Society; Pi Tau Sigma, Sigma Xi, and Tau Beta Pi (Section 28, Materials of Construction) Jeffrey J. Siirola, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Eastman Chemical Company; Member, National Academy of Engineering; Fellow, American Institute ofChemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, American Society for Engineering Education (Section 13, Distillation) Charles E. Silverblatt, M.S., Ch.E., Peregrine International Associates, Inc.; Consultant to WesTech Engineering, Inc., American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engines (AIME) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Richard
Siwek, M.S., Explosion Protection Manager, Corporate Unit Safety and Environment,
Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (Section 26, Process Safety) J. Stephen
Slottee, M.S., Ch.E., Manager, Technology and Development, EIMCO
Equipment
Co.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
Process
(Section 18,
Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Cecil L. Smith,
Ph.D.,
Principal, Cecil L. Smith Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana (Section 8,
Process Control) Julian C. Smith, B. Chem., Ch.E., Professor Emeritus Chemical Engineering, Cornell University; Member, American Chemical Society (ACS), American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Richard H. Snow, Ph.D., Engineering Advisor, lIT Research Institute; Member, American Chemical Society, Sigma Xi; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 20, Size Reduction and Size Enlargement) Thomas Sorenson,
M.B.A.,
MiD. Eng., President, Galigher Ash (Canada) Ltd. (Section 19,
Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Rameshwar D. Srivastava, Ph.D., Fuels Group Manager, Burns and Roe Services Corporation, Federal Energy Technology Center (Pittsburgh) (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization ) F. C. Standiford,
M.S., P.E., Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American
Chemical Society (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment) D. E. SteiDmeyer, M.A., M.S., P.E., Distinguished Fellow, Monsanto Company; Fellow; American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society (Section 14, Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design) Gary J. Stiegel, M.S., P.E., Program Coordinator, Federal Energy Technology Center (Pittsburgh), U .S. Department of Energy (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
xvii
John G. Stoecker II, B.S.M.E., University of Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy; principal Consultant, Stoecker & Associates, St. Louis, Missouri; Principal Materials Engineering Specialist (retired), Monsanto Co.; High-Temperature Design/Application Engineer, Abex Corporation; Member, NACE International, ASM International (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization) Judson S. Swearingen,
Ph.D., Retired President, Rotoflow Corporation (Section 29, Process
Machinery Drives) Louis Theodore, Sc.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Manhattan College; Member, Air and Waste Management Association (Section 25, Waste Management) Michael P. Thien, Sc.D., Senior Research Fellow, Merck & Co., Inc.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineers (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes) George H. Thomson, and Chemical Data)
AIChE Design Institute for Physical Property Data (Section 2, Physical
James N. Tilton, Ph.D., P.E., Senior Consultant, Process Engineering, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Registered Professional Engineer (Delaware) (Section 6, Fluid and Particle Dynamics) Klaus D. Timmerhaus, Ph.D., P.E., Professor and President's Teaching Scholar, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member, American Astronautical Society, N ational Academy of Engineering, Austrian Academy of Science, International Institute of Refrigeration, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, American Society of Environmental Engineers, Engineering Society for Advancing Mobility on Land, Sea, Air, and Space, Sigma Xi, The Research Society (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment) David B. Todd, Ph.D., President, Todd Engineering; Member, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), American Chemical Society (ACS), American Institute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE), American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS), Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE), and Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI); Registered Professional Engineer, Michigan (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment) George T. Tsao, Ph.D., Director, Laboratory for Renewable Resource Engineering, Purdue University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, American Society for Microbiology (Section 24, Biochemical Engineering) Hendrick c. Van Ness, D.Eng., Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society (Section 4, Thermodynamics) Stanley M. Walas, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 7, Reaction Kinetics; Section 23, Chemical Reactors) Phillip C. Wankat, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International Adsorption Society (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer) Ionel Wechsler, M.S., MiD. and Met., Vice President, Sala Magnetics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment) Arthur W. Westerberg, Ph.D., Swearingen University Professor of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University; Member, National Academy of Engineering (Section 3, Mathematics) John M. Wheeldon, Ph.D., Electric Power Research Institute (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion. and Utilization)
xviii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Robert E. White, Ph.D., Principal Engineer; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute (Section 26, Process Safety) J. K. Wilkinson, M.Sc., Consultant Chemical Engineer; Fellow, Institution of Chemical Engineers, London (Section 9, Process Economics) David Winegarder, Ph.D., Engineering Associate, Michigan Division Engineering, The Dow Chemical Company; Member AIChE and CCPS (Section 26, Process Safety) John L. Woodward,
Ph.D., Principal, DNV Technica, Inc. (Section 26, Process Safety)
Yoshiyuki Yamashita, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan (Section 3, Mathematics) Cannen M. Yon, M.S., DevelopmentAssociate, UOP, Des Plaines, Illinois; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange)
Preface to the Seventh Edition
Perry’s has been an important source for chemical engineering information since 1934. The significant contributions of the editors who have guided preparation of the previous editions is acknowledged. These include John H. Perry (first to third editions), Robert H. Perry (fourth to sixth editions), Cecil H. Chilton (fourth and fifth editions), and Sidney D. Kirkpatrick (fourth edition). Ray Genereaux (DuPont) contributed to each of the first six editions, and Shelby Miller (Argonne National Lab) worked on the second through the seventh. The current editors directed both the sixth and seventh editions. Advances in the technology of chemical engineering have continued as we have moved toward the twenty-first century, and this edition will carry us into that century. The Handbook has been reorganized. The first group of sections focuses on chemical and physical property data and the fundamentals of chemical engineering. The second and largest group of sections deals with processes, generally divided as heat transfer operations, distillation, kinetics, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, and so on. The last group treats auxiliary information such as materials of construction, process machinery drives, waste management, and process safety. All sections have been revised and updated, and several sections are entirely new or have been extensively revised. Examples of these sections are mathematics, mass transfer, reaction kinetics, process control, transport and storage of fluids, alternative separation processes, heat-transfer equipment, chemical reactions, liquid-solid operations and equipment, process safety, and analysis of plant performance. Significant new information has also been included in the physical and chemical data sections. Several section editors and contributors worked on this seventh edition, and these persons and their affiliations are listed as a part of the front material. Approximately one-half of the section editors are fellows of the AIChE. In addition, the following chemical engineering students at the University of Kansas assisted in the preparation of the index: Jason Canter, Pau Ying Chong, Mei Ling Chuah, Li Phoon Hor, Siew Pouy Ng, Francis J. Orzulak, Scott C. Renze, Page B. Surbaugh, and Stephen F. Weller. Shari L. Gladman and Sarah Smith provided extensive secretarial assistance. Much of Bob Perry’s work carries over into this edition and his influence is both recognized and remembered. DON W. GREEN JAMES O. MALONEY University of Kansas April, 1997 xix
For the detailed contents of any section, consult the title page of that section. See also the alphabetical index in the back of the handbook.
Section
Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols
Jam£s 0. Maloney
1
Physical and Chemical Data Peter E. Liley, George H. Thomson, D. G. Friend, Thomas E. Daubert, Evan Buck
2
Mathematics Bruce A. Finlayson, Jam£s F Davis, Arthur W Westerberg, Yoshiyuki Yamashita
3
Thermodynamics
4
Hendrick C. Van Ness, Michael M. Abbott
Heat and Mass Transfer Jam£s G. Knudsen, Hoyt C. Hottel, Adel F Sarofim, Phillip c. Wankat, Kent S. Knaebel
5
Fluid and Particle Dynamics
6
Reaction Kinetics
Jam£s N. Tilton
Stanley M. Walas
7
Process Control Thomas F Edgar; Cecil L. Smith, F Greg Shinskey, George W Gassman, Paul J. Schajbuch, Thomas J. McAvoy, Dale E. Seborg
8
Process Economics
9
F A. Holland, J. K Wilkinson
Transport and Storage of Fluids
Meherwan 1'. Royce
10
Heat- Transfer Equipment Richard L. Shilling, Kenneth J. Bell, Patrick M. Bemhagen, Thomas M. Flynn, Victor M. Goldschmidt, Predrag S. Hrnjak, F C. Standiford, Klaus D. Timmerhaus
11
Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying Glenn W Baldwin
12
Distillation
Charles G. Moyers,
J. D. Seader;Jeffrey J. Siirola, Scott D. Bamicki
13
vii
viii
CONTENTS
Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design W R. Penny, B. B. Crocker
james R. Fair; D. E. Steinmeyer;
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations and Equipment Roger W Cusack Adsorption and Ion Exchange
14 Lanny A. Robbins,
M. Douglas LeVan, Giorgio Carta, Carmen M. Yon
Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment
Mel Pell, james B. Dunson
15 16 17
Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment Donald A. Dahlstrom, Richard C. Bennett, Robert G, Emmet, Peter Harriott, Tim Laros, Wallace Leung, Shelby A. Miller; Brooker Morey, james Y. Oldshue, George Priday, Charles E. Silverblatt, I. Stephen Slottee, Iulian c. Smith
18
Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment Kalanadh V S. Sastry, Harrison Cooper; Richard Hogg, T L. p Iespen, Frank Knoll, Bhupendra Parekh, Raj K Rajamani, Thomas Sorenson, Ionel Wechsler; Chad McCleary, David B. Todd
19
Size Reduction and Size Enlargement Bryan I. Ennis, james D. Litster
Richard L. Snow, Terry Allen,
Handling of Bulk Solids and Packaging of Solids and Liquids
Grantges I. Raymus
Alternative Separation Processes joseph D. Henry, Ir:, Michael E. Prudich, William Eykamp, T Alan Hatton, Keith p johnston, Richard M. Lemert, Robert Lemlich, Charles G. Moyers, john Newman, Herbert A. Pohl, Kent Pollock, Michael p Thien Chemical Reactors
Stanley M. Walas
Biochemical Engineering
Henry R. Bungay, Arthur E. Humphrey, George T Tsao
20 21
22 23 24
Waste Management Louis Theodore, Anthony I. Buonicore, John D. McKenna, Irwin I. Kugelman, john s. Ieris, joseph I. Santoleri, Thomas R McGowan
25
Process Safety Stanley M. Englund, Frank T Bodurtha, Laurence G. Britton, Daniel A. Crowl, Stanley Grossel, W G. High, Trevor A. Kletz, Robert W Ormsby, john E. Owens, Carl A. Schiappa, Richard Siwek, Robert E. White, David Winegardner; john L. Woodward
26
Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization Walter R Podolski, Shelby A. Miller; David K Schnialzer; Anth9ny G. Fonseca, Vincent Conrad, Douglas E. Lowenhaupt, john Bacha, Lawrence K Rath, Hsue-peng Loh, EdgarB. Klunder; Howard G. McIlvried, III, Gary I. Stiegel, Rameshwar D. Srivastava, Peter I. Loftus, Charles E. Benson, john M. Wheeldon, Michael Krumpelt
27
Materials of Construction
28
Oliver W Siebert, john G. Stoecker
Process Machinery Drives Heinz p Bloch, R. H. Daugherty, Fred K Geitner; Meherwan p Boyce, judson S. Swearingen, Eric jennet, Michael M. Calistrat Analysis of Plant Performance Index follows Section 30.
Colin S. Howat
29 30
Section 1
Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols*
James O. Maloney, Ph.D., P.E., Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Kansas; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineering; Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member, American Chemical Society, American Society for Engineering Education
Fig. 1-1 Table 1-1 Table 1-2a Table 1-2b Table 1-3 Table 1-4 Table 1-5 Table 1-6 Table 1-7 Table 1-8 Table 1-9
CONVERSION FACTORS Graphic Relationships of SI Units with Names . . . . . . . . . SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units. . . . . . . Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names. . . . . . . . . . Additional Common Derived Units of SI . . . . . . . . . . . . . SI Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions . . . . . . . . . Common Units and Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . Values of the Gas-Law Constant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-2 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-4 1-13 1-15 1-18 1-18 1-18
Table 1-10 United States Customary System of Weights and Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-11 Temperature Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-12 Specific Gravity, Degrees Baumé, Degrees API, Degrees Twaddell, Pounds per Gallon, Pounds per Cubic Foot . . . Table 1-13 Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-14 Fundamental Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-19 1-19 1-20 1-21 1-22
CONVERSION OF VALUES FROM U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS TO SI UNITS Table 1-15 Table 1-16
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS Mathematical Signs, Symbols, and Abbreviations . . . . . . . Greek Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-24 1-24
* Much of the material was taken from Sec. 1. of the fifth edition. The contribution of Cecil H. Chilton in developing that material is acknowledged. 1-1
FIG. 1-1
1-2
Graphic relationships of SI units with names (U.S. National Bureau of Standards, LC 1078, December 1976.)
TABLE 1-1
SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units
Quantity or “dimension” Base quantity or “dimension” length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity Supplementary quantity or “dimension” plane angle solid angle
SI unit
SI unit symbol (“abbreviation”); Use roman (upright) type
meter kilogram second ampere kelvin mole* candela
m kg s A K mol cd
radian steradian
rad sr
* When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified; they may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.
TABLE 1-2a Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Formula
frequency (of a periodic phenomenon) force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux quantity of electricity, electric charge electric potential, potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance conductance magnetic flux magnetic-flux density inductance luminous flux illuminance activity (of radionuclides) absorbed dose
hertz newton pascal joule watt coulomb volt
Hz N Pa J W C V
l/s (kg⋅m)/s2 N/m2 N⋅m J/s A⋅s W/A
farad ohm siemens weber tesla henry lumen lux becquerel gray
F Ω S Wb T H lm lx Bq Gy
C/V V/A A/V V⋅s Wb/m2 Wb/A cd⋅sr lm/m2 l/s J/kg
TABLE 1-2b Additional Common Derived Units of SI Quantity
Unit
acceleration angular acceleration angular velocity area concentration (of amount of substance) current density density, mass electric-charge density electric-field strength electric-flux density energy density entropy heat capacity heat-flux density, irradiance luminance magnetic-field strength molar energy molar entropy molar-heat capacity moment of force permeability permittivity radiance
meter per second squared radian per second squared radian per second square meter mole per cubic meter
m/s2 rad/s2 rad/s m2 mol/m3
ampere per square meter kilogram per cubic meter coulomb per cubic meter volt per meter coulomb per square meter joule per cubic meter joule per kelvin joule per kelvin watt per square meter
A/m2 kg/m3 C/m3 V/m C/m2 J/m3 J/K J/K W/m2
candela per square meter ampere per meter joule per mole joule per mole-kelvin joule per mole-kelvin newton-meter henry per meter farad per meter watt per square-metersteradian watt per steradian joule per kilogram-kelvin joule per kilogram joule per kilogram-kelvin cubic meter per kilogram newton per meter watt per meter-kelvin meter per second pascal-second square meter per second cubic meter 1 per meter
cd/m2 A/m J/mol J/(mol⋅K) J/(mol⋅K) N⋅m H/m F/m W/(m2⋅sr)
radiant intensity specific-heat capacity specific energy specific entropy specific volume surface tension thermal conductivity velocity viscosity, dynamic viscosity, kinematic volume wave number
TABLE 1-3
Symbol
W/sr J/(kg⋅K) J/kg J/(kg⋅K) m3/kg N/m W/(m⋅K) m/s Pa⋅s m2/s m3 1/m
SI Prefixes
Multiplication factor
Prefix
Symbol
000 = 1018 000 = 1015 000 = 1012 000 = 109 000 = 106 000 = 103 100 = 102 10 = 101 0.1 = 10−1 0.01 = 10−2 0.001 = 10−3 0.000 001 = 10−6 0.000 000 001 = 10−9 0.000 000 000 001 = 10−12 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10−15 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10−18
exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto* deka* deci* centi milli micro nano pico femto atto
E P T G M k h da d c m µ n p f a
1 000 000 000 1 000 000 1 000 1
000 000 000 000 1
000 000 000 000 000 1
*Generally to be avoided.
1-3
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit
Space,† time Length
naut mi mi chain link fathom yd ft
1.852* E + 00 1.609 344* E + 00 2.011 68* E + 01 2.011 68* E − 01 1.828 8* E + 00 9.144* E − 01 3.048* E − 01 3.048* E + 01 2.54* E + 01 2.54 E + 00 2.54* E + 01
in in mil
km km m m m m m cm mm cm µm
Length/length
ft/mi
m/km
1.893 939 E − 01
Length/volume
ft/U.S. gal ft/ft3 ft/bbl
m/m3 m/m3 m/m3
8.051 964 E + 01 1.076 391 E + 01 1.917 134 E + 00
Area
mi2 section acre ha yd2 ft2 in2
km2 ha ha m2 m2 m2 mm2 cm2
2.589 988 E + 00 2.589 988 E + 02 4.046 856 E − 01 1.000 000* E + 04 8.361 274 E − 01 9.290 304* E − 02 6.451 6* E + 02 6.451 6* E + 00
Area/volume
ft2/in3 ft2/ft3
m2/cm3 m2/m3
5.699 291 E − 03 3.280 840 E + 00
Volume
cubem acre⋅ft
km3 m3 ha⋅m m3 m3 m3 dm3 m3 dm3 m3 dm3 dm3 dm3 dm3 cm3 cm3 cm3
4.168 182 1.233 482 1.233 482 7.645 549 1.589 873 2.831 685 2.831 685 4.546 092 4.546 092 3.785 412 3.785 412 1.136 523 9.463 529 4.731 765 2.841 307 2.957 353 1.638 706
yd3 bbl (42 U.S. gal) ft3 U.K. gal U.S. gal U.K. qt U.S. qt U.S. pt U.K. fl oz U.S. fl oz in3
L L L L L L
E + 00 E + 03 E − 01 E − 01 E − 01 E − 02 E + 01 E − 03 E + 00 E − 03 E + 00 E + 00 E − 01 E − 01 E + 01 E + 01 E + 01
Volume/length (linear displacement)
bbl/in bbl/ft ft3/ft U.S. gal/ft
m3m m3/m m3/m m3/m L/m
6.259 342 E + 00 5.216 119 E − 01 9.290 304* E − 02 1.241 933 E − 02 1.241 933 E + 01
Plane angle
rad deg (°) min (′) sec (″)
rad rad rad rad
1 1.745 329 E − 02 2.908 882 E − 04 4.848 137 E − 06
Solid angle
sr
sr
1
Time
year week h
a d s min s h ns
1 7.0* 3.6* 6.0* 6.0* 1.666 667 1
E + 00 E + 03 E + 01 E + 01 E − 02
1.016 047 9.071 847 5.080 234 4.535 924 4.535 924 3.110 348 2.834 952 6.479 891
E + 00 E − 01 E + 01 E + 01 E − 01 E + 01 E + 01 E + 01
min mµs Mass, amount of substance Mass
1-4
U.K. ton U.S. ton U.K. cwt U.S. cwt lbm oz (troy) oz (av) gr
Mg Mg kg kg kg g g mg
t t
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued ) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity Amount of substance
lbm⋅mol std m3(0°C, 1 atm) std ft3 (60°F, 1 atm)
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit 4.535 924 E − 01 4.461 58 E − 02 1.195 30 E − 03
kmol kmol kmol
Enthalpy, calorific value, heat, entropy, heat capacity Calorific value, enthalpy (mass basis)
Btu/lbm cal/g cal/lbm
MJ/kg kJ/kg kWh/kg kJ/kg J/kg
Caloric value, enthalpy (mole basis)
kcal/(g⋅mol) Btu/(lb⋅mol)
kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
Calorific value (volume basis—solids and liquids)
Btu/U.S. gal
MJ/m3 kJ/m3 kWh/m3 MJ/m3 kJ/m3 kWh/m3 MJ/m3 kJ/m3 kWh/m3 MJ/m3 kJ/m3
kJ/dm3
Btu/U.K. gal Btu/ft3
cal/mL (ft⋅lbf)/U.S. gal
J/g J/g
2.326 000 2.326 000 6.461 112 4.184* 9.224 141
E − 03 E + 00 E − 04 E + 00 E + 00
4.184* E + 03 2.326 000 E + 00
kJ/dm3 kJ/dm3
2.787 163 2.787 163 7.742 119 2.320 800 2.320 800 6.446 667 3.725 895 3.725 895 1.034 971 4.184* 3.581 692
E − 01 E + 02 E − 02 E − 01 E + 02 E − 02 E − 02 E + 01 E − 02 E + 00 E − 01
Calorific value (volume basis—gases)
cal/mL kcal/m3 Btu/ft3
kJ/m3 kJ/m3 kJ/m3 kWh/m3
J/dm3 J/dm3 J/dm3
4.184* 4.184* 3.725 895 1.034 971
E + 03 E + 00 E + 01 E − 02
Specific entropy
Btu/(lbm⋅°R) cal/(g⋅K) kcal/(kg⋅°C)
kJ/(kg⋅K) kJ/(kg⋅K) kJ/(kg⋅K)
J/(g⋅K) J/(g⋅K) J/(g⋅K)
4.186 8* 4.184* 4.184*
E + 00 E + 00 E + 00
Specific-heat capacity (mass basis)
kWh/(kg⋅°C) Btu/(lbm⋅°F) kcal/(kg⋅°C)
kJ/(kg⋅K) kJ/(kg⋅K) kJ/(kg⋅K)
J/(g⋅K) J/(g⋅K) J/(g⋅K)
3.6* 4.186 8* 4.184*
E + 03 E + 00 E + 00
Specific-heat capacity (mole basis)
Btu/(lb⋅mol⋅°F) cal/(g⋅mol⋅°C)
kJ/(kmol⋅K) kJ/(kmol⋅K)
4.186 8* 4.184*
E + 00 E + 00
Temperature (absolute)
°R K
K K
5/9 1
Temperature (traditional)
°F
°C
5/9(°F − 32)
Temperature (difference)
°F
K, °C
5/9
Pressure
atm (760 mmHg at 0°C or 14,696 psi)
µmHg (0°C) µ bar mmHg = torr (0°C) cmH2O (4°C) lbf/ft2 (psf) mHg (0°C) bar dyn/cm2
MPa kPa bar MPa kPa MPa kPa bar kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa Pa Pa Pa
1.013 250* E − 01 1.013 250* E + 02 1.013 250* E + 00 1.0* E − 01 1.0* E + 02 6.894 757 E − 03 6.894 757 E + 00 6.894 757 E − 02 3.376 85 E + 00 2.488 4 E − 01 1.333 224 E − 01 9.806 38 E − 02 4.788 026 E − 02 1.333 224 E − 01 1.0* E + 05 1.0* E − 01
Vacuum, draft
inHg (60°F) inH2O (39.2°F) inH2O (60°F) mmHg (0°C) = torr cmH2O (4°C)
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
3.376 85 2.490 82 2.488 4 1.333 224 9.806 38
E + 00 E − 01 E − 01 E − 01 E − 02
Liquid head
ft in
m mm cm
3.048* 2.54* 2.54*
E − 01 E + 01 E + 00
Pressure drop/length
psi/ft
kPa/m
2.262 059 E + 01
Temperature, pressure, vacuum
bar mmHg (0°C) = torr
1-5
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued ) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit
Density, specific volume, concentration, dosage kg/m3 g/m3 kg/m3 g/cm3 kg/m3 kg/m3 g/cm3 kg/m3 kg/m3
1.601 846 1.601 846 1.198 264 1.198 264 9.977 633 1.601 846 1.601 846 1.0* 1.601 846
E + 01 E + 04 E + 02 E − 01 E + 01 E + 01 E − 02 E + 03 E + 01
ft /lbm U.K. gal/lbm U.S. gal/lbm
m3/kg m3/g dm3/kg dm3/kg dm3/kg
6.242 796 6.242 796 6.242 796 1.002 242 8.345 404
E − 02 E − 05 E + 01 E + 01 E + 00
Specific volume (mole basis)
L/(g⋅mol) ft3/(lb⋅mol)
m3/kmol m3/kmol
1 6.242 796 E − 02
Specific volume
bbl/U.S. ton bbl/U.K. ton
m3/t m3/t
1.752 535 E − 01 1.564 763 E − 01
Yield
bbl/U.S. ton bbl/U.K. ton U.S. gal/U.S. ton U.S. gal/U.K. ton
dm3/t dm3/t dm3/t dm3/t
Concentration (mass/mass)
wt % wt ppm
kg/kg g/kg mg/kg
lbm/bbl g/U.S. gal g/U.K. gal lbm/1000 U.S. gal lbm/1000 U.K. gal gr/U.S. gal gr/ft3 lbm/1000 bbl mg/U.S. gal gr/100 ft3
kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 mg/m3 g/m3 g/m3 mg/m3
ft3/ft3 bbl/(acre⋅ft) vol% U.K. gal/ft3 U.S. gal/ft3 mL/U.S. gal mL/U.K. gal vol ppm U.K. gal/1000 bbl U.S. gal/1000 bbl U.K. pt/1000 bbl
m3/m3 m3/m3 m3/m3 dm3/m3 dm3/m3 dm3/m3 dm3/m3 cm3/m3 dm3/m3 cm3/m3 cm3/m3 cm3/m3
Concentration (mole/volume)
(lb⋅mol)/U.S. gal (lb⋅mol)/U.K. gal (lb⋅mol)/ft3 std ft3 (60°F, 1 atm)/bbl
kmol/m3 kmol/m3 kmol/m3 kmol/m3
Concentration (volume/mole)
U.S. gal/1000 std ft3 (60°F/60°F) bbl/million std ft3 (60°F/60°F)
dm3/kmol dm3/kmol
Throughput (mass basis)
U.K. ton/year U.S. ton/year U.K. ton/day
Density
lbm/ft3 lbm/U.S. gal lbm/U.K. gal lbm/ft3 g/cm3 lbm/ft3
Specific volume
ft3/lbm 3
Concentration (mass/volume)
Concentration (volume/volume)
cm3/g cm3/g
L/t L/t L/t L/t
g/dm3 g/L mg/dm3 mg/dm3 mg/dm3 mg/dm3 mg/dm3
L/m3 L/m3 L/m3 L/m3 L/m3
L/kmol L/kmol
1.752 535 1.564 763 4.172 702 3.725 627
E + 02 E + 02 E + 00 E + 00
1.0* 1.0* 1
E − 02 E + 01
2.853 010 2.641 720 2.199 692 1.198 264 9.977 633 1.711 806 2.288 351 2.853 010 2.641 720 2.288 351
E + 00 E − 01 E − 01 E + 02 E + 01 E + 01 E + 03 E + 00 E − 01 E + 01
1 1.288 931 1.0* 1.605 437 1.336 806 2.641 720 2.199 692 1 1.0* 2.859 403 2.380 952 3.574 253
E − 04 E − 02 E + 02 E + 02 E − 01 E − 01 E − 03 E + 01 E + 01 E + 00
1.198 264 9.977 644 1.601 846 7.518 21
E + 02 E + 01 E + 01 E − 03
3.166 91 1.330 10
E + 00 E − 01
1.016 047 9.071 847 1.016 047 4.233 529 9.071 847 3.779 936 1.016 047 9.071 847 4.535 924
E + 00 E − 01 E + 00 E − 02 E − 01 E − 02 E + 00 E − 01 E − 01
Facility throughput, capacity
U.S. ton/day U.K. ton/h U.S. ton/h lbm/h
1-6
t/a t/a t/d t/h t/d t/h t/h t/h kg/h
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued ) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity Throughput (volume basis)
bbl/day 3
ft /day bbl/h ft3/h U.K. gal/h U.S. gal/h U.K. gal/min U.S. gal/min
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit E + 01 E − 01 E − 03 E − 01 E − 02 E − 03 E − 03 E − 03 E − 03 E − 01 E − 02 E − 01 E − 02
t/a m3/d m3/h m3/h m3/h m3/h L/s m3/h L/s m3/h L/s m3/h L/s
5.803 036 1.589 873 1.179 869 1.589 873 2.831 685 4.546 092 1.262 803 3.785 412 1.051 503 2.727 655 7.576 819 2.271 247 6.309 020
kmol/h kmol/s
4.535 924 E − 01 1.259 979 E − 04
Throughput (mole basis)
(lbm⋅mol)/h
Flow rate (mass basis)
U.K. ton/min U.S. ton/min U.K. ton/h U.S. ton/h U.K. ton/day U.S. ton/day million lbm/year U.K. ton/year U.S. ton/year lbm/s lbm/min lbm/h
kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s
1.693 412 1.511 974 2.822 353 2.519 958 1.175 980 1.049 982 5.249 912 3.221 864 2.876 664 4.535 924 7.559 873 1.259 979
E + 01 E + 01 E − 01 E − 01 E − 02 E − 02 E + 00 E − 05 E − 05 E − 01 E − 03 E − 04
Flow rate (volume basis)
bbl/day
U.K. gal/h U.S. gal/h U.K. gal/min U.S. gal/min ft3/min ft3/s
m3/d L/s m3/d L/s m3/s L/s m3/s L/s dm3/s dm3/s dm3/s dm3/s dm3/s dm3/s
1.589 873 1.840 131 2.831 685 3.277 413 4.416 314 4.416 314 7.865 791 7.865 791 1.262 803 1.051 503 7.576 820 6.309 020 4.719 474 2.831 685
E − 01 E − 03 E − 02 E − 04 E − 05 E − 02 E − 06 E − 03 E − 03 E − 03 E − 02 E − 02 E − 01 E + 01
Flow rate (mole basis)
(lb⋅mol)/s (lb⋅mol)/h million scf/D
kmol/s kmol/s kmol/s
4.535 924 E − 01 1.259 979 E − 04 1.383 45 E − 02
Flow rate/length (mass basis)
lbm/(s⋅ft) lbm/(h⋅ft)
kg/(s⋅m) kg/(s⋅m)
1.488 164 E + 00 4.133 789 E − 04
Flow rate/length (volume basis)
U.K. gal/(min⋅ft) U.S. gal/(min⋅ft) U.K. gal/(h⋅in) U.S. gal/(h⋅in) U.K. gal/(h⋅ft) U.S. gal/(h⋅ft)
m2/s m2/s m2/s m2/s m2/s m2/s
Flow rate/area (mass basis)
lbm/(s⋅ft2) lbm/(h⋅ft2)
kg/(s⋅m2) kg/(s⋅m2)
Flow rate/area (volume basis)
ft3/(s⋅ft2) ft3/(min⋅ft2) U.K. gal/(h⋅in2) U.S. gal/(h⋅in2) U.K. gal/(min⋅ft2) U.S. gal/(min⋅ft2) U.K. gal/(h⋅ft2) U.S. gal/(h⋅ft2)
m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s
Flow rate
3
ft /day bbl/h ft3/h
L/s L/s L/s L/s L/s L/s
m3/(s⋅m) m3/(s⋅m) m3/(s⋅m) m3/(s⋅m) m3/(s⋅m) m3/(s⋅m)
2.485 833 2.069 888 4.971 667 4.139 776 4.143 055 3.449 814
E − 04 E − 04 E − 05 E − 05 E − 06 E − 06
4.882 428 E + 00 1.356 230 E − 03 m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2) m3/(s⋅m2)
3.048* 5.08* 1.957 349 1.629 833 8.155 621 6.790 972 1.359 270 1.131 829
E − 01 E − 03 E − 03 E − 03 E − 04 E − 04 E − 05 E − 05
1-7
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued ) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit
Energy, work, power Energy, work
therm
E + 02 E + 05 E + 01 E + 01 E + 00 E + 03 E − 01 E + 00 E + 03 E − 01 E + 00 E + 03 E + 00 E − 04 E + 00 E − 04 E + 00 E − 03 E − 03 E − 03 E − 03 E − 05 E − 07
kcal cal ft⋅lbf lbf⋅ft J (lbf⋅ft2)/s2 erg
MJ kJ kWh MJ MJ kJ kWh MJ kJ kWh MJ kJ kJ kWh kJ kWh kJ kJ kJ kJ kJ kJ J
1.055 056 1.055 056 2.930 711 1.431 744 2.684 520 2.684 520 7.456 999 2.647 780 2.647 780 7.354 999 3.6* 3.6* 1.899 101 5.275 280 1.055 056 2.930 711 4.184* 4.184* 1.355 818 1.355 818 1.0* 4.214 011 1.0*
Impact energy
kgf⋅m lbf⋅ft
J J
9.806 650* E + 00 1.355 818 E + 00
Surface energy
erg/cm2
mJ/m2
1.0*
Specific-impact energy
(kgf⋅m)/cm2 (lbf⋅ft)/in2
J/cm2 J/cm2
9.806 650* E − 02 2.101 522 E − 03
Power
million Btu/h ton of refrigeration Btu/s kW hydraulic horsepower—hhp hp (electric) hp [(550 ft⋅lbf)/s] ch or CV Btu/min (ft⋅lbf)/s kcal/h Btu/h (ft⋅lbf)/min
MW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW W W W
2.930 711 3.516 853 1.055 056 1 7.460 43 7.46* 7.456 999 7.354 999 1.758 427 1.355 818 1.162 222 2.930 711 2.259 697
Power/area
Btu/(s⋅ft2) cal/(h⋅cm2) Btu/(h⋅ft2)
kW/m2 kW/m2 kW/m2
1.135 653 E + 01 1.162 222 E − 02 3.154 591 E − 03
Heat-release rate, mixing power
hp/ft3 cal/(h⋅cm3) Btu/(s⋅ft3) Btu/(h⋅ft3)
kW/m3 kW/m3 kW/m3 kW/m3
2.633 414 1.162 222 3.725 895 1.034 971
Cooling duty (machinery)
Btu/(bhp⋅h)
W/kW
Specific fuel consumption (mass basis)
lbm/(hp⋅h)
mg/J kg/kWh
kg/MJ
1.689 659 E − 01 6.082 774 E − 01
Specific fuel consumption (volume basis)
m3/kWh U.S. gal/(hp⋅h) U.K. pt/(hp⋅h)
dm3/MJ dm3/MJ dm3/MJ
mm3/J mm3/J mm3/J
2.777 778 E + 02 1.410 089 E + 00 2.116 806 E − 01
Fuel consumption
U.K. gal/mi U.S. gal/mi mi/U.S. gal mi/U.K. gal
dm3/100 km dm3/100 km km/dm3 km/dm3
L/100 km L/100 km km/L km/L
2.824 807 2.352 146 4.251 437 3.540 064
U.S. tonf⋅mi hp⋅h ch⋅h or CV⋅h kWh Chu Btu
1-8
E + 00
E − 01 E + 00 E + 00 E − 01 E − 01 E − 01 E − 01 E − 02 E − 03 E + 00 E − 01 E − 02
E + 01 E + 00 E + 01 E − 02
3.930 148 E − 01
E + 02 E + 02 E − 01 E − 01
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued ) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit
in/s in/min
km/h km/h m/s cm/s m/s mm/s mm/s m/d mm/s mm/s
1.852* E + 00 1.609 344* E + 00 3.048* E − 01 3.048* E + 01 5.08* E − 03 8.466 667 E − 02 3.527 778 E − 03 3.048* E − 01 2.54* E + 01 4.233 333 E − 01
Corrosion rate
in/year (ipy) mil/year
mm/a mm/a
2.54* 2.54*
Rotational frequency
r/min
r/s rad/s
1.666 667 E − 02 1.047 198 E − 01
Acceleration (linear)
ft/s2
m/s2 cm/s2
3.048* 3.048*
Acceleration (rotational)
rpm/s
rad/s2
1.047 198 E − 01
Momentum
(lbm⋅ft)/s
(kg⋅m)/s
1.382 550 E − 01
Force
U.K. tonf U.S. tonf kgf (kp) lbf dyn
kN kN N N mN
9.964 016 E + 00 8.896 443 E + 00 9.806 650* E + 00 4.448 222 E + 00 1.0 E − 02
Bending moment, torque
U.S. tonf⋅ft kgf⋅m lbf⋅ft lbf⋅in
kN⋅m N⋅m N⋅m N⋅m
2.711 636 E + 00 9.806 650* E + 00 1.355 818 E + 00 1.129 848 E − 01
Bending moment/length
(lbf⋅ft)/in (lbf⋅in)/in
(N⋅m)/m (N⋅m)/m
5.337 866 E + 01 4.448 222 E + 00
Moment of inertia
lbm⋅ft2
Velocity (linear), speed
knot mi/h ft/s ft/min ft/h ft/day
MPa MPa MPa MPa kPa Pa
E − 01 E + 01
4.214 011 E − 02
kg⋅m2 2
E + 01 E − 02
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
1.378 951 E + 01 9.806 650* E + 00 9.576 052 E − 02 6.894 757 E − 03 4.788 026 E − 02 1.0* E − 01
Stress
U.S. tonf/in kgf/mm2 U.S. tonf/ft2 lbf/in2 (psi) lbf/ft2 (psf) dyn/cm2
Mass/length
lbm/ft
kg/m
1.488 164 E + 00
Mass/area structural loading, bearing capacity (mass basis)
U.S. ton/ft2 lbm/ft2
Mg/m2 kg/m2
9.764 855 E + 00 4.882 428 E + 00
Diffusivity
ft2/s m2/s ft2/h
m2/s mm2/s m2/s
9.290 304* E − 02 1.0* E + 06 2.580 64* E − 05
Thermal resistance
(°C⋅m2⋅h)/kcal (°F⋅ft2⋅h)/Btu
(K⋅m2)/kW (K⋅m2)/kW
8.604 208 E + 02 1.761 102 E + 02
Heat flux
Btu/(h⋅ft2)
kW/m2
3.154 591 E − 03
Thermal conductivity
(cal⋅cm)/(s⋅cm ⋅°C) (Btu⋅ft)/(h⋅ft2⋅°F)
W/(m⋅K) W/(m⋅K) (kJ⋅m)/(h⋅m2⋅K) W/(m⋅K) W/(m⋅K) W/(m⋅K)
4.184* 1.730 735 6.230 646 1.162 222 1.442 279 1.162 222
E + 02 E + 00 E + 00 E + 00 E − 01 E − 01
kW/(m2⋅K) kW/(m2⋅K) kW/(m2⋅K) kW/(m2⋅K) kJ/(h⋅m2⋅K) kW/(m2⋅K) kW/(m2⋅K)
4.184* 2.044 175 1.162 222 5.678 263 2.044 175 5.678 263 1.162 222
E + 01 E + 01 E − 02 E − 03 E + 01 E − 03 E − 03
Miscellaneous transport properties
2
(kcal⋅m)/(h⋅m2⋅°C) (Btu⋅in)/(h⋅ft2⋅°F) (cal⋅cm)/(h⋅cm2⋅°C) Heat-transfer coefficient
cal/(s⋅cm2⋅°C) Btu/(s⋅ft2⋅°F) cal/(h⋅cm2⋅°C) Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°F) Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°R) kcal/(h⋅m2⋅°C)
1-9
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued ) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
kW/(m3⋅K) kW/(m3⋅K)
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit
Volumetric heat-transfer coefficient
Btu/(s⋅ft3⋅°F) Btu/(h⋅ft3⋅°F)
6.706 611 E + 01 1.862 947 E − 02
Surface tension
dyn/cm
mN/m
Viscosity (dynamic)
(lbf⋅s)/in2 (lbf⋅s)/ft2 (kgf⋅s)/m2 lbm/(ft⋅s) (dyn⋅s)/cm2 cP lbm/(ft⋅h)
Pa⋅s Pa⋅s Pa⋅s Pa⋅s Pa⋅s Pa⋅s Pa⋅s
Viscosity (kinematic)
ft2/s in2/s m2/h ft2/h cSt
m2/s mm2/s mm2/s m2/s mm2/s
9.290 304* E − 02 6.451 6* E + 02 2.777 778 E + 02 2.580 64* E − 05 1
Permeability
darcy millidarcy
µm2 µm2
9.869 233 E − 01 9.869 233 E − 04
Thermal flux
Btu/(h⋅ft2) Btu/(s⋅ft2) cal/(s⋅cm2)
W/m2 W/m2 W/m2
3.152 1.135 4.184
E + 00 E + 04 E + 04
Mass-transfer coefficient
(lb⋅mol)/[h⋅ft2(lb⋅mol/ft3)] (g⋅mol)/[s⋅m2(g⋅mol/L)]
m/s m/s
8.467 1.0
E − 05 E + 01
Admittance
S
S
1
Capacitance
µF
µF
1
Charge density
C/mm3
C/mm3
1
Conductance
S⍀
S S
1 1
1 (N⋅s)/m2 (N⋅s)/m2 (N⋅s)/m2 (N⋅s)/m2 (N⋅s)/m2 (N⋅s)/m2 (N⋅s)/m2
6.894 757 E + 03 4.788 026 E + 01 9.806 650* E + 00 1.488 164 E + 00 1.0* E − 01 1.0* E − 03 4.133 789 E − 04
Electricity, magnetism
(mho)
Conductivity
S/m ⍀ /m ⍀ m /m
S/m S/m mS/m
1 1 1
Current density
A/mm2
A/mm2
1
2
Displacement
C/cm
C/cm2
1
Electric charge
C
C
1
Electric current
A
A
1
Electric-dipole moment
C⋅m
C⋅m
1
Electric-field strength
V/m
V/m
1
Electric flux
C
C
1
Electric polarization
C/cm2
C/cm2
1
Electric potential
V mV
V mV
1 1
Electromagnetic moment
A⋅m2
A⋅m2
1
Electromotive force
V
V
1
Flux of displacement
C
C
1
Frequency
cycles/s
Hz
1
Impedance
Ω
Ω
1
Linear-current density
A/mm
A/mm
1
Magnetic-dipole moment
Wb⋅m
Wb⋅m
1
Magnetic-field strength
A/mm Oe gamma
A/mm A/m A/m
1 7.957 747 E + 01 7.957 747 E − 04
Magnetic flux
mWb
mWb
1
1-10
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued ) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity Magnetic-flux density
mT G gamma
SI unit mT T nT
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit 1 1.0* 1
Magnetic induction
mT
mT
1
Magnetic moment
A⋅m2
A⋅m2
1
Magnetic polarization
mT
mT
1
Magnetic potential difference
A
A
1
Magnetic-vector potential
Wb/mm
Wb/mm
1
Magnetization
A/mm
A/mm
1
Modulus of admittance
S
S
1
Modulus of impedance
Ω
Ω
1
Mutual inductance
H
H
1
Permeability
µH/m
µH/m
1
E − 04
Permeance
H
H
1
Permittivity
µF/m
µF/m
1
Potential difference
V
V
1
Quantity of electricity
C
C
1
Reactance
Ω
Ω
1
Reluctance
H−1
H−1
1
Resistance
Ω
Ω
1
Resistivity
Ω⋅cm Ω⋅m
Ω⋅cm Ω⋅m
1 1
Self-inductance
mH
mH
1
Surface density of change
mC/m2
mC/m2
1
Susceptance
S
S
1
Volume density of charge
C/mm3
C/mm3
1
Absorbed dose
rad
Gy
1.0*
Acoustical energy
J
J
1
Acoustical intensity
W/cm2
W/m2
1.0*
Acoustical power
W
W
1
Sound pressure
N/m2
N/m2
1.0*
Illuminance
fc
lx
1.076 391 E + 01
Illumination
fc
lx
1.076 391 E + 01
Irradiance
W/m2
W/m2
1
Light exposure
fc⋅s
lx⋅s
1.076 391 E + 01
Luminance
cd/m2
cd/m2
1
Acoustics, light, radiation
Luminous efficacy
lm/W
lm/W
1
Luminous exitance
lm/m2
lm/m2
1
Luminous flux
lm
lm
1
Luminous intensity
cd
cd
1
Radiance
W/m2⋅sr
W/m2⋅sr
1
Radiant energy
J
J
1
Radiant flux
W
W
1
Radiant intensity
W/sr
W/sr
1
Radiant power
W
W
1
E − 02 E + 04
1-11
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Concluded ) Customary or commonly used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by factor to obtain SI unit
Wavelength
Å
nm
1.0*
E − 01
Capture unit
10−3 cm−1
m−1
E + 01
m−1
m−1
1.0* 1 1
Ci
Bq
3.7*
E + 10
Radioactivity
10−3 cm−1
* An asterisk indicates that the conversion factor is exact. † Conversion factors for length, area, and volume are based on the international foot. The international foot is longer by 2 parts in 1 million than the U.S. Survey foot (land-measurement use). NOTE: The following unit symbols are used in the table: Unit symbol
Name
Unit symbol
Name
A a Bq C cd Ci d °C ° dyn F fc G g gr Gy H h ha Hz J K L, ᐉ, l
ampere annum (year) becquerel coulomb candela curie day degree Celsius degree dyne farad footcandle gauss gram grain gray henry hour hectare hertz joule kelvin liter
lm lx m min ′ N naut mi Oe Ω Pa rad r S s ″ sr St T t V W Wb
lumen lux meter minute minute newton U.S. nautical mile oersted ohm pascal radian revolution siemens second second steradian stokes tesla tonne volt watt weber
NOTE:
1-12
Copyright SPE-AIME, The SI Metric System of Units and SPE’s Tentative Metric Standard, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Dallas, 1977.
TABLE 1-5 Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry “−02 2.54” expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2 m. To convert from abampere abcoulomb abfarad abhenry abmho abohm abvolt acre ampere (international of 1948) angstrom are astronomical unit atmosphere bar barn barrel (petroleum 42 gal) barye British thermal unit (ISO/ TC 12) British thermal unit (International Steam Table) British thermal unit (mean) British thermal unit (thermochemical) British thermal unit (39°F) British thermal unit (60°F) bushel (U.S.) cable caliber calorie (International Steam Table) calorie (mean) calorie (thermochemical) calorie (15°C) calorie (20°C) calorie (kilogram, International Steam Table) calorie (kilogram, mean) calorie (kilogram, thermochemical) carat (metric) Celsius (temperature) centimeter of mercury (0°C) centimeter of water (4°C) chain (engineer’s) chain (surveyor’s or Gunter’s) circular mil cord coulomb (international of 1948) cubit cup curie day (mean solar) day (sidereal) degree (angle) denier (international) dram (avoirdupois) dram (troy or apothecary) dram (U.S. fluid) dyne electron volt erg Fahrenheit (temperature)
Multiply by
To convert from
To
Multiply by
ampere coulomb farad henry mho ohm volt meter2 ampere
To
+01 1.00 +01 1.00 +09 1.00 −09 1.00 +09 1.00 −09 1.00 −08 1.00 +03 4.046 856 −01 9.998 35
meter meter2 meter newton/meter2 newton/meter2 meter2 meter3 newton/meter2 joule
−10 1.00 +02 1.00 +11 1.495 978 +05 1.013 25 +05 1.00 −28 1.00 −01 1.589 873 −01 1.00 +03 1.055 06
joule
+03 1.055 04
joule joule
+03 1.055 87 +03 1.054 350
joule joule meter3 meter meter joule
+03 1.059 67 +03 1.054 68 −02 3.523 907 +02 2.194 56 −04 2.54 +00 4.1868
joule joule joule joule joule
+00 4.190 02 +00 4.184 +00 4.185 80 +00 4.181 90 +03 4.186 8
joule joule
+03 4.190 02 +03 4.184
kilogram kelvin newton/meter2 newton/meter2 meter meter
−04 2.00 tK = tc + 273.15 +03 1.333 22 +01 9.806 38 +01 3.048 +01 2.011 68
meter3 meter meter newton/meter2 lumen/meter2 candela/meter2 meter meter/second2 meter3 meter3 meter3 tesla tesla ampere turn meter3 meter3 degree (angular) radian kilogram kilogram meter meter2 henry meter3 watt watt watt watt watt watt second (mean solar) second (mean solar) kilogram kilogram meter newton/meter2 newton/meter2 newton/meter2 newton/meter2 joule 1/meter joule
−05 2.957 352 −01 3.048 −01 3.048 006 +03 2.988 98 +01 1.076 391 +00 3.426 259 +02 2.011 68 −02 1.00 −03 4.546 087 −03 4.404 883 −03 3.785 411 −09 1.00 −04 1.00 −01 7.957 747 −04 1.420 652 −04 1.182 941 −01 9.00 −02 1.570 796 −05 6.479 891 −03 1.00 −01 1.016 +04 1.00 +00 1.000 495 −01 2.384 809 +02 7.456 998 +03 9.809 50 +02 7.46 +02 7.354 99 +02 7.457 +02 7.460 43 +03 3.60 +03 3.590 170 +01 5.080 234 +01 4.535 923 −02 2.54 +03 3.386 389 +03 3.376 85 +02 2.490 82 +02 2.4884 +00 1.000 165 +02 1.00 +03 4.186 74
meter2 meter3 coulomb
−10 5.067 074 +00 3.624 556 −01 9.998 35
meter meter3 disintegration/second second (mean solar) second (mean solar) radian kilogram/meter kilogram kilogram meter3 newton joule joule kelvin
fluid ounce (U.S.) foot foot (U.S. survey) foot of water (39.2°F) footcandle footlambert furlong gal (galileo) gallon (U.K. liquid) gallon (U.S. dry) gallon (U.S. liquid) gamma gauss gilbert gill (U.K.) gill (U.S.) grad grad grain gram hand hectare henry (international of 1948) hogshead (U.S.) horsepower (550 ft lbf/s) horsepower (boiler) horsepower (electric) horsepower (metric) horsepower (U.K.) horsepower (water) hour (mean solar) hour (sidereal) hundredweight (long) hundredweight (short) inch inch of mercury (32°F) inch of mercury (60°F) inch of water (39.2°F) inch of water (60°F) joule (international of 1948) kayser kilocalorie (International Steam Table) kilocalorie (mean) kilocalorie (thermochemical) kilogram mass kilogram-force (kgf) kilopond-force kip knot (international) lambert lambert langley lbf (pound-force, avoirdupois) lbm (pound-mass, avoirdupois) league (British nautical) league (international nautical) league (statute) light-year link (engineer’s) link (surveyor’s or Gunter’s) liter lux maxwell meter micrometer mil mile (U.S. statute) mile (U.K. nautical) mile (international nautical) mile (U.S. nautical) millibar millimeter of mercury (0°C)
joule joule kilogram newton newton newton meter/second candela/meter2 candela/meter2 joule/meter2 newton
+03 4.190 02 +03 4.184 +00 1.00 +00 9.806 65 +00 9.806 65 +03 4.448 221 −01 5.144 444 +04 1/π +03 3.183 098 +04 4.184 +00 4.448 221
kilogram
−01 4.535 923
meter meter
+03 5.559 552 +03 5.556
meter meter meter meter meter3 lumen/meter2 weber wavelengths Kr 86 meter meter meter meter meter meter newton/meter2 newton/meter2
+03 4.828 032 +15 9.460 55 −01 3.048 −01 2.011 68 −03 1.00 +00 1.00 −08 1.00 +06 1.650 763 −06 1.00 −05 2.54 +03 1.609 344 +03 1.853 184 +03 1.852 +03 1.852 +02 1.00 +02 1.333 224
Fahrenheit (temperature)
Celsius
farad (international of 1948) faraday (based on carbon 12) faraday (chemical) faraday (physical) fathom fermi (femtometer)
farad coulomb
−01 4.572 −04 2.365 882 +10 3.70 +04 8.64 +04 8.616 409 −02 1.745 329 −07 1.111 111 −03 1.771 845 −03 3.887 934 −06 3.696 691 −05 1.00 −19 1.602 10 −07 1.00 tK = (5/9)(tF + 459.67) tc = (5/9)(tF − 32) −01 9.995 05 +04 9.648 70
coulomb coulomb meter meter
+04 9.649 57 +04 9.652 19 +00 1.828 8 −15 1.00
1-13
TABLE 1-5 Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units (Concluded ) The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry “−02 2.54” expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2 To convert from minute (angle) minute (mean solar) minute (sidereal) month (mean calendar) nautical mile (international) nautical mile (U.S.) nautical mile (U.K.) oersted ohm (international of 1948) ounce-force (avoirdupois) ounce-mass (avoirdupois) ounce-mass (troy or apothecary) ounce (U.S. fluid) pace parsec pascal peck (U.S.) pennyweight perch phot pica (printer’s) pint (U.S. dry) pint (U.S. liquid) point (printer’s) poise pole pound-force (lbf avoirdupois) pound-mass (lbm avoirdupois) pound-mass (troy or apothecary) poundal quart (U.S. dry) quart (U.S. liquid) rad (radiation dose absorbed) Rankine (temperature) rayleigh (rate of photon emission) rhe rod roentgen rutherford second (angle)
1-14
To
Multiply by
radian second (mean solar) second (mean solar) second (mean solar) meter meter meter ampere/meter ohm newton kilogram kilogram meter3 meter meter newton/meter2 meter3 kilogram meter lumen/meter2 meter meter3 meter3 meter (newton-second)/meter2 meter newton
−04 2.908 882 +01 6.00 +01 5.983 617 +06 2.628 +03 1.852 +03 1.852 +03 1.853 184 +01 7.957 747 +00 1.000 495 −01 2.780 138 −02 2.834 952 −02 3.110 347 −05 2.957 352 −01 7.62 +16 3.083 74 +00 1.00 −03 8.809 767 −03 1.555 173 +00 5.0292 +04 1.00 −03 4.217 517 −04 5.506 104 −04 4.731 764 −04 3.514 598 −01 1.00 +00 5.0292 +00 4.448 221
kilogram
−01 4.535 923
kilogram
−01 3.732 417
newton meter3 meter3 joule/kilogram
−01 1.382 549 −03 1.101 220 −04 9.463 529 −02 1.00
kelvin 1/second-meter2
tK = (5/9)tR +10 1.00
meter2/(newtonsecond) meter coulomb/kilogram disintegration/second radian
+01 1.00 +00 5.0292 −04 2.579 76 +06 1.00 −06 4.848 136
To
Multiply by
second (ephemeris) second (mean solar)
To convert from
second second (ephemeris)
second (sidereal) section scruple (apothecary) shake skein slug span statampere statcoulomb statfarad stathenry statmho statohm statute mile (U.S.) statvolt stere stilb stoke tablespoon teaspoon ton (assay) ton (long) ton (metric) ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) ton (register) ton (short, 2000 lb) tonne torr (0°C) township unit pole volt (international of 1948) watt (international of 1948) yard year (calendar) year (sidereal) year (tropical) year 1900, tropical, Jan., day 0, hour 12 year 1900, tropical, Jan., day 0, hour 12
second (mean solar) meter2 kilogram second meter kilogram meter ampere coulomb farad henry mho ohm meter volt meter3 candela/meter2 meter2/second meter3 meter3 kilogram kilogram kilogram joule meter3 kilogram kilogram newton/meter2 meter2 weber volt watt meter second (mean solar) second (mean solar) second (mean solar) second (ephemeris)
+00 1.000 000 Consult American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac −01 9.972 695 +06 2.589 988 −03 1.295 978 −08 1.00 +02 1.097 28 +01 1.459 390 −01 2.286 −10 3.335 640 −10 3.335 640 −12 1.112 650 +11 8.987 554 −12 1.112 650 +11 8.987 554 +03 1.609 344 +02 2.997 925 +00 1.00 +04 1.00 −04 1.00 −05 1.478 676 −06 4.928 921 −02 2.916 666 +03 1.016 046 +03 1.00 +09 4.20 +00 2.831 684 +02 9.071 847 +03 1.00 +02 1.333 22 +07 9.323 957 −07 1.256 637 +00 1.000 330 +00 1.000 165 −01 9.144 +07 3.1536 +07 3.155 815 +07 3.155 692 +07 3.155 692
second
+07 3.155 692
TABLE 1-6
Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions
To convert from Acres Acres Acres Acre-feet Ampere-hours (absolute) Angstrom units Angstrom units Angstrom units Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Bags (cement) Barrels (cement) Barrels (oil) Barrels (oil) Barrels (U.S. liquid) Barrels (U.S. liquid) Barrels per day Bars Bars Bars Board feet Boiler horsepower Boiler horsepower B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. B.t.u. per cubic foot B.t.u. per hour B.t.u. per minute B.t.u. per pound B.t.u. per pound per degree Fahrenheit B.t.u. per pound per degree Fahrenheit B.t.u. per second B.t.u. per square foot per hour B.t.u. per square foot per minute B.t.u. per square foot per second for a temperature gradient of 1°F. per inch
To
Multiply by
To convert from
To
Multiply by
Square feet Square meters Square miles Cubic meters Coulombs (absolute) Inches Meters Microns Millimeters of mercury at 32°F Dynes per square centimeter Newtons per square meter Feet of water at 39.1°F Grams per square centimeter Inches of mercury at 32°F Pounds per square foot Pounds per square inch Pounds (cement) Pounds (cement) Cubic meters Gallons Cubic meters Gallons Gallons per minute Atmospheres Newtons per square meter Pounds per square inch Cubic feet B.t.u. per hour Kilowatts Calories (gram) Centigrade heat units (c.h.u. or p.c.u.) Foot-pounds Horsepower-hours Joules Liter-atmospheres Pounds carbon to CO2 Pounds water evaporated from and at 212°F Cubic foot-atmospheres Kilowatt-hours Joules per cubic meter Watts Horsepower Joules per kilogram Calories per gram per degree centigrade Joules per kilogram per degree Kelvin Watts Joules per square meter per second Kilowatts per square foot Calories, gram (15°C.), per square centimeter per second for a temperature gradient of 1°C. per centimeter
43,560 4074 0.001563 1233 3600 3.937 × 10−9 1 × 10−10 1 × 10−4 760 1.0133 × 106 101,325 33.90 1033.3 29.921 2116.3 14.696 94 376 0.15899 42 0.11924 31.5 0.02917 0.9869 1 × 105 14.504 1 ⁄12 33,480 9.803 252 0.55556 777.9 3.929 × 10−4 1055.1 10.41 6.88 × 10−5
B.t.u. (60°F.) per degree Fahrenheit Bushels (U.S. dry) Bushels (U.S. dry) Calories, gram Calories, gram Calories, gram Calories, gram Calories, gram Calories, gram, per gram per degree C. Calories, kilogram Calories, kilogram per second Candle power (spherical) Carats (metric) Centigrade heat units Centimeters Centimeters Centimeters Centimeters Centimeters Centimeters of mercury at 0°C. Centimeters of mercury at 0°C. Centimeters of mercury at 0°C Centimeters of mercury at 0°C. Centimeters of mercury at 0°C. Centimeters per second Centimeters of water at 4°C. Centistokes Circular mils Circular mils Circular mils Cords Cubic centimeters Cubic centimeters Cubic centimeters Cubic centimeters Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic foot-atmospheres Cubic foot-atmospheres Cubic feet of water (60°F.) Cubic feet per minute Cubic feet per minute Cubic feet per second Cubic feet per second Cubic inches Cubic yards Curies Curies Degrees Drams (apothecaries’ or troy)
Calories per degree centigrade Cubic feet Cubic meters B.t.u. Foot-pounds Joules Liter-atmospheres Horsepower-hours Joules per kilogram per degree Kelvin Kilowatt-hours Kilowatts Lumens Grams B.t.u. Angstrom units Feet Inches Meters Microns Atmospheres Feet of water at 39.1°F. Newtons per square meter Pounds per square foot Pounds per square inch Feet per minute Newtons per square meter Square meters per second Square centimeters Square inches Square mils Cubic feet Cubic feet Gallons Ounces (U.S. fluid) Quarts (U.S. fluid) Bushels (U.S.) Cubic centimeters Cubic meters Cubic yards Gallons Liters Foot-pounds Liter-atmospheres Pounds Cubic centimeters per second Gallons per second Gallons per minute Million gallons per day Cubic meters Cubic meters Disintegrations per minute Coulombs per minute Radians Grams
453.6 1.2444 0.03524 3.968 × 10−3 3.087 4.1868 4.130 × 10−2 1.5591 × 10−6 4186.8 0.0011626 4.185 12.556 0.2 1.8 1 × 108 0.03281 0.3937 0.01 10,000 0.013158 0.4460 1333.2 27.845 0.19337 1.9685 98.064 1 × 10−6 5.067 × 10−6 7.854 × 10−7 0.7854 128 3.532 × 10−5 2.6417 × 10−4 0.03381 0.0010567 0.8036 28,317 0.028317 0.03704 7.481 28.316 2116.3 28.316 62.37 472.0 0.1247 448.8 0.64632 1.6387 × 10−5 0.76456 2.2 × 1012 1.1 × 1012 0.017453 3.888
0.001036 0.3676 2.930 × 10−4 37,260 0.29307 0.02357 2326 1 4186.8 1054.4 3.1546 0.1758 1.2405
1-15
TABLE 1-6
Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions (Concluded )
To convert from Drams (avoirdupois) Dynes Ergs Faradays Fathoms Feet Feet per minute Feet per minute Feet per (second)2 Feet of water at 39.2°F. Foot-poundals Foot-poundals Foot-poundals Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds force Foot-pounds per second Foot-pounds per second Furlongs Gallons (U.S. liquid) Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons per minute Gallons per minute Grains Grains Grains per cubic foot Grains per gallon Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams per cubic centimeter
1-16
To Grams Newtons Joules Coulombs (abs.) Feet Meters Centimeters per second Miles per hour Meters per (second)2 Newtons per square meter B.t.u. Joules Liter-atmospheres B.t.u. Calories, gram Foot-poundals Horsepower-hours Kilowatt-hours Liter-atmospheres Joules Horsepower Kilowatts Miles Barrels (U.S. liquid) Cubic meters Cubic feet Gallons (Imperial) Liters Ounces (U.S. fluid) Cubic feet per hour Cubic feet per second Grams Pounds Grams per cubic meter Parts per million Drams (avoirdupois) Drams (troy) Grains Kilograms Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (troy) Pounds per cubic foot
Multiply by 1.7719 1 × 10−5 1 × 10−7 96,500 6 0.3048 0.5080 0.011364 0.3048 2989 3.995 × 10−5 0.04214 4.159 × 10−4 0.0012856 0.3239 32.174 5.051 × 10−7 3.766 × 10−7 0.013381 1.3558 0.0018182 0.0013558 0.125 0.03175 0.003785 0.13368 0.8327 3.785 128 8.021 0.002228 0.06480 1⁄ 7000 2.2884 17.118 0.5644 0.2572 15.432 0.001 0.0022046 0.002679 62.43
To convert from Horsepower (British) Horsepower (metric) Horsepower (metric) Hours (mean solar) Inches Inches of mercury at 60°F Inches of water at 60°F Joules (absolute) Joules (absolute) Joules (absolute) Joules (absolute) Joules (absolute) Joules (absolute) Kilocalories Kilograms Kilograms force Kilograms per square centimeter Kilometers Kilowatt-hours Kilowatt-hours Kilowatts Knots (international) Knots (nautical miles per hour) Lamberts Liter-atmospheres Liter-atmospheres Liters Liters Liters Lumens Micromicrons Microns Microns Miles (nautical) Miles (nautical) Miles Miles Miles per hour Miles per hour Milliliters Millimeters
To Pounds water evaporated per hour at 212°F Foot-pounds per second Kilogram-meters per second Seconds Meters Newtons per square meter Newtons per square meter B.t.u. (mean) Calories, gram (mean) Cubic foot-atmospheres Foot-pounds Kilowatt-hours Liter-atmospheres Joules Pounds (avoirdupois) Newtons Pounds per square inch Miles B.t.u. Foot-pounds Horsepower Meters per second Miles per hour Candles per square inch Cubic foot-atmospheres Foot-pounds Cubic feet Cubic meters Gallons Watts Microns Angstrom units Meters Feet Miles (U.S. statute) Feet Meters Feet per second Meters per second Cubic centimeters Meters
Multiply by 2.64 542.47 75.0 3600 0.0254 3376.9 248.84 9.480 × 10−4 0.2389 0.3485 0.7376 2.7778 × 10−7 0.009869 4186.8 2.2046 9.807 14.223 0.6214 3414 2.6552 × 106 1.3410 0.5144 1.1516 2.054 0.03532 74.74 0.03532 0.001 0.26418 0.001496 1 × 10−6 1 × 104 1 × 10−6 6080 1.1516 5280 1609.3 1.4667 0.4470 1 0.001
TABLE 1-6
Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions (Concluded )
To convert from Grams per cubic centimeter Grams per liter Grams per liter Grams per square centimeter Grams per square centimeter Hectares Hectares Horsepower (British) Horsepower (British) Horsepower (British) Horsepower (British) Horsepower (British) Horsepower (British) Horsepower (British) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds per cubic foot Pounds per cubic foot Pounds per square foot Pounds per square foot Pounds per square inch Pounds per square inch Pounds per square inch Pounds force Pounds force per square foot Pounds water evaporated from and at 212°F. Pound-centigrade units (p.c.u.) Quarts (U.S. liquid) Radians Revolutions per minute Seconds (angle) Slugs Slugs Slugs Square centimeters
To Pounds per gallon Grains per gallon Pounds per cubic foot Pounds per square foot Pounds per square inch Acres Square meters B.t.u. per minute B.t.u. per hour Foot-pounds per minute Foot-pounds per second Watts Horsepower (metric) Pounds carbon to CO2 per hour Grains Kilograms Pounds (troy) Grams per cubic centimeter Kilograms per cubic meter Atmospheres Kilograms per square meter Atmospheres Kilograms per square centimeter Newtons per square meter Newtons Newtons per square meter Horsepower-hours B.t.u. Cubic meters Degrees Radians per second Radians Gee pounds Kilograms Pounds Square feet
Multiply by 8.345 58.42 0.0624 2.0482 0.014223 2.471 10,000 42.42 2545 33,000 550 745.7 1.0139 0.175 7000 0.45359 1.2153 0.016018 16.018 4.725 × 10−4 4.882 0.06805 0.07031 6894.8 4.4482 47.88 0.379 1.8 9.464 × 10−4 57.30 0.10472 4.848 × 10−6 1 14.594 32.17 0.0010764
To convert from
To
Millimeters of mercury at 0°C. Millimicrons Mils Mils Minims (U.S.) Minutes (angle) Minutes (mean solar) Newtons Ounces (avoirdupois) Ounces (avoirdupois) Ounces (U.S. fluid) Ounces (troy) Pints (U.S. liquid) Poundals
Newtons per square meter Microns Inches Meters Cubic centimeters Radians Seconds Kilograms Kilograms Ounces (troy) Cubic meters Ounces (apothecaries’) Cubic meters Newtons
Square feet Square feet per hour Square inches Square inches Square yards Stokes Tons (long) Tons (long) Tons (metric) Tons (metric) Tons (metric) Tons (short) Tons (short) Tons (refrigeration) Tons (British shipping) Tons (U.S. shipping) Torr (mm. mercury, 0°C.) Watts Watts Watts Watt-hours Yards
Square meters Square meters per second Square centimeters Square meters Square meters Square meters per second Kilograms Pounds Kilograms Pounds Tons (short) Kilograms Pounds B.t.u. per hour Cubic feet Cubic feet Newtons per square meter B.t.u. per hour Joules per second Kilogram-meters per second Joules Meters
Multiply by 133.32 0.001 0.001 2.54 × 10−5 0.06161 2.909 × 10−4 60 0.10197 0.02835 0.9115 2.957 × 10−5 1.000 4.732 × 10−4 0.13826 0.0929 2.581 × 10−5 6.452 6.452 × 10−4 0.8361 1 × 10−4 1016 2240 1000 2204.6 1.1023 907.18 2000 12,000 42.00 40.00 133.32 3.413 1 0.10197 3600 0.9144
1-17
TABLE 1-7 Mass (M)
Length (L)
Common Units and Conversion Factors* 1 pound mass = 453.5924 grams = 0.45359 kilograms = 7000 grains 1 slug = 32.174 pounds mass 1 ton (short) = 2000 pounds mass 1 ton (long) = 2240 pounds mass 1 ton (metric) = 1000 kilograms = 2204.62 pounds mass 1 pound mole = 453.59 gram moles = 30.480 centimeters = 0.3048 meters 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters = 0.0254 meters 1 mile (U.S.) = 1.60935 kilometers 1 yard = 0.9144 meters 1 foot
Area (L2)
Volume (L3)
1 square foot = 929.0304 square centimeters = 0.09290304 square meters 1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimeters 1 square yard = 0.836127 square meters 1 cubic foot
1 gallon Time (θ) 1 hour
= 28,316.85 cubic centimeters = 0.02831685 cubic meters = 28.31685 liters = 7.481 gallons (U.S.) = 3.7853 liters = 231 cubic inches = 60 minutes = 3600 seconds
Temperature (T) 1 centigrade or Celsius degree = 1.8 Fahrenheit degree Temperature, Kelvin = T°C + 273.15 Temperature, Rankine = T°F + 459.7 Temperature, Fahrenheit = 9/5 T°C + 32 Temperature, centigrade or Celsius = 5/9 (T°F − 32) Temperature, Rankine = 1.8 T K Force (F) 1 pound force = 444,822.2 dynes = 4.448222 Newtons = 32.174 poundals Pressure (F/L2) Normal atmospheric pressure
1 atm = 760 millimeters of mercury at 0°C (density 13.5951 g/cm3) = 29.921 inches of mercury at 32°F = 14.696 pounds force/square inch = 33.899 feet of water at 39.1°F = 1.01325 × 106 dynes/square centimeter = 1.01325 × 105 Newtons/square meter Density (M/L3) 1 pound mass/cubic foot = 0.01601846 grams/cubic centimeter = 16.01846 kilogram/cubic meter Energy (H or FL) 1 British thermal unit = 251.98 calories = 1054.4 joules = 777.97 foot-pounds force = 10.409 liter-atmospheres = 0.2930 watt-hour 2 Diffusivity (L /θ) 1 square foot/hour = 0.258 cm2/s = 2.58 × 10−5 m2/s Viscosity (M/Lθ) 1 pound mass/foot hour = 0.00413 g/cm s 0.000413 kg/m s 1 centipoise = 0.01 poise = 0.01 g/cm s = 0.001 kg/m s = 0.000672 lbm/ft s = 0.0000209 lbfs/ft2 Thermal conductivity [H/θL2(T/L)] 2 1 Btu/hr ft (°F/ft) = 0.00413 cal/s cm2 (°C/cm) = 1.728 J/s m2 (°C/m) Heat transfer coefficient 1 Btu/hr ft2 °F = 5.678 J/s m2 °C Heat capacity (H/MT) 1 Btu/lbm °F = 1 cal/g °C = 4184 J/kg °C Gas constant 1.987 Btu/lbm mole °R = 1.987 cal/mol K = 82.057 atm cm3/mol K = 0.7302 atm ft3/lb mole °F = 10.73 (lbf /in.2) (ft3)/lb mole °R = 1545 (lbf /ft2) (ft3)/lb mole °R = 8.314 (N/m2) (m3)/mol K Gravitational acceleration g = 9.8066 m/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2
NOTE: U.S. customary units; or British units, on left and SI units on right. *Adapted from Faust et al., Principles of Unit Operations, John Wiley and Sons, 1980.
TABLE 1-8
Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion Formulas
Viscosity scale Saybolt Universal Saybolt Furol Redwood No. 1 Redwood Admiralty Engler
Range of t, sec 32 < t < 100 t > 100 25 < t < 40 t > 40 34 < t < 100 t > 100
Kinematic viscosity, stokes 0.00226t − 1.95/t 0.00220t − 1.35/t 0.0224t − 1.84/t 0.0216t − 0.60/t 0.00260t − 1.79/t 0.00247t − 0.50/t 0.027t − 20/t 0.00147t − 3.74/t
TABLE 1-9 Temp. scale
Values of the Gas-Law Constant Press. units
Vol. units
Kelvin atm. atm. mm. Hg bar kg/cm2 atm mm Hg
cm3 liters liters liters liters ft3 ft3
atm in Hg mm Hg lb/in2abs lb/ft2abs
ft3 ft3 ft3 ft3 ft3
Rankine
1-18
Wt. units
Energy units
R
g-moles g-moles g-moles g-moles g-moles g-moles g-moles g-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles lb-moles
calories joules (abs) joules (int) atm cm3 atm liters mm Hg-liters bar-liters kg/(cm2)(liters) atm-ft3 mm Hg-ft3 chu or pcu Btu hp-hr kw-hr atm-ft3 in Hg-ft3 mm Hg-ft3 (lb)(ft3)/in2 ft-lb
1.9872 8.3144 8.3130 82.057 0.08205 62.361 0.08314 0.08478 1.314 998.9 1.9872 1.9872 0.0007805 0.0005819 0.7302 21.85 555.0 10.73 1545.0
TABLE 1-10 United States Customary System of Weights and Measures Linear Measure 12 inches (in) or (″) = 1 foot (ft) or (′) 3 feet = 1 yard (yd) 16.5 feet = 1 rod (rd) 5.5 yards
冧 冧
5280 feet = 1 mile (mi) 320 rods 1 mil = 0.001 inch Nautical:
TABLE 1-11
Temperature Conversion Formulas
°F = (°C × 5/9) + 32 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 °R = °F + 459.69 °K = °C + 273.15 °K = °R × 5/9 Temperature difference, ⌬T °F = °C × 9/5 NOTE: An extensive table of temperature conversions may be found in the sixth edition of the Handbook (Table 1-12).
6080.2 feet = 1 nautical mile 6 feet = 1 fathom 120 fathoms = 1 cable length 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour 60 nautical miles = 1° of latitude
Square Measure 144 sq. inches (sq. in) or (in2) or (ⵧ″) = 1 sq. foot (ft2) or (ⵧ′) 9 sq. feet (ft2) (ⵧ′) = 1 sq. yard (yd2) 30.25 sq. yards = 1 sq. rod, pole, or perch 10 sq. chains 160 sq. rods = = 1 acre 43,560 sq. ft 640 acres = 1 sq. mile = 1 section 1 circular inch (area of circle of 1 inch diameter) = 0.7854 sq. inch 1 sq. inch = 1.2732 circular inch 1 circular mil = area of circle of 0.001 inch diameter 1,000,000 circular mils = 1 circular inch
冦
冧
Circular Measure 60 seconds (″) (sec) = 1 minute (min) or (′) 60 minutes (′) = 1 degree (°) 90 degrees (°) = 1 quadrant 360 degrees (°) = 1 circumference = 1 radian (rad.) 57.29578 degrees = 57° 17′ 44.81″
冦
Volume Measure Solid:
1728 cubic in (cu. in) (in3) = 1 cubic foot (cu. ft)(ft3) 27 cu. ft = 1 cubic yard (cu. yd) Dry Measure: 2 pints = 1 quart 8 quarts = 1 peck 4 pecks = 1 bushel 1 United States Winchester bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches Liquid: 4 gills = 1 pint (pt) 2 pints = 1 quart (qt) 4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal) 7.4805 gallons = 1 cubic foot Apothecaries’ Liquid: 60 minims (min. or ) = 1 fluid dram or drachm 8 drams ( ) = 1 fluid ounce 16 ounces (oz. ) = 1 pint Avoirdupois Weight 16 drams = 437.5 grains = 1 ounce (oz) 16 ounces = 7000 grains = 1 pound (lb) 100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt) 2000 pounds = 1 short ton: 2240 pounds = 1 long ton Troy Weight 24 grains = 1 pennyweight (dwt) 20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (oz) 12 ounces = 1 pound (lb) Apothecaries’ Weight 20 grains (gr) = 1 scruple ( ) 3 scruples = 1 dram ( ) 8 drams = 1 ounce ( ) 12 ounces = 1 pound (lb)
1-19
TABLE 1-12
Specific Gravity, Degrees Baumé, Degrees API, Degrees Twaddell, Pounds per Gallon, Pounds per Cubic Foot* 145 140 sp gr 60°/60°F − 1 141.5 °Bé = 145 − ᎏ (heavier than H2O); °Bé = ᎏ − 130 (lighter than H2O); °Tw = ᎏᎏ °API = ᎏ − 131.5 sp gr sp gr 0.005 sp gr Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
Lb per ft3 at 60°F wt in air
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
°Bé
104.33 102.38 100.47 98.58 96.73
4.9929 5.0346 5.0763 5.1180 5.1597
37.350 37.662 37.973 38.285 38.597
0.700 .705 .710 .715 .720
70.00 68.58 67.18 65.80 64.44
94.00 92.22 90.47 88.75 87.05
94.90 93.10 91.33 89.59 87.88
5.2014 5.2431 5.2848 5.3265 5.3682
39.910 39.222 39.534 39.845 40.157
.725 .730 .735 .740 .745
.650 .655 .660 .665 .670
85.38 83.74 82.12 80.53 78.96
86.19 84.53 82.89 81.28 79.69
5.4098 5.4515 5.4932 5.5349 5.5766
40.468 40.780 41.092 41.404 41.716
.675 .680 .685 .690 .695
77.41 75.88 74.38 72.90 71.44
78.13 76.59 75.07 73.57 72.10
5.6183 5.6600 5.7017 5.7434 5.7851
42.028 42.340 42.652 42.963 43.275
Lb per ft3 at 60°F wt in air
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
°Bé
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
°Bé
°API
0.600 .605 .610 .615 .620
103.33 101.40 99.51 97.64 95.81
.625 .630 .635 .640 .645
°API
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
Lb per ft3 at 60°F wt in air
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
°Bé
°API
70.64 69.21 67.80 66.40 65.03
5.8268 5.8685 5.9101 5.9518 5.9935
43.587 43.899 44.211 44.523 44.834
0.800 .805 .810 .815 .820
45.00 43.91 42.84 41.78 40.73
45.38 44.28 43.19 42.12 41.06
63.10 61.78 60.48 59.19 57.92
63.67 62.34 61.02 59.72 58.43
6.0352 6.0769 6.1186 6.1603 6.2020
45.146 45.458 45.770 46.082 46.394
.825 .830 .835 .840 .845
39.70 38.67 37.66 36.67 35.68
.750 .755 .760 .765 .770
56.67 55.43 54.21 53.01 51.82
57.17 55.92 54.68 53.47 52.27
6.2437 6.2854 6.3271 6.3688 6.4104
46.706 47.018 47.330 47.642 47.953
.850 .855 .860 .865 .870
.775 .780 .785 .790 .795
50.65 49.49 48.34 47.22 46.10
51.08 49.91 48.75 47.61 46.49
6.4521 6.4938 6.5355 6.5772 6.6189
47.265 48.577 48.889 49.201 49.513
.875 .880 .885 .890 .895
Lb per ft3 at 60°F wt in air
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
Lb per ft3 at 60°F wt in air
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
°Bé
°API
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
6.6606 6.7023 6.7440 6.7857 6.8274
49.825 50.137 50.448 50.760 51.072
0.900 .905 .910 .915 .920
25.56 24.70 23.85 23.01 22.17
25.72 24.85 23.99 23.14 22.30
7.4944 7.5361 7.5777 7.6194 7.6612
56.062 56.374 56.685 56.997 57.310
40.02 38.98 37.96 36.95 35.96
6.8691 6.9108 6.9525 6.9941 7.0358
51.384 51.696 52.008 52.320 52.632
.925 .930 .935 .940 .945
21.35 20.54 19.73 18.94 18.15
21.47 20.65 19.84 19.03 18.24
7.7029 7.7446 7.7863 7.8280 7.8697
57.622 57.934 58.246 58.557 58.869
34.71 33.74 32.79 31.85 30.92
34.97 34.00 33.03 32.08 31.14
7.0775 7.1192 7.1609 7.2026 7.2443
52.943 53.255 53.567 53.879 54.191
.950 .955 .960 .965 .970
17.37 16.60 15.83 15.08 14.33
17.45 16.67 15.90 15.13 14.38
7.9114 7.9531 7.9947 8.0364 8.0780
59.181 59.493 59.805 60.117 60.428
30.00 29.09 28.19 27.30 26.42
30.21 29.30 28.39 27.49 26.60
7.2860 7.3277 7.3694 7.4111 7.4528
54.503 54.815 55.127 55.438 55.750
.975 .980 .985 .990 .995 1.000
13.59 12.86 12.13 11.41 10.70 10.00
13.63 12.89 12.15 11.43 10.71 10.00
8.1197 8.1615 8.2032 8.2449 8.2866 8.3283
60.740 61.052 61.364 61.676 61.988 62.300 Lb per ft3 at 60°F. wt. in air
°Tw
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
°Tw
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
°Bé
°Tw
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
°Bé
°Tw
Lb per gal at 60°F wt in air
1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1.025
0.72 1.44 2.14 2.84 3.54
1 2 3 4 5
8.3700 8.4117 8.4534 8.4950 8.5367
62.612 62.924 63.236 63.547 63.859
1.255 1.260 1.265 1.270 1.275
29.46 29.92 30.38 30.83 31.27
51 52 53 54 55
10.4546 10.4963 10.5380 10.5797 10.6214
78.206 78.518 78.830 79.141 79.453
1.505 1.510 1.515 1.520 1.525
48.65 48.97 49.29 49.61 49.92
101 102 103 104 105
12.5392 12.5809 12.6226 12.6643 12.7060
93.800 94.112 94.424 94.735 95.047
1.755 1.760 1.765 1.770 1.775
62.38 62.61 62.85 63.08 63.31
151 152 153 154 155
14.6238 14.6655 14.7072 14.7489 14.7906
109.394 109.705 110.017 110.329 110.641
1.030 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050
4.22 4.90 5.58 6.24 6.91
6 7 8 9 10
8.5784 8.6201 8.6618 8.7035 8.7452
64.171 64.483 64.795 65.107 65.419
1.280 1.285 1.290 1.295 1.300
31.72 32.16 32.60 33.03 33.46
56 57 58 59 60
10.6630 10.7047 10.7464 10.7881 10.8298
79.765 80.077 80.389 80.701 81.013
1.530 1.535 1.540 1.545 1.550
50.23 50.54 50.84 51.15 51.45
106 107 108 109 110
12.7477 12.7894 12.8310 12.8727 12.9144
95.359 95.671 95.983 96.295 96.606
1.780 1.785 1.790 1.795 1.800
63.54 63.77 63.99 64.22 64.44
156 157 158 159 160
14.8323 14.8740 14.9157 14.9574 14.9990
110.953 111.265 111.577 111.889 112.200
1.055 1.060 1.065 1.070 1.075
7.56 8.21 8.85 9.49 10.12
11 12 13 14 15
8.7869 8.8286 8.8703 8.9120 8.9537
65.731 66.042 66.354 66.666 66.978
1.305 1.310 1.315 1.320 1.325
33.89 34.31 34.73 35.15 35.57
61 62 63 64 65
10.8715 10.9132 10.9549 10.9966 11.0383
81.325 81.636 81.948 82.260 82.572
1.555 1.560 1.565 1.570 1.575
51.75 52.05 52.35 52.64 52.94
111 112 113 114 115
12.9561 12.9978 13.0395 13.0812 13.1229
96.918 97.230 97.542 97.854 98.166
1.805 1.810 1.815 1.820 1.825
64.67 64.89 65.11 65.33 65.55
161 162 163 164 165
15.0407 15.0824 15.1241 15.1658 15.2075
112.512 112.824 113.136 113.448 113.760
1.080 1.085 1.090 1.095 1.100
10.74 11.36 11.97 12.58 13.18
16 17 18 19 20
8.9954 9.0371 9.0787 9.1204 9.1621
67.290 67.602 67.914 68.226 68.537
1.330 1.335 1.340 1.345 1.350
35.98 36.39 36.79 37.19 37.59
66 67 68 69 70
11.0800 11.1217 11.1634 11.2051 11.2467
82.884 83.196 83.508 83.820 84.131
1.580 1.585 1.590 1.595 1.600
53.23 53.52 53.81 54.09 54.38
116 117 118 119 120
13.1646 13.2063 13.2480 13.2897 13.3313
98.478 98.790 99.102 99.414 99.725
1.830 1.835 1.840 1.845 1.850
65.77 65.98 66.20 66.41 66.62
166 167 168 169 170
15.2492 15.2909 15.3326 15.3743 15.4160
114.072 114.384 114.696 115.007 115.318
1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125
13.78 14.37 14.96 15.54 16.11
21 22 23 24 25
9.2038 9.2455 9.2872 9.3289 9.3706
68.849 69.161 69.473 69.785 70.097
1.355 1.360 1.365 1.370 1.375
37.99 38.38 38.77 39.16 39.55
71 72 73 74 75
11.2884 11.3301 11.3718 11.4135 11.4552
84.443 84.755 85.067 85.379 85.691
1.605 1.610 1.615 1.620 1.625
54.66 54.94 55.22 55.49 55.77
121 122 123 124 125
13.3730 13.4147 13.4564 13.4981 13.5398
100.037 100.349 100.661 100.973 101.285
1.855 1.860 1.865 1.870 1.875
66.83 67.04 67.25 67.46 67.67
171 172 173 174 175
15.4577 15.4993 15.5410 15.5827 15.6244
115.630 115.943 116.255 116.567 116.879
1.130 1.135 1.140 1.145 1.150
16.68 17.25 17.81 18.36 18.91
26 27 28 29 30
9.4123 9.4540 9.4957 9.5374 9.5790
70.409 70.721 71.032 71.344 71.656
1.380 1.385 1.390 1.395 1.400
39.93 40.31 40.68 41.06 41.43
76 77 78 79 80
11.4969 11.5386 11.5803 11.6220 11.6637
86.003 86.315 86.626 86.938 87.250
1.630 1.635 1.640 1.645 1.650
56.04 56.32 56.59 56.85 57.12
126 127 128 129 130
13.5815 13.6232 13.6649 13.7066 13.7483
101.597 101.909 102.220 102.532 102.844
1.880 1.885 1.890 1.895 1.900
67.87 68.08 68.28 68.48 68.68
176 177 178 179 180
15.6661 15.7078 15.7495 15.7912 15.8329
117.191 117.503 117.814 118.126 118.438
1.155 1.160 1.165 1.170 1.175
19.46 20.00 20.54 21.07 21.60
31 32 33 34 35
9.6207 9.6624 9.7041 9.7458 9.7875
71.968 72.280 72.592 72.904 73.216
1.405 1.410 1.415 1.420 1.425
41.80 42.16 42.53 42.89 43.25
81 82 83 84 85
11.7054 11.7471 11.7888 11.8304 11.8721
87.562 87.874 88.186 88.498 88.810
1.655 1.660 1.665 1.670 1.675
57.39 57.65 57.91 58.17 58.43
131 132 133 134 135
13.7900 13.8317 13.8734 13.9150 13.9567
103.156 103.468 103.780 104.092 104.404
1.905 1.910 1.915 1.920 1.925
68.88 69.08 69.28 69.48 69.68
181 182 183 184 185
15.8746 15.9163 15.9580 15.9996 16.0413
118.740 119.062 119.374 119.686 119.998
1.180 1.185 1.190 1.195 1.200
22.12 22.64 23.15 23.66 24.17
36 37 38 39 40
9.8292 9.8709 9.9126 9.9543 9.9960
73.528 73.840 74.151 74.463 74.775
1.430 1.435 1.440 1.445 1.450
43.60 43.95 44.31 44.65 45.00
86 87 88 89 90
11.9138 11.9555 11.9972 12.0389 12.0806
89.121 89.433 89.745 90.057 90.369
1.680 1.685 1.690 1.695 1.700
58.69 58.95 59.20 59.45 59.71
136 137 138 139 140
13.9984 14.0401 14.0818 14.1235 14.1652
104.715 105.027 105.339 105.651 105.963
1.930 1.935 1.940 1.945 1.950
69.87 70.06 70.26 70.45 70.64
186 187 188 189 190
16.0830 16.1247 16.1664 16.2081 16.2498
120.309 120.621 120.933 121.245 121.557
1.205 1.210 1.215 1.220 1.225
24.67 25.17 25.66 26.15 26.63
41 42 43 44 45
10.0377 10.0793 10.1210 10.1627 10.2044
75.087 75.399 75.711 76.022 76.334
1.455 1.460 1.465 1.470 1.475
45.34 45.68 46.02 46.36 46.69
91 92 93 94 95
12.1223 12.1640 12.2057 12.2473 12.2890
90.681 90.993 91.305 91.616 91.928
1.705 1.710 1.715 1.720 1.725
59.96 60.20 60.45 60.70 60.94
141 142 143 144 145
14.2069 14.2486 14.2903 14.3320 14.3737
106.275 106.587 106.899 107.210 107.522
1.955 1.960 1.965 1.970 1.975
70.83 71.02 71.21 71.40 71.58
191 192 193 194 195
16.2915 16.3332 16.3749 16.4166 16.4583
121.869 122.181 122.493 122.804 123.116
1.230 1.235 1.240 1.245 1.250
27.11 27.59 28.06 28.53 29.00
46 47 48 49 50
10.2461 10.2878 10.3295 10.3712 10.4129
76.646 76.958 77.270 77.582 77.894
1.480 1.485 1.490 1.495 1.500
47.03 47.36 47.68 48.01 48.33
96 97 98 99 100
12.3307 12.3724 12.4141 12.4558 12.4975
92.240 92.552 92.864 93.176 93.488
1.730 1.735 1.740 1.745 1.750
61.18 61.34 61.67 61.91 62.14
146 147 148 149 150
14.4153 14.4570 14.4987 14.5404 14.5821
107.834 108.146 108.458 108.770 109.082
1.980 1.985 1.990 1.995 2.000
71.77 71.95 72.14 72.32 72.50
196 197 198 199 200
16.5000 16.5417 16.5833 16.6250 16.6667
123.428 123.740 124.052 124.364 124.676
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
°Bé
Lb per ft3 at 60°F wt in air
Sp gr 60°/ 60°
Lb per ft3 at 60°F. wt. in air
*Prepared by Lewis V. Judson, Ph.D., Chief of Length Section of National Bureau of Standards with the advice and assistance of E. L. Peffer, B.S., A.M., late Chief of Capacity and Density Section, National Bureau of Standards.
1-20
TABLE 1-13
Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges* Values in approximate decimals of an inch As a number of gauges are in use for various shapes and metals, it is advisable to state the thickness in thousandths when specifying gauge number.
Gauge number
American (AWG) or Brown & Sharpe (B & S) (for nonferrous wire and sheet)†
U.S. Steel Wire (Stl WG) or Washburn & Moen or Roebling or Am. Steel & Wire Co. [A. (steel) WG] (for steel wire)
Birmingham (BWG) (for steel wire) or Stubs Iron Wire (for iron or brass wire)‡
U.S. Standard (for sheet and plate metal, wrought iron)
0000000 000000 00000 0000 000 00 0
— — — 0.460 .410 .365 .325
0.4900 .4615 .4305 .3938 .3625 .3310 .3065
— — — 0.454 .425 .380 .340
1 2 3 4 5
.289 .258 .229 .204 .182
.2830 .2625 .2437 .2253 .2070
6 7 8 9 10
.162 .144 .128 .114 .102
11 12 13 14 15
U.S. Steel Wire (Stl WG) or Washburn & Moen or Roebling or Am. Steel & Wire Co. [A. (steel) WG] (for steel wire)
Birmingham (BWG) (for steel wire) or Stubs Iron Wire (for iron or brass wire)‡
U.S. Standard (for sheet and plate metal, wrought iron)
Standard Birmingham (BG) (for sheet and hoop metal)
Imperial Standard and Wire Gauge (SWG) (British legal standard)
Gauge number
Gauge number
American (AWG) or Brown & Sharpe (B & S) (for nonferrous wire and sheet)†
Standard Birmingham (BG) (for sheet and hoop metal)
Imperial Standard and Wire Gauge (SWG) (British legal standard)
Gauge number
— — — — — — —
0.6666 .6250 .5883 .5416 .5000 .4452 .3964
0.500 .464 .432 .400 .372 .348 .324
0000000 000000 00000 0000 000 00 0
26 27 28 29 30
0.0159 .0142 .0126 .0113 .0100
0.0181 .0173 .0162 .0150 .0140
0.018 .016 .014 .013 .012
0.0188 .0172 .0156 .0141 .0125
0.0196 .0175 .0156 .0139 .0123
0.018 .0164 .0148 .0136 .0124
26 27 28 29 30
.300 .284 .259 .238 .220
— — 0.239 .224 .209
.3532 .3147 .2804 .2500 .2225
.300 .276 .252 .232 .212
1 2 3 4 5
31 32 33 34 35
.0089 .0080 .0071 .0063 .0056
.0132 .0128 .0118 .0104 .0095
.010 .009 .008 .007 .005
.0109 .0102 .0094 .0086 .0078
.0110 .0098 .0087 .0077 .0069
.0116 .0108 .0100 .0092 .0084
31 32 33 34 35
.1920 .1770 .1620 .1483 .1350
.203 .180 .165 .148 .134
.194 .179 .164 .150 .135
.1981 .1764 .1570 .1398 .1250
.192 .176 .160 .144 .128
6 7 8 9 10
36 37 38 39 40
.0050 .0045 .0040 .0035 .0031
.0090 .0085 .0080 .0075 .0070
.004 — — — —
.0070 .0066 .0062 — —
.0061 .0054 .0048 .0043 .0039
.0076 .0068 .0060 .0052 .0048
36 37 38 39 40
.091 .081 .072 .064 .057
.1205 .1055 .0915 .0800 .0720
.120 .109 .095 .083 .072
.120 .105 .090 .075 .067
.1113 .0991 .0882 .0785 .0699
.116 .104 .092 .080 .072
11 12 13 14 15
41 42 43 44 45
— — — — —
.0066 .0062 .0060 .0058 .0055
— — — — —
— — — — —
.0034 .0031 .0027 .0024 .0022
.0044 .0040 .0036 .0032 .0028
41 42 43 44 45
16 17 18 19 20
.051 .045 .040 .036 .032
.0625 .0540 .0475 .0410 .0348
.065 .058 .049 .042 .035
.060 .054 .0478 .0418 .0359
.0625 .0556 .0495 .0440 .0392
.064 .056 .048 .040 .036
16 17 18 19 20
46 47 48 49 50
— — — — —
.0052 .0050 .0048 .0046 .0044
— — — — —
— — — — —
.0019 .0017 .0015 .0014 .0012
.0024 .0020 .0016 .0012 .0010
46 47 48 49 50
21 22 23 24 25
.0285 .0253 .0226 .0201 .0179
.0317 .0286 .0258 .0230 .0204
.032 .028 .025 .022 .020
.0329 .0299 .0269 .0239 .0209
.0349 .0313 .0278 .0248 .0220
.032 .028 .024 .022 .020
21 22 23 24 25
Metric wire gauge is 10 times the diameter in millimeters. *Courtesy of Dr. Lewis V. Judson with I. H. Fullmer, National Bureau of Standards. † Sometimes used for iron wire. ‡ Sometimes used for copper plate and for steel plate 12 gauge and heavier and for steel tubes.
1-21
TABLE 1-14
Fundamental Physical Constants
1 sec = 1.00273791 sidereal seconds g0 = 9.80665 m/sec2 1 liter = 0.001 cu. m 1 atm = 101,325 newtons/sq m 1 mm Hg (pressure) = (1⁄ 760) atm = 133.3224 newtons/sq m 1 int ohm = 1.000495 ⫾ 0.000015 abs ohm 1 int amp = 0.999835 ⫾ 0.000025 abs amp 1 int coul = 0.999835 ⫾ 0.000025 abs coul 1 int volt = 1.000330 ⫾ 0.000029 abs volt 1 int watt = 1.000165 ⫾ 0.000052 abs watt 1 int joule = 1.000165 ⫾ 0.000052 abs joule T0°C = 273.150 ⫾ 0.010°K (PV)0°CP=0 = (RT)0°C = 2271.16 ⫾ 0.04 abs joule/mole = 22,414.6 ⫾ 0.4 cu. cm atm/mole = 22.4146 ⫾ 0.0004 liter atm/mole R = 8.31439 ⫾ 0.00034 abs joule/deg mole = 1.98719 ⫾ 0.00013 cal/deg mole = 82.0567 ⫾ 0.0034 cu. cm atm/deg mole = 0.0820567 ⫾ 0.0000034 liter atm/deg mole ln 10 = 2.302585 R ln 10 = 19.14460 ⫾ 0.00078 abs joule/deg mole = 4.57567 ⫾ 0.00030 cal/deg mole N = (6.02283 ⫾ 0.0022) × 1023/mole h = (6.6242 ⫾ 0.0044) × 10−34 joule sec c = (2.99776 ⫾ 0.00008) × 108 m/sec (h2/8π2k) = (4.0258 ⫾ 0.0037) × 10−39 g sq cm deg (h/8π2c) = (2.7986 ⫾ 0.0018) × 10−39 g cm Z = Nhc = 11.9600 ⫾ 0.0036 abs joule cm/mole = 2.85851 ⫾ 0.0009 cal cm/mole (Z/R) = (hc/k) = c2 = 1.43847 ⫾ 0.00045 cm deg Ᏺ = 96,501.2 ⫾ 10.0 int coul/g-equiv or int joule/int volt g-equiv = 96,485.3 ⫾ 10.0 abs coul/g-equiv or abs joule/abs volt g-equiv = 23,068.1 ⫾ 2.4 cal/int volt g-equiv = 23,060.5 ⫾ 2.4 cal/abs volt g-equiv e = (1.60199 ⫾ 0.00060) × 10−19 abs coul = (1.60199 ⫾ 0.00060) × 10−20 abs emu = (4.80239 ⫾ 0.00180) × 10−10 abs esu 1 int electron-volt/molecule = 96,501.2 ⫾ 10 int joule/mole = 23,068.1 ⫾ 2.4 cal/mole 1 abs electron-volt/molecule = 96,485.3 ⫾ 10. abs joule/mole = 23,060.5 ⫾ 2.4 cal/mole 1 int electron-volt = (1.60252 ⫾ 0.00060) × 10−12 erg 1 abs electron-volt = (1.60199 ⫾ 0.00060) × 10−12 erg hc = (1.23916 ⫾ 0.00032) × 10−4 int electron-volt cm = (1.23957 ⫾ 0.00032) × 10−4 abs electron-volt cm k = (8.61442 ⫾ 0.00100) × 10−5 int electron-volt/deg = (8.61727 ⫾ 0.00100) × 10−5 abs electron-volt/deg = (R/N) = (1.38048 ⫾ 0.00050) × 10−23 joule/deg 1 IT cal = (1⁄ 860) = 0.00116279 int watt-hr = 4.18605 int joule = 4.18674 abs joule = 1.000654 cal 1 cal = 4.1840 abs joule = 4.1833 int joule = 41.2929 ⫾ 0.0020 cu. cm atm = 0.0412929 ⫾ 0.0000020 liter atm 1 IT cal/g = 1.8 Btu/lb 1 Btu = 251.996 IT cal = 0.293018 int watt-hr = 1054.866 int joule = 1055.040 abs joule = 252.161 cal 1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb (wt)/sec = 745.578 int watt = 745.70 abs watt 1 in = (1/0.3937) = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 0.304800610 m 1 lb = 453.5924277 g 1 gal = 231 cu. in = 0.133680555 cu. ft = 3.785412 × 10−3 cu. m = 3.785412 liter
1-22
sec = mean solar second Definition: g0 = standard gravity Definition: atm = standard atmosphere mm Hg (pressure) = standard millimeter mercury int = international; abs = absolute amp = ampere coul = coulomb
Absolute temperature of the ice point, 0°C PV product for ideal gas at 0°C R = gas constant per mole
ln = natural logarithm (base e) N = Avogadro number h = Planck constant c = velocity of light Constant in rotational partition function of gases Constant relating wave number and moment of inertia Z = constant relating wave number and energy per mole c2 = second radiation constant Ᏺ = Faraday constant
e = electronic charge
Constant relating wave number and energy per molecule k = Boltzmann constant Definition of IT cal: IT = International steam tables cal = thermochemical calorie Definition: cal = thermochemical calorie
Definition of Btu: Btu = IT British Thermal Unit
cal = thermochemical calorie Definition of horsepower (mechanical): lb (wt) = weight of 1 lb at standard gravity Definition of in: in = U.S. inch ft = U.S. foot (1 ft = 12 in) Definition; lb = avoirdupois pound Definition; gal = U.S. gallon
CONVERSION OF VALUES FROM U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS TO SI UNITS American engineers are probably more familiar with the magnitude of physical entities in U.S. customary units than in SI units. Consequently, errors made in the conversion from one set of units to the other may go undetected. The following six examples will show how to convert the elements in six dimensionless groups. Proper conversions will result in the same numerical value for the dimensionless number. The dimensionless numbers used as examples are the Reynolds, Prandtl, Nusselt, Grashof, Schmidt, and Archimedes numbers. Table 1-7 provides a number of useful conversion factors. To make a conversion of an element in U.S. customary units to SI units, one multiplies the value of the U.S. customary unit, found on the left side in the table, by the equivalent value on the right side. For example, to convert 10 British thermal units to joules, one multiplies 10 by 1054.4 to obtain 10544 joules. In each example, the initial values of the factors are expressed in U.S. customary units, and the dimensionless value is calculated. Then the factors are converted to SI units, and the dimensionless value is recalculated. The two dimensionless values will be approximately the same. (Small variations occur due to the number of significant figures carried in the solution.)
Example 1. Calculation of a Reynolds Number DVρ NRe = ᎏ µ U.S. customary units D = 3 in. = 3⁄12 ft V = 6 ft/s ρ = 0.08 lbm/ft3 µ = 0.015 cp = (0.015)(0.000672) lbm/ft⋅s (3/12)(6)(0.08) NRe = ᎏᎏ = 11,904 (0.015)(0.000672) SI units D = (3)(0.0254) m V = (6)(0.3048) m/s ρ = (0.08)(16.018) kg/m3 µ = (0.015)(0.001) kg/m⋅s
(Difference due to rounding)
Example 4. Calculation of a Grashof Number NGr = L3ρ2gβ(∆T)/µ2 U.S. Customary units L = 3 ft ρ = 0.0725 lbm/ft3 g = 32.174 ft/s2 β = 0.00168/°R ∆T = 99 °R µ = 0.019 centipoise = 0.019 × 0.000672 lbm/ft⋅s = 1.277 × 10−5 lbm/ft⋅s (33) (0.0725)2(32.174) (0.00168) (99) = 4.66 × 109 NGr = ᎏᎏᎏᎏ (1.277 × 10−5)2 SI units L = (3)(0.3048) = 0.9144 m ρ = (0.0725)(16.018) = 1.1613 kg/m3 g = 9.807 m/s2 β = (0.00168)/(1.8) = 0.000933/°K ∆T = (99)(1.8) = 178.2 °K µ = (0.019)(0.001) = 1.9 × 10−5 kg/m⋅s (0.9144)3(1.1613)2(9.807)(0.000933)(178.2) = 4.66 × 109 NGr = ᎏᎏᎏᎏᎏ (1.9 × 10−5)2
Example 5. Calculation of a Schmidt Number µ NSc = ᎏ ρD
(3 × 0.0254) (6 × 0.3048) (0.08 × 16.018) NRe = ᎏᎏᎏᎏᎏ = 11,904 (0.015) (0.001)
Example 2. Calculation of a Prandtl Number Cp µ NPr = ᎏ k U.S. customary units γp = 0.47 Btu/lbm °F µ = 15 centipoise = (15) (0.000672) (3600) lbm/ft⋅hr k = 0.065 Btu/hr⋅ft2 (°F/ft) (0.47) (15 × 0.000672 × 3600) NPr = ᎏᎏᎏᎏ = 262.4 0.065 SI units γ = (0.47)(4184) J/kg °C µ = (15)(0.001) kg/m⋅s k = (0.065)(1.728) J/s⋅m2 (°C/m) (0.47) (4184) (15) (0.001) NPr = ᎏᎏᎏ = 262.6 (0.065) (1.728) (Difference due to rounding)
Example 3. Calculation of a Nusselt Number hD NNu = ᎏ k U.S. customary units h = 200 Btu/hr⋅ft2⋅°F D = 1.5 in. = 1.5/12 ft k = 0.07 Btu/hr⋅ft2 (°F/ft) (200)(1.5/12) NNu = ᎏᎏ = 357.1 0.07 SI units h = (200)(5.678) J/(s⋅m2⋅°C) D = (1.5)(0.0254) m k = (0.07)(1.728) J/s⋅m2 (°C/m)
(200) (5.678) (1.5) (0.0254) NNu = ᎏᎏᎏ = 357.7 (0.07) (1.728)
U.S. customary units µ = 0.02 centipoise = (0.02)(2.42) lbm/ft⋅hr ρ = 0.08 lbm/ft3 D = 1.0 ft2/hr (diffusivity) (0.02) (2.42) NSc = ᎏᎏ = 0.605 (0.08)(1.0) SI units µ = (0.02)(0.001) kg/m⋅s ρ = (0.08)(16.02) kg/m2 D = (1.0)(2.58 × 10−5) m2/s (0.02) (0.001) = 0.605 NSc = ᎏᎏᎏᎏ (0.08)(16.02)(1.0) (2.58 × 10−5)
Example 6. Calculation of an Archimedes Number d 3ρf(ρp − ρf)g NAr = ᎏᎏ µ2 U.S. customary units d = 2 mm = 2/[(1000)(0.3048)] = 0.00656 ft ρf = 0.0175 lbm/ft3 ρp = 168.5 lbm/ft3 g = 32.174 ft/s2 µ = 0.04 centipoise = 0.04 × 0.000672 = 2.688−5 lbm/ft⋅s (0.00656)3 (0.0175) (168.5 − 0.017) (32.174) = 37,064 NAr = ᎏᎏᎏᎏᎏ (2.688 × 10−5)2 SI units d = 2/1000 m ρp = 168.5 × 16.02 = 2699.37 kg/m3 ρf = 0.0175 × 16.02 = 0.2804 g/m3 g = 9.807 m/s2 µ = 0.04 × 0.001 = 4 × 10−5 kg/m⋅s (2/1000)3 (0.2804) (2699.37 − 0.28) (9.807) = 37,118 NAr = ᎏᎏᎏᎏᎏ (4 × 10−5)2 (Difference due to rounding)
1-23
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS TABLE 1-15
Mathematical Signs, Symbols, and Abbreviations
⫾ (⫿) : ⬋ < ⬏ > ⬐ ⬵ ∼ ⬑ ≠ ⬟ ∝ ∞ ∴ 兹苶苶 3 苶苶 兹 n 兹苶苶 ⬔ ⊥ 储 |x| log or log10 loge or ln e a° a′ a a″ a sin cos tan ctn or cot sec csc vers covers exsec sin−1 sinh cosh tanh sinh−1 f(x) or φ(x) ∆x 冱 dx dy/dx or y′ d2y/dx2 or y″ dny/dxn ∂y/∂x ∂ny/∂xn ∂ny ᎏ ∂x∂y
冮
冕
plus or minus (minus or plus) divided by, ratio sign proportional sign less than not less than greater than not greater than approximately equals, congruent similar to equivalent to not equal to approaches, is approximately equal to varies as infinity therefore square root cube root nth root angle perpendicular to parallel to numerical value of x common logarithm or Briggsian logarithm natural logarithm or hyperbolic logarithm or Naperian logarithm base (2.178) of natural system of logarithms an angle a degrees prime, an angle a minutes double prime, an angle a seconds, a second sine cosine tangent cotangent secant cosecant versed sine coversed sine exsecant anti sine or angle whose sine is hyperbolic sine hyperbolic cosine hyperbolic tangent anti hyperbolic sine or angle whose hyperbolic sine is function of x increment of x summation of differential of x derivative of y with respect to x second derivative of y with respect to x nth derivative of y with respect to x partial derivative of y with respect to x nth partial derivative of y with respect to x nth partial derivative with respect to x and y integral of
b
integral between the limits a and b
a
y˙ y¨ ∆ or ∇2
δ
冖
1-24
first derivative of y with respect to time second derivative of y with respect to time the “Laplacian” ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 ᎏ2 + ᎏ2 + ᎏ2 ∂x ∂y ∂z sign of a variation sign for integration around a closed path
冢
冣
TABLE 1-16 Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu
Greek Alphabet
= Α, α = A, a = Β, β = B, b = Γ, γ = G, g = ∆, δ = D, d = Ε, ε = E, e = Ζ, ζ = Z, z = Η, η = E, e = Θ, θ = Th, th = Ι, = I, i = Κ, κ = K, k = Λ, λ = L, l = Μ, µ = M, m
Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega
= Ν, ν = N, n = Ξ, ξ = X, x = Ο, ο = O, o = Π, π = P, p = Ρ, ρ = R, r = Σ, σ = S, s = Τ, τ = T, t = ⌼, υ = U, u = Φ, φ = Ph, ph = Χ, χ = Ch, ch = Ψ, ψ = Ps, ps = Ω, ω = O, o
Section 2
Physical and Chemical Data*
Peter E. Liley, Ph.D., D.I.C., School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University. (physical and chemical data) George H. Thomson, AIChE Design Institute for Physical Property Data. (Tables 2-6, 2-30, 2-164, 2-193, 2-196, 2-198, 2-221) D.G. Friend, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO. (Tables 2-333, 2-334, Figs. 2-25, 2-26) Thomas E. Daubert, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University. (Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties) Evan Buck, M.S.Ch.E., Manager, Thermophysical Property Skill Center, Central Technology, Union Carbide Corporation. (Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties)
GENERAL REFERENCES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Tables 2-1 2-2
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Properties of Organic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-3 Vapor Pressure of Water Ice from −15 to 0°C . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 Vapor Pressure of Liquid Water from −16 to 0°C . . . . . . . . . 2-5 Vapor Pressure of Liquid Water from 0 to 100°C . . . . . . . . . 2-6 Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids. . . . . . . . . 2-6a Alphabetical Index to Substances in Tables 2-6, 2-30, 2-164, 2-193, 2-196, 2-198, and 2-221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm . . . . 2-8 Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm. . . . . . VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables and Figures 2-9 Partial Pressures of Water over Aqueous Solutions of HCl . . 2-10 Partial Pressures of HCl over Aqueous Solutions of HCl . . .
2-11 2-7 2-28
2-12 2-13
2-48 2-48 2-48 2-48 2-49 2-50 2-55 2-57 2-61
2-76 2-76 2-76
2-14 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-20 2-21 2-22 2-23
Vapor Pressures of H3PO4 Aqueous: Partial Pressure of H2O Vapor (Fig. 2-1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Pressures of H3PO4 Aqueous: Weight of H2O in Saturated Air (Fig. 2-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of H2O and SO2 over Aqueous Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfuric Acid Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Pressure, bar, of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions . . . . Partial Pressures of HNO3 and H2O over Aqueous Solutions of HNO3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of H2O and HBr over Aqueous Solutions of HBr at 20 to 55°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of HI over Aqueous Solutions of HI at 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Pressures of the System: Water-Sulfuric Acid-Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of CH3COOH . . Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of HN3 . . Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions (Fig. 2-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mole Percentages of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 . . Partial Pressures of NH3 over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 . . .
2-77 2-77 2-77 2-78 2-80 2-82 2-83 2-84 2-85 2-85 2-85 2-85 2-85 2-85 2-86 2-87
* The contributions of J.K. Fink, Argonne National Laboratory; U. Grigull, Tech. Universität, Munich, Germany; and H. Sato, Keio University, Japan, are acknowledged. 2-1
2-2 2-24 2-25 2-26 2-27
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of NH3 . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of H2O and CH3OH over Aqueous Solutions of Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Hydroxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WATER-VAPOR CONTENT OF GASES Chart for Gases at High Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Content of Air (Fig. 2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-28 Density (kg/m3) of Water from 0 to 100°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29 Density (kg/m3) of Mercury from 0 to 350°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30 Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS Units and Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-31 Aluminum Sulfate [A12(SO4)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32 Ammonia (NH3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33 Ammonium Acetate (CH3COONH4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34 Ammonium Bichromate [(NH4)2Cr2O7]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-35 Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36 Ammonium Chromate [(NH4)2CrO4]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37 Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-38 Ammonium Sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39 Arsenic Acid (H3A3O4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-40 Barium Chloride (BaCl2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-41 Cadmium Nitrate [Cd(NO3)2]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-42 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-44 Calcium Hypochlorite (CaOCl2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45 Calcium Nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-46 Chromic Acid (CrO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-47 Chromium Chloride (CrCl3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-48 Copper Nitrate [Cu(NO3)2]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-49 Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-50 Cuprous Chloride (Cu2Cl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-51 Ferric Chloride (FeCl3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-52 Ferric Sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-53 Ferric Nitrate [Fe(NO3)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-54 Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-55 Hydrogen Bromide (HBr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-56 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-57 Hydrogen Chloride (HCl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-58 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-59 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-60 Hydrofluosilic Acid (H2SiF6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-61 Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-62 Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-63 Nickel Chloride (NiCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-64 Nickel Nitrate [Ni(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-65 Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-66 Nitric Acid (HNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-67 Perchloric Acid (HClO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-68 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-69 Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-70 Potassium Bromide (KBr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-71 Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-72 Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-73 Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-74 Potassium Chloride (KCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-75 Potassium Chrome Alum [K2Cr2(SO4)4]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-76 Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-77 Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-78 Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-79 Potassium Sulfate (K2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-80 Potassium Sulfite (K2SO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-81 Sodium Acetate (NaC2H3O2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-82 Sodium Arsenate (Na3AsO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-83 Sodium Bichromate (Na2Cr2O7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-84 Sodium Bromide (NaBr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-85 Sodium Formate (HCOONa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-86 Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-87 Sodium Chlorate (NaClO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-88 2-89 2-89 2-89
2-90 2-90
2-91 2-91 2-93 2-94
2-99 2-99 2-99 2-99 2-99 2-99 2-99 2-99 2-99 2-99 2-99 2-100 2-100 2-100 2-100 2-100 2-100 2-100 2-100 2-100 2-100 2-100 2-100 2-101 2-101 2-101 2-101 2-101 2-101 2-101 2-101 2-101 2-101 2-101 2-101 2-101 2-101 2-102 2-103 2-103 2-103 2-103 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-104 2-105 2-105
2-88 2-89 2-90 2-91 2-92 2-93 2-94 2-95 2-96 2-97 2-98 2-99 2-100 2-101 2-102 2-103 2-104 2-105
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Chromate (Na2CrO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Silicates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Sulfide (Na2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Sulfite (Na2SO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate (Na2S2O3⋅5H2O). . . . . . . . Stannic Chloride (SnCl4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stannous Chloride (SnCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Bromide (ZnBr2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Nitrate [Zn(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS Units and Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-106 Formic Acid (HCOOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-107 Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108 Oxalic Acid (H2C2O4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-109 Methyl Alcohol (CH3OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-110 Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-111 Densities of Mixtures of C2H5OH and H2O at 20°C . . . . . . . 2-112 Specific Gravity (60°/60°F [(15.56°/15.56°C)]) of Mixtures by Volume of C2H5OH and H2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-113 n-Propyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-114 Isopropyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-115 Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-116 Hydrazine (N2H4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-117 Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous Organic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DENSITIES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS Tables 2-118 Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-119 Density (kg/m3) of Selected Elements as a Function of Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SOLUBILITIES Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-120 Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-121 Acetylene (C2H2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-122 Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-123 Ammonia (NH3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-124 Ammonia (NH3)—Low Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-125 Carbon Dioxide (CO2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-126 Carbon Monoxide (CO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-127 Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-128 Chlorine (Cl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-129 Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-130 Ethane (C2H6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-131 Ethylene (C2H4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-132 Helium (He) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-133 Hydrogen (H2)—Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-134 Hydrogen (H2)—Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-135 Hydrogen Chloride (HCl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-136 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-137 Methane (CH4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-138 Nitrogen (N2)—Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-139 Nitrogen (N2)—Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-140 Oxygen (O2)—Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-141 Oxygen (O2)—Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-142 Ozone (O3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-143 Propylene (C3H6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-144 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THERMAL EXPANSION Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal Expansion of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-145 Linear Expansion of the Solid Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-105 2-105 2-105 2-105 2-105 2-105 2-106 2-106 2-106 2-106 2-106 2-106 2-106 2-107 2-109 2-109 2-109 2-109
2-109 2-109 2-110 2-111 2-111 2-112 2-113 2-114 2-115 2-115 2-116 2-116 2-117
2-119 2-120 2-120 2-121 2-125 2-125 2-125 2-125 2-125 2-125 2-125 2-126 2-126 2-126 2-126 2-126 2-126 2-127 2-127 2-127 2-127 2-127 2-127 2-127 2-127 2-128 2-128 2-128
2-128 2-128 2-128 2-129
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA 2-146 2-147 2-148
Linear Expansion of Miscellaneous Substances. . . . . . . . . . . Cubical Expansion of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cubical Expansion of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-149 Additional References Available for the Joule-Thomson Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-150 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus in Reduced Coordinates (Tr = T/Tc; Pr = P/Pc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-151 Joule-Thomson Data for Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-152 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-153 Joule-Thomson Data for Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-154 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Argon. . . . . . . . . . . 2-155 Joule-Thomson Data for Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-156 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Carbon Dioxide . . 2-157 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Deuterium . . . . . . 2-158 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Ethane. . . . . . . . . . 2-159 Joule-Thomson Data for Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-160 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Normal Hydrogen. . 2-161 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Methane . . . . . . . . 2-162 Joule-Thomson Data for Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-163 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Propane. . . . . . . . . CRITICAL CONSTANTS Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-164 Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMPRESSIBILITIES Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-165 Compressibility Factors for Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-166 Compressibility Factors for Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-167 Compressibility Factors for Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-168 Compressibility Factors for Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . . . . . 2-169 Compressibility Factors for Ethanol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-170 Compressibility Factors for Ethylene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-171 Compressibility Factors for Normal Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . 2-172 Compressibility Factors for KLEA 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-173 Compressibility Factors for KLEA 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-174 Compressibility Factors for KLEA 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-175 Compressibility Factors for Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-176 Compressibility Factors for Methane (R50) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-177 Compressibility Factors for Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-178 Compressibility Factors for Neon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-179 Compressibility Factors for Nitrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-180 Compressibility Factors for Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-181 Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-182 Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-183 Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-184 Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 134a . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-185 Compressibility Factors for Water Substance (fps units) . . . 2-186 Compressibility Factors of Water Substance (SI units) . . . . . 2-187 Compressibility Factors for Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-188 Compressibilities of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-189 Compressibilities of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LATENT HEATS Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-190 Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-191 Heats of Fusion of Miscellaneous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-192 Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-193 Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Compounds SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-194 Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds 2-195 Specific Heat [kJ/(kg·K)] of Selected Elements. . . . . . . . . . . 2-196 Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids . . . . . . . . 2-197 Specific Heats of Organic Solids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-198 Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-130 2-131 2-131 2-132 2-132 2-133 2-133 2-133 2-133 2-134 2-134 2-134 2-134 2-134 2-135 2-135 2-135 2-135 2-135 2-136 2-136 2-140 2-140 2-140 2-140 2-141 2-141 2-141 2-142 2-142 2-142 2-143 2-143 2-143 2-144 2-144 2-144 2-145 2-145 2-145 2-146 2-146 2-146 2-147 2-148 2-149 2-149 2-150 2-150 2-151 2-153 2-154 2-156 2-161 2-161 2-161 2-169 2-170 2-175 2-178
2-199 Cp /Cv: Ratios of Specific Heats of Gases at 1-atm Pressure . . 2-200 Specific Heat Ratio, Cp /Cv, for Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3 2-183 2-183
SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-201 Acetic Acid (at 38°C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-202 Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-203 Aniline (at 20°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-204 Copper Sulfate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-205 Ethyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-206 Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-207 Hydrochloric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-208 Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-209 Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-210 Phosphoric Acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-211 Potassium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-212 Potassium Hydroxide (at 19°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-213 Normal Propyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-214 Sodium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-215 Sodium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-216 Sodium Hydroxide (at 20°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-217 Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-218 Zinc Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-184 2-185 2-185 2-185 2-185 2-185 2-185 2-185 2-185
SPECIFIC HEATS OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS Tables 2-219 Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids and Solids . . . . . . . 2-219a Oils (Animal, Vegetable, Mineral Oils). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-186 2-186
HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-220 Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HEATS OF COMBUSTION Table 2-221 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic Compounds at 298.15 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-222 Ideal Gas Sensible Enthalpies, hT − h298 (kJ/kgmol), of Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-223 Ideal Gas Entropies, s°, kJ/kgmol⋅K, of Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-184 2-184
2-186 2-187
2-195 2-199 2-200
HEATS OF SOLUTION Tables 2-224 Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water . . . . . . 2-201 2-225 Heats of Solution of Organic Compounds in Water (at Infinite Dilution and Approximately Room Temperature). . . . . . . . 2-204 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES Explanation of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-226 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Acetone . . . . . . . . . 2-227 Saturated Acetylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-228 Saturated Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-229 Thermophysical Properties of Compressed Air . . . . . . . . . . . 2-230 Enthalpy and Psi Functions for Ideal-Gas Air . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Air (Fig. 2-5) . . . . . . . . . 2-231 Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-232 Saturated Ammonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Ammonia (Fig. 2-6) . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Ammonia (Fig. 2-7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-233 Saturated Argon (R740) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-234 Thermodynamic Properties of Compressed Argon . . . . . . . . 2-235 Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Data for the Argon-NitrogenOxygen System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-236 Thermodynamic Properties of the International Standard Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-237 Saturated Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-238 Saturated Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-239 Saturated Normal Butane (R600). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-240 Superheated Normal Butane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-205 2-205 2-205 2-206 2-206 2-207 2-208 2-212 2-213 2-214 2-214 2-215 2-216 2-217 2-217 2-218 2-221 2-221 2-222 2-222 2-223
2-4 2-241 2-242 2-243 2-244 2-245 2-246 2-247 2-248 2-249 2-250 2-251 2-252 2-253 2-254 2-255 2-256 2-257 2-258 2-259 2-260 2-261 2-262 2-263 2-264 2-265 2-266 2-267 2-268 2-269 2-270 2-271 2-272 2-273 2-274 2-275 2-276 2-277 2-278 2-279 2-280 2-281 2-282 2-283 2-284 2-285 2-286 2-287 2-288 2-289 2-290 2-291 2-292 2-293 2-294
2-295 2-296 2-297 2-298 2-299 2-300 2-301 2-302
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA Saturated Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Superheated Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Carbon Monoxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Carbon Monoxide (Fig. 2-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Carbon Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Carbon Tetrafluoride (R14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Chlorine . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Chlorine (Fig. 2-9) . . . Saturated Chloroform (R20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Decane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Normal Deuterium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Deuterium Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deuterium Oxide Gas at 1-kg/cm3 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Diphenyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Ethane (R170) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Superheated Ethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Ethyl Alcohol (Fig. 2-10). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Ethylene (Ethene—R1150) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compressed Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Fluorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fluorine Gas at Atmospheric Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flutec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Halon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Helium3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Helium4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Superheated Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helium4 Gas at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated n-Heptane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hexane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Hydrazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated n-Hydrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compressed n-Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated para-Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Hydrogen Peroxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrogen Sulfide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Hydrogen Chloride at 1 atm (Fig. 2-11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Isobutane (R600a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compressed Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Lithium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lithium Bromide—Water Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Mercury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Mercury (Fig. 2-12) . . Superheated Methane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Methanol . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Compressed Methanol . . . . . Saturated Methyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Neon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compressed Neon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Nitrogen (R728) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Nitrogen (Fig. 2-13) . . . Thermophysical Properties of Nitrogen (R728) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Nitrogen Tetroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Nitrous Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mollier Diagram for Nitrous Oxide (Fig. 2-14) . . . . . . . . . . . Nonane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Octane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Oxygen (R732) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature-Entropy Chart for Oxygen (Fig. 2-15) . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Oxygen-Nitrogen Mixture at 1 atm (Fig. 2-16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pentane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mollier Diagram for Potassium (Fig. 2-17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Propane (R290). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Propylene (Propene, R1270) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compressed Propylene (Propene, R1270). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 11 (Fig. 2-18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 12 (Fig. 2-19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-224 2-225 2-225
2-303 2-304 2-305
2-226 2-227 2-227 2-228 2-229 2-230 2-231 2-231 2-232 2-232 2-232 2-233 2-233 2-234 2-235 2-235 2-236 2-237 2-239 2-239 2-239 2-239 2-239 2-240 2-241 2-241 2-242 2-242 2-243 2-243 2-244 2-246 2-246 2-246 2-247 2-248 2-248 2-249 2-249 2-249 2-250 2-251 2-252 2-253 2-254 2-255 2-256 2-256 2-257 2-257 2-258 2-259 2-259 2-259 2-260 2-261 2-261 2-262 2-263 2-264 2-264 2-264 2-265 2-266 2-267 2-268 2-269 2-269 2-270 2-270
2-306 2-307 2-308 2-309 2-310 2-311 2-312 2-313 2-314 2-315 2-316 2-317 2-318 2-319 2-320 2-321 2-322 2-323 2-324 2-325 2-326 2-327 2-328 2-329 2-330 2-331 2-332 2-333 2-334 2-335 2-336 2-337 2-338 2-339 2-340 2-341 2-342 2-343 2-344 2-345
2-346 2-347
2-348 2-349 2-350 2-351 2-352 2-353 2-354 2-355 2-356
2-271
Saturated Refrigerant 13B1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 22 (Fig. 2-20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermophysical Properties of Compressed R22 . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Difluoromethane (R32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific Heat at Constant Pressure, Thermal Conductivity, Viscosity, and Prandtl of R32 Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated SUVA MP 39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUVA MP 39 at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 32 (Fig. 2-21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated KLEA 60 . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated KLEA 61 . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for KLEA 60 (Fig. 2-22). . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for KLEA 61 (Fig. 2-23). . Saturated SUVA HP 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUVA HP 62 at Atmospheric Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated KLEA 66 . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for KLEA 66 (Fig. 2-24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated SUVA MP 66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUVA MP 66 at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated SUVA HP 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUVA HP 80 at Atmospheric Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated SUVA HP 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUVA HP 81 at Atmospheric Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 113. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 114. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 115. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 123 . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 124. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 123 (Fig. 2-25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 125 . . . Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerant 134a . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 125 (Fig. 2-26) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermophysical Properties of Compressed Gaseous Refrigerant 134a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refrigerant 141b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 134a (Fig. 2-27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refrigerant 142b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant R143a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant R152a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 216. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 245. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refrigerant C 318 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 500. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 502. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 503. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Refrigerant 504. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 507 . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Seawater . . . . . . . . Saturated Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mollier Diagram for Sodium (Fig. 2-28) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide at 1 atm (Fig. 2-29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Sulfur Dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sulfuric Acid at 1 atm (Fig. 2-30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Sulfur Hexafluoride (Fig. 2-31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated SUVA AC 9000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Solid/Vapor Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturated Water Substance–Temperature (fps units) . . . . . . Saturated Water Substance–Temperature (SI units) . . . . . . . Saturated Liquid Water–Miscellaneous Properties . . . . . . . . Thermodynamic Properties of Compressed Steam . . . . . . . . Density, Specific Heats at Constant Pressure and at Constant Volume and Velocity of Sound for Compressed Water, 1–1000 bar, 0–150°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific Heat and Other Thermophysical Properties of Water Substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-272 2-272 2-273 2-273 2-274 2-274 2-275 2-276 2-276 2-276 2-277 2-278 2-278 2-279 2-280 2-281 2-281 2-281 2-282 2-283 2-283 2-283 2-284 2-284 2-284 2-285 2-286 2-286 2-287 2-287 2-288 2-289 2-289 2-290 2-291 2-292 2-293 2-294 2-294 2-295 2-295 2-296 2-296 2-297 2-297 2-298 2-298 2-298 2-299 2-299 2-300 2-301 2-302 2-302 2-303 2-303 2-303 2-304 2-304 2-304 2-305 2-306 2-308 2-309 2-311 2-313
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA 2-357 Thermodynamic Properties of Water Substance along the Melting Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-358 Saturated Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-359 Compressed Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-360 Surface Tension (N/m) of Saturated Liquid Refrigerants . . . 2-361 Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Gaseous Refrigerants at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-362 Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Saturated Liquid Refrigerants. . . TRANSPORT PROPERTIES Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 2-363 Transport Properties of Selected Gases at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-364 Viscosities of Gases: Coordinates for Use with Fig. 2-32. . . . Nomograph for Determining (a) Absolute Viscosity of a Gas as a Function of Temperature Near Ambient Pressure and (b) Relative Viscosity of a Gas Compared with Air (Fig. 2-32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-365 Viscosities of Liquids: Coordinates for Use with Fig. 2-33 . . Nomograph for Viscosities of Liquids at 1 atm (Fig. 2-33) . . 2-366 Viscosity of Sucrose Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nomograph for Thermal Conductivity of Organic Liquids (Fig. 2-34) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-367 Thermal Conductivity Nomograph Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . 2-368 Prandtl Number of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-369 Prandtl Number of Liquid Refrigerants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-370 Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Saturated Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-371 Diffusivities of Pairs of Gases and Vapors (1 atm) . . . . . . . . . 2-372 Diffusivities in Liquids (25°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-373 Thermal Conductivities of Some Building and Insulating Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-374 Thermal-Conductivity-Temperature Table for Metals . . . . . 2-375 Thermal Conductivity of Chromium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-376 Thermal Conductivity of Some Alloys at High Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-377 Thermal Conductivities of Some Materials for Refrigeration and Building Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-378 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at High Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-379 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at Moderate Temperatures (Nusselt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-380 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at Low Temperatures (Gröber) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-381 Thermal Diffusivity (m2/s) of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . 2-382 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solid Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pure Component Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critical Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critical Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 1 Estimate the Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure of 2-Butanol Using the Ambrose Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 2 Estimate the Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure of 2-Butanol, Which Has an Experimental Normal Boiling Point of 372.7 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critical Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 3 Estimate the Critical Volume of 2-Butanol . . . . . . . . . . . Critical Compressibility Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normal Freezing Temperature (Melting Point) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normal Boiling Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 4 Estimate the Normal Boiling Point of 2-Butanol. . . . . . . Acentric Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous Characterizing Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Correlation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prediction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 5 Estimate the Vapor Pressure of 1-Butene at 98°C. . . . . . Example 6 Estimate the Vapor Pressure of Tetralin at 150°C . . . . . . Example 7 Estimate the Vapor Pressure of Thiophene at 500 K. . . . Example 8 Estimate the Vapor Pressure of Acetaldehyde at 0°C . . . Ideal Gas Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-315 2-315 2-316 2-317 2-317 2-318
2-318 2-318 2-318 2-319 2-320
2-321 2-322 2-323 2-324 2-324 2-324 2-325 2-325 2-326 2-328 2-330 2-333 2-334 2-335 2-335 2-335 2-335 2-336 2-336 2-336 2-337
2-337 2-337 2-338 2-339 2-340 2-340 2-340 2-342 2-342 2-344 2-344 2-344 2-344 2-344 2-345 2-345 2-345 2-345 2-345 2-346 2-346 2-346 2-347 2-347 2-347
Heat Capacity, C po . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 9 Using Eq. 2-48 to Estimate the Ideal Gas Heat Capacity of Acetone (C3H6O) at 600 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 10 H°f 298 of 2-Butanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gibbs Energy of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 11 G°f 298 of Phenol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entropy of Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy of Vaporization and Fusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy of Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 12 Estimate Hv of Propionaldehyde at 350 K . . . . . . . . . . Example 13 Estimate Hv of Ethyl Acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 14 Estimate Hv of Ethyl Acetate at 450 K. . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy of Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solid and Liquid Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solid Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 15 Estimate Solid Heat Capacity of Dinenzothiophene. . . Liquid Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 16 Estimate Liquid Heat Capacity of 2-Butanol. . . . . . . . . Example 17 Estimate Liquid Heat Capacity of 1,4 Pentadiene . . . . Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Correlation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Density Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 18 Estimate the Molar Volume of Isobutane at 155°C and 1.0 MPa Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 19 Estimate the Molar Volume of Isobutane at 155°C and 8.6 MPa Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid Density Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 20 Estimate the Density of Saturated Liquid Propane at 0°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 21 Estimate the Liquid Density of n-Nonane at 104.5°C and 6.893 MPa Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solid Density Prediction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Correlation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 22 Estimate the Vapor Viscosity of Propane at 101.3 kPa and 80°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 23 Estimate the Vapor Viscosity of a Mixture of Propane and Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 24 Estimate the Vapor Viscosity of Isopropyl Alcohol at 251°C and Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 25 Estimate the Vapor Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide at 350 K and a Total Pressure of 20 MPa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid Viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 26 Estimate the Liquid Viscosity of cis-1,4dimethylcyclohexane at 0°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vapor and Liquid Thermal Conductivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 27 Estimate Thermal Conductivity for n-Hexane. . . . . . . . Example 28 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Dioxide at 370 K and Low Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 29 Estimate the Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Dioxide at 370 K and 10 MPa Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 30 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of a Mixture. . . . . . . . . Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 31 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of n-Octane at 373.15 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 32 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of n-Octane at 473.15 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 33 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of n-Butanol . . . . . . . . Example 34 Estimate the Thermal Conductivity of n-Propionaldehyde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 35 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of n-Butanol . . . . . . . . Example 36 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of a Mixture. . . . . . . . . Diffusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gas Diffusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 37 Estimate the Diffusivity of Benzene Vapor Diffusing into Air at 30°C and 96.5 kPa Total Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 38 Estimate the Diffusivity of Hydrogen (1) in Nitrogen (2) at 60°C and 17.23 MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 39 Estimate the Infinite Dilution Diffusivity of Propane (1) in Chlorobenzene (2) at 25°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid Diffusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Tension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 40 Estimate Surface Tension for Mercaptan. . . . . . . . . . . . Example 41 Estimate Surface Tension for Isobutytic Acid . . . . . . . . Example 42 Estimate Surface Tension of a Mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 43 Estimate Surface Tension of a Water-Methanol Mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flammability Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-5 2-347 2-348 2-348 2-348 2-348 2-348 2-348 2-349 2-349 2-350 2-350 2-350 2-350 2-351 2-351 2-351 2-351 2-351 2-354 2-355 2-355 2-355 2-355 2-357 2-358 2-359 2-360 2-361 2-361 2-362 2-362 2-363 2-363 2-363 2-364 2-365 2-366 2-367 2-367 2-367 2-367 2-368 2-368 2-368 2-368 2-369 2-369 2-369 2-369 2-370 2-370 2-370 2-370 2-371 2-371 2-371 2-372 2-372 2-372 2-372 2-373 2-374
GENERAL REFERENCES Considerations of reader interest, space availability, the system or systems of units employed, copyright considerations, etc., have all influenced the revision of material in previous editions for the present edition. Reference is made at numerous places to various specialized works and also, when appropriate, to more general works. A listing of general works may be useful to readers in need of further information. ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, IP and SI editions, ASHRAE, Atlanta, various dates; Beaton, C.F. and G.F. Hewitt, Physical Property Data for the Design Engineer, Hemisphere, New York, 1989 (394 pp.); Benedek, P. and F. Olti, Computer-Aided Chemical Thermodynamics of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1985 (731 pp.); Daubert, T.E. and R.P. Danner, Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals, 4 vols., Hemisphere, New York, 1989 (2030 pp.); suppl. 1, 1991 (456 pp.); suppl. 2, 1992 (736 pp.); Gmehling, J., Azeotropic Data, 2 vols., VCH Weinheim, Germany, 1994 (1900 pp.); Kaye, S.M., Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items, U.S. Army R&D command, Dover, NJ, 1980; King, M.B., Phase Equilibrium in Mixtures, Pergamon, Oxford, 1969; Lyman, W.J., W.F. Reehl et al., Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1982 (929 pp.); Ohse, R.W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Sci. Pubs., Oxford, England, 1985 (1020 pp.); Reid, R.C., J.M. Prausnitz et al., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987 (742 pp.); Sterbacek, Z., B. Biskup et al., Calculation of Properties Using Corresponding States Methods, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979. Compilations of critical data include Ambrose, D., “Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties,” N.P.L. Teddington, Middx. rept. Chem 107, 1980 (62 pp.); Brule, M.R., L.L Lee et. al., Chem. Eng., 86, 25 (Nov. 19, 1979) 155–164; Kudchaker,
2-6
A.P., G.H. Alani et al., Chem. Revs., 68 (1968) 659–735; Matthews, J.F., Chem. Revs., 72 (1972) 71–100; Reid, R.C., J.M. Prausnitz et al., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987 (741 pp.); Ohse, R.W. and H. von Tippelskirch, High Temp.—High Press., 9 (1977) 367–385; Young, D.A., “Phase Diagrams of the Elements,” UCRL Rept. 51902, 1975 (64 pp.); republished in expanded form by the University of California Press, 1991. Rothman, D. et al., Max Planck Inst. f. Stromungsforschung, Ber 6, 1978 (77 pp.). PUBLICATIONS ON THERMOCHEMISTRY Pedley, J.B., Thermochemical Data and Structures of Organic Compounds, 1, Thermodyn. Res. Ctr., Texas A&M Univ., 1994 (976 pp., 3000 cpds.); Frenkel, M., G.J. Kabo et al., Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds in the Gas State, 2 vols., Thermodyn. Res. Ctr., Texas A&M Univ., 1994 (1825 pp., 2000 cpds.); Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, 2 vols., 2d ed., VCH Weinheim, Germany 1993 (1834 pp., 2400 substances); and Gurvich, L.V., I.V. Veyts et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 3 vols., 4th ed., Hemisphere, New York, 1989, 1990, and 1993 (2520 pp.). See also Lide, D.R. and G.W.A. Milne, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 7 vols., 3d ed., Chemical Rubber, Miami, 1993 (7000 pp.); Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner et al., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation, extant 1995, Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA, 1995; Database 11, N.I.S.T. Gaithersburg, MD. U.S. Bureau of Mines publications include Bulletins 584, 1960 (232 pp.); 592, 1961 (149 pp.); 595, 1961 (68 pp.); 654, 1970 (26 pp.) Chase, M.W., C.A. Davies et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3d ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14 suppl 1., 1986 (1896 pp.).
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds* Abbreviations Used in the Table
a., acid A., specific gravity with reference to air = 1 abs., absolute ac., acetic acid act., acetone al., 95 percent ethyl alcohol alk, alkali (i.e., aq. NaOH or KOH) am., amyl (C5H11) amor., amorphous anh., anhydrous aq., aqueous or water aq. reg., aqua regia
atm., atmosphere or 760 mm. of mercury pressure bk., black brn., brown bz., benzene c., cold cb., cubic cc, cubic centimeter chl., chloroform col., colorless or white conc., concentrated cr., crystals or crystalline d., decomposes D., specific gravity with reference to hydrogen = 1
d. 50, decomposes at 50°C; 50 d., melts at 50°C with decomposition delq., deliquescent dil., dilute dk., dark eff., effloresces or efflorescent et., ethyl ether expl., explodes gel., gelatinous gly., glycerol (glycerin) gn., green h., hot hex., hexagonal
hyg., hygroscopic i., insoluble ign., ignites lq., liquid lt., light m. al., methyl alcohol mn., monoclinic nd., needles NH3, liquid ammonia NH4OH, ammonium hydroxide solution oct., octahedral or., orange pd., powder
Formula weights are based upon the International Atomic Weights of 1941 and are computed to the nearest hundredth. Refractive index, where given for a uniaxial crystal, is for the ordinary (ω) ray; where given for a biaxial crystal, the index given is for the median (β) value. Unless otherwise specified, the index is given for the sodium D-line (λ = 589.3 mµ). Specific gravity values are given at room temperatures (15° to 20°C) unless otherwise indicated by the small figures which follow the value: thus, “5.6 18° 4 ” indicates a specific gravity of 5.6 for the substance at 18°C referred to water at 4°C. In this table the values for the specific gravity of gases are given with reference to air (A) = 1, or hydrogen (D) = 1. Melting point is recorded in a certain case as “82 d.” and in some other case as “d. 82,” the distinction being made in this manner to indicate that the former is a melting point with decomposition at 82°C, while in the latter decomposition only occurs at 82°C. Where a value such as “−2H2O, 82” is given it indicates loss of 2 moles of water per formula weight of the compound at a temperature of 82°C. Boiling point is given at atmospheric pressure (760 mm. of mercury) unless otherwise indicated; thus, “8215 mm.” indicates the boiling point is 82°C when the pressure is 15 mm.
Name Aluminum acetate, normal acetate, basic bromide bromide carbide chloride chloride fluoride (fluellite) fluoride hydroxide nitrate nitride oxide oxide (corundum) phosphate
Formula
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Al Al(C2H3O2)3 Al(OH)(C2H3O2)2 AlBr3 AlBr3·6H2O Al4C3 AlCl3
26.97 204.10 162.07 266.72 374.82 143.91 133.34
silv., cb. wh. pd. wh., amor. trig. col., delq. cr. yel., hex., 2.70 wh., delq., hex.
AlCl3·6H2O AlF3·H2O Al2F6·7H2O Al(OH)3 Al(NO3)3·9H2O Al2N2 Al2O3 Al2O3 AlPO4
241.44 101.99 294.05 77.99 375.14 81.96 101.94 101.94 121.95
col., delq., trig., 1.560 col., rhb., 1.490 wh., cr. pd. wh., mn. rhb., delq. yel., hex. col., hex., 1.67–8 wh., trig., 1.768 col., hex.
pl., plates pr., prisms or prismatic pyr., pyridine rhb., rhombic (orthorhombic) s., soluble satd., saturated sl., slightly soln., solution subl., sublimes sulf., sulfides tart. a., tartaric acid tet., tetragonal tr., transition tri., triclinic
trig., trigonal v., very vac., in vacuo vl., violet volt., volatile or volatilizes wh., white yel., yellow ∞, soluble in all proportions <, less than >, greater than 42, about or near 42 −3H2O, 100, loses 3 moles of water per formula weight at 100°C
Solubility is given in parts by weight (of the formula shown at the extreme left) per 100 parts by weight of the solvent; the small superscript indicates the temperature. In the case of gases the solubility is often expressed in some manner as “510° cc” which indicates that at 10°C, 5 cc. of the gas are soluble in 100 g. of the solvent. The symbols of the common mineral acids: H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, etc., represent dilute aqueous solutions of these acids. See also special tables on Solubility. REFERENCES: The information given in this table has been collected mainly from the following sources: Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Longmans, New York, 1922. Abegg, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, S. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1905. Gmelin-Kraut, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, 7th ed., Carl Winter, Heidelberg; 8th ed., Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1924. Friend, Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, Griffin, London, 1914. Winchell, Microscopic Character of Artificial Inorganic Solid Substances or Artificial Minerals, Wiley, New York, 1931. International Critical Tables, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1926. Tables annuelles internationales de constants et donnes numeriques, McGraw-Hill, New York. Annual Tables of Physical Constants and Numerical Data, National Research Council, Princeton, N.J., 1943. Comey and Hahn, A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities, Macmillan, New York, 1921. Seidell, Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal Organic Compounds, Van Nostrand, New York, 1940.
Specific gravity 2.7020° 3.01 25° 4 2.95 2.44 25° 4 2.17 2.42 3.05 3.99 4.00 2.59
25° 4
Melting point, °C 660 d. 200 d. 97.5 d. 100 d. >2200 1945.2atm. d. −4H2O, 120 −2H2O, 300 73 21504atm. 1999 to 2032 1999 to 2032
Boiling point, °C 2056 268 752mm
182.7 ; subl. 178 −6H2O, 250 d. 134 d. >1400 2210
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water i. s. i. s. s. d. to CH4 69.8715° 400 sl. s. i. 0.00010418° v. s. d. slowly i. i. i.
Hot water i. d.
Other reagents s. HCl, H2SO4, alk.
s. d.
s.a.; i. NH4 salts s.al., act., CS2 s. al., CS2 s. a.; i. act. s. et., chl., CCl4; i. bz.
v. s.
50 al.; s. et.
s.
sl. s. i. v. s. d. i. i. i.
s. a., alk.; i. a. s. al., CS2 s. alk. d. v. sl. s. a., alk. v. sl. s. a., alk. s. a., alk.; i. ac.
*By N. A. Lange, Ph.D., Handbook Publishers, Inc., Sandusky, Ohio. Abridged from table of Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds in Lange, “Handbook of Chemistry.” 2-7
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Name Aluminum (Cont.) potassium silicate (muscovite) potassium silicate (orthoclase) Aluminum potassium tartrate sodium fluoride (cryolite) sodium silicate sulfate Alum, ammonium (tschermigite) ammonium chrome ammonium iron potassium (kalinite) potassium chrome sodium Ammonia† Ammonium acetate auricyanide bicarbonate bromide carbonate carbonate, carbamate
Formula 3Al2O3·K2O·6SiO2· 2H2O Al2O3·K2O·6SiO2 AlK(C4H4O6)2 AlF3·3NaF Al2O3·Na2O·6SiO2 Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3·(NH4)2SO4· 24H2O Cr2(SO4)3·(NH4)2SO4· 24H2O Fe2(SO4)3·(NH4)2SO4· 24H2O Al2(SO4)3·K2SO4· 24H2O Cr2(SO4)3·K2SO4· 24H2O Al2(SO4)3·Na2SO4· 24H2O NH3
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Boiling point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
mn., 1.590
2.9
d.
i.
556.49 362.21 209.96 524.29 342.12 906.64
col., mn., 1.524 col. wh., mn., 1.3389 col., tri., 1.529 wh. cr. col., oct., 1.4594
2.56
1450 (1150)
2.90 2.61 2.71 1.64 20° 4
1000 1100 d. 770 93.5
i. s. sl. s. i. 31.30° 3.90°
956.72
gn. or vl., oct., 1.4842
1.72
964.40
vl., oct., 1.485
1.71
40
col., mn., 1.4564
1.76 26° 4
92
998.84
red or gn., cb., 1.4814
1.83
89
916.56
col., oct., 1.4388
17.03
col. gas, 1.325 (lq.)
77.08 337.33 79.06 97.96 114.11 157.11
wh., hyg. cr. pl. mn. or rhb., 1.5358 col., cb., 1.7108 col. pl. wh. cr.
272.22
wh.
53.50 444.05 373.14 367.52 152.09 44.06 252.10 392.21 37.04 57.05 63.06
hydrosulfide hydroxide molybdate molybdate, heptanitrate (α), stable −16° to 32° nitrate (β), stable 32° to 84°
NH4HS NH4OH (NH4)2MoO4 (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O‡ NH4NO3 NH4NO3
51.11 35.05 196.03 1235.95 80.05 80.05
col., rhb. in soln. only mn. col., mn. col., tet., 1.611 col., rhb. or mn.
nitrite osmochloride oxalate oxalate, acid perchlorate persulfate phosphate, monobasic
NH4NO2 (NH4)2OsCl6 (NH4)2C2O4·H2O NH4HC2O4·H2O NH4ClO4 (NH4)2S2O8 NH4H2PO4
64.05 439.02 142.12 125.08 117.50 228.20 115.04
wh. nd. cb. col., rhb. col., trimetric col., rhb., 1.4833 wh., mn., 1.5016 col., tet., 1.5246
wh., cb., 1.639, 1.6426 yel., cb. tet. pink., cb. yel., mn. col., cb. or., mn. mn. wh., hex. wh., rhb., 1.390 col., mn., delq.
−20H2O, 120; −24H2O, 200
100 d.
948.76
chloride (salammoniac) chloroplatinate chloroplatinite chlorostannate chromate cyanide dichromate ferrocyanide fluoride fluoride, acid formate
2-8
Melting point, °C
796.40
NH4C2H3O2 NH4CN·Au(CN)3·H2O NH4HCO3 NH4Br (NH4)2CO3·H2O NH4HCO3· NH2CO2NH4‡ (NH4)2CO3· 2NH4HCO3·H2O NH4Cl (NH4)2PtCl6 (NH4)2PtCl4 (NH4)2SnCl6 (NH4)2CrO4 NH4CN (NH4)2Cr2O7 (NH4)4Fe(CN)6·6H2O NH4F NH4F·HF HCO2NH4
carbonate, sesqui-
Specific gravity
20° 4
1.675
−79°
0.817 0.5971 (A) 1.073 1.573 2.327 15° 4
1.53 3.065
2.4 1.91712° 0.79100° (A) 2.15
i. 89100° ∞ 100°
25°
124 −18H2O, 64.5
i. al.
50
106.4
0°
i. al. 45°
121.7
−77.7
−33.4
89.9
114 d. 200 d. 35–60 subl. 542 d. 58 subl.
d.
1484° s. 11.90° 6810° 10015° 2515°
v. s. 2730° 145.6100°
2015°
5049°
d. 350 d. d.
subl. 520
d. 180 36 d. 185 d.
12° 2.21 12 1.266
114–116
2.27
d.
1.66 25° 4 1.725 25° 4
169.6
1.69 2.93 20° 4 1.501 1.556 1.95 1.98 1.803 19° 4
expl.
d.
d. 180; subl. in vac. subl. 120
d. 210 d. 210
0°
0°
29.4 0.715° s. 33.315° 40.530° s. 47.230° s. v. s. v. s. 1020°
i. al.
7.4
96°
14.820° al.; s. et. s. al.; sl. s. act. i. al. i. al. s. al., et., act. i. al., CS2, NH3
6765°
77.3100° 1.25100° v. s.
s. NH3; sl. s. al., m. al. 0.005 al.
d. v. s. v. s. d.
sl. s. act., NH3; i. al. s. al. s. al.; i. act. i. al. s. al.; i. NH3
53180°
s. al.
d.
i. al., NH3 i. al.
v. s. s. d. 4425° 118.30° 365.835°
241.830° 58080°
s.
d.
3.820° al., 17.120° m. al.; v. s. NH3 s. al.
11.850°
sl. s. al.; i. NH3
46.9100° d. 173.2100°
220° al.; s. act.; i. et.
0°
d. d. d. 120
i. al.
∞93°
20
61
i. HCl d. a.
s. al.
25°
5.70°
Other reagents
s.
21.2
d. 17°
Hot water
2.5 s. 10.90° 58.20° 22.70°
s. al.
i. ac.
phosphate, dibasic phosphate, metaAmmonium phosphomolybdate silicofluoride sulfamate sulfate (mascagnite) sulfate, acid sulfide sulfide, pentasulfite sulfite, acid tartrate thiocyanate vanadate, metaAntimony chloride, tri- (butter of antimony)* oxide, tri- (valentinite) oxide, tri- (senarmontite) sulfide, tri- (stibnite)
(NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)4P4O12 (NH4)3PO4·12MoO3· 3H2O (?) (NH4)2SiF6 NH4·SO3NH2 (NH4)2SO4 NH4HSO4 (NH4)2S (NH4)2S5 (NH4)2SO3·H2O NH4HSO3 (NH4)2C4H4O6 NH4CNS NH4VO3 Sb
132.07 388.08 1930.55 178.14 114.12 132.14 115.11 68.14 196.38 134.16 99.11 184.15 76.12 116.99 121.76
col., mn., 1.53 col., mn. yel.
13115° s. 0.0315°
1.619 2.21 d.
cb., 1.3696 col. pl. col., rhb., 1.5230 col., rhb., 1.480 yel.-wh. or.-red pr. col., mn. rhb. col., mn. col., mn., 1.685 col. cr. tin wh., trig.
2.01
i.
17.5°
s. alk.; i. al., HNO3
1380
18.5 1340° 70.60° 100 v. s. s. 10012° s. 450° 1200° 0.4418° i.
87 17020° 3.0570° i.
73.4
220.2
601.60°
∞72°
1570
v. sl. s.
1.769 20° 4 1.78
132 235 d. 146.9 d.
1.41 2.03 12° 4 1.60 1.305 2.326 6.68425°
d. d. d. 149.6 d. 630.5
SbCl3
228.13
col., rhb., delq.
3.14 20° 4
Sb2O3 Sb2O3 Sb2S3
291.52 291.52 339.70
rhb., 2.35 cb., 2.087 bk., rhb., 4.046
5.67 5.2 4.64
656 652 550
subl. d. 160
i. act.
490
d. 170
0.00017
55.5 35750° 103.3100°
s. al.; i. act. i. al., act., CS2 v. sl. s. al.; i. act. 12025° NH3 i. al., act.
60°
sl. s. 18°
d.
sl. s. al. s. al., act., NH3, SO2 i. al., NH4Cl s. aq. reg., h. conc. H2SO4 s. al., HCl, HBr, H2C4H4O6 s. HCl, KOH, H2C4H4O6 s. HCl; alk., NH4HS, K2S; i. ac. s. HCl, alk., NH4HS
sulfide, pentatelluride, triAntimonyl potassium tartrate (tartar emetic) sulfate, normal sulfate, basic Argon
Sb2S5 Sb2Te3
403.82 626.35
golden gray
4.1200°
−2S, 135 629
i.
i.
(SbO)KC4H4O6·a H2O (SbO)2SO4 (SbO)2SO4·Sb2(OH)4 A
333.94 371.58 683.13 39.94
wh., rhb. wh. pd. wh. pd. col. gas
2.60 4.89
−a H2O, 100 −189.2
−185.7
35.7100° d. d. 2.2350° cc
s. gly.; i. al.
Arsenic (crystalline) (α) Arsenic (black) (β)
As4 As4
299.64 299.64
met., hex. bk., amor.
1.65−288°; 1.402−185.7°; 1.38 (A) 5.72714° 4.720°
5.268.7° d. i. 5.60° cc
81436atm.
subl. 615
i. i.
i. i.
s. HNO3 s. HNO3, aq. reg., aq. Cl2, h. alk.
Arsenic (yellow)(γ) acid, orthoacid, metaacid, pyropentoxide sulfide, di- (realgar)
As4 H3AsO4·a H2O HAsO3 H4As2O7 As2O5 As2S2
299.64 150.94 123.92 265.85 229.82 213.94
yel., cb. col., hyg. wh., hyg. col. wh., amor. red, mn., 2.68
−H2O, 160
50 H3AsO4 H3AsO4 76.7100° d.
s. alk.
d. 565
16.7 d. to form d. to form 59.50° i.
sulfide, pentaArsenious chloride (butter of arsenic) hydride (arsine) oxide (arsenolite) oxide (claudetite) oxide
As2S5
310.12
yel.
d. 500
0.0001360°
i.
s. HNO3, alk.
AsCl3 AsH3 As2O3 As2O3 As2O3
181.28 77.93 197.82 197.82 197.82
oily lq. col. gas col., cb., fibrous, 1.755 col., mn., 1.92 amor. or vitreous
130 −55; d. 230
d. 20 cc sl. s. sl. s. 1.210°
d. sl. s. sl. s. sl. s. 2.9340°
Auric chloride
AuCl3·2H2O
339.60
or. cr.
v. s.
v. s.
cyanide Aurous chloride cyanide Cf. also under Gold Barium acetate acetate bromide
Au(CN)3·6H2O AuCl AuCN
383.35 232.66 223.22
yel. cr. yel. cr.
7.4
v. s. d. i.
v. s. d. i.
s. HCl, HBr, PCl3 sl. s. alk. i. al., et. i. al., et. s. HCl, alk., Na2CO3; i. al., et. s. HCl, al., et.; sl. s. NH3 s. al. s. HCl, HBr; d. al. s. KCN; i. al., et.
Ba Ba(C2H3O2)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2·H2O BaBr2
137.36 255.45 273.46 297.19
silv. met. col. wh., tri. pr., 1.517 col.
3.5 2.468 2.19 4.781 24° 4
d. 58.80° 7530°(anh.) 980°
d. 75.0100° 7940°(anh.) 149100°
2.020° 2.0–2.5 4.086 (α)3.50619°; (β)3.25419° lq. 2.163 2.695 (A) 3.865 25° 4 3.85 3.738
d. 358 35.5 d. d. 206 (α)tr. 267; (β)307 −18 −113.5 subl. subl. 315 d. d. 50 AuCl3, 170 d.
d. 290
850
1140
−H2O, 41 847
d.
5.1515° gly. 2425° cc al.
s. alk., al. s. K2S, NaHCO3
s. a.; d. al. i. al. v. s. m. al.; v. sl. s. act.
*Usually the solution. †See special tables. ‡Usual commercial form. 2-9
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Name Barium (Cont.) bromide carbonate (witherite) carbonate (α) carbonate (β) Barium chlorate chlorate chloride chloride chloride hydroxide hydroxide nitrate (nitrobarite) oxalate oxide peroxide peroxide phosphate, monobasic phosphate, dibasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, pyrosilicofluoride sulfate (barite, barytes) sulfide, monosulfide, trisulfide, tetraBeryllium (glucinum) Bismuth carbonate, subchloride, dichloride, trinitrate nitrate, suboxide, trioxide, trioxide, trioxychloride
Formula
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C −2H2O, 100 tr. 811 to α tr. 982 to β 174090atm 414 d. 120 tr. 925 962 −2H2O, 100
BaBr2·2H2O BaCO3 BaCO3 BaCO3 Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO3)2·H2O* BaCl2 BaCl2 BaCl2·2H2O† Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2·8H2O Ba(NO3)2 BaC2O4 BaO
333.22 197.37 197.37 197.37 304.27 322.29 208.27 208.27 244.31 171.38 315.50 261.38 225.38 153.36
col., mn., 1.7266 wh., rhb., 1.676 wh., hex. wh. col. col., mn., 1.577 col., mn., 1.7361 col., cb. col., mn., 1.646 col., mn. col., mn., 1.5017 col., cb., 1.572 wh. cr. col., cb., 1.98
BaO2* BaO2·8H2O BaH4(PO4)2 BaHPO4 Ba3(PO4)2 Ba2P2O7 BaSiF6 BaSO4
169.36 313.49 331.35 233.35 602.04 448.68 279.42 233.42
gray or wh. pd. pearly sc. tri. wh., rhb. nd., 1.635 wh., cb. wh., rhb. pr. col., rhb., 1.636
BaS BaS3 BaS4·2H2O Be(Gl) Bi
169.42 233.54 301.63 9.02 209.00
Bi2O3·CO2·H2O BiCl2(?) BiCl3* Bi(NO3)3·5H2O BiONO3·H2O Bi2O3 Bi2O3 Bi2O3 BiOCl
528.03 279.91 315.37 485.10 305.02 466.00 466.00 466.00 260.46
col., cb., 2.155 yel.-gn. red, rhb. gray, met., hex. silv. wh. or reddish, hex. wh. pd. bk. nd. wh. cr. col., tri. hex. pl. yel., rhb. yel., tet. yel., cb. wh., amor.
6.86 4.86 4.75 2.82 4.92815° 8.9 8.55 8.20 7.7215°
d. 163 230 d. 30 d. 260 820 860 tr. 704 185 d.
3.69 4.29
3.179 3.856 24° 4 3.097 24° 4 4.495 16° 2.188 3.24428° 2.658 5.72 4.958 4°
2.9 4.16515° 4.116° 3.920° 4.27915° 4.49915°
Boiling point, °C d. d. 1450
1560 1560
2.988 1.816 9.8020°
Hot water v. s. 0.0065100°
s. al. s. a.; i. al.
0.002218° 20.350° s. 310°
0.0065100° 84.880° s. 59100°
s. a.; i. al.
76.8100° 101.480°
sl. s. HCl, HNO3; i. al.
77.9 592
−8H2O, 550 d.
1923
2000
d. d. d.
tr. to mn. 1149
v. sl. s. 0.168 d. 0.015 i. 0.01 0.02617° 0.0001150°
2767 1450
d. s. 4115° i. i.
d. s. v. s. sl. s. d. i.
i. d. d. d. i. i. i. i. sl. s.
i.
i. i. i. i. sl. s.
2.660°
40.2100°
−O, 800 −8H2O, 100
1580 d. d. 400 d. 200 1284 271
d. 300 447 −5H2O, 80 1900
Other reagents
v. s. 0.002218°
39.30° 1.670° 5.615° 5.00° 0.00168° 1.50°
4.2515° 20°
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
34.2100° 0.002424° 90.880°
0.09100° 0.00028530°
sl. s. al., act. sl. s. HCl, HNO3; i. al.
v. sl. s. al.; i. et. sl. s. a.; i. al. s. a., NH4Cl; i. al. s. HCl, HNO3, abs. al.; i. NH3, act. s. dil. a.; i. act. s. dil. a.; i. al., et., act. s. a. s. a., NH4 salts s. a. s. a., NH4 salts sl. s. HCl, NH4Cl; i. al. s. conc. H2SO4; 0.006, 3% HCl d. HCl; i. al. i. al., CS2 s. dil. a., alk. s. aq. reg., conc. H2SO4, HNO3 s. a. s. al. 4219° act.; s. a.; i. al. s. a. s. a. s. a. s. a. s. a.; i. act., NH3, H2C4H4O6 22.220° gly., 0.2425° et.; s. al. s. HNO3; i. al.
Boric acid
H3BO3
61.84
wh., tri.
1.43515°
Boron
B
10.82
2300
2550
i.
i.
B4C B2O3 B2O3·3H2O HBrO3 Br2
55.29 69.64 123.69 128.92 159.83
gray or bk., amor. or mn. bk. cr. col. glass, 1.459 tri., 1.456 col.; in soln. only rhb., or red lq.
2.32
carbide oxide oxide (sassolite) Bromic acid Bromine
2.54 1.85 1.49
2450 577 d. d. 100 −7.2
>3500 >1500
i. 1.10° sl. s. v. s. 4.220°
i. 15.7100° s. d. 3.1330°
i. a. s. a., al., gly.
hydrate Cadmium acetate acetate carbonate
Br2·10H2O Cd Cd(C2H3O2)2 Cd(C2H3O2)2·2H2O* CdCO3
339.99 112.41 230.50 266.53 172.42
red, oct. silv. met., hex. col. col., mn. wh., trig.
8.6520° 2.341 2.01 4.2584°
i.
wh., cb.
4.047 25° 4
s. a., NH4NO3 s. m. al. s. al. s. a., KCN, NH4 salts; i. NH3 1.5215° al.; i. et., act.
chloride
CdCl2
183.32
3.11920°; 5.87 (A)
d. 6.8 320.9 256 −H2O, 130 d. <500 568
58.78 767 d.
960
s. i. v. s. v. s. i. 0°
90
i. 147100°
s. al., et., alk., CS2
chloride cyanide hydroxide nitrate nitrate oxide oxide oxide, subCadmium sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfide (greenockite) Calcium acetate aluminate aluminum silicate (anorthite) arsenate bromide carbonate (aragonite) carbonate (calcite) chloride (hydrophilite) chloride chloride citrate cyanamide ferrocyanide fluoride (fluorite) formate hydride hydroxide hypochlorite hypophosphate lactate magnesium carbonate (dolomite) magnesium silicate (diopside) nitrate (nitrocalcite) nitrate nitride nitrite oxalate oxalate oxide
CdCl2.2a H2O Cd(CN)2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2.4H2O* CdO CdO Cd2O CdSO4 CdSO4.H2O 3CdSO4.8H2O* CdSO4.H2O CdSO4.7H2O CdS Ca Ca(C2H2O2)2.H2O Ca(AlO2)2 CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 Ca3(AsO4)2 CaBr2 CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCl2* CaCl2.H2O CaCl2.6H2O Ca3(C6H5O7)2.4H2O CaCN2 Ca2Fe(CN)6.12H2O CaF2 Ca(HCO2)2 CaH2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(ClO)2.4H2O Ca2P2O6.2H2O Ca(C3H5O3)2.5H2O
228.36 164.45 146.43 236.43 308.49 128.41 128.41 240.82 208.47 226.49 769.54 280.53 334.58 144.47 40.08 176.18 158.02 278.14 398.06 199.91 100.09 100.09 110.99 129.01 219.09 570.50 80.11 508.31 78.08 130.12 42.10 74.10 215.06 274.15 308.30
col., mn., 1.6513
3.327
wh., trig. col. col. nd. brn., cb. brn., amor, 2.49 gn., amor. rhb. mn. col., mn., 1.565 col. mn. yel.-or., hex., 2.506 silv. met., cb. wh. nd. col., rhb. or mn. tri., 1.5832 wh. pd. delq. nd. col., rhb., 1.6809 col., hex., 1.550 wh., delq., cb, 1.52 col., delq. col., trig., 1.417 col. nd. col., rhombohedral yel., tri., 1.5818 wh., cb., 1.4339 col., rhb. wh. cr. or pd. col., hex., 1.574 wh., feathery cr. granular col., eff.
4.79 15° 4
CaO.MgO.2CO2 CaO.MgO.2SiO2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2.4H2O* Ca3N2 Ca(NO2)2.H2O CaC2O4 CaC2O4.H2O CaO
184.42 216.52 164.10 236.16 148.26 150.11 128.10 146.12 56.08
trig., 1.68174 wh., mn. col., cb. col., mn., 1.498 brn. cr. delq., hex. col., cb. col. col., cb., 1.837
peroxide phosphate, monobasic phosphate, dibasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, pyro- (brushite) phosphide silicate (α) (pseudowollastonite)
CaO2.8H2O CaH4(PO4)2.H2O CaHPO4.2H2O Ca3(PO4)2 Ca(PO3)2 Ca2P2O7 Ca2P2O7.5H2O Ca3P2 CaSiO3
216.21 252.09 172.10 310.20 198.04 254.12 344.20 182.20 116.14
silicate (β) (wollastonite) sulfate (anhydrite)
CaSiO3 CaSO4
116.14 136.14
pearly, tet. wh., tri. wh., mn. pl. wh., amor. wh., tet., 1.588 col., biaxial, 1.60 wh., mn. red cr. col., pseudo hex., 1.6150 or mn.(?) col., mn., 1.610 col., rhb., 1.576, or mn, 1.50
2.455 17° 4 8.15 6.95 8.192 18° 4 4.691 24° 4 3.78620° 3.09 3.05 2.48 20° 4 4.58 20° 1.55
tr. 34 d. >200 d. 300 350 59.4
132
d. 900–1000 d. 1000 tr. 108 tr. 41.5
3.6720° 2.765
tr. 4 1750100atm 810 d. 1600 1551
3.353 25° 4 2.93 25° 2.711 4 2.152 15° 4
760 d. 825 1339103atm. 772
1810
1.6817°
29.92 −2H2O, 130
−6H2O, 200 −4H2O, 185
1.7 3.18020° 2.015 1.7 2.2
2.872 3.3 2.36 1.82 2.6317° 2.2334° 2.24° 2.2 3.32 2.220 16° 4 2.306 16° 4 3.14 2.82 3.09 2.25 2.5115° 2.905 2.915 2.96
subl. in N2, 980 1200 30
>1600
1330 d. d. 675 −H2O, 580 d. −2H2O, 200 −3H2O, 100
−8H2O, 100 −H2O, 100 d. 1670 975 1230
2850 expl. 275 d. 200
>1600 1540 tr. 1190 to α 1450(mn.)
180100°
76.50° s. 114.20° s. 350−5° 0.000001 d. 520° d.
60.8100° s. 127.660° s.
0.01325° 1250° 0.001220°† 0.001425° 59.50° s. v. s. 0.08518° s. d. s. 0.001618° 16.10° d. 0.1850° delq.; d. i. 10.5
32659.5° i. i.
Colloidal d. 45.580° i. 312105° 0.002100° 0.002100° 347260° s. v. s. 0.09626° d. 15090° 0.001726° 18.4100 0.077100° d. ∞
2.0515° m. al. s. a.; NH4OH, KCN s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk. v. s. a. s. al., NH3; i. HNO3 s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk. s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk. d. a., alk. i.act., NH3 i. al. i. al. i. al. s. a.; v. s. NH4OH s, a.; sl. s. al. sl. s. al. s. HCl s. dil. a. s. al., act.; sl. s. NH3 s. a., NH4Cl s. a., NH4Cl s. al. s. al. s. al. 0.006518° al. i. al. sl. s. a. i. al., et. d. a.; i. bz. s. NH4Cl d. a. s. HCl, H4P2O6 ∞h. al.; i. et.
18°
d. 730–760 1391 561 42.7 900 d. −H2O, 200 2570
16820° 0.024718° 0.0002625° 109.70° 2150° i. i.
tr. 1193 to rhb.
0.032 i. 1020° 2660° d. 770° 0.0006713° i. Forms Ca(OH)2 sl. s. 0.0224.5° 0.0025 i. i. sl. s. d. 0.009517° 0.29820°
i. 376151° v. s. d. 41790° 0.001495° i. d. d. 0.075100° d. i.
0.1619100°
1415° al.; s. amyl al., NH3 s. dil. a.; i. abs. al. s. 90% al. s. a.; i. ac. s. a.; i. ac s. a.; i. al. s. a. d.; i. al., et. s. a.; i. al., ac. i. a. s. a. s. a.; i. NH4Cl s. dil. a.; i. al., et. s. HCl s. a., Na2S2O3, NH4 salts
*Usual commercial form. †The solubility of CaCO3 in H2O is greatly increased by increasing the amount of CO2 in the H2O. 2-11
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
TABLE 2-1
Name Calcium (Cont.) sulfate (gypsum)
Formula
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
CaSO4·2H2O
172.17
col., mn., 1.5226
Ca(SH)2·6H2O CaS CaSO3·2H2O CaC4H4O6·4H2O Ca(CNS)2·3H2O CaS2O3·6H2O CaWO4
214.31 72.14 156.17 260.22 210.28 260.30 288.00
col. pr. col., cb. wh., cr., 1.595 col., rhb. wh., delq. cr. col., tri., 1.56 wh., tet., 1.9200
C C C CO2
12.01 12.01 12.01 44.01
bk., amor. col., cb., 2.4195 bk., hex. col. gas
disulfide
CS2
76.13
col. lq.
monoxide
CO
28.01
col., poisonous, odorless gas
oxychloride (phosgene) oxysulfide
COCl2 COS
98.92 60.07
poisonous gas gas
sulfhydrate sulfide (oldhamite) sulfite tartrate thiocyanate thiosulfate tungstate (scheelite) Carbon, cf. table of organic compounds Carbon, amorphous Carbon, diamond Carbon, graphite dioxide
suboxide thionyl chloride Ceric hydroxide hydroxynitrate oxide sulfate Cerium
C3O2 CSCl2 2CeO2·3H2O Ce(OH)(NO3)3·3H2O CeO2 Ce(SO4)2·4H2O Ce
68.03 114.98 398.31 397.21 172.13 404.31 140.13
Cerous sulfate sulfate Cesium Chloric acid Chlorine
Ce2(SO4)3 Ce2(SO4)3·8H2O Ce HClO3·7H2O Cl2
568.44 712.57 132.91 210.58 70.91
hydrate Chloroplatinic acid Chlorostannic acid Chlorosulfonic acid Chromic acetate chloride chloride fluoride hydroxide
Cl2·8H2O H2PtCl6·6H2O H2SnCl6·6H2O HO·SO2·Cl Cr2(C2H3O2)6·2H2O CrCl3 CrCl3·6H2O* CrF3 Cr(OH)3
215.04 518.08 441.55 116.52 494.32 158.38 266.48 109.01 103.03
Cr(OH)3·2H2O Cr(NO3)3·9H2O* Cr(NO3)3·7a H2O Cr2O3 Cr2(SO4)3 Cr2(SO4)3·5H2O Cr2(SO4)3·15H2O Cr2(SO4)3·18H2O
139.07 400.18 373.15 152.02 392.20 482.28 662.44 716.49
hydroxide nitrate nitrate oxide sulfate sulfate sulfate sulfate
gas yel.-red lq. yel., gelatinous red, mn. wh. or pa. yel., cb. yel., rhb. steel gray, cb. or hex. wh., mn. or rhb. tri. silv. met., hex. lq. rhb., or gn.-yel. gas rhb. red-brn., delq. delq. col. lq. gn. pink, trig. vl. or gn., hex. pl. gn., rhb. gn. or blue, gelatinous gn. purple pr. purple, mn. dark gn., hex. rose pd. gn. vl. vl., cb., 1.564
Specific gravity 2.32 2.815°
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
−1a H2O, 128
−2H2O, 163
d. 15 −2H2O, 100 d.
d. 650
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
Hot water
0.2230°
0.25750°
v. s. d. 0.004318° 0.0370° s. 71.29° 0.2
v. s. d. 0.002790° 0.2285° v. s. d.
Other reagents s. a., gly., Na2S2O3, NH4 salts s. al. s. a. s. H2SO3 sl. s. al. v. s. al. i. al. s. NH4Cl; i. a.
1.87316° 6.06
d.
1.8–2.1 3.5120° 2.2620° lq. 1.101−87°; 1.53 (A); solid 1.56−79° 22° lq. 1.261 20 ; 2.63 (A) lq. 0.814−195° 4 ; 0.968 (A) 1.392 19° 4 lq. 1.24−87°; 2.10 (A) lq. 1.1140° 1.50915°
>3500 >3500 >3500 −56.65.2atm.
4200 4200 4200 subl. −78.5
i. i. i. 179.70° cc
i. i. i. 90.120° cc
i. a., alk. i. a., alk. i. a., alk. s. a., alk.
−108.6
46.3
0.20°
0.01450°
s. al.; et.
−207
−192
0.00440°; 3.50° cc
0.001850° 2.3220° cc
s. al., Cu2Cl2
−104 −138.2
8.2756mm −50.2760mm
v. s. sl. d. 1330° cc
d. 40.330° cc
s. ac., CCl4, bs.; d.a. v. s. alk., al.
−107
7761mm 73.5
d.
s. et. s. a.; sl. s. alk. carb.; i. alk
7.3 3.91 6.920° cb.; 6.7 hex. 3.91 2.88617° 1.9020° 1.28214.2° lq. 1.56−33.6°; 2.490° (A) 1.23 2.431 1.97128° 1.78725° 2.75715° 1.835 25° 4 3.8
5.21 3.012 1.86717° 1.722°
1950 645
1400
d. i. s. d. i.
i.
0°
−8H2O, 630 28.5 <−20 −101.6 d. 9.6 60 19.2 −80
670 d. 40 −34.6
151.5765mm 1200–1500 d.
subl. 83 >1000
d.
−2H2O, 100 36.5 100 1900
d. 100 d.
100
−10H2O, 100 −12H2O, 100
18.98 250° d. v. s. 1.460°; 31010° cc s. v. s. s. d. s. i.§ v. s. d. i. i. i. s. s. i. i.† s. s. 12020°
Slowly oxidized 0.4100° 7.640°
s. H2SO4, HCl s. dil. H2SO4 s. dil. a.; i. al.
s. a., al., NH3 0.57 ; 17730° cc 30°
v. s.
sl. s.
i. s. s. i. d. 67° d.
s. alk. s. alk. s. al., et. d. al.; i. CS2 4.7615° m. al. i. a., act., CS2 s. al.; i. et. sl. s. a.; i. al., NH3 s. a., alk.; sl. s. NH3 s. a., alk. s. a., alk., al., act. sl. s. a. i. a. s. al., H2SO4 sl. s. al. s. al.
sulfide Chromium
Cr2S3 Cr
200.02 52.01
brn.-bk. pd. gray, met., cb.
3.7719° 7.1
−S, 1350 1615
trioxide (chromic acid) Chromous chloride hydroxide oxide sulfate sulfide (daubrelite) Chromyl chloride Cobalt carbonyl sulfide, diCobaltic chloride chloride, dichro chloride, luteo chloride, praseo Cobaltic chloride, purpureo chloride, roseo hydroxide oxide sulfate sulfide Cobalto-cobaltic oxide Cobaltous acetate chloride chloride nitrate
CrO3 CrCl2 Cr(OH)2 CrO CrSO4·7H2O CrS CrO2Cl2 Co Co(CO)4 CoS2 CoCl3 Co(NH3)3Cl3·H2O Co(NH3)6Cl3 Co(NH3)4Cl3·H2O Co(NH3)5Cl3 Co(NH3)5Cl3·H2O Co(OH)3 Co2O3 Co2(SO4)3 Co2S3 Co3O4 Co(C2H3O2)2·4H2O CoCl2 CoCl2·6H2O* Co(NO3)2·6H2O
100.01 122.92 86.03 68.01 274.18 84.07 154.92 58.94 170.98 123.06 165.31 234.42 267.50 251.46 250.47 268.49 109.96 165.88 406.06 214.06 240.82 249.09 129.85 237.95 291.05
red, rhb. wh., delq. yel.-brn. bk. pd. blue bk. pd. dark red lq. silv. met., cb. or. cr. bk., cb. red cr.
2.70 2.75
197 d.
or., mn. gn., rhb. rhb. brick red bk. bk. blue cr. bk. cr. bk., cb. red-vl., mn., 1.542 blue cr. red, mn. red, mn., 1.4
1.7016 1.847 25° 1.819 25
CoO CoSO4 CoSO4·H2O
74.94 155.00 173.02
brn., cb. red pd. red pd., mn.(?), 1.639 red, mn., 1.483 brn. nd. yel.-red met., cb.
oxide sulfate sulfate sulfate (biebeorite) sulfide (syeporite) Copper Cupric acetate acetate aceto-arsenite (Paris green)
d. 3.97 1.92 8.920° 1.7318° 4.269 2.94
1550 −96.5 1480 51 subl.
5.18
d. 100 −1a H2O, 100 d. 900
4.8 6.07 1.705318.7° 3.356 25° 1.924 25 25° 1.883 25
−4H2O, 140 subl. 86 <100
5.68 3.71025° 3.13
d. 1800 d. 880 d.
25° 1.948 25 5.4518° 20° 8.92 1.930 20° 4 1.882
96.8 >1100 1083
−7H2O, 420
115
240 d.
1.98
d. i.
164.90° v. s. d. i. 12.350 i. d. i. i. i. s. s. 4.260° v. s. 0.2320° 16.120° i. i. d. i. i. s. 457° 116.50° 84.030°(anh.)
206.7100° v. s.
i. 25.60° s.
i.
i. d.
s. h. HNO3 s. HCl, dil. H2SO4; i. HNO3 s. H2SO4, al., et. sl. s. al.; i. et. s. conc. a. i. dil. HNO3 sl. s. al. v. s. a. s. et. s. a. s. al., et., CS2 s. HNO3, aq. reg.
s. 12.7446.5° 1.03146.5° 24.8716° i. i. i. s. 10596° 17780° 334.990° (anh.) i. 83100° s.
s. a.; al. i. al., NH4OH s. a.; i. al. i. al. sl. s. HCl s. a.; i. al. s. a. s. H2SO4 d. a. s. H2SO4; i. HCl, HNO3 s. a., al. 31 al.; 8.6 act. v. s. et., act. 10012.5° al.; s. act.; sl. s. NH3 s. a., NH4OH; i. al. 1.0418° m. al.; i. NH8
s.
20
7 al.; s. et.; gly. s. a., NH4OH
d. 110
33.80°
99.380°
s. a.
1.81 3.88
d. 150 d. 220
18.0521.5° i.
d. d.
i. 70.70°
d. 107.9100°
i. al. s. NH4OH, h. aq. NaHCO3 s. KCN; 0.03 aq. CO 5315° al.; 6815° m. al.
110.40° i. i. sl. s. i. i. 12.5 i. 16.7 38140° 243.70°
192.4100°
ammonium sulfate carbonate, basic (azurite)
CuSO4·4NH3·H2O 2CuCO3·Cu(OH)2
245.77 344.75
blue, tet., 1.670, 1.744 blue, rhb. blue, mn., 1.758
carbonate, basic (malachite) chloride (eriochalcite)
CuCO3·Cu(OH)2 CuCl2
221.17 134.48
dark gn., mn., 1.875 brn.-yel. pd.
3.9 3.054
d. 498
chloride chromate, basic cyanide dichromate ferricyanide ferrocyanide formate hydroxide lactate nitrate nitrate
CuCl2·2H2O CuCrO4·2CuO·2H2O Cu(CN)2 CuCr2O7·2H2O Cu3[Fe(CN)6]2 Cu2Fe(CN)6·7H2O Cu(HCO2)2 Cu(OH)2 Cu(C3H5O3)2·2H2O Cu(NO3)2·3H2O* Cu(NO3)2·6H2O
170.52 374.75 115.61 315.62 614.63 465.21 153.61 97.59 277.74 241.63 295.68
gn., rhb., 1.684 yel.-brn. yel.-gn. bk., tri. yel.-gn. red-brn. blue, mn. blue, gelatinous dark blue, mn. blue, delq. blue, rhb.
2.3922.4°
−2H2O, 110 −2H2O, 260 d. −2H2O, 100
277.51
1049 −6H2O, 110 d.
i. i.
3380° 0.0003818° i. s. 7.2 i.
ammonium chloride
dark gn., mn. gn.
117.6 2900 d. 52
20°
CoSO4·7H2O* CoS Cu Cu(C2H3O2)2 Cu(C2H3O2)2·H2O (CuOAs2O3)3· Cu(C2H3O2)2* CuCl2·2NH4Cl·2H2O
281.11 91.00 63.57 181.66 199.67 1013.83
2200
2.28618° 1.831 3.368
−H2O
2.0473.9° 2.074
114.5 −3H2O, 26.4
2300
Forms Cu2Cl2 993 d.
−HNO3, 170
i.
d. i. d. d. 45100° 66680° ∞
2.58° al. s. a., aq. reg. s. HNO3, h. H2SO4
s. al.; et., NH4Cl s. HNO3, NH4OH s. KCN, C5H5N s. a.; NH4OH s. NH4OH; i. HCl s. NH4OH; i. a., NH8 0.25 al. s. a., NH4OH, KCN, al. sl. s. al. 10012.5° al. s. al.
*Usual commercial form. †Also a soluble modification.
2-13
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Name Cupric acetate (Cont.) oxide (paramelaconite) oxide (tenorite) oxychloride phosphide sulfate (hydrocyanite) sulfate (blue vitriol or chalcanthite) sulfide (covellite)
Formula
Specific gravity
249.71 95.63
tartate Cuprous ammonium iodide carbonate chloride (nantokite) cyanide
CuC4H4O6·3H2O CuI·NH4I·H2O Cu2CO3 Cu2Cl2 Cu2(CN)2
265.69 353.47 187.15 198.05 179.16
ferricyanide ferrocyanide fluoride hydroxide oxide (cuprite) Cuprous phosphide sulfide (chalcocite) sulfide Cyanogen
Cu3Fe(CN)6 Cu4Fe(CN)6 Cu2F2 CuOH Cu2O Cu6P2 Cu2S Cu2S C2N2
402.67 466.24 165.14 80.58 143.14 443.38 159.20 159.20 52.02
brn.-red brn.-red red cr. yel. red, cb., 2.705 gray-bk. bk., rhb. bk., cb. poisonous gas
Fe(OH)(C2H3O2)2
190.95
brn., amor.
FeCl3 FeCl3·6H2O* Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
162.22 270.32 859.27
bk.-brn., hex. delq. red-yel., delq. dark blue
2.80411°
282 37 d.
Fe(OH)3 Fe(C3H5O3)3 Fe(NO3)3·6H2O Fe2O3
106.87 323.06 349.97 159.70
red-brn. brn., amor., delq. rhb., delq. red or bk., trig., 3.042 rhb., 1.814 yel., trig. yel., delq. gn. bk., cb., 2.42
3.4 to 3.9
−1a H2O, 500
sulfate sulfate (coquimbite) Ferroso-ferric chloride ferricyanide (Prussian green) oxide (magnetite; magnetic iron oxide) oxide, hydrated Ferrous ammonium sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O FeCl2·2FeCl3·18H2O Fe′′′ 4 Fe′′ 3 [Fe(CN)6]6 Fe3O4
399.88 562.02 775.49 1662.70 231.55 303.61 392.15
chloride (lawrencite)
Fe3O4·4H2O FeSO4·(NH4)2SO4· 6H2O FeCl2
chloroplatinate ferricyanide (Turnbull’s blue) ferrocyanide formate hydroxide nitrate oxide
FePtCl6·6H2O Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 Fe2Fe(CN)6 Fe(HCO2)2·2H2O Fe(OH)2 Fe(NO3)2·6H2O FeO
571.92 591.47 323.66 181.92 89.87 287.96 71.85
2-14
126.76
bk. blue-gn., mn., 1.4915 gn.-yel., hex., 1.567 yel., hex. dark blue blue-wh., amor.
6.40 6.45
Melting point, °C
CuSO4·5H2O* CuS
hydroxide lactate nitrate oxide (hematite)
79.57 79.57 365.69 252.67 159.63
Color, crystalline form and refractive index bk., cb. bk., tri., 2.63 blue-gn. bk. gn.-wh., rhb., 1.733 blue, tri., 1.5368 blue, hex. or mn., 1.45 1 gn. pd. rhb. pl. yel. wh., cb., 1.973 wh., mn.
Cyanogen compounds, cf. table of organic compounds Ferric acetate, basic ammonium sulfate, cf. Alum chloride (molysite) chloride ferrocyanide (Prussian blue)
CuO CuO CuCl2·2CuO·4H2O Cu3P2 CuSO4
Formula weight
6.35 3.60615° 2.286 15.6° 4 4.6
d. 1026 d. 1026 −3H2O, 140 d. d. >600 −4H2O, 110 tr. 103
4.4 3.53 2.9
d. 422 474.5
3.4 6.0 6.4 to 6.8 5.6 5.80 lq. 0.866−17.2°; 1.806 (A)
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water i. i. i. i. 14.30°
Hot water i. i. 75.4100°
Other reagents s. a.; KCN, NH4Cl s. a., KCN, NH4Cl s. a. s. HNO3; i. HCl i. al.
Forms CuO, 650 −5H2O, 250 d. 220
24.3 0.00003318°
205100°
1.18° al. s. HNO3, KCN
0.1485°
1366 d.
0.0215° d. i. 1.5225° i.
s. a., KOH s. NH4I s. a., NH4OH s. HCl, NH4OH, al. s. KCN, HCl, NH4OH; sl. s. NH3 s. NH4OH; i. HCl s. NH4OH; i. NH4Cl s. HF, HCl, HNO3; i. al. s. a., NH4OH s. HCl, NH4Cl, NH4OH s. HNO3; i. HCl s. HNO3, NH4OH; i. act. s. HNO3, NH4OH; i. act. 230020° cc al.; 50018° cc et.
d.
908 −a H2O, 360 1235
−O, 1800
1100 1130 −34.4
−20.5
subl. 1100
0°
i. i. i. i. i. i. 0.000518° 0.000518° 45020° cc
i. i.
i. i.
i.
s. a.; al. v. s. al.; et. +HCl s. al., act., gly. s. HCl, conc. H2SO4; i. al., et. s. a.; i. al., et. i. et. s. al., act. s. HCl
74.40° 2460° i.
535.8100° ∞ d.
i. v. s. 1500° i.
i. v. s. ∞ d. d. s.
5.2
d. 50 d. 180 1538 d.
sl. s. 440 s. i. i.
i.
s. d. h. HCl i. al.
1.864
d. d.
i. 180°
i. 10075°
s. a. i. al.
64.410°
105.7100°
100 al.; s. act.; i. et.
v. s. i. i. sl. s. 0.00067 2000° i.
v. s.
20°
1.684 5.12
35 1560 d.
3.09718° 2.1
d. 480
2.7 2.714 d. 3.4 5.7
315 280
d.
delq.
d. lt. gn. cr. bk.
Boiling point, °C
60.5 1420
i. H2SO4, NH3 s. abs. al.
i. dil. a., al.
30025° i.
s. a., NH4Cl s. a.; i. alk.
phosphate (vivianite)
Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O
501.64
silicate sulfate (siderotilate) sulfate (copperas) sulfide cf. also under iron Fluoboric acid Fluorine
FeSiO3 FeSO4·5H2O FeSO4·7H2O* FeS
131.91 241.99 278.02 87.91
HBF4 F2
87.83 38.00
Fluosilicic acid Gadolinium Gallium bromide Glucinum cf. Beryllium Gold Gold, colloidal Gold salts cf. under Auric and Aurous Hafnium Helium Hydrazine formate hydrate hydrochloride hydrochloride, dinitrate nitrate, disulfate sulfate Hydrazoic acid (azoimide) Hydriodic acid Hydriodic acid Hydriodic acid Hydriodic acid Hydriodic acid Hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic acid
H2SiF6 Gd GaBr3
144.08 156.9 309.47
Au Au
197.20 197.20
yel. met., cb. blue to vl.
19.3
1063
2600
Hf He N2H4 N2H4·2HCO2H N2H4·H2O N2H4·HCl N2H4·2HCl N2H4·HNO3 N2H4·2HNO3 N2H4·a H2SO4 N2H4·H2SO4 HN3 HI HI·H2O HI·2H2O HI·3H2O HI·4H2O HBr HBr·H2O
178.6 4.00 32.05 124.10 50.06 68.51 104.98 95.06 158.08 81.09 130.12 43.03 127.93 145.94 163.96 181.98 199.99 80.92 98.94
hex. col. gas col. lq. cb. col. yel. lq. wh., cb. cr. nd. delq. pl. rhb. col. lq. col. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. gas; 1.325 (lq.) col. lq.
12.1 0.1368 (A) 1.011 15° 4
>1700 <−272.2 1.4 128 −40
>3200(?) −268.9 113.5
Hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid)
HBr (47.8% in H2O) HBr·2H2O HCl† HCl (45.2% in H2O) HCl·2H2O HCl·3H2O HCN
80.92 116.96 36.47 36.47 72.50 90.51 27.03
Hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen
HF HF (35.35% in H2O) H2
col. lq. wh. cr. col. gas; 1.256 (lq.) col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. poisonous gas or col. lq., 1.254 gas or col. lq. col. lq. col. gas or cb.
peroxide selenide sulfide Hydroxylamine hydrochloride nitrate sulfate
H2O2‡ H2Se H2S NH2OH NH2OH·HCl NH2OH·HNO3 NH2OH·a H2SO4
20.01 20.01 2.016 34.02 81.22 34.08 33.03 69.50 96.05 82.07
blue, mn., 1.592, 1.603 mn. gn., tri., 1.536 blue-gn., mn. bk., hex. col. lq. gn.-yel. gas
2.58 3.5 2.2 1.89914.8° 4.84 lq. 1.51−187°; 1.3115° (A)
1550
col. lq., 1.333 col. gas col. gas rhb., delq. col., mn. col. cr. col., mn.
1.0321° 1.42
1.378 4.40° (A) 1.715°
2.710° (A) 1.78 1.486 2.11−15° 1.2680° (A) 1.48 1.46 −18.3° 4 18°
0.697
0.98813.6° 1.15 lq. 0.0709−252.7° 0.06948 (A) 1.438 20° 4 2.12−42° 1.1895 (A) 1.3518° 1.6717°
i.
s. a.; i. ac.
64 1193
−5H2O, 300 −7H2O, 300 d.
s. 32.80° 0.00061618°
s. 14950°
i. al. i. al. s. a.; i. NH3
−223
130 d. −187
∞ d.
∞
s. al.
s.
s.
s.
s.
i. s.
i.
s. aq. reg., KCN; i. a. s. aq. reg., KCN; i. a.
0.970° cc ∞ s. ∞ v. s. s. 174.910° v. s. v. s. 3.05522° ∞ 4250010° cc ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 2210°
1.0850° cc ∞
Absorbed by Pt s. al.
∞ v. s. v. s. v. s.
∞ al.; i. et. sl. s. al. s. al.
delq. cr. 20°
i.
198 70.7 104 85 254 −80 −50.8 −43 −48 −36.5 −86
−11 −111 −15.35 0 −24.4 −14 −83 −35 −259.1 −0.89 −64 −82.9 34 151 48 170 d.
118.5739.5mm subl. 140 d. 37 −35.5 127774mm
−67
d. d. 26
∞ s. 82.30° ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
19.4 120 −252.7
∞ 0° to 19.4° v. s. 2.10° cc
126 −85
760mm
151.4 −42 −59.6 56.522mm d. d. <100
∞ 3774° cc 4370° cc s. 83.317° v. s. 32.90°
27.6560° ∞ v. s.
130100°
s. 56.160°
i. al. v. sl. s. abs. al. ∞ al. s. al. ∞ al. s. al. s. al. s. al. s. al. Stable at −15.5° and 1 atm., and at −11.3° and 2.5 atm. s. al. s. al., et. s. al. s. al. s. al. ∞ al., et.
v. s. 0.8580° cc
sl. s. Fe, Pd, Pt
27022.5° cc 18640° cc d. v. s. d. 68.590°
s. a., et.; i. petr. et s. CS2, COCl2 9.5415° cc al.; s. CS2 s. a., al. s. al.; i. et. v. s. abs. al. v. sl. s. al.; i. et., abs. al.
*Usual commercial form. †Usual commercial form about 31 percent. ‡Usual commercial forms 3 or 30 percent. 2-15
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Name
Formula
Hypobromous acid Illinium Indium Iodic acid
HBrO Il In HIO8
Iodine oxide, pentaIodoplatinic acid Iridium Iron, cast† pure steel white pig wrought carbide (cementite) carbonyl nitride
I2 I2O5 H2PtI6·9H2O Ir Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe2C Fe(CO)5 Fe2N
silicide sulfide, di- (marcasite) sulfide, di- (pyrite) sulfide (pyrrhotite) Cf. also under ferric and ferrous Krypton Lanthanum Lead
FeSi FeS2 FeS2 Fe7S8
acetate acetate (sugar of lead) acetate acetate, basic acetate, basic acetate, basic arsenate, monobasic arsenate, dibasic (schultenite) arsenate, metaarsenate, pyroLead azide bromide
Formula weight 96.92 146(?) 114.76 175.93
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
yel.
Boiling point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
Hot water
4050mm
s.
d.
soft, tet. met. col., rhb.
7.320° 4.6290°
155 110 d.
1450
i. 2860°
i. 576101°
blue-bk., rhb. wh., trimetric brn., delq. mn. wh. met., cb. gray silv. met., cb. silv. gray gray gray pseudo hex. pa. yel. lq. gray
4.9320° 4.799 25° 4
113.5 d. 300
184.35
0.0956660°
22.420° 7.03 7.8620° 7.6 to 7.8 7.6 to 7.8 7.86 7.4 1.45721° 6.35
2350 1275 1535 1375 1075 1505 1837 −21 d. >560
>4800
0.01620° 187.412° s. d. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. d.
83.91 119.97 119.97 647.43
yel.-gray, oct. yel., rhb. yel., cb. hex.
6.1 20° 4 4.87 5.0 4.6 20° 4
d. d.
i. 0.00049 0.0005 i.
i.
tr. 450 1171 d. >700
Kr La Pb
83.70 138.92 207.21
col. gas lead gray silv. met., cb.
2.818 (A) 6.1520° 20° 11.337 20
−169 826 327.5
−151.8 1800 1620
11.050° cc d. i.
3.5760° cc
Pb(C2H3O2)2 Pb(C2H3O2)2·3H2O† Pb(C2H3O2)2IOH2O Pb2(C2H3O2)3OH Pb(C2H3O2)2· Pb(OH)2·H2O Pb(C2H3O2)2· 2Pb(OH)2 PbH4(AsO4)2 PbHAsO4 Pb(AsO3)2 Pb2As2O7 PbN6 PbBr2
325.30 379.35 505.46 608.56 584.54
wh. cr. wh., mn. wh., rhb. wh. wh. nd.
3.251 20° 4 2.55 1.689
280 −3H2O, 75 22
807.75
wh. nd.
489.06 347.13 453.03 676.24 291.26 367.05
tri., 1.82 wh., mn., 1.9097 hex. rhb., 2.03 col. nd. col., rhb.
4.46 5.94 6.4215° 15° 6.85 15 6.66
802 expl. 350 373
253.84 333.84 1120.91 193.10 55.85 55.85 55.85 55.85 55.85 179.56 195.90 125.71
15°
d. 140 d. >200
3000
102.5760mm
−H2O, 280
918
i. i. i. i. i. i. i.
i.
19.70° 45.6415° s. v. s. v. s.
22150° 200100° s.
5.55
18.2
d. i. d. i. i. 0.45540°
d. 0.05100° 4.75100°
sl. s.
PbCO3
267.22
wh., rhb., 2.0763
6.6
d. 315
0.0001120°
d.
2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2† PbCl2 PbCrO4 PbCrO4·PbO Pb(HCO2)2 3PbO·H2O Pb(NO3)2
775.67 278.12 323.22 546.43 297.25 687.65 331.23
6.14 5.80 6.12
d. 400 501 844
4.56 7.592 4.53
d. 190 −H2O, 130 d. 470
i. 0.6730° 0.00000720° i. 1.616° 0.014 38.80°
i. 3.34100° i. i. 18100° d.
oxide, suboxide, mono- (litharge)
Pb2O PbO
430.42 223.21
wh., hex. wh., rhb., 2.2172 yel., mn., 2.42 or.-yel. nd. wh., rhb. cb. col., cb. or mn., 1.7815 bk., amor. yel., tet.
8.34 9.53
d. red heat 888
i. 0.006818°
i.
oxide, mono (massicotite)
PbO
223.21
yel., rhb., 2.61
8.0
2-16
s. a. v. s. 87% al.; i. abs. al. et., chl. s. al., KI, et. i. abs. al., et., chl. sl. s. aq. reg., aq. Cl2 s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. alk. s. a. s. al., H2SO4, alk. s. HCl, H2SO4 i. aq. reg. i. dil. a. i. dil. a.
sl. s. al., bz. s. a. s. HNO3; i. c. HCl, H2SO4 s. gly.; v. sl. s. al. s. gly.; sl. s. al. sl. s. al. s. al.
carbonate (cerussite) carbonate, basic (hydrocerussite; white lead) chloride (cotunnite) chromate (crocoite) chromate, basic formate hydroxide nitrate
954760mm d.
Other reagents
138.8100°
s. al. s. HNO3 s. HNO3, NaOH s. HNO3 s. HCl, HNO3; i. sc. v. s. ac.; i. NH4OH s. a., KBr.; sl. s. NH3; i. al. s. a., alk.; i. NH3, al. s. ac.; sl. s. aq. CO2 sl. s. dil. HCl, NH3, i. al. s. a., alk.; i. NH3, ac. s. a., alk. i. al. s. a., alk. 8.822° al. s. a., alk. s. alk., PbAc, NH4Cl, CaCl2
oxide, mono-
PbO
223.21
amor.
9.2 to 9.5
oxide, red (minium) oxide, sesquioxide, di- (plattnerite) silicate sulfate (anglesite)
Pb3O4 Pb2O3 PbO2 PbSiO3 PbSO4
685.63 462.42 239.21 283.27 303.27
9.1
Pb(HSO4)2·H2O PbSO4·PbO PbS Pb(CNS)2 Li LiC7H5O2 LiBr
419.36 526.48 239.27 323.37 6.94 128.05 86.86
LiBr·2H2O Li2CO3 LiCl
122.89 73.89 42.40
citrate fluoride formate hydride hydroxide hydroxide nitrate nitrate oxide phosphate, monobasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, tribasic salicylate sulfate sulfate sulfate, acid Lutecium Magnesium acetate acetate aluminate (spinel)
Li3C6H5O7·4H2O LiF LiHCO2·H2O LiH LiOH LiOH·H2O LiNO3 LiNO3·3H2O Li2O LiH2PO4 Li3PO4 Li3PO4·12H2O LiC7H5O3 Li2SO4 Li2SO4·H2O† LiHSO4 Lu Mg Mg(C2H3O2)2 Mg(C2H3O2)2·4H2O† MgO·Al2O3
281.98 25.94 69.97 7.95 23.95 41.96 68.95 123.00 29.88 103.94 115.80 331.99 144.05 109.94 127.96 104.01 174.99 24.32 142.41 214.47 142.26
red, amor. red-yel., amor. brn., tet., 2.229 col., mn., 1.961 wh., mn. or rhb., 1.8823 cr. col., mn. lead gray, cb., 3.912 col., mn. silv. met. cb. wh. leaflets wh., delq., cb., 1.784 wh. pr. col., mn., 1.567 wh., delq., cb., 1.662 wh. cr. wh., cb., 1.3915 col., rhb. wh., cb. wh. cr. col., mn. col., trig., 1.735 col. col., 1.644 col. wh., rhb. wh., trig. col. col., mn., 1.465 col., mn., 1.477 pr.
ammonium chloride ammonium phosphate (struvite) ammonium sulfate (boussingaultite) benzoate carbonate (magnesite) carbonate (nesquehonite) carbonate, basic (hydromagnesite) Magnesium chloride (chloromagnesite) chloride (bischofite) hydroxide (brucite) nitride oxide (magnesia; periclase) perchlorate
MgCl2·NH4Cl·6H2O MgNH4PO4·6H2O
256.83 245.44
sulfate, acid sulfate, basic (lanarkite) sulfide (galena) thiocyanate Lithium benzoate bromide bromide carbonate chloride
*See also a table of alloys. †Usual commercial form.
MgSO4·(NH4)2SO4· 6H2O Mg(C7H5O2)2·3H2O MgCO3 MgCO3·3H2O 3MgCO3·Mg(OH)2·3H2O MgCl2 MgCl2·6H2O† Mg(OH)2 Mg3N2 MgO Mg(ClO4)2†
i.
i.
d. 500 d. 360 d. 290 766
i. i. i. i.
i. i. i.
1336 5
3.464 25° 4
547
1265
0.00280° 0.000118° 0.004418° 0.0000918° 0.0520° d. 3325° 1430° (2H2O)
0.005640°
6.92 7.5 3.82 0.5320°
1170 d. 977 1120 d. 190 186
2.110° 2.068 25° 4
44 618 614
d. 1360
24620° 1.540° 670°
9.375 6.49 6.2
2.29521.5° 1.46 0.820 2.54 1.83 2.38 2.013 25° 4
d. 870 −H2O, 94 680 445 261 29.88
2.22 2.06 2.12313°
>100 837 100 d. 860 −H2O, 130 170.5
silv. met., hex. wh. wh., mn. pr., 1.491 col. cb., 1.718–23
1.7420° 1.42 1.454 3.6
651 323 80 2135
wh., rhb., delq. col., rhb., 1.496
1.456 1.715
−4H2O, 195 d. 100
2.461 2.53717.5° 1.645
1670 925 d. subl. <1000
1110
61.215° 0.2718° 49.20° d. 12.70° 22.310° 53.40° v. s. forms LiOH
s. alk., PbAc, NH4Cl, CaCl2 s. ac., h. HCl s. a., alk. s. ac., h. alk.; i. al. s. a.
i. s. d. 40100° 266100° (1H2O) 0.72100° 127.5100° 66.7100° 0.13535° 346.6104° 17.5100° 26.880° 19470° ∞
0.03418° v. sl. s. 12826° 35.340° 43.60° d.
v. sl. s. v. sl. s.
i. v. s. v. s. i.
sl. s. d. v. s. v. s.
16.7 0.02310°
s. 0.019580°
29.9100° 35100°
s. conc. a., NH4 salts; i. al. sl. s. H2SO4 sl. s. H2SO4 s. a.; i. alk. s. KCNS, HNO3 s. a., NH3 7.725°, 1078° al. s. al., act. s. al. s. dil. a.; i. al., act., NH3 2.4815° al.; s. et. sl. s. al., et. s. HF; i. act. sl. s. al., et. i. et. sl. s. al. sl. s. al. s. al., NH3
s. a., NH4Cl; i. act. v. s. al. i. act., 80% al. i. 80% al. s. a., NH4 salts 5.2515° m. al. v. s. al. v. sl. s. dil. HCl; i. dil. HNO3 s. a.; i. al.
360.62
col., mn.
1.72
>120
16.86
320.59 83.43 138.38 365.37
wh. pd. wh., trig. 1.700 col., rhb., 1.501 wh., rhb., 1.530
3.037 1.852 2.16
−3H2O, 110 d. 350 −H2O, 100 d.
4.525° (anh.) 0.0106 0.151819° 0.04
d. 0.011
s. act. s. a., aq. CO2; i. act., NH3 s. a., aq. CO2 s. a., NH4 salts; i. al.
95.23
col., hex., 1.675
2.32525°
712
52.80°
73100°
50 al.
203.33 58.34 100.98 40.32 223.23
wh., delq., mn., 1.507 wh., trig., 1.5617 gn.-yel., amor. col., cb., 1.7364 wh., delq.
1.56 2.4 3.65 2.6025°
118 d. d. d. 2800 d.
1412 d. 3600
0°
0°
281 0.000918° i. 0.00062 99.625°
100°
130 s.
100°
918 d. v. s.
50 al. s. NH4 salts, dil. a. s. a.; i. al. s. a., NH4 salts; i. al. 2425 al., 51.825° m. al.; 0.29 et.
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
TABLE 2-1
Name
Formula
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Magnesium chloride (Cont.) peroxide phosphate, pyrophosphate, pyropotassium chloride (carnallite) potassium sulfate (picromerite) silicofluoride sodium chloride sulfate sulfate (epsom salt; epsomite) Manganese acetate acetate carbonate (rhodocrosite)
MgO2 Mg2P2O7 Mg2P2O7·3H2O MgCl2·KCl·6H2O MgSO4·K2SO4·6H2O MgSiF6·6H2O MgCl2·NaCl·H2O MgSO4 MgSO4·7H2O* Mn Mn(C2H3O2)2 Mn(C2H3O2)2·4H2O* MnCO3
56.32 222.60 276.65 277.88 402.73 274.48 171.70 120.38 246.49 54.93 173.02 245.08 114.94
wh. pd. col., mn., 1.604 wh., amor. delq., rhb., 1.475 mn., 1.4629 col., trig., 1.3439 col. col. col., rhb., 1.4554 gray-pink met.
chloride (scacchite) chloride
MnCl2 MnCl2·4H2O*
125.84 197.91
chloride, perhydroxide (ous) (pyrochroite) hydroxide (ic) (manganite) nitrate oxide (ous) (manganosite) oxide (ic) oxide, di- (pyrolusite; polianite) sulfate (ous) sulfate (ous) (szmikite)
MnCl4 Mn(OH)2 Mn2O3·H2O Mn(NO3)2·6H2O MnO Mn2O3 MnO2*
196.76 88.95 175.88 287.04 70.93 157.86 86.93
rose, delq., cb. rose red, delq., mn. 1.575 gn. wh., trig. brn., rhb., 2.24 rose red, mn. gray-gn., cb., 2.16 brn.-bk., cb. bk., rhb.
MnSO4 MnSO4·H2O
150.99 169.01
red-wh. pa. pink, mn., 1.595
sulfate (ous)
MnSO4·2H2O
187.02
2.52615° 15°
pa. pink, mn. rose, trig., 1.817
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
2.59822° 2.56 1.60 19.4° 4 2.15 1.788 17.5° 4
expl. 275 1383 −3H2O, 100 265 d. 72 d.
2.66 1.68 7.220° 1.74 20° 4 1.589 3.125
1185 70 d. 1260
2.977 25° 4 2.01
650 58.0
3.25818° 3.258 1.8221° 5.18 4.81 5.026
d. d. 25.8 1650 −0, 1080 −0, >230
3.235 2.87
sulfate (ous)
MnSO4·7H2O
277.10
pink, mn. or rhb.
2.092
sulfate (ic)
Mn2(SO4)3
398.04
gn., delq. cr.
3.24
Ma Hg(C2H3O2)2 HgBr2 HgCO3·2HgO HgCl2 Hg(CNO)2 Hg(OH)2 HgO HgCl2·3HgO HgSiF6·HgO·3H2O HgSO4 HgSO4·2HgO HgC2H3O2 HgBr Hg2CO3
98–99.5 318.70 360.44 693.84 271.52 284.65 234.63 216.61 921.35 613.33 296.67 729.89 259.65 280.53 461.23
11.5 3.270 6.053
2300 (?) d. 237
5.44 4.42
277 expl. −H2O, 175 d. 100 d. 260
MnSO4·3H2O
205.04
sulfate (ous)
MnSO4·4H2O*
223.05
sulfate (ous)
MnSO4·5H2O
241.07
sulfate (ous)
MnSO4·6H2O
259.09
Masurium Mercuric acetate bromide carbonate, basic chloride (corrosive sublimate) fulminate hydroxide oxide (montroydite) oxychloride (kleinite) silicofluoride, basic sulfate sulfate, basic (turpeth) Mercurous acetate bromide carbonate
2-18
2.356 pink, rhb. or mn., 1.518 pink, tri., 1.508
wh. pl. wh., rhb. brn.-red wh., rhb., 1.859 cb. yel. or red, rhb., 2.5 yel., hex. yel. nd. wh., rhb. yel., tet. wh. sc. wh., tet. yel. pd.
2.107 15°
2.103
11.14 7.93 6.47 6.44 7.307
d. d. subl. 345 d. 130
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
Hot water
Other reagents
i. i. i. 64.519° d. 19.260° 64.817.5° s. 26.90° 72.40° d. s. s. 0.006525°
i. i. sl. s. d. 81.775° s. s. 68.3100° 17840°
63.40° 1518°
123.8100° ∞
s. al., m. al. s. aq. CO2, dil. a.; l. NH3, al. s. al.; i. et., NH3 s. al.; i. et.
129.5
s. 0.00220° i. 4260° i. i. i.
s. i. i. ∞ i. i. i.
s. al., et. s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk. s. h. H2SO4 v. s. al. s. a., NH4Cl s. a.; i. act. s. HCl; i. HNO3, act.
d. 850
530° 98.4748°
7350° 79.77100°
s. al.; i. et.
85.2735°
106.855°
1900
d.
700 Stable 57 to 117 Stable 40 to 57 Stable 30 to 40 Stable 18 to 30 Stable 8 to 18 Stable −5 to +8 Stable −10 to −5; 19 d. d. 160
sulfate (ous)
Boiling point, °C
1190 −H2O, 106; −4H2O, 200
5°
−4H2O, 450
74.22
99.3157°
13616°
16950°
5°
−7H2O, 280
322 304
s. 64.550°
200
2040°
2479°
176
d. HF s. al. s. al. s. dil. a.
i. al.
35°
142
0°
s. a. s. a.; i. alk. s. a.; i. al. d. al.
25114°
v. s.
d.
s. HCl, dil. H2SO4; l. conc. H2SO4, HNO3
2510° 0.520° i. 3.60° sl. s. i. 0.005225° i. d. d. 0.005 0.7513° 7 × 10−9 i.
100100° 25100°
s. al. sl. d. 25.20° al.; v. sl. s. et. s. aq. CO2, NH4Cl 3325° 99% al.; 33 et. s. NH4OH, al. s. a. s. a.; i. al. s. HCl s. a. s. a.; i. al., act., NH8 s. a.; i. al. s. H2SO4, HNO3; i. al. s. a.; i. al., act. s. NH4Cl
61.3100° i. 0.041100° d. 0.167100° d. i. d.
HgCl
236.07
wh., tet., 1.9733
7.150
302
383.7
0.00140°
0.000743°
iodide nitrate Mercurous oxide
HgI HgNO3·H2O Hg2O
327.53 280.63 417.22
yel., tet. wh. mn. bk.
7.70 4.7853.9° 9.8
290 d. 70 d. 100
subl. 140; 310d. expl.
2 × 10−8 v. s. i.
v. sl. s. d. 0.0007
sulfate Mercury† Molybdenum
Hg2SO4 Hg Mo
497.28 200.61 95.95
wh., mn. silv. lq. or hex.(?) gray, cb.
7.56 13.54620° 10.2
d. −38.87 2620 10
0.05516.5° i. i.
0.092100° i. i.
MoCl2
166.85
yel., amor.
3.714 25° 4
d.
i.
i.
3.578 25° 4
d.
chloride (calomel)
chloride, dichloride, tri-
MoCl3
202.32
dark red pd.
chloride, tetra-
MoCl4
237.78
brn., delq.
chloride, pentaoxide, tri- (molybdite) sulfide, di- (molybdenite) sulfide, trisulfide, tetraMolybdic acid Molybdic acid Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel
MoCl5 MoO3 MoS2 MoS3 MoS4 H2MoO4 H2MoO4·H2O Nd Ne 239
273.24 143.95 160.07 192.13 224.19 161.97 179.98 144.27 20.18
Np Ni
239 58.69 176.78 291.20 394.99 422.62 218.52 272.57 320.71 841.51 118.70 587.58
carbonyl chloride chloride
Ni(C2H3O2)2 NiCl2·NH4Cl·6H2O NiSO4·(NH4)2SO4· 6H2O Ni(BrO3)2·6H2O NiBr2 NiBr2·3H2O NiBr2·6NH3 NiPtBr6·6H2O NiCO3 2NiCO3·3Ni(OH)2· 4H2O Ni(CO)4 NiCl2 NiCl2·6H2O*
chloride, ammonia cyanide dimethylglyoxime
NiCl2·6NH3 Ni(CN)2·4H2O NiC8H14O4N4
231.80 182.79 288.91
formate hydroxide (ic) hydroxide (ous) nitrate nitrate, ammonia oxide, mono- (bunsenite) potassium cyanide sulfate
Ni(HCO2)2·2H2O Ni(OH)3 Ni(OH)2·d H2O Ni(NO3)2·6H2O Ni(NO3)2·4NH3·2H2O NiO Ni(CN)2·2KCN·H2O NiSO4
184.76 109.71 97.21 290.80 286.87 74.69 258.97 154.75
acetate ammonium chloride ammonium sulfate bromate bromide bromide bromide, ammonia bromoplatinate carbonate carbonate, basic
170.73 129.60 237.70
bk. cr. col., rhb. bk., hex., 4.7 red-brn. brn. pd. yel-wh., hex. yel., mn. yellowish col. gas
2.928 25° 4 19.5°
4.50 4.80114°
3.12415° 6.920° lq. 1.204−245.9° 0.674 (A)
s. lq. O2, al., act., bz.
i.
s. dil. HNO3; sl. s. H2SO4, HCl; i. NH3 i. al.
s.
d.
194
268
s.
795 1185 d. d. d. 115 −H2O, 70 840 −248.67
subl.
−2H2O, 200 −245.9
d. 18°
0.107 i. sl. s. i. v. sl. s. 0.13318° d. 2.60° cc 238
Produced by Neutron bombardment of U 1452 2900 i.
gn. pr. gn., delq., mn. blue-gn., mn., 1.5007 gn., cb. yel., delq. gn., delq. vl. pd. trig. lt. gn., rhb. lt. gn.
1.798 1.645 1.923
d.
2.575 4.64 28° 4
16.6 15025° 2.53.5°
v. s. 39.288°
v. sl. s. (NH4)2SO4
d. d. −3H2O, 200
28 112.80° 1999° v. s.
156100° 316100° d.
s. NH4OH s. al., et., NH4OH s. al., et., NH4OH i. c. NH4OH
d. d.
0.009325° i.
i. d.
s. a. s. a., NH4 salts
0.0189.8° 53.80° 180
i. 87.6100° v. s.
s. aq. reg., HNO3, al., et. s. NH4OH, al.; i. NH3 v. s. al.
s. i. i.
d. i. i.
s. NH4OH; i. al. s. KCN; i. dil. KCl s. abs. al., a.; i. ac., NH4OH
i. v. sl. s. ∞56.7°
s. a., NH4OH, NH4Cl s. a., NH4OH; i. alk. s. NH4OH; i. abs. al. i. al. s. a., NH4OH d. a. i. al., et., act.
1.837 3.715
gn. pl. scarlet red cr.
1.145° cc
d.
d.
8.9020
1.3117° 3.544
2.10679° i. s. i. sl. s. 2.1370°
i.
volt.
silv. met., cb.
lq. yel., delq. gn., delq., mn., 1.57
356.9 3700
s. aq. reg., Hg(NO3)2; sl. s. HNO3, HCl; i. al., etc. s. KI; i. al. s. HNO3; i. al., et. s. h. ac.; i. alk., dil. HCl, NH3 s. H2SO4, HNO3 s. HNO3; i. HCl s. h. conc. H2SO4; i. HCl, HF, NH3, dil. H2SO4, Hg s. HCl, H2SO4, NH4OH, al., et. s. HNO3, H2SO4; v. sl. s. al., et. s. HNO3, H2SO4; sl. s. al., et. s. HNO3, H2SO4; i. abs. al., et. s. a., NH4OH s. H2SO4, aq. reg. s. alk. sulfides s. alk. sulfides; i. NH3 s. NH4OH, H2SO4; i. NH s. a., NH4OH, NH4, salts
−25 subl.
43751mm 973
−4H2O, 200 subl. 250
d.
gn. cr. bk. lt. gn. gn., mn.
2.154 4.36 2.05
d. d. d. 56.7
gn.-bk., cb., 2.37 red yel., mn. yel., cb.
7.45 1.87511° 3.68
Forms Ni2O3 at 400 −H2O, 100 −SO3, 840
136.7
s. i. v. sl. s. 243.00° v. s. i. s. 27.20°
i. 76.7100°
*Usual commercial form. †See also Tables 2-28 and 2-280. 2-19
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
TABLE 2-1
Name Nickel (Cont.) sulfate
Formula NiSO4·6H2O*
sulfate (morenosite) Nitric acid Nitric acid Nitric acid Nitro acid sulfite Nitrogen
NiSO4·7H2O HNO3 HNO3·H2O HNO3·3H2O NO2HSO3 N2
Nitrogen oxide, mono- (ous)
N2O
oxide, di- (ic)
NO or (NO)2
oxide, tri-
N2O3
oxide, tetra- (per- or di-)
NO2 or (NO2)2
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
262.85
gn. mn. or blue, tet., 1.5109 gn., rhb., 1.4893 col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col., rhb. col. gas or cb. cr.
280.86 63.02 81.03 117.06 127.08 28.02 44.02
col. gas
30.01 (60.02) 76.02
col. gas red-brn. gas or blue lq. or solid yel. lq., col. solid, red-brn. gas wh., rhb.
oxide, penta-
N2O5
46.01 (92.02) 108.02
oxybromide oxychloride
NOBr NOCl
109.92 65.47
brn. lq. red-yel. lq. or gas
Nitroxyl chloride Osmium chloride, dichloride, trichloride, tetraOxygen
NO2Cl Os OsCl2 OsCl3 OsCl4 O2
81.47 190.2 261.11 296.57 332.03 32.00
yel.-brn. gas blue, hex. gn., delq. brn., cb. red-yel. nd. col. gas or hex. solid
Ozone
O3
Palladium bromide (ous) chloride chloride cyanide hydride Palladous dichlorodiammine Perchloric acid Perchloric acid Perchloric acid Periodic acid Periodic acid Permanganic acid Permolybdic acid Persulfuric acid Phosphamic acid Phosphatomolybdic acid Phosphine Phosphonium chloride 2-20
48.00
col. gas
Pd
106.70
silv. met., cb.
PdBr2 PdCl2 PdCl2·2H2O Pd(CN)2
266.53 177.61 213.65 158.74
brn. brn., cb. brn. pr. yel.
Pd2H Pd(NH3)2Cl2 HClO4 HClO4·H2O HClO4·2H2O* 73.6% anh. HIO4 HIO4·2H2O HMnO4 HMoO4·2H2O H2S2O8 PONH2·(OH)2 H7P(Mo2O7)6·28H2O PH3
214.41 211.68 100.46 118.48 136.50
met. red or yel., tet. unstable, col. lq fairly stable nd. stable lq., col.
PH4Cl
191.93 227.96 119.94 196.99 194.14 97.02 2365.88 34.00 70.47
wh. cr. delq., mn. exists only in solution wh. cr. hyg. cr. cb. yel. cb. col. gas wh., cb.
Specific gravity 2.07 1.948 1.502
Melting point, °C
1.448
18°
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
tr. 53.3
−6H2O, 280
13150°
98–100 −42 −38 −18.5 73 d. −209.86
−6H2O, 103 86
0°
Hot water 280100° 30°
117.8 ∞ ∞ ∞
−195.8
63.5 ∞ ∞ 263−20° d. 2.350° cc
−90.7
130.520° cc
−151
7.340° cc
60.8224° cc 0.0100°
3.5
s.
−9.3
21.3
d.
1.026−252.5° 0.808−195.8° 12.50° (D) lq. 1.226−89° −102.3 1.530 (A) lq. 1.269−150.2° −161 1.0367 (A) 1.4472° −102 20°
Boiling point, °C
1.5520° cc
Other reagents v. s. NH4OH, al. s. al. expl. with al. d. al. d. al. s. H2SO4 sl. s. al. s. H2SO4, al. 26.6 cc al.; 3.5 cc H2SO4; s. aq. FeSO4 s. a., et. s. HNO3, H2SO4, chl., CS2
1.63
30
47
s.
>1.0 1.417−12° 2.31 (A) lq. 1.3214° 22.4820°
−55.5 −64.5
−2 −5.5
d. d.
<−30 2700
5 >5300
1.14−188° 1.426−252.5° 1.1053 (A) 1.71−183° 3.03−80° 1.658 (A) 12.020° 111550°
−218.4
−183
d i. s. d. sl. s. s. d. 4.890° cc
−251
−112
0.4940° cc
060° cc
s. oil turp., oil cinn.
1555
2200
i.
i.
i. s. s. i.
i. s. s. i.
s. aq. reg., h. H2SO4; i. NH3 s. HBr s. HCl, act., al. s. HCl, act., al. s. HCN, KCN, NH4OH; i. dil. a.
d. 560–600
500 d. d. 11.06 2.5 1.768 22° 4 1.88 1.71 25° 4
Forms HNO3 s. fuming H2SO4 i.
2.630° cc 1.7100° cc
sl. s. aq. reg., HNO3; i. NH3 s. NaCl, al., et. s. a., alk., al.; sl. s. et. s. HCl, al. sl. s. al., s. fused Ag
d.
−90°
lq. 0.746 1.146 (A)
−112 50 −17.8
1618mm d. 200
d. 138 d. 110
subl. 110
<60 d. 78 −132.5 46atm
28
s. s. s. v. s.
−25H2O, 140 −85
s. v. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. s. 2617° cc
subl.
d.
s. a., NH4OH s. al. v. s. d. v. s. d. v. s. d. 100°
i.
sl. s. al., et. d. al. i. al. s. HNO8 s. Cu2Cl2, al., et.
Phosphoric acid, hypoPhosphoric acid, meta-
H4P2O6 HPO3
161.99 79.99
cr. vitreous, delq.
2.2–2.5
55 subl.
d. 70
s. s.
Phosphoric acid, orthoPhosphoric acid, pyro-
H3PO4† H4P2O7
98.00 177.99
col., rhb. wh. nd.
1.834
42.35 61
−a H2O, 213
2340 80028°
Phosphorous acid, hypoPhosphorous acid, orthoPhosphorous acid, pyroPhosphorus, black Phosphorus, red Phosphorus, yellow
H3PO2 H3PO3 H4P2O6 P4 P4 P4
66.00 82.00 145.99 123.92 123.92 123.92
syrupy col. nd. rhombohedral red, cb. yel., hex., 2.1168
1.49318.8° 1.65121.2°
26.5 74 38
d. d. 200 d. 130 ign. in air, 400 ign. in air, 725 280
∞ 307.30° d. i. i. 0.0003
PCl3 PCl5
137.35 208.27
col., fuming lq. delq., tet.
−111.8 148 under pressure subl. 250 2
75.95760mm subl. 160
d. d.
21.4520° lq. 191755°
1755
4300
chloride, trichloride, pentaoxide, pentaoxychloride Phosphotungstic acid Platinum
P2O5 POCl2 P2O5·2WO3·42H2O Pt
141.96 153.35 3681.67 195.23
wh., delq., amor. col., fuming lq. yel.-gn. cr. silv. met., cb.
18.2°
2.69 2.2020° 1.8220°; lq. 1.74544.5° 1.574 20.8° 4 solid 1.6; 3.60295° (A) 2.387 1.675
59043atm 44.1; ign. 34
26°
Forms H3PO4 d. s. i.
107.2760mm
25°
45062° Forms H3PO4 v. s. Forms H3PO4 ∞ 73040°
i. CS2 s. alk.; i. CS2, NH3, et. 0.4 al.; 100010° CS2; 1.50°, 1081° bs.; s. NH3 s. et., chl., CS2 s. CS2, C6H5COCl
v. s.
s. H2SO4; i. NH3, act. d. al. s. al., et. s. aq. reg., fused alk.
i.
PtCl4
337.06
brn.
d. 370
140
v. s.
chloride (ous)
PtCl2
266.14
brn.
5.8711°
d. 581
i.
i.
PtCl4·8H2O Pt(CN)2 Pu Pu K
481.19 247.27 238 239 39.10
red, mn. yel.-brn.
2.43
−4H2O, 100
v. s. i.
v. s. i.
d.
KC2H3O2 KH(C2H3O2)2 K2(AlO2)2·3H2O KNH2 KH2AsO4 KAu(CN)4·1·5H2O KAu(CN)2 KHCO3 KHSO4 KBrO3 KBr K2CO3 K2CO3·2H2O 2K2CO3·3H3O KClO3 KCl K2PtCl6 K2CrO4 KCNO KCN K2Cr2O7 K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O KHCO2 KH KHS KOH KIO3 KI
98.14 158.19 250.18 55.12 180.02 367.39 288.33 100.11 136.16 167.01 119.01 138.20 174.23 330.45 122.56 74.56 486.16 194.20 81.11 65.11 294.21 329.25 422.39 84.11 40.10 72.16 56.10 214.02 166.02
wh. pd. delq. nd. or pl. cr. yel.-grn. col., tet., 1.5674 pl. rhb. mn., 1.482 rhb., or mn., 1.480 trig. col., cb., 1.5594 wh., delq. pd., 1.531 rhb. mn. col., mn., 1.5167 col., cb., 1.4904 yel., cb., 1.825 yel., rhb., 1.7261 wh., tet. wh., cb., delq., 1.410 red, tri. red, mn. pr., 1.5689 yel., mn., 1.5772 col., rhb. cb., 1.453 wh., delq., rhb. wh., delq., rhb. col., mn. wh., cb., 1.6670
Forms KOH 39690°
acetate acetate, acid aluminate amide arsenate (monobasic) auricyanide aurocyanide bicarbonate bisulfate bromate bromide carbonate carbonate carbonate chlorate chloride (sylvite) chloroplatinate chromate (tarapacaite) cyanate cyanide dichromate ferricyanide ferrocyanide formate hydride hydrosulfide hydroxide iodate iodide
silv. met., cb.
238
Produced by deuteron bombardment on U Produced by neutron bombardment on U238 0.8620° 62.3 760 lq. 0.8342° 1.8 292 148 d. 200 2.867 2.17 2.35 3.2717.5° 2.7525° 2.29 2.043 2.13 2.32 1.988 3.499 2.73218° 2.048 1.5216° 2.69 1.84 1.85317° 1.91 0.80 2.0 2.044 3.89 3.13
338 288 d. 200 d. 100–200 210 370 d. 730 891 368 790 d. 250 975 634.5 398 d. −3HO2, 70 167.5 d. 455 380 560 723
subl. 400
d. 1380 d. d. 400 1500
d. d. 1320 1330
2170° d. s. d. 18.876° s. 14.3 22.40° 36.30° 3.110° 53.50° 105.50° 1830° 129.40° 3.30° 27.60° 0.740° 58.00° s. s. 4.90° 334.4° 27.812.2° 33118° d. s. 970° 4.730° 127.50°
s. al. v. s. al., et.
i. i. sl. s.
chloride (ic)
chloride (ic) cyanide (ous) Plutonium Plutonium Potassium
i. lq. CO2
d. v. s. v. s. 200100° 6060° 121.6100° 49.75100° 104100° 156100° 331100° 268100° 57100° 56.7100° 5.2100° 75.6100° d. 122.2108.8° 80100° 77.5100° 90.696.8° 65790° s. d. 178100° 32.2100° 208100°
s. al., act.; sl. s. NH2; i. et. s. HCl, NH4OH; sl. s. NH3; i. al., et. s. al., et. i. alk. s. a., al., Hg 33 al.; i. et. s. ac. s. alk.; i al. d. al.; 3.625° NH3 i. al. s. al. sl. s. al.; i. et. i. satd. K2CO3, al. d. al. sl. s. al.; i. act. sl. s. al., et. i. al. 0.83 al.; s. alk. s. al., alk. i. al., et. i. al. v. sl. s. al. s. gly.; 0.919.5° al.; 1.3 h. al. i. al. s. act.; sl. s. al.; i. NH3 s. act.; i. NH3, al., et. sl. s. al.; i. et. i. et., bz., CS2 s. al. v. s. al., et.; i. NH3 s. KI; i. al., NH3 420° al.; s. NH3; sl. s. et.
*One commercial form 70 to 72 per cent. †Common commercial form 85 per cent H3PO4 in aqueous solution. 2-21
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Formula
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Potassium (Cont.) iodide, triiodoplatinate manganate metabisulfite nitrate (saltpeter) nitrite oxalate oxalate, acid oxalate, acid oxide perchlorate permanganate persulfate phosphate, monobasic
KI3 K2PtI6 K2MnO4 K2S2O5 KNO3 KNO2 K2C2O4·H2O KHC2O4* KHC2O4·a H2O K2O KClO4 KMnO4 K2S2O3 KH2PO4
419.86 1034.94 197.12 222.31 101.10 85.10 184.23 128.12 137.13 94.19 138.55 158.03 270.31 136.09
phosphate, dibasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, metaphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophthalate, acid platinocyanide silicate silicate, tetrasulfate (arcanite) Potassium sulfate, pyrosulfide, monosulfite sulfite, acid tartrate tartrate, acid thiocyanate
K2HPO4 K3PO4 KPO3 K4P4O12·2H2O K4P2O7·3H2O KHC8H4O4 K2Pt(CN)4·3H2O K2SiO3 K2Si4O9·H2O K2SO4 K2S2O7 K2S·5H2O K2SO3·2H2O KHSO3 K2C4H4O6·a H2O KHC4H4O6* KCNS
174.18 212.27 118.08 508.34 384.39 204.22 431.54 154.25 352.45 174.25 254.31 200.33 194.28 120.16 235.27 188.18 97.17
thiosulfate thiosulfate Praseodymium Radium bromide Radon (Niton)
K2S2O3 3K2S2O3·H2O Pr Ra RaBr2 Rn
190.31 588.95 140.92 226.05 385.88 222.0
dark blue, delq., mn. cb. gn., rhb. mn., pl. col., rhb., 1.5038 pr. wh., mn. mn., 1.545 trimetric wh., cb. col., rhb., 1.4737 purple, rhb. wh., tri., 1.4669 col., delq., tet., 1.5095 wh., delq. wh., rhb. wh. pd. amor. delq. wh. cr. yel., rhb., 1.62 hyg. 1.521 rhb., 1.530 col., rhb., 1.4947 col. rhb., delq. wh., rhb. wh., mn. col., mn., 1.526 col., rhb. col., delq., mn., 1.660 col., cb. delq., mn. yel. wh., met. wh., mn. gas
Rhenium
Re
186.31
hex.
Rhodium chloride chloride Rubidium
Rh RhCl3 RhCl3·4H2O Rb
102.91 209.28 281.35 85.48
gray-wh., cb. red dark red silv. wh.
Ruthenium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenic acid Selenic acid Selenium Selenium
Ru Ru Sm (also Sa) Sc H2SeO4 H2SeO4·H2O Se8 Se8
101.70 101.70 150.43 45.10 144.98 162.99 631.68 631.68
bk., porous gray, hex.
Name
2-22
hex. pr. nd. red pd., amor., 2.92 gray, trig., 3.00; red, hex.
Specific gravity 3.498 5.18 2.1110.6° 1.915 2.13 2.0 2.32 20° 4 2.524 11° 4 2.703 2.338 2.56417° 2.25814.5° 2.26414.5° 2.33 1.63 2.4516° 2.417 2.662 2.277
1.98 1.956 1.886 2.23 6.520° 5? 5.79 lq. 5.5; 111 (D)
Melting point, °C 45 d. 190 d. 150 tr. 129; 333 297 d. d. d.
Boiling point, °C d. 225
d. 400 d. 350
d. 400 d. <240 d. <100 256 d. 1340 tr. 450; 798 −2H2O, 100 −2H2O, 180 d. 976 d. 400 tr. 588 300 60 d. d. 190
1320 d. −3H2O, 300
−3H2O, 150 d.
172.3 d. 400 −H2O, 180 940 960 728 −71
d. 500
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water v. s. s. d. 250° 13.30° 2810° 28.70° 14.350° 2.20° Forms KOH 0.750° 2.830° 1.770° 14.80°
Hot water
s. KI, al. 12094° 246100° 413100° 83.2100° 48.1100° 51.5100° v. s. 21.8100° 32.3575° 1040° 83.590°
3325° 193.125° s. s. s. 10.225° sl. s. s. s. 7.350° s. s. 100 45.515° 12.517.5° 0.370° 1770°
v. s. v. s. s. 83 v. s. 36 v. s. s. s. 24.1100° d.
96.10°
311.290°
>100 91.575° 278100° 6.1100° 21720°
d. 1140 subl. 900 −62
1955 d. 450
>2500 subl. 800
lq. 1.47588.5; 1.5320° 8.6 12.220° 7.7 2.5? 2.950 15° 4 2.627 15° 4 4.2625° 4.80; 4.50
38.5 >1950 2450 >1300 1200 58 26 50 220
s. KOH sl. s. al.; i. et. 0.130° al.; i. et. v. s. NH3; sl. s. al.
s. al., et. 0.10520° m. al.; i. et. s. H2SO4; d. al. i. al. i. al. sl. s. al. i. al. s. a. i. al. s. al., et. i. al. i. al. i. al., act., CS2 s. al., gly.; i. et. sl. s. al.; i. NH3 i. abs. al. sl. s. al. s. a., alk.; i. al., ac. 20.822° act.; s. al. i. al.
d. d. +H2 7020° 510° cc
s. 8.560° cc
3440 12.5
Other reagents
d. a. s. al. i. HF, HCl; s. H2SO4; HNO3 sl. s. aq. reg., a. v. sl. s. alk.; i. aq. reg., a. s. HCl, al.; i. et. s. a., al.
i. i.
700
i. i. v. s. d.
>2700
i. i.
i. i.
sl. s. aq. reg., a.
2400 260 205 688 688
130030° v. s. i. i.
∞60°
s. H2SO4; d. al.; i. NH3
i. i.
s. CS2, H2SO4, CH2I2 s. CS2, H2SO4
Selenium Selenous acid Silicic acid, metaSilicic acid, orthoSilicon, crystalline
Se8 H2SeO3 H2SiO3 H4SiO4 Si
631.68 128.98 78.08 96.09 28.06
4.825° 3.004 15° 4 2.1–2.3 1.57617° 2.420°
cr. brn., amor. blue-bk., trig., 2.654 lf. or lq. col., fuming lq., 1.412 gas col. gas iridescent, amor. col., cb. or tet., 1.487
217 d.
688
2600
i. 900° i. sl. s. i.
i. 40090° i. sl. s. i.
1420
2.0–2.5
2600
i.
i.
2 3.17 1.580° 1.50
>2700 −1 −70
2600 subl. 2200 144760mm 57.6
i. i. d. d.
i. i.
3.57 (A) lq. 0.68−185° 2.2 2.32
−95.7 −185 1600–1750 1710
−651810mm −112760mm subl. 1750 2230
v. s. d. i. i. i.
Silicon, graphitic
Si
Silicon, amorphous carbide chloride, trichloride, tetra-
Si SiC Si2Cl6 SiCl4
28.06 40.07 268.86 169.89
SiF4 SiH4 SiO2·xH2O SiO2
104.06 32.09
SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 Ag AgBr
60.06 60.06 60.06 107.88 187.80
hex., 1.5442 trig., rhb., 1.469 silv. met., cb. pa. yel., cb., 2.252
2.20 2.65020° 2.26 10.520° 6.473 25° 4
tr. <1425 tr. 1670 960.5 434
2230 2230 2230 1950 d. 700
i. i. i. i. 0.0000220°
i. 0.00037100°
carbonate chloride (cerargyrite)
Ag2CO3 AgCl
275.77 143.34
yel. pd. wh., cb., 2.071
6.077 5.56
218 d. 455
1550
0.00320° 0.00008910°
0.05100° 0.00217100°
cyanide nitrate (lunar caustic) Sodium
AgCN AgNO3 Na
133.90 169.89 22.997
wh., 1.685 col., rhb., 1.744 silv. met, cb.
3.95 4.352 19° 4 0.9720°
−(CN)2, 320 212 97.5
444 d. 880
acetate acetate aluminate amide Sodium ammonium phosphate antimonate, metaarsenate arsenate, acid (monobasic) arsenate, acid (dibasic) arsenate, acid (dibasic) arsenite, acid benzoate bicarbonate bifluoride bisulfate bisulfite borate, tetraborate, tetra
NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2·3H2O NaAlO2 NaNH2 NaNH4HPO4·4H2O 2NaSbO3·7H2O Na3AsO4·12H2O NaH2AsO4·H2O Na2HAsO4·7H2O* Na2HAsO4·12H2O Na2HAs03 NaC7H5O2 NaHCO3 NaHF2 NaHSO4 NaHSO3 Na2B4O7 Na2B4O7·5H2O
82.04 136.09 81.97 39.02 209.09 511.63 424.09 181.94 312.02 402.10 169.91 144.11 84.01 62.00 120.06 104.06 201.27 291.35
wh., mn., 1.464 wh., mn. amor. olive gn. col., mn. cb. hex., 1.4589 rhb., 1.5535 col., mn., 1.4658 mn., 1.4496 col. col. cr. wh., mn., 1.500 col. cr. col., tri. col., mn., 1.526
1.528 1.45
324 58 1650 210 79 d.
col., rhb., 1.461
2.742 1.48 2.367 1.815
Na2B4O7·10H2O*
381.43
wh., mn., 1.4694
1.73
fluoride hydride (silane) oxide, di- (opal) oxide, di- (cristobalite) oxide, di- (lechatelierite) oxide, di- (quartz) oxide, di- (tridymite) Silver bromide (bromyrite)
borate, tetra- (borax)
28.06
steel gray hex. amor., 1.41 amor. gray, cb., 3.736
60.06
1.574
−3H2O, 120 400
1.759 2.535 1.871 1.72 1.87
86.3 d. 100 125 28
2.20
−CO2, 270 d. >315 d. 741
d., −H2O
75
−10H2O, 200
17.5°
bromate bromide bromide
NaBrO3 NaBr NaBr·2H2O
150.91 102.91 138.95
col., cb. col., cb., 1.6412 col., mn.
3.339 3.20517.5° 2.176
381 755 50.7
carbonate (soda ash) carbonate
Na2CO3 Na2CO3·H2O
106.00 124.02
2.533 1.55
851 −H2O, 100
carbonate carbonate (sal soda)
Na2CO3·7H2O Na2CO3·10H2O
232.12 286.16
wh. pd., 1.535 wh., rhb., 1.506– 1.509 rhb. or trig. wh., mn., 1.425
1.51 1.46
d. 35.1
−7H2O, 100 −12H2O, 100
0.00002220° 1220° d., forms NaOH 46.520° v. s. s. d. 16.7 0.03112.8° 26.717° s. 6115° 5.590.1° v. s. 62.525° 6.90° 3.720° 500° sl. s. 1.30° 2262° (anh.)
i. i. i. i.
952100° 170100° v. s. v. s. 100
s. HF; i. alk. s. HF; i. alk. s. HF; i. alk. s. HNO3, h. H2SO4; i. alk. 0.5118° NH4OH; s. KCN, Na2S2O3 s. NH4OH, Na2S2O3; i. al. s. NH4OH, KCN; sl. s. HCl s. NH4OH, KCN, HNO3 s. gly.; v. sl. s. al. i. bz.; d. al. 2.118° al. 7.825° abs. al. i. al. d. al. i. al. sl. s. al., NH4 salts; i. ac. 1.67 al., 5015° gly. sl. s. al. sl. s. al. 2.325°, 8.378° al. i. al.
1390
27.5 9020° 79.50° (anh.)
d.
7.10° s. s. 21.50°
s. 23830°
0°
s. HNO3, al., et. i. al., et.; d. KOH s. HF, h. alk., fused CaCl2 s. HF; i. alk.
v. s. 140.730° 76.9100° 16.460° s. 100100° s. 8.7940° 52.3100° (anh.) 20.380° (anh.) 90.9100° 121100° 118.380° (anh.) 48.5104° s.
1.30.5 (anh).
i. CS2; s. H2SO4 v. s. al.; i. NH3 s. alk.; i. NH4Cl s. alk.; i. NH4Cl s. HNO3 + HF, Ag; sl. s. Pb, Zn; i. HF s. HNO3 + HF, fused alk.; i. HF. s. HF, KOH s. fused alk.; i. a. d. alk. d. conc. H2SO4, al.
d. al.; i. NH3 i. al., act. i. al. s. gly.; i. abs. al. i. al. sl. s. al. sl. s. al. i. al., et. s. gly.; i. al., et. i. al.
*Usual commercial form. 2-23
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
TABLE 2-1
Name Sodium ammonium phosphate (Cont.) carbonate, sesqui- (trona) chlorate
Formula
Na3H(CO3)2·2H2O NaClO3
Formula weight
Specific gravity
NaCl Na2CrO4 Na2CrO4·10H2O 2Na3C6H5O7·11H2O NaCN Na2Cr2O7·2H2O
58.45 162.00 342.16 714.36 49.02 298.05
ferricyanide ferrocyanide
Na3Fe(CN)6·H2O Na4Fe(CN)6·10H2O
298.97 484.11
red, delq. yel., mn.
1.458
fluoride (villiaumite) formate hydride
NaF NaHCO2 NaH
tet., 1.3258 wh., mn. silv. nd., 1.470
2.79 1.919 0.92
992 253 d. 800
hydrosulfide hydrosulfide hydrosulfite hydroxide hydroxide hypochlorite iodide iodide lactate nitrate (soda niter) nitrite
NaSH·2H2O NaSH·3H2O Na2S2O4·2H2O NaOH NaOH·3a H2O NaOCl NaI* NaI·2H2O NaC3H5O3 NaNO3 NaNO2
2.130
d. 22 d. 318.4 15.5 d. 651
1300
2.257 2.1680°
d. 308 271
d. 380 d. 320
oxide
Na2O
2.27
subl.
2-24
NaBO3·H2O NaClO4 NaClO4·H2O Na2O2* Na2O2·8H2O NaH2PO4·H2O* NaH2PO4·2H2O Na2HPO4·7H2O Na2HPO4·12H2O Na3PO4 Na3PO4·12H2O* Na4P4O12 Na4P2O7* Na4P2O7·10H2O Na2H2P2O7 Na2H2P2O7·6H2O NaKC4H4O6·4H2O Na2SiO3 Na2SiO3·9H2O Na4SiO4 Na2SiF6 Na2SnO3·3H2O Na2SO4 Na2SO4
92.10 110.11 210.15 40.00 103.06 74.45 149.92 185.95 112.07 85.01 69.01 61.99 99.83 122.45 140.47 77.99 222.12 138.01 156.03 268.09 358.17 163.97 380.16 407.91 265.95 446.11 221.97 330.07 282.23 122.05 284.20 184.05 188.05 266.74 142.05 142.05
col., delq., nd. rhb. col. cr. wh., delq. mn. pa. yel., in soln. only col., cb., 1.7745 col., mn. col., amor. col., trig., 1.5874 pa. yel., rhb. wh., delq. wh. pd. rhb., 1.4617 hex. yel.-wh. pd. wh., hex. col., rhb., 1.4852 col., rhb., 1.4629 col., mn., 1.4424 col., mn., 1.4361 wh. wh., trig., 1.4458 col. wh. mn., 1.4525 col., mn., 1.510 col., mn., 1.4645 rhb., 1.493 col., rhb., 1.520 rhb. col., hex., 1.530 wh., hex., 1.312 hex. tablets col., rhb., 1.477 col., mn.
2.163 2.723 1.483 1.857 23.5° 4 18°
2.52
3.6670° 2.448
2.02 2.805 2.040 1.91 1.679 1.52 2.53717.5° 1.62 2.476 2.45 1.82 1.862 1.848 1.790
2.679 2.698
d. 248
Boiling point, °C
chloride chromate chromate citrate cyanide dichromate
42.00 68.01 24.005
2.112 2.49015°
Melting point, °C
wh., mn., 1.5073 wh., cb., or trig., 1.5151 col., cb., 1.5443 yel., rhb. yel., delq., mn. wh., rhb. wh., cb., 1.452 red, mn., 1.6994
perborate perchlorate perchlorate peroxide peroxide phosphate, monobasic phosphate, monobasic phosphate, dibasic phosphate, dibasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, tribasic phosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, pyrophosphate (pyrodisodium) phosphate (pyrodisodium) potassium tartrate silicate, metaSodium silicate, metasilicate, orthosilicofluoride stannate sulfate (thenardite) sulfate
226.05 106.45
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
800.4 392 19.9 −11H2O, 150 563.7 −2H2O, 84.6; 356 (anh.)
d. 40 482 d. d. 130 d. d. 30 −H2O, 100 60 d. 34.6 1340 73.4 616 d. 988 d. d. 220 70 to 80 1088 47 1018 d. d. 140 tr. 100 to mn. tr. 500 to hex.
d. 1413 d. 1496 d. 400
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
130° 790°
42100° 230100° 0°
1390
d. 200 −12H2O, 180 −11H2O, 100
−4H2O, 215 −6H2O, 100
100°
35.7 320° v. s. 9125° 4810° 2380°
39.8 126100° ∞ 250100° 8235° 50880°
18.90° 17.920° (anh.)
67100° 6398.5° (anh.) 5100° 160100°
40° 440° d. d.
Hot water
s. s. 2220° 420° s. 260° 158.70° v. s. v. s. 730° 72.10°
s. s. d. 347100° v. s. 15856° 302100° v. s. v. s. 180100° 163.2100°
Forms NaOH sl. s. 1700° 20915° s. d. s. d. 710° 91.10° 18540° 4.30° 4.50° 28.315° s. 2.260° 5.40° 4.50° 6.90° 260° s. v. s. s. 0.440° 500° 50° 48.840°
d. 320100° 28450° d. d. 39083° 30840° 2000100° 76.730° 77100° ∞ s. 4596° 93100° 2140° 3640° 6626° s. d. v. s. s. 2.45100° 6750° 42100° 42.5100°
Other reagents
s. al. sl. s. al.; i. conc. HCl sl. s. al. i. al. s. NH3; sl. s. al. i. al. i. al. v. sl. s. al. sl. s. al.; i. et. i. bz., CS2, CCl4, NH3; s. molten metal s. al.; d. a. s. al.; d. a. i. al. v. s. al., et., gly.; i. act. v. s. al., act. v. s. NH3 s. al.; i. et. s. NH3; sl. s. gly., al. 0.320° et.; 0.3 abs. al.; 4.420° m. al.; v. s. NH3 d. al. s. gly., alk. s. al.; 51 m. al.; 52 act.; i. et. s. al. s. dil. a. i. al. i. al. i. CS2 s. a., alk. d. a. i. al., NH3 sl. s. al. i. Na or K salts, al. 2918°, a N NaOH i. al. i. al., act. i. al. d. HI; s. H2SO4
sulfate sulfate sulfate (Glauber’s salt) sulfide, monosulfide, tetrasulfide, pentasulfite sulfite tartrate thiocyanate thiosulfate thiosulfate (hypo) tungstate tungstate tungstate, parauranate vanadate vanadate, pyroStannic chloride
Na2SO4 Na2SO4.7H2O Na2SO4.10H2O Na2S Na2S4 Na2S5 Na2SO3 Na2SO3.7H2O Na2C4H4O6.2H2O NaCNS Na2S2O3 Na2S2O3.5H2O* Na2WO4 Na2WO4.2H2O* Na6W7O24.16H2O Na2UO4 Na3VO4.16H2O Na4V2O7 SnCl4
142.05 268.17 322.21 78.05 174.23 206.29 126.05 252.17 230.10 81.08 158.11 248.19 293.91 329.95 2097.68 348.06 472.20 305.89 260.53
col., hex. tet. col., mn., 1.396 pink or wh., amor. yel., cb. yel. hex. pr., 1.565 mn. rhb. delq., rhb., 1.625 mn. mn. pr., 1.5079 wh., rhb. wh., rhb. wh., tri. yel. col. nd. hex. col., fuming lq.
884 1.464 1.856 2.633 15° 4 1.561 1.818
2.226
866 (anh.) 654 −30.2
7.0
1127
SnO2
150.70
wh., tet., 1.9968
346.85
col., delq., hex.
SnBr2 SnCl2 SnCl2.2H2O* SnSO4 Sr
278.53 189.61 225.65 214.76 87.63
yel., rhb. wh., rhb. wh., tri. wh. cr. silv. met.
2.71
acetate carbonate (strontianite) chloride chloride hydroxide hydroxide
Sr(C2H3O2)2 SrCO3 SrCl2 SrCl2.6H2O* Sr(OH)2 Sr(OH)2.8H2O*
205.72 147.64 158.54 266.64 121.65 265.77
wh. cr. wh., rhb., 1.664 wh., cb., 1.6499 wh., rhb., 1.5364 wh., delq. col., tet., 1.499
2.099 3.70 3.052 1.93317° 3.625 1.90
nitrate nitrate oxide (strontia)
Sr(NO3)2* Sr(NO3)2.4H2O SrO
211.65 283.71 103.63
col., cb., 1.5878 wh., mn. col., cb., 1.870
2.986 2.2 4.7
SrO2 SrO2.8H2O SrSO4 Sr(HSO4)2 NH2SO3H S S8 S8 S2Br2 S2Cl2 SCl2 SCl4 SO2
119.63 263.76 183.69 281.77 97.09 32.06 256.48 256.48 223.95 135.03 102.97 173.89 64.06
wh. pd. wh. cr. col., rhb., 1.6237 col., granular wh., rhb. pa. yel. pd., 2.0–2.9 pa. yel., mn. pa. yel., rhb. red, fuming lq. red-yel. lq. dark red fuming lq. yel.-brn. lq. col. gas
oxide, tri-(β) Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid
SO3 (SO3)2 H2SO4* H2SO4.H2O
80.06 160.12 98.08 116.09
col. pr. col., silky, nd. col., viscous lq. pr. or lq.
d.
d. 48.0 692 −2H2O, 100 −16H2O, 300
Sn(SO4)2.2H2O
oxide, tri-(α)
275 251.8 d. −7H2O, 150 287
sulfate
peroxide peroxide sulfate (celestite) sulfate, acid Sulfamic acid Sulfur, amorphous Sulfur, monoclinic Sulfur, rhombic Sulfur bromide, monochloride, monochloride, dichloride, tetraoxide, di-
−10H2O, 100
1.667 1.685 4.179 3.245 3.98714°
oxide (cassiterite)
Stannous bromide chloride chloride (tin salt) sulfate Strontium
32.4
5.1217° 15.5°
2.6
3.96 2.03 12° 4 2.046 1.96 2.07 2.635 1.687 1.621 15° 15 lq., 1.4340°; 2.264 (A) lq., 1.923; 2.75 (A) 1.9720° 1.834 18° 4 1.842 15° 4
215.5 246.8 37.7 −SO2, 360 800 149760atm 873 −4H2O, 61 375 −7H2O in dry air 570
114.1
620 623 d. 1150 d. −CO2, 1350 −6H2O, 100
19.420° 44.90° 3615° 15.410° s. s. 13.90° 34.72° 296° 11010° 500° 74.70° 57.580° 880° 8 i. v. s. s. s. i.
i. d.
s. 83.90° 118.70° 1919° d.
d. 269.815° ∞ 18100° Forms Sr(OH)2 36.497° 0.065100° 100.8100° 19840° 21.83100° 47.7100°
36.90° 0.001118° 43.50° 1040° 0.410° 0.900°
444.6 444.6 444.6 540.18mm 138 59 d. > −20 −10.0
16.83
44.6
d.
50 10.49 8.62
d. 340 290
Forms H2SO4 ∞ ∞
d. −8H2O, 100 1580 d. d. 205 d. 120 119.0 112.8 −46 −80 −78 −30 −75.5
d.
d.
v. s.
400° 62.20° Forms Sr(OH)2 0.00820° 0.01820° 0.01130° d. 200° i. i. i. d. d. d. d. 22.80°
2430
45.360° 202.626° 41234° 57.390° s. s. 28.384° 67.818° 6643° 225100° 23180° 301.860° 97100° 123.5100° d. i. d.
i. al. sl. s. al.; i. et. s. al. s. al. i. al., NH i. al. i. al. v. s. al. s. NH3; v. sl. s. al. sl. s. NH3; i. a., al. s. alk. carb., dil. a. i. al. i. al. s. abs. al., act., NH3; s. ∞ CS2 s. conc. H2SO4; i. alk.; NH4OH, NH3 s. dil. H2SO4, HCl; d. abs. al. s. C6H5N s. alk., abs. al., et. s. tart. a., alk., al. s. H2SO4 s. al., a. 0.2615° m. al. s. a., NH4 salts, aq. CO2 v. sl. s. act., abs. al.; i. NH3 s. NH4Cl s. NH4Cl; i. act.
10089° 12420°
s. NH3; 0.012 abs. al. i. HNO3 sl. s. al.; i. et.
d. d. 0.011432°
s. al., NH4Cl; i. act. s. al.; i. NH4OH sl. s. a.; i. dil. H2SO4, al. 1470° H2SO4 sl. s. al., act.; i. et. sl. s. CS2 s. CS2, al. 240°, 18155° CS2
4070° i. i. i.
s. CS2, et., bz. d. al. 4.550°
s. H2SO4; al., ac. s. H2SO4
∞ ∞
s. H2SO4 d. al. d. al.
*Usual commercial form. 2-25
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Concluded )
TABLE 2-1
Name
Formula
Formula weight
Color, crystalline form and refractive index
Specific gravity
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts Cold water
Hot water
Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid, pyroSulfuric oxychloride Sulfurous oxybromide oxychloride Tantalum
H2SO4·2H2O H2S2O7 SO2Cl2 SOBr2 SOCl2 Ta
134.11 178.14 134.97 207.89 118.97 180.88
col. lq. cr. col. lq. or.-yel. lq. col. lq. bk.-gray, cb.
1.650 40° 1.920° 1.667 20° 4 2.6818° 1.638 16.6
−38.9 35 −54.1 −50 −104.5 2850
167 d. 69.1760mm 6840mm 78.8 >4100
∞ d. d. d. d. i.
∞
Tellurium
Te
127.61
met., hex.
(α) 6.24; (β) 6.00
452
1390
i.
i.
Terbium Thallium acetate chloride, monochloride, sesquichloride, trichloride, trisulfate (ic) sulfate (ous) sulfate, acid Thio, cf. sulfo or sulfur Thorium
Tb Tl TlC2H3O2 TlCl Tl2Cl3 TlCl3 TlCl3·4H2O Tl2(SO4)3·7H2O Tl2SO4 TlHSO4
159.20 204.39 263.43 239.85 515.15 310.76 382.83 823.07 504.84 301.46
blue-wh., tet. silky nd. wh., cb. yel., hex. hex. pl. nd. lf. col., rhb., 1.8671 trimorphous
11.85 3.68 7.00 5.9
303.5 110 430 400–500 25 37 −6H2O, 200 632 115 d.
1650 806 d. d. −4H2O, 100 d. d.
i. v. s. 0.210° 0.2615° v. s. 86.217° d. 2.700°
Th
232.12
cb.
11.2
1845
>3000
i.
i.
oxide, di- (thorianite) sulfate sulfate Thulium Tin
ThO2 Th(SO4)2 Th(SO4)2·9H2O Tm Sn
264.12 424.24 586.38 169.40 118.70
wh., cb.
9.69 4.22517° 2.77
>2800
4400
silv. met., tet.
7.31
231.85
2260
i. 0.740° sl. s. i. i.
5.2250° sl. s. i. i.
Tin
Sn
118.70
gray, cb.
5.750
Stable −163 to +18
2260
i.
i.
Tin salts, cf. stannic and stannous Titanic acid
H2TiO3
97.92
wh. pd.
i.
i.
i. d.
d.
s. s. i.
s. d. i.
i.
i.
Titanium chloride, di-
mn. pr.
Ti TiCl2
47.90 118.81
dark gray, cb. bk., delq.
chloride, trichloride, tetraoxide, di- (anatase)
TiCl3 TiCl4* TiO2
154.27 189.73 79.90
oxide, di- (brookite)
TiO2
vl., delq. col. lq. brn. or bk., tet., 2.534–2.564 brn. or bk., rhb., 2.586 col. if pure, tet., 2.615 gray-bk., cb.
oxide, di- (rutile) Tungsten carbide carbide
TiO2 W
79.90 79.90 183.92
6.77
17.5°
4.50
lq., 1.726 3.84
136.4
s. HCl, H2SO; sl. s. HNO3; i. HF, alk. s. h. H2SO4; i. alk.
s. HCl, H2SO4, dil. HNO3 h. aq KOH s. a., h. alk. solns. s. alk.; v. sl. s. dil. a.; i. al. s. a. i. CS2, et., chl. s. dil. HCl sl. s. alk.
1640 d.
<3000
i.
i.
s. H2SO4, alk.
3370
5900
i.
i.
6000 6000
i. i.
i. i.
i. i.
i. sl. s.
s. h. conc. KOH; sl. s. NH3, HNO3, aq. reg. s. F2; i. a. s. h. HNO3; sl. s. HCl, H2SO4 s. alk.; i. a. s. HF, alk., NH3
i.
i.
s. a., alk. carb.; i. alk.
i. d. i.
i.
s. a.; i. alk. d. a. s. HNO3, conc. H2SO4
18°
15.7 16.0618°
2777 2877
oxide, triTungstic acid (tungstite)
WO3 H2WO4
231.92 249.94
yel., rhb. yel., rhb. 2.24
7.16 5.5
Uranic acid
H2UO4
304.09
yel. pd.
5.92615°
wh. cr. cr. bk., rhb.
18.485 13° 4
>2130 −a H2O, 100; 1473 −H2O, 250 to 300 1133 2400 2176
2-26
s. al., et. s. al., et. s. dil. H2SO4
19.3
gray pd., cb. iron gray
238.07 512.14 270.07
d. d. 18.45100°
s. HNO3, H2SO4; i. NH3 v. s. al. sl. s. HCl; i. al., NH4OH
4.26
195.93 379.85
U U2C3 UO2
>3000
4.17
WC W2C
Uranium carbide oxide, di- (uraninite)
i. 1.8100° 1.9100°
v. sl. s. dil. H2SO4
−9H2O, 400
1800 Unstable in air d. 440 −30
i.
Other reagents d. al. d. al. s. ac.; d. al. s. bz., CS2, CCl4; d. act. s. bz., chl. s. fused alk., HF; i. HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 s. H2SO4, HNO3, KCN, KOH, aq. reg.; i. CS2
11.28 10.9
3500
i.
oxide (pitchblende) sulfate (ous) Uranyl acetate carbonate (rutherfordine) nitrate sulfate Vanadic acid, metaVanadic acid, pyroVanadium chloride, dichloride, trichloride, tetraoxide, dioxide, trioxide, tetraoxide, pentaoxychloride, monoVanadyl chloride chloride, dichloride, triWater†
U3O8 U(SO4)2·4H2O UO2(C2H3O2)2·2H2O UO2CO3 UO2(NO3)2·6H2O UO2SO4·3H2O HVO3 H4V2O7 V VCl2 VCl3 VCl4 V2O2 V2O3 V2O4 V2O5 VOCl (VO)2Cl VOCl2 VOCl3 H2O
842.21 502.25 424.19 330.08 502.18 420.18 99.96 217.93 50.95 121.86 157.23 192.78 133.90 149.90 165.90 181.90 102.41 169.36 137.86 173.32 18.016
Water, heavy Xenon
D2O Xe
20.029 131.30
olive gn. gn., rhb. yel., rhb. tet. yel., rhb., 1.4967 yel. cr. yel. scales pa. yel., amor. lt. gray, cb. gn., hex., delq. pink, tabular, delq. red lq. lt. gray cr. bk. cr. blue cr. red-yel., rhb. brn. pd. yel. cr. gn., delq. yel. lq. col. lq., 1.3330020°; hex. solid, 1.309 col. lq., 1.3284420° col. gas
Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc acetate acetate bromide carbonate
Yb Y Zn Zn(C2H3O2)2 Zn(C2H3O2)2·2H2O* ZnBr2 ZnCO3
173.04 88.92 65.38 183.47 219.50 225.21 125.39
dark gray, hex. silv. met., hex. mn. wh., mn., 1.494 rhb. wh., trig., 1.818
ZnCl2
136.29
wh., delq., 1.687, uniaxial col., rhb. col., rhb. cb.
chloride cyanide hydroxide iodide
Zn(CN)2 Zn(OH)2 ZnI2
117.42 99.40 319.22
nitrate oxide (zincite) oxide peroxide phosphide silicate
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O ZnO ZnO ZnO2 Zn3P2 ZnSiO3
297.49 81.38 81.38 97.38 258.10 141.44
sulfate (zincosite)
ZnSO4
sulfate sulfate sulfate (goslarite) sulfide (α) (wurzite) sulfide (β) (sphalerite)
ZnSO4·H2O ZnSO4·6H2O ZnSO4·7H2O* ZnS ZnS
161.44 179.46 269.54 287.55 97.44 97.44
sulfide (blende) sulfite Zirconium oxide, di- (baddeleyite) oxide, di- (free from Hf)
ZnS ZnSO3·2a H2O Zr ZrO2 ZrO2
97.44 190.48 91.22 123.22 123.22
col., tet. wh., hex., 2.004 wh., amor. yel. steel gray, cb. hex. or rhb.; glass, 1.650 wh., rhb., 1.669 col. mn. rhb., 1.4801 wh., hex., 2.356 wh., cb.; glass (?) 2.18–2.25 wh., granular mn. cb., pd. ign. easily yel. or brn., mn., 2.19 wh., mn.
7.31 15°
2.89 5.6 2.807 3.2816.5° 5.96 3.2318° 3.0018° 1.81630° 3.64 4.87 18° 4 4.399 3.357 18° 4 2.824 3.64 2.8813° 1.829 1.004° (lq.); 0.9150° (ice) 1.10720° lq., 3.06−109.1 2.7−140° 4.53 (A)
d. −4H2O, 300 −2H2O, 110 60.2 d. 100
118
1710
3000
d. −109 ign. 1970 1967 800
148.5755mm
d. 1750
d. in air
i. 2311° 9.217°
i. 963° d.
s. HNO3, H2SO4 s. dil. a. s. al., act.
170.30° 18.913.2° i. i. i. s. s. s. d. i. sl. s. i. 0.820° i. i. d. s. d.
∞60° 23025°
v. s. ac., al., et.; i. dil., alk. 4 al.; s. a. s. a., alk.; i. NH3 s. a., alk., NH4OH s. HNO3, H2SO4; i. aq., alk. s. al., et. s. abs. al., et. s. abs. al., et., chl., ac. s. a. s. HNO3, HF, alk. s. a., alk. s. a., alk.; i. abs. al. v. s. HNO3 s. HNO3 s. abs. al., dil. HNO3 s. al., et., ∞Br2 ∞ al.; sl. s. et.
i. d. d. i. s. i.
<−15 0
127.19 100
3.82 −140
101.42 −109.1
∞ 24.20° cc
∞ 7.350° cc
∞ al.; sl. s. et.
5.51 7.140 1.840 1.735 4.2194° 4.42
1490 419.4 242 237 394 −CO2, 300
2500 907 subl. in vac. −2H2O, 100 650
sl. d. i. 3025° 4025° 3900° 0.00115°
d. i. 44.6100° 66.6100° 670100°
2.91 25° 4
283
732
43225°
615100°
v. s. dil. a., h. KOH s. a., ac., alk. 2.825°, 16679° al. v. s. al. v. s. NH4OH, al., et. s. a., alk., NH4 salts; i. act., NH3 10012.5° al.; v. s. et.; i. NH3 s. KCN, NH3, alk.; i. al. s. a., alk., NH4OH s. a., al., NH3, aq. (NH4)2CO3 v. s. al. s. a., alk., NH4Cl; i. NH3
3.053 4.666 14.2° 4
d. 80 d. 125 446
2.065 14° 4 5.606 5.47 1.571 4.55 13° 4 3.52
36.4 >1800 >1800 expl. 212 >420 1437
3.74 15° 4 3.28 15° 4 2.072 15° 4 1.96616.5° 4.087 4.102 25° 4
d. 740 d. 238 −5H2O, 70 tr. 39 1850150atm tr. 1020
4.04 6.4 5.49 5.73
−2a H2O, 100 1700 2700
18°
624 −6H2O, 105
1100
−7H2O, 280 subl. 1185
d. 200 >2900 4300
0.0005 0.0005218° 4300°
sl. s.
324.5 0.0004218° 0.0004218° 0.0022 i. i.
∞36.4°
420° s. s. 115.20° 0.0006918° i.
61100° 89.5100° s. 653.6100° i. i.
sl. s. al.; s. gly.
i. 0.16 i. i. i.
i. d. i. i. i.
v. s. a.; i. ac. s. H2SO3, NH4OH; i. al. s. HF, aq. reg.; sl. s. a. s. H2SO4, HF s. H2SO4, HF
510100°
i. NH4OH; d. a. s. dil. a.
sl. s. al.; i. act.; NH3 sl. s. al.; i. act.; NH3 v. s. a.; i. ac. s. a.
*Usual commercial form. †Cf. special tables on water and steam, Tables 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-185, 2-186 and 2-351 through 2-357. NOTE: °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32.
2-27
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds* Abbreviations Used in the Table
(A), density referred to air al., ethyl alcohol amor., amorphous aq., aqua, water brn., brown bz., benzene c., cubic cc., cubic centimeter chl., chloroform col., colorless
cr., crystalline d., decomposes d-, dextrorotatory dl-, dextro-laevorotatory et., ethyl ether expl., explodes gn., green h., hot hex., hexagonal
i-, iso-, containing the group (CH3)2CHi., insoluble ign., ignites l-, laevorotatory lf., leaflets lq., liquid m-, meta mn., monoclinic n-, normal
nd., needles o-, ortho or., orange p-, para pd., powder pet., petroleum ether pl., plates pr., prisms rhb., rhombic s., soluble
This table of the physical properties includes the organic compounds of most general interest. For the properties of other organic compounds, reference must be made to larger tables in Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry (Handbook Publishers), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.), Van Nostrand’s Chemical Annual, International Critical Tables (McGraw-Hill), and similar works. The molecular weights are based on the 1941 atomic weight values. The densities are given for the temperature indicated and are usually referred to water at 4°C, e.g., 1.02895/4 a density of 1.028 at 95°C Name Abietic acid Acenaphthene Acetal Acet-aldehyde -aldehyde, par-aldehyde ammonia -amide -anilide -phenetidide (o-) (m-) -toluidide (o-) (p-) Acetic acid anhydride nitrile Acetone Acetonyl urea Acetophenone benzoyl hydride Acetyl-chloride -phenylenediamine (-p) Acetylene dichloride (cis) (trans) Aconitic acid Acridine Acrolein ethylene aldehyde Acrylic acid nitrile Adipic acid amide nitrile Adrenaline (1-) (3,4,1) Alanine (α) (dl-) Aldol acetaldol Alizarin Allyl alcohol bromide chloride thiocyanate (i) thiourea Aluminum ethoxide Amino-anthraquinone (α) (β) -azobenzene -benzoic acid (m-) (p-)
2-28
Synonym sylvic acid, abietinic acid naphthylene ethylene acetaldehyde diethylacetal ethanal paraldehyde ethanamide antifebrin o-ethoxyacetanilide acetyl-m-phenetidine N-tolylacetamide N-tolylacetamide ethanoic acid, vinegar acid acetyl oxide, acetic oxide methyl cyanide propanone, dimethyl ketone dimethyl hydantoin methyl-phenyl ketone ethanoyl chloride amino-acetanilide (p) ethyne; ethine 1,2-dichloroethene dioform equisetic acid; citridic acid acrylic aldehyde, propenal propenoic acid vinyl cyanide hexandioc acid, adipinic acid tetramethylene 1-suprarenine 2-hydroxybutyraldehyde Anthraquinoic acid propen-1-ol-3,propenyl alcohol 3-bromo-propene-1 3-chloro-propene-1 mustard oil thiosinamide
aminodracylic acid
s-, sec-, secondary silv., silvery sl., slightly subl., sublimes sym., symmetrical t-, tertiary tet., tetragonal tri., triclinic uns., unsymmetrical v., very
v. s., very soluble v. sl. s., very slightly soluble wh., white yel., yellow (+), right rotation >, greater than <, less than ∞, infinitely
referred to water at 4°C, the 4 being omitted when it is not clear whether the reference is to water at 4°C or at the temperature indicated by the upper figure. The melting and boiling points given have been selected from available data as probably the most accurate. The solubility is given in grams of the substance in 100 g. of the solvent. In the case of gases, the solubility is often expressed in some manner as “510 cc.” which indicates that, at 10°C, 5 cc. of the gas are soluble in 100 g. of the solvent.
Formula
Formula weight
Form and color
C20H30O2 C10H6(CH2)2 CH3CH(OC2H5)2 CH3CHO (C2H4O)3 CH3CHOHNH2 CH3CONH2 C6H5NHCOCH3 CH3CONHC6H4OC2H5 CH3CONHC6H4OC2H5 CH3C6H4NHCOCH3 CH3C6H4NHCOCH3 CH3CO2H (CH3CO)2O CH3CN CH3COCH3 (CH3)2 CH3COC6H5 CH3COCl C2H3ONHC6H4NH2 HC⯗CH CHCl:CHCl CHCl:CHCl C3H3(CO2H)3 C6H4 < (CH)(N) > C6H4 CH2:CHCHO CH2:CHCO2H CH2:CHCN (CH2CH2CO2H)2 (CH2CH2CONH2)2 (CH2CH2CN)2 C6H3(OH)2(CHOHCH2NHCH3) CH3CH(NH2)CO2H CH3CH(OH)CH2CO2H C6H4(CO)2C6H2(OH)2 CH2:CHCH2OH CH2:CHCH2Br CH2:CHCH2Cl CH2:CHCH2NCS CH2:CHCH2NHCSNH2 Al(OCH2CH3)3 C6H4(CO)2C6H3NH2 C6H4(CO)2C6H3NH2 C6H5N:NC6H4NH2 H2NC6H4CO2H H2NC6H4CO2H
302.44 154.20 118.17 44.05 132.16 61.08 59.07 135.16 179.21 179.21 149.19 149.19 60.05 102.09 41.05 58.08 128.13 120.14 78.50 150.18 26.04 96.95 96.95 174.11 179.21 56.06 72.06 53.06 146.14 144.17 108.14 183.20 89.09 88.10 240.20 58.08 120.99 76.53 99.15 116.18 164.15 223.22 223.22 197.23 137.13 137.13
lf. rhb./al. lq. col. lq. col. cr. col. cr. col. cr. rhb./al. lf./al. lf./al. rhb. rhb. or mn. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. tri./al. lf. col. lq. nd./aq. col. gas col. lq. col. lq. cr./aq. rhb./aq. al. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. mn. pr. cr. pd. col. oil col. pd. nd./aq. col. lq. red rhb. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. oil col. pr. pd. red nd. red nd. yel. mn. nd./aq. mn. pr.
Specific gravity 1.06995/95 0.82122/4 0.78318/4 0.99420/4 1.159 1.214 1.16815 1.21215 1.04920/4 1.08220/4 0.78320/4 0.79220/4 1.03315/15 1.10520/4 (A) 0.906 1.29115/4 1.26515/4 0.84120/4 1.06216/4 0.81120 1.36025/4 19/19
0.951
1.10320/4 0.85420/4 1.39820/4 0.93820/4 1.01320/4 1.21920/20 1.14220/0
1.5114°
Melting point, °C 182 95 −123.5 10.5–12 97 81(69.4) 113–4 79 96–7 110 153 16.7 −73 −41 −94.6 175 20.5 −112.0 162 −81.5891 −80.5 −50 192 d. 110–1 −87.7 12–13 −82 151–3 226–7 1 d. 207–11 295 d. 289–90 −129 −119.4 −136.4 −80 77–8 150–60 256 302 126–7 173–4 187–8
Boiling point, °C 278–9 102.2 20.2 124.4752 100–10 d. 222 305 >250 296 306–7 118.1 139.6 81.6–2.0 56.5 subl. 202.3749 51–2 −84760 60.3 48.4 346 52.5 141–2 78–9 26510 295 subl. >200 8320 430 96.6 70–1753 44.6 152 200–510 subl. subl. 225120
Solubility in 100 parts Water
Alcohol
Ether
i. i. 625 ∞ 1213 v. s. s. 0.56 i. sl. s. 0.8619 0.0922 ∞ 12 c. ∞ ∞ s. i. d. s. h. 100 cc.18 0.3520 0.6320 3315 sl. s. h. 40 ∞ s. 1.415 0.412 v. sl. s. 0.0320 2217 ∞ 0.03100 ∞ i. <0.1 0.2 30 d. i. i. sl. s. h. v. sl. s. 0.313
v. s. s. h. ∞ ∞ ∞ v. s. s. 2120 s. s. s. 1025 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. d. v. s. 600 cc.18 ∞ ∞ sl. s. s. s. ∞
v. s. s. chl. ∞ ∞ ∞ sl. s. v. sl. s. 7 25
v. s.
0.615
s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. ∞ v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. i. s. s. s. h. 210 1110
v. sl. s. i. i. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ v. sl. s. v. sl. s. s. i. s. 1.86 8.26
s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. ∞ v. s. ∞ ∞ v. sl. s. s. s.
Amino-diphenylamine (p-) -G-acid (2-)(6-,8-), Na2 salt -mono-potassium salt -sodium salt -J-acid (2-)(5-,7-) -mono-potassium salt -naphthol sulfonic (1-,2-,4-)(α-) (1-,8-,4-) -phenol (o-) (m-) (p-) -toluene sulfonic acid (1-,2-,3-) (1-,4-,2-) (1-,4-,3-) (1-,2-,5-) Amyl acetate (n-) (i-) (s-) (s-) (t-) alcohol (n-) fusel oil, (s-,n-) methyl-propyl carbinol, (prim.-,i-) isobutyl carbinol, (s-,i-) (t-) (d-) -amine (n-) (s-,n-) (i-) (t-)
aniline (i-) benzoate (i-) bromide (n-) (i-) (t-) n-butyrate (n-) (i-) (t-) i-butyrate (i-) chloride (n-) (s-) (s-) (i-) (s-,i-) (t-) i-cyanide (i-) formate (n-) (i-) iodide (n-) (i-) (s-,n-) (t-) mercaptan (n-) (n-) (i-) phenol (t-)(p-) propionate (n-) (i-) (act.) salicylate (n-) Amyl i-valerate (i) (t-)
2-aminophenol 3-aminophenol p-hydroxyaniline
common amyl acetate α-Me-Bu-acetate di Et-carbinol acetate pentanol-1 pentanol-2 2-methyl-butanol-4 2-methyl-butanol-3 2-methyl-butanol-2 active amyl alcohol
1-NH2-2-Me-butane 3-amino pentane 3-NH2-2-Me-butane 1-bromopentane 4-Br-2-Me-butane 2-Br-2-Me-butane
1-chloropentane 2-chloropentane 3-chloropentane 4-Cl-2-Me-butane 3-Cl-2-Me-butane 2-Cl-2-Me-butane 1-Cl-2-Me-butane iso-caproic iso-nitrile 1-iodopentane 4-I-2-Me-butane 2-iodopentane 2-I-2-Me-butane pentanthiol-1 pentanthiol-3 2-Me-butanthiol-4 pentaphen
H2NC6H4NHC6H5 C10H5(NH2)(SO3Na)2 C10H5(NH2)S2O6HK C10H5(NH2)S2O6HNa C10H5(NH2)(SO3H)2 C10H5(NH2)S2O6HK C10H5OHNH2SO3Ha H2O NH2(OH)C10H5SO3H H2NC6H4OH H2NC6H4OH H2NC6H4OH C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3H C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3HH2O C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3Ha H2O C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3HH2O CH3CO2CH2(CH2)3CH3 CH3CO2CH2CH2CH(CH3)2 CH3CO2CH2CH(CH3)C2H5 CH3CO2CH(CH3)CH2C2H5 CH3CO2CH(C2H5)2 CH3CO2C(CH3)2C2H5 CH3(CH2)3CH2OH C2H5CH2CH(OH)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH (C2H5)2CHOH (CH3)2CHCH(OH)CH3 (CH3)2C(OH)C2H5 (CH3)3CCH2OH C2H5CH(CH3)CH2OH CH3(CH2)4NH2 (C3H7)(CH3)CHNH2 (CH3)2CH(CH2)2NH2 (C2H5)(CH3)2CNH2 C2H5CH(CH3)CH2NH2 (C2H5)2CHNH2 (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)NH2 C6H5NHC5H11 C6H5CO2C5H11 CH3(CH2)3CH2Br (CH3)2CH(CH2)2Br (CH3)2C(Br)C2H5 C2H5CH2CO2(CH2)4CH3 C2H5CH2CO2C5H11 C3H7CO2C(CH3)2C2H5 (CH3)2CHCO2C5H11 CH3(CH2)3CH2Cl C2H5CH2CHClCH3 (C2H5)2CHCl (CH3)2CH(CH2)2Cl (CH3)CHCHClCH3 (CH3)2CClC2H5 (CH3)(C2H5)CHCH2Cl (CH3)2CH(CH2)2NC HCO2CH2(CH2)3CH3 HCO2CH2CH2CH(CH3)2 CH3(CH2)3CH2I (CH3)2CHCH2CH2I C2H5CH2CHICH3 (CH3)2CIC2H5 C2H5CH(CH3)CH2I CH3(CH2)3CH2SH (C2H5)2CHSH (CH3)2CH(CH2)2SH C5H11C6H4OH C2H5CO2(CH3)4CH3 C2H5CO2(CH2)2CH(CH3)2 C2H5CO2C5H11 HOC6H4CO2C5H11 C4H9CO2C5H11 C4H9CO2C5H11
184.23 347.28 341.39 325.29 303.30 341.39 248.25 239.24 109.12 109.12 109.12 187.21 205.23 196.22 205.23 130.18 130.18 130.18 130.18 130.18 130.18 88.15 88.15 88.15 88.15 88.15 88.15 88.15 88.15 87.16 87.16 87.16 87.16 87.16 87.16 87.16 163.25 192.25 151.05 151.05 151.05 158.23 158.23 158.23 158.23 106.60 106.60 106.60 106.60 106.60 106.60 106.60 97.16 116.16 116.16 198.06 198.06 198.06 198.06 198.06 104.21 104.21 104.21 164.24 144.21 144.21 144.21 208.25 172.26 172.26
nd./aq. al.
67
354
col. nd. pr. lf. nd. mn. nd. tri./aq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. cr. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. cr. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq.
173 122–3 184–6 d.
subl. subl.
d. 0.87920/20 0.87615/4 0.88013 0.9220 0.87120/4 0.87419 0.817 20/20 0.81020/20 0.81315/4 0.815 25/4 0.81919 0.809 20/4 0.81620/4 0.76619 0.749 20/4 0.75118/4 0.73125/4 0.75518 0.749 20/4 0.75718 0.92815/4 0.99214/14 1.21820/4 1.22017/15 1.21619/0 0.87115/4 0.86619/15 0.86515/0 0.8760/4 0.878 20/4 0.870 20/4 0.895 21 0.89320/4 0.8830 0.87120/4 0.88117.5 0.9020 0.882 20/4 1.51020/4 1.515 18/4 1.507 17/4 1.47119/15 1.524 20/4 0.857 20
−H2O, 120 −70.8
−78.5 −117.2 −11.9 52–3 −55 −105
−95 −73.2
−99
−72.9 −73.5 −93.5 −86
0.83520/4 0.87615/4 0.870 20/4 0.866 20/4 1.06515 0.85820/15 0.86114/0
93 −73.1
148.4737 142757 141–2 133.5 133 124.5 749 137.9 119.5 132.0 115.6 113–4 102 113–4 128 103–4 91–2 95 77–8 95–6 90–1 83–4 254.5 261746 129.7 120745 108765 186.4 178.6 164 168.8 108.4 96.7 97.3 99.7 758 91753 85.7 98–9 137–9 132 123.5 157.0 147 765 144–5 127 765 148 126767 105 120 265–7 168.7 160.2 5816 265 194 173–4
sl. s. v. sl. s. 12.820 2.718 10.0 20 3.418 v. s. v. sl. s. 1.7 0 2.6 0 1.10 0.97 11 0.5 20 0.47 311 v. sl. s. 0.315 v. sl. s. sl. s. sl. s. v. sl. s. 2.7 22 420 214 5.5 30 2.830 sl. s. sl. s. 3.630 s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ i. i. i. 0.0216 i. 0.05 50 i. sl. s. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. v. sl. s. 0.322 i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. sl. s. i. 0.125 v. sl. s. i. v. sl. s. sl. s.
s.
s.
4.30 s. 40
v. s. sl. s. i. bz.
i. i. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. s. ∞ s. s. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. s. ∞ ∞ s. s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s.
*By N. A. Lange, Ph.D., Handbook Publishers, Inc., Sandusky, Ohio. Abridged from table of Physical Constants of Organic Compounds in Lange’s “Handbook of Chemistry.” 2-29
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued )
Name Amylene (n-)(α-) (i-) (α-) (-n)(β-) (i-)(β-) Anethole (p-) Anhydroformald-aniline Aniline hydrochloride nitrate sulfate Anisal-acetone (p-) Anisic acid (p-) aldehyde (p-) Anisidine (o-) (m-) (p-) Anisole Anthracene Anthramine (α) (β) Anthranil Anthranilic acid (o-) Anthrapurpurin (1-,2-,7-) Anthraquinone disulfonate Na2 (1-,5-) (1-,8-) (2-,6-) (2-,7-) sulfonate Na (1-) (2-) Anthrarufin (1-,5-) Antipyrene Apiole Arabinose (α)(d- or l-) (dl-) Arachidic acid Arsanilic acid (p-) Asparagine (l-) Aspirin (o-) Atropic acid Auramine Aurine, coralline (4-,4′-) Azo-anisole (2-,2′-) benzene Azoxybenzene Barbituric acid Benzal acetone Benzaldehyde Benzamide Benzanilide Benzene sulfinic acid sulfonic acid sulfonic amide sulfonic chloride Benzidine (4-,4′-) disulfonic acid (2-,2′-) (3-,3′-) Benzil Benzoic acid anhydride nitrile
2-30
Synonym pentene-1 2-methyl-butene-3 2-methyl-butene-1 pentene-2 2-methyl-butene-2 p-propenyl anisole methylene aniline amino benzene, phenyl amine, cyanol aniline salt, aniline chloride MeO-benzalacetone 2-amino-anisole MeO-aniline(m) 4-amino anisole methyl phenyl ether paranaphthalene, anthracin green oil α-amino-anthracene β-amino-anthracene
diphenyleneketone, dihydrodiketoanthracene ρ-anthraquinone disulfonate x-anthraquinone disulfonate
1-ph-2,3-diMepyrazolone-5 1-allyl-2, 5-diMeO-3,4 methylenedioxybenzene eicosanoic acid
α-phenyl acrylic acid 4,4′-dimethylaminobenzophenomide diMeO-azobenzene diphenyldiimide malonyl urea Me-cinnamyl ketone artificial almond oil benzol, phenyl hydride, cyclohexatriene benzene sulfonamide benzene sulfonyl chloride
dibenzoyl phenyl cyanide
Formula weight
Form and color
Specific gravity
C2H5CH2CH:CH2 (CH3)2CHCH:CH2 (C2H5)(CH3)C:CH2 C2H5CH:CHCH3 (CH3)2C:CHCH3 CH3CH:CHC6H4OCH3 (CH2NC6H5)3 C6H5NH2
70.13 70.13 70.13 70.13 70.13 148.20 315.40 93.12
lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lf./al. pr./al. col. oil
0.644 20 0.63215 0.667 0/0 0.650 20/4 0.66319/4 0.99120/20
C6H5NH2HCl C6H5NH2HNO3 (C6H5NH2)2H2SO4 CH3OC6H4CH:CHCOCH3 CH3OC6H4CO2H CH3OC6H4CHO CH3OC6H4NH2 CH3OC6H4NH2 CH3OC6H4NH2 CH3OC6H5 C6H4:(CH)2:C6H4
129.59 156.14 284.32 176.22 152.14 136.14 123.15 123.15 123.15 108.13 178.22
cr. rhb. lf./al. lf./et. mn./aq. col. oil col. lq. oil pl./aq. col. lq. col. mn.
1.222 4 1.356 4 1.377 4
C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3NH2 C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3NH2 C6H4:(NH)CO H2NC6H4CO2H C14H5O2(OH)3 C6H4:(CO)2:C6H4
193.24 193.24 119.12 137.13 256.20 208.20
yel./al. yel./al. col. oil col. rhb. or. nd./al. yel. rhb.
C14H6O2(SO3Na)25H2O C14H6O2(SO3Na)24H2O C14H6O2(SO3Na)27H2O C14H6O2(SO3Na)24H2O C14H7O2SO3Na C14H7O2SO3Na C14H6O3(OH)2 C11H12ON2 C12H14O2
502.38 484.37 538.41 484.37 310.25 310.25 240.20 188.22 222.23
yel. lf. yel. pr. col. cr. cr. yel. lf. silv. lf. yel. lf. mn./aq. col. nd.
1.088113/4 1.0220/4
CH2OH(CHOH)3CHO CH2OH(CHOH)3CHO CH3(CH2)18CO2H H2NC6H4.AsO3H2 HO2CC2H3(NH2)CONH2 CH3CO2C6H4OH C6H5C(:CH2)CO2H [(CH3)2NC6H4]2C:NH
150.13 150.13 312.52 217.04 132.12 180.15 148.15 267.36
rhb. pr.
1.585 20/4
col. lf. nd./aq. rhb. nd./aq. nd./aq. col./al.
(HOC6H4)2C:C6H4:O (CH3OC6H4N:)2 C6H5N:NC6H5 (C6H5)2N2O CO:(NHCO)2:CH22H2O C6H5CH:CHCOCH3 C6H5CHO C6H5CONH2 C6H5CONHC6H5 C6H6
290.30 242.27 182.22 198.22 164.12 146.18 106.12 121.13 197.23 78.11
red or. pr. or. mn. yel. rhb. col./aq. pl. col. lq. col. pr. lf./al. col. lq.
C6H5SO2H C6H5SO3H C6H5SO2NH2 C6H5SO2Cl NH2C6H4C6H4NH2 (C6H3(NH2)SO3H)23H2O (C6H3(NH2)SO3H)2 C6H5COCOC6H5 C6H5CO2H (C6H5CO)2O C6H5CN
142.17 158.17 157.18 176.62 184.23 398.40 344.35 210.22 122.12 226.22 103.12
pr./aq. col. nd. mn./aq. cr. cr./aq. pr./aq.
1.38415/15
83–4 65–6 156 14.5 128–9 d. >175
pr. mn. pr. rhb./et. col. lq.
1.2315 1.26615/4 1.19915/4 1.00125/6
95 121.7 42 −12.9
Formula
1.02220/4
1.385 4 1.123 20/4 1.09815/15 1.096 20/4 1.089 55/55 0.990 22/4 1.25 27/4
1.18715/4 1.438 20/4
1.543
15/4
1.20320/4 1.248 20/20 1.035 20/20 1.046 20/4 1.341 1.314 0.879 20/4
Melting point, °C −135 −139 −124 22.5 143 −6.2
Boiling point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts Water
Alcohol
Ether
30–1 20.5 771 31–2758 36.4 37–8 235.3 185 184.4
i. i. i. v. sl. s. i. v. sl. s. i. 3.618
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. s. sl. s. ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞
245
s. s. sl. s. v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ s. s. s. 1.520
i. sl. s. i. v. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ s. s. s.
198 d. 190 d. 73–4 184.2 2.5 5.2 <−12 57.2 −37.3 217–8
275–80 247–8 225 251 243 154–5 340–2
1815 s. 514 i. 0.0319 v. sl. s. v. sl. s. v. sl. s. s. h. i. i.
130 238 <−18 144–5 369 286
subl. d. >215 subl. 462 379–81
i. i. sl. s. h. 0.35 14 sl. s. h. i.
s. sl. s. s. 1110 v. s. h. 0.0518
sl. s. s. 167 sl. s. v. sl. s.
i.
i.
subl. 319174 294
v. s. sl. s. 3.920 30.5 20 0.5320 0.8425 i. 100 25 i
v. sl. s. i. i. sl. s. 100 s.
i. i. i. s. sl. s. s.
460 16.910 i. v. s. h. 3.128 137 0.1 c. i.
0.59°
i.
s. h. v. s. h. i. c. s. s. 720
v. s. i.
i. i. i. i. s. h. i. 0.3 1.35 25 i. 0.07 22
s. s. 4.220 11.415 sl. s. s. ∞ 1725 430 s.
s. s. ∞ sl. s. sl. s. ∞
v. s. h. v. s. 0.4316 i. 1 h. 0.09 25 v. sl. s. i. 0.217 i. 1100
v. s. v. s. v. s. v. s. 1 h. i.
v. s. i. v. s. s. 2 i.
v. s. 4615 s. ∞
v. s. 6615 s. ∞
280 113(109) 30 159.5 164.5 77 232 227–35 135–6 106–7 136 310 d. 153 68 36 d. 245 41–2 −26 130 163 5.5
328 d. 235 267 d.
297 d. 260–2 179 290 117–910 80.1 d. > 100 d. 251.5 400740 348 d. 249.2 360 190.7
520 s. 2.320 s. s.
Benzoin (dl-) Benzophenone Benzotrichloride Benzoyl-benzoic acid (o-) -chloride -peroxide Benzyl acetate alcohol amine aniline benzoate butyrate chloride ether formate propionate Berberonic acid (2-,4-,5-) Biuret Borneol (dl-) (d- or l-) (iso-) Bornyl acetate (d-) Bromo-aniline (p-) -benzene -camphor (3-)(d-) -diphenyl (p-) -naphthalene (α-) (β-) -phenol (o-) (m-) (p-) -styrene (ω)(1) (2) -toluene (o-) (m-) (p-) Bromoform Butadiene (1-,2-) (1-,3-) Butadienyl acetylene Butane (i-) Butyl acetate (n-) (s-) (i-) (tert-) alcohol (n-) (s-) (i-) (tert-) amine (n-) (s-) (i-) (t-) p-aminophenol (N)(n) (N)(i-) aniline (n-) (i-) arsonic acid (n-) benzoate (n-) (i-) bromide (n-) (s-) (i-) (t-) butyrate (n-)(n-) (n-)(i-) (i-)(i-) caproate carbamate (i-) cellosolve (n-)
diphenyl ketone phenyl chloroform
phenyl carbinol ω-amino toluene phenyl-benzylamine ω-chlorotoluene dibenzyl ether
allophanamide
phenyl bromide α-bromocamphor α-naphthyl bromide β-naphthyl bromide
o-tolyl bromide tribromo-methane methyl-allene erythrene diethyl trimethyl-methane
butanol-1 butanol-2 2-methyl-propanol-1 2-methyl-propanol-2
1-bromo-butane 2-bromo-butane 1-Br-2-Me-propane 2-Br-2-Me-propane
2-BuO-ethanol-1
C6H5COCHOHC6H5 C6H5COC6H5 C6H5CCl3 C6H5COC6H4CO2HH2O C6H5COCl (C6H5CO)2O2 CH3CO2CH2C6H5 C6H5CH2OH C6H5CH2NH2 C6H5CH2NHC6H5 C6H5CO2CH2C6H5 C2H5CH2CO2CH2C6H5 C6H5CH2Cl (C6H5CH2)2O HCO2CH2C6H5 C2H5CO2CH2C6H5 C5H2N(CO2H)32H2O NH(CONH2)2 C10H17OH C10H17OH C10H17OH CH3CO2C10H17 BrC6H4NH2 C6H5Br BrC10H15O BrC6H4C6H5 C10H7Br C10H7Br BrC6H4OH BrC6H4OH BrC6H4OH C6H5CH:CHBr C6H5CH:CHBr CH3C6H4Br CH3C6H4Br CH3C6H4Br CHBr3 CH3CH:C:CH2 CH2:CHCH:CH2 CH2:(CH)2:CHC⯗CH CH3CH2CH2CH3 (CH3)2CHCH3 CH3CO2(CH2)2C2H5 CH3CO2CH(CH3)C2H5 CH3CO2CH2CH(CH3)2 CH3CO2C(CH3)3 C2H5CH2CH2OH C2H5CH(OH)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2OH (CH3)3COH C2H5CH2CH2NH2 C2H5CH(NH2)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2NH2 (CH3)3CNH2 C4H9NHC6H4OH C4H9NHC6H4OH C4H9NHC6H5 C4H9NHC6H5 C4H9AsO(OH)2 C6H5CO2C4H9 C6H5CO2C4H9 C2H5CH2CH2Br C2H5CH(Br)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2Br (CH3)3CBr C2H5CH2CO2CH2CH2C2H5 C2H5CH2CO2CH2CH(CH3)2 (CH3)2CHCO2CH2CH(CH3)2 CH3(CH2)4CO2C4H9 NH2CO2CH2CH(CH3)2 C4H9OCH2CH2OH
212.24 182.21 195.48 244.24 140.57 242.22 150.17 108.13 107.15 183.24 212.24 178.22 126.58 198.25 136.14 164.20 247.16 103.08 154.24 154.24 154.24 196.28 172.03 157.02 231.14 233.11 207.07 207.07 173.02 173.02 173.02 183.05 183.05 171.04 171.04 171.04 252.77 54.09 54.09 78.11 58.12 58.12 116.16 116.16 116.16 116.16 74.12 74.12 74.12 74.12 73.14 73.14 73.14 73.14 165.23 165.23 149.23 149.23 182.04 178.22 178.22 137.03 137.03 137.03 137.03 144.21 144.21 144.21 172.26 117.15 118.17
mn. col. rhb. col. lq. tri./aq. col. lq. rhb./et. col. lq. col. lq. lq. mn. pr. nd. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. lq. tri. nd./al. col. cr. col. cr. col. cr. rhb./pet. rhb. col. lq. cr. cr./al. col. oil lf./al. col. lq. cr. tet. cr. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. cr./al. col. lq. lq. col. gas col. lq. col. gas col. gas col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. lq. oil col. lf. col. oil col. oil lq. lq. lq. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lq. col. lf. col. lq.
1.08354 1.38014 1.21220/4 1.05717 1.04320/4 0.98220/4 1.065 25/25 1.1220/4 1.01616/18 1.100 20/20 1.03616 1.08123 1.03616/17 20/4
1.011 1.01120/4 0.99115 1.820 1.495 20/4 1.449 20/4 1.48220/4 1.605 0 1.55380 1.588 80 1.42220/4 1.427 20/4 1.42220/4 1.410 20/4 1.390 20/4 2.890 20/4 0.62120/4 0.773 20/4 0.600 0.600 0.882 20 0.865 25/4 0.87120/4 0.866 20/4 0.810 20/4 0.808 20/4 0.80517.5 0.779 26 0.739 25/4 0.724 20/4 0.73220/20 0.69818/4
133–7 48.5 −4.75 93(128) −0.5 108 d. −51.5 −15.3 37–8 21 238–40 −39 3.6 243 192–3 d. 210.5 208–9 212 29 63–4 −30.6 77–8 90–1 5–6 59 5.6 32–3 63.5 7 −7.5 −28 −39.8 28.5 8–9 −108.9 −135 −145 −76.3 −98.9 −79.9 −114.7 −108 25.5 −50 −104 −85 −67.5 71 79
0.940 20/4 1.005 25/25 0.997 25/25 1.277 20/4 1.25125/4 1.258 25/4 1.21120/4 0.87220/20 0.86318/4 0.875 0/4 0.8820/0 0.95676/4 0.90320/4
158–9 −22 −112.4 −112 −118.5 −16.2 −80.7 65
344768 305.4 220.7 197.2 expl. 213.5 204.7 184.5 306750 323–4 i. 179.4 295–8 202–3747 220–2 subl. 212–3 226–7 156.2 274 310 281.1 281–2 194–5 236–7 238 221 10826 181.8 183.7 184–5 150.5 18–9 −4.41 83–6 −0.6 −10 125 740 112744 118 95–6760 117 99.5 107–8 82.9 77.8 66772 68–9 45.2 235720 231–2 249–50 241.5 101.6 91.3 91.5 73.3 165.7736 156.9 148–9 204.3 206–7 171.2
v. sl. s. i. i. sl. s. d. i. i. 417 ∞ i. i. v. s. i. i. i. i. v. sl. s. 1.30 v. sl. s. v. sl. s. i. i. i. c. i. i. i. i. i. s. 1.415 i. i. i. i. i. 0.1 c. i. i. i. i. i. 0.7 i. 0.625 i. 915 12.520 1015 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ i. i. i. 0.0115 s. i. i. 0.0616 i. 0.0618 i. i. i. i. i. i. ∞
s. h. 6.515 s.
sl. s. 1513 s.
d. h. s. h. ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ s. ∞ ∞ ∞ s. ∞
∞ v. s. ∞ s. h. s.
∞ s. ∞
sl. s. h. s.
i.
v. s.
v. s.
s. v. s. s. 2026 s. s. 620 s. s. v. s. ∞ ∞ s. s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞
s. v. s. ∞ v. s. 34 25 ∞ v. s. ∞ s. v. s. ∞ ∞ ∞25 s. ∞25 ∞ ∞ ∞
s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
s. s. ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
v. s. v. s. s. s. ∞ ∞
v. s. v. s. i. s. ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
s. ∞
s. ∞
2-31
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued )
Name chloride (n-) (s-) (i-) (t-) dimethylbenzene (t-)(1-,3-,5-) formate (n-) (s-) (i-) furoate (n-) iodide (n-) (s-) (i-) (t-) lactate (n-) mercaptan (n-) (i-) (t-) methacrylate (n-) (i-) phenol (p-)(t-) propionate (n-) (s-) (i-) stearate (n-) (i-) iso-thiocyanate (n-) (i-) (s-)(d-) (t-) valerate (n-)(n-) (i-)(n-) (i-)(s-) (i-)(i-) Butylene (α-) (β-) Butyraldehyde (n-) (i-) Butyric acid (n-) (i-) amide (n-) (i-) anhydride (n-) (i-) anilide (n-) Caffeic acid (3
