Plato's Sophist (Studies in Continental Thought)

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§i615U-5!S1 tual ront~'fl1 and, p"""""r "s.ruch, is rwt a s"ffic..mt basis for s"ining elM,ty concerning 1he Being ;ngs. basicall)' says nothing about the l3ei,,& '" these bl>;ng:s,Ix-)-nnd e:q>ressing the On<' d,~ti"e tMt bl>;ngs a~ to b<> grasped pnrnarilr in tl\eir out...ard look. i.e.. in their pre5CfICI', and spedlkAlly in tl\ei, p ~ IQ a st,a,ghthm,'ard looking up"" thern.'Sinc>' it is preci!leJr tltis cOfl<.'\"Pl m"""'l is th.lt o''ta-oong-.-.'''' gr.... p<"'! as /..l:'fOI.IC\"Cl. I ...., a.s ~""""'nten!d in l,hyo.;;,' !o) II "'e ",I:.) yt."T\ and ri6T] tog<:'ther as th~ determinations of beings foilowinS from the war beings an! thematic in di3lectic, then w... h.>,.... 11) Soly tho,1 dialectic grasps onC!---b<>inS-In l<'rm.'I of ...1\.,1 w3!l 01"''')11 al· ready then.- in them, and this .ho".. itself only in pure p<'''"i'·;ng. In a """,In Sft\S(', this is tied 10 the first dl'1C'tmination.lnsof.>r as'~ YOfiv. and l.6yo.;. Uyr,v. an: of"'" id""tifit"d: l."I'Cl'I Aristotle 5Iill posits.-ill<>; ..

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Aristotle'. Ialcr ..'plicil qucsHoning. Plalo deliberalel)' pl.o<:es malpl:QU; Ihin:! i.. I!>(' enumeration of tho.' "arious lasl<s of lhe d~~lecticli~'es dialrttic Ciln be mIlde inldligible 00 Ih<- basis of 61alpl:Ol;;" lhnt, how('\·('f. is an e>.trinsic a«'\:56, 5i....,.. olOlprOl; ,s foundoo on lhe lJIj"O'YWY'\ in lJ\IJJ.n/lfi~ and wuliei~ This ,s the ,d<-a of d~,k-rtic. II admiltl'dly lea,'", much tobe desired with rt'gard I" a .....1 ..lurid.lion of both the slruclu,"" of kno.... ledge and !he S1ructu", of "'hat is Iu'own. This deflci<-ncy is betrayed pr<'Cist'ly br l""fact thai, in ",lut Iollo",s. PLlloagain and again all""'p1s 10 undersland diak'Clic more ad<-qualely. But we will 5e'.' thai. foe uS bX41' al any ra.... !hi: de\lI>r". m,,,,,hOno lhat follow an! still more obs<:u .... Ih.,n lhit. Iound lho.' p"i1000000her lirst.# This t",,,n'tI''1. 1.......10"'. lheO,,", characte1i2oo as diale-ctW:. is he.... ~ignaled as tIi"an'iIl'1 """ tl.£\>iltp<:l\'. #Ihe scicrIu of I"", m<-n," i..... of those who. in Iheir aclionsand commitments. a", not in I>l't"d ofwlut the m,lS501'5 O"Cqu,'" In al1lheir und....-talJ1 and narrow·minded people an;, 001 capable of sus",lning a tabor in which 11w)' do ..01 allhe ,'cry oulSC! know w...."" il will carry' them. Bul that is the pre-rondilion of lhe f"", "",n who ,,'OUld ,·.",N", upon this 5('il'tK't'. This peculiar COrocepl of freedom, as used h= in connection w.lh the higho.'!'! philosophic~l SlCier>«', C~n be £ouod Iilhm up ~gain by ArislNle in the po..... g"" we di~55'I'd ,n our introduction. In lhe !t1el"J'hysu:>1. Book l. chapter 2. Arislotle "Iso charaCkl"izes oatIl>. the firsl ~, in thoosc lerms, &141\' OUY ~ &. oU&:l'fm' (I"''''~ ~'1tO\ft.u;\' XPd"~ tttpnv, gu' oo>U:p th'9p(llXO<" t«jltv, t/..tUQrpo<; IJ "iJT(":.t:~t';"(I ..«111" liUou i 116'.''1'' oi>oov t.l.£u(ltpov uiw hlOTTlIlW...· 1'0'''1 yilp «\in1 n\m\; h'tdv to",· !982b2~/f.J. il is "nique among tM; mod... 0/ knowledge th~t are flt* in a "",I sef\Sl!; ~II ot....r koowlcdge is ori"'tt'
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§7,; (5JO-5Jl1 1.) it IS addl"<S6<.'d..,; n Iring, I..", WIth "1J:anl to a concrete ontological determinatiotl (addres6ing as Ih(> uncowring of a delerminate obj<'<.1lW of a ""inlll. 2.1 In thl' addl'\'SSlng of 50nwlhing a~!il)ml'lhing, thl' "os"",,",ething' ,an Icier 10 a ollleing and not of t><-mg:". The expre95ion ~1\' is thus used for ontkal as ...,,11 as onrologic.ll disrou".... Th3l the latt.".Of\f! is in bet in ,·ie..· issh""'n by the formulation li".llI~aent litO. ni>v M1yw" (d. 253bIO), tu run through Ihe l.6yo" whetdl)' ... hat is Ilwm'\dti, IS what is .\odid in !he .. ho.....• of its ""yabliol)·. Thus we ,an briefly termm.. d .. I.:dk in the I'latonic ~,as il p ..... smb il...::lf "" this higllO'r 11",..,1 of Plato's me
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rnco.",t<>R'd In /..&rs>ible only tu one ",ho is ""pable ~aIlaPn d"..,U in "OlE;I.', thus 10 0f1(' who sees the (Wpatn, \\,ho,;ees pr«isely whal M-n5ibl" ,,}'es caon,,1 s<', be lound.~ Yet ""en here: Iiiri,' ptv lai£f<6~ (e9), "he IS d,ffi<:ult enough to s....: nu, -difficulty'- lai-.t:ll6n,; (254a21. in """,ng the philO6OphcT and th.,difficull)' in !ot.'l'iog lhe sophisl are quit... diff<:n.>nl. h,,"'...·.,'. The sophist n'-".'!' £1; til" tOU II" 6\'t.... "IiOOl IW.£1!t'l.; jaSf.l; "H... is diWcult to set' on account of the obscurity of his d"'elling plac<-: The philo.;orher. on tho,' con"'..y. til ,"U fu;l 1rflOO~"'4wo'o; /jllll M)-.ghl'-"Cllt is di/fi.oJlt 10....., him 0)Il'! to) M:tjl1ining fo' long" regard ,ast "pan di,'in"." COOCtorning tl\o., philosophe., WXa f1l10nv6\J£9Jf.),

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§77/5ll-5J.l1 toward the fact thdt it is thereby a m.lte. of interr"ll"tons this ).q6jl£VllY was nogoords the m,v~~ o:o1\'{Iwla<;. .nd spocifical1y in such ~ way IMt thoc ronnoctioos of thE- ontologic.'l structUI'l.'S, as Iher'~ in Ihis <;>rient.· tion, art' nOl simply judaposed arbit.arilr. On the mnlra'Y, tht> t;l5k IS ah".Y" to rt'duce them to OIle, ri; b; owliyEtv, such that from Ihis one lhe enti", ontologIcal history of a reng can b<- pursu<.>d up 10 its conewtion. The:se.re the f'SSl'ntial mon'l""ts of lhE- baSIC """lhodoiOSical structu", of diak'<:tic in Plalo', IieRSC The basic pl\.'Supposition for Ihis dialectkal lask and 10. its ma5t<''Y is WNtt Plato pre,'ious!r all.lllyzed in the mo.1hodological discussions of the ontologies: th.t !leing mean,; nothing cl5<' thon 6iNojlu., 3(j,'{qlU; af 0:0"'("':0"; ;('" lll'ing perlains 10 lhe possibilily of bcing·logt.'ther jdas Miigljdt-srin ~Js Zu;;a"",,..,,-S<'in/" This ontological ronn>pt of Uw 6""Uj.lU; o:ow<JJVla.; is the gmuinc ilft6Ell:Olo;. th"t which is .,Ire.>dy posited in "",·.nre and which n,usl be und<'1Stood if Of\(" w.nls to t.lk ,.,."" th(' smalle6t step within diallXtic. This OIll<)logic3l coor:ept is rool somelhing pl\)"isional but, on th.. contrary, is p....:is('ly lor PlalO lhe basic presupposition inr lhe ac· ti"ity of dialectlc. When PlalO puts forlh thi. nolion of m,vCljl':, "" an inlcrpn>lation 0/ the g>'flulnc meaning of 1ll"inl\. he olwiou"lr has • CleM ('(lfI,.;ious..- 0/ the presuppositlOnal cha••ct.... of this ontological ronc.-pt. 1lIat b"tioo itself. To hoc 5UI'('. I'lalO dOllS I\Ol lurth£or !\ofl,"Ct on whal IS genuinely P""'up~ in the m,"~U; o;o1Vmvl~ An inlt'Tmg.,lion of it did no! lie wllhin lhe horiZQl\ of his <M1tology or of G~k ontology 10 g'-"'.... '1. Wh., I'L>to o.f'O'i"'d with the 6io''{qlU; >OOlV
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Abo"" .11, .... e mUSI keep in mind, in the ensuinS dlale<:tical a"al)'sis, th..t. along ....ith the ...bl;t.nnve ","ults of the indi"ldua) slepl', the ontologiaJ

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co""'!'l af the m.vo;q.l1; 1<01""""<;<'; is mani/l$! w~O}""here as tl\(> ground of the dlsc'u5liion, llwot is why Mato on&rv ,'UM.6£lv TOi~ iWm ttlCl)'VUJVllttvtll (d. b9l.). n...", are ontological sttuetu«:s pl'\":5ent "thlOughoul ",·erythlng,· and "nothing pJe\'ents lhem from being al"'ady thi're (tIOle again the perfoo n'nSe) common 10 ...·l'1)·Ihing.· TIIey;ore pre-eninl'lltly present""" in the preosent, StIch that notlting e~ ,,'ould e~l>t If tho:se strurtU~ Wel'l' not al",adl' ....presentlilu my,,,,,, For Ihe consideration al hand. Plato ~ys, It is Imporlant that we ~f1 KEpi "{,,,row ttiIv rt/ioiw, ~do r>OI unden""" to in'·...tigate all p<>O'e'lble rl&t.~ ,,'a I'll fupo.~ (dr.), ·!esl "'e ~onw r""fu9rd· by Ihe mulilplicity of lhe;<> structures. Ifl5te.od, ~t:\VI TIilv l'£"fIatT1lV ~tvc 61u """'11)\', The structures and results Il>al an· to Iw c~1J05"'d ""III l\a,'<, unin.,.,..I-on",logiGol signiflC~""'. Th..... utraeted jIlyIata 'tf\'11 will be illtl.'l'l'Ugatal in two ~ts, 1.1 ""'U hno.6 ton,- (ctl, 1>0,,' e;orh in ilself Io%:s as)..q6jlt\'ov. and 2.) lUi>; t:tf1Iiu,'{4l~"", I regard l<.tlhi'possibllit)·ofbcing toget~r "'Itl> otl>f'rI," !t is """".., a matler of c<"nSiderinll thi' ""«>logICal dlar;,rtrfl; In '"leW of; 1.) llOia. 110,,- lheJI 1001< in thcm>l'l\'es .cocording to their proper calegorial oonten~ ~nd 2.) ,,-hirh call.'gorial function is po!6lble lot them ""ilhln the It this in\'fNfigalion doe> not aim ~t ""~ potiII'bk transp.Jt a diak'dkot consideration rould a""ln. but Instead wc dl'Sire only ~> much cL1nty as will make inlelliglble our genuine themotic inlcrest: til;; trmv 1'i\'TOJ<; Ill' 6v (dl), "th.>t in r""t "",,-beings are." In tltis \\'a)' I'\aLO ..0'" rc!IlmS. ftom tho;- scncral onLOlogical lIiKu)/iion;m1l from the critique of the p~ing onlologies. back to the qU<."!ltinn ~ by IhcsophL>t. "Ilhe samctimc "'C can now srerlo>arly lhe melhodoJogkaJ horizon within which this question is to be rai""", it muSl be n"'$O!\'!'d

§lil5J6-5J7/ within a duk'<.1kal di~S5ion of what is .., id m"",l prop.'rly and primordiall)' in \"'o'er)' "'d~ng of thing'! as such. Acrordingly. I .... reooluti<m of lhe q"","ion 0/ the !l<>ing 01 non-beings must aoo be un""'rslood in .. ~ing uni\"fl~.

l'1alQ now begins the proper dialeclkal in"~ligalion (25kI4ff.). In oro...... lU und....-stand this cons'deration. "'f< must realiu thai il may inde
easily 'ntelligible in a rotlgh "erl>al ,......., and that It is not difficult lU 'u««d in ""'Plaining I .... int~..:onncct;oo of tlw indi,~dual steps and a'Su. m""lS, flul this does not at all S"'lranlrt' thai llw Propl'f p....""menal C\lnle<>1 of what is her\' at stak" Ius been demOf\Slrall'd. If you you..,..I,"",; try 10 lollow this discuSllion by carrying i! OtJI )"OI'r.;eI'·..,.....'vhich of CO""", you muSl do if }'ou an' to understand ;I-you will "'alize that you do 001 alwa)'l' and witf10ll1 fUrth~T ado 5<,,, tm- ronn~'dinns With the 5,lme Iran... P"l'\.TOC)", Whal is nl.'<:ded he~ i' al",a~" a \wy la.'<:n d'sp<)Silion oflh" eye. whi.ch we do not, a5 we mighl wish. tonSlantly ha"e at our dispos.ol. lienee I e_~plkitly Imng to }"(lur altention the difficulty 0/ this diSC\iS6ion, '10 that you will no! dclude yourself with a ""nain mer"'ly '-elbalunderslanding. bl The five ~ty.OT(l "tb'l\: "i"'l"'~-4j[u(It..6\o--w.\iWv--#wpoY. Exposit;un of Ih";r aulunum)'. 0:) The pn'j;in",ness of TliVll<"l<;---otllo't~~", 'Thcir rclaliomhip. The ~idetation begins by ""u,,",,,raling th'" ~tyu"o "I the}t\'Tl al sul<e hMe: ro iw a\it6, Being i~If, Gtlim.;.. and ..i"'lOlc;.. Th<5e Ih""" basic ron· «'PIS. oW, TIi"'lOIc;.. and Ottimc;.. a.... p~wn. They a .... lhe Sl\'Jt'lS around "'hich th<- procfar a. liIV'lO\'; and ,nlim~ determine Y')'\'U>o!<'£'v, u.., the (i),TJllt:; and ~ and, in unit)' ",ith lhem, lhe possible "bj<:<:t of Y'l"''''''~"tt''' Uti (1\'. At lhe s.~ml" ti""', t!1q form I~ tillc!; of the 'I"'-"'Iion ofllring "'hid> pR'OCCUP)' ane;"...,! Grrek onlologk.oJ resNn:h. such !h,lt the ancient discussion. are superseded in Illis """" diaJ."ticat c.....si0:", fllnnulalt.'d by ",ailing them ~rinm. "unmi""ble." Kl"'lm~ and OtUo',:; ..... tllus ""du
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another. 0-. th~ other lund, """·~·e,. '0 Ill! y£ 6Y Iln....uw 6il~v (dtO). ~Bei"8 IS mi....J in "'ith bolh 01 them,~ i.e.. Being is P""SO'TIt in both. Forbolh indr..od art In St""" ... ay or other. And an ~a,lil'r anal)l3isclarified the Being 01 Neh of them by mo.>oUlS of tile phcnom''nl)I\of )'l't"O:1lQ:....... hich. insofar as it is.incl..des "''''l(JI~''nd o~>Thus t~ 1't"'l are p~h'en fQ,.1he di.ll<"Cticat discussion, and 5pt.'cilkalll' in a d<:tertninate ","",uS: "''''TjOI; and 0'6.01; In mutual ocJoWon. both. ho..-",·er. in 4550Cid.tion ...ith 6.... til T«\rr6... and hFpov as t/>eTne of th~ furlher i,"'estiption. Determination of the 1.051< and anticipation of the result. At !he end of 15-kl. the ~.ox; raises tlw proper qU<.'!<1ion and tl>o:'reby bro.>ches a ......... pt>enom.....al connecti"" ,,'itllin these ontological 5tructun.'$ 0("00(,,' «",lilY t"CClOtO\' toi,' Iltv fn.,oi... tttp6... ton..., aUro lr lmrl(jl taiot6v (dl(f.): "Each of ll\em, !o;w:m." toi,- illY iuoi". ..-i"'l6\<; and ommc;.. is ir><:lc«i. however. on lhe one """d. ftl'po.... ,1n other. lind. ,II the Silme time. m'ltil (i OOulljl tu,;,ny." ilSl'lI: each is for itself. snm<'lhing6<.~f"'$Om..." T1...,( «0 ,f.,\" oino>; €ip1j':«Ill:\" t6 tt m\r!o", .:ul96:U:po",; (e2f.): "But what have ...., now in lhis ...aysaid whoon "..... tl~r ·sa ......· and 'other'r"Th, q'-ion makl!5 it dear how the lI~t 00.6: ~ ~ will r>ow actually boe cam"" out: the ,,'ill boe a q..estioning back to whal "'5 said in the pR.'C"ding """t<.1\ ---H\lIt .... ch of the two i, !ttpoy and m ttoy. Th.. is lhe fi,.,. g...,'ui l}' d,alKll«t1 And no'" ... h.l.t is oKlually said in this ;~.... ''''PO''. 0 0 6'OOu<40 '0.....6y is to be ~ e_~plicit, Of. put djff~~l', wha, was formul:Jtl.'d in the preplion toON' anothe,~) is lObe said more p~ly ~nd bn;lughl j"to .~t'W. 11",....,f"....,. ,,·h.... "'~ "'y In.t 0<1 •• '10'0<; and 4... diffe...... t, IY~ cO"SoO)' in both, O;y6j!lVO\' It> ~ wheth.... bolh of 1'-', tmJ'6y and 9dlttpoy, a.., I"""-I\"<'S &6o:l.,t"'1 (<>3), "two Prop<"" ""'" stem",,~ aJ'ld, f.. rth<'ml0re, ... neu...r IJwy tt1loY "tv tp,6w 6.Ub>leJ). "an> each them;;o.--l'·<$ something otller in ",!.>Iion to the first Ihn>e pl'l.'gi''<:'' yt''T\, ~ and ~OO whether the)'lJ\IIl"l''f''tlI1!vm 11(£(\10,'0 t~· m~" ar.( (d. d), ~a", C\>n5laml)" aAd ,,~rily pr<'5Cn1 togt'lher with I~: "'hellIer tlw)' an:: lhen.'l'~ lb"l which dC!l<'t"\·... to be charaet~ "5 /Mil "0.,'"",,, or, speaking in an ,""'g.... whether lhey ha"e the character of ,·o,,·cls. This qucstioni"8 is simpl}' lhe cor>ereti~hon of w""l Wa5 f"rtnubled pn-,'iou,l}': ~ach of lhe following W"l is to bo> interrogated "o'u-h<no,

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3Cfp.J.l7I

§17/$I1-$.l2/

11 Th" ~ul•...,omy of taut(h and hrptW "'.... and agaln.sl ~h"len~ and aluen.;,. It i. indisput.lble, ..nd m~ be ..... ld fasl a-' I"" ph<no.......... 1poinl of d~"~,... IU"" thaI ~ttxClOv II~V 6j.t0<0 taiotou >(01 euttpou (255M1. "!\Mh olwlously p.1r1au in .(ll)tov and OO",po",thelo1me dnd the "Ihe•. " I'~ toh"",~ ocl"'loiv i el\'(:n tavro,· ~ El6:n:Il'w 1111&' ou atUcn" (bSf,). Oul e do nol wanl to 5o1y Ihal motion, a5 ono.' and Ih" Sol""', as something /~, ,,'ookl bt'SiInu·.\I'.6. or lh~1 n:sl, asdlff~"'-'fll-ftom, as dllfcrrnllrom molion,

would be dl/f..,..,nl...".... Thus 501n,~..,,,,,,, and dif!"""'flln<SS are ncit...... ,1\'llen~ no.aTMI<;. ~nd)'d "-,,say: "'\''len; is tam6\' and hqlo". ~n:>by ...." gain Ih;, milch, Ih.>l m\r10" and trrll"'· an: inllially, (l\.~.. and ~g.llnsl "rivIlO"\~ and alii",:;. xmpl<;. ,;(Imelhing olh"., But th" q.-ion has nol )·"11"""1' ""rried through to Its end, I",,,,fu as lheft' ""'" Q('ClIl"S po56lbilily INI taiitlh' and l"trjlO\' art' pt'rl'Iap5 ldenIlcal ,,'1111 a Ihim. Ov,

t""

1i)"J"he aulonomy of mum,' and hrjlOv (0\.'" and ag.llnslo\,_ TautOv and iw. "Etl;jIOv and (Iv. Tht> disp;trily bet "",,, 6,' ~nd mIlO\'. Th" Itll"><; n pS /ourtding ,,""raCIer of t fu:pov, Rt,sllliS and furllwt l;lSk

fl\l,.

The question is thus wktl'lt'. roUtllv and f.... an.' id'....tical .... llh lIv, ·M)." 6pa to <}t. oml to wUTllv Ii>.; h' Tl /lIa"olldo\' fJl'iv (25Sb8f.), ~pl'tl"'pl' In t..... end Being ... d sa"",",-_ are 10 "" "nd~'tSlood Ii>.; tv n. "" """." This poa&ibUHy. hot,·",·"" is N'l" 10 Und"""I""_ For If w" Id.... tify sam........ with Being and, on the basi. 01 tllis assumption. Sil)' ",'''', we Ita,·" roald ., th.> beginning. lhol >(jvl\el~ dnd etMl; If", thai Being is In them, then " ... would h,,,·,, 10 "",)., assuming [he idenlity of Being and sa""""""" "''''1m" and a.tlcn.; are mm6'o', lIul lhat is Impu;;sible, Thl."rclore C\'i'r\ s,"UTICI'M'!I&, taUt6,', is dlff""--'1\t /min (Iv. T';I\,t6,· u< the""""" jusl ., diff.......,1 foun 0.; W' ana: (h6l'o.ta to' M ybn /lIa\'Qf;io9u, llri; ((8ft.);0. should ...e SO)' in tile end thai dl.lfurenl• ....... falls, ... itll 0,', Into ON )'t,.o.;~ NoI" Illal Plato is nut simpl)' deriving Ill", in t.... sense of. """,It, a formal conclusion: lIIdl t..... tmrmv is other 0'...... and olgalnst I..... thret: P"'l9" .... and thai acrordingly the ~U"pov is autonomous and a fifth. On lhe etm1ra'Y. II;" again d"monsl,al<.'1o displays, a 'P'..:ill) ...."tg). 11\ til" dclimlt,'IIOl1 "I lhe mpo" "'..". N

vem.p!l,

&nd &g&insl IhI' four others.. in such & way NI hi' d<X'S Ant tnt'1eIy carry out Ihis ddirnita~OI1 one.. but pursue!! it a s<'Cond time on a high<.,Whal is essenti,,1 in the ",hol~ consi(ll'f"titw...... Ih" tnI'D\' and the now p"-"gi""" four. For Ihrough the d.,rnonstration of thoe dif!ffmc.. bet......... tI£PO" and IN. """'\Oll;. "1001';" and Too.I6\,. the ronc<>pl of the lnpov wHi bK'ume Iransp.>""'I_ This tr""spa~y plTl"ides" ........ c<:mcq'1 of ~~sainst" of ~"ga;nstne!liS," and lhereby l.o)'lllhe foundalion lor a ",=W cuno:<.'pt ollW'garion. n... "'hole a""lysis .,. orient'" toward t/w.> f:u;pov and >IS f'C""Sible, 01' not possible, ....'vw'io ,,·ith the others. WI"'t then is the relalion the ttq>o,. and I.... th~ or, including TOiot6v. the fwt? Is itl!flil' a Afth? Or is it in 0""' rtvo<; tog<.1h<'1" ",ith IN? For an undr-lhan; hence il is I..... ontok>gica.l d~erminalJOn OITW'Ihing, !ho.' dostinction is blurwd from the wry outset; i.e., .... dOO\S not al all ,uocl't'd in distinguislling the mIlO" as ~an other" from !he t't>:po\' as "being-oth..," or 0>$ "othemess." This onlological consid· eration is specifically rL'tooic in the lnk'rtwining of ~ throe ""'anings. P1.,to inlrod\lCe!l the consKl"""t;oo of the fTl'jIOv In Its delimitation O\"ff and "&liMt the lour-which Ar"" /lSin it. ~",,_'l« with the four-with a g"",-"al ern!oeh'es. til 60'. (OIhets. ho:m",,'er. "pO<; in relation to something ,,"e." InsofAr as th~ pmp06it!oro C'OI'Ins that U.,.£w_ i'ldtl,...,;sing bclngs. taken quite gen..,.,.lry, djs.:~ beingt; in two di...mons; first, or .os ItI""><; n. in-tl'lation--Io. In )qn\" .. do""r" p"""""''' of bt'ings ~"'C5 graspab!t.; "in t.... mseh·cs" and "In """hon to."

"",.,l.

bet"'''"'''

a.ua.

On th~ NSis en this g,..",r31 ~r\'ation. Pl;>to Sot)'!,: Til Iil 1 tu:po" Cu'1 Ilpb.; ttrpov (25.5<11). cn~r)' mpo,· is in itself Itp&;. Hence there residC!i in the Sln>l'tul'l' of ttw tn:po" it:;<>lf a ~ti1l mon> original char3Clt'r, one ",hich 1'1.110 d~ no! ~ e'!lablish finnlr. the ~ n. In eWl)' the OIher is possible nnlr as ~.th.on. In thi.~ other there -.i. En" sam.,.. I\CSS, lhe "in·irs-I(" includes the momenl of the Itp6<; n; il is just thatl1t'te the reLttion·to poinlli bad:; to ,tself. This thcn.:fore documents a ~Ul\' ..... • ffail'!! oftl'n ,*"",..-<1 in such ,n"",tigati""•. Ihat in a c\'TtO;n ~ a pI\.,.. non>mOn isal~y wilhin 'Nm and is to "«rlain deg..... e>e. is t\("·c.lh~1esIi incapable of nplicitly raising lhe phenom~" non i\5C1f 10 I <:onceplualle"el and 3S6igning il its cat"S0rial fun<:tion. Fo•• l'Lllo he arm in t.... "'t,·. dialOb"UeS as "'ell, doo.'s nOl allo"' ....... 1tp6<; n 10 alla,n the fundament,,1 and un,,'CIS'lI .ignif"""", ",hich ,hould propI'rl), and substanhVCl)' ~rt.lin to it,n ....lation b> toolt""· and tupov. In the PIr;~. e.g., il is lholl Plait) is indC'l'd a",ol\' of lhe JpU.; n bill ,'\ors not genuinel)' S('(' il in its catl.1,-uria1 funetico, and in ils p.imal'}' posilion prior lQ the mpov. H", ';'»'S lho.= T«iJm rU4l o,,~ ,j,'g, ~ n ~(l),.U, {UJ,' Ott roM ~afl' mAti (d. PIr;kb~,;. 51ct>f·1. -thcsoJ beings are not beallliiul R'l.ticnall~;· i..,,, beautiful in "ie><' of _thing ~I~. "but al1' ah.,.)'5 beautiful In lhetnsel\·e;.~ H~re. in ,t... Sopki.l. PlalOclaims the ~ n onl), fIX th",lttpo" .tself. as a roncept",,1 dctl..'Tm;nati"" of it, and does not"", the Ilp6.; n off ag.oinst thehtpcw"".n origi....l apriori. pr>or '0 lheh:pcw ilself 00 the NSis of this distinction bel......." hei"lll' in tho.'1TL"""'e; and beings in the mar,ocler of the tq>6;:; tl, P1.to now atlcmpl!i 10 delimit Ih., tu:po" "'..". and against ilV. If tn.. tupo,- is ~tily oll>e<.lhan, i.e., il the slrucl"", of lhe t1>:pu" n.,c.,...rilr includes ,h~ rrp4:; n, ,ho.... 'ho'''' "",odell bI>n<.'",,·n w and Mttpo\' a/i,o«!pU. for, rlll£p MU'pcw (.ql90'" Ill:trilt. to.\, ri&',v /iicrup til lW. ~v lev lIQtt n ...n uil\' tttpllJV ~ttpo,· oU lfpQ; ~ttPCW (25.5
'.!le.

C"'".

and D\' Iud tho,> same field, al'd if lho.'rl" are D"lCl..... wrthe\ess.. a, we ha"e heard, ndI' (linn. !hen lh<.>re ....·ould bt- O!f,~ ..... hich are not other in th~ characler of I"" od...Nhan. No...... ho "'·"r, the ~'.... SOl)'S. ,t is for us perfOt ....t.:., is cNr=erizoo Ollie'. I, ,,~ril)' ..... hat It is In ","'lion 10 an Olher. Dtutf:p li\' ttq>ov n. (FI)l'lltll'll(fV ~. (.r\'ay~"'IJ~ tWpoll lOino OIQ"P t"rt\' £i""" Id6l.). Wha'e,..,r 15 a, t:u:pov is SQ as hI:poov~. Th"" O\' "nd tttpov du not (oincid~. Insoln ItS lhe.., are ,....1(1 which do nei5. That in tum """"M 'he lu:pov is I'self, as ",hem~'55, something Olher m..n DV and IS, a<:'l:'Qlti_ ;ngl)'." fjllh, ...."'1 to 1a here is that ;n """')' fttpOV lhere is ,ndet'd an 6v, bu'lhere is nclt;n ""'""')' Qv D lttpov. And so a distlnctiort muM bE' made t>nw""", !he o\iol~ of a Ttvo.;. (that which II lIself already is aa:ortllng 10 Its prop« categoriaJ ron,...I: Being. ottleme!os, SIImcn"5"l)--betw""", thi.~ 0\001; and lhe ytvo.; insofar as it is ~ro.axQpr.'Ov~.insola' as another is CO'p""5en1 ..'Ith it. At the 5o> nDI00 for ...h.>, follow. tha, Ihe dislinction """'. brough, out bot......,..., Bring and othe~ distinction conceming the calC'&oriaJ ronl,... t «both these 'fb'll--does nol e>:c1lKk the f"l'IiSibilil)' tN, precisely ""N)' beIng, as something. is an olher. This is 'he remarkable unclarily ....." still lind here in PlalO: he indeed operates with Ihili dl.tlnct,,,,, but dOl'li fIlIt go.... u,,.,.,lye>:1"JII" it. Hen-. at this poinl. Plalo "f'f',~of. non<'QInciden~ of ,he ca'ogori.>l rontent "f oW and ftl:pov; later. how""er. he lries to show precisely thai ""I'f)' 6v ill lttpov. The noncoincid~ of I~ <:at&>gorial ron,,,,,l does I'I{)t ronlrJdlcl t ....·rolnddence oIlhe ~Im 01 <:alrgori.ll preena!, of Ihat which is d"""mi.-:l by these CJlegories HC'nOt there ;, ~ dislinction l>elwcer> tke noncoinridenct' of lhe call'S'","l contenl and lhe roi",klenc:e oIlhe re.>lm of the pm;ence of u... c..olegorie§ hich are under dlSCus.Oun h...., a"" which as such are ~a ,f('i\'T!IlV, presc. l th"""ghoout ("\·crylhing. In e''Cf)" DV. the.... Is th"" also u... nq,.,v. In 'his .....ay. I'\alo c"f'OS.; and ei&.; Thus ....t'f\ In "1?M 10 tlwi' carl;"., paMagc ,,-..-.or .,Ie;ut l--dismi>IIcJ J9 i"""plimb!c." Iiwi' interpreti1110n rna)' not enlis! lhe later dislinction beIw""'" genus and "f'l'des. n- he ..... no,," tv 0;; 1lpOCf'l"'Wcllo{2SSeI), thai ~in ,,"hich~ ....· c ....·iII IT>U''f 10 ""'1' OUt Ill" ensuing irt''nlisaLion. People hal'e altemptl.'d to

-.1"""':;'

,in

ow:s....-:it

preosel.. I

c)

of the htp

. 11

1m f

thus we walll h) set in reli.ef. in Ihisdiall.'<:1ical5oef\5e. whal is said "in ~lalion 10 thes<' fin>. ar>, t,,"'inl> established tht' Ih'" in lhdt dil. f"rt:ntnes5. I"" gnal of lhe ensUing ronsideraMn is 10 d""""".I,al/: Itwo pen'ash'" p~nce of It\<' tttpo,· in lhem. «Q) roinl

0'

d'1'a,lure: laking up "gain Ihe ...... Iion 1".1...~~ rl"'ltll;;-<JTUmc,--lw-tm'ro...

AI Ilrst I'lato wk<:s up something said ""li.e" Ilpli.lto~)iN rl'''la\\'. 0>;; fan 1W\'t~Qt aTti<:I•.;. il i. lt1Wt'~no\\'hl"po~. fUr1ho.'m\OI'\'. " ... already dairnl'd: I:<JT\ Ilt yr.lio6. ro I'f-ttll"lV Too 6\'1<><; (256.11). rl"""", is. Thus. in thr firs! pl.>oc. ur6:ol .. is 001 p.e;ent;n rl"'la,,;. bul on Ihecoot... ryOv is. We Sitid further: Aibt~ rl"'l<JI~ftl"PO\- T,.';miI (d. il31. rl,"l~ is also dislioel from lo.(mk This;s an nolh"'ll new; It is jU5t lhal W!\al !\ad all"l'l\dy been :;;lid is taken togeth.,.. fo, the following considetalion. i'\k>t(, wdllh.lt whal is set in relkof as n'&'rds ,i'-ll<J1;; ow' rind against <JT6li<:alion bo>gins at l5607. and specifkaJly in the 'oIlowi,,& order. Plato In.'ilts 1.) rovt6v. 2.) "1601';' 3.lltte ttEpov. and ~.) 6>1. and does SO specifically wilh Itwo int''IlliOll 01 ~ing I.... t Itwo fu:pov is p.-nt in Itw.m as wC'lui,....l n-gardingamm.... Ov. tt:1steoce of Ov, thai is" 1111 Ov. "nd 3.) o"","and againsr!he dille..,......, in n:gard to tmJfO,.·, that tnuft'" is aloo co-prc5en1 in ,1,"l<JI:;' In the fifth and si~lh f.nn.",ds. Plotin.... la.I.... look up thIS f\O..... llealxlul tM fi...,.rtv'land seC it into a 8""1'...1mctaph)·.'1leal 'yoMm with lhe "id 01 Anst<»elian cal
w"

0:1""".;

Illli first stage: -.1"'10\; and

taVro~.'

The first question ~ the Conn<'<:liOll be\Y.'o:en rl~T1<J1;; and 'nVt6'o'. 'ADA 1111" aim] i 1\,- ,nun'IV SIlo to ~£'" au a«\'{' cx\rt(ni (a7). II ....... "'I"bl~ abo"e t!\at aUttt. rlVT)<7l;;.;" tairtoN_ ·""If..... me with itself.-li,,\ to j.ll!~['" arJvt" autoil. "bo.ocause ('<'£'TYIhin15 in.clred partiopates in ttt\rt6v.~ beca...,;e~· is liu'. W-tW"_ Now. however. il must be stn:ssed. the ,amenC$S uf 1d''11'''''i and mirt6v. thatlhe)';ue different in t.Tll\S

' ' 11iUS

7.TI.... ~on'~·._pI-

§i7 1~5Sl/

~,

of tlw-ir <1OQ'gorial cootent. rl\" ~1,""IG'" (if) mirto'- t' tiw.n ~...I ~f) laUrov 6ll0AorrlTto" oru\ ou OOoxl:p(lVttov (.101.). "IV" m1l51 theTdon.-l'b.""jse "")' and nol 1>0.- troubk...l about ii," i..,,, "'" musl simply.>m"pl il ... lhe: w"y!he maner ddn'SW in ,iyol', the possibility of differing re;pt.'Ctl': J(lfl'O'1hing prq;r.""'.IS prt'St'll' can be :>ddressed In 5f'<"'Ch as Ih.. or ttldt, i...., it c.>n be 1<110.•." in diHerenI ~f"1"IS, In the biKl.pin ""'" is lhe /Kr.'«>l<':' I(\)II'l1lv\a.;; the difl'.'ml<'eS in respul, ;md in 8....."'1 'IOfll<.'lhing Ilk a ""'f"'(1 dl all, a ..... b.lsed on lhe W~'<' orol\1D\ill<;. on lhe possibllllr lhou lhe m..'Ojll<, 1<\>1\'\0110.; ~ SliMes the Ilcing 01 something and ill; pll'§l'llC\' in '!.Ctt'\'. (lll.' (lKUWV iiJ;\' mUt6Y, lito 'rill.' 1Iffll:~", mUto\> Itpi),; roll'ril\, oiittll ~£v (aI210; if w.. say d"'lO'l<, wirtOv, "'('a"'Spol'aking .boull ~tIll:.;l<, miotoii K~tu1Jd)", "i!li participation, u;/h rtgtlfJ 10 1I;;rl/, in So' I.'S6... Insof.r as il is 011'1)0'<' with lhis utegorial CUrtIi:TlI, as 011"lI"'Jl\'fu wilh I..... tttpo"": " ... SOIy it >menes6. SO thaI il is 1'tlOCil'O, notlheSolme. not t,-_ Here in Tlwrov lhl"'" 'PP"'B as"in the f"!C"liar dUllI ""'dnlng' ~"'mt:'fl<':"oS'" and -11M: !lOme." K("'I'Jl<, IS indeed lhe sa"'" and hmce unJtQv. but aox"rding 10 its c.>1l'gOrial ('()fItet'll, 11 is ~ Sdrncr><.'M it5elf.nd the",fo'" i5 tttpo", diff""",t. from tu1Jrol', and thll5 1s "" roUt6v. Hena: thisOrtl"")tvoc, is, ..';th "'S"rd to mUro". both «IDtUv .nd, t:qllally, 1\01 tmit6,·. KiVlllll; is mUw' and 0.:. IcNl(\,', The ..,,,"" «mslde:ralion, a§ Jus jusl ~ carril'd out ,,~th ...-go"d to I.... rdation betwl'<'rt d"TJ
So"'' '

0"'"

TYI Se<:und Sl.:Ige: d"'llll<; dnd all\o',,<,.'

Up to no,,' " .... h,,,,,, ~ "P"akinll 01 d'''lOl<,and OtOOl; a; t\·uvt"....ruw. lwo ~ which stand opposl.'d 100..... nother in theIr substantil'" ronIml. which exclude one anoth...... This WdY of spedking is justifil'd, PIOl;dl"d ....e limil ou!licl"cs to till" M)'Oo; ,\nli~lhrnne;Lll:IOOed 4S the onl)' possible

one: it is possibl<, '0 speak of soml:'thing only as rrgards;15 O...n sell.,;."ml'-

. - . Then ..-!'·'l'l1; is pM:i!;d~' ..-!"'lOl;' and "mo.; "wen<;.- Bul no... lhe qu<:slion ~ri.<;e;, Qilo:ui>\' r(rv rlltll jl~f\!:Mv Cl'IittI 0;I,'Tl"'; Ol<'oo!'~ olitlb' U\" {fro"o\" ~,. oWOtjlOV «\rn'l" "po<1~t\" (b6f.). Mis il lhen SO

,,·Itollr ,nappropri,,\(' to addl"C:56 u,jtl\v. nam<'ly ..-!\"Tjen... a" n!St. as atOOtjlov. as sianding ,till. in th.. sense of 1J,nu).(J~1I16.\'(,,"am.x~ thus in the sense of IIt.c n>n<:epl oIlleing ..... a", no wring at the foundalion: &\0\"«111; ~"Ot'·OJ\"Ia.;? Thm pcrItaP" in some ar. 'Htify saying Ihal o;IVI\Ot; and 0't6.a,; a... not sh...... tyu\'tlo bul a.... in a CO'IUin _ t'mit<;v. Indeed. loa)" 1'1.110 .. how.. p,,-,,'ioUJJy' al....ady faclu.,lly <:sIAblishN ill<; lon ~aw o\JGw ttWtyI (256c2(.I. Mlhnl Ihe !kolng of 0.1\""",; is 01 itself Ilk IIt.'t: i.e" in il om.cn.; is c:o-presenl. Th~ il ,,'as sho...n II\dI the onlologicoll ~ibility of lhe COIl<'n.'«: ph~... o"",non of 'l'I'l'I' loa"'" lime mo,·"",,,,,t to"'ard the things to II<- krt(n,.... T'I>e ¥UIl\ or the ~ IS d\"Tjou;a"d, "" ~1\"Jlo,;, in a cerlain 5<.'fl.it' l<\\''llI'I; £1; ~l. s<>u1 is lhe beins in ...hkh ..... can see lhal in fael 01001:; OS e","present ... ilh mo"....... nt. llto> SOIJI is m",·.. menl in the ........ of o}pt~l';' and. as !'bto sho...s in the 5ympos,um. till" sou, does not """"'y Ilol".. deli", "" ~ among nuny oth£or lh'oo .-xperi<'nces. hul illSlCad the soul is t.'d by lhe ~"O,Yll>VkL Onto~llyCO'preliCnt ... ,th "'hal is mo,.-ed. n~mely lhe 'l">J:l\, is lho:'od. This remork.:lble ""d objecti"elygruunded demoostra· lion of the _ ....)V(O: of o.1\"Tjot; and (lt6m; mu" nol bl' confu§<'klng of "'hal is in motion or. mo"" OOsicall~'. of lhe ""lallon bo.'Iw....... whal is in molion and whal is unmo"ed. This m",,'oo being in its relation 10 tl'>c u""'O'o'ed OS he", simply grasped diak.'dic.,IJ)·-6t!l'l;C:a!Jy ,n Ihc ~ of r.l:&!J, Thw; PIaIO is not hen'invesli· galing 0.1''f\(Il<; "S dvljOt; but o;I"l\(Il; as ~"*,-o.;. u "" u\' among othNS. ".""",~ Answtledueidaleslhe l"'-"sis lhal re;t is motion from ,'''' ......aning of motion itself. Plato doe; nol al all inqui"" into this "",aning .......,. Th\OS

xn.

n...

r""

(553-5 ' J

and (Tram._ Ith ard \ U "CQmov. pm lnn""tra tion " -th gard 10

eide~elr's

man.· _. r' man

.pt.

'pt.

b th i ha (11,0'l

and

w.. h.>,·" from the ' "OtWlMlllhmughou' tht' Ii,·... ""eo 0;I''Tlasis of the dlaJe.:ric;Il consideration....hich aims at !he hl:pov and ... ho8e goal i~ Ilw l.'Iabo.... ti<)n of ils structure. These fi,'" ............. hibiled in adWIlC'l';IS >;Q:<JJCl,ollt\"o:, i..... as a"tono""".. rl&]•• nd, .>5 thesf' ",.... they .....re 5101jl£16:, lak('n .part from 00(' .nother ,100 held fasl as 5IJ(h. Tim basi>; .lion.. make possible the "",pl;ution "'hleh alms at delimiting ocl"TJ(Jl<; not only ,n oppos,tion In ro.uro", In "Pf'O"ihon tn orom.;. "00 in opf>O§ition to the hrpov, but ~...''''' in oppositiM to \'i\". We must darifJ' Ih .. ,elation of o;I\ITlm.. to Ov, 'A&&; 6;>0: . olo(ljlUX6\lfVQI ~'(dSf.), ~ ..... mU51 ,",,,,e struggle throush without I".. 0' he5it.uion" 10 the proposition: n)v dV'l6~ In I""-'case of dvTio".. Plato already demonstrak'tiy has lhe hrpov pre.;ent in it, and insofar;lS 6\' is for ils part co-p~1 as a fifth. lhereby ..ivl\(n" is als<> fttpo\" tOO 6\'t0t;. W.. must say here that motion, or, mOR' Jl'TtlO:i!l<'ly, mo..."ner>'. is d'~1 from fleing. 0'. more .,,,,,,,,Iy. from 6eing"'-"'6 A.:ronlin~I>; 0:1,,'1"'-' is 6""~ 0.:." lw "'l)llw (d. d8f.), Oil 19. in its mod" of fk>lng. not 0". and it is Ov." 1ben'b1'''''' ha"('shewn: ro 0... tri n: .....""""... Ei\,{11 ,,!rll«tt«lt\'i\"t{l to 'ltV'! (dllO. thai ,n ~ c.aSl" of d"IIm.;. TO 6v Eivu~ t1li1t in all di_lions-,n l\'L>tioo 10 t;", fou' <>thers-ll1"'ltn.; IS "'" lhe om~,"" i.e.. it h;u in reL>tion 10 "lIlh.. othe", the eh.>racl'" of ,he hcpov, insofar as lhe fttpov is 510 ftl'l\'tlll\". Hen(\'" 00 the basis of 1""-' un;"er5a1 presomn> of lhe fu:po". d''I}.KI)' ""isis, d"'i"'-' is a. such diftnml from 6>1. ThUll this ronsid""'tion h.>s not demonstrated 5Ofl'Iething about d\lTl"'-' bUI inotead

n...

Is.wrov ..

1''

l.J.l.'I6o' Cf P 3lIO.

1''

§77/5S6-5571 ha.dialeo:tic~lly

F"""as,,'~ p""""""

of the hrpov in lhe ..1 ,'ll0l; toward all other tim,. In.abr as Ihis consideralion is a fann.l·Llni'·".....1 """, ,n""far as lhe htpo~ enjo)'S Ihis perwIsive pre5enC(', this n'Suh ;5 ,'alid "ith01.l' further ado 1«lTU 1W;vtn. sho""fllhe

III The unin'f'!.lll prtSence of Ihe brpov In all (wIn in ~...>ner"t. Th" uni"e"",1 pre".,n", of "",,-being.

l«lTO ll6:""u .,up " ij.ntpou OOOl~ tapov .lIt.tpyn~O\.ltv~ tOU ':'~to,;h(W[('" oin< Kou;, (d12f.), lhe per"asin' p ~ of lhe hrpo,· in all things """,lilul"" lhooir being different from 6v; i.e.• tIw> P"->sence' of the ttl'pov conot;tu~ the non-bcing of ""ery being' h:rt<'ltOv OV KOlri, "it m.lkes everylhing inlO a non.being," 11<,<:..11 th" (,~Pr'\'SS;"n ItQIFiv. whkh Wi'Ito,·.. enrounh;'1'ed ....rlil.'f': xou:\v '" et>:'m,,~lI'>S<Jfa, as we ha"ccurrir:-d ",u' Ihe demonSlration on somrth,ng .rol is 5"" K......~w-is OUI< 6\orll o:u\ 1nifold polenli.U}' and can be !>""'ghl 0'1'. E"e'}' concr<'l<' bei"S of essl.'ntial con,ents ,,'hieh ,'''' d,.,I«lic,,1 con.>id"rarOon can demon..:"'l>f Ihis 0,- BS lhey c<>-P~' in pun' '-00"; and pree""l}' this co-p"""""" de1<'1'1nine'l Ihe 0,- in its essence. This is a, !he same lime the ba,i, for whal A,islOlil.' later ...hibill.'d AS IhI> 6po.;, Ihe ~ ~(lt' tf;oxfiv. Hcnc
.w

ou"

0""

h.,."

=

14 Ct Sopb'21_1.s...p.lll6If.

mlllJ.a, "brTng the others: This Slsls ollhe ICOtvtll'l'fu.. And SCl""<' h.>,'" gun<' Ihl\)ugh the fundamenl.ol di.>1«lkal('l)rlSjd;,rariun in the S<>p/!rsl. "'him is """'II)" lak..... .os th.. P"'f'C'" m",,1 <>f the dl.log....., "'...."'.u; thor tn"'lmer>t of lho.' .'lOphisl himself is ~rrled as d'l<' !Ill'-Ql~ sI>cll. In this [undam<'ll",1 consideration, "'him .n.alY7J!5 the d"'l«tlcill n>lalions of 0,·. <:ttW:n... oc!,"TlOl<;. lo'rirtlW••nd .." 0.... 01" tttpov. it is riVfl"'~ thaI gu~ the ronsiOOr.llion. 1 want 10 emph.lsiu optic'll)' """" mor.., hDw"'·et", tNt w:h~ LS ootthe pri""'f}' and proper themo.'. Whal is properly supf'Ot in prindpl<' ~I")' for misdiltl«ticool ('t)(ISideration to b;,carrit'd QuI upon ri~ .I:tiicn", or (y". Qr tairnlv. could just as ""1111 sen·e to guid<' I~ pruper <'OIUider.ltion. I..... willlal<" __ why new,dll'Kss Ills precisely riV'l""; lhal is themalic: v i, dern""'tnIl~ pn'cisody in relation 10 ..1''tl<1\'" J"'" as the presml di.>ledkal ronsid<'ritl1on aims al the miX'" in order 10 delimn it "'·C' and .gili"'1 lhe n-.xo."[{ov. SO the ne", pftenom«lOtl of the tt:£po,. "'alf lhe fl£pov; in other words, it ronctptu.llly eh,";wucs lhe structure 01 lhe ht:pov itself, l"ht> C<>nCt'f'I of 1"'\ 0... Ih.... l:>fol:omes de!.....,..;n.blt,-.

1)0, 3S!SU

§lB. 1M aPK~I"",.ltril.';""if lito lu:po~. T~

ht.,..",,""liom <'11"" COM'J'I

ofll~

6" 12S7l>-lS9d).

~. Th~ ~

11 ~"M fund~m~nt.l 'lruet" .... of lu:pov. TM 'haru.... of m~ Mnot M u discl""ing 1M mall~'" th~msclvK.

Ih~

aJ",. di!JinctOon be!,,',_ l,,~, ",od~ 01 -"..,t tv
,

ro II",,':;'" ~.• Ii>;. foIlC£\'. Q1j" 4vnvl'iov n~' m\i 6vtlJ,,; W' fu:pov 1'000'·I2S7b3[.). "\'/ho.on ..... e 5"",,1< of II"" /Iv we a", not talking .boul SClmrlhing 11k<- an t.·ro--tfov, th.~1 which. In opposition 10 beings_ is si..... pl!' e>:I:lud~, b"t .athe. tttpov I'Omv; ....~ m""n by 1''1 0... only something lIlh.....,.. This "01\1)'." f!£l>O"IIQ.VV, ",.."",tholl 6v """ai.... prellet'o',.,j, Putting il wTJlI}", Ih.. Being Qf lhe "oot" (Ihe "Tl(In."). lh~ "". is 'O!tOIOV

,ts

§i'8/S58-5S"I

Mlhing else than ,he ~'':; of the ltp6c; fl, lhe pl'l";el>Ce Qf lhe Ilo.'lng·in· I'\.'latio:-HO. '~i3 Qrlly ~ mo.... pn..:i...." fQ""ubt'QI,~ lhe ,,1\ in I ..... ~n.'" of the In:PQ~, is lhe W,'~,~ of 1M JIpO.; to. 1'("", d""" """ ""hi!>it Ihis .... bu, il .. implicit in Ihc idea of I /1l\JlUfl; (b6f.). M" I-tra Ihus """ans not simp!)' ·sman in the ~ oIlhe minimum of j.Itya, but inslead \l can mean ·nal bigg"r," ·umc. And ~ ,t is cleor ag3,n llut 1'\.>10 d,d ind<.'<'d Mt ntt.;n per!,...:t c~uity "'S"niing!he l'C~llionsniu~iriQn which playa rule h,,",. For him il .. "mpl)' irn,',o..Llnl l"->lth., fYptJv i~ "n "". IhM II...""..........m..thing <1;11 ~ins P~'ed in bcmg.. and Ihal the lucp()\' dO<'S not ""t.il an ulM' ",«I"';on. A<:<:ordinglr,o,,6<Mw,.:; m3Y nO! be interprctcd deni;ll me""t the "opp<Jlli1t'." in lhe _ of l'lCdus,on. bul itlSle.1d den;;'l only m,'ans th.at the pter",o?d 00", Of 1.11\, to", ~ n Jl'l'oUn, shows somcth,ngof lhe othcn. in ...I.tion towhieh II", 1.11\ os""id. OU" Op',tvuvno" 6TUYW<6ou0l':; ).tyqt(ll O'l"Cd\'tlV. avn"'fl'l~.eo. rooOlr; o'f6I'Gm (Ihff.). Th" d><>"Cl<'ri""", ~..; ""pli\\'00, as -!b.:>",ing II\vUr.l\' of oo.6W.ol; is >a;pi TO. 1ljlQ;yj.!U'f
sum.

H

H

as"

w.,

"""'''''-'5.

"nol" in l.6)'(>«rI. nw p01Ii'.. """l""'~lndll>g01 ""S"ti
JI)""'"

The distinctinn bctw~ 1M /;v(r,·tlO\', I.... ('mply "oppnaile,H And lhe lttp;»', th.c sub!;l.lnti\'e ot...... ~t ...~d)· predclincal\'S a more p~ ,;rn'f' 0' l..6l""r 0...... and ~g.linst a blind add~ing of SQrnt'thing in mo.·rely I\kn. llfyin.g il by .... m~, Ih....., is u dlocloo.i\'e """,ng 01 il in it. ""'p""""",e with QIhers. And in opposilion to lhe"",~ Nind l'1Clusion .lut corresponds to Ihi!; idffltiflCil~on br nilme, t....... i!;, jf our intcrpmation of a..6oa01; is rorl\'Cl, a denial which di!lCloo;cs, which 1t.'lS somcthilljl; be"""", pll"Ci5cly in ,'''' IMII"", dtnied. H"",e PlalO understands Ihe "nol" and ncgah('-. und

--

l.£.d ........ r..-..",."''"'l'.....,'"''''''''''''_.. I~.m.>~"''''"'''.I'dIn'''''\·"'''''''

1"LolO', S<JpIr>It 156J-56.11 ",Iation to ttIvT\. He... PlIIto u .... th....~pl'l'SI)ion ~1'61"""; II>e 4U("" of th.. 11'1"""" Ihu~ h;os 1'6p,0. Th.. qu<:stion is: ii1l'[l &fl Ul"'I'c" [<:16), ~how a", we n(m'lo undersland" that the ."""; of Ihempo.. can bc ... ~changed into single part,? This particulari.alion 01 th.. OW,; llun'PQ\I must be grasped mOl\' pr«&'lr in th... smse of a roncrvtion of Ike initially emptl' idea of odl('mess. For Pl.110. this "p.rticularizalion~ i~ r>ot d matter of making langible as ~pt"CIHc ;ndh'Id""ls, hen> and rIDW, but '''''lead is a mall.... of. simple concretion of Ihe emp')' ge~r.lltfpo," A~ I'\'g.rd~ Ihl~ roncr<'1ion, Ih" quesllon now arises All 10 how ,he 1'611'u. the parts. the sm.ll coins. are: ron.tiluIN. 'Eon tlj\ ~w..qo n 8ottpou 1'l'lp'O\' OVtlt'lltl'f"OV: Id7): ~I, t.....'" for thoe oocU,6.. 1'6p,clv tl a part which Is counl.... pos<.'d?.. TIti~ question makes;' that I'lato is U5;~ the (0<pression .m1l'0>' here in a ',,·...fold ~: in the fil'Sl pl""e, In Ihe SM!'t' of a sman enl", i,e., the fOr>CTete particularization of something formal. and. >econdly. in tke sense of an other (Wer and against the one within othcrn.".". This double meaning of Jll'lp,o.. i. nol possible with lhe Image of ttl"'\. i.e" in romparison with dX"'1. Therefore the comparison with IfF'! m~ the mark ~ regard. whal IS <:kci.I'·.... Ttx"'1 in itllClf doe not ~ IhespeciflCcha••ct.... of 1M lttpo\', i.e.• of the "pel.; n.ll! that ;, under discU5'SKm he.... By lhe fac' that othemesa Is in ,tself chardCler_ ized by 1m. ",Iation to something other, e"ery concrnlion of otherness is as such a.nd a, the some time a speciflCatio" ofa detemulUlleothe•. Along ,,·itk ,'''' ((''''''''lion, Ih....... i. pOfjil~-d al lhe "'""'" Ii"'" a conCT\'1e oth.... of a det...rmlnate Olherncss, S<> tlut 11611'ov ~re _ans ""m('thing two-fold: firsl, pure and simple concretion \'Cf\iu' the ytv(l<; "Dlhc"",",,: and _ondly, and I"I"-"<:ially. the concrell' "0Ihe-r~ ,'el'SWl lhe p.r1icularized

f"""

"(>n",~

No,,· it is to bc shown Ihat, juot as the tu:pov is p""""'l ....... 'Y"'.......... .., al.9o IhMe is posited along with Ike Ileing of the one the Ilclng of the other, Th.. np""",iOll avTl9£Ol~ emerges hen> In piaa' of tttpov. etm~ i5 10 be under.;tood as positing. not in the sense of establishins or producin..&- but in lhe sense tlut ~hlng alread}' there ;5 posited lIS there, thus in the sense of "1ctting il prcsml IISclI ". there." This i. the Sol'Me of llt'm<; in lhl" il'rm avriElEm<;. The qUl'S!k>n is Whl"t ....T the 4vflnlltll£vov for the .:a.\6v is" ti, _thing, an clv, Or "'helh..... it l.o\'tM-'VI'OV. ~na"",I",,"'_hlch Is here '-"lui'·.I""t 10 p<:lS'Ie5Sing no "ut>stanlh... ronte1t1 of its own and which lhCnllorcaooqt' no tlW\'\ljlln.., ToiIr' oW~o.. tpo\lsll:\' fi tw' ~o.. tlll"""l'IU\'; -"ElO" (d9f,), "Does it h,,,·,, II possibk: ""me," i.e" does il pM'lde of itsr:lf, on th" t'tiuisof i~ own sut't5t.rn!i,·e ronten~ a direction for a I.In"·ocal naming of itself7 "Ind<.'C
.,n).ou

§;8/5D4-5t>5/

'"

is of'PO"'-'d to .. n Dlher.' Thill ......ich is posill'd In t.... .n'1i9E<JI~ In Ille ~nol ~

is not urlder.;tood in tl>€' ~mpty field of nn arbllrary r>oth"'gness but r~ther is thdttj'>Ol' 6.Uou two.;. tile ·not of an 01 ......... Thu,')"i,,/; "no:' the d""~1t In the .n'1iEloo<~ is hmct' a bound one. Wh.>1 ~'" tho.·~? H

II) The >tructu", of 111'1 {,y as lIvtl6rmo;. The ~bst.lnti,..· content 01 JIll 0,.'. lt~ full dlgnily of 6eing (oOOlol. Mil 0,.' as aut<m<>moU!i r;l\o.; ....hhin the row 1'tJI01O rtvrt. We

ha.·" -... tMI I.... sal~ng 'no" in !he 1Nrlll£ot amitra.y bUI is

bound. The'lU<'Slion arises: whal are the rorc'iO>'l,u..T>CeS?'A).MJ II t\ir.. O\'lWl' llYO; ....oQt; yt\""", U:ooInolltY Iro1 _p6.; II Wv (n'WJ\' oi> l!(\:A.ly ovnn":lltv olitm 01JII~ll<11«V ~hVl W Ill'l ~uA.6I'; (,,:2ff.). The corueqllOl'llC'l'S ..... tMI t.... 1'1\ I; 0/ brings~; lhe lrI'tIlletl"'l'U\', as so.....~h"'s otf,(,,-. has a d.:term'''''1C Subslanril'r p!"O\'enan«, ....hich is prl!S('l'll in it. 2) h is!i<'l aparl, pl\'<:l!i<'ly as this delimill'd one, (lvl<@J.,,1Ip(lc; n ttiw {n't\lJl' 6,'tItt:etv, "agooln bark" on tlut from which it !iI<'IJIS. II is not only detem\inI'd in terms 0/ Its pro...·""',,,.,. bm as ...dl, as originating from this ytvo.; II is poslll'd in tht' ch.>r~ of the .(........ and ag.>inst," oi the ·again ba<:k to th.11 frum ,,'hieh it origi""re.." Otl the oois of ils prown..""" and il!l ~ back 10 Ito h;"tory, i, I<es ,~ ...b "'. in • ",nain """"'. its own sub6t.,nti,'(' conterot' A«.)n:hnsly.l 1'1\ o;W.;l,' is U<'lIQro•.; Ill\d sp«iflcall}' avn6f:ting. ~ Here we milS! under..and 6vtr9E:; (258a Il; thc). h;\\"e lhe S.~me b.1.sic mode of prest'l"l('\'. Ko.l tblla Ilo'\ w\rr!l )J~QJl£\' (a7), and thus "'r can 3lso understand dialoo;tk;ll1}' all other !>ein&" In which !he tttpov i> P'es<'nt, aU olher l'6pm 9o.'ttpov. in sud> a war that the UvtlIl9l'I'£''OV Isan O~ and !ipOCiflCaU}' ""'0(...;. lik;, thaI 8&"lnst "k.ich " is p<)9"l.'d. This makes il c1t'ar tl\;lt. just as in !he _ of otl1eTness as such. t..... Dlher is ~t ",'er ~nd against ,hi" Qn(' tlu't>ugl\ t"" ltp6<; n,"" ~ke\oo,;",,,1<0in "''''Y "",,1I.,nll"of Ol~ inlO~mall ~,i.t'_. 'n tlw substantl,,(' col"Cl't.'tions, lhe I'll 6v is an 6\'. Accordingly. 1\ ni~ 9o.ttpou 1'000lou ~ 1«1\ til; tOU ~ ~ UM'll.n

m

l'L>~,>.

SopIuJr[566-S67)

Ovtl~ovtlEl£(Il;OIil\tv ~mw. ri llt',u<; Miv. ailtoU m'Hivu;..;Wolo: tonIv (alll.). n".. ~ other in ot/><.>rnesti is no Ie56 prl':!'iml th:m lhm against which it is I"J'"it~: Waf... 1'L110 empk..»iz<'5 ""'" mo th.ol ~ {rvtilll:tn; oli" tvavtl"lw O'f\~ul· "0\100 (d. 1:03). dllfS 001 mean lhe "mpty and pUll' o.ll11. TOOOvnw ,,6vl;/v. f.~pov to<£(,..,u (b3L but "simply 50 muth" of II><.> """'" Wt then'1n it rom"" to appeAr pf'l'risdy "S "the "mer" <>I ...a.:h sing'" one. J.lji.ov 6n to ,,1'1 6v. 6~lt tl'lvGOO!(Itf1" t~!\to\oj1£Y . ...."t6 tOT. ToVtu (b61.).ln this wa)' it has bt-com.·d c "",tl'On·bl~"S", whith " .... ....,.....1<'<1 to kon the basi! 01 the und....... bl betual js~of lhesoph~."ll'pM:I Iy, and nothinK clsc than,. whal we 11..., now ""~ witk lhe g,'t'IEl£~ namely the 6vnl\~C\'O\'Of" fwpov in l.tr£,vas nl.'t""""'l)' ~v. 1N.>n.'by Plait> kas made ,he hl'pov llself ton.ccptually lrarnpar=1. 11<> did so by ~winillkatotheme-;;s as Sl>th, insofar as i, is Pll'5l.'nt in a specific <.VIlCR'1e being. irnplie!; that in ""'ery case II><.> (Ol\('....re utht'l' of othemes in ",&"rd to Being. but is 61'0(10); Ov.ln the field of this newl)' distm·cnxl iu:pov, in opposition to the """pty tw ·tiov, both. th... one Ilr>d th... olhec, Ih(>r('fon' 11..."." lhoe fuJI dignity 01 pn'St'nC 01 Being. This i,; a p<.'('Uliat modeof ,Jemonslr<Jti"";aetually it is nota dernonstration but an hil>ilion of th... "",aning of the ooocretion of otkemess. Othemo!so impli in""f"r 45 it enrompaS5e5 the on<' and th.. oilier in the mode of d;ff.. ~. tkal both are. Thu" PlatO acquires ,,1'1 6v .'s 6v. lhe eQnsld,. .~tions in tht' dialogue lhr«'by ",ach lht'\r p",hrninary goal. M1'I 6v i!llvtlEl£"t<;: Ovti9£<J,~ is th.. "NCt"", of ll><.>rnpov:.nd the lwpo\' is/il& ~', it is pen'asj"ely p""*,,,l il>f'\·i't)·!tling,hootQvoill.:6v xolci (2S6eH.j. AcronJingl~·.)41'1 6v is o~ tWv 6Mc'I\' oWIa.; m,.£,~ (258b8f.j. "with reganJ to ooJo1a, p"'5'''''''. il OlX"pies 1>0 less a position than the others." h'Op'9Ilov tresmls nothing ottpon;. HIQ a considerabl.. ""tenl; ttanscend<' away 110m the patk of in,·..,tigation into ,," 6v); "'" ha,'" in a certain,;erose den;".d it

"not:

n1l'

§78/507-5081 OUr lrust. 1\'(0 ha"e tr,lf\SCft\dl.'d lhe prohibit,oo not only by darins ,n S"neral to 'n''eSl:'~k' ~" (w. "'hich l'arm'.... ldes ,~ prohibits. but Ell; to) ~. 1\'\ \'It'l\-

n"'"

y) I'L>to's SlJ~lanti\'e ",h'anc<' 0'·... P.rme"id~' dnctrine of ~" Ik ·A"t1&Ca..; and f\'uvtlwln...

Plato now has an explicil nmsci~of Ihis ........, funda tal di;;cu,·I'r}· d .... rly formulates "'halthis discO'o'e<)' ~ ·hen he say'S: .,.; ~6<'Ov to II" Ovro ';lo:,oo\'\,- 6:ll(&I~lN (a:oIl\~l(lg (d6i.l. "we ha,'" ""hibited ,0) £i~ lho> """,·.td Ii...... alth;."" (w itself.~ We h...... shown how "I) (w Itself 1001<5. This """ibili"" enromraIIllnP' tilv llattpou oUo.v 6:Kllmitcd.~ firsl againslM other. bul a. th.... deUmited it i. at lhe sam.. lime JW).\\',"batk again.~ Il1'I'ctOO l« the OIheT: in rdollKm to ,,·t.kh n is er i, Whill it Is in Its d.-srenl OUI of a p;>rticular yb'O;;. ,ud> that it ;,. opposed as lhe ~r 10 I"" one. Th.... ~" 6.. is .:aro!OC!OCPI'a~,·tltllt6vm(d.25liell. ~p;>l1itioned toalL~ in theJm.M: of dlang'inll /nOn<")': I"" L,'W" d~"",",inalic>n of 0Ihe-me5.s M ."eh h.ls b<'en broken down inlo I"" f""'IIible conc.....ions of other beings. No... 1\0 ~ can say any tonl!"" that In speaking About Ill) ...... in mainl-cing il wilhin Ihe t... k of dialectic. For only now, on th<- basis QI" Ih;" disci""""" of ~I) "'v, wiU dialecli< JM. "islble in its pos!'ibilityas fundam,-",tal rese>n::h. Thus dDC!ll'1ato first bring illo I"" concepluall..,·.. l. of~" 0... He

1''

1''

""0

\*

cI M" 6v

'I"" lUpo,· •• ground of tt.e possihllity of di.lectic. fourth chu.cleriution of diilmi<.

Mil 6.. ItS lttpo.., .s ",ell ... Ihe f""'IIlbiHty of lhe ,·,change «r lhe lttpo,· ilself inlO concret.. beings. firsl make posoiblc di.>lcclical "",ma. This oci-

en« is nol an idlo:' 8am~ bul 50m('lhing 7(aA.eIIIW 6110:

~Il:l "w.6v (259Nf.), yel at th~ same li~ beauliful" II is d,fiiroh because dial~ie is nol!lw.' ,,"o.kof emply and blond e~I",,1 h.aiT"'Sphn'ng. On I~ conlra')'. the 8enuine -'<-'1I5l' of fuallytoikl' is axoooh'M9a., lU lei be _." WNII is properly "isible, 'hedii".ofbeings 'hernseh·f;'5. And 'hisl":."ience it; beaulit'ul beca~ dialectu: as a.ulpt01,," as laking apan ber.ngs in ~ard 10 "'Nil is mosl propt'rly "i~;bl" 'I' lhem, "xf'O""S lhe limilS of b<-ings 'I' Ih,~r Bein8 and lhu6 fi........ hibilS beings in lhei. p~. ,,"ordingl)',lhe fundamen· lal lasl< and bask ""lui........... ' of theliuv.£I."6.; is loi~ ).llOI'tVO';; oIm' l' [i.·en ~a9' h0010V i1J:yxo"m hillCOW\lllf.i" (dlf.), "10 be capabk-," bo.'U/.ouQ[iv, of "pursu'ng.·· wk; ~';;' ""'''''1 is Silid,~ a"d spt'df· icoll>, "."", is sai.d in ilS sapb.bly, ;'e~ pu.suing ,,·...It is ro-said, in ,",-ery i..q6jlf:vken ar>d in ",lation 10 lhal lo..'ar ""l.'1 and against Ihe h'Uvn
v..-rx""

I""

dl E.cursu", lhe "lheory'" of 'he 'nol~ in P1alo and AmtDlle.' The "not";n Pannenid"", Anlislhenil'!'. and Plalo IR,pu'Jlic, Symposi".... SOp~i~t). Th~ oVPKoming of An!i§lhe"6' laulologkallogic. Dialtotlk.llogi<. Ari.10I1.,'5 II,,",,')' of opposition. Towntl the furtM' articulalion of Ihe Soplrj~l, Plato had al",ad)', long befo"'lhe SarJuo!. po-m..ps from th.. ,·"')' ~nnin8 III.'('n lhoe distinction ""'....-en tnwri"",,;;. ..mpl), nt>gation. ~nd lh'n(lo;OI;;' III.- dioselo,;;"·" "nol. But he actuall)' maslenod 'hi5 dislinction much Ia'er: i...., he aclually SolW 1M ronc"f'l of lhe ht:Pll" ""'ry ].".." Tho,; distinction silo"''; itsl'11 ,,00.'.., aU in lhe absurditiei implicil,n the claim lha' t:v~ is lhe one and ""Iy negalion and thaI id""lifit"hon is the on,' and only w.tt6tno1;;. as Anlistho:nes held. n,.., dishnCt;un is pl'\'cisel" meant 10 teak.. th"""" absunlilies. Th~ Plalo Soly", ...g, ill Bool< V of ,..... 1UpuNr("; 1\ 060'~ .w.o."poirv o:o:l ~OI''1TWV h'U''1'lo: (d. 454<:2(,), ~lhe t\iOI~ of the bald and the ""iry is diff.......L· On the b.>si' of the ,he$is of Anlisthenian logic, namely tMl UrlO<; Can <mIl' ""press idro· nlies. "',, could «rtain)y draw I"" roncluSlOn: t"",M,' OI.tw.o~'

of hos g<mui....' philosr:>ph.U:ing.

N

,"'I

tyo."t!av th'tll, tiN ~t.••(..:pol O...-utOTCI\100l", til\' "OIlI1T«.;. U...·Ii· flU l\>.lld ~ Ihe tf):"'l of 6hoemak· ing." If shocm.tking befits Ilwm, lhen "thusc- who hil\'c full Iwad; 01 hair" canno! bo!ro"..,. ~ma""rs. PIaIO rhanNeri:res lhis p~u~ "5 10110"'" mt' c::r:Ulo) to 6VOfl(l roi:. J.qllb·Io.:; n)v t\'avti"",,,". tpllK, oil /jow.tTmilllpQ.; wJN.ov<; XPWllI:,·Qt (a7ft.). ,I is saying lhe C'(lf'l~ary. i.e~ Mying ~not.." while iKlhering simply mutterances as such. to tho e~trin5ic idenlity and ""i'lumess of the "'ords.by reason of a concern ".itJ, d;spu· I.lIion alane,...:I nOI with" di!ICUssion of somc mlllt.... al issue. Thus PL,to i!; Iw~ ~Ialing lhe ,s,w..r~.. 1y.offi.:;. ;P.. 'h"/I',nn.ro.;arwl /1"iJ'w.ln m ... word·play. But one callnot objo«:t to Ihe dl"l';s above. so long AS <me ha. no! mad" l..6yo.; tlBnsp.,......,t as sonwlh'ng otheT lhan a Uyf". 01 milO," Thos ap,,"nmtl)' <mti",l}' formaJ logiOlllask ,,",s a ~aring Ihal firsl nukes pos..ible dialectical science in general. Here for the fIrst Ii"", lhe p.,blem of negation i!; J'O""'" and pUrslled ,n its first .teps. l'hmommo1ogica1l}: thlSGln bedarifi<.d "ery briefly. E,..,'Y "not,' in",'CT)' 501}'ing of ~""'." ""h('lher e>cplicitl}' e>;ptl'SSed 0' implicit. h.ts. as a speaking ""oul somelhillg.. lhe eMrarler of exh.ibl~ort, E"en lhe t.'mplr ~not." the P1Cf\l e>od..,...... of """""hln,o; ."..". ~nd Bl;<'Uul _thinS ...toil,~r)", "'-":>, bul i' simply ""ow. that on wl>ich lhe rq;.otil" is fotlnded, Ihu~ whal, in "'ring "no!: is de~mil~'d a"",I\5t the noth'ng. This empty neg.lion ~ dkccm· ....'t1l. U'to~ Md VOE'v, prim to lilt noIhins; it lets lhe nothing to.. ""-'" .... founded by tho ""S"tro Thall!; lho:' m.'anmgofno:-g.1lion in P"-""C:'f1ld<"5, This noegarion. plaCK! prior to lhe nolhing and pul'\'ly .".dusionary, has ~us been Uflro\"<'n'd for the fin;1 hn,e ,n lhe histol)' of lhe ~'eJopm""1of our logic, in .....r gr.>SP of ~ 1'h.~1 should not sed"", us into thmking lhat th.. neg~tion, empt), exdus,m,;s the mosl immedi.ltE'one and the pnm.al)·one(';lrried ou, tn ~".. On the ('QI'1''''l)'• •he I]IiglnaJ negatlon IS precise!}' .he llOC PlalO e>:po.;es ,1' ro'lfllun~ and At+llolJe then. in a ""'laTk.lble l'C\'I-'f'SilJ of teTtM, c-~Ib t\'(tvn(llO'.... The .""pO)' nl'gJtiort. at II dominated the un<JeTst,ndlng of ~". up 10 l'lato. did not spring from • p"mtlrdiaJ stud}' of '-Uyo.; but from lhe ground of a particuLu at>d o,'...... !t.>sty (Ihis is nnt l'I'\eanl as" n."roao:h) lllo.'Ory of Ilt~ns. namr.ly Ihe ram"",id~an tllco,)' 01 Bdng. ""'" un;"'etsal characterorp~,ofd\'m, which l'am>midesw,,-su.., first lOsee, bt."",me for hlm the ",,""!>Inti,... IWlm of beltlg! in geroernl. He Ihus i Ihe""'i<:aJ lotality of beings. To th.~1 ",lent. fot """<'T)' ""')'ing "no.~ t1lt're remained Wt ""C <>nIl" Iht- nothing.. si~ indcl'd n is notIting cl;e lhan the t\' AS 6,·." This nu\:e; it de.lr lhat Itwo cL.rifirAltion

mm...,,,·

§i9/57J-574/

doctri"" of opposilio;m in lloolc X of t~ !tJtIJi/!Iry>J'G, chap~l'5 J and 5, Jummar>Zlng Book V, ChapiN 1O."H Pll.1n'J characteri7.ation of d;"lectic oro I"" ba!Js 01 tl>;, newl)' diSCQ\'~ hl:pov ~ linkPd at 25'ft. to the in"''l'l't'Iatian "f ~ Specifw:allr, I'IdIO oho>......, 25llo>-26lo why :I.6yo.; mU$' I><> d .... if'4ld ""pl;";lIy i" with the t~ 0I1he Soph~', The al\ollyJiJ of l.6yo<; occu,." at 261<-263d. and thPat'lalysis of ~(land O(J\'1cw(I 263d-2{Hd. Notice thai t..... bltft ~ SUOseqU«OI to lhe anal)"Silo of ~ and is buill upon iL Whal f"lIQWs, f10nl 26ld to !he end of thl! dialogue, is a cL,rif",at;on of the .arliN inlerp~alion of 5Opbb;tic.o.l Ttl'''l''S tQ:V'l t'I\'nloyto;l\. now on t"" b"sisof lhe! !1e">' m<'flning of "t'! {iv, Ul'(O<;. and lI6t,a.. Precisely Ihis rransition. frurn!he !1e">'ly acquir..d ;d<-a of dialrctk and of r"ndan"mbl dial~tical f\"5tioed, how the a""lysis of I.6yo<; 51ands in nogard to il, and how all this beloogs 10 the lhe""" of lhedialogut' iOOI. The basic diak.octio:al ronskk'ration ..·m Ihcreb)' pmvr 10 br no ste,ile o:nc'I"J'tual l'1olr-splitting. "or II men! ""IV"""l.ltion of 1M docl,;n.ol emu""t of the formalllCh"laJl;c diJ;clplil\e called "logic,' but 1m' cL",r.cation of !he NSie Jlruclum> "'hieh mani!t,stl"""""'I,'l,"5 In ~ard 10 whal is actually at ~ hen:. "".....Iy hll"",n e.,ist"":l,'--lhal of I.... 6Qphi~. and, indin:ctly, .hol of

""""""'''or>

a'

th<- philO5OJ>hoer.

§79. TnmsilOm fro'" rltr Iw""'mmllJl dilt/<'Clil>l/ nmsidnrlliDtr to ,"" Qlra/ysi:; "'I l.6lo<; /259.--161(1. The 4'NSlimt lfYlU'lIl (MSjJ,;nIi<Jn.

al E>.h'bltion of th. nK6S'ty of Ih. anal)'$is of l.(I~ Th. probl.m.tic
;s .. romportml'nl within )J;yl:w Of ~l;Ew. Thus we can mm.>c\("t"ll.<'" the ttz"'1 01 th.. sophist as tl&M.oI
n"., "";51"""'" ollhe sophist

~~\IOO ld. 2-lOd6f,I. The olIM sophist's I.tytl" IS Ihus l~ tvO\'tla. ~ is concretely. in 50phislkal rornportm.ent, an .... Irllogiclll unWolioo of ~w ,,'ith ~ Le~ with Ill' w. Thus 10 maintain thallhe sophist ;J, Ihdl th<'ll' fOKlUllly an> ""phists, is to ~dmjl • ~po<J(tpl'6tt£w roil ""'to.;. ""...... Iy oll.tytw. ~ 1111 w. 1 M I cmphotiizcd .,..lier.the sophist is the f",,1uiI1 ~",isIenre of I'll 6" It:seIf. Th" ""Phisl, ill dISpute Ihi!--on 1M baStS of the prin· The oophisl sa)'s ciple ol r.,mmid"". n.",,,,ly trol "II 0" doeoi not thm- is no 0" .nd l"""'fore no ~blc ronjuOClion of JIll 6\, "'ith ~v; Le_. then> is nO ~ ),6yo;,. Thus lhe sophlsl claims he c.>nnot.I.tI1 be ...hal "'e.KCU5e him of being. On the other hdnd,!t.. fund"",...,t..1dialec· tk.l c"luid"".lion has demon~r~tl'd the e, let it be granted, there.re 1'\00' beings. Bul It I"'" sam{> nm{> he will ",mind US thai ...e OU~\·." 1\.0.,... indred stressl'(el. 2S2dV,). Ilk oun;e,,",," h.we rept>d;,,!ed the poe6lbilityof ",'erythi~ being .01>1" to be t"Seth... witlt ".....ry!hing ~I ...... ithout .".".,.. 000. The 5I'J'hist "'i11 t~",fon> sa}~ ~(I) 1260d061. tWv dliiitv, a ~. kof!t.. things most propt>rly ~i5ibl ... ISidu""rl:t'1r~lln bftngs "ill ~t\v roil ,," wro.;.. «U· oil (d7). Wi!h many bciRg!! ,,"6v will b<: Pr<'$COl. COn bo' f"""'lC"t. bul ,,~Ih many n(lt. And.l.6y<>.; and ~(I belong to tN, I.U..., (d. d8). W.. 1\.0.\", not mown. the sophist ... ill !<>y, that u.-,...;. as ~n 6", un posoibly 1uI\", a Tffi'''ctually b(>m P'O'·ro. Thus _ M,·C to undertake anew OUt assault on the sophist, In fact, If w... 1001< more clo5ely, "',, ...iII see IMt lhe fundamental dialec· tical ronoideration ha. "",,·ro not in lhe field of """"" but ,,-ilhin the ftv.;: rompletcly uni,'oml" ('OIlju.-.cnon of ~ with ,," 6".

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"The lhe"'" of the lln;t SIaS"O! I.... IO'~ a""Iy,;;'of /..ayo<; is thus !he
dclotk, &1.l.oWl. The exhibllion of tho:se two structural IDOl'nl!I'Il!;, which phen"men;,lIy .'" one and the Solme, ~lS forth from lhe <....omalic. The In ",.~ dlscou_ i~ pn'SCn1 firol of all in ilo be-ing Ult~...oo, In il:< being spoken out loud, in its pl>Ofwtk d\i!l'l\ct('T. This_nd pn'5ents itself. and IS l'nCounll'rOO by us, among the toeing. th~ in the world. The WQrd is~, il is outside, on the 51",""", jusla. a wagon c",aks on the 1"",..... IMI\I. Cl\'aking and sp"aking thus p...,;ml thenueI,·... openly; ~ a", eonspicuous. But ~<"" this first ",,,de of <noounbt:'finglJ'yrlV in the serwe of !lp<"Ooking oul loud is nol 10 be understnod as implying thai what is imrnroialdy .pp.mended phenolN'l1.lJJy is some li"i"i being that 1'...... d~ noises with ils mouth. On lhe contrary. already, in ilS n"j' firsl asp«t, ~1V iii undentood a5 ,,It 1\C'I1 and is g,-",uine!y and primarily understood as. 'perneth!"g.~ Plain "",·erthelcs5 9l't5 out from !his mund..... immed.. tc tnl then ~ ;!SIelf in thili phenomenal SUle of "Hai .... that disrou_ is 1i"'1 ...-.counteR'
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§ilO 1587-588/

II) Tht' >:o,v",vll1 of Ike ov6IJ.aTCI ill Ur,o.;. ""O"'~";11 of 6.-6j.lI1IU in),{,ytK;. Rq
aal J1'1l.ow;" crilerion of 11>0.'

Thequestion """"C'OI\C1!'ms the m.....ifold of o,-6j.laTll: To Koi",' ow 3l'Inlll row 6vO\l6.now IlmIOOI>I'lttov; (26ld~). ~What is the outwaTd look of tkllt wkick we prop«ly .... ,·c t<:> per«~\'c in the: Field of linguistic e>:p"'5!lioll?" What adUllUy is il lkat we mu,;t he>rkom ln~ It is Wiklng-ptl~l)' tenni. r>oIogicalJ)'-that l'tltu keno u~ tIw.> np"""ion ilmICo!ol:ov, ...·hcreas he oth.,•..,ifoo. Il5 is usual among tke GI\-eks. ""ploys !hc t<'1'Tn lu:u:o(l,::u, of Opii.... fOt the dil\-:I grasp of tkings. Uul t........ il is a m,l!I<-'l' of a f""icuLar pkcnoml.'n()R, sl'C"king. wkich ~ primarily f"C"t1."i\'.blc nnly in hearing. •Alttt.,ecll.llpiIv.• nd 6"0....,.......n the charilClu of ulalMol:;' 01 petrei\'o iog, btlt not of g... ,ping by \\'A)' of Mry1~"O'Ela,. The lJ.tter is a mattCl' of the ~ heArkening to I..... manifold of speken ...·ortIs. in order I""""'y 10 ~ what is at sta~ in this m;>Ilifoid with rt"SP'-'Ct lo its >:0IV ~"'-_'"" of words, that can ~ co-v"""",t with one a""tl>o.'r and 1"'- lhal caN\Ot. Mol" pn"Ci5eI~....·e al1.'tO hearlu.... In what genuil'lcly ronstilul<:5 the l)e;ng with 0""' anothet '" the sequence of ....oTd. and dislinguishes lhe S.....ui"" from the ungen,,1n<' being with one aoothe._ For the "ng....ui..... ,m,rnediatel)' gi,...... l)e;ng with on<' anolhct of is tU ~t\; or ro: ttl'~fl<; ~£Ytt (d. de). speaking of wOl'd5ot\l' afll'r anoth{'f.llut nOl 'ery ~aking 0( ....onk one aj/r< th<- OIl>o.'r is it""lf a 8'",,,ill(' Sol)''''g of ·ortIs wrth one anoth..... What phenomenon men roflStit"to:$ t"" being with 0....' ~""tI>{'f? What p~l state of affa,rs in th<> 'l"'akin;; of c:rrdIi one aft the other ill the cr;tCtlon fox t..... ~of a h..,n,,;t>!' "OI' 'iu Within lhe n,f"Idn<'5S of wonk? TO TOU;vlle l£Trt<; IOU>.;. 6n m plv t~ti<; ~I'V(\ I ~i.oil,",ll: n O\l'oWJll6t't£l••0. ~ Tli tJ\M1:(I~ ~'l;jtv <JIlIlo.h·ovtu Uvalll'ocm:i Id8ff,), There is prelt.1'l1 a I:OII'flJY1U among OV6l'U1U (,,·ordli. taken in the bl'01ldest

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other: .~Ip: Ut~£,,~ ....~l,..... l&yov o\Kil'v •.. OIl[PyU~!"m' (262b5«.), ~ults It> roo ~ beGou~ lhlJ, 5eOI "isil>l~ IN" Unll)' of a pR'Smt bcing. Just as littl.. a. dOl'S: lito" 1J:yrJt
=""

"~.. ·in~· .•• "om

''''';"1'- "'" t1'I,. crovt):£lQV 0Ii0Cl" ~((J G1J'WnJ

H....... t<x>. with "'S"rd to this "",'ll:Un. no),{,yo;; actually O<'<'U~. ‫ס‬OO<1I100.' OUtE ow>:; om" t""lnl>; "pi<;,v o;nj/i" ~l<.l" 0'Wt oumen' uvtoe;~ I'll ""'to<; 611'-0, to O
bei"&,, ()t n.on-bl.'ings. Such a bv. ,uch a di"dos'"'' pl'l:'Sef\tifo<:atiorl, does notoccur. howC"er, ""til lIph' /h·tl;; toi;;,h-6jJam mpl'\J.tom lOCpUan. "6v' then is t.... ~ a ~ nlltl>t1nr\'. This slate of affairs, the r>ro!S5''Y of a """,,:..000'\ of tWOI'll and pij,,(l. must not be und,,"tood a, if A.6yo.; ~uhed ,n _11<."1\><" r..,m a summ~tion of 6vQjIu and j)ijl'''- 011 t~ cOI'Itra.)'. tho:' 6tll.oiw itself, the ",,"'aling. i!; the prim.~ry pht..-nomeroon, prior to bod, of mew. Th.lt is why t~r ~'" tlolUill'um. And ""Jy insofar IIli mey are such, is thoc oro"'",,·lo. possibl" TheonJ,.,t oft..... de9Cription. in whit..... r. whence: meMtl.o\>,· ariSC'!. 011 theronlrnry. the futl.owis pri..... ..,.. II i!; lhe fundamenlal phmc>...." "'n. And only wim 10 it does lhere enst the J'O"ibilily. as & d"'id<:nt mode. of isnl.ltcd. mt"1ely ,,-,or.; the possibility or discourse. Is • colIStllulh'" dct\'fmin.ation of o"..,in it.. ..lf. ~ d"'.....minalion I ~m wont to d""ign.>t....... Being.in-ttw._·o.1d Or !leing-in, P1~toSil}.. oothing aOOulm;". bul "'e muSt a,t"" the ""tire ,,,,di. liMa! callCgori.&J ma1<>rial of the grammar of the lnd~nic langual\';'S. Thls matt-ri.lJ IS nol reducible to logic and is not anchored in it but in Cn",k onlology. If "'e "'.nted \<) St'(' th<" urigi",~1 and p...."l\OmeMI «mn«tion bo;otw"'!f1 'he ph""""""",n 01 IAngw8" and tIM: Bemg ur man, ..." ',;ould h.we to ~ rid. allh£> "e<)' O\llSct. of I~ proposition as thoc point of d ..- partu", lorourorientalion tOYo'ard langua~_ This d.."eloprncnt,as It has come tobe today. "'~s pemaps ""tthe intention oftheCtwb. but" has for mem • ju~tifiable se.-. si""" Myo.; and sf'NCh ....,'" for them giH'f\ initially io this charKl......"

",f"""""

l'l.o",', Sopluu 1m-5951 Such a),6yoi;. which COfISis~of1l,'OjIu and ¢iiJJu, is the l.Oyo.; ltpliIt6<; tt H o;uI Ol'I1y dis/insuished CS6£'ntioll)' frum 6"O!'Ui;rlV 116,,0>' (d. d5J, from ml're ""ming.. from the mere redting of ....·on:ls. .... "'-'... nothing is n",M ,-;sible. o.'O\lu.l;r!" dS slldl is not disc","i\'c of thinp;" It is only l.6yo.; thaI n ~polvn (eI, d~). "finisheo H somel.hing off. Onl)' in ~doessomethingro~forth ""'thin spl"aking .n tlw llCmt' of disroul"9l1': somdhing shows It:I<.'!'. t.... fi~ of so...... being tx-ro""", presml. And only to lli..f:niu I(IVtO (db). Hthis inte"wining~ of 6~o and /liillo, (06c1~6IIdlo liryov (<16), "do ...... call Myo.;.· The first "lag.' of the consid..... lion of l.6yo.; O<'ts out. as ....... "",'.. __, from di!lCOUl$<' as sp<:>k ""pression. As SO p~,........ discourse shows itself 'niti.llly as a manifold of ·ords. Thecon5lIelf. isolated. so tospo:~k, as .. manifold of 50"n,:I5;< but inste.:>d the ~rd isdi~1I'd from the"er')' first lOWard ItI<' basicSlru<'lu .... oil.l'r£ov in lhe scnseof &\1.olh·. From this phenomenon of IiftAOOv.lhciw6l1otu a... th,,,, srasp«l as O'll.tilf.lom.~,on that basis.. the simullanrous o';""~lion toward , .... pos6ible th<,om.-s "fdisd(Jtiu"" ""'uls a funda"",ntal distinction .... ithin ilwlpa«l. Th .... tho- crilerion for the B.;ng of ....·ords in the unity 01 disroune is their dlSC""'i,·.. <""racter. And the obledi\'1' criterion for d;"tinguishing I""",,, &ll.tilf.la«l is the unity of the possible object of the d;"c1osul'\': "9Owa.KpO.;t;. I emphoslud lhal these terms al'\' t<> I;M, taken ~ in thor "idest SCf\!il'. We haw no rornospond'ng I'.p~. I'ither to capture the positi"e asl"-'ct of this discc,..cry or to ...press lhot .....h.,t is unrov..1'>'<1 hI'I>' is not al."ad~· rued appropriately by Ariuotle's late, ~ttempt to do 50 In re["t~n to thor mtl'rion nf time. Ml.ou., it!lelf is no....·• Within ~ insofar as ~ is a "UI'!WJI; and "",.:p6wtO<; ~ Thl'f'l"by Plato acquil'l'S. "e!'Sus lhc Cmty!1tt<'fus. ,hor possibility of dclimiting l.t'rn" posit;"el~' ow, and against the 6vw6:t£\\' 1'6''1)\' (d. .01· Naming.. til£' addl\':S6ing of b<.'inSS by way of naming.. make! "!sible- nothing oIthl' brings the..-I,...,.. C..mng by name can "",·e. dete,,,,i,,,,, what is named in its subs!.ntr.·e ront\"'t. Naming thus does not ha"e the cha.acll;>' of di!lclosul'\'. Instead. If anything.' all il; visible in namill,l;, it is~i.mpty the ....·ay the na.med obj«t is, lIS It Wert, S\WIlJ>OOed: UMt ""' ....·m""""""...sv.... inA.......s.l 7~ AH 1'>o< • .......woId ....."m...... b!l'.

ot.-. bu.,

§3V /3<J6..S971 it~

apf"'ILlIKm. ThoIt is indeed a dis<:!'l$uR' of SOfllO'thlng not kno"'n prior to lhe calling by naIM, btlt the disdD5uR' of I..... appellation. the ""me. is not an uneo'·...,;ng of I"'" sull$lanti'·... content of I..... thing itself." Naming is th'" indt"Cd a disdosuR', in t..... blOil~1 so:'r>5t' of I ..... term. bul nnt a substanti"e dixlosu'" in the strio:lef ~~ of a ... lalion I" the named thing i~lf.· Plait> U!Ii'5 6voIl(cvlV in this d""ble ~ ol ""mins. which ho! delimIts against i.UY'X,. and !tis only tho! L>1tl.'r tlwt pnJpt'rl)' brings !!Qm~ thing Il) an end and that can properl)' be a 3ol:wv". This firsl stage of t..... analysis "f i.6yo.; pl'(l\~dl'S al th.e same lime ;m insight ,nil) a parneillar o:(ItvW\'lu. namely the ""'VWV[(Z tlut l\Cl:urs as IIAlnta t>f 6voIJ.a and (IIiI'll. This o:(IlVW\'ltllS '';'''''ed in t... rms t>f Ov6I'uua. INt at the ~mt.' time it announce!' the d...lolk. lhe lurther a""lrsis of i.6yo.; ..00"", tMt the full phenom...rmn "f i.aI'yo.; still indudt5 three oth''r SIN(· tuR'S oI"",V(lJVlox. all of wlOCh Plaro "rasps uniformly and without distinction astriMloot; and d~ not explicitly ~ablish as IiUch. though they a... th...... 1.lenUy. Thai i~. ItI<> pn;rper strudu ... t>f '.6)'0;; """"inS for him essen· tially unclarill«l. Our inl\'rpR't.lrion must nplidtly """ in ",lid I"""" f"r' t....., structures of

_,,,,,,,Ill.

d s....:ond stage: the ellb<>r.tion of the srrurture of 1I'Ie l.er61U:':0" '1~"l.e't61l£'"0~ I" a'lJ.o6lle\~I."

'I""

D)

Tho: basic determin.ltion t>f i.Uyo;: l.6yu;. i.Uyo; n,V;. Its ~is«t\"'I')'

in Ilusso:rl' "inl\'ntionality."

The S«Ond stoge in t..... """Iys.is of ~ has the lask t>f ""posing lhe struduR' of t I.q6l11VQV as such. i ..... the gerouint' CQtl5lituti<m of the po$Sible unCU'· n!dnt'!i6 of so"""h,ng addl'l'S6O.'d. how it looks ou"".roly. whal in genel'ill is said in a Myrw as !iOmcthing SIIid. F.... this "nal}'Sis 01 the ~t:VW in its ,;tructure. 1'L11o d .. ws upon a fundamental dt:t.......,i. nation: l.6yo<; ill ~ TI\v., (el. ('51. C"'"''Y IlddteS6ing it; an .ddressing of 1Om<1""'g. A&yov 6.'·(l)'IC(liov.Qw''lIl'P!l. Tlvll<; ";"u' AOyuv.I''' at Tlffi.;.I''' lit n\'\lo; ~lm' (<:5f.). IYhene..-e' ),Oro; exists. It is ~ moO<;; fit n\'\lo;(ab(r,'DtOV, th('f'(' is no ),Oro; that would not be).Oyot; n,,~.1t pertains to the "ery o...;ng t>f u..,.:..;, l(> be "of 5DItlC'hi"8'" He,,· PlaIO ""pteSSo.'il a f,,!'Ida"""'t,,1 insIght into ~ ('\'..... if 1'10' does not 1tliI~ full us<' 1>1 it

1''

~,"'ll,ThI>~tioo"'~6"'.'-"_"'..Jo""II"C"""p""''
io"'" yo< tI'u~~( .. iiinl''rr<'g.''«I "'"""",,oill"Coriploilanli""S" Ihfr,/Mlpu. ~,...... l6.AH: \\1\01 10 "'$ ...... in""T"tU_ ond. ""'k"'lI_'1 To --,1-.. fu>< ~1 ~I'I" 01 itIeoJ >lrU<>\I-.s.-... _yill~ l'a01.UISondlOl..... "'id... l

II"C.........,. '"

w

:7 TI.... -.J""~

r_ .....~"''''''OhAIJ .... oIl.&,o.;.p, oIOJ~

§8I'J IS!!!4/X)/ ~'1l.llll."nn. of lhe lwOJlu wilh lhe Pi!IIn.. n... ror>sll' lution "I the t\ as STll.Q""£VQv, as ).q6I'£'VV,;' Ihus..,, lhe ~blc i.Fy6j.It,·ov, aa:ording to i~ ""'Y S<-'f\S<). is pnogi"\'f\ p.mscly as so",,"'hing to be dcalt "·ilh. '""t pJ'Of"'fI)' m~.lRS >tpiti;,;-ltpitnla. The dealing "';Ih solT\<'lhing is Ihus whal is pregi"en in .....e1'). A.6'fO'; ""'OIding to its moo;t proper sense. l'\alo c",akin" wagon on lhe .'rwl, for example. I do not I!<>ar noises in an isolated way, as if I "'ere a .ubjKt in .In instilute of <'''f'''rimcnral psychology. but J hear lhe wag"" on lhe Sl~. Th<> f,t''O<;'"'''' Th""..-k1us .ilting before him Tht,~ctus. as" unitary p~i...m "'hole, is tl!<> n:tj'Ilo(,. I-\'e can CoIll this the ~oboul which" of the sp'-"king. In lhoe dn:uit of wNt is thus pnogiven, ~lV now ...1s ""mething in ....lief. W1",1 IS l('1 In n.'licf is the6roUla~l, In It, lhcrclo"'.ln the p~i"en and .'~I unatticula~being. I.trtov will .... something in relief. spKifkall)' SO a. to rnake the being unden;loodil$liOmelhingand lherebrd~incit.Thus lho> "..oout which," lhe whole of wMt is pregiven, ".g. the c....aklng wagon. is Ih.cn grasp..'j;Sjng by <m lhe st~ is now e~pcrlc-nced and . p""""', "'ill unal1lCUlJted lIi"~'" ""ing. 2.) Insobr as ttoesetling in ",I;"f is Olrr"od "ul llf"J" Ihis .(1"1 o\.. insofar .... cn>,,~jng is "tlributed to it lIS" 5pecial dctermi""tion. the articulation of the wagon itself p""'1S, clearly, 11>0 P"")"'" p"""""",,,.1 carrying oul 01 ., ...-llir>g in ",lief. br ll'IloUvor iJ-ttl,., does not occur in su(h .. ""'r 1!\aII...O1'\'Pt15enl 01 affairs," il h"ppens, pre<:iscl)' th~ llw sc-tlinll in .-clief of the -"s-whil:h." of the c",aking or Ihe ,ilting. IMt 3.t the some lime lhe"of which: lhe "'Agon m

b)' the AAtnJn of the

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modification. !he &]l.oiw duo:s not somehow co",... to r>olhing, the l..qrlV 10 a.l.J-rf;!v IlIl/ltv ' ....·hkh it cannot be. by ilS '-ery -.se), to a 100al lack 01 diKlo!iu .... but 00e.0w;e the Attn" tl,.os a COI\!itiluti,·~ ~INct""'. ill ~ ,..rily f""lil'l'ved in ..... ~ modification 0/ '-6yo<;. Uryo.:; can be modifiM into a JJOn-disdosure only in lhoe s<:nsg. n(>I letting be5f"ef\. Evt'f}' I.6"toc.. thus .....·en the 0"" modified in lhis way, lund plt'Smts itsdf ;lS a l.tp:,v Tl. E".,.y ,,,,If..,xp'''5Sion. and "'""'Y speakinl,\ about 5Omelhing. is tak<.'n quite naturally al\ll primordially as a &11),,0\,\'. Thus w~ have. as:suming thai the 61\).0"" can undergo a modifICation, the following ~ructu~ \.) A 14'" preents irsoelf,and is the.... as a discl(ll5u,,", of somethi"ll_ 2.} This Uyrw. how
l.t-p:w
the being. thil; U:ynv is a dl-ccption. Dton-ption is IhU'i pme;ib"'. and "n. JUl'1 .05 we speak of -f.Jlse roon.ey,n ,,'t!icl\ 1"""sHu g...,,,ine mCll\e)' bul is not,.w lh<> l./:r£Iv tMt distorts Klfl'Il'Ihing presmb il$elf~s what il is not: the I.£'tl"Y dislort!; 'I~lf, II is in itst'lf"fa~.n E,''''Y l.6-,o.; is t""mol't', as Mr,o.;. a AtyE,v rt. But it nood not show that a!>uul which It speaks; il ",n al!tO distort it. in sl>(h a ",ay. or routSf'. thot this nf~be· judgment p tend' 10 be tru... n..ception. ~ Is thus fOtlnded. a«<>rding to Its I). possibilit}~ in the intentional <:onstitution of Uyf;ov. It ~ )1yI:,v lIS >..ty,:w ri thilt can be a dislortion. ThUl; II is dear thilll'\'ery f..6yo.;. on the basis of this C'tlI'I'titutiQn, a1wal'5 and ~rily o<:'('Ul'! in a certain "mode." It dlS(loses m 5udl and Sl/(h Q ""'y' it is";!her disdo,,;'.., Of distortive; I.., .. ~'wry i..6yo.:; is aOl6<;. nOlo.. lit yt n,'U tl;q.ic\' u''Uyl«liov llffiQtl;!\' (iv(u u;,y ~. (26:\.011 f.•. HWelOlY tMt ......ry Uryo.:; is ~rily 1lO'6<;. In one mode or anolher, n pnriseiy be<;aUS" It is 1J:;tl\" ri. Like..·iso>. ~0l6v n,'a tei>tl')Y £;Ylln liEi (262e8), "II is nooessary tMt I..6To<; a,lways be ~0'6<;.» In e.'t'<)' i1yl:,y. ttw1t'fo.... j"st iJlSOfat as it is, a dl'<:ision I\as alwa}'ll aln:ady '-n mad.. n.-gan::hng ill; oS!J.I.m>v. 4lilivarov I.6-,ov 6V1a IlI\OCvIlo.; £h'a, u.-,ov (d. 263clllf.): '11 is imf'O'Sible that ~ Al>yo.; could at all be whot it is if It w",," ~ of nothing.· The r<-ible wa)'" lot I.6yoc, 10 be ro'6.; 0"" none 0llw.>T dum I.(ryo.; 0Al\9t" lind 1.6yo.; ".,oolk.

p,) Plato's dialectical InterpMatiol1 of ~ and UA!j9«;. The w,vwYla of 6\' <"lUI ~l';VOY) ",ith .a\/tl'l\'.nd hl:po,' "" ground 01 the p
The fourth 1OOl\"W\1Cl: in ~ t"O(J\\' lot us: 110,,- docs !'lalo ;n'crprel ~ or Mn8/4 The .. ""wet in blier is: purely diolcctkall); which """''''' b)' way of exhibiting" "OLVUlyia. and ~f;cally one such as "" BI~l' koo",. bul

"The d«lsi,'" questl()ll is

81[60

1

1

M'PF.l'DIX Supplements From Heidewr's

M~nus
{Remarks, Additions, AJ\JlOt>tiol'\S to the lectu..."j

l. Supplern""ts to the Introductory Pan

I. (In page 16)

tl>e~r in its Ilcing. WarS-.1 highest dl'6de in (a"or of this truth!

f'ossibilily 01 Dascir>-dMermined OI><'-<J'OCI(Q. ~(o-to

PlDro-hirnsell-1O g.

Z. (to p. oW)

Striking;

thc/r;~""'1

unJmt""Jmg-togt'tht'T with

n'~\''l and

thill again with

tlncm\Jl'l. NO! surprising ii

Ttl"'l ;s held 10 be an (U.'l6EUl:l\',-llS s\'ch. ~ lI\Ode 0/ componment in which the pphi5f, ",hOd> ~I"""l'" wildt a phil"""Pl>er is (ooolo), an ""plidt prellmln"ry ronsi
fSSilry. The philosopher. tJi lOU 6\"1<);,
'"

"-

It is I>eId thAt affinning i, <:11,.'9rol;. C'I;IIm<'ction; denial is &alflO'1;' 5<'pol-

""'-SC'

But, insread. the abo,"........ 1«-5;\ de.r: di>lclosun.' b)' way of affirmation And d;,cl~~ by way of dmial are bo,h ""v(I(~ Or. tvlltXflOI lit 00; &n{p(ow f(i.v,u aovm (~A~. r. 6. ~3Ob3f.). ~Affir. ""'lion and denial are li~ise to be inrerpreted as a taking ap.ort." Takif\ll aporl is indet'd the ........-. pf corrymg QUI /""""$1111>", w<Xiv, i.e. d ka>ping the f'I'. m.. who.... ,n .......... And taking.tparl;~ a P"""O";ng mod... oflctt,ng the ....·holl> be"....... ;.('q ~iting OIW' with the otlK'r. !:uv8l:",~ and &'oip£ oflheearrying out 01 vorl"; and this lotte< i~lr. insofar as the VQ(iv is that of ,"" Uryov 'IO\', ~ be a I
I""

Cf.' Mtf.

E.~.

I027b2H.

to liIlCl " to 1"'P\<; VQfh__ mode of J".'m.'i'ing. er><',1 to (";r!l'£w" / 1"",1:; VO£i-w &J1pI1l'tvov. UJ:"'P'~ tv vot'v. lv vor,,,, as ""Yllfol.; al'd "" &;a{poo,,, 100. For £'\'.,., 6jlo vOOv un be llnderstood lI5lMalpl:<Jlc,. CIIM,iMil'rly. in terms ri Intentional df'o l(:rmi""tion, o.ln(i~ lbJ..I) this mod,' of Being of beings-IO be WICy6<> nnI p",,'ide _ df'!....mi ... ticm ",I the B<>;nll 01 bm>p which pM~irullo IhMn u being! in lhe1nseh'e bul only imol... as tt-.r,· .. rt mcount...ro. til tU"et.. bv-.~ to. tTl $o.(tV<)(q. (el. ,,1tI. K, II, 10f>5,021/f.). 11'>0 ''''. etml'lfl1n1NSS ofbeings Is !lOmeming llul affeelS the d~nll di5closul\',*

w"

IJiKI-.J p~"". "Iv $o.ow!q. dueo not m....n: A p""""'"' of ttlought-filCtuill tXCUm.-o><:<', but 131""'" In be discemed-to be enrounle"-"
7. (In supplo.'rrn:nt6) wii Clvto.; ~n OY-I<'<.; {,pZa; Gnl
k[lVO{q. (d. Mit. E,~, 102i'b26f1.). No Jrtnl<,i,.. rilm

t...

o/""",...,t--4ike o..,.:dl6Y-,

", lion·lo--shoold N in .... Lotion to ",,,I beings. Ilring-in·rd.,tloro-to 115 ""lween Iwo diffem>1 beings. Wl"..1> Ikmg! does the /Iv
What

'

It ·isl

·-only a how_tim II p,.",....,;nent one.

Sol'I\Slt'

tl

",..,.Il?

11. (to supplement 8)

1l«"U5(' Bring .. p~Cl'. nOl validi!)' and the lil:l1. lU bt> uJ'IOO'-ered .. gtJ"uint presence. Or beca~ "trulh- ill u~ing lind truth. Truth and S...."i.........".. And lNp,ltltgNv. "T",Ilh"-tor ptm'f'OOn-is lin oj}iJi, of brr"g$ (!~llhous" tv lltuvol¢

,,,,,mo...

ll. (10 5uppk'momt 8) Why lUl\(l(,;,. Ii>;,

OJ..'l0C0. as II """"01<;'' ' of Ileingl

Pl'eSCn<'C'-unro"crod"""'--1he prll-orio.'nl<'<1 toward ''Oilc;. ~ WYrot" ~l\! in lIS hig!>c'st poss;bilily.

rot,

1J. (10 5uppk'mmt 8)

s",."., 2.wf'./ ibid. b3. 6"U1>;~. II"'" cl&>
7.(1 br""-1Il.I.Ulh21

14. (10 slIpplemenl 8)

cr. C""ylus ~2Ib)f., dA'l.erlu. a di,'irn.- !'\>aming around. ><.W\'Wrtlo~ hence p"",isely hllmorously f"",.formed inlo lheoppo6ile. In Gppoo;i!ion 10 ha,'· ing thm- as Uf\('O\'(>I'\'d. IS. (5«U(htvn l:ilhics K, 10. N,,' li1;" LuTP'...... bill Vyll:.1I, ~ I.kUlg.' OA'lElt(,(,...-t",,'h: j.ltTo Uryou (&(i\"(It{I)---Ih-.:u I..6roll.

"-

..,..

I.) in gcroecal not simply W<<»:t"",,6.;. 2.) as Wnoction of tqm.*f'L1lioRs. (Subj.,.;.-as 11(1 of Ihinkmg. AS""""ml!) itA'l8t;,-un('(>\·(>l"i.n.g. To di~_ " ..., ,~,,~ in di>a>u~. iR the ..... •Af-.........-ru....• -tho, of/o.tyl'l..-nooun'''ring in th .. whal .....""",•...ro in 5>lch. ""Y'

B. 0J.r\8£tiI;,v-fruth-----cas 1lI\'t-i\•." o..igi""lly-lrulh. On lhe rontrary J~. (w ci); 6J.ll\l4. ~"\jj)'<M(lTOV. a. Mtt.• la<,&","."

Ii 6v l<:m n,-il. llil... "uI taut· tonI ttl'll ~ toil OIloo6toutX.Oot'l'fl(l9o. llU'lat~, Mtt. r.!. 10Q.1bl5f

6,,,,,

6J.I\etl(l---
C.

l.6~-1o

pn.':SIi ahe.>d In "nco,'ering-dialuguoe.

p~r1r, Le" to IIr>OO\'",", arod lhedisor....--"u~i&­ CUSlling in th~ tl.'ndm
Ta"" Irwpurr/y .Rd

~

NO:

Q "'"

\'I.1J.I1 ......I. l\, 10, lOSlb!'

[,~

10. Soo P. c;', _ I II ....... lll .....::JI>::6If,

This is flO{ 3 special ,;OS(>. but con,<ef'5('ly-th.1l on<' improper mode (d. """,,;--6lflv!M'iV). yt't in fdet lhe c1~t ol' th.-. Aimh]au;. To 6p("l1<-IIII>i. ('SIlly nn¥T.

I.l Aristotle does not onl~' not d<'grad<, dialectk5; 2.) he c.trv>Ol ~t all degrade it beC:lll5e it must ~riJy A'1Min below. 3.) he first 9f'C!Ithis. ill "'" proper 5ensl', in oppasiti<m to Pl.>IO.

16. (to supple""'"l 15)

l.).v.t\&'a p...... and simple 2.)liv pllllmtOV 01'------t;, 0;.'1f:l(;-m· qll4 Mr6ll£"o.-......li"wooi>IJl:\1lv. As f:'nOOUnte«'d arod spoken of as such. The 1'''/'-,;15 Ills inilially and for the most p.ort and ;s paM<.'d On. 1.)

17. (10 SUprlemrot 15)

Formally unl\'<'tS.ll' ..... 1i>;, lU'lflt.;.

rrom Mn9l'Urw _tl(,01II1II>ing. C/tQr~'1m of Bring difJn.... t in tllm t~ rlumutm:lltiDn.

The

m
p~.

IS. (third s..pplement kl p. IN) (U.'1\ll!Ut:,,~in

principle v«'..........o:imh1al<;. Mnu ,icl-l..6yo;-ma. ltJ.'1et;-m·~.QJJj9t"tu-llv ~ 6v I j~'{)v_

l.O'to~-rll<'r ...

l..OyQ.;,-a5 the Immedl.1tt' form of
<meself pl'Operly ;n ignoran<:e. A. rno
Wd~' and

present 35 such.

&af..tyta9a1:

int"'Pl'l'talion~rm~utical,

Justification in Aristotle "'.

enrdi", 10 t..'o directions. EJcampk-: lit) .h t- 'fIlUl'Jo.;) .os 6-.>npn.>ackntl'd-.--Lt'.. spuming ttll' ...,\loll pr.ttl.... 0......, anJ Bring

19. II<> supp"'............ t 181

If 6v-oMenu, then dlJn1IlItmalic llf &ins? 1.) as gmtlnd in ~rdl-phenomf'OOlosicallr, 2.} 101' the C .......1<s.. a dw-acll'r of bo:ing, Ihftnwln·'..."O:>"'l9t;. Why ptmibJr? lUf)9E'Q-tne bt'inp. Jaeger~ l'5ychologism!

20.

{to

suppleml'nt IS}

lit) 6v-
...

~'lil<;

cU'l9t:;: bt'int;:S--wl\ich unco".", or is un.c<)\'er'l.'d. ''To be' ,.......

Ileings--in the sen!Il' of the

Non-btingt-in It<'!

IorinS'

t~

ff

u~kd-pn.>f"'rp~.

sense oi thO' con<'I'aled-not

p~l

fer

lhe~l"e­

11. Supplements to the Tr.nsition


The ....folding 0/ lhe problematic of Being----loirlnmnltll"lIlly_the «>ncn.'te e>l'" of the .",,"'OUn"'ring 0/ bcinS-IJ/Irm)""'i<1WgyDjIht' l'r\CtHI"W ~nd of disrounl<' ff$ Iitt ground of tltt "Olf,ol"K!l" of 1lri1t~. The Sop1r. 1SI--1"\'"" if only a first pteSSing ahead-
2L tlo p. 134) 4).1\&'0 and tm, proper ch.racl<'r of flci"ll and ,\S flnnS "'/!rinK' oioflaf':-lU"l ~II'£VO\I, The uncm·"';ng of beings is soml"lhing proper if it disclO!llt'S them in their constitution i>5 OllX!\-ttl,o,; (proper p~Oi!). apX!\-tt'Mo;_ char.cters of flcing-the """ning of J<tpcu;: wh"""" and whereby beings in what they • ...-s bri"gs--a~ finished. No "as !i1:>mC'Ihlns,· Thertfore the chari><1cr of intend<'d·"""".md of unco"erPd·.-: O&O:{~'-&IO~""""

2J. (10 p. 1371

To discuS5lhornughly, IU le.><1uaUy the theme of oot(l,L irnu"djJ£\'Ov. T.ddmul1 ""YO t1"'t Ari>
1.1 ttxvTlmeaJ\,; know·how. 0Uvajl .... Cf: Rht'I"'*: porentiality al6t'",g. lis uphtil <s~,bHshmenl p",,"upposes pfeC'lsel)' the understandinS of the

carrying 0tJ1 of ma.l.t"(to&aL l'ossibillty-to "nderstand-more tadi. ':-;llll': as ,mc<wering. F<:>r: realily. h) "'Produ«'.IPa5sibilily:)' What _ thing can pfOJ".""ly~. what il fliM>dy iii prior to ....""'}' ;>dUolHzalion 2.) he h.u not thereby d<'graded dialmic but h.u diico,·<:'«'d an original proper domain 01 tht ....'eT)-day posstl:>ihly of ~p"ai:ing with OM an" other. t.... pretltooretial dis<:'ourge abQul5Ofl\dhing. which. as .. rminal~ wal' of thorough diIlCu,sion. pre5!0e5 ahead 10 ~i_ l""'lllli;l'w. Y''((ljllonlClj-and cLoims 1ft ~ Ul elS lhe flrot to be at>l~ to un5iti,·"ly and to appropria.re ;1. Supm.eding il in a prop"r1ydisclosh'f'origiNl ontology.Cf.

MI1. r, 2, I'Ll.to ~w cl\>arly Mlher tltr on" (oooln) nor It\E' other (llta),ty(o&a'j. Hili

result ooJT<':SPOnds, On the other hand, his ...., the unclarity of genius, and it st;rlYnd p=isely a plctcndcd hlghdl one-which is:. being-with. cognizing and i:noo'.\·;ng bcinss. To unco'"n a ~llc1ng"in~ ;n , .... dialogue and tltet\'by ,he enli... phenornt'f\olol ""~,,s residing zhen.>,n: beinr-Jloeing-I Bring"towa'" I the Being of the e"""i,,& (!IOl,his,j i",...lf. ~: in th~ tr.",ilion: L»sarly and y<'t whcilly " malter of principle. To "eoifllhis ~rion of the dialogue by .......onsof AoiSlolle", dir«tioons of OO'~opment' MtlJl~ r and Tapia; (RheIo......) Not 10 look for Int"itton and thinking. Thinking'" dia1«tic pr
I &!.",...••"I'PloommtZ.~byl~"'

... ~';;'9(~"'p.tm.

{~lIy' "C"!IS," prm~"", of

the ~nre, OnIQ~'cal'JI: ~ lilm' oPXr\'~

~-(l00(1l, oot Kala.

NO! for""'L nOlg.."'us (thi~ bltl" rx/""llly n-jtdeJ), but instl'.m: p,,~ly JI""""lly," h<:m't'\'el", with an empkMis on 0",,1«: IlpI'Ittpov 1\ 0\i(rIn. in tt.... temporali!)' 01 the pure p~c" of tlell.g:;.. ,hwhal i."""""" of-lnto~"tlli£vo-notp<J5Ilnl. But IIlStNd: ...·hat i< already t!>l'te In the di"",mlng discloslJl'l? .,.. Uyr",. He!\' lhe irruption ot.l.Oyo.; into ontology. cr. "itt. Z.~. .:.v-as u"""" ..rod-in a b"",rl,·, sen"": that which 15 spoken of. al To what ""t<'Ot the ·al.....dr al lhe o::c C~ks vou.;-~ In speaking aooul-thl' wQf"ld.-,omr.'\hing--l>elngr-thetP---inlti.lUy and for lhe rn<>sl pari. This ·inltially and lor th~ mnst pari" isand ",mains In principle (.ItUt ~! u,yo.:;: tM boji<" "",.I, .fIkmS·'" llSroming III ~t.lMl ""hieh pritno.rily is en('<,unlen'(! a~ already th~~ "",,'''dlll'''O'·. SpelIking remains the p,ima,)' mode of 'a:ess and mod~ of appropriation of beings. The bask mode 01 disclo"h'" Bemg·.... lth---is 5O<'I\eIlting-is still Sl'en in It'rms of~: bUllIc/ wilh the ":as.. "all' llirr6. But: by and In Uryo.;-",. a mode of aAl\lI£Uf:lv-<>lthc "1IOl(:£1~'O\'

(...J ConCt-'rRing b): The "Iogic.>l" Is as such ont.,.log.cal' l'r""i""ly not, thinking and "-odInlque of thinking. But inst.-ad: lhlIl which ... ~ibl" in 5fW'1king (uncovering) and discou",.,. The Being of the beingsenroun· lerW and !f'Ok<'n of In th;s .... al'. whallhus pt)S6ibl)' col1'\e!; to pre;mce. al~ady ronstiluhng Its p~.

32. (10 p. 15.'ij ~

indICated origin 01 the C"",k COrK:1.'J>I of Bo.'ing makIcrmined In 115 Being. t~ beings mU5t be ~1iN, and thl> InterpN'ting must nddn.ss 1....'SC beings with nogard to their Being. &peri""''''billty nnd ndd~bliity of the ·orld i""lud" in tl>o.'11\Sl'kes: Icttlng the inlcrpn.'1ing OMC,n along with the orld

Append••

il5<1f. ,n whidl o..sein .I,,'~),,; at""""r Os. ~ mrounlen'd purely from them, seh'l'S_ nw letting ~ enrountell.'d is b35l.'d, in ilS possibilities.. on lhelleing of Dase;n. BulIN" !king of Oasein Is lernpoulity. And the pu,," k-tling I"" w.....1d ~ mrounll'nld ill a mak.ing p"'5"lll M sud!. il il; only lernpor.>lly thai ;1 can express i'iitlfin I~ approprial<.' speaking aboul I~ ",..,rId, I~ l:leing of the ,,·.....Id "' p_.... ce. The domi"""", of Ihis nI)ti(In of Being rNIke II d""r why Arislol~ inlO'rJ'rns lim~ itoclf on l~ l>a..io of I~ ~I, lho:" """""," Whal ill PI'\'5el'lI "' gmuine l:leing.. ar>d lhe Bt-ing .ID ionS" of lhe past, as w~11 as 8elng r\ClI y<:l Qn ~ de\.....runl'd on tM b.uill of il.. " 8ul if o.."""n ilSielf must ~ inl~rp...'tI'd onlClk>gicaUy in ilS Being.. l.~.. ...."e1 in ilS do."l<.'nn;nale non.g"",ui~ temporality of pl'e'ffilifying /nm. mllS"""'~,lhen """,ponJily in iill genuin...- mUSt ~""pliwoo. IlYllh.1t impli...: the beings which emersc in rn.:-onlOlogical int"'l'lt'IUion of the Being of the ""otId c,,"rot determine tho> h~lk situation of th~ ontologi<:'al re;eardl whkh", supposoed h) inlerp~ the ~1"5 of o-in i~tf. Ral"""', il is pn><:ioo-Iy on In~ basis 01 this lMttht ~ of Being and the origin of the forml'1" is f'O'!'ith'c1y clarifit'd ontologically. I.e.. ill gi'~ In thechataet1't of 1lei"5'" ronct"i"l'
33. (10 suppll'Ir...... t 32)

Ileing-whal is alwa)'$ p""""'l 011 lis 0""11. 'J'h,.,re/o", "18" ~Iy the """hat"-"essenao"-;ond il lhe genuir"l' obit'ct of proper knowlO'd~.

Ill. Supplements 10 the Main Part

3-I.(lop. 19I l

~ in terms of two b.l5ic comportments. both oN'5 of lm"'ediaN: e"eryday !)awln, pmdurtion-approprialion (trndffiCY toward Being). In both. the b.l!olc phenoml"""" of!"m<wng Mln<'/j with ~metl"ng_ronc...., om" _,.i"g-;n the/ll."rlS('m ....klng pml'l5wlJ. Temporali!)· ... This ron(,,",_"pplying orII'lI'!'lf ,;omro.ing in Abro.1d ~rminable ;J!;(0lll' "'''''''' w,lh !h(' immedloltely ('I\O)\Inte~ world. The mm~wilh foun.ded on an al..... dy-be!ng·;R-It, F<:>r this Ileing·ir\-as (OI"I(e'm-l<nowhow. Tlzvli-;\s tU~Qnjn~ jl.ttO l.6you-il..,lf has thi> charact<:r 01 "1'1''''1'';''' ,.",. In all opcrariort!l-pmdllctian. and in ~on, a t appropriarion-ol" the world ~5 Offl'II/ni-in its "th<:'n:"" .' ron::l'lTl
Ttz"'l

p"'"""',.......

p'~l.

NB, n- phenommologkal nell'l5eI rK"o"c,S('('r>--t.lkn for p,imil"'(' and naiye distin<:tioM---no mMch lor motk-m syslCmario:s. To be seen only when thee phenorn<.'r\ol are in ad"ance aln-ady llM'O"erod originlllly aMI their phen<Jrnenal ne._us is understood as a pri"",')' <11M' (Dasein----exist.......,.,J. $y!tematic ...(11"1<........,.. in onkr to ronst"1d a system and ~,Ir>i history to t... k from I"""'. bUI in order 10 let the pl1momma become "isibk for !hi., fT'S"lng ahud 1O..·.rd the (Jr\tol"gi<:al roots of our Dasein it~ll.

35. Ito p. 195)

""'" pht:nommological inl"'l''''''.I;on pllJ'P""<'ly 100 b"",d-\'('Mt$ the nah'e-ont;c uno:krstanding-aOOlll the ~,,:uTT\... Th;" appllrl"IUn« ""t fi"" arl..... by "'ay of a Shm'ing '"'8' ,,~~ under the K"i<Jeli'''' vf tiX"'1 .....-for the pnJpl't !king_ Cf aOO,..,.-, ~m--<ar\,". N~;ty of a hmdaMft\tal1y in'·oMig&tin. methodic .pproprilolion m thill

i"',

."

Ap~,uh•

Oea-ption-BrinS.._l.) a> wha!-p~ion. 2.) aSliomething_ addNM, 3.) ba5ic phmoonwnon of the ~",.H "Pn!H.J>O"S"'"i<m: To ha,'.. from JOm<'Wh...... not simply 111m" "As· -I" II>£> an"S·I". Care-inll>rpl'l"fationk""U·N--Vre-~.lIeing·in-as whldlllt.-ing?

Den;mon........ror Deaplion--ilpon gilling-to a.dd-. Error? upon • formal OOOldusion? &1 11 erm' on tho> l'dl\6t:W'........-sh
41. (Ii",. suppl"",,,,,' to p.31O)

To I'O!"" the question 0/ the meaning at ~i.og,igni60s nothing.,1so: INn IU daborate lhe qUlSlj",,,,,S of pl>i'->phy. 1lw:' phm
Qw.:toming. Inltm>galmg 501"""""8 In 50_ rrgard. 1bI' ;nlenogalftl lbeinpl. the asked aboulllleingl, the ",k.-d for (the ontologkal CM'ad
·Wha. is lhe mode"f a<'<'e>lllO beingl' in ontologiall quo$ioning? PLato and Aristotle: J..6'ro;;-and indl'ed wllh a «-rIal" "~pl;dlroeS6,.l>ut only this far,that u.~ lPII1aill$t~r""lyo..... 8111th.l.1~ MI mun: "",oICJ8!1 "fktrrm,N'd I1y Iogir--<>l el5e one mUS! say ...hat ·Iogic· ';gnir,." twre_ Not: ~--on..... ted 1O... ~rd /clgic and thE-rcby slill pl.irlnS~t II>(- faundatiofl ~ rt>o<:k'm untologa! concept, but ins~~d: ~ oriented toward ,ui~I\lll;\ll:,_Dtiti". On t!l(' Ic<:tu<e: if frnm thf.- t>eginning, in the f'«'P"r~tiorl 8S ..,,,II as in t.... interpn>tation of the dofinitioro 01 the sophist, ....., We'" <'flIUtantly f\.f('!n'd to l.6yoo;.. il sh".. ld ha,~ boot.-ro de.., from the ~k>ng wh~1

1l\I_

pilth!;onlolog}' pLlYSll\lt. Only 1oe:\~.1 ""'end how PI.olo'ak~ IL... lf "'ithln II><' ontological prob~.. tk.

u..,o.;

b) The posing uf 1M '1"""imt is tn.. ""P~ rommunJated quetion. in ..·hidl'.... inl<'rropted, tho.' ll!IW about,;md the asl
I""

bring simply g"~ the...,by. COluent of thl' '1u~ing; ~ fm In 1M ~nloIdrr ;:m;:<'-aboul which. in whal respect. how fal the queslion

Tclotes. Thus br on th" characlerizatioo of the 'lUCSIion: what do J''''' m"an when yOll 5ily "llcing."

U I!«ond supplement to p. 310)

Intention to dari!)·· in GI\'cl; ontology Guidl'hn", making ptno.'IIt-as "",,"I. T".wdrr:ss. To addres6ltow? to let It be mcoun~ in it~14""'·-. or to mak<- of it itself 3 I""...~. IVlwno::e oth· erwisl'n·" i" ~,,··vwi~'-As('On('lusion 0/ Being and nme. ThU!l systemalk and histori<1<1,,_ beings a' beingo. No longer ;>5 bt-i"SS but "6I'lng.~ w.... t (le;ng ~ans. No answer. But ontological rna"""",,, ,,""""""'. Un' !q"lratl'dc Iormal and ""'t"';al omology.

43. (third supple''''''IIt to p, 310)'

I.

TIlt qll<"$loor! <Jf IN AAdIUS$ ~nd s.ryobil,ly <Jf Il~

Qv t! 1"'"

If 111I OT]1'(llvtl~

<Jf6Y (244aSI.). t Qv oVlltv rU.op6mpov tlKti" roil ,," .... vro.; (d. 2*'a I). Saidllm' genul disdosure of the meanIng! G~k ontology. b.t.o;ieaUy· Orientat;"" of""'~ t"ward "logic." Is that surpns"'l!? But.l..Q'fll\; for the G......eb the m<Jd. COUn. t<"ftd, the ;~ia~, but abo the how of .uchl"g the immooiat"._nd both in iIliIiffrrtnet! A making ~t_;" ,mn,n1",I~ "",lIoNlit!!. A IU"III",1 n",*,ng /'feffIt'. Confirm.t ......: ).6yo;-lh.:lt it> whkh """Iyday s', 1.1>-jn;., "...,..-l.. n/....-- i. n""·",, i"""' tlut, with "" regard tothelPllllt, IMtwhkh is a5Ju'd 101 ;s ..mpt)· th" i,J ....~

1.Cl.• "",p.""f .. _

..... ~2.'l.ndJ2.

-I6.llo p. 36J}

fjmits

uf Grtd

lnsof~r


~7.

pr"t'domina~. Compen!ooll~:

(10 p. 377)

In add~ing bei~. the')' are disclO64:d in I...., directit>os; I.) in thetr ",bnt" -PI'\.'SOL"AI__ 11,<'l1l«I1>",. 2.) DS ~ n_ill ...ID~,,,,, "'.~Ifl'lme--.Jnd the """P"'"Hrdy." In lhell\lill'l,,~nd the rl'lali","'". In l..tyl:w a oiou,*lnrdm€y '"",..rd Jisdmurr. 1.I simple t••wing·there of something. l} 10 la~ up in tiOme A:SpO.'ct. In io,tyf,v this doub~ possibility 01 enrounlerins bei"!\'. Something ~bly prnoenl (i..... possible ~)' accordinf5 10 tho: orig' inal ACllUS oll.J:rt.", I.) making present of the no..' here. 2.}ll\;Iking p...-srot ltiooo_in Cl'1I>tqlU'l1C1' of ;t_oIInr<"r""""thl", poNibly p"'S"nt is add....-ssed. The p<,l
48. lin p. 391} The <JPIX':Sition make .isibk> lhe ~ui...... ot¥<:tiv;t}' of the neg.>1
ronceming J.): with ...-g;>rd to l'Luo. tvu"flov .rKl huvn0tllc; al times e.-en in Aristode ~tin an o''·ctVTl"", 6l<\0\I6v aM touWV t",,4O'ptlV' lit. y&.p ilii'HO\' liUll......' &L«ml..vIO (dist.iln<-e) Wv t>. tlil a\mil ytvn /vm'l'io 6~~O\'w•. Thus pandlgm.>ti<:a1Iy: t;v(lVt\ov I«lt(a t(lv Wl«W. This M'l:'<>fding 10 1I", 1'ItyfQ.

lion of som\'ll\ing in such ~ w~}·. ThI'n.'b)·.I\"w"...~r. 6ltOA'l'IA" dJSlin("t from "6'lm" tfUYula!ol": l)tllV Ikl\'~ IbIS).;1 ~"",iJ\S witl\ us. ~oi;£w o' 06~ (b20Ho be of ~n &pinion ,ilioul oom..'tl\ing.. II) lab> som<1hing for !Qml'tlling-o"or t.,· il~'" tblO), it i$, by ils '"<'I)' i>I'f\SI.'. Ih<> unrowring Or distorting of beings. (Di$tinctiom.: hlll"tftjllJ-M.;U---.p6v'lOCIil (b24)-il only oppNn lhilt way. to' ill'h' 1b18)-nol Iettmg bcings be "fIC'Ounlel'l'd lrom lhrmsel,..", bUI insllO~d the -II\"",~ ",Ill ...... 15 "'''''uolt;r. ~ m,.vcq,u; (~'<;/ of ocpfvm'? (~28a)f.) ol5 IhlS--bl,t lho.·l\'by pn!ciS<'ly nol .v.'l6£(,[l\', (lQiW';(l' lit. tl (428a7}-«l\"CWl'O n "~iv Ji'f"(tm (~1f.)-w.1 1l00I>mV Op(qJ.am (aI6l--1i'llil"ttpou 6n(q:lX"'''ll"<; t"'V oi It-i.<>., surrounding world tto......, NUl SO tu,,,a:pyriq. not tQ aUt61~9r-"'ith nogud 10 the mode of C\JrI5t;>ntly and ptop('l'ly fl/lishcd [)ascin nol the 113m".

....vma!a ljI£~; (~18r-nol 00:1 M'l9l:iio1lOO (~17), il tS also "·... 1 it is'5 'l'£uOl\<; Or> th"ronl"'"" the~ is no ,'O;:.;~;. b:'Ot"~'l ~;(aI7f.l. BUI il'\dced &l{a-1U'l9l\<; oral 'l'f'J6ft" (aI9), In l«a dO'Tl; lalOr-taking as-to lak~.,. beinll-.lS ~ ..*ing pre;ntl!! .. rvro.oin. """'C\....., not, and lhe....... fo.... also not &l{a II£T' aiolMot;ll>; (a25). N";!her U.... of Ih....., nor ""t of llIem. OW tv tl toUtcI1V,oiltd~rowW"" 00\'1001u(~2Sb9). TI>O:' (all.,.n",: &&;0. ~I",~y" on "iolh\t(i''-<JiI.. ti.U.ou tlWl<; (~27), ¢'O.!VE(I(ku ""ouW Ihen be ~,~ 6""p oi~, (~28b II-I<> have an Oflllion about """",,hing which preci.scly docs stlow ilsell of it5Clf. fUVmO!t:t-o:i~'lm~ (~28bll

ing-11Inr

)---shift from pem.>ption, moJifia>limJ of lto..lrIrv-

if ~lring. 6110;0 t'1\ uiotWiooo' (ef bUr-is just li~ aiolh\tn<;-

""'·"'Z·Ii>m' of the ",,""-' cotUe:"I, bUI not ~ ... ,,,,tipx"", Alo&r)m" ,n II\<' full

.:-.on alS<'> be ¥C1I6l\~ (b17j. And 50 th~ shift Uul 01 lhal-Io--only pre5<.'nti/;,,"tion lik~ ... ise, 00l1\··, .0.. OW; (~29~)Hhe lighl. b)' which """ see--il is somrtlrlllK there. AIso~' qOV1a d.....h·ed from it. boe<:ausot' voUi; o/lsoIt't'5 {~29.7j. ~;ft"-neutr.\i7 .. ti()n of tl\e Pn>pC1" prcscnlifying. 5en.."l"

,",",,53. (to .... pplernent 52) ~(l

11M to"fo
,I.

In ~a ..... p~l the about which, 50 that in it 5CmIcthinll ~p"ab for &>;6:l;tlv-an agl'\"l!in~ "~lh "--tn II(, infroot (j. 10 "" <>f 'm opinion about s",ml.'thing. Theal>out which in 5OIIU.' war p~"m-in lh.en.'--oi> oml

1\ alo&.)ol; 142&281.

",..If

from the Notes ofS,mon MOSol'r

1. 110 p.299)

T..lluition 10 the cLoss of the 26th se:»ioo (February 10. 1925)' In tM introductory consid...... tions 1 const~nll)' ..."pkM.ized the C56mti~J imparlance of tho.' fact thilt J"I~1o ti<'S the discussion of Being 10 the factual uistenee of the sophist.11>e sophist has l,e"n ""posed as the aClually l.'~tant (>y. Th.at implies: ~ exists along w,th tho.. ~hi~t; which implies thai being:s rombine with non-bo>ings, a OWlli.o~-.'I--so that thcquestiOll 01 how the sophi~t Can bo> IS cmlc'red on the qllestioo 01 how. <7\lI.lModi of be>ngs and non-btings is J"l'&'iblc and how a OW~M.-.'I is poo.ible al all. The ...hibihon of the "<;>tvc:n1a T\' p,,:... idl.'S the .IU..•.... II Ileing Can In;'" "'ith non·fleing. then it is paWbk! Ih,>t l.Oyo.; 115 .n 6~ can combine vrU6ox. as 6". II this combirling is poso;'bw, th~'n there is II ~ ~<;.. th<", d«llptiOll, llIlatTj. is pos6ible. And if ther.- is d<'<:ept;on, the existmo:'e of II><' sophist is pos6;bll1 in UttQtTjnrll Ttl"'l. And if therE-IS thi. possibilil)·. it gu.lr.m...... the """"bilit)' of the 1I"""i"" posili"e 4TfO<;.. i.e.. the possibility of pt,iJll9Oph)' as d .. icctk. Thus, in the dialog""'~•• whole. the q"'-"!ltion 01 the pos.sibiloty 01 both the sophist and ph'kosoph}' .....'olves amtlnd the quwioo 01 Being. The is tl><' prope< questiOll, On which the rorn.id..... tion now """t...... und.... the title of Ihe question of
1''

...,m

1''

OWKw""

Edilor's

E"ilogu~

This Ie>rtin HO"idegg...." lectun:"rourse al!he Uni"el'Sity of Marb\lrg during ,he winlCr semester 19101-25, II wa, a""",1l'Iad "" .. four· hou.~·w~lgan on ~ r IS. H<.~dt'tQll.'r·s manUKript ronl.iM lhe n::-m..l<: "1l\uJS(l.j·. ~ I\, si> _ions car>n'lcd, 10 be "",dO' up during the _ : Acro!di"l5 to a n<:Jtic" in !he KD"I·S'''''''''', the canceUat10M were ocaosioncd by a lecture trip.' Aflt:.!he Ch';'tm., bmlk, tl...:" I«lu.... c:ourse resumed on Thursd.y, January 8. 1925. and ronlinucd regularly (,,'e ti".,.., per Wf'el< (\o\lldlll.'Sdlion of ArislOIl... Thill first pa.t. which Hridegger called "IntruI:~ E/hn, Book VI and Book X, chaptcr:5 6--7, as wdl as with the Atrropll~. 8ool< I, chap"''' 1-2 Ttl~, Ht.-idi>gge, re\all.'d other pam of tho:: /\riSCoIclloon ro.pur.: in JUrticuLa., passages from 1"'-' Afn""itysin. II\(> r<1j"illl, lhe ~. Dr /."...."m"IWIl'. "nd the eat<'g<'rit:< Only in lhe ~ons .fl.... the Christnu5 b ....k. i..... in I..... second part, !he",,""'1 INin part did He~ turn. afler a "I.amitior>." 10 the inll'fl'n.1aliCln of Plalo, Speoci&ally, he did not. u originllily planntod. interpret "IVI'O later diaklgUl'$."' n.uncly, the Sophist at>d Pbilrl>v$, but instead onl)' the !icJl>ll.. t (&S ....\'11 ;U Ihe t"Iufdru~. in an ~"C\ltS~). and he al... brought in DIM parIS of Plalo'S "'Tirings. ~iaUy from !he TlrnJl'Trtus and lhe "Sewnth u.t1t'T.~

w"'"

In P"1"'ring this volume I h3d a,'aiLable the following manuscriptS: 1.~"" ......... _",tI>o","",·_.llo.!~.I'r.I.puo.~

r.=;::=..~.=.~~~,::=::};~;I:'~~':::'az $:"-".Ortc. ~.saY"~Ortc.I.~"""

6:.w~Doe.&

::~.Do<.l.~."""

.ts..p.lll._t .\ s.. .......,nI ..... lt
6.) II p.1g€5\pp. 9O-IUOoi tMpllolocopyl",ith ''''ofurther~labell'ut ....·hich .hIoo>rding to Mf'lQ/Ih!f>"cs VI. chdpler 4. and "Vtaph~kf.IX.dlapIer 10. as well as on a critique of the ~ of \'kmeo- ]:oeget, ..... hlCh "'as nol ,am..d out in Ih.. krtures." Th" 5l.'<'Ond fil.. of 1M manlrSCripl consists of 170 ""g~ Of'golniloo .os followS' I.) 25 pages. w,th sheets 10<>Sely numbered X> I-X> 16. as ",,,lias addenda and al\OOtalions.for t.... mosl pill'Ilabeled, with notes on I.... P1ak) p.11'1. up k) I.... fifth dl."finLlion of th"lts Ioost'ly numbe...-d 0:-'1. and p.1,d..llj' 1al>«led add""da ar>d annotaliolU ronlaining no4,,", on I.... PMnlrw: ",",cunus."" 3.) 94 pages (Pl" 42-IlS of the pholoropy) along with sho."E'lS ~Jy num~ Si.I 16-Sn 69 and partiallj' labell.'d addenda wilh nole'l on I"" inlt'rpl\"t.tion of the Sopht!;/, "I' 10 U... t:nd of the kct,,~" 4.,35 pagt"l (pp. 136-J70 of the photoc,,!,y) .'ong with a few disparale shl.~ Iab<::led "So; ronlaining notes on I.... inlerpn't.>lion dIlle as well asan .1>unclal\(\' of "nlabo-Ied ad
,n

s.,m,."

II. A Iypewrinen tMnscriplion of Hartmul Tietjen's deciphering of "",nus.:ript.

Hcid~'s h.:>ndwdtll'fl

Ill. The foU""'ing not"" ralu'n

do"'" b)' Slud~nts "'1\0 attel1dNl tht.-Iec·

ru~

l.l a

tYJ""'·rilt~."

1"lf\K';pl o. It>o. no''''' lah'l1 by lid...... \'kill, which enrire !C<'lurecoun;e. Th"tran5(ript was pnxtu<WI by T~ and amounts to 497 P.lgcs. tr3<'l! lh~

Z-j a typ('Wrillen tunscrip! (-147 p.>&") of t~ s«'nOgr~phic ~ ofSimoTl ~ •.

l1>ese begin only afle< I~ Christmas ho1id~ys and Ihus l>"I>der I~ Ifoctu"", fl'Ql'l'l IIw "!",osition· on.. Le., the Pt"to p;!rt. Hcideggt>r hi,"",lf r(">'iscd this lranscrip!; 11<> ernployfd il as a working baili. supplied i! wilh marginal ~arks, and authoriled it ).\ thr nott'S of Hans Jonas {6 nott'bool<s), which trare lhe enti.., rour.i<' and on only one ocr....;on, the lw.... tr~ghlh s<ssion (Janu.ary 21. 1m), display a h.lndwriling th.3t is not his OWl\, and, finally, tN- note. of Fritz S, with lhe "arepti"n of the beginning of tJ1<, ninlh ~ion (No'..,mb<-r 17, 192-1). liknoll,.. ro,"". tho ....1'... OOU"'"". two _ 04 noteli progressh,,,ly rome to 1J\.>1d> OI\<"another "",il they r"",Uy rotT<'SpOnd word for word.

n-

Following Heid"tlSeJ's dir«til'cs for the publkltion of his I~u", OOU"",",, il was ml' task as editor IU P~"" from the philll8Opher's h.~nd­ "'rill..... ""'nusnipt al1ef1oby ;1 "PP"~red thai H"idl-ggt'f I", the mOSI part follo.voo his m.,nusaipt "'I>Ue deli"mng lhe 1«1:",", "",,,,Iy ~ndjng the fonnul.otion. and ""l.>rg;ng, o~ rallwr br()lldly, "pon tlw: ideM al",Mly sketched out. Occ.uionally. 1>01".......... he w",,1 ""Ii rely beyond his note and Mlde on ~ ~ ~nd om9'llics V, 26: T.,,;<s V, ~; ....d

PIry>ia I, I." 2,1 Ih" inlerpM"t,on of Aristolle> b,,~ic d;Sl;nction wilhin ",006>; (<:I\IVqt> ""d &wp1O).ltvov), »<:«>"'l ~l(l in Ari$IOlIl', acrordint!; to Mtta· p/ty>u:$ IV, 1 'md 2. in ~1 ... r'6iHon.~"

t""

In prep.oring the

le~t

of 111<> keelu"", 1 lOOk mr g"idance, Iollo..-ing

Heidl'll8"'" di~t",~, <:speci.1Uy fmm the' idea of in~wing H~', manuscript and lho- "anous transcripts in such a way Ihal-.o. is said in the epi"'Bu~ to tho:> publication ',,-hich H";d~'Sll"""'"w 10 and app""'edj of his 1'>"'tburg II.'(IU", course. "T"" Elasir Problems-of ~l\Olug{"­ ~..., thoush'. whet"". al",;> 1«lUnlS.. would ~ IosI.· .. SiJl<" for the firtlt pa.rt 01 tl>(, l€'ClUres the aulhoriud tral\!o(ript of Mose.'sstenr:ographic ootesdid not .pply.lll;degg",,'5 own manuscript was basicallr the st.nd.rd in p"'paring this pari of the lext. y", the man,""ripl and the ..·.il.lil<> lran..<w:riptioou were i""O<J"O" rateSeo! ron«vt",,1 uncbritifs in I..... former.. the priorif)' Waf aoo>tded to the lotter. p""'io;l,-d tho:>y "'8n,t'd .""""g thMn· ~,..., and offCt!:'d a deaM'" formula Ii"". The of WciB. due to thei. re1>li,'e oomplctencl>S as ~rd. lhe 10:1 of the Ieclul\l1i and in I<mn. of tho:> Gn>ek Olalion!-. were an indi,peosabk aid. and. un lhe otlwr hand, the <'~,.,,:if<', unerring formulatJOflS of lhe noK-!' of jonas and Schalk ~n.'d welrome assi$~l"'''' in U", cas<' 01 ron.."t....,! difficulty. Sit\C'll! for the_onl and p""""t,'lh of thinking) in the ty?"wrilten ,''-"'''S,on of Mll!ier's note. A. lot the paf$lgl:S m<.... tioned ~b<)\"c. the ones H<'id"88'" delil-cred "'...."po...'eo'.,ly. I p..... pared Ih.-m in aOOlrd with Hdd<'gg<..-'. di"",Ii","-lo the ",,!'tnt tl\,,. this "'as JIC'll'iblc-by c~"'tull)' e,~mining .nd oomparing the ..u-denIS' not~ The C~lS6 Ir.msitiCJtu, whICh lot th.. most p.>rl He~ dt:li,"Cl"t'd extern· por~nroU51)' at Ihe bl>ginn,ng of .....h _ion, though he om>sionaJl)' had prepared ~ k\o- k)' word•• "'~"', In ~crord .... ith thedl't'O:lh'es, ,,'orkeol of the k.'dut"<S. The in.... rjections fX'<'ulidr tooral ddi ...~ry w"..... ag;>in If\ Il<'COrd with IhI:- dinx-tiH'5, stricken, all the whi'" """",r,ins. ho> of ~ lectu ..... _'1'

""'eli

Hrid"SS~r'J

IectUnlS', both in his "'riling ;md in hi. oral dcli\'ery, p","""l,

in large .........su .... a mixtul't' of Greek cilillion ~nd (;('rman oommenl~'Y.

tl<'idegger quorro the Gn."('k tc:

~(:c....r ding

to thl" first o.rord

E'.dilionof Plato's \Vorks,edited br l. Burnet'" and th<>G"",k t<>~tof Aristotle acron:hng to the edition p"blished by Teubner in L£>ip~ig ,,~Ih ,·".-ious editors." Tho.' te,t I h.we prt5l'rltro hert' lik"""I.'Ie 6!('S Mato 3(.'(onling to Ilumt1 ""d Ari,u,tk> a"OOfding to Heid"U"r's jU51·namro cop)' When l-kidegg<'1' fl'l't'ly "aned lhe GIt'cl< original for philosophical or pedagogical rt'asons, I I'<.'t.lin"d Ills "'ay of quotiJ1g and pnmeed the oorrespond;ng ~Ie~" ""tl! • "0." Rather long ""i....... within the on81",,1 C"",k le> !lcr\tenct'S. For th" ~OO1d part, I n'tained Heideggcr'. oral quotarions, as fixed in tI>e transcript of />·fQSt'r's notes. in ord..... to 1'1'.,;......... the lecture '1)'1•. For the firsl pan, it was rool dear which citalions H<>idegg..... had t... ""lated in ltiso 1deli,...!)', and 50 1 included either !h. translation occa'lioNllty found in 'idcggt>,·s manuscript or. In thoe case of diflicult Greek pa~ges. when there was nelth.,.,. a lf3n51ation no, an "'terp"""th" paraphras<" in thoe manuscripl or the trMl!ICriplS, my own transl.tion, employing Heidcggerian le,.,,,s, as l"ng as it did not d;sturb the flo'" of the It',,. In the S«'OlId !",n. soch translations rould bedlspensed with,slncealmost all of Heidegger'stranslations, paraplu<>ses, and paraphrdSing interpretations arc pn.'SCI'It u\ M(>;<'r', Slt.'I'IOgraphic notes and roukl be t,'ken from them. For I-kldcgger's translationi the boundary bo.'tl'·«nliteraJ translahon and parapl!ra~ingcomrne1lLlry is oiten fluid, I put In quotation markl; only lile'raJ mns"tio"" as well as .,., ... pl!f35e5 Ih.ll Wft\., ....ady lranslations. The 1ilcra~' ..yle of lho! tC:g...phic notes of the Ialler which permitted an apptOJrlrnate reproduction of the Idilll;yno:ra!ic f<mnolations of Beidegget's oral deli\'~"Y' I supplil'd the rontinu<>us texl of the INlu ....... for which no table 01 !lI.I'Io..... O"'" ~;tbt<"iqunIi .lJ'I'05I'~a.....,.trrio .... tlJ'l'lff 21.A_...'~.~WChrioLli_in _ _ 8.GT_l_ iIrio_1'!o«o>I -.u, Cotolu\ Prontl upo>i< in oIO'dibu> 8. Go If'\bn SuormihI. tJpo>ao! ., - . II. G,

f tul>ntn. 1!182. 0. A~.... 1.bi III ~~d Gu.-.... _ . £ofi""ol.... CW~d OIroApol' In. _ _ 8 G,Tnlb<Jim ...."... Wall;.. ~in...Jil>u>B.C.T...tmen.l"ll

An>""""

. ""......T"""".. . . _k"""''''''''_.£_.. . . . .

Appendl. al a critical ronfront.l"on ...·i!h Ja.-ger's theses. I did not flr>OJI lhese annOlations and incorporate them inlo the main lexi. I ",leK-'~ lhem to the appendix as ~upp1emenlS to tM end of the lim p.ltl. "Th~ ... m~ appli"", to a """,,,of annot.lliortS On the "Iransitloo," ",'lIkh k> a «"nain e,lenl imer!ll."CI with !host' on the end of the first part. In lhe ·transition," wturh H.sd~et also labels'W E.~ (. "R<><:apillllation. lntmducti<mNJ,'"' he taholi up again the intl"lTUptOO rou"", of lhousht.'" but in such ....·ar thai he inrorporatol'S il inlO. PregeT1tation 01 ~ O"cfall per. sp«th'c gUIding Ibt' p"-""Oous Arisk>11e f"t1 and its ",lMion 10 the rldlo pan. In doing !iO. Heidegge1" ob"ious1r modified and abndgo.'d in or.,1 nroed for lhe Ira1\Sllion. He left oUl the passage on tu.'let.;... H~'r('. 100, I!ll' m.1nusaipl contain, anllQlatiortS gi"ing Ihe I:<.-y words on the ......lion of l.6yo<;--iUl\9l:1o.--Q~.and _Vin il ...·dS not possible for me k> filllhem OUI and place them into the .....in lexl. I _ignro m{'m 10 lho.> appendix as ,upplemenrs.'" DlIring the wUllel" SO!""",Wr 1925-26, in hi5lcdu",,,,,,,rse al Marburg mtilled"logk: tht' 0.lion of Trulh." H~~d.-ggE'T lOOk up avln and expf6Sly thematizro Ih.. problemalic which he onl~' drnfted sWchil)" "dlhin his I«luns on lho.> 5oJ~riiI.'"

In P""P"ring Ih~ texl of Ibe Plato part of tht- roul'Sf'. 1 did nOi face these diffkulli<'5. ,hanb 10 Ib~ continuity of H.,.;d"SS....'s ."no~'lions thanks to the authoti~.cd lranscnpl of Moser's stenogrnphic notes. Here. too-this timl.'b.sing myself primaril}'on the .. uthorized Ifanscripl-I inlegral<'d the n,arluscripl and studenls' notes SO thai ·no thought ...·.s losl." I pl3<:ed In th(> ap!",ndix. dS suppl(>m<.'flrs. tnl"I'l'Iy those a""mations whICh rontained au~ihar}" ('Omm<.'fll.ori... or which W(>R' difficult to inrorp,mlle and would haw disturbed the flow of lhe l~uteS, H....., bo>k>ng al!iO a""';,.. of ann<>talim,.. on Ihe hermeneulic of o..sein. which forms the hori~url for Hckt~,·s in,.!",te",rion of Aristotlt< aAd PI.to irllb(> s",'hist rotJ ...... l l To Ix> SUR', Ibis .....'mo.'fU'utic doE'S nooIlwnd the irl"'",tI.'lahon in a d%'Tt\Olk way bul is won pr C.....k texis, ;,(>., in product;"e mutual ",tation.

."d

Th(o all~nc:ompass;ng basic lheme of Ibis """"'" on I/u: Sophlil is lhe l'lIlation of truth (tU.1\6r.
l)

AJ'l""f"l<"

"'W"","",,&--;'ll.

z,;,5o
~

r'-9!'>.r·'1MI'·

;..·tt..._uflh<.... tic>II.l...... oI ..... ""._·ontt....I'J'C""I,•. """"_v Af'l't"d.... ~l>2S.V,23,Jl(.,..j~

3O.1.
c...."'.._

Jl. A.,.......

r,. . . . *'"

1ld

~l,odi"'"

~ny

W_.

I>y Wol... _

MMbutgft " " " " " - w ~

1
h>nkfun._\t.. 1<m.. Eop
"'rrlo-mtnl>'" IN- ."......- .• - .

~ _ ~.

pari, which I kad al"'ady p"'f'<'n.'d. and lhey proved a ,'alual>l~ hdp for my work on tIKo l'liolo P.~rI. My N"'dwrilWfl "t'\'Slon of Ihe '''''1 of lhe Jt..ctu", (OUQe was typed by the /l!i$I>t/mls d,p/6II!. up!. and Andtf )eanmrmod. WIth them. in a rornmon l'\'\Mling. my hand· "'riting "'itS ~l«-d against lhei, lranscrlplinn. M",. Ro:>ssel....-Capt lie. k Irlll'('S in C"""k. undenool< ('!;pe<:iolly the "erific>tion of tIK' C"",k ciLlri'lI>S. V"~en Oeu .. ray. aw'~alll "ipsa",! in lhe philo&ophy dep.>rtment . .... pplied the Gn",k lellts with atteniS. since the rompuU,. pointer (Quid nol rorrectly ",pn:.oduee them. Guido All>ertelli. althal ti"'" working under me as ar> lmislJltll JipllJml. prepan.'d lhe prinled man-npl and romple1~ the bibliographic.ol data. FiMlly. Dr. TI<'tjen at'ld ~l.\rk Michalskl (I'h.O. candi· da~. Uni\'<:1Sity of Fteiburgl .......·"'wed lhe printed manuocript wilh g....1 ca.....'enrol'e... lhanks for lheir efforts on the printed manuscript. Ilhanl< Dr. Chrisloph Fmr. "on Wolzagen (Offfonbachl fur lhe ronfil1't\alior> of the solulion of a q..eslion.able .bb""';"lion. and for supplemenl>ry' bibliographical details. ~rdinll the .,,, hul 1':alorp." My .pecialth.U\ks an: duo.' to Or. TIl'¥n for lhe typewrilb:n tra..,;cript of the not"" of Helene Wei8 as _lias for deciphering Heklegger's hat'ld""II. len '''i"iMl m.>l\uscript. and. funher. 10 Prof. Friedrich·Wilht:lm ,'On

,.,."""iQ'"

Herrmann fo' his friendly cou"""l. on
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