This excerpt from Presumptive Meanings. Stephen C. Levinson. © 2000 The MIT Press. is provided in screen-viewable form for personal use only by members of MIT CogNet. Unauthorized use or dissemination of this information is expressly forbidden. If you have any questions about this material, please contact
[email protected].
Conventions
1. TYPOGRAPHICAL Italic is used for emphasisand mention of linguistic expressions. Double quotesindicate utterances(i .e., usesof expressionsand sentences ). Single quotes are used to gloss foreign-language expressionsand pragmatic inferences.
.TIONS 2. SYMBOLSAND ABBREVIA & v
~
logical conjunction logical disjunction
materialconditional(logical" if ")
1'-1, I
negation
-
logical equivalence
p, q (occasionally sentential and propositional variables <1>,
epistemicmodifier, to be read as 'the speakerknows p'
P (as in Pp)
epistemic modifier (the dual of K : Kp == """",P """"' p), to be read as 'for all the speakerknows, p'
I-
entails, as in p ~ q
+>
implicates, as in " p" + >'q' (uttering "p" implicates'q')
+ + >
communicates (the sum of what is said and what is implicated )
.. XII
Conventions Q+ >
implicates under the Q-principle
1+ >
implicates under the I -principle
M+ > iff
implicates under the M -principle if and Qnly if
( a, b>
ordered pair
{ a, b}
unordered set
<8 , W)
Horn scale, of linguistic expressions , such that linguistic expressionS is an infonnationally stronger elementthan W.
GCI
generalizedconversationalimplicature
PCI * sentence
particularized conversationalimplicature ungrammatical sentence
?? " sentence "
pragmatically odd or unacceptableutterance
Further symbolsput to limited use are introduced in passing.
This excerpt from Presumptive Meanings. Stephen C. Levinson. © 2000 The MIT Press. is provided in screen-viewable form for personal use only by members of MIT CogNet. Unauthorized use or dissemination of this information is expressly forbidden. If you have any questions about this material, please contact
[email protected].