L
OXIORD ENGL IS H tsBN 9 7 8 - 0 - 19 - 4 23383-5
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S E A S O NS AN D CE L E B RAT ION S Thousands of yearsago, people celebratedspecialtimes. New plants and animals in the spring;,the longestday of summer, good food from the treesand fields in the autumn - these were all times to celebrate. Later, Christianity came, and old and new festivals came together as Easter, Christmas, and other celebrations. Each season brings its own celebrations. Spring has cggs at Easter; in summer there are outside festivals at tl-re summer solstice, and barbecues for the Fourth of .fuly; autumn has fires and fireworks; and winter has the wonderful traditions of Christmas food and prcsents. But there are new celebrations too - Mother's Day, RemembranceDay, the special days of new countries, and the festivalsthat people bring with them when they rnove to different countries. Here is a year of celebrations- old and new, insrde and outside- in Britain, the USA, and other English-speaking countries. Learn about the traditions, rcad the stories - you can evencook the pancakesif you want!
oXF OR D
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FactfiLes
Seasonsand Celebrations Stage2 (700headwords)
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|rrctfilcsSeriesEdrtor:ChristineLindop
OX-FORD
CON T EN T S
UNIVERSITYPRESS
Great Clarendon Street. Oxford ox2 6Dp Oxfbrd University Pressis a department oftie University of Oxfbrd It flifthers the Udve$ity's objective ofexcellence in research,scholilrship, and education by publishingworldwide iD Oxford NewYork
IN T IT O D U C T IO N
1 Festivalsold and new
1
2 The yearbcgins
2
3 National days
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Auckland CapeTom Dares Salaam HongKong Karachi I(ualalumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexicocity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Torcnto With offices in Argentinil Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Creece Guatenala Hungary ltaly Japan Poland Porugal Singapore South l(orea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine VietnaD
4 Lent and Easter
12
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5 Familiesand fools
t6
@ Oxford University Press2008 The noral rights ofthe author have been asserted Databaseright Oxford University Press(maker) 246a709753 No unauthorized photocopying All rights reseryed No part of this publication Draybe reproduccd, stored in a retrieval system,or trmsmitted, in any for rn ol by .rDy nrcilrrs without the priol perurissionin miting of oxford University I'rcss, irlc or as expresslypermitted by law' or under teflDs agrccclwith th(, ilpp11)l)r reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerDingreproclucliorr the scope ofthe lllT Rights Dcprl t urent. outside above should be sent to the Oxford UDiversity Press,at the rddress ilbove You must not circulatc this book in nny other bindi|g or ( ovcr and you must irnposethis same condition on rrry rrrluiro Any websites referred to iD this publication are in thc.public clonrainancl their addressesare provided by Oxford University Prcssfor infbnrat ion olly Oxfoxl University Pressdisclaims aDy respoDsibilityfor thc coDlcrrt rsBN:978o 19 4233835 A complete recording oI this Bookworrns cdilion ol and Cebtratinrojs availablc on audio Cl)- I s BN 97I o 19 42j,t84 2 Scasons
A
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Summercelebrations
7 Fires and fireworks
1A
8 Remembering
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9 Thanksgiving
.,U
10 In a new country
33
11 Christmas
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C LOSSAR Y
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Acrrvrrr ES: Before Reading
44
A C T I v r r l F .:sWh i l c R e a d i n g
45
ACTIVITIES: After Reading
48
A B O U TT H E A UTH OIT
52
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Festiva [ s o t da n dn e w Ilrt' pcoplc of Britairr have had festivalsfor thousands ,l lt'rlr-S.Loug irgo the sun, the rnoon, thc wind, rain, ,unnrrrls,ancl trees were all important in their religions, 'Whcn .rrr..l thcy had festivalsfor thcrn. Christianitycamc to liritair.r,people wanted to keep some of their old Icstivrrlsso they brought the religior-rstogether. Saint \',rlcntinc'sDay,F,aster, Hallowecn,and Christnrasarc all ,rltl Fcstivals that becameChristian festivals. Rrod,family and flowcrsarc rlu important tr'rart of most .t'lcbrations.Most people have il big family c{innerat (,lrristmas,and rr-rany peopleget togetherat Thar-rksgiving too. A lot of people give chocolate and other sweetsas Day and at Easterand Christmas, on Valentir-re's l)r-csents ,rrrclsome festivalshavespecialfood. Restaurantsare very busy on Valentine'sDay and Mother's Day, ancl flower slrol'rssell a lot of flowerson those days. l)eopletoday often live far away fnru-rtheir families, scr thcy sendcardsat specialtimes like Mother's l)ly, llrrstcr .rnrl Christmas.The cards say things like: 'Thinking of )'()uacrossthe rliles'. Postofficcsand telcphoncsarc very busytoo, and manypeopleusetheirphonesanclcomputers to scnd messages. Times change,and festivalsalso charrge.Peoplehavc rclcbratcdmany of tl'rescfcstivalsfor hundredsof years, ,rrrclwill go on finding new waysto enjoy them.
Theyear begins N e w Y ear ' s E v e i s o n 3 1 D e c e mb e r, th e l a st cl ay before th e New Y ear beg i n s . In ma n y p l :rc e s ,p e o p l e go to pi l rti es o r r es t ar lr ant s w i th fri c n d s i n tl -rc c v e n i n g . S on-reti rres th cy m eet out s ic l e : i n N e w Y o rk , tl -ro n s a n d sof peopl e go to Times Scluare; in Sydr-reythey go clown ncar thc sea; i n London, t hc y g o to T ra fa l g a r S c l u i rr:e.Just before n rrd night , people l o o k a t th e c l o c k , i rn d togethcr thcy co u nt t he las t t e n s e c o n c l sb c fo rc th c N c w Y crrr bcgi ns: 'Tet r , r - r ine,eight . . .' At m ic lnight t h c y s ta n d i n rr c i rc l c , l -ro l cl -r enc' lencl s si ng a n old s ong c alle d Au l d L ttn g S1 tn eA. S c o tti s h nren crrl l cd Robert Burns wrote the words of this sorrs rrbout ilr,ci h u n c lr c d y ear s irg o . T h e s o n g s a y s th l t
i t i s goorl r< r
re met nber y our o l c l fri c n c l s . T h c tr n ra try p eopl c cl ri nl < r g l a s s of c ham pag n e, l i g l i t s o rl e fi re w o rk s , o r cl ancc unti l th e s un c om es up . L - r S c ot land, N c l v Y e a r' s Ev e h a s a s pecrrl urure: Ho g m anir y : A t H o g rn rl l rry , th c rc i s a tra di ti on
cal l ecl
fi rs t - f oot ing. T he { i rs t p c rs ()n f() c ()n rc i n to the house i n th e New Y ear is tb e ' fi rs t-fo o t' :
i f h e i s a tal l man w i th
cl a r k hair , he will b ri n g g o o c l l r-rc kto th e h o use. H e rnust
t,,rl rrcl csatrcl l ots of f ir ewor ks. Sour et it lr es t he par t ies gcr
ca rr y s om e f ooc l, s o n rc n r()n c y ,o r e p i c c e o f b l ack coal for
,,rr el l ni ght and i nto t hc uext day.
the fire. l n t c iinbur gh a rrc lo th e r S c o tti s h c i ti e s , th ere are housc p a rt ies and s t r ee t p a rti c s , Sc o tti s h m u s i c antl cl rrnci nu,
N crv Y ear' s D ay, 1 J anuar y, is a holiclay f or nlost peciple, .rrr,.lthc banks and tnat r y shops clo t 'r otopeu' M : r uy people strl l i rt houre ancl rest on t hat day. Ancl a lot of people
thircl century. The Rourrrn Eurperor rrt the time, Claudiusthc Scconcl,was not a Christian.Claudiusthoughtthat marriecl soldicrsdid not make goocJsolcliers,s
lresent a note to this woman, and at the end of the note,
a bettcrperson.For example,thcy say:'l'nr goirrgto stop snroking,'or'l'm going to eat bcttcr,'
rlrc date of the festivalchangcdfrom 15 to 14 FebrLrary
learn somethingnew.' After the holiday the shops are very busy with Jrrntrirry sales.At sale time things in the shops irre chcaper sornetimesmuch chclper - so it is a goocl tirle t
lre wrote: 'Your Valentine.' He died or-r14 February,so :rnclthc nill-ncchanlledto Saint ViLlentine'sDay lrr the early ninctcenthcentury people started to givc Vrrlentine'scards to the l)erson they loved on 14 lit'['rruary.Tl-re carcls hard l)icturcs of bircls ancl Ilowcrs on them - perh aps rt'rl roses, thc flower of l,,r,c
and irrsidethcre
rvt'r'cworclslike these: /(rr.sr'.s .ltc t'cd, nt1, 19y7,, Y i ,tl rl s tra bl ue \11,n r.sstt'r'ct, tny l ot,e, l i i l l rr(,1.I-s-\l t'a,a'lLl s\toLt .
Seasons
Celebrtrtions
Na t io nIad a y s \l()st countrics have a day that is specialto thctn - rr rr,rrrorrllday.FclrEr-rgland, Scotland,Wales,and lrelartcl tlrt'rrrrtionalday is the day that belongsto their patron .,.rint.This is sorneot-tc from the churchwho is important l,r' rr group of people;Saint Christopher,for example,is rll(' r)rrtronsirir-rt of travellers. I hc first of thesefour nation..rldays is I March. S:lint l),rvicl(Dewi Sant in the \felsh language)is the patron ,..rintof rWalesirnd 1 March is Saint David's Day. David .rrrtlhis followcrs lived quietly in Wales;they did not eat rnt'rrt,and they clrankonly wllter.David bccaue a famous in Wirles. It':rcherand a very important mau iu the chr"rrcl-r I lt'rlied in 589. 'Welsl-r love music and sir-rging,so tltcrc rlrc t.t'lr'lttv l'lre ( ()rrrcrtsaround the cour-rtryon this day. Ncrt is 17 Milrch, Saint Patrick'sDay, u'hich is e big SrtirrtPrrtricl< ,l.rv in Ireland anclalso in North .,\nrcricrr. l ) eoplc s t ill s c n c lc a c h < l th e r V rrl e n ti n c ' sc a rds, but often th e y c lo r r ot wr it c th c i r rrrrme si n s i d c : th c y j ust w ri te' B e
rry Vrleutine,'or'From ylur Valentine Some childrcn give their frier-rdsor teacherscards or chocolates.A man will perhaps give red roscs to the
rr'.rsboru in about 385. Hc trrrvcllccl,rll ovcr lrclrtrtcl, He tt ,rchingand talking to g'rcoplcrrlrout (ilrristirrrrity. ,rlt,,built a lot of schoolsanclchurchcsthcrc. He cliedon | 'N{:rrch461. ( )rr Srrint Patrick's Day there arc parades, clrurcl-t
for thc cveningand havedinncr for two, anclsornepcople
',r'rvitt'sarrclfestivalsin Dublin, Belfastanclurauy othcr lr'lr (owrrsrrrrdcities.But it is also an important day itt
think it is a good day to marry.
tlr, I lS,\. lrr the nitreteettthccntury a lot of Irish people
womall that he loves.A lot of people go ollt to rcstaurants
-\1:---
Natirsnttl dsys
llrrr.l ln l.l4lJ King Ec-lwardslroutecl'Slir-rt(ieorge for lrrr,,l,rn.l!'lvhcnhe took his mcu to war. M()st F,rrglish on this claybut sotrc 1,,,,1'lt'.lon
t' Scotland.Thcy left thc bocly in the pl:rcethat is uow
Day was very important to them, becauscit was a clly to
tlrc citv callcclSaint Auclrcws.
remer.nbcrIrclancl. The Saint Patrick's Day Parrrclcin Ncw York is now orreof thc biggestpar:ades in rhe world. There are partics in other placcs all over the LISA and C:rnircla too. Somcpeoplewear greenclothcs,someclrirrk lots of becr - rrnc{sorle evenclrink greenbeer! Saint Georgc is thc prttron sailtt of F.rrglancl, rrncl23 April is Saint Georgc'sDrry.He wrrs a Christian rrrrclir \il/henthc soldier in thc lton.rarrrrrml.ir.rthe thircl cct.ltllr.\,: Itomrn F,nrperorI)ioclctirrns:riclthat peo;lle coulcl not follorv thc Clhristirrrt religion Ar.tvnrol'c,Georges:riclthrrt l"rer,voulc{rl()t stop being r,rChristiirn. Dioclctian wrrs very rurgr\',ancltolcl his solcliersto tortrlrc:rnclrhen kill Cieorgc, :rnclhc c{iedin thc yerrr.303. One famous stor.vaborrthim is that he killed a clrrrgonrhat ate ;reople.Picturcsof Sainr Georgeoftcn show hinr or-ra horse,killing,r cJrirgon. Saint (]eorge lrecar.uc thc patrol] saint of Englanclin the fourteenth cclrtury in the time of Kine tclwarcl the
S ai ntG eor geand t he dr agon
10
Sea so ns ctnd C eleb rations
NdtiondL dttys
ll
ScotlanclcclebratesSaint Andrew's Day with conccrts and ccilidlrs- particswith traditionrrlulusicand drrncirrg. Scots rvhcllive in othcr conutries oftcn rreet on this rlrrr anclthink about family :lnd friends far away. Irr othcr countriestlrc national clayis often on thc clrrtc of somethingimportar-rt that hlprpenedthere.In Ar"rstralie that day is 26.fanuary:AustraliaDay.On thrt dey in 17t3ll the first British ships arrivecl in the place that is nou, callcd Syclney.The Australia Day Regatta, a celel'rrirtion with lots of srrilingraces,beganin 1837,and still happerrs in Syclneyeveryyear.There are lots of other celcbrations all over the colurtry. But not everybody is happy i,Lbout Australia Day. Many Al-roriginalAustralians- the first - do not celebratethis day. of Ar-rstr:rlia 1-rcople
Ncw Zearland'snational day is on 6 February and is ,,rllt'rl Waitangi Day. On 6 Fcl-rrLrary 1840 pcople from rlrt' llritish governnrcutrnet a grollp of M:rori chiefs in \\''rritrrngiin the north of New Zealand. They erll put rlrcil narneson an important papcr calleclthc Trcaty of W:ritrrngi, which saricl that Ncw Zealirnclwrrsnow 11Rritislr ,,rlouv.On 6 FcbrLraryeveryycirr therc is rr cclcl.rr':ttiott lrt Wrritangi,aud there arc l
Le nt t t nd East er
12
L e n ta n dE as ter
l3
M;rkc your pan hot, then put som e but t er in it . l )ut tw o bi g spoons o f t he m ix int o t he pan t o m ake a t hin ;l a ncake. (.ook for about hal f a m inut e. t hen t ur n t he pancake over (toss i t i f you are feeling clever l) .
Eilster is the most imprortantfestivalin the church ycar, n-rore important thirn Christrras.Peoplebcgirrto get read,v for Easter forty claysbefore h,asterSunday.Thcse forty
l ' ut the pancake on a plat e, and keep it war m while you cook the other oancakes. I at your pancakew i th a lit t le lem on juice and sugar .
claysarc calleclLent, ancl they begin or-rAsh Weclnesclay. Tl-reclaybcfore Ash Vcdrresdayis PancakeDiry. During Lcnt, sonreChristiansstop eating a favonritc foocl, lil
l l ri rty-ci ght days a f t er Pancake Day is G ood Fr iday. ( )rr thi s cl ay the R oman s killed Jesus Chr ist in Jer usalem , .rl rorrttw o thol l saud year s ago. Chr ist ians t hink t hat Jesus (.ul rc brl ck to l i fe tw o days l. r t er , on East cr Sunday. l::rstcr is r.row a Christian festival but the word 'Bastcr'
thin rounclcakcscalleclpancirkcs.Peoplecrrtpancakesilr
(()nrcs from ' E ostrc' , t hc old nam e f or t he goddess of
clifferent-nvays in cliffcrcnt cor-rntrics,but ir-rBritain they usr-rally lravethem with lerlon juicc anclsulalrr.
..pri ng. E :rster D ay i s the Sunclay af t er t hc f ir st f ull m oon
Tb mrke rrborrttwelvepanclrkes,you neecl:
,rl tcr the fi rst day of spr ing ( 21 M ar ch) . I t is always l)r'twecn 22 March and 25 April. Many ani mal s and bir ds ar c bor r r ir r t he s1'r r it r g,so
1259flour
rvhcrrpeopl e startccl to scnd F- ast ercr t r clsin r he ninct cct t t h
Salt(justa little)
( cntury, the cards of t en hacl br r by shccl'r , r : t bbit s, or
1 egg
.l ri cl censon thcnr.
300m1milk Butter
t' .ggs are an i mportr ur t pllr t of lt r t st cr bccr t t r sc t hcy /:l
Lemonjuice
rrrcerrspri ng ancl ncw lif c. O n F) r st cr St r nclr t y,pc<>plcgive
lf,
"' ly
Sugar
T: -'g
.l rocol ate E aster eg€i s11spr cscnt s. l'lr is t r aclit ion st r r r t ccl i rr l rurope i n the earl y r r inct cent h ccnt t t r y it ncl calne t o
Put t he f lour and s a l t i n a b i g b o w l .
l ' ,r-i trri ni n the 1870s. Sor ne ur ot hcr s ir t r d f zlt l- r er st ell t he ir
M ak e a hole in th e mi d d l e a n d b re a k th e e g g i nto i t.
tl ri l cl ren thi rt the E astcr I t abbit br ings t hc cggs and hr cles
Us e a f or k t o m i x i t a l l to g e th e r.
tl rcnr i n the garden, an d t het t he childr er - rm lr st go ot t t sidc
Slowly m ix t he m i l k i n to th e e g g a n d fl o u r.
.rrrrll ook for thcm.
I4
Sea so ns ttnd C eIebrrttton s
E astereggs
Many people a l s o e a t h o t c ro s s b u n s a t E astcr. These a re a k ind of br e a c l , ma d e w i th fru i t a n d s p i ces, anci they have a white cross (+) on top. You eat th e m hot w i th b u tter . T hc r e is a n o l d s o n g a b o u t th e m: H ot c r os s buns , h o t c ro s sb u n s , One apenny , tw o a ' p e n n y , H ot c r os s buns .
If you haue no ddughters, Giue them to your sons, One a penny, ttuo a penny, Hot crossbuns.
S ome w omerl and chilclr et tclccor et c het s, cr r llccil'- r t st cr l ronnets. Thcy put l ot s of spr ir t g f lor vcr s, r r r bbit s, or ehi ckens on then,
a ncl lvclr r t hct t t it r F- lt st cr bot lt let
1.,arades.A nd of cour se m alt y pcoplc go t o cht t r ch on lrrrster Day. Tl-rcre are lots of flowers in the churches anc'l l )r' rrl l c si ng speci al trst er s( ) llgs. Faster Monday i s a holiday f or m ost people, so lr lany I
, H o t c r os sbuns
rvrrtch some sport or EIooLrt for the day. Chilclren usually lrrrveone or two weeks' holidav from school trrouud Easter.
I6
I:,tt r il t it 'sar t J [ , , , t 1s
Fa m i l i e a s n dfool s
I7
rrr,,rl rtrs.rr tl rrl t cl ay; th cy givc t hcur lr r c, t l
ln Britaiu thc fourth Sunclilyof Lcnt witscillledMotherirrg Sunday.Centtrricsago, people visitec'lthc 'r-nother'church in thcir town or vill:rge on this day. Later, when young peoplestrrrtcclto lcrtvchome to work, ancllivc farther away, they had a day's holiday ol'rccurycrr to visit their mothcr ancltlre mothcr church.They took prcseutslikc tlowersor cake horle to their mothers. Slowly, Mothering Sr-rnclay changedto Mothcr's Day
:r specialclayf
Anrericansolcliersirr Britain stiryeclwith British families aucl gavc thcir British 'nrothcrs' presentson Motlrcriug Srrnday.Br.rtin the USA Mother's Day is on a diffcrent dny An Americ2urwomalr calledAnna Jarvishad a special serviceiu hcr church to remcmbcr her nrother wher.rshc diecl.Shc w:urteclto hilvc a str-rccial clrlyfor nrothcrs, i'urcl nlany peoplc irgrccdthat it wor-rlcl bc a good thing. Anr.rrr's nothcr died on the second Sunday in May, and Anna wantedthat day to be Mother's Day.Shetalkcdto business peoplc anclpeople in the llovcnrnrentebout her plan for ir str-rcciill clayall ()vcrthc USA. In 1914,Prcsiclcnt \Toocirow 'Wilson srriclthrrt the second Srrnclayirr May wor,rld be
,r't h"
Motl-rcr'sDay across thc USA. It is also that day in Canada, Australia, ar-rdNew Zcaland. Children try to do things to say 'thanl
A presentf or M ot her 'sDay
18
Settson s trnd O eI eb rut t o ns
Fantilies tuul fool,:
fathers for all their harcl work, help rrnd lovc too. Th.'
| \1,111u.rs crrl l ed A l l Fool's D, t r ', r t ncl lat cr A1', r il lt r ol's
first Father's Day was in the USA in 1910. In 196('.
l r,rr l rr nl rrn\/ countri es it l- r ec, r ur e r r . l, r t t o plr u' jol
American PresidentLyrrdon Johnson said that the thirrl Sundayin June woulcl be Father'sDay acrossthe USA. It
1,,r,P l r' .rrrcll atl gh at the lll. \,nrc peopl e pl ay l it t lc jokcs ( ) lr t hcir ir icncls r r ncl
is the same clay in Britairr rrnclC:rnrrcla,but in Ar,rstralirr
l ,rrrrrl r; perhrrps tl -rcy ch ange t he r inr c ( ) lr t hc cl<, el<s,or
anciNcw Zeirlrrnc'l it is thc first Sunclrry in Scptenlber.C)n
l l ut si l l t i n the sugi rr bowl so sot t t c( ) nc'st c; . tt r r st cst cr r i[ t lc. \()nrL' pl rrv j okes on tho nsauds of pcot r - r lcot r t his clr t y: ln | ' ) j -, thc B B C (B ri ti sh Br oadcast ir - r gCor por at ion) sho'nvccl
Father'sDrry pcoplcoftcn likc to trrketheir father out, for exrrrnpllc for lt nrettl()r t() \\'rrtchor clo somesport. After Mothcr's [)rrycorresApril, :rndApril Fool'sDar:
,r tcl cvi si on progranl xe
lL)
about Swiss spaghet t i t r ees. At
Horv cliclApril Fool's l)al' begin?Ur-rtilthc niiddle of the
rl r.rt ti me, not l nany pe ople at e spaghet t r r n Br it ain - it
sixteenth century, France celebrated the new year on 1
\\.ls rl llew food - so the.v did not know much :rbout it. On
April. Then in 156,1,King Ch:rrlesthe Ninth decidedto
r lrc prograrnme women took spaghetti fron-r trccs and pr-rt
changethis, and the ucw year began on I Jarnuarry. The messzlge about this cl'r:rngetrirvelleclthrough the countr,v
rt i n tl -resLurto dr1: W he r r t he pr ogr am m e f inished, a lot ,,1' pcopl e tel epl -rorrccl th e BBC. They all wat r t ed t o buy
very slowly, nncl somc tr'rcoplcclic-lnot knon' about the changeor did not like it. lil/henthesepcoplc tried to give
sl ).l ghetti trees for thci r gt r clens!
new ycar presentson I April, other people laughed irt
\l i l l i ons of peopl e i n the USA usually use t heir lcf t hancl
them ar-rdc:rlleclthcm 'fools' or stupid people. Aftcr this,
to u,rite vr.,ith, and thc left-har-rded han-rburger was for
ln
1998 there w as Bur gcr King's new ham bur ger .
thcm! Thousands of pe ople went t o Bur ger l( it r g t o gct : r l cft-har-rcl ecl hanrburger - ancl t housr r nclsof ot lr cr s eskc. l - n( ) t r l lcf t - hr r nclccl l .r' i r ri ght-handecl hl nr[ - r ur gcr 1- r lc. t se .rrrc' . The next year B ur gcr l( ing plever l t hc s, t r r r ciol
on Tl
in t he
nr'\\'spapers,:tncl on the radicl. And every year rnillions clf S p a g h e ttitre e so n T V i n 1 9 5 7
1,.,,I' tl cthi uk tl ret fhe st or ies nr c t r uc.
20
Suntrner ceLebrttions
S um m e rce te brati ons
r l r, rr '
2l
clif f er cr r t r t t r s\ \ '( 'r s t ( ) t hcsc
I l rt' rc rrre l ots of
.l rr ,,tl orrs.but trobcl cl ycan r ellly l. r csr t r t '. l i t t.rrrsc the sumtl er st llst icc is t r r t t lit iot t ellv e t inr c ol: rrrr,l rgl tt, fooci , l cl ve,att cl hot wcr lt hcr , 1'r coplcc
Thc lclrrgest clay1lf the tcar is callec-l the snmmer solsticc.
r, r r r' l t' brrrte. S ome of th e visit or s ar c Dr Lt it ls, u'ho f
In Britain, it is usrrrrllyon 2l .fLurc,which is rhe firsr clar of summer. 'l'hc rvrlrclsolsticecones from twcl Latin
rr,,l tl prrgan rel i gi on, olclcr t hnn Chr ist iat t it ) '; s( ) lllc it r L
worcls:'s
rr.rrt' l l crs, u,ho l i l < e to move ar ound t he cot t nt r y ar r cl livc rrr l ots of cl i ffereut pl eces; alt d som e iust wat r t t o st ily t lp ,rII rri sl rt rruclthen w atch t he sut t com e t lp it l a ver y f anlous, , rl tl rrncli ntcresti ng pl acc. S oon :rfter the stttl ur er solst icc t her c is : . t t rit r t por t allt - luly. I ) ur ir r g t hc ,l .rtc i n the LIS A - the Four t l- r of \(' \'cntcenth rrtrd ei ghteen th cetl tttries, lllrllly pcople sailecl
June,anclthe holiday thilt peopletakc after rhey mrrrry is still calleclthe honeynr
Il onr B ri tai u tci N orth Anr cr icr r r r t t d st ar t ccl r l t lcw lif c
At Stonehengerud Avebr-rryin Wiltshirc, England,
,-ol or-ri cs. Thc B ri ti sh king wir s st ill kir r g of t hc peoplc it r
there irrc sor-ncspecialcirclesuraclcof big heavy stolrcs
thc col orri cs, r-tnclso thc) 'hac] t o sct r cl t lt r cs t
which hrrvebeenthcrc for irlrourtlive thousanclyears.How
(' \' cry year. B r-rtthe thi rteer t At r t cr icr r t rcol
clid they get thcrc? Why rre they tl-rcrc?Who put thenr
[' tcfree from B ri trti l r: thc\ '\ \ 'alr t ec'lt hcir sor r 't 'lt ! t t clt t t ( ) l) c
thcre. N ew h< i nresl i l < c t his iu ot hcr cot - t t t t r iesn'cr e clllecl
i n ,,\r l cr i ce .'l
ffihe
ffir.+1.1: ', ,r:::'
summersotstice at stonehenge
l r r 'r r l r r l r tttt \\'i tttt t( )
scn .] ttto tt.'\' to l l r i tr r i r r , l l tttl tttl tttt 1 'l c( ) Pl c Itcc,tttl c VL 'r V r l l l {l l - \',tl 't( ) tl t
t his. I n 1770 lir r t ish solclicr s shot sonr c of t hcsc pcoplc it r llosf ot r , r r nclin 177. 1t hcr c wr r s t he f , t t lot t s Bostor-rTcrr Prtrty: A tcrr slrip crute to Boston lrncl thcrc wrrs a fight lbout t hc t r r r es olt t hc t er r . Thr cc
22
Sedsonst ntl CleLeb rat io ns
h unc lr ed and f or ty b i g b o x c s o f te ,r w c l ' l t i l rto the w ater! Now l(ing Cieorge the Third
and his govenlrrent werc
a ngr y t oo. On 4 Jriy
1776, tl-rc Unitecl Statcs governnlcnr in
Ph ilac ielphir agr c c d to th e D c c l l rl ti o r-r o f I ndcpcncl ence. This saicltl-rattlrc Llnitccl Strrtcsr.vrrsa frec, or iuclepenclent, c() Llnt r ) ' ,lud t hr rt (i c o rg c tl re T h i rc l w a s n o t i ts ki ng anv rror e. Nou' it \ \j rl s w rl r. ' fh c l l ri ti s h a n d t he A meri cans fo u ght eac h ot lr c r u n ti l l 7 [J l , w h c n th e A m eri cal ]s w ol ' r. In l7U- l t lr c L. lr ri tc cSta l te s o f Amc ri c a w a s b on.r. The first Fourth of .ftrly cclel'rration was ir-rPhiladelphia
irr 1777, during the war. The re wcrc glrns, paracles, lireworks,music,ancla lot of noisc.Now, everyyeilr on thc Day. lirLrrtlr
the
t,lonies. Thc flag h:rs changeclnrr'utytintcs lrttt toclay's ll,rggoes back to tl-rcFor-rrthof .fulv 1960,when Hawaii l)('cruncthc fiftieth srilte. Day r-rsually etrclswitlr lots of fireworks. lnclcpenclence lr is lil<eonc big party.
24
2.5
Firesand firctt,orks
Firesandfireworks
Il .rl l orvt' t' rr parti es, rn cl plav sr lnlcs.
'l'hc
t lt 'cr lr r t t iot t s
rr. rrrrr:tl l v bl ack (for c lar k night s r r r r clr lcr t t h) r t nr l or : t t t gc l or thc l l r.rtumnvegeta blcs). ()rrc H al l ow cen par t y €l21m eis callccl 'bobl'r ing f t r r ,rppl cs' . Many appl es fall of f t hc t r ccs it r r ut unr r r so t hcy'
The paganswho liveclin Britrrintw
.u(' crrsy to fi nd. S onteone pLlt s som c applcs ir r a br g bowl
celel-rratecl their Ncu' Ycrrr on 1 Novernber. Thcr-r tlre
ol w'irter. The apples stay on top of the water. Tlrc first
Chrisri:rnscrnrc rrrrclpcople celebrateclHilllowmas, a threc-clrryfestivrrlbctween 31 October :rncl2 November.
pl.n'cr oftcn pr-rtssomething over their eycs so thcy crlnnot
3l October w:rs calleclAll Hallow's Eve irnd slowly the
They must keep their hands behir-rcltheir back and 'r'c. r.rkc an appl e out of th e wat er wit h t hcir t eet h. Then t he
name chiurgeclto Halloween.
rrext player tries. lt can be
In November, wirrter is ncar, rnd hr,urclrcdsof years
vcry difficult
ancl players
ag() trreople thor-rglrt that bad spirits, likc ghosts, cilme in the
rrsuallyget vcry wct!
r,r.'inter.Thcy wilnted thc bacl
end in some other Errglish-
spirirs to go i1wi1y, so they made flres outsicle ancl macle jack
speakingcountries,childrer-r
o'lanterns.Tb do this thcy took a
dresslike witches ..rndghosts,
big autumn vegctable usually rl pr-rmpkin- ancl cut off thc top.
and Bo, often in a small group, t() the houscs of
They nrade a big holc irrsiclethc
pe
ptrnrpkin rurclcut a facc in the sicle.'fhcrr tl-reyput a light insiclc
Wlren s()lrrcor-re answerstlrc
In Canada arnclthe USA,
go 'trick or trcating'. They
rloor,the chilclrensay:''liick
tl-reprrnrpkin and put the t()p on again.Pcoplestill enjoy cloingthis toclay.Yru can seejack
ol trcrrt?'Thcn tlrc pcrsottitt
o'lrlnterns,with their bright cyesanclmouths, outsidc at
thev sive the childrena treat
[ { rrllor,vccr-r.
\()urethingnice, like fruit .,r'chocollte- or thc chilclren
ltr l
must clccicle . Either t he hor-rse
pl.n' rr trick on them. For .r t rick, the childrerr cl
Tr ickor t r eat ing on Hat loween
z6
Seaso ns and Celeb rat tons
Firesand fireworks
27
something bad like throw alt egg or sonlc flour :rt tht'
I l r, r ..rl l i t a ' guy' , af t er G t r y Fr r wl
house!
tl r, r ...u' rv thc guy around t he st r cct s t o slr ow pcoplc.
Novembcr briugs more fires and {ireworks.Sometimes you will hear people say,'Rcmcmbcr, rcnrenrber,the fifth
l l r, r s.rr' :' l )cnny for th e gny', ancl it sl
of Novcmbcr'; they ar:etalking about Guy FawkesNight. The story of Guy FawkesNight bcginsin 160-5. At that
\()nr(' pc()pl e have a bonlir e wit h f ir ewor ks in t hcir 1' ,.rr.1..'bLrt n, fi rew orks ar c expensive, so of t en peo; r le havc
time Jamcs thc First was l(iug of England. But some peopledid not wiutr him to l"rekir-rg,bccausetl-reyfollowed
.nt
a cliffcrcntrcligiclnfronr Jemes.So e group of them - ar man callcd Gr-ryFawkesand his friends- madc a plot to
l o 111' ct) w arm.
kill King James and his govenrrnerltat the Houses of Parliamentin London on .5Novcmbcr 1605.
l l .rrses of P arl i ament, people go t hr ough t he building
They put thirty-six boxes of gunpowder in a roorlr underneath thc Honses of Parliamenr becausc they wanted to kill a lot of pcople.But the plan did not work. One of thc plotterswrote a note to somconeabout it. At about nridnighton 4 Novembcr,thc I(ing'ssoldiersfound Guy Fawkcsand the gunpowcler.Tl-reyscnt him to prison but he cliclnot want to givc thc narnesof his friends. Thcy torturecl him, and five daryslater he siriclall their rraures. Some of the plotters tricd to escape,but in Jar-rurary 1605 Guy Fawkcs and sorne of his fricnds were killed in front of rhe Honses of Parliarrrent.lWhenpeople hcard rhat the plotters wcrc dcad, they celebratcdwitlr lors of fircsiu thc streets.King Jamcswas aliveand well! Since that tirne, cvery year on .5 Novembcr in most parts of Britain peoplc build a big lire oursiclc,witl-rirll thc dcaclleavesancl old pricccsof wooc{that thcy do not want. Thc firc is calleclI bonfire.Childrenpushnewspapcr iuto olclclothesto r-nalcc sonethins that looks like a miln.
bi g prl rty together in a par k or a f ield. I t is usLr r r lly
i, rv colcl in November. so thev have hot food ar-rddrir-rks
,\ncl cvcry year, before the governmellt comes to the
.rrr.ll ook careful l y for g unpowder !
z8
Re m e m beri ng In November, near the encl
I l.rrrtlcr-s, in Belgium.Later, thousandsof poppiesgrcw
I{cnrcnrbrrrncc Drry:
rrr llrc s,rme ficlds. Thc lreautiful red f]owers were the ,,,l,rur-of bloocl. \)Zheupeople buy thc prlper poppies
An Anstralil-urrrlrlncallecltdward Gcorgc Honcy wrotc to tl-rcLondon EveningNews in 1919.In lris letter he said
r,tl;r)',the nroucyhelpsolcl soldiersand their firmilies.
he w:rntedpeopleto stop ol'l onc day and think about the soldierswho clicd iu thc war. Kirrg Georgethe Fifth sirw
ln the USA, this day is called Veteratrsl)ay, while irr ,'\rrstrrrlii,L atrd New Zcaland the important diry is ANZAC
the letter and agreecl,so he askedeveryoncto stop work
l):r\i or-r2-5April. On this day irr 1915 a big group of
and rctncmbcr the clead. And so in the UK irncl othcr
,, rlcliers from thcsetwo coutttrics,callcdthe Australiaancl New ZealandArmy (lorps, arriveclin Gallipoli in Turkey:
peoplearc silcntfor twclrrriuutesat the eleventh cor"rntries hour of the clcvcnth clay of the eleventhmonth. They stop everything encl wrrit siler-rtly, in schools, streets, shoppingcclrtrcsenclevenbig busy airports. Thc rreirrestSundayto 11 November is Rcntcmbraruce Sunday.In towns :rnd citics soldiersyourlg anclold walk
,\lrout 11,000of thcm clied there. All the solc]ierswhtr lirughtat Gallipoliaredeadnow,btrt thcrcrrrestill scrviccs orr ANZAC Day early in tlrc mortrittg. Whcrl thc stttt r tlrc vottttgAN7-i\(. s
togetherin paradesto rernembcrthc soldicrswho died in all thc diffcrcnt wars. There are church serviccsancl specialurusic,auclat the war rnemorials,which havcthc nillnesof dead soldicrson them, people ptrt flowers.In Londolr, the Qr-reenand tl-rePrime Ministcr put flowers olr the big w:rr memorial calledthc Ccrrotaph. At tl-ris tinrc of ycar r-r.rr1uy people wear rcd papcr flowerscrr|Iecl1'ro1'rpics. Whv? I)urirrg the First'Worlcl\7ar, htrnclrccls of thousrrncls of soldiersclrcclon the ficlclsof
ANZACDayin Australia
.i0
. ll
l bt nksgit , ing
Thanksgiving
rl r, \tl .rrrti r ()ccl ttt, i n rr shit r cr 'r r llcclt hc M , t r '/ / or r '( '/ ',t ( ) ( . r l[ ) c ( , ,,I rn N orth A nreri ca. - l'he- vr vcr r t il\ 'vill lr ( ) t ll I t r r iilr r r r cl Ir(r,nr\( rhcr, cl i d not agr cc r vit h t hc r cliqior r ir r l: r t glet t cl. l l r, r rr' .rrrtccl to nal (c zl new lif c ir r a llc\ \ 'c( ) t r t t t r \ : l l r,.' r' sei l ccl for si xt y- six clr r t r gel't lt t sclr t vs r t ct 'oss t lt c'
Most fruit rrncl vcgetirl"rles grow througlr the suurnrcr.
\tl .rrrti c ()ceatr. W hen t hey ar r ivecl, t hcy callct l t hcir
Whcn aLltllmr-lcolnes,it is ti r-r-re to bring thcm in fron-rthc
n( \\ l ronrc N ew E ngl and, but t lr ey wcr e lt ot t hc f ir st
trees ancl liclcls.This timc is called the harvcst. After tlre
pl opl c
harvcst, rrrury pe()tr)le want to say thar-rkyon for all thc f<>ocl, There arc clrtrrchservicescallcd Harvest Festivals
S omcti mes the Pilgr ir n Fat hcr s f ought wit h t he l ' ..,,I.t1c. \\' ,rrn1-rrrnoag, but they also lcar ued a lot f r om t hent . Tl- r c
or ThanksgivingScrviccs.There rrrc lots clf vegetrrlrlcs,
\\' .rrnprrnorrgti ,Lughtthc t n t o live f r om t heir uew lat r cl,ilucl
fruit, flowers,aucl breaclir-rthc church, and peoplc sirrg speciirlsongsof thalrks. Thcse servicesstartcclhur-rdreds
l () grow ancl cook uew kir r clsof f r Lr it and vcget ables. ' I' hc fi rst w i nter w as clif f icr - r lt .M any of t he Pilgr inr
of ycarsago.
l i rrthersdi ecl bccause i t was ver y colcl ancl t hey had lit t le
ro l i ve thcrc. The Wam panoag wer c t he f ir st
Irr Scptcnrber1620,a groLrpof L,nglishpeople calleci
Ioocl . l rr the spri rrg thc y st r r r t ed t o g5r owf ood, wit h t he
thc PilgrinrFrrthcrssaileclfronr l)lynrouth,Englrurcl rlcross
l rcl p of some fri cncl l y \Tam pr r r noilg,ilnd ir r t he aLlt t llllll of
Pil. gr imFat her s
):,
Setrs
l62l they celebr:rtccltheir first harvest.Thcy geverlrrrnl<'. not only for thc harvest,but for their ncw home, ncw lil.. rrnd new friends.
))
In a n e wc o u n t r y
Thanksgiving Day is the fcrurthThursday irr Noven-rbcr-. Canaclais north of thc USA, so d-rcwinter is l
l n tl r, l .rst fcw centuri es m any people hr t vc t lt lvccl t o ot lt cr , , rrrrrl ri cstrrki rrg thci r lilnguagc ar t d r cligion wit lt t lt ct r r , l rrrr l i l < c tl rc P i l gri m Fat l, cr s. People of dif f er er r t ct t lr t t r cs l r.rrt rrl so come to l i v e in E. nglish- speaking cot t t r t r ics, l ,r rrrui ngthci r festi val s a nd celebr at ions wit h t hem . Today ,l ri l .l rcn i n cout' rtri es like Br it ain, Canada, t he USA, ,\ustrrrl i a, ancl N ew Zealand lear r - rabout ot hcr people's \l )r' ci rrldays from a you ng agc. They lear n ahout r eligi
A T h a n k s g i v i nD g a yd i n n e r
rr l r., l rrrvcl i vecl tl rcrc over t hc yer lr s.
t i It
I n , t n t,tt'c( ) u l r l r \
I r ' ,rr\,11.l l ri s ccl c[' l rrrtc sb
.r i:
Crlnrclrrlrirs Multicultrrralism Dar' on 27 Junc, ,uvith celebrlrtiousof thc foocl, rnursicand clance of rrlrny ir-r.rr.rricrant sroups all rcross thc cor.tntry.Irr thc LJSA,
a
;)
there rrc rnalry Africrrn-Alncricrrnfcstivals,anclSpauish speirkersfronr Latin Anrcrican cor-rntriesh:rve startecl HisprrnicAnrcricrrrrlrcstil,als in r.r.rarry citres. Most big cities in the USA have Chinar()wnswhcrc rr l ot of Clhi neseiutrni grarrtsl i ve.SanFrrtrrci sco's(lh i rrirtown rs thc biggestoutsicicof Asia. Syclrrcy irnciMel[-roLrrrre in Austrrrlirrh,rvcbig Clhinrrto'uvns too - grear placesto ear (lhincsc fi>oclrrrrclsec colourful celebrrrtior.rs of Chircsc Nclr'\i'rrr rvrth prrrltclcs, tlrauor.ts, and firclr'orks.Ancl irr ;\rrcl
Aust r at ia C hi neseN ewYearin M et bour ne.
.16
l7
O lt r ist t t r , r s
Chris tmas Thcn Deccrrrbe r corrrcs,r.urcl chilclreu [reginto get crcitr.tl bec:tusc()f (lhristntrrs.About tu'o thonsanclycars rruo, Jesuslvrrsborn in rhc torvn of Bethlehem.At C-hristmas. pcoplercnrenrbcr thrrrspcciirltinre. Today,Christmasis rr vcry inrportrrntrintc in the Clrristianyear,but it is rrlso vcry inrportrlnrto peoplcwhclclo not so tcl chLrrch.It is rr tirne for presents,partics,rrndtimc u,itl-rthc family.
' ' 'unl Ir(
\
t>l -tctt
sctl .l
thc rl l
c ttrc l s
l l l ttl
l )l -( \( l l t\,
l ttttl
, \, r\()n( l ' tr' l l i rrsto tl l tkc Plr r r t s f or t lt t ' c. t t t t r r g lr olit lr r l: ' ,,,ri l , 1,.' ()P l cbegi [r tO l o ok f ( ) r pr cscllt s t ( ) ( ) . l rr t l rt rni rl cl l c< l f D ecember , lt t ( ) stlt enri l it 'slr t rr ( . lrl- ist lll r ls rr( ( \, l )uI thcr-rt i ttsi c] e t hc ht lr t sc, at l, - l l) t lI c( ) l( ) t ll'lr ll ,l r r.r..l ti otts ort thent. Tl"r e, vllso sct r clclr cls t o ir icr r t ls r r lr t l l .rrrrrl r.' l ' hc ci rrcl ssay th ir r gs like'M cr r y
Chr ist t lr r s r r t lclr t
I l .rP P v N erv Y car' or 'seasot - t 'sG r eet ings'. Thcse t r vt r rr.r.l i ti ons (the trecs an ci t hc car ds) bot h st ar t ecl ir r t he rrrrrt tccntl r ccl rtury. ,\'lrrnv chilc.lrelt lc:lnt rrbottt thc [reby .fcstts ltt school. Sorrrctiutes tl-rcy clo a plit-v ilbout thc story atrcl sitlg
Peoplestart to gct readyfor Christmasin latc C)ctober or early November.Thcy decorarerhcir shopsu,'irhlights,
(,hri stl ras sol tgs) cal l e d car ols) f or t hcir m ot hcr s illlcl
trecs, ancl other dec()ratior-rs. Shol'lsgct verv busy rrncl stily opcn lrrtcr.Pc'oplcwith fenrily rrrd fricrrclsirr r>thcr
rrr,rny,rcl ul tsl uve prtrti esilt wor k it t l) ccenr bcr .M t lst people
havc par t ies f or t he chilclr en, aucl l rrthcrs.A l ot of scl -rci ols .lo r.rot hrrve to work ()lr 2.5 ertcl 26 l)cccmlrcr, rtrcl trllltrl' lrrrvea wcek's holiclrry,fror-n2-5Dcceurber to l.lrrrrurrr\'.Thc,v rrsu:rl l y spencl thi s ti me at hom e wit h t hcir f r nr ill', or pcrhlps thcl' visit friencls tlr frrnrily wfio livc frlr rl\\'ir\l Tl -re C hri stntl s holiclr u l) cr : . ir r s ( ) r r l+ l) t t t t lt ht t ': (.l tri stttrrrs E vc. l )copl c of t ct t st r , 1',u,
lc)
Christnt,rs
I l r,.' t l i stctt to the ( llr r ist r r r lr s st ( ) l\ ' , lll( l sit t s t , t t ols.
I r, Lr rt
D
I
rttortti t.tg i t i s Chr ist r r r r t s l) r r 1
lt
l) t t t llll'r tt - .
t l rrl tl r.t' rrusu:rl l y w ake up vcr v cr t r l\ i'[ 'ht 't 'looli
ir r t lr t 'ir -
' ,t,rtl .i ngs t() see the p r eselt t s t hlt t Ser r t r t l) Llt t ll( 'l'( ' l( ) l' tl r, rrr. A fter brcakfi :tst t hey ot r - r ct t hcir ot lt t 't ' l) r ( 's( 'llt s ,u,rrrtrl the tree. (,l rri stma.sdi nner i s i n t he af t er uoou and is t he biggcst rrr..' ,rlof thc day. B cfore t hey st ar t t o eat , people pull ( r'.lcl(crs. The crackers make a loud noise, al'rcl havc a
) for good children- but for bad childrcn he only leavesa piece of black coal! The children are excired, of coursc, so often they do not slcep very well. Some childrcn leave a drinl
ganrc and a paper hat ir r side. Dinner is usr , r ally ' nrel l t rrrl < eyw i th l ots of w i ntcr vegct ablesauclt hen a Chr ist m as puclclir-rg. Often there are hot mir-rccpies too. A t three o' cl ock man y people in Br it ain t ur n on t heir tcl cvi si ons becausc the Q ueen says'Happy Chr ist m as't o cvcryonc. A l ot of peop le go f or a walk in t hc af t er uoou or ;' rl ayw i th thei r ncw g am cs. In the eveni r-rg,pcople eat cold lr leat ' and Chr ist t r as cake (a ki nd of frui t ca kc) but t hey ar c usually not vcr y hungry bccause of their big clinner . 26 D eccmber i s cal l eclBor it t g I ) r r y ( Sr r ir r tSt cphcr r 'sl) el' i n Irel arrd). It i s rl hol i clay f or t r t r t t t l' pcoplt ', [ r t r t r t lot oi shops open ort tl Ti s cl ay. lr t t hc t lit t ct cct t t h ct 'llt t t r \ ', r icl. t 1-rcoplegave boxes of preser.rtst() thcif w'orl
Chr i s tma sp u d d i n ga n d mi n c ep i e s
pl rrysan ol d w oman.' S h c'is
not ver y beaut if ul, but she is
40
+l
Settsons and O eI ebrat ions
usually very funny. Children like pautomimcs becrrrr', they can lar.rgh, sing,shout, and make lots of noise. 'l'lrtr often go with their school or family. The Christmas seasonends on the twelfth day after 25 Decembcr, which is 6 .fanuary.Most 1-reople rake down their Christmastrees and decorationsby this date, arrci sonle peoplc think that it is unlucky to do this after 6 Jauuary.
G LOSSAIT Y l t . r r l r t 'c r r c : l p r r t y w h e r e y
Br-rtaftcr Christrrrasthe next festivalcomesvery quickly. Soon it is 31 December.It is New Year'sEve- and then a ncw year of scasonsand celebrationsbcgins.
a tinre of one hundrcd ycirrs
.lrrrnrpagne a French wine '"r'itha 1ot of br,rbbles .'hicf the lcacler
a colurtry tlrat is ruled by anothcr colrntry
concert rnusic playcclfor a lot of people culture the custok nicer hy adcling bcautifr,rl rhings to it; decoration (z) cnlpcror
a man who rnles a group of coutttries
fall in lovc with
to begin to lovc sonrcboclv
f c s t i v a l a t i t n c w h e n p e o p l c ccl cb m tc s( ) tl l cth i l l l l f a a m e s ( ) m c t h i n g t h a t y o u pl :r y'th r tt h r r s r tr l cs,e .g . l i r o tb r r l l . tt'r r r r i s ghost a kind of spirit g o d a s p i r i t t h a t p c o p l c b e l i cvc h r r sp o w cr o r t't' tl tcttt .l tt.l ttr tttr t' goddess a female god g()vcrnment a group of peoplc who cotrtrol rt c()tltttr)' gr()w to get bigger; to plant solrething in thc gtotlrrclrrncllook aftcr it urrnpowdcr ,-rpowder used to nrilkc gutrs or fireworks cxplode horrcy a sweet food that is made by bees I louscs of Parliament q()vcrllment mcets
A p a n to mi m ea t C h ri s tm a s
the builditrss where the British
42
Glossary
joke (play a joke on)
to do something to another person to rnrrkt'
people laugh kind
a group of things that are the same rn some way
message words that one person sends to allother mix (n (t u) to put different things togethcr to nakc somcthing new pagan belonging to a religion that is oldcr tlr:rrrChristianity park
a large plarcewith trees and E;ardcnswhcrc people can g() to
walk, play games etc. part pie
Scasonsand Celebratior-rs
olle of the piecesof somcthing a kind of food r.r.rirdc of mcat, fruit, or vegetables togcthcr
with pastry (flour, butter, and watcr) plot
a secret plan to do something bad
programme rabbit
somethirlg that you watch on televrsron
a snrall arrimal with soft fur arrd long cars
race a competition to scc who can do something thc fastcst religion
believing in a god or gods, and thc things you do in
connectiorl with this service :r nccting in a church with prayers and singing spice a srrall part of :r plant that you put in food to make it tastc good spirit
rhc form of a dead person, which you can feel but cannot
scc stocking a long sock money that you havc to pay to the €iovernrncnt to hurt someonc in order to make tlrcnr qrve you
tax
torture
informatiorr tradition
something that pcople have donc for a long tirne;
traditional war
(adj)
fighting bctween armies of diffcrcnt connrries
war memorial
a stone that is built to make people remember
soldicrs who died in a war witch
a worrall who c:rn do magic tl-rings
ACTIVITIES
+5
44
AC T I V I-I' I L ,S
A ( l - I'l Vl
Before Reading
This book is about seasonsand celebrations.Which of thesethings do you drink you are going to read about? Tick nine lroxes.
I lllS
While Raading
Itt' :rtlOhaptcrs 1 and 2. M at ch t hc bcginnings ar r clt lr c t rrtl i rrgsof the sentence s. I l .:rstcrrrnd C hri stnri rsar c old f cst ivr r lst hat . . .
E homewc,rk
L\t
n 6r"t
E chtrrch
i lrr l-orrclon, a lclt of pcople gcl tcl Tiirfalg:rr Square .
E flo*'..t
I pl"t "t -L l tood
J A trl ,l 1a11,?.S ynt, ...
E
I
t,r'tgt
tt.rt-t
tr solcliers
f
E car.1s
E hntr.t
tr suitcascs
!
pt"t"tttt
speci :rlti mes l i l < cMot her 's D"y . . .
t l rr S cotl ancl ,N ew Y ea r 'sEve . . . o ' fl ri ngs i n the shops ar e cl. r eir per ... - W hcrr V rrl errti trew i rs i n ; r r isor r ,he . . .
pnrrties :r) in Jlrrrr.rrrry.
Read the back cover of the book, and the introduction on the first page. How much do you know now about
b) i s a song about ol cl friends.
celebrations?Are these sentcncestrue (T) or false (F)?
tl ) becamc C hri sti arr fes t ivels.
1 R em em br anc eD a y i s a n e w c c l e b ra ti o n ,
c) is crrlled Hogmanal,.
2 Peoplc celebrate Easter in the winter.
t) on.3 1l )ccetrber i n th c cvcnins.
3 Pancakesarc a kincl of food.
g) pcople ofteu scnclcrrrcls.
4 Th er c ar c a lot c l f n e w y o u l l g p l a n ts a n c l a n i mal s i n the a ur Llm n. -5 People havc barbecues on thc Fourth of .fuly. 6 There were no celcbrations befcrreChristianiry.
e) fcll irr love.
l { cad C hapter 3. Tl rcrr rr r . lt cht hc cour r t lics wit h t hc rrrrti onaldays. I Scotl:rnd
e) Sr r int( icor gc's l) r r 1'
I
l'r) \Xlrriterrgrl)ru'
l rcl rrncl
I Ncr.vZcrllanci
c) Sr r intAr r t lr cw's l) r r , v
-l l :ngl rrncl
cl) Saint Dr u'icl'sDay
i W rrl cs
c) Sair r tPat r ick's Day
46
Read Chapters 4 and 5. Choose the best question word for these questions, and then answer them. .Wh at lW hen I How l -Wh y .l m any c la y sa re th e re i n L e n r? _
4
are thereclfterrbaby shccpor r:rblritson Eastercarcls?
6 _lo'g 7 _ was 8 -
c:lcll scntence.
al eueno' cl ock on 1 1 Novet r t bcr .
do peoplc e a t o n rh e d a y b e fo re A s h \W ednesday?
5 _
ltcad Chapters 8 and 9, then circlc thc c()r'r'cctrvords itr
I l n the U I(, pcopl e a r c silcnt t or t r vo t t t int t t cs. r t t t 't rI
Z 3 -
17
A(;'r'r v/'///-s.'W lti I c llc td i ttg
Aortvtr t 1-,s : W h i le Reading
was thc old name for the goddess
( ) lr J Mrrrl y peopl e w crr r cd pir Per/ ) ( ) / ) / ) / ( '- i/ / 1'- ( 1"s Rcmembrauce Day. i In 1915, thousands of yourtg soldiers frotl Atrstrrtli:r and Nee, Zealand I china dicd in Ttrrkey.
clo ;-rc.pleeat h.t cross burrs? have people celebrated Fathcr,s Day? A ll F o o l s ' D a y ? did some peoplewant ro buy spaghettitreesin 1957?
I Englislt '1 The Pilgrim Fathers were a group of Spanisb pcopl e w ho sai l ed t o Am er ica in1620. 'Wampat]oag started living in North Atlenca -5 The before I after the Pilgrim Fathers arrived.
Re a dChapt er s 6an d 7 .H e re a re s o me u n tru e s e n tences. Change them into true sentences.
Octgber I Not,ember.
I Thc surnrner scllsticeis the shortcst diry of the year. 2 Th e wor d s ols t i c ec o rn c sfro ' r th e L a ti ' r w ' rd .sol ,, which mezlnsrnoolr. 3 The big stones at Avebury and Stonehengeh:rvebeen there for about five hunclred years. 4 Thc 'Boston Coffee l)arty, in 1773 was a fight about p ay r n€ir ilx es . 5 Am er ic ilns c eleb ra tcIn c l e p e n d e n c eD a y e v c r y ycar on th e F our t h. f
J i r.u a ry ,
6 l ,l g 60, Hawaiibeca me th e fo rti e th s ta tc o f
6IntheU S A ,Thanksg ivingDayisncar t hcendof
theU S A .
7 H undr eds of y e a rs a g o , p e o p l e ma d e l a c k o ' l anterns i n November to keep the gclod spirits away. 8 At Halloween, ch i l d re n k n o c k o n p e o p l e ' s c l oors and say 'tric k 6r pr es elt? '
(iuy Frwkestried to killthc Queenof Englancl. 9 In 160.5, l0 Pcoplciu Ilritrriu havel'ronfireson 5 Dcccrrrber.
R ead chapters 10 and L1' t hen com plet e t he sent ences wtth these words. (Use each word once.) August, Bethlehem, biggest,cards, Cdribbetrn, C,rtnirul, carols, christmas, clecortrtions'immigrants, million, Strr Francisco, thrtusanJ is ir r I or r r lr n : t t t hc cn. l of I Thc N otti rrg H i l l lr t 'g, t t tr t ir r t lr e Imnri grartts f r ot t t t lt c pcople ( ( ) nl( 't ( ) sc't 'it ut 'er r '\ 'c. t r . 1960s.A bout 11C hi r.ret or vr r int hct lsAisir r - . Alot 2 The of C hi nese
livc t hcr c.
3 Jesuswas boru:rbor-rt tw() )/crlrsitgo lll -' P eopl c remctnber that specir r lt it r lc lt 4 A t C hri sttnas, peoplc set r ci- fri ends ancl fami l i cs. Thcy sing i rr thci r houses.
aud pr escr t t sr o t heir ilud put
+9
s:t er llat lit r i4 ,\(j r /\' rt t t , . .Af
4lJ
AC T IVIT IE S
I r r r t l t h c s c w o r d s i n t h e w o r d se i tr cl t b ckr r v, r r tttl tl t- r r r vl i l r cs l cft to r i g h t r r r r tl t( ) l ) l ( )
t l r r o r r g h t h e m . T h e w o r d s g o fr o l l
After Reading
I r () t t ( ) t l l . , t l t l t l c s , l t o n n e t , c l r c t l s , Ob r i sttr ta s, Jc( ttr ,tl i tttts, I.,r stt'r , l ttr tl - ,
Here are two e-mailsabout differentcelebrations.Complete them usingthe words below (oneword for eachgap).The subiectsand datcsalso needwords from the list.
ott t i tlt( s, l t t rt rt l t l
fn
cIosed,doncing,Dct'anr[tcr, tlecorttions,Eue,fttce, fi rett,o rk s, H ttI I ot t,cen, h oI i tl dt,,tui dn i ght, O ct ober, o rLtnge,
Subject:NewYear's_
mffioffi€3ffi
Hellof r om E dinbu rg h ! Ther ear e t hous an d so f p e o p l ei n th e _ . E v eryonei s si ngingand _. T he re a re a l o t o f _ , to o . l t' svery n o is y ! I n half an h o u r i t w i l l b e . E v e ry o n ei s exci tedl Nobodywill go t o w o rk to m o rro w - i t' s a _ , and al l th e bank sand s ho p s w i l l b e _ . Ev e ry o n ew i ll stay i n b ed! By e! T im
oc) o
ag$ffi$n Time: 19.45 Date:31
D
E
trJ rJ
E
S
O P
N
r-lTa *
T (.
Time: 23.30 Date:31
b
r s'lTo
AO
o
,rl-r,^ TER
M
p arty, p ut1't p kin, sp ir it s, streets
or-,€
I M
\t
.l AfK
SI N
'
rl E
NLE]
l )ut the words into groups under thcse three headings. S P R IN C ;
A LITTI\IN
W IN ' TI:II
N ow w ri te dow n al l thc let t cr s t h: t t do t t ot hr r vclir r cs through them, begi nni ng wit h t hc f ir st lir r c r t r t dgoir t u rrcrosseach l i ne to the encl.Y
l 'm s t ay ingwit h a fa mi l y i n N e w Yo rk .T h ec h i l d renare h a v inga _ t on i g h t.T h e y ' v ed re s s e da s w i tc hesand g h os t s- t hey s ay i t k e e p sth e b a d _ a w a y l Thereare a l ot of in t h e h o u s e ,to o - th e y ' re b l a c ka n d _. Ou t s idet he door t h e re ' sa s tra n g el i g h t. S o m e o nehas cut a_ in t he s ide o f a _ , a n d th e y ' v ep u t a li ght i n i t! See vou ! Tania
nrrrkea sentenceof 3 words. I W hat i s the sentcncc? I
\X /hcrcc1ovon thi nk v ou will scc it , r t r t cllvlr cr r ?
50
Here is a new photo for the book. Find the best place in the book to put the picture' and answer these questions' Th c pic t ur e goes o n p a g e -. 1 What c an y oll s c c i n th e p h o to ? ' W hat 2 dat e is it?
5l
A ( r l l \ // tt s: A[tr 'r l l t',t,l i tr t
A( 7/\ Irlrr\.'Aftcr Re"rding
| \\/lrrrt happens in your country at thcsc tirrtes? r I t rrc begi'n ing of the 'cw 'crr ) \,.ur rri l ti onal day r l t lr cst ) i M.rher' s D ay < l r Fatf ier 's l) r r y ( 9r r r l'r . sr ir ', lilit | t6e change of scaso ls ( f gr exr t r t r plc,t ht 'l'cg, ir r nir t qol
3 What z lr et he c h i l c l re rrc l o i rrg ?
s' ri rrg, or the mi dcl le of sum m cr )
o r e v e n i n g ?Why? 4 Do y ou r hink it i s r-n o rn i r.rg Now write a caption for the picture.
Write two or three sentencesabout each festival' Try to iillswer questions like these: H ow cl o peopl c cel ebr at e?Do t hey have par t ies in t hcir
'
houses,or i n the stre et s? Do people seuclcards <>rprescnts?Do they go to chtrrch,
'
or any other speci a lplacc? . D o peopl e eat specialf oocl? l)o you agree or disagree with these sentences? h,xplain why.
\(;l { l :l -
l )l \' \(,1{ l ;l
I People spencltoo much llt()ltcy nt C hri strrrasatrcl< lt lr erf cst ii'r r ls. I \Wehave too nrilrl\' lrolicl,rls rrnd festi val si u my cot t t t t t 't :
TI
T
tl
il
tl
f]
L
u
3 lt's imtr'rortantto rettrcllrl.tct' people who diccl it.trvrrrs. I
I"ireworks arc clrrttgcrtltts it's w rong tct sel l thetrr to chr lclr cr r .
Oalttiort:
52
5.1
( ) X F O RD B O O K\7 OR M S I- I I} I{ A I{ Y ( l /,r-ssi c,s' C ri me dl Mr' -s fc n' ' l ' a, | | i l ,'t'
ABOUT THE AUTHOR Englancl, but errrigmted to Jackie Mlguire was born iu \X/rrrcestcr, Calgar1,,Can:rclaas a child. Shc stuclieclfor rr bachclor's dcgrcc in sociologv',and rvorkccl in corrrts rrrrc{prisor-rsbcfore urol.irrg inr
l ,rrtl ,r: t r:' I I | )t t t, t
ri 1rts ' I l ,ti Il ,' t r' ,\,It' , t H nman Interest. 1)/,11' ,s 'l rttc'\l rtr i t' s ' \Y ' orl ,/,\/or l r' s
ttItrt,
pr()\' l l l r'()X l rol {l )R (X )K \\1)l {I'1sl -l l l l t/\l { \ i dc s c rrj ol t[rl e r.,t,l i tl gi rrl ]rl ql i s l r.rrrl l l ,r ryi tl crnl geof cl :rssi cl ncl mod c rn fi c ti ol t,trott hc ti ott,arrtl pl .ri s l t i ttc l tt,l ts ,,ri gi tt:rl ancl acl aptedtcxts i u se v c n c :rreful l y grac l c c l ,rrl gtl agcs t.l gtt, u l ti . l r t,rkc l caruets frorn begi nner to ac l r' :rnc edl c v el . A rl c l v c rv i c w i s gi v c tl otl tl l t n( \t pages. A l l S tege I ti tl es arc avai l abl c i l s audi o rec ordi rtgs ,:rs w el l :rs ov er ei ghtl othcr ti tl cs frour S tarter to S tL rge6. A l l S tartc rs and rnany ti tl c s at S tagc s I t() 4 irrc specially rcct>mmcncled for youngcr learners. Every l3o ns . ttB R dR Yal s o offc rs ex tens i v c s tl pport. E a:rc hbook I hc oxrono R OOK w ()R Ms c()ntai ns an i ntrocl ncti on to thc s tory , l totc s nl rout the author' a gl os s arl ' , :urcl acti vi ti es. A dcl i ti onal resourc es i nc l r.rc l etes ts aud rv ork s hec ts ' l tl c l i usw ers for thcse anc'lfor the ac ti v i ti c s i n the book s . Thc re i s :rdv i c c ort a trdi g rec orc l i ngs ,ertd the m:l l l .vw .l v s of tts i l rg runrri ng a cl ass l i brary, r.rsi ngl Oxforcl B ookw ornrs i n rcac l i ng programnl c s R c s ottrc c l l l .l tL ri i l l \ i l rt' rrv:ri l abl c on the w ebsi te <w w w.oLtp.c otn/c l t/book w c l rnrs > . 'l he Oxford B ooku,orms C ol l ec ti on i s rr s c ri c s f< tt'i t.l r.tl tt.' .1 l c i l l rr( rs . l t corrsi stsof v
s tl ttl ttl
to bc accessi bl ct() thc i l cl vi rtrc c .ls l l ttl t ttt
Y .
55
54
T Ht , O X T.' O R D BOOK WOR M S L IB I{A R Y G RA DI NG AN D S AMP L F , E XT R A C TS
s lA(;li ..l ,,,tr l ,l . r tt,tl '
J '
to o o
l l IAl ) \\'( ) l {l ) \
pr c s c tl t p e rf e c t c < l t l t i t t t t o t t s
( i l U s i l ti v e - r el ativ c c l a u s c s - i n t l i rc c t
S TA R T ts I{. Z 5 O H EA D \i l OR DS p r e s e n t sim p lc - p r cscltt co n tin L r o tr s ir r r p cr:ruvec d n / c L x n n o t ,m u st - g o in g to ( fu r u r e ) - sim p le gcruncl s ...
Hcr phonc is ringing- but whcreis it? Sally getsout of bed and looks in her bag. No phonc. Shelool<sLrndcrthe bcd. No phone. Tl-rensl-relooks behincl the door. There is her phone. Sally picks up her phone arrcl answers it. Sally'sPhone STA G E, I . 4O O HEADW O RDS ... past sirnple- coorclinationwith tntl, but, or subordnarion wirh before,after, when, bet.ause,so ...
I knew him in Persia.He was a famous builder and I workcd with hirn rher:e.For a time I was his friend, br_rt not for lor-rg.When he came to Paris, I came after hirn I wantedto watch hirn. He was a very clever,very dangerous man.
Tbe Phantom of the Opera
STA ( ; F, 2 O / O O HF. AD! ( / O RDS . . . presentpcrfec - utill (future)- (don't) haueto, ntust not, could comparisonof adjcctives - sirnplel/cl:ruses- past continuor-ls ragqucstions- asklteLl+ infir itive . . .
\y/hile I was writing these words in my diary, I decided what to do. I must try to escape.I shall r-ryto ger down thc wirll or"rtsidc.The window is high abovc the ground, but I have to try. I shall rake some of the golcl with me - if I escape,perhapsit will be helpful Iater. Dracula
t t 5 (' t l l t ,
l ). 1 \ l l )( t l r ( |
\till( lll( lll\
( )l r()rrt' sc,i t w as l rl ost im por t allt t llr lt ll( ) ( ) llc sllot r l. l st 't ' ( ,l rr, M:rry, cl r D i ckon ent et 'it r gr hc secr etgilr ( l( 'r l.So ( . olilr 1,,,rr,,rt' rl crsto thc gardcncr s t lr r r t t lr cy t r r t r st: lll l
I 4oo I lt 'lADwO lt l) S
... pl st perfect co t.tti t' tuotl s pes s i v e (s rmpl e fbrrns ) u'ould condrtioual clauses - inclircct cluesticlttsrcletivcs witl't ruherelwhez - geruucls nfter prepositiotts/phr:rses " '
I wrrs glad. Now Hyde could not show his facc tc'rthe world ilgrlill. If he did, every honest matr iu London would bc proud to report him to the police. Dr tekyll and Mr Hyde S TA C ;E5 . I 8O O HL, AD\ X, O RDS ... future c otrti uuotts - future pc rfec t passi ve (m oc l al s ,c otrti uuous forms ) uoul d baue concl i ti onal c l atts es- nroc l al sf pe rfec t i nti ni ti r' c
lf he had spoken Estella's name, I wor-rld havc l.rit hitlr. I r'r'rtsstr angry with him, and so deprcssed ilbout llrv futttrc' thrlt I corrltl I r ,vcr r tstr a i g l r t to t[e o l tl l r o ttst. 6 o t e a t t h e b r e a k f a s t . I tr ste a r c{ Creat Expectations STAC;b,6'
z5 0 o
l l l l i \l ) \t( '( ) l { l ) \
passive ':'.'lIi':gs ""u:i:'J,:;ili:l::k:::li;:;iJll;,i"' ' ', vr r sr r sif I up to t he piauo, I was conf iclclr t lt W hcn I steppred l < rrcwtl ri rt thc prodi gy side of nr e r ct lly cliclcxist . AI r t l whcr r I st:lrtcc{to plzry,I was so caught up itl how lovclv llool<etl that I cliclrr'tworry how I would souucl. TheJoy Luck Club
