Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology
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Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology
Raymond M. Measures
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2.3 NEW MATERIALS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY " . -. " - - . KK $ GG KK- . GG " .H % " (4$ .$- C -- " +)$ > ! D " ;'3 )- -- 1" >. -% " . " - " - . -% " ,+ . - " " . . . " -- " . / - . - - - - % " F F# $ -. - -- 0
1" " " 1" " )>-- - - . -> " # . ,+ " >-- " .. - . ! >- F " .- > C -- ,+D
# -. " - " . 0 1" ! . - - ! - . - . 1" >- - - " C" / D ! $ . " # - " " $ . " #- L .
" " . F# ,+0 # . -% "
. > " F# . .
20
1 +), &
- *
" . > % )" . - " . . % carbon ®ber reinforced polymer C ,+D " " "" - . - - C -- 29O " -D% " .>.. - - # (%& &O "" / - " ,+ C % &%4D% . ,+ " # .# # C) ,? -- (::4N ,? -- et al. (::3D% - # F# . #- C D . #
,
* % !% . # F# " - - $ - % " . . (&''' F-. . " % " . F# " . 4 ;' ..% " " " " - " " . . > C % &%;D% *#" < 6 . !- ,+ - - " # # F# > % , " . " . ( (3 .. -#-% "
,+ -- " "" - " # - " " . - -- "
FIGURE 2.3. - ,+% . * % % ) *% % 6 !%A% C)D KKAdvanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures in JapanGG " - ) % (';%
&%;
,A) L ) )A
21
FIGURE 2.4. , . - CD ,
G C#D *#" <G !-%
- - $ . . % " "" "$ $ " " ,+ . - - - . - % "-- - # " - " -? " . -%
2.4 BRIDGES OF ADVANCED DESIGN " - #- (::4 - " F # ,+ - - .#
C,? -- (::;D% " - #- (::3 7 " # , " F # " - . -- - -- " - .# " ,+ " C % &%9D C,? -- et al. (::3D% " F ,+ "" # " ! " - - #- "F- *" C+ (::2D% " F H -- # # - " : # " F#
- .% " " ,+ - . ". -- - #- # #- . " . -- # #.% " - # " ,+ -- /- "
- . C) ,? -- (::4#D% 1 " ,+ " . "-- F " . " -- . -- -
. " ,+ "% ,+ .G "" >- - " - - .
22
1 +), &
- *
FIGURE 2.5. - 7 % " . %
" C&' : (D #-. " " % . " # " " ." "- -
.? .% " -- # " - # -#- " F#
. . .N " (&% " -" # . . " "- F % " - " -" " . "-- " " "" " % - " - -" # % " F #- (5&2 " * " (33 .N # " " " " &''' . -. " #
" # " " < C (::' .D " - #- # 1 " " 6 % " " -G - # # #- - . -
&%;
,A) L ) )A
23
. > .# . >. - - C* -- (::9N .- L? (::5D% " #
" " " .. # "" # #-% -. " " . F-. - " $ " . 7" H ; . "
(:;'% "
" # - - # . " % 7" " # )- 7-
(:2' -"" " - -. . # " # # -- " F - (9 % (:53 " -> L " . " - #-$ # -
- (
CG -- (::4#D% " # " -" # # -- - % > .- - C4''' .D " #-. -- .% -" " - " # " . . - # "
. - " ,+ -
. # " ." -" " " . #- % .# # " - - -- " ,+ . - # " " #- " C* -- (::9D% " #$ " -- KKA- GG " - " # #- " " - ! + -- , " !# C7- (::3D% " F $#- # " - - - " ,+ C " #-D G 7 " ? - C % &%2D C -- et al. (::3D% " " 49$. ,+ #- . " .# F#
- % " . . " #
- - . # " - ,+ #-% - - " . - " . # . #H " #- " - . -% " " " - . -0 " F- - ". " - " . - % 7" > $ / - - " " --
# . F B " " . -% . " " #-$ F#
- "" - " -- " . - . - - -- . - " " > ,+ # " %
24
1 +), &
- *
FIGURE 2.6. G 7 " ? -% . -- +%*% +% P. ,% " % KK
- # - , A ! $ . -- - ) GG SPIE 3043 * " 9@2 (::3 33$52% 0 . * - (::3 . . 1"% SPIE%
2.5 DETECTION OF STRUCTURAL WEAKNESS * " . -
" " - "-" # # .# - / .- # % + - -. " - " " / # . " CA.$ (:5&N - . (:3:N et al. (::'N (::'N - - (::'D% * - <. C(::9D F> &2
&%9 )) ,, ! 7) < )
25
- . -$ # " " $;' "" " , A % &&'' -# " - " > " # - B> - # . "- -- . B " - % + . . - . # " . % <. C(::9D -
# - $ ". - -? . # . " . " % " > - # -
." " " . -- - E -" " F#
- . " # -
" - # - #- . - " # - . " " - -
- F# % " . ! -. !# > Q* " " " . " #- - # # # #- " " G . " >$ C (::9D% ) " " . - " " # .# " " , + . - -- < " < 1 - -- C7 (::;D% " # - #-.
-" " .. " . - . # #-% " " - . . "-" . .
#- " " #- - " # % " " # .# " 7 - C % &%3D # (::4 C"- , (::4D " - -
" > " . - . " (9'' -# > - " # % * " 9'''' . - B " (('$ . " ('''
- H % + " " " C $':9 D # -. " " -
" . -> > " " > " - .% . . . / - " " - " . -> " # -#- .-- -- ." " # % - - . . " - # #- - " " / " .
. -. - "" " - # "" # % . " . - " . . " - #
- " " / - # # % "-" . " ,+ "
26
1 +), &
- *
FIGURE 2.7. .- -- 7 - # .# # (::4%
" - " # " #F " " - # . " " . -% #- . ,+ " -- . . "
-. " -- "" # " 6 (::; " ) "/ % " - " " . " " .H # " - C" et al. (::;D% #
" #- " ,+ - # 4 9 . -" " -" # "/ $ ? %
2.6 MEASUREMENT PROSPECTS FOR FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY " " . - " #$ - " ". . - " - - %
&%2 *) ,)*) +,+) , ), + )1 !A
27
# ,+ - " - .#
# -- " # -% " F " - " "" - " . -% " . #
" - . # " # . " " . -% " " - " - .# - .". " ,+ . . - C % &%5D% " - - " " - $ . % - . - . " - % -
" .# .
. F#
- - " - " " > % " " . - - - .# " # ,+ . - C* et al. (::( (::&D " - " . - " "#- " > C* et al. (::&N (::2N . et al. (::2N +? $
- et al. (::2N -> " (::2D - %
FIGURE 2.8. ". ,+ - . %
28
1 +), &
- *
et al. C(::9D
. # " - . .% .
" - - . " $ # % - " F $ " - - -- . -. - > # # % " # . . . # % " - . . - # . " .-- " . " - #H
" "-" # . . . - % " .- . - F#
" - " . . . " % " . . " . " - 0 (% - . . - % &% )> .- -% 4% *. - . -- % " F
- - " . . B # " #. -. " -#% " F- > .- - - #
#- . " F- . -> " - # F- . -% . - F- B " " # . - . - . # . " - - " . .% " "
- - - >. - " . . F B # " % " . . - . " / > > - - ""$ # " - % " . - "- - " . " " .$ " % " #F F#
- . -- 0 (% &% 4% ;% 9%
- " % )- . .% .% " . % 7 # .- #" %
- . - point . . -" " .# ". #
&%2 *) ,)*) +,+) , ), + )1 !A
29
. quasi-distributed . .% #
> .- -- C #- F# N " : (( (&D
point quasi-distributed - distributed . . C % &%:D% >. - KK- H GG " # . . % # -
- " # " -= % - H > - - " H .. - > - - % /- " - H " # " " B " . " - % " " " - H " " -% 6 et al. C(::'D " -
- .# - . " # # - - H C % &%('D
" - - - # . %
FIGURE 2.9. . /$ # # %
30
1 +), &
- *
FIGURE 2.10. ". - . - " .% . 6 ,%% % ,%1% A-- +% %% C(::'D KK # ! 6 , GG Magazine of Concrete Research 42 9@(; "
. . " . - +#-" !%
# . . - - . " -
# " - .# - - #
." "- # C % &%((D% " "- " - " -- " % " # . " "
>.- 2'O -
"
. " - C % &%(&D% .- strain distribution measurements # A-- C(:53D% 1 " . - &%2 . - " . " (& &' .. .# . % )" 5' " (&%9 .. " ? % " -- " " " ? . 5; -- C % &%(4D% 7" " . - " --- " " " # " " . " # # % &%(4#% # # " . "
" " . .. - >
" $ % " . . "/ A-- C(:53D -
- " #.@ -. #H .- . -
FIGURE 2.11. - - - % . ,%1% A-- +% %% C(:53D KK" $ . # - , .GG The Structural Engineer 65B 4:@;5%
&%2 *) ,)*) +,+) , ), + )1 !A
31
FIGURE 2.12. F- # # - - $ .% . 6 ,%% % ,%1% A-- +% %% (::' KK # ! 6 , GG Magazine of Concrete Research 42 9@(; " . . " . - +#-" !%
C (::(D% &%(; " " > $ .- % &%(9 - # - % " $ . " - - " # "- - % " >- . " -# % - " . -> " . #- " . " F-% #- . -F " . . F- " F#
. .% " . - # "
- F# # " " " "
- -% -
- F# . - " /$ # . . - " /- .# - " " - - - - - C % &%(2D% " $ . " ,+ . # " - "
- F# # " " ,+ - . - C 5%3N <-. et al. (::3D% " # " " . " " - -. "
32
1 +), &
- *
FIGURE 2.13. F- # . - .% + CD . ,%1% A-- +% %% (:53 KK" $ . # - , .GG The Structural Engineer 65B 4:@;5%
% - " F#
" "-- #-.% " .-- .
- F# C -- - " &9' m.D
. # - " . # . . " . . " " " . % " . " " . . # . # "" " - . % - " # - .-- . B
" C % &%(3D% . "
- F# / - F " - -- " " # -% >. - F#
. # - " . - B ""$
" - % &%(5 )- +" $ % " F " F#
. # - "
" - " " - -- "" " # - -% - " # - . " " F#
-- # "
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&%2 *) ,)*) +,+) , ), + )1 !A
33
FIGURE 2.14. )> .- . " #.@ -. % . ,% 1% C(::(D KK + -. , . -. . ! GG Magazine of Concrete Research 43 9:@2; " . . " . - +#-" !%
FIGURE 2.15. , F- " # " - #.@ -. % . ,%1% C(::(D KK + -. , . -. . ! GG Magazine of Concrete Research 43 9:@2; " . . " . - +#-" !%
34
1 +), &
- *
FIGURE 2.16. . F#
/- - %
FIGURE 2.17. F#
. # - . " - %
2.7 EARTHQUAKES AND NEW MATERIALS FOR REPAIR "
" "/ " < # (::9 " 6 . - " . " " " / % 1 ? - - >
5 . & % " # 5'O " "G
&%3 ) ,1= <) )7 * ), ! , ,)+ ,
35
FIGURE 2.18. +" " F#
. # -% "
. )- +" - %
" " . . -F . . # F . C1F- (::9D% (::; " " ! - # 2%3 C " ," -D . "/ % -" " " "/ #- . . -- . " ;'
- . -- .- . " -" # " 2%: C " ," -D < # "/ "" -- 9;3'
- CL- (::9D% - " " "/ " - " #- " - - ! -% " - " - - "/ " (9 . " " / " "
" C*- (::9D% #- #- " - " - " # # " ! . + "/ # (:5:% " "/ "" # ('' . . " " > F " . " " " .? -
-- C (::&D% . .
- - " ) # " . " .
* " (::9 " - -"
. "$ / " " > % # " " - " "G " / - # # " "/ - " " . #- / " " . % /- "/
36
1 +), &
- *
# . . " / " . .% 7--$ " " 7 - #- - " - / - " - > # "/ - ##- . "% 1 ." $ *" #- - . "" -/ "/ C1 -. (::9D% - " # #- " * - +"-- " " "/ % " "/ *> (:59 (:5: ! - (::; < # 6 (::9 " " . / - " > . # % " - . # F " #- . - - -- " #/ " % " - .. . " ! - "/ (::; " - .H . -
- % #
- . " " -% .- #-. " > - " 7 - (::& C % &%3D% " "
- " #- " - #
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. . . . . " . . F#
. " " - - -#- ." " # #- / - . " > "" " #-G - " # . .% " F- - - # " > - " " . -> % 7" " . -- F#
. #- . # #- - "
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. -
F " - H " "#- " > % " ,+ . - ." / -- F - " " - " - C % &%(:D% 7" -.
" # . # "/ # H - . " " . - #- . # " # " - " % ,+ "#- "
&%3 ) ,1= <) )7 * ), ! , ,)+ ,
37
FIGURE 2.19. , " -. # ,+ . % " . %
" #-. /-- # . % " ,+ - .. . "% * et al. C(::4D " -- "
,+ " " # - - " 0 (% 7" - - "" . $ . " # # " - - " % &% ,+ ." -" " " /- - - ." "- " F- % 4% " " " - - " -" -- # 2 .% A -" / H # " H - " " " # % ;% # - - . - " . -- # - . % " - " ,+ " - - - " " - .. . " . - " " ." #0 (% " % &% " "- # # " # . - > -% 4% " -#- - -" # ## H % ;% ,+ -- " #H . % -
- #" %
38
1 +), &
- *
&%&'
-- . " $ % " > " . #- ,+ % " . " ,+ "#- " -. " F#
$ - . - . - . " . " .- $-% " -
.
FIGURE 2.20. . # " - - ,+ . -%
&%3 ) ,1= <) )7 * ), ! , ,)+ ,
39
KK. GG ,+ "#- " -. - - - - #$ 0 KK. F#
.
"%GG " - # " > "/ > - . " " . " > . C % &%&(D% " " - - - F
- " " " # - " - " " " .>.. .-- . " # % " " " # % ". .. " . . #- " F#
- . . # % &%&&%
FIGURE 2.21.
- - . F#
. ,+
"%
40
1 +), &
- *
FIGURE 2.22.
- - F#
. " # %
2.8 OTHER STRUCTURAL MONITORING APPLICATIONS #
. # " .- -- ."- . % " . " / #-
F# # " " " "- . . . # # - .
- -"% " # - --
- F#
- " #- -- .H - - - C et al. (::3D F . C % &%&4D " > . - - . #- . . " - % # " - # " - " - " " " -% - #- -
- F# " " " -
. " - % " " - - " F F- - " . - H
..?%
&%5 1), ,, ! * , A ++!
41
FIGURE 2.23. #
- . - - - -%
* " -- . - . $ - - -
"- > " " . - - . "
- / .% " " . . . - . "" . . " " " " "- C-" (::4D% #
#- . # " " . " - " "
. . " % - . # " " "
" - " " " - .%
- # " - - " % - - #- # " #/ % ).# F#
- . " # # " . " . - # - "
- " #- > - " " C*R? et al. (:5:D% " "" # . F " " - ." . (''''' . #- C - (::'D% " F B $ . " " " G H "
- F#
" - % --
$""
" # - " ""% " .$ . " " # " " " " "" " " % 7 " " - # # . # " F#
- .
42
1 +), &
- *
. " - . " # - " # -#- - . F " - % " - . " - - " - # # % 7" - / . " . - - # #- " # " " " > " - -. " # % " - " -
F#
" - - . % *!"- C(::9D -
" . F#
KK %GG -"
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" . .- " # . % " # - "
- F# - "- " " # C % &%&;D% " " " -- "
- F# . ." . -"% " " " G " . -# " " - % - #- .# " -
- F# optical time domain re¯ectometry C,D . B" "" " #- . "
B - - -" C % &%&9D% " 1 C(::5D " # -
F#
" " ".- " . -
FIGURE 2.24. + - #" " F#
%
&%: 7 +7), ,, ! * , A
43
FIGURE 2.25. - . . B .
- " F#
%
# % " - -- - ..? - . # . .$ "-% " " # "/ . * " #- "" -
F# " . - " " - > - - % " - " # # . " -" - " " "
- F# " . " - -
" . # % " 1 C(::5D " " - / - " "/%
2.9 WIND POWER AND STRUCTURAL MONITORING 7" " " - #- . " . " -
. " - - - - - # . "" % 7
" . # #- -" " - - -- . % - G . " " > (9'' *7 "" $ # (%9O " G - # (::4 C*A (::4D% # (::3 . -" " F " -
# "- - . # " &'4'%
44
1 +), &
- *
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9'' - # 39' *7 "-- - # " &''5 CNew Scientist (::3D% .
$ -# (:55 " " KK.-- + , " -
. GG
% " - .- - # #- " " - (5O " -# . C-- (::;D% " < - )- A . " (O G - / . - # F # " . # &''9 - . -% " # " - . " " " ... . > - - 2%9 . ( % ) - " " # 2''' .& ." #
&'O G - # C- (:5:D% " F
) + - " - " . " - ". # $. # " (:3' # "
A .. - 9%9 . " # " . $ C (::3D% " -- # # . - -#- " . " -" " " " # " "" % - . ." . " ." " "" F% ? . " . $ . . " - % " $ . . - -- ,+ .
- #- -- - $. $ "
#- " " - % " - # . . F " . # . " # . - " " - #-% ..? .>.? F " #- $
"" - "
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% > " #- -. ,+ # #-
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- F# " - $ . " -
. " #- / - C % &%&2D% " $ - " - F#
- %
&%(' * A ) !)L , * , A
45
FIGURE 2.26. - . - - %
2.10 MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRAIN MONITORING 1"$ . ""- #- " .-- . # " - - . $ F . % * - C.-D - . ""$ " .
- "- 9'' . " ( % " ! )> "" # -
-- - # " 6 - .-- - # electrodynamic suspension C)D # . " - # . C # " "-D " $ -.. - . - " C)". (::9D% " . " " " "" " "- . " - " - " "- / "- - C9' ('' . " ( D% " ) . " ? # - ('' .. "" # .-- #-% " A . '3 - " # " A . . " A . - ,- ! " - .# - - . " * ".
46
1 +), &
- *
- - ". C HF (::2D% " .- ;'' 9'' . " ( #- -.# ('O .-- - # . # " "-$# $ - . . -. " % " electromagnetic suspension C)*D . " - #- . # .-- #-? # # - " . > " " % " ('
(9 .. . .-- " " " - ) # - "- / - C)". (::9D% " ) )* "- " . " # - - -. " " % " - $ - .
- # " % -. #- # " . " % -" " " > > " (:5' . -? # - #- " "" " . " - - . " .H " ;'' . " ( .-- - " - " "
-- - # " / . " CPopular Science (::3D% - #- " .- " # " .-- - " . % " - - . F- . F#
- " . " - #- " .- # " .. - . %
2.11 AEROSPACE ENGINEERING PROBLEMS " " - " - 343 1- 1 " ". - . " ".% * " " - - " $ . # " 6-meter " -
" B" % " - 2( " :9 H % " (:55 - .- " KK GG .% " 343 " # #- (:2: -" " " # - - .-- " .- # C (::2D% . - # (:5: "
- " "
&%(( ),+ ) ) A )), A +, !)*
47
" - "
" " - 3;3 . > .- # " +F % " " - . "" F> - " .H " "-" . .% " $ " -
" - - F
- " # " " - " $ . - " . " # " # " . -- -.% - # " - -% 7" "
" health and usage monitoring C1*D " # . - % " #
.0
1 - . )- = +
- .
1* "
- . ""- $B" - . # . - . % .. - "
- .- # # . % - $B" - . " # . " # -- - ""- - "-
C -- - (::&D% " %% - Aircraft Structural Integrity Program C +D "
- $ -% " - - " #- .- . . #- B" . B # " # .
"% ,-$. - . $ - . . . " - . " . . " " " "
#- . # >- - % . . - . - > - -% " " #- .- " . . . - $ - #
" . - " - . % 7" " . -- ""$
. % 7" # - -
. . - % - " .-- - " . - C - (::&D% "
48
1 +), &
- *
FIGURE 2.27. ". -- " - . - . B" - . %
. -$. "-" . -- -- "" . - .H - . .- # . " C - (::&D% . . $ --
% " " " "" - # - . " #-$ - $ #- C % &%&3N ". -- (::&D% .- . .
"" -- B
%
2.12 NEW MATERIALS FOR THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY * " . -- - ,+ . - . ". -#- " % " -- "-
" % , " # # F# . > % 1 -# "/ " " . "
- # " - . . " "G % #- " F#
"/ - # -$
&%(& )7 * ), ! , 1) ),+ ) ,
49
" - " . " "
C (&%('%&D% " # "" " $ $" ,+ . - - - - # . - #- " - "" % " " " ,+ . . . ""- #-% " " . ,+ "
-- " " . . - " .-% ,+ . - - - - - " " .- . - - -$# % " - - " - .
-- " " " " % . . . # " -. #- ,+ . - "
. -> " . -G " .
% " . " " - " - - % ,+ # - C- F-.$ D . -- .#
- F# . % " "
- F# -- " . ? " " ,+ - C % &%&5D . .#. #-
" >-- "
. .% - .#. - - " " - C (::9N 6 (::9D / - " " "
- F# - " - >
% =
- - # - %
FIGURE 2.28. ).#. F#
- " .-$ - ,+ %
50
1 +), &
- *
2.13 FIBER OPTIC MONITORING OF AIRCRAFT " - $. - -
- . # " . % 1 - # " . .. - .- - > .- . -> - " " % - - " " -- - # . % " "- ?#- .# ""- - - " - #F . ,% " -- " "-
-- $ "" #H #- # - - % $ F#
- . - - . . - . ..- . % " . . - - -- ""$ "
- - . . " - " > % - " , - #-- - $- -
" . " / - -- . # "
.% . " #- - . ".-- % &%&:% - "
" .#- "-- -- " " / $ . " # .% " " - # . .. - " # " " . -- # -#- " - " " . " # -% - - " " " .
FIGURE 2.29. ". -- " #-
- F#
- . .%
&%(4 ), + * , A ,,
51
. . " . -G -
/ . > " -% * " . -. # . "$ . # - > "-- "% " -- " # -? # . -F . " # " " . " -$. " - . . % - - - - . - # > .-
- -- . -#- - " # % #- " > . # - - # . . - "-" % , - " - . # . . F- "" - # . " "-" F - % " . - - .- " . % " . - # " -
. " B" " % " #- " - #- . " " . " #
? - . " # -- .% " > " -- . -- -- . - . - # . . % " " -- " - " " - . - # # " -. #-% -- . -. . " " " - # - "" " C7 et al. (::&D% " %% #. " .# - " .- " - (:3' "
" KK. GG " " + H % . " . " - F " " - .- - . - C*? et al. (:55N * (:5:N 7 (::'D% (::9 . - # , " -#. #- .-- - . - -- KK* " %GG - . - " - B " - " " " - - # . # ? - C % (%4D% " ." . B" - " - " . " ." . - ."- -. " . " - . " - . %
1 +),
4
!"
3.1 BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW ..# " - - " - - " . % )- - . M .
# " # M . " " $ . % " - S
" F ? " -- . # # . "" ".- # " % " " " . > .- .-- C(' (9 .D - " -% " - . ::O " . " .% - " - -- - C(' (' .D H " " .# - " - . " .
- -- C % 4%(D% Electronics " . - - %% - " " # F- ? " . . " # . " B
- - F-% .- " . photonics " . - " " .-- -"% " . # - " " . $ ?% )- > " . # . % +" > - 0 - " -"E " . light -- . - $ . " -" C - D " " # " ". % " . - - . . . .. " -" " - -"% " #
KK-"GG " # . - .$ % " " ". -" - # " > " -
% >. - " , . .. .. - " "-
-" . C % 4%&D% " 52
4%(
53
FIGURE 3.1. CD - C#D - " . - . "
- - F-%
.. " F - " -" -- .. % .H " - - -
. " .
- C-"$ D .. " "-- " .$ - % . " " -
54
1 +), 4 !"
> - - -" " " "
F# . - " - " "
" . - " . - . " % " F laser (:2' # " *. .-- - # " - # -" . "-- B" -. #. -" " " " . C % 4%4D% -" " " - -" -
- F# ? " - (:2' C? (:2(D " - $- -$- F# C< 1 . (:22N % 4%;D " -- - " " -
F# .. % * #/ " . F#
" - . " -- " " -? -% " - . F#
" #- - " .. % #
-- - - . " " - $" #-% " "" #" - > .- .
- F# - " . .# "- "
% " " " - "- " > - " . . $# $ . -- . " $ " " " . "" #"
- F# % . # . -
- F# .# C % 4%9D% " . - - " " . -" " .% 7 -- " analog modulation% digital modulation . -" - . # " # - " /% " "
- - - .. % Spectral modulation " . " -" " -"% " -- - " " -" - " - . " " " . % " -" - . - / C-- " - " ? " ?D " .$ # " / " " " /% " . frequency modulation% -- " - $ C# " > "
- F# D " - " - F- " " -" # . " . polarization modulation% -" "
- F# $ .. .. " # . " .% " -- ". # " -. " .
- -% " #
"-- "
- F# KK - . GG " . . . % " - # " " F#
4%(
55
FIGURE 3.2. , . - .. " -" "- . - B -"%
" # . . . - . . " . -$ - . F- - C -" (:55 (::3N (::(D% " " " # -" " % " -- " > " -"
FIGURE 3.3. CD ". # - % C#D - ,# - % *.% . " " 6 % ,% % L A%% - % % KKAtomic Light LasersGG - +#-" (:23% %
56
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.4. --. - $-
- F# - .. %
" #/ "
- F# % " - . / " # "
-"$ % 7 " " - ? -" > - . % -- -
" - -" #
- F# " " .
B %
3.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION )- . . "
$ " " . - .
" . % 7 " -- > " - - # . # " % " # # " G - . " - " . -" .$ - . % " 6. - *>-- " .$(55' # - . # / " . " .- / " # " . C-" " (::(D% " / # -- - . " . . - F- CED . F- CBD% " /
4%& )!),* A ) ,
57
FIGURE 3.5. ." . . # -" -
- F# %
. % 7" - " " # . #H - F- E; " - -> "
C# " - - " D " F-% " > " - W; # " - F- . " - . s( s& C % 4%2D #
s& W
eEds:
4:( s(
58
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.6. )- F- # - # - " - - %
1 " " - V(& ; # s( s& # " - " F- " %%
s& Eds:
4:& V(& s(
" W
eV(& :
4:4
" " " - " # > . electron volts C eVD " ( L " / # - -- " " - - ( -% - " . # " - /. ." " " # # # . % " #
. " /? . - " . " /? - . C % 4%3D% $ /. ." " .-- - . frequency n hn; " h Planck's constant " " - 2:2&2 (' 4; 6 % " . " - - > -- " . CU( ; U& ; U4 ; . . .D % 4%3% - # # . - . " . / . n " F " - n DU=h;
4:;
" DU " # . " .%
4%& )!),* A ) ,
59
FIGURE 3.7. ) -- " . . >. - " - %
" - - " - # # > " "" # .# - " # "
. - . C % 4%5D% " > - -- " - " ground C- D U( ; # " " .- .
" - . / n C % 4%('D # .
" -> " - # " . -% .- . -- # ;%&% " . .. -" " # " " F-. " -" #-# % " - > "" # -- . - . . " - . $ % "
" -" # " electromagnetic wave equation C-" " (::(D "" C%% .D " . H& F
( @& F ; c& @t&
4:9
" c " - -" F
E B " " - " . F- # " "
60
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.8. )> # - # " # -" "
-" " #/ " . -> %
/ % -" " E B " .0 CEx ; Ey ; Ez D CBx ; By ; Bz D -
" " . $ - F C4%9D "-- E -- " " . % . " . C%% - /D - - . - " z$ " E$®eld - )/% C4%9D " .
E; x; y; z; t E
x; yei
kz
ot
E
x; ye
i
kz ot
;
4:2
" E
x; y; " amplitude " " -
" E$F- " - " x@y - k &p=l " " free-space propagation constant o &pn; " angular frequency
4%& )!),* A ) ,
61
l " free- space wavelength " % " . " " )/% C4%2D " complex conjugate Cc.cD " F .% " - " . " E
x; y zN % 4%:% " . F- B; " " . . - > " *>--G / / # - "
" E$®eld
.. C-" " (::(D% "
" E$®eld . F> "
" " linearly polarized wave C % 4%('D% 7 "-- - " -"
-
- F# > . . ->
- ? %
FIGURE 3.9. - . " . - . - " z$ 0 CD " E$F- - "
C#D " " E$ B$F- " - %
62
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.10. > E$F- - - - ? -"%
" - " # " -" / -$ . # # # # " - - )/% C4%2D " / % " - k& o& =c& :
4:3
" " .
- . - " - " general propagation constant b; "" " . -
% " " - " " )/% C4%2D # " "- - " E$®eld% " "
- - " . E
x; y; z; t Re : E
x; yei
bz
ot
E
x; y fbz
otg;
4:5
" electromagnetic wave equation . - "" " velocity of light u " . H& F
( @& F : u& @t&
4::
# C4%5D C4%:D - b& o& =u& ;
4:('
"" " index of refraction " . - n c=u;
4:((
.# C4%3D " C4%('D " b nk:
4:(&
"-- - b . / " "
-" -
- F# % b # " " " "
% " z; " phase " . - z ' # f bz: " " &p; .- - " " E$®eld
63
4%& )!),* A ) ,
- z ' C % 4%((D %% E
f &mp E
f " m '; (; &; . . . : - " - . . > . " " -" C- " '%( .D gamma rays " " " - -" C ('' m.D " % . - " -"
- F# "-- # " M F-- (%4 (%9 m. " $ -" ""
- F# " " # . " C " 9 F-- % 9%(9D% " "" / -" -- " #- - " . - " E$ F-% " " . " -"$ -- " % -"
- " / E$F- C 7 - (:39D " . intensity I C D F " -" B - "
" % " # " # # " - I e' chE Ei
7. & :
4:(4
" hE Ei . " " E$F- " . -> H . - ." - " " " # -- ." " " . > .% " . $ - - . " )/% C4%2D h &
oti h&
oti (& ; "- h
ot
oti ': " " / C4%5D - C4%(4D " . I (& e' cE&'
7. & ;
4:(;
" " E' " .$ . -$ " % . .- / -" " radiance J
w; j C # "D "" F " B - $ . - - H %% J
w; j
( d& + w dSdO
7.
&
( ;
4:(9
" P " C7D # " w " - . " .- " j " - " .- d " -. - - "" "
-
64
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.11. , . -" %
% 4%((% " " - " # " " " " -" " .
p=&
&p J
w; j wdO
7. & :
4:(2 I w' j'
J
w; j J; I pJ: 7 - " spectral radiance J
n
dJ dn
7.
&
(
1? ( ;
4:(3
" spectral irradiance I
n
dI dn
7.
&
1? ( :
4:(3#
" . # " - # " -" . / #" CHzD% " )/% C4%3D - " $ -" l; " / n; -" " " " / nl c
. ( :
4:(5
3.3 BIREFRINGENCE AND POLARIZATION 7" - . " . " . - .
$ " z$ " "
.. C
"
D # # # )/% C4%2D% " -"
" z$ "
4%4
65
,) , A) ) +! ,T
birefringent medium " " > > # " #/- "
- " " E$F-% " -- % 4%(& " nx 6 ny ; " - " Ex Ey . " -" % " " -" # # / " # " "
" " E$F- . % " # > " . matrix equation i
bx z otdx ~ t Re Ex
z; t Re Exo e i
b z td ;
4:(: E
z; y Ey
z; t Eyo e y " " . - " -" Eo
Exo; eidx ; Eyo; eidy ; o;
4:&'
d x ; dy bx ; by Exo ; Eyo
" phases " E$field z ' t '; " propagation constants ::; bj nj k
"
j x; y; " positive field amplitudes:
7 . - C4%(:D # " total phase retardation CKK "GG " f
z; t bx z
ot dx ;
"" -- Exo f
z; t Ex
z; t ; Eyo f
z; t d
z Ey
z; t
4:&(
4:&&
FIGURE 3.12. .. . " x$ y$ . " E$F-%
66
1 +), 4 !"
" d
z
by
bx z dy
dx
4:&4
" . " differential phase% " KK
GG .. by bx b
4:&;
Exo ff
z; tg Ex
z; t ; Ey
z; t Eyo ff
z; t dg
4:&9
" " differential phase " - d dy
dx
4:&2
ot dx :
4:&3
" phase f
z; t bz
" polarization angle y F " " y$ x$ .
" E$F- C % 4%(4D Ey
z; t ( ;
4:&5 y
z; t Re Ex
z; t "" # C4%&&D " . Eyo ff
z; t dg ( : y
z; t Exo ff
z; tg
FIGURE 3.13. ! - - ? -" # # " - ? - y%
4:&:
4%4
,) , A) ) +! ,T
67
)/ C4%&:D " . " state of polarization C+D %% " - # " - ? - y " " f: fy
z; tg g d
d ff
z; tg;
4:4'
" " g Eyo =Exo :
4:4(
" . .. . - ? -" . linearly polarized light C!+!D% " " d mp
m '; (; &; . . .:
4:4&
y g
mp
(m g;
4:44
" .
" - ? - y; # z t "
- " E$F- F>% " " - - ? " " . C % 4%:D% linear polarizer .
- F- " . - " . -" " E$F- --- " . > " # F- .N % 4%(;% "
- - ? - - - ? -" " - " . > " - ? " -" .% " % 4%(9 " " - - ? - . " Ex . $ " -" "- " " ? - - ? #- " .$ " . % " .# polarizer . . - dichroic sheet " -- " # # " . E$F- - . > C-" " (::(D -" - - ?
- F# " - E$F- . - " - . % - . " . " E$F- " # " - " E$F- # # "
% " - ? . circularly polarized light C+!D " &m ( d p
m '; (; &; . . .
4:4; & g (;
::;
Eyo Exo :
68
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.14. !"$#- - ? %
FIGURE 3.15. , " E$F- " . - - - - ? -"%
69
4%; +),+ 1),) ) ), ),) )
" C4%4'D # . fy
z; tg (:''
f
z; t;
"" " . y
z; t
f
z; t
4:49
" +! " E$F- C F # yD "
" - f
z; t: " d
&m (p=& " y
z; t f
z; t " left$+! "" - E # # " -" C % 4%(9D% - $ - d
&m (p=& " y
z; t f
z; t; " right$+! "" - E; # # %
3.4 SUPERPOSITION, COHERENCE, AND INTERFERENCE 7" . " . -" - "
% " principle of superposition -- . " - " - . / C4%9D " " E$F- C B$ F-D # .. " C -D % " -"
- " / " E$ F- )/% C4%(4D - " " " . # " . " . " " - % " " . " E$F- " " " - -- " .% " . interference% - - - ? -" " " . - ?$ - y; . . " . -
" " " - " A B % 4%(2% " E$F- . " " .
z; t # > " . E(
z; t E(' E&
z; t E&'
b( ds b& ds
ot d( ot d& ;
4:42
4:43
70
1 +), 4 !"
" . .. angular frequency o; " E(' ; E&' b( ; b&
" E$field amplitudes; " propagation constants
.. . :
7 " " spatial phase retardation
ba ds da ; fa
4:45
"
> # " " - " " C
N % 4%(2% )/% C4%45D a ( &% 7 - " temporal phase retardation ot " " . t
. " . # " -" - # " "
" % 7 - d( d& " initial phases " " - # - z ' t ': " " # . . C4%(4D %% I e' chjE( E& j& i:
4:4:
" # > " . I e' chfE('
f(
ot E&'
f&
otg& i;
4:;'
"" > # . I e' chE&(' &
f( ot E&&' &
f& ot &E(' E&'
f( ot
f& oti:
FIGURE 3.16. . . " # -" - " .
" %
4%; +),+ 1),) ) ), ),) )
71
7 " - . - . " " . - . - I e' chE&(' f f( ot f( otg& i
4:;(
6 " KK# - .GG " - KK# - "%GG - " " # " " . #
# # " " .% 7 " F " - " "
b( ds
4:;& f(
b& ds d;
4:;4
d d(
d& ;
4:;;
f&
"
" # " - " " -"% " -" coherent " . - " - " # " % " d "
. "" f( f& . # . . " . )/% C4%;(D %% I e' cE&(' & f( h & oti E&(' & f( h& oti :
4:;9
- " . h & oti h& oti (& h ot oti ':
4:;2
"" . " . )/% C4%;9D ? " . - " " # interference equation p
4:;3 I I( I& & I( I& f;
" I( I& " " - # # C % 4%(3D " " -" - #
" %% Ia (& e' E&ao
a (; &:
4:;5
72
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.17. /- %
7 " " # " -" " H " . " - % " > - interference term "
- f; " f
b( ds
b& ds d
4:;:
" differential phase # " -"% - " " . " - . -% " " /- . - C%% E(' E&' D coherent " " - ? " f p; % 4%(3% " . " KK . -GG destructive interference% " - # #- " . " " " f ': 1 . - constructive interference % " . KK " GG
# " " d .% " " C . " " " D " " " - " " %
3.5 PARTIAL COHERENCE AND COHERENCE LENGTH " KK " GG d " - " - " . . > " "
4%9 + , ! 1),) ) 1),) ) !) A1
73
%% I I( I& : " > . incoherence coherence - " .-
partial coherence% # "
" - -$ / -" # # E E' fkzg % 4%(5 " k &p=l; l " $ -"% " - " - / . n; " % 4%(5# " nl c; " c # " $ - " % " " " z; " - - -" . " % -" . " " #
. " -- " " .- > - " . -- " " . -" -- - .# " . - % " ".-- -- % 4%(:% - . - " " . . -> " . - #" " # . C-" " (::(N % 4%&'D% #-" " - " # " #" -" . - " Fourier transform theory% -"
FIGURE 3.18. CD * " . -" C#D - .%
74
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.19. -- " " E$F- -" # . %
" . - . # # f
t " / .
( 1 f
teiot dt;
4:9' s
o p &p 1
# " Fourier transform f
t; " " inverse Fourier transform s
o f
t C - (:39D0
( 1 s
oe iot do:
4:9( f
t p &p 1
FIGURE 3.20. ". -- " E$F- - " . ->
" . - #" " -"% " . . -> " . - " " .%
75
4%9 + , ! 1),) ) 1),) ) !) A1
" f
t # -" . . - - / oc ; F tc C % 4%&(D% " f
t e
ioc t
f
t '
t=& < t < t=&;
4:9&
-- " .:
" . f
t - " frequency distribution0 ( s
o p &p
tc =&
e
i
o oc t
tc =&
r &
o oc tc =& : dt p
o oc
4:94
" . " / # " " % 4%&(#% " power spectrum S
o; " F # - . " / " . C - (:39D %% S
o js
oj&
& &
o p
o
oc tc =&
oc &
;
4:9;
FIGURE 3.21. CD -" F . - C#D . CD .% . - A%,% C(:39D KKIntroduction to Modern OpticsGG & % 3&%
76
1 +), 4 !"
" % 4%&(% 7 " " . " .>.. - o oc
? o oc &p=tc : *
" " # " F ..
-. " " effective width " . Do &p=tc :
4:99
-" " " " - " F >. - --
" . - . " " coherence time -" /- " #" %% tc (=Dn:
4:92
7 " . " -" Dl; " C4%(5D0 tc
l& : cDl
4:93
" coherence length " # ctc ; " " . `c
l& ; Dl
4:95
7 " - " # " . " " -- # " -"% -"$.
-" (%99 m. " -" 9' . `c ;5 m.% -$. -
(%99 m. " #" (' *1? " " -" # #-N `c 4' .%
3.6 HIGH-COHERENCE INTERFEROMETERS * . - " . - -" . $ " . - " % " . - # . -" >. - " #. - " - .# " " " > " % " -- "
#-
Michelson interferometer % 4%&&% --. #. -" . . # #- - # " " #. - C D #. " % 4%&4% #. - . *( "- " #.
" - . *&% " # $ B -" " .$ # " #. - " # . B :' : " ""$ " . - . " . -" - / o: " E$F- "
4%2 1A1$1),) ) ), ),*)),
77
FIGURE 3.22. -
*"- . % - " -" " " " . --- -%
B . *( # " #. - # E( E(' fbL(
ot d( g;
4:9:
" E$F- " B . *& # " #. - # E& E&' fbL&
ot d& g:
4:2'
L( L& " - # " F #. . " #. - " . # -% " " . " " .. # " #. C " " #. - D " % " " - " L( L& ; d& d( " .# " " .. . -% " # >. -
" . # - # " .-- . C " " -" " -"D " % 4%&&% L& 6 L( " d& 6 d( ; " . -" . % . " -" # " " " E "" L& L( DL; " DL d& d ( t : c
78
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.23. CD L " " . - " " L% C#D -
#- " L%
" " - C D " " B . *& " . " - " " B . *( " retarded time DL=c: " -- - DL=c " " coherence time t ; " " d
d& d( . $ % -- " " " . " DL # *"- . " 9'=9' #. - % 4%&;% " # # " )/ C4%;3D . F " - " %% I
I' ( u~ f; &
4:2(
" I' " intensity " #. # E$F- "- # " #. - f " phase difference # C4%;:D% " KK#-GG " " . F # " - u~
I.> I. ; I.> I.
4:2&
4%3 *!+ ,
79
" I.> I. " .>.. ... - " % " - # " " . C4%2(D # " 9'=9' " E$F- " " # " #. - % - " .. . .. b( b& b;
f bDL: *"- . " 9'=9' #. - # . " " -" ct ; -" # . $ " visibility " DL C % 4%&;#D% $ F coherence length KK" - " . " "" " #-
'%&9%GG " / . KK7" "
" -" " f p; " ""$ " u~ (; " . " . - I ' $ C4%2&DSGG " . - " " - # " "
" -" " " " B " . % -- " " - " -" - - # # " " #. - # " " % " " " " - " " destructive interference
-" - " " C " " -"D " constructive interference " -" - # " C -- " -" # " D% " F " # - " " -" # - absorbing medium - "% -" " " " - #
" " " " -" B% " " " " . "" " > %
3.7 MULTIPASS FABRY±PEROT INTERFEROMETER . . " - --. # . L - " " .- "
- -" C % 4%&;D% - - " . B F (''O " . -" -- # . " " " Fabry±Perot interferometer C +D% " . .- B #- . " -" - # " " " " . # " . % " $ . - " " . - F# $
- # % 7 . " - . " . -" - / o . - E'
. " " F
80
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.24. -- " .- - B " - . # @+ . %
. " . % " amplitude re¯ection coef®cients " . # r( r& ; -% " E$®eld >- z; . t; # > " . E
z; t E' ei
bz
ot
;
4:24
" " propagation constant b nk
&pn : l
4:2;
" z$> " " " .- " " F . % . - " C4%24D . -F # . " .. . - " " E$®eld " " . z L; # " > E
L E' eibL :
4:29
t& " transmission coef®cient " . " " " E$F- . B t& E' eibL r& E' eibL ; -% " - -" E$F- . " " " . " . " E$F- . . " ; . . . " " " %% E E' t& eibL ( r( r& e&ibL r&( r&& e;ibL :
4:22
" F " # " - . E
E' t& eibL : ( r( r& e&ibL
4:23
81
4%3 *!+ ,
" . I ; # . )/% C4%23D C4%(4D -- -# 0 I (& e' cjET j& I'
& R&
(
a
R; bL:
4:25
1 " Airy function a
R; bL
( ; ( f &
bL
4:2:
" coef®cient of ®nesse f
;R
(
R&
:
4:3'
> C4%25D I' " total intensity " + N T&
jt& j& R
r( r& " transmission re¯ection coef®cients $ -% " " .#- . $ . ".-- -- % 4%&9 " + .- F- -" " " % " #" # @+ -- # . - " 9 " - % " " a
R; bL (:' " bL mp: " - -- F " FPI resonant frequencies mc ;
4:3( nm &nL " m % !" . " " " + . " - " " > B F # " " " % " -
FIGURE 3.25. " - $ .-? . . # @+ . b -
- l%
82
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.26. . " " - $ .-? B . # @+ . %
.#- . . C1" TH (:3;D " . % 4%&2% + / " " .-? B . # # . " .-? B . " -- - .".% . " " % 4%&2%
3.8 LOW-COHERENCE INTERFEROMETRY -" " . .
" "" " " - " . " " - " -" " light-emitting diode C!)D% .. " - !) - > " - % " . " - " . . ." # - " . - - " " - " -" " " -"N 4%9% " # . "" " . " " coherence length " -" " " ? " . % " " *"- . 4%2 . " " -" B . *( *& - -- " " " .#% " - / . "
#- " DL < `c ;
4:3&
" L( L& "
- " - B *( *& -N DL L( L& N `c " source coherence length% " " F- - KK " #-. " - GG - $ " .$ %
4%5 !7$1),) ) ), ),*),
83
" - " "
" --. #-
Michelson interferometer " # # C- " D C % 4%&3D% " L( L& `c ; "
# " " " . *& .-- C -" " -"D% " " " # 4%2 " " . # # " % 1
- *& " " L( L& ; " -- # " " - " " " -" " C % 4%&5D% " " -" 9' m. " ##- . " " " ." " 9 m. # # -
" *& " " % L( " . C " 9 m.D "
" L( - .% L( ( . " /- strain resolution 9 me C. D% 7 "-- - " low-coherence interferometry - # . . -> F " .# F#
# @ + *"- . % 7 $
FIGURE 3.27. ". -- " -. " -
*"- . > # - $ " -" %
84
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.28. )> - - $ " . . -
" $ %
- $ " . % - -" -? coherence wavepacket -" `c " " - - " % " " #-
*"- . - " " p; H
" -" # # " #. - % " #. " # B . " . .# # " #. - " " p( p& ; "
" C % 4%&5D% " "
- C " `c D " -- # # "
" % - - " -- - - " " - " . %% L( L& : " " . *( C%% L( D " . - *& " " - L& "" .>.. # % . . L& /
/ % #- " - $ " . " . . % " # . -" # Fizeau interferometer - " charge coupled detector CD " " " .# #.% 7 " " . # " " % 4%&:% 1 " " " " p p# ; " - " " " *"- . % 7 " " " - .
. - -- ".%
" " " " . DL; > " " -" " -" `c : " " # p( p& ; #
4%5 !7$1),) ) ), ),*),
85
p#( p#& ; "" DL; ." " " " " " ` ; "" - #
# " # " ? . % % 4%&:# " " " " " " " ? . " % ? . .- # @+ . > " " - " " . - " % % 4%&:# " " ? . - H " . " " DL; # *& *( " *"- . % /-
# # " " " p#& "
FIGURE 3.29. CD ! " . ? - -$. . .% C#D -- ? . " $
%
86
1 +), 4 !"
B . " " ? . #/- . #- " " " H - " p#( " - .% " " . "
- " ? . - " - " " " *"- . " # > .- - " - - " " - . / " " %
3.9 RADIATION COUPLING BETWEEN OPTICAL FIBERS "-- " 9 -" - - -
- F# " -- # . " - - # " "
- F# % " " "" > " " - . - " -" # " " # F # - B " # # " ""$ - $> C % 4%4'D% -" " " " -" F " " "
- F# . .". / " > $-- evanescent E$®eld
> # " " - % - "
F# - " E$F- - - -" . " % "
KK -GG " "
- F# # " - "
- # >" # " " -
- % " -- #
# . " 9 " >" -" #
F# - " " .# - direction couplers% 7" . " #- " " # " E$F- " -" # " " "
- F#
FIGURE 3.30. F. -" # - B " @- $ %
4%: , +! A )7)) + ! ),
87
C % 4%4(D% 7 # " - -" #
F# - / % 7 "
- . " . -" " z$ F " "
- F# % 7 " )/% C4%2D " " E$F- " -" # > " . E
z; t E
'; 'ei
bz
ot
::
4:34
" # " . E aeibz ;
4:3;
. % 7 - ? " " / # " " " - " . - - / " # " >- " E$F- - -
- F# %% dE ibE: dz
4:39
" / " -
- F# " - " > # " E$F- z " "%
FIGURE 3.31. E$F- # " - -
- F# " " F# # " F- " -" # " " F
- F# %
88
1 +), 4 !"
# - " " "
- F# # " F- - " " >"
- % 7 " " . - -- # coupling term )/% C4%39D "
- F# "
- " E$F- " "#
- F# %% dE( ib( E( iC(& E& dz dE& iC&( E( ib& E& ; dz
4:32
4:33
" C(& C&( " coupling coef®cients% " F " " " " " E$F- .
- F# " " "
- F# C! (:52D% 7 . " > " E$F- " F
- F# # " > E( a( eib( z
4:35
E& a& eib& z ;
4:3:
" " " amplitude coef®cients a( a&
z: # )/% C4%35D C4%3:D " )/% C4%32D C4%33D - - F $ - / " amplitude coef®cients " . da(
z iC(& a&
zeiDbz dz da&
z iC&( a(
ze iDbz ; dz
4:5'
4:5(
" " " phase mismatch Db b&
b( ;
4:5&
" " " a(
- a& % . " " . - " -" " F
- F# a(
' " -" "
- F# " - a&
' '; " " )/% C4%5'D C4%5(D # - # . - " . a(
z p( eig( z
4:54
89
4%: , +! A )7)) + ! ),
a&
z p& eig& z :
4:5;
" - )/% C4%5'D C4%5(D - " - ig( p( eig( z iC(& p& ei
g& Dbz
4:59
ig& p& eig& z iC&( p( ei
g(
4:52
Dbz
:
p( p& # z; " g& g(
Db:
4:53
" . )/% C4%59D # C4%52D # " - g& g( C(& C&( :
4:55
.# )/% C4%53D " C4%55D - / / g( ; " - s & Db Db C& ;
4:5: g( & & " C& C(& C&( :
4::'
s & Db C& ; g &
4::(
F
" " amplitude coef®cients " -" "
- F# " . a&
z e
iDbz=&
fp& eigz q& e
igz
g:
4::&
" # "
- F# %% a&
' '; / " q& p& ; a&
z &ip& e
iDbz=&
& gz:
4::4
" > C4%5(D - " . - F " -" " F
- F# 0 &p iDb gz :
4::; a(
z & eiDbz=& g gz C&( &
90
1 +), 4 !"
" # "
- F# %% a(
' a' ; " C4%:;D - " - 0 a'
&p& g ; C&(
4::9
"" - " F- > " . - F " -" " F
- F# 0 iDb iDbz=& gz gz
4::2 a(
z a' e & iC a
4::3 a&
z &( ' e iDbz=& & gz: g "
-
- " / " F- " # & Db & & gz
4::5 P(
z P(
' gz &g P&
z P(
'
jC(& j& & gz: g&
4:::
phase-matched b( b& b;
4:(''
Db ': )/ C4%:5D C4%::D #/- . - " . P(
z P(
' & Cz
4:('(
P&
z P(
' & Cz:
4:('&
- " - >" " - # "
- F# % 4%4& " exchange length z> p=&C:
4:('4
#- " / KK" -- "
- >" # " F# S 7" "
" " -" "
- F# " .SU " - " :'
" # " driving ®eld " F
- F# " driven ®eld "
- F# % " > # " i )/% C4%:3D C i eip=& D " . - F " E$F- "
- F# % " :' " . " " F- "
4%('
, AA A, A ,) !)
91
FIGURE 3.32. !" >" # -
- F# % ! " $ " # " E$F- "
- F# " >"%
F
- F# # " F- #- "
- F# -- # (5' " " " - F- C:' - :' D " - % " " "$." F- # " F
- F# - -- " F- "
- F# %
3.10 BRAGG GRATING REFLECTION " >. - . - " -" . " > % " Bragg gratings # " $ " - # " -" "
92
1 +), 4 !"
. " .- " # # " . ! "
V$ . - - -% 7 "-- " ; " - - . # - . " 2 " .
- F# . - . % " " # # B -" " " C " ."D F% " B - . $ # " "
-" " - . " -" # " % 7" " . - . " . -"
" z$ " " "" " > " - % 4%44 # # " - n
z n' Dn
&pz;
4:(';
" n' " . - " > Dn " . - " > . - p p=L;
4:('9
" L " " > . - % > " -" " . " . # E
z; t E
zeiot ;
4:('2
" o " - / C4%('2D " - . / " .. C4%:D " $. . " Helmholtz wave equation0 d& E
z dz&
o& E
z: u&
4:('3
FIGURE 3.33. >- " > " F# %
4%('
93
, AA A, A ,) !)
" C4%('D C4%(&D # C4%(';D n; " / d& E
z dz&
fn' Dn
&pzg& k& E
z:
4:('5
" # " > .-- CHF Dn=n' (' & D > " / " " - # C4%('5D
" .
- Dn& ; &
&pz e&ipz e
&ipz
4:(':
&ipz
4:(('
d& E
z dz&
b& xfe&ipz e
gE
z;
" " " propagation constant b n' k
4:(((
x k& n' Dn:
4:((&
" coupling factor
7 . - - C4%(('D " . E
z a
ze
ipz
a#
zeipz ;
4:((4
" a
z " KK GG E$F- . - a#
z " KK# GG E$F- . -% " - #
C4%(('DN . " " e ipz -- - $ - / " . d& a dz&
&ip
da
b& dz
p& a
xa# ':
4:((;
xa ':
4:((9
-- . " " eipz - d& a # da &ip #
b& dz& dz
p& a#
* " . " . -#- C) (::3D - F $ - - /$ 0 &ip
da#
b& dz
p& a#
xa '
4:((2
94
1 +), 4 !"
&ip
da dz
b&
p& a xa# '
4:((3
C4%((2D > a
z . a#
z z$
# " $ - / d& a # dz&
k& a# ';
4:((5
"" >-- . a#
z: " . -F #- # " grating coupling coef®cient0 k&
x& ;p&
b&
p& &
;p&
:
4:((:
" $ - / - . C4%((5D # a
z: # " k real - " . a#
z b( ekz b& e
kz
:
4:(&'
. " -- . " z ';
" " " # - " # C % 4%4;D% " - # -- " . a#
LA ' P
' P' ; " LA " -" " P' " - "
- " -" P
z " " % " F # " C4%(&'D - b&
b( e&kLA :
4:(&(
# C4%(&'D - " > " # -" . - a#
z &b( ekLA "fk
z
LA g;
4:(&&
# " / C4%((2D > " -" . -0 a
z
&b( ekLA &
b x
p& "fk
z
LA g &ipk "fk
z
LA g:
4:(&4
4%('
95
, AA A, A ,) !)
FIGURE 3.34. # -" E$F- . - - F# %
" C4%(;D " # -. b( . "
- P' ; "
- " # " " 0 P#
'
b&
P' x& "& fkLA g
p& & "& fkLA g ;p& k& "& fkLA g
:
4:(&;
" re¯ectivity " R
kLA P#
'=P' ;
4:(&9
# " . R
kLA "
b&
x&
p& &
"& fkLA g &
" fkLA g
;p& k& x&
&
" fkLA g
#:
4:(&2
. C4%((:D " k - x&
b&
p& & :
4:(&3
96
1 +), 4 !"
" - .-- -" -. . " Bragg wavelength l ; " -" " phase-matched condition F b p;
&pn' =l p=L:
4:(&5
7 " " phase-matched condition - " . > " Bragg wavelength %% l &n' L:
4:(&:
" "$."
- )/% C4%((:D " . k&
x& ; ;p&
4:(4'
" grating coupling coef®cient " . - . k
pDn : l
4:(4(
" . . C4%(&2D " B " R.>
kLA "& fkLA g;
4:(4&
" kLA . " grating strength% " " B " " . % 4%49 " B . % 4%42% " B . # . . C4%(&2D% - " " B . # C4%(4&D " -"% .-- -$
FIGURE 3.35. L " B F# " " " " %
4%('
97
, AA A, A ,) !)
FIGURE 3.36. # B - " "% . ) % KK # A GG J. Lightwave Technology 15 (&33@(&53 # )))%
. . " -" > C4%(&2D " k - # " .% - -. . " -" x&
b& p& & ; C4%((:D k # . . % 7 " $ s
b& p& & x& ; kW ik ;p& ;p&
4:(44
" B . " -" # # " > R
kWLA "
b&
x&
p& &
& fkWLA g &
fkWLA g
;p& kW& x&
&
fkWLA g
#:
4:(4;
B . C. -$ -D ($..$- . " " kLA (:2; C) (::3D % 4%43% / " - " B - " -" " -- " " B % " F -- R
kWLA " kLA p:
4:(49
98
1 +), 4 !"
FIGURE 3.37. . " - > .- B % . ) % KK # A GG J. Lightwave Technology 15 (&33@(&53 # )))%
C4%('9D C4%((&D " C4%(44D ? " " $ -" " F -- b
&pn' ; l Dl
4:(42
" Dl " -" -. . " -" " -- C % 4%45D )/% C4%(49D
>. # " > s & & pLA Dl Dn p;
4:(43 L l &n' . Dl l ; " . #- HF % " - # " half-spectral width " B . s & & L Dn :
4:(45 Dl l LA &n' 7 " " " " - " .-- . - " > . >% C4%(4(D C4%(4&D - " > Dn LA :
4:(4: R.>
kLA "& p L &n'
4%('
, AA A, A ,) !)
99
FIGURE 3.38. # B . " - . . " " . %
7 # " - B / " # - . " # " > . - " - # - . " . >% 7 " $ . # #- " # " -- ""$ B % . . " - " B C #- et al. (::9D LA & :
4:(;' R.>
l ; LA " ':5pDn l >. - "-- . "
- F# "" " -- . #-0 n' (:9; Dn (' ; ; L ':9(3 m. LA 9 ..% " l &n' L (:99 m. Dn LA 95:5% R.> "& p &n' L s & & L Dn ':(25 .: Dl l LA &n'
1 +),
;
!"
4.1 INTRODUCTION " " # " -" " -" " . #- F#
- . % - -" # " " broadband and incoherent " " narrowband and coherent% -" #-# -- " F $ "- . - # # " % 7 "- . "0 .-- / --
# "
- - .# % " # " . " $ "" - " #- # #- .-- ? "" - % " .
. > #- . - C D .%
4.2 LIGHT GENERATION AND GAIN MEDIA )- . -" " F . # " - . > . - " .% " - > # " .- -- - " " % " " -- - . " - .
" .% " " . - C- -D % " .- # "-.@ - - - # - #-" # - " % 7" F - .# " - " ? - . - . - % * 100
101
;%& !A1 A) ), A *)
" - -- # " / F
? . > " # - " . "
" . "" " " " . C % ;%(D% " " - - " -" " KK . %GG 7 " 4 " -" " " -" # # # - . # " . " " . C % 4%5D% " . . # . # -# ) " /. " . " " /-# . / " > " # -" .% " " . KK.- . GG " " . #- " - % " . laser " .0 KK-" . -F # .- . %GG Stimulated emission " > . .. F- "
/ " % " induces " . " > -- # " - " " . " " - " .- " C % ;%&D% . " - . " " " .- " " " . frequency direction, phase " " % 7" . .- . . " -
. -F " -" . . > " "" " " - " C % ;%4D% "
- "
- # Np Nq - " " " > " population inversion n Np
Nq > ';
;:(
" " n " inverted population density " % . - . C%% . - --D% - -
- / " . -F " F-% .. "" -" " " . KKGG KKGG .. ""- $/-# . " F % " ./-# . " .- . - " " . " - C % ;%4D% " .- /-# . " "
- " "" - " # # " Boltzmann distribution Np Nq e
DU=kT
;
;:&
102
1 +), ; !"
FIGURE 4.1. CD . -" . " . - "
% C#D )- " - $ . - - "
- - F- -- " . " > ". " - / F ? ".%
;%& !A1 A) ), A *)
103
FIGURE 4.2. " . 0 CD # C#D . CD .- . %
" DU Up Uq " # " "" - k (:45'3 (' &4 6< ( " Boltzmann constant T " . <- C Nq z
ndn Np z
ndn " number of atoms per unit volume " q p - " " / n%
104
1 +), ; !"
(a)
Nm /N 1
Thermal Equilibrium and Boltzmann Distribution of States
1.0 T
A
T
B
TA 0 1
(b)
3 4 5 6 2 Quantum State <m>
TB
Nm /N 1 1.0
Non-Equilibrium Population Inversion of States Population Inversion Created Between <3> and <2>
0 1
2
3
4 5 6
Quantum State <m> FIGURE 4.3. CD " .- /-# . " -?. # % C#D $ /-# . "
- %
" " # " .- . # " # " " spectral photon density F
n " F- DF
ndn Np Bpq I
nz
ndn
Nq Bqp I
nz
ndn
;:4
- " Bpq Bqp ;
;:;
Bpq Bqp b% -- " C;%4D # DF
ndn nbI
nz
ndn;
;:9
" " spectral photon density - # - " spectral intensity " #. # " - C-" " (::(D0 I
n F
nhnc:
;:2
;%& !A1 A) ), A *)
105
FIGURE 4.4. CD
- # " " " - % C#D )> - -" " " .. " .- /-# . . -F C> - "D -" "
- %
" 4 hn " photon energy% . % ;%; -- " " .- " " #. / n " " " Dz " .. DI
n DF
nhncDz;
;:3
"" C;%3D DI
n nbI
nhnz
ncDz:
;:5
" spectral gain coef®cient C -"D " .. g
n nbhnz
nc;
;::
106
1 +), ; !"
" > C;%:D . / " . dI
n=dz g
nI
n:
;:('
" - " / > - " " F-% I
n; z I
n; ' > g
nz;
;:((
" % ;%;% gain medium # . - . -- " "" " ""
-
# % " "
- C % ;%;D% " " # - *. # -" . B" -.
- " # - % 4%4% " -- % -- # # -
" B" -. # # # - " $ 4 " # - "" . " - " # # C % ;%9D% # " High Reflectivity End Mirror
Output Mirror
Laser Beam
Ruby Crystal Laser Medium
Helical Flashlamp
Ruby Crystal Excited by Flashlamp
Rapid Lattice Relaxation
Flashlamp Light
Band of Transitions Pumped by Flashlamp
Laser State Laser Beam
Ground State
Flashlamp Photons
FIGURE 4.5. ". -- # - . F %
;%4 , @+), L ! ),
107
" " - " # - # . " > " -
- # " " - % -- -" " " " . ". " F - " . F- # ?#- " $
- " # > "
- % * - " - " ." - " " "-
- " - " - C. (:52D% " > population inversion %% Cn > 'D " .$ " F- # F
- % " # -- -" "
/
. " - -- # . -F " - >" " . -F # #- " # "% " - gain medium - " . " --- " "
- "
" - -" #. C % ;%2D% -- " . - - " " .. Fabry±Perot cavity $ . " 4% " -" " .. "
. - - -" " % " -"
" " " .. " -- # . -F " B # " " " .. . -F % " . . " -" #-- F " - % 7 "-- " " " > % " - # " " " . . -> . . - " . - " " Fabry±Perot cavity C +D F % " " -
-- # - ;%3%
4.3 FABRY±PEROT CAVITY LASERS - # . " " " - -- "
" - . " > # " -" - " " " .. . " - " B . " - % " -B " + . " - G threshold condition " -
" #. " . - . - " . .. " + C % ;%2D% ""- B
- . " . - B F r(
" .. " z ' - B -
108
1 +), ; !"
FIGURE 4.6. # @+ - ". -- .- - B %
. " . - B F r& " " " .. z L% 7 . monochromatic plane wave " " x y
" z$ % " " " " -" - E$F-% . " . - " 4%& " I e' cE& ;
;:(&
"" . " " " E$F- > . F c . " E$®eld gain coef®cient " . )/% C;%((D C;%(&D - " c
n g
n=&:
;:(4
109
;%4 , @+), L ! ),
7 " complex propagation constanta # " " " "
- > # " E$F- / n
" " " .. a
n b
n ic
n:
;:(;
. " " E$F- . - " - z ' E' e iot " z L E
n; L E' ei
aL
ot
:
;:(9
" . - e iot .. " - F - % " -" " " " .. -- B -- .% " " -" E$F- / CnD " . " " " . # r& E' eiaL ;
E
n; Lt(
(
;:(2
. - " # " . % ;%2% "
" -" E$F- / CnD " B E
n; Lr( r& E' eiaL :
;:(3
" " - . " " " " .. B " " . " " " " .. " . % " " " " . # E
n; Lt&
(
r& r( r& E' e4iaL :
;:(5
" -- - . . . -- " . E$F- . " . E$F- / n " . E
n; L
(
r& E' eiaL r( r& E' e4iaL r( r& & E' e9iaL . . . :
;:(:
" F " # " . - . E
n; L
(
r( r& E' e&iaL < (%
r&
(
E' eia
nL ; r( r& E' e&ia
nL
;:&'
110
1 +), ; !"
" " - -- " . " " " -- B output mirror% - . )/% C;%&'D )/% C;%(&D " . -# " . I
n I' T
z
n f( G
ng&
( ; ;G
n & fb
nLg ( f( G
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;:&(
" I
n " spectral intensity C - D 7. & 1? ( I' " - -- T " . F " -- B . z
n " line pro®le function " - G
n " double pass gain # G
n r( r& > &g
nL;
;:&&
b
n "
F # )/% C4%('D %% b
n &pnn=c:
;:&4
- " line pro®le function z
n > " ##-
.- . / n - " " - / n' ; % ;%3 z
ndn " ##- . # " / -
n; dn% " " .. " " # @+ - " # .-$ . " % ;%5% " - F- " -
" .# - . # " # @+ % " " - -
"
FIGURE 4.7. ! F- " - %
111
;%4 , @+), L ! ),
FIGURE 4.8. . -F . . A . - - H #- " - " " -% " - .
# . . . " -
" " " - - --
"% " " KK GG - C#D CD " " - -" C#D ." - " CD% . KKLasersGG % )% .
(:52 % ;;2%
> # " gain-modi®ed line pro®le " " " > C;%&(D% " zW n; G
n
z
n ; f( G
ng&
;:&;
" gain curve " .. " " . - - n
" " line center frequency n' ; " - G
n " - " - zW n; G
n % - " "-.@ - " # / ." - " ':( .% . " . - # > 9' .% " " C;%&(D ( O
n; G ; ;G
n & fb
nLg ( f( G
ng&
;:&9
. " gain-modi®ed Airy function
" # @+ .# - - % ;%5% 7 " 4 % 4%&3 " normalized Airy function B . # + " KK#GG ..%
112
1 +), ; !"
" # .. " frequency separation " # @ + . " % 4%&3 # " - Dn
c : &nL
;:&2
" " -"- " .. # F
" - " - $- B " . " % ! . - - " - $- / > - " . -> - . " -
% " .. . . - " " . "
- " double pass gain
" % /
. C;%&(D " " output intensity " - # . - " .- - F
(
G
n ';
& b
nL ':
;:&3
;:&5
" C;%&3D C;%&5D # " .
G r( r& e&gL (;
;:&:
b
nm L mp;
;:4'
" m " F " Fabry±Perot cavity resonance mode% " cavity loss per pass ( ( ;
;:4( g - & r( r& > " F . - " " - population inversion density nc # / " " gain per pass " - / n' )/% C;%:D . H /- " loss per pass %%
gc L nc bhncLz
n' g; "" - # > " . g nc s
n' L
;:4&
;:44
" " stimulated emission cross-section " - / s
n' bhnz
n' c:
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113
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)/ C;%4&D -- " - # #- " -$ " " - g L . # - /- " -$ - " " " . g% )/ C;%44D " / . . " critical value " inverted population density nc % " C;%4'D " Fabry±Perot mode frequencies nm
mc ; &nL
;:49
. " 4 )/% C4%3(D% .. - / " " .. . " " - " " " - - "
- % 7" " " -
" / " " " - $- # @+ . % " ".-- -- % ;%: " " - - " / " " - ." " - - . C D " + % " B " -" " " -
" " .. -" ." " L " "- -" " ..% "
- " .- " / " " F- "" / . - " " / " " F- % . " -. " . "
FIGURE 4.9. " - - F- " # @+ - - " - - " . "" " > " - %
114
1 +), ; !"
- " - " # " - % " . " # . " . " - -- - # @+ . -- " . - " " % " # % ;%(' semiconductor laser injection current . (99 (32 . % " H " ." . " " - " - # " " - " . (
('' # " " (32 . ('' . " (99 . % " - - #
FIGURE 4.10. -$. - . " .-. . -F $ . A - #H H % " " " - - " % . . %)% KKLasersGG C(:52D%
% ;2;%
;%4 , @+), L ! ),
115
FIGURE 4.11. * "
- - - . " - " - # .-- B " - %
#% - " # - B ""
- . - " # .-- B$ #- - . H % " " KK. "
GG -- . " . - . ." # " - . % ;%((% " -- # . . " - . - F#
% - gain saturation " -. " " - . " " - F - # )/% C;%&(D% "- " C;%&:D C;%4'D " necessary suf®cient - % A - $
. " -. . -#- " - " . "
- % )" . " " #
. " "" " - -#- " - #. " " " .- . % " " " . " # > " . " -. - " # -. # "
. %
116
1 +), ; !"
4.4 SEMICONDUCTOR RADIATION SOURCES .# " F#
% # -F .# " / . " " # # " . #- # F% " - / . " " . . "
% !" " broadband narrowband
pulsed continuous . % "-- " - "
"
- F# -. " -" " "- " .. " ." . - C D " . " " - # # # # - % " " # . > " " " F "
- F# - # F
/ signal-to-noise ratio " " % !- " # F # coherent incoherent% 7 "-- - " . " " " F
" " # -- --% - semiconductor -" " F#
- # " .-- " - / . "" . . ""- #- . $ - . # % . # -F -- 0 (% !" . C!)D &% -. C!D 4% ! C!D # " - . " # " . . -% semiconductor -- . " - " electrical conductivity " - # " - metals insulators% " $ . - - # F- " # - .
" - . % )- " . .. " . . - " - CD "-
- " - . # / . C@LD -. " #-% - - -" -- .-- $" ? " # # > . ." > .- -
. - " - #-- -- % > .-
# . . # . - gallium arsenide CA D indium phosphide C+D " . "" /- "
;%; )* , , ,)
117
% " C " - D . . > .- " - . - - A + " #
" # C % ;%(&D% #
- " energy bandgaps p±n junctions electron±hole recombination% 7 - " " - " - . > /? " F -- % 4%3% 7" - .# " . > - " -- . # C % ;%(4D% " . - # - F #% " . " valence conduction #% - . # - - > " -- F
" .. " .% " " /. # - ""- - -? % 4%3% " " " conduction CD # - " " - . " " " - "
- - F-% )- " - " - # " $ L$#% " forbidden energy zone . . " bandgap energy CEg D% . # " .-- quanta of radiation C"nD > - . " L$#
" $#% - - - . " . -
% Insulator . - - - " - # C>4 LD
-- - - - # " .-- > . " L$# " $# " . - >"# > .- - - -
FIGURE 4.12. - " . - " %
118
1 +), ; !"
C % ;%(;D% 7 ." " " - " L$#
. " B
- - F- #
" - - " . -% " " / . . " /? . -% - " Pauli exclusion principle " KK - " . /. %GG - . "
. " . /. % " " - -- " .G . F-- " "- " - . " L$ #% -- " " L$# C%% F-- " - D " - . % 7" " L$# - > " .-- " $ # " # . . " . " KK" -GG - #" " L$# - . % " #
. - % F-- # > " - . #- " " . #- . " " -- " . #- #H " % " .-- . " . #- " - " - " " . #- # - -- " " - # - " " - " "
" . #- C - D% # ." " " " - - . #- " . . % .- . " C" -D " L$# " - " .
- - F- "
" " -
FIGURE 4.13. # " . -- - . " KK GG KK-GG # - . . " .%
;%; )* , , ,)
119
- % " / # " > - " - " " - . -- # " -% 7" . " > - #- " " -
# " L$# electron±hole recombination " > - " . C % ;%(9D% " / " - n . - . # " bandgap energy CEg D %% hn Eg ;
;:42
. "" " -" l " - $" - .# $ # l hc=E :
;:43
FIGURE 4.14. . " . F . - -
.- - . . -%
120
1 +), ; !"
metal " # .-- . - " .-- # > - " " $# " #- . " B
- - F- " " "" - " " .- % ;%(;% Semiconductor . - C- ..D -- # " > . .- - - > " $# - -- - - % " " # - # #-
. . -%
" donor -. # - " $# . ntype . - " .H % " # " . " - electron af®nity " " " . #- . " - " " $#%
" acceptor -. C . " "" electron af®nity " " " .D . - . " L$# " - C % ;%(2D . p$ . " .H % " . #- - " p$ . - " " - " n$ . - minority carriers%
- . .# p$ n$ . - % " -" " - @" - .# -
- " bandgap energy )/% C;%43D F -" / . .$ . - " "
" % " -" . " " - @" - .#
" .
" -
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121
;%9 !A1$)* A ) TABLE 4.1 +
- !) ! * - * A+ - A + -A = A +
CLD
7-" Cm.D
&%&; &%': (%;& (%44 '%4;
'%99 '%9: '%53 '%:4 4%2'
A--.@+" " -..@ A--.@ .@+" " .@
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- # % . . . - . . L -. " #- # " " -" -" F / .% " .
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4.5 LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES - -" " . # . -" # p±n junction " p$ n$ . - H " " % " p±n H . #
" . # homojunction% p±n H . " . . - . heterojunction% -" " " - . - -" F " . - . . -" # . . " H$ %
p±n H . . " - . " n$ . - . " "" -
p$ . - "- . " - . " p$ . - " n$ . -% " " - -? CD " p$ . - -? C $ D " n$ . -% " depletion layer "
- C# D # " p$ n$ . - " H F . " " B " .H
122
1 +), ; !"
" p±n H C % ;%(3D% - # " " H -- " KK - - GG # . -. -- -
. #- .H " .
" #- . -
% forward bias voltage C -
- " p$ " H D "
.
- " H " # - ? " - " - . " n$ p$ . - . " H .# -" . C % ;%(5D% " " # " light-emitting diode C!)D "
. -" . "" - H % "" H - .# - " - " . C" p±n H D " " .# " " . C % ;%(5D% " !)
- P' # > " . C-" " (::(D P' ZhnJ=e;
;:45
" J " !) H n " . / -" e " - " % Z " - F - " F -" " F " "" " -" . " " " %
!) -- .-- H > ('' . % 1 "-- - - "
- " -$.
- F# %
FIGURE 4.16. ". -- n$ p$ . . -% . $ . -
- " # " - " . " - p$ . -%
;%9 !A1$)* A )
123
FIGURE 4.17. ". " . p n H 0 CD p$ n$ . -N C#D # # " H .N CD " " - ? . . " " - 7N CD " # " H % . KKOptoelectronics, An IntroductionGG & ) 6% 7- Q 6% % % 1 + 1-- - (:5: % 2&%
" - # . . # !) " " . " % - " spectral width Dl 7 C -" "- .>.. ""D !) " # C-" " (::(D% " . )/% C;%43D " " - " -" " . . !) " .% " -- " A + !) . % ;%(: CA (:5;D% - " # ('' . #- !)
# (:9 m.% " " !) " - " - # B % Low coherence -- # " -- . " . - . C " ('D "- - #- # B " >
- - C " 9D% - )/% C;%43D "
124
1 +), ; !"
FIGURE 4.18. "
- # - p H "
- C " #D " " - C " - #D " " " p n H % " " - " -"$. %
. -" !) " # " . . - . " p±n H N %% lm.
(:&; : Eg L
;:4:
!) surface-emitting edge-emitting C % ;%&'D% )>. - - #- !) " " % ;%(:% " surface-emitting !) !) . -"
. . " " --- " - " p±n H % " .
- $. " Burrus diode C -" (:55@:3D ".-- -- % ;%&(% " " - .-.
- F# - # butt coupled " " F# "- - " > % ;%&(% " " -- " . -" # -- - . " H - # - .- " -" C( &OD - "
- F# % " $F- . $. !) .- " Lambertian source " " -" y " y " - . " . - .-% Microlenses " - . " F -" -
- F# C -" (:55@:3N A (:5;D% ) " " . - F- - ." -" . !) " .-- -$.
- F# C (:59D%
;%9 !A1$)* A )
125
FIGURE 4.19. )>. - . !) . 0 CD - . $
A N C#D . A + !) " " - . % . 7 % C(:5&D KK+ . ,-#- 1" , A +=+ 1 !) " (%(9@(9 m. 7-" , GG ))) J. Quantum Electronics, QE 18 425@43;%
edge-emitting !) )!) " " -"$ - " # - . - " # - > % " double heterojunction F C-" " (::(D % ;%&& F # " " B " -" . " . F #- - .
- - .
- F# " !)% " H - - > .# " " stripegeometry " -"$ - . optical waveguide " F " -" " total internal re¯ection " # " % ;%&&% . - light guiding "
- F# -- # " 9%
126
1 +), ; !"
FIGURE 4.20. ". -- CD C#D . -"$. % . ! )%6% C(::5D KK ! !" .. + GG Laser World 34C(D% # +-- " . %
- )!) - - - - . " ""$/- # - .
" B ---
" )!)% " . " #- B C4'OD " "" > " . . - Cn 4:2 A n 4:9 +D%
- " -" )!) . -- " . " - # ('' m. . 4'' m. " B "
" " "
- $ B % " -
" -" " #H " H
;%9 !A1$)* A )
127
FIGURE 4.21. ""$ $. % . %*% % KKOptical SourcesKK , " . . KKOptical Fiber Sensors, Principles and ComponentsGG (:55 -" C) D% " 1 %
* % "" % .%
% ;%&4% " -- " # - " "- "- " -"$ ?
" - " "" . % - F. " -" " - " H # " H - - > % " "- " - " #. " C - " H -D # 4' % " - " #. " H - # - (&' % ;%&4% " - - - .# " " .-- . " . " )!) -- F - - -$.
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" "
- .- . F " . #- " H % 1 - #
" B . # " % " . -" " " " "
- B # .
128
1 +), ; !"
FIGURE 4.22. + - F # $. #- " $ H %
" -"$ .-- - " % / -
- F# ! " / #- # B % " . - ! - "
- - B #-" % ,- "/ " " # C -.D --$
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129
FIGURE 4.23. ". $. !) # " - %
- " % " - " . ! -- . -
- -$ .
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- 5 .7 - " " " %
4.6 SEMICONDUCTOR LASER DIODES ! . . . . - .- !) " " - diode junction devices " " surface$ edge-emitting% " - # !) ! " " -" . .
FIGURE 4.24. !" " "
- . -. . - !$42' % + . # -. !%
130
1 +), ; !"
" . -- . spontaneous emission "- " " - stimulated emission " #- " % L -- -- - F#
- . . "-- " !% " - # " " vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers CL)!D > - -
. " - (::' . " " . -- - F#
- . C6-- et al. (::& #D% . " " - ! > .- .-- F - . - . # " - - / .% " . " ""
- . . # .- - "" # " "- " (4% " / " # " -
" . - - # " peak gain coef®cient Cg D " injection carrier concentration CDnD C-" " (::(D g z
Dn Dn
( ;
;:;'
" z Dn . " " -- -.0 7" Dn '; g z " z " absorption coef®cient " . . - " absence of carrier injection% 7" Dn Dn ; g 'N " Dn " transparency injected carrier concentration " " - Dn "" . H #- # % " . - % ;%&9 "
" - Dn " " H " .. " . absorber " - -" ampli®er " % " (''O " H J " " " " J
ewdLDn ; t
;:;(
" t " lifetime C- D e " charge " w; L; d " width length thickness " % ;%&2% )/ C;%;(D . -- "
;%2 )* , ! ), )
131
FIGURE 4.25. ! "
- g
Dn - " > H " Dn " .# n %
H B " " " - % " -- " C;%;'D . " H J ( ;
;:;& g z J " J " H % . - " . - . "
FIGURE 4.26. ". # p@n H %
132
1 +), ; !"
"" - " > " . . - - " - - .- " H %
" " " -"% " intensity re¯ection coef®cient .- " . @ R
n ( n(
&
:
;:;4
" A n 4:2 R 4&O% 7 - " - )/% C;%4(D0 ( ( : g - & r( r& 7 " " effective cavity loss per unit length " z # C;%4(D # L - ( ( - z :
;:;; &L r( r& ! - - -" # # con®nement factor G "" "
- F " CG < (D% "" " total loss per unit length ( ( :
;:;9 - z &GL r( r& ! " " gain per length > " loss per length %% g > z % " " " - #-" # g z )/% C;%;&D J ( :
;:;2 z z J . " / " " critical injection current J " .0 z z J J :
;:;3 z -- .# . " -" " . " internal quantum ef®ciency Zi Z t=t ;
;:;5
133
;%2 )* , ! ), )
" t " electron±hole radiative recombination lifetime% " )/% C;%;(D - J
ewdLDn ; Z t
;:;:
7" " C;%;3D " critical injection current # -% 7 "-- -- C-" " (::(D / " " " . " .# - " - % 7 "-- . " critical injection current A +=+ #-$" . - " H . ! &'' m.; (' m. d ':( m.% " F. -" . # C%% G (D " . - F0 z ((5 . ( . B 4(O% 7 - . "0 D (:&9 ('(5 . 4 z 2'' . ( tr &:9 ; Z ':9 T 4'' <% " transparency current density # " / JT 4& . " " " - - Jc 45 . "" - " .
" #-$ " -
. . % # " " - " output laser power CPL D # - -
" # " - H " " - - C-" " (::(D P! Z! fJ
J g
(:&; ; l!
;:9'
" Z! laser ef®ciency -- " internal quantum ef®ciency " emission ef®ciency% " - PL -- # .-- " - -" l! .--. " H .--. % " A + - #
" H ;9 . -"
(:4 m. " - F ;'O " - &:3 .7% " spectral distribution " - . - # " 0 " -" - "" " F g
l > " - F z " " - # - " . " -" " # @+ . . " - " " F- - "0 g
l > z ; " F " .>.. -" - " - %
134
1 +), ; !"
7 . " " net gain spectral width Dl C % ;%&3D% " / " . " Fabry±Perot cavity . - " Dl " -" " - - . Dl , % " $ -" # H + . . )/% C;%&2D " # - 0 Dl
l& =cDn " free spectral range l&
;:9( Dl , : &nL
" - ." .-- " " - " " / " # . "" " + . -- -S " " . . - # " - % " $# -> " " . . - " -- " + . " " - " ##- - " " homogeneous linewidth% " . " - -" > . -- " > - " -" " " " .- . - - - > C " . - @" - D " -" % ;%('% - - " . . "
- " . - " .>.. " F- " "
FIGURE 4.27. A - - - " - . " - "%
;%2 )* , ! ), )
135
" . -- " > " " + . % - " " - - -- - + . " " -- - " - # . - longitudinal C +D . - .- - A + -
(:4 m. C % ;%&5D% Spatial hole burning " - "
- " - " " " E$F- " / ""% "
- " ." - - " " " E$F- ...% "
#- " " " / " E$F- -
" ... E$ F- " F / > . "
- C % ;%&:D C-" " (::(D% " -" " longitudinal modes " " - -- " % " . " ? 4' *1? C 0 (' *1? 5 (' 9 .; (:99 m.D% " . " - . . - . # " " " % " " - " " -" -" Cd=lD ." - " " - - - . "
- " H -% " " " w #- - " " -" -" l " - --
- . " - " H % - - " .-- " " " " " .# " lateral modes C % ;%4'D% - " .# - - . -. # " "" . - %
FIGURE 4.28. - # (%4$m. A + > # $" $ - % . -" %)% % " *%% KKFundamentals of PhotonicsGG # (::( 7- % , # . 6 " 7- %
136
1 +), ; !"
FIGURE 4.29. - " - # - % CD 1" # @+ . l1 - F - "
- - -% C#D > "" - - . " - . " -
- # .. - l2 :
"
- buried-heterostructure - 1@! C % ;%4(D -F index guided - - > . - " " gain region F " -" " - " H "- " - > - H " F. " - " H -% "
- F. " 1@! $ G - " " - H " .-- " " "
- - - . % " - - " " - $ - . " " 1@!
" fundamental transverse mode% " $A . "
;%2 )* , ! ), )
137
FIGURE 4.30. ". -- - # - - - . Cl; m
1; 1;
1; 2 C( 4D " " " " %
. . F- - " - -$.
- F# % .
- / " . - - F. # " -" ridge waveguide - - > C. (::'D% " " " w " " d " far-®eld angular divergence -- # l=w C D " - --- " H l=d " - - " H C % ;%4&D% 1@!
(:9 m. " w 4:' m. d (:' m. " $F- - " #. ':9' C&: D "
FIGURE 4.31. . # $" H . $ - # A = /.$-- % . 1" 6% KK $ - . GG Laser Focus World 28C9D * (::: %(&3 #+-- " . %
138
1 +), ; !"
FIGURE 4.32. - # " . - % . -" %)% % " *%% KKFundamentals of PhotonicsGG # (::( 7- % , #
. 6 " 7- %
- --- " H (:9 " - - " H %
4.7 NARROWBAND (DBR AND DFB) LASER DIODES .
- ""- #- " " - -
- + - - . " " -"% . - - #- . " -
- - - . # -" L " " " - " + . )/% C;%9(D " " - " %% Dl , > Dl : - "
" - - - "" " " - C*-- <. (:55D% " #
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- # " - # # . " /$- B % " - " "
- # "
"% " " # " - #$
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139
" " ." ? "" / . % " F distributed Bragg re¯ectors C ,D > -
" . DBR laser diode% " .
- - " . - # # . C % ;%44D% " C D . " " H " % " 4%(' # -" l &n L;
;:9&
# $ B . " " n " effective > " -"$ L " " grating corrugation " - % B$ . % ;%4;% " B . F " effective gain curve " Bragg grating bandwidth Dl Dl #- " - + . -- " Dl " / " -" " - #
" #- % ;%49% - #
" - - " . " . . - " # . % " - " # " )/% C;%43D " # . " " N " " - " " - - #
""% " . . , - " - -" # - --
#- -"
FIGURE 4.33. ". # B C ,D - %
140
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FIGURE 4.35. -$. -
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;%3 ,,7 C , D ! ), )
141
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5.5 OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES " " -
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FIGURE 7.23. " > - " > .- "/ -- % 3%&&% . 1 +%6% , %6% 6 % % T" !% % C(::3D KK.- .$ . * 7-" *-$
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FIGURE 7.24. "# A@) + . " .#- *"@T" . " ) + ." A " A% . !% % ! # ,# % % 6% !% " % KK.- -. . "$-" - $F $- " F# GG Smart Materials and Structures @ - # 7 (::5 (5:@(:5% " . . " +" +#-" !%
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7.6.2 Combinations of FBGs " A .# "/ " #
" .- . . . % " . - - # "- A " - " " "- ."- C % 3%&9D% " " A " # > # " . " "- " - > " . $ " C! (::3D% >. - " - split spectrum . A " -- # - #.
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297
FIGURE 7.25. CD . $ . A "" "- " A $ - " - - . % C#D #-$ B . . " A " -- # " CD% . ! %!% 6%% C(::3D KK. - *" * . >- .- - $ # $A GG SPIE Smart Sensing, Processing and Instrumentation 3042 &43@&;2%
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" - # " " .# " " . -% 7 " 3%; "
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301
FIGURE 7.29. " . . A +
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302
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- F# % . *% *% 1. <% ? % 7 % ." ,% (::3 KK.- * . . + # A KK (&" $ - - # 7--.# (3'@(34%
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FIGURE 7.31. ". -- # F# " - .
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7.6.3 Long-period gratings "
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7.6.4 Use of Brillouin scattering 2%2 -"
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Table 7.1 . F A -- . A --
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55:1 0:4 <1? me 1
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7.7 TEMPERATURE-INDEPENDENT STRAIN SENSORS
- " " # .# " " " -- # " " .- > F " " . - " " F#
.#
. $ F#
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317
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- . % . V *%$A% ".#- 6%$!% , !% 6%+% KK - # A $ GG Proc. SPIE 2292 ;'3@;(40 # ! V +- ,%+% C)%D%
"
- F# . % " -. - - " #-. "
" / % 1 " .- " . . !+A . F- -" .- -> - " % "
" -
. $ " " - # . . #- F#
" KK-GG " .-
% ---- et al. C(::9D . " " - " .-
" - " > # @+ - # -. ( me ( % " . -" # - " B F# " " .- F# " " .- > F " - " " " #- C % 3%94D% $ - " " $. -$ F "" . ". > " " # - $. " " % " . " - " ,+ . - " - " " " .- > F " - F - " ,+%
322
1 +), 3 # .
FIGURE 7.51. CD .-- " -" " . " -- !+A " . % " " " . " . " 100 " . % C#D ! " -" " . " -- !+A " % " " " " . " .% . " et al% C(::3#D KK. $ ! $+ A , > GG SPIE 3042 &9%
3%5 , @)*+), ,) ,$) L
323
FIGURE 7.52. . " - . $ !+A " . " C&9 125 D " - X C' mED C9'' mED C('' mEDY% . " et al% C(::3#D KK. $ ! $+ A , > GG SPIE 3042 &9%
FIGURE 7.53. ". . $ ) + # " " " .- > F ." " " " % . ---- % - A% C(::4D KK7" !" . *. # $ GG Optics Letters 18 35@5'%
7.8 STRAIN±TEMPERATURE CROSS-SENSITIVITY . - . " " # . -- " # " " $
" . $
F "
- " . % " . - - . - " #
324
1 +), 3 # .
" - . - ." . F-% " - # )/% C3%;D # - -- # " - . " - - > % - - De DT " . - # #- "" $ . " > % " > . - - # " strain and temperature cross-sensitivity term # " " . cross-sensitivity coef®cient Ce;T " .- " De DT %% Dz! Se De ST DT Ce;T DeDT: z!
3:39
" et al. C(::'D L et al. C(::'D " " "
- F# " $ . -#- - - . $ > % 1 " - # " " $$ F
- " -" "
- F# " - $-" . - - # B # - . > " " % " et al. C(::'D " . " Ce;T (' 5 ( me ( m ( % . . - . $ " # # $
- F# 244 23' . # * et al. C(::3D% " C(::4D " " " . - ? $.
- F# -- $ F# . - #- $ " # $
- F# %
1 +),
5
-- * -
8.1 INTRODUCTION -#- - F#
- "
# --
- "" " " .# " % - " " # - " " # - " - - - % "
- F# " " " - % "
" " .H B " - - " -- " "
- F# " " " % - . # " # " - # .#
- F# " ,+ . $ " . -% " # stress concentration " .#
- F# " " " G . . . . " " G " - % 7"
- F# # " - " " - .# " - - " # % " " >. " " " " # F#
- F #
- - > - . " ..- B " " G " #-%
8.2 INSTALLATION OF FIBER OPTIC STRUCTURAL SENSORS -- F#
. -" - " " # " - " # 4 . "" 325
326
1 +), 5
-- * -
FIGURE 8.1. - F# " +B>* "$ #%
% "
- F# # . > # " " " # " +B>* C % 5%(D% 7 "-- " . ®ber optic cable . jacketed " --
- F# % *-- et al. C(::3D " -
- B F# - ## " 8$
- F# % " ®ber optic ribbon cable - F #
- " .# F#
/ - " . - . % "
- - " B ## "" - . . -> " - .% " - # - " " - " " % " - . F#
- % "
"" " -- 0 .- ,+ . . -% " F -- % #- " " " " # - # " " - " " # . -
#-%
5%& !! ), + ,, ! ) ,
327
8.2.1 Surface installation on metal structures " "/ # F#
.- " - -- " . - " " " - " % - " - " > .- . . -
- # . - " - " - " " " - . -
" .% #- " F#
" " - # . .-- .- - " # - - - C % 5%&D% " / # - A . ElectroPhotonics Corporation ) + . Roctest% 7" F#
# . - . " - - - " # -
FIGURE 8.2. 7-#- F#
% " . )- +" - %
328
1 +), 5
-- * -
# 5 cm A A % 5%4% B"# B B 2 mm "- - " # - C % 5%4#D% " -- - " " " > " # . - - % " " - # " > .-- # 4 6 mm - " H # - C % 5%4D% .
" " # - . " # 1 mm " "# A A . > > . " B"$ # C % 5%4D% " F#
" - " # - " > . - " " A A " "
FIGURE 8.3. ". -- " > # " > --
F#
% KK-- , # GG (::5% " . %
5%& !! ), + ,, ! ) ,
329
H F> " .-- " B"$ # C % 5%4D% " " # "
- F# " sensor should never be touched - " I H J " - # "-% -- " .
--
- " #- # . > # " H "
- F# " .-% " > - . " -- " > -- % " - - # > " - . " # " . #- ## " " # " " - ## - C % 5%4 D%
8.2.2 Installation on or within concrete structures " existing concrete structures # . .
" " -- "
- F# - " % " - >. - " . .- # ,+ " *#" , - + . - . - ,+ "#- " " C % 5%;D% " -# > . #- - . " F#
" C % 5%9D " " - #- - % " " " - # .
" " " " "- % $ .- " # # C -- % 5%4D " - " # -?% " .# " ,+ -. > . - " - F #
- " -
- # #% &; "
- --
% " -. " " F#
" # " " > -% . " . ###- " . - " > # " -.
" % "
- F# " - # - --- " " H
- " -. " . #. " % ! /
- F# #- . . " -. ? - " # -% " F#
#- " - - # #- " . . . - % " # # -- -- .-- F .. " .-- B " H - % >. - F#
- . " . " - C* et al. (::5D " % 5%2% " - - f 1 12g
- F# $
330
1 +), 5
-- * - Electrical Cables
Concrete Column
Optoelectronic Demodulation Boxes FBG Sensor Embedded within Protective Patch
Protected Optical Fiber Cable
FRP Rehabilitation and Strengthening Wrap
FBG Sensor Embedded within FRP Wrap
FIGURE 8.4. -- ." -- F#
> % C(D " .# " ,+ " # " % C&D " .# " "#- "$ ,+ %
- " " .% " # # "
- nitrile rubber sealant butyl rubber sheets % 5%4 % " . -- --
" -- - # . " - # .> " - % . - . - - # " " F#
C % 5%3D% #- #- #- " .
# -- . " " " " " " - # % # ,+ . - -- -- - -
" % " & : .# # " - # " +, - . " $
% " .
" " - - % &%9#
5%& !! ), + ,, ! ) ,
331
FIGURE 8.5. . F#
" -.%
-% * "
- F# # " ,+
/ .$ .
/ " - - . - "
"
> # " " " % " - ,+ " " #
% " . # . .
" . " % 1
" - . " # F# " - " % #- #- - " F#
" -
" " # .>.. - - % " -- " # .- . " . - " ." . #- " " - "" 9%2% # - " "
# " "- - # " ".
.- " # .- " - # -- #-% " F#
#- - -. " . "
332
1 +), 5
-- * -
FIGURE 8.6. #
. " - .
" - # # -- " %
C % 5%5D% " - metal housing - #
" > -"
- F# " " " # " % 5%: :%4: :%;'% "
- F# #- " " - "- . . / " . % 7" . . . " " "
- F# # . -- metal tube with two end ¯anges # " " C % 5%('D%
" ElectroPhotonics Corporation Roctest " " % " 0 # - " .> - # / "" " .>% " " instrumented briquettes
- - -#- " " - " - " $ .- % "-- " (' . . Smartec ? - " > " -
et al. C(::2D -
long gauge F#
.
5%& !! ), + ,, ! ) ,
333
FIGURE 8.7. - # . " # F#
-- " % - - " " #- ## " " "
- F# #- - " %
" . " .- . - % " . " # " " .
% " . . F#
-# " . #- ."
#- - -- - - # .
" - % . "
- - " F#
-- # -" #- " # " - #-. " " " % * - . -- -#- . $ " . "#
-0 KK-- , # GG% Prefabrication " ®ber optic structural monitoring . remote communications -- ##- # " " " - " . -- $ % " ,+ " $ . " - " : " % 5%(( #
334 1 +), 5 -- * -
FIGURE 8.8. - F#
. # " " ." - . % "
- F# #- - " ." " - " %
5%& !! ), + ,, ! ) ,
335
FIGURE 8.9. )>. - " - .- " " " F#
#- " % " " "
F# #- C D " % " . %
FIGURE 8.10. -- F#
.#$ " # % " . )- +" - %
# + * )*+ " F
" " . - - ) % )$ -- - " " . " F#
" - # -. "#- . . $ " %
336
1 +), 5
-- * -
FIGURE 8.11. ,+ " . # # + * . -" " . - % " . %
8.2.3 Installation within FRP laminated structures -- F#
- " FRP laminated structures
#
"" ..? " . "
. " " # % " .#
- F# " # #-" " " - . " - -$ ".% " > " "
- F# - " # . . " . . / .% " ingress=egress points - # #-" . . #- " " . " - -.% "
- F# > ,+ " " " " .. # " # " % .. "
- F# " " " . # " " - " ,+ - - "
- F# F-- . . " " "
- F# -% " ,+ . " > " optical ®ber pigtail . . strain relief . # % - # "
%
5%& !! ), + ,, ! ) ,
337
FIGURE 8.12. CD ! .#
- F# . " " . F# = > - " - 1$ % C#D # ,+ - - "
- " " .#
- F# . % , . ! - *% * ,%*% C(::&D KK. . . . * - " ).# # GG J Composite Engineering 2 934@9:2 " . . )- %
" . F# = > - " % 2%;# >. - ,+ " . " - 2D$ .#
- F# CA-
et al. (::'D% " "
- F# .# " - - " " % 5%(& . " " " " " -- " -" " $ # . " -" " % 5%(&# C! - * (::&D% * ,+ -. . .# - . . . - F " " " " . > . - # . -/$- . . " $-% "
- F# - " # .# - "
- " . " " " " " . - - "
338
1 +), 5
-- * -
% " F# /- -
- - . > . - -- # - " .# " F# . " - " > - F# # # %
8.3 FIBER OPTIC SENSOR INTEGRATION WITHIN FRP MATERIALS " " " -- - " F#
- " .# " ,+ . . - .#
/ 0 (i)
do embedded optical ®ber sensors degrade the performance and=or life of the host structure, (ii) can the far-®eld host strain be accurately determined from a measurement of the strain within the optical ®ber, (iii) how effective is the strain transfer from host to sensor, especially when steep strain pro®les are being measured.
"-- "
"
- F# - - " . % " F " # -0
- F# " " "
- " -
F# % " F / -- --% .#
- F# 0 CD microscopic stress concentrations . "" -- -- " " - " " -- " - CD macroscopic damage " -- - " G - %
" B "
.#
- F# " "
continuum mechanics% )- " " .-- " - - - - " " .. " " - # F # ." " C % 5%(4D% " -- stress concentration - " . -% 7 % &%4' "
- F# .# " ,+ . . - --- " H F# - - - " " " . -% " .." " " # " . - stress concentration -% " " .# F#
-- . - - F -" " # . " "
- F# # " . " . % C(::9D "
5%4 ), + ) , )A, 71 ,+ * ), !
339
FIGURE 8.13. ". F " " " - -$- -% . 6%% % KK - # [ . *"GG KKFiber Optic Smart StructuresGG ) 6% C)%D # (::9 7- % , # . 6 " 7- %
. obtrusivity " > " # " - #- f g " " .#
- F# % Obtrusivity - " -# " # . . " " >% " F . / # - ."- . -$ -
- F# " - $# # et al. C(:53D " # - " " -. . . - " .#
F# % ? et al. C(:5:D " # . " F Moire interferometric study " F- "
- F# .# "= > -. % " " - " > lenticular resin-rich " .
- F# .# . angle " indigenous reinforcing ®bers% " resin eyes " .. " - -- % 5%(; "" -
" notation # # " " / " - " ,+ " .#
- F# % ? et al. C(:5:D - " ? " " $ " ?
340
1 +), 5
-- * -
FIGURE 8.14. CD - F# .# --- - - - % C#D - F# .# ;9 - - - . % CD - F# .#
- " - - - - " . - %
5%4 ), + ) , )A, 71 ,+ * ), !
341
" " / H -. # F- " % " . " - -$ . # Moire interferometry
-
'& =:'& = f:'g=:'& ='& :'& ='& = f:'g='& =:'& >- $ . # " "
- F# ." - #$ f%% . g " - - F- " "
- F# 90 " F# " " - " ".% " # " .# - " F % " 902 . - 90 % ) " " * R /
" "
- F# " " - - F-% .- # -" et al. C(:5:D " $ . " - ? et al. C(:5:D . " % # -" et al. C(:5:D - " . > "" "
- " " "
- F# =" . :'; ='; = f:'g='; =:'; "$ > -.% "
. > . . " - " . -. . --
F# =-. . . .% -
F# ?$ " " strain perturbations
.#
- F# # . F . " 100 mm - 5%9% " > . F . # " " - . C(::2D%
8.3.1 Obtrusivity of embedded ®ber optic structural sensors " " obtrusivity " .# F#
-# # " basic opto-thermo-mechanical / C3%49D - ? -"% " # . " . " / " .-? " " sensor optical path length # 0 DzL eF( zL
n&' F e p ( fp p(& g
eF& eF4 ; & ( (& & ((
5:(
" eF( " axial strain eF& ; eF4 " transverse components of strain "
- F# % " " . " . " " strain in the optical ®ber is the same as that in the hostN %% H H
eF( ; eF& ; eF4
eH ( ; e& ; e4 ;
5:&
342
1 +), 5
-- * -
- " rarely " " # " "
- F# " . " - - " " / . $F- f #g -% C(::9D " #H " .# - "/ - " . . F0 KK" "
- F# / . " $ F- - " " GG% - " " " +! " " " host far-®eld strain " . ." # "
- F# " " # % " # " -
" " # " . - -- -$ . . " " "
- F# " C et al. (::'D% " " # #- . " #H C 1-" (::(N (::&N *" (::4N <. et al. (::4D% * "
- F# elastic cylindrical inclusion " " " -- -. .- .# " $F- # . # " -
- " " % *" C(::4D . " > "" obtrusivity B " calibration .# F#
# > .-- . " "
*"$T" . " " F#
" . - % " phase sensitivity " F0 Sf
Df ; Le(
5:4
" Df " " " " . -" L >- e( % " >- " F#
# " . " " " " > . generalized plane strain " 1-direction . >% " - " > . " " " " - - # 1-" C(::(D % 5%(9% " .- 1 C(:35D . - " =" . " " zero coupling of host transverse strain "
- F# " " axial strain in the ®ber matches that of the host% /- " " - % 5%(9 " Butter and Hocker model # " " ? - -% " " " - " F " " . - 1 G . - # " " optical ®ber stiffness is 10-times greater than that of the host material "
- F# - -- " " . -% - " " "
-
5%; 1) !) ) ), + A
343
FIGURE 8.15. L " . " " " F# " > .- CnD 1 . - CsD 1- . - CuD%
F# .# " ,+ . . - -- " " H F# % -" " " - F F#
" " #
- /-- - intrinsic Fabry±Perot ®ber Bragg grating % 1 F#
$ . # $ " " ) + ! ) insensitive to transverse strain /- - # - - % " ." . " " 1 . - # # / C3%;(D%
8.4 THE INFLUENCE OF FIBER OPTIC COATINGS " " - " B optical ®ber coatings " =" " "
344
1 +), 5
-- * -
" .#
- F# % " - # # " - .. " - F# . # > . " - " -
.
surface microcracks . % " .
- - -. " -
- ." " - . "" . " " . % C " et al. (::3D # " thermoset polyimide coatings . 300 C . " 100 C -
- % + C(::&D C(::4D " " #H
.#
- F# . - ". - " F- - -
" . - C % 5%(2D% " "
- F# " - "
% % 5%(3 " " " "
- F# # " " " . - " optical ®ber coating - - " - % - " " " " " " "
- F# " " " . - " - " " " " . >% - " " " " . > " " " " C+ (::&D% " >- - " > "
- F# .>.. " " C % 5%(3#D C(::4D% C(::&D " "
- F#
- . "
"
" > ."-- KK
.-GG " .#
- F# % "
.? " # " . . ." fobtrusiveg - --
FIGURE 8.16. ". " . - >. " B . " .#
- F# % . 6%% % KK" , - ! - # . GG J. Intell. Mater. Syst. & Structures 4 &2'@&3( " . +#-" % % # (::4%
5%; 1) !) ) ), + A
345
FIGURE 8.17. CD L " F# " " " " F# C - F# D - " " " . -% C#D L " F# " " " F#
- - " " . - G . -% CD . + %)% C(::&D KK! - " # GG Smart Materials and Structures J 1 93@2& " . +" +#-" !% C#D . 6%% % KK - # = . *"GG Fiber Optic Smart Structures )% C)%D " . . " . +#-" % % # (::9%
. " . " " % . - - "" - "
- F# . -
$ > B # thermal expansion mismatches " . % C(::&D "
346
1 +), 5
-- * -
" ? -- . " .#
- F# #- "
- F# .# --- " F# - >- % >. - " -- C % 5%(5D "
.- coating radius to ®ber radius = " coating design space "$ > " " - - + G '%4% Design space F # " coating Young's modulus f .-? # G . -g - coating Poisson's ratio% " .- " % 5%(5D "
.# " - -. " " " . . - >- - % . , C(::&D " optimal coating concept -- .#
- F# # #- " - . et al. C(::( (::(#D% " optimal coating parameter curves ..? " " " - % 5%(:% " - > " " coating's Young modulus Yc " host's transverse modulus YtH % " " ? - > " " coating radius rc "
FIGURE 8.18. L "
- F# G . - C .-? # " - -D " G + - " " " "
- F# % . 6%% % KK - # = . *"GG% 0 Fiber Optic Smart Structures ) 6% # (::9 7- $ % , # . 6 " 7- %
5%; 1) !) ) ), + A
347
FIGURE 8.19. L "
- F# G . - .-? # " " G . - " " " "
- F# -
- F# " G . -%
" optical ®ber radius rF % )" "
- F# G * - YF " " " G . - YtH % " # . - " .
. " " - " % % 5%&' " " -- " maximum principal stress " . > . - angular position " .# ®ber=host interface " coating to matrix stiffness " " " #H transverse tensile loading% " " -
.. # " -
-- minimum .>.. - % . et al. C(::( (::(#D C(::'D C(::&D . -- C(::&D " #- .- - -- #- " . " $ - . % , # C(::(D - " # stress concentration " " weak optical ®ber coating materials weak optical ®ber=coating
coating=host interfaces - " formation of cracks -
348
1 +), 5
-- * -
FIGURE 8.20. L " .>.. - " " . > . - " - # " F# =" " " . > C G . -D% . . A% +% -- ,%% C(::&D KK -- * - * ."- L # $, . GG Proc IUMTAM Conf. &3@2( # L - A.#1%
--% " cracks - / - - - transverse cracking - ,+ . . - " % "
- micro-fractographic analysis " " .#
- F# % % 5%&( -- -
# " - -.
- F# % " .$ " " " " " . - -- " - ,+ . % 1 " ,+ -$ # " - % + et al. C(::( (::&D - " optical ®ber coatings transverse tensile longitudinal shear loading
" % " " " " thinner coating enhances strain transfer . " " " " " " " . >% " " " " " " " . > thicker coatings # shear strain transfer% " > .- F . " " - " " F- - " . " .#
F# . " # obtrusivity enhancing sensor performance C7 et al. (:55 (::&N + (::&N . et al. (::( (::(# (::4N " et al. (::( , # (::&D%
5%; 1) !) ) ), + A
349
FIGURE 8.21. ". -- - # - -.
- F# % . , # %%6% ,% C(::(D *"- +
. * - ).# # Fiber Optic Smart Structures and Skins IV SPIE 1588 4&2@4;(%
-" " " "" " " #
-- " acrylate coatings
# -
" " .- #- - composite curing temperatures% " .-- -- % 5%&&# "" " .F epoxy-acrylate coated 125 mm
- F# '=:' ,+ " -.% /
" " - " .- " - " resin-pocket " . "
F# G " - " H - % % 5%&& "
- F# .# --- " - - X:'='Y ,+ " -.% - - " - $ . " "
- F# " ..- B " . -%
8.4.1 Sensor=host bond and strain transfer # C .#D ? -- . >" " # - " F# -- % 5%&4%
350
1 +), 5
-- * -
FIGURE 8.22. * " .#
- F# % CD
- F# .# --- " - - # F# % C#D -$
- F# .# " - " - - # F# % , . ,%
%1% , # %6% KK . * - * " " ).# # GG International Journal of Optoelectronics 5 4:3@;'4 # (::'% , " .$ - Q +#-" % " 0[[% -$% .
5%; 1) !) ) ), + A
351
FIGURE 8.23. ". " " # .#
- F# - - . . " # " %
1" " - " " # -
. -" " .--. " " - . " " " F# % " #
. #- - shear stress ti
z " axial stress sFz
z "
- F# %% pr&F sFz
z &prF ti Dz pr&F fsFz
z DsFz
zg;
5:;
352
1 +), 5
-- * -
% 5%&4#% "" 0 ti
rF dsFz
z ; & dz
5:9
." " shear stress " # "
F# -
- " gradient of the axial stress " "
- F# % " creep bond degradation -. " ? -- " G " - " ? % 5%&4% #- " / # $-" " " . bond mechanics C* et al. (::3D% " bond # " sensor and its host " -. strain measurements% -
# " " " " "
- F# " -- . " - # -% et al. C(:5: (::(D " adhesion # optical ®bers and a FRP host # " --$ #
- F# .# " " " ,+ . . -% 7 C(:55D " -" " " # # - " " . - /
- F " . " " "
- F# - " -. " " " . - -
% " et al. C(::(D # " polyimide coatings # - # " "
- F# " " . - "- , # C(::(D " " # # " -
- F#
" # " - " " % # " ""- .F .--
.#
- F# % 5%&; " acrylate coating . # " " # " - - separated from the optical ®ber% " - - " - - $- . "
. " . - "
- F# - % " . " # , # C(::(D " " .. acrylate optical ®ber " 125 mm - . . 240 mm reduce the FRP composite strength # 13% f%% 57.0 MPa . 65.5 MPa 1% " # .#
- F# g% +- et al. C(::4D " " " bond strength # polyimidecoated optical ®bers graphite-epoxy host F " "" " "% . . silane coupling agent " " " # "
- F# polyimide coating # . " -- -.
5%; 1) !) ) ), + A
353
FIGURE 8.24. )- . "
- F# .# " ,+ . -. " " " - . # " " . > " " " # . . "
- F# % . , # %% ,% C(::(D KK*"- +
. * - ).# # GG Fiber Optic Smart Structures and Skins IV SPIE 1588 4&2@4;(%
- F# -- . " . . % . H C(::9D " " ." .#
- " " - - - # - # quantify the shear strength " interface # "
- F# # " " F " . -% " -- F#
. > - % #
#- -- - . . - H
"
- F# % *? et al. C(::4D . " --$ " # # "
- F# H . > .-
% " " " et al. C(::(D " " # # . " -
- F# F-
% ) # et al. C(::&D # " -?--
- F# . . .# # " - % "
" .. " #- 5%(%
354
1 +), 5
-- * -
Table 8.1 +
- # C1#- et al. (::;D
+ -. - -
)- * - C*+D
- " C*+D
,
". #-
&;'' 3'' &
(4'%' &2%' 9%9
M
" ".- #- " " optical ®ber polymer coatings " # C1#- et al. (::; 1#- 1--. (::9D # ". alkaline solutions #/- .# ". % " -. . - # " # . " " - " B $ " . - " .#. (9 % " - ." > " # F#
" - " # # / . " - .
- F# " " # " #- .# - . " " " - C* ?#" et al. (::2D " : ('%
8.5 INFLUENCE OF EMBEDDED OPTICAL FIBERS ON THE HOST STRUCTURE " & . F#
- . . . % #- #- " . # - . -. "
- F# " - -- # ". " / " % " . " -- " " " " - -- . . " . -
" . % F-- -- # -
" embedded optical ®ber sensors "0 stiffness, strength and fatigue characteristics of their host structure% - " #H " # # . H C(::9D% - # "
- F# " " . " " exception of aerodynamic surfaces -- "
F % - "
- F# .# " # -. -
5%9 !) ) )* )) + ! ),
355
FIGURE 8.25. ". -- " --- .- -> - " #"
- F# " %
" " -- " -#- B% "
. - " .#
- F# " ,+ . . -% " .# .# sensor con®guration #- FRP arrangement - " " B .# F#
" -#- . - " "
$ " " % #- " # . " - " % - " .#
- F# " -. - - # .-- . % " > " - # " .#
- F# # " " . .. = "
- . $ " " -- " . --- .- -> C % 5%&9D%
8.5.1 Optical ®ber resin-pockets " interlaminar lenticular resin-rich pockets .
- F# .# " ,+ . "
" " --- " H
356
1 +), 5
-- * -
FIGURE 8.26. +" . " C D .
F# " .# " - " - - - % . % 7 % 6%% C(::&D KK+ . -
- F# .# -. . %GG Smart Materials & Structures 1 ('(@('3 "
. +" +#-" !%
F# % " H " B " resin-pockets " " -. " - " " C et al. (::' et al. (::&D . " " obtrusivity "
" -# .# % % 5%&2 - " >. - resin-pocket " "
- F# .# $ - " H F# % % 5%(; " ?
" resin-pockets " .-- " - # "
F# " F# % " - .-- " .-- " " " -.% ! $ interlaminar discontinuities potential reliability hazard # " " "
- - " - % Finite element analysis " #
- ." " stress concentration .#
- F# % " - # "- #-" - " # " optical ®ber strain " far-®eld host strain . -> . % " " resin-pocket geometry " -- - - -. / - " " # - # - " $ . C-" et al. (:5: et al. (::'D% " . " " > . # $
5%9 !) ) )* )) + ! ),
357
FIGURE 8.27. , - " ,+ - "" - - " - # "
- F# " - - - D # " " . - > .% . % 7 % 6% % C(::&D KK+ . -
- F# .# -. . $ %GG Smart Materials & Structures 1 ('(@('3 " . +" +#-" !%
- . "% - . " # # # . - . - " # $ . "$ > . % 5%&3% " F " " . # . resin-pocket aspect ratios > -. /% " " > $ .- - . . " . " " $
% " . . " " C6 et al. (::& 1 -- (::4D " " .#
- F# " -- f\5%g " stiffness ,+ 0 " optical ®ber volume fraction - " . "
- F# - " 250 mm% " # 1 -- " " polyimide coated optical ®bers - 250 mm . "
. #- " " tensile compressive stiffness # " - /$
,+ -.% " . F
- F# .# " - " - " F# %
358
1 +), 5
-- * -
8.5.2 Effect on tensile strength .# " C* et al. (:5: , # (::( . et al. (::4 1 -- (::4 +- "
(::4D " " B .#
- F# 0 spacing size orientation " tensile strength ,+ . . - " % " - " " " . #-
- F# .# --- " " F# % - - % 5%&5 .- " - > "
- F# " F % 7" "
- F# .# -
" F# .-- - . " - F# " # " . "
- F# % " " " - - F .--
- F# . f\&'' m.g "
#- " " tensile strength " " %
FIGURE 8.28. 1"- .F
- F# .# --- " - - F# " " ,+ . -% . , # %6% ,% C(::&D KK" . " . * - ).# # GG ('" )
. * - A- SPIE 1777 &99@&2&%
5%9 !) ) )* )) + ! ),
359
8.5.3 Effect on transverse strength " transverse strength - ,+ .
- F# .# --- " . "
. "
- F# % !- " #
# static loading " . - " 100 mm C . H (::9D% - , # C(::(D - " =" =
- F# - transverse crack formation - % 5%&(% . , C(::&D --- " " coated optical ®ber .# ,+ . . - #H transverse strains% " " a coating with the appropriate compliance may avoid any premature failure " . . -% "= > -. "
.. . - - polyimide coating f%% 3.45 GPag%
8.5.4 Effect on compressive strength -" " " .#
- F#
" -#- " tensile strength ,+ . " " . # " " compressive strength%
- " C(:5:D 6 et al. C(::& (::&#D " 250 mm -$
- F# " compression strength
,+ -.% 7" "
- F# .#
--- " F# " compression strength # % / F f 70%g " compression strength . " "
- F# embedded perpendicular " H F# % " "
" - > . - " -
- F# ,+ . " "=#.-. C6 et al. (::&D / -- "" . " - .- #- % 5%&&% , # C(::(D . et al. C(::&D - " - $.
- F# " compression strength ,+ . . - .# -- " " - F# % " B .--
- F# .#. - compression strength " # -- % - - " / . - " .#
- F# . "%
360
1 +), 5
-- * -
" . C(::;D -
compression strength model # " " " lenticular region # et al. C(::'D " - . . - # 1" C(:5'D% 7" " . - " - " degradation in compression strength 0 optical ®ber size laminate stiffness properties laminate lay-up and processing parameters% " . " $ " . "
- F# .# - - " 15 degrees " " - % " - " " " " . " . " % " . - "- > - " - " " . "
compression strength%
8.5.5 Effect on shear strength " C(:5:D . 3O " interlaminar shear strength
- ,+ . -. " .# 250 mm -$
- F# % #/- , # C(::(D
. interlaminar shear test " $ # . "$ > . 100 mm -.M -$ F# % " - .- " # # +- "
C(::4D no degradation in the shear strength
" " .#
- F# %
8.5.6 Effect on fatigue " " # -- " B .#
F# " fatigue life ,+ . % , # C(::&D - ,+ . . - .#
- F# - - -- #- 80% -. - - " 20,000 - . " .# F#
- $ - - % " - .# 140 mm -.$
- F# cross-ply laminate --- " 90 . F# " X'=:'Y - ". - "
- F# . " $ - F % " *- et al. C(::&D " -.$
- F# " - .- " fatigue life ,+ -. " - F# "- > > . ! C(::'D " " - $
5%9 !) ) )* )) + ! ),
361
,+ -. # .#
- F# " . - " 150 mm%
8.5.7 Effect on fracture toughness - H" et al. C(::'D " .#
- F#
" interlaminar fracture toughness <- = > -.% #- - #. " " Mode I delamination
" -.% " " "
.#
- F# " critical energy release rate # " # # 15% - -.% "
- F# stiffener " - - . > " "
%
8.5.8 End-Effects of optical ®bers terminating within host - F#
- " termination of the optical ®ber " " " % " ,+ . " " . "
- F# " . - - " .
resin-cone at the tip of the optical ®ber% " " interfacial failure " - - " " . -% " - #- F . . -
. % - " . debonding material yielding " # # # ! - C(::5D% 1 " " G . - " " "
- F# F " " "
coating with the same modulus of elasticity " " " G . > -- # eliminates this stress intensi®cation% ! - C(::5D " " #-.
- F# . " ,+ . . - 0 (% " " "
- F# " - # .# # -- - " " H F# % &% " "
.# . - . - " - # -. " - % . , C(::&D " " .# G . - " ..? " " %
362
1 +), 5
-- * -
4% " " F . , G / . -- - " F " " # . "
- F# % " " " . " " " G . > " " " stiffness discontinuity " "
F# eliminated% " softer coating f F . - " thicker " g -- # " . " % - - - longer strain transfer length% 7" " # " " interfacial shear stress -- " stress energy " " . - % " . " .
" yielding " . - debonding -% " failure onset strain% ! - C(::5D -
. . - " -- . -
"" - -- F % " . - - # - "" " .-- "" . - F % ! - C(::5D -
- > . " . $ - . " # @+ # "
- F# % 1 " " . . " - . " - #
" A - # - # - " (&%('%4% 1 - " singleended embedded optical ®ber sensors # - - "
#- - $? . ?% Polyimide "" #- .# -
- # satisfactory for the end-zone problems% *"- " " " " " polyimide coating " - # ." thicker " - 0 60 mm . " 10 15 m.% ) > " . - " ."-
.- "
-.% " radial compression "
- F# . # " F - . ef®cient strain transfer . " " "
- F# "
# - % + -. " residual stresses " "- - " %
8.5.9 Minimization of adverse effects . # " 6 C(::9D " - " minimization adverse in¯uence .#
- F# " - " " . - / "0
5%2 +!,) ), + ,, ! ) ,
363
CD
"
- F# . f- " g # # ('' m. - - . " $ - " % CD "
- F# " - # . . - " " " . >% " -- # " . " " # -- " -"% CD "
- F# " - # .# --- " - F# C%% --- " H - D% CD #- "
- F# " - - # --- " - %
8.6 PULTRUDED FIBER OPTIC STRUCTURAL SENSORS . . F# -. . . -
# .# . "/ -0 prepreg lay-upN pultrusion ®lament winding% " >-- ,+ -$ # % " - " "
- F# - " ,+ . . - . - C #- et al. (::; (::9D% " & FRP rebar and prestressing tendons F
- - ) - -. - . % " " " " " -
. F#
- " # . " - .
. " . - " : (( C* et al. (::9 -- et al. (::3D% . " F#
" # # " " ,+ % " " - F # . -. -- # " . " " - -. . % . " ,+ . # pultrusion # " F#
" - -. " -
F " " - . % <-. et al. C(::3D " . " polyimide-coated optical ®bers " ®ber Bragg grating sensors - survived pultrusion # -- " " . -% acrylate coated optical ®ber #- " " "" . >"# severe debonding% " 9.5 mm . # .? - ." " - -- " "
150 C% " -.$
- F# " -. 155 mm "- " -$
- F# " . 250 mm% % 5%&: - )* . $ " "
364
1 +), 5
-- * -
FIGURE 8.29. - . " -
- F# 0 CD -$
- F# C#D -.$
- F# % . <-. %!% * $ - %% 7" +% %% C(::3D KK+- . ,+ . GG . $ . . * - . + . * " (::3 - SPIE Proceedings 3042 ;''@;':%
-
- F# % # " -$
F# . " . - - - #- % 5%&: "- " >-- # " -.$
- F# " . - /
% 5%&:#% " .#. -
- F# --- " F# "
.- B " tensile properties "
- ,+ % -" " shear strength f 10%g
5%3 ), + ,, ! ) , ),T
365
FIGURE 8.30. *F " - -$F# $ -. .#
- F# % . <-. %!% * - %% 7" +% %% C(::3D KK+- . ,+ . GG . . . * - . + . * " (::3 - SPIE Proceedings 3042 ;''@;':%
" # " glass FRP rods
carbon ®ber rods " "
- F# " -#- B
" " "% " -
- F# "
- " . F " " " " - ,+ % $ " " "
- F#
% 5%4'% L " - "
F# . # - " 0.5 mm 10 m % " #- accurately position "
- F# # "
- -- # # . . "
%
8.7 FIBER OPTIC STRUCTURAL SENSOR CONNECTORIZATION . F#
- - " .# " tough optical ®ber cable
366
1 +), 5
-- * -
"
- F# " # " " 5%&% . ,+ . . " resident ®ber optic structural sensing system -- # " optical ®ber pigtails% " . # " " " " ,+ " "
- F# -- . "# .- "? . " % " . " # F .-. / " .# " - " . " % " "- # " " " "
- F# / #- " . " H % - - " " " " " # . " " % -
" " #
" ®ber optic=host interface C --. ! (::9D% " " . ,+ . . - " optical interface # - " # . % 5%4(% " ,+ " . # lay-up fabrication "
- F# . " connector ferrule .# " " . -$ % "
- F# " - -" " " -% " - - " " ,+ -$ " . "- " " - . " "" - " . -
- %
# " " optical interface - #- " - " " #H - . -
" - .# % >. - "
- F# . ,+ . " ? " . C --. ! (::9D % 5%4&%
FIGURE 8.31. ".
- F#
- F# .# " ,+ . . - % . --. 7% % 6 % ! 6%,% KK*"
# [) . GG 0 KKFiber Optic Smart StructuresGG )% ) 6% # (::9 7- % , # . 6 " 7- %
5%3 ), + ,, ! ) , ),T
367
FIGURE 8.32. - F# ,+ . .#
- F# % . --. 7% % 6 % ! 6%,% KK*" # [) . GG 0 KKFiber Optic Smart StructuresGG )% ) 6% # (::9 7- % , # . 6 " 7- %
" " " . " ,+ " "#- " " . - / % )>. - "
" # " : ('% pultruded FRP host structures " . continuous feedstock - .#
- F# B" " " >. - % 5%4'% * -#- #
- "
- F# "-- -- " " # > -% " "
- F# # -- " " # <-. et al. C(::3D %% 0.5 mm " ." # #- -
. . smart-endcap . -" " . . % " smart-endcap - # . " "
- .-- - "
- #-
- . - " "
- F# .# " "
- % " . " .#
- F# - . "" . " " . " 10 mm% A
- # " - .
- F# / -. # " 3 mm% " "
"
- . - ." / " -. C % 5%44D%
368
1 +), 5
-- * -
FIGURE 8.33. -- " KK. $ GG - ,+ . "
- F# %
" F# F# smart-endcap - # . - - > .-- ? # - / - - #- "
- #- " -. .". " " % "
- . -
" - - . " - - - # " .".% - "
- F# - "
# - .# - 0.5 mm C<-. et al. (::3D " .". - # .-- / --
% ? - -. ." # / " % " - .#- # -- # " -- - . " " "
.. -" -% - . - . .. # #-% >. - . # #- - .-- -"
- F# " - " - " " % "
" - -- # -.
- " " -" - . - " . %
1 +),
:
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-
9.1 INTRODUCTION . - .
- " -" " 0 & .. & . . % "
- >. - " . . " ." - -" C& . 9 .D . #- " " " " . $ - -" " ..% " " -- " & .. 9 . F short gauge length F#
% " (' -- F#
" -" " " 9 .% + " - " . - " #
-" " - . " - . > - " # -"% , - -- " - - . / "- # > . " . -" > 9 .% - " " " -" F#
- % # " 2 - F#
" - - -#- " - C< et al. (::3#N < (::3#N *-? (::2N * (::9D% " " -- " F#
" - " " - # . " . " - " $F % # - -
. . . " # . - " # . -" " # " # @+ . % " " " #/ " " # " " " .
" " # . -" # . .
- " $ 369
370
1 +), : " A
-
$"$ " " - % " - - " "
"" " " - " . . " -# "" # - ".S " . " - " sensor interrogation C. - D " - -- ##- - " . .
- " .- " . . "? " " #/ " % > " (' . F#
-- # " . " -#- -- " " . .% 1 "
" "
- " -- ##- " .--%
" " " " H " " - -#- .#
- .. - F#
- . . -% " - " " " - " $-" "- " (' -- - $-" % -" " " (( -- - " .- -> . " . .
- " --.- -> - "
-- # - " " - - .
- % " . " " (( -- # - .- -> % " (& > - - # . .% "
- " " .# $
- % " . . " % 1
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" # "
- % " . F
- -- # # . - " " " #- # # % " .# .H
- F#
$ - . - " - " F# " F " : -- " " -
- A % " - -- -
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- :%4% " . . $ - . -
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-
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371
" " - -- . " # :%9% -" " . -- # . . " - $ #- #- " -- " - # - " - " - - " 4 ; 9%
9.2 FIBER BRAGG GRATING SENSOR DEMODULATION " " 9 " " 3 " A " " . "" #H " C D -"N % 2%&4% " . - "/ A # - F- - passive ratiometric
"% - " ". -- # #% " -
"/ # - #- # F- " " " .% - "" " # . " .
" $ -- " .# " - - "" " - - " -" " > - % !-
" # #- - " # . # ..# . -# " . . -- " . - "" A # # " " . .%
9.2.1 Passive spectral ratiometric demodulation " - - ." . " -" F# - " " . . " . % " . - > / . - F- " .% " " ."
. . >
- " A " - % .H # " " . " " " " -" - # . # . . - - F- C* et al. (::&#D% ". -- " . . % 2%&;% !" . # # " A 4 - "" #/- . "- " -" B . " A 4 - " " % - F-
- " " " " " . " -" - # " " -" "
- -% " " . . B$
372
1 +), : " A
-
-. . # - "
F# % -- " . F " - F- " - # - -" % 2%&;% " F- " - . F
l " F
l A
l
l' ;
::(
" A " -
" F- l' " -" "" F
l ' *-- et al. C(::&D . " " # -" # $ B . " A " A . " - " Dl -" l % " " " " " F- CF- D -" - I: A l I,
Dl l' p ; p
::&
- -
- " -" l % " > .- . - "
" . - superluminescent diode
# 54' . > " A % >. - " - " - " " . " C54& .D A " # -.. - #. % :%(% " " " . " ,A54' , "" # F- . - " > . C*-- et al. (::4#D% 1"-" " -- - . " - " % . - # "- # electronic lookup table " "
.% " - " " - " -" " # " . > # " A % >. - " . " $ . wavelength determination system C7D - % :%&% - - " " -
" . A " "" " - #-% 1 " . " > " -- % :%4% - " . - " . 70 CD . " F- G . .N CD $ - F- CD - ? " - .# " $ # " A% )> # )- +" C)+D . " " #-. -- ". .. - . # " % :%; - " " )+ $ "- ®ber optic grating strain indicator C AD % " F
:%& ), , AA A, A ) , )*!
373
FIGURE 9.1. CD L " " - - . A . - .% C#D )> " - F- "
- . A . - .% " - ""$ -"% . *-- %*% ! <% * ,%*% C(::4#D KK+ - # A A .GG Applied Optics 32 42'(@42':%
" . - !$49'' -- 0
* . 0 59'' me - 0 ( me * . 0 9 me - "- - 0 ( 1? 3
" . -- " $"- # - " -
- "- . # $
- F# "-% -- # " - " - C* et al. (::5D - ? . #- . " " " " " . # - " 7 % )+ - --"$"- C)+ !$4(''D " " . F
-$ " "" / / -- "-%
" " $"- " . - . " % :%9%
374
1 +), : " A
-
FIGURE 9.2. CD . A - " # # - #.% C#D *F " . - " CD% . *-- %* ! <% * ,%*% C(::4#D KK+ - # A A .GG Applied Optics 32 42'(@42':%
-
" " . F " "
- - ." . . -
# *-- et al. C(::&D F . # < C(::;D% " " 9% " " " " - F & & - - " -" $ % " - #
- F# " ""- " -" " - C % 9%2&D% "
Transmission Function, T( λ )
:%& ), , AA A, A ) , )*!
ASteep
375
AShallow
Steep Slope High Resolution, But Small Range Shallow Slope Large Range,But Low Resolution Minimum Photodetector Ratio
λ1
λ
2 ∆λ ∆λ Shallow Steep
λ3
λ4
Wavelength, λ FIGURE 9.3. $ # . . - " -
" - F- " A - . . - .% -
"" - # .-- . . "- "-- -
-- - # - - %
4 - " > .- . % 2%&; - " " wavelength-dependent coupler " -- # " - #-$ F- % " # " "
- - " " # # - F- " " - -
% " > .- F ".-- -- % :%2 " - . " A -
FIGURE 9.4. +" " " )- +" $"- F#
. - !$49''% " . )- +" - $ %
376
1 +), : " A
-
FIGURE 9.5. +" " - --- $"- F#
. - !$4(''% " . )- +" - %
Single Mode Optical Fiber 3 dB Coupler
Broadband Source or Laser
Fiber Bragg Grating
Isolator P1
Light Dumps
Photodetectors P2
Wavelength Division Coupler
(P1 + P2 ) FilterP1Transmission
S
P1 Spectral Response FBG-Signals FBG-Signals
λΒ
Wavelength
P2 (P1 + P2 )
P2 Spectral Response FBG-Signals
λΒ
Wavelength
FIGURE 9.6. + - . . - . A -"$ - - - F- %
:%& ), , AA A, A ) , )*!
377
FIGURE 9.7. - . " -" - > .- . -- % :%2% . *% % < %% C(::;D KK --$ # A $ . - "/ 7-" - GG Electronic Letters 30 39@33 " . )) +#-"%
-" - % :%3% #.$
F# B - 4'' m7 ;' . # # (9;' .% - " # # # " " " . " " - R7*
+( +& ; +( +&
::4
- . A #H " $ #
% :%5 - 4 me C < (::;D% " . " . - # #H " .- "" " A " 9$me . - # ('%9 1?% " - -$ $ . .
&5%3 '%(9 1? #" " % :%5 ... #- . ':9 me 1? ':9 % "-- - "
" " -- - . ". - - - .- -> C et al. (::3#N % :%2&% - " -" - -
. " " - ? % " - .
" # " - $ " 3
-
- F- C+ et al. (::2D% " > .- . ".-- -- % :%: " . " !+A - " F % " A (&32 .
. . ?
" B 5'O -" '%& .%
378
1 +), : " A
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FIGURE 9.8. +" . - " > .- $ . -- % :%2% . *% % < %% C(::;D KK --$ # A $ . - "/ 7-" - GG Electronic Letters 30 39@33 " . )) +#-"%
FIGURE 9.9. ". -- " - . A . - . # " - $ % " - " . " !+A% . + 1%6% < %% + ?? 6%,% L %*% KK # A . - . $ # ! + A - %GG 0 Distributed and Multiplexed Fiber Optic SensorsVI, Proc. SPIE 2838 C(::2D
% 2'@29%
:%& ), , AA A, A ) , )*!
379
> # (:4$m. )!)% )>. - " .
/$ . - % :%('% " " 7*
" " # # " " " . " " - X)/% C:%4DY% -" " " " $ . - ( me 4%4$1? #" 90 me " # - . .% "" $ . - ? # " " - " !+A # " #-%
9.2.2 Tunable narrowband ®lter demodulation #- $ # F- - # - A . - "/% " .
- "/ # "
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% 2'@29%
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FIGURE 9.11. CD . - . A # F# # + F- % C#D " " . #
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FIGURE 9.12. - $-
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382
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FIGURE 9.14. " > .- . # #- + F- F#
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AOTF profile dithers about λ B
AOTF profile dithers about Offset from λ B
Photodetector Signal
Photodetector Signal
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Time Small amplitude signal when λ AOTF λ B
~
Time Large amplitude signal when λ AOTF = λ B
FIGURE 9.15. $
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386
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.
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387
Single Mode Optical Fiber Broadband Source or Laser
Sensing Fiber Bragg Grating
S
Interrogating Fiber Bragg Grating 3 dB Coupler
Light Dump Photodetector
Scan Servo FIGURE 9.18. ". " ." A "/ . - A%
" " ". " - - "
B - . # < C(::9D% "
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388
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. . .% . < %% *% % + 1%6% ! - *% <
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392
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Single Mode Optical Fiber
λB
λB
Gain Medium Laser Cavity Sensing Fiber Bragg Grating Also Serves as 2nd Laser Mirror Ideally Laser Operates at the Bragg Wavelength,
λB
FIGURE 9.22. . -F " - " # F F# - %
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" - # # " . . . " - 9 me #" (4 1?% - et al. C(::4D . "
Erbium Doped Single Mode Optical Fiber 980 nm Pump Laser Diode
Endface Laser Mirror 980 nm
980 nm Wavelength Demodulation System
1550 nm 1550 nm Wavelength Division Coupler 1550 nm
3 dB Coupler
Photodetectors Fiber Bragg Grating and 2nd Laser Mirror
Light Dump Cantilever Beam Test Structure
Spectral Filter
FIGURE 9.23. " > .- F A F# - % " -" " #.$
F# - . # " - . "/%
394
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FIGURE 9.25. ! " F# - -" " . "
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" > . " C* (:5:D% " "" #- , - " " ." . - % , " " - .# " - " - "
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396
1 +), : " A
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3 dB Coupler
Pump Laser
Erbium Doped Optical Fiber 1st Laser Sensor
2nd Laser Sensor
S
λ1
Light Dump
λ1
λ2
λ2
Fiber Bragg Gratings
Wavelength Measurement System FIGURE 9.26. ". -- " A - # #.$
F# %
-- # #- . - " " .
#- - . - " " . -
#- " A C* et al. (::5DM" N " - $-" N - --- .- -> N - # $ % " " " universal demodulation system - # > .- -" - - " # " " (' . # ( .% - " # F . " C* et al. (::5D% ". -- " - > . . . "
" " % :%&3% - gain-coupled distributed feedback CA$ D #- - C. -#- # - D (94& . A C et al. (::5D% " A$ - . $ #-? &( .
" . (949%9 (9;;%9 . " - # # '%9 2%&9 .7 " % " A # - #. " " # F- - " -" " % - # > " F#
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>.- &%9 . " -"
397
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3 dB Coupler
Cantilever Beam
S
λΒ
t
Laser Current Driver
Light Dump
Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor
Photodetector Detector Output
t
Computer
Data Acquisition Board
FIGURE 9.27. . - . A # " $ - - .# " .%
" A " (' .% " " / . #- - 4%& " " -" "- .>.. C 71*D " " A B (' ''' . - % "/ " -" - . " A% :%&5 - " " A . &''' me% " 2' . . % " . - " . . (' . "
#"$ .-? - ':'32 me 1? ':9 % " . - . . . # . " " - - " " #- - - - " - -
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" F- . "- #- -" C . D / ." - -
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398
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FIGURE 9.28. ! " " " #- - A . - . -- % :%&3% . % "
-- !%*% A-- . %6% 1 % % * ,%*% C(::3D KK+ . - # A$ - # # #- ! GG (&" - - # 7--.# &('@&(&%
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# % 7 " ; " # " . $ - " . . -- .- -$- " - . - " .@--.@
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Anode InP InGaAs/InP Quantum-Well Structure
InGaAs Waveguide
InP Cathode
Quantum-Well Electro-Absorption Device in Mesa Configuration (a) Reverse Bias Voltage
(b) FIGURE 9.29. CD ". . " . /.$-- - $# F- C=7) D . " -" A % C#D $-
- =7) "
- # -% . % * ,%*% C(::9D KK 7-" . - A
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400
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# . . % " .
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Ratiometric Signal, Vratio
QWEFD Response Curve for Reverse Bias Voltages:
V1
Vref
VB
V2
A
C
B
λ1 λ2 Wavelength FIGURE 9.30. ". -- - $-
" -" A " " " # - CV1 V2 D " =7) C % :%&:D " . - " . - " - C
D
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/. -- # F- GG Electronics Letters 32C(:D (5((@(5(& " . . )) +#-" !%
Optical Fiber Illuminating the The Quantum-Well Electro-Absorption Device in Waveguide Configuration
Optical Fiber Illuminating the The Quantum-Well Electro-Absorption Device in Mesa Configuration
FIGURE 9.32. ". -- " KKGG KK.GG F " =7) # % :%&:%
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403
9.3 FIBER BRAGG GRATING SENSOR APPLICATIONS (::4 " F .H .# F#
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- " ? A ,+ + A GG SPIE 2191 ('&@(('%
. " C % :%4:D% .# -. "
F# . " " - # >
- - . " % " F#
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" # #. C % :%;(DN " " " F - -- "
- F# #- " " H # >% )" #- . . A .# " " % .# " A -
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:%4 ), , AA A, A ) , ++!
407
FIGURE 9.37. +" " " " -
- F# #- " " %
F# - " -" 6 % 7. C - et al. (::;D% " . . " F ;' me -. . - # " 7. % " . . # " C - N , ,
N !! *#" !- , D F .# C]D - F # " .# ( ; % :%;&% " . . .# (::4 ..- -- " % " . . " -> " . " .# destressing, concrete shrinkage, creep, dead loading of the bridge deck " posttensioning applied across the two spans% #/ . . # # ( . " " #
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- - (::9 . (5 . " - %
408
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" $#-# " - % , . * ,% - % * ,%*% A% ,? -- %1% A"$" % C(::3D KK # A * GG Journal of Cement and Concrete CompositesGG 19 % &2 " . . )- %
FIGURE 9.39. " .- - # > " "
F# - " - %
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410
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411
FIGURE 9.43. " .-- - " - CD ,
C,D !- C!!D " - # (5$. " # " .# A % , . * ,% - % * ,%*% A% ,? -- %1% A"$" % C(::3D KK # A * GG Journal of Cement and Concrete CompositesGG 19
% &5 " . . )- %
(::3D% " - G . - " ,+ - &9O - - " " - % # - " measurements show lower loss of strain for the CFRP tendons than for steel% " . - # . . " " - " " " .# A
FIGURE 9.44. . - " . . % :%;4% , . * ,% - % * ,%*% A% ,? -- %1% A"$" % C(::3D KK # A * GG Journal of Cement and Concrete CompositesGG 19 % &: " . . )- %
412
1 +), : " A
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&9$ -$>- # " " # CD
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413
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9.3.2 Taylor Bridge in Winnipeg " - 1- 7 C % &%3 :%;2D
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414
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415
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416
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417
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. " . " # F - % " F#
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418
TABLE 9.1.
Speci®cations for Several Types of FBG Sensors Strain
Embeddable
Bondable
Weldable
Weldable high temperature
Temperature
Bolt
Probe
Gauge length 150 mm 10 mm 25 mm 25 mm >10 mm Ð Gauge material Stainless steel Fused silica glass Stainless steel Stainless steel Bolt material Metallic=nonmetallic Cable length 1 m to 1 km 1 m to 1 km 1 m to 1 km 1 m to 1 km 1 m to 1 km 1 m to 1 km Cable diameter 3 mm 1 to 3 mm 1 to 3 mm 1 to 3 mm 3 mm 1 mm to 3 mm Connector type FC, ST, SC FC, ST, SC FC, ST, SC FC, ST, SC FC, ST, SC FC, ST, SC Strain range 0.6% 1% 1% 1% 1% Ð Temperature ÿ50 C to 80 C ÿ50 C to 80 C ÿ50 C to 80 C 0 C to 325 C ÿ50 C to 80 C ÿ70 C to 350 C range
ÿ58 F to 176 F
ÿ58 F to 176 F)
ÿ58 F to 176 F)
32 F to 617 F)
ÿ58 F to 176 F)
ÿ90 F to 660 F)
CHAPTER 9 Short Gauge Sensor and Applications
Sensor type
Load
:%4 ), , AA A, A ) , ++!
419
FIGURE 9.52. . - A .# " " -
- " # % " . )- +" - %
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. " KK# .#- GG % :%99% " . . " -? " . " # > " 5 '''
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420
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FIGURE 9.55. " .#- %
421
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422
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423
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424
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425
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426
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427
FIGURE 9.60. CD ". -- " A . - . . " -- " $(' ! % C#D .
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428
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429
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FIGURE 9.64. . - . " A . - - $ " -"$ F- " - . .% - A B . " - % . * 6% 7% - L% <- % C(::3D KK * + GG (&"
- # 7--.# ;'5@;((%
430
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9.3.5 Structural monitoring during a destructive bridge test *H " / " . - " .$ # % " +#- , " " " . " # " .# F#
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431
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432
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433
FIGURE 9.69. L " . # A - - " . C #- :%&D%
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" # " " " # % " . - . - ( me # " $ . #- & me% " A . - " " - . " ,A % :%2:% ." - # " # " A " %
9.3.6 Fiber optic monitoring of a CFRP stay-cable bridge .# A - . G 7 " ? - C -- et al. (::3D% " " F $#- # " - ,+ #- - - . 49$. #-% " # " -" (&' . (5 - " - % &%5% )" ,+ #- . # . A% " " A C A( A; A3D " - 9$ .. . " . " #- # (&' - " " #- C % :%3'D% " -- " - " - # . % " . A .. . . . - $ . % " A C A&
434
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- ,-#- # -$ - . #- GG Smart Materials and Structures Journal 7 &&:@&42 "
. . " +" +#-" !%
A4 A9 A3D " 4'$. -" ,+ " " " - " " " " - " #- C % :%3'D% A9 A2 "
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435
FIGURE 9.71. )> .- . A . - " G % . P. ,% -- +% " % C(::5D KK
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436
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FIGURE 9.73. L " . # - " A "
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437
FIGURE 9.74. L " > # " ,+ #- " G . # .# " " " - . % . P. ,% -- +% " % C(::5D KK
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. " " " - C -- et al. (::3D%
9.3.7 Marine catamaran model measurements " . - - . " $ " " " .% "
438
1 +), : " A
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439
FIGURE 9.76. ". ;$. . - 5&$. $"-- . - "
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440
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FIGURE 9.78. ,B . - .
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442
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443
FIGURE 9.81. . . " . . - . # # " A CD - % . 1H-. %,% H !% % ,.#" 6%% 6%L% C(::3D KK
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C, D " -
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456
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L "% C#D -
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FIGURE 9.99. ". -- - $ " . - ) + ? . -
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11.4 SERIAL MULTIPLEXED FIBER BRAGG GRATING APPLICATIONS " >. .# .H
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FIGURE 11.51. CD # " A - " 4$.$- #. #H # $ - % C#D + #. - % , . *% % --. % A% < % % C(::3D KK # # A , - . GG Cement and Concrete Components 19 ;9@93 " . . )- %
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FIGURE 11.54. CD * A - . -# # % C#D A - % . ,% !% 7" <% ,% + 6% 7% L " % % " % % % % *% % C(::5D KK* )- 1" - # GG Fiber Optic Sensors for Construction Materials and Bridges % C)D%
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FIGURE 11.56. # -- " " . . " % . ,% !% 7" <% ,% + 6% 7% L " % % " % % % % *% % C(::5D KK* )- 1" - # GG Fiber Optic Sensors for Construction Materials and Bridges % C)D%
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FIGURE 11.57. +" " $(' ! % . ,% !% 7" <% ,% + 6% 7% L " % % " % % % % *% % C(::5D KK* )- 1" - # GG Fiber Optic Sensors for Construction Materials and Bridges % C)D%
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FIGURE 11.59. . - . " 4& A #
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- F# # " $-" " A C % &%((D% " . . " . . quasi-distributed sensing% - " " # ." .-- " " - -" " " #- " " . /$ # ." . # .% #- " " " - - # . " /$ # .% >. - " # # . ,. C (::9D% " - - " "/ ( . "- - #- " ." F - " $-" % "- " #
" . " # # /$ # " " " . % 7 -. - " KKF#
" - - -%GG " " 595
596
1 +), (&
# .
-. # " - # " - # . # " " " Bragg intragrating C AD . . C1 et al. (::5D% " -- - # # . C et al. (::5D # " - - -- " " "/ " # -. ( .% " -. .# " " - "- ? "" " . . . - . - .
- % # " # " . $ . " - - ( .. C1 et al. (::9N &'''D% " - . " # A " -" " -. # ( .% - -" > (' . / > " . . # #- "
" % #- " .# > A -
- F# " " # -" - -. " - % " " - >-- " >
# " F#
" - % . - -. " " # " ( .. - - . " - #- " KK - -
#-.%GG " >- " -
" (:2' H -
" #- .# #-. "" - " - " % . " #-. " " - % #- " " . .
- - -- F --
- --
#- - % F- . . ." . " ,+ #- " . # " " " " - " #
-- # H % " -- # " - # A . " -#-
- " . .
- % #- " " - . #- ." # . - > " " " high-resolution strain mapping% -- - " " F - - #- " -
- F# A - . . - # .%
(&%& ), , ) ) A )+
597
12.2 FIBER BRAGG INTRAGRATING DISTRIBUTED SENSING CONCEPT " "-- > - " Bragg intragrating C AD . . . # % 7" $ . . . within - % A # " " . " - - # -.% 7" .
F- . " " # > " . -" " " " . . % /- -- " .--
- - . " " # -. " B " $ -"
" % " " " " . - " A " " # > -"- B -" -" " " B . # . -- # .- - C % (&%(D% 7" " " . - " > - " A " # KK" %GG
$ . F- - strain-chirped FBG% -- " " " " % (&%& " " B . A
FIGURE 12.1. $ " A - B B .% " " " " -" . B . - " %
598
1 +), (&
# .
FIGURE 12.2. ". -- " " " " B . " F- . . .%
- " " "" > " . # . " - F-% " " B . " F- # - " -- .% " . " " . " optical period CF nLD " A > . - % -" " # " KK#-$ " GG - " " . > " > . - "-- # . - " A " " - . " . . F-% " " chirp A " # " " - . "" B -" # . " -"% uniform FBG " B . . primary peak C 4%('D " -" l &n' L' ;
(&:(
. > . "" " A . *"- . " B
. " midpoint of the grating%
599
(&%4 $* ,V ,* !* , ,* A
" A " " "
- # . >- z l
z &n
zL
z &n' L' DfnLg;
(&:&
"" " " >- - " A . " -"
# B " local strain e
z strain-gauge factor Ge C 3%4DN %% l
z &n' L' f( Ge
zg;
(&:4
" n' L' "
- " A% )/ C(&%4D -- - . " " )/% C3%&;D --
0 DfnLg n' L' Ge e:
(&:;
1 et al. C(::9D . " F# " $ .
- > . - " . # -? # " T-matrix .-. C1 (:5;D%
12.3 T-MATRIX FORMALISM FOR NONUNIFORM FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS " #" F# # # .
- F " "
- F# " A% -- . " " .
- nL " > . - Dn' " . " " " % " - F- " # " . # # # " > E
z; t a
zeifwt
bzg
E#
z; t a#
zeifwt
bzg
(&:9
;
(&:2
- " a
z a#
z " . -> . - o " - / b "
" N 4%('% . C(:33D " . -> . - # " coupled-mode equations da
z dz
ikWa#
ze&izDb
(&:3
600
1 +), (&
# .
da#
z ika
ze dz
&izDb
(&:5
' < z < LA " LA " -" " " -
Db
&np l
p ; L
(&::
" . " Cl &nLD
p p=L:
(&:('
. " - . - " > n
z n Dn' f&pz=Lg;
(&:((
" - F s & pDn' Db& ; k l
(&:(&
-" - " " ." %% b p k
pDn' ; l
)/% C4%(4(D% 1 et al. C(::;D " " . # -" DL T-matrix - # H " " # a
' a' a#
DL aD! - " - $ E$F- . -> . - " # " " "$N % (&%4 %% T(( T(& a
DL a
' ;
(&:(4 T&( T&& a#
DL a#
' " T(( TW&&
Db "fkDLg ik "fkDlg ipDL e ; ik
(&:(;
T(& TW&(
pDn' "fkDLg ipDL e : ikl
(&:(9
" T$. > - # # "
-" " " " A # " " N # $
601
(&%4 $* ,V ,* !* , ,* Uniform Short Fiber Bragg Grating af(∆L)
af(0)
ab(∆L)
ab(0) T(∆L) z=0
z = ∆L
(a) N - Fiber Bragg Sub-Gratings af(L G)
af(0) ab(0) z=0
ab(L G) T(∆Lj ) jth Sub-Grating
z = LG
(b) FIGURE 12.3. CD . " -" F# # % C#D , F# # # -.%
" # . -. " T$. > -"- - L Dn' . " "# % (&%4#% " a
L a
' T
DL( T
DL& T
DLN A ;
(&:(2 a#
' a#
LA " LA DL( DL& DLN :
(&:(3
" # " A 1 et al. C(::;D # " " . "$ -. " " $ " N" # a#
LA ' a
LA FN % -- " -- T$. " # " F- - $ -. a#
' a
' # FN # .. # " a#
' a
' # ? - -- " amplitude spectral re¯ectivity " " 0 r
l
a#
'; l ; a
'; l
(&:(5
" " intensity spectral re¯ectivity R
l jr
lj&% 1 et al. C(::9D " " " T$. > -- " -" -
" # -. # # " % - -" -- " # -"
602
1 +), (&
# .
-- - .# % " . " .# " . " " / % # -" . # "
- .# " . % 1 et al. C(::;D " T$. > .-. . R
l - . # -" L
z " $> . - " Dn'
z% " . " --$ " " > -- . - )/% C(&%(&D " " " ." C%% Db 'D F k% "
FIGURE 12.4. >- F- " " > . - Dn
z " - B R
l <% . 1 % ! - *% " *%*% * ,%*% C(::9D KK $A - GG Applied Optics 34 9''4@9'':%
(&%4 $* ,V ,* !* , ,*
603
FIGURE 12.5. " B - " B . A " . " > . - % . 1 % ! - *% " *%*% * ,%*% C(::9D KK $A - GG Applied Optics 34 9''4@9'':%
-" " LA ( . " > n (:9 " -" (99' .% . >. -
>% ? A " A$ # . - "
" > % (&%; " " -- R
l " " - . - " -" "
" # -" . > % 7" "
- " . B . # . . " B% A " #H - " - B R
l # . .- - " % (&%9% A #H # " A$ # > . - " - " "
- " - - B -- .
" " --$ "" - " " " . N % (&%2% )> .- F " - # 1 et al. C(::9#D - % 2%&2%
604
1 +), (&
# .
FIGURE 12.6. " B - " B . A " A$" # " " > . - % . 1 % ! - *% " *%*% * ,%*% C(::9D KK $A GG Applied Optics 34 9''4@9'':%
12.4 INTENSITY REFLECTION SPECTRUM FOR DISTRIBUTED STRAIN SENSING " / " . . " B -" " F- " A % " F
" -- . . - . - " % . A " > # # # % " A # " " . # -. " " B . - - " -- A . - . - # " . " . -- " #$ % . . " A " " # #H "- " . -- # " . % " # > "" - " -- # " . "
- " . -% 7 . . - . - $" A # . " " F- . " A . " " -"
B - - C
605
(&%; ) ,) !) +),*
. D " " " -" " AN % (&%3% 7 . " " # " B R
l . " mj C D # #H " B -" lj # " . " -" . . " ... - l. C. - F-D " -" ln # B . " zN %% jn P j(
R
lj a
jn P j(
mj Dz;
(&:(:
" a "
- Dz " -" #$ % 7 . % (&%3 " -- "" - . " #H B . # # " " .% " A #H .-- -- .- -$ " B .% " . -
l
l.
R
ldl
l
l.
adz az
l;
(&:&'
- " -" " A LA "
l. l.
R
ldl
λ1
l.> l.
adz aLA :
(&:&(
λ4
FIGURE 12.7. . - . - - " " -" " A " - " -" .-? # " B%
606
1 +), (&
# .
.# C(&%&'D " C(&%&(D - - " " z
l .. " " -" l l R
ldl l :
(&:&& z
l LA l. .> R
ldl l .
7 " )/% C(&%&&D #- " " A z
l " -" -" l # B # . . " -- -" l .-? # " - B% " -" # - " " - )/% C(&%4D - " " F- - " A # - " " -- % " " ." -
-#- . F-% -" " " . -
" . " "
" . # - - . . . # # " - *$ " et al. C(:39D " # " -
- F- " # B . R
l . % ! - et al. C(::2D " " " > " F- . $" A " " " -
l
z p& z Dn&
zW -( R
lWdlW dzW;
(&:&4 & z' n
zW l
z' #
- " # . - " % )/% C(&%&4D Dn
z " . - " " > " >- % " CD " " C(&%&4D " C D " -
e
z # "- " C D % " - " l
z X"" - e
z " " )/% C(&%4DY
# # / " - " - $ Cl$ D " " - " "$ Cz$ " ' z LA D % " et al. C(::2D . " " > . - " -- >- % " . . -F " . #- - - " >- - z - " A "" " -" l B
" - " - C(&%&4D %%
l &n z
l -( R
lWdlW f' z LA g:
(&:&; fpDng& l.
(&%; ) ,) !) +),*
607
z
l # . C(&%&;D " >- e " - C" " -" B lD . )/% C(&%4D " . e
l l' ; G e l'
(&:&9
" l' " - -" " A% " C(&%&;D B # " -" L # 1-- C(:3;D " - -" " A " # " B -" -" l " z - s L
z ;
(&:&2 L
z Ge jde
z=dzj " jde
z=dzj " - - % - " - e
z . # " - "/ -- " L % ,- C(&%&2D
" - " - - " " C%% " " " -" " # D " # B $ -" -"% " " . - " . " B F -" " ... " # - - # " "/% - - "
- " . L > LA
>. . )/% C(&%&;D # . - - % " - - % . " - "/ A " $ #- , - 4$. "- " B
- - . " - A # " C" et al. (::2DN % (&%5% " $ -" " - . . " H % " " > . # " , " " -. " -" &' 9' ('' .. (' 4 % .. ( - " " C "D% " B " " A % (&%: "
- -- # )/% C(&%&;D " " - % (&%:#% - " " - F # " - " F " % /
" " - "/ #-
- " " " " #- > " " % " - " - #- " ? " #
. " #
" " L # .-- " " -" .
608
1 +), (&
# . Single Mode Optical Fiber
Tunable DBR Laser Diode
Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating
Isolator S
3 dB Coupler
Mirror Tip
Photodetector
Intensity
DBR Laser Driver and Data Acquistion System
Wavelength FIGURE 12.8. )> .- . . " - " A # " B .% . " *%*% 1 % % ! - *% * ,% C(::2D KK # ! # A GG SPIE 2838 22@39%
# " " " % " #-. # -- . > # " " A (&%('%&% " /- - # " " - $ . - " % 7" F # #- .. . - " . . .
F- # - C % (&%('D% " . " - "/ # - # # " et al. C(::2D% " > . 9$.. - A C"" -- .D # "
-.. - - >. " - % (&%((% "
"/
..? # # C! - et al. (::;D% 7" " - - F- C" # -- # - " D . " A " . " " B . " A . C % (&%(&D% " > .-- . F- . " " . " % (&%(&#% -" " $ #- . # . " -" #- " " %
(&%; ) ,) !) +),*
609
FIGURE 12.9. CD ,B " A -" # " . - " C10 3 %.. 12 D% C#D " " " -" . # " B . "/ " . - " % . " *%*% 1 % % ! - *% * ,% C(::2D KK # ! # A GG SPIE 2838 22@39%
" et al. C(::2D 1 et al. C(::5D # interferometric technique " # " spectral integration "/% 1 - -. . F-
" . -> " . . .# " " ." > " F- . #- .# " " "/ # " -. "" # " > %
610 Effective Strain Profile, ε(z)
1 +), (&
# .
file on Pro egi ain ient R r t d tS Ne w Gra e to g o L Du ratin n i No fG tra sS po Bia -Chir Pre Strain Profile Low Gradient Regions
Effective Strain Profile, ε(z)
Axial Position Along Grating, z
ile rof n P onic i a r not t St Ne w Mo No
o e t ing Du rat n G i a f Str irp o as Bi e-Ch Pr Strain Profile Including a Reversal
Axial Position Along Grating, z
FIGURE 12.10. ". -- " A #- -. "
#-. .-- . . F-
. %
FIGURE 12.11. )> .- . - . " $ A H " - - - - % . ! - *% 1 % " *% *% * ,%*% A. % " % C(::2D KK # * . # A ,B . -GG Optics Letters 21 (;'9@(;'3%
(&%9 , ) , ) A
611
FIGURE 12.12. CD B . " A " - C % (&%((D - - % C#D )> .-- . F- C - D - " A " B . "/ . " " $ -- F- C# D%
12.5 DISTRIBUTED STRAIN SENSING BASED ON FOURIER TRANSFORMS F
# " et al. C(::3D #- KK -GG # # F- " - F# .# " . . .# " . -%
" " " . " " -$.
- F# " > 0 " . -> . - a
z # " . -> . - a#
z% < - C(:32D " " " " - # "
612
1 +), (&
# .
" # . " . - B F r
z a#
z=a
z;
(&:&3
F $ - / " . dr
z ik
ze dz
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z f
zg
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zr
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z
f
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;
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" k
z " - " - F " f
z " .- " # Db
z " "
. - " .. " " # -" %% Db
z b
z
p=L' :
(&:&:
1 b
z "
" " -" " B . - z L' " # % < - G F " .- " f
z " " " . " .- " " " # z ' z z - " # " z ' " - " % " $ . $ # " . # -? "
- " - -
z
&p Dl
z &p z f
z dz G e
zdz;
(&:4' L' z' e z' L' l' " " Ge (
n&' fp(&
n
p(( p(& g=&;
" 3 )/% C3%&9D e
z " - - " " p(( p(& "
F "
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z (D " . )/% C(&%&5D # -% " . " / # - " -0
zLA k
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z e i&zDb
z dz;
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LA r
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" z LA " " " . " % . r
LA ' a#
LA ' " "
613
(&%9 , ) , ) A
. -> B F - Db )/% C(&%4(D " .0
zLA r
Db i k
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z e &zDb
z dz;
(&:4& z'
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z '; Db # % )/ C(&%4&D " " r
Db " . " . -> - F Ck
zeif
z D% " " . " .
i 1 if
z r
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Db:
(&:44 k
ze p 1 " . -> B F r
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z
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z l' D l' " -" " # % 7 . " " n l # " # / .--% " . -> . - B F - # > " . p
(&:49 R
Dl R
Dle ic
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Dl ;ipn' zDl=l&' if
z e d
Dl:
(&:42 R
Dle k
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z " . f
z " . -> - F% " . # " > " - F - " % " - # " .- " f
z " # e
z )/% C(&%4'D # " . e
z
L' df
z : &pGe dz
(&:43
7 " " F- e
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614
1 +), (&
# .
"-- R
l c
l - R
Dl c
Dl " . " " %
12.6 EXPERIMENTAL FOURIER TRANSFORM DISTRIBUTED STRAIN SENSING " -. > . . # 1 et al. C(::5D
" . ." . " #
F- . F# " ".-- % (&%(4% #- , -
# (99& . " -" - C
>.- & .D F " B . C "D " F# % " - -" " " "
- F# " . # " " -"% " " . " -" B . " -"% " " - . " " -"
- " B $ . R
l% -# " . " $ .. - " - " " $ . R
l # .% " " F#
*"- . . . "
" . c
l% " F > . -
- F# " . " % +. + . F - " - -" -- " . " " " % 52$.. - A > .--
"
-- " -.. - #. C % (&%(4#D% " #. -.
- " " % - C (&%;D "
"/ " " . # C! - et al. (::;D% .- - " " " #. - #" " " F# % (&%(; (&%(;# - " . " R
l c
l - - " #.% " - " " # &5' me " - % (&%(; - " " - F - " A . # " . "/ C1 et al. (::5D% " . F- # #. # " " " % (&%(; "- " -
615
(&%2 )V+),*) ! ,), , ,* Reference Photodetector
Intensity Photodetector Tunable Laser Diode
Sensing Optical Fiber
Fiber Bragg Grating
86 mm
3 dB Couplers Phase Photodetector
Specially Shaped Aluminium Cantilever Beam
Mirrored Tip Reference Optical Fiber
(a) Applied Force
Beam Clamped
86 mm Fiber Bragg Grating in Groove
Specially Shaped Aluminium Cantilever Beam Resistive Foil Str ain Gauge on Underside of Beam
Slot Milled into Underside of the Beam
(b) FIGURE 12.13. CD )> .- . # " " - . . . 52$..$- A . -- - #.% C#D A -. "
" -- " - #. " " - " #.%
616
1 +), (&
# .
" F- . " " " . ." % -" " " > $ .- F " " - #- -- > . " #- " % . " . " .
" " - - # - #
FIGURE 12.14. #. - " A . # " #- - . -- (&%(4% C#D . " % CD - FG - F- - " A . . " . " " CD C#D% CD )> .- F- C - D . " . " " . " " -- F- C# D " #. # " - " #.%
(&%2 )V+),*) ! ,), , ,*
617
. " . " # " " % - . . " - - - "
" - " -.. - #. H #% - " - % (&%(4# "- # " " . - % (&%(9% " #. " -
" " > A #H - "
FIGURE 12.15. CD - " - #. " " - # . % C#D B " " #. - # " - . F- - " A % CD )> .-- .
F- " F- . F # " " - %
618
1 +), (&
# .
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" " H " " $ - -
Light
Light 4 cm Long Fiber Bragg Grating Circular Hole
Load
Aluminium Plate Under Axial Tension
(a) Load
(b)
FIGURE 12.16. CD " > .- . - ;$.$- A
H " - - - -% " - F- . . " . " " C " . #- - . " (&%(4D -" - # " - "
F# . " " " -- F-% . A% C&'''D KK # " # A GG +" "%
(&%3 ,), , ,* , *!+!)V) A ) ,
619
# " (4% >. - A ". C(::5D " " - > . " F- " " " - " - -% 1 " .
" F- " " - " - - - % % (&%(2 ;$.$- F# #
" #. -" # " " " "
- F# % "
> .-- F- . " " " -- F-% !" # " " " " A " -" # " . F- " " - F- "
-"
% # " " - " % (&%(2# ." # " " % (& (&#% - " " F- # " " .
" #- . . " F- . " "/% - " >-- . # " > .- / #- . " " .. - . " " " --%
12.7 FOURIER TRANSFORM FOR SERIAL MULTIPLEXED FIBER GRATING SENSORS -
- F# # " " > A " ? B # .# -. #- " " .
" ." - # - " # . " - A % " - ." - .- -> - A " " - " / -" .- -> " -
- . .-$
->% " .
" . - A F . # < C(::9D # " . " . ->% * et al. C(::5D " " " # " . .- ." . - > .- % " F- . . " A -
- F# % (&%(3% " " .- B . " " # % (&%(3# " . # " > " .- " # % (&%(3% 7 " " #- .
620
1 +), (&
# .
FIGURE 12.17. CD " - . " - A . - - #.% C#D T$. > -- B " " A #H " CD% CD " " " A # " . " T$. > .- B " % . * ,%*% " *%*% 1 % % 6% % % C(::5D KK#- ! . - L # A * -GG Smart Materials and Structures Journal 7 &43@&;3 " . . " +" +#-" !%
" .-- -- - " " % * et al. C(::5D " " -- - # " F - - " . " " $ . - - - -- - ?
B %% " >% -" . "
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621
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" " ? B " - # " . . "
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" .- -> A * et al. C(::5D #
- F# " " A -- " - #.% " - " . #- - " .
" . . . . " # - - . " - " . - .% (&%(5 - " -
. " " - " #.% " .
FIGURE 12.18. CD . -> B " $- A - - - #.% C#D " " . " A
- " #.% . * ,%*% " *%*% 1 % % 6% % % C(::5D KK#- ! . - L # A * -GG Smart Materials and Structures Journal 7 &43@&;3 " . . " +" +#-" !%
622
1 +), (&
# .
FIGURE 12.19. . - . . C - D " " A . " . " " " " " - F- C# D% . * ,%*% " *%*% 1 % % 6% % % C(::5D KK#- ! . - L # A * -GG Smart Materials and Structures Journal 7 &43@&;3 " . . " +" +#-" !%
. -> - . # " " A% # % (&%(5# - " #. - " . - " - " . " " A% " F- . . #. # " " - #. " # % (&%(:% $
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F- -" " " - - " " "/ # . % - " .
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# (' . # D . "" - . - % " - # " " # "/ " - #" " -" / 7*% - " "" ""$ - , # " *
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12.10 DISTRIBUTED STRAIN SENSING APPLICATIONS - - # . . - F
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Optical Fiber Sensor-Based Smart Materials and Structures C- ,% )%D "$ . +#-% 3'@54% *% 6% % " 1% 6% C(:54D% KK7-" *- -> -$ * # - GG Appl. Optics 22 ;5;@;:(% !% ".#- 6% !% , !% ,-- +% + % % C(::4D% KK- +- A 7 # GG Electron. Lett. 29 (933@(935% !% ".#- 6% !% , !% ,-- +% + % % C(::4#D% KK A 4 $
# 7 # - )>. +-GG Optics Lett. 18 52(@524% !% C(::&D% KK. .GG Challenges 7 (2@&(% *% C(::4D% KK" .- 1 7-" $ # A GG IEEE Photonics Tech. Lett. 5 (44(@(44;% - % A% C(::3D% KK * ) * - " - # L .GG SPIE 3042 4('@4(5% % **-- 7% C(::2D% KK" $+ *"-" - " . - - . , GG Smart Mat. & Struct. 5 &:3@ 4''% A% C&'''D% KK # " # A GG
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. " GG J. Transportation Eng. %=% ;((@;(2% )- % C(::(D% KK " !
G # G *"- - + $ . " GG Photonics Spectra #% (&4@(&5% ) 7% " 6% # <% 7--" ,% C(::3D% KK. . " #- # A . + + - $ ? .#- GG (&" % % - # 7--.# ;5;@;53% )-. % 6% A % % +B % L -- % C(::9D% KK! " # - * GG Structural Engineering International 1 ;4@;5% ) % C(::3D% KK # A GG J. Lightweight Tech. 15 (&33@(&53%
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) % *? " L% C(::;D% KK # +" A ,B !" " - GG Laser Focus World #% 34@35% ) % *? " !. +% 6% * % C(::;D% KK - -$ # A GG J. Appl. Phys. 76 34@5'% ) *% % ,? -- % 1% C(::4D% KK ,+ , . $ GG Concrete International 6 ;5@94% ) *% % ,? -- % 1% C(::4#D% KK " ,+GG Concrete International 6 9;@9:% ) # +% A. - L% * -- *% * # +% C(::&D% KK # $ . GG ( ) % % . $ * - A- &(9@&(5% ) - ,% +% ,% *% 7 % +% . % % +? *% % 7- ,% % - % !% " % % A- +% % * 6% 6% " +% 6% C(::3D% KK;' # A 7 " " " # &93 .GG (&" - # # &2@&5 7--.# % )?# % <--
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. *% 6% C(::;D% KKL ,B " C;; .D " # A - + # " . - * GG Electronic Lett. 30 5:(@5:&% % ! A % C(::(D% KK5& . #- )> . ! GG Electronic Lett. 27 2@3%
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% % + % ,% ." % <% % L% C(::(D% KK # *- -" .GG IEEE LCS 9&@29% . )% ,% C(::4D% KK $+>- "-- GG Laser World 6 54@53% - A% ,% C(:39D% * 1 - ," 7 % #- )% 6% < % % C(::;D% KK # * . GG Laser Focus World * (29@(3(% #- )% 6% % A% +. *% % " % % 6 - 6% 6 % ,% +% - ,% A% C(::;D% KK # " # A ).# ,** . Electronic Lett. 30 (354@ (35;% #- )% 6% % A% +. *% % 7--. A% *% < % % C(::9D% KK #
- ! $ - # - .. -
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1 - .GG SPIE 2191 ;;2@;;:% " +% !% 1 % ,% .# % +% *+ % C(::9D% KK! B * . A GG SPIE 2446 &:4@ 4''% " +% !% 1 % ,% .# % +% * )% % C(::9#D% KK # 0 ,. * . - " . ""GG Smart Materials & Structures 4 (;@(:% % 6? % % ". 7% C(::4D% KK$ -" * $ . -- . +- # $ $ . AGG Smart Materials & Structures 2 (;3@(92% A.#- 7% % C(::&D% KK - # ! . -F GG Endeavour 16 (3@&&% A.#- 7% % +
- % % C(:55D% KK - # GG Optical Fiber Sensors C 6% -" % )%D " 1 &;:@&32% A +% - % % * % * ,% *% C(::&D% KK) -.$ " - / . . * # # # @+ GG # . L SPIE 1798. A A% ## % C(::9D% KK" ) . ? ! " ,- .GG SPIE 2446 (9(@(2'% A % 1% +- +% +% *% ,% C(:55D% KK - # #-GG Optical Fiber Telecommunications II C*-- % )% <. % +% )%D &(3@&24% A" ,% ,% " % " % C(::;D% KK # $ 7"$!" $ . 0 ! GG Opt. Lett. 19 (45@(;'% A 1% V *% A% 6% +% C(::9D% KK*- -> * . " ! A !" GG SPIE 2507 &9@4;% A" % <% " H <% C(:5:D% - )- .# .# % A- % - % ! <% * ,% *% C(::4D% KK"
-#- # " 7 *-GG Smart Structures and Materials, SPIE 1918 :3@(':% A- % C(:3(D% KK 7 - A # GG Appl. Opt. 10 &;;&% A- % C(:39D% KK+
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A 6% C(:5;D% Optical Communication Systems + $1-- - ! % A <% % L% * % % C(::9D Optical Fiber Sensor Technology, " . 1-- ! % A 6% % * " <% % % ,% - ,% % L % *% C(::&D% KK - # L# $* - +" , $ > A GG Smart Materials & Structures 1 &;4@&;:% A 6% % 6 *% )% % % * " <% % C(::2D% KKA $ - # $ GG SPIE 2718 (3'@(3;% A 6% % 6 *% )% +% A% < ? % !% - % % * ,% A% * " <% % C(::3D% KKA $ - # GG SPIE 3042 &2'@&22% A % % - <% C(::&D% KK . , " " 7 " !# GG A , % &3@( &3@&:% A. +% C(:5&D% KK) / " " " A . - "GG J. Mech. Phys. Solids 30 44:@494% 1#- 7% ,% 1--. % C(::9D% KK,- * . . ! - # * # GG SPIE 2446 &9@42% 1#- 7% 1
*% % + - 1% C(::;D KK" B - - - - # GG 2nd Europ. Conf. on Smart Structures & Materials + % (25@(3(% 1#- 7% ,% + - 1% C(::;D% KK" B . - * - + -. ).# - # GG G(' (@:% 1#- 7% ,% 1 . % 1--. % % C(::2D% KK # . ! . . " . * -GG Engineerinig Mechanics Proceedings of the 11th Conference C % <% ! % % )%D 499@495% 1F- +% C(::9D% KK = 7 A . +- ,
GG New Scientist #% 9% 1- <% % C(::&D% KK -$ # $ * .GG ( )
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- % 1 1% % ! % C(::(D% KK $ # # ,B GG J. Lightwave Tech. 9 39;@32'% 1 =% % " +% A % C(::&D% KK - +" # @+ )- 0 - GG Optics Lett. 17 22;@222% 1 % + .. (::5% 1" 6% C(::2D% KK # + G GG New Scientisit % &;% 1" 6% C(:::D% KK $! + . , " GG Laser Focus World * (&3@(;4% 1" )% TH % C(:3;D Optics, $7-% 1 +% 6% , % 6% 6 % % T" !% % C(::3D% KK.- .$ . * 7-" *- -> # $ # @+ 7" ! $ " GG (&" - # # &2@&5 7--.# % 1 . A% % A 6% 6% % C(::(D% KK
- . 1-" * GG J. Intel. Mat. Syst. and Struct. 2 ;((@;4'% 1-- <% % C(:3;D% KK + #$+ . 7 GG Applied Optics 13 (594% 1-- <% % *-? A% C(::3D% KK # A " - .- GG J. Lightwave Technology 15 (&24@(&32% 1-- <% % H % 6 " % % < % % C(:35D% KK+" - # 70
- ,B - # GG Appl. Phys. Lett. 32 2;3@2;:% 1-- <% % *- % - % 6 " % % -# 6% C(::4D% KK A # * . +" - # # L )> " " +" * GG Appl. Phys. Lett. 62 ('49@('43% 1H-. % ,% % ,.#" 6% % % C(::2D% KK*- -> # $A . * L"- GG SPIE 2838 ;'@9(% 1H-. % ,% H !% % ,.#" 6% % 6% L% C(::3D% KK
- A " " ? - * L"- * -GG Applied Optics 36 4&5@442% 1 % C(:53D% KK # . . GG Composites 18 4':@4(2% 1 % ,% % * ,% *% C(::'D% KK+ - . # - " ? GG SPIE 1170 9;&@99'% 1 % 6? % L- % * ,% *% C(::(D% KK-
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.GG Optical Fiber Sensors: Applications, Analysis, and Future Trends L -% ; " 1
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1"- )-- - $* # GG J. Lightwave Techn. 8 &4@ 44% 1 % ". *% *% ! - *% ! ,% * ,% *% C(::;D% KK # $A # GG SPIE 2294 5(@:&% 1 % ! - *% " *% *% * ,% *% C(::9D% KK $ A - GG Applied Optics 34 9''4@9'':% 1 % ! - *% " *% *% * ,% *% C(::9#D% KK $ A - GG Applications of Photonic Technology CA% !.
$ - 6% " ,% *% * )%D 4(3@4&'% +-. + % 1 % " *% *% ! - *% ! ,% * ,% *% C(::;D% KK # $A # GG SPIE 2294 5(@:&% 1 % ! - *% ! *% * ,% * ,% *% C(::2D% KK # # " "
- GG Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges & Structures C)-$ *% *% )%D ::(@ ::5% " - ) * -% 1 % " *% *% ! - *% * ,% *% C(::5D% KK # + F- * . " # A GG Smart Mater. and Struct. 7 &;5@&92% 1 % ,% " +% !% - 6%$A% C(::(D% KK - *.# L# # GG J. Sound & Vibrations 149 4;5@494% ,% !% < . *% % < % *% C(::3D% KK*- -> A - # . )- 1" GG Smart Material and Structures J. 7 &':@&(2% ,% !% 7" <% ,% + 6% 7% L " % % " % % % % *% % C(::5D% KK* )- 1" - # GG Fiber Optic Sensors for Construction Materials and Bridges C % )%D (9:@(23%
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- # -. - GG (&" % - # 7--.$ # 9:2@9::% % C(::3#D% KK # . GG Optical Measurement Techniques and Applications C, +% <% )%D " 1 &99@&3;% % )-. % +B !% A % 6% L -- % C(::;D% KK! $ " . " * -$) GG Sensor and Actuators 44 (&9@(4'% % L-- !% +B !% L -- % 7 % C(::9D% KK! $ " . " * 7 GG SPIE 2444 (3'@(35% % % < # +% L -- % C(::3D% KK,- * -GG SPIE 3043 95@2;% % % < # +% * ?? % L -- % C(::3#D% KK).# * # - - * $ GG +) . * - (@5% % L -- % % C(::2D% KK * # $ . . GG +) - +" " . .
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- . $ % Structural Engineering International (=:9 5 ;4@;3% 6 % % C(:5(D% KK + - +" # . GG J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 14 (&3;@(&35% 6 % % 6 6% % % C(:52D% KK # GG Optica Acta 33 (;2:@(9'4% 6 % % 6 6% % % C(:5:D% KK . GG Optical Fiber Sensors: Systems and Applications L -% & C-" % 6% )%D " 1 4&:@45'% 6 % % < % % *% 6 6% % % C(:5&D% KK+ $ 1 ". - . GG Electron. Lett. 18 ('5(@('54%
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6 % % ! # ,% , !% ".#- 6% !% C(::4D% KK. - *- -> ". # $ A GG Optic. Lett. 18 ((:&@((:;% 6. % 7% *% !% . ,% +% C(::2D% KK. - # A L -. 1 - .GG SPIE 2838 9&@93% 6 . L% 1.#" *% )% - !% % # % +% C(::;D% KK7- #- $7 A +=+ . - A ! GG Electron. Lett. 30 (;:&@(;:;% 6 % 7% 6% % C(::9D% KK . " ).# - # GG Fiber Optic Smart Structures C) )%D (':@(&'% 6 % 7% +- 6% 6% % C(::&D% KK+ . A "= .-. !. " ).# - # + 0 >- GG Smart Materials and Structures 1 4(@49% 6 % 7% +- 6% 6% % C(::&#D% KK+ . A "= .-. !. " ).# - # + 0 >- GG Smart Mat. & Struct. 1 &;@4'% 6" .. !% % C(:54D% Single-Mode Fiber Optics Principles and Applications * % 6-- 6% !% -# " A% ,% C(::&D% KK $). ! ). . " !# GG Laser Focus World * &(3@&&4% 6-- 6% % - % % C(::(D% KK . *" * . " . $ " .- )> FGG Appl. Optics 30 4292@422'% 6-- 6% -# " A% ,% ,% +% " % C(::&D% KK $). ! " , GG Photonics Spectra % (&2@(4'% 6 V% % 6% % C(::3D% KK - # .- * . . GG SPIE 3042 (&'@(&3% 6 6% % % C(::3D% KK, # "/ . @ . GG (&" % % - # 7--.# &'@ &4% 6 6% % % 6% % C(::3D% KK # $ * ) GG Optical Fiber Sensors L -% ; C 6% " % )%D " 1 &'3@&9:% 6 *% )% A % " L% * " <% % - ,% % *-- % )% L % *% C(::9D% KK$! # . - A GG SPIE 2444 &;5@&92% 6 ,% % --. % A% % % 6% % *% % +. *% % #- )% 6% < % % C(::5D% KK . - +- " 7-" *- -> # A !$/ $ - ".GG Smart Materials and Structures 7 (35@(55% 6 ,% % % % --. A% ) - % % 6% % +. *% % #- )% 6% < % % C(::2D% KK- +- . * 7-" *- -> # A GG SPIE 2718 &95@&23%
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. ,+ . GG SPIE 3042 ;''@;':% <-- <% A% 7## 6% % , !% ".#- 6% !% 6 % % C(::;D% KK+ #-
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- % )% 1 L% % , % 6% C(::9D% KK.- . " +" $ # A GG Opt. Soci. Am. 20 444@449% < % " 1% ". % .. *% " % C(::4D% KK , 7-" " A # ,B$ ! GG Electronics Lett. 29 (':(@(':&% < <% % 1 ". A% % C(:22D% KK- $ # 7 - /GG Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng. 113 ((9(@((95% < % +% 1% 1% C(::(D% KK" * . + # ! .GG Optical Eng. 30 3''@3'5% < <% !% * - % C(::9D% KK -- # # " " " " < - - ) GG SPIE 2444 :;@('9% <" ,% C(::;D% KK+" - # 0
- GG Optical Fiber Technol. 1 (3@&;% < . <% C(::;D% KK " . .
- GG Laser Focus Worlds ::@('2% < % % C(::9D% KK # *- -> "/GG Fiber Optic Smart Structures C) )%D ;':@;;;% < % % C(::3D% KK*- -> "/ # $ GG Optical Fiber Sensors L -% ; C 6% " % )%D " 1 42:@;'3% < % % C(::3#D% KK - # GG Optical Measurement Techniques and Applications C, +% <% )%D " 1 &(3@&9;% < % % % % C(::4D% KK # $A " $ . 1"$, - . 7-"$" GG Optics Lett. 18 3&@3;% < % % % C(:55D% KK # *- -> # GG G55 - 2'@3(% < % % * 7% 7% C(::4D% KK*- -> A # $! $ . " * $! GG Electronic Lett. 29 ((&@((;% < % % * 7% 7% C(::4#D% KK*-$)-. $A # $! GG Electronic Lett. 29 :2;@:22% < % % ! % % 6 % % C(:5;D% KK+ $1 ". " A
GG Electronic Lett. 20 425@43'% < % % *% 6 % % C(:5;#D% KK! ? ,. * . # + - . GG SPIE 514 - # G5; &;3@&9'%
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# , ! GG # . Q L SPIE 1798 &5'@&59% < % % % % * 7% 7% C(::4D% KK*- -> # A $. " # # @+ 7-" - GG Optics Lett. 18 (43'@(43&% < % % <
<% +% *% % C(::;D% KK # A ! GG SPIE 2292 # ! V ('&@((&% < % % *% % % % % 6 ,% % % -- A% 7 A% 1 A% % + <% < % C(::3D% KK ! * . 1-- " # # A GG SPIE 3042 ;&(@;4'% < % % *% % + 1% 6% ! - *% <
<% +% % A% +. *% % #- )% 6% C(::3#D% KK # A GG J. Lightwave Technol. 15 (;;&@(;24% < % 1 *% < # <% " % C(::4D% KK -. > # )- GG Optics Lett. 18 52;@529% <. % % - 6% % 1 % % " 1% 6% C(:53D% KK 1"- )-- # $* # GG Opt. Lett. 12 3&:@34(% <.$6%% C(::9D KK, # . ! -? - ". 1" +-$A GG Proc. SPIE, Smart Struct. & Mat. . . 1"% <. <% % .- % A% % C(::4D% KK* . . " ).# # @+ - # GG J. Composite Materials% < # A% % ! % <% *% % < % % C(::9D% KK .- ! " ). . GG SPIE 2444 423@432% < . *% % ,% !% C(::2D% KK . 1" * GG . Q * - . . 1" &5@&: # (::2 % < . *% % ,% !% < % % *% % --. % A% #- )% 6% +. *% % C(::2D% KK. . -- - - # * .GG SPIE 2719 &29@&39% < - 1% C(:32D% KK - , $ . -. + GG Bell System Tech. J. 55 (':@(&2%
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- 6% " ,% *% * )%D ;(4@;(5% +-. + % < -# 6% % ".#- 6%$!% , !% 6% )% L A% A% + % % C(::;D% KK1"-$) F ! $ A $ # ) 4: #4
# ! GG Electron. Lett. 30 :3&@:34% < ".
" ,% <% - # % " " " <% 7 % )% C(::3D% KK1# . ,# . GG SPIE 3043 29@3(% < " % % C(:55D% Fiber Optic Sensors Fundamentals and Applications . . % < # +% % % L -- % C(::3D% KK. * $ " # . GG SPIE 3043 &@((% < "? % - ,% % * " % * ,% A% A" *% % C(::&D% KK - # " = * . GG ( )
% % . Q * - A- SPIE 1777 &;(@&;;% < 6% 1% * % +% 7% C(::&D% KK. . - $)-. -GG Smart Mater. & Struct. 1 ('5@((&% < ". % C(::'D% KK # . .- -$ - - - # GG Optics Lett. 15 ('45% < ". % 1 H" % "? % 1% *% C(::(D% KK* . # ! , #. - # #-GG Appl. Optics 30 44;@443% < ". % *% 1 " % < . C(::3D% KK+ . . . .# , # ! * . # , .? " , !" + - ? GG IEEE Photonics Technology Lett. 9 42'@42&% < H % ,% % C(::(D% KK *"- +
!"0 .. GG Optical Engineering 30 25(@25:% < H % 1% C(::(D% KK - # ,-#-GG Opt. Eng. 30 23:@25'% < H % ,% < 6% % *" *% 6% C(:5:D% KK "
- - # GG J. Lightwave Technol. 7 (42'@(43'% !. % % 7% A % C(:5(D% KK" ? - * # GG Appl. Opt. 20 ;;'@;;9% !.#- +% H--? +% % !.# 1% A% -"R ,% +% T.. % A- 1% 1% C(::4D% KK A " ? # - ! $ " ,B$ . GG IEEE Photonics Tech. Lett. 5 929@923% !. ,% % + % % C(:5:D% KK)- ). - 1"- - # GG J. Lightwave Tech. 7 &'5;@&':;%
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. " > . # A GG SPIE 3042 &&:@&42% ! % *% - % L% % )% C(::3#D% KK* . " # A GG SPIE 3042 &(5@&&5% ! % *% - % L% % )% 6% ,% C(::3D% KK . + $ ,- . * - ).# # GG SPIE 3042 (9;@(23% ! - *% C(::5D% KK *" ).# -$) # - $ * . "/GG +"%% "
% ! - *% < % % C(::3D% KK # $A # @+ 7-" ! $ " . GG (&" # # &2@&5 7--.# % ! - *% * ,% *% C(::&D% KK. . . . $ * - " ).# # GG J. Composite Engineering 2 934@ 9:2% ! - *% * ,% *% C(::4D% KK* ."- ).# -$) GG . * - -#/ / SPIE 1918 &(9% ! - *% * ,% *% C(::9D% KK # . .GG Fiber Optic Smart Structures C) )%D 95(@2(4% ! - *% 1 % " *% * ,% *% C(::;D% KK#- " # A - .GG Electron. Lett. 30 &(24@ &(29% ! - *% 1 % * ,% *% C(::9D% KK # $ A A GG SPIE 2444 (42@(;3% ! - *% 1 % " *% * ,% *% A. % " % C(::2D% KK # * . # A ,B$ . -GG Opt. Lett. 21 (;'9@(;'3% ! % !/. *% L +% ! % 7" % ,% *% "?- 6% -" % *" % +
- +% C(::4D% KK " ,)$), * . + HGG SPIE 2075B-43 3@ (' % ! % C(::5D% *% %% " - ) % ! % )% - 1% % C(:55D% KK . # - * GG Electron Lett. 24 (:4@(:;% ! % )% - 1% % C(::'D% KK . # . ! " !" GG SPIE 1370 # . 492@42;% ! % )% - 1% % C(::&D% KK$! # # @+ . " 1" ,B - * GG + % 5" % % - # +G:& ('9%
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! % )% - 1% % C(::9D% KK . " # @+ . GG Fiber Optic Smart Structures C) )%D &;:@ &3'% ! % )% - ? 6% 6% A#- 7% ,% % - 1% % C(::(D% KK*" ).# - # - # *- $ GG SPIE 1588 # . L (('@((2% ! % !% C(:52D Electromagnetic Principles of Integrated Optics 6% 7- Q % ! 7% 1 % - 1% % 6. ,% ! % )% L% A#- 7% % ,% % A. 7% A% C(::3D KK,- . " # GG (&" % % - # 7--.$ # ;(&@;(9% !. +% 6% ,% *% L? " L% , 7% % C(::4D% KK1" + 1& ! "/ " - "" L +" " . A&
- # GG Electron. Lett. 29 ((:(@((:4% ! )% 6% C(::2D% KK" $ - . . GG Laser Focus World % ('4@((&% ! )% 6% C(::2#D% KK -" +" " +" GG Laser Focus World % :4@('&% ! )% 6% C(::2D% KK .
- GG Laser Focus World * :4@(''% ! )% 6% C(::2D% KK 1" GG Laser Focus World 6 (99@(2;% ! )% 6% C(::5D% KK ! !" .. + GG Laser World (&4@(4&% ! 6% . A% , <% L % *-- % % - ,% C(::(D% KK
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,% +? % C(::&D% KK(%99 m. >=A - ! " $! *-$=. 7-- A GG Electronics Lett. 28 (3&2@(3&3% ! *%$6% H F % % C(::4D% KK+ - ? A $ 7 ,B GG Appl. Optics 32 ;9(3@;9&(% ! % C(:5:D% Optoelectronic Technology and Lightwave Communications Systems L ," - %
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% * % ,% A% % C(::2D% KK # )- - # - Q . * . " 7" !" . GG SPIE 2718 ;'5@ ;(2% ! % A% % , % 6% T" !% % 6 % % C(::3D% KK.- . * . . *- -> # A )> # @+ GG SPIE 3042 &'4@&(&% ! % A% % T" ! % , % 6% 6 % % C(::3D% KK.- . * . .# # A =)> # @+ GG (&" % % - # 7--.# &'@&4% ! % 7 *% A% % , % 6 % % C(::3D% KK *- -> )> # @+ .GG Smart Mater. Struct. 6 ;2;@;2:% ! % 7 *% A% % , % 6 % % C(::3D% KK *- -> )> # @+ . $ . . $ . GG SPIE 3042 &:4@4'4% ! % !% 6% % C(::3D% KK. - *" * . > .- - $ # $A GG Smart Struct. Mat. 1997 SPIE 3042 &43@&;4% ! % C(::'D% KK) # " - ,+ . GG *% %% " C".- )%D% ! <% % A% 1 . % * A% T.. . % C(::9D% KK # * -. , F " . 6 -> - ! GG SPIE 2446 (2@&;% ! -- +% % + % 6% C(::3D% KK ,. 7 - . . * " 1-" ! - GG SPIE 3043 (&@&&% ! T% 6% -" % % C(:5:D% KK # . . . * -GG SPIE 1170 # . &4:@ &;&% ! T% 6% -" % % C(::(D% KK
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* 6% 7% T" 7% C(::3D% KK $ ) # .- * . . GG SPIE 3042 &(4@&(3% * ,% - % * ,% *% " *% < % A- % 7 % A% ,? -- % C(::;D% KK # A -- , GG SPIE 2191 ;93@;29% * ,% - % * ,% *% A% ,? -- % 1% A"$ " % C(::3D% KK # $ A * GG Cement and Concrete Composites 19 &(@44% * ,% - % % * ,% *% C(::5D% KK , )> * " # A GG Fiber Optic Sensors for Constructional Materials and Bridges C " )%D (&:@(49% * % , - % L-- *% +% C(::3D% KK$ $ )- " # A , 0
- . # . ) # GG Applied Optics 36 :;43@:;;3% *" *% 1% )% A% C(::4D% KK)- # A 1" " .GG Applications of Fiberoptic Sensors in Engineering Mechanics C " )%D (&'@(44% *- % 6 " % % - % -# 6% 1-- <% % C(::4D% KK-$ )>. $+- 7 # A # T $ -- +" * 0 A - , L-? > + # GG Opt. Lett. 1 (&33@(&3:% *- % " - % 6 " % % - % -# 6% 1-- <% % C(::9D% KK $ # A ,B +" . +" * 7" L #- ) FGG Electron. Lett. 31 &&&@&&4% * % A 6% < 6% % C(::4D% KK " -$
- 1-" * GG SPIE 1917 . * - -#/ / #% (@;% * % C(:5&D% KKB " ! #- - # GG Appl. Optics 21 ;&'5@;&(4% * % C(:5:D% KK # $ - " # @+ , GG J. Lightwave Tech. 7 52:@532% * 6% -- % C(::;D% KK - 7 "/ ! 1"- ,B $ # A GG Electron. Lett. 30 5((@5(&% * % ,% 1 % % A% % 1- <% % C(::9D% KK. . -. 7 # -? ).# - # GG SPIE 2444 ;':@9'(% * % ,% "- % A% % C(::3D% KK - # $ GG Photonics Technology Lett. 9 :5&@:5;% *" +% *% A% 7-- % A% * % - A% 7-$ "% < 1% <% C(::5D% KK - . . ! + .GG )- ".% % . % !" ). -%
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# $ AGG Smart Structures & Materials G:4 -# / / SPIE 1918 (3;@(52% *" % % 6% % C(::'D% KK" . # ).# * -" GG SPIE 1370 # . 6 (;&@(94% *" *% 1-- <% % 7# % C(:39D% KK - 7 - 0 "GG J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65 5';% *? % 6% H A% +% % *% C(:55D% KK . = + . GG SPIE 986 # . % % Q (:@&:% *A 6% C(::4D% KK . , " 7 1 GG New Scientist % &( 4'@44% * ,% *% C(:5:D% KK. " A-GG Prog. Aerospace Sci. 26 &5:@49(% * ,% *% C(::'D KK # . * -M * - " A-GG % - ) " 1 SPIE 1267 &;(@&92% * ,% *% C(::(D% KK # -
. . GG SPIE 1588 # . L 32@59% * ,% *% C(::&D% KK. . " ).# GG J. Composites Eng. 2 9:3@2(5% * ,% *% C(::&#D% KK. , - - ) GG < . * - <% 7% - +% !# _ )% " - ) * - 4(@9:% * ,% *% C(::4D% KK # . . GG Composite Eng. 3 3(9@39'% * ,% *% C(::9D% KK # GG Fiber Optic Smart Structures C) )%D (3(@&;3% * ,% *% 1 % ,% % L-- % A-# *% 6% C(:55D% KK -- # , GG SPIE 986 # Q 4&@;&% * ,% *% A-
% % !. 6% ! - *% 7 6% # % 7% ,% C(:5:D% KK -- # . $ . . . * -GG Appl. Optics 28 &2&2@&244% * ,% *% ! <% % " *% C(::(D% KK . * " ).# - # GG SPIE 1489 - - - (@9% * ,% *% - % % ! <% *-- % *% C(::&D% KK - . 0 < -
. + - . GG # . Q L SPIE 1798 (9;@(22% * ,% *% *-- % *% ! <% C(::&#D% KK7-" . - A # . . GG J. Smart Materials and Structures 1 42@;;%
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* ,% *% - % < % % C(::4D KK. " , - 0 A ! " K GGG SPIE 1918 . * - -#/ / # (@;% * ,% *% 1 % ! - *% " *% - % % C(::;D% KK $A . - . GG SPIE 2191 ;42@;;9% * ,% *% - % % * ,% " *% < % 1 % C(::9D% KK -- A ! . # # + 1" GG Smart Materials & Structures 4 &'@4'% * ,% *% 1 % ! - *% ! *% " *% * ,% C(::2D% KK # # - A ,B GG SPIE 2838 4(@4:% * ,% *% " *% *% 1 % % 6% % % C(::5D% KK#- ! . - L # A * -GG Smart Materials and Structures 7 &43@&;3% * % *% * 1% "- A% C(::&D% KK " " ,+ !.0 , "
- ? -GG Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures C - <% 7% !# +% )%D - ) &;4@&9&% * % *% * 1% "- A% C(::4D% KK " " . GG . Alternative Materials for the Reinforcement and Prestressing of Concrete C6% !% - )%D " . Q 1-- A- % * 6% 7% - L% <- % C(::3D% KK * + GG (&" % % - # 7--.# ;'5@;((% *-- % *% C(::;D% KK G . G GG Photonics Spectra 55@:;% *-- % *% ! <% * ,% *% C(::(D% KK # A GG SPIE 1588 # . L
(99@&24% *-- % *% ! <% * ,% *% C(::&D% KK + 7-" . - . A$7 A GG IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett. 4 9(2@9(5% *-- % *% % A% < % - % % * ,% *% C(::&#D% KK # ! GG # . Q L
SPIE 1798 &&3@&42% *-- % - % < % % ! <% * ,% *% C(::4D% KK A $ # ! .GG Photonics Technology Lett. 5 &24@&22% *-- % *% ! <% * ,% *% C(::4#D KK+ - # A A .GG Applied Optics 32 42'(@42':% *-- % A. - % % - A% * -- *% C(::3D% KK-$
. " ? +- # $ ,## GG (&" - # # &2@&5 7--.# &(4@&(2% *-? A% C(::2D% KK # A $ GG SPIE 2838 &@&&%
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*-? A% * 7% 7% A-. 7% 1% C(:5:D% KK . A - # # 1 - " *" GG Opt. Lett. 14 5&4@ 5&9% *- !% % , ,% % 1 -# *% % . 6% % <" <% 6% C(::&D% KK)- - + -. - # + -. . GG Active Materials and Adaptive Structures CA% % < - )%D +" +#-" 5'(@5';% *R? % C(::4D% KK
- ).# - # $ )-. GG Applications of Fiberoptic Sensors in Engineering Mechanics C " )%D (;;@(95% *R? % * % % C(::&D% KK - # ).# GG # . Q L SPIE 1798 &'9@&(2% *R? % * % % *R? % C(:5:D% KK
- ).# # , - GG SPIE + % 1170 # . % Q 2'@2:% *R? % * % % ," !% 6% C(::4D% KK)> .- ,- ).# - # GG SPIEE Proc. 1918 . * - -#/ / *% * % -- % +% C(::9D% KK -0 )> .- ! GG Structural Engineering International 6% ;5@9'% * ?#" % % < % % #- )% % C(::2D% KK # 0 ,GG Smart Mater. Struct. 5 (:2@&'5% *- ,% C(::9D% KK * " - ! GG New Scientist 6% &( (2% *"- % C(::;D% KK # < 7 " GG Photonics Spectra * 9&% *" 7% % -" % , # % % 6% ,% C(::(D% KK # "/ .- * . . L . * -GG SPIE 1588 # . L 4;&@ 492% *" 7% % " # A% 6 " 7% -" % C(::&D% KK "/ . " ) >$,$ .GG # . Q L SPIE 1798% *" % -" % " # A% 6 7% < *% C(::2D% KK . * .GG SPIE 2718 (4;@(;2% *" % -" % " # A% < *% *% ! % " % !/. *% L +% L % ! % <-# +% ,% , # % +
- +% % "?- 6% +% 1 # % 7" % C(::2#D% KK # * C*DGG SPIE 2718 459@4:3% * 6% )% A % !% C(::&D% Optoelectronics Lightwave Technology 7- % *-- % )% <. % +% C(:55D% Optical Fiber Telecommunications II . + % *-- % *% *- % % 7" % % C(:52D% Optical Fiber Splices and Connectors: Theory and Methods * - %
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-- - # AGG SPIE 2718 ;&3@;45% * % " % C(::(D KK! $ . #- 7$A )- $ # * - GG Can. J. Phys. 69 ;:3@9'3% * - +% C(::&D% KK#- -$ ! GG IEEE 80 4;5% * % % ) *%$ % 6 !% A% )% C(::(D% Advanced Composite Materials with Application to Bridges KK " + #-GG &45@ &4: - ) * -% * % % ) *% % 6 !% A% )% C(::&D% Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures in Japan - ) * -% *" 6% % C(::&D% KK- ,## # GG Photonics Spectra 6- :5@454% *-"-- +% C(::3D% KK* - # A " )>. ! 1"$ *- -> ).#
- GG *% %% " % * % C(::9D% KK " GG Materials World 3 9&3% * " <% % *-- *% % L % *% - ,% % C(:5:D% KK 7 *"- $ # . GG SPIE 1170 995@929% * " <% % % ,% 7 A% T% L % *% - ,% % C(::(D% KK
" # . * -. * . 1" . GG SPIE 1588 # . L ((3@(&;% * " <% % A" *% % L % *% - ,% % C(::(#D% KK # @ + # --$- $(9 GG SPIE 1588 # . L (4;@(;;% * " <% % A" *% % L % *% - ,% % C(::(D% KK= +"$" )> # @+ - # GG Optics Lett. 16 &34@&39% * " <% % A" *% % 7 % - ,% % C(::&D% KK)> # @ + - # GG 5" - # * (:4@ &''% * " <% % A" *% % - ,% % % % *-- *% % C(::4D% KK - # * . 7GG . Q * - G:4 -#/ / SPIE 1918 (('@(&'%
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SPIE 1798 (&;@(44% " % <% - A% 7% A F % )% 1 % % 1 % ," !% 6% + % % * % % C(::(D% KK+ -. ).# - # GG - SPIE 1489 (3@4&% 1% A% 6% % +% C(::'D% KK. F *" - GG % % - ,-#- ) (453@(4:4% " " 6 % ,% % L A% % - % % C(:23D Atomic Light Lasers, - +#% % -- +% *% +% . ,% " % C(::3D% KK
-$ # - , A ! $ . -- - ) GG SPIE 3043 33@52% -- +"% *% % * +% " % C(::5D% KK! . ,-#- ).# - # GG Fiber Optic Sensors for Constructional Materials and Bridges C " )%D (54@(:4% . )% A% C(:5:D% Single-Mode Fibers $L - -% "
6% +% * % % C(::2D KK , -$ -# " -. , GG Concrete International 18 4'@4;% - % C(::'D% KK, ,GG New Scientist % 43% % +% " % 6 6% % % 6 % % C(:5:D% KK, . ! +" . - . # GG Apo. Opt. 28 ;&('@;&(9% - *% "? !% , # +% % C(::;D% KK. - # . -- A . -GG ('" % % - # A- - SPIE 2360 (45@(;(% . ,% !R % " % 7--. ,% !% C(::(D% KK* -" $). . L#- ! . 7* # .. .GG IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27 (9&'@ (94'%
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.- % L? % C(::5D% KK GG Popular Science * " ;5@94% % % C(:9;D% Physical Properties of Crystals% > + ! &49@&9:% G -- % C(::4D% KK " -- GG New Scientist % 42% G -- % C(::4#D% KK! ! . . .GG New Scientist # & 4&@4;% % 6% . <% C(::3D% KK *- -> ! * . + . ! # A GG (&" # # &2@&5 7--.# % " *% % ! <% * ,% *% C(::&D% KK).# # -
- * GG - # $ . * - - # L -% " *% *% % ! <% *-- % *% C(::&#D% KK).# # -
- * GG # . Q L SPIE 1798 (4;@(;4% " *% % 1 % * ,% ## ,% "- % * ,% 1% C(::9D% KK+" $A A GG SPIE 2444 (&3@(49% " *% *% 1 % % ! - *% * ,% *% C(::2D% KK $ # ! # A GG SPIE 2838 22@39% " *% *% 1 % % * ,% *% " 6% C(::3D% KK # + F- * . " # A . . "/GG Electronics Lett. 33 (&;&@(&;4% " % ! V% C(::9D% KK - . *" 7 A " +" * GG IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 7 ((54@((59% " % - % *-- % < % * ,% *% C(::4D% KK # A ! GG Optical Engineering 32 &5;(@&5;2% " % ! V% * ,% *% C(::;D% KK . *- - A GG Electron. Lett. 30 (:3&@(:34% -- % C(:53D% KK -- ! - " A - - 7GG Opt. Lett. 12 5;3@5;:% -- % C(::(D% KK --$ # - ) F . GG Opt. Lett. 16 4'4@4'9% + )% A% ! +% % A" 1% C(::&D% KK - * - " . - *. GG Opt. Eng. 31 :52@::;% + % C(::2D% KK #- GG Popular Science 7 ;'% + % )% C(::&D% KK! - " # GG Smart Maerials and Structures 1 93@2&% + 6% 6% "" *% " <% C(::4D% KK1" + ./ #
. ,- - - GG Laser Focus World 6 (23@(3'% +?
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Materials in Bridges & Structures C)-$ *% *% )%D ;93@;2;% " - ) * -% + % ,% " " *% 1 L% % , % 6% C(::3D% KK -- # .- . -- GG Photonics Technology Lett. 9 :3:@:5(% + 1% 6% < % % + ?? 6% ,% L % *% C(::2D% KK # A . - . $ # ! + A - GG SPIE 2838 2'@29% + 1% 6% 7--. A% *% < % % + ?? 6% ,% L % *% C(::2#D% KK1# # A =! + # A =. . GG IEEE Photon, Tech. Lett. 8 (&&4@(&&9% +- % % C(::4D% KK .? - . . ,B . C,D GG % )> % *" C)*D % 3@: 6 # *"% +- % % "
A% % C(::4D% KK . " ).# - # - - *" GG % )> % *" C)*D % 3@: 6 # *"% +- % % H A% +% . A% +% C(::4D% KK " . )> # @+ . $ C) +$DGG . Q * - G:4 -#/ / SPIE 1918 (9;@(2;% + % A% +"- 7% ,% -" % A" % * # % 1 . A% C(::2D% KK- ,+ +- # GG SPIE 2718 4;9@49;% +
- % % + % % . *% )% C(:59D% KK # ! $! - # , $) " GG Electron. Lett. 21 343@345% + ,% 6 % < % % ! - *% *% C(::3D% KK! $ " 7-"$) ! $A !" # GG (&" % % - # 7--.# 93;@ 933% + " 6% % ? )% " % *" *% 1% )% A% C(::&D% KK # A ! $- GG # . Q L SPIE 1798 &52@&:;% + ?. 6% % (:59D Theory of Matrix Structural Analysis +#- % +. *% % % A% 7--. A% *% #- )% 6% *% ,H 6% C(::9D% KK- +- # # A +"$ H , )>. ! GG SPIE 2444 ;'4@;':% +. *% % 7--. A% *% #- )% 6% C(::9#D% KK # $A " # A GG Electron Lett. 31 4':@4('% +. *% % *% !% < 6% % % )% - % % #- )% 6% C(::3D% KK A . - +- * ! # ! GG SPIE 3042 49&@493% , % 6% 6 % % C(::4D% KK+ # $ + + # " -$ . . " - , # " ,GG Appl. Optics 32 3(('@3((4% , % 6% 6 % % C(::4#D% KK+ # $ - "" + ,. -$7-" " ,GG Appl. Optics 29 &(;&@&(;4%
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. + # ? + " . . $ - , # " ,GG J. Lightwave Techn. 12 (259@(2:9% , % 6% ,# % % !% 6 % % C(::2D% KK.- - -$. 7-"$ $*- -> $ # A GG SPIE 2838 &4@4'% , % 6% 1 - % 7# % 6% 6 % % C(::3D% KK$ . * *, *" 7" + $ # A .GG (&" % % - # 7--.# 2;2@2;:% ," 1% C(::9D% KK # 0 ,> " GG Photonic Spectra * " 5'@5:% ,. 1% +- +% % C(:5'D% Elasticity Theory and Applications 7- % ,? -- % A% C(::;D% KK . GG ACI Concrete Internat% 16 ;&@;;% ,? -- % "" )% #- ". % A% C(::3D% KK1- . 0 A - ) GG @@ )
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