Sun, Earth and Sky

-1 ]ÊÊ


,/ÊÊ
ÊÊ -9 - " Ê /"

-1 ]Ê
,/ÊÊ
Ê-9

+ENNETH2,ANG 3ECOND%DITION

+ENNETH2,ANG $EPARTMENTOF0HYSICSAND!STRONOMY 2OBINSON(ALL 4UFTS5NIVERSITY -EDFORD -!  53! KENLANG TUFTSEDU

$PWFS
JMMVTUSBUJPO!N EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET IMAGE OF THE 3UN WITH A HUGE HANDLE SHAPED PROMINENCE UPQ
SJHIU )TWASTAKENON3EPTEMBERATAWAVELENGTHOFNANOMETERSWITHTHE%XTREME ULTRAVIOLET )MAGING 4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED %)4 ABOARD THE 40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ ABBREVIATED 40)0 0ROMINENCESAREHUGECLOUDSOFRELATIVELYCOOLDENSEPLASMASUSPENDEDINTHE3UNSHOT THINCORONA!T TIMES THEYCANERUPT ESCAPINGTHE3UNSATMOSPHERE%MISSIONINTHISSPECTRALLINESHOWSTHEUPPERCHRO MOSPHEREATATEMPERATUREOFABOUT + OR DEGREESKELVIN%VERYFEATUREINTHEIMAGETRACES MAGNETIClELDSTRUCTURE4HEHOTTESTAREASAPPEARALMOSTWHITE WHILETHEDARKERREDAREASINDICATECOOLER TEMPERATURES #OURTESY OF THE 40)0 %)4 CONSORTIUM 40)0 IS A PROJECT OF INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION BETWEEN%3!AND.!3!

5JUMF
QBHF
JMMVTUSBUJPO!LARGE SOFT8 RAYCUSPSTRUCTUREMPXFS
SJHIU ISDETECTEDAFTERACORONALMASSEJECTION ON*ANUARY4HECUSP SEENEDGE ONATTHETOPOFTHEARCH ISTHEPLACEWHERETHEOPPOSITELYDIRECTED MAGNETIClELDS THREADINGTHETWOLEGSOFTHEARCH ARESTRETCHEDOUTANDBROUGHTTOGETHER3EVERALSIMILAR IMAGESHAVEBEENTAKENWITHTHE3OFT8 RAY4ELESCOPE384 ABOARD:PILPI SHOWINGTHATMAGNETICRECON NECTIONISACOMMONMETHODOFENERGIZINGSOLAREXPLOSIONS#OURTESYOF,OREN7!CTON .!3! )3!3 THE ,OCKHEED -ARTIN3OLARAND!STROPHYSICS,ABORATORY THE.ATIONAL!STRONOMICAL/BSERVATORYOF*APAN AND THE5NIVERSITYOF4OKYO

,IBRARYOF#ONGRESS#ONTROL.UMBER )3".     )3".    

E )3".   

0RINTEDONACID FREEPAPER Ú3PRINGER3CIENCE"USINESS-EDIA ,,#

!LLRIGHTSRESERVED4HISWORKMAYNOTBETRANSLATEDORCOPIEDINWHOLEORINPARTWITHOUTTHEWRITTENPER MISSIONOFTHEPUBLISHER3PRINGER3CIENCE"USINESS-EDIA ,,# 3PRING3TREET .EW9ORK .9 53! EXCEPTFORBRIEFEXCERPTSINCONNECTIONWITHREVIEWSORSCHOLARLYANALYSIS5SEINCONNECTIONWITHANY FORMOFINFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL ELECTRONICADAPTATION COMPUTERSOFTWARE ORBYSIMILARORDIS SIMILARMETHODOLOGYNOWKNOWNORHEREAFTERDEVELOPEDISFORBIDDEN4HEUSEINTHISPUBLICATIONOFTRADE NAMES TRADEMARKS SERVICEMARKS ANDSIMILARTERMS EVENIFTHEYARENOTIDENTIlEDASSUCH ISNOTTOBETAKEN ASANEXPRESSIONOFOPINIONASTOWHETHERORNOTTHEYARESUBJECTTOPROPRIETARYRIGHTS 0RINTEDIN3INGAPORE !PEX+9/          SPRINGERCOM

$EDICATEDTO*ULIA3ARAH,ANG

(ERECOMESTHE3UN (ERECOMESTHE3UNAND)SAY )TSALRIGHT ,ITTLEDARLING ITSBEENALONG COLD LONELYWINTER ,ITTLEDARLINGITFEELSLIKEYEARSSINCEITSBEENHERE (ERECOMESTHE3UN(ERECOMESTHE3UNAND)SAY )TSALRIGHT ,ITTLEDARLING THESMILESRETURNINGTOTHEIRFACES  3UN 3UN 3UN (EREITCOMES '%/2'%(!22)3/.

*Àiv>ViÊ̜Ê̅iÊ-iVœ˜`Ê `ˆÌˆœ˜

ѮF
4FDPOE
&EJUJPO
PG
UIF
QPQVMBS
4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ
IBT
CFFO
VQEBUFE
CZ
QSP WJEJOH
DPNQSFIFOTJWF
BDDPVOUT
PG
UIF
NPTU
SFDFOU
EJTDPWFSJFT
NBEF
CZ
êWF
NPEFSO
TPMBS
TQBDFDSBѫ
TJODF
UIF
QVCMJDBUJPO
PG
UIF
'JSTU
&EJUJPO
B
EFDBEF
BHP
ѮF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
40)0
MBVODIFE
PO

%FDFNCFS

IBT
FYUFOEFE
PVS
HB[F
GSPN
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
UP
XJUIJO
UIF
IJEEFO
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
BOE
PVU
JO
BMM
EJSFDUJPOT
UISPVHI
UIF
4VOT
UFOVPVT
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
TPMBS
XJOET
40)0T
SFDFOU
JOTJHIUT
IBWF
CFFO
DPNQMFNFOUFE
BOE
FYUFOEFE
CZ
PUIFS
TPMBS
TQBDF DSBѫ
JODMVEJOH
6MZTTFT
XIJDI
TBNQMFE
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
EVSJOH
UXP
DPNQMFUF
DJSDVJUT
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
BOE
:PILPI
XIJDI
DPNQMFUFE
B
EFDBEF
PG
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
TPMBS
9SBZT
ѮF
5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS
BCCSFWJBUFE
53"$&
XIJDI
XBT
MBVODIFE
PO

"QSJM

IBT
QSPWJEFE
ZFBST
PG
IJHISFTPMVUJPO
FYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFU
PCTFSWB UJPOT
SFMBUFE
UP
UIF
IFBUJOH
PG
UIF
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
PVUFS
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
JUT
VCJRVJUPVT
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
BT
XFMM
BT
FOFSHFUJD
FYQMPTJPOT
PO
UIF
4VO
LOPXO
BT
TPMBS
ëBSFT
ѮF
3BNBUZ
)JHI
&OFSHZ
4PMBS
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS
PS
3)&44*
GPS
TIPSU
MBVODIFE
PO

'FCSVBSZ

IBT
SFWFBMFE
OFX
BTQFDUT
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
PCTFSWJOH
UIFN
BU
HBNNBSBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT 8IFOFWFS
QPTTJCMF
XF
IBWF
VTFE
OFX
JNBHFT
PG
UIF
4VO
GSPN
UIF
3)&44*
40)0
BOE
53"$&
TQBDFDSBѫ
NBOZ
PG
UIFN
OFWFS
QVCMJTIFE
JO
CPPL
GPSN
CFGPSF
8IFO
SFMF WBOU
MJOF
ESBXJOHT
IBWF
BMTP
CFFO
VQEBUFE
"OE
XF
IBWF
SFUBJOFE
XPSLT
PG
BSU
UIBU
CFHJO
FBDI
DIBQUFS
QSPWJEJOH
BOPUIFS
GBTDJOBUJOH
QFSTQFDUJWF
PG
PVS
MJGFTVTUBJOJOH
4VO %VSJOH
UIF
QBTU
EFDBEF
TPMBS
BTUSPOPNFST
IBWF
QSPWJEFE
BOTXFST
UP
TFWFSBM
PVU TUBOEJOH
NZTUFSJFT
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
HJWFO
VT
OFX
DMVFT
UP
OVNFSPVT
PQFO
RVFTUJPOT
UIBU
SFNBJO :FBST
PG
40)0
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
TPMBS
PTDJMMBUJPOT
IBWF
CFFO
DPNCJOFE
UP
MPPL
EFFQ
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
EFUFSNJOJOH
JUT
JOUFSOBM
SPUBUJPO
UP
UIF
HSFBUFTU
QPTTJCMF
EFQUIT
BOE
FTUBCMJTIJOH
UIF
MPDBUJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
EZOBNP
UIBU
BNQMJêFT
BOE
NBJOUBJOT
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
ѮF
EFUBJMFE
NFDIBOJTNT
GPS
DSFBUJOH
TPMBS
NBHOFUJTN
BSF
OFWFSUIF MFTT
TUJMM
MBDLJOH *O
UIF
QBTU
EFDBEF
CSFBLUISPVHI
PCTFSWBUJPOT
XJUI
UIF
NBTTJWF
TVCUFSSBOFBO
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS
UIF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
IBWF
TPMWFE
UIF
4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
1SPCMFN
SFWFBMJOH
OFX
QIZTJDT
PG
UIF
HIPTUMZ
OFVUSJOP
XIJDI
IBT
B
UJOZ
NBTT
BOE
DIBOHFT
GPSN
BT
JU
NPWFT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UP
&BSUI

ۈˆˆ


4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

0VS
4FDPOE
&EJUJPO
BMTP
QSFTFOUT
TFWFSBM
QMBVTJCMF
NFDIBOJTNT
UIBU
NJHIU
IFBU
UIF
DPSPOB
UP
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
IVOESFET
PG
UJNFT
IPUUFS
UIBO
UIF
VOEFSMZJOH
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
"OE
JU
EFTDSJCFT
UIF
MPDBUJPO
PG
FOFSHZ
SFMFBTF
GPS
TPMBS
ëBSFT
XJUIJO
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
ѮF
FYBDU
NFUIPET
PG
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
IFBUJOH
UIF
DPSPOB
BOE
BDDFMFSBUJOH
QBSUJDMFT
UP
FOPSNPVT
FOFSHJFT
EVSJOH
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BSF
TUJMM
PQFO
RVFTUJPOT ѮJT
4FDPOE
&EJUJPO
PG
4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ
JODMVEFT
BOTXFST
UP
UIF
BHFPME
RVFT UJPOT
PG
XIZ
UIF
4VO
TIJOFT
BOE
IPX
MPOH
JU
IBT
CFFO
TIJOJOH
BOE
XJMM
DPOUJOVF
UP
TIJOF
QSPWJEJOH
MJGFTVTUBJOJOH
IFBU
BOE
MJHIU
UP
&BSUI
"OE
XF
BMTP
EFTDSJCF
XIBU
UIF
4VO
JT
NBEF
PG
BOE
XIFSF
JUT
JOHSFEJFOUT
DBNF
GSPN ѮF
WPMVNF
BMTP
DPOUBJOT
FYUFOEFE
EJTDVTTJPOT
PG
4QBDF
8FBUIFS
XIPTF
JNQPS UBODF
IBT
HSPXO
EVSJOH
UIF
QBTU
EFDBEF
0VS
UFDIOPMPHJDBM
TPDJFUZ
IBT
CFDPNF
JODSFBT JOHMZ
WVMOFSBCMF
UP
TUPSNT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UIBU
DBO
LJMM
VOQSPUFDUFE
BTUSPOBVUT
EJTSVQU
HMPCBM
SBEJP
TJHOBMT
BOE
EJTBCMF
TBUFMMJUFT
VTFE
GPS
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
OBWJHBUJPO
BOE
NJMJUBSZ
SFDPOOBJTTBODF
BOE
TVSWFJMMBODF
8F
UIFSFGPSF
EFTDSJCF
NFUIPET
PG
GPSFDBTU JOH
4QBDF
8FBUIFS
BT
XFMM
BT
UBLJOH
FWBTJWF
BDUJPO
GPS
UIFJS
UISFBU
PO
UIF
HSPVOE
PS
JO
TQBDF 3FDFOU
TJHOT
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
CZ
IVNBO
FNJTTJPOT
PG
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
JT
JODSFBTJOH
ѮF
FWJEFODF
DPNFT
GSPN
EJSFDU
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PG
SJTJOH
TVSGBDF
BJS
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE
TVCTVSGBDF
PDFBO
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE
GSPN
QIFOPNFOB
TVDI
BT
SFUSFBUJOH
HMBDJFST
JODSFBTFT
JO
BWFSBHF
HMPCBM
TFB
MFWFMT
BOE
DIBOHFT
UP
NBOZ
QIZTJDBM
BOE
CJPMPHJDBM
TZTUFNT
ѮF
CPPL
EFTDSJCFT
UIFTF
XBSOJOH
TJHOT
UIF
MJLFMZ
GVUVSF
DPO TFRVFODFT
PG
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
BOE
FĒPSUT
UP
EP
TPNFUIJOH
BCPVU
JU
JODMVEJOH
UIF
,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM
UIBU
XFOU
JOUP
FĒFDU
JO

XJUIPVU
UIF
QBSUJDJQBUJPO
PG
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT "O
BOOPUBUFE
MJTU
PG
'VSUIFS
3FBEJOH
JT
JODMVEFE
GPS
CPPLT
QVCMJTIFE
CFUXFFO

BOE

BOE
B
%JSFDUPSZ
PG
8FC
4JUFT
JODMVEFT
MJOLT
UP
PCUBJO
JOGPSNBUJPO
BCPVU
UPUBM
FDMJQTFT
PG
UIF
4VO
TPMBS
PCTFSWBUPSJFT
BOE
TQBDFDSBѫ
BOE
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
"O
FYUFOTJWF
(MPTTBSZ
DPNQMFUFT
UIJT
4FDPOE
&EJUJPO
PG
4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ
*UT
QSFQBSB UJPO
XBT
NBEF
QPTTJCMF
UISPVHI
GVOEJOH
CZ
/"4"
(SBOU
/"(m
GSPN
/"4"T
&BSUI4VO
4ZTUFN
1SPHSBN
BOE
//((#(
XJUI
/"4"T
"QQMJFE
*OGPSNBUJPO
4ZTUFNT
3FTFBSDI
1SPHSBN ,FOOFUI
3
-BOH 5VѫT
6OJWFSTJUZ
BOE
"OHVJMMB
#8
* +BOVBSZ
TU


*Àiv>ViÊ̜Ê̅iʈÀÃÌÊ `ˆÌˆœ˜

ѮJT
CPPL
XBT
XSJUUFO
GPS
NZ
EBVHIUFS
+VMJB
IFS
MPWF
BOE
DPNGPSU
IBWF
IFMQFE
TVTUBJO
NF
*U
JT
B
QMFBTVSF
UP
XBUDI
+VMJB
OPUJDJOH
EFUBJMT
PG
FWFSZUIJOH
BSPVOE
IFS
$IJMESFO
BOE
PUIFS
DVSJPVT
QFPQMF
QFSDFJWF
XPSMET
UIBU
BSF
JOWJTJCMF
UP
NPTU
PG
VT )FSF
XF
EFTDSJCF
TPNF
PG
UIFTF
OBUVSBM
VOTFFO
XPSMET
GSPN
UIF
IJEEFO
IFBSU
PG
UIF
4VO
UP
PVS
USBOTQBSFOU
BJS
ѮFZ
IBWF
CFFO
EJTDPWFSFE
BOE
FYQMPSFE
UISPVHI
UIF
TQBDFBHF
FYUFOTJPO
PG
PVS
TFOTFT "
NFSF
IBMGDFOUVSZ
BHP
BTUSPOPNFST
XFSF
BCMF
UP
WJFX
UIF
$PTNPT
POMZ
JO
WJT JCMF
MJHIU
.PEFSO
UFDIOPMPHZ
IBT
OPX
XJEFOFE
UIF
SBOHF
PG
PVS
QFSDFQUJPO
UP
JODMVEF
UIF
JOWJTJCMF
SFBMNT
PG
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
SBEJP
XBWFT
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
9SBZT
ѮFZ
BSF
CSPBEFOJOH
BOE
TIBSQFOJOH
PVS
WJTJPO
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
QSPWJEJOH
B
NPSF
DPNQMFUF
EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
FOWJSPONFOU
ѮVT
B
NBSWFMPVT
OFX
$PTNPT
JT
OPX
VOGPMEJOH
BOE
PQFOJOH
VQ
BT
OFX
JOTUSVNFOUT
HJWF
VT
UIF
FZFT
UP
TFF
UIF
JOWJTJCMF
BOE
IBOET
UP
UPVDI
XIBU
DBOOPU
CF
GFMU (JBOU
SBEJP
UFMFTDPQFT
OPX
UVOF
JO
BOE
MJTUFO
UP
UIF
4VO
FWFO
PO
B
SBJOZ
EBZ
4BUFMMJUFCPSOF
UFMFTDPQFT
TVDI
BT
UIF
POF
BCPBSE
UIF
:PILPI
PS
iTVOCFBNu
TBUFM MJUF
WJFX
PVS
EBZUJNF
TUBS
BCPWF
UIF
BCTPSCJOH
BUNPTQIFSF
PCUBJOJOH
EFUBJMFE
9SBZ
JNBHFT
PG
BO
VOTFFO
4VO
4QBDF
QSPCFT
BMTP
EJSFDUMZ
NFBTVSF
UIF
JOWJTJCMF
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
TQBDF
GPS
JOTUBODF
UIF
6MZTTFT
TQBDFDSBѫ
IBT
TBNQMFE
UIF
SFHJPO
BCPWF
UIF
4VOT
QPMFT
GPS
UIF
êSTU
UJNF
BOE
UIF
WFOFSBCMF
7PZBHFS

BOE

TQBDF
QSPCFT
NBZ
IBWF
GPVOE
UIF
IJEEFO
FEHF
PG
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN .Z
DPMMFBHVFT
IBWF
CFFO
WFSZ
HFOFSPVT
JO
QSPWJEJOH
UIFJS
GBWPSJUF
QJDUVSFT
UBLFO
GSPN
HSPVOE
PS
TQBDF
/VNFSPVT
EJBHSBNT
BSF
JODMVEFE
FBDI
DIPTFO
GPS
UIF
OFX
JOTJHIU
JU
PĒFST
&WFSZ
DIBQUFS
CFHJOT
XJUI
B
XPSL
PG
NPEFSO
BSU
JMMVTUSBUJOH
IPX
BSU JTUT
EFQJDU
UIF
NZTUJDBM
BOE
TVQFSOBUVSBM
BTQFDUT
PG
UIF
4VO
PS
UIF
TVCUMF
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
JMMVNJOBUJPO
DBVTFE
CZ
DIBOHJOH
TVOMJHIU
"MM
PG
UIFTF
JNBHFT
QSPWJEF
OFX
QFSTQFD UJWFT
PO
UIF
4VO
UIBU
XBSNT
PVS
TPVM
BOE
MJHIUT
BOE
IFBUT
PVS
EBZT
BOE
PO
PVS
NBSWFM PVT
QMBOFU
&BSUI
UIBU
JT
UFFNJOH
XJUI
BO
BCVOEBODF
PG
MJGF ѮJT
CPPL
EFTDSJCFT
B
DBQUJWBUJOH
WPZBHF
PG
EJTDPWFSZ
SFDPSEJOH
NPSF
UIBO
B
DFO UVSZ
PG
FYUSBPSEJOBSZ
BDDPNQMJTINFOUT
0VS
WPZBHF
CFHJOT
EFFQ
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
XIFSF
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
PDDVS
)FSF
QBSUJDMFT
PG
BOUJNBUUFS
QSPEVDFE
EVSJOH
OVDMFBS
GVTJPO
DPMMJEF
XJUI
UIFJS
NBUFSJBM
DPVOUFSQBSUT
BOOJIJMBUJOH
FBDI
PUIFS
BOE
EJTBQQFBSJOH
JO
B
QVĒ
PG
QVSF
SBEJBUJWF
FOFSHZ /FVUSJOPT
BSF
BMTP
DSFBUFE
JO
UIF
TPMBS
DPSF
UIFZ
QBTT
FĒPSUMFTTMZ
UISPVHI
CPUI
UIF
4VO
BOE
&BSUI
#JMMJPOT
PG
UIF
HIPTUMZ
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
QBTTJOH
SJHIU
UISPVHI
ZPV
FWFSZ


Ý


4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

TFDPOE
.BTTJWF
TVCUFSSBOFBO
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPST
FOBCMF
VT
UP
QFFS
JOTJEF
UIF
4VOT
FOFSHZHFOFSBUJOH
DPSF
CVU
UIF
OFVUSJOP
DPVOU
BMXBZT
DPNFT
VQ
TIPSU
&JUIFS
UIF
4VO
EPFT
OPU
TIJOF
UIF
XBZ
XF
UIJOL
JU
PVHIU
UP
PS
PVS
CBTJD
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
OFVUSJOPT
JT
JODPNQMFUF
3FDFOU
JOWFTUJHBUJPOT
TVHHFTU
UIBU
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
IBWF
BO
JEFOUJUZ
DSJTJT
USBOTGPSNJOH
JOUP
B
DVSSFOUMZ
VOEFUFDUBCMF
GPSN 5PEBZ
XF
DBO
QFFM
CBDL
UIF
PVUFS
MBZFST
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
HMJNQTF
JOTJEF
CZ
PCTFSW JOH
JUT
XJEFTQSFBE
UISPCCJOH
NPUJPOT
7JTJCMF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
DBVTFE
CZ
TPVOET
USBQQFE
XJUIJO
UIF
4VO
DBO
CF
EFDJQIFSFE
UP
SFWFBM
JUT
JOUFSOBM
DPOTUJUVUJPO
ѮJT
QSPDFEVSF
DBMMFE
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
IBT
CFFO
VTFE
UP
FTUBCMJTI
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSOBM
SPUBUJPO
SBUF 8F
UIFO
DPOTJEFS
UIF
4VO
BT
B
NBHOFUJD
TUBS
*UT
WJTJCMF
TVSGBDF
JT
QJUUFE
XJUI
EBSL
DPPM
SFHJPOT
DBMMFE
TVOTQPUT
XIFSF
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJTN
QBSUJBMMZ
DIPLFT
PĒ
UIF
PVU XBSE
ëPX
PG
IFBU
BOE
FOFSHZ
ѮF
TVOTQPUT
UFOE
UP
HBUIFS
UPHFUIFS
JO
CJQPMBS
HSPVQT
MJOLFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
UIBU
TIBQF
NPME
BOE
DPOTUSBJO
UIF
PVUFS
BUNPTQIFSF
PG
UIF
4VO
ѮF
OVNCFS
PG
TVOTQPUT
DIBOHFT
GSPN
B
NBYJNVN
UP
B
NJOJNVN
BOE
CBDL
UP
B
NBYJNVN
FWFSZ

ZFBST
PS
TP
NPTU
GPSNT
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
WBSZ
JO
TUFQ
XJUI
UIJT
NBHOFUJD
TVOTQPU
DZDMF "T
PVS
WPZBHF
DPOUJOVFT
XF
EJTDPWFS
UIBU
UIF
TIBSQ
WJTJCMF
FEHF
PG
UIF
4VO
JT
BO
JMMV TJPO
B
UFOVPVT
IPU
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
HBT
DBMMFE
UIF
DPSPOB
FOWFMPQT
JU
ѮJT
VOTFFO
XPSME
EFUFDUFE
BU
9SBZ
PS
SBEJP
XBWFMFOHUIT
JT
OFWFS
TUJMM
4VDI
PCTFSWBUJPOT
TIPX
UIBU
UIF
BQQBSFOUMZ
TFSFOF
4VO
JT
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
DIBOHJOH
*U
TFFUIFT
BOE
XSJUIFT
JO
UVOF
XJUI
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJTN
DSFBUJOH
BO
FWFSDIBOHJOH
JOWJTJCMF
SFBMN
XJUI
OP
QFSNBOFOU
GFBUVSFT ѮF
:PILPI
9SBZ
UFMFTDPQF
IBT
TIPXO
UIBU
CSJHIU
UIJO
NBHOFUJ[FE
TUSVDUVSFT
DBMMFE
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
BSF
JO
B
DPOTUBOU
TUBUF
PG
BHJUBUJPO
BMXBZT
WBSZJOH
JO
CSJHIUOFTT
BOE
TUSVDUVSF
PO
BMM
EFUFDUBCMF
TQBUJBM
BOE
UFNQPSBM
TDBMFT
%BSL
9SBZ
SFHJPOT
DBMMFE
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
BMTP
DIBOHF
JO
TIBQF
BOE
GPSN
MJLF
FWFSZUIJOH
FMTF
PO
UIF
SFTUMFTT
4VO
"
IJHITQFFE
TPMBS
XJOE
TRVJSUT
PVU
PG
UIF
IPMFT
BOE
SVTIFT
QBTU
UIF
QMBOFUT
DPO UJOVPVTMZ
CMPXJOH
UIF
4VO
BXBZ
BOE
TXFFQJOH
JOUFSTUFMMBS
NBUUFS
BTJEF
UP
GPSN
UIF
IFMJPTQIFSF
ѮF
IFBUJOH
PG
UIF
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
DPSPOB
XIJDI
FYQBOET
PVU
UP
GPSN
UIJT
TPMBS
HBMF
JT
POF
PG
UIF
HSFBUVOTPMWFE
NZTUFSJFT
PG
UIF
4VO ѮJT
CPPL
OFYU
DPOTJEFST
WJPMFOU
TPMBS
QIFOPNFOB
UIBU
BSF
EFUFDUFE
BU
JOWJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUIT
BOE
BSF
TZODISPOJ[FE
XJUI
UIF
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
PG
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
*O
NJO VUFT
QPXFSGVM
FSVQUJPOT
DBMMFE
TPMBS
ëBSFT
SFMFBTF
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
FRVJWBMFOU
UP
CJM MJPOT
PG
OVDMFBS
FYQMPTJPOT
BOE
SBJTF
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
&BSUITJ[FE
SFHJPOT
UP
BCPVU
UFO
NJMMJPO
EFHSFFT
.BHOFUJD
CVCCMFT
DBMMFE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
FYQBOE
BT
UIFZ
QSPQBHBUF
PVUXBSE
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UP
SBQJEMZ
SJWBM
JU
JO
TJ[F
UIFJS
BTTPDJBUFE
TIPDLT
BDDFM FSBUF
BOE
QSPQFM
WBTU
RVBOUJUJFT
PG
IJHITQFFE
QBSUJDMFT
BIFBE
PG
UIFN 0VS
BDDPVOU
UIFO
UVSOT
UPXBSE
PVS
IPNF
QMBOFU
&BSUI
XIFSF
UIF
4VOT
MJHIU
BOE
IFBU
QFSNJU
MJGF
UP
ëPVSJTI
3PCPU
TQBDFDSBѫ
IBWF
TIPXO
UIBU
UIF
TQBDF
PVUTJEF
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
OPU
FNQUZ
*U
JT
TXBSNJOH
XJUI
IPU
JOWJTJCMF
QJFDFT
PG
UIF
4VO ѮF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TIJFMET
VT
GSPN
UIF
FUFSOBM
TPMBS
HBMF
CVU
UIF
HVTUZ
WBSJ BCMF
XJOE
CVĒFUT
PVS
NBHOFUJD
EPNBJO
BOE
TPNFUJNFT
QFOFUSBUFT
XJUIJO
JU
$IBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
UIBU
IBWF
JOêMUSBUFE
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
EFGFOTF
DBO
CF
TUPSFE
JO
OFBSCZ
SFTFS WPJST
TVDI
BT
UIF
7BO
"MMFO
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
4QBDFDSBѫ
IBWF
SFDFOUMZ
SFMFBTFE
DIFNJDBMT
UIBU
DBO
JMMVNJOBUF
UIF
TQBDF
OFBS
&BSUI
0UIFS
TBUFMMJUFT
IBWF
GPVOE
B
OFX
SBEJBUJPO
CFMU
UIBU
DPOUBJOT
UIF
BTIFT
PG
TUBST
PUIFS
UIBO
UIF
4VO




1SFGBDF
UP
UIF
'JSTU
&EJUJPO


݈

ѮJT
WPZBHF
DPOUJOVFT
XJUI
B
EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
UIF
NVMUJDPMPSFE
BVSPSBT
PS
UIF
OPSUIFSO
BOE
TPVUIFSO
MJHIUT
4PMBS
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
BQQBSFOUMZ
FOUFS
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUIT
CBDL
EPPS
JO
UIF
NBHOFUPUBJM
BSF
FOFSHJ[FE
MPDBMMZ
XJUIJO
PVS
NBHOFUJD
SFBMN
BOE
BSF
HVJEFE
JOUP
UIF
QPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
XIFSF
UIFZ
MJHIU
JU
VQ
MJLF
B
DPTNJD
OFPO
TJHO 6OQSFEJDUBCMF
JNQVMTJWF
FSVQUJPOT
PO
UIF
4VO
QSPEVDF
PVUCVSTUT
PG
DIBSHFE
QBS UJDMFT
BOE
FOFSHFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
UIBU
DBO
UPVDI
PVS
MJWFT
*OUFOTF
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
B
QPXFS GVM
TPMBS
ëBSF
USBWFMT
UP
UIF
&BSUI
JO
KVTU
FJHIU
NJOVUFT
BMUFSJOH
JUT
PVUFS
BUNPTQIFSF
EJTSVQUJOH
MPOHEJTUBODF
SBEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
BOE
BĒFDUJOH
TBUFMMJUF
PSCJUT
7FSZ
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
BSSJWF
BU
UIF
&BSUI
XJUIJO
BO
IPVS
PS
MFTT
UIFZ
DBO
FOEBOHFS
VOQSP UFDUFE
BTUSPOBVUT
PS
EFTUSPZ
TBUFMMJUF
FMFDUSPOJDT
4PMBS
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
DBO
USBWFM
UP
PVS
QMBOFU
JO
POF
UP
GPVS
EBZT
SFTVMUJOH
JO
TUSPOH
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
XJUI
BDDPNQBOZ JOH
BVSPSBT
BOE
FMFDUSJDBM
QPXFS
CMBDLPVUT
"MM
PG
UIFTF
FĒFDUT
XIJDI
BSF
UVOFE
UP
UIF
SIZUIN
PG
UIF
4VOT
ZFBS
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
BSF
PG
TVDI
WJUBM
JNQPSUBODF
UIBU
OBUJPOBM
DFOUFST
FNQMPZ
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
GPSFDBTUFST
BOE
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
NPOJUPS
UIF
4VO
GSPN
HSPVOE
BOE
TQBDF
UP
XBSO
PG
UISFBUFOJOH
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ ѮF
&BSUI
JT
XSBQQFE
JO
B
UIJO
NFNCSBOF
PG
BJS
UIBU
WFOUJMBUFT
QSPUFDUT
BOE
JODV CBUFT
VT
*U
BDUT
BT
B
POFXBZ
êMUFS
BMMPXJOH
TVOMJHIU
UISPVHI
UP
XBSN
UIF
TVSGBDF
CVU
QSFWFOUJOH
UIF
FTDBQF
PG
TPNF
PG
UIF
IFBU
JOUP
PVUFS
TQBDF
8JUIPVU
UIJT
iOBUVSBMu
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
UIF
PDFBOT
XPVME
GSFF[F
BOE
MJGF
BT
XF
LOPX
JU
XPVME
OPU
FYJTU
-POH
BHP
XIFO
UIF
4VO
XBT
GBJOU
BO
FOIBODFE
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
QSPCBCMZ
LFQU
UIF
ZPVOH
&BSUI
XBSN
FOPVHI
UP
TVTUBJO
MJGF
ѮFO
BT
UIF
4VO
CFDBNF
NPSF
MVNJOPVT
UIF
UFS SFTUSJBM
HSFFOIPVTF
NVTU
IBWF
CFFO
UVSOFE
EPXO
QFSIBQT
CZ
MJGF
JUTFMG ѮF
CPPL
OFYU
TIPXT
IPX
UIF
4VOT
TUFBEZ
XBSNUI
BOE
CSJHIUOFTT
BSF
JMMVTPSZ
OP
QPSUJPO
PG
UIF
TQFDUSVN
PG
UIF
4VOT
SBEJBUJWF
PVUQVU
JT
JOWBSJBOU
3FDFOU
TQBDFDSBѫ
NFBTVSFNFOUT
IBWF
TIPXO
UIBU
UIF
4VOT
UPUBM
SBEJBUJPO
GBEFT
BOE
CSJHIUFOT
JO
TUFQ
XJUI
DIBOHJOH
BDUJWJUZ
MFWFMT
*U
EPFTOU
DIBOHF
CZ
NVDI
POMZ
CZ
BCPVU

QFSDFOU
PWFS
UIF
ZFBS
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
CVU
UIF
4VOT
JOWJTJCMF
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
BSF
VQ
UP
POF
IVOESFE
UJNFT
NPSF
WBSJBCMF
UIBO
UIF
WJTJCMF
PVUQVU
'MVDUVBUJPOT
JO
UIF
4VOT
WJTJCMF
BOE
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
DBO
QPUFOUJBMMZ
BMUFS
HMPCBM
TVSGBDF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE
JOëVFODF
UFSSFTUSJBM
DMJNBUF
BOE
XFBUIFS
BMUFS
UIF
QMBOFUT
P[POF
MBZFS
BOE
IFBU
BOE
FYQBOE
UIF
&BSUIT
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF 5P
DPNQMFUFMZ
BTTFTT
FOWJSPONFOUBM
EBNBHF
CZ
IVNBOT
UP
EBUF
BOE
UP
GVMMZ
VOEFSTUBOE
IPX
UIF
FOWJSPONFOU
NBZ
SFTQPOE
UP
GVSUIFS
IVNBO
BDUJWJUZ
SFRVJSFT
BO
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
TPMBS
JOëVFODFT
PO
PVS
QMBOFU
8F
NVTU
MPPL
CFZPOE
BOE
PVUTJEF
UIF
&BSUI
UP
UIF
JODPOTUBOU
4VO
BT
BO
BHFOU
PG
UFSSFTUSJBM
DIBOHF
*U
DBO
CPUI
MFTTFO
BOE
DPNQPVOE
P[POF
EFQMFUJPO
PS
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
CZ
BNPVOUT
UIBU
BSF
OPX
DPNQBSBCMF
UP
UIPTF
QSPEVDFE
CZ
BUNPTQIFSJD
QPMMVUBOUT ѮJT
CPPL
UIFSFGPSF
OFYU
GPDVTFT
BUUFOUJPO
PO
UIF
&BSUIT
QSPUFDUJWF
P[POF
MBZFS
UIBU
JT
CPUI
NPEVMBUFE
GSPN
BCPWF
CZ
UIF
4VOT
WBSJBCMF
VMUSBWJPMFU
PVUQVU
BOE
UISFBU FOFE
GSPN
CFMPX
CZ
NBONBEF
DIFNJDBMT
ѮF
P[POF
MBZFS
QSPUFDUT
VT
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
MFUIBM
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBZT
BOE
QSPHSFTT
IBT
CFFO
NBEF
JO
PVUMBXJOH
UIF
P[POFEFTUSPZJOH
DIFNJDBMT
0VS
BCJMJUZ
UP
SFMJBCMZ
EFUFSNJOF
UIF
GVUVSF
SFDPWFSZ
PG
UIF
P[POF
MBZFS
XJMM
EFQFOE
PO
BEFRVBUF
LOPXMFEHF
PG
IPX
JU
JT
EBNBHFE
PS
SFTUPSFE
CZ
UIF
4VO 0VS
WPZBHF
UIFO
DPOUJOVFT
XJUI
B
EJTDVTTJPO
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
WBSZJOH
UFNQFSB UVSF
-BSHF
OBUVSBM
ëVDUVBUJPOT
JO
UIF
SFDPSE
PG
HMPCBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
DIBOHFT
NBTL
PVS


݈ˆ


4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

BCJMJUZ
UP
DMFBSMZ
EFUFDU
XBSNJOH
DBVTFE
CZ
IVNBO
BDUJWJUZ
BOE
OVNFSPVT
DPNQMFYJ UJFT
MJNJU
UIF
DFSUBJOUZ
PG
DPNQVUFS
NPEFMT
VTFE
UP
GPSFDBTU
GVUVSF
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
4USPOH
DPSSFMBUJPOT
TVHHFTU
UIBU
UIF
ZFBS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
NBZ
CF
MJOLFE
UP
CPUI
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
UFNQFSBUVSF
BOE
UFSSFTUSJBM
XFBUIFS ѮF
iVOOBUVSBMu
HSFFOIPVTF
XBSNJOH
NJHIU
FWFOUVBMMZ
CSFBL
UISPVHI
UIF
UFNQFSB UVSF
SFDPSE
JG
XF
LFFQ
PO
EVNQJOH
XBTUF
HBTFT
JOUP
UIF
BJS
BU
UIF
QSFTFOU
SBUF
ѮF
QSPC BCMF
DPOTFRVFODFT
PG
PWFSIFBUJOH
UIF
&BSUI
BT
UIF
SFTVMU
PG
IVNBO
BDUJWJUZ
BSF
UIFSFGPSF
OFYU
FYBNJOFE
ѮFZ
TVHHFTU
UIBU
XF
TIPVME
DVSC
UIF
CVJMEVQ
PG
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
EFTQJUF
UIF
HSFBU
VODFSUBJOUJFT
BCPVU
UIFJS
DVSSFOU
FĒFDUT :FU
JU
JT
UIF
4VO
UIBU
FOFSHJ[FT
PVS
DMJNBUF
BOE
XFBUIFS
%VSJOH
UIF
QBTU
NJMMJPO
ZFBST
UIF
DMJNBUF
IBT
CFFO
EPNJOBUFE
CZ
UIF
SFDVSSFOU
QFSJPEJD
JDF
BHFT
XIJDI
BSF
NBJOMZ
FYQMBJOFE
CZ
DIBOHFT
JO
UIF
BNPVOU
BOE
EJTUSJCVUJPO
PG
TVOMJHIU
PO
UIF
&BSUI
7BSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU
BOE
BYJBM
UJMU
TMPXMZ
BMUFS
UIF
EJTUBODFT
BOE
BOHMFT
BU
XIJDI
TVOMJHIU
TUSJLFT
UIF
&BSUI
UIFSFCZ
DPOUSPMMJOH
UIF
QPOEFSPVT
FCC
BOE
ëPX
PG
UIF
HSFBU
DPOUJOFOUBM
HMBDJFST 4NBMMFS
NPSF
GSFRVFOU
DMJNBUF
ëVDUVBUJPOT
BSF
TVQFSJNQPTFE
PO
UIF
HSBOE
TXJOHT
PG
UIF
HMBDJBMJOUFSHMBDJBM
DZDMFT
UIFTF
NJOPS
JDF
BHFT
NBZ
SFTVMU
GSPN
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
BDUJWJUZ
PG
UIF
4VO
JUTFMG
'PS
JOTUBODF
EVSJOH
UIF
MBUUFS
IBMG
PG
UIF
TFWFOUFFOUI
DFOUVSZ
UIF
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
FĒFDUJWFMZ
EJTBQQFBSFE
UIJT
MPOH
QFSJPE
PG
TPMBS
JOBDUJWJUZ
DPJODJEFE
XJUI
VOVTVBMMZ
DPME
TQFMMT
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
OPSUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSF
0CTFSWBUJPOT
PG
4VO MJLF
WBSJBCMF
TUBST
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
TNBMM
QFSTJTUFOU
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
TPMBS
FOFSHZ
PVUQVU
DPVME
QSPEVDF
FYUFOEFE
QFSJPET
PG
HMPCBM
DPPMJOH
PS
XBSNJOH
4P
B
QSVEFOU
TPDJFUZ
XJMM
CFOFêU
CZ
LFFQJOH
B
DMPTF
XBUDI
PO
UIF
4VO
UIF
VMUJNBUF
TPVSDF
PG
BMM
MJHIU
BOE
IFBU
PO
UIF
&BSUI *
BN
HSBUFGVM
UP
OVNFSPVT
FYQFSUT
BOE
GSJFOET
XIP
IBWF
SFBE
JOEJWJEVBM
DIBQUFST
BOE
DPNNFOUFE
PO
UIFJS
BDDVSBDZ
BOE
DPNQMFUFOFTT
ѮFZ
IBWF
HSFBUMZ
JNQSPWFE
UIF
NBOVTDSJQU
XIJMF
BMTP
QSPWJEJOH
FODPVSBHFNFOU
ѮFZ
JODMVEF
-PSFO
"DUPO
+PIO
#BI DBMM
%BWF
#PIMJO
3PO
#SBDFXFMM
3BZNPOE
#SBEMFZ
&E
$MJWFS
/BODZ
$SPPLFS
#SJBO
%FOOJT
1FUFS
'PVLBM
.POB
)BHZBSE
%BWJE
)BUIBXBZ
(BSZ
)FDLNBO
.BSL
)PEPS
#PC
)PXBSE
+JN
,FOOFEZ
+FĒ
,VIO
+VEJUI
-FBO
#JMM
-JWJOHTUPO
+PIO
.BSJTLB
#JMM
.PPNBX
(FOF
1BSLFS
"SU
1PMBOE
1FUFS
4UVSSPDL
&JOBS
5BOECFSH)BOTTFO
+FBO $MBVEF
7JBM
#JMM
8BHOFS
BOE
8FTMFZ
8BSSFO
/POF
PG
UIFN
JT
SFTQPOTJCMF
GPS
BOZ
SFNBJOJOH
NJTUBLFT
JO
UIF
UFYU 4QFDJBM
UIBOLT
HP
UP
NZ
FOUJSF
GBNJMZ
¢
NZ
XJGF
.BSDFMMB
BOE
NZ
UISFF
DIJMESFO
+VMJB
%BWJE
BOE
.BSJOB ,FOOFUI
3
-BOH .FEGPSE
'FCSVBSZ


$POUFOUT

*, 


Ê/"Ê/ Ê- " Ê /" °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Ûˆˆ *, 


Ê/"Ê/ Ê,-/Ê /" ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê ˆÝ 
,1- °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Ýۈ


*/ ,Ê£Ê "" Ê
9]Ê-1 - °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê £°£Ê /…iÊ,ˆÃˆ˜}Ê-՘ °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê £°ÓÊ ˆÀiʜvʈvi °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê £°ÎÊ -՘ˆ}…Ì °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê £°{Ê >Þ̈“iÊ-Ì>ÀÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê £°xÊ œÃ“ˆVÊ>LœÀ>̜ÀÞÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê £°ÈÊ ˜}Ài`ˆi˜ÌÃʜvÊ̅iÊ-Õ˜Ê °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê £°ÇÊ …ˆ`Ài˜ÊœvÊ̅iÊ œÃ“œÃÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê £°nÊ iÃVÀˆLˆ˜}Ê̅iÊ,>`ˆ>̈œ˜ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê £°™Ê ˜ÛˆÃˆLiʈÀià °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê

Ó Î x Ç n £ä ££ £È £È £™


*/ ,ÊÓÊ ,< Ê/ Ê-1 °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Ó°£Ê
ÜiܓiÊ*œÜiÀ]Ê ˜œÀ“œÕÃÊ/ˆ“iÃÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Ó°ÓÊ /…iÊ-՘½ÃÊ i˜ÌÀ>Ê*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ œœŽiÀÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Ó°ÎÊ ÕVi>ÀÊÕȜ˜]Ê
˜Ìˆ‡>ÌÌiÀÊ>˜`ÊÞ`Àœ}i˜Ê ÕÀ˜ˆ˜}ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Ó°{Ê ˆṎ˜}Ê̅iÊ,>`ˆ>̈œ˜Ê °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Ó°xÊ œ˜ÛiV̈œ˜Ê>˜`ÊÀ>˜Õ>̈œ˜ °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Ó°ÈÊ /…iÊ-՘½ÃÊ,i“œÌiÊ*>ÃÌÊ>˜`Ê ˆÃÌ>˜ÌÊÕÌÕÀi°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê

ÓÓ ÓÎ Óx ÓÈ ÎÓ ÎÎ ÎÈ


*/ ,ÊÎÊ "-/ Ê 1/, "- °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Î°£Ê /…iÊ ÕÈÛiÊ iÕÌÀˆ˜œÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Î°ÓÊ iÕÌÀˆ˜œÃÊvÀœ“Ê̅iÊ-՘ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Î°ÎÊ iÌiV̈˜}Ê
“œÃÌÊ œÌ…ˆ˜}Ê °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Î°{Ê -œÛˆ˜}Ê̅iÊ-œ>ÀÊ iÕÌÀˆ˜œÊ*ÀœLi“ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê

{ä {£ {{ {Ç xÓ


*/ ,Ê{Ê /
 Ê/ Ê*1- Ê"Ê/ Ê-1 ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê ÈÓ {°£Ê /À>««i`Ê-œÕ˜`à °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê ÈÎ

݈Û


4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

{°ÓÊ "`iÊ̜Ê̅iÊ-՘°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Èn {°ÎÊ œœŽˆ˜}ʘÈ`iÊ̅iÊ-՘ °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê Ç£ {°{Ê Ài>Žˆ˜}Ê̅iÊ-ޓ“iÌÀÞÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê ÇÎ {°xÊ ˜ÌiÀ˜>ÊœÜÃÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê ÇÈ


*/ ,ÊxÊ
Ê
 / Ê-/
,ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê nä x°£Ê >}˜ïVʈi`Ãʈ˜Ê̅iÊ6ˆÃˆLiÊ*…œÌœÃ«…iÀi °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê n£ x°ÓÊ /…iÊ-œ>ÀÊ …Àœ“œÃ«…iÀiÊ>˜`ʈÌÃÊ>}˜ïÓʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰ Ê nn x°ÎÊ ˆ«œ>ÀÊ-՘ëœÌÃ]Ê>}˜ïVÊœœ«ÃÊ>˜`Ê
V̈ÛiÊ,i}ˆœ˜Ã °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê ™{ x°{Ê ÞViÃʜvÊ>}˜ïVÊ
V̈ۈÌÞ °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê ™n x°xÊ ˜ÌiÀ˜>Ê ޘ>“œÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£ä£


*/ ,ÊÈÊ
Ê1 -

Ê7", Ê"ÊÊ * ,* /1
Ê 
 ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£äÈ È°£Ê /…iÊ-՘½ÃÊ6ˆÃˆLiÊ `}iÊÃÊ>˜ÊÕȜ˜ °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£äÇ È°ÓÊ /…iʈˆœ˜‡ i}ÀiiÊ œÀœ˜>ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê££Î È°ÎÊ œÀœ˜>Êi>̈˜}°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê££È È°{Ê œÃi`Ê œÀœ˜>Êœœ«ÃÊ>˜`Ê"«i˜Ê œÀœ˜>Êœià °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê££™ È°xÊ /…iÊ ÌiÀ˜>Ê-œ>ÀÊ7ˆ˜` °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£ÓÎ È°ÈÊ 1ÞÃÃiÃ]
-""Ê>˜`Ê̅iÊ"Àˆ}ˆ˜ÊœvÊ̅iÊ-՘½ÃÊ7ˆ˜`ðʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰ Ê£Ón È°ÇÊ /…iÊ ˆÃÌ>˜ÌÊÀœ˜ÌˆiÀ °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£Î{


*/ ,ÊÇÊ / Ê6" /Ê-1 °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£ÎÈ Ç°£Ê ˜iÀ}ïVÊ-œ>ÀÊ
V̈ۈÌÞÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£ÎÇ Ç°ÓÊ -œ>Àʏ>ÀiÃÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£{ä Ç°ÎÊ >ÀiÊ,>`ˆ>̈œ˜ÊvÀœ“Ê ˜iÀ}ïVÊ
VViiÀ>Ìi`Ê*>À̈Vià °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£{Ó Ç°{Ê ˜iÀ}ˆâˆ˜}Ê-œ>Àʏ>Àià °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£{n Ç°xÊ Àի̈˜}Ê*Àœ“ˆ˜i˜ViÃÊ °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£xÓ Ç°ÈÊ œÀœ˜>Ê>ÃÃÊ iV̈œ˜Ã °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£xÈ Ç°ÇÊ *Ài`ˆV̈˜}Ê Ý«œÃˆœ˜Ãʜ˜Ê̅iÊ-՘ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£x™


*/ ,ÊnÊ ,< Ê-*


°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£È{ n°£Ê /…iʘ}Ài`ˆi˜ÌÃʜvÊ-«>ViÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£Èx n°ÓÊ >À̅½ÃÊ>}˜ïVÊ œVœœ˜ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£ÈÈ n°ÎÊ *i˜iÌÀ>̈˜}Ê >À̅½ÃÊ>}˜ïVÊ ivi˜ÃiÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£Çä n°{Ê -̜Àˆ˜}ʘۈÈLiÊ*>À̈ViÃÊ7ˆÌ…ˆ˜Ê >À̅½ÃÊ>}˜i̜ë…iÀi °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ʣǣ n°xÊ œÀ̅iÀ˜Ê>˜`Ê-œÕ̅iÀ˜Êˆ}…ÌÃÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£Ç{ n°ÈÊ iœ“>}˜ïVÊ-̜À“ÃÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£n£ n°ÇÊ -«>ViÊ7i>̅iÀ °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£nÎ




$POUFOUT


ÝÛ


*/ ,Ê™Ê /,
-", Ê/ Ê
,/½-Ê ‡-1-/
  ÊÊ
/"-* , ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£™Ó ™°£Ê À>}ˆiÊ*>˜iÌÊ >À̅ÊqÊ/…iÊ6ˆiÜÊÀœ“Ê-«>ViÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£™Î ™°ÓÊ i>ÀÊ-ŽˆiÃÊ>˜`Ê-̜À“ÞÊ7i>̅iÀ °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£™Î ™°ÎÊ /…iʈvi‡->ۈ˜}ÊÀii˜…œÕÃiÊ vviVÌÊ °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê£™™ ™°{Ê /…iÊ >À̅½ÃÊ …>˜}ˆ˜}Ê
̓œÃ«…iÀiÊ>˜`Ê"Vi>˜ÃÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓä£ ™°xÊ "ÕÀÊ-՘‡>ÞiÀi`Ê
̓œÃ«…iÀi °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓäÎ ™°ÈÊ /…iÊ6>˜ˆÃ…ˆ˜}Ê"✘i °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓäÇ ™°ÇÊ /…iʘVœ˜ÃÌ>˜ÌÊ-՘ °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓ£Ó ™°nÊ /…iÊi>ÌÊÃÊ"˜ °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° Ê ™°™Ê /…iÊViʈÃÊ œ“ˆ˜} °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓÓÇ +1"/
/" Ê,  ,

- °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓÎÎ "--
,9 °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓÎÇ , /",9Ê"Ê7 Ê-/ -ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓș 1,/ ,Ê,
 ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓÇ£
1/",Ê 8 °Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓÇÎ -1  /Ê 8ÊÊ°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê°Ê° ÊÓÇÇ

)CARUS

4HE&RENCHPAINTER(ENRI-ATISSE¥ THOUGHTTHAT HAPPINESSISDERIVEDFROMNEVERBEINGAPRISONEROFANYTHING INCLUDINGSUCCESSORSTYLE ANDHEREPRESENTEDFREEDOMFROM IMPRISONMENTINHISBOOK+B[[WITHTHISCUT OUTENTITLED *DBSVT WHOSEEMSTOBEPUSHINGAGAINSTTHEDOWNWARDPULL OF GRAVITY TRYING TO BREAK AWAY SOARING INTO A BRIGHT BLUE SKY ANDSETTHEHUMANSPIRITFREE)CARUSREDHEARTSYMBOLIZES LOVE WHICHCANMAKEONESOAR RUNANDREJOICE)TSLIBERATING ANDALL CONSUMINGNATURECANMAKEONESEETHEWORLDANEW #OURTESYOF3UCCESSION-ATISSE 0ARIS

-1 ]ÊÊ


,/ÊÊ
ÊÊ -9 - " Ê /"

$IBQUFS
0OF

(PPE
%BZ
4VOTIJOF

8*-%
(&&4&
*/
46/-*()54HESEGEESEAREmYINGSOUTHINTHENORTHERNWINTER FOLLOWINGTHE3UNSWARMTH)NTHIS6 SHAPEDPATTERNOFmIGHT THELEADBIRDDEmECTS CURRENTSOFAIRANDMAKESmYINGEASIERFORTHOSETHATFOLLOWINITSWAKE4HE%ARTHS MAGNETIClELDSIMILARLYDEmECTSTHE3UNSWIND#OURTESYOF*AMES4ALLON












5)&
3*4*/(
46/ 'SPN
FBSMJFTU
UJNFT
UIF
4VO
IBT
CFFO
SFWFSFE
BOE
IFME
JO
BXF
'PS
UIF
(SFFLT
PG
"SJTUPUMFT
UJNF
TVOMJHIU
FQJUPNJ[FE
UIF
êSF
JO
UIF
GPVS
CBTJD
FMFNFOUT
¢
FBSUI
BJS
êSF
BOE
XBUFS
¢
GSPN
XIJDI
BMM
UIJOHT
BSPTF
"ODJFOU
TPMBS
PCTFSWBUPSJFT
EFEJDBUFE
UP
UIF
EJWJOF
4VOHPE
3B
DBO
TUJMM
CF
GPVOE
JO
-VYPS
UIBU
FODIBOUJOH
DJUZ
CZ
UIF
/JMF
HJBOU
&HZQUJBO
PCFMJTLT
FSFDUFE
UIPVTBOET
PG
ZFBST
BHP
JO
-VYPS
BOE
)FMJPQPMJT
$JUZ
PG
UIF
4VO


OPX
DBTU
UIFJS
TIBEPXT
JO
TVOEJBM
GBTIJPO
BDSPTT
QBSUT
PG
1BSJT
-POEPO
BOE
3PNF "DDPSEJOH
UP
UIJT
JODBOUBUJPO
GSPN
1UPMFNBJD
&HZQU 0QFOJOH
IJT
UXP
FZFT
<3B
UIF
4VO
HPE>
DBTU
MJHIU
PO
&HZQU
IF
TFQBSBUFE
OJHIU
GSPN
EBZ
ѮF
HPET
DBNF
GPSUI
GSPN
IJT
NPVUI
BOE
NBOLJOE
GSPN
IJT
FZFT
"MM
UIJOHT
UPPL
UIFJS
CJSUI
GSPN
IJN

"OE
JO
UIF
0ME
5FTUBNFOUT
#PPL
PG
(FOFTJT
XF
êOE
UIBU
UIF
&BSUI
XBT
JOJUJBMMZ
B
WBTU
XBTUF
DPWFSFE
CZ
EBSLOFTT
VOUJM
(PE
TBJE
i-FU
UIFSF
CF
MJHIUu
BOE
UIF
4VO
TFQBSBUFE
EBZ
GSPN
OJHIU 4JODF
UIF
UJNF
PG
UIF
BODJFOU
1FSTJBO
QSPQIFU
;BSBUIVTUSB
BCPVU

#$
(SFFL
;PSPBTUFS


XF
IBWF
BTTPDJBUFE
MJHIU
XJUI
HPPE
CFBVUZ
USVUI
BOE
XJTEPN
JO
TIBSQ
DPOUSBTU
XJUI
UIF
EBSL
GPSDFT
PG
FWJM
ѮF
XBS
CFUXFFO
HPPE
BOE
FWJM
JO
UIF
%FBE
4FB
4DSPMMT
JT
EFQJDUFE
BT
B
CBUUMF
PG
UIF
4POT
PG
-JHIU
BHBJOTU
UIF
4POT
PG
%BSLOFTT
%BOUFT
EJWJOF
KPVSOFZ
UPPL
IJN
GSPN
UIF
EBSL
GPSFTU
UP
UIF
SBEJBODF
PG
QBSBEJTF
BOE
UPEBZ
XF
IBWF
UIF
FWJM
EBSLOFTT
PG
%BSUI
7BEFS
JO
4UBS
8BST ѮF
.BZB
5PMUFD
BOE
"[UFD
PG
$FOUSBM
"NFSJDB
IBE
B
IPTU
PG
4VO
HPET
UIF
"[UFDT
SFHVMBSMZ
GFE
UIF
IFBSUT
PG
TBDSJêDJBM
WJDUJNT
UP
UIF
4VO
UP
TUSFOHUIFO
JU
PO
JUT
EBJMZ
KPVSOFZ
4IJOUPJTN
B
SFMJHJPO
CBTFE
PO
4VO
XPSTIJQ
IBT
DPOUJOVFE
GPS
UIPVTBOET
PG
ZFBST
JO
+BQBO
UIF
MBOE
PG
UIF
SJTJOH
4VO
5PEBZ
ZPV
DBO
DFMFCSBUF
TVOSJTF
XJUI
)JOEV
XPSTIJQFST
PO
UIF
UFSSBDFE
CBOLT
PS
HIBUT
BMPOH
UIF
(BOHFT
3JWFS
BU
#FOBSFT
*OEJBT
IPMJFTU
DJUZ /PXBEBZT
êSF
TZNCPMJDBMMZ
MJHIUT
UIF
EBSLOFTT
JO
NBOZ
PG
PVS
SJUVBMT
JODMVEJOH
UIF
UPSDI
PG
UIF
0MZNQJD
HBNFT
BOE
DBOEMFMJHIU
WJHJMT
PS
EJNNFE
MJHIUT
UIBU
CSJOH
GPDVT
UP
USBHJD
FWFOUT
BOE
UJNFT
PG
DSJTJT
*O
FWFSZEBZ
MJGF
NPTU
PG
VT
GFFM
IBQQJFS
PO
CSJHIU
EBZT
UIBO
PO
HMPPNZ
POFT
TP
DIFFSGVM
QFPQMF
IBWF
B
iTVOOZu
EJTQPTJUJPO
XIJMF
BO
VOIBQQZ
EBZ
JT
B
iEBSLu
POF
"OE
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
XPSME
PJMFE
4VOXPSTIJQQFST
MJF
PO
USBORVJM
CFBDIFT
MFUUJOH
UIF
TVNNFS
4VO
XBSN
UIFJS
CPEJFT
BOE
HJWF
UIFN
TUSFOHUI ѮF
(FSNBO
SPNBOUJD
QBJOUFS
$BTQBS
%BWJE
'SJFESJDI
¢
VTFE
TVOSJTF
UP
QPSUSBZ
B
TQJSJUVBM
SFMBUJPOTIJQ
XJUI
OBUVSF
'JH



DPNQBSJOH
UIF
iSBEJBUJOH
CFBNT
PG
MJHIUu
JO
POF
PG
IJT
QBJOUJOHT
UP
iUIF
JNBHF
PG
UIF
FUFSOBM
MJGFHJWJOH
'BUIFSu
4VOMJHIU
TFFNT
UP
EPNJOBUF
DPOTVNF
BOE
BCTPSC
FWFSZUIJOH
JO
UIF
QBJOUJOHT
PG
UIF
#SJUJTI
BSUJTU
+PTFQI
.BMMPSE
8JMMJBN
5VSOFS
¢


XIP
EFQJDUFE
UJOZ
êHVSFT
EXBSGFE
CZ
UIF
QPXFS
CFBVUZ
BOE
WJPMFODF
PG
UIF
QIZTJDBM
XPSME
8IFO
WJFXJOH
POF
PG
IJT
BQPDBMZQUJD
WJTJPOT
UIF
TQFDUBUPS
DBO
CFDPNF
FOHVMGFE
BOE
MPTU
JO
UIF
DPMPSFE
MJHIU
PG
UIF
TLZ
BOE
TFB
'JH
 
ѮF
BSUJTUT
EZJOH
XPSET
XFSF
iѮF
4VO
JT
(PEu &YBNQMFT
PG
BSUJTUT
QFSTQFDUJWFT
PO
UIF
4VO
BSF
QSPWJEFE
BU
UIF
CFHJOOJOH
PG
FWFSZ
DIBQUFS
JO
UIJT
CPPL
FBDI
DIPTFO
GPS
JUT
BSUJTUJD
WBMVF
BOE
GPS
UIF
OFX
JOTJHIUT





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(

7OMANINMORNING3UN4HISPORTRAYALOFTHEGLOWINGSUNRISEBYTHE'ERMAN ARTIST#ASPAR$AVID&RIEDRICH¥ SEEMSTOHAVEATRANSCENDENTAL MYSTICALQUAL ITY4HEPAINTERONCECOMPAREDTHEhRADIATINGBEAMSOFLIGHTvINONEOFHISPAINTINGSTO hTHEIMAGEOFTHEETERNALLIFE GIVING&ATHERv#OURTESYOF-USEUM&OLKWANG %SSEN

JU
PĒFST
)FSF
ZPV
XJMM
êOE
iBOPUIFS
MJHIU
B
TUSPOHFS
4VOu
QPSUSBZFE
CZ
UIF
%VUDI
QBJOUFS
7JODFOU
7BO
(PHI
¢


XIP
VTFE
UIJDL
CSVTI
TUPLFT
PG
CMB[JOH
CSJM MJBOU
QJHNFOU
BT
EFOTF
BT
IPOFZ
UP
QPSUSBZ
B
QPXFSGVM
ZFMMPX
4VO
UIBU
CMB[FT
GPSUI
XJUI
BO
BMNPTU
TVQFSOBUVSBM
SBEJBODF
ѮF
'SFODI
BSUJTU
$MBVEF
.POFUT
¢
QBJOUJOH
PG
TVOSJTF
JT
JODMVEFE
¢
UIF
POF
UIBU
JOBVHVSBUFE
UIF
JNQSFTTJPOJTU
NPWF NFOU
PG
QBJOUJOH
)F
VTFE
FOUJSF
TFRVFODFT
PG
QBJOUJOHT
UP
EFQJDU
UIF
TVCUMF
DIBOHFT
UIBU
WBSZJOH
TVOMJHIU
DBVTFT
JO
PVS
QFSDFQUJPO
PG
PCKFDUT
TVDI
BT
IBZTUBDLT
PS
UIF
DBUIFESBM
BU
3PVFO ѮF
DIBQUFS
GSPOUJTQJFDFT
BMTP
JODMVEF
UIF
XPSLT
PG
UIF
4QBOJTI
QBJOUFS
+PBO
.JSÓ
¢


XIP
QPSUSBZFE
UIF
QPXFSGVM
SFE
EJTL
PG
UIF
4VO
UIBU
DBSFTTFT
PVS
MJNCT
BOE
CSJOHT
VT
KPZ
PS
MJOLT
VT
UP
UIF
TUBST
CFZPOE
*O
PUIFS
JOTUBODFT
XF
SFQSPEVDF
XPSLT
UIBU
TFQBSBUF
UIF
4VO
GSPN
BOZ
SFGFSFODF
UP
UIF
&BSUI
PS
TLZ
UIFZ
TIPX
UIBU
UIF
4VO
DBO
CF
BO
JOUFOTF
TPVSDF
PG
QMFBTVSF
BOE
CFBVUZ
CZ
JUTFMG 8SJUFST
IBWF
BMTP
CFFO
DBQUJWBUFE
CZ
UIF
MJHIU
PG
UIF
4VO
GSPN
UIF
"NFSJDBO
BVUIPS
3BMQI
8BMEP
&NFSTPO
¢


XIP
XSPUF
UIBU
QVSF
MJHIU
XBT
iUIF
SFBQQFBSBODF
PG
UIF
PSJHJOBM
TPVM u
UP
UIF
(FSNBO
QIJMPTPQIFS
'SJFESJDI
/JFU[TDIF
¢
XIP
XSPUF
JO
ѮVT
4QPLF
;BSBUIVTUSB ѮF
.PPOT
MPWF
BĒBJS
IBT
DPNF
UP
BO
FOE +VTU
MPPL
ѮFSF
JU
TUBOET
QBMF
BOE
EFKFDUFE
¢
CFGPSF
UIF
EBXO


(PPE
%BZ
4VOTIJOF







'*(

2EGULUS)NTHISPAINTINGBYTHE"RITISHARTIST*OSEPH-ALLORD7ILLIAM4URNER ¥ EVERYOBJECTISINAlERY MISTYSTATE"RILLIANTYELLOWRAYSOFLIGHTCOME DOWNFROMACENTRAL ALL POWERFUL3UN ABSORBINGANDCONSUMINGEVERYTHINGELSE4HE PICTUREISNAMEDAFTERTHE2OMANGENERAL2EGULUSWHOWASPUNISHEDFORHISBETRAYALOF THE#ARTHAGINIANSBYHAVINGHISEYELIDSCUTOFF ANDBEINGBLINDEDBYTHEGLAREOFTHE3UN 2EGULUS WHOISAPPARENTLYABSENTFROMTHESCENE HASBEENIDENTIlEDWITHTHESPECTATOR STARINGINTOTHEBLINDING3UN#OURTESYOFTHE4ATE'ALLERY ,ONDON 'PS
BMSFBEZ
JU
JT
DPNJOH
UIF
HMPXJOH
4VO
¢ JUT
MPWF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
JT
DPNJOH "MM
4VOMPWF
JT
JOOPDFODF
BOE
DSFBUJWF
EFTJSF +VTU
MPPL
IPX
JU
DPNFT
JNQBUJFOUMZ
PWFS
UIF
TFB %P
ZPV
OPU
GFFM
UIF
UIJSTU
BOE
IPU
CSFBUI
PG
JUT
MPWF



ѮF
4VO
XBSNT
PVS
TPVM
BOE
MJHIUT
BOE
IFBUT
PVS
EBZT
5PEBZT
BTUSPOPNFST
NBZ
EFTDSJCF
UIF
4VO
BOE
PVS
EFQFOEFODF
VQPO
JU
JO
HSFBUFS
TDJFOUJêD
EFUBJM
UIBO
BSUJTUT
PS
XSJUFST
CVU
UIBU
JO
OP
XBZ
EJNJOJTIFT
UIFJS
TFOTF
PG
BXF
GPS
UIF
MJGFTVTUBJOJOH
FWFO
NZTUJDBM
QPXFS
PG
UIF
4VO 
'*3&
0'
-*'& ѮF
4VO
JT
PVS
QPXFSIPVTF
*U
FOFSHJ[FT
PVS
QMBOFU
XBSNJOH
UIF
HSPVOE
BOE
MJHIU JOH
PVS
EBZT
*U
JT
TPMBS
IFBU
UIBU
QPXFST
UIF
XJOET
BOE
DZDMFT
XBUFS
GSPN
TFB
UP
SBJO
UIF
TPVSDF
PG
PVS
XFBUIFS
BOE
BSCJUFS
PG
PVS
DMJNBUF
"OE
UIF
4VO
JT
UIF
TPVSDF
PG
UIF
FOFSHZ
UIBU
TVTUBJOT
MJGF 8JUIPVU
JUT
IFBU
BOE
MJHIU
BMM
MJGF
XPVME
RVJDLMZ
WBOJTI
GSPN
UIF
TVSGBDF
PG
PVS
QMBOFU
"OE
UIF
4VO
QSPWJEFT
¢
EJSFDUMZ
PS
JOEJSFDUMZ
¢
NPTU
PG
PVS
FOFSHZ
(SFFO
QMBOUT





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

BCTPSC
TVOMJHIU
XIFSF
JU
TUSJLFT
DIMPSPQIZMM
HJWJOH
UIFN
UIF
FOFSHZ
UP
CSFBL
XBUFS
NPMFDVMFT
BQBSU
BOE
FOFSHJ[F
QIPUPTZOUIFTJT
QMBOUT
UIFSFCZ
VTF
UIF
4VOT
FOFSHZ
UP
MJWF
BOE
HSPX
HJWJOH
PĒ
PYZHFO
BT
B
CZQSPEVDU
'JH
 
&BUJOH
UIFTF
QMBOUT
OPVSJTIFT
BOJNBMT
"OE
MPOHEFBE
DPNQSFTTFE
QMBOUT
QSPWJEF
UIF
QFUSPMFVN
DPBM
PS
OBUVSBM
HBT
UIBU
FOFSHJ[FT
UIF
MJHIUT
JO
ZPVS
IPVTF
PS
QPXFST
UIF
DBS
ZPV
ESJWF ѮF
&BSUI
HMJEFT
UISPVHI
TQBDF
BU
KVTU
UIF
SJHIU
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
GPS
MJGF
UP
UISJWF
PO
PVS
QMBOFUT
TVSGBDF
XIJMF
PUIFS
QMBOFUT
GSFF[F
PS
GSZ
8F
TJU
JO
UIF
DPNGPSU


'*(
 3UNmOWERS4HE3UNSUSTAINSALLLIVINGCREATURESANDPLANTS ON%ARTH'REENPLANTSABSORBSUNLIGHT GIVINGTHEMTHEENERGYTOBREAK WATERMOLECULESAPARTANDENERGIZEPHOTOSYNTHESIS0LANTSTHEREBYUSE THE3UNSENERGYTOLIVEANDGROW GIVINGOFFOXYGENASABYPRODUCT #OURTESYOF#HARLES%2ODGERS


(PPE
%BZ
4VOTIJOF







[POF
"OZ
DMPTFS
BOE
UIF
PDFBOT
XPVME
CPJM
BXBZ
'VSUIFS
PVU
UIF
&BSUI
XPVME
CF
B
GSP[FO
XBTUFMBOE 8F
SFDFJWF
KVTU
FOPVHI
FOFSHZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UP
LFFQ
NPTU
PG
PVS
XBUFS
MJRVJE
XIJDI
JT
B
SFRVJSFNFOU
GPS
MJGF
BT
XF
LOPX
JU
*O
DPNQBSJTPO
UIF
TVSGBDF
PG
7FOVT
KVTU
TMJHIUMZ
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
4VO
JT
IPU
FOPVHI
UP
NFMU
MFBE
GVSUIFS
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UIF
QMBOFU
.BST
JT
OPX
GSP[FO
JOUP
B
HMPCBM
JDF
BHF
*U
DBOOPU
OPX
SBJO
PO
.BST
BOE
BOZ
MJRVJE
XBUFS
SFMFBTFE
PO
JUT
TVSGBDF
XJMM
FJUIFS
FWBQPSBUF
PS
GSFF[F
JOUP
JDF
5VSO
PĒ
UIF
4VOT
QPXFSIPVTF
BOE
JO
KVTU
B
GFX
NPOUIT
XF
DPVME
BMM
CF
VOEFS
JDF 
46/-*()5 0DDBTJPOBMMZ
UIF
NJYUVSF
PG
DPMPST
JO
B
CFBN
PG
TVOMJHIU
JT
TQSFBE
CFGPSF
PVS
FZFT
BT
XIFO
SBJOESPQT
BDU
MJLF
UJOZ
QSJTNT
CFOEJOH
XIJUF
TVOMJHIU
JOUP
JUT
TFQBSBUF
DPMPST
BOE
HJWJOH
VT
B
SBJOCPX
'JH
 
0VS
FZFT
BOE
CSBJO
USBOTMBUF
UIF
WJTJCMF
TVOMJHIU
JOUP
DPMPST
'SPN
MPOH
UP
TIPSU
XBWFT
UIFZ
DPSSFTQPOE
UP
SFE
PSBOHF
ZFMMPX
HSFFO
CMVF
BOE
WJPMFU
1MBOUT
BQQFBS
HSFFO
GPS
FYBNQMF
CFDBVTF
UIFZ
BCTPSC
SFE
TVOMJHIU
BOE
SFëFDU
UIF
HSFFO
QPSUJPO
PG
UIF
4VOT
MJHIU )PXFWFS
ZPVS
XPSME
NJHIU
CF
DPMPSFE
TPNFXIBU
EJĒFSFOUMZ
GSPN
TPNFPOF
FMTFT
ѮFSF
BSF
TVCUMF
EJĒFSFODFT
JO
UIF
FYBDU
TIBEF
PG
DPMPS
XF
QFSDFJWF
EFQFOEJOH
PO
UIF
NPMFDVMFT
JO
PVS
FZFT
EFUFDUJPO
TZTUFN
4P
FWFO
QFPQMF
XJUI
OPSNBM
FZFTJHIU
EP
OPU
BMXBZT
TFF
FZF
UP
FZF

'*(

,IGHTPAINTING4HISPICTUREWASMADEBYUSINGCRYSTALSTO LIBERATETHESPECTRALCOLORSINVISIBLESUNLIGHT REFRACTINGTHEMDIRECTLY ONTOAPHOTOGRAPHICPLATE)TWASOBTAINEDINTHERARElEDATMOSPHERE ATOP(AWAIIS-AUNA+EAVOLCANO WHEREMANYOFTHEWORLDSBEST TELESCOPESARELOCATED#OURTESYOF%RIC*0ITTMAN 6ICTORIA "RITISH #OLOMBIA




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

ѮF
NPTU
JOUFOTF
SBEJBUJPO
PG
UIF
4VO
JT
FNJUUFE
BU
UIF
WJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUIT
PG
DPM PSFE
MJHIU
BOE
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
QFSNJUT
UIFN
UP
SFBDI
UIF
HSPVOE
*G
PVS
FZFT
XFSF
OPU
TP
TFOTJUJWF
UP
WJTJCMF
TVOMJHIU
XF
DPVME
OPU
JEFOUJGZ
PCKFDUT
PS
NPWF
BSPVOE
PO
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
ѮVT
UIF
TFOTJUJWJUZ
PG
PVS
FZFT
JT
NBUDIFE
UP
UIF
UBTLT
PG
WJTJPO ѮF
4VO
BMTP
FNJUT
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
XJUI
MFTT
JOUFOTJUZ
UIBO
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPSU
*O

GPS
FYBNQMF
UIF
(FSNBOCPSO
&OHMJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
8JMMJBN
)FSTDIFM
¢
EJTDPWFSFE
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBOU
IFBU
PS
JOGSBSFE
SBEJBUJPO
CZ
OPUJDJOH
B
SJTF
JO
UFNQFSBUVSF
XIFO
B
UIFSNPNFUFS
JT
QMBDFE
CFZPOE
UIF
SFE
FOE
PG
UIF
WJTJCMF
TQFD USVN
PG
TVOMJHIU 8F
BMM
HMPX
JO
UIF
EBSL
FNJUUJOH
JOGSBSFE
SBEJBUJPO
:PV
DBOU
TFF
BOZPOFT
JOGSB SFE
IFBU
SBEJBUJPO
JUT
PVUTJEF
ZPVS
SBOHF
PG
WJTJPO
CVU
ZPV
DBO
GFFM
JU
*O
DPOUSBTU
SBUUMFTOBLFT
IBWF
JOGSBSFETFOTJUJWF
FZFT
UIBU
FOBCMF
UIFN
UP
TFF
UIF
IFBU
SBEJBUFE
CZ
BOJNBMT
BU
OJHIU
BOE
UIF
NJMJUBSZ
VTFT
JOGSBSFE
UFDIOPMPHZ
UP
TFOTF
BOE
MPDBUF
UIF
IFBU
HFOFSBUFE
CZ
UIF
FOFNZ
JO
UIF
UPUBM
EBSL
/JHIUWJTJPO
HPCCMFT
XJUI
JOGSBSFE
TFOTPST
BSF
BO
FYBNQMF ѮF
4VO
BMTP
FNJUT
JOWJTJCMF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
SBEJP
XBWFT
BOE
9SBZT
XIJDI
EJĒFS
JO
UIF
MFOHUI
PG
UIFJS
XBWFT
9SBZT
BSF
WFSZ
TIPSU
NVDI
TNBMMFS
UIBO
UIF
VMUSB WJPMFU
XIPTF
XBWFT
BSF
KVTU
B
MJUUMF
TNBMMFS
UIBO
UIPTF
PG
CMVF
TVOMJHIU
BOE
SBEJP
XBWFT
UIBU
BSF
WFSZ
MPOH
ѮF
QSPQFSUJFT
PG
UIFTF
EJĒFSFOU
UZQFT
PG
UIF
4VOT
SBEJBUJPO
BSF
EFTDSJCFE
JO
4FDUJPO
 
%":5*.&
45"3 "MM
TUBST
BSF
TVOT
LJO
UP
PVS
PXO
EBZUJNF
TUBS
*OEFFE
UIF
4VO
JT
KVTU
POF
PG
BCPVU
POF
IVOESFE
CJMMJPO
TUBST
JO
PVS
(BMBYZ
UIF
.JMLZ
8BZ
BOE
DPVOUMFTT
CJMMJPOT
PG
HBMBYJFT
TUSFUDI
PVU
JO
UIF
TFFNJOHMZ
CPVOEMFTT
6OJWFSTF
#VU
UIF
4VO
JT
B
TQFDJBM
TUBS
JU
JT
PVS
POMZ
EBZUJNF
TUBS
/PUIJOH
FMTF
JO
UIF
6OJWFSTF
JT
TP
DSJUJDBMMZ
JNQPSUBOU
UP
VT
"T
UIF
7JDUPSJBO
&OHMJTI
QPFU
'SBODJT
8JMMJBN
#PVSEJMMPO
¢
XSPUF ѮF
OJHIU
IBT
B
UIPVTBOE
FZFT "OE
UIF
EBZ
CVU
POF :FU
UIF
MJHIU
PG
UIF
CSJHIU
XPSME
EJFT 8JUI
UIF
EZJOH
4VO ѮF
NJOE
IBT
B
UIPVTBOE
FZFT "OE
UIF
IFBSU
CVU
POF :FU
UIF
MJHIU
PG
B
XIPMF
MJGF
EJFT 8IFO
MPWF
JT
EPOF

ѮF
4VO
JT
B
RVBSUFS
NJMMJPO
UJNFT
DMPTFS
UP
VT
UIBO
UIF
OFYU
OFBSFTU
TUBS
#FDBVTF
PG
UIJT
DMPTFOFTT
UIF
4VO
JT
BCPVU
B
IVOESFE
CJMMJPO
UJNFT
CSJHIUFS
UIBO
BOZ
PUIFS
TUBS
ѮF
4VOT
CSJMMJBODF
QSPWJEFT
BNQMF
MJHIU
GPS
UIF
NPTU
FYBDUJOH
TUVEJFT
PG
JUT
DIFNJDBM
DPOTUJUVFOUT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BOE
PTDJMMBUJPOT
ѮJT
CMFTTJOH
DBO
BMTP
CF
B
DVSTF
GPS
UIF
4VOT
IFBU
DBO
NFMU
NJSSPST
PS
CVSO
VQ
FMFDUSPOJD
FRVJQNFOU
XIFO
GPDVTFE
UP
IJHI
JOUFOTJUZ
'PS
UIJT
SFBTPO
TQFDJBM
NJSSPS
DPOêHVSBUJPOT
BSF
VTFE
UP
SFEVDF
UIF
DPODFOUSBUJPO
PG
WJTJCMF
TVOMJHIU
XIJMF
TUJMM
QSPEVDJOH
MBSHF
JNBHFT
UIBU
DPOUBJO
êOF
EFUBJM
'JH
 





(PPE
%BZ
4VOTIJOF


'*(

%YESONTHE3UN3CATTEREDSUNLIGHTCOLORSTHE-C-ATHSOLARTELESCOPEA STUNNINGRED WHILESTARSMARKTRAILSACROSSTHEEVENINGSKY UPQ !MOVEABLEHELIOSTAT PERCHEDATOPTHISTELESCOPE FOLLOWSTHE3UNANDDIRECTSITSLIGHTDOWNWARDTHROUGHTHE LONGlXEDSHAFTOFTHETELESCOPECPUUPN !lGUREDMIRRORATTHESHAFTBOTTOMREmECTS ANDFOCUSESTHESUNLIGHTTOWARDTHEOBSERVATIONROOM4HESHAFTSAXISISPARALLELTOTHE ROTATIONAXISOFTHE%ARTH ANDABOUTTHREElFTHSOFITISUNDERGROUND)TISKEPTCOOLBY PUMPINGCOLDWATERTHROUGHTUBESINTHEEXTERIORSKIN THEREBYREDUCINGTURBULENCEIN THEAIRINSIDEANDKEEPINGTHE3UNSIMAGESTEADY#OURTESYOF7ILLIAM#,IVINGSTON ./!/






4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

ѮF
4VOT
QSPYJNJUZ
BMMPXT
B
MFWFM
PG
EFUBJMFE
FYBNJOBUJPO
VOJRVF
BNPOH
TUBST
8IJMF
NPTU
PUIFS
TUBST
BQQFBS
POMZ
BT
VOSFTPMWFE
TQPUT
PG
MJHIU
JO
UIF
CFTU
UFMF TDPQFT
UIF
4VO
SFWFBMT
JUT
GFBUVSFT
JO
FYRVJTJUF
EFUBJM
.PTU
HSPVOECBTFE
PQUJDBM
UFMFTDPQFT
DBO
SFTPMWF
TUSVDUVSFT
PO
UIF
4VOT
WJTJCMF
EJTL
UIBU
BSF
BCPVU

LJMP NFUFST
BDSPTT
BCPVU
UIF
EJTUBODF
GSPN
#PTUPO
UP
8BTIJOHUPO
%$
BOE
BCPVU
UISFFRVBSUFST
UIF
TJ[F
PG
'SBODF
UIBU
JT
DPNQBSBCMF
UP
TFFJOH
UIF
EFUBJMT
PO
B
DPJO
GSPN
POF
LJMPNFUFS
BXBZ :FU
UIF
SFTPMVUJPO
PG
HSPVOECBTFE
UFMFTDPQFT
JT
MJNJUFE
CZ
UVSCVMFODF
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
JU
SFEVDFT
UIF
DMBSJUZ
PG
UIF
4VOT
JNBHF
BU
WJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUIT
4JNJMBS
WBSJBUJPOT
DBVTF
UIF
TUBST
UP
UXJOLMF
BU
OJHIU
ѮF
CFTU
WJTJCMF
JNBHFT
XJUI
FWFO
êOFS
EFUBJM
DBO
CF
PCUBJOFE
VTJOH
BEBQUJWF
PQUJDT
UIBU
DPSSFDU
GPS
UIF
DIBOHJOH
BUNP TQIFSF
PS
GSPN
UIF
VOJRVF
WBOUBHF
QPJOU
PG
PVUFS
TQBDF
VTJOH
TBUFMMJUFCPSOF
UFMF TDPQFT
VOFODVNCFSFE
CZ
UIF
MJNJUT
PG
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF ѮF
PUIFS
TUBST
BSF
TP
GBS
BXBZ
UIBU
UIFJS
TVSGBDFT
SFNBJO
VOSFTPMWFE
XJUI
FWFO
UIF
MBSHFTU
UFMFTDPQFT
ѮF
4VO
UIFSFGPSF
QFSNJUT
FYBNJOBUJPO
PG
QIZTJDBM
QIFOPNFOB
BOE
QSPDFTTFT
UIBU
DBOOPU
CF
TFFO
JO
EFUBJM
PO
PUIFS
TUBST
'VSUIFSNPSF
UIF
4VOT
CBTJD
QSPQFSUJFT
QSPWJEF
CFODINBSLT
BOE
CPVOEBSZ
DPOEJUJPOT
GPS
UIF
TUVEZ
PG
TUFMMBS
TUSVDUVSF
BOE
FWPMVUJPO 4P
BMM
BTUSPOPNFST
EP
OPU
XPSL
JO
UIF
EBSL
.BOZ
PG
UIFN
DMPTFMZ
TDSVUJOJ[F
PVS
EBZUJNF
TUBS
EFDJQIFSJOH
TPNF
PG
UIF
NPTU
GVOEBNFOUBM
TFDSFUT
PG
OBUVSF 
$04.*$
-"#03"503: ѮF
4VO
DBO
CF
B
TJUF
UP
UFTU
QIZTJDBM
UIFPSJFT
VOEFS
DPOEJUJPOT
OPU
SFBEJMZ
BUUBJO BCMF
JO
UFSSFTUSJBM
MBCPSBUPSJFT
'PS
FYBNQMF
JO
DPOUSBTU
UP
PVS
NBUFSJBM
XPSME
UIF
4VOT
DPSF
BMTP
DPOUBJOT
TNBMM
RVBOUJUJFT
PG
TIPSUMJWFE
BOUJNBUUFS
8IFO
TVCBUPNJD
NBUUFS
BOE
BOUJNBUUFS
DPMMJEF
UIFZ
EFTUSPZ
FBDI
PUIFS
SFMFBTJOH
QVSF
SBEJBUJWF
FOFSHZ
8F
DBO
BMTP
EFUFDU
UIF
QSPDFTT
EVSJOH
FYQMPTJPOT
PO
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
XIJDI
CSJFëZ
CFDPNF
IPUUFS
UIBO
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO 0UIFS
QBSUJDMFT
NBEF
EFFQ
JOTJEF
PVS
IPNF
TUBS
QBTT
FĒPSUMFTTMZ
UISPVHI
CPUI
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIF
&BSUI
3FDFOU
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
UIFTF
HIPTUMJLF
OFVUSJOPT
IBWF
IFMQFE
VT
VOEFSTUBOE
UIF
TVCBUPNJD
SFBMN
BU
MFWFMT
CFZPOE
UIF
SFBDI
PG
UPEBZT
NPTU
QPXFSGVM
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUPST
QSPWJEJOH
OFX
JOTJHIU
UP
B
UIFPSZ
UIBU
NJHIU
TPNFEBZ
VOJGZ
BMM
UIF
GPSDFT
PG
OBUVSF 'SPN
BGBS
UIF
4VO
TFFNT
UP
CF
DBMN
TFSFOF
BOE
VODIBOHJOH
B
TUFBEJMZ
TIJO JOH
CFBDPO
JO
UIF
TLZ
CVU
EFUBJMFE
PCTFSWBUJPOT
SFWFBM
BO
BDUJWF
FWFSDIBOHJOH
4VO
7JPMFOU
TUPSNT
BOE
FYQMPTJWF
FSVQUJPOT
DSFBUF
HVTUT
JO
JUT
TUFBEZ
ëPX
PG
IFBU
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
MJHIU
ѮF
4VO
UIFSFGPSF
QSPWJEFT
VT
XJUI
B
VOJRVF
IJHISFTPMVUJPO
QFSTQFDUJWF
PG
UIF
QFSQFUVBM
DIBOHF
BOE
WJPMFOU
BDUJWJUZ
UIBU
DIBSBDUFSJ[F
NVDI
PG
UIF
6OJWFSTF ѮVT
XF
OPX
VOEFSTUBOE
UIF
4VO
BT
B
VOJRVF
TUBS
POF
TP
DMPTF
UIBU
JU
TFSWFT
BT
B
DPTNJD
MBCPSBUPSZ
GPS
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
UIF
QIZTJDBM
QSPDFTTFT
UIBU
HPWFSO
BMM
UIF
PUIFS
TUBST
BT
XFMM
BT
UIF
FOUJSF
6OJWFSTF
&WFSZUIJOH
XF
MFBSO
BCPVU
UIF
4VO
IBT
JNQMJDB UJPOT
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
$PTNPT
JODMVEJOH
QMBOFU
&BSUI
"T
FYBNQMFT
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
UIF
4VOT
WJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
VOMPDLFE
UIF
DIFNJTUSZ
PG
UIF
6OJWFSTF
BOE
JOWFTUJHBUJPOT
PG
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSOBM
GVSOBDF
QBWFE
UIF
XBZ
UP
OVDMFBS
FOFSHZ





(PPE
%BZ
4VOTIJOF





*/(3&%*&/54
0'
5)&
46/ $FMFTUJBM
PCKFDUT
BSF
DPNQPTFE
MJLF
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
XF
PVSTFMWFT
PG
JOEJWJEVBM
QBSUJDMFT
PG
NBUUFS
DBMMFE
BUPNT
#VU
UIF
BUPNT
DPOTJTU
MBSHFMZ
PG
TFFNJOHMZ
FNQUZ
TQBDF
KVTU
BT
UIF
SPPN
ZPV
NBZ
CF
TJUUJOH
JO
BQQFBST
NPTUMZ
FNQUZ
"
UJOZ
IFBWZ
QPTJUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
OVDMFVT
MJFT
BU
UIF
IFBSU
PG
BO
BUPN
TVSSPVOEFE
CZ
B
DMPVE
PG
SFMBUJWFMZ
NJOVUF
OFHB UJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
PDDVQZ
NPTU
PG
BO
BUPNT
TQBDF
BOE
HPWFSO
JUT
DIFNJDBM
CFIBWJPS *O
UIF
FBSMZ
UI
DFOUVSZ
UIF
/FX
;FBMBOECPSO
#SJUJTI
QIZTJDJTU
&SOFTU
3VUIFSGPSE
¢
TIPXFE
UIBU
SBEJPBDUJWJUZ
JT
QSPEVDFE
CZ
UIF
EJTJOUFHSB UJPO
PG
BUPNT
BOE
EJTDPWFSFE
UIBU
UIFZ
FNJU
FOFSHFUJD
BMQIB
QBSUJDMFT
XIJDI
DPO TJTU
PG
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
IF
XBT
BXBSEFE
UIF

/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
$IFNJTUSZ
GPS
UIFTF
BDIJFWFNFOUT
#Z
VTJOH
IFMJVN
JPOT
UP
CPNCBSE
BUPNT
3VUIFSGPSE
XBT
BCMF
UP
BOOPVODF
JO

UIBU
NPTU
PG
UIF
NBTT
PG
BO
BUPN
JT
DPODFOUSBUFE
JO
B
OVDMFVT
UIBU
JT
 
UJNFT
TNBMMFS
UIBO
UIF
BUPN
BOE
IBT
B
QPTJUJWF
DIBSHF
CBMBODFE
CZ
UIF
OFHBUJWF
DIBSHF
PG
TVSSPVOEJOH
FMFDUSPOT /FBSMZ
B
EFDBEF
MBUFS
JO

3VUIFSGPSE
BOOPVODFE
UIBU
UIF
NBTTJWF
OVDMFJ
PG
BMM
BUPNT
BSF
DPNQPTFE
PG
IZESPHFO
OVDMFJ
XIJDI
IF
OBNFE
QSPUPOT
)F
BMTP
QPTUV MBUFE
UIF
FYJTUFODF
PG
BO
VODIBSHFE
OVDMFBS
QBSUJDMF
MBUFS
DBMMFE
UIF
OFVUSPO
XIJDI
XBT
SFRVJSFE
UP
IFMQ
IPME
UIF
OVDMFVT
UPHFUIFS
BOE
LFFQ
JU
GSPN
EJTQFSTJOH
BT
UIF
QSPUPOT
SFQFMMFE
FBDI
PUIFS
"ѫFS
BO
FMFWFOZFBS
TFBSDI
UIF
&OHMJTI
QIZTJDJTU
+BNFT
$IBEXJDL
¢
EJTDPWFSFE
UIF
OFVUSPO
JO

SFDFJWJOH
UIF

/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
GPS
UIF
GFBU
4P
UIF
OVDMFVT
PG
BO
BUPN
JT
DPNQPTFE
PG
QPTJUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
QSPUPOT
BOE
OFVUSBM
QBSUJDMFT
DBMMFE
OFVUSPOT
CPUI
BCPVU
 
UJNFT
IFBWJFS
UIBO
UIF
FMFDUSPO ѮF
TJNQMFTU
BOE
MJHIUFTU
BUPN
DPOTJTUT
PG
B
TJOHMF
FMFDUSPO
DJSDMJOH
BSPVOE
B
OVDMFVT
DPNQPTFE
PG
B
TJOHMF
QSPUPO
XJUIPVU
BOZ
OFVUSPOT
UIJT
JT
BO
BUPN
PG
IZESP HFO
ѮF
OVDMFVT
PG
IFMJVN
BOPUIFS
BCVOEBOU
MJHIU
BUPN
DPOUBJOT
UXP
OFVUSPOT
BOE
UXP
QSPUPOT
BOE
UIF
IFMJVN
BUPN
UIFSFGPSF
IBT
UXP
FMFDUSPOT ѮF
BUPNJD
JOHSFEJFOUT
PG
UIF
4VO
DBO
CF
JOGFSSFE
GSPN
EBSL
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
XIJDI
BSF
GPVOE
TVQFSJNQPTFE
PO
UIF
DPMPST
PG
TVOMJHIU
'JH
 
ѮFZ
MPPL
MJLF
B
EBSL
MJOF
XIFO
UIF
4VOT
SBEJBUJPO
JOUFOTJUZ
JT
EJTQMBZFE
BT
B
GVODUJPO
PG
XBWF MFOHUI
TVDI
B
EJTQMBZ
JT
DBMMFE
B
TQFDUSVN
ѮF
UFSN
'SBVOIPGFS
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOF
JT
BMTP
VTFE
SFDPHOJ[JOH
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOPNFS
+PTFQI
WPO
'SBVOIPGFS
¢ 
#Z
EJSFDUJOH
UIF
JODPNJOH
TVOMJHIU
UISPVHI
B
TMJU
BOE
UIFO
EJTQFSTJOH
JU
XJUI
B
QSJTN
'SBVOIPGFS
XBT
BCMF
UP
PWFSDPNF
UIF
CMVSSJOH
PG
DPMPST
GSPN
EJĒFSFOU
QBSUT
PG
UIF
4VOT
EJTL
EJTDPWFSJOH
OVNFSPVT
EBSL
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
#Z

IF
IBE
EFUFDUFE
BOE
DBUBMPHVFE
NPSF
UIBO

PG
UIFN
BTTJHOJOH
3PNBO
MFUUFST
UP
UIF
NPTU
QSPNJOFOU ѮF
4VO
JT
TP
CSJHIU
UIBU
JUT
MJHIU
DBO
CF
TQSFBE
PVU
JOUP
WFSZ
TNBMM
XBWFMFOHUI
JOUFSWBMT
XJUI
FOPVHI
JOUFOTJUZ
UP
CF
EFUFDUFE
ѮF
JOTUSVNFOU
VTFE
UP
NBLF
BOE
SFDPSE
TVDI
B
TQFDUSVN
JT
DBMMFE
B
TQFDUSPHSBQI
B
DPNQPTJUF
XPSE
DPOTJTUJOH
PG
TQFDUSP
GPS
iTQFDUSVNu
BOE
HSBQI
GPS
iSFDPSEu
ѮF
TQFDUSPHSBQI
TQSFBET
PVU
UIF
XBWFMFOHUIT
JOUP
EJĒFSFOU
MPDBUJPOT
BT
B
SBJOCPX
PS
QSJTN
EPFT
/PXBEBZT
JU
JT
UIF
HSPPWFT
PG
B
EJĒSBD UJPO
HSBUJOH
UIBU
SFëFDU
TVOMJHIU
JOUP
EJĒFSFOU
MPDBUJPOT
BDDPSEJOH
UP
DPMPS
PS
XBWF MFOHUI
"OE
ZPV
DBO
TFF
TVDI
B
DPMPSFE
EJTQMBZ
CZ
MPPLJOH
BU
B
DPNQBDU
EJTL




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(

6ISIBLESOLARSPECTRUM!SPECTROGRAPHHASSPREADOUTTHEVISIBLEPORTIONOF THE3UNSRADIATIONINTOITSSPECTRALCOMPONENTS DISPLAYINGRADIATIONINTENSITYASAFUNC TIONOFWAVELENGTH7HENWEPASSFROMLONGWAVELENGTHSTOSHORTERONESMFѫ
TO
SJHIU
UPQ
TO
CPUUPN THESPECTRUMRANGESFROMREDTHROUGHORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUEANDVIOLET $ARKGAPSINTHESPECTRUM CALLED&RAUNHOFERABSORPTIONLINES AREDUETOABSORPTIONBY ATOMSINTHE3UN4HEWAVELENGTHSOFTHESEABSORPTIONLINESCANBEUSEDTOIDENTIFYTHE ELEMENTSINTHE3UN ANDTHERELATIVEDARKNESSOFTHELINESHELPSESTABLISHTHERELATIVE ABUNDANCEOFTHESEELEMENTS#OURTESYOF.ATIONAL3OLAR/BSERVATORY 3ACRAMENTO0EAK ./!/

8IFO
B
DPPM
UFOVPVT
HBT
JT
QMBDFE
JO
GSPOU
PG
B
IPU
EFOTF
POF
BUPNT
JO
UIF
DPPM
HBT
BCTPSC
SBEJBUJPO
BU
TQFDJêD
XBWFMFOHUIT
UIFSFCZ
QSPEVDJOH
EBSL
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
"OE
XIFO
B
UFOVPVT
HBT
TUBOET
BMPOF
BOE
JT
IFBUFE
UP
JODBOEFTDFODF
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
BSF
QSPEVDFE
UIBU
TIJOF
BU
QSFDJTFMZ
UIF
TBNF
XBWFMFOHUIT
BT
UIF
EBSL
POFT
ѮF
4VOT
EBSL
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
BOE
CSJHIU
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
DBSSZ
NFTTBHFT
GSPN
JOTJEF
UIF
BUPN
BOE
IFMQ
VT
EFUFSNJOF
JUT
JOUFSOBM
CFIBWJPS "EKBDFOU
MJOFT
PG
UIF
IZESPHFO
BUPN
FYIJCJU
B
TUSBOHF
SFHVMBSJUZ
¢
UIFZ
TZTUFN BUJDBMMZ
DSPXE
UPHFUIFS
BOE
CFDPNF
TUSPOHFS
BU
TIPSUFS
XBWFMFOHUIT
ѮF
4XJTT
NBUI FNBUJDT
UFBDIFS
+PIBOO
#BMNFS
¢
QVCMJTIFE
BO
FRVBUJPO
UIBU
EFTDSJCFT
UIF
SFHVMBS
TQBDJOH
PG
UIF
XBWFMFOHUIT
PG
UIF
GPVS
MJOFT
PG
IZESPHFO
EFUFDUFE
JO
UIF
TQFD USVN
PG
WJTJCMF
TVOMJHIU
BOE
UIFZ
BSF
TUJMM
LOPXO
BT
#BMNFS
MJOFT
ѮF
TUSPOHFTU
POF
XJUI
B
SFE
DPMPS
JT
BMTP
DBMMFE
UIF
IZESPHFO
BMQIB
MJOF *O

UIF
%BOJTI
QIZTJDJTU
/JFMT
#PIS
¢
FYQMBJOFE
#BMNFST
FRVB UJPO
CZ
BO
BUPNJD
NPEFM
OPX
LOPXO
BT
UIF
#PIS
BUPN
JO
XIJDI
UIF
TJOHMF
FMFDUSPO
JO
B
IZESPHFO
BUPN
SFWPMWFT
BCPVU
UIF
OVDMFBS
QSPUPO
JO
TQFDJêD
PSCJUT
XJUI
EFêOJUF
RVBOUJ[FE
WBMVFT
PG
FOFSHZ
"O
FMFDUSPO
POMZ
FNJUT
PS
BCTPSCT
SBEJBUJPO
XIFO
KVNQJOH
CFUXFFO
UIFTF
BMMPXFE
PSCJUT
FBDI
KVNQ
CFJOH
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
B
TQFDJêD
FOFSHZ
BOE
B
TJOHMF
XBWFMFOHUI
MJLF
POF
QVSF
OPUF
*G
BO
FMFDUSPO
KVNQT
GSPN
B
MPXFOFSHZ
PSCJU
UP
B






(PPE
%BZ
4VOTIJOF




IJHIFOFSHZ
POF
JU
BCTPSCT
SBEJBUJPO
BU
UIJT
XBWFMFOHUI
SBEJBUJPO
JT
FNJUUFE
BU
FYBDUMZ
UIF
TBNF
XBWFMFOHUI
XIFO
UIF
FMFDUSPO
KVNQT
UIF
PQQPTJUF
XBZ
ѮJT
VOJRVF
XBWF MFOHUI
JT
SFMBUFE
UP
UIF
EJĒFSFODF
CFUXFFO
UIF
UXP
PSCJUBM
FOFSHJFT
#PIS
XBT
BXBSEFE
UIF

/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
GPS
IJT
JOWFTUJHBUJPOT
PG
UIF
TUSVDUVSF
PG
BUPNT
BOE
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
FNBOBUJOH
GSPN
UIFN 4JODF
POMZ
RVBOUJ[FE
PSCJUT
BSF
BMMPXFE
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
BSF
POMZ
QSPEVDFE
BU
TQFDJêD
XBWFMFOHUIT
UIBU
DIBSBDUFSJ[F
PS
JEFOUJGZ
UIF
BUPN
"O
BUPN
PS
NPMFDVMF
DBO
BCTPSC
PS
FNJU
B
QBSUJDVMBS
UZQF
PG
TVOMJHIU
POMZ
JG
JU
SFTPOBUFT
UP
UIBU
MJHIUT
FOFSHZ
"T
JU
UVSOT
PVU
UIF
SFTPOBUJOH
XBWFMFOHUIT
PS
FOFSHJFT
PG
FBDI
BUPN
BSF
VOJRVF
¢
UIFZ
êOHFSQSJOU
BO
FMFNFOU
FODPEF
JUT
JOUFSOBM
TUSVDUVSF
BOE
JEFOUJGZ
UIF
JOHSFEJFOUT
PG
UIF
4VO
*O
BEEJUJPO
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
ZJFME
JOGPSNBUJPO
BCPVU
UIF
4VOT
UFNQFSBUVSF
EFOTJUZ
NPUJPO
BOE
NBHOFUJTN &BDI
FMFNFOU
BOE
POMZ
UIBU
FMFNFOU
QSPEVDFT
B
VOJRVF
TFU
PG
BCTPSQUJPO
PS
FNJT TJPO
MJOFT
ѮF
QSFTFODF
PG
UIFTF
TQFDUSBM
TJHOBUVSFT
DBO
UIFSFGPSF
CF
VTFE
UP
TQFDJGZ
UIF
DIFNJDBM
JOHSFEJFOUT
PG
UIF
4VO
'JH
 
ѮF
BCVOEBODF
DBMDVMBUJPOT
EFQFOE
VQPO
CPUI
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
MJOFT
BOE
PO
QSPQFSUJFT
PG
UIF
FMFNFOUT
EFUFDUFE
JO
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
MBCPSBUPSZ
ѮF
MJHIUFTU
FMFNFOU
IZESPHFO
JT
UIF
NPTU
BCVOEBOU
FMFNFOU
JO
UIF
4VO
BOE
NPTU
PUIFS
TUBST
'PDVT
 
"MUPHFUIFS

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
BUPNT
JO
UIF
4VO
BSF
IZESPHFO
BUPNT

QFSDFOU
BSF
IFMJVN
BUPNT
BOE
BMM
UIF
PUIFS
IFBWJFS

'*(

!BUNDANCEANDORIGINOFTHEELEMENTSINTHE3UN4HERELATIVEABUNDANCEOF THEELEMENTSINTHESOLARPHOTOSPHERE PLOTTEDASAFUNCTIONOFTHEIRATOMICNUMBER :4HE ABUNDANCEISSPECIlEDONALOGARITHMICSCALEANDNORMALIZEDTOAVALUEAMILLION MILLION OR FORHYDROGEN(YDROGEN THELIGHTESTANDMOSTABUNDANTELEMENTINTHE3UN WASFORMEDABOUTBILLIONYEARSAGOIN THEIMMEDIATEAFTERMATHOFTHE"IG"ANG THATLEDTOTHEEXPANDING5NIVERSE-OST OFTHEHELIUMNOWINTHE3UNWASALSO CREATEDTHEN!LLTHEELEMENTSHEAVIERTHAN HELIUMWERESYNTHESIZEDINTHEINTERIORSOF STARSTHATNOLONGERSHINE ANDSUBSEQUENTLY WAFTEDORBLASTEDINTOINTERSTELLARSPACE WHERETHE3UNORIGINATED#ARBON NITROGEN OXYGENANDIRON WERECREATEDOVERLONG TIMEINTERVALSDURINGSUCCESSIVENUCLEAR BURNINGSTAGESINFORMERSTARS ANDALSO DURINGTHEEXPLOSIVEDEATHOFMASSIVESTARS %LEMENTSHEAVIERTHANIRONWEREPRODUCED BYNEUTRONCAPTUREREACTIONSDURINGTHE SUPERNOVAEXPLOSIONSOFMASSIVESTARSTHAT LIVEDANDDIEDBEFORETHE3UNWASBORN 4HEATOMICNUMBER : ISTHENUMBEROF PROTONSINTHENUCLEUS ORROUGHLYHALFTHE ATOMICWEIGHT4HEELEMENTSSHOWN (E # . /AND&E HAVE:   AND WITHATOMICWEIGHTSOF    AND SINCE EACHNUCLEUSCONTAINSASMANYNEUTRONSASPROTONSWITHABOUTTHESAMEWEIGHT(YDRO GENHASONEPROTONANDNONEUTRONSINITSNUCLEUS4HEEXPONENTIALDECLINEOFABUNDANCE WITHINCREASINGATOMICNUMBERANDWEIGHTCANBEEXPLAINEDBYTHERARITYOFSTARSTHATHAVE EVOLVEDTOLATERSTAGESOFLIFE$ATACOURTESYOF.ICOLAS'REVESSE




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'0$64
 $PNQPTJUJPO
PG
UIF
4UBST

*O
UIF
NJEOJOFUFFOUI
DFOUVSZ
UIF
(FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU
(VTUBW
,JSDIIPĒ
¢
EJTDPWFSFE
B
NFUIPE
GPS
EFUFSNJOJOH
UIF
JOHSFEJFOUT
PG
UIF
TUBST
8PSLJOH
XJUI
UIF
(FSNBO
DIFNJTU
3PCFSU
#VOTFO
¢


,JSDIIPĒ
TIPXFE
UIBU
FWFSZ
DIFNJDBM
FMF NFOU
XIFO
IFBUFE
UP
JODBOEFTDFODF
FNJUT
CSJHIUMZ
DPMPSFE
TQFDUSBM
TJHOBUVSFT
PS
FNJT TJPO
MJOFT
XIPTF
VOJRVF
XBWFMFOHUIT
DPJODJEF
XJUI
UIPTF
PG
UIF
EBSL
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
JO
UIF
4VOT
TQFDUSVN #Z
DPNQBSJOH
UIF
4VOT
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
XJUI
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
PG
FMFNFOUT
WBQPSJ[FE
JO
UIF
MBCPSBUPSZ
,JSDIIPĒ
JEFOUJêFE
JO
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
TFWFSBM
FMFNFOUT
LOPXO
PO
&BSUI
JODMVEJOH
TPEJVN
DBMDJVN
BOE
JSPO
ѮJT
TVHHFTUFE
UIBU
TUBST
BSF
DPNQPTFE
PG
UFSSFTUSJBM
FMFNFOUT
UIBU
BSF
WBQPSJ[FE
BU
UIF
IJHI
TUFMMBS
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE
JU
VOMPDLFE
UIF
DIFNJTUSZ
PG
UIF
6OJWFSTF
"T
#VOTFO
XSPUF
JO
 "U
UIF
NPNFOU
*
BN
PDDVQJFE
CZ
BO
JOWFT UJHBUJPO
XJUI
,JSDIIPĒ
XIJDI
EPFT
OPU
BMMPX
VT
UP
TMFFQ
,JSDIIPĒ
IBT
NBEF
B
UPUBMMZ
VOFY QFDUFE
EJTDPWFSZ
JOBTNVDI
BT
IF
IBT
GPVOE
PVU
UIF
DBVTF
GPS
UIF
EBSL
MJOFT
JO
UIF
TPMBS
TQFD USVN
BOE
DBO
QSPEVDF
UIFTF
MJOFT
BSUJêDJBMMZ
JOUFOTJêFE
CPUI
JO
UIF
TPMBS
TQFDUSVN
BOE
JO
UIF
DPOUJOVPVT
TQFDUSVN
PG
B
ëBNF
UIFJS
QPTJ UJPO
CFJOH
JEFOUJDBM
XJUI
UIBU
PG
'SBVOIPGFST
MJOFT
)FODF
UIF
QBUI
JT
PQFOFE
GPS
UIF
EFUFSNJ OBUJPO
PG
UIF
DIFNJDBM
DPNQPTJUJPO
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIF
êYFE
TUBST

*O
B
CSJMMJBOU
EPDUPSBM
EJTTFSUBUJPO
QVC MJTIFE
JO

UIF
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPOPNFS
$FDJMJB
)
1BZOF
¢
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
BUNPTQIFSFT
PG
WJSUVBMMZ
FWFSZ
MVNJOPVT
NJEEMFBHFE
TUBS
IBWF
UIF
TBNF
JOHSFEJ FOUT
.JTT
1BZOF
MBUFS
1BZOF(BQPTDILJO



FWFOUVBMMZ
CFDBNF
UIF
êSTU
GFNBMF
1SPGFTTPS
JO
UIF
'BDVMUZ
PG
"SUT
BOE
4DJFODFT
BU
)BSWBSE

6OJWFSTJUZ
XIFSF
TIF
IBE
TUVEJFE
)FS
DBM DVMBUJPOT
BMTP
JOEJDBUFE
UIBU
IZESPHFO
JT
CZ
GBS
UIF
NPTU
BCVOEBOU
FMFNFOU
JO
UIF
4VO
BOE
NPTU
PUIFS
TUBST
#VU
TIF
DPVME
OPU
CFMJFWF
UIBU
UIF
DPNQPTJUJPO
PG
TUBST
EJĒFSFE
TP
FOPSNPVTMZ
GSPN
UIBU
PG
UIF
&BSUI
XIFSF
IZESPHFO
JT
SBSFMZ
GPVOE
TP
TIF
NJTUSVTUFE
IFS
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
UIF
IZESPHFO
BUPN
1SPNJOFOU
BTUSPOPNFST
PG
UIF
UJNF
BMTP
EJE
OPU
UIJOL
UIBU
IZESPHFO
XBT
UIF
NBJO
JOHSF EJFOU
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
PUIFS
TUBST
BOE
UIJT
NBZ
IBWF
QMBZFE
B
SPMF
JO
IFS
DPOTJEFSBUJPOT 8F
OPX
LOPX
UIBU
IZESPHFO
JT
UIF
NPTU
BCVOEBOU
FMFNFOU
JO
UIF
6OJWFSTF
BOE
UIBU
UIFSF
XBT
OPUIJOH
XSPOH
XJUI
.JTT
1BZOFT
DBMDVMBUJPOT
ѮF
&BSUI
KVTU
EPFT
OPU
IBWF
TVG êDJFOU
HSBWJUZ
UP
SFUBJO
IZESPHFO
JO
JUT
BUNP TQIFSF
"OZ
IZESPHFO
HBT
UIBU
PVS
QMBOFU
NJHIU
IBWF
PODF
IBE
NVTU
IBWF
FWBQPSBUFE
BXBZ
XIJMF
UIF
&BSUI
XBT
GPSNJOH
BOE
IBT
MPOH
TJODF
FTDBQFE 4VCTFRVFOU
PCTFSWBUJPOT
IBWF
TIPXO
UIBU
WFSZ
PME
TUBST
IBWF
QSBDUJDBMMZ
OP
FMF NFOUT
PUIFS
UIBO
IZESPHFO
BOE
IFMJVN
UIFTF
TUBST
IBWF
QSPCBCMZ
FYJTUFE
TJODF
PVS
(BMBYZ
GPSNFE
.JEEMFBHFE
TUBST
MJLF
UIF
4VO
DPOUBJO
IFBWJFS
FMFNFOUT
ѮFZ
NVTU
IBWF
GPSNFE
GSPN
UIF
BTIFT
PG
QSFWJPVT
HFOFSB UJPOT
PG
TUBST
UIBU
IBWF
GVTFE
MJHIUFS
FMFNFOUT
JOUP
IFBWJFS
POFT ѮF
4VO
JT
NBJOMZ
DPNQPTFE
PG
MJHIU
FMF NFOUT
IZESPHFO
BOE
IFMJVN
XIJDI
BSF
UFS SFTUSJBMMZ
SBSF
XIFSFBT
UIF
&BSUI
JT
QSJNBSJMZ
NBEF
PVU
PG
IFBWZ
FMFNFOUT
UIBU
BSF
SFMBUJWFMZ
VODPNNPO
JO
UIF
4VO
5BCMF
 
)ZESPHFO
JT
BCPVU
POF
NJMMJPO
UJNFT
NPSF
BCVOEBOU
UIBO
JSPO
JO
UIF
4VO
CVU
JSPO
JT
POF
PG
UIF
NBJO
DPOTUJUVFOUT
PG
UIF
&BSUI
XIJDI
DBOOPU
FWFO
SFUBJO
IZESPHFO
HBT
JO
JUT
BUNPTQIFSF

FMFNFOUT
NBLF
VQ
POMZ

QFSDFOU
*O
DPOUSBTU
UIF
NBJO
JOHSFEJFOUT
PG
UIF
SPDLZ
&BSUI
BSF
UIF
IFBWJFS
FMFNFOUT
MJLF
TJMJDPO
BOE
JSPO
BOE
UIJT
FYQMBJOT
UIF
&BSUIT
IJHIFS
NBTT
EFOTJUZ
m
BCPVU
GPVS
UJNFT
UIBU
PG
UIF
4VO
XIJDI
JT
POMZ
BCPVU
BT
EFOTF
BT
XBUFS )FMJVN
UIF
TFDPOENPTU
BCVOEBOU
FMFNFOU
JO
UIF
4VO
JT
TP
SBSF
PO
&BSUI
UIBU
JU
XBT
êSTU
EJTDPWFSFE
PO
UIF
4VO
¢
CZ
UIF
'SFODI
BTUSPOPNFS
1JFSSF
+VMFT
+BOTTFO



(PPE
%BZ
4VOTIJOF







4!",% 4HETWENTYMOSTABUNDANTELEMENTSINTHESOLARPHOTOSPHERE %LEMENT

(YDROGEN (ELIUM #ARBON .ITROGEN /XYGEN .EON 3ODIUM -AGNESIUM !LUMINUM 3ILICON 0HOSPHORUS 3ULFUR #HLORINE !RGON 0OTASSIUM #ALCIUM #HROMIUM -ANGANESE )RON .ICKEL

3YMBOL

!TOMIC .UMBER

!BUNDANCE A

LOGARITHMIC

$ATEOF$ISCOVERY ON%ARTH

( (E # . / .E .A -G !L 3I 0 3 #L !R + #A #R -N &E .I

                   

 ;=    ;=        ;=      

 C ANCIENT         ANCIENT       ANCIENT 

A

,OGARITHMOFTHEABUNDANCEINTHESOLARPHOTOSPHERE NORMALIZEDTOHYDROGEN ORANABUNDANCE OF)NDIRECTSOLARESTIMATESAREMARKEDWITH;=4HEDATAARECOURTESYOF.ICOLAS'REVESSE 5NIVERSITÏDE,IÒGE C
(ELIUMWASDISCOVEREDONTHE3UNIN BUTITWASNOTFOUNDON%ARTHUNTIL

¢
BOE
UIF
#SJUJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
+PTFQI
/PSNBO
-PDLZFS
¢
BT
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
PCTFSWFE
EVSJOH
UIF
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
PG

"VHVTU

4JODF
JU
TFFNFE
UP
CF
POMZ
GPVOE
PO
UIF
4VO
-PDLZFS
OBNFE
JU
BѫFS
UIF
(SFFL
4VO
HPE
)FMJPT
XIP
EBJMZ
USBWFMFE
BDSPTT
UIF
TLZ
JO
B
DIBSJPU
PG
êSF
ESBXO
CZ
GPVS
TXJѫ
IPSTFT
*O

XIJMF
BOBMZ[JOH
B
HBT
HJWFO
PĒ
CZ
B
IFBUFE
VSBOJVN
NJOFSBM
UIF
4DPUUJTI
DIFNJTU
8JMMJBN
3BNTBZ
¢
GPVOE
UIF
TQFDUSBM
TJHOBUVSF
PG
IFMJVN
UIFSFCZ
JTPMBUJOH
JU
PO
UIF
TPMJE
&BSUI

ZFBST
BѫFS
JUT
EJTDPWFSZ
JO
UIF
4VO 5PEBZ
IFMJVN
JT
VTFE
PO
&BSUI
JO
B
WBSJFUZ
PG
XBZT
JODMVEJOH
JOëBUJOH
QBSUZ
CBMMPPOT
BOE
JO
JUT
MJRVJE
TUBUF
LFFQJOH
TFOTJUJWF
FMFDUSPOJD
FRVJQNFOU
DPME
#VU
UIFSF
JTOU
NVDI
IFMJVN
MFѫ
PO
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
XF
BSF
JO
EBOHFS
PG
SVOOJOH
PVU
PG
JU
TPPO




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ


$)*-%3&/
0'
5)&
$04.04 8F
BSF
NBEF
PG
UIF
TBNF
BUPNT
BT
UIF
4VO
0VS
CPEJFT
MJLF
UIF
4VO
IBWF
NPSF
IZESPHFO
BUPNT
UIBO
BOZ
PUIFS
CVU
XF
BSF
DPNQPTFE
PG
B
TPNFXIBU
MBSHFS
QSPQPS UJPO
PG
IFBWJFS
FMFNFOUT
MJLF
DBSCPO
OJUSPHFO
BOE
PYZHFO #VU
EP
OPU
EJTDPVOU
UIF
PUIFS
TUBST
8F
BSF
BMM
USVF
DIJMESFO
PG
UIF
TUBST
QBSUJBMMZ
DPNQPTFE
PG
NBUFSJBMT
UIBU
XFSF
GPSHFE
XJUIJO
BODJFOU
TUBST
CFGPSF
UIF
4VO
XBT
CPSO
"MM
PG
UIF
FMFNFOUT
IFBWJFS
UIBO
IFMJVN
XFSF
HFOFSBUFE
MPOH
MPOH
BHP
BOE
GBS
GBS
BXBZ
JO
UIF
OVDMFBS
DSVDJCMFT
PG
PUIFS
TUBST
XIJDI
MJU
VQ
UIF
OJHIU
TLZ
BOE
XFSF
FYUJOHVJTIFE
CFGPSF
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
DBNF
JOUP
CFJOH ѮFTF
TUBST
VTFE
VQ
UIFJS
JOUFSOBM
GVFM
BOE
TQFXFE
PVU
UIFJS
DPTNJD
BTIFT
XJUI
FYQMPTJWF
GPSDF
FKFDUJOH
UIF
IFBWJFS
FMFNFOUT
JOUP
JOUFSTUFMMBS
TQBDF
'SPN
UIJT
SFDZ DMFE
NBUFSJBM
UIF
4VO
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
XF
PVSTFMWFT
XFSF
GPSNFE
4P
UIF
DBSCPO
JO
ZPVS
NPMFDVMFT
UIF
DBMDJVN
JO
ZPVS
UFFUI
UIF
PYZHFO
JO
ZPVS
XBUFS
BOE
UIF
JSPO
UIBU
SFE EFOT
ZPVS
CMPPE
BMM
DBNF
GSPN
UIF
JOUFSJPST
PG
PUIFS
TUBST
MPOH
TJODF
FYQMPEFE
CBDL
JOUP
TQBDF
JO
UIF
EFBUI
UISPFT
PG
UIFTF
TUBST #VU
BMM
UIF
IZESPHFO
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
XBUFS
BOE
JO
ZPVS
CPEZ
BT
XFMM
BT
BMM
PG
UIF
IZESPHFO
JO
UIF
TUBST
BOE
NPTU
PG
UIFJS
JOUFSOBM
IFMJVN
XBT
TZOUIFTJ[FE
BCPVU

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
JO
UIF
#JH
#BOH
UIBU
KVNQTUBSUFE
UIF
FYQBOEJOH
6OJWFSTF
8F
BSF
UIVT
DIJMESFO
PG
CPUI
UIF
TUBST
UIBU
FYQMPEFE
EVSJOH
QBTU
FPOT
BOE
UIF
#JH
#BOH
BU
UIF
CFHJOOJOH
PG
UJNF 
%&4$3*#*/(
5)&
3"%*"5*0/ ѮF
4VO
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
SBEJBUFT
FOFSHZ
UIBU
TQSFBET
UISPVHIPVU
TQBDF
ѮJT
SBEJBUJPO
JT
DBMMFE
iFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDu
CFDBVTF
JU
QSPQBHBUFT
CZ
UIF
JOUFSQMBZ
PG
PTDJMMBUJOH
FMFDUSJDBM
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
TQBDF
&MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
XBWFT
BMM
USBWFM
UISPVHI
FNQUZ
TQBDF
BU
UIF
TBNF
DPOTUBOU
TQFFE
¢
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
ѮJT
WFMPDJUZ
JT
VTVBMMZ
EFOPUFE
CZ
UIF
MPXFS
DBTF
MFUUFS
D
BOE
JU
IBT
B
WBMVF
PG
SPVHIMZ
 
LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
¢

B
NPSF
FYBDU
WBMVF
JT
 
LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
/P
FOFSHZ
DBO
CF
USBOTQPSUFE
NPSF
TXJѫMZ
UIBO
UIJT
TQFFE
PG
MJHIU 4VOMJHIU
IBT
OP
XBZ
PG
NBSLJOH
UJNF
BOE
JU
DBO
QFSTJTU
GPSFWFS
"T
MPOH
BT
B
SBZ
PG
TVOMJHIU
QBTTFT
UISPVHI
FNQUZ
TQBDF
BOE
FODPVOUFST
OP
BUPNT
PS
FMFDUSPOT
JU
XJMM
TVSWJWF
VODIBOHFE
3BEJBUJPO
FNJUUFE
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UPEBZ
NJHIU
UIFSFGPSF
USBWFM
GPS
BMM
UJNF
JO
WBDVPVT
TQBDF
CSJOHJOH
JUT
NFTTBHF
GPSXBSE
UP
UIF
FOE
PG
UIF
6OJWFSTF 4PNF
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
TUSFBNJOH
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
JT
OFWFSUIFMFTT
JOUFSDFQUFE
BU
&BSUI
XIFSF
BTUSPOPNFST
EFTDSJCF
JU
JO
UFSNT
PG
JUT
XBWFMFOHUI
GSFRVFODZ
PS
FOFSHZ
8IFO
MJHIU
QSPQBHBUFT
GSPN
POF
QMBDF
UP
BOPUIFS
JU
PѫFO
TFFNT
UP
CFIBWF
MJLF
XBWFT
PS
SJQQMFT
PO
B
QPOE
'JH
 
ѮF
MJHIU
XBWFT
IBWF
B
DIBSBDUFSJTUJD
XBWFMFOHUI
UIF
TFQBSBUJPO
CFUXFFO
BEKBDFOU
XBWF
DSFTUT %JĒFSFOU
UZQFT
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
EJĒFS
JO
UIFJS
XBWFMFOHUI
'JH



BMUIPVHI
UIFZ
QSPQBHBUF
BU
UIF
TBNF
TQFFE
ѮF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
XBWFT
FOUFSJOH
ZPVS
FZF
BOE
UIPTF
QJDLFE
VQ
CZ
ZPVS
SBEJP
BOUFOOB
PS
VTFE
UP
9SBZ
ZPVS
CPOFT
BSF
TJNJMBS
FYDFQU
JO
SFMBUJPO
UP
UIFJS
XBWFMFOHUI 9SBZT
BSF
NVDI
TNBMMFS
UIBO
BO
BUPN
XJUI
XBWFMFOHUIT
UIBU
BSF
CFUXFFO
¢
BOE
¢
NFUFST
MPOH
BOE
CFDBVTF
PG
UIJT
TNBMM
TJ[F
DPTNJD
9SBZT
BSF
UPUBMMZ
BCTPSCFE






(PPE
%BZ
4VOTIJOF




'*(

%LECTROMAGNETICWAVES!LLFORMSOFRADIATIONCONSISTOFELECTRICANDMAG NETIClELDSTHATOSCILLATEATRIGHTANGLESTOEACHOTHERANDTOTHEDIRECTIONOFTRAVEL4HEY MOVETHROUGHEMPTYSPACEATTHEVELOCITYOFLIGHT4HESEPARATIONBETWEENADJACENTWAVE CRESTSISCALLEDTHEWAVELENGTHOFTHERADIATIONANDISOFTENDESIGNATEDBYTHELOWERCASE 'REEKLETTERLAMBDAORL

'*(
 %LECTROMAGNETICSPECTRUM2ADIATIONFROMTHE3UNANDOTHERCOSMICOBJECTS ISEMITTEDATWAVELENGTHSFROMLESSTHAN¥METERSTOGREATERTHANMETERS4HE VISIBLESPECTRUMISAVERYSMALLPORTIONOFTHEENTIRERANGEOFWAVELENGTHS4HELIGHTER THESHADING THEGREATERTHETRANSPARENCYOFTHE%ARTHSATMOSPHERE3OLARRADIATIONONLY PENETRATESTOTHE%ARTHSSURFACEATVISIBLEANDRADIOWAVELENGTHS RESPECTIVELYDENOTED BYTHENARROWANDBROADWHITEAREAS%LECTROMAGNETICRADIATIONATSHORT8 RAYANDULTRA VIOLETWAVELENGTHS REPRESENTEDBYTHEDARKAREASATTHELEFT ISABSORBEDINOURAIR SOTHE 3UNISNOWOBSERVEDINTHESESPECTRALREGIONSFROMABOVETHEATMOSPHEREIN%ARTH ORBIT INGSATELLITES

JO
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
OFWFS
SFBDIJOH
UIF
HSPVOE
ѮF
XBWFMFOHUI
PG
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
XIJDI
JT
BMTP
BCTPSCFE
JO
PVS
BJS
JT
KVTU
B
CJU
MPOHFS
CFUXFFO
¢
BOE
¢
NFUFST
XJUI
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
MZJOH
JO
UIF
TIPSU
XBWFMFOHUI
QBSU
PG
UIJT
SBOHF
*O
DPOUSBTU
SBEJP
XBWFT
BSF
CFUXFFO

BOE

NFUFST
MPOH
4P
SBEJP
XBWFT
DBO
CF
BT
CJH
BT
ZPV
BSF
UBMM
PS
FWFO
BT
MBSHF
BT
B
IPVTF
PS
TLZTDSBQFS
UPP
MPOH
UP
FOUFS
UIF
FZF
BOE
OPU
FOFSHFUJD
FOPVHI
UP
BĒFDU
WJTJPO +VTU
BT
B
TPVSDF
PG
TPVOE
DBO
WBSZ
JO
QJUDI
PS
XBWFMFOHUI
EFQFOEJOH
PO
JUT
NPUJPO
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
TIJѫT
XIFO
UIF
PCKFDU
FNJUUJOH
PS
SFëFDU JOH
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
NPWFT
XJUI
SFTQFDU
UP
UIF
PCTFSWFS
'JH
 
ѮJT
JT
DBMMFE
UIF

%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
BѫFS
UIF
"VTUSJBO
QIZTJDJTU
$ISJTUJBO
+PIBOO
%PQQMFS
¢


XIP
EJTDPWFSFE
JU
JO

*G
UIF
NPUJPO
JT
UPXBSE
UIF
PCTFSWFS
UIF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ '*(
 $OPPLEREFFECT!STATIONARY STARUPQ EMITSREGULARLYSPACEDLIGHT WAVESTHATGETSTRETCHEDOUTORSCRUNCHED UPIFTHESTARMOVESCPUUPN (EREWE SHOWASTARMOVINGAWAYCPUUPN
SJHIU FROMTHEOBSERVERCPUUPN
MFѫ 4HE STRETCHINGOFLIGHTWAVESTHATOCCURSWHEN THESTARMOVESAWAYFROMANOBSERVER ALONGTHELINEOFSIGHTISCALLEDAREDSHIFT BECAUSEREDLIGHTWAVESARERELATIVELY LONGVISIBLELIGHTWAVESTHECOMPRESSION OFLIGHTWAVESTHATOCCURSWHENTHESTAR MOVESALONGTHELINEOFSIGHTTOWARDAN OBSERVERISCALLEDABLUESHIFT BECAUSE BLUELIGHTWAVESARERELATIVELYSHORT4HE WAVELENGTHCHANGE FROMTHESTATIONARYTO MOVINGCONDITION ISCALLEDTHE$OPPLER SHIFT ANDITSSIZEPROVIDESAMEASUREMENT OFRADIALVELOCITY ORTHEVELOCITYOFTHE COMPONENTOFTHESTARSMOTIONALONGTHE LINEOFSIGHT4HE$OPPLEREFFECTISNAMED AFTERTHE!USTRIANPHYSICIST#HRISTIAN $OPPLER¥ WHOlRSTCONSID EREDITIN

TIJѫT
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
UP
TIPSUFS
XBWFMFOHUIT
BOE
XIFO
UIF
NPUJPO
JT
BXBZ
UIF
XBWF MFOHUI
CFDPNFT
MPOHFS
4VDI
BO
FĒFDU
JT
SFTQPOTJCMF
GPS
UIF
DIBOHF
JO
UIF
QJUDI
PG
B
QBTTJOH
BNCVMBODF
TJSFO
#FDBVTF
FWFSZUIJOH
JO
UIF
6OJWFSTF
NPWFT
UIF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
JT
B
WFSZ
JNQPSUBOU
UPPM
GPS
BTUSPOPNFST
JU
NFBTVSFT
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
UIBU
NPUJPO
BMPOH
UIF
MJOF
PG
TJHIU
UP
UIF
PCTFSWFS 4PNFUJNFT
SBEJBUJPO
JT
EFTDSJCFE
CZ
JUT
GSFRVFODZ
JOTUFBE
PG
JUT
XBWFMFOHUI
3BEJP
TUBUJPOT
BSF
GPS
FYBNQMF
EFOPUFE
CZ
UIFJS
DBMM
MFUUFST
BOE
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
PG
UIFJS
CSPBEDBTUT
VTVBMMZ
JO
VOJUT
PG
B
NJMMJPO
DZDMFT
QFS
TFDPOE
PS
NFHBIFSU[
GPS
'.
CSPBEDBTUT ѮF
GSFRVFODZ
PG
B
XBWF
JT
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
DSFTUT
QBTTJOH
B
TUBUJPOBSZ
PCTFSWFS
FBDI
TFDPOE
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
UIFSFGPSF
UFMMT
VT
IPX
GBTU
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
PTDJMMBUFT
PS
NPWFT
VQ
BOE
EPXO
ѮF
QSPEVDU
PG
XBWFMFOHUI
BOE
GSFRVFODZ
FRVBMT
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
TP
XIFO
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
JODSFBTFT
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
EFDSFBTFT
BOE
WJDF
WFSTB 8IFO
MJHIU
JT
BCTPSCFE
PS
FNJUUFE
CZ
BUPNT
JU
CFIBWFT
MJLF
QBDLBHFT
PG
FOFSHZ
DBMMFE
QIPUPOT
XIJDI
DBO
CF
DSFBUFE
PS
EFTUSPZFE
ѮF
QIPUPOT
BSF
QSPEVDFE
XIFOFWFS
B
NBUFSJBM
PCKFDU
FNJUT
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
UIFZ
BSF
DPOTVNFE
XIFO
NBUUFS
BCTPSCT
SBEJBUJPO
3BEJBUJPO
UIFSFGPSF
EJTBQQFBST
BOE
DFBTFT
UP
FYJTU
XIFO
BCTPSCFE
CZ
NBUUFS
#VU
FOFSHZ
JT
OFJUIFS
DSFBUFE
OPS
EFTUSPZFE
JU
JT
KVTU
SFNPWFE
GSPN
UIF
SBEJBUJPO .PSFPWFS
FBDI
FMFNFOUBM
BUPN
DBO
POMZ
BCTPSC
BOE
FNJU
QIPUPO
FOFSHZ
JO
TQF DJêD
BNPVOUT
ѮJT
JT
B
DPOTFRVFODF
PG
UIF
VOJRVF
BSSBOHFNFOU
PG
FMFDUSPOT
JO
FBDI
BUPN
BOE
UIF
QBUUFSO
PG
QIPUPO
FOFSHZ
FNJUUFE
BOE
BCTPSCFE
DBO
UIFSFGPSF
CF
VTFE
UP
JEFOUJGZ
UIF
BUPN





(PPE
%BZ
4VOTIJOF




"U
UIF
BUPNJD
MFWFM
UIF
OBUVSBM
VOJU
PG
FOFSHZ
JT
UIF
FMFDUSPO
WPMU
BCCSFWJ BUFE
F7
0OF
FMFDUSPO
WPMU
JT
UIF
FOFSHZ
BO
FMFDUSPO
HBJOT
XIFO
JU
QBTTFT
BDSPTT
UIF
UFSNJOBMT
PG
B
WPMU
CBUUFSZ
"
QIPUPO
PG
WJTJCMF
MJHIU
IBT
BO
FOFSHZ
PG
BCPVU
UXP
FMFDUSPO
WPMUT
PS

F7
.VDI
IJHIFS
FOFSHJFT
BSF
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
OVDMFBS
QSP DFTTFT
UIFZ
BSF
PGUFO
TQFDJGJFE
JO
VOJUT
PG
NJMMJPOT
PG
FMFDUSPO
WPMUT
PS
.F7
GPS
TIPSU
"
TPNFXIBU
MPXFS
VOJU
PG
FOFSHZ
JT
B
UIPVTBOE
FMFDUSPO
WPMUT
DBMMFE
UIF
LJMPFMFDUSPO
WPMU
PS
LF7
JU
JT
PGUFO
VTFE
UP
EFTDSJCF
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO ѮF
JOUFSBDUJPO
PG
FBDI
UZQF
PG
SBEJBUJPO
XJUI
NBUUFS
EFQFOET
PO
UIF
FOFSHZ
PG
JUT
QIPUPOT
BOE
GSPN
UIF
TUBOEQPJOU
PG
UIF
BTUSPQIZTJDJTU
UIJT
JT
UIF
NPTU
JNQPSUBOU
QSPQFSUZ
EJTUJOHVJTIJOH
POF
UZQF
PG
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
BOPUIFS
*O
GBDU
BTUSPOPNFST
PѫFO
EFTDSJCF
FOFSHFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
TVDI
BT
9SBZT
PS
HBNNB
SBZT
JO
UFSNT
PG
JUT
FOFSHZ
SBUIFS
UIBO
JUT
XBWFMFOHUI
PS
GSFRVFODZ 1IPUPO
FOFSHZ
JT
JOWFSTFMZ
QSPQPSUJPOBM
UP
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
BOE
EJSFDUMZ
QSP QPSUJPOBM
UP
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
3BEJBUJPO
XJUI
B
TIPSUFS
XBWFMFOHUI
PS
B
IJHIFS
GSF RVFODZ
UIFSFGPSF
DPSSFTQPOET
UP
QIPUPOT
XJUI
IJHIFS
FOFSHZ
3BEJP
QIPUPOT
IBWF
SFMBUJWFMZ
MPOH
XBWFMFOHUIT
BOE
MPX
GSFRVFODJFT
TP
UIFZ
IBWF
MFTT
FOFSHZ
UIBO
UIF
TIPSUXBWFMFOHUI
IJHI
GSFRVFODZ
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
5IF
MPX
FOFSHJFT
PG
SBEJP
QIPUPOT
DBOOPU
FBTJMZ
FYDJUF
UIF
BUPNT
PG
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
TP
UIFTF
QIPUPOT
FBTJMZ
QBTT
UISPVHI
UIF
BJS
FWFO
JO
TUPSNZ
XFBUIFS
*O
DPOUSBTU
9SBZT
BSF
UPUBMMZ
BCTPSCFE
XIFO
USBWFMJOH
KVTU
B
TIPSU
EJTUBODF
UISPVHI
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
5IF
FOFS HFUJD
9SBZT
QSPEVDFE
CZ
NBDIJOFT
IFSF
PO
&BSUI
QBTT
SJHIU
UISPVHI
ZPVS
TLJO
NVTDMFT
PS
UFFUI
*U
BMTP
UBLFT
NVDI
MFTT
FOFSHZ
UP
CSPBEDBTU
B
SBEJP
TJHOBM
PWFS
TIPSU
EJTUBODFT
UIBO
UP
UBLF
BO
9SBZ
PG
B
CSPLFO
CPOF ѮF
FOFSHZ
PG
TUFMMBS
SBEJBUJPO
BU
B
HJWFO
XBWFMFOHUI
DBO
CF
SFMBUFE
UP
UIF
UIFSNBM
FOFSHZ
PS
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
FNJUUJOH
HBT
)PU
TUBST
UFOE
UP
CF
CMVFS
JO
DPMPS
GPS
FYBNQMF
BOE
DPMEFS
TUBST
BSF
SFEEFS
ѮJT
JT
CFDBVTF
UIF
NPTU
JOUFOTF
FNJTTJPO
PDDVST
BU
B
SBEJBUJPO
GSFRVFODZ
BOE
FOFSHZ
UIBU
JODSFBTF
XJUI
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
TUBST
WJTJCMF
EJTL
*O
PUIFS
XPSET
UIF
FNJUUFE
QPXFS
QFBLT
PVU
BU
B
XBWFMFOHUI
UIBU
WBSJFT
JOWFSTFMZ
XJUI
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
BOE
UIJT
BQQMJFT
UP
BMM
HBTFPVT
PCKFDUT
JO
UIF
$PTNPT
ѮVT
UIF
DPME
EBSL
TQBDFT
CFUXFFO
UIF
TUBST
SBEJBUF
NPTU
JOUFOTFMZ
BU
UIF
MPOHFS
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJP
XBWFMFOHUIT
XIJMF
B
IPU
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
HBT
FNJUT
NPTU
PG
JUT
FOFSHZ
BU
TIPSU
9SBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT
UIBU
BSF
BMTP
JOWJTJCMF 
*/7*4*#-&
'*3&4 ѮFSF
JT
NPSF
UP
UIF
4VO
UIBO
NFFUT
UIF
FZF
*O
BEEJUJPO
UP
WJTJCMF
MJHIU
UIFSF
BSF
JOWJT JCMF
HBNNB
SBZ
9SBZ
VMUSBWJPMFU
JOGSBSFE
BOE
SBEJP
XBWFT
ѮF
XIPMF
TPMBS
TQFDUSVN
FYUFOET
GSPN
TIPSU
HBNNB
SBZT
UIBU
BSF
DPNQBSBCMF
UP
UIF
TJ[F
PG
BO
BUPNT
OVDMFVT
UP
MPOH
SBEJP
XBWFT
UIBU
BSF
BT
CSPBE
BT
B
NPVOUBJO
BOE
UIF
4VO
JT
TP
CSJHIU
UIBU
JU
DBO
CF
FYBNJOFE
XJUI
QSFDJTJPO
JO
FWFSZ
TQFDUSBM
SFHJPO
0CTFSWBUJPOT
BU
UIFTF
JOWJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUIT
IBWF
JOEFFE
CSPBEFOFE
BOE
TIBSQFOFE
PVS
WJTJPO
PG
UIF
4VO )PXFWFS
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
FĒFDUJWFMZ
CMPDLT
NPTU
GPSNT
PG
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
JODMVEJOH
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
3BEJP
XBWFT
BSF
UIF
POMZ
LJOE
PG
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
UIBU
JT
OPU
BCTPSCFE
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
TP
SBEJP
BTUSPOPNZ
QSPWJEFE
UIF
êSTU
OFX
XJOEPX
PO
UIF
4VO




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 6ERY,ARGE!RRAY%ACHOFTHERADIOTELESCOPESOFTHE6ERY,ARGE !RRAY ABBREVIATED6,! MEASURESMETERSINDIAMETER ORABOUTTHESIZEOFHOUSE ANDWEIGHSTONSKILOGRAMS 4HESETELESCOPESAREPLACEDALONGTHE ARMSOFA9 SHAPEDARRAYONADESERTNEAR3OCORRO .EW-EXICO ANDINTERCONNECTED ELECTRONICALLYTOPROVIDEATOTALOFPAIRSOFTELESCOPES4HETELESCOPESCANBE ROLLEDALONGTRACKSTOCHANGETHEIRCONlGURATIONANDCREATEARADIOZOOMLENS7HEN THETELESCOPESAREPUSHEDTOTHEOUTERENDSOFEACHARMANDTHEIROUTPUTCOMBINEDIN ACOMPUTER THE6,!CREATESARADIOTELESCOPEWITHADIAMETERASLARGEASKILOME TERSANDANANGULARRESOLUTIONTHATCANBESMALLERTHANSECONDOFARC#OURTESYOF .2!/ !5)AND.3&

"TUSPOPNFST
VTF
DPOWFOUJPOBM
SBEJP
UFMFTDPQFT
UP
PCTFSWF
UIF
4VO
'JH
 
CVU
SBEJP
UFMFTDPQFT
EP
OPU
SFBMMZ
MPPL
BU
UIF
4VO
UIFZ
MJTUFO
UP
JU
4VDI
UFMFTDPQFT
VTVBMMZ
IBWF
B
NFUBMMJD
EJTITIBQFE
PS
QBSBCPMJD
SFëFDUPS
UIBU
GPDVTFT
UIF
SBEJP
XBWFT
BU
B
SFDFJWFS
ѮF
MPOH
TUSBJHIU
BOUFOOB
PO
ZPVS
BVUPNPCJMF
PS
IPNF
SBEJP
TJNJMBSMZ
JOUFSDFQUT
SBEJP
TJHOBMT
.PSFPWFS
UIF
4VO
JT
UIF
CSJHIUFTU
OPJTJFTU

SBEJP
PCKFDU
JO
UIF
TLZ
BOE
CFDBVTF
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
EPFT
OPU
EJTUPSU
SBEJP
TJHOBMT
XF
DBO
PCTFSWF
UIF
SBEJP
4VO
PO
B
DMPVEZ
EBZ
KVTU
BT
ZPVS
IPNF
SBEJP
XPSLT
FWFO
XIFO
JU
SBJOT
PS
TOPXT
PVUTJEF 5P
MPPL
BU
UIF
4VO
UISPVHI
XJOEPXT
PUIFS
UIBO
UIF
SBEJP
PS
WJTJCMF
POFT
XF
NVTU
MPѫ
UFMFTDPQFT
BCPWF
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
ѮJT
XBT
EPOF
êSTU
CZ
VTJOH
CBMMPPOT
BOE
TPVOEJOH
SPDLFUT
BOE
UIFO
XJUI
TBUFMMJUFT
UIBU
PSCJU
UIF
&BSUI
BCPWF
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
4BUFMMJUF CPSOF
UFMFTDPQFT
OPX
WJFX
UIF
4VO
BU
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT
BCPWF
UIF
&BSUIT
BCTPSCJOH
BUNPTQIFSF
BU
QMBDFT
XIFSF
OJHIU
DBO
CF
CSJFG
PS
OPOFYJTUFOU





(PPE
%BZ
4VOTIJOF




ѮVT
BTUSPOPNFST
OPX
IBWF
OFX
XBZT
UP
FYUSBDU
QSFWJPVTMZ
VOPCUBJOBCMF
JOGPSNBUJPO
BCPVU
UIF
4VO
ѮFZ
BSF
BJEFE
CZ
OFX
UFMFTDPQFT
BOE
TPQIJTUJDBUFE
DPNQVUFST
UIBU
HBUIFS
JO
BO
JODSFBTJOH
XFBMUI
PG
VOTVTQFDUFE
JOGPSNBUJPO
$PN QVUFSJ[FE
UFMFTDPQFT
OPX
PQFSBUF
GSPN
UIF
HSPVOE
BOE
JO
PSCJU
JO
FBDI
PG
UIF
JOWJTJCMF
EPNBJOT
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
DSFBUJOH
JNBHFT
UIBU
QSPWJEF
OFX
JOTJHIU
UP
UIF
4VO .VDI
PG
UIJT
CPPL
EFTDSJCFT
UIF
JOWJTJCMF
4VO
BO
VOTFFO
XPSME
PG
QFSQFUVBM
DIBOHF
BOE
DPTNJD
WJPMFODF
UIBU
MJFT
PVUTJEF
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
"OE
BT
UIF
UJUMF
4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ
TVHHFTUT
PVS
CPPL
BMTP
EFTDSJCFT
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSBDUJPO
XJUI
QMBOFU
&BSUI
NBJOMZ
UISPVHI
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
UJOZ
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
UIBU
DBOOPU
CF
TFFO
*U
JOWPMWFT
B
HMPCBM
TQBDFBHF
QFSTQFDUJWF
UIBU
MPPLT
VQ
BU
UIF
4VO
BOE
EPXO
BU
UIF
&BSUI
BU
CPUI
WJTJCMF
BOE
JOWJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUIT
PS
EJSFDUMZ
TBNQMFT
UIF
TQBDF
PVU TJEF
&BSUI
XJUI
PSCJUJOH
TBUFMMJUFT #VU
CFGPSF
XF
CFHJO
PVS
KPVSOFZ
UISPVHI
UIFTF
MBSHFMZ
JOWJTJCMF
SFBMNT
UIFSF
JT
BO
FRVBMMZ
GBTDJOBUJOH
XPSME
UIBU
MJFT
IJEEFO
CFMPX
FWFSZUIJOH
XF
DBO
TFF
PO
UIF
4VO
DMFWFS
UFDIOJRVFT
BSF
SFRVJSFE
UP
QFSDFJWF
UIJT
VOTFFO
JOUFSJPS
PG
UIF
4VO

$IBQUFS
5XP

&OFSHJ[JOH
UIF
4VO

*.13&44*0/
0'
5)&
3*4*/(
46/
4HISPORTRAYALOFSUNRISEBYTHE&RENCHARTIST #LAUDE-ONET– GAVETHE)MPRESSIONIST-OVEMENTITSNAME#OURTESYOFTHE -US£E-ARMOTTAN 0ARIS












"8&40.&
108&3
&/03.064
5*.&4 ѮF
4VO
JT
FYUSFNFMZ
NBTTJWF
DPOUBJOJOH

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
UPUBM
NBTT
PG
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
ѮF
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
QVMM
PG
UIF
4VOT
MBSHF
NBTT
DPOUSPMT
UIF
NPWFNFOUT
PG
FWFSZ UIJOH
JO
JUT
WJDJOJUZ
ѮBU
JT
UIF
SFBTPO
UIF
QMBOFUT
CFMPOH
UP
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
UIFJS
NPUJPO
JT
EPNJOBUFE
CZ
UIF
4VO 0VS
IPNF
TUBS
JT
BMTP
WFSZ
CJH
XJUI
B
SBEJVT
PG
BCPVU

UJNFT
UIBU
PG
UIF
&BSUI
"OE
TVDI
B
MBSHF
IPU
PCKFDU
NVTU
TIJOF
CSJHIUMZ ѮF
4VOT
MVNJOPTJUZ
JT
EJMVUFE
CZ
UIF
TRVBSF
PG
UIF
EJTUBODF
BT
JU
TQSFBET
PVU
JOUP
UIF
JODSFBTJOH
WPMVNF
PG
TQBDF
#Z
NFBTVSJOH
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
TPMBS
SBEJBUJPO
JOUFSDFQUFE
CZ
UIF
&BSUI
BU
B
NFBO
EJTUBODF
PG
BCPVU

NJMMJPO
LJMPNFUFST
GSPN
UIF
4VO
XF
DBO
FYUSBQPMBUF
CBDL
UP
JOGFS
UIF
UPUBM
FOFSHZ
FNJUUFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
FWFSZ
TFDPOE
*U
SBEJBUFT
B
QPXFS
PG

NJMMJPO
CJMMJPO
CJMMJPO
XBUUT
PS

Y

XBUUT
XIJDI
JT
LOPXO
BT
UIF
BCTPMVUF
MVNJOPTJUZ
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
EFTJHOBUFE
CZ
UIF
TZNCPM
-թ
5BCMF
  4P
UIF
4VO
JT
SFMFOUMFTTMZ
MPTJOH
JUT
FOFSHZ
SBEJBUJOH
JU
BXBZ
BU
BO
FOPSNPVT
SBUF
*O
KVTU
POF
TFDPOE
UIF
4VO
FNJUT
NPSF
FOFSHZ
UIBO
IVNBOT
IBWF
VTFE
TJODF
UIF
CFHJO OJOH
PG
DJWJMJ[BUJPO
*UT
êSF
JT
UPP
CSJMMJBOU
UP
CF
QFSQFUVBMMZ
TVTUBJOFE
BѫFS
BMM
OPUIJOH
DBO
TUBZ
IPU
GPSFWFS
BOE
BMM
UIJOHT
XFBS
PVU
XJUI
UJNF 8IZ
EPFT
UIF
4VO
TUBZ
IPU
BOE
IPX
MPOH
IBT
JU
CFFO
TIJOJOH
"
OPSNBM
êSF
PG
UIF
4VOT
JOUFOTJUZ
XPVME
TPPO
CVSO
PVU
ѮBU
JT
OP
PSEJOBSZ
êSF
DBO
NBJOUBJO
UIF
4VOT
TUFBEZ
TVQQMZ
PG
IFBU
GPS
MPOH
QFSJPET
PG
UJNF
*G
UIF
4VO
XFSF
DPNQPTFE
FOUJSFMZ
PG
DPBM
XJUI
FOPVHI
PYZHFO
UP
TVTUBJO
DPNCVTUJPO
JU
XPVME
CF
CVSOFE
BXBZ
BOE
UPUBMMZ
DPOTVNFE
JO
B
GFX
UIPVTBOE
ZFBST *O
UIF
NJEOJOFUFFOUI
DFOUVSZ
UIF
(FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU
BOE
QIZTJPMPHJTU
)FSNBOO
WPO
)FMNIPMU[
¢
QSPQPTFE
UIBU
UIF
PSJHJO
PG
UIF
4VOT
SBEJBUFE
FOFSHZ
JT
UIF
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
DPOUSBDUJPO
PG
JUT
MBSHF
NBTT
*G
UIF
4VO
XFSF
HSBEVBMMZ
TISJOLJOH
UIF
JOGBMMJOH
NBUUFS
XPVME
IFBU
UIF
TPMBS
HBTFT
UP
JODBOEFTDFODF
KVTU
BT
UIF
BJS
JOTJEF
B
UJSF
QVNQ
XBSNT
XIFO
JU
JT
DPNQSFTTFE
JO
NPSF
TDJFOUJêD
UFSNT
UIF
4VOT
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
FOFSHZ
XPVME
CF
TMPXMZ
DPOWFSUFE
JOUP
UIF
LJOFUJD
FOFSHZ
PG
NPUJPO
BOE
IFBU
UIF
4VO
VQ
)FMNIPMU[
BMTP
NBEF
UIF
êSTU
QSFDJTF
GPSNVMBUJPO
PG
UIF
QSJODJQMF
PG
DPOTFSWBUJPO
PG
FOFSHZ
JO
XIJDI
UIF
UPUBM
FOFSHZ
PG
B
TZTUFN
BOE
JUT
TVSSPVOEJOHT
SFNBJO
DPOTUBOU
FWFO
JG
JU
NBZ
CF
DIBOHFE
GSPN
POF
GPSN
PG
FOFSHZ
UP
BOPUIFS ѮF
*SJTI
QIZTJDJTU
8JMMJBN
ѮPNTPO
¢


MBUFS
-PSE
,FMWJO
UIFO
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
4VO
DPVME
IBWF
JMMVNJOBUFE
UIF
&BSUI
BU
JUT
QSFTFOU
SBUF
GPS
BCPVU

NJMMJPO
ZFBST
CZ
TMPXMZ
DPOUSBDUJOH
*O
IJT
BSUJDMF
FOUJUMFE
i0O
UIF
"HF
PG
UIF
4VOT
)FBUu
QVC MJTIFE
JO

ѮPNTPO
XSPUF *U
TFFNT
UIFSFGPSF
PO
UIF
XIPMF
NPTU
QSPCBCMF
UIBU
UIF
4VO
IBT
OPU
JMMVNJOBUFE
UIF
&BSUI
GPS

NJMMJPO
ZFBST
BOE
BMNPTU
DFSUBJO
UIBU
IF
IBT
OPU
EPOF
TP
GPS

NJMMJPO
ZFBST
"T
GPS
UIF
GVUVSF
XF
NBZ
TBZ
XJUI
FRVBM
DFSUBJOUZ
UIBU
JOIBCJUBOUT
PG
UIF
&BSUI
DBOOPU
DPO UJOVF
UP
FOKPZ
UIF
MJHIU
BOE
IFBU
FTTFOUJBM
UP
UIFJS
MJGF
GPS
NBOZ
NJMMJPO
ZFBST
MPOHFS
VOMFTT
TPVSDFT
OPX
VOLOPXO
UP
VT
BSF
QSFQBSFE
JO
UIF
HSFBU
TUPSFIPVTF
PG
DSFBUJPO

ѮPNTPO
JODJEFOUBMMZ
EFWFMPQFE
UIF
TDBMF
PG
UFNQFSBUVSF
UIBU
TUBSUT
GSPN
BCTP MVUF
[FSP
¢
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
BU
XIJDI
BUPNT
BOE
NPMFDVMFT
DFBTF
UP
NPWF
BOE
IBWF
OP
LJOFUJD
FOFSHZ
JU
JT
OPX
LOPXO
BT
UIF
,FMWJO
UFNQFSBUVSF
TDBMF
BOE
JT
XJEFMZ
VTFE





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

4!",% 4HE3UNS0HYSICAL0ROPERTIESA -EANDISTANCE !5 M ANDABOUTMILLIONKM FROMRADARMEASUREMENTSOFTHEDISTANCETO6ENUSAND+EPLERSTHIRDLAW ,IGHTTRAVELTIMEFROM3UNTO%ARTH SECONDS METERS%ARTHRADII 2ADIUS 2 թ

FROMDISTANCEANDANGULAREXTENT 6OLUME

MMILLION%ARTHS KG %ARTHMASSES -ASS -թ FROMDISTANCEAND%ARTHSORBITALPERIODUSING+EPLERSTHIRDLAW %SCAPEVELOCITYATPHOTOSPHERE MS -EANDENSITY  KGM  *SM 7M 3OLARCONSTANT F թ







 *S  7 ,UMINOSITY ,թ FROMSOLARCONSTANT DISTANCEAND3TEFAN "OLTZMANNLAW 0RINCIPALCHEMICALCONSTITUENTS "Y.UMBER "Y-ASS FROMANALYSISOF&RAUNHOFERLINES /F!TOMS &RACTION (YDROGEN PERCENT 8PERCENT (ELIUM PERCENT 9PERCENT !LLOTHERS PERCENT :PERCENT !GE BILLIONYEARS FROMAGEOFOLDESTMETEORITES $ENSITYCENTER  KGM 0RESSURECENTER BARS 0RESSUREPHOTOSPHERE BAR 4EMPERATURECENTER + 4EMPERATUREPHOTOSPHERE  + 4EMPERATURECHROMOSPHERE TO+ 4EMPERATURETRANSITIONREGION TO+ 4EMPERATURECORONA TO+ 2OTATION0ERIODEQUATOR DAYS 2OTATION0ERIODƒLATITUDE DAYS 2OTATION0ERIODƒLATITUDE DAYS -AGNETIC&IELDSUNSPOTS TO4TO' FROM:EEMANEFFECT -AGNETIC&IELDPOLAR 4' A

-ASSDENSITYISGIVENINKILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER DENOTEDKGMTHEDENSITYOFWATERIS KGM– 4HEUNITOFPRESSUREISBARS WHEREBARISTHEPRESSUREOFTHE%ARTHSATMOSPHEREATSEALEVEL4HE UNITOFLUMINOSITYISJOULEPERSECOND POWERISOFTENEXPRESSEDINWATTS WHEREWATT*OULEPER SECOND





&OFSHJ[JOH
UIF
4VO




CZ
BTUSPOPNFST
ѮF
VOJU
GPS
UIJT
TDBMF
JT
XSJUUFO
LFMWJO
XJUIPVU
B
DBQJUBM
,
PS
KVTU
EFOPUFE
CZ
B
DBQJUBM
,
8BUFS
GSFF[FT
BU

,
BOE
CPJMT
BU

,
BOE
UP
DPOWFSU
UP
EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT
BCCSFWJBUFE
CZ
$
KVTU
TVCUSBDU

PS
$

,
ѮF
DPOWFSTJPO
UP
EFHSFFT
'BISFOIFJU
EFOPUFE
CZ
'
JT
NPSF
DPNQMJDBUFE
XJUI
'

,  %VSJOH
UIF
FOTVJOH
EFDBEFT
SBEJPBDUJWJUZ
XBT
EJTDPWFSFE
MFBEJOH
UP
UIF
SFBMJ[B UJPO
UIBU
UIF
&BSUIT
SPDLT
BSF
PMEFS
UIBO
ѮPNTPOT
WBMVF
GPS
UIF
BHF
PG
UIF
4VOT
IFBU
ѮJT
QBSBEPY
XBT
SFTPMWFE
XIFO
TDJFOUJTUT
EJTDPWFSFE
UIBU
OVDMFBS
GVTJPO
QPXFST
UIF
4VO
QSPWJEJOH
UIF
VMUJNBUF
TPVSDF
PG
TUFMMBS
FOFSHZ .PTU
PG
UIF
NBUUFS
PO
&BSUI
JT
DPNQMFUFMZ
TUBCMF
CVU
TPNF
BUPNT
BSF
VOTUBCMF
4VDI
SBEJPBDUJWF
BUPNT
MJLF
VSBOJVN
TQPOUBOFPVTMZ
DIBOHF
GPSN
XIFO
UIFJS
OVDMFVT
IVSMT
PVU
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
SBEJBUFT
FOFSHZ
BOE
SFMBYFT
UP
B
MFTT
FOFSHFUJD
TUBUF
GPSN JOH
B
MJHIUFS
TUBCMF
BUPN
MJLF
MFBE
JO
UIF
QSPDFTT
ѮJT
OVDMFBS
USBOTGPSNBUJPO
DBO
CF
VTFE
UP
EFUFSNJOF
UIF
BHF
PG
UIF
SPDLT
PO
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF ѮF
SBEJPBDUJWF
EBUJOH
NFUIPE
JT
TPNFUIJOH
MJLF
EFUFSNJOJOH
IPX
MPOH
B
MPH
IBT
CFFO
CVSOJOH
CZ
NFBTVSJOH
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
BTI
BOE
XBJUJOH
B
XIJMF
UP
EFUFSNJOF
IPX
SBQJEMZ
UIF
BTI
JT
CFJOH
QSPEVDFE
&YDFQU
ZPV
EP
OPU
OFFE
UP
LOPX
UIF
UPUBM
BNPVOU
PG
SBEJPBDUJWF
BTI
ѮF
BCVOEBODF
SBUJP
PG
TUBCMF
EFDBZ
BUPNT
UP
UIFJS
VOTUBCMF
QBSFOUT
TVDI
BT
UIF
SFMBUJWF
BNPVOUT
PG
MFBE
BOE
VSBOJVN
DBO
CF
VTFE
XJUI
UIF
LOPXO
SBUF
PG
SBEJPBDUJWF
EFDBZ
UP
EFUFSNJOF
UIF
UJNF
UIBU
IBT
FMBQTFE
TJODF
UIF
SPDLT
XFSF
GPSNFE
ѮJT
UFDIOJRVF
JOEJDBUFT
UIBU
UIF
PMEFTU
LOPXO
SPDLT
JO
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
GSPN
UIF
.PPO
BOE
NFUFPSJUFT
XFSF
GPSNFE

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
XIFO
XF
UIJOL
UIF
4VO
PSJHJ OBUFE
UPHFUIFS
XJUI
UIF
QMBOFUT
BOE
UIFJS
NPPOT 'PTTJMT
PG
QSJNJUJWF
DSFBUVSFT
BSF
GPVOE
FUDIFE
JO
SPDLT
NPSF
UIBO

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
PME
TP
UIF
4VO
XBT
BQQBSFOUMZ
XBSN
FOPVHI
UP
TVTUBJO
MJGF
CBDL
UIFO
6OVTVBM
QPXFST
NVTU
CF
BU
XPSL
UP
NBLF
UIF
4VO
TIJOF
TP
IPUMZ
GPS
TP
MPOH
*OEFFE
UIF
POMZ
LOPXO
QSPDFTT
UIBU
DBO
GVFM
UIF
4VOT
êSF
BU
UIF
QSFTFOUMZ
PCTFSWFE
SBUFT
GPS
CJMMJPOT
PG
ZFBST
JOWPMWFT
OVDMFBS
GVTJPO
JO
UIF
4VOT
IPU
EFOTF
DPSF 
5)&
46/4
$&/53"-
13&4463&
$00,&3 .PTU
PG
UIF
&BSUI
JT
TPMJE
BOE
XF
DBO
UIFSFGPSF
XBML
PO
JUT
TVSGBDF
#Z
DPOUSBTU
BMM
PG
UIF
4VO
JT
B
HBT
BOE
JU
IBT
OP
TVSGBDF 6OEFS
UIF
FYUSFNF
DPOEJUJPOT
XJUIJO
UIF
4VO
UIF
HBTFPVT
BUPNT
MPTF
UIFJS
JEFO UJUZ
ѮF
BUPNT
NPWF
SBQJEMZ
IFSF
BOE
UIFSF
DPMMJEJOH
XJUI
FBDI
PUIFS
BU
IJHI
TQFFET
UIF
WJPMFOU
GPSDF
PG
UIFTF
DPMMJTJPOT
JT
FOPVHI
UP
GSBHNFOU
UIF
BUPNT
JOUP
UIFJS
DPOTUJUV FOU
QJFDFT
ѮF
JOUFSJPS
PG
UIF
4VO
UIFSFGPSF
DPOTJTUT
NBJOMZ
PG
UIF
OVDMFJ
PG
IZESPHFO
BUPNT
DBMMFE
QSPUPOT
BOE
VOBUUBDIFE
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
IBWF
CFFO
UPSO
PĒ
UIF
BUPNT
CZ
JOOVNFSBCMF
DPMMJTJPOT
BOE
TFU
GSFF
UP
NPWF
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
4VO /FHBUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
FMFDUSPOT
OFVUSBMJ[F
UIF
QPTJUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
QSPUPOT
TP
UIF
NJY UVSF
PG
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
DBMMFE
QMBTNB
IBT
OP
OFU
DIBSHF
#VU
FWFSZ
QBSUJDMF
JO
UIF
4VOT
QMBTNB
JT
DIBSHFE
BOE
UIFSFGPSF
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
DPOEVDUJOH
"OE
MJLF
BOZ
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
DIBSHFE
PCKFDU
UIF
TPMBS
NBUFSJBM
HFOFSBUFT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
XIFO
JU
NPWFT ѮF
FOUJSF
4VO
JT
OPUIJOH
CVU
B
HJBOU
IPU
CBMM
PG
QMBTNB
1MBTNB
IBT
CFFO
DBMMFE
UIF
GPVSUI
TUBUF
PG
NBUUFS
UP
EJTUJOHVJTI
JU
GSPN
UIF
HBTFPVT
MJRVJE
BOE
TPMJE
POFT

"
DBOEMF
ëBNF
JT
QMBTNB
BT
BSF
BMM
UIF
TUBST
JO
UIF
6OJWFSTF




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

8JUI
UIFJS
FMFDUSPOT
HPOF
UIF
IZESPHFO
OVDMFJ
PS
QSPUPOT
DBO
CF
QBDLFE
UPHFUIFS
NVDI
NPSF
UJHIUMZ
UIBO
OPSNBM
BUPNT
ѮJT
JT
CFDBVTF
OVDMFJ
BSF
BCPVU
 
UJNFT
TNBMMFS
UIBO
UIF
BUPNT
UIFZ
OPSNBMMZ
PDDVQZ
ѮF
CBSF
OVDMFJ
DBO
CF
TRVFF[FE
UPHFUIFS
XJUIJO
UIF
FNQUZ
TQBDF
PG
GPSNFS
BUPNT 5P
VOEFSTUBOE
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSJPS
JNBHJOF
B
IVOESFE
NBUUSFTTFT
TUBDLFE
JOUP
B
QJMF
ѮF
NBUUSFTTFT
BU
UIF
CPUUPN
NVTU
TVQQPSU
UIPTF
BCPWF
TP
UIFZ
XJMM
CF
TRVFF[FE
UIJO
ѮPTF
BU
UIF
UPQ
IBWF
MJUUMF
XFJHIU
UP
DBSSZ
BOE
UIFZ
SFUBJO
UIFJS
PSJHJOBM
UIJDLOFTT
ѮF
OVDMFJ
BU
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
BSF
TJNJMBSMZ
TRVFF[FE
JOUP
B
TNBMMFS
WPMVNF
CZ
UIF
PWFS MZJOH
NBUFSJBM
TP
UIFZ
CFDPNF
IPUUFS
BOE
NPSF
EFOTFMZ
DPODFOUSBUFE %FFQ
EPXO
JOTJEF
XJUIJO
UIF
EFOTF
DFOUSBM
DPSF
UIF
4VOT
UFNQFSBUVSF
IBT
SJTFO
UP

NJMMJPO
LFMWJO
BOE
UIF
HBT
EFOTJUZ
JT
HSFBUFS
UIBO

UJNFT
UIBU
PG
TPMJE
MFBE
4VDI
FYUSFNF
DFOUSBM
DPOEJUJPOT
XFSF
SFDPHOJ[FE
BT
MPOH
BHP
BT

XIFO
+POBUIBO
)PNFS
-BOF
¢


BO
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPQIZTJDJTU
BU
UIF
64
1BUFOU
0ēDF
BTTVNFE
UIBU
HBT
QSFTTVSF
TVQQPSUT
UIF
XFJHIU
PG
UIF
4VO
"T
UIF
SFTVMU
PG
TVDI
DSPXEJOH
UIF
OVDMFJ
JO
UIF
4VOT
DFOUFS
DPMMJEF
NPSF
GSFRVFOUMZ
XJUI
IJHIFS
TQFFET
UIBO
FMTFXIFSF
JO
UIF
4VO
BOE
QVTI
NPSF
WJHPSPVTMZ
PVUXBSE
ѮJT
QVTIJOH
JT
DBMMFE
HBT
QSFTTVSF
BOE
JU
JT
UIF
GPSDF
UIBU
LFFQT
UIF
4VO
GSPN
DPMMBQTJOH "U
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
UIF
HBT
QSFTTVSF
OFFEFE
UP
SFTJTU
UIF
XFJHIU
PG
UIF
PWFSMZ JOH
HBT
JT

CJMMJPO
UJNFT
UIF
QSFTTVSF
PG
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
BU
TFB
MFWFM
ѮF
IJHITQFFE
NPUJPOT
BOE
DPMMJTJPOT
PG
QBSUJDMFT
XJUI
UFNQFSBUVSFT
PG

NJMMJPO
EFHSFFT
QSPWJEF
UIF
FOPSNPVT
DFOUSBM
QSFTTVSF "U
HSFBUFS
EJTUBODFT
GSPN
UIF
DFOUFS
UIFSF
JT
MFTT
PWFSMZJOH
NBUFSJBM
UP
TVQQPSU
BOE
UIF
DPNQSFTTJPO
JT
MFTT
TP
UIF
QMBTNB
HFUT
UIJOOFS
BOE
DPPMFS
'JH
 
)BMGXBZ
GSPN
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
UP
UIF
TVSGBDF
UIF
EFOTJUZ
JT
UIF
TBNF
BT
UIBU
PG
XBUFS
BOE
BCPVU
OJOF
UFOUIT
PG
UIF
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
DFOUFS
UP
UIF
4VOT
BQQBSFOU
FEHF
XF
êOE
NBUFSJBM
BT
UFOVPVT
BT
UIF
USBOTQBSFOU
BJS
UIBU
XF
CSFBUIF
PO
&BSUI "U
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
UIF
SBSFêFE
HBT
JT
BCPVU
POF
UIPVTBOE
UJNFT
MFTT
EFOTF
UIBO
PVS
BJS
UIF
QSFTTVSF
JT
MFTT
UIBO
UIBU
CFOFBUI
UIF
GPPU
PG
B
TQJEFS
BOE
UIF
UFN QFSBUVSF
IBT
GBMMFO
UP
 
LFMWJO
"OZ
IPU
HBT
XJUI
UIF
SBEJVT
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
B
EJTL
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
 
LFMWJO
XJMM
FNJU
UIF
4VOT
MVNJOPTJUZ


/6$-&"3
'64*0/
"/5*."55&3
"/%
):%30(&/
#63/*/( ѮF
FYUSBPSEJOBSZ
DPOEJUJPOT
XJUIJO
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
QSPWJEFE
POF
DMVF
UP
UIF
NZT UFSJPVT
QSPDFTT
UIBU
LFFQT
UIF
4VO
IPU
BOE
NBLFT
JU
TIJOF
0UIFS
JNQPSUBOU
FWJEFODF
XBT
BDDVNVMBUFE
BU
UIF
$BWFOEJTI
-BCPSBUPSZ
BU
$BNCSJEHF
6OJWFSTJUZ
JO
&OHMBOE
XIFSF
UIF
/FX
;FBMBOECPSO
#SJUJTI
QIZTJDJTU
&SOFTU
3VUIFSGPSE
¢
TIPXFE
JO

UIBU
UIF
NBTTJWF
OVDMFJ
PG
BMM
BUPNT
BSF
DPNQPTFE
PG
IZESPHFO
OVDMFJ
XIJDI
IF
OBNFE
QSPUPOT
*O
UIF
QSFWJPVT
ZFBS
UIF
&OHMJTI
DIFNJTU
'SBODJT
8
"TUPO
¢
JOWFOUFE
UIF
NBTT
TQFDUSPHSBQI
BOE
VTFE
JU
UP
TIPX
UIBU
UIF
NBTT
PG
UIF
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT
JT
TMJHIUMZ
MFTT
UIBO
UIF
TVN
PG
UIF
NBTTFT
PG
UIF
GPVS
IZESPHFO
OVDMFJ
PS
QSPUPOT
XIJDI
FOUFS
JOUP
JU "U
UIF
TBNF
UJNF
UIBU
3VUIFSGPSE
BOE
"TUSPO
XFSF
EJTDPWFSJOH
UIF
JOOFS
TFDSFUT
PG
UIF
BUPNT
UIF
#SJUJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
"SUIVS
4UBOMFZ
&EEJOHUPO
¢


BMTP
BU
$BNCSJEHF
6OJWFSTJUZ
XBT
USZJOH
UP
VOEFSTUBOE
UIF
JOUFSOBM
XPSLJOHT
PG
UIF
4VO






&OFSHJ[JOH
UIF
4VO




BOE
PUIFS
TUBST
&EEJOHUPO
BO
BWJE
SFBEFS
PG
NZTUFSZ
OPWFMT
PODF
MJLFOFE
UIF
QSPDFTT
UP
BOBMZ[JOH
UIF
DMVFT
JO
B
DSJNF
)F
LOFX
UIBU
DFSUBJO
FMFNFOUT
DBO
CF
USBOTGPSNFE
JOUP
PUIFS
POFT
JO
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
MBCPSBUPSZ
BOE
SFBTPOFE
UIBU
TUBST
BSF
UIF
DSVDJCMFT
JO
XIJDI
UIF
FMFNFOUT
BSF
NBEF
)F
GVSUIFS
SFBMJ[FE
UIBU
TVDI
TUFMMBS
BMDIFNZ
XPVME
SFMFBTF
FOFSHZ
BSHVJOH
UIBU
IZESPHFO
JT
USBOTGPSNFE
JOUP
IFMJVN
JOTJEF
TUBST
XJUI
UIF
SFTVMUBOU
NBTT
EJĒFSFODF
SFMFBTFE
BT
FOFSHZ
UP
QPXFS
UIF
4VO &EEJOHUPO
DPVME
UIFSFGPSF
MBZ
UIF
GPVOEBUJPO
GPS
TPMWJOH
UIF
4VOT
FOFSHZ
DSJTJT
DPO DMVEJOH
JO
B
QBQFS
FOUJUMFE
iѮF
*OUFSOBM
$POTUJUVUJPO
PG
UIF
4UBSTu
XSJUUFO
JO

UIBU 8IBU
JT
QPTTJCMF
JO
UIF
$BWFOEJTI
-BCPSBUPSZ
NBZ
OPU
CF
UPP
EJēDVMU
JO
UIF
4VO   
ѮF
SFTFSWPJS

DBO
TDBSDFMZ
CF
PUIFS
UIBO
UIF
TVCBUPNJD
FOFSHZ   
ѮFSF
JT
TVēDJFOU
TVCBUPNJD
FOFSHZ
JO
UIF
4VO
UP
NBJOUBJO
JUT
PVUQVU
PG
IFBU
GPS

CJMMJPO
ZFBST

'*(
 )NTERNALCOMPRESSION4HE3UNSLUMINOSITY TEMPERA TURE ANDCOMPOSITIONALLVARYWITHDEPTHINITSINTERIOR FROMTHE 3UNSVISIBLEDISKLEFT TOTHECENTEROFTHE3UNRIGHT 4HENUCLEIARE SQUEEZEDINTOASMALLERVOLUMEBYTHEPRESSUREOFTHEMATERIALABOVE BECOMINGHOTTERANDMOREDENSELYCONCENTRATEDATGREATERDEPTHS!T THE3UNSCENTER THETEMPERATUREHASREACHEDMILLIONKELVIN AND THEPRESSUREISBILLIONTIMESTHATOFTHE%ARTHSATMOSPHEREATSEA LEVEL.UCLEARFUSIONINTHE3UNSENERGY GENERATINGCORESYNTHESIZES HELIUMFROMHYDROGEN SOTHISREGIONCONTAINSMOREHELIUMANDLESS HYDROGENTHANTHEPRIMORDIALAMOUNTSDETECTEDINTHELIGHTOFTHEVIS IBLE3UN




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

*O
UIF
TBNF
BSUJDMF
IF
DPOUJOVFE
XJUI
UIF
QSFTDJFOU
TUBUFNFOU
UIBU *G
JOEFFE
UIF
TVCBUPNJD
FOFSHZ
JO
UIF
TUBST
JT
CFJOH
GSFFMZ
VTFE
UP
NBJOUBJO
UIFJS
HSFBU
GVSOBDFT
JU
TFFNT
UP
CSJOH
B
MJUUMF
OFBSFS
UP
GVMêMMNFOU
PVS
ESFBN
PG
DPOUSPMMJOH
UIJT
MBUFOU
QPXFS
GPS
UIF
XFMMCFJOH
PG
UIF
IVNBO
SBDF
¢
PS
GPS
JUT
TVJDJEF

(SFBU
JEFBT
IBWF
B
DVSJPVT
XBZ
PG
TVSGBDJOH
JO
EJĒFSFOU
QMBDFT
BU
BCPVU
UIF
TBNF
UJNF
*O
BO
FTTBZ
FOUJUMFE
i"UPNFT
FU
-VNJÍSF
PS
"UPNT
BOE
-JHIUu
UIF
'SFODI
QIZTJDJTU
+FBO
#BQUJTUF
1FSSJO
¢
BSHVFE
UIBU
iSBEJPBDUJWFu
USBOTGPSNBUJPO
PG
UIF
FMF NFOUT
DPVME
NBJOUBJO
UIF
4VOT
MVNJOPVT
PVUQVU
BU
JUT
QSFTFOU
SBUF
GPS
TFWFSBM
CJMMJPO
ZFBST
PS
QFSIBQT
TFWFSBM
EP[FO
CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BOE
UIBU
UIF
NBTT
MPTU
EVSJOH
UIF
USBOTGPS NBUJPO
PG
GPVS
IZESPHFO
OVDMFJ
JOUP
POF
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT
XPVME
TVQQMZ
FOFSHZ *U
XBT
QSPCBCMZ
&EEJOHUPO
XIP
DPOWJODFE
NPTU
BTUSPOPNFST
UIBU
TVCBUPNJD
UIBU
JT
OVDMFBS
FOFSHZ
NVTU
GVFM
UIF
TUBST
%VSJOH
UIF
FOTVJOH
EFDBEF
JU
XBT
SFBMJ[FE
UIBU
UIF
MJHIUFTU
LOPXO
FMFNFOU
IZESPHFO
JT
UIF
NPTU
BCVOEBOU
FMFNFOU
JO
UIF
4VO
TP
IZESPHFO
OVDMFJ
PS
QSPUPOT
NVTU
QMBZ
UIF
EPNJOBOU
SPMF
JO
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
XJUIJO
PVS
EBZUJNF
TUBS
1SPUPOT
NVTU
TPNFIPX
CF
GVTFE
UPHFUIFS
GPSNJOH
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
CVU
UIF
EFUBJMT
XFSF
MBDLJOH
"ѫFS
BMM
3VUIFSGPSE
IBE
POMZ
TIPXO
UIBU
BUPNJD
OVDMFJ
DPOUBJO
QSPUPOT
UIF
TBNF
ZFBS
BT
&EEJOHUPOT
IJTUPSJD
BSUJDMF
BOE
UIF
OFVUSPO
XBTOU
EJTDPWFSFE
VOUJM
 1IZTJDJTUT
XFSF
OFWFSUIFMFTT
DPOWJODFE
UIBU
QSPUPOT
DPVME
OPU
SFBDU
XJUI
FBDI
PUIFS
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
ѮF
QSPUPO
JT
QPTJUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
BOE
QPTJUJWF
DIBSHFT
SFQFM
FBDI
PUIFS
ѮF
GPSDF
PG
SFQVMTJPO
CFUXFFO
MJLF
DIBSHFT
CFDPNFT
MBSHFS
BOE
MBSHFS
BT
UIFZ
BSF
CSPVHIU
DMPTFS
BOE
DMPTFS
"OE
FWFO
BU
UIF
FOPSNPVT
DFOUSBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
4VO
UIF
QSPUPOT
EJE
OPU
TFFN
UP
IBWF
FOPVHI
FOFSHZ
UP
PWFSDPNF
UIJT
FMFDUSJDBM
SFQVMTJPO
BOE
NFSHF
UPHFUIFS
*O
PUIFS
XPSET
UIF
4VOT
DPSF
EJE
OPU
TFFN
IPU
FOPVHI
UP
QFSNJU
QSPUPOT
UP
GVTF
UPHFUIFS #VU
&EEJOHUPO
XBT
DFSUBJO
UIBU
TVCBUPNJD
FOFSHZ
GVFMFE
UIF
TUBST
BOE
JO
UIF
NJE T
SFUPSUFE
EFêBOUMZ
UIBU ѮF
IFMJVN
UIBU
XF
IBOEMF
NVTU
IBWF
CFFO
QVU
UPHFUIFS
BU
TPNF
UJNF
BOE
TPNF
QMBDF
8F
EP
OPU
BSHVF
XJUI
UIF
DSJUJD
XIP
VSHFT
UIBU
UIF
TUBST
BSF
OPU
IPU
FOPVHI
GPS
UIJT
QSPDFTT
XF
UFMM
IJN
UP
HP
BOE
êOE
B
HOTTERPLACE

"T
JU
UVSOFE
PVU
&EEJOHUPO
XBT
SJHIU
BOE
UIF
QIZTJDJTUT
XFSF
XSPOH ѮF
QBSBEPY
XBT
SFTPMWFE
BѫFS
UIF
3VTTJBO
QIZTJDJTU
(FPSHF
(BNPX
¢
FYQMBJOFE
XIZ
UIF
OVDMFJ
PG
SBEJPBDUJWF
TVCTUBODFT
BSF
SFMFBTJOH
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
)F
VTFE
UIF
VODFSUBJO
QSPCBCJMJTUJD
OBUVSF
PG
UIF
WFSZ
TNBMM
BEPQUJOH
UIF
RVBOUVN
UIFPSZ
UP
TIPX
JO

IPX
B
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMF
DPVME
CF
BOZXIFSF
FWFSZXIFSF
BOE
OPXIFSF
BU
BMM
"DDPSEJOH
UP
RVBOUVN
UIFPSZ
B
WFSZ
TNBMM
QBSUJDMF
EPFT
OPU
IBWF
B
XFMMEFêOFE
QPTJUJPO
BOE
JOTUFBE
BDUT
MJLF
B
TQSFBEPVU
UIJOH
FYJTUJOH
JO
B
NVSLZ
TUBUF
PG
QPTTJCJMJUZ
XJUI
B
TFU
PG
QSPCBCJMJUJFT
PG
CFJOH
JO
B
SBOHF
PG
QMBDFT "T
B
SFTVMU
PG
UIJT
MPDBUJPO
VODFSUBJOUZ
B
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
TQIFSF
PG
JOëVFODF
JT
MBSHFS
UIBO
XBT
QSFWJPVTMZ
UIPVHIU
*U
NJHIU
CF
BOZXIFSF
BMUIPVHI
XJUI
EFDSFBTJOH
QSPCBCJMJUZ
BU
SFHJPOT
GBS
GSPN
UIF
NPTU
MJLFMZ
MPDBUJPO
ѮJT
FYQMBJOT
UIF
FTDBQF
PG
GBTU NPWJOH
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
GSPN
UIF
OVDMFJ
PG
SBEJPBDUJWF
BUPNT
MJLF
VSBOJVN
UIFTF
QBSUJDMFT
VTVBMMZ
MBDL
UIF
FOFSHZ
UP
PWFSDPNF
UIF
OVDMFBS
CBSSJFS
CVU
TPNF
PG
UIFN






&OFSHJ[JOH
UIF
4VO




IBWF
B
TNBMM
QSPCBCJMJUZ
PG
FTDBQJOH
UP
UIF
PVUTJEF
XPSME
*O
UIJT
TVSSFBM
XPSME
PG
TVC BUPNJD
QSPCBCJMJUZ
POF
DPVME
SFMFOUMFTTMZ
UISPX
B
CBMM
BHBJOTU
B
XBMM
XBUDIJOH
JU
CPVODF
CBDL
DPVOUMFTT
UJNFT
VOUJM
FWFOUVBMMZ
UIF
CBMM
XPVME
UVOOFM
VOEFS
UIF
XBMM
FĒFDUJWFMZ
QBTTJOH
UISPVHI
JU
"T
"IBC
TBJE
JO
)FSNBO
.FMWJMMFT
m
-OBY$ICK )PX
DBO
UIF
QSJTPOFS
SFBDI
PVUTJEF
FYDFQU
CZ
UISVTUJOH
UISPVHI
UIF
XBMM



"
TJNJMBS
UVOOFMJOH
QSPDFTT
PS
CBSSJFS
QFOFUSBUJPO
PDDVST
UIF
PUIFS
XBZ
BSPVOE
BU
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
TUBST
MJLF
UIF
4VO
*U
NFBOT
UIBU
B
QSPUPO
IBT
B
WFSZ
TNBMM
CVU
êOJUF
DIBODF
PG
PDDBTJPOBMMZ
NPWJOH
DMPTF
FOPVHI
UP
BOPUIFS
QSPUPO
UP
PWFSDPNF
UIF
CBSSJFS
PG
SFQVMTJPO
BOE
UVOOFM
UISPVHI
JU
1SPUPOT
UIFSFGPSF
TPNFUJNFT
HFU
DMPTF
FOPVHI
UP
GVTF
UPHFUIFS
FWFO
UIPVHI
UIFJS
BWFSBHF
FOFSHZ
JT
XFMM
CFMPX
UIBU
SFRVJSFE
UP
PWFSDPNF
UIFJS
FMFDUSJDBM
SFQVMTJPO #VU
UIJT
CJ[BSSF
UVOOFMJOH
SFBDUJPO
EPFTOU
PDDVS
BMM
UIF
UJNF
'PS
GVTJPO
UP
PDDVS
UIF
DPMMJTJPO
NVTU
TUJMM
CF
BMNPTU
FYBDUMZ
IFBEPO
BOE
CFUXFFO
FYDFQUJPOBMMZ
GBTU
QSPUPOT
/VDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
UIFSFGPSF
QSPDFFE
WFSZ
TMPXMZ
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
BOE
JU
JT
B
HPPE
UIJOH
*G
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
XFSF
IJHI
FOPVHI
UP
QFSNJU
GSFRVFOU
GVTJPO
UIF
4VO
XPVME
CMPX
VQ
"ѫFS
BMM
TJNJMBS
OVDMFBS
QSPDFTTFT
QSPEVDF
UIF
FYQMPTJWF
FOFSHZ
JO
IZESPHFO
CPNCT 6OMJLF
B
CPNC
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSFTFOTJUJWF
SFBDUJPOT
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
BDU
MJLF
B
UIFS NPTUBU
SFMFBTJOH
FOFSHZ
JO
B
TUFBEZ
DPOUSPMMFE
GBTIJPO
BU
FYBDUMZ
UIF
SBUF
OFFEFE
UP
LFFQ
UIF
4VO
JO
FRVJMJCSJVN
*G
B
TUBS
TISJOLT
B
MJUUMF
BOE
HFUT
IPUUFS
JOTJEF
NPSF
OVDMFBS
FOFSHZ
JT
HFOFSBUFE
NBLJOH
UIF
TUBS
FYQBOE
BOE
SFTUPSJOH
JU
UP
UIF
PSJHJOBM
UFNQFSB UVSF
*G
UIF
4VO
FYQBOEFE
TMJHIUMZ
BOE
CFDBNF
DPPMFS
JOTJEF
TVCBUPNJD
FOFSHZ
XPVME
CF
SFMFBTFE
BU
B
TMPXFS
SBUF
NBLJOH
UIF
4VO
TISJOL
BHBJO
BOE
SFTUPSJOH
FRVJMJCSJVN 4P
XF
OPX
LOPX
UIBU
UIF
4VO
TIJOFT
CZ
OVDMFBS
GVTJPO
XIFSFCZ
IZESPHFO
OVDMFJ
PS
QSPUPOT
GVTF
UPHFUIFS
JOUP
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
BMTP
LOPXO
BT
BMQIB
QBSUJDMFT
ѮF
EFUBJMFE
TFRVFODF
PG
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
JT
LOPXO
BT
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
'JH



TJODF
JU
CFHJOT
CZ
UIF
GVTJPO
PG
UXP
QSPUPOT '*(
 4HEPROTON PROTONCHAIN4HE3UNGETSITSENERGYWHENHYDROGENNUCLEIAREFUSED TOGETHERTOFORMHELIUMNUCLEIWITHINTHESOLARCORE4HISHYDROGENBURNINGISDESCRIBEDBYA SEQUENCEOFNUCLEAR FUSIONREACTIONS CALLEDTHEPROTON PROTONCHAIN)T BEGINSWHENTWO PROTONS HEREDESIG NATEDBYTHESYMBOL  ( COMBINETO FORMTHENUCLEUS OFADEUTERIUM ATOM THEDEUTERON THATISDENOTEDBY$ TOGETHERWITHTHEEMISSIONOFAPOSITRON E ANDANELECTRONNEUTRINO VE !NOTHERPROTONCOLLIDESWITHTHEDEUTERONTOMAKEALIGHTNUCLEARISOTOPEOFHELIUM (E AND THENANUCLEUSOFNORMALHEAVYHELIUM (E ISFORMEDBYTHEFUSIONOFTWOLIGHT(ENUCLEI RETURNINGTWOPROTONSTOTHEGAS/VERALL THISCHAINSUCCESSIVELYFUSESFOURPROTONSTOGETHER TOMAKEONEHELIUMNUCLEUS%VENINTHEHOT DENSECOREOFTHE3UN ONLYRARE FAST MOVING PARTICLESAREABLETOTAKEADVANTAGEOFTHETUNNELEFFECTANDFUSEINTHISWAY




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

"U
UIF
TVHHFTUJPO
PG
UIF
(FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU
$BSM
'SJFESJDI
WPO
8FJ[TBDLFS
¢




UIF
(FSNBOCPSO
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJDJTU
)BOT
"
#FUIF
¢
JOWFTUJHBUFE
UIF
GVTJPO
PG
UXP
QSPUPOT
"OE
UIFO
(BNPX
XIP
IBE
EFGFDUFE
UP
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
TVH HFTUFE
UP
POF
PG
IJT
HSBEVBUF
TUVEFOUT
$IBSMFT
$SJUDIêFME
¢


UIBU
IF
DBMDVMBUF
UIF
EFUBJMT
PG
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
SFBDUJPO
ѮFTF
SFTVMUT
XFSF
TFOU
UP
#FUIF
XIP
GPVOE
UIFN
DPSSFDU
BOE
JO

UIF
UXP
QVCMJTIFE
B
KPJOU
QBQFS
FOUJUMFE
iѮF
'PSNBUJPO
PG
%FVUFSPOT
CZ
1SPUPO
$PNCJOBUJPOu -BUFS
UIBU
ZFBS
(BNPX
PSHBOJ[FE
B
DPOGFSFODF
JO
8BTIJOHUPO
%$
UP
CSJOH
BTUSPOPNFST
BOE
QIZTJDJTUT
UPHFUIFS
UP
EJTDVTT
UIF
QSPCMFN
PG
TUFMMBS
FOFSHZ
HFOFSB UJPO
ѮF
4XFEJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
#FOHU
4USÕNHSFO
¢
SFQPSUFE
UIBU
TJODF
UIF
4VO
XBT
QSFEPNJOBOUMZ
IZESPHFO
JU
XPVME
IBWF
B
DFOUSBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
BCPVU

NJM MJPO
LFMWJO
SBUIFS
UIBO

NJMMJPO
BT
FTUJNBUFE
CZ
&EEJOHUPO
VOEFS
UIF
BTTVNQUJPO
UIBU
UIF
4VO
IBE
BCPVU
UIF
TBNF
DIFNJDBM
DPNQPTJUJPO
BT
UIF
&BSUI
ѮF
MPXFS
UFN QFSBUVSF
NFBOU
UIBU
UIF
DBMDVMBUJPOT
PG
#FUIF
BOE
$SJUDIêMFE
DPSSFDUMZ
QSFEJDUFE
UIF
4VOT
MVNJOPTJUZ
BOE
#FUIF
XIP
BUUFOEFE
UIF
DPOGFSFODF
XBT
BCMF
UP
FYQMBJO
KVTU
IPX
UIF
4VO
TIJOFT
CZ
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
'PDVT



XIJMF
BMTP
TIPXJOH
IPX
NPSF
NBTTJWF
TUBST
DPVME
VTF
DBSCPO
BT
B
DBUBMZTU
JO
CVSOJOH
IZESPHFO
JOUP
IFMJVN
*O

#FUIF
XBT
BXBSEFE
UIF
/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
GPS
IJT
EJTDPWFSJFT
DPODFSOJOH
FOFSHZ
QSPEVDUJPO
JO
TUBST "MTP
JO

8FJ[TÅDLFS
¢

JOEFQFOEFOUMZ
JOWFTUJHBUFE
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
BOE
TIPXFE
IPX
PUIFS
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
DPVME
GVFM
TUBST
UIBU
BSF
NPSF
NBT TJWF
UIBO
UIF
4VO
VTJOH
DBSCPO
BT
B
DBUBMZTU
JO
UIF
TZOUIFTJT
PG
IFMJVN
GSPN
IZESPHFO
#FUIF
TPPO
XFOU
UP
-PT
"MBNPT
/FX
.FYJDP
UP
VTF
IJT
LOPXMFEHF
PG
OVDMFBS
QIZT JDT
JO
TVQQPSU
PG
UIF
DPOTUSVDUJPO
PG
UIF
êSTU
BUPNJD
CPNC
BOE
BU
BCPVU
UIF
TBNF
UJNF
8FJ[TÅDLFS
IFMQFE
UIF
(FSNBOT
JOWFTUJHBUF
UIF
GFBTJCJMJUZ
PG
DPOTUSVDUJOH
OVDMFBS
XFBQPOT
ѮF
"NFSJDBOT
EFWFMPQFE
UIF
CPNC
êSTU
CSJOHJOH
BO
FOE
UP
8PSME
8BS
**
m  *O
UIF
CVSOJOH
PG
IZESPHFO
GPVS
QSPUPOT
BSF
VOJUFE
CVU
UXP
PG
UIFN
IBWF
UP
CF
DIBOHFE
JOUP
OFVUSPOT
ѮJT
JT
CFDBVTF
UIF
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT
DPOTJTUT
PG
UXP
QSPUPOT
BOE
UXP
OFVUSPOT
4PNFUIJOH
NVTU
CF
DBSSZJOH
BXBZ
UIF
DIBSHF
PG
UIF
QSPUPO
MFBWJOH
CFIJOE
B
OFVUSPO
XJUI
MJUUMF
DIBOHF
PG
NBTT
UIBU
NZTUFSJPVT
BHFOU
JT
UIF
BOUJQBSUJDMF
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPO *O

1BVM
"ESJFO
.BVSJDF
i1
"
.u
%JSBD
¢


UIFO
BU
$BNCSJEHF
6OJWFSTJUZ
QSFEJDUFE
UIF
FYJTUFODF
PG
BOUJNBUUFS
'PS
%JSBD
NBUIFNBUJDBM
CFBVUZ
XBT
UIF
NPTU
JNQPSUBOU
BTQFDU
PG
BOZ
QIZTJDBM
MBX
EFTDSJCJOH
OBUVSF
)F
OPUJDFE
UIBU
UIF
FRVBUJPOT
UIBU
EFTDSJCF
UIF
FMFDUSPO
IBWF
UXP
TPMVUJPOT
0OMZ
POF
PG
UIFN
XBT
OFFEFE
UP
DIBSBDUFSJ[F
UIF
FMFDUSPO
UIF
PUIFS
TPMVUJPO
TQFDJêFE
B
TPSU
PG
NJSSPS
JNBHF
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPO
¢
BO
BOUJQBSUJDMF
OPX
DBMMFE
UIF
QPTJUSPO
GPS
iQPTJUJWFFMFDUSPOu %JSBDT
USVTU
JO
UIF
CFBVUZ
BOE
TZNNFUSZ
PG
IJT
FRVBUJPOT
MFE
IJN
UP
QSFEJDU "
OFX
LJOE
PG
QBSUJDMF
VOLOPXO
UP
FYQFSJNFOUBM
QIZTJDT
IBWJOH
UIF
TBNF
NBTT
BOE
PQQPTJUF
DIBSHF
UP
BO
FMFDUSPO

ѮF
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJDJTU
$BSM
%
"OEFSTPO
¢
EJTDPWFSFE
UIF
UIFOVOLOPXO
QPTJUSPO
JO

XIFO
TUVEZJOH
IJHIFOFSHZ
QBSUJDMFT
GSPN
TQBDF
DBMMFE
DPTNJD
SBZT
UIFZ
DSFBUF
QPTJUSPOT
BOE
NBOZ
PUIFS
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
XIFO
DPMMJEJOH
XJUI
OVDMFJ
JO



&OFSHJ[JOH
UIF
4VO





'0$64
 1SPUPO1SPUPO
$IBJO

ѮF
4VO
TIJOFT
CZ
B
TFRVFODF
PG
OVDMFBS
SFBD UJPOT
DBMMFE
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
JO
XIJDI
GPVS
QSPUPOT
BSF
GVTFE
UPHFUIFS
UP
GPSN
B
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT
UIBU
DPOUBJOT
UXP
QSPUPOT
BOE
UXP
OFVUSPOT
&BDI
OVDMFBS
USBOTGPSNBUJPO
SFMFBTFT

.F7
PS




PS


¢
+PVMFT
PG
FOFSHZ
ѮJT
JT
EVF
UP
UIF
GBDU
UIBU
UIF
NBTT
PG
UIF
SFTVMUJOH
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT
JT
TMJHIUMZ
MFTT
B
NFSF

PS

QFSDFOU
UIBO
UIF
NBTT
PG
UIF
GPVS
QSPUPOT
UIBU
GPSNFE
JU
BOE
UIF
NJTTJOH
NBTT
BQQFBST
BT
FOFSHZ ѮF
FOFSHZ
DPOUFOU
PG
UIF
MPTU
NBTT
JT
HJWFO
CZ
%$MC
#FDBVTF
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
C
JT
B
WFSZ
MBSHF
OVNCFS
UIF
BOOJIJMBUJPO
PG
SFMBUJWFMZ
TNBMM
BNPVOUT
PG
NBTT
հN
QSPEVDFT
MBSHF
RVBOUJUJFT
PG
FOFSHZ
%
.PSFPWFS
UIBU
FOFSHZ
JT
NVMUJQMJFE
CZ
UIF
IVHF
OVNCFS
PG
SFBDUJPOT
UIBU
PDDVS
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
FWFSZ
TFDPOE
3PVHIMZ

USJMMJPO
USJMMJPO
USJMMJPO
PS
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
BSF
DSFBUFE
FWFSZ
TFDPOE
SFTVMUJOH
JO
B
UPUBM
NBTT
MPTT
PG

NJMMJPO
UPOT
PS

CJMMJPO
LJMPHSBNT
QFS
TFDPOE
XIJDI
JT
FOPVHI
UP
LFFQ
UIF
4VO
TIJO JOH
XJUI
JUT
QSFTFOU
MVNJOPVT
PVUQVU
PG

NJMMJPO
CJMMJPO
CJMMJPO
PS

Y

XBUUT
XIFSF
B
QPXFS
PG
POF
XBUU
JT
FRVBM
UP
BO
FOFSHZ
MPTT
PG
POF
+PVMF
FWFSZ
TFDPOE ѮF
EFUBJMT
PG
UIJT
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
XFSF
êSTU
EFTDSJCFE
CZ
)BO
"
#FUIF
¢
JO
B
QBQFS
FOUJUMFE
i&OFSHZ
1SPEVDUJPO
JO
4UBST u
QVCMJTIFE
JO

*O
UIF
êSTU
TUFQ
PG
UIF
QSPUPO QSPUPO
DIBJO
UXP
QSPUPOT
FBDI
EFTJHOBUFE
CZ

FJUIFS
)
PS
Q
BSF
VOJUFE
UP
GPSN
B
EFVUFSPO
%

UIF
OVDMFVT
PG
B
IFBWZ
GPSN
PG
IZESPHFO
LOPXO
BT
EFVUFSJVN
4JODF
B
EFVUFSPO
DPOTJTUT
PG
POF
QSPUPO
BOE
POF
OFVUSPO
POF
PG
UIF
QSPUPOT
FOUFSJOH
UIF
SFBDUJPO
NVTU
CF
USBOTGPSNFE
JOUP
B
OFVUSPO
FNJUUJOH
B
QPTJUSPO
F
UP
DBSSZ
BXBZ
UIF
QSPUPOT
DIBSHF
UPHFUIFS
XJUI
B
MPXFOFSHZ
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOP
VF
UP
CBMBODF
UIF
FOFSHZ
JO

UIF
SFBDUJPO
"
QPTJUSPO
JT
UIF
BOUJNBUUFS
QBSUJDMF
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPO
ѮJT
JOJUJBUJOH
QSPUPO QSPUPO
SFBDUJPO
JT
XSJUUFO Q

Q
՚
%

F

ʎE



&BDI
QSPUPO
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
JT
JOWPMWFE
JO
B
DPMMJTJPO
XJUI
PUIFS
QSPUPOT
NJMMJPOT
PG
UJNFT
JO
FWFSZ
TFDPOE
CVU
POMZ
FYDFQUJPOBMMZ
IPU
POFT
BSF
BCMF
UP
UVOOFM
UISPVHI
UIFJS
FMFDUSJ DBM
SFQVMTJPO
BOE
GVTF
UPHFUIFS
+VTU
POF
DPM MJTJPO
JO
FWFSZ
UFO
USJMMJPO
USJMMJPO
JOJUJBUFT
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO ѮF
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
FTDBQF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
XJUIPVU
SFBDUJOH
XJUI
NBUUFS
DBSSZJOH
FOFSHZ
BXBZ
"OE
FWFSZ
QPTJUSPO
JT
JNNF EJBUFMZ
BOOJIJMBUFE
XIFO
DPMMJEJOH
XJUI
BO
FMFDUSPO
F¢
QSPEVDJOH
FOFSHFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
BU
TIPSU
HBNNBSBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT
G
ѮJT
FOFSHZ QSPEVDJOH
JOUFSBDUJPO
DBO
CF
XSJUUFO
BT F¢

F
՚
G


ѮF
OFYU
TUFQ
GPMMPXT
XJUI
MJUUMF
EFMBZ
*O
MFTT
UIBO
B
TFDPOE
UIF
EFVUFSPO
DPMMJEFT
XJUI
BOPUIFS
QSPUPO
UP
GPSN
B
OVDMFVT
PG
MJHIU
IFMJVN
)F
BOE
SFMFBTFT
ZFU
BOPUIFS
HBNNB
SBZ %

Q
՚
)F

G

ѮJT
SFBDUJPO
PDDVST
TP
FBTJMZ
UIBU
EFVUFSJVN
DBOOPU
CF
TZOUIFTJ[FE
JOTJEF
TUBST
JU
JT
RVJDLMZ
DPOTVNFE
UP
NBLF
IFBWJFS
FMFNFOUT *O
UIF
êOBM
QBSU
PG
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
UXP
TVDI
MJHIU
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
NFFU
BOE
GVTF
UPHFUIFS
UP
GPSN
B
OVDMFVT
PG
OPSNBM
IFBWZ
IFMJVN
)F
SFUVSOJOH
UXP
QSPUPOT
UP
UIF
TPMBS
HBT
UIJT
TUFQ
UBLFT
BCPVU
B
NJMMJPO
ZFBST
PO
BWFSBHF )F

)F
՚
)F

Q

ѮJT
OPSNBM
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT
DPOUBJOT
UXP
QSPUPOT
BOE
UXP
OFVUSPOT "
UPUBM
PG
TJY
QSPUPOT
BSF
SFRVJSFE
UP
QSP EVDF
UIF
UXP
)F
OVDMFJ
UIBU
HP
JOUP
UIJT
MBTU
SFBDUJPO
4JODF
UXP
QSPUPOT
BOE
B
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT
BSF
QSPEVDFE
UIF
OFU
SFTVMU
PG
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
JT Q
՚
)F

HBNNBSBZ
SBEJBUJPO


OFVUSJOPT




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

PVS
PVUFS
BUNPTQIFSF
"U
UIF
UJNF
PG
IJT
EJTDPWFSZ
"OEFSTPO
XBT
VOBXBSF
PG
%JSBDT
UIFPSFUJDBM
QSFEJDUJPO
PG
UIF
QPTJUSPO
*O

%JSBD
XBT
BXBSEFE
UIF
/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
GPS
IJT
QSFEJDUJPO
"OEFSTPO
SFDFJWFE
UIF
IPOPS
JO

GPS
UIF
EJTDPWFSZ
PG
UIF
QPTJUSPO
JO
UIF
TBNF
ZFBS
BT
UIF
"VTUSJBO
QIZTJDJTU
7JDUPS
)FTT
¢
XIP
TIBSFE
UIF
QSJ[F
GPS
IJT
EJTDPWFSZ
PG
DPTNJD
SBZT 0ODF
DSFBUFE
BOUJNBUUFS
EPFT
OPU
TUBZ
BSPVOE
GPS
WFSZ
MPOH
"OE
JU
JT
B
HPPE
UIJOH
GPS
XF
PDDVQZ
B
NBUFSJBM
XPSME
BOE
BOZ
BOUJNBUUFS
XJMM
TFMGEFTUSVDU
XIFO
JU
FODPVO UFST
PSEJOBSZ
NBUUFS
ѮF
TJOHFS
.BEPOOB
FYQSFTTFE
JU
XJUI
B
EJĒFSFOU
DPOOPUBUJPO 8F
BSF
MJWJOH
JO
B
NBUFSJBM
XPSME "OE
*
BN
B
NBUFSJBM
HJSM

8IFO
BO
FMFDUSPO
BOE
QPTJUSPO
NFFU
UIFZ
BOOJIJMBUF
FBDI
PUIFS
BOE
EJTBQQFBS
JO
B
QVĒ
PG
FOFSHFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
ѮJT
JT
IPX
TPNF
PG
UIF
4VOT
OVDMFBS
FOFSHZ
JT
DPOWFSUFE
JOUP
SBEJBUJPO 
%*-65*/(
5)&
3"%*"5*0/ "MM
UIF
4VOT
OVDMFBS
FOFSHZ
JT
SFMFBTFE
EFFQ
EPXO
JOTJEF
JUT
IJHIUFNQFSBUVSF
DPSF
BOE
OP
FOFSHZ
JT
DSFBUFE
JO
UIF
DPPMFS
SFHJPOT
PVUTJEF
JU
ѮF
FOFSHZHFOFSBUJOH
DPSF
FYUFOET
UP
BCPVU
POF
RVBSUFS
PG
UIF
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
UP
UIF
WJTJCMF
EJTL
BDDPVOUJOH
GPS
POMZ

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
4VOT
WPMVNF
#VU
BCPVU
IBMG
UIF
4VOT
NBTT
JT
QBDLFE
JOUP
JUT
EFOTF
DPSF #FDBVTF
XF
DBOOPU
TFF
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
BTUSPOPNFST
DPNCJOF
CBTJD
UIFPSFUJDBM
FRVB UJPOT
TVDI
BT
UIPTF
GPS
FRVJMJCSJVN
BOE
FOFSHZ
HFOFSBUJPO
PS
USBOTQPSU
XJUI
PCTFSWFE
CPVOEBSZ
DPOEJUJPOT
TVDI
BT
UIF
4VOT
NBTT
BOE
MVNJOPVT
PVUQVU
UP
DSFBUF
NPEFMT
PG
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSOBM
TUSVDUVSF
ѮFTF
NPEFMT
DPOTJTU
PG
UXP
OFTUFE
TQIFSJDBM
TIFMMT
UIBU
TVSSPVOE
UIF
IPU
EFOTF
DPSF
MJLF
3VTTJBO
EPMMT
'JH
 
*O
UIF
JOOFSNPTU
TIFMM
DBMMFE
UIF
SBEJBUJWF
[POF
FOFSHZ
JT
USBOTQPSUFE
CZ
SBEJBUJPO
JU
SFBDIFT
PVU
GSPN
UIF
DPSF
UP

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
UP
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
ѮF
SBEJBUJWF
[POF
JT
FODPNQBTTFE
CZ
B
IJHIFS
MBZFS
LOPXO
BT
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
XIFSF
UVSCVMFOU
NPUJPO
DBMMFE
DPOWFDUJPO
USBOTQPSUT
FOFSHZ &WFO
UIPVHI
MJHIU
JT
UIF
GBTUFTU
UIJOH
BSPVOE
SBEJBUJPO
EPFT
OPU
NPWF
RVJDLMZ
GSPN
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
UP
JUT
WJTJCMF
TVSGBDF
ѮF
FOFSHZ
NBEF
JOTJEF
UIF
4VOT
QSFT TVSJ[FE
DPSF
TMPXMZ
USJDLMFT
PVU
UP
êOBMMZ
FTDBQF
BT
UIF
MJHIU
XF
TFF ѮF
TPMBS
DPSF
JT
TP
EFOTF
UIBU
B
TJOHMF
HBNNB
SBZ
QSPEVDFE
CZ
OVDMFBS
GVTJPO
BU
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
DBOOPU
NPWF
FWFO
B
GSBDUJPO
PG
B
NJMMJNFUFS
CFGPSF
CBOHJOH
JOUP
B
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMF
XIFSF
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
JT
TDBUUFSFE
PS
BCTPSCFE
BOE
SFFNJUUFE
XJUI
MFTT
FOFSHZ
ѮJT
SBEJBUJPO
RVJDLMZ
DPMMJEFT
XJUI
BOPUIFS
QBSUJDMF
JO
UIF
SBEJBUJWF
[POF
BOE
JT
FWFOUVBMMZ
SFSBEJBUFE
BU
ZFU
MPXFS
FOFSHZ
ѮF
QSPDFTT
DPOUJOVFT
PWFS
BOE
PWFS
BHBJO
DPVOUMFTT
UJNFT
BT
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
NPWFT
PVUXBSE
PO
B
IBQIB[BSE
[JH[BH
QBUI
TUFBEJMZ
MPTJOH
FOFSHZ
BU
FBDI
FODPVOUFS "T
B
SFTVMU
PG
UIJT
DPOUJOVFE
SJDPDIFUJOH
BOE
JOOVNFSBCMF
DPMMJTJPOT
JO
UIF
SBEJB UJWF
[POF
JU
UBLFT
BCPVU

UIPVTBOE
ZFBST
PO
UIF
BWFSBHF
GPS
SBEJBUJPO
UP
XPSL
JUT
XBZ
PVU
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
DPSF
UP
UIF
CPUUPN
PG
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
#Z
UIJT
UJNF
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
IBT
TIFE
TP
NVDI
FOFSHZ
UIBU
JU
FNFSHFT
PO
UIF
PUIFS
TJEF
PG
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF






&OFSHJ[JOH
UIF
4VO




'*(
 !NATOMYOFTHE3UN4HE3UNISPOWEREDBYTHENUCLEARFUSION OFHYDROGENINITSCOREATACENTRALTEMPERATUREOFMILLIONKELVIN %NERGYPRODUCEDBYTHESEFUSIONREACTIONSISTRANSPORTEDOUTWARD lRSTBY COUNTLESSABSORPTIONSANDEMISSIONSWITHINTHERADIATIVEZONE ANDTHEN BYTURBULENTMOTIONINTHEOUTERCONVECTIVEZONE4HEVISIBLEDISKOFTHE 3UN CALLEDTHEPHOTOSPHERE HASATEMPERATUREOF KELVIN*USTABOVE THEPHOTOSPHEREISTHETHINCHROMOSPHEREANDATRANSITIONREGION TOTHERARElED MILLION DEGREEOUTERATMOSPHEREOFTHE3UN4HEYARE REPRESENTEDBYANIMAGEATTHEEXTREMEULTRAVIOLETWAVELENGTHOF NANOMETERSWAVELENGTH EMITTEDBYSINGLYIONIZEDHELIUM DENOTED(E )) ATATEMPERATUREOF KELVIN TAKENFROMTHE%XTREME ULTRAVIOLET )MAGING4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED%)4 ABOARDTHE3/LARAND(ELIOSPHERIC /BSERVATORY OR3/(/FORSHORT#OURTESYOFTHE3/(/%)4CONSORTIUM AND.!3!3/(/ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONALCOOPERATIONBETWEEN%3! AND.!3!

[POF
BT
SFMBUJWFMZ
VOFOFSHFUJD
WJTJCMF
MJHIU
*O
DPOUSBTU
TVOMJHIU
NPWFT
GSFFMZ
UISPVHI
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
UBLJOH
POMZ
FJHIU
NJOVUFT
UP
USBWFM
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UP
UIF
&BSUI 
$0/7&$5*0/
"/%
(3"/6-"5*0/ 3BEJBUJPO
TUSFBNJOH
PVU
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
FOFSHZHFOFSBUJOH
DPSF
JT
TUPQQFE
BU
UIF
CPUUPN
PG
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
XIJDI
PDDVQJFT
UIF
PVUFS

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
TPMBS
SBEJVT
*O
UIJT
SFHJPO
UIF
SFMBUJWFMZ
DPPM
PQBRVF
TPMBS
HBT
BCTPSCT
HSFBU
RVBOUJUJFT
PG
SBEJBUJPO
XJUIPVU
SFFNJUUJOH
JU
ѮJT
DBVTFT
UIF
NBUFSJBM
UP
CFDPNF
IPUUFS
UIBO
JU
XPVME
PUIFSXJTF
CF
BOE
UIF
4VO
NVTU
êOE
BOPUIFS
XBZ
UP
SFMFBTF
UIF
QFOUVQ
FOFSHZ




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

ѮF
IFBUFE
NBUFSJBM
FYQBOET
CFDPNFT
MFTT
EFOTF
UIBO
UIF
HBT
JO
PWFSMZJOH
MBZFST
BOE
SJTFT
UP
UIF
WJTJCMF
EJTL
PG
UIF
4VO
JO
SPVHIMZ
UFO
EBZT
ѮF
IPU
NBUFSJBM
UIFO
DPPMT
CZ
SBEJBUJOH
TVOMJHIU
JOUP
TQBDF
BOE
TJOLT
CBDL
EPXO
UP
CFDPNF
SFIFBUFE
BOE
SJTF
BHBJO
ѮF
SPJMJOH
DVSSFOUT
PG
IPU
BOE
DPPM
HBT
DSFBUF
B
DIVSOJOH
XIFFMJOH
NPUJPO
UIBU
DBSSJFT
IFBU
GSPN
UIF
CPUUPN
UP
UIF
UPQ
MJLF
B
CPJMJOH
QPU
PG
XBUFS
PS
PUIFS
MJRVJE
UIBU
JT
TJNJMBSMZ
IFBUFE
GSPN
CFMPX
'JH
  *O

UIF
&OHMJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
8JMMJBN
)FSTDIFM
¢
OPUJDFE
UIBU
UIF
4VO
IBT
B
HSBOVMBS
BQQFBSBODF
.PSF
UIBO
B
DFOUVSZ
MBUFS
IJHISFTPMVUJPO
QIPUPHSBQIT
SFWFBMFE
UIBU
UIJT
HSBOVMBUJPO
JT
DPNQPTFE
PG
DMPTFMZ
QBDLFE
DFMMT
IBWJOH
CSJHIU
DFOUFST
TVSSPVOEFE
CZ
EBSL
MBOFT
ѮFZ
NBSL
UIF
UPQ
PG
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF 3FDFOU
JNBHFT
PG
UIF
4VOT
XIJUF
MJHIU
PS
BMM
UIF
DPMPST
DPNCJOFE
SFTPMWF
UIF
HSBOVMFT
XIFO
UBLFO
VOEFS
DPOEJUJPOT
PG
FYDFMMFOU
TFFJOH
'JH
 
ѮF
NFBO
BOHVMBS
EJTUBODF
CFUXFFO
UIF
CSJHIU
DFOUFST
PG
BEKBDFOU
HSBOVMFT
JT
BCPVU

TFDPOET
PG
BSD
DPSSFTQPOEJOH
UP
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST
BU
UIF
4VO
ѮBU
TFFNT
WFSZ
MBSHF
CVU
BO
JOEJ WJEVBM
HSBOVMF
JT
BCPVU
UIF
TNBMMFTU
UIJOH
ZPV
DBO
TFF
PO
UIF
4VO
XIFO
QFFSJOH
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUIT
UVSCVMFOU
BUNPTQIFSF ѮFSF
BSF
BU
MFBTU
B
NJMMJPO
HSBOVMFT
PO
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
BU
BOZ
NPNFOU
FYIJCJUJOH
B
OPOTUBUJPOBSZ
PWFSUVSOJOH
NPUJPO
ѮF
CSJHIU
DFOUFS
PG
FBDI
HSBOVMF
PS
DPOWFDUJPO
DFMM
JT
UIF
IJHIFTU
QPJOU
PG
B
SJTJOH
DPMVNO
PG
IPU
HBT
ѮF
EBSL
FEHFT


'*(

"ENARD#ONVEC TION7HENAGASORLIQUIDIS HEATEDFROMBELOW CONVEC TIONTAKESPLACEINVERTICAL CELLS KNOWNAS"ENARDCELLS 7ARMERMATERIALRISESATTHE CENTERSOFTHECELLSANDCOOLER MATERIALFALLSAROUNDTHEIR BOUNDARIES4HISlGURESHOWS THEHEXAGONALCONVECTIONPAT TERNINALAYEROFSILICONEOIL THATISHEATEDUNIFORMLYFROM BELOWANDEXPOSEDTOAMBIENT AIRABOVELIGHTREmECTEDFROM ALUMINUMmAKESSHOWSmUID RISINGATTHECENTEROFEACHCELL ANDDESCENDINGATTHEEDGES 4HEREGULARMOTION LONG DURATION ANDPOLYGONALSHAPES OFTHESECELLSARESOMEWHAT DISTORTEDINTHE3UNSTURBULENT CONVECTIVEZONE#OURTESY OF-ANUEL'6ELARDEAND- 9USTE 5NIVERSIDAD.ACIONAL DE%DUCACIONA$ISTANCIA -ADRID 3PAIN





&OFSHJ[JOH
UIF
4VO


 '*(
 $OUBLE $OUBLE 4OILAND4ROUBLE7HENOPTICAL TELESCOPESZOOMINANDTAKEA DETAILEDLOOKATTHEVISIBLE3UN THEYRESOLVEASTRONGLY TEXTURED GRANULARPATTERN(OTGRANULES EACHABOUT KILOMETERS ACROSS RISEATSPEEDSOF METERSPERSECOND LIKESUPER SONICBUBBLESINANIMMENSE BOILINGCAULDRON4HERISING GRANULESBURSTAPART LIBERATING THEIRENERGY ANDCOOLMATERIAL THENSINKSDOWNWARDSALONGTHE DARK INTERGRANULARLANES4HIS PHOTOGRAPHWASTAKENAT NANOMETERSWITHA NANOME TERINTERFERENCElLTER)THASAN EXCEPTIONALANGULARRESOLUTION OFSECONDSOFARC OR KILOMETERSATTHE3UN#OURTESY OF2ICHARD-ULLERAND4HIERRY 2OUDIER /BSERVATOIREDU0IC DU -IDIETDE4OULOUSE

PG
FBDI
HSBOVMF
BSF
UIF
DPPMFE
HBT
XIJDI
TJOLT
CFDBVTF
JU
JT
EFOTFS
UIBO
UIF
IPUUFS
HBT
"OE
FBDI
JOEJWJEVBM
HSBOVMF
MBTUT
POMZ
BCPVU

NJOVUFT
CFGPSF
JU
JT
SFQMBDFE
CZ
BOPUIFS
POF
OFWFS
SFBQQFBSJOH
JO
QSFDJTFMZ
UIF
TBNF
MPDBUJPO ѮF
HSBOVMFT
BSF
TVQFSJNQPTFE
PO
B
MBSHFS
DFMMVMBS
QBUUFSO
DBMMFE
UIF
TVQFSHSBOV MBUJPO
6OMJLF
UIF
HSBOVMFT
XIJDI
NPWF
VQ
BOE
EPXO
UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
JT
EFUFDUFE
BT
B
QBUUFSO
PG
IPSJ[POUBM
ëPX
BDSPTT
UIF
TPMBS
EJTL
BOE
JU
SFNBJOT
JOWJTJCMF
JO
XIJUF MJHIU
JNBHFT
UIBU
TIPX
UIF
HSBOVMFT
#Z
TVCUSBDUJOH
MPOH
BOE
TIPSUXBWFMFOHUI
JNBHFT
PG
UIF
4VO
JO

UIF
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJDJTU
3PCFSU
-FJHIUPO
¢
EJTDPWFSFE
UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
B
QBUUFSO
PG
DPOWFDUJPO
DFMMT
UIBU
BSF
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST
BDSPTT
PS
BCPVU
UXJDF
UIF
TJ[F
PG
UIF
&BSUI
3PVHIMZ
 
TVQFSHSBOVMFT
BSF
TFFO
PO
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
FBDI
QFSTJTUJOH
GPS
POF
PS
UXP
EBZT
'JH
  .BUFSJBM
JO
FBDI
TVQFSHSBOVMF
DFMM
SJTFT
JO
UIF
DFOUFS
NPWFT
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
DFOUFS
XJUI
B
UZQJDBM
WFMPDJUZ
PG
BCPVU

NFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
BOE
TJOLT
EPXO
BHBJO
BU
UIF
DFMM
CPVOEBSZ
ѮF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
DBSSJFE
BMPOH
XJUI
UIJT
ëPX
QJMJOH
VQ
BU
UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMBS
DFMM
FEHFT
BOE
DSFBUJOH
B
OFUXPSL
PG
DPODFOUSBUFE
NBHOFUJD
êFME .PEFSO
JOTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
UIF
3/LARAND(ELIOSPHERIC/BSERVATORY
BCCSFWJBUFE
3/(/
IBWF
TIPXO
UIBU
UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
PVUëPX
JT
SFMBUJWFMZ
TIBMMPX
EJTBQQFBS JOH
BU
EFQUIT
PG
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST
PS
BCPVU
POF
TJYUI
PG
B
DFMM
EJBNFUFS
.PSFPWFS
UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
VOEFSHPFT
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BOE
TVQQPSUT
XBWFT
UIBU
NPWF
BDSPTT
UIF
4VO
SFTFNCMJOH
UIF
iXBWFu
PG
TQFDUBUPST
BU
B
CBTFCBMM
GPPUCBMM
PS
TPDDFS
HBNF
4JODF





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
XBWF
NPWFT
JO
UIF
TBNF
EJSFDUJPO
BT
UIF
4VO
SPUBUFT
UIF
TVQFS HSBOVMBUJPO
BQQFBST
UP
SPUBUF
GBTUFS
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
UIBO
UIF
PUIFS
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
HBT
BOE
NBHOFUJD
GFBUVSFT
MJLF
TVOTQPUT ѮF
WJTJCMF
EJTL
PG
UIF
4VO
XJUI
JUT
HSBOVMBUJPO
BOE
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
DBQT
UIF
DPO WFDUJWF
[POF
BOE
DPNQMFUFT
PVS
DVSSFOU
NPEFM
PG
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
"T
XF
TIBMM
OFYU
TFF
JUT
JOHSFEJFOUT
BOE
EJNFOTJPOT
DIBOHF
ESBNBUJDBMMZ
PWFS
UIF
FPOT
PO
DPTNJD
UJNF
TDBMFT 
5)&
46/4
3&.05&
1"45
"/%
%*45"/5
'6563& 4P
IPX
MPOH
IBT
UIF
4VO
CFFO
TIJOJOH
BOE
IPX
MPOH
XJMM
JU
LFFQ
PO
EPJOH
TP
/PUIJOH
JO
UIF
$PTNPT
JT
êYFE
BOE
VODIBOHJOH
BOE
OPUIJOH
FTDBQFT
UIF
SBWBHFT
PG
UJNF
&WFSZ UIJOH
NPWFT
BOE
FWPMWFT
BOE
UIBU
JODMVEFT
UIF
TFFNJOHMZ
DPOTUBOU
BOE
VODIBOHJOH
4VO
*U
GPSNFE
UPHFUIFS
XJUI
UIF
QMBOFUT
BCPVU

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
XIFO
B
TQJOOJOH
JOUFSTUFMMBS
DMPVE
PG
EVTU
BOE
HBT
GFMM
JO
PO
JUTFMG
ѮF
DFOUFS
HPU
EFOTFS
BOE
EFOTFS
VOUJM
JU
CFDBNF
TP
QBDLFE
TP
UJHIU
BOE
TP
IPU
UIBU
QSPUPOT
DBNF
UPHFUIFS
BOE
GVTFE
JOUP
IFMJVN
NBLJOH
UIF
4VO
HMPX
&WFS
TJODF
UIFO
UIF
4VO
IBT
TMPXMZ
HSPXO
JO
MVNJOPVT
JOUFOTJUZ
XJUI
BHF
B
TUFBEZ
JOFYPSBCMF
CSJHIUFOJOH
UIBU
JT
B
DPOTFRVFODF
PG
UIF
JODSFBT JOH
BNPVOUT
PG
IFMJVN
BDDVNVMBUJOH
JO
UIF
4VOT
DPSF "MUIPVHI
UIF
4VO
JT
DPOTVNJOH
JUTFMG
BU
B
QSPEJHBM
SBUF
UIF
MPTT
PG
NBUFSJBM
JT
JOTJHOJêDBOU
JO
DPNQBSJTPO
XJUI
JUT
UPUBM
NBTT
ѮF
NBTT
PG
UIF
4VO
JT
UXP
UIPVTBOE
USJMMJPO
USJMMJPO
UPOT
PS



LJMPHSBNT
BCPVU
B
UIJSE
PG
B
NJMMJPO
UJNFT
UIF
NBTT
PG
UIF
&BSUI
0WFS
UIF
QBTU

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
UIF
4VO
IBT
DPOTVNFE
POMZ
B
GFX
IVOESFEUIT
'*(
 3UPERGRANULATION4HOUSANDSOFLARGECONVECTIONCELLS THESUPERGRANULES ARE DETECTEDINTHIS$OPPLERGRAMWHICHSHOWSMOTIONTOWARDANDAWAYFROMTHEOBSERVER ALONG THELINEOFSIGHT ASLIGHTANDDARKPATCHES RESPECTIVELY)TWASOBTAINEDUSINGTHE$OPPLER EFFECTOFASINGLESPECTRALLINE WITHTHE-ICHELSON$OPPLER )MAGER ABBREVIATED-$) INSTRU MENTONTHE3/LARAND(ELIO SPHERIC/BSERVATORY OR3/(/FOR SHORT4HEIMAGECONTAINSABOUT  SUPERGRANULES EACH ABOUT KILOMETERSACROSS .EARTHEDISKCENTER WHERETHE $OPPLEREFFECTDETECTSRADIAL MOTION THESUPERGRANULATION ISHARDLYVISIBLEATALL THUS INDICATINGTHATTHEVELOCITIES AREPREDOMINANTLYHORIZONTAL 3UPERGRANULESmOWHORIZONTALLY OUTWARDFROMTHEIRCENTERSWITH ATYPICALVELOCITYOFMETERS PERSECOND#OURTESYOFTHE 3/(/-$)3/)CONSORTIUM 3/(/ISAPROJECTOFINTERNA TIONALCOOPERATIONBETWEEN%3! AND.!3!





&OFSHJ[JOH
UIF
4VO




PG
POF
QFSDFOU
PG
JUT
PSJHJOBM
NBTT
ѮF
SFBTPO
JT
FTTFOUJBMMZ
CFDBVTF
WFSZ
MJUUMF
NBTT
KVTU

PS

QFSDFOU
JT
BOOJIJMBUFE
JO
GPSNJOH
B
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT "
NPSF
TJHOJêDBOU
DPODFSO
JT
UIF
EFQMFUJPO
PG
UIF
4VOT
IZESPHFO
GVFM
XJUIJO
JUT
OVDMFBS
GVSOBDF
4JODF
UIFSNPOVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
BSF
MJNJUFE
UP
UIF
IPU
EFOTF
DPSF
UIF
4VO
XJMM
FWFOUVBMMZ
SVO
PVU
PG
IZESPHFO
¢
JO
BCPVU

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
ѮF
4VO
XJMM
UIFO
FYQBOE
UP
FOHVMG
UIF
UIF
DMPTFTU
QMBOFU
.FSDVSZ "T
UIF
IZESPHFO
JO
UIF
4VOT
DFOUFS
JT
TMPXMZ
EFQMFUFE
PWFS
UJNF
BOE
TUFBEJMZ
SFQMBDFE
CZ
IFBWJFS
IFMJVN
UIF
DPSF
NVTU
LFFQ
PO
QSPEVDJOH
FOPVHI
QSFTTVSF
UP
LFFQ
UIF
4VO
GSPN
DPMMBQTJOH
JO
PO
JUTFMG
"OE
UIF
POMZ
XBZ
UP
NBJOUBJO
UIF
QSFTTVSF
BOE
LFFQ
PO
TVQQPSUJOH
UIF
XFJHIU
PG
PWFSMZJOH
NBUFSJBM
JT
UP
JODSFBTF
UIF
DFOUSBM
UFNQFSB UVSF
"T
B
SFTVMU
PG
UIF
TMPX
SJTF
JO
UFNQFSBUVSF
UIF
SBUF
PG
OVDMFBS
GVTJPO
HSBEVBMMZ
JODSFBTFT
BOE
UIF
4VO
JOFYPSBCMZ
CSJHIUFOT ѮJT
NFBOT
UIBU
UIF
4VO
XBT
TJHOJêDBOUMZ
EJNNFS
JO
UIF
SFNPUF
QBTU
BOE
UIF
&BSUI
TIPVME
IBWF
CFFO
OPUJDFBCMZ
DPMEFS
UIFO
CVU
UIJT
EPFT
OPU
BHSFF
XJUI
HFPMPHJDBM
FWJEFODF
"TTVNJOH
BO
VODIBOHJOH
UFSSFTUSJBM
BUNPTQIFSF
XJUI
UIF
TBNF
DPNQPTJUJPO
BOE
SFëFDUJOH
QSPQFSUJFT
BT
UPEBZ
UIF
EFDSFBTFE
TPMBS
MVNJOPTJUZ
XPVME
IBWF
DBVTFE
UIF
&BSUIT
HMPCBM
TVSGBDF
UFNQFSBUVSF
UP
ESPQ
CFMPX
UIF
GSFF[JOH
QPJOU
PG
XBUFS
BCPVU

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
ѮF
PDFBOT
XPVME
IBWF
CFFO
GSP[FO
TPMJE
UIFSF
XPVME
CF
OP
MJRVJE
XBUFS
BOE
UIF
FOUJSF
QMBOFU
XPVME
IBWF
CFFO
MPDLFE
JOUP
B
HMPCBM
JDF
BHF
TPNFUIJOH
MJLF
.BST
JT
OPX :FU
TFEJNFOUBSZ
SPDLT
XIJDI
NVTU
IBWF
CFFO
EFQPTJUFE
JO
MJRVJE
XBUFS
EBUF
GSPN

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
ѮFSF
JT
GPTTJM
FWJEFODF
JO
UIPTF
SPDLT
GPS
MJWJOH
UIJOHT
BU
BCPVU
UIBU
UJNF
ѮVT
GPS
CJMMJPOT
PG
ZFBST
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
UFNQFSBUVSF
XBT
OPU
WFSZ
EJĒFS FOU
GSPN
UPEBZ
BOE
DPOEJUJPOT
IBWF
SFNBJOFE
IPTQJUBCMF
GPS
MJGF
PO
&BSUI
UISPVHIPVU
NPTU
PG
UIF
QMBOFUT
IJTUPSZ ѮF
EJTDSFQBODZ
CFUXFFO
UIF
&BSUIT
XBSN
DMJNBUJD
SFDPSE
BOE
BO
JOJUJBMMZ
EJN NFS
4VO
IBT
DPNF
UP
CF
LOPXO
BT
UIF
GBJOUZPVOH4VO
QBSBEPY
*U
DBO
CF
SFTPMWFE
JG
UIF
&BSUIT
QSJNJUJWF
BUNPTQIFSF
DPOUBJOFE
BCPVU
B
UIPVTBOE
UJNFT
NPSF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
UIBO
JU
EPFT
OPX
(SFBUFS
BNPVOUT
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
XPVME
FOBCMF
UIF
FBSMZ
BUNPTQIFSF
UP
USBQ
HSFBUFS
BNPVOUT
PG
IFBU
OFBS
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
XBSNJOH
JU
CZ
UIF
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
ѮBU
XPVME
LFFQ
UIF
PDFBOT
GSPN
GSFF[JOH 0WFS
UJNF
UIF
4VO
HSFX
CSJHIUFS
BOE
IPUUFS
ѮF
&BSUI
DPVME
POMZ
NBJOUBJO
B
UFN QFSBUF
DMJNBUF
CZ
UVSOJOH
EPXO
JUT
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
BT
UIF
4VO
UVSOFE
VQ
UIF
IFBU
0VS
QMBOFUT
BUNPTQIFSF
SPDLT
PDFBOT
BOE
QFSIBQT
MJGF
JUTFMG
BQQBSFOUMZ
DPNCJOFE
UP
EFDSFBTF
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
PWFS
UJNF
LFFQJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
UFNQFSBUVSF
TUFBEZ
BT
UIF
4VO
TMPXMZ
CSJHIUFOFE #VU
UIF
4VO
DBOOPU
TIJOF
GPSFWFS
GPS
JU
XJMM
FWFOUVBMMZ
VTF
VQ
UIF
IZESPHFO
GVFM
JO
JUT
DPSF
"MUIPVHI
JU
IBT
DPOWFSUFE
POMZ
B
USJWJBM
QBSU
PG
JUT
PSJHJOBM
NBTT
JOUP
FOFSHZ
UIF
4VO
IBT
QSPDFTTFE
B
TVCTUBOUJBM

QFSDFOU
PG
JUT
DPSF
IZESPHFO
JOUP
IFMJVN
EVSJOH
UIF
QBTU

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
"OE
UIF
4VO
XJMM
IBWF
VTFE
VQ
BMM
JUT
BWBJMBCMF
DPSF
IZESPHFO
JO
BOPUIFS

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
*U
XJMM
UIFO
CBMMPPO
JOUP
B
SFE
HJBOU
TUBS
XJUI
B
ESBNBUJD
JODSFBTF
JO
TJ[F
BOE
B
QPXFSGVM
SJTF
JO
MVNJOPTJUZ
'JH
  "MUIPVHI
UIF
PVUFS
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
XJMM
DPPM
BOE
SFEEFO
UIF
4VO
XJMM
BMTP
FYQBOE
BOE
NPWF
NVDI
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
&BSUI
.FSDVSZ
XJMM
CFDPNF
MJUUMF
NPSF
UIBO
B
NFNPSZ
CFJOH
QVMMFE
JO
BOE
TXBMMPXFE
CZ
UIF
TXPMMFO
4VO
ѮF
HJBOU
4VO
XJMM
CF
 
UJNFT


4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

#&-+
-#&,
)+,'-
/%.

.&#'(,#-1
-#&,
)+,'-
/%.




     

 

%#.& "%%
%,", ('-+-#('



/,
#' *.' (0



#+,#'$

2#'-
+%1
.'3

 
 



%#.& "%%
%,",



('-+-#(' /,
#' *.' (0

 



#+,#'$

"#- 0+

            

!
#%%#(',
(
1+,

'*(

4HE3UNSFATE)NABOUTEIGHTBILLIONYEARSTHE3UNWILL BECOMEMUCHBRIGHTERTOP ANDLARGERBOTTOM 4HETIMESCALEHAS BEENEXPANDEDNEARTHEENDOFTHE3UNSLIFETOSHOWRELATIVELYRAPID CHANGES#OURTESYOF) *ULIANA3ACKMANNAND!RNOLD)"OOTHROYD

CSJHIUFS
UIBO
JU
JT
OPX
SFTVMUJOH
JO
B
TVCTUBOUJBM
SJTF
JO
UFNQFSBUVSF
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
*U
XJMM
CFDPNF
IPU
FOPVHI
UP
NFMU
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF .PSFPWFS
UFSSFTUSJBM
MJGF
XJMM
CF
XJQFE
PVU
XFMM
CFGPSF
UIFO
*O
KVTU

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
GSPN
OPX
UIF
4VO
XJMM
IBWF
CSJHIUFOFE
CZ

QFSDFOU
$BMDVMBUJPOT
TVHHFTU
UIBU
UIF
&BSUIT
PDFBOT
XJMM
UIFO
FWBQPSBUF
BU
B
SBQJE
SBUF
SFTVMUJOH
JO
B
IPU
ESZ
VOJOIBCJUBCMF
&BSUI
"OE
JG
UIBU
EPFTOU
EP
VT
JO
BOZ
&BSUIMZ
MJGF
JT
EPPNFE
UP
GSZ
JO
BCPVU

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
GSPN
OPX
ѮF
4VO
XJMM
UIFO
CF
IPU
FOPVHI
UP
CPJM
UIF
&BSUIT
PDFBOT
BXBZ
MFBW JOH
UIF
QMBOFU
B
CVSOFEPVU
DJOEFS
B
EFBE
BOE
TUFSJMF
QMBDF .FBOXIJMF
EVSJOH
UIF
BQPDBMZQUJD
QFSJPE
PG
QMBOFUBSZ
EFTUSVDUJPO
UIF
DPSF
PG
UIF
4VO
XJMM
DPOUJOVF
UP
DPOUSBDU
VOUJM
UIF
DFOUSBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
JT
IPU
FOPVHI
UP
JHOJUF






&OFSHJ[JOH
UIF
4VO




IFMJVN
CVSOJOH
m
BU
BCPVU
B
IVOESFE
NJMMJPO
LFMWJO
#VU
UIJT
DPOWFSTJPO
PG
IFMJVN
JOUP
DBSCPO
EPFT
OPU
MBTU
WFSZ
MPOH
DPNQBSFE
UP
UIF
4VOT

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
PG
IZESPHFO
CVSOJOH
*O
BCPVU

NJMMJPO
ZFBST
UIF
DPSF
IFMJVN
XJMM
IBWF
CFFO
VTFE
VQ
BOE
UIFSF
XJMM
CF
OP
IFBU
MFѫ
UP
IPME
VQ
UIF
4VO
*O
B
MBTU
EFTQFSBUF
HBTQ
PG
BDUJWJUZ
UIF
4VO
XJMM
TIFE
UIF
PVUFS
MBZFST
PG
HBT
UP
QSPEVDF
BO
FYQBOEJOH
iQMBOFUBSZu
OFCVMB
BSPVOE
UIF
TUBS
XIJMF
UIF
DPSF
DPMMBQTFT
JOUP
B
XIJUF
EXBSG
TUBS #Z
UIJT
UJNF
JOUFOTF
TPMBS
XJOET
XJMM
IBWF
TUSJQQFE
UIF
4VO
EPXO
UP
BCPVU
IBMG
JUT
PSJHJOBM
NBTT
BOE
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
DPMMBQTF
XJMM
TRVFF[F
UIBU
JOUP
BO
JOTJHOJêDBOU
DJOEFS
BCPVU
UIF
TJ[F
PG
UIF
QSFTFOUEBZ
&BSUI
/VDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
XJMM
UIFO
CF
B
UIJOH
PG
UIF
QBTU
BOE
UIFSF
XJMM
CF
OPUIJOH
MFѫ
UP
XBSN
UIF
4VO
PS
QMBOFUT
ѮF
GPSNFS
4VO
XJMM
KVTU
HSBEVBMMZ
DPPM
EPXO
BOE
GBEF
BXBZ
JOUP
PME
BHF
QMVOHJOH
BMM
PG
UIF
QMBOFUT
JOUP
B
EFFQ
GSFF[F 4VDI
FWFOUT
BSF
JO
UIF
WFSZ
EJTUBOU
GVUVSF
PG
DPVSTF
'PS
OPX
UIF
4VO
QSPWJEFT
VT
XJUI
BO
VQDMPTF
MBCPSBUPSZ
PG
UIF
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
LOPXO
BT
OFVUSJOPT
"TUSPO PNFST
IBWF
EJTDPWFSFE
GVOEBNFOUBM
QSPQFSUJFT
PG
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
CZ
PCTFSWJOH
UIPTF
FNJUUFE
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
FOFSHZHFOFSBUJOH
DPSF

$IBQUFS
5ISFF

(IPTUMJLF
/FVUSJOPT

4*.6-5"/&064
$0/53"454
46/
"/%
.00/)NTHISWORKTHE&RENCHCUBIST PAINTER2OBERT$ELAUNAY¥ HASPORTRAYEDTHE3UNWITHNOREFERENCETOTHE EARTHLYWORLD4HE3UNISSEENASASOURCEOFPURELIGHTANDCOLORTHATCANBEAPPRECI ATEDINITSOWNRIGHTWITHOUTREFERENCETOTHESUNLIGHTTHATILLUMINATESTERRESTRIALOBJECTS #OURTESYOFTHE-USEUMOF-ODERN!RT .EW9ORK-RS3IMON'UGGENHEIM&UND /IL ONCANVAS INCHESDIAMETER












5)&
&-64*7&
/&653*/0 /FVUSJOPT
PS
MJUUMF
OFVUSBM
POFT
BSF
WFSZ
DMPTF
UP
CFJOH
OPUIJOH
BU
BMM
ѮFZ
BSF
UJOZ
JOWJTJCMF
QBDLFUT
PG
FOFSHZ
XJUI
OP
FMFDUSJD
DIBSHF
BOE
BMNPTU
OP
NBTT
USBWFMJOH
BU
OFBSMZ
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
ѮFTF
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
BSF
TP
JOTVCTUBOUJBM
BOE
JOUFS BDU
TP
XFBLMZ
XJUI
NBUUFS
UIBU
UIFZ
TUSFBL
UISPVHI
BMNPTU
FWFSZUIJOH
JO
UIFJS
QBUI
MJLF
HIPTUT
UIBU
NPWF
SJHIU
UISPVHI
XBMMT
6OMJLF
MJHIU
PS
BOZ
PUIFS
GPSN
PG
SBEJBUJPO
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
DBO
NPWF
OFBSMZ
VOJNQFEFE
UISPVHI
BOZ
BNPVOU
PG
NBUFSJBM
FWFO
UIF
FOUJSF
6OJWFSTF &BDI
TFDPOE
USJMMJPOT
VQPO
USJMMJPOT
PG
OFVUSJOPT
UIBU
XFSF
QSPEVDFE
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
QBTT
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUI
XJUIPVU
FWFO
OPUJDJOH
JU
JT
UIFSF
ѮF
JOEFTUSVDUJCMF
OFVUSJOPT
JOUFSBDU
TP
SBSFMZ
XJUI
UIF
NBUFSJBM
XPSME
UIBU
BMNPTU
OPUIJOH
FWFS
IBQQFOT
UP
UIFN
#JMMJPOT
PG
HIPTUMZ
OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BSF
QBTTJOH
SJHIU
UISPVHI
ZPV
FWFSZ
TFDPOE
XIFUIFS
ZPV
BSF
JOTJEF
B
CVJMEJOH
PS
PVUEPPST
PS
XIFUIFS
JU
JT
EBZ
PS
OJHIU
BOE
XJUIPVU
ZPVS
CPEZ
OPUJDJOH
UIFN
PS
UIFN
OPUJDJOH
ZPVS
CPEZ ѮF
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
UIF
USVF
HIPTU
SJEFST
PG
UIF
6OJWFSTF
"T
"NFSJDBO
XSJUFS
+PIO
6QEJLF
¢

QVU
JU /FVUSJOPT
UIFZ
BSF
WFSZ
TNBMM ѮFZ
IBWF
OP
DIBSHF
BOE
IBWF
OP
NBTT "OE
EP
OPU
JOUFSBDU
BU
BMM ѮF
&BSUI
JT
KVTU
B
TJMMZ
CBMM 5P
UIFN
UISPVHI
XIJDI
UIFZ
TJNQMZ
QBTT -JLF
EVTU
NBJET
EPXO
B
ESBѫZ
IBMM

)PX
EP
XF
LOPX
UIBU
TVDI
FMVTJWF
JOTVCTUBOUJBM
QBSUJDMFT
FWFO
FYJTU
ѮFZ
BSF
SFRVJSFE
CZ
B
GVOEBNFOUBM
QSJODJQMF
PG
QIZTJDT
LOPXO
BT
UIF
DPOTFSWBUJPO
PG
FOFSHZ
"DDPSEJOH
UP
UIJT
SVMF
UIF
UPUBM
FOFSHZ
PG
B
TZTUFN
NVTU
SFNBJO
VODIBOHFE
VOMFTT
BDUFE
VQPO
CZ
BO
PVUTJEF
GPSDF
8F
LOPX
PG
OP
QSPDFTT
UIBU
EJTPCFZT
UIJT
QSJODJQMF /FWFSUIFMFTT
JO
B
UZQF
PG
OVDMFBS
EFDBZ
QSPDFTT
DBMMFE
CFUBEFDBZ
UIF
OVDMFVT
PG
B
SBEJPBDUJWF
BUPN
EJTJOUFHSBUFT
UISPVHI
UIF
SFMFBTF
PG
B
CFUB
QBSUJDMF
OPX
LOPXO
UP
CF
BO
FMFDUSPO
XIPTF
FOFSHZ
JT
MFTT
UIBO
UIBU
MPTU
CZ
UIF
JOJUJBM
OVDMFVT
$BSFGVM
NFBTVSF NFOUT
GBJMFE
UP
UVSO
VQ
UIF
NJTTJOH
FOFSHZ
XIJDI
TFFNFE
UP
IBWF
WBOJTIFE
JOUP
UIJO
BJS
BOE
UIJT
TVHHFTUFE
UIBU
FOFSHZ
NJHIU
OPU
CF
DPOTFSWFE
EVSJOH
CFUBEFDBZ
)PXFWFS
JU
UVSOFE
PVU
UIBU
B
NZTUFSJPVT
JOWJTJCMF
QBSUJDMF
XBT
TQJSJUJOH
BXBZ
UIF
NJTTJOH
FOFSHZ
*U
XBT
UIF
FMVTJWF
OFVUSJOP
XIPTF
FYJTUFODF
XBT
QPTUVMBUFE
NPSF
UIBO
IBMG
B
DFOUVSZ
BHP
CZ
8PMGHBOH
1BVMJ
¢


B
CSJMMJBOU
"VTUSJBO
QIZTJDJTU
'JH
  1BVMJ
QSPQPTFE
B
iEFTQFSBUF
XBZ
PVUu
PG
UIF
FOFSHZ
DSJTJT
)F
TQFDVMBUFE
UIBU
B
TFDPOE
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
OFVUSBM
QBSUJDMF
QSPEVDFE
BU
UIF
TBNF
UJNF
BT
UIF
FMFDUSPO
DBSSJFE
PĒ
UIF
SFNBJOJOH
FOFSHZ
ѮF
TVN
PG
UIF
FOFSHJFT
PG
CPUI
QBSUJDMFT
SFNBJOT
DPOTUBOU
TP
UIF
FOFSHZ
CPPLT
BSF
CBMBODFE
EVSJOH
CFUBEFDBZ
BOE
UIF
QSJODJQMF
PG
DPOTFSWBUJPO
PG
FOFSHZ
JT
TBWFE
"T
1BVMJ
FYQSFTTFE
JU
JO
 ѮF
DPOTFSWBUJPO
MBXT
SFNBJO
WBMJE
UIF
FYQVMTJPO
PG
CFUB
QBSUJDMFT

CFJOH
BDDPNQBOJFE
CZ
B
WFSZ
QFOFUSBUJOH

SBEJBUJPO
PG
OFVUSBM

QBSUJDMFT
XIJDI
IBT
OPU
CFFO
PCTFSWFE
TP
GBS




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 7OLFGANG0AULI4HIS!USTRIANPHYSICIST 7OLFGANG0AULI ¥ PREDICTEDTHEEXISTENCEOFTHENEUTRINOTOSOLVEANENERGY CRISISINATYPEOFRADIOACTIVITYCALLEDBETA DECAY(ETHOUGHTTHAT THEINVISIBLENEUTRINOWOULDNEVERBESEEN BUTITWASSUBSEQUENTLY DISCOVEREDASABYPRODUCTOFNUCLEARREACTIONSONTHE%ARTHANDIN THE3UN#OURTESYOFTHE!MERICAN)NSTITUTEOF0HYSICS.IELS"OHR ,IBRARY 'OUDSMIT#OLLECTION

8IFO
êSTU
EJTDPWFSFE
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
FNJUUFE
EVSJOH
CFUBEFDBZ
XFSF
DBMMFE
CFUB
QBSUJDMFT
UP
EJTUJOHVJTI
UIFN
GSPN
BMQIB
QBSUJDMFT
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
BOE
HBNNB
SBZT
IJHIFOFSHZ
SBEJBUJPO
UIBU
BSF
BMTP
FNJUUFE
EVSJOH
SBEJPBDUJWF
EFDBZ
QSPDFTTFT
'SPN
UIFJS
NFBTVSFE
DIBSHF
BOE
NBTT
XF
OPX
LOPX
UIBU
CFUBSBZT
BSF
OPU
SBZT
BU
BMM
CVU
JOTUFBE
PSEJOBSZ
FMFDUSPOT
NPWJOH
BU
OFBSMZ
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU 1BVMJ
UIPVHIU
IF
IBE
EPOF
iB
UFSSJCMF
UIJOHu
GPS
IJT
EFTQFSBUF
SFNFEZ
QPTUVMBUFE
BO
JOWJTJCMF
QBSUJDMF
UIBU
DPVME
OPU
CF
EFUFDUFE
%VCCFE
UIF
OFVUSJOP
PS
iMJUUMF
OFVUSBM
POFu
CZ
UIF
*UBMJBO
QIZTJDJTU
&OSJDP
'FSNJ
¢


UIF
OFX
QBSUJDMF
DPVME
OPU
CF
PCTFSWFE
XJUI
UIF
UFDIOPMPHZ
PG
UIF
EBZ
TJODF
UIF
OFVUSJOP
JT
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
OFVUSBM
IBT
BMNPTU
OP
NBTT
BOE
NPWFT
BU
OFBSMZ
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
4P
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
XFSF
SFNPW JOH
FOFSHZ
UIBU
XPVME
OFWFS
CF
TFFO
BHBJO
&WFO
JO
1BVMJ
BOE
'FSNJT
UJNF
UIF
PCTFSWFE






(IPTUMJLF
/FVUSJOPT




IJHIFOFSHZ
TIBQF
PG
UIF
FNJUUFE
FMFDUSPOT
FOFSHZ
TQFDUSVN
JOEJDBUFE
UIBU
UIF
NBTT
PG
UIF
OFVUSJOP
JT
FJUIFS
[FSP
PS
WFSZ
TNBMM
XJUI
SFTQFDU
UP
UIF
NBTT
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPO

*O

'FSNJ
GPSNVMBUFE
UIF
NBUIFNBUJDBM
UIFPSZ
PG
CFUBEFDBZ
JO
B
QBQFS
UIBU
XBT
SFKFDUFE
CZ
UIF
KPVSOBM
/BUVSF
CFDBVTF
iJU
DPOUBJOFE
TQFDVMBUJPOT
UPP
SFNPUF
GSPN
SFBMJUZ
UP
CF
PG
JOUFSFTU
UP
UIF
SFBEFSu
"T
CFBVUJGVMMZ
EFTDSJCFE
CZ
'FSNJ
UIF
EFDBZ
QSP DFTT
PDDVST
XIFO
UIF
OFVUSPO
JO
B
SBEJPBDUJWF
OVDMFVT
USBOTGPSNT
JOUP
B
QSPUPO
XJUI
UIF
TJNVMUBOFPVT
FNJTTJPO
PG
BO
FOFSHFUJD
FMFDUSPO
BOE
B
IJHITQFFE
OFVUSJOP
8IFO
MFѫ
BMPOF
PVUTJEF
B
OVDMFVT
B
OFVUSPO
XJMM
JO
GBDU
TFMGEFTUSVDU
JO
BCPVU

NJOVUFT
JOUP
B
QSPUPO
QMVT
BO
FMFDUSPO
UP
CBMBODF
UIF
DIBSHF
BOE
B
OFVUSJOP
UP
IFMQ
SFNPWF
UIF
FOFSHZ "T
GBS
BT
BOZPOF
DPVME
UFMM
BO
BUPNJD
OVDMFVT
DPOTJTUT
POMZ
PG
OFVUSPOT
BOE
QSP UPOT
TP
UIF
FMFDUSPO
BOE
OFVUSJOP
TFFNFE
UP
DPNF
PVU
PG
OPXIFSF
ѮFZ
EP
OPU
SFTJEF
XJUIJO
UIF
OVDMFVT
BOE
BSF
CPSO
BU
UIF
UJNF
PG
OVDMFBS
USBOTGPSNBUJPO
/P
POF
LOFX
FYBDUMZ
IPX
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
XFSF
DSFBUFE )PX
EP
ZPV
PCTFSWF
TPNFUIJOH
UIBU
TQPOUBOFPVTMZ
BQQFBST
PVU
PG
OPXIFSF
BOE
JOUFSBDUT
POMZ
SBSFMZ
XJUI
PUIFS
NBUUFS
$BMDVMBUJPOT
TVHHFTUFE
UIBU
UIF
QSPCBCJMJUZ
PG
B
OFVUSJOP
JOUFSBDUJOH
XJUI
NBUUFS
TP
POF
DPVME
TFF
JU
JT
TP
JODSFEJCMZ
TNBMM
UIBU
OP
POF
DPVME
FWFS
EFUFDU
JU
5P
TFF
POF
OFVUSJOP
ZPV
XPVME
IBWF
UP
QSPEVDF
FOPSNPVT
OVNCFST
PG
UIFN
BU
BCPVU
UIF
TBNF
UJNF
BOE
CVJME
B
WFSZ
NBTTJWF
EFUFDUPS
UP
JODSFBTF
UIF
DIBODFT
PG
DBUDIJOH
JU
"MUIPVHI
BMNPTU
BMM
PG
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
XPVME
TUJMM
QBTT
UISPVHI
BOZ
BNPVOU
PG
NBUUFS
VOIJOEFSFE
BOE
VOEFUFDUFE
B
SBSF
DPMMJTJPO
XJUI
PUIFS
TVC BUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
NJHIU
MFBWF
B
USBDF /VDMFBS
SFBDUPST
êSTU
EFWFMPQFE
JO
UIF
T
QSPEVDF
MBSHF
OVNCFST
PG
OFVUSJ OPT
4VDI
SFBDUPST
SVO
CZ
B
DPOUSPMMFE
DIBJO
SFBDUJPO
JO
XIJDI
OFVUSPOT
CPNCBSE
VSB OJVN
OVDMFJ
DBVTJOH
UIFN
UP
TQMJU
BQBSU
BOE
DSFBUF
NPSF
OFVUSPOT
UP
DPOUJOVF
UIF
DIBJO
SFBDUJPO
UIFSFCZ
QSPEVDJOH
MBSHF
BNPVOUT
PG
FOFSHZ
XJUI
BO
FOPSNPVT
ëVY
PG
OFVUSJOPT
JO
UIF
QSPDFTT
"
TJNJMBS
UIJOH
PDDVST
JO
BO
BUPNJD
CPNC
FYDFQU
UIBU
UIF
DIBJO
SFBDUJPO
SVOT
PVU
PG
DPOUSPM
XJUI
BO
FYQMPTJWF
SFMFBTF
PG
FOFSHZ
*G
ZPV
QMBDF
B
WFSZ
NBTTJWF
EFUFDUPS
OFBS
B
MBSHF
OVDMFBS
SFBDUPS
BOE
BQQSPQSJBUFMZ
TIJFME
UIF
EFUFDUPS
GSPN
FYUSBOFPVT
TJHOBMT
ZPV
NJHIU
KVTU
CBSFMZ
PCTFSWF
UIF
UFMMUBMF
TJHO
PG
UIF
IZQP UIFUJDBM
OFVUSJOP ѮF
FYJTUFODF
PG
UIF
OFVUSJOP
XBT
êOBMMZ
QSPWFO
XJUI
1SPKFDU
1PMUFSHFJTU
BO
FYQFS JNFOU
EFTJHOFE
CZ
$MZEF
-
$PXBO
¢
BOE
'SFEFSJDL
3FJOFT
¢
PG
UIF
-PT
"MBNPT
/BUJPOBM
-BCPSBUPSZ
JO
/FX
.FYJDP
ѮFZ
QMBDFE
B
UPO
  MJUFS
UBOL
PG
XBUFS
OFYU
UP
B
QPXFSGVM
OVDMFBS
SFBDUPS
FOHBHFE
JO
NBLJOH
QMVUPOJVN
GPS
VTF
JO
OVDMFBS
XFBQPOT
"ѫFS
TIJFMEJOH
UIF
OFVUSJOP
USBQ
VOEFSHSPVOE
BOE
SVOOJOH
JU
GPS
BCPVU

EBZT
PWFS
UIF
DPVSTF
PG
B
ZFBS
3FJOFT
BOE
$PXBO
EFUFDUFE
B
GFX
TZODISP OJ[FE
ëBTIFT
PG
HBNNB
SBEJBUJPO
UIBU
TJHOBMFE
UIF
JOUFSBDUJPO
PG
B
GFX
OFVUSJOPT
XJUI
UIF
OVDMFBS
QSPUPOT
JO
XBUFS ѮF
OFVUSJOPT
XFSF
OPU
UIFNTFMWFT
PCTFSWFE
BOE
UIFZ
OFWFS
IBWF
CFFO
ѮFJS
QSFTFODF
XBT
JOGFSSFE
CZ
BO
FYDFFEJOHMZ
SBSF
JOUFSBDUJPO
0OF
PVU
PG
FWFSZ
CJMMJPO
CJM MJPO
PS

OFVUSJOPT
UIBU
QBTTFE
UISPVHI
UIF
XBUFS
UBOL
IJU
B
QSPUPO
QSPEVDJOH
UIF
UFMMUBMF
CVSTU
PG
SBEJBUJPO *O
+VOF

$PXBO
BOE
3FJOFT
UFMFHSBQIFE
1BVMJ
XJUI
UIF
OFXT




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ 8F
BSF
IBQQZ
UP
JOGPSN
ZPV
UIBU
XF
IBWF
EFêOJUFMZ
EFUFDUFE
OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
êTTJPO
GSBHNFOUT
CZ
PCTFSWJOH
JOWFSTF
CFUBEFDBZ
PG
QSPUPOT

"OE
1BVMJ
QSPNQUMZ
TFOU
UIFN
B
DBTF
PG
DIBNQBHOF
JO
SFDPHOJUJPO
PG
UIFJS
BDDPNQMJTI NFOU
)BMG
B
DFOUVSZ
MBUFS
3FJOFT
XBT
BXBSEFE
UIF

/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
GPS
UIJT
BDDPNQMJTINFOU
CVU
IJT
DPMMFBHVF
$PXBO
KVTU
EJE
OPU
MJWF
MPOH
FOPVHI
UP
TIBSF
JU
ѮF
JOWFSTF
CFUBEFDBZ
NFOUJPOFE
JO
UIF
UFMFHSBN
JODJEFOUBMMZ
PDDVST
XIFO
B
OVDMFBS
QSP UPO
BCTPSCT
B
OFVUSJOP
BOE
UVSOT
JOUP
B
OFVUSPO
BU
UIF
TBNF
UJNF
FNJUUJOH
B
QPTJUSPO
UIF
BOUJNBUUFS
DPVOUFSQBSU
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPO
XIJDI
JNNFEJBUFMZ
BOOJIJMBUFT
XJUI
BO
FMFDUSPO
BOE
QSPEVDFT
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
UIBU
XBT
EFUFDUFE ѮF
HIPTUMZ
OFVUSJOP
XIJDI
NPTU
TDJFOUJTUT
IBE
UIPVHIU
XPVME
OFWFS
CF
EFUFDUFE
IBE
êOBMMZ
CFFO
PCTFSWFE
BOE
UIPVHIUT
UVSOFE
UP
DBUDIJOH
OFVUSJOPT
HFOFSBUFE
JO
UIF
IJEEFO
IFBSU
PG
UIF
4VO 
/&653*/04
'30.
5)&
46/ 4PMBS
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
QSPEVDFE
JO
QSPGVTJPO
CZ
UIFSNPOVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
JO
UIF
4VOT
DPSF
SFNPWJOH
TVCTUBOUJBM
BNPVOUT
PG
FOFSHZ
UIBU
JT
OFWFS
TFFO
BHBJO
8IFO
IZESPHFO
JT
CVSOFE
JOUP
IFMJVN
UIFSFCZ
NBLJOH
UIF
4VO
TIJOF
GPVS
QSPUPOT
BSF
VOJUFE
CVU
UXP
PG
UIFN
IBWF
UP
CF
UVSOFE
JOUP
OFVUSPOT
UP
NBLF
B
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT
&BDI
DPOWFSTJPO
PG
B
QSPUPO
JOUP
B
OFVUSPO
DPJODJEFT
XJUI
UIF
CJSUI
PG
B
OFVUSJOP
TP
UXP
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
DSFBUFE
FBDI
UJNF
B
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT
JT
NBEF 5P
NBLF
UIF
4VOT
FOFSHZ
BU
JUT
QSFTFOU
SBUF
B
IVOESFE
USJMMJPO
USJMMJPO
USJMMJPO
PS

IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
BSF
GPSNFE
FBDI
TFDPOE
BOE
UXJDF
UIBU
OVNCFS
PG
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
SFMFBTFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
FWFSZ
TFDPOE
"MUIPVHI
UIF
&BSUI
JOUFSDFQUT
POMZ
B
TNBMM
GSBDUJPO
PG
UIFTF
JU
JT
TUJMM
BO
FOPSNPVT
OVNCFS
&BDI
TFDPOE
BCPVU

CJMMJPO
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
ëZ
UISPVHI
FWFSZ
TRVBSF
DFOUJNFUFS
PG
UIF
TVSGBDF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
GBDJOH
UIF
4VO
BOE
PVU
UISPVHI
UIF
PQQPTJUF
TVSGBDF
VOJNQFEFE ѮF
4VO
UIVT
CBUIFT
PVS
QMBOFU
XJUI
B
CFBN
PG
OFVUSJOPT
UIBU
JT
BT
TUFBEZ
BT
TVO MJHIU
"OE
VOMJLF
SBEJBUJPO
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
XIJDI
JT
EJMVUFE
BOE
USBOTGPSNFE
EVSJOH
JUT
UIPVTBOEZFBS
KPVSOFZ
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
DPSF
OFVUSJOPT
QBTT
RVJDLMZ
UISPVHI
UIF
NBTTJWF
CPEZ
PG
UIF
4VO
5P
OFVUSJOPT
UIF
4VO
JT
FTTFOUJBMMZ
USBOTQBSFOU
TP
UIFZ
CSJOH
VT
B
VOJRVF
NFTTBHF
GSPN
EFFQ
XJUIJO
JUT
IJEEFO
JOUFSJPS
UFMMJOH
VT
XIBU
JT
IBQQFO JOH
JO
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
SJHIU
OPX
¢
PS
UP
CF
NPSF
FYBDU

TFDPOET
BHP
UIF
UJNF
SFRVJSFE
UP
NPWF
BU
B
OFVUSJOPT
WFMPDJUZ
GSPN
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
UP
UIF
&BSUI #Z
DBUDIJOH
BOE
DPVOUJOH
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
XF
DBO
PQFO
UIF
EPPS
PG
UIF
4VOT
OVDMFBS
GVSOBDF
BOE
QFFS
JOTJEF
JUT
FOFSHZHFOFSBUJOH
DPSF
#VU
UIF
GFBTJCJMJUZ
PG
EFUFDU JOH
OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
EFQFOET
PO
FYBDUMZ
XIBU
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
BSF
JOWPMWFE
JO
NBLJOH
UIF
4VO
TIJOF
UIF
JOUFSOBM
DPNQPTJUJPO
BOE
TUSVDUVSF
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
IPX
JU
IBT
FWPMWFE
XJUI
UJNF #PUI
UIF
BNPVOU
BOE
FOFSHJFT
PG
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
QSPEVDFE
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
EFQFOE
PO
UIF
FMFNFOUT
CFJOH
GVTFE
'JH
 
ѮF
HSFBU
NBKPSJUZ
PG
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
BCPVU

QFSDFOU
IBT
SFMBUJWFMZ
MPX
FOFSHJFT
BOE
JT
HFOFSBUFE
EVSJOH
UIF
IFBEPO
DPMMJ TJPO
PG
UXP
QSPUPOT
*O
UIJT
QSPUPOQSPUPO
SFBDUJPO
POF
PG
UIF
QSPUPOT
UVSOT
JOUP
B






(IPTUMJLF
/FVUSJOPT




'*(
 3OLARNEUTRINOENERGYSPECTRUM.EUTRINOSAREPRODUCEDINSIDETHE3UNASABYPROD UCTOFNUCLEARFUSIONREACTIONSINITSCORE BUTBOTHTHEAMOUNTSANDENERGIESOFTHENEUTRINOS DEPENDONTHEELEMENTFUSEDANDTHEDETAILEDMODELOFTHESOLARINTERIOR(EREWESHOWTHE ENERGYSPECTRUMOFNEUTRINOSPREDICTEDBYTHE3TANDARD3OLAR-ODEL4HELARGESTmUXOFSOLAR NEUTRINOSISFOUNDATLOWENERGIESTHEYAREPRODUCEDBYTHEMAINPROTON PROTON ABBREVIATED PP REACTIONINTHE3UNS CORE,ESSABUNDANT HIGH ENERGYNEUTRINOSARE PRODUCEDBYARARESIDE REACTIONINVOLVINGBORON  4HESHADINGDENOTESTHE DETECTIONRANGEOFTHEGAL LIUM CHLORINEANDWATER EXPERIMENTS4HEGALLIUM EXPERIMENTCANDETECTTHE LOW ENERGYPPNEUTRINOS ASWELLASTHOSEOFHIGHER ENERGYBOTHTHECHLORINE ANDWATERDETECTORSARE SENSITIVETOTHEHIGH ENERGYBORON NEUTRINOS 4HENEUTRINOmUXESFROM CONTINUUMSOURCESPP ANDBORON AREGIVENIN THEUNITSOFNUMBERPER SQUAREMETERPERSECOND PERMILLIONELECTRONVOLTS -E6 ATONEASTRONOMICAL UNIT THE%ARTHSMEANDISTANCEFROMTHE3UN.EUTRINOSSHOULDALSOBEGENERATEDATTWOSPECIlC ENERGIESWHENBERYLLIUM CAPTURESANELECTRON ANDALSODURINGARELATIVELYRAREPROTON ELECTRON PROTON ABBREVIATEDPEP REACTIONTHEIRmUXESAREGIVENINNUMBERPERSQUAREMETERPERSECOND 4HENEUTRINOENERGYSPECTRAFROMREACTIONSWITHCARBON NITROGENANDOXYGEN ABBREVIATED# .AND/ AREDRAWNWITHDASHEDLINESTHEYACCOUNTFORABOUTPERCENTOFTHECONVERSIONOF PROTONSINTOHELIUMWITHINTHE3UN WHILETHEPROTON PROTONCHAINPRODUCESPERCENTOFTHE HELIUM!DAPTEDFROM*OHN."AHCALL !LDO-3ERENELLI AND3ARBANI"ASU "TUSPQIZTJDBM
+PVSOBM ,

OFVUSPO
FNJUUJOH
B
MPXFOFSHZ
OFVUSJOP
XJUI
FOFSHZ
PG
OP
NPSF
UIBO

NJMMJPO
FMFDUSPO
WPMUT
BCCSFWJBUFE

.F7 4DJFOUJTUT
IBWF
JEFOUJêFE
TFWFSBM
MFTT
DPNNPO
OFVUSJOPQSPEVDJOH
SFBDUJPOT
XIJDI
IBWF
OP
TVCTUBOUJWF
CFBSJOH
PO
UIF
UPUBM
BNPVOU
PG
FOFSHZ
QSPEVDFE
JO
UIF
4VO
ѮF
IJHIFTUFOFSHZ
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
QSPEVDFE
JO
POF
PG
UIFTF
SBSF
TJEF
SFBDUJPOT
"CPVU

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
UJNF
UXP
UZQFT
PG
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
BMSFBEZ
QSPEVDFE
JO
UIF
TPMBS
DPSF
GVTF
UPHFUIFS
UP
GPSN
CFSZMMJVN
BOE
FOFSHFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
*O
WFSZ
SBSF
DBTFT
BCPVU
PODF
JO
FWFSZ
 
DPNQMFUJPOT
PG
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
B
CFSZMMJVN
OVDMFVT
GVTFT
XJUI
B
QSPUPO
GPSNJOH
B
SBEJPBDUJWF
CPSPO
OVDMFVT
UIBU
VMUJNBUFMZ
EFDBZT
CBDL
JOUP
UXP
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
FNJUUJOH
B
OFVUSJOP
JO
UIF
QSPDFTT
ѮF
CPSPO
OFVUSJOPT
DBO





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

IBWF
FOFSHJFT
BT
HSFBU
BT

.F7
PS
BCPVU

UJNFT
NPSF
FOFSHZ
UIBO
UIF
NPTU
FOFS HFUJD
QSPUPOQSPUPO
OFVUSJOP 8JMMJBN
"
i8JMMZu
'PXMFS
¢


B
OVDMFBS
BTUSPQIZTJDJTU
BU
UIF
$BMJGPSOJB
*OTUJUVUF
PG
5FDIOPMPHZ
XBT
POF
PG
UIF
êSTU
UP
SFBMJ[F
UIF
SBNJêDBUJPOT
PG
UIJT
SBSF
TJEF
SFBDUJPO
BOE
NVDI
MBUFS
JO

IF
SFDFJWFE
UIF
/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
GPS
IJT
UIFPSFUJDBM
BOE
FYQFSJNFOUBM
TUVEJFT
PG
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
JO
UIF
TUBST
BOE
UIF
FBSMZ
6OJ WFSTF .PSF
FOFSHFUJD
OFVUSJOPT
êOE
JU
FBTJFS
UP
JOUFSBDU
XJUI
UIF
NBUFSJBM
XPSME
)PXFW FS
TVDI
FODPVOUFST
BSF
TUJMM
FYDFFEJOHMZ
SBSF
BOE
UIF
4VO
QSPEVDFT
GFXFS
IJHIFOFSHZ
OFVUSJOPT
UIBO
MPXFOFSHZ
POFT
4P
JG
ZPV
BSF
JO
UIF
OFVUSJOPDBUDIJOH
CVTJOFTT
JUT
SPVHIMZ
B
[FSP
TVN
HBNF
BT
GBS
BT
IPX
NBOZ
OFVUSJOPT
ZPV
NJHIU
EFUFDU
BU
EJĒFSFOU
FOFSHJFT
BOE
JU
XPOU
CF
WFSZ
NBOZ
PG
UIFN
XIBUFWFS
UIF
FOFSHZ ѮF
ëVY
PG
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
FYQFDUFE
BU
UIF
&BSUI
JT
DBMDVMBUFE
VTJOH
TVQFSDPN QVUFST
UIBU
QSPEVDF
BO
FWPMWJOH
TFRVFODF
PG
UIFPSFUJDBM
NPEFMT
DVMNJOBUJOH
JO
UIF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
UIBU
CFTU
EFTDSJCFT
UIF
4VOT
MVNJOPVT
PVUQVU
TJ[F
BOE
NBTT
BU
JUT
QSFTFOU
BHF
4VDI
DBMDVMBUJPOT
IBWF
CFFO
EFWFMPQFE
BOE
SFêOFE
PWFS
UIF
QBTU
GPVS
EFDBEFT
OPUBCMZ
CZ
+PIO
/
#BIDBMM
¢
PG
UIF
*OTUJUVUF
GPS
"EWBODFE
4UVEZ
BU
1SJODFUPO
BOE
PUIFS
BTUSPQIZTJDJTUT
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
XPSME
TVDI
BT
4ZMWBJOF
5VSDL $IJÍ[F
¢

BU
4BDMBZ
'SBODF ѮF
DPNQVUFS
NPEFMT
BMXBZT
JODMVEF
UISFF
CBTJD
BTTVNQUJPOT


&OFSHZ
JT
HFOFSBUFE
CZ
IZESPHFOCVSOJOH
SFBDUJPOT
JO
UIF
DFOUSBM
DPSF
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIFSF
JT
OP
NJYJOH
PG
NBUFSJBM
CFUXFFO
UIF
DPSF
BOE
PWFSMZJOH
SFHJPOT
ѮF
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPO
SBUFT
EFQFOE
PO
UIF
EFOTJUZ
UFNQFSBUVSF
BOE
DPNQPTJUJPO
PG
UIF
DPSF
BT
XFMM
BT
DPFēDJFOUT
FYUSBQPMBUFE
GSPN
MBCPSBUPSZ
FYQFSJNFOUT


ѮF
PVUXBSE
UIFSNBM
QSFTTVSF
EVF
UP
UIF
FOFSHZQSPEVDJOH
SFBDUJPOT
KVTU
CBMBODFT
UIF
JOXBSE
QSFTTVSF
EVF
UP
HSBWJUZ
UIFSFCZ
LFFQJOH
UIF
4VO
GSPN
FJUIFS
DPMMBQTJOH
PS
CMPXJOH
VQ


&OFSHZ
JT
USBOTQPSUFE
GSPN
UIF
EFFQ
JOUFSJPS
UP
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
WJB
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
DPOWFDUJPO
ѮF
HSFBU
CVML
PG
FOFSHZ
JT
DBSSJFE
CZ
SBEJBUJWF
USBOTQPSU
XJUI
BO
PQBDJUZ
EFUFSNJOFE
GSPN
BUPNJD
QIZTJDT
DBMDVMBUJPOT
)FBWZ
FMFNFOUT
QSPWJEF
B
TPSU
PG
EJSU
PS
PQBDJUZ
UIBU
CMPDLT
UIF
ëPX
PG
SBEJBUJPO
KVTU
BT
B
EJSUZ
XJOEPX
LFFQT
TVOMJHIU
GSPN
GVMMZ
JMMVNJOBUJOH
B
SPPN 0OF
CFHJOT
XJUI
B
OFXMZ
GPSNFE
4VO
IBWJOH
B
VOJGPSN
DPNQPTJUJPO
BOE
BO
FMF NFOU
BCVOEBODF
UIBU
JT
PCTFSWFE
JO
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
UPEBZ
ѮF
NPEFM
UIFO
JNJUBUFT
UIF
FWPMVUJPO
PG
UIF
4VO
UP
JUT
QSFTFOU
BHF
PG

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
CZ
TMPXMZ
DPOWFSUJOH
IZESP HFO
JOUP
IFMJVN
XJUIJO
UIF
NPEFM
DPSF
ѮF
DFOUSBM
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
TVQQMZ
CPUI
UIF
SBEJBUFE
MVNJOPTJUZ
BOE
UIF
MPDBM
IFBU
UIFSNBM
QSFTTVSF


XIJMF
BMTP
DSFBUJOH
OFVUSJOPT
BOE
QSPEVDJOH
DPNQPTJUJPO
DIBOHFT
JO
UIF
DPSF
ѮF
4VOT
DVSSFOU
MVNJOPTJUZ
BOE
TJ[F
BSF
PCUBJOFE
BѫFS

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
JG
BCPVU

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
IZESPHFO
JO
UIF
DPSF
IBT
OPX
CFFO
USBOTGPSNFE
JOUP
IFMJVN





(IPTUMJLF
/FVUSJOPT





%&5&$5*/(
"-.045
/05)*/( 0ODF
UIF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
IBT
TQFDJêFE
UIF
OFVUSJOP
ëVY
UIF
QSFEJDUJPOT
BSF
FYUFOEFE
UP
TQFDJêD
FYQFSJNFOUT
UIBU
EFUFDU
OFVUSJOPT
PG
EJĒFSFOU
FOFSHJFT
ѮF
OFVUSJOP
SFBDUJPO
SBUF
XJUI
BUPNT
JO
UIFTF
EFUFDUPST
JT
TP
TMPX
UIBU
B
TQFDJBM
VOJU
IBT
CFFO
JOWFOUFE
UP
TQFDJGZ
UIF
FYQFSJNFOUTQFDJêD
ëVY
ѮJT
4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
6OJU
BCCSFWJBUFE
4/6
BOE
QSPOPVODFE
iTOFXu
JT
FRVBM
UP
POF
OFVUSJOP
JOUFSBDUJPO
QFS
TFDPOE
GPS
FWFSZ
USJMMJPO
USJM MJPO
USJMMJPO
PS

BUPNT
"OE
FWFO
UIFO
UIF
QSFEJDUJPOT
BSF
POMZ
B
GFX
4/6
QFS
NPOUI
GPS
FWFO
UIF
MBSHFTU
NPTUNBTTJWF
EFUFDUPST
UIBU
XFSF
êSTU
DPOTUSVDUFE 0G
DPVSTF
JU
JTOU
FBTZ
UP
DBUDI
UIF
FMVTJWF
OFVUSJOP
ѮF
WBTU
NBKPSJUZ
PG
OFVUSJ OPT
QBTT
SJHIU
UISPVHI
NBUUFS
CVU
UIFSF
JT
B
êOJUF
DIBODF
UIBU
B
OFVUSJOP
XJMM
JOUFSBDU
XJUI
TPNF
PG
JU
8IFO
UIJT
TMJHIU
DIBODF
JT
NVMUJQMJFE
CZ
UIF
QSPEJHJPVT
RVBOUJUJFT
PG
OFVUSJOPT
ëPXJOH
GSPN
UIF
4VO
XF
DPODMVEF
UIBU
B
GFX
PG
UIFN
XJMM
PDDBTJPOBMMZ
TUSJLF
BO
BUPNT
OVDMFVT
TRVBSFMZ
FOPVHI
UP
QSPEVDF
B
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPO
UIBU
TJHOBMT
UIF
QSFT FODF
PG
BO
JOWJTJCMF
OFVUSJOP
ѮF
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS
NVTU
OFWFSUIFMFTT
DPOTJTU
PG
MBSHF
BNPVOUT
PG
NBUFSJBM
MJUFSBMMZ
UPOT
PG
JU
UP
BMMPX
JOUFSBDUJPO
XJUI
FWFO
B
UJOZ
GSBDUJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
BOE
NFBTVSF
UIFJS
BDUVBM
OVNCFST 6OMJLF
B
DPOWFOUJPOBM
PQUJDBM
UFMFTDPQF
UIBU
JT
QMBDFE
BT
IJHI
BT
QPTTJCMF
UP
NJOJ NJ[F
EJTUPSUJPO
CZ
UIF
PCTDVSJOH
BUNPTQIFSF
B
OFVUSJOP
UFMFTDPQF
JT
CVSJFE
CFOFBUI
B
NPVOUBJO
PS
EFFQ
XJUIJO
UIF
&BSUIT
SPDLT
JOTJEF
NJOFT
ѮJT
JT
UP
TIJFME
UIF
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS
GSPN
EFDFQUJWF
TJHOBMT
DBVTFE
CZ
DPTNJD
JOUFSGFSFODF
ѮFSF
CFOFBUI
UPOT
PG
SPDL
UIBU
POMZ
UIF
OFVUSJOP
DBO
QFOFUSBUF
EFUFDUPST
DBO
VOBNCJHVPVTMZ
NFBTVSF
OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
0UIFSXJTF
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPST
OFBS
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
XPVME
EFUFDU
IJHIFOFSHZ
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
SBEJBUJPO
QSPEVDFE
CZ
PUIFS
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
DBMMFE
DPTNJD
SBZT
JOUFSBDUJOH
XJUI
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
#VU
OFJUIFS
UIF
QSJNBSZ
DPTNJD
SBZT
OPS
UIFJS
TFDPOEBSZ
BUNPTQIFSJD
FNJTTJPOT
DBO
QFOFUSBUF
UIJDL
MBZFST
PG
SPDL ѮVT
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
BTUSPOPNZ
JOWPMWFT
NBTTJWF
TVCUFSSBOFBO
EFUFDUPST
UIBU
MPPL
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
PCTFSWF
UIF
4VO
BU
OJHIU
PS
EBZ
ѮF
êSTU
TVDI
OFVUSJOP
UFMFTDPQF
DPOTUSVDUFE
JO

CZ
3BZNPOE
%BWJT
+S
¢



XBT
B
UPO
UBOL
MPDBUFE

LJMPNFUFST
VOEFSHSPVOE
JO
UIF
)PNFTUBLF
(PME
.JOF
OFBS
-FBE
4PVUI
%BLPUB
'JH
 
ѮF
IVHF
DZMJOESJDBM
UBOL
XBT
êMMFE
XJUI

UIPVTBOE
MJUFST
PG
DMFBO JOH
ëVJE
UFDIOJDBMMZ
DBMMFE
QFSDIMPSPFUIZMFOF
PS
iQFSDu
JO
UIF
ESZDMFBOJOH
USBEF
FBDI
NPMFDVMF
PG
UIF
TUBJO
SFNPWFS
DPOTJTUT
PG
UXP
DBSCPO
BUPNT
BOE
GPVS
DIMPSJOF
BUPNT .PTU
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
QBTTFE
UISPVHI
UIF
UBOL
VOJNQFEFE
0DDBTJPOBMMZ
IPXFWFS
B
OFVUSJOP
TDPSFE
B
EJSFDU
IJU
XJUI
UIF
OVDMFVT
PG
B
DIMPSJOF
BUPN
UVSOJOH
POF
PG
JUT
OFV USPOT
JOUP
B
QSPUPO
FNJUUJOH
BO
FMFDUSPO
UP
DPOTFSWF
DIBSHF
BOE
USBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
DIMPSJOF
BUPN
JOUP
BO
BUPN
PG
SBEJPBDUJWF
BSHPO
0OMZ
OFVUSJOPT
NPSF
FOFSHFUJD
UIBO

NJMMJPO
FMFDUSPO
WPMUT
BCCSFWJBUFE

.F7
USJHHFSFE
UIF
OVDMFBS
DPOWFSTJPO
/POF
PG
UIF
4VOT
BCVOEBOU
QSPUPOQSPUPO
OFVUSJOPT
IBWF
FOPVHI
FOFSHZ
UP
DBVTF
UIJT
USBOTGPSNBUJPO
CVU
UIF
)PNFTUBLF
DIMPSJOF
FYQFSJNFOU
XBT
TFOTJUJWF
UP
UIF
NVDI
SBSFS
IJHIFSFOFSHZ
OFV USJOPT
QSPEVDFE
CZ
UIF
MFTT
DPNNPO
CPSPO
GVTJPO
SFBDUJPOT
JO
UIF
4VO ѮF
OFX
BSHPO
BUPN
SFCPVOET
GSPN
UIF
FODPVOUFS
XJUI
TVēDJFOU
FOFSHZ
UP
CSFBL
GSFF
PG
UIF
QFSD
NPMFDVMF
BOE
FOUFS
UIF
TVSSPVOEJOH
MJRVJE
#FDBVTF
UIF
BSHPO
JT
DIFNJ




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 5NDERGROUNDNEUTRINODETECTOR4HEORIGINALSOLARNEUTRI NODETECTORLOCATEDKILOMETERSUNDERGROUND INTHE(OMESTAKE'OLD -INENEAR,EAD 3OUTH$AKOTA TOlLTEROUTSTRONGSIGNALSFROMENER GETICCOSMICPARTICLES4HEHUGECYLINDRICALTANKWASlLLEDWITH THOUSANDLITERSOFCLEANINGmUID7HENAHIGH ENERGYSOLARNEUTRINO INTERACTEDWITHTHENUCLEUSOFACHLORINEATOMINTHEmUID RADIOACTIVE ARGONWASPRODUCED WHICHWASEXTRACTEDTOCOUNTTHESOLARNEUTRINOS 4HISEXPERIMENTOPERATEDFORMORETHANYEARS ALWAYSlNDINGFEWER NEUTRINOSTHANEXPECTEDFROMTHE3TANDARD3OLAR-ODELnSEE&IG #OURTESYOF"ROOKHAVEN.ATIONAL,ABORATORY





(IPTUMJLF
/FVUSJOPT




DBMMZ
JOFSU
JU
DBO
CF
DVMMFE
GSPN
UIF
MJRVJE
CZ
CVCCMJOH
IFMJVN
HBT
UISPVHI
UIF
UBOL
BOE
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
BSHPO
BUPNT
SFDPWFSFE
JO
UIJT
XBZ
NFBTVSFT
UIF
JODJEFOU
ëVY
PG
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT &WFSZ
GFX
NPOUIT
%BWJT
BOE
IJT
DPMMFBHVFT
ëVTIFE
UIF
UBOL
XJUI
IFMJVN
FYUSBDU JOH
BCPVU

BSHPO
BUPNT
GSPN
B
UBOL
UIF
TJ[F
PG
BO
0MZNQJD
TXJNNJOH
QPPM
ѮBU
XBT
B
SFNBSLBCMF
BDIJFWFNFOU
DPOTJEFSJOH
UIBU
UIF
UBOL
DPOUBJOT
NPSF
UIBO
B
NJMMJPO
USJM MJPO
USJMMJPO
PS

DIMPSJOF
BUPNT
"OE
UIF
TDJFOUJTUT
QFSTJTUFE
GPS
OFBSMZ
UIJSUZ
ZFBST
MJLF
BHJOH
IVOUFST
UFOEJOH
B
USBQ
DBQUVSJOH
B
UPUBM
PG
KVTU
 
OFVUSJOPT
ѮJT
JNQMJFE
UIBU
OVDMFBS
GVTJPO
SFBDUJPOT
XFSF
JOEFFE
QSPWJEJOH
UIF
4VOT
FOFSHZ
NBLJOH
JU
TIJOF
XIJDI
XBT
UIF
TPMF
NPUJWBUJPO
GPS
DBSSZJOH
PVU
UIF
FYQFSJNFOU
#VU
UIFSF
XBT
B
TNBMM
VOFYQFDUFE
QSPCMFN
XJUI
UIF
SFTVMU 'PS
OFBSMZ
UXP
EFDBEFT
GSPN

UP

UIF
)PNFTUBLF
EFUFDUPS
BMXBZT
ZJFMEFE
SFTVMUT
JO
DPOëJDU
XJUI
UIF
NPTU
BDDVSBUF
UIFPSFUJDBM
DBMDVMBUJPOT
ѮF
êOBM
FYQFSJNFOU
WBMVF
XBT



4/6
XIFSF
UIF

WBMVF
EFOPUFT
BO
VODFSUBJOUZ
PG
POF
TUBO EBSE
EFWJBUJPO
"
TUBOEBSE
EFWJBUJPO
JT
B
TUBUJTUJDBM
NFBTVSFNFOU
PG
UIF
VODFSUBJOUZ
PG
B
NFBTVSFNFOU
B
EFêOJUF
EFUFDUJPO
IBT
UP
CF
BCPWF
UISFF
TUBOEBSE
EFWJBUJPOT
BOE
QSFGFSBCMZ
BCPWF
êWF
PG
UIFN
*O
DPOUSBTU
UIF
NPTU
SFDFOU
UIFPSFUJDBM
SFTVMU
VTJOH
UIF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
QSFEJDUT
UIBU
UIF
)PNFTUBLF
EFUFDUPS
TIPVME
IBWF
PCTFSWFE
B
ëVY



4/6
4P
UIF
UBOL
GVMM
PG
DMFBOJOH
ëVJE
DBQUVSFE
BMNPTU
POFUIJSE
UIF
FYQFDUFE
OVNCFS
PG
OFVUSJOPT
'JH
 
ѮF
EJTDSFQBODZ
CFUXFFO
UIF
PCTFSWFE
BOE
DBMDVMBUFE
WBMVFT
JT
LOPXO
BT
UIF
4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
1SPCMFN

'*(
 3OLARNEUTRINOmUXES#ALCULATEDANDMEASUREDSOLARNEUTRINOmUXESHAVE CONSISTENTLYDISAGREEDFORSEVERALDECADES4HEmUXESAREMEASUREDINSOLARNEUTRINO UNITS OR3.5 DElNEDASONENEUTRINOINTERACTIONPERTRILLIONTRILLIONTRILLION OR ATOMSPERSECOND-EASUREMENTSFROMTHECHLORINENEUTRINODETECTOR
TNBMM
EPUT GIVEAN AVERAGESOLARNEUTRINOmUXOF3.5MPXFS
CSPLFO
MJOF WELLBELOWTHEORETI CALCALCULATIONSMBSHF
EPUT THATPREDICTAmUXOF3.5VQQFS
CSPLFO
MJOF FOR THE3TANDARD3OLAR-ODEL/THEREXPERIMENTSHAVEALSOOBSERVEDADElCITOFSOLARNEU TRINOS SUGGESTINGTHATEITHERSOMEPROCESSPREVENTSNEUTRINOSFROMBEINGDETECTEDORTHE METHODBYWHICHTHE3UNSHINESDIFFERSFROMTHATPREDICTEDBYCURRENTTHEORETICALMODELS




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

*O

BOPUIFS
HJBOU
VOEFSHSPVOE
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS
DBMMFE
,BNJPLBOEF
CFHBO
UP
NPOJUPS
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
DPOêSNJOH
UIF
OFVUSJOP
EFêDJU
PCTFSWFE
CZ
%BWJT
ѮJT
TFDPOE
FYQFSJNFOU
MPDBUFE
JO
B
NJOF
BU
,BNJPLB
+BQBO
BOE
LOPXO
BT
,BNJPLBOEF
DPOTJTUFE
PG
B
 UPO
PS

NJMMJPO
MJUFST
UBOL
PG
QVSF
XBUFS
/FBSMZ
B
UIPVTBOE
MJHIU
EFUFDUPST
XFSF
QMBDFE
JO
UIF
UBOLT
XBMMT
UP
NFBTVSF
TJHOBMT
FNJUUFE
CZ
FMFDUSPOT
LOPDLFE
GSFF
GSPN
XBUFS
NPMFDVMFT
CZ
QBTTJOH
OFVUSJOPT ѮF
OVNCFS
PG
TDBUUFSFE
FMFDUSPOT
EFUFDUFE
CZ
,BNJPLBOEF
JOEJDBUFE
UIBU
UIF
ëVY
PG
IJHIFOFSHZ
OFVUSJOPT
JT
KVTU
VOEFS
IBMG
UIF
OFVUSJOP
ëVY
FYQFDUFE
GSPN
UIF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
PS
UP
CF
FYBDU



UJNFT
UIF
QSFEJDUFE
WBMVF
"O
JODJEFOU
OFVUSJOP
NVTU
IBWF
BO
FOFSHZ
PG
BU
MFBTU

.F7
UP
QSPEVDF
B
EFUFDUBCMF
SFDPJM
FMFDUSPO
JO
XBUFS
TP
,BNJPLBOEF
IBE
B
NVDI
IJHIFS
UISFTIPME
UIBO
FWFO
UIF
DIMPSJOF
FYQFSJNFOU
BU

.F7
ѮF
EPNJOBOU
TPVSDF
JO
CPUI
FYQFSJNFOUT
JT
UIF
SBSF
CPSPO
OFVUSJOPT
TP
UIFZ
JOEFQFOEFOUMZ
DPOêSN
BO
BQQBSFOU
EFêDJU
PG
IJHIFOFSHZ
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
BMUIPVHI
UIF
PCTFSWFE
EFêDJU
XBT
JO
EJĒFSFOU
QSPQPSUJPOT 8IFO
BO
FOFSHFUJD
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
DPMMJEFT
XJUI
BO
FMFDUSPO
JO
UIF
XBUFS
UIF
OFV USJOP
LOPDLT
UIF
FMFDUSPO
PVU
PG
JUT
BUPNJD
PSCJU
QVTIFT
JU
GPSXBSE
JO
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
UIF
JODJEFOU
OFVUSJOP
BOE
BDDFMFSBUFT
UIF
FMFDUSPO
UP
OFBSMZ
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
*O
XBUFS
UIF
FMFDUSPO
NPWFT
GBTUFS
UIBO
UIF
MJHIU
JU
SBEJBUFT
BOE
BT
B
SFTVMU
UIF
FMFDUSPO
QSPEVDFT
B
DPOFTIBQFE
QVMTF
PG
MJHIU
BCPVU
JUT
QBUI
ѮF
GBJOU
CMVF
HMPX
JT
UFDIOJDBMMZ
LOPXO
BT
$IFSFOLPW
SBEJBUJPO
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
4PWJFU
QIZTJDJTU
1BWFM
"
$IFSFOLPW
¢
XIP
EJTDPWFSFE
UIF
FĒFDU
JO
 ѮF
BYJT
PG
UIF
MJHIU
DPOF
HJWFT
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
EJSFDUJPO
XIJDI
JT
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
GSPN
XIJDI
UIF
OFVUSJOP
BSSJWFE
"OE
TJODF
UIF
PCTFSWFE
FMFDUSPOT
XFSF
QSFGFSFOUJBMMZ
TDBU UFSFE
BMPOH
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
BO
JNBHJOBSZ
MJOF
KPJOJOH
UIF
&BSUI
UP
UIF
4VO
UIF
,BNJP LBOEF
XBUFS
FYQFSJNFOU
DPOêSNFE
UIBU
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
JOEFFE
QSPEVDFE
CZ
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
JO
UIF
4VOT
DPSF
"ѫFS

EBZT
PG
PCTFSWBUJPO
:PKJ
5PUTVLB
¢



TQFBLJOH
GPS
UIF
,BNJPLBOEF
DPMMBCPSBUJPO
MFE
CZ
.BTBUPTIJ
,PTIJCB
¢



DPVME
UIFSFGPSF
SFQPSU
JO

UIBU ѮF
EJSFDUJPOBM
JOGPSNBUJPO
UFMMT
VT
UIBU
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
DPNJOH
GSPN
UIF
4VO

UIF
êSTU
<EJSFDU>
FWJEFODF
UIBU
UIF
GVTJPO
QSPDFTTFT
BSF
UBLJOH
QMBDF
JO
UIF
4VO

*O
DPOUSBTU
UIF
DIMPSJOF
FYQFSJNFOU
DBOOPU
UFMM
XIBU
EJSFDUJPO
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
DPNJOH
GSPN
)PXFWFS
CFDBVTF
UIF
4VO
JT
TP
DMPTF
JU
TIPVME
EPNJOBUF
UIF
DPTNJD
OFVUSJOP
JOQVU
UP
&BSUI
BOE
OP
PUIFS
LOPXO
DPTNJD
TPVSDF
DPVME
CF
QSPWJEJOH
UIF
IJHIFOFSHZ
OFVUSJOPT
UIF
DIMPSJOF
FYQFSJNFOU
EFUFDUFE
GPS
TP
MPOH ѮF
+BQBOFTF
FYQFSJNFOU
IBE
JODJEFOUBMMZ
BMSFBEZ
EFUFDUFE
PO

'FCSVBSZ

B
CSJFG
CVSTU
PG
KVTU

OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
B
SBSF
BOE
EJTUBOU
TVQFSOPWB
FYQMPTJPO
LOPXO
BT
4/
"
ѮF
UPUBM
FOFSHZ
FNJUUFE
CZ
BMM
UIF
VOEFUFDUFE
OFVUSJOPT
EVSJOH
UIF
FYQMP TJPO
PG
UIF
NBTTJWF
TUBS
JT
BCPVU
FRVBM
UP
BMM
UIF
FOFSHZ
FNJUUFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
JO
JUT
FOUJSF
CJMMJPOZFBS
IJTUPSZ ѮF
QSFEJDUFE
ëVY
PG
UIF
IJHIFOFSHZ
CPSPO
OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
IBT
B
MBSHF
VODFSUBJOUZ
BCPVU

QFSDFOU
GPS
JU
EFQFOET
TUSPOHMZ
PO
UIF
VODFSUBJO
UFNQFSBUVSF
BU
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
UIFTF
OFVUSJOPT
WBSJFT
SPVHIMZ
BT
UIF
FJHIUFFOUI
QPXFS
PG
UIF
DPSF
UFNQFSBUVSF
4DJFOUJTUT
UIFSFGPSF
EFWFMPQFE
B
NFUIPE
PG
EFUFDUJOH
UIF
NPSF
OVNFSPVT
MPXFOFSHZ
QSPUPOQSPUPO
OFVUSJOPT
VTJOH
HBMMJVN
B
SBSF
BOE






(IPTUMJLF
/FVUSJOPT




FYQFOTJWF
NFUBM
VTFE
JO
UIF
SFE
MJHIUT
PG
IBOE
DBMDVMBUPST
BOE
PUIFS
QJFDFT
PG
FMFDUSPOJD
FRVJQNFOU
ѮF
QSFEJDUFE
ëVY
PG
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
OFVUSJOPT
IBT
POMZ
B

QFSDFOU
VODFSUBJOUZ
QSJNBSJMZ
CFDBVTF
JU
JT
SFMBUJWFMZ
JOTFOTJUJWF
UP
UIF
DPSF
UFNQFSBUVSF 8IFO
B
MPXFOFSHZ
OFVUSJOP
IBT
B
SBSF
IFBEPO
DPMMJTJPO
XJUI
UIF
OVDMFVT
PG
B
HBMMJVN
OVDMFVT
DPOUBJOJOH

QSPUPOT
BOE

OFVUSPOT
POF
PG
JUT
OFVUSPOT
JT
DIBOHFE
JOUP
B
QSPUPO
FNJUUJOH
BO
FMFDUSPO
UP
DPOTFSWF
DIBSHF
BOE
QSPEVDJOH
B
OVDMF VT
PG
B
HFSNBOJVN
BUPN
XJUI

QSPUPOT
BOE

OFVUSPOT
ѮF
FOFSHZ
UISFTIPME
GPS
UIJT
OVDMFBS
DPOWFSTJPO
JT

.F7
TP
JU
TIPVME
CF
TFOTJUJWF
UP
B
TJ[FBCMF
GSBDUJPO
PG
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
OFVUSJOP
ëVY
XIPTF
FOFSHZ
WBSJFT
GSPN

UP

.F7
BT
XFMM
BT
UIF
NPSF
FOFSHFUJD
CPSPO
OFVUSJOPT
ѮF
HFSNBOJVN
QSPEVDFE
JO
UIJT
XBZ
DBO
CF
DIFNJDBMMZ
TFQBSBUFE
GSPN
UIF
HBMMJVN
BOE
DPVOUFE
CZ
JUT
SBEJPBDUJWF
EFDBZ
UIFSFCZ
QSPWJEJOH
B
NFBTVSF
PG
UIF
ëVY
PG
JODJEFOU
OFVUSJOPT
XJUI
FOFSHJFT
BCPWF
UIF

.F7
UISFTIPME 6OGPSUVOBUFMZ
JU
UBLFT
BU
MFBTU

UPOT
PG
HBMMJVN
UP
QSPEVDF
B
EFUFDUBCMF
TJHOBM
GSPN
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
ѮF
UPUBM
XPSME
QSPEVDUJPO
PG
HBMMJVN
XBT
BCPVU

UPOT
QFS
ZFBS
BOE
B
UPO
PG
HBMMJVN
DPTUT
IBMG
B
NJMMJPO
EPMMBST
¢
B
MPU
NPSF
UIBO
DMFBOJOH
ëVJE
.PSFPWFS
B
OFVUSJOP
DPOWFSTJPO
PG
B
HBMMJVN
OVDMFVT
EPFT
OPU
IBQQFO
WFSZ
PѫFO
0OMZ
BCPVU
POF
TVDI
FWFOU
JT
FYQFDUFE
UP
IBQQFO
FBDI
EBZ
JO

UPOT
PG
HBMMJVN
#VU
UIJT
JT
TFSJPVT
CVTJOFTT
TP
UXP
JOUFSOBUJPOBM
DPMMBCPSBUJPOT
TQFOU
NJMMJPOT
PG
EPMMBST
UP
QMBDF
IVHF
UBOLT
PG
HBMMJVN
VOEFSHSPVOE *O

UIF
4PWJFU"NFSJDBO
(BMMJVN
&YQFSJNFOU
BCCSFWJBUFE
4"(&
CFHBO
PQFSBUJPO
BU
UIF
#BLTBO
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
MPDBUFE
JO
B
MPOH
UVOOFM
TPNF

LJMP NFUFST
CFMPX
UIF
TVNNJU
PG
.PVOU
"OEZSDIJ
JO
UIF
OPSUIFSO
$BVDBTVT
.PVOUBJOT
JO
3VTTJB
4"(&
VTFE

UPOT
PG
HBMMJVN
NFUBM
LFQU
NPMUFO
JO
SFBDUPS
WFTTFMT
BU
BCPVU

LFMWJO
"
TFDPOE
NVMUJOBUJPOBM
FYQFSJNFOU
EVCCFE
("--&9
GPS
("--JVN
&9QFSJNFOU
TUBSUFE
PQFSBUJOH
JO

XJUIJO
UIF
(SBO
4BTTP
6OEFSHSPVOE
-BCPSB UPSZ
MPDBUFE

LJMPNFUFST
CFMPX
B
QFBL
JO
UIF
"QFOOJOF
.PVOUBJOT
PG
*UBMZ
ѮF
("--&9
FYQFSJNFOU
VTFE

UPOT
PG
HBMMJVN
JO

UPOT
PG
IJHIMZ
DPODFOUSBUFE
HBMMJVNDIMPSJEF
TPMVUJPO ѮF
("--&9
DPMMBCPSBUJPO
PQFSBUFE
CFUXFFO

BOE

BOE
B
OFX
TFSJFT
PG
NFBTVSFNFOUT
XBT
UIFO
DBSSJFE
PVU
BU
UIF
TBNF
MPDBUJPO
CZ
UIF
(BMMJVN
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
(/0
GSPN

UP

ѮF
DPNCJOFE
("--&9
BOE
(/0
SFTVMU
XBT



4/6
#FUXFFO

BOE

4"(&
PCUBJOFE
B
WFSZ
TJNJMBS
NFBTVSFNFOU
PG



4/6
ѮF
UXP
SFTVMUT
BSF
XFMM
CFMPX
UIF
QSFEJDUFE



4/6
VTJOH
UIF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
GPS
UIF
HBMMJVN
FYQFSJNFOUT ѮF
MPXFOFSHZ
OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
UIF
EJSFDU
GVTJPO
PG
UXP
QSPUPOT
JO
UIF
QSPUPO QSPUPO
SFBDUJPO
DPOUSJCVUF
KVTU
TMJHIUMZ
NPSF
UIBO
IBMG
PG
UIF
QSFEJDUFE
HBMMJVN
EFUFDUJPO
SBUF
PS
BCPVU

4/6
PG
UIF
QSFEJDUFE

4/6
BOE
UIF
IJHIFOFSHZ
CPSPO
OFVUSJOPT
DPOUSJCVUF
UIF
SFTU
PG
UIF
QSFEJDUFE
BNPVOU
8IFO
DPNCJOFE
XJUI
UIF
DIMPSJOF
BOE
UIF
,BNJPLBOEF
SFTVMUT
XIJDI
TIPX
B
EFêDJU
PG
IJHIFOFSHZ
OFVUSJOPT
UIF
HBMMJVN
FYQFSJ NFOUT
NVTU
IBWF
EFUFDUFE
UIF
MPXFOFSHZ
QSPUPOQSPUPO
OFVUSJOPT
ѮJT
XBT
BO
JNQPS UBOU
SFTVMU
GPS
JU
QSPWJEFE
DPOêSNBUJPO
UIBU
IZESPHFO
GVTJPO
NBLFT
UIF
4VO
TIJOF ѮF
SFTVMUT
GSPN
UIF
êSTU
GPVS
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
FYQFSJNFOUT
BSF
HJWFO
JO
5BCMF

XIFSF
UIFZ
BSF
BMTP
DPNQBSFE
UP
UIFPSFUJDBM
DBMDVMBUJPOT
VTJOH
UIF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
ѮF
DIMPSJOF
FYQFSJNFOU
EFUFDUT
BCPVU
POF
GPVSUI
PG
UIF
FYQFDUFE
ëVY
PG
OFVUSJOPT
BOE





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

4!",% 4HElRSTSOLARNEUTRINOEXPERIMENTS 4ARGET

%XPERIMENT

#HLORINE 7ATER 'ALLIUM

(/-%34!+% +!-)/+!.$% '!,,%8 './ 3!'%

'ALLIUM

0REDICTED 2ATIO -EASURED 4HRESHOLD .EUTRINO&LUX .EUTRINO&LUX -EASURED 3.5 0REDICTED %NERGY-E6 3.5 A

  









  









A



(ERETHEUNCERTAINTIESAREONESTANDARDDEVIATION4HEUNITSOFTHEMEASUREDANDPREDICTEDVALUESFORTHE +AMIOKANDEEXPERIMENTAREMS WHILETHE3OLAR.EUTRINO5NIT OR3.5 ISUSEDFORTHEOTHER THREEEXPERIMENTS

UIF
OFVUSJOPFMFDUSPO
TDBUUFSJOH
FYQFSJNFOU
BCPVU
POF
IBMG
UIF
QSFEJDUFE
BNPVOU
ѮF
UXP
HBMMJVN
FYQFSJNFOUT
BMTP
EFUFDU
GFXFS
OFVUSJOPT
UIBO
QSFEJDUFE
5BLFO
UPHFUIFS
BMM
GPVS
FYQFSJNFOUT
TFFN
UP
IBWF
DPOêSNFE
UIBU
UIF
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
NJTTJOH
BOE
UIBU
UIF
4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
1SPCMFN
JT
SFBM ѮF
JNQPSUBODF
PG
UIF
PCTFSWFE
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
EFêDJU
XBT
SFDPHOJ[FE
CZ
UIF
BXBSE
PG
UIF

/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
UP
3BZNPOE
%BWJT
+S
¢



XIP
QJPOFFSFE
UIF
êFME
PG
OFVUSJOP
BTUSPQIZTJDT
BOE
UP
UIF
+BQBOFTF
QIZTJDJTU
.BTBUPTIJ
,PTIJCB
¢

GPS
UIF
EJTDPWFSZ
PG
DPTNJD
OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
CPUI
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIF
EJTUBOU
FYQMPEJOH
TUBS
PS
TVQFSOPWBF
4/
"
"OPUIFS
BTUSPQIZTJDJTU
UIF
*UBMJBOCPSO
"NFSJDBO
3JDDBSEP
(JBDDPOJ
¢

TIBSFE
UIF

QSJ[F
GPS
IJT
QJPOFFSJOH
JOWFTUJHBUJPOT
PG
DPTNJD
9SBZT
"OE
TJODF
UIF
QSJ[F
DBOOPU
CF
HJWFO
UP
NPSF
UIBO
UISFF
TDJFOUJTUT
PUIFS
TJH OJêDBOU
DPOUSJCVUPST
UP
OFVUSJOP
BTUSPOPNZ
PS
UIF
UIFPSZ
PG
OFVUSJOPT
DPVME
OPU
CF
SFDPHOJ[FE


40-7*/(
5)&
40-"3
/&653*/0
130#-&. 4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
$POmSNFE

"ѫFS
BMNPTU
GPSUZ
ZFBST
PG
NFUJDVMPVT
NFBTVSFNFOUT
BOE
DBMDVMBUJPOT
UIF
OFVUSJOP
DPVOU
TUJMM
DBNF
VQ
TIPSU
.BTTJWF
VOEFSHSPVOE
EFUFDUPST
BMXBZT
PCTFSWFE
GFXFS
OFV USJOPT
UIBO
UIFPSZ
TBZT
UIFZ
TIPVME
EFUFDU
BOE
UIF
4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
1SPCMFN
XBT
B
DPOUJOVJOH
FNCBSSBTTNFOU #VU
XIBUT
BMM
UIF
GVTT
BCPVU
BOZXBZ
ѮF
EJĒFSFODF
CFUXFFO
UIF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
BOE
PCTFSWBUJPOT
JT
POMZ
B
GBDUPS
PG
UXP
PS
UISFF
PS
QFSIBQT
GPVS
ѮF
FYDJUF NFOU
BSJTFT
CFDBVTF
UIF
TUBLFT
BSF
IJHI
&JUIFS
UIF
4VO
EPFT
OPU
TIJOF
UIF
XBZ
XF
UIJOL
JU
PVHIU
UP
PS
PVS
CBTJD
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
OFVUSJOPT
JT
JO
FSSPS ѮBU
JT
UIFSF
BSF
UXP
NFUIPET
PG
TPMWJOH
UIF
4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
1SPCMFN
0OF
NFUIPE
JT
UP
DSFBUF
B
OPOTUBOEBSE
TPMBS
NPEFM
UIBU
NPEJêFT
PVS
BTUSPQIZTJDBM
EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
QSPEVDFT
UIF
PCTFSWFE
OVNCFS
PG
OFVUSJOPT
*O
UIF
PUIFS
TPMVUJPO
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
QSPEVDFE
JO
UIF
RVBOUJUZ
QSFEJDUFE
CZ
UIF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
CVU






(IPTUMJLF
/FVUSJOPT




UIFSF
JT
TPNF
ëBX
JO
PVS
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
IPX
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
CFIBWF
SFRVJSJOH
OFX
QSPQFSUJFT
GPS
UIF
OFVUSJOP *T
UIFSF
TPNFUIJOH
BNJTT
XJUI
PVS
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
UIF
JOUFSOBM
PQFSBUJPOT
PG
UIF
4VO
8IFO
UIF
4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
1SPCMFN
êSTU
BSPTF
TPNF
IBSSJFE
BTUSPQIZTJDJTUT
QPOEFSFE
EFFQMZ
BOE
MPTU
TMFFQ
BU
OJHIU
DPNJOH
VQ
XJUI
BMM
TPSUT
PG
FYQMBOBUJPOT
.PTU
PG
UIFN
JOWPMWFE
B
SFEVDUJPO
PG
UIF
DFOUSBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
4VO
CZ
BCPVU

QFSDFOU
*G
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
XFSF
BCPVU
IBMG
B
NJMMJPO
EFHSFFT
DPPMFS
UIBO
QSFTFOUMZ
UIPVHIU
UIF
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
XPVME
SVO
BU
B
TMPXFS
SBUF
QSPEVDJOH
OFVUSJOPT
JO
UIF
PCTFSWFE
BNPVOUT
BOE
SFTPMWJOH
UIF
EJMFNNB "
MPXFS
DFOUSBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
NJHIU
SFTVMU
GSPN
B
SBQJEMZ
SPUBUJOH
DPSF
PS
B
TUSPOH
DFOUSBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
UIBU
XPVME
IFMQ
IPME
UIF
4VO
VQ
BHBJOTU
UIF
JOXBSE
UVH
PG
JUT
PXO
HSBWJUZ
UIFSFCZ
SFEVDJOH
UIF
QSFTTVSF
BOE
UFNQFSBUVSF
BU
JUT
DFOUFS
PS
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
NJHIU
CF
SFEVDFE
CZ
NJYJOH
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
PVUFS
MBZFST
/FWFSUIFMFTT
4ZMWBJOF
5VSDL $IJÍ[F
¢

BOE
IFS
DPMMFBHVFT
BU
4BDMBZ
'SBODF
FĒFDUJWFMZ
VTFE
UIF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
PG
UIF
4VO
BT
B
UIFSNPNFUFS
UP
NFBTVSF
UIF
DFOUSBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
4VO
TIPXJOH
JO

UIBU
JU
JT
WFSZ
DMPTF
UP
UIF
WBMVF
PG

NJMMJPO
LFMWJO
DBMDVMBUFE
VTJOH
UIF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
*O
PUIFS
XPSET
UIF
PTDJMMBUJPO
EBUB
PCUBJOFE
XJUI
JOTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
UIF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
QMBDFE
DPOTUSBJOUT
PO
UIF
OFVUSJOP
ëVY
FNJUUFE
CZ
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
JO
UIF
4VOT
DPSF
TIPXJOH
UIBU
UIF
OFVUSJOP
EFêDJU
NFB TVSFE
PO
&BSUI
DBOOPU
CF
FYQMBJOFE
CZ
BEKVTUNFOUT
UP
UIF
TPMBS
NPEFM
DBMDVMBUJPOT &WFO
CFGPSF
UIFTF
UFNQFSBUVSF
NFBTVSFNFOUT
+PIO
#BIDBMM
m
IBE
UFBNFE
VQ
XJUI
)BOT
"
#FUIF
¢


XIP
êSTU
FMVDJEBUFE
UIF
GVTJPO
SFBDUJPOT
UIBU
QPXFS
UIF
4VO
JO
UIF

BSHVJOH
JO

UIBU 8F
EP
OPU
LOPX
PG
BOZ
NPEJêDBUJPOT
PG
UIF
BTUSPQIZTJDBM
DBMDVMBUJPOT
PG
UIF
TUBUF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
UIBU
DPVME
MFBE
UP
UIF
SFDPODJMJBUJPO

XJUIPVU
SFRVJSJOH
OFX
QIZTJDT
GPS
UIF
OFVUSJOP

ѮF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
BT
XFMM
BT
PVS
FYQMBOBUJPOT
GPS
IPX
PUIFS
TUBST
TIJOF
BOE
FWPMWF
UIFSFGPSF
TFFNFE
UP
CF
PO
TPMJE
HSPVOE
4P
UIF
BTUSPQIZTJDJTUT
DPVME
TMFFQ
BU
OJHIU
BOE
NPTU
TDJFOUJTUT
BHSFFE
UIBU
UIF
TPMVUJPO
UP
UIF
4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
1SPCMFN
IBE
UP
SFTVMU
GSPN
BO
JODPNQMFUF
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
OFVUSJOPT /FVUSJOPT
$IBOHF
'PSN
BOE
0TDJMMBUF
#FUXFFO
5ZQFT

8IFSF
IBWF
BMM
UIF
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
HPOF
ѮF
HIPTUMJLF
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
USBOTGPSNJOH
UIFNTFMWFT
JOUP
BO
JOWJTJCMF
GPSN
EVSJOH
UIFJS
KPVSOFZ
GSPN
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
FTDBQJOH
EFUFDUJPO
CZ
DIBOHJOH
DIBSBDUFS
ѮF
SFBTPO
XF
DBOU
TFF
TPNF
OFVUSJOPT
JT
CFDBVTF
UIFZ
BSF
IJEJOH
JO
EJTHVJTF
IBWJOH
VOEFSHPOF
NFUBNPSQIPTJT
JOUP
B
EJĒFSFOU
GPSN
MJLF
B
DBUFSQJMMBS
JOUP
B
CVUUFSëZ
PS
NPUI
"ѫFS
BMM
PUIFS
QBSUJDMFT
TVDI
BT
UIF
OFVUSPO
UVSO
JOUP
TPNFUIJOH
FMTF
XIFO
MFѫ
BMPOF
0G
DPVSTF
UIFSF
NBZ
OPU
CF
BOZ UIJOH
NPSF
GVOEBNFOUBM
GPS
B
OFVUSJOP
UP
DIBOHF
JOUP
CVU
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
DPVME
UVSO
JOUP
FWFO
NPSF
FWBTJWF
UZQFT
PG
OFVUSJOPT
UIFSFCZ
SFOEFSJOH
UIFN
JOWJTJCMF 8F
IBWFOU
NFOUJPOFE
JU
ZFU
CVU
TDJFOUJTUT
IBWF
MFBSOFE
UIBU
UIFSF
BSF
UISFF
TFQB SBUF
UZQFT
PS
ëBWPST
PG
OFVUSJOPT
FBDI
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
GVOEBNFOUBM
TVCBUPNJD
QBS




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'0$64

-FQUPOT
2VBSLT
BOE
&MFDUSPXFBL
5IFPSZ

&MFDUSPOT
NVPOT
BOE
UBV
QBSUJDMFT
BMPOH
XJUI
UIFJS
DPSSFTQPOEJOH
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
DPMMFDUJWFMZ
LOPXO
BT
MFQUPOT
UIF
(SFFL
XPSE
GPS
iTMFO EFSu
BT
UIFZ
BSF
BMM
TJHOJêDBOUMZ
MFTT
NBTTJWF
UIBO
NPTU
PUIFS
FMFNFOUBSZ
QBSUJDMFT
ѮF
MFQ UPOT
BSF
UIPVHIU
UP
CF
GVOEBNFOUBM
QBSUJDMFT
UIBU
EP
OPU
DPOTJTU
PG
BOZUIJOH
FMTF
UIFZ
BSF
UIFSFGPSF
BNPOHTU
UIF
CBTJD
CVJMEJOH
CMPDLT
PVU
PG
XIJDI
UIF
6OJWFSTF
JT
DPOTUSVDUFE 8F
BMTP
OPX
LOPX
UIBU
QSPUPOT
BOE
OFV USPOT
BSF
OPU
UIFNTFMWFT
GVOEBNFOUBM
CVU
DPOTJTU
PG
TNBMMFS
QBSUJDMFT
UIF
RVBSLT
CVSJFE
EFFQ
XJUIJO
UIFN
ѮF
XIJNTJDBM
OBNF
RVBSL
XBT
UBLFO
GSPN
+BNFT
+PZDFT
¢
'JOOFHBOT
8BLF
#PPL

&QJTPEF

JODMVEJOH
UIF
QISBTF
iѮSFF
RVBSLT
GPS
.VTUBS
.BSLu 5XP
LJOET
PG
RVBSLT
DBMMFE
VQ
BOE
EPXO
SFTQFDUJWFMZ
SFTJEF
XJUIJO
UIF
QSPUPO
BOE
OFV USPO
BOE
UIF
USBOTNVUBUJPO
PG
B
QSPUPO
JOUP
B


OFVUSPO
JOWPMWFT
DIBOHJOH
BO
VQ
RVBSL
JOUP
B
EPXO
RVBSL
&WFSZ
UJNF
POF
RVBSL
JT
DIBOHFE
JOUP
BOPUIFS
JU
QSPEVDFT
B
OFVUSJOP /FVUSJOPT
PDDBTJPOBMMZ
JOUFSBDU
XJUI
PUIFS
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
UISPVHI
B
GPSDF
UIBU
JT
BU
MFBTU
 
UJNFT
XFBLFS
UIBO
UIF
FMFDUSPNBH OFUJD
GPSDF
BOE
 
UJNFT
GFFCMFS
UIBO
UIF
TUSPOH
GPSDF
ѮF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
GPSDF
CJOET
FMFDUSPOT
UP
QSPUPOT
BOE
UIF
TUSPOH
GPSDF
IPMET
QSPUPOT
BOE
OFVUSPOT
UPHFUIFS
JO
UIF
OVDMFVT
ѮF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
GPSDF
BOE
UIF
XFBL
GPSDF
BSF
VOJêFE
JO
B
TJOHMF
FMFDUSPXFBL
UIFPSZ
EFWFMPQFE
CZ
4IFMEPO
(MBTIPX
¢



"CEVT
4BMBN
¢
BOE
4UFWFO
8FJOCFSH
¢

JO

UIFZ
XFSF
BXBSEFE
UIF
/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
GPS
UIJT
GFBU
FWFO
CFGPSF
UIF
EJTDPWFSZ
PG
UIF
FMFD USPXFBL
GPSDFT
UIBU
XFSF
QSFEJDUFE
CZ
UIFJS
UIFPSZ
*O
UIF
TUBOEBSE
FMFDUSPXFBL
UIFPSZ
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
BTTVNFE
UP
CF
DPNQMFUFMZ
XJUIPVU
NBTT

UJDMF
XJUI
XIJDI
JU
JT
NPTU
MJLFMZ
UP
JOUFSBDU
'PDVT
 
"MM
PG
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
HFOFSBUFE
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
BSF
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
EFTJHOBUFE
ʎF
UIJT
JT
UIF
LJOE
UIBU
JOUFSBDUT
XJUI
FMFDUSPOT
EFOPUFE
F¢
ѮF
PUIFS
UXP
ëBWPST
UIF
NVPO
OFVUSJOP
ʎʍ
BOE
UIF
UBV
OFVUSJ OP
ʎʔ
JOUFSBDU
XJUI
NVPOT
ʍ
BOE
UBV
QBSUJDMFT
ʔ
SFTQFDUJWFMZ
ѮF
NVPO
BOE
UBV
QBS UJDMFT
BSF
VOGBNJMJBS
UP
NPTU
PG
VT
CFDBVTF
UIFZ
EJF
TIPSUMZ
BѫFS
CJSUI
ѮF
NVPO
EFDBZT
JOUP
BO
FMFDUSPO
B
NVPO
OFVUSJOP
BOE
BO
FMFDUSPO
BOUJOFVUSJOP
JO
KVTU
UXP
NJMMJPOUIT
PS
¢
PG
B
TFDPOE
BOE
UIF
UBV
QBSUJDMF
EJTBQQFBST
KVTU
UISFFUFOUIT
PG
B
NJMMJPO NJMMJPOUI
PS


¢
PG
B
TFDPOE
BѫFS
JU
JT
NBEF
ѮF
NVPO
XBT
EJTDPWFSFE
JO

BT
QBSU
PG
UIF
QBSUJDMF
GBMM
PVU
HFOFSBUFE
XIFO
B
IJHIFOFSHZ
DPTNJDSBZ
QBSUJDMF
TMBNT
JOUP
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
*OEJSFDU
FWJEFODF
GPS
UIF
UBV
OFVUSJOP
XBT
PCUBJOFE
GSPN
UIF
EFDBZ
PG
UIF
UBV
QBSUJDMF
EJTDPWFSFE
CZ
.BSUJO
-
1FSM
¢

BOE
IJT
DPMMFBHVFT
JO

XIFO
VTJOH
UIF
MJOFBS
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUPS
BU
4UBOGPSE
6OJWFSTJUZ
IF
TIBSFE
UIF

/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
GPS
UIJT
EJTDPWFSZ
XJUI
'SFEFSJDL
3FJOFT
¢
GPS
IJT
EJTDPWFSZ
PG
UIF
OFVUSJOP
.PSF
EJSFDU
FWJEFODF
GPS
UIF
UBV
OFVUSJOP
XBT
EFUFDUFE
JO

VTJOH
BOPUIFS
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUPS
BU
'FSNJMBC
OFBS
$IJDBHP /FVUSJOPT
BQQBSFOUMZ
IBWF
BO
JEFOUJUZ
DSJTJT
&BDI
UZQF
PG
OFVUSJOP
JT
OPU
DPN QMFUFMZ
EJTUJODU
BOE
UIF
EJĒFSFOU
UZQFT
DBO
CF
USBOTGPSNFE
JOUP
FBDI
PUIFS
*O
UIF
MBOHVBHF
PG
RVBOUVN
NFDIBOJDT
OFVUSJOPT
EP
OPU
PDDVQZ
B
XFMMEFêOFE
TUBUF
UIFZ
JOTUFBE
DPOTJTU
PG
B
DPNCJOBUJPO
PS
NJYUVSF
PG
TUBUFT
FBDI
XJUI
B
TQFDJêD
NBTT
"T
OFV USJOPT
NPWF
UISPVHI
TQBDF
UIF
NBTT
TUBUFT
DPNF
JO
BOE
PVU
PG
QIBTF
XJUI
FBDI
PUIFS
TP
UIF
NJYUVSF
UIFZ
GPSN
DIBOHFT
XJUI
UJNF





(IPTUMJLF
/FVUSJOPT




ѮF
FĒFDU
JT
DBMMFE
OFVUSJOP
PTDJMMBUJPO
TJODF
UIF
QSPCBCJMJUZ
PG
NFUBNPSQIPTJT
CFUXFFO
OFVUSJOP
UZQFT
IBT
B
TJOVTPJEBM
JO
BOE
PVU
PTDJMMBUJOH
EFQFOEFODF
PO
QBUI
MFOHUI
ѮF
DIBNFMFPOMJLF
DIBOHF
JO
JEFOUJUZ
JT
OPU
POF
XBZ
GPS
B
OFVUSJOP
PG
POF
UZQF
DBO
DIBOHF
JOUP
BOPUIFS
LJOE
PG
OFVUSJOP
BOE
CBDL
BHBJO
BT
JU
NPWFT
BMPOH
-JLF
UIF
$IFTIJSF
DBU
UIF
FMVTJWF
OFVUSJOP
DBO
BQQFBS
BOE
EJTBQQFBS *O

UIF
*UBMJBO
BUPNJD
QIZTJDJTU
#SVOP
1POUFDPSWP
¢
QSPQPTFE
UIF
JEFB
UIBU
POF
UZQF
PG
OFVUSJOP
NJHIU
USBOTGPSN
PS
PTDJMMBUF
JOUP
BOPUIFS
UZQF
JO
UIF
WBDVVN
PG
TQBDF
IF
XBT
BMTP
UIF
êSTU
QFSTPO
UP
QSPQPTF
VTJOH
B
DIMPSJOF
EFUFDUPS
UP
TUVEZ
OFVUSJOPT
"OE
JO

1POUFDPWP
BOE
7MBEJNJS
(SJCPW
¢


XPSLJOH
JO
3VTTJB
QSPQPTFE
UIBU
UIF
EJTDSFQBODZ
CFUXFFO
UIF
PCTFSWFE
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
BOE
UIFPSFUJDBM
FYQFDUBUJPOT
GPS
UIF
4VO
DPVME
CF
FYQMBJOFE
JG
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
TXJUDI
GSPN
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
UP
BOPUIFS
UZQF
BT
UIFZ
USBWFM
JO
UIF
OFBS
WBDVVN
PG
TQBDF
GSPN
4VO
UP
&BSUI
UIFSFCZ
FTDBQJOH
EFUFDUJPO
"MNPTU
B
EFDBEF
MBUFS
UIF
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJ DJTU
-JODPMO
8PMGFOTUFJO
¢

TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
DPVME
PTDJMMBUF
PS
DIBOHF
UZQF
NPSF
WJHPSPVTMZ
CZ
JOUFSBDUJOH
XJUI
NBUUFS
SBUIFS
UIBO
JO
B
WBDVVN
BOE
JO

UIF
3VTTJBO
QIZTJDJTUT
4UBOJTMBW
1
.JLIFZFW
¢

BOE
"MFYFJ
:
4NJSOPW
¢

FYQMBJOFE
IPX
UIF
NBUUFS
PTDJMMBUJPOT
NJHIU
FYQMBJO
UIF
4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
1SPCMFN ѮF
UIFPSZ
OBNFE
UIF
.48
FĒFDU
BѫFS
UIF
êSTU
MFUUFST
PG
UIF
MBTU
OBNFT
PG
UIF
TDJFOUJTUT
XIP
EFWFMPQFE
JU
QSPQPTFE
UIBU
UIF
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
HFOFSBUFE
JO
UIF
TPMBS
DPSF
DPVME
DIBOHF
UZQF
PO
UIFJS
XBZ
PVU
PG
UIF
4VO
ѮJT
NFUBNPSQIPTJT
XPVME
IBQQFO
FYUSFNFMZ
SBSFMZ
JO
UIF
WBDVVN
PG
TQBDF
CVU
NJHIU
CF
BNQMJêFE
JO
UIF
EFOTF
JOUFSJPS
PG
UIF
4VO
*OUFSBDUJPOT
CFUXFFO
UIF
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
BOE
UIF
EFOTFMZ
QBDLFE
TPMBS
FMFDUSPOT
DBO
XIFO
UIF
EFOTJUZ
JT
KVTU
SJHIU
BMUFS
UIF
NBTT
TUBUF
PG
B
OFVUSJOP
USBWFM JOH
PVU
UISPVHI
UIF
4VO
UIFSFCZ
DIBOHJOH
JU
JOUP
B
NVPO
OFVUSJOP
0ODF
GPSNFE
UIF
NVPO
OFVUSJOP
EPFT
OPU
DIBOHF
CBDL
JOUP
BO
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOP
JU
USBWFMT
PVU
JOUP
TQBDF
BOE
SFNBJOT
JOWJTJCMF
UP
UIF
êSTU
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPST *O
PSEFS
UP
DIBOHF
GSPN
POF
GPSN
UP
BOPUIFS
OFVUSJOPT
NVTU
IBWF
TPNF
TVC TUBODF
JO
UIF
êSTU
QMBDF
ѮFZ
DBO
POMZ
QVMM
PĒ
UIFJS
WBOJTIJOH
BDU
JG
UIF
OFVUSJOP
MPOH
UIPVHIU
UP
IBWF
OP
NBTT
QPTTFTTFT
B
WFSZ
TNBMM
POF
4VDI
B
UJOZ
OFVUSJOP
NBTT
IBT
CFFO
JOGFSSFE
GSPN
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PG
OPOTPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
VTJOH
UIF
IJHIUFDI

NJMMJPO
4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF
EFUFDUPS
'JH



XIJDI
SFQMBDFE
UIF
PMEFS
OFBSCZ
,BNJ PLBOEF
JOTUSVNFOU
JO
 4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF
DBO
PCTFSWF
CPUI
TPMBS
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
BOE
BUNPTQIFSJD
NVPO
OFVUSJOPT
ѮF
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
DSFBUFE
CZ
OVDMFBS
GVTJPO
BU
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
XIJMF
UIF
NVPO
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
DSFBUFE
XIFO
GBTUNPWJOH
DPTNJD
SBZT
FOUFS
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
GSPN
PVUFS
TQBDF
ѮF
TPMBS
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
EJTUJOHVJTIFE
CZ
UIFJS
SFMBUJWFMZ
MPX
FOFSHZ
OFBS
UIF

.F7
UISFTIPME
PG
UIF
EFUFDUPS
"
IJHI
FOFSHZ
PG
 
.F7
JT
UZQJDBM
PG
UIF
BUNPTQIFSJD
NVPO
OFVUSJOP
/FVUSJOPT
PG
IJHIFS
FOFSHZ
QSPEVDF
B
UJHIUFS
DPOF
PG
MJHIU
TP
UIF
TPMBS
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOP
NBLFT
B
GV[[Z
CMVSSFE
BOE
SBHHFE
MJHIU
QBUUFSO
XIJMF
UIF
BUNPTQIFSJD
NVPO
OFVUSJOP
QSPEVDFT
B
OFBU
TIBSQ FEHFE
SJOH
PG
MJHIU "ѫFS
NPOJUPSJOH
MJHIU
QBUUFSOT
GPS
NPSF
UIBO

EBZT
UIF
4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF
TDJFOUJTUT
SFQPSUFE
JO

UIBU
NVPO
OFVUSJOPT
QSPEVDFE
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
DIBOHF
UZQF
JO
NJEëJHIU
4VCTFRVFOU
FYQFSJNFOUT
VTJOH
OFVUSJOPT
HFOFSBUFE
PO
&BSUI
IBWF





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 3UPER +AMIOKANDE4HISNEUTRINODETECTORHASBEENBUILT AKILOMETERUNDERGROUNDINA*APANESEZINCMINE4HEHUGESTAINLESS STEELVESSEL METERSTALLANDMETERSWIDE HASBEENlLLEDWITH  METRICTONSMILLIONLITERS OFHIGHLYPURIlEDWATER!BOUT  LIGHTSENSORS CALLEDPHOTO MULTIPLIERTUBES AREUNIFORMLY ARRANGEDONTHEINNERWALLSOFTHEVESSEL4HEPHOTO MULTIPLIERTUBES ARESOSENSITIVETHATTHEYCANDETECTASINGLEPHOTONOFLIGHTnALIGHT LEVELAPPROXIMATELYTHESAMEASTHELIGHTSEENON%ARTHFROMACANDLE ONTHE-OON4HELIGHTSENSORSCANMONITORTHEENTIREVOLUMEOFTHE PURETRANSPARENTWATERFORTHEBLUEmASHOF#HERENKOVLIGHTGENER ATEDBYANELECTRONRECOILINGFROMADIRECTHITBYANEUTRINO#OURTESY OF9OJI4OTSUKA )NSTITUTEFOR#OSMIC2AY2ESEARCH 5NIVERSITYOF 4OKYO


(IPTUMJLF
/FVUSJOPT





'0$64

5FSSFTUSJBM
OFVUSJOPT

"MUIPVHI
PVS
QMBOFU
JT
QFSQFUVBMMZ
CBUIFE
XJUI
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
QSPEVDFE
CZ
OVDMFBS
GVTJPO
SFBDUJPOT
JO
UIF
4VOT
DPSF
PUIFS
LJOET
PG
OFV USJOPT
BSF
BMTP
QSPEVDFE
PO
&BSUI
CZ
DPTNJD
SBZT
FOUFSJOH
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
CZ
NBONBEF
IJHIFOFSHZ
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUPST
BOE
CZ
NBO NBEF
OVDMFBS
SFBDUPST
ѮFZ
IBWF
BMM
CFFO
VTFE
UP
EFNPOTUSBUF
UIBU
OFVUSJOPT
DIBOHF
UZQF
PS
ëBWPS
PTDJMMBUJOH
CFUXFFO
UZQFT
BT
UIFZ
USBWFM
UISPVHI
NBUFSJBM
PO
UIF
&BSUI *O

UIF
+BQBOFTF
4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF
HSPVQ
SFQPSUFE
UIF
EJTDPWFSZ
PG
OFVUSJOP
PTDJMMBUJPOT
XIFO
PCTFSWJOH
NVPO
OFVUSJOPT
HFOFSBUFE
CZ
DPTNJD
SBZT
JOUFSBDUJOH
XJUI
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
ѮFSF
XFSF
SPVHIMZ
UXJDF
BT
NBOZ
NVPO
OFVUSJOPT
DPNJOH
GSPN
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
EJSFDUMZ
PWFS
UIF
4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF
EFUFDUPS
UIBO
UIPTF
DPNJOH
VQ
GSPN
UIF
PUIFS
TJEF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
ѮF
NVPO
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
QSPEVDFE
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BCPWF
FWFSZ
QMBDF
PO
PVS
QMBOFU
CVU
TPNF
PG
UIFN
BQQBSFOUMZ
EJTBQ QFBSFE
XIJMF
USBWFMJOH
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUI
UP
BSSJWF
BU
UIF
EFUFDUPS
GSPN
CFMPX ѮF
GVSUIFS
B
OFVUSJOP
USBWFMT
UIF
NPSF
UJNF
JU
IBT
UP
PTDJMMBUF
BOE
UIBU
XPVME
BDDPVOU
GPS
XIZ
UIFSF
BSF
GFXFS
NVPO
OFVUSJOPT
BSSJW JOH
GSPN
UIF
CBDL
TJEF
PG
&BSUI
TPNF
 
LJMPNFUFST
BXBZ
UIBO
GSPN

LJMPNFUFST
VQ
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
EJSFDUMZ
BCPWF
UIF
EFUFDUPS
4PNF
PG
UIF
NVPO
OFVUSJOPT
HFOFSBUFE
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
PO
UIF
&BSUIT
GBS
TJEF
IBE
BQQBS FOUMZ
DIBOHFE
PS
PTDJMMBUFE
JOUP
VOEFUFDUFE
UBV
OFVUSJOPT
TPNFXIFSF
BMPOH
UIFJS
XBZ




UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUI
ѮF
BUNPTQIFSJD
OFVUSJOP
EBUB
XBT
TVCTFRVFOUMZ
VTFE
UP
TIPX
IPX
UIF
FYQFDUFE
OFVUSJOP
PTDJMMBUJPOT
EFQFOE
PO
UIF
OFVUSJOP
FOFSHZ
BOE
UIF
USBWFM
EJTUBODF *OUFOTF
NVPO
OFVUSJOP
CFBNT
HFOFSBUFE
CZ
B
+BQBOFTF
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUPS
XFSF
UIFO
EJSFDUFE
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUI
UP
UIF
4VQFS ,BNJPLBOEF
VOEFSHSPVOE
OFVUSJOP
EFUFD UPS
MPDBUFE
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
BXBZ
ѮF
PCTFSWFE
EFêDJU
PG
EFUFDUFE
NVPO
OFVUSJOPT
DPOêSNFE
UIF
EJTBQQFBSJOH
BUNPTQIFSJD
NVPO
OFVUSJOP
SFTVMU "NFSJDBO
BOE
+BQBOFTF
TDJFOUJTUT
OFYU
UFBNFE
VQ
UP
DPOTUSVDU
UIF

NJMMJPO
,BNJ PLB
-JRVJE
TDJOUJMMBUPS
"OUJ/FVUSJOP
%FUFD UPS
BCCSFWJBUFE
,BN-"/%
BU
UIF
TJUF
PG
UIF
PMEFS
,BNJPLBOEF
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS
,BN-"/%
EFUFDUT
FMFDUSPO
BOUJOFVUSJOPT
UIBU
IBWF
USBWFMFE
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUI
GSPN

OVDMFBS
SFBDUPST
JO
+BQBO
QMVT

SFBDUPST
JO
4PVUI
,PSFB
ѮF
NFBTVSFNFOUT
SFQPSUFE
JO

UP

TIPX
UIBU
TPNF
PG
UIF
FMFD USPO
BOUJOFVUSJOPT
BSF
EJTBQQFBSJOH
XIFO
USBWFMJOH
UP
UIF
EFUFDUPS
ѮJT
XPSL
DPOêSNFE
UIF
TPMBS
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOP
EFêDJU
UIBU
IBE
CFFO
EFUFDUFE
GPS
NPSF
UIBO
UISFF
EFDBEFT
BOE
QSPWJEFE
DPNQFMMJOH
FWJEFODF
GPS
OFV USJOP
PTDJMMBUJPO
BOE
NBTT
UIBU
IBE
QSFWJPVTMZ
CFFO
EFNPOTUSBUFE
CZ
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
UIF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFS WBUPSZ
PS
4/0
GPS
TIPSU
ѮF
DPNCJOFE
4/0
BOE
,BN-"/%
SFTVMUT
IBWF
DPOTUSBJOFE
UIF
OFVUSJOP
NBTT
BOE
PTDJMMBUJPO
QBSBNFUFST
BOE
JOEJDBUFE
UIBU
NPTU
PG
UIF
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
NFUBNPSQIPTJT
PDDVST
JO
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSJPS

DPOêSNFE
UIF
FĒFDU
'PDVT
 
ѮFZ
TVHHFTU
UIBU
BMUIPVHI
BMM
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
CPSO
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
UIFZ
EP
OPU
TUBZ
UIBU
XBZ
/FWFSUIFMFTT
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
OFVUSJ OPT
EJE
OPU
DPNF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BOE
BSF
OPU
EJSFDUMZ
SFMBUFE
UP
OVDMFBS
GVTJPO
SFBDUJPOT
UIFSF
4P
UIF
TPMVUJPO
UP
UIF
4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
1SPCMFN
XBT
OPU
EFêOJUFMZ
LOPXO
VOUJM

XIFO
B
OFX
VOEFSHSPVOE
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS
JO
$BOBEB
UIF
4VECVSZ
/FV USJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
EFNPOTUSBUFE
UIBU
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
DIBOHJOH
UZQF
XIFO
USBWFMJOH
UP
UIF
&BSUI




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

5IF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ

ѮF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
4/0
BOE
QSPOPVODFE
iTOPXu
JT
B
DPM MBCPSBUJPO
PG
$BOBEJBO
"NFSJDBO
BOE
#SJUJTI
TDJFOUJTUT
ѮF
EFUFDUPS
JT
MPDBUFE

LJMPNF UFST
VOEFSHSPVOE
JO
B
XPSLJOH
OJDLFM
NJOF
OFBS
4VECVSZ
0OUBSJP
-JLF
UIF
QSFWJPVT
XBUFS
EFUFDUPST
JU
PCTFSWFT
CPSPO
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
XJUI
FOFSHJFT
BCPWF

.F7
#VU
VOMJLF
,BNJPLBOEF
PS
4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF
UIF
4/0
EFUFDUPS
DPOUBJOT
IFBWZ
XBUFS )FBWZ
XBUFS
JT
DIFNJDBMMZ
TJNJMBS
UP
PSEJOBSZ
XBUFS
BOE
JU
EPFTOU
BQQFBS
PS
UBTUF
BOZ
EJĒFSFOU
*O
GBDU
IFBWZ
XBUFS
FYJUT
OBUVSBMMZ
BT
B
DPOTUJUVFOU
PG
PSEJOBSZ
UBQ
PS
MBLF
XBUFS
JO
B
SBUJP
PG
BCPVU
POF
QBSU
JO
 
BOE
FYQFOTJWF
DIFNJDBM
BOE
QIZTJDBM
QSPDFTTFT
DBO
TFQBSBUF
JU ѮF
IZESPHFO
JO
IFBWZ
XBUFS
IBT
B
OVDMFVT
DBMMFE
B
EFVUFSPO
XIJDI
DPOTJTUT
PG
B
QSPUPO
BOE
B
OFVUSPO
'PS
PSEJOBSZ
XBUFS
UIF
IZESPHFO
JT
BCPVU
IBMG
BT
MJHIU
XJUI
B
OVDMFVT
UIBU
DPOUBJOT
POMZ
B
QSPUPO
BOE
OP
OFVUSPO
"OE
JU
JT
UIF
IFBWJFS
EFVUFSPO
UIBU
NBLFT
UIF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
TFOTJUJWF
UP
OPU
KVTU
POF
UZQF
PG
OFVUSJOP
CVU
UP
BMM
UISFF
LOPXO
WBSJFUJFT
PG
OFVUSJOPT 0OF
UIPVTBOE
UPOT
PS
POF
NJMMJPO
MJUFST
PG
IFBWZ
XBUFS
XJUI
B
WBMVF
PG

NJM MJPO
XBT
QMBDFE
JO
B
DFOUSBM
TQIFSJDBM
DJTUFSO
XJUI
USBOTQBSFOU
BDSZMJD
XBMMT
'JH
 


'*(
 3UDBURYNEUTRINOOBSERVATORY4HECENTRALSPHERICAL mASKOFTHISNEUTRINOOBSERVATORYISMETERSINDIAMETER ANDISSUR ROUNDEDBYAGEODESICARRAYOFTHOUSANDSOFLIGHTSENSORSTODETECT THEmASHOFLIGHTFROMTHEINTERACTIONOFANEUTRINOWITHTHEHEAVY WATER#OURTESYOF+EVIN,ESKO ,AWRENCE"ERKELEY.ATIONAL ,ABORATORY





(IPTUMJLF
/FVUSJOPT




4JODF
UIF
TDJFOUJTUT
DPVME
OPU
BĒPSE
JUT
DPTU
UIF
IFBWZ
XBUFS
XBT
CPSSPXFE
GSPN
"UPNJD
&OFSHZ
PG
$BOBEB
-JNJUFE
XIJDI
TUPDLQJMFE
JU
GPS
VTF
JO
JUT
OVDMFBS
QPXFS
SFBDUPST
m
UIF
IFBWZ
XBUFS
NPEFSBUFT
OFVUSPOT
DSFBUFE
CZ
VSBOJVN
êTTJPO
JO
UIF
SFBDUPST "
HFPEFTJD
BSSBZ
PG
BCPVU
 
QIPUPNVMUJQMJFS
UVCFT
TVSSPVOET
UIF
WFTTFM
UP
EFUFDU
UIF
ëBTI
PG
MJHIU
HJWFO
PĒ
CZ
IFBWZ
XBUFS
XIFO
JU
JT
IJU
CZ
B
OFVUSJOP
#PUI
UIF
MJHIU
TFOTPST
BOE
UIF
DFOUSBM
UBOL
BSF
FOWFMPQFE
CZ
B
 UPO
KBDLFU
PG
PSEJOBSZ
XBUFS
'JH



UP
TIJFME
UIF
IFBWZ
XBUFS
GSPN
XFBL
OBUVSBM
SBEJBUJPO
HBNNB
SBZT
BOE
OFVUSPOT
GSPN
UIF
VOEFSHSPVOE
SPDLT
"T
XJUI
UIF
PUIFS
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPST
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
SPDL
CMPDLT
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
HFOFSBUFE
CZ
DPTNJD
SBZT

'*(
 (OW3UDBURYWORKS.EUTRINOSFROMTHE3UNTRAVELTHROUGHMORE THANTWOKILOMETERSOFROCK ENTERINGANACRYLICTANKCONTAINING TONS MILLIONLITERS OFHEAVYWATER7HENONEOFTHESENEUTRINOSINTERACTSWITHA WATERMOLECULE ITPRODUCESAmASHOFLIGHTTHATISDETECTEDBYAGEODESICARRAY OFPHOTO MULTIPLIERTUBES3OME TONSMILLIONLITERS OFORDINARY WATERSURROUNDINGTHEACRYLICTANKBLOCKSRADIATIONFROMTHEROCK WHILETHE OVERLYINGROCKBLOCKSENERGETICPARTICLESGENERATEDBYCOSMICRAYSINOUR ATMOSPHERE4HEHEAVYWATERISSENSITIVETOALLTHREETYPESOFNEUTRINOS




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'0$64

/FVUSJOP
3FBDUJPOT
XJUI
)FBWZ
8BUFS

ѮF
IFBWZ
XBUFS
JO
UIF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
DBO
CF
VTFE
UP
FJUIFS
EFUFDU
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
PS
UP
NFB TVSF
BMM
UISFF
OFVUSJOP
UZQFT
UIBU
NJHIU
JOUFS BDU
XJUI
UIF
XBUFS
m
UIF
FMFDUSPO
NVPO
PS
UBV
OFVUSJOPT "
SBSF
EJSFDU
IJU
CZ
B
TPMBS
FMFDUSPO
OFV USJOP
DBO
DIBOHF
UIF
OFVUSPO
JO
EFVUFSJVN
UP
B
QSPUPO
BOE
UIF
OFVUSJOP
JOUP
BO
FMFDUSPO
CZ
UIF
iDIBSHFE
DVSSFOUu
SFBDUJPO ¢

ʎF

%
՚
Q

Q

F

XIFSF
ʎF
JT
UIF
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOP
%
JT
B
EFV UFSPO
UIF
OVDMFVT
PG
B
EFVUFSJVN
BUPN
BOE
Q
BOE
F
SFTQFDUJWFMZ
EFOPUF
B
QSPUPO
BOE
BO
FMFDUSPO
ѮF
FMFDUSPO
XJMM
HFU
NPTU
PG
UIF
OFV USJOP
FOFSHZ
TJODF
JU
IBT
B
TNBMMFS
NBTT
UIBO
UIF
QSPUPOT
KVTU
BT
XIFO
B
HVO
JT
êSFE
UIF
CVMMFU
CFJOH
MJHIUFS
HFUT
NPTU
PG
UIF
FOFSHZ
ѮF
FMFDUSPO
XJMM
CF
TP
FOFSHFUJD
UIBU
JU
XJMM
CF


FKFDUFE
GSPN
UIF
EFVUFSPO
BU
UIF
TQFFE
PG
MJHIU
QSPEVDJOH
B
ëBTI
PG
CMVF
$IFSFOLPW
MJHIU ѮF
OVDMFVT
PG
IFBWZ
XBUFS
JT
BMTP
B
UBS HFU
GPS
BMM
UISFF
ëBWPST
PG
OFVUSJOPT
8IFO
B
OFVUSJOP
PG
UZQF
Y
EFOPUFE
ʎY
JOUFSBDUT
XJUI
B
EFVUFSPO
%
JU
DBO
CSFBL
UIF
OVDMFVT
JOUP
JUT
TVCBUPNJD
DPOTUJUVFOUT
UIF
QSPUPO
Q
BOE
B
OFVUSPO
EFOPUFE
CZ
O
CZ
UIF
iOFVUSBM
DVS SFOUu
SFBDUJPO ʎY

%
՚
Q

O

ʎY

ѮF
OFVUSPO
UIBU
JT
LOPDLFE
MPTF
CZ
UIF
JNQBDUJOH
OFVUSJOP
DBO
CF
SFBEJMZ
EFUFDUFE
CZ
UIF
HBNNB
SBZT
XIJDI
BSF
FNJUUFE
XIFO
UIF
OFVUSPO
JT
DBQUVSFE
CZ
BOPUIFS
OVDMFVT
UIF
HBNNB
SBZT
XJMM
TDBUUFS
FMFDUSPOT
XIJDI
QSP EVDF
EFUFDUBCMF
$IFSFOLPW
MJHIU
ѮJT
SFBD UJPO
JT
FRVBMMZ
TFOTJUJWF
UP
BMM
OFVUSJOP
UZQFT
BOE
BEEJOH
PSEJOBSZ
UBCMF
TBMU
UP
UIF
IFBWZ
XBUFS
FOIBODFT
JUT
TFOTJUJWJUZ
UP
UIF
SFBDUJPO
ѮF
DIMPSJOF
JO
UIF
TBMU
JODSFBTFT
UIF
OFVUSPO
DBQUVSF
SBUF
BOE
DSFBUFT
NPSF
MJHIU

ѮF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
DBO
CF
PQFSBUFE
JO
UXP
NPEFT
POF
TFOTJUJWF
POMZ
UP
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
BOE
UIF
PUIFS
FRVBMMZ
TFOTJUJWF
UP
BMM
UISFF
UZQFT
PG
OFVUSJOPT
'PDVT
 
8IFO
UIF
FYQFSJNFOU
XBT
PQFSBUFE
JO
UIF
êSTU
NPEF
NFBTVSJOH
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
JU
NBEF
IJTUPSZ
*O
+VOF

"SUIVS
i"SUu
.D%POBME
¢



UIF
4/0
1SPKFDU
%JSFDUPS
BOOPVODFE
UIBU 8F
OPX
IBWF
IJHI
DPOêEFODF
UIBU
UIF
<4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
1SPCMFN>
EJTDSFQBODZ
JT
OPU
DBVTFE
CZ
NPEFMT
PG
UIF
4VO
CVU
CZ
DIBOHFT
JO
UIF
OFVUSJOPT
UIFNTFMWFT
BT
UIFZ
USBWFM
GSPN
UIF
DPSF
PG
UIF
4VO
UP
UIF
&BSUI
&BSMJFS
NFBTVSFNFOUT
IBE
CFFO
VOBCMF
UP
QSP WJEF
EFêOJUJWF
SFTVMUT
TIPXJOH
UIBU
UIJT
USBOTGPSNBUJPO
GSPN
TPMBS
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
UP
PUIFS
UZQFT
PDDVST
ѮF
OFX
SFTVMUT
GSPN
4/0
DPNCJOFE
XJUI
QSFWJPVT
XPSL
OPX
SFWFBM
UIJT
USBOTGPSNBUJPO
DMFBSMZ
BOE
TIPX
UIBU
UIF
UPUBM
OVNCFS
PG
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJ OPT
QSPEVDFE
JO
UIF
4VO
JT
KVTU
BT
QSFEJDUFE
CZ
EFUBJMFE
TPMBS
NPEFMT

#Z
EFUFDUJOH
BCPVU

OFVUSJOPT
B
EBZ
UIF
4/0
TDJFOUJTUT
BDDVSBUFMZ
NFBTVSFE
BCPVU
POFUIJSE
PG
UIF
TPMBS
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
QSFEJDUFE
CZ
UIF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
ѮF
4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF
EFUFDUFE
BCPVU
IBMG
UIF
QSFEJDUFE
OVNCFS
CVU
JU
IBE
B
TNBMM
TFOTJ UJWJUZ
UP
PUIFS
OFVUSJOP
UZQFT
ѮF
EJĒFSFODF
CFUXFFO
UIF
UXP
NFBTVSFNFOUT
QSPWJEFE
FWJEFODF
UIBU
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
PTDJMMBUF
PS
DIBOHF
UZQF
XIFO
USBWFMJOH
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BOE
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
UPUBM
OVNCFS
PG
OFVUSJOPT
FNJUUFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
BHSFFT
XJUI
QSFEJDUJPOT
CZ
UIF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
"ѫFS

ZFBST
UIF
4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
1SPCMFN
IBE
CFFO
TPMWFE





(IPTUMJLF
/FVUSJOPT




ѮF
FQPDIBM
4/0
SFTVMUT
DPOUJOVFE
JO
TVDDFFEJOH
ZFBST
XIFO

UPOT
PG
UBCMF
TBMU
XBT
BEEFE
UP
UIF
 
UPOT
PG
IFBWZ
XBUFS
*O

UIF
HSPVQ
BOOPVODFE
UIBU
UIF
UPUBM
OVNCFS
PG
OFVUSJOPT
PG
BMM
UZQFT
SFBDIJOH
UIF
&BSUI
GSPN
UIF
4VO
JT
QSFDJTFMZ
FRVBM
UP
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
QSPEVDFE
CZ
UIFSNPOVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
JO
UIF
DPSF
PG
UIF
4VO
CVU
UIBU
UXPUIJSET
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPOUZQF
OFVUSJOPT
XFSF
PCTFSWFE
UP
DIBOHF
UP
NVPO
PS
UBVUZQF
OFVUSJOPT
CFGPSF
SFBDIJOH
UIF
&BSUI
#Z

UIF
4/0
TBMUQIBTF
SFTVMUT
GPS
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
IBE
CFFO
DPNCJOFE
XJUI
UIF
,BN-"/%
FYQFSJNFOU
VTJOH
OFVUSJOPT
HFOFSBUFE
CZ
UFSSFTUSJBM
OVDMFBS
SFBDUPST
QSPWJEJOH
FTUJNBUFT
GPS
UIF
UJOZ
OFVUSJOP
NBTT
BOE
GPS
PUIFS
QSPQFSUJFT
PG
OFVUSJOP
PTDJMMBUJPO

$IBQUFS
'PVS

5BLJOH
UIF
1VMTF
PG
UIF
4VO

10--"3%
8*--084
"5
46/4&5)NTHISPAINTING THE$UTCHARTIST6INCENT6AN'OGH ¥ CAPTURESTHESULFURYELLOWANDPALEGOLD LEMONCOLOROFTHE3UN4HEARTIST LITERALLYWORSHIPPEDTHE3UN WHICHFORHIMREPRESENTEDTHESOURCEOFLIFEANDWELLBEING¥ AWELLBEINGTHATELUDEDHIMINHISDELIRIUMANDMADNESS"UTEVENTHROUGHTHEIRONBARSOF ANINSANEASYLUM 6AN'OGHNEVERWEARIEDOFWATCHINGhTHE3UNRISEINITSGLORYv#OUR TESYOF3TATE-USEUM+ROLLER -àLLER /TTERLO 4HE.ETHERLANDS












53"11&%
406/%4 ѮF
4VO
JT
QMBZJOH
B
TFDSFU
NFMPEZ
XIJDI
QSPEVDFT
B
XJEFTQSFBE
UISPCCJOH
NPUJPO
PG
JUT
TVSGBDF
ѮF
TPVOET
BSF
DPVSTJOH
UISPVHI
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSJPS
DBVTJOH
UIF
FOUJSF
HMPCF
PS
QBSUT
PG
JU
UP
NPWF
JO
BOE
PVU
TMPXMZ
BOE
SIZUINJDBMMZ
MJLF
UIF
SFHVMBS
SJTF
BOE
GBMM
PG
UJEFT
JO
B
CBZ
PS
PG
B
CFBUJOH
IFBSU
'JH
 
4VDI
SBEJBM
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BSF
JNQFSDFQ UJCMF
UP
UIF
OBLFE
FZF
UIF
TVSGBDF
NPWFT
B
IVOESFEUIPVTBOEUI


PG
UIF
TPMBS
SBEJVT ѮF
4VOT
UJOZ
QFSJPEJD
NPUJPOT
IBWF
OFWFSUIFMFTT
CFFO
PCTFSWFE
BT
TVCUMF
DIBOHFT
JO
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
PG
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
UIBU
BSF
GPSNFE
JO
UIF
TPMBS
HBT
8IFO
QBSU
PG
UIF
4VO
IFBWFT
VQ
UPXBSE
VT
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
PG
UIF
MJOF
GPSNFE
JO
UIBU
SFHJPO
JT
TIPSUFOFE
JOUSPEVDJOH
B
TNBMM
CMVFTIJѫ
JO
JUT
TQFDUSVN
JG
UIF
SFHJPO
NPWFT
BXBZ
GSPN
VT
CBDL
UPXBSE
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
JT
MFOHUIFOFE
JOUSPEVDJOH
B
SFETIJѫ
JO
UIF
TQFDUSVN ѮFTF
NPUJPOT
BSF
JOGFSSFE
CZ
TVCUSBDUJOH
BO
JNBHF
PG
UIF
4VO
UBLFO
JO
UIF
MPOH XBWFMFOHUI
TJEF
PG
B
TUBUJPOBSZ
PS
OPONPWJOH
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOF
GSPN
BO
JNBHF
UBLFO
JO
UIF
TIPSUXBWFMFOHUI
TJEF
PG
UIF
MJOF
*O
TVDI
B
i%PQQMFSHSBNu
BO
PVUXBSE
NPUJPO
PG
B
SFHJPO
SFTVMUT
JO
BO
JODSFBTF
JO
CSJHIUOFTT
BU
UIBU
QMBDF
JO
UIF
TVCUSBDUFE
JNBHF
XIJMF
BO
JOXBSE
NPUJPO
EBSLFOT
JU
ѮF
%PQQMFSHSBNT
TIPX
UIBU
CPVODJOH
SFHJPOT
NPWF
JO
BOE
PVU
BMM
PWFS
UIF
4VO
'JH
  ѮF
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPQIZTJDJTU
3PCFSU
#
-FJHIUPO
¢
BOE
IJT
TUVEFOUT
3PCFSU
8
/PZFT
¢

BOE
(FPSHF
8
4JNPO
¢



XFSF
UIF
êSTU
UP
FNQMPZ
TVDI
UFDIOJRVFT
ѮFZ
VTFE
TVCUSBDUFE
JNBHFT
UP
TIPX
UIBU
UIF
MPDBM
WFSUJDBM
NPUJPOT
BSF
OPU
SBOEPN
JO
UIFJS
UJNF
WBSJBUJPO
CVU
JOTUFBE
PTDJMMBUF
XJUI
B
QFSJPE
PG
BCPVU
êWF
NJOVUFT
"T
-FJHIUPO
BOOPVODFE
BU
BO
JOUFSOBUJPOBM
DPOGFSFODF
JO

B
TFRVFODF
PG
%PQQMFSHSBNT
JOEJDBUFE
UIBU ѮFTF
WFSUJDBM
NPUJPOT
TIPX
B
TUSPOH
PTDJMMBUPSZ
DIBSBDUFS
XJUI
B
QFSJPE
PG



TFDPOET


ѮF
PCTFSWFE
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
IBE
B
WFMPDJUZ
BNQMJUVEF
PG
BCPVU
IBMG
B
LJMP NFUFS
QFS
TFDPOE
BOE
DPWFSFE
SPVHIMZ
B
UIJSE
PG
UIF
WJTJCMF
EJTL
BU
BOZ
HJWFO
UJNF
MPDBMJ[FE
XJUIJO
OVNFSPVT
QBUDIFT
B
GFX
UIPVTBOE
LJMPNFUFST
BDSPTT
.PSFPWFS
UIF
SFQFUJUJWF
WFSUJDBM
PTDJMMBUJPOT
EJE
OPU
TFFN
UP
CF
DPOUJOVPVT
BQQBSFOUMZ
MBTUJOH
POMZ
B
GFX
QFSJPET
CFGPSF
EJTBQQFBSJOH #VU
UIF
4VO
EPFT
OPU
SFTPOBUF
XJUI
B
TJOHMF
QVSF
OPUF
ѮF
PCTFSWFE
PTDJMMBUJPOT
UVSOFE
PVU
UP
CF
EVF
UP
UIF
DPNCJOFE
FĒFDU
PG
NJMMJPOT
PG
TPVOE
XBWFT
USBWFMJOH
JO
BMM
EJSFDUJPOT
BOE
XJUI
B
MBSHF
SBOHF
PG
TJ[FT
"OE
JU
JT
OPU
KVTU
UIF
WJTJCMF
QBSU
PG
UIF
4VO
CVU
UIF
JOUFSJPS
BT
XFMM
UIBU
JT
PTDJMMBUJOH 4PNF
PG
UIFTF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
DBO
MBTU
TFWFSBM
XFFLT
UP
NPOUIT
BOE
UIFZ
BSF
OPU
DPO êOFE
UP
MPDBMJ[FE
SFHJPOT
PO
UIF
4VO
$BSFGVM
PCTFSWBUJPOT
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BSF
B
HMPCBM
QIFOPNFOPO
DPIFSFOU
BDSPTT
UIF
FOUJSF
4VO
&WFOUVBMMZ
PUIFS
TPMBS
BTUSPOPNFST
EFNPOTUSBUFE
UIBU
UIF
FOUJSF
4VO
JT
SJOHJOH
MJLF
B
CFMM
XJUI
TPVOE
XBWFT
UIBU
SFTPOBUF
XJUIJO
JUT
JOUFSJPS
BOE
QFOFUSBUF
UP
JUT
WFSZ
DPSF *O

'SBO[
%BOJFM
i'
%u
,BIO
¢
TIPXFE
UIBU
TPVOE
XBWFT
DPVME
CF
USBQQFE
OFBS
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
FTTFOUJBMMZ
CFDBVTF
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
JODSFBTFT
CPUI





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 )NTERNALCONTORTIONS4HE3UNEXHIBITSOVERAMILLIONSHAPESPRODUCEDBYITS OSCILLATIONS4WOOFTHESESHAPESAREILLUSTRATEDHEREWITHEXAGGERATEDAMPLITUDE#OUR TESYOF!RTHUR.#OXAND2ANDALL*"OS ,OS!LAMOS.ATIONAL,ABORATORY

BCPWF
BOE
CFMPX
JU
ѮF
IPUUFS
NBUFSJBM
BDUT
BT
B
LJOE
PG
NJSSPS
SFëFDUJOH
TPVOE
XBWFT
CBDL
JOUP
UIF
SFHJPOT
UIFZ
DPNF
GSPN
4P
UIF
4VOT
UISPCCJOH
NPUJPOT
DPVME
CF
DBVTFE
CZ
TPVOE
XBWFT
USBQQFE
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
PO
TUSJLJOH
UIF
WJTJCMF
EJTL
BOE
SFCPVOEJOH
CBDL
EPXO
UIF
TPVOE
XBWFT
DBVTF
UIF
HBTFT
UIFSF
UP
NPWF
VQ
BOE
EPXO #VJMEJOH
VQPO
UIJT
SFTVMU
-FJHIUPO
BOE
IJT
DPMMFBHVFT
DPODMVEFE
JO

UIBU ѮF
BUNPTQIFSF
NBZ
UIFSFGPSF
BDU
BT
B
XBWF
HVJEF
GPS
MBUFSBMMZ
NPWJOH

XBWFT
BOE
UIF
PCTFSWFE
PTDJMMBUJPO
NBZ
DPSSFTQPOE
UP
UIF
MPXFS
iDVUPĒ u
GSFRVFODZ
PG
UIF
XBWFHVJEF

*O
BO
FYUFOTJWF
PCTFSWBUJPOBM
TUVEZ
PG
UIF
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
&EXBSE
/
'SB[JFS
m



BU
UIF
6OJWFSTJUZ
PG
$BMJGPSOJB
#FSLFMFZ
TIPXFE
JO

UIBU
UIF
PTDJM MBUPSZ
QPXFS
JT
DPODFOUSBUFE
BU
TQFDJêD
DPNCJOBUJPOT
PG
TJ[F
BOE
EVSBUJPO
TVHHFTUJOH
UP
IJN
UIBU
UIFZ
BSF
OPU
CFJOH
QVTIFE
JO
BOE
PVU
CZ
UIF
NPUJPO
PG
HSBOVMFT
TFFO
PO
UIF
4VO
*OTUFBE
UIF
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
XFSF
BUUSJCVUFE
UP
TPVOE
XBWFT
HFOFSBUFE
CZ
UIF
TBNF
DPOWFDUJPO
UIBU
QSPEVDFT
UIF
VQ
BOE
EPXO
HSBOVMBS
NPUJPO
*O
IJT
PXO
XPSET ѮF
XFMMLOPXO
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BSF
QSJNBSJMZ
TUBOEJOH
SFTPOBOU
BDPVTUJD

XBWFT   
<ѮFZ>
BSF
OPU
GPSNFE
EJSFDUMZ
GSPN
UIF
iQJTUPO
BDUJPOu
PG
B
DPO WFDUJWF
DFMM
JNQJOHJOH
PO
UIF
TUBCMF
QIPUPTQIFSF
CVU
SBUIFS
BSF
GPSNFE
XJUIJO
UIF
DPOWFDUJPO
[POF
JUTFMG

"DDPSEJOH
UP
UIJT
JOUFSQSFUBUJPO
B
TPVOE
XBWF
SFTPOBUFT
XJUIJO
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
MJLF
UIF
QMVDLFE
TUSJOH
PG
B
HVJUBS
PS
UIF
CFBU
PG
B
ESVN
FĒFDUJWFMZ
TUBOEJOH
JO
POF
QMBDF
BOE
HSPXJOH
JO
QPXFS
ѮJT
SFTPOBODF
FĒFDU
JT
TPNFXIBU
BOBMPHPVT
UP
SFQFBUFE
QVTIFT
PO
B
TXJOH
*G
UIF
QVTIFT
PDDVS
BU
UIF
TBNF
QPJOU
JO
FBDI
TXJOH
UIFZ
DBO
JODSFBTF
UIF
FOFSHZ
PG
UIF
NPUJPO
*O
UIF
BCTFODF
PG
TVDI
B
SFTPOBODF
UIF
QFSUVSCBUJPOT
XPVME
CF
IBQIB[BSE
BOE
UIF
FĒFDU
XPVME
FWFOUVBMMZ
GBEF
BXBZ
8IFO
ZPV
SFHVMBSMZ
NPWF
XBUFS






5BLJOH
UIF
1VMTF
PG
UIF
4VO




'*(
 4HEPULSATING3UN3OUNDWAVESINSIDETHE3UNCAUSETHEVISIBLESOLARDISKTO MOVEINANDOUT4HISHEAVINGMOTIONCANBEDESCRIBEDASTHESUPERPOSITIONOFLITERALLY MILLIONSOFOSCILLATIONS INCLUDINGTHEONESHOWNHEREFORREGIONSPULSINGINWARDSFE
SFHJPOT ANDOUTWARDCMVF
SFHJPOT 4HESOUNDWAVES WHOSEPATHSAREREPRESENTEDHERE BYBLACKLINESINSIDETHECUTAWAYSECTION RESONATETHROUGHTHE3UN4HEYAREPRODUCEDBY HOTGASCHURNINGINTHECONVECTIVEZONE WHICHLIESABOVETHERADIATIVEZONEANDTHE3UNS CORE#OURTESYOF*OHN7(ARVEY .ATIONAL/PTICAL!STRONOMY/BSERVATORIES EXCEPT CUTAWAY

JO
B
CBUIUVC
UIF
XBWFT
TJNJMBSMZ
HSPX
JO
TJ[F
CVU
XIFO
ZPV
TXJTI
JU
SBOEPNMZ
UIF
XBUFS
EFWFMPQT
B
DIPQQZ
DPOGVTJPO
PG
TNBMM
XBWFT "T
TVHHFTUFE
JO

CZ
3PHFS
6MSJDI
¢

BU
UIF
6OJWFSTJUZ
PG
$BMJGPSOJB
-PT
"OHFMFT
BOE
JOEFQFOEFOUMZ
JO

CZ
+PIO
-FJCBDIFS
¢



UIFO
BU
UIF
)BSWBSE
$PM MFHF
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BOE
3PCFSU
'
4UFJO
¢



UIFO
BU
#SBOEFJT
6OJWFSTJUZ
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
BDUT
BT
B
SFTPOBOU
DBWJUZ
PS
TQIFSJDBM
TIFMM
ѮF
TPVOE
XBWFT
BSF
USBQQFE
JOTJEF
UIJT
DJSDVMBS
XBWFHVJEF
BOE
DBOU
HFU
PVU
ѮFZ
UIFSFGPSF
HP
BSPVOE
BOE
BSPVOE
CPVODJOH
SFQFBUFEMZ
BHBJOTU
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
MJLF
B
IBNTUFS
DBVHIU
JO
BO
FYFSDJTF
XIFFM
SFWFSCFSBU JOH
CFUXFFO
UIF
DBWJUZ
CPVOEBSJFT
BOE
ESJWJOH
PTDJMMBUJPOT
JO
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
NBUFSJBM




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

"
SFBM
CSFBLUISPVHI
DBNF
JO

XIFO
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOPNFS
'SBO[-VEXJH
%FVCOFS
¢

TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
PTDJMMBUJOH
QPXFS
JT
DPODFOUSBUFE
JOUP
OBSSPX
SJEHFT
JO
B
TQBUJBMUFNQPSBM
EJTQMBZ
PG
IPSJ[POUBM
XBWFMFOHUI
BOE
QFSJPE
XIJDI
NFBOU
UIBU
UIFZ
BSF
EVF
UP
UIF
TUBOEJOH
BDPVTUJD
XBWFT
UIBU
IBE
CFFO
QSFEJDUFE
ѮBU
JT
UIF
WFSUJDBM
NPUJPOT
WBSZ
JO
TQBDF
BOE
UJNF
BDSPTT
UIF
4VO
CVU
POMZ
BU
TQFDJêD
TJ[FT
BOE
QFSJPET
DSFBUJOH
B
SFHVMBS
QBUUFSO
JO
UIF
BQQBSFOUMZ
SBOEPN
PTDJMMBUJPOT
'PS
B
HJWFO
TJ[F
POMZ
DFSUBJO
QFSJPET
XJMM
HJWF
B
DBWJUZ
UIBU
IBT
UIF
QSPQFS
EFQUI
GPS
B
SFTPOBOU
TVQFSQPTJUJPO
ѮJT
QBUUFSO
JT
EFTDSJCFE
JO
UFSNT
PG
OBSSPX
CBOET
PS
SJEHFT
PG
FOIBODFE
PTDJMMBUJPO
QPXFS
XIFO
EFDPNQPTFE
JOUP
B
UXPEJNFOTJPOBM
EJTQMBZ
PG
TJ[F
BOE
QFSJPE
PS
IPSJ [POUBM
XBWFMFOHUI
BOE
GSFRVFODZ
'JH
  .BOZ
PG
UIF
TPVOE
XBWFT
FWFOUVBMMZ
GBEF
BXBZ
XJUIPVU
DPOUSJCVUJOH
NVDI
UP
UIF
PCTFSWFE
NPUJPOT
0UIFS
TPVOE
XBWFT
BSF
BNQMJêFE
CZ
SFQFBUFE
SFëFDUJPO
MJLF
B
TXJOH


'*(
 /SCILLATIONPERIODANDSIZE3OUNDWAVESRESONATEDEEPWITHINTHE3UN PRODUCING OSCILLATIONSOFTHEPHOTOSPHEREWITHPERIODSNEARlVEMINUTES ORFREQUENCIESNEARMILLI(ERTZ ABBREVIATEDM(ZANDEQUALTOCYCLESPERSECOND/NLYWAVESWITHSPECIlCCOMBINA TIONSOFPERIODORFREQUENCY MFѫ
BYJT ANDSIZE WAVE LENGTH ORANGULARDEGREECPU UPN
BYJT RESONATEWITHINTHE 3UN PRODUCINGTHElNE TUNED hRIDGESvINTHEOSCILLATION POWERSHOWNINTHISIMAGE OBTAINEDFROMMONTHSOF DATAFROMTHE-ICHELSON$OP PLER)MAGER ABBREVIATED-$) INSTRUMENTABOARDTHE40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWB UPSZ OR40)0FORSHORT4HE ANGULARDEGREEISTHEINVERSEOF THESIZEORSPATIALWAVELENGTH ANDANANGULARDEGREEOF CORRESPONDSTOWAVESABOUT  KILOMETERSINSIZE4HE OSCILLATIONPOWERISCONTAINED WITHINSPECIlCCOMBINATIONS OFFREQUENCYANDDEGREE DEM ONSTRATINGTHATTHEOSCILLATIONS DETECTEDINTHEPHOTOSPHEREARE DUETOINTERNALSTANDINGWAVES CONlNEDWITHINRESONANTCAVI TIES#OURTESYOFTHE40)0 -$)3/)CONSORTIUM40)0 ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONBETWEEN%3!AND .!3!





5BLJOH
UIF
1VMTF
PG
UIF
4VO




UIBU
JT
QVNQFE
BU
SFHVMBS
JOUFSWBMT
4VDI
B
TUBOEJOH
XBWF
SJTFT
JO
UIF
TBNF
MPDBUJPO
PWFS
BOE
PWFS
BHBJO
QVTIJOH
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
JO
BOE
PVU
BU
UIF
TBNF
QMBDFT
FWFSZ
UJNF
JU
DJS DVMBUFT
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
"
TPVOE
XBWFT
QBUI
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
UIFO
GPSNT
B
SFHVMBS
TFRVFODF
PG
MPPQT
MJLF
UIF
MBDF
êMJHSFF
PO
B
OBQLJO
PS
UIF
IPPQT
JO
B
SPVOE
SVH
'JH
  8IFO
B
TPVOE
XBWF
BOHMFT
VQ
UP
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
HBTFT
JU
TUSJLFT
UIFN
XJUI
B
HMBODJOH
CMPX
UVSOJOH
BSPVOE
BOE
USBWFMJOH
CBDL
JOUP
UIF
4VO
MJLF
MJHIU
SFëFDUFE
GSPN
B
NJSSPS


'*(
 3OUNDPATHS4HETRAJECTORIESOFSOUNDWAVESARESHOWNINACROSSSECTIONOF THESOLARINTERIOR4HERAYSAREBENTINSIDETHE3UN LIKELIGHTWITHINTHELENSOFANEYE ANDCIRCLETHESOLARINTERIORINSPHERICALSHELLSORRESONANTCAVITIES%ACHSHELLISBOUNDED ATTHETOPBYALARGE RAPIDDENSITYDROPNEARTHEPHOTOSPHEREANDBOUNDEDATTHEBOTTOM ATTHEINNERTURNINGPOINTEPUUFE
DJSDMFT WHERETHEBENDINGRAYSUNDERGOTOTALINTERNAL REFRACTION OWINGTOTHEINCREASEINSOUNDSPEEDWITHDEPTHINSIDETHE3UN(OWDEEP AWAVEPENETRATESANDHOWFARAROUNDTHE3UNITGOESBEFOREITHITSTHEPHOTOSPHERE DEPENDSONTHEHARMONICDEGREE M4HEWHITECURVEISFORM THEBLUEONEFOR
M GREENFORM YELLOWFORM
ANDREDFORM#OURTESYOF*’RGEN#HRISTENSEN $ALSGAARDAND0HILIP(3CHERRER




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

BOE
DBVTJOH
UIF
HBT
UP
SJTF
BOE
GBMM
JO
B
QPOEFSPVT
SIZUIN
"CPWF
UIJT
MFWFM
XIJDI
JT
UIF
TBNF
GPS
BMM
XBWFT
UIF
TPVOE
XBWFT
BSF
FWBOFTDFOU
BOE
DBOOPU
QSPQBHBUF ѮF
JOOFS
UVSOJOH
QPJOU
PS
DBWJUZ
CPUUPN
EFQFOET
PO
UIF
JODSFBTF
PG
TPVOE
TQFFE
PS
XBWF
WFMPDJUZ
XJUI
EFQUI
#FDBVTF
UIF
TQFFE
PG
TPVOE
JT
HSFBUFS
JO
B
IPUUFS
HBT
JU
JODSFBTFT
JO
UIF
EFFQFS
IPUUFS
MBZFST
PG
UIF
4VO
ѮF
EFFQFS
QBSU
PG
B
XBWF
GSPOU
USBWFMJOH
PCMJRVFMZ
JOUP
UIF
4VO
NPWFT
GBTUFS
UIBO
UIF
TIBMMPXFS
QBSU
BOE
QVMMT
BIFBE
PG
JU
(SBEVBMMZ
UIF
BEWBODJOH
XBWF
JT
PODF
BHBJO
IFBEFE
CBDL
VQ
4PVOE
JT
TJNJMBSMZ
SFGSBDUFE
EPXO
JOUP
UIF
DPPM
BJS
BCPWF
B
NPVOUBJO
MBLF
UIF
IPUUFS
IJHIFS
BJS
CFOET
UIF
TPVOE
EPXOXBSE
QFSNJUUJOH
JU
UP
USBWFM
HSFBU
EJTUBODFT
BDSPTT
UIF
MBLFT
TVSGBDF 4P
UIF
JODSFBTF
JO
TPVOE
TQFFE
XJUI
EFQUI
FWFOUVBMMZ
CFOET
B
EPXOXBSENPWJOH
TPVOE
XBWF
CBDL
VQ
BOE
UIJT
JOOFS
UVSOJOH
QPJOU
EFQFOET
VQPO
UIF
QFSJPE
PG
UIF
XBWF
-POHXBWFMFOHUI
TPVOE
XBWFT
QFOFUSBUF
EFFQ
JOUP
UIF
4VO
CFGPSF
UIFZ
SFUVSO
XIJMF
TIPSU
XBWFT
USBWFM
UISPVHI
TIBMMPXFS
BOE
DPPMFS
MBZFST
BOE
CPVODF
PĒ
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
NPSF
PѫFO
ѮF
UVSOBSPVOE
EFQUI
BMTP
EFQFOET
PO
QIZTJDBM
DPOEJUJPOT
XJUIJO
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSJPS
BOE
DBO
CF
VTFE
UP
EFUFSNJOF
UIFJS
SBEJBM
WBSJBUJPO
XJUIJO
UIF
4VO &BDI
OPUF
PG
UIF
WJCSBUJOH
4VO
JT
TJNJMBS
UP
UIF
TPVOE
XBWF
QSPEVDFE
XIFO
ZPV
UBQ
B
DSZTUBM
HMBTT
PS
TUSJLF
B
EPPSCFMMT
DIJNF
BO
PVUTJEF
GPSDF
NBLFT
FBDI
TPVOE
XIJDI
MBTUT
POMZ
B
TIPSU
UJNF
4PNFUIJOH
NVTU
UIFSFGPSF
SJOH
UIF
TPMBS
CFMM
BOE
TFU
UIF
PTDJMMB UJPOT
JO
NPUJPO
"OE
CFDBVTF
BOZ
PTDJMMBUJPO
NVTU
FWFOUVBMMZ
MPTF
FOFSHZ
BOE
EJTBQQFBS
UIF
TPMBS
PTDJMMBUJPOT
NVTU
CF
DPOUJOVBMMZ
FYDJUFE ѮF
TPVOE
PS
BDPVTUJD
XBWFT
UIBU
QSPEVDF
UIF
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BSF
QSPC BCMZ
HFOFSBUFE
CZ
WJHPSPVT
UVSCVMFODF
JO
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
XIFSF
NPUJPOT
BU
OFBS TPOJD
TQFFE
BSF
FYQFDUFE
UP
CF
B
TUSPOH
TPVSDF
PG
BDPVTUJD
XBWFT
*UT
TPNFXIBU
MJLF
UIF
EFBGFOJOH
SPBS
PG
B
KFU
BJSDSBѫ
PS
UIF
MPVE
IJTTJOH
OPJTF
PG
B
CPJMJOH
QPU
PG
XBUFS
"T
UIF
IPU
DPOWFDUJWF
CVCCMFT
SJTF
JO
UIF
4VO
UIFJS
NPUJPO
EJTUVSCT
UIF
HBT
UIFZ
ëPX
UISPVHI
BOE
TUBSUT
JU
PTDJMMBUJOH
"OE
UIF
WJPMFOU
UVSCVMFOU
DPOWFDUJWF
NPUJPOT
PDDVS
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
BOE
SBOEPNMZ
TP
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
JT
BMXBZT
PTDJMMBUJOH
JO
UVOF
XJUI
JUT
JOUFSOBM
TPVOET


0%&
50
5)&
46/ ѮF
4VO
SFWFSCFSBUFT
JO
NJMMJPOT
PG
XBZT
DSFBUJOH
B
SFTPOBOU
TZNQIPOZ
PG
OPUFT
FBDI
XJUI
JUT
PXO
XBWFMFOHUI
BOE
QBUI
PG
QSPQBHBUJPO
USBQQFE
XJUIJO
B
XFMMEFêOFE
TQIFSJDBM
TIFMM
BOE
CPVODJOH
CBDL
BOE
GPSUI
BT
JU
HPFT
BSPVOE
BOE
BSPVOE
MJLF
B
'FSSJT
XIFFM
ѮF
DPNCJOFE
TPVOE
IBT
CFFO
DPNQBSFE
UP
B
SFTPOBUJOH
HPOH
JO
B
TBOETUPSN
CFJOH
SFQFBUFEMZ
TUSVDL
XJUI
UJOZ
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
SBOEPNMZ
SJOHJOH
XJUI
BO
JODSFEJCMF
EJO "U
êSTU
UIJT
DBDPQIPOZ
TFFNFE
IPQFMFTTMZ
DIBPUJD
BOE
DPNQMFY
CVU
UIFO
B
IJE EFO
PSEFS
BOE
SFHVMBS
QBUUFSO
XBT
EJTDPWFSFE
JO
UIF
OPJTF
ѮF
USBQQFE
TPVOE
XBWFT
DPNCJOF
BOE
SFJOGPSDF
FBDI
PUIFS
UP
TIBLF
UIF
4VO
JO
B
SFHVMBS
XBZ
TPNFUIJOH
MJLF
DBST
PO
B
IJHIXBZ
UIBU
CVODI
VQ
UPHFUIFS
BOE
UIFO
EJTQFSTF
BT
UIFZ
NPWF
BMPOH
4P
UIF
PCTFSWFE
VQ
BOE
EPXO
NPUJPOT
BSF
JO
SFBMJUZ
UIF
DPNCJOFE
FĒFDU
PS
TVQFSQPTJUJPO
PG
NJMMJPOT
PG
TFQBSBUF
MPOHMJWFE
OPUFT
PS
WJCSBUJPOT





5BLJOH
UIF
1VMTF
PG
UIF
4VO




&BDI
JOEJWJEVBM
WJCSBUJPO
NPWFT
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
JO
BOE
PVU
CZ
POMZ
B
GFX
UFOT
PG
NFUFST
PS
MFTT
BU
TQFFET
PG
BCPVU
UFO
DFOUJNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
8IFO
NJMMJPOT
PG
UIFTF
WJCSBUJPOT
BSF
TVQFSJNQPTFE
UIFZ
QSPEVDF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
XJUI
QFBL
WBMVFT
BT
GBTU
BT
IBMG
B
LJMPNFUFS
QFS
TFDPOE
PS
BCPVU
êWF
UIPVTBOE
UJNFT
GBTUFS
UIBO
UIPTF
PG
JOEJWJEVBM
WJCSB UJPOT
ѮFTF
MBSHFBNQMJUVEF
DPNCJOBUJPOT
BSF
UIF
XFMMLOPXO
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
ѮFZ
HSPX
BOE
EFDBZ
BT
JOEJWJEVBM
WJCSBUJPOT
HP
JO
BOE
PVU
PG
QIBTF
UP
DPNCJOF
BOE
EJTQFSTF
BOE
UIFO
DPNCJOF
BHBJO
(SPVQT
PG
CJSET
PS
TDIPPMT
PG
êTI
XJMM
TJNJMBSMZ
HBUIFS
UPHFUIFS
NPWF
BQBSU
BOE
UIFO
DPOHSFHBUF
BHBJO 6QPO
DMPTF
FYBNJOBUJPO
JU
JT
GPVOE
UIBU
êWF
NJOVUFT
JT
OPU
UIF
POMZ
PTDJMMBUJPO
QFSJPE
ѮF
4VO
TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ
SFTPOBUFT
XJUI
NBOZ
EJĒFSFOU
QFSJPET
GSPN

NJOVUFT
UP

IPVS
.PSFPWFS
UIF
CSJFG
EVSBUJPO
BOE
TNBMM
TJ[F
PG
UIF
MPDBMJ[FE
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJM MBUJPOT
JT
BO
JMMVTJPO
SFTVMUJOH
GSPN
UIF
DPNCJOBUJPO
PG
NBOZ
JOEJWJEVBM
DPNQPOFOUT
FBDI
QFSTJTUJOH
GPS
EBZT
PS
MPOHFS
BOE
SFWFSCFSBUJOH
XJUI
WBSZJOH
TQBUJBM
FYUFOU
*OEFFE
JU
JT
UIJT
MPOHFWJUZ
UIBU
FOBCMFT
BTUSPOPNFST
UP
CVJME
VQ
B
TJHOBM
BOE
SFDPSE
TJOHMF
OPUFT
XJUIJO
UIF
OPJTZ
EJO "
NBKPS
PCTUBDMF
UP
TUVEJFT
PG
UIF
QVMTBUJOH
4VO
JT
UIF
SPUBUJOH
&BSUI
XIJDI
LFFQT
VT
GSPN
PCTFSWJOH
UIF
4VO
BSPVOE
UIF
DMPDL
BOE
BDDVNVMBUJOH
MPOH
SFDPSET
PG
UIF
TPMBS
PTDJMMBUJPOT
/JHIUMZ
HBQT
JO
UIF
EBUB
DSFBUF
CBDLHSPVOE
OPJTF
UIBU
IJEFT
BMM
CVU
UIF
TUSPOHFTU
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BOE
UIF
MPOHFS
TPVOE
XBWFT
XJUI
MPX
GSFRVFODJFT
UIBU
QSPCF
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
UP
UIF
HSFBUFTU
EFQUIT
BSF
FTQFDJBMMZ
EJēDVMU
UP
EFUFDU 'PSUVOBUFMZ
DPOUJOVPVT
VOJOUFSSVQUFE
PCTFSWBUJPOT
IBWF
CFFO
PCUBJOFE
GSPN
B
KPJOU
NJTTJPO
PG
UIF
&VSPQFBO
4QBDF
"HFODZ
PS
&4"
GPS
TIPSU
BOE
/"4"
DBMMFE
UIF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
40)0
*U
XBT
MBVODIFE
PO

%FDFNCFS

BOE
SFBDIFE
JUT
QFSNBOFOU
PCTFSWJOH
QPTJUJPO
PO

'FCSVBSZ

BU
B
QMBDF
XIFSF
UIF
&BSUIT
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
QVMM
KVTU
FRVBMT
UIBU
PG
UIF
4VO
40)0
UIFSFGPSF
PSCJUT
UIF
4VO
BMPOH
XJUI
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
EPFT
OPU
NPWF
BSPVOE
PVS
QMBOFU
1SFWJPVT
TQBDFDSBѫ
PCTFSWJOH
UIF
4VO
PSCJUFE
UIF
&BSUI
XIJDI
XPVME
SFHVMBSMZ
PCTUSVDU
UIFJS
WJFX 0VS
BUNPTQIFSF
NBLFT
TPNF
LJOET
PG
TPMBS
PTDJMMBUJPOT
EJēDVMU
UP
SFDPSE
FTQFDJBMMZ
WFSZ
TIPSU
TPVOE
XBWFT
XJUI
FYDFQUJPOBMMZ
IJHI
GSFRVFODJFT
'PS
UIFTF
TPVOET
HSPVOECBTFE
PCTFSWBUJPOT
BSF
TPNFUIJOH
MJLF
USZJOH
UP
MJTUFO
UP
B
.P[BSU
QJBOP
DPODFSUP
XIFO
ZPVS
TPO
JT
CMBTUJOH
SBQ
NVTJD
PO
IJT
CPPN
CPY
0VU
JO
RVJFU
QFBDFGVM
BOE
USBORVJM
TQBDF
VOQFSUVSCFE
CZ
UFSSFTUSJBM
JOUFSGFSFODF
40)0
IBT
B
MPOH
DMFBS
VOEJTUPSUFE
WJFX
*U
IBT
PCUBJOFE
SFDPSEJOHT
PG
CPUI
MBSHFTDBMF
HMPCBM
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BOE
TNBMMTDBMF
POFT
XJUI
VOQSFDFEFOUFE
RVBMJUZ
QSPWJEJOH
DPOUJOVPVT
JOEFQFOEFOU
WFMPDJUZ
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PWFS
B
UPUBM
PG
BCPVU
 
MPDBUJPOT
PO
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL 40)0
IBT
LFQU
XBUDI
PWFS
UIF
4VO
GPS
EFDBEFT
&YDFQU
UIBU
JT
GPS
B
UISFF NPOUI
JOUFSMVEF
XIFO
DPOUSPMMFST
MPTU
DPOUBDU
XJUI
UIF
TQBDFDSBѫ
'PDVT
  "
XPSMEXJEF
OFUXPSL
PG
TPMBS
JNBHJOH
PCTFSWBUPSJFT
LOPXO
BT
UIF
(MPCBM
0TDJM MBUJPOT
/FUXPSL
(SPVQ
PS
(0/(
GPS
TIPSU
IBT
BMTP
PCTFSWFE
UIF
4VO
BSPVOE
UIF
DMPDL
*U
DPOTJTUT
PG
TJY
JEFOUJDBM
JOTUSVNFOUT
EJTUSJCVUFE
JO
MPOHJUVEF
BSPVOE
UIF
XPSME
QSPEVDJOH
B
NBQ
PG
QIPUPTQIFSJD
WFMPDJUJFT
FWFSZ
NJOVUF
UIBU
UIF
4VO
JT
WJTJCMF
BU
FBDI





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'0$64
 40)0
-PTU
*O
4QBDF
BOE
3FDPWFSFE
'SPN
0CMJWJPO

"ѫFS
NPSF
UIBO
UXP
ZFBST
PG
VOJOUFSSVQUFE
WJFXT
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
DPNQMFUJOH
JUT
QSJNBSZ
NJTTJPO
XJUI
VORVBMJêFE
TVDDFTT
40)0T
FZFT
XFSF
BCSVQUMZ
DMPTFE
%VSJOH
SPVUJOF
NBJOUFOBODF
NBOFVWFST
BOE
DBMJCSBUJPOT
PO

+VOF

UIF
TQBDFDSBѫ
TQVO
PVU
PG
DPOUSPM
BOE
FOHJOFFST
DPVME
OPU
SFFTUBCMJTI
SBEJP
DPOUBDU
XJUI
JU "
HSPVQ
PG
FYQFSUT
XJUI
UIF
QPOEFSPVT
UJUMF
iѮF
40)0
.JTTJPO
*OUFSSVQUJPO
+PJOU
&4" /"4"
*OWFTUJHBUJPO
#PBSEu
XBT
BTTFNCMFE
UP
êOE
PVU
XIBU
XFOU
XSPOH
ѮFJS
QPTUNPS UFN
GPVOE
OP
GBVMU
XJUI
UIF
TQBDFDSBѫ
JUTFMG
B
TFRVFODF
PG
PQFSBUJPOBM
NJTUBLFT
BEEFE
VQ
UP
JUT
MPTT
"
DPNCJOBUJPO
PG
IVNBO
FSSPS
BOE
GBVMUZ
DPNQVUFS
DPNNBOE
TPѫXBSF
XIJDI
IBE
OPU
CFFO
QSFWJPVTMZ
VTFE
PS
BEFRVBUFMZ
UFTUFE
EJTBCMFE
TPNF
PG
40)0T
TUBCJMJ[JOH
HZSP TDPQFT
$POUJOVPVT
êSJOHT
PG
JUT
KFU
UISVTUFST
GBJMFE
UP
CSJOH
UIF
TQBDFDSBѫ
JOUP
CBMBODF
BOE
JOTUFBE
TFOU
JU
TQJOOJOH
GBTUFS
BOE
GBTUFS 'PS
OFBSMZ
B
NPOUI
UIF
DSJQQMFE
TQBDF DSBѫ
GBJMFE
UP
SFTQPOE
UP
TJHOBMT
TFOU
EBJMZ
4DJFOUJTUT
GFBSFE
UIBU
40)0
NJHIU
CF
ESJѫ JOH
BXBZ
GSPN
JUT
FYQFDUFE
PSCJU
OFWFS
UP
CF
IFBSE
GSPN
BHBJO
)PXFWFS
UIF
XBZXBSE
TBUFMMJUF
XBT
GPVOE
CZ
USBOTNJUUJOH
B
QPXFSGVM
SBEBS
QVMTF
UP
JU
GSPN
UIF
XPSMET
MBSHFTU
SBEJP
UFMFTDPQF
MPDBUFE
JO
"SFDJCP
1VFSUP
3JDP
ѮF
GBJOU
SBEJP
FDIP
JOEJDBUFE
UIBU
40)0
XBT
MPDBUFE
JO
UIF
SJHIU
QSFEJDUFE
QBSU
PG
TQBDF
UVSOJOH
SFMBUJWFMZ
TMPXMZ
BU
UIF
SBUF
PG
POF
SFWPMVUJPO
FWFSZ

TFDPOET
ѮJT
HBWF
FWFSZ POF
SFOFXFE
IPQF
BOE
PQUJNJTN
UIBU
SBEJP
DPOUBDU
XPVME
FWFOUVBMMZ
CF
FTUBCMJTIFE
BOE
UIF
TQBDFDSBѫ
VMUJNBUFMZ
SFDPWFSFE "U
UIJT
UJNF
40)0T
TPMBS
QBOFMT
XFSF
UVSOFE
FEHFPO
UPXBSE
UIF
4VO
TP
JUT
FMFDUSJDBM
QPXFS
DPVME
OPU
CF
SFOFXFE
*UT
JOUFSOBM


FOFSHZ
IBE
ESBJOFE
BXBZ
BOE
UIF
TQBDFDSBѫ
XBT
VOBCMF
UP
SFDFJWF
PS
TFOE
DPNNVOJDB UJPOT
1PXFS
NJHIU
OFWFSUIFMFTT
CF
SFHBJOFE
BT
UIF
QBOFMT
TMPXMZ
UVSOFE
UP
B
NPSF
GBWPS BCMF
BMJHONFOU
XJUI
UIF
4VO
EVSJOH
40)0T
BOOVBM
PSCJU
BSPVOE
UIF
TUBS
"OUFOOBT
JO
/"4"T
%FFQ
4QBDF
/FUXPSL
UIFSFGPSF
DPO UJOVFE
UP
TFOE
UIF
TBUFMMJUF
XBLF
VQ
NFTTBHFT
BTLJOH
JU
UP
DBMM
IPNF "ѫFS
TJY
XFFLT
PG
TJMFODF
B
GFFCMF
BOE
JOUFSNJUUFOU
SFTQPOTF
XBT
SFDFJWFE
GSPN
UIF
EPSNBOU
TQBDFDSBѫ
MJLF
UIF
GBJOU
FSSBUJD
IFBSUCFBU
PG
B
QBUJFOU
JO
B
DPNB
PS
UIF
XPSO PVU
EJTUSFTTFE
DSJFT
PG
B
UJSFE
MPTU
DIJME
ѮF
FMBUFE
&VSPQFBO
FOHJOFFST
XIP
CVJMU
UIF
TQBDFDSBѫ
LOFX
UIBU
40)0
XBT
BMJWF
BOE
JNNFEJBUFMZ
CFHBO
SFHBJOJOH
DPOUSPM
PG
JU *U
XBT
B
MPOH
TMPX
SFDPWFSZ
ѮF
POCPBSE
CBUUFSJFT
IBE
UP
CF
SFDIBSHFE
BOE
UIF
JOOFS
XPSLJOHT
IBE
UP
CF
XBSNFE
VQ
BѫFS
BO
FOGPSDFE
QFSJPE
PG
EFFQ
GSFF[F
4PNF
PG
UIF
QSPQFMMBOU
JO
JUT
UBOLT
IBE
CFFO
GSP[FO
TPMJE
BOE
UIF
QJQFT
UIBU
DBSSZ
GVFM
UP
UIF
DSBѫT
KFU
UISVTUFST
BMTP
IBE
UP
CF
UIBXFE
PVU
'PSUV OBUFMZ
UIF
GVFM
OBNFE
IZESB[JOF
EPFT
OPU
FYQBOE
XIFO
JU
GSFF[FT
TP
UIF
GVFM
QJQFT
EJE
OPU
DSBDL
PQFO
BT
TPNFUJNFT
IBQQFOT
XIFO
B
CVJMEJOHT
XBUFS
QJQFT
GSFF[F
EVSJOH
UIF
MPTT
PG
IFBU
JO
B
TFWFSF
XJOUFS
TUPSN
"MUPHFUIFS
JU
UPPL
UISFF
NPOUIT
GSPN
UIF
JOJUJBM
MPTT
PG
SBEJP
DPOUBDU
UP
GVMM
SFDPWFSZ "T
MVDL
XPVME
IBWF
JU
40)0T
USJCVMBUJPOT
XFSF
OPU
ZFU
PWFS
TJODF
JUT
HZSPTDPQFT
BDUFE
VQ
KVTU
B
GFX
NPOUIT
BѫFS
JU
SFTVNFE
PCTFS WBUJPOT
ѮF
TBUFMMJUF
IBE
UP
DPOTUBOUMZ
êSF
JUT
POCPBSE
KFUT
UP
LFFQ
JU
CBMBODFE
BOE
QPJOUFE
UPXBSE
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIJT
XBT
SBQJEMZ
FYIBVTU JOH
JUT
GVFM
TVQQMZ
*OHFOJPVT
FOHJOFFST
êYFE
UIF
QSPCMFN
CZ
JOTUSVDUJOH
UIF
TQBDFDSBѫ
UP
CZQBTT
UIF
HZSPTDPQFT
BOE
VTF
UIF
TUBST
UP
EFUFSNJOF
JUT
QPTJUJPO
TPNFXIBU
MJLF
BODJFOU
NBSJOFST
XIP
OBWJHBUFE
CZ
UIF
TUBST





5BLJOH
UIF
1VMTF
PG
UIF
4VO




TJUF
ѮFTF
FMFDUSPOJDBMMZ
MJOLFE
TFOUJOFMT
GPMMPX
UIF
4VO
BT
UIF
&BSUI
SPUBUFT
*O
FĒFDU
UIF
4VO
OFWFS
TFUT
PO
UIF
(0/(
UFMFTDPQFT 
-00,*/(
*/4*%&
5)&
46/ ѮF
JOUFSJPS
PG
UIF
4VO
JT
BT
PQBRVF
BT
B
TUPOFXBMM
BOE
UIFSF
JT
OP
XBZ
ZPV
DBO
TFF
JOTJEF
JU
#VU
XF
DBO
JMMVNJOBUF
PS
TPVOE
UIF
IJEEFO
EFQUIT
PG
UIF
4VO
CZ
SFDPSEJOH
PTDJMMBUJPOT
PG
JUT
WJTJCMF
EJTL
XIJDI
EFQFOE
PO
DPOEJUJPOT
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO 4PNF
PG
UIF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BSF
DSFBUFE
CZ
TPVOE
XBWFT
UIBU
IBWF
NPWFE
KVTU
CFOFBUI
UIF
QBSU
PG
UIF
4VO
XF
DBO
TFF
PUIFST
BSJTF
GSPN
TPVOET
UIBU
IBWF
USBWFMFE
EFFQ
JOUP
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSJPS
8F
DBO
UIFSFGPSF
VTF
UIFN
UP
PQFO
B
XJOEPX
JOUP
UIF
4VO
BOE
MPPL
BU
WBSJPVT
MFWFMT
XJUIJO
JU
.PSFPWFS
UIF
JOGPSNBUJPO
DBO
CF
DPNCJOFE
UP
DSFBUF
B
QJDUVSF
PG
UIF
4VOT
MBSHFTDBMF
JOUFSOBM
TUSVDUVSF
TPNFXIBU
JO
UIF
NBOOFS
PG
BO
9SBZ
$"5
TDBO
UIBU
QSPCFT
UIF
JOTJEF
PG
B
IVNBOT
CSBJO (FPQIZTJDJTUT
TJNJMBSMZ
DPOTUSVDU
NPEFMT
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
JOUFSJPS
CZ
SFDPSEJOH
FBSUIRVBLFT
PS
TFJTNJD
XBWFT
UIBU
USBWFM
UP
EJĒFSFOU
EFQUIT
UIJT
UZQF
PG
JOWFTUJHBUJPO
JT
DBMMFE
TFJTNPMPHZ
.PTU
FBSUIRVBLFT
PDDVS
KVTU
CFOFBUI
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
XIFO
NBTTJWF
CMPDLT
PG
SPDL
TMJQ
BOE
DSVODI
BHBJOTU
POF
BOPUIFS
ѮF
SFWFSCFSBUJPOT
NPWF
PVU
BOE
QSPQBHBUF
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
JOUFSJPS
MJLF
SJQQMFT
TQSFBEJOH
PVU
GSPN
B
EJTUVSCBODF
PO
UIF
TVSGBDF
PG
B
QPOE 4PMBS
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BSJTF
GSPN
B
QFSTJTUFOU
SBOEPN
UVSCVMFODF
JO
UIF
PVUFS
DPOWFD UJWF
SFHJPOT
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
TJNJMBSMZ
TIBLF
JU
UP
JUT
WFSZ
DFOUFS
*O
GBDU
BTUSPOPNFST
VTF
UIF
OBNF
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
UP
EFTDSJCF
TVDI
TUVEJFT
PG
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSJPS
JU
JT
B
IZCSJE
OBNF
DPNCJOJOH
UIF
(SFFL
XPSET
IFMJPT
GPS
UIF
i4VOu
BOE
TFJTNPT
GPS
iFBSUIRVBLFu
PS
iUSFNPSu 4FJTNJD
XBWFT
NPWF
JO
BMM
EJSFDUJPOT
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
UIFJS
BSSJWBM
BU
WBSJPVT
QMBDFT
PO
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
JT
SFDPSEFE
CZ
TFJTNPNFUFST
#Z
DPNCJOJOH
UIF
BSSJWBM
UJNFT
PG
XBWFT
UIBU
IBWF
USBWFMFE
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUI
UP
WBSJPVT
QPJOUT
PO
UIF
TVSGBDF
TFJTNPMPHJTUT
DBO
QJOQPJOU
UIF
PSJHJO
PG
UIF
XBWFT
BOE
USBDF
UIFJS
NPUJPOT
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUI
ѮJT
FOBCMFT
UIFN
UP
DPOTUSVDU
B
QSPêMF
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
JOUFSJPS
*O
BOBMPHZ
XJUI
UFSSFTUSJBM
TFJTNPMPHZ
JU
JT
OPX
QPTTJCMF
UP
VTF
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
UIF
êWFNJOVUF
TPMBS
PTDJMMBUJPOT
UP
JTPMBUF
TPVOE
XBWFT
QFOFUSBUJOH
UP
B
HJWFO
EFQUI
ѮJT
IBT
SFTVMUFE
JO
QSFDJTF
BOE
EFUBJMFE
JOGPSNBUJPO
BCPVU
UIF
QSPQFSUJFT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
SJWBMJOH
PVS
LOPXMFEHF
PG
UIF
JOTJEF
PG
UIF
&BSUI 0G
DPVSTF
VOSBWFMJOH
UIF
JOUFSOBM
DPOTUJUVUJPO
PG
FJUIFS
UIF
&BSUI
PS
UIF
4VO
JT
OPU
RVJUF
BT
TJNQMF
BT
JU
NJHIU
TFFN
0OF
HFPQIZTJDJTU
IBT
DPNQBSFE
TFJTNPMPHZ
UP
EFUFS NJOJOH
IPX
B
QJBOP
JT
DPOTUSVDUFE
CZ
MJTUFOJOH
UP
POF
GBMMJOH
EPXO
B
ëJHIU
PG
TUBJST
ѮF
TJUVBUJPO
JT
FWFO
XPSTF
GPS
UIF
4VO
XIFSF
UIF
PCTFSWFE
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
SFTVMU
GSPN
NJMMJPOT
PG
EJĒFSFOU
TPVOE
XBWFT
XJUI
OFX
POFT
TUBSUJOH
VQ
BOE
PME
POFT
EZJOH
BXBZ
BMM
UIF
UJNF
0OF
UIFSFGPSF
IBT
UP
NFBTVSF
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
PS
GSFRVFODZ
PG
OVNFSPVT
TPMBS
PTDJMMBUJPOT
XJUI
JODSFEJCMF
QSFDJTJPO
BOE
UIFO
DPNQBSF
UIFN
XJUI
UIFPSFUJDBM
FYQFDUBUJPOT
VTJOH
MBSHF
DPNQVUFS
QSPHSBNT
BOE
TJNQMJêFE
NPEFMT
PG
UIF
4VO
%JĒFSFODFT
CFUXFFO
UIF
PCTFSWFE
BOE
QSFEJDUFE
XBWFMFOHUIT
DBO
UIFO
CF
VTFE
UP
UFTU
BOE
SFêOF
UIF
NPEFMT




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 2ADIALVARIATIONSOFSOUNDSPEED*USTASSCIENTISTSCANUSEEARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENTSTODETERMINECONDITIONSUNDERTHE%ARTHSSURFACE MEASUREMENTSOFTHE 3UNSOSCILLATIONS ANDTHESOUNDWAVESTHATPRODUCETHEM CANBEUSEDTODETERMINETHE INTERNALSTRUCTUREOFTHE3UN4HISCOMPOSITEIMAGESHOWSTHEEXTREMEULTRAVIOLETRADIA TIONOFTHESOLARDISKPSBOHF ANDINTERNALMEASUREMENTSOFTHESPEEDOFSOUNDDVUBXBZ  )NTHEREDCOLOREDLAYERSINTHESOLARINTERIOR SOUNDWAVESTRAVELFASTERTHANPREDICTEDBY THE3TANDARD3OLAR-ODELZFMMPX IMPLYINGTHATTHETEMPERATUREISHIGHERTHANANTICI PATED"LUECORRESPONDSTOSLOWERSOUNDWAVESANDTEMPERATURESTHATARECOLDERTHAN EXPECTED4HECONSPICUOUSREDLAYER ABOUTATHIRDOFTHEWAYDOWN SHOWSUNEXPECTED HIGHTEMPERATURESATTHEBOUNDARYBETWEENTHETURBULENTOUTERREGIONCONVECTIVEZONE ANDTHEMORESTABLEREGIONINSIDEITRADIATIVEZONE 4HEDISKMEASUREMENTSWEREMADE ATAWAVELENGTHOFNANOMETERS EMITTEDBYSINGLY IONIZEDHELIUM DENOTED(E)) AT ATEMPERATUREOFABOUT KELVINUSINGTHE%XTREME ULTRAVIOLET)MAGING4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED%)4 ABOARDTHE40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ OR40)0
FORSHORT AND THE-$)3/)AND6)2'/INSTRUMENTSON40)0MADETHESOUNDMEASUREMENTSOVERA PERIODOFMONTHSBEGINNINGIN-AY#OMPOSITEIMAGECOURTESYOF3TEELE(ILL AND40)0 APROJECTOFINTERNATIONALCOOPERATIONBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!





5BLJOH
UIF
1VMTF
PG
UIF
4VO




#Z
DPOTJEFSJOH
B
TFRVFODF
PG
XBWFT
XJUI
MPOHFS
BOE
MPOHFS
XBWFMFOHUIT
UIBU
QFO FUSBUF
EFFQFS
BOE
EFFQFS
JU
JT
QPTTJCMF
UP
QFFM
BXBZ
QSPHSFTTJWFMZ
EFFQFS
MBZFST
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
FTUBCMJTI
UIF
SBEJBM
QSPêMF
PG
UIF
TPVOE
TQFFE
'JH
 
"
TNBMM
CVU
EFêOJUF
DIBOHF
JO
TPVOE
TQFFE
NBSLT
UIF
MPXFS
CPVOEBSZ
PG
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
JOEJDBUJOH
UIBU
JU
JT
MPDBUFE
BU
B
SBEJVT
PG

QFSDFOU
PS
FYUFOET
UP
B
EFQUI
PG

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
SBEJVT
PG
UIF
WJTJCMF
4VO
.PSFPWFS
UIJT
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
EFQUI
NFBTVSFE
CZ
UIF
IFMJP TFJTNPMPHZ
UFDIOJRVF
JO

BHSFFE
BU
UIF
UJNF
XJUI
DBMDVMBUJPOT
VTJOH
UIF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
PG
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS /FWFSUIFMFTT
UIFSF
IBT
OFWFS
CFFO
QFSGFDU
BHSFFNFOU
CFUXFFO
UIF
NFBTVSFE
TPVOE
TQFFE
BOE
UIF
QSFEJDUJPOT
PG
UIF
NPEFM
)FMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PG
UIF
TPVOE
TQFFE
KVTU
CFMPX
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
XFSF
TVCTUBOUJBMMZ
IJHIFS
UIBO
UIPTF
PG
UIF
NPEFMT
"OE
UIF
BDDPSE
PO
UIF
[POFT
EFQUI
XBT
TMJHIUMZ
EJTSVQUFE
CZ
NFBTVSFNFOUT
JO

PG
MPX
BCVOEBODFT
GPS
UIF
MJHIUFS
NFUBMT
JO
UIF
TPMBS
EJTL ѮF
4VO
BQQFBST
UP
DPOUBJO

UP

QFSDFOU
MFTT
DBSCPO
OJUSPHFO
PYZHFO
OFPO
BOE
BSHPO
UIBO
QSFWJPVTMZ
CFMJFWFE
ѮFTF
FMFNFOUT
QSPWJEF
BO
PQBDJUZ
UIBU
JNQFEFT
UIF
PVUXBSE
ëPX
PG
SBEJBUJPO
MJLF
EJSU
UIBU
CMPDLT
MJHIU
ëPXJOH
UISPVHI
B
XJOEPX
"OE
XIFO
UIFTF
PQBDJUJFT
BSF
VTFE
JO
EFUBJMFE
NPEFMT
PG
UIF
4VO
UIFZ
QSFEJDU
TMJHIUMZ
EJĒFSFOU
WBMVFT
GPS
UIF
TQFFE
PG
TPVOE
UIBO
UIPTF
NFBTVSFE
CZ
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
BU
UIF
TBNF
MPDBUJPOT ѮF
TPMBS
NPEFMT
DPOTUSVDUFE
XJUI
UIF
SFWJTFE
MPXFS
FMFNFOU
BCVOEBODFT
BOE
DPS SFDUFE
PQBDJUJFT
ZJFME
B
EFQUI
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DPOWFDUJPO
[POF
PG

QFSDFOU
BU
B
SBEJVT
PG

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
4VOT
SBEJVT
EJTBHSFFJOH
XJUI
UIF
NFBTVSFE
WBMVF
CZ
IFMJPTFJTNPM PHZ
CZ
B
TNBMM
CVU
TJHOJêDBOU

QFSDFOU
ѮFSF
JT
BMTP
B
EJTDPSE
CFUXFFO
UIF
IFMJVN
BCVOEBODF
DBMDVMBUFE
CZ
UIF
OFX
NPEFM
BOE
UIF
BNPVOU
JOGFSSFE
GSPN
IFMJPTFJTNPM PHZ
UIF
OFX
WBMVF
JT
MPXFS
BU

QFSDFOU
CZ
NBTT
SBUIFS
UIBO
BCPVU

QFSDFOU
BT
QSFWJPVTMZ
UIPVHIU
4P
UIFSF
JT
SPPN
GPS
JNQSPWFNFOU
JO
PVS
TPMBS
NPEFMT
QFSIBQT
CZ
DPOTJEFSBUJPO
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
SPUBUJPO
PS
NJYJOH
UIBU
XFSF
QSFWJPVTMZ
PNJUUFE
JO
UIF
DBMDVMBUJPOT 'PSUVOBUFMZ
UIF
EJTDSFQBODJFT
PDDVS
BU
B
UFNQFSBUVSF
SBOHF
UIBU
JT
UPP
DPPM
BOE
EJTUBOU
GSPN
UIF
4VO
DFOUFS
UP
TJHOJêDBOUMZ
BĒFDU
UIF
IFMJPTFJTNJD
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PG
UIF
4VOT
IPUUFS
EFFQFS
UFNQFSBUVSFT
4P
UIF
NPEFM
DBMDVMBUJPOT
PG
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
OFVUSJOPT
FNJUUFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
SFNBJO
UIF
TBNF


#3&",*/(
5)&
4:..&53: 5P
B
êSTU
BQQSPYJNBUJPO
UIF
JOUFSOBM
TUSVDUVSF
PG
UIF
4VO
IBT
TQIFSJDBM
TZNNFUSZ
BOE
UIF
NFBTVSFE
QSPQFSUJFT
PG
UIF
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
EFQFOE
POMZ
PO
SBEJBM
WBSJBUJPOT
XJUIJO
UIF
TQIFSJDBM
TIFMM
JO
XIJDI
UIF
TPVOE
XBWFT
QSPQBHBUF
6QPO
DMPTF
JOTQFDUJPO
IPXFWFS
UIFSF
BSF
TFDPOEBSZ
FĒFDUT
UIBU
CSFBL
UIJT
TZNNFUSZ
TVDI
BT
SPUB UJPOBM
NPUJPOT
BOE
JOUFSOBM
ëPXT
ѮFTF
BTZNNFUSJD
GPSDFT
DBO
QSPEVDF
B
êOF
TUSVD UVSF
XJUIJO
GSFRVFODJFT
UIBU
IBWF
CFFO
DBMDVMBUFE
VOEFS
UIF
BTTVNQUJPO
UIBU
UIFZ
DBO
CF
OFHMFDUFE




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

ѮF
NPTU
QSPOPVODFE
TZNNFUSZCSFBLJOH
BHFOU
JT
SPUBUJPO
XIJDI
DBO
CF
FYQSFTTFE
BT
B
QFSUVSCBUJPO
UP
UIF
TPVOE
XBWFT
JO
B
OPOSPUBUJOH
4VO
8BWFT
QSPQB HBUJOH
JO
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
SPUBUJPO
XJMM
UFOE
UP
CF
DBSSJFE
BMPOH
CZ
UIF
NPWJOH
HBT
BOE
XJMM
NPWF
GBTUFS
UIBO
UIFZ
XPVME
JO
B
TUBUJD
NFEJVN
"
CJSE
PS
B
KFU
BJSQMBOF
TJNJMBSMZ
NPWFT
GBTUFS
XIFO
USBWFMJOH
XJUI
UIF
XJOE
BOE
UBLFT
B
TIPSUFS
UJNF
UP
DPNQMFUF
B
USJQ
ѮF
SFTPOBUJOH
TPVOEXBWF
DSFTUT
NPWJOH
XJUI
UIF
SPUBUJPO
XJMM
UIFSFGPSF
BQQFBS
UP
B
êYFE
PCTFSWFS
UP
NPWF
GBTUFS
BOE
UIFJS
NFBTVSFE
QFSJPET
XJMM
CF
TIPSUFS
8BWFT
QSPQBHBUJOH
BHBJOTU
UIF
SPUBUJPO
XJMM
CF
TMPXFE
EPXO
XJUI
MPOHFS
QFSJPET ѮVT
SPUBUJPO
JNQBSUT
B
DMFBS
TJHOBUVSF
UP
UIF
PTDJMMBUJPO
QFSJPET
MFOHUIFOJOH
UIFN
JO
POF
EJSFDUJPO
BOE
TIPSUFOJOH
UIFN
JO
UIF
PUIFS
ѮFTF
PQQPTJUF
FĒFDUT
NBLF
UIF
PTDJMMBUJPO
QFSJPET
EJWJEF
BOE
TVDI
SPUBUJPOBM
TQMJUUJOH
EFQFOET
PO
CPUI
EFQUI
BOE
MBUJUVEF
XJUIJO
UIF
4VO 0CTFSWBUJPOT
PG
TVOTQPUT
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
SPUBUFT
XJUI
B
QFSJPE
PG
BQQSPYJNBUFMZ

EBZT
BU
UIF
FRVBUPS
ѮF
TPMBS
PTDJMMBUJPOT
IBWF
B
QFSJPE
PG
BCPVU
êWF
NJOVUFT
TP
UIF
SPUBUJPOBM
TQMJUUJOH
JT
SPVHIMZ
êWF
NJOVUFT
EJWJEFE
CZ

EBZT
PS
BCPVU
POF
QBSU
JO
TFWFO
UIPVTBOE
ѮF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
IBWF
UP
CF
NFBTVSFE
UFO
PS
B
IVO ESFE
UJNFT
NPSF
BDDVSBUFMZ
UIBO
UIJT
UP
EFUFSNJOF
TVCUMF
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
4VOT
SPUB UJPO
PS
BT
BDDVSBUFMZ
BT
POF
QBSU
JO
B
NJMMJPO *U
IBT
CFFO
LOPXO
TJODF

XIFO
(BMJMFP
(BMJMFJ
m
êSTU
VTFE
B
UFMF TDPQF
UP
PCTFSWF
TVOTQPUT
UIBU
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
SPUBUFT
GBTUFS
UIBO
UIF
SFHJPOT
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
QPMFT
ѮBU
JT
TVOTQPU
PCTFSWBUJPOT
JOEJDBUFE
UIBU
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
SPUBUFT
EJĒFSFOUMZ
BU
EJĒFSFOU
MBUJUVEFT
XJUI
B
GBTUFS
SBUF
BU
UIF
FRVBUPS
UIBO
UIF
QPMFT
BOE
B
TNPPUI
WBSJBUJPO
JO
CFUXFFO
5BCMF
 
"T
PO
&BSUI
MBUJUVEF
JT
UIF
BOHVMBS
EJTUBODF
OPSUI
PS
TPVUI
PG
UIF
FRVBUPS
*O
DPOUSBTU
UIF
SPUBUJPO
SBUF
PG
UIF
TPMJE
&BSUI
JT
UIF
TBNF
BU
FWFSZ
MBUJUVEF
TP
BMM
QPJOUT
PG
UIF
HMPCF
UBLF
UIF
TBNF
BNPVOU
PG
UJNF
UP
DPN QMFUF
B
SPUBUJPO
BOE
B
EBZ
MBTUT

IPVST
FWFSZXIFSF
PO
UIF
QMBOFU ѮF
TPMBS
PTDJMMBUJPO
EBUB
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
UIJT
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
JO
XIJDI
UIF
FRVB UPS
TQJOT
GBTUFS
UIBO
UIF
QPMFT
JT
QSFTFSWFE
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
'JH
 
8JUIJO
UIJT
[POF
UIFSF
JT
MJUUMF
WBSJBUJPO
PG
SPUBUJPO
XJUI
EFQUI
BOE
UIF
JOTJEF
PG
UIF
4VO
EPFT
OPU
SPUBUF
BOZ
GBTUFS
UIBO
UIF
PVUTJEF
"U
HSFBUFS
EFQUIT
UIF
JOUFSJPS
SPUBUJPO


4!",% $IFFERENTIAL2OTATIONOFTHE3UNA

A

3OLAR ,ATITUDE DEGREES

2OTATION 0ERIOD DAYS

2OTATION 3PEED KMH

2OTATION 3PEED MS

!NGULAR 6ELOCITY N(Z

%QUATOR     

     

     

     

     

$ATAFROMTHE-$)INSTRUMENTABOARDTHE3/(/SPACECRAFT





5BLJOH
UIF
1VMTF
PG
UIF
4VO




OP
MPOHFS
NJNJDT
UIBU
PG
TVOTQPUT
BOE
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
EJTBQQFBST
ѮF
JOUFSOBM
BDDPSE
CSFBLT
BQBSU
KVTU
CFMPX
UIF
CBTF
PG
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
XIFSF
UIF
SPUBUJPO
TQFFE
CFDPNFT
VOJGPSN
GSPN
QPMF
UP
QPMF
-PXFS
EPXO
XJUIJO
UIF
SBEJBUJWF
[POF
UIF
SPUBUJPO
SBUF
SFNBJOT
JOEFQFOEFOU
PG
MBUJUVEF
BDUJOH
BT
JG
UIF
4VO
XFSF
B
TPMJE
CPEZ
ѮPVHI
HBTFPVT
UIF
SBEJBUJWF
JOUFSJPS
PG
UIF
4VO
SPUBUFT
BU
B
OFBSMZ
VOJGPSN
SBUF
JOUFSNFEJBUF
CFUXFFO
UIF
FRVBUPSJBM
BOE
IJHIMBUJUVEF
SBUFT
JO
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
DPOWFD UJWF
[POF ѮVT
UIF
SPUBUJPO
WFMPDJUZ
DIBOHFT
TIBSQMZ
BU
UIF
UPQ
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJWF
[POF
MPDBUFE
OFBSMZ
POFUIJSE
PG
UIF
XBZ
UP
UIF
DFOUFS
ѮFSF
UIF
PVUFS
QBSUT
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJWF
JOUFSJPS
XIJDI
SPUBUFT
BU
POF
TQFFE
NFFU
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
XIJDI
TQJOT
GBTUFS
JO


'*(
 )NTERNALROTATIONOFTHE3UN4HEROTATIONRATEINSIDETHE3UN DETERMINEDFROM HELIOSEISMOLOGY4HEOUTERPARTSOFTHE3UNEXHIBITDIFFERENTIALROTATION WITHHIGHLATITUDES ROTATINGMORESLOWLYTHANEQUATORIALONES4HISDIFFERENTIALROTATIONPERSISTSTOTHEBOTTOMOF THECONVECTIVEZONE ATPERCENTOF THEWAYDOWN4HE ROTATIONPERIODIN DAYSISGIVENAT THELEFTAXIS AND THECORRESPONDING ANGULARVELOCITY SCALEISONTHERIGHT AXISINUNITSOF NANO(ERTZ ABBREVI ATEDN(Z WHERE N(Z¥ ORA BILLIONTH OFACYCLE PERSECOND!ROTA TIONRATEOFN(Z CORRESPONDSTOA PERIODOFABOUT DAYSTPMBS
QPMFT ANDARATEOFN(ZTOAPERIODOFABOUTDAYSTPMBS
FRVBUPS 4HEROTATIONINTHEOUTER PARTSOFTHE3UN ATLATITUDESOFZEROTPMBS
FRVBUPS   ANDDEGREES HASBEENINFERRED FROMDAYSOFDATAUSINGTHE-ICHELSON$OPPLER)MAGER ABBREVIATED-$) ABOARDTHE40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ OR40)0FORSHORT*USTBELOWTHECONVECTIVEZONE THEROTATIONAL SPEEDCHANGESMARKEDLY ANDSHEARINGMOTIONSALONGTHISINTERFACEMAYBETHEDYNAMOSOURCE OFTHE3UNSMAGNETISM"YEXAMININGMORETHANlVEYEARSOFLOW ORDERACOUSTICMODES OBTAINEDUSINGTHE'/,&AND-$)INSTRUMENTSABOARD40)0 THEROTATIONRATEHASBEEN INFERREDFORTHEDEEPSOLARLAYERSFSSPS
CBST MAINLYALONGTHESOLAREQUATOR4HEREISUNIFORM ROTATIONINTHERADIATIVEZONE FROMTHEBASEOFTHECONVECTIVEZONEATSOLARRADIITOABOUT SOLARRADII4HEACOUSTICMODESSOUNDWAVES DONOTREACHTHECENTRALPARTOFTHEENERGY GENERATINGCORE#OURTESYOF!LEXANDER'h3ASHAv+OSOVICHEVFORTHE-$)DATASHOWING DIFFERENTIALROTATIONINTHECONVECTIVEZONE AND3EBASTIEN#OUVIDAT 2AFAEL'ARCÓAAND3YLVAINE 4URCK #HIÒZEFORTHE'/,&-$)DATAINTHERADIATIVEZONE40)0
ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

JUT
FRVBUPSJBM
NJEEMF
ѮF
USBOTJUJPO
CFUXFFO
UIFTF
UXP
EJĒFSFOU
SFHJNFT
UBLFT
QMBDF
JO
B
OBSSPX
SFHJPO
UIF
UBDIPMJOF
XIFSF
UIFSF
JT
FWJEFOUMZ
B
TUSPOH
SBEJBM
SPUBUJPOBM
TIFBS
UIBU
NPTU
MJLFMZ
QMBZT
BO
JNQPSUBOU
SPMF
JO
UIF
HFOFSBUJPO
PG
UIF
MBSHFTDBMF
TPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME ѮF
SBEJBM
SPUBUJPO
QSPêMF
JO
UIF
EFFQ
TPMBS
MBZFST
IBT
CFFO
NFBTVSFE
VTJOH
NPSF
UIBO
êWF
ZFBST
PG
TPVOE
XBWF
PCTFSWBUJPOT
GSPN
UIF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWB UPSZ
'JH
 
"ѫFS
SFNPWJOH
UIF
FĒFDUT
PG
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
JO
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
B
VOJGPSN
SPUBUJPO
JT
PCUBJOFE
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
SBEJBUJWF
[POF
BOE
JOUP
UIF
PVUFS
QBSUT
PG
UIF
DPSF
EPXO
UP
UXP
UFOUIT
PG
UIF
4VOT
SBEJVT
5P
UIJT
EFQUI
UIFSF
JT
OP
JOEJDB UJPO
PG
FJUIFS
B
SBQJEMZ
PS
TMPXMZ
SPUBUJOH
DFOUFS
)PXFWFS
UIF
DFOUSBM
QBSUT
PG
UIF
4VOT
FOFSHZHFOFSBUJOH
DPSF
IBWF
OPU
CFFO
SFTPMWFE
TP
JUT
SPUBUJPO
BOE
TUSVDUVSF
SFNBJO
B
NZTUFSZ /FWFSUIFMFTT
OP
BTZNNFUSZ
PS
PCMBUFOFTT
JO
UIF
TIBQF
PG
UIF
4VO
IBT
CFFO
EFUFDUFE
BT
XPVME
CF
FYQFDUFE
GSPN
FYDFQUJPOBMMZ
SBQJE
SPUBUJPO
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIJT
IBT
JNQPSUBOU
JNQMJDBUJPOT
GPS
UIFPSJFT
PG
HSBWJUZ
'PDVT
  
*/5&3/"-
'-084 8IJUFIPU
SJWFST
PG
HBT
TXFFQ
BSPVOE
UIF
4VOT
FRVBUPSJBM
SFHJPOT
JO
[POBM
CBOET
BU
EJĒFSFOU
TQFFET
NPWJOH
KVTU
TMJHIUMZ
GBTUFS
PS
TMPXFS
UIBO
UIF
BWFSBHF
SPUBUJPO
BU
UIBU
MBUJUVEF
'JH
 
ѮF
CBOEJOH
JT
BQQBSFOUMZ
TZNNFUSJD
BCPVU
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
XJUI
POF
PS
UXP
[POFT
PG
GBTUFS
SPUBUJPO
BOE
POF
PS
UXP
[POFT
PG
TMPXFS
SPUBUJPO
JO
FBDI
IFNJTQIFSF
PG
UIF
4VO
ѮF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
UIF
GBTUFS
[POBM
ëPXT
JT
BCPVU

UP

NFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
IJHIFS
UIBO
HBTFT
UP
FJUIFS
TJEF
ѮJT
JT
TVCTUBOUJBMMZ
TNBMMFS
UIBO
UIF
NFBO
WFMPDJUZ
PG
SPUBUJPO
XIJDI
JT
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
TP
UIF
GBTU
[POFT
HMJEF
BMPOH
JO
UIF
TQJOOJOH
HBT
MJLF
B
XJEF
MB[Z
SJWFS 3PCFSU
i#PCu
)PXBSE
¢

BOE
#BSSZ
-B#POUF
¢

EJTDPWFSFE
UIFTF
CSPBE
[POBM
CBOET
JO

GSPN
%PQQMFSWFMPDJUZ
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PG
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
ѮFZ
OBNFE
UIFN
UPSTJPOBM
PTDJMMBUJPOT
B
SBUIFS
QPOEFSPVT
OBNF
*UT
DMFBSFS
JG
XF
DBMM
UIFN
ëPXT
SFTFNCMJOH
UIF
USBEF
XJOET
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
CVU
PO
B
NVDI
MBSHFS
TDBMF
XJUI
IPUUFS
UFNQFSBUVSFT *OTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
UIF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
40)0
IBWF
TIPXO
UIBU
UIF
JOUFSOBM
ëPXT
SVO
XJEF
BOE
EFFQ
BU
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST
JO
CPUI
EJSFDUJPOT
"ѫFS
TVCUSBDUJOH
UIF
UJNFBWFSBHFE
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
UIF
40)0
TDJFOUJTUT
GPVOE
UIBU
UIF
[POBM
ëPX
CBOET
QFOFUSBUF
UP
B
EFQUI
PG
BU
MFBTU

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
4VOT
SBEJVT
4P
UIFZ
FYUFOE
UISPVHI
B
TVCTUBOUJBM
GSBDUJPO
PG
UIF
4VOT
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
BOE
NJHIU
JOWPMWF
UIF
FOUJSF
DPOWFDUJWF
FOWFMPQF
PG
UIF
4VO 1POEFSPVT
TMPX
SJWFST
PG
HBT
BMTP
DJSDVMBUF
GSPN
UIF
FRVBUPS
UPXBSE
CPUI
QPMFT
ѮJT
QFSTJTUFOU
QPMFXBSE
ëPX
UP
UIF
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
IBT
CFFO
EVCCFE
UIF
NFSJEJPOBM
PTDJMMBUJPO
*U
BMTP
FYUFOET
UISPVHI
B
TVCTUBOUJBM
GSBDUJPO
PG
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
CVU
TDJFOUJTUT
IBWF
OPU
ZFU
CFFO
BCMF
UP
MPPL
EFFQ
FOPVHI
UP
MPDBUF
UIF
FYQFDUFE
SFUVSO
ëPX
UPXBSE
UIF
FRVBUPS
XIJDI
NVTU
FYJTU
UP
DPOTFSWF
NBTT
BOE
HJWF
UIF
NPWJOH
NBUFSJBM
B
QMBDF
UP
HP


5BLJOH
UIF
1VMTF
PG
UIF
4VO





'0$64

$POmSNJOH
&JOTUFJOT
5IFPSZ
PG
(SBWJUZ

*OTUFBE
PG
BMXBZT
USBDJOH
PVU
UIF
TBNF
FMMJQTF
UIF
PSCJU
PG
.FSDVSZ
QJWPUT
BSPVOE
UIF
GPDVT
PDDVQJFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
ѮF
QPJOU
PG
DMPTFTU
BQQSPBDI
UP
UIF
4VO
UIF
QFSJIFMJPO
BEWBODFT
CZ
B
TNBMM
BNPVOU

TFDPOET
PG
BSD
QFS
DFOUVSZ
CFZPOE
UIBU
DBVTFE
CZ
QMBOFUBSZ
QFSUVSCBUJPOT
"MCFSU
&JOTUFJO
m
JOWFOUFE
B
OFX
UIFPSZ
PG
HSBWJUZ
UIF
(FO FSBM
ѮFPSZ
PG
3FMBUJWJUZ
XIJDI
FYQMBJOT
UIJT
BOPNBMPVT
BEWBODF
PG
.FSDVSZT
QFSJIFMJPO "DDPSEJOH
UP
UIJT
UIFPSZ
TQBDF
JT
EJT UPSUFE
BOE
DVSWFE
JO
UIF
OFJHICPSIPPE
PG
NBUUFS
BOE
UIJT
EJTUPSUJPO
JT
UIF
DBVTF
PG
HSBWJUZ
ѮF
SFTVMU
JT
B
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
FĒFDU
UIBU
EFQBSUT
TMJHIUMZ
GSPN
/FXUPOT
FYQSFT TJPO
BOE
UIF
QMBOFUBSZ
PSCJUT
BSF
OPU
FYBDUMZ
FMMJQUJDBM
*OTUFBE
PG
SFUVSOJOH
UP
JUT
TUBSUJOH
QPJOU
UP
GPSN
B
DMPTFE
FMMJQTF
BѫFS
POF
PSCJUBM
QFSJPE
UIF
QMBOFU
NPWFT
TMJHIUMZ
BIFBE
JO
B
XJOEJOH
QBUI
UIBU
DBO
CF
EFTDSJCFE
BT
B
SPUBU JOH
FMMJQTF ѮF
PCTFSWFE
BEWBODF
PG
.FSDVSZT
QFSJ IFMJPO
JT
JO
BMNPTU
FYBDU
BHSFFNFOU
XJUI
&JOTUFJOT
QSFEJDUJPO
CVU
UIJT
BDDPSE
EFQFOET
PO
UIF
BTTVNQUJPO
UIBU
UIF
4VO
JT
B
OFBSMZ
QFSGFDU
TQIFSF
*G
UIF
JOUFSJPS
PG
UIF
4VO
JT
SPUBUJOH
WFSZ
GBTU
JU
XJMM
QVTI
UIF
FRVBUPS
PVU
GVSUIFS
UIBO
UIF
QPMFT
TP
JUT
TIBQF
PVHIU
UP
CF





TPNFXIBU
PCMBUF
SBUIFS
UIBO
QFSGFDUMZ
TQIFSJ DBM
"ѫFS
BMM
FWFO
UIF
TPMJE
&BSUI
JT
TMJHIUMZ
GBU UFS
BU
UIF
NJEEMF
CFDBVTF
PG
JUT
SPUBUJPO
BOE
UIF
FĒFDU
PVHIU
UP
CF
NPSF
QSPOPVODFE
GPS
B
SPUBU JOH
HBTFPVT
TQIFSF
MJLF
UIF
4VO
ѮF
TJ[F
PG
UIF
PCMBUFOFTT
BOE
UIF
BNPVOU
UIBU
JU
BĒFDUT
HSBW JUZ
EFQFOE
PO
IPX
GBTU
UIF
JOUFSJPS
JT
SPUBUJOH ѮF
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
JOëVFODF
PG
UIF
PVUXBSE
CVMHF
DBMMFE
B
RVBESVQPMF
NPNFOU
XJMM
QSPWJEF
BO
BEEFE
UXJTU
UP
.FSDVSZT
PSCJUBM
NPUJPO
TIJѫJOH
JUT
PSCJU
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
CZ
BO
BEEJUJPOBM
BNPVOU
BOE
MFTTFOJOH
UIF
BHSFF NFOU
XJUI
&JOTUFJOT
UIFPSZ
PG
HSBWJUZ
'PSUV OBUFMZ
UIF
TMPX
SPUBUJPO
PG
UIF
PVUFS
QBSUT
PG
UIF
4VO
XIJDI
JT
JOGFSSFE
GSPN
IFMJPTFJTNPM PHZ
JT
OPU
FOPVHI
UP
QSPEVDF
B
TVCTUBOUJBM
BTZNNFUSZ
JO
JUT
TIBQF
FWFO
JG
UIF
DPSF
PG
UIF
4VO
JT
SBQJEMZ
SPUBUJOH
4P
XF
NBZ
TBGFMZ
DPO DMVEF
UIBU
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PG
.FSDVSZT
PSCJU
DPOêSN
UIF
QSFEJDUJPOT
PG
(FOFSBM
3FMBUJWJUZ
VOEFS
UIF
BTTVNQUJPO
UIBU
UIF
4VO
JT
B
OFBSMZ
QFSGFDU
TQIFSF *O
GBDU
UIF
TNBMM
RVBESVQPMF
NPNFOU
JOGFSSFE
GSPN
UIF
PTDJMMBUJPO
EBUB
BCPVU
POF
UFO
NJMMJPOUI
SBUIFS
UIBO
FYBDUMZ
[FSP
BT
&JOTUFJO
BTTVNFE
JT
DPOTJTUFOU
XJUI
B
WFSZ
TNBMM
EJĒFSFODF
CFUXFFO
SBEBS
NFBTVSF NFOUT
PG
.FSDVSZT
PSCJU
BOE
&JOTUFJOT
QSF EJDUJPO
4P
UIF
4VO
EPFT
IBWF
BO
FYUSFNFMZ
TNBMM
NJEEMFBHFE
CVMHF
BѫFS
BMM

ѮF
FOUJSF
PVUFS
MBZFS
PG
UIF
4VO
UP
B
EFQUI
PG
BU
MFBTU
 
LJMPNFUFST
JT
TMPXMZ
CVU
TUFBEJMZ
ëPXJOH
GSPN
UIF
FRVBUPS
UP
UIF
QPMFT
XJUI
B
TQFFE
PG
BCPVU

NFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
"U
UIJT
SBUF
BO
PCKFDU
XPVME
CF
USBOTQPSUFE
GSPN
UIF
FRVBUPS
UP
B
QPMF
JO
B
MJUUMF
NPSF
UIBO
POF
ZFBS
0G
DPVSTF
UIF
4VO
SPUBUFT
BU
NPSF
UIBO

UJNFT
UIJT
SBUF
DPNQMFUJOH
POF
SFWPMVUJPO
BU
UIF
FRVBUPS
JO
BCPVU

EBZT #PUI
UZQFT
PG
JOUFSOBM
ëPXT
BSF
MJOLFE
UP
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJTN
*TMBOET
PG
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
DBMMFE
TVOTQPUT
FNFSHF
BU
UIF
QPMFXBSE
TJEF
PG
UIF
GBTUFS
[POBM
CBOET
NBSLJOH
CFMUT
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
)FMJPTFJTNPMPHJTUT
TQFDVMBUF
UIBU
TVOTQPUT
NJHIU
PSJHJOBUF
BU
UIF
CPVOEBSJFT
PG
[POFT
NPWJOH
BU
EJĒFSFOU
TQFFET
XIFSF
UIF
TIFBSJOH
GPSDF
BOE
UVS CVMFODF
NJHIU
UXJTU
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BOE
JOUFOTJGZ
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
MJLF
UXP
OFBSCZ
TQFFE
CPBUT
NPWJOH
BU
EJĒFSFOU
WFMPDJUJFT
BOE
DIVSOJOH
UIF
XBUFS
CFUXFFO
UIFN




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 )NTERIORmOWS'LOBALHELIOSEISMOLOGYOFINTERNALmOWSIN THE3UNWITHROTATIONREMOVED2EDCORRESPONDSTOFASTER THAN AVER AGEmOWS YELLOWTOSLOWERTHANAVERAGE ANDBLUETOSLOWERYET/N THELEFTSIDE DEEPLYROOTEDZONALmOWS
ZFMMPX
CBOET

ANALOGOUSTO THE%ARTHSTRADEWINDS TRAVELSLIGHTLYFASTERTHANTHEIRSURROUNDINGS CMVF
SFHJPOT 4HESTREAMLINESINTHERIGHT HANDCUTAWAYREVEALASLOW MERIODIONALmOWTOWARDTHESOLARPOLESFROMTHEEQUATORTHERETURN mOWBELOWITISINFERRED4HISIMAGEISTHERESULTOFCOMPUTATIONSUSING ONEYEAROFCONTINUOUSOBSERVATION FROM-AYTO-AY WITH THE-ICHELSON$OPPLER)MAGER ABBREVIATED-$) INSTRUMENTABOARD THE40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ OR40)0FORSHORT#OURTESY OF0HILIP(3CHERRERANDTHE40)03/)-$)CONSORTIUM40)0
ISA PROJECTOFINTERNATIONALCOOPERATIONBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!





5BLJOH
UIF
1VMTF
PG
UIF
4VO




ѮF
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
CFMUT
BOE
UIF
[POBM
ëPX
CBOET
NJHSBUF
UPHFUIFS
NPWJOH
TMPXMZ
UPXBSE
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
EVSJOH
UIF
4VOT
ZFBS
DZDMF
PG
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
ѮF
NFSJPEJPOBM
ëPXT
BMTP
WBSZ
XJUI
UIF
TPMBS
DZDMF
BOE
UIFTF
ëPXT
NBZ
USBOTQPSU
MFѫPWFS
NBHOFUJD
ëVY
UP
UIF
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
SFTVMUJOH
JO
UIF
SFWFSTBM
PG
UIF
4VOT
HMPCBM
EJQPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME ѮJT
UIFSFGPSF
CSJOHT
VT
UP
B
EJTDVTTJPO
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIBU
QFSWBEF
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF

$IBQUFS
'JWF

"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS

(3"*/45"$,
"5
46/4&5
/&"3
(*7&3/:)NTHISPAINTING THE&RENCHARTIST#LAUDE -ONET¥ CAPTURESTHEFAINT REDDENEDSUNLIGHTANDLONGSHADOWSATTHEEND OFTHEDAY)NBOTHTHE'RAINSTACKAND2OUEN#ATHEDRALPAINTINGSHEPORTRAYEDTHESAME OBJECTFROMDAWNTODUSK ANDFROMSUMMERTOWINTER TODESCRIBETHESUBTLEEFFECTSOF CHANGINGLIGHTANDSHADOW#OURTESYOF-USEUMOF&INE!RTS "OSTON *ULIANA#HENEY %DWARDS#OLLECTION












."(/&5*$
'*&-%4
*/
5)&
7*4*#-&
1)05041)&3& ѮF
TVOMJHIU
XF
TFF
DPNJOH
GSPN
UIF
CSJHIU
EJTL
PG
UIF
4VO
PSJHJOBUFT
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
B
XPSE
EFSJWFE
GSPN
UIF
(SFFL
QIPUPT
GPS
iMJHIUu
BOE
TQIFSF
GPS
JUT
TQIFSJDBM
TIBQF
ѮF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JT
B
UIJO
UFOVPVT
MBZFS
POMZ
B
GFX
IVOESFE
LJMPNFUFST
UIJDL
XJUI
B
UFNQFSB UVSF
PG
 
LFMWJO
BOE
B
QSFTTVSF
PG
POF
UFOUIPVTBOEUI

PG
UIF
QSFTTVSF
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
BU
TFB
MFWFM
:PV
BSF
MPPLJOH
BU
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
XIFO
ZPV
XBUDI
UIF
4VO
SJTF
JO
UIF
NPSOJOH
BOE
DPOUJOVF
PO
JUT
EBJMZ
KPVSOFZ
BDSPTT
UIF
TLZ "MUIPVHI
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JT
UIF
POMZ
QBSU
PG
UIF
4VO
XF
DBO
TFF
BO
FYUFOEFE
JOWJTJCMF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
MJFT
BCPWF
JU
8F
MPPL
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIJT
PWFSMZJOH
SBSFêFE
HBT
KVTU
BT
XF
TFF
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUIT
BJS
ѮF
QIPUPTQIFSF
UIFSFGPSF
EPFT
OPU
NBSL
UIF
TVSGBDF
PG
UIF
4VO
GPS
JU
IBT
OP
TVSGBDF
UIBU
EJWJEFT
UIF
JOTJEF
GSPN
UIF
PVUTJEF 0CTFSWJOH
UIF
4VO
JT
MJLF
MPPLJOH
JOUP
UIF
EJTUBODF
PO
B
GPHHZ
EBZ
"U
B
DFSUBJO
EJT UBODF
UIF
UPUBM
BNPVOU
PG
GPH
ZPV
BSF
MPPLJOH
UISPVHI
NPVOUT
VQ
UP
NBLF
BO
PQBRVF
CBSSJFS
ѮF
GPH
UIFO
CFDPNFT
TP
UIJDL
BOE
EFOTF
UIBU
SBEJBUJPO
DBO
QFOFUSBUF
OP
GVSUIFS
BOE
XF
DBO
POMZ
TFF
UIBU
GBS
8IFO
MPPLJOH
JOUP
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
ZPV
DBO
TJNJMBSMZ
TFF
UISPVHI
POMZ
TP
NVDI
HBT
'PS
WJTJCMF
TVOMJHIU
UIJT
PQBRVF
MBZFS
JT
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
UIF
MFWFM
PG
UIF
4VO
GSPN
XIJDI
XF
HFU
PVS
MJHIU
BOE
IFBU ѮF
TIBSQ
FEHF
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JT
BO
JMMVTJPO
DBVTFE
CZ
VOVTVBM
JPOT
UIBU
NBLF
UIF
HBT
BT
PQBRVF
BT
B
CSJDL
XBMM
*O
B
SBSF
DPMMJTJPO
B
IZESPHFO
BUPN
JO
UIF
QIPUP TQIFSF
DBO
CSJFëZ
DBQUVSF
B
GSFF
FMFDUSPO
UFNQPSBSJMZ
CFDPNJOH
BO
JPO
XJUI
B
OFHBUJWF
DIBSHF
ѮFTF
OFHBUJWF
IZESPHFO
JPOT
BCTPSC
SBEJBUJPO
DPNJOH
GSPN
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
SFFNJU
WJTJCMF
TVOMJHIU
BOE
BDDPVOU
GPS
UIF
4VOT
TIBSQ
FEHF
"U
IJHIFS
MFWFMT
JO
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
UIFSF
BSF
OP
IZESPHFO
JPOT
TP
UIF
MJHIU
DBO
FTDBQF
BOE
XF
DBO
TFF
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
HBT 5P
NPTU
PG
VT
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
MPPLT
MJLF
B
QFSGFDU
XIJUFIPU
HMPCF
SPVOE
TNPPUI
BOE
XJUIPVU
B
CMFNJTI
*UT
MJLF
UBLJOH
B
RVJDL
TJEFXBZT
HMJNQTF
PG
B
CFBVUJGVM
XPNBO
PS
IBOETPNF
NBO
B
TVTUBJOFE
DMPTFVQ
MPPL
VTVBMMZ
SFWFBMT
TPNF
JNQFSGFDUJPO
%FUBJMFE
TDSVUJOZ
JOEJDBUFT
UIBU
UIF
4VO
JT
QJUUFE
XJUI
EBSL
TQPUT
DBMMFE
TVOTQPUT -BSHF
TVOTQPUT
DBO
CF
TFFO
XJUI
UIF
VOBJEFE
FZF
UISPVHI
GPH
PS
IB[F
PS
TPNF UJNFT
BU
TVOSJTF
PS
TVOTFU
XIFO
UIF
4VOT
VTVBM
CSJHIUOFTT
JT
IFBWJMZ
EJNNFE
#VU
ZPV
OPSNBMMZ
DBOOPU
MPPL
EJSFDUMZ
BU
UIF
4VO
XJUIPVU
TFWFSFMZ
EBNBHJOH
ZPVS
FZFT
BOE
NPTU
TVOTQPUT
BSF
UPP
TNBMM
UP
CF
SFBEJMZ
WJTJCMF
CZ
OBLFE
FZF
PCTFSWBUJPOT
SFRVJSJOH
B
UFMFTDPQF
UP
CF
EFUFDUFE
"ODJFOU
$IJOFTF
SFDPSET
OFWFSUIFMFTT
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
MBSHF
TVOTQPUT
IBWF
CFFO
PCTFSWFE
XJUI
UIF
VOBJEFE
FZF
GPS
OFBSMZ
 
ZFBST 4VOTQPUT
CFDBNF
B
MPU
FBTJFS
UP
TFF
BSPVOE

XIFO
OPU
MFTT
UIBO
GPVS
NFO
UVSOFE
UIF
OFXMZ
JOWFOUFE
UFMFTDPQF
UPXBSE
UIF
4VO
JOEFQFOEFOUMZ
BOE
OFBSMZ
TJNVM UBOFPVTMZ
DPOêSNJOH
UIF
FYJTUFODF
PG
TVOTQPUT
0OF
PG
UIFN
UIF
*UBMJBO
TDJFOUJTU
(BMJMFP
(BMJMFJ
¢


DBSSJFE
PVU
B
EFUBJMFE
TDSVUJOZ
BOOPVODJOH
UIBU
TVOTQPUT
BSF
FNCFEEFE
JO
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
OPU
JO
GSPOU
PG
JU
)F
BMTP
VTFE
UIFJS
BQQBS FOU
NPUJPO
UP
TIPX
UIBU
UIF
4VO
JT
TQJOOJOH
JO
TQBDF
BOE
UVSOJOH
BSPVOE
PODF
FWFSZ

EBZT
BT
WJFXFE
GSPN
UIF
NPWJOH
&BSUI
#FDBVTF
PVS
QMBOFU
PSCJUT
UIF
4VO
JO
UIF
TBNF
EJSFDUJPO
UIBU
UIF
4VO
SPUBUFT
UIF
SPUBUJPO
SBUF
PCTFSWFE
GSPN
&BSUI
JT
BCPVU

EBZT
MPOHFS
UIBO
UIF
4VOT
JOUSJOTJD
SBUF
PG
TQJO
PG
BCPVU

EBZT
BU
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS (BMJMFP
OPUJDFE
UIBU
TVOTQPUT
DIBOHF
JO
TJ[F
BOE
TIBQF
BOE
UIBU
UIFZ
FWFOUVBMMZ
GBEF
BOE
EJTBQQFBS
GSPN
WJFX
ѮF
TVOTQPUT
BQQFBS
GSPN
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
PѫFO
SFNBJOJOH





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

WJTJCMF
GPS
POMZ
B
GFX
EBZT
4PNF
MBTU
KVTU
B
GFX
IPVST
PUIFST
QFSTJTU
GPS
XFFLT
BOE
FWFO
NPOUIT
"T
TVOTQPUT
GPSN
UIFZ
DBO
BMTP
DPBMFTDF
BOE
NPWF
QBTU
PS
FWFO
UISPVHI
FBDI
PUIFS ѮF
EBSL
FQIFNFSBM
TQPUT
PO
UIF
BQQBSFOUMZ
TFSFOF
4VO
UIFSFGPSF
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
JU
JT
BO
JNQFSGFDU
QMBDF
PG
DPOTUBOU
UVSNPJM
BOE
DIBOHF
DPOUSBEJDUJOH
UIF
(SFFL
QIJMPTPQIFS
"SJTUPUMFT
¢
#$
QIJMPTPQIZ
PG
DPTNJD
QFSGFDUJPO
BOE
JNNVUBCJMJUZ *O
(BMJMFPT
UJNF
JU
XBT
BMTP
EJTDPWFSFE
UIBU
TVOTQPUT
OFBS
UIF
FRVBUPS
SPUBUF
NPSF
SBQJEMZ
UIBO
UIPTF
OFBSFS
UP
UIF
QPMFT
UIJT
NFBOT
UIBU
EJĒFSFOU
QBSUT
PG
UIF
4VOT
WJTJCMF
EJTL
SPUBUF
BCPVU
JUT
BYJT
BU
EJĒFSFOU
TQFFET
B
QIFOPNFOPO
OPX
LOPXO
BT
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
ѮJT
FĒFDU
XBT
UIPSPVHIMZ
TUVEJFE
UXP
DFOUVSJFT
MBUFS
CZ
3JDIBSE
$
$BSSJOHUPO
¢


B
XFBMUIZ
&OHMJTI
BNBUFVS
GSPN
IJT
QSJWBUF
PCTFSWBUPSZ
BU
3FEIJMM
)F
TIPXFE
JO

UIBU
UIF
4VOT
BQQBSFOU
QFSJPE
PG
SPUBUJPO
JODSFBTFT
TZTUFNBUJDBMMZ
XJUI
MBUJUVEF
GSPN

EBZT
BU
UIF
FRVBUPS
UP
BCPVU

EBZT
IBMGXBZ
UPXBSE
UIF
QPMFT
PS
BU
B
MBUJUVEF
PG

EFHSFFT #FDBVTF
UIFZ
BSF
SFMBUJWFMZ
DPPM
TVOTQPUT
BQQFBS
EBSL
JO
DPOUSBTU
XJUI
UIFJS
CSJHIU
TVSSPVOEJOHT
"
TVOTQPU
NJHIU
IBWF
B
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
 
LFMWJO
GPS
FYBNQMF
JOTUFBE
PG
UIF
 
LFMWJO
PG
BEKBDFOU
SFHJPOT
"TUSPOPNFST
IBWF
FWFO
EFUFDUFE
UIF
TQFDUSBM
TJH OBUVSFT
PG
DFSUBJO
NPMFDVMFT
JO
TVOTQPUT
XIJMF
UIF
TVSSPVOEJOH
NBUFSJBM
JT
TP
IPU
UIBU
NPMFDVMFT
BSF
CSPLFO
BQBSU
)PXFWFS
BQQFBSBODFT
DBO
CF
EFDFJWJOH
GPS
B
TVOTQPU
JT


'*(
 3UNSPOTS4HISDRAWING OFSUNSPOTSWASMADEMORETHANA CENTURYAGO IN*UNEBYTHE 3COTTISHENGINEERANDASTRONOMER *AMES.ASMYTH¥  !DAPTEDFROM-F
$JFM ,IBRAIRIE (ACHETTE0ARIS 





"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS




BMNPTU

UJNFT
IPUUFS
UIBO
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
CPJMJOH
XBUFS
BU

LFMWJO
BOE
BMUIPVHI
TVOTQPUT
BQQFBS
EBSL
JO
DPNQBSJTPO
UP
UIF
OFBSCZ
IPUUFS
HBT
UIFZ
TUJMM
SBEJBUF
MJHIU 5FMFTDPQJD
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
MBSHF
TVOTQPUT
JO
OPSNBM
XIJUF
MJHIU
JOEJDBUF
B
EBSL
DFOUFS
UIF
VNCSB
TVSSPVOEFE
CZ
B
MFTT
EBSL
QFOVNCSB
CPUI
TUBOEJOH
JO
TUBSL
DPOUSBTU
UP
UIF
SBUIFS
CMBOE
BOE
VOJGPSN
CBDLHSPVOE
'JHT

 
"MUIPVHI
JU
MPPLT
TNBMM
JO
DPNQBSJTPO
UP
UIF
TPMBS
EJTL
B
MBSHF
TVOTQPU
VNCSB
DBO
TVSQBTT
UIF
&BSUI
JO
TJ[F .PEFSO
UFMFTDPQFT
IBWF
SFWFBMFE
UIF
EFUBJMFE
GFBUVSFT
PG
TVOTQPUT
'JH
 
"
TJN QMF
TVOTQPU
IBT
B
EBSL
DFOUFS
DBMMFE
UIF
VNCSB
TVSSPVOEFE
CZ
B
MJHIUFS
QFOVNCSB
ѮF
VNCSB
BSFB
JT
B
DPOTUBOU
GSBDUJPO



PG
UIF
UPUBM
BSFB
PG
UIF
TQPU
"
GVMMZ
EFWFM PQFE
TVOTQPU
IBT
B
UZQJDBM
QFOVNCSBM
EJBNFUFS
PG
CFUXFFO
 
BOE
 
LJMPNFUFST


'*(
 3UNSPOTGROUP)NTENSEMAGNETIClELDSEMERGEFROMTHEINTERIOROFTHE 3UNTHROUGHTHEPHOTOSPHERE PRODUCINGGROUPSOFSUNSPOTS4HESUNSPOTSAPPEARDARK BECAUSETHEYARESLIGHTLYCOOLERTHANTHESURROUNDINGPHOTOSPHEREGAS4HISCOMPOSITE IMAGESHOWSTHEVISIBLESOLARDISKINWHITELIGHT ORALLTHECOLORSCOMBINEDVQQFS
SJHIU ANDANENLARGEDWHITE LIGHTIMAGEOFTHELARGESTSUNSPOTGROUPNJEEMF WHICHISABOUT TIMESLARGERTHANTHE%ARTHWHOSESIZEISDENOTEDBYTHEBLACKSPOTMPXFS
MFѫ #OUR TESYOF40)0 %3!AND.!3!




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 $ETAILEDIMAGEOFSUNSPOTS4HE3WEDISH3OLAR4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED334 ONTHE#ANARY)SLANDOF,A0ALMAOBSERVESTHESOLARPHOTOSPHEREWITHUNPRECEDENTED DETAILASSMALLASSECONDSOFARC ORJUSTKILOMETERSONTHE3UN WHICHISABOUTONE THOUSANDTIMESBETTERTHANTHEANGULARRESOLUTIONOFOURUNAIDEDEYES4HISIMAGEWAS OBTAINEDUSINGA METERADAPTIVEMIRRORTHATCANCHANGESHAPE TIMESASECONDTO COMPENSATEFORATMOSPHERICBLURRINGANDOBTAINTHESHARPEST EVERPICTURESOFTHE3UN &LOWINGTENDRILSOFIONIZEDGAS ORPLASMA ENCIRCLETHEDARKSUNSPOTSTHESEPENUMBRAL lLAMENTSCONTAINTHINDARKCORES/UTSIDETHEPENUMBRA THESOLARGRANULATIONISVISIBLE #OURTESYOF334 'ÚRAN3CHARMER )NSTITUTEFOR3OLAR0HYSICS 2OYAL3WEDISH!CADEMY OF3CIENCES

XIJDI
DBO
CF
DPNQBSFE
XJUI
UIF
&BSUIT
NFBO
EJBNFUFS
PG
 
LJMPNFUFST
ѮF
QFO VNCSB
DPOTJTUT
PG
SBEJBM
CSJHIU
BOE
EBSL
êMBNFOUT
UIBU
BSDI
BOE
TQMBZ *O

UIF
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPOPNFS
(FPSHF
&MMFSZ
)BMF
¢
TIPXFE
UIBU
TVOTQPUT
BSF
SFHJPOT
PG
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJTN
UIPVTBOET
PG
UJNFT
TUSPOHFS
UIBO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
"T
)BMF
'JH

TVHHFTUFE
B
TVCUMF
EJWJTJPO
BOE
QPMBSJ[BUJPO
PG
BO
BUPNT
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
DBO
NFBTVSF
TPMBS
NBHOFUJTN
ѮJT
NBHOFUJD
USBOTGPSNBUJPO
IBT
CFFO
OBNFE
UIF
;FFNBO
FĒFDU
BѫFS
UIF
%VUDI
QIZTJDJTU
1JFUFS
;FFNBO
¢


XIP
êSTU
OPUJDFE
JU
JO
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
MBCPSBUPSZ
JO

)FOESJL
-PSFOU[
¢






"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS




'*(
 'EORGE%LLERY(ALE4HE!MERICANASTRONOMER'EORGE%LLERY(ALE ¥ SHOWNHERE ANDTHE&RENCHASTRONOMER(ENRI$ESLANDRES¥ INDEPENDENTLYINVENTEDTHESPECTROHELIOGRAPHIN)TISUSEDTOIMAGETHE3UNIN THELIGHTOFONEPARTICULARWAVELENGTHONLY(ALESUBSEQUENTLYMEASUREDTHE:EEMAN EFFECTONTHE3UN USING LABORATORYCOMPARISONS TOESTABLISHTHEEXISTENCE OFSTRONGMAGNETIClELDS INSUNSPOTS)NLATERWORK (ALEANDHISCOLLEAGUES FOUNDTHATTHEMAJORITYOF SUNSPOTSOCCURINPAIRSOF OPPOSITEMAGNETICPOLAR ITY ANDTHATTHEPRECEDING ANDFOLLOWINGSPOTSHAVE OPPOSITEPOLARITYTHAT ALSOREVERSESSIGNINTHE NORTHERNANDSOUTHERN HEMISPHERESANDFROMONE  YEARACTIVITYCYCLETO THENEXT(ALEDEVELOPED ASOLAROBSERVATORYAT-T 7ILSON #ALIFORNIAINTHE EARLYS ANDEVEN INSTALLEDASOLARTELESCOPE INHISHOMEIN0ASADENA TOGETHERWITHALARGERELIEF OF!POLLO THE3UN'OD #OURTESYOFTHE!RCHIVES #ALIFORNIA)NSTITUTEOF 4ECHNOLOGY

QSFEJDUFE
UIF
FĒFDU
BOE
UIF
UXP
%VUDI
QIZTJDJTUT
TIBSFE
UIF

/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
GPS
UIFJS
JOWFTUJHBUJPOT
PG
UIF
JOëVFODF
PG
NBHOFUJTN
PO
SBEJBUJPO 8IFO
BO
BUPN
JT
QMBDFE
JO
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JU
BDUT
MJLF
B
UJOZ
DPNQBTT
BEKVTU JOH
UIF
FOFSHZ
MFWFMT
PG
JUT
FMFDUSPOT
*G
UIF
BUPNJD
DPNQBTT
JT
BMJHOFE
JO
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
FOFSHZ
JODSFBTFT
JG
JU
JT
BMJHOFE
JO
UIF
PQQPTJUF
EJSFDUJPO
UIF
FOFSHZ
EFDSFBTFT
4JODF
FBDI
FOFSHZ
DIBOHF
DPJODJEFT
XJUI
B
DIBOHF
JO
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
FNJUUFE
CZ
UIBU
FMFDUSPO
B
TQFDUSBM
MJOF
FNJUUFE
BU
B
TJOHMF
XBWFMFOHUI
CZ
B
SBOEPNMZ
PSJFOUFE
DPMMFDUJPO
PG
BUPNT
CFDPNFT
B
HSPVQ
PG
UISFF
MJOFT
PG
TMJHIUMZ
EJĒFSFOU
XBWFMFOHUIT
JO
UIF
QSFTFODF
PG
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
'JH
 
ѮF
TJ[F
PG
BO
BUPNT
JOUFSOBM
BEKVTUNFOUT
BOE
UIF
FYUFOU
PG
JUT
TQFDUSBM
EJWJTJPO
JODSFBTFT
XJUI
UIF
TUSFOHUI
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME 'VSUIFSNPSF
UIF
MJHIU
BU
FBDI
PG
UIFTF
EJWJEFE
XBWFMFOHUIT
IBT
B
QSFGFSSFE
PSJFO UBUJPO
PS
DJSDVMBS
QPMBSJ[BUJPO
UIBU
EFQFOET
PO
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PS
QPMBSJUZ
PG
UIF
NBH OFUJD
êFME
-JOFT
UIBU
BSF
TQMJU
CZ
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
UIBU
JT
EJSFDUFE
PVU
BMPOH
UIF
MJOF
PG
TJHIU
IBWF
SJHIUIBOE
DJSDVMBS
QPMBSJ[BUJPO
UIPTF
QPJOUJOH
JO
UIF
PQQPTJUF
JOXBSE
EJSFDUJPO
IBWF
MFѫIBOE
DJSDVMBS
QPMBSJ[BUJPO
4P
POF
DBO
NFBTVSF
UIF
TJ[F
PG
UIF
TQFD




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 4HE:EEMANEFFECT4HEMAGNETIClELDINASUNSPOTCANBEMEASUREDUSING THE:EEMANEFFECT)NASUNSPOTSJHIU THESPECTRALLINESTHATARENORMALLYATASINGLE WAVELENGTHBECOMESPLITINTOTWOORTHREECOMPONENTSMFѫ DEPENDINGONTHEORIENTA TIONOFTHElELDWITHRESPECTTOTHELINEOFSIGHT4HEVERTICALLINECROSSINGTHESUNSPOT DENOTESTHEALIGNMENTOFTHEOBSERVINGINSTRUMENTSLIT4HESEPARATIONOFTHEOUTERMOST COMPONENTSISPROPORTIONALTOTHESTRENGTHOFTHEMAGNETIClELD INTHISSUNSPOTABOUT TESLA OR GAUSS4HECOMPONENTSALSOHAVEACIRCULARPOLARIZATION WHICHINDICATES THEDIRECTIONOFTHELONGITUDINALMAGNETIClELD#OURTESYOF./!/

USBM
EJWJTJPO
BOE
VTF
QPMBSJ[FE
êMUFST
UP
EFUFSNJOF
CPUI
UIF
TUSFOHUI
BOE
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
VTJOH
UIF
;FFNBO
FĒFDU )BMF
VTFE
UIF
GPPU
UPXFS
UFMFTDPQF
PO
.PVOU
8JMTPO
$BMJGPSOJB
UP
TIPX
UIBU
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
JO
UIF
MJHIU
GSPN
TVOTQPUT
BSF
CPUI
EJWJEFE
BOE
QPMBSJ[FE
JOEJDBUJOH
UIBU
TUSPOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
DPODFOUSBUFE
XJUIJO
TVOTQPUT
XIFSF
UIF
NBHOFUJTN
QPJOUT
JOUP
PS
PVU
GSPN
UIF
4VO
#Z
DPNQBSJOH
UIF
;FFNBO
TQMJUUJOH
PG
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
GSPN
TVOTQPUT
XJUI
UIPTF
JO
MBCPSBUPSZ
FYQFSJNFOUT
)BMF
EFNPOTUSBUFE
UIBU
TVOTQPUT
IBWF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BT
TUSPOH
BT

UFTMB
PS
 
HBVTT
FYUFOEJOH
PWFS
BSFBT
MBSHFS
UIBO
UIF
&BSUI
JUTFMG
ѮF
TVOTQPUT
NBHOFUJTN
DBO
CF
UIPVTBOET
PG
UJNFT
TUSPOHFS
UIBO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
XIJDI
PSJFOUT
PVS
DPNQBTTFT
JU
IBT
B
TUSFOHUI
PG
BCPVU

UFTMB
PS

HBVTT
BU
UIF
FRVBUPS 0OF
VOJU
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI
JT
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
(FSNBO
NBUIFNBUJDJBO
,BSM
'SJFESJDI
(BVTT
¢


XIP
TIPXFE
JO

UIBU
UIF
&BSUIT
EJQPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
NVTU
PSJHJOBUF
XJUIJO
JUT
JOUFSJPS
DPSF
.BOZ
BTUSPOPNFST
TUJMM
VTF
UIF
HBVTT
BCCSF WJBUFE
(
VOJU
CVU
UIF
BMUFSOBUF
VOJU
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI
UIF
UFTMB
PS
5
GPS
TIPSU
JT
BMTP
VTFE
*U
JT
OBNFE
GPS
UIF
$SPBUJBOCPSO
"NFSJDBO
FMFDUSJDBM
FOHJOFFS
/JLPMB
5FTMB
¢


B
QJPOFFS
JO
UIF
VTF
PG
BMUFSOBUJOHDVSSFOU
FMFDUSJDJUZ
'PS
DPOWFSTJPO
POF
UFTMB

5

 
HBVTT


( *U
JT
QPXFSGVM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIBU
QSPUSVEF
UP
EBSLFO
UIF
TLJO
PG
UIF
4VO
GPSN JOH
EBSL
&BSUITJ[FE
TVOTQPUT
ѮF
JOUFOTF
TVOTQPU
NBHOFUJTN
BDUT
BT
B
êMUFS
PS
WBMWF
DIPLJOH
PĒ
UIF
IFBU
BOE
FOFSHZ
ëPXJOH
PVUXBSE
GSPN
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
ѮF
TUSPOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
TVOTQPUT
JOIJCJU
UIF
DPOWFDUJPO
DVSSFOUT
UIBU
VTVBMMZ
DBSSZ
IPU
NBUF


"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS





'0$64

-PPLJOH
*OUP
BOE
#FOFBUI
4VOTQPUT

4DJFOUJTUT
XFSF
QFSQMFYFE
GPS
EFDBEFT
PWFS
XIBU
IPMET
TVOTQPUT
UPHFUIFS
"MUIPVHI
TVO TQPUT
DBO
TUBZ
PSHBOJ[FE
GPS
TFWFSBM
XFFLT
UIF
PVUXBSE
QSFTTVSF
PG
UIFJS
TUSPOH
NBH OFUJD
êFMET
PVHIU
UP
NBLF
UIFN
FYQBOE
BOE
EJTQFSTF
NVDI
NPSF
SBQJEMZ ѮF
$IJOFTF
BTUSPOPNFS
+VOXFJ
;IBP
¢



XPSLJOH
XJUI
IJT
DPMMFBHVFT
"MFYBOEFS
(
i4BTIBu
,PTPWJDIFW
¢

BOE
ѮPNBT
-
%VWBMM
+S
¢

BU
4UBOGPSE
6OJWFSTJUZ
IBT
VTFE
JOTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
UIF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJP TQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
UP
USBDF
PVU
UIF
NPUJPOT
PG
IPU
ëPXJOH
HBT
JO
BSPVOE
BOE
CFMPX
TVO TQPUT
ѮFZ
êOE
UIBU
TVOTQPUT
BSF
IFME
UPHFUIFS




CZ
QPXFSGVM
DPOWFSHJOH
ëPXT
XIJDI
GPSDF
UIF
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UPHFUIFS 4PVOE
XBWFT
NPWF
XJUI
SFMBUJWFMZ
TMPX
TQFFE
XJUIJO
BOE
KVTU
CFMPX
TVOTQPUT
BT
FYQFDUFE
TJODF
UIF
TVOTQPUT
BSF
DPMEFS
UIBO
UIFJS
TVSSPVOEJOHT
)PXFWFS
UIF
XBWFT
TQFFE
VQ
BU
EFQUIT
PG
SPVHIMZ
 
LJMPNFUFST
XIFSF
UIF
DPOWFSHJOH
ëPXT
EJTBQQFBS
BOE
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
CFDPNF
SPVHIMZ
VOJGPSN 8IFO
PCTFSWFE
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
TVO TQPUT
BQQBSFOUMZ
SPUBUF
GBTUFS
UIBO
TVSSPVOE JOH
NBUFSJBM
XIJDI
IBT
MFTT
QSPOPVODFE
NBHOFUJTN
ѮJT
BMTP
TVHHFTUT
UIBU
TVOTQPUT
BSF
SFMBUJWFMZ
TIBMMPX
BODIPSFE
UP
GBTUFS
SPUBUJOH
NBUFSJBM
JO
UIF
JOUFSJPS
XJUIJO
SPPUT
FYUFOEJOH
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST
CFMPX
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF

SJBM
GSPN
EFFQFS
MBZFST
TP
MFTT
DPOWFDUJWF
IFBU
CVCCMFT
VQ
XJUIJO
UIFN
ѮF
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJTN
UIVT
BDUT
MJLF
B
SFGSJHFSBUPS
LFFQJOH
TVOTQPUT
UIPVTBOET
PG
EFHSFFT
DPPMFS
UIBO
UIF
UVSCVMFOU
HBT
BSPVOE
UIFN
"OE
TJODF
JU
JT
DPPMFS
B
TVOTQPU
EPFT
OPU
HJWF
PĒ
BT
NVDI
MJHIU
BT
UIF
BEKBDFOU
NBUFSJBM
BOE
MPPLT
EBSL
JO
DPNQBSJTPO
*OEFFE
UIF
EBSL FTU
BOE
DPPMFTU
QBSUT
PG
TVOTQPUT
BSF
UIF
TJUFT
PG
UIF
NPTU
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET "U
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
B
TVOTQPU
XJUIJO
UIF
VNCSB
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
B
GFX
UIPVTBOE
(BVTT
JO
TUSFOHUI
BOE
QPLFT
TUSBJHIU
PVU
PS
JO
GSPN
UIF
4VO
MJLF
BO
JTMBOE
PG
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJTN
XJUI
B
êYFE
EJSFDUJPO
PG
OPSUI
PS
TPVUI
QPMBSJUZ
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
XFBL FOT
BOE
TQSFBET
PVU
JO
VNCSFMMB
GBTIJPO
XJUIJO
UIF
ëVUFE
QFOVNCSBM
êMBNFOUT
XIFSF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI
JT
QFSIBQT
POF
UIPVTBOE
(BVTT .BUUFS
ëPXT
PVU
GSPN
UIF
JOOFS
TQPU
QFOVNCSB
UP
JUT
TVSSPVOEJOH
QIPUPTQIFSF
BMPOH
UIF
EBSL
QFOVNCSBM
êMBNFOUT
BU
WFMPDJUJFT
PG
B
GFX
LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
JO
BO
PVUëPX
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
&OHMJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
+PIO
&WFSTIFE
¢
XIP
êSTU
PCTFSWFE
JU
JO

GSPN
UIF
,PEBJLBOBM
0CTFSWBUPSZ
JO
*OEJB %FFQFS
EPXO
CFMPX
UIF
&WFSTIFE
FĒFDU
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHJTUT
IBWF
EFUFDUFE
TUSPOH
DPOWFSHJOH
ëPXT
BSPVOE
TVOTQPUT
BOE
EPXOXBSE
EJSFDUFE
ëPXT
JO
UIFN
ѮF
BEKBDFOU
TUSFBNT
PG
HBT
TUSFOHUIFO
BOE
DPOWFSHF
UPXBSET
UIF
TVOTQPUT
IFMQJOH
UP
IPME
UIFN
UPHFUIFS
'PDVT
 
'VSUIFS
EPXO
UIF
ëPXT
SJQ
UISPVHI
UIF
TVOTQPUT
BQQBSFOUMZ
DBVT JOH
UIFN
UP
NFSHF
JOUP
EFFQFS
MBZFST
XJUI
BCPVU
UIF
TBNF
UFNQFSBUVSF
ѮJT
TVHHFTUT
UIBU
TVOTQPUT
BSF
SFMBUJWFMZ
TIBMMPX
QIFOPNFOB
FYUFOEJOH
SPVHIMZ
 
LJMPNFUFST
CFMPX
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
XIJDI
NFBOT
UIBU
TVOTQPUT
BSF
BCPVU
BT
EFFQ
BT
UIFZ
BSF
CSPBE
*U
JT
BT
JG
UIF
CVPZBOU
DPODFOUSBUFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
SPTF
VQ
UP
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
HBUIFS JOH
UPHFUIFS
BOE
TQSFBEJOH
PVU
MJLF
B
MPUVT
ëPXFS
PO
B
MBLF
CVU
QFSIBQT
DPOOFDUFE
UP
UIF
EFQUIT
XJUI
TMFOEFS
UISFBEMJLF
SPPUT /PXBEBZT
BTUSPOPNFST
VTF
BO
BSSBZ
PG
EFUFDUPST
UIBU
NFBTVSF
UIF
;FFNBO
FĒFDU
BU
EJĒFSFOU
MPDBUJPOT
BDSPTT
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
QSPEVDJOH
B
NBHOFUPHSBN
UIBU
EJTQMBZT
UIF
TUSFOHUI
BOE
EJSFDUJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BMM
BDSPTT
UIF
WJTJCMF





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

TPMBS
EJTL
5XP
JNBHFT
BSF
QSPEVDFE
POF
JO
FBDI
DJSDVMBS
QPMBSJ[BUJPO
BOE
UIF
EJG GFSFODF
PG
UIFTF
JNBHFT
QSPEVDFT
UIF
NBHOFUPHSBN
'JH
 
4USPOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
TIPX
VQ
BT
CSJHIU
PS
EBSL
SFHJPOT
EFQFOEJOH
PO
UIFJS
QPMBSJUZ
XFBLFS
POFT
BSF
MFTT
CSJHIU
PS
EBSL ѮF
NBHOFUPHSBNT
EFNPOTUSBUF
UIBU
UIFSF
JT
B
MPU
PG
NBHOFUJTN
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
PVUTJEF
TVOTQPUT
.PSF
UIBO

QFSDFOU
PG
UIFTF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
DPODFOUSBUFE
JOUP
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJD
ëVY
UVCFT
UIBU
BQQFBS
EJTBQQFBS
BOE
BSF
SFOFXFE
JO
KVTU

IPVST
ѮF
JOEJWJEVBM
ëVY
UVCFT
BSF
B
GFX
IVOESFE
LJMPNFUFST
BDSPTT
BOE
IBWF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUIT
PG
BCPVU
 
HBVTT
DPNQBSBCMF
UP
UIPTF
PG
UIF
NVDI
MBSHFS
TVOTQPUT /FX
NBHOFUJD
ëVY
FNFSHFT
JO
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
MBSHFTDBMF
DPOWFDUJWF
DFMMT
LOPXO
BT
UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
&BDI
TVQFSHSBOVMF
DFMM
JT
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST
JO
EJBNFUFS
.BUFSJBM
JO
UIF
HJBOU
DFMMT
NPWFT
IPSJ[POUBMMZ
BDSPTT
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
TXFFQJOH
UIF
TNBMM
NBHOFUJD
ëVY
UVCFT
GSPN
UIF
DFOUFS
UP
UIF
FEHFT
PG
FBDI
TVQFSHSBOVMF
XIFSF
UIF
NBHOFUJTN
DPMMFDUT
BOE
TUSFOHUIFOT
ѮF
QIPUPTQIFSFT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
UIFSFCZ
DPO DFOUSBUFE
JOUP
B
NBHOFUJD
OFUXPSL
UIBU
USBDFT
PVU
UIF
QPMZHPOBM
QBUUFSO
PG
UIF
DPNNPO
CPVOEBSJFT
PG
UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMF
DFMMT
MJLF
XFFET
HSPXJOH
JO
UIF
DSBDLT
CFUXFFO
NPTBJDT
PG
QBWJOH
TUPOFT ѮVT
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JT
BMXBZT
QSFTFOU
JO
DPODFOUSBUFE
GPSN
FJUIFS
JO
TVOTQPUT
PS
BU
UIF
FEHFT
PG
TVQFSHSBOVMFT
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
NPWFE
JOUP
UIFTF
DPODFOUSBUJPOT
CZ
UIF
NPUJPOT
PG
NBUFSJBM
JO
BOE
CFMPX
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
ѮJT
DPODFOUSBUFE
NBHOFUJTN
FYUFOET
VQ
JOUP
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
UISPVHI
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
JOUP
UIF
DPSPOB 
5)&
40-"3
$)30.041)&3&
"/%
*54
."(/&5*4. +VTU
BCPWF
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
MJFT
B
UIJO
HBTFPVT
MBZFS
DBMMFE
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
GSPN
DISP NPT
UIF
(SFFL
XPSE
GPS
iDPMPS
u
BOE
TQIFSF
GPS
JUT
TQIFSJDBM
TIBQF
ѮF
DISPNPTQIFSF
JT
TP
GBJOU
UIBU
JU
XBT
êSTU
PCTFSWFE
EVSJOH
B
UPUBM
FDMJQTF
PG
UIF
4VO
*U
CFDBNF
WJTJCMF
B
GFX
TFDPOET
CFGPSF
BOE
BѫFS
UIF
FDMJQTF
DSFBUJOH
B
OBSSPX
QJOL
SPTF
PS
SVCZDPMPSFE
CBOE
BU
UIF
MJNC
PG
UIF
4VO
ѮF
TPMBS
MJNC
JT
UIF
BQQBSFOU
FEHF
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
EJTL
BT
WJFXFE
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
EVSJOH
B
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
UIF
.PPO
KVTU
DPWFST
UIF
QIPUP TQIFSF
BOE
UIF
FEHF
PG
UIF
.PPO
DPJODJEFT
XJUI
UIF
TPMBS
MJNC 8IFO
PCTFSWJOH
UIF
TQFDUSVN
PG
WJTJCMF
TVOMJHIU
EVSJOH
B
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
CSJHIU
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
TVEEFOMZ
ëBTI
JOUP
WJFX
BU
UIF
FYBDU
XBWFMFOHUIT
PG
TPNF
PG
UIF
EBSL
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
ѮJT
JT
CFDBVTF
ZPV
BSF
MPPLJOH
GSPN
UIF
TJEF
PS
FEHF
TFFJOH
UIF
FOFSHZ
FNJUUFE
GSPN
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
XJUIPVU
JOUFOTF
QIPUPTQIFSF
TVOMJHIU
JO
UIF
CBDLHSPVOE
ѮF
CSJHIUFTU
FNJTTJPO
MJOF
JT
UIF
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF
PG
IZESPHFO
BUPNT
BU

OBOPNFUFST
XIJDI
HJWFT
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
JU
SFE
DPMPS %VSJOH
UIF
FDMJQTF
PG

"VHVTU

UIF
'SFODI
BTUSPOPNFS
1JFSSF
+VMFT
$ÊTBS
i1
+
$u
+BOTTFO
¢
EJTDPWFSFE
B
CSJHIU
ZFMMPX
FNJTTJPO
MJOF
JO
UIF
DISP NPTQIFSF
BU
B
XBWFMFOHUI
PG

OBOPNFUFST
XIJDI
EJE
OPU
TFFN
UP
DPNF
GSPN
BOZ
LOPXO
FMFNFOU
4PPO
UIFSFBѫFS
UIF
&OHMJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
+PTFQI
/PSNBO
-PDL ZFS
¢
TVDDFFEFE
JO
TFFJOH
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
PVUTJEF
UIF
TPMBS
MJNC
XJUI
B
TQFDUSPTDPQF
BOE
XJUIPVU
BO
FDMJQTF
BMTP
HJWJOH
UIF
VOLOPXO






"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS




TVCTUBODF
UIF
OBNF
IFMJVN
GSPN
UIF
XPSE
)FMJPT
UIF
i(PE
PG
UIF
4VOu
JO
(SFFL
NZUIPMPHZ )FMJVN
XBTOU
EJTDPWFSFE
PO
&BSUI
VOUJM

CZ
IFBUJOH
VSBOJVN
NJOFSBMT
EVS JOH
JUT
SBEJPBDUJWF
EFDBZ
VSBOJVN
FNJUT
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
PS
BMQIB
QBSUJDMFT
UIBU
DPNCJOF
XJUI
FMFDUSPOT
UP
NBLF
IFMJVN
BUPNT
UIBU
HFU
USBQQFE
JO
UIF
SPDL 0UIFS
QSPNJOFOU
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
PG
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BSF
UIF
UXP
WJPMFU
MJOFT
PG
DBMDJVN
JPOT
%FTJHOBUFE
$B
**
UIF
DBMDJVN
JT
TJOHMZ
JPOJ[FE
TP
UIF
DBMDJVN
BUPNT
BSF
NJTTJOH
POF
FMFDUSPO
ѮFZ
FNJU
SBEJBUJPO
BU
XBWFMFOHUIT
PG

BOE

OBOPNF UFST
BOE
BSF
PѫFO
DBMMFE
UIF
DBMDJVN
,
BOE
)
MJOFT
BѫFS
'SBVOIPGFST
EFTJHOBUJPO
PG
UIF
DPSSFTQPOEJOH
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
JO
UIF
VOEFSMZJOH
QIPUPTQIFSF

'*(
 -AGNETOGRAM4HISMAGNETOGRAMWASTAKENON&EBRUARY CLOSETO THEMAXIMUMINTHE3UNS YEARCYCLEOFMAGNETICACTIVITY9ELLOWREPRESENTSPOSI TIVEORNORTHPOLARITYPOINTINGOUTOFTHE3UN WITHREDTHESTRONGESTlELDSWHICHARE AROUNDSUNSPOTSBLUEISNEGATIVEORSOUTHPOLARITYTHATPOINTSINTOTHE3UN WITHGREEN THESTRONGEST)NTHENORTHERNHEMISPHEREUPQ
IBMG POSITIVElELDSLEAD INTHESOUTHERN HEMISPHERECPUUPN
IBMG THEPOLARITIESAREEXACTLYREVERSEDANDTHENEGATIVElELDSLEAD #OURTESYOF7ILLIAM#,IVINGSTON .3/AND./!/




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

*O

UIF
'SFODI
BTUSPOPNFS
)FOSJ
%FTMBOESFT
¢
BU
.FVEPO
BOE
UIF
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPOPNFS
(FPSHF
&MMFSZ
)BMF
¢
BU
.PVOU
8JMTPO
JOEFQFO EFOUMZ
JOWFOUFE
BO
FOUJSFMZ
OFX
XBZ
PG
PCTFSWJOH
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
*OTUFBE
PG
MPPLJOH
BU
BMM
PG
UIF
4VOT
DPMPST
UPHFUIFS
UIFZ
EFWJTFE
BO
JOTUSVNFOU
DBMMFE
UIF
TQFDUSPIF MJPHSBQI
NFBOJOH
4VO
TQFDUSVN
SFDPSEFS
*U
DSFBUFT
BO
JNBHF
PG
UIF
4VO
JO
KVTU
POF
DPMPS
PS
XBWFMFOHUI
XJUIPVU
UIF
CMJOEJOH
HMBSF
PG
BMM
UIF
PUIFS
WJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUIT
*O
B
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI
UIF
TVOMJHIU
GBMMT
PO
B
WFSUJDBM
TMJU
BOE
MJHIU
DPNJOH
UISPVHI
UIF
TMJU
JT
TQSFBE
PVU
JO
XBWFMFOHUI
CZ
B
EJĒSBDUJPO
HSBUJOH
'JH
 
-JHIU
BU
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
PG
POF
PG
UIF
CSJHIU
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
JT
UIFO
EJSFDUFE
UISPVHI
B
TFDPOE
TMJU
ѮF
UXP
TMJUT
BSF
NPWFE
UPHFUIFS
XJUI
UIF
êSTU
TMJU
TDBOOJOH
UIF
4VO
GSPN
TJEF
UP
TJEF
BOE
BO
JNBHF
PG
UIF
4VO
JT
PCUBJOFE
BU
UIF
DIPTFO
XBWFMFOHUI #Z
UVOJOH
JO
UIF
SFE
FNJTTJPO
PG
IZESPHFO
PS
B
WJPMFU
MJOF
PG
DBMDJVN
UIF
TQFDUSPIF MJPHSBQI
DBO
CF
VTFE
UP
JTPMBUF
UIF
MJHIU
PG
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
QSPEVDF
QIPUPHSBQIT


'*(
 3PECTROHELIOGRAPH!SMALLSECTIONOFTHE3UNSIMAGEAT THEFOCALPLANEOFATELESCOPEISSELECTEDWITHANARROWENTRYSLIT 3 ANDTHISLIGHTPASSESTOADIFFRACTIONGRATING PRODUCINGASPECTRUM! SECONDSLIT 3 ATTHEFOCALPLANESELECTSASPECIlCWAVELENGTHFROMTHE SPECTRUM)FTHEPLATECONTAININGTHETWOSLITSISMOVEDHORIZONTALLY THENTHEENTRANCESLITPASSESADJACENTSTRIPSOFTHESOLARIMAGE4HELIGHT LEAVINGTHEMOVINGEXITSLITTHENBUILDSUPANIMAGEOFTHE3UNATA SPECIlCWAVELENGTH





"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS




PS
EJHJUBM
JNBHFT
PG
JU
XJUIPVU
UIF
CMJOEJOH
HMBSF
PG
BMM
UIF
SFTU
PG
WJTJCMF
TVOMJHIU
*O
UIJT
XBZ
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
DBO
CF
PCTFSWFE
BDSPTT
UIF
FOUJSF
EJTL
XIFOFWFS
UIF
4VO
JT
JO
UIF
TLZ
SBUIFS
UIBO
KVTU
BU
UIF
FEHF
EVSJOH
B
CSJFG
JOGSFRVFOU
FDMJQTF 4VOTQPUT
FYUFOE
GSPN
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JOUP
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
DSFBUJOH
EBSL
SFHJPOT
JO
IZESPHFOBMQIB
QIPUPHSBQIT
'JH
 
#SJHIU
SFHJPOT
DBMMFE
QMBHF
GSPN
UIF
'SFODI
XPSE
GPS
iCFBDIu
HMPX
JO
IZESPHFO
MJHIU
UIFZ
BSF
PѫFO
MPDBUFE
OFBS
TVOTQPUT
JO
QMBDFT
XJUI
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJTN
ѮF
QMBHFT
BSF
DISPNPTQIFSJD
QIFOPNFOB
EFUFDUFE
JO
NPOPDISPNBUJD
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJHIU
UIFZ
BSF
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
BOE
PѫFO
DPOGVTFE
XJUI
CSJHIU
QBUDIFT
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
DBMMFE
GBDVMBF
¢
-BUJO
GPS
iMJUUMF
UPSDIFT u
TFFO
OFBS
UIF
TPMBS
MJNC
JO
XIJUF
MJHIU
-POH
EBSL
êMBNFOUT
BMTP
DVSM
BDSPTT
UIF
IZESPHFO BMQIB
4VO
ѮFZ
BSF
IVHF
SFHJPOT
PG
EFOTF
DPPM
HBT
TVQQPSUFE
CZ
QPXFSGVM
NBHOFUJD


'*(
 4HE3UNINHYDROGENALPHA4HISGLOBALIMAGEOFTHE3UNWASTAKENINTHE LIGHTOFHYDROGENATOMS EMITTINGATTHEALPHATRANSITIONTHATOCCURSATAPARTICULARRED WAVELENGTHOFNANOMETERS)TSHOWSSMALL DARK MAGNETICSUNSPOTS LONG DARK SNAKINGlLAMENTS ANDBRIGHTPLAGE#OURTESYOFTHE"AIKAL!STROPHYSICAL/BSERVATORY !CADEMYOF3CIENCES 2USSIA




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

GPSDFT
*OEFFE
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJTN
EPNJOBUFT
UIF
IZESPHFOBMQIB
XPSME
BOE
HJWFT
SJTF
UP
JUT
TUBSUMJOH
JOIPNPHFOFJUZ "MUIPVHI
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
JT
PѫFO
EFTDSJCFE
BT
B
UIJO
MBZFS
PG
HBT
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST
UIJDL
JU
DPOTJTUT
PG
B
KBHHFE
EZOBNJD
FWFSDIBOHJOH
TFU
PG
MJUUMF
WFSUJDBM
TQJLFT
ѮFZ
XFSF
EFTDSJCFE
BT
FBSMZ
BT

CZ
UIF
*UBMJBO
BTUSPOPNFS
BOE
QSJFTU
1JFUSP
"OHFMP
4FDDIJ
¢


BOE
OBNFE
TQJDVMFT
CZ
UIF
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPOPNFS
8BMUFS
0SS
3PCFSUT
¢
JO

8IFO
ZPV
MPPL
BU
UIF
FEHF
PS
MJNC
PG
UIF
4VO
JO
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJHIU
IVOESFET
PG
UIPVTBOET
PG
UIF
FWBOFTDFOU
ëBNFMJLF
TQJDVMFT
BSF
PCTFSWFE
EBODJOH
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BU
BOZ
HJWFO
NPNFOU ѮF
TIPSUMJWFE
TQJDVMFT
SJTF
BOE
GBMM
MJLF
DIPQQJOH
XBWFT
PO
UIF
TFB
PS
B
QSBJ SJF
êSF
PG
CVSOJOH
XJOECMPXO
HSBTT
'JH
 
ѮF
OFFEMFTIBQFE
TQJDVMFT
BSF
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
JO
XJEUI
BOE
TIPPU
VQ
UP
IFJHIUT
PG
VQ
UP
 
LJMPNFUFST
JO

NJOVUFT
NPWJOH
BU
TQFFET
PG
VQ
UP

LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
ѮF
TQJDVMFT
UIFO
GBMM
CBDL
EPXO
BHBJO
CVU
OFX
TQJDVMFT
DPOUJOVBMMZ
BSJTF
BT
PME
POFT
GBEF
BXBZ 'PS
NPSF
UIBO
B
DFOUVSZ
OP
POF
LOFX
GPS
DFSUBJO
KVTU
XIBU
DBVTFT
UIF
VQXBSE
NPWJOH
TQJDVMFT
CVU
UIF
NZTUFSZ
OPX
TFFNT
UP
IBWF
CFFO
TPMWFE
ѮFSF
XFSF
UXP
DMVFT


'*(
 3PICULES4HOUSANDSOFDARK LONG THINSPICULES ORLITTLESPIKES DOTTHIS HIGH RESOLUTIONIMAGEOFASOLARACTIVEREGION TAKENWITHTHE3WEDISH3OLAR4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED334 ONTHE#ANARY)SLANDOF,A0ALMA,AYERED NEEDLE SHAPEDSPICULES SJHIU
TJEF EACHABOUTAKILOMETERWIDE SHOOTOUTTOMORETHAN KILOMETERS4HE NARROWJETSOFGASAREMOVINGOUTOFTHESOLARCHROMOSPHEREINMAGNETICCHANNELS ORmUX TUBES ATSUPERSONICSPEEDSOFUPTOKILOMETERSPERSECOND4IME SEQUENCEDIMAGES HAVESHOWNTHATTHESESPICULESRISEANDFALLINABOUTlVEMINUTES DRIVENBYSOUNDWAVES BENEATHTHEM#OURTESYOF334 2OYAL3WEDISH!CADEMYOF3CIENCES AND,-3!,





"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS




UP
UIF
TPMVUJPO
'JSTU
UIF
TQJDVMF
MJGFUJNFT
BSF
DPNQBSBCMF
UP
UIF
êWFNJOVUF
QFSJPE
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BOE
TFDPOE
UIF
TQJDVMFT
DPOTJTU
MBSHFMZ
PG
JPOJ[FE
NBUF SJBM
UIBU
XJMM
GPMMPX
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
4PNF
PG
UIF
TPVOE
XBWFT
UIBU
QVTI
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JO
BOE
PVU
BMTP
NPWF
JOUP
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
QPXFSJOH
TIPDLT
UIBU
ESJWF
VQXBSE
ëPXT
BMPOH
NBHOFUJD
ëVY
UVCFT
GPSNJOH
UIF
TQJDVMFT "
DPNQMFUFMZ
EJĒFSFOU
WJFX
PG
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
JT
PCUBJOFE
XIFO
JU
JT
QJDUVSFE
JO
UIF
DBMDJVN
)
PS
,
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
#SJHIU
SFHJPOT
PG
DBMDJVN
MJHIU
DPSSFTQPOE
UP
QMBDFT
XIFSF
UIFSF
BSF
TUSPOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
CPUI
BCPWF
TVOTQPUT
BOE
BMM
PWFS
UIF
4VO
JO
B
OFUXPSL
PG
NBHOFUJTN
'JH
 
3FHJPOT
PG
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJTN
BSF
QSPCBCMZ


'*(
 #ALCIUMMAGNETICNETWORK4HISGLOBALSPECTROHELIOGRAMOFTHE3UNWAS TAKENINTHELIGHTOFTHESINGLYIONIZEDCALCIUM ABBREVIATED#A)) ATTHECOREOFTHEVIOLET +LINEWITHAWAVELENGTHOFNANOMETERS4HEEMISSIONOUTLINESTHECHROMOSPHERE CALCIUMNETWORKWHEREMAGNETIClELDSARECONCENTRATED LIKETHEEDGESOFTHETILESINA MOSAICITLIESJUSTABOVETHEMAGNETICNETWORKOFCONCENTRATEDMAGNETISMINTHEPHO TOSPHERE4HEBRIGHTESTEXTENDEDREGIONSARECALLEDPLAGESTHEYAREDENSEPLACESINTHE CHROMOSPHEREFOUNDABOVESUNSPOTSOROTHERACTIVEAREASOFTHEPHOTOSPHEREINREGIONSOF ENHANCEDMAGNETIClELD#OURTESYOF.3/ ./!/ AND.3&




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 -AGNETICCANOPY!TWO DIMENSIONAL RADIALCROSSSECTIONOFTHEMAGNETIC NETWORKMODELOFTHESOLARTRANSITIONREGION4HEMOTIONOFSUPERGRANULARCONVECTIVECELLS CPUUPN CONCENTRATESMAGNETIClELDSATTHEIRBOUNDARIESINTHEPHOTOSPHERE4HEMAGNETIC lELDSBSSPXFE
MJOFT AREPUSHEDTOGETHERANDAMPLIlEDUPTOTESLAATTHECELLEDGES (EATINGINTHECHROMOSPHEREABOVETHISMAGNETICNETWORKPRODUCESBRIGHTCALCIUMEMISSION SEE&IG 4HECONCENTRATEDMAGNETIClELDSEXPANDANDmAREOUTWITHHEIGHTINTHE OVERLYINGCORONA PRODUCINGTHEMAGNETICCANOPY4EMPERATURE 4 CONTOURSBETWEENLOG 4DPSPOB ANDLOG4VQQFS
USBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO AREMARKED;!DAPTEDFROM!LAN ('ABRIEL 1IJMPTPQIJDBM
5SBOTBDUJPOT
PG
UIF
3PZBM
4PDJFUZ
-POEPO
! n =

BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
IFBUJOH
PG
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
SFTVMUJOH
JO
UIF
CSJHIU
DBMDJVN
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
UIBU
DPJODJEF
XJUI
UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
DFMM
CPVOEBSJFT
BOE
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSFT
NBHOFUJD
OFUXPSL ѮF
ëVY
UVCFT
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSFT
NBHOFUJD
OFUXPSL
FYIJCJU
BO
FYQBOTJPO
XJUI
IFJHIU
PQFOJOH
VQ
JOUP
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
TPMBS
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
GPSNJOH
B
NBHOFUJD
DBOPQZ
'JH
 
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
DBOPQZ
JT
B
MBZFS
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFME
XIJDI
JT
EJSFDUFE
QBSBMMFM
UP
UIF
TPMBS
TVSGBDF
BOE
MPDBUFE
JO
UIF
MPX
DISPNPTQIFSF
MJLF
B
DBOPQZ
JO
B
SBJO
GPSFTU
UIF
USFFUSVOLT
DPSSFTQPOE
UP
UIF
NBHOFUJD
ëVY
UVCFT
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
UIBU
SJTF
JO
UIF
WFSUJDBM
EJSFDUJPO
BOE
TQSFBE
PVU
MJLF
CSBODI
GPMJBHF
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF 
#*10-"3
46/41054
."(/&5*$
-0014
"/%
"$5*7&
3&(*0/4 -JLF
QFPQMF
TVOTQPUT
PѫFO
HSPVQ
UPHFUIFS
PѫFO
JO
PQQPTJUF
CJQPMBS
QBJST
0OF
TVOTQPU
PG
FBDI
QBJS
IBT
QPTJUJWF
OPSUI
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
PS
PVUXBSEEJSFDUFE
NBHOFUJTN
BOE
JUT
QBSUOFS
IBT
UIF
PQQPTJUF
OFHBUJWF
TPVUI
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
UIBU
JT
EJSFDUFE
JOXBSE
(SPVQT
PG
CJQPMBS
TVOTQPUT
BSF
VTVBMMZ
PSJFOUFE
SPVHIMZ
QBSBMMFM
UP
UIF
4VOT
FRVBUPS
JO
UIF
FBTUXFTU
EJSFDUJPO
PG
TPMBS
SPUBUJPO





"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS




ѮF
PQQPTJUF
NBHOFUJD
QPMFT
BSF
KPJOFE
UPHFUIFS
MJLF
4JBNFTF
UXJOT
CZ
MPOH
UIJO
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
UIBU
SVO
CFUXFFO
UIFN
SJTJOH
JO
BSDIFT
MJLF
CSJEHFT
UIBU
DPO OFDU
UIF
CJQPMBS
NBHOFUJD
JTMBOET
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
DBO
CF
WJTVBMJ[FE
JO
UFSNT
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
MJOFT
PG
GPSDF
PS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
UIBU
BMJHO
DPNQBTT
OFFEMFT
PO
&BSUI
ѮF
MJOFT
PG
GPSDF
FNFSHF
OFBSMZ
SBEJBMMZ
GSPN
UIF
TVOTQPU
XJUI
UIF
QPTJUJWF
OPSUI
QPMBSJUZ
BOE
MPPQ
UISPVHI
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
CFGPSF
SFFOUFSJOH
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JO
UIF
TQPU
XJUI
OFHBUJWF
TPVUI
QPMBSJUZ
MJLF
UIF
MJOFT
PG
GPSDF
SVO OJOH
CFUXFFO
UIF
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
QPMFT
PG
UIF
&BSUI
PS
B
CBS
NBHOFU
*UT
BT
JG
B
QPX FSGVM
NBHOFU
BMJHOFE
SPVHIMZ
JO
UIF
FBTUXFTU
EJSFDUJPO
XBT
CVSJFE
EFFQ
CFOFBUI
FBDI
TVOTQPU
QBJS ѮF
NBHOFUJ[FE
MPPQT
UIBU
BSDI
BCPWF
CJQPMBS
TVOTQPUT
DBO
CF
TFFO
JO
JNBHFT
UBLFO
BU
UIF
TPMBS
FEHF
PS
MJNC
'JH
 
ѮFZ
UIFO
BQQFBS
CSJHIU
JO
DPOUSBTU
XJUI
UIF
EBSL
CBDLHSPVOE
TPNFUJNFT
FYUFOEJOH
UFOT
PG
UIPVTBOET
PG
LJMPNFUFST
BCPWF
UIF
TPMBS
MJNC ѮF
IJHIMZ
NBHOFUJ[FE
SFBMN
JO
BSPVOE
BOE
BCPWF
CJQPMBS
TVOTQPU
QBJST
PS
HSPVQT
JT
B
EJTUVSCFE
BSFB
DBMMFE
BO
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
/FJHICPSJOH
TVOTQPUT
PG
PQQPTJUF
QPMBS JUZ
BSF
KPJOFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
UIBU
SJTF
JOUP
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
BUNPTQIFSF
TP
BO
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
DPOTJTUT
NBJOMZ
PG
TVOTQPUT
BOE
UIF
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
UIBU
DPOOFDU
UIFN
&OFS HJ[FE
NBUFSJBM
JT
DPODFOUSBUFE
BOE
FOIBODFE
XJUIJO
UIF
TPMBS
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
XIFSF
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
TIBQF
NPME
BOE
DPOTUSBJO
UIF
IPU
FMFDUSJêFE
HBT &BDI
NBHOFUJD
MPPQ
BDUT
BT
B
CBSSJFS
UP
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
ѮFZ
NPWF
CBDL
BOE
GPSUI
BMPOH
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
CVU
DBOOPU
NPWF
BDSPTT
UIFN
ѮF
IPU
NBUFSJBM
JT
UIFSFGPSF
TMBWFE
UP
UIF
NBHOFUJTN
BOE
CFDPNFT
USBQQFE
XJUIJO
UIF
DMPTFE
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
XIFSF
JU
FNJUT
CSJHIU
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
'JH
  ѮF
VCJRVJUPVT
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
BSF
OFWFS
TUJMM
CVU
JOTUFBE
DPOUJOVBMMZ
BMUFS
UIFJS
TIBQF
ѮFZ
DBO
SJTF
VQ
PVU
PG
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
BOE
TVCNFSHF
CBDL
XJUIJO
JU
JO
IPVST
PS
EBZT
4PNFUJNFT
ZPV
DBO
TFF
UIF
IPU
NBUFSJBM
USZJOH
UP
FTDBQF
JUT
NBHOFUJD
DBHF
JO
B
IJHIWFMPDJUZ
VQXFMMJOH
PS
TVSHF
'JH
  "DUJWF
SFHJPOT
CFHJO
UIFJS
MJGF
XIFO
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
SJTF
VQ
GSPN
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
TUSVDUVSF
PG
BO
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
UIFO
HSBEVBMMZ
DIBOHFT
JO
BQQFBSBODF
BT
OFX
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
TVSGBDF
XJUIJO
JU
BOE
JUT
TVOTQPUT
NPWF
BOE
TIJѫ
BCPVU
ѮJT
SFTVMUT
JO
DPOUJOVFE
BMUFSBUJPOT
PG
UIF
GPSN
BOE
JOUFOTJUZ
PG
UIFJS
WJTJCMF
BOE
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
&WFOUVBMMZ
UIF
FQIFNFSBM
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
TJNQMZ
EJTBQQFBS
0WFS
UIF
DPVSTF
PG
XFFLT
UP
NPOUIT
UIFJS
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
CSFBL
BQBSU
EJTJOUFHSBUF
PS
NPWF
CBDL
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
XIFSF
UIFZ
DBNF
GSPN ѮVT
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
BSF
OFWFS
TUJMM
CVU
JOTUFBE
DPOUJOVBMMZ
BMUFS
UIFJS
NBHOFUJD
TIBQF
ѮFZ
BSF
UIF
TFBU
PG
QSPGPVOE
DIBOHF
BOE
VOSFTU
PO
UIF
4VO
ѮF
TUSFTTFE
NBH OFUJD
êFMET
CVJME
VQ
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
UIBU
JT
XBJUJOH
UP
CF
SFMFBTFE
BOE
UIF
POHPJOH
NBHOFUJD
JOUFSBDUJPO
DBO
USJHHFS
TVEEFO
BOE
DBUBTUSPQIJD
FYQMPTJPOT
TVDI
BT
QPXFSGVM
TPMBS
ëBSFT
*OEFFE
UIF
DPOUJOVBMMZ
FWPMWJOH
NBHOFUJD
TUSVDUVSF
BOE
JOUFOTF
SBEJBUJPO
BT
XFMM
BT
UIF
FSVQUJWF
TPMBS
ëBSFT
HJWF
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
UIFJS
OBNF
ѮF
XIPMF
SBOHF
PG
BDUJWJUZ
WBSJFT
XJUI
UIF
ZFBS
TPMBS
DZDMF
PG
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
XIJDI
XF
OPX
GPDVT
BUUFOUJPO
PO




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 -AGNETICLOOPSMADEVISIBLE!NELECTRIlED MILLION DEGREEGAS KNOWNAS PLASMA ISCHANNELEDBYMAGNETIClELDSINTOBRIGHT THINLOOPS4HEMAGNETIZEDLOOPS STRETCHUPTO KILOMETERSFROMTHEVISIBLESOLARDISK SPANNINGUPTOTIMESTHE DIAMETEROFPLANET%ARTH4HEMAGNETICLOOPSARESEENINEXTREMEULTRAVIOLETRADIATION OFEIGHTANDNINETIMESIONIZEDIRON DENOTED&E)8AND&E8 ATAWAVELENGTHOF NANOMETERSANDATEMPERATUREOFABOUTMILLIONKELVIN4HEHOTPLASMAISHEATEDATTHE BASESOFLOOPSNEARTHEPLACEWHERETHEIRLEGSEMERGEFROMANDRETURNTOTHEPHOTOSPHERE "RIGHTLOOPSWITHABROADRANGEOFLENGTHSALLHAVEAlNE THREAD LIKESUBSTRUCTUREWITH WIDTHSASSMALLASTHETELESCOPERESOLUTIONOFSECONDOFARC ORKILOMETERSATTHE 3UN4HISIMAGEWASTAKENWITHTHE5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS ABBREVIATED 53"$& SPACECRAFT#OURTESYOFTHE53"$&CONSORTIUM ,-3!,AND.!3!53"$&IS AMISSIONOFTHE3TANFORD ,OCKHEED)NSTITUTEFOR3PACE2ESEARCH AJOINTPROGRAMOFTHE ,OCKHEED -ARTIN3OLARAND!STROPHYSICS,ABORATORY OR,-3!,FORSHORT AND3TANFORDS 3OLAR/BSERVATORIES'ROUP





"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS


'*(
 5BIQUITOUSLOOPS4HELOOPINGSTRUCTURESOFTHESOLARMAGNETIClELD ARESEENINGREATDETAILWITHINSTRUMENTSABOARDTHE5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSP OBM
&YQMPSFS ABBREVIATED53"$& SPACECRAFT4HIS53"$&IMAGEDFOUFS WAS TAKENATTHEEXTREMEULTRAVIOLETWAVELENGTHOFNANOMETERS EMITTEDBYEIGHT ANDNINETIMESIONIZEDIRON DENOTED&E)8AND&E8 ATATEMPERATUREOFABOUT MILLIONKELVIN!FULL DISKIMAGEVQQFS
MFѫ SHOWSTHEUBIQUITOUSLOOPS ACROSSTHE3UNITWASTAKENONTHESAMEDAYATTHESAMEWAVELENGTHWITHTHE %XTREME ULTRAVIOLET)MAGING4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED%)4 ABOARDTHE40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ OR40)0FORSHORT#OURTESYOFTHE53"$&CONSOR TIUM THE40)0%)4CONSORTIUM AND.!3!40)0ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!AND53"$&ISAMISSIONOFTHE3TANFORD ,OCKHEED)NSTITUTEFOR3PACE2ESEARCH AJOINTPROGRAMOFTHE,OCKHEED -ARTIN 3OLARAND!STROPHYSICS,ABORATORY OR,-3!,FORSHORT AND3TANFORDS3OLAR /BSERVATORIES'ROUP






4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 3URGE!SUDDENHIGH VELOCITYUPWELLINGTRIESTOBREAKFREEOFTHEMAGNETIC ANDGRAVITATIONALCONSTRAINTSOFTHE3UN4HEMILLION DEGREEGASCANGENERALLYMOVE ONLYALONGTHECURVEDMAGNETICLOOPS BUTITISSOMETIMESACCELERATEDTOSUCHAHIGH SPEEDTHATTHEGASISPROPELLEDINASTRAIGHTLINE.EVERTHELESS DESPITETHELARGEINITIAL SPEED MOSTOFTHEMATERIALISPULLEDBACKDOWNBYTHE3UNSTREMENDOUSGRAVITY AND THESURGECOOLSANDDARKENS4HISIMAGEWASTAKENATTHEEXTREMEULTRAVIOLETWAVELENGTH OFNANOMETERS EMITTEDBYEIGHTANDNINETIMESIONIZEDIRON DENOTED&E)8AND&E 8 ATATEMPERATUREOFABOUTMILLIONKELVIN USINGTHE5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS ABBREVIATED53"$& SPACECRAFT#OURTESYOF#HARLES+ANKELBORG THE53"$&
CONSORTIUMAND.!3!53"$&ISAMISSIONOFTHE3TANFORD ,OCKHEED)NSTITUTEFOR3PACE 2ESEARCH AJOINTPROGRAMOFTHE,OCKHEED -ARTIN3OLARAND!STROPHYSICS,ABORATORY OR ,-3!,FORSHORT AND3TANFORDS3OLAR/BSERVATORIES'ROUP


$:$-&4
0'
."(/&5*$
"$5*7*5: 4BNVFM
)FJOSJDI
4DIXBCF
¢


B
QIBSNBDJTU
BOE
BNBUFVS
BTUSPOPNFS
PG
%FTTBV
(FSNBOZ
EJMJHFOUMZ
BOE
NFUJDVMPVTMZ
PCTFSWFE
UIF
4VO
EBZ
BѫFS
EBZ
BOE
ZFBS
BѫFS
ZFBS
XJUI
IJT
TNBMM
DFOUJNFUFS
JODI
UFMFTDPQF
4DIXBCF
XBT
MPPLJOH
GPS
UIF
TIBEPX
PG
B
IZQPUIFUJDBM
QMBOFU
7VMDBO
UIBU
XBT
QSFEJDUFE
UP
SFWPMWF
BSPVOE






"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS




UIF
4VO
JOTJEF
UIF
PSCJU
PG
.FSDVSZ
)JT
TFBSDI
JODMVEFE
DPVOUJOH
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
TVO TQPUT
XIJDI
NJHIU
CF
DPOGVTFE
XJUI
7VMDBOT
TIBEPX
4DIXBCF
OFWFS
GPVOE
UIF
QMBOFU
XIJDI
EPFT
OPU
FYJTU
CVU
IF
EJE
VOFYQFDUFEMZ
EJTDPWFS
UIBU
UIF
UPUBM
OVNCFS
PG
TVO TQPUT
WJTJCMF
PO
UIF
4VO
WBSJFT
QFSJPEJDBMMZ
GSPN
B
NBYJNVN
UP
B
NJOJNVN
BOE
CBDL
UP
B
NBYJNVN
JO
BCPVU

ZFBST "ѫFS

ZFBST
PG
PCTFSWBUJPOT
4DIXBCF
SFQPSUFE
JO

UIBU <ѮF
UPUBM
OVNCFS>
PG
TVOTQPUT
IBT
B
QFSJPE
PG
BCPVU

ZFBST
ѮF
GVUVSF
XJMM
UFMM
XIFUIFS
UIJT
QFSJPE
QFSTJTUT
XIFUIFS
UIF
NJOJNVN
BDUJWJUZ
PG
UIF
4VO
JO
QSPEVDJOH
TQPUT
MBTUT
POF
PS
UXP
ZFBST
BOE
XIFUIFS
UIJT
QIFOPNFOPO
UBLFT
MPOHFS
UP
CVJME
VQ
PS
MPOHFS
UP
EFDMJOF

6QPO
QSFTFOUJOH
B
HPME
NFEBM
UP
4DIXBCF
UIF
QSFTJEFOU
PG
&OHMBOET
3PZBM
"TUSP OPNJDBM
4PDJFUZ
TVNNFE
VQ
UIF
NBHOJUVEF
PG
IJT
GFBU 'PS
UIJSUZ
ZFBST
OFWFS
IBT
UIF
4VO
FYIJCJUFE
IJT
EJTL
BCPWF
UIF
IPSJ[PO
PG
%FTTBV
XJUIPVU
CFJOH
DPOGSPOUFE
CZ
4DIXBCFT
JNQFSUVSCBCMF
UFMFTDPQF   
ѮJT
JT
*
CFMJFWF
BO
JOTUBODF
PG
EFWPUFE
QFSTJTUFODF
VOTVSQBTTFE
JO
UIF
BOOBMT
PG
BTUSPOPNZ
ѮF
FOFSHZ
PG
POF
NBO
IBT
SFWFBMFE
B
QIFOPNFOPO
UIBU
IBE
FMVEFE
FWFO
UIF
TVTQJDJPO
PG
BTUSPOP NFST
GPS

ZFBST

ѮF
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
DFSUBJOMZ
EPFT
QFSTJTU
0UIFS
BTUSPOPNFST
IBWF
OPX
DPNQJMFE
TZTUFNBUJD
SFDPSET
PG
UIF
QFSJPEJD
WBSJBUJPO
JO
TVOTQPU
OVNCFST
GPS
NPSF
UIBO
POF
IVOESFE
ZFBST
'JH
 
ѮFZ
TPNFUJNFT
SFDPSE
UIF
UPUBM
BSFB
PG
UIF
WJTJCMF
4VO
DPW FSFE
CZ
UIF
TQPUT
XIJDI
SJTFT
BOE
GBMMT
XJUI
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
TVOTQPUT
BOE
JT
UIPVHIU
UP
CF
NPSF
QIZTJDBMMZ
TJHOJêDBOU %FUBJMFE
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
TVOTQPUT
IBWF
CFFO
PCUBJOFE
BU
&OHMBOET
3PZBM
(SFFOXJDI
0CTFSWBUPSZ
TJODF

JODMVEJOH
UIF
OVNCFST
TJ[FT
BOE
QPTJUJPOT
PG
TVOTQPUT
ѮF
NBYJNVN
OVNCFS
PG
TVOTQPUT
BU
UIF
QFBL
PG
UIF
DZDMF
DBO
SFBDI

QFS
NPOUI
XIJMF
GFXFS
UIBO
B
EP[FO
TQPUT
BSF
TFFO
OFBS
UIF
DZDMF
NJOJNVN
êWF
PS
TJY
ZFBST
MBUFS
ѮF
EBUB
BMTP
TIPX
UIBU
UIF
QPTJUJPOT
PG
TVOTQPUT
BOE
UIFJS
BTTPDJBUFE
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
WBSZ
TZTUFNBUJDBMMZ
EVSJOH
UIF
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
'JH
  8JUI
UIF
QBTTBHF
PG
UJNF
EVSJOH
UIF
ZFBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
OFX
TVOTQPUT
BQQFBS
DMPTFS
BOE
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
XIJMF
TUSFBNT
PG
SFNOBOU
NBHOFUJD
ëVY
TQSFBE
QPMFXBSE
OPSUI
PS
TPVUI 
*O
UIF
FBSMZ
QBSU
PG
UIF
DZDMF
XIFO
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
SJTFT
UP
JUT
NBYJNVN
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
CSFBL
PVU
JO
UXP
CFMUT
BU
BCPVU

EFHSFFT
MBUJUVEF
POF
OPSUI
BOE
POF
TPVUI
PG
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
"T
PO
UIF
&BSUI
MBUJUVEF
JT
UIF
BOHVMBS
EJTUBODF
OPSUI
PS
TPVUI
PG
UIF
FRVBUPS 8IFO
UIF
DZDMF
QSPHSFTTFT
UPXBSE
TVOTQPU
NJOJNVN
UIF
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
BU
NJE MBUJUVEFT
GBEF
BXBZ
BOE
OFX
POFT
TVSGBDF
JO
CFMUT
UIBU
BSF
DMPTFS
BOE
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
FRVBUPS
ѮF
ESJѫJOH
BDUJWFSFHJPO
CFMUT
POF
JO
FBDI
IFNJTQIFSF
EFTDSJCF
B
TMPX
 ZFBS
DIVSOJOH
NPUJPO
UIBU
PSJHJOBUFT
EFFQ
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
BOE
TXFFQT
EPXO
BDSPTT
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
UPXBSE
JUT
FRVBUPS
VOUJM
UIF
TVOTQPUT
DPNF
UPHFUIFS
BOE
EJTBQQFBS
BU
TVOTQPU
NJOJNVN ѮFO
PVU
PG
UIF
EFTUSVDUJPO
UIF
DZDMF
SFOFXT
JUTFMG
PODF
NPSF
BOE
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
FNFSHF
BHBJO
BU
NJEMBUJUVEFT
BCPVU
POFUIJSE
PG
UIF
XBZ
UPXBSE
UIF
QPMFT
#VU
OP
TVO TQPUT
BSF
FWFS
GPVOE
BU
IJHI
MBUJUVEFT
OFBS
UIF
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
PG
UIF
4VO




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 3UNSPOTCYCLE4HELOCATIONOFSUNSPOTSVQQFS
QBOFM ANDTHEIRTOTALAREA CPUUPN
QBOFM HAVEVARIEDINAN YEARCYCLEFORTHEPASTYEARS BUTTHISMAGNETIC ACTIVITYCYCLEVARIESBOTHINCYCLELENGTHANDMAXIMUMAMPLITUDE!SSHOWNINTHEUPPER PANEL THESUNSPOTSFORMATABOUTDEGREESLATITUDEATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHECYCLE WITHIN TWOBANDSOFACTIVELATITUDESONEINTHENORTHANDONEINTHESOUTH THATMIGRATETONEAR THE3UNSEQUATORATTHEENDOFTHECYCLE3UCHANILLUSTRATIONISSOMETIMESCALLEDAhBUT TERmYDIAGRAMvBECAUSEOFITSRESEMBLANCETOTHEWINGSOFABUTTERmY4HEUPPERPANEL ALSOSHOWSHOWTHECYCLESOVERLAPWITHSPOTSFROMANEWCYCLEAPPEARINGATHIGHLATI TUDESWHILESPOTSFROMTHEOLDCYCLEARESTILLPRESENTINTHEEQUATORIALREGIONS4HETOTAL AREACOVEREDBYSUNSPOTSCPUUPN
QBOFM GIVENASAPERCENTOFTHEVISIBLEHEMISPHERE OFTHE3UN FOLLOWSASIMILAR YEARCYCLEDURINGEACHCYCLETHETOTALAREAOFTENRISES QUICKLYFROMAMINIMUMTOAMAXIMUMANDTHENDROPSBACKTOAMINIMUMATASLOWER RATE4HEREARELARGEVARIATIONSINTOTALSUNSPOTAREA ANDINSOLARACTIVITY DURINGEACH CYCLE ANDFROMCYCLETOCYCLE#OURTESYOF$AVID(ATHAWAY .!3!-3&#

ѮJT
TZTUFNBUJD
ZFBS
ESJѫ
PG
TVOTQPUT
UPXBSE
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
XBT
JOJUJBMMZ
OPUJDFE
JO

CZ
UIF
&OHMJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
3JDIBSE
$
$BSSJOHUPO
¢


EVSJOH
IJT
TUVEJFT
PG
EJĒFSFOUJBM
TPMBS
SPUBUJPO
BOE
UIFO
EFTDSJCFE
CZ
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOPNFS
(VTUBW
4QÕSFS
¢ 
*U
JT
HSBQIJDBMMZ
SFQSFTFOUFE
JO
B
QMPU
PG
TVOTQPU
MBUJUVEF
BT
B
GVODUJPO
PG
UJNF
êSTU
ESBXO
CZ
&
8BMUFS
.BVOEFS
¢
JO

BOE
CSPVHIU
VQ
UP
EBUF
JO
'JH

4VDI
BO
JMMVTUSBUJPO
JT
TPNFUJNFT
DBMMFE
B
iCVUUFSëZ
EJBHSBNu
CFDBVTF
PG
JUT
SFTFNCMBODF
UP
UIF
XJOHT
PG
B
CVUUFSëZ "T
PME
TQPUT
MJOHFS
OFBS
UIF
FRVBUPS
OFX
POFT
CSFBL
PVU
BU
NJEMBUJUVEFT
CVU
UIF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUJFT
PG
UIF
OFX
TQPUT
BSF
SFWFSTFE
XJUI
OPSUI
CFDPNJOH
TPVUI
BOE
WJDF
WFSTB
m
BT
JG
UIF
4VO
IBE
UVSOFE
JUTFMG
JOTJEF
PVU
%VSJOH
POF
ZFBS
DZDMF
UIF
NBH OFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
PG
BMM
UIF
MFBEJOH
XFTUFSONPTU
TQPUT
JO
UIF
OPSUIFSO
TPMBS
IFNJTQIFSF
JT
UIF
TBNF
BOE
JT
PQQPTJUF
UP
UIBU
PG
MFBEJOH
TQPUT
JO
UIF
TPVUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSF
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
PG
UIF
MFBEJOH
TQPUT
SFWFSTFT
JO
FBDI
IFNJTQIFSF
BU
UIF
CFHJOOJOH
PG
UIF
OFYU
ZFBS
DZDMF 3FNOBOUT
PG
PME
TVOTQPUT
NPWF
UP
UIF
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
UP
SFQMFOJTI
UIF
XFBLFS
EJQP MBS
UXP
QPMFT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
PG
UIF
4VO
*U
BMTP
SFWFSTFT
BU
UIF
CFHJOOJOH
PG
FBDI
DZDMF






"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS




TP
UIF
NBHOFUJD
OPSUI
QPMF
TXJUDIFT
UP
B
NBHOFUJD
TPVUI
QPMF
BOE
WJDF
WFSTB
ѮFO
GPS
UIF
OFYU

ZFBST
JO
UIF
OFX
DZDMF
BMM
UIF
QPMBSJUJFT
XJMM
CF
FYDIBOHFE
JODMVEJOH
UIPTF
PG
BMM
UIF
TVOTQPUT
BOE
UIBU
PG
UIF
HFOFSBM
QPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
ѮVT
UIF
GVMM
NBHOFUJD
DZDMF
UBLFT
BO
BWFSBHF
PG

ZFBST "DUJWF
SFHJPOT
DPOUBJO
UXJOOFE
CJQPMBS
TVOTQPUT
UIBU
BSF
BMJHOFE
SPVHIMZ
QBSBMMFM
UP
UIF
FRVBUPS
BOE
EFTDSJCF
B
HMPCBM
QBUUFSO
PG
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
"MM
PG
UIF
TVOTQPU
QBJST
JO
FBDI
BDUJWFSFHJPO
CFMU
IBWF
UIF
TBNF
PSJFOUBUJPO
BOE
QPMBSJUZ
BMJHONFOU
XJUI
BO
FYBDUMZ
PQQPTJUF
BSSBOHFNFOU
JO
UIF
UXP
IFNJTQIFSFT
"DDPSEJOH
UP
)BMFT
MBX
PG
QPMBSJUZ
UIF
MFBEJOH
PS
XFTUFSONPTU
TQPUT
MFBEJOH
JO
UIF
TFOTF
SPUBUJPO
PG
BOZ
TVO TQPU
HSPVQ
JO
UIF
OPSUIFSO
CFMU
PG
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
IBWF
UIF
TBNF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
XIJMF
UIF
GPMMPXJOH
FBTUFSONPTU
TQPUT
IBWF
UIF
PQQPTJUF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
*O
UIF
TPVUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSF
UIF
MFBEJOH
BOE
USBJMJOH
TVOTQPUT
PG
BOZ
TVOTQPU
HSPVQ
BMTP
FYIJCJU
PQQP TJUF
QPMBSJUJFT
CVU
UIF
NBHOFUJD
EJSFDUJPO
PG
UIF
CJQPMBS
TVOTQPUT
JO
UIF
TPVUIFSO
CFMU
JT
UIF
SFWFSTF
PG
UIBU
JO
UIF
OPSUIFSO
POF ѮVT
JG
UIF
MFBEJOH
TQPU
JO
UIF
OPSUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSF
IBT
POF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
UIF
MFBEJOH
TQPU
JO
UIF
TPVUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSF
XJMM
IBWF
UIF
PQQPTJUF
QPMBSJUZ
*UT
BT
JG
NFO
BOE
XPNFO
BMXBZT
XBMLFE
EPXO
UIF
TUSFFU
JO
DPVQMFT
XJUI
UIF
NFO
QSFDFEJOH
UIF
XPNFO
PO
POF
TJEF
PG
UIF
TUSFFU
BOE
UIF
XPNFO
MFBEJOH
UIF
NFO
PO
UIF
PUIFS
TJEF
.PSFPWFS
UIF
DPVQMFT
FYBDUMZ
SFWFSTF
UIFJS
PSJFOUBUJPO
BU
TVOTQPU
NJOJNVN
FWFSZ

ZFBST
BT
JG
QBSUJDJQBUJOH
JO
B
EBODF
UIBU
IBT
CFFO
DBSFGVMMZ
DIPSFPHSBQIFE
ѮF
CJQP MBS
TVOTQPU
NBHOFUT
UIFO
ëJQ
BOE
UVSO
BSPVOE
TP
UIF
MFBEJOH
TQPUT
JO
FBDI
IFNJTQIFSF
IBWF
PQQPTJUF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUJFT
EVSJOH
TVDDFTTJWF
ZFBS
DZDMFT
ѮF
MFBEJOH
TQPUT
SFTVNF
UIFJS
PSJHJOBM
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
JO
BQQSPYJNBUFMZ

ZFBST
BѫFS
SFWFSTJOH
PSJFOUBUJPO
UXJDF .BHOFUPHSBNT
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
UIFSF
JT
TUJMM
QMFOUZ
PG
NBHOFUJTN
BU
UIF
NJOJNVN
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DZDMF
PG
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
XIFO
UIFSF
BSF
OP
MBSHF
TVOTQPUT
QSFTFOU
ѮF
NBHOFUJTN
UIFO
DPNFT
VQ
JO
B
MBSHF
OVNCFS
PG
WFSZ
TNBMM
SFHJPOT
TQSFBE
BMM
PWFS
UIF
4VO
'JH
 
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
BWFSBHFE
PWFS
WBTU
BSFBT
PG
UIF
4VO
BU
BDUJWJUZ
NJOJNVN
JT
POMZ
B
GFX
UFO
UIPVTBOEUIT
PG
B
5FTMB
PS
B
GFX
(BVTT
CVU
UIF
BWFSBHJOH
QSPDFTT
DPODFBMT
B
IPTU
PG
êFMET
PG
TNBMM
TJ[F
BOE
MBSHF
TUSFOHUI
8IFO
UIF
UFMFTDPQF
SFTPMVUJPO
JT
JODSFBTFE
êOFS
BOE
êOFS
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
GPVOE
XJUI
IJHIFS
BOE
IJHIFS
êFME
TUSFOHUIT ѮF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
OFWFS
TNPPUIMZ
EJTUSJCVUFE
BDSPTT
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
FJUIFS
EVSJOH
BDUJWJUZ
NJOJNVN
PS
NBYJNVN
*OTUFBE
UIFZ
BSF
IJHIMZ
DPODFOUSBUFE
JOIP NPHFOFPVT
BOE
FWFSZXIFSF
DMVNQFE
UPHFUIFS
JOUP
JOUFOTF
CVOEMFT
UIBU
DPWFS
POMZ
B
GFX
QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSFT
TVSGBDF
BSFB 
*/5&3/"-
%:/".0 8IFSF
EP
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
DPNF
GSPN
BOE
IPX
BSF
UIFZ
NBEF
8F
LOPX
UIBU
UIF
NPUJPO
PG
FMFDUSJD
DIBSHFT
DBO
QSPEVDF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BOE
UIBU
DIBOHJOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
QSPEVDF
FMFDUSJD
DVSSFOUT
"OE
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSJPS
JT
UPUBMMZ
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
DIBSHFE
DPOTJTUJOH
PG
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
*O
EFFQ
MBZFST
UIFTF
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
BSF
TP
IPU
UIBU
UIFZ
DPOEVDU
FMFDUSJD
DVSSFOU
BT
XFMM
BT
DPQQFS
EPFT
BU
SPPN
UFNQFSBUVSF
ѮF
IPU
DJSDVMBUJOH
HBTFT
HFOFSBUF
FMFDUSJDBM
DVSSFOUT
UIBU
DSFBUF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIFTF
êFMET
JO
UVSO
TVTUBJO
UIF
HFOFSBUJPO
PG
FMFDUSJDJUZ
KVTU
BT
JO
B
QPXFSQMBOU
EZOBNP





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(

3OLARCYCLEMAGNETICVARIATIONS4HESEMAGNETOGRAMSPORTRAYTHEPOLAR ITYANDDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEMAGNETISMINTHESOLARPHOTOSPHERE4HEYWEREMADEWITHTHE 6ACUUM4OWER4ELESCOPEOFTHE.ATIONAL3OLAR/BSERVATORYAT+ITT0EAKFROM*ANU ARY ATAMAXIMUMINTHESUNSPOTCYCLEMPXFS
MFѫ TO*ULY WELLINTOTHE NEXTMAXIMUMMPXFS
SJHIU %ACHMAGNETOGRAMSHOWSOPPOSITEPOLARITIESASDARKERAND BRIGHTERTHANAVERAGETINT7HENTHE3UNISMOSTACTIVE THENUMBEROFSUNSPOTSISATA MAXIMUM WITHLARGEBIPOLARSUNSPOTSTHATAREORIENTEDINTHEEAST WESTMFѫSJHIU DIREC TIONWITHINTWOPARALLELBANDS!TTIMESOFLOWACTIVITYUPQ
NJEEMF THEREARENOLARGE SUNSPOTSANDTINYMAGNETIClELDSOFDIFFERENTMAGNETICPOLARITYCANBEOBSERVEDALLOVER THEPHOTOSPHERE4HEHAZEAROUNDTHEIMAGESISTHEINNERSOLARCORONA#OURTESYOF+AREL *3CHRIJVER .3/ ./!/AND.3&

ѮF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
TVQQPTFE
UP
CF
HFOFSBUFE
CZ
TVDI
B
EZOBNP
PQFSBUJOH
PO
B
NVDI
TNBMMFS
TDBMF
XJUIJO
JUT
NPMUFO
DPSF ѮF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
PG
UIF
4VO
BSF
FOUSBJOFE
BOE
iGSP[FOu
JOUP
UIF
DPOEVDUJOH
HBT
XIPTF
QBSUJDMFT
DBSSZ
UIF
NBHOFUJTN
XJUI
UIFN
"T
UIFZ
NPWF
BMPOH
XJUI
UIF
HBT
UIF
FNCFEEFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
EFGPSNFE
GPMEFE
TUSFUDIFE
UXJTUFE
BOE
BNQMJêFE
ѮF
NFDIBOJDBM
FOFSHZ
PG
UIF
NPUJPO
PG
UIF
DIBSHFE
HBT
QBSUJDMFT
JT
UIFSFCZ
DPOWFSUFE
JOUP
UIF
FOFSHZ
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
ѮJT
EZOBNP
NFDIBOJTN
EPFT
OPU
FYQMBJO
IPX
UIF
NBH OFUJD
êFMET
PSJHJOBUFE
CVU
SBUIFS
IPX
UIFZ
BSF
BNQMJêFE
BOE
NBJOUBJOFE
ѮF
QSPDFTT
PG
êFME
BNQMJêDBUJPO
JT
OFWFSUIFMFTT
DVNVMBUJWF
TP
B
EZOBNP
DBO
HFOFSBUF
BO
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
GSPN
BO
JOJUJBMMZ
XFBL
POF





"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS




ѮF
TPMBS
EZOBNP
JT
OPX
UIPVHIU
UP
PQFSBUF
JO
B
UIJO
MBZFS
DBMMFE
UIF
UBDIPMJOF
MPDBUFE
BU
UIF
JOUFSGBDF
CFUXFFO
UIF
EFFQ
JOUFSJPS
XIJDI
SPUBUFT
XJUI
POF
TQFFE
BOE
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
MBZFS
UIBU
TQJOT
GBTUFS
JO
UIF
FRVBUPSJBM
NJEEMF
4PVOE
XBWFT
BMTP
TQFFE
VQ
NPSF
UIBO
FYQFDUFE
JO
UIJT
TIFBS
MBZFS
JOEJDBUJOH
UIBU
UVSCVMFODF
BOE
NJYJOH
BTTP DJBUFE
XJUI
B
EZOBNP
BSF
NPTU
MJLFMZ
QSFTFOU
#FMPX
UIF
UBDIPMJOF
UIF
4VO
SPUBUFT
MJLF
B
TPMJE
PCKFDU
XJUI
UPP
MJUUMF
WBSJBUJPO
JO
TQJO
UP
ESJWF
B
TPMBS
EZOBNP
"OE
BCPWF
UIJT
CPVOEBSZ
MBZFS
UIF
SPUBUJPO
SBUFT
BU
EJĒFSFOU
MBUJUVEFT
EJWFSHF
PWFS
CSPBE
BSFBT
UIBU
BSF
OPU
GPDVTFE
FOPVHI
UP
QMBZ
NVDI
PG
B
SPMF
JO
UIF
EZOBNP (MPCBM
SPUBUJPO
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
BOE
DPOWFDUJWF
NPUJPO
BSF
TVQQPTFE
UP
JOUFS BDU
TUSPOHMZ
BU
UIF
UBDIPMJOF
QSPEVDJOH
EZOBNP
BDUJPO
*O
UIJT
EFFQTFBUFE
SFHJPO
UIF
EJQPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
XIJDI
SVOT
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
CFUXFFO
JUT
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
QPMF
JT
BQQBSFOUMZ
XPVOE
VQ
BOE
TUSFUDIFE
JOUP
BO
B[JNVUIBM
PS
UPSPJEBM
DPJM
UIBU
SJTFT
SBEJ BMMZ
UISPVHI
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
UP
QSPEVDF
TVOTQPUT
BOE
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
XJUI
UIFJS
ZFBS
DZDMJD
CFIBWJPS *O
UFDIOJDBM
UFSNT
B
HMPCBM
EJQPMF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
TVQQPTFE
UP
CF
TIFBSFE
BOE
TUSFUDIFE
JOUP
B
UPSPJEBM
êFME
CZ
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
BOE
EJQPMBS
TVO TQPU
QBJST
BSF
TVQQPTFE
UP
CF
QSPEVDFE
CZ
B
MJѫJOH
BOE
UXJTUJOH
QSPDFTT
SFMBUFE
UP
UIF
SJTJOH
UPSPJEBM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
ѮF
HMPCBM
EJQPMF
BOE
UPSPJEBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
DPNQP OFOUT
BSF
BMUFSOBUFMZ
EFTUSPZFE
BOE
SFDSFBUFE
JO
B
DZDMF
UIBU
MBTUT
B
UPUBM
PG

ZFBST
%FFQ
NFSJEJPOBM
ëPX
PS
OPSUITPVUI
DJSDVMBUJPO
JT
TVQQPTFE
UP
IFMQ
SFHFOFSBUF
UIF
EJQPMF
êFME
BMTP
BDDPVOUJOH
GPS
JUT
SFWFSTBM
BOE
FYQMBJO
XIZ
TVOTQPUT
EP
OPU
GPSN
BU
IJHI
MBUJUVEFT /FWFSUIFMFTT
EFTQJUF
BMM
UIF
NBUIFNBUJDBM
DPNQMFYJUZ
PS
QFSIBQT
CFDBVTF
PG
JU
UIFSF
JT
OP
TPMBS
EZOBNP
NPEFM
UIBU
FYQMBJOT
UIF
EJĒFSFOU
BTQFDUT
PG
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
JO
EFUBJM
"OE
OP
POF
IBT
ZFU
PCTFSWFE
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
EFFQ
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO 4PMBS
BTUSPOPNFST
UIFSFGPSF
PѫFO
FYUSBQPMBUF
GSPN
B
DPODFQUVBMMZ
TJNQMF
NPEFM
EFWJTFE
JO

CZ
UIF
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPOPNFS
)PSBDF
8
#BCDPDL
¢ 
)JT
UIFPSZ
CFHJOT
BU
TVOTQPU
NJOJNVN
XJUI
B
HMPCBM
EJQPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
UIBU
SVOT
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
GSPN
TPVUI
UP
OPSUI
PS
GSPN
QPMF
UP
QPMF
6OFWFO
PS
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUB UJPO
TIFBST
UIF
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
DPOEVDUJOH
HBTFT
PG
UIF
JOUFSJPS
TP
UIF
FOUSBJOFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
HFU
TUSFUDIFE
PVU
BOE
TRVFF[FE
UPHFUIFS
ѮF
NBHOFUJTN
JT
DPJMFE
CVODIFE
BOE
BNQMJêFE
BT
JU
JT
XSBQQFE
BSPVOE
UIF
JOTJEF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
HMPCF
FWFOUVBMMZ
CFDPNJOH
TUSPOH
FOPVHI
UP
SJTF
UP
UIF
TVSGBDF
BOE
CSFBL
UISPVHI
JU
JO
BDUJWFSFHJPO
CFMUT
XJUI
UIFJS
CJQPMBS
TVOTQPU
QBJST
'JH



MJLF
B
TUJUDI
PG
ZBSO
QVMMFE
GSPN
B
XPPMFO
TXFBUFS
ѮF
TVSSPVOEJOH
HBT
CVPZT
VQ
UIF
DPODFOUSBUFE
NBHOFUJTN
KVTU
BT
B
QJFDF
PG
XPPE
JT
TVCKFDU
UP
CVPZBOU
GPSDFT
XIFO
JU
JT
JNNFSTFE
JO
XBUFS "T
#BCDPDL
FYQSFTTFE
JU 4IBMMPX
TVCNFSHFE
MJOFT
PG
GPSDF
PG
BO
JOJUJBM
BYJTZNNFUSJD
EJQPMBS
êFME
BSF
ESBXO
PVU
JO
MPOHJUVEF
CZ
UIF
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO   
5XJTUJOH
PG
UIF
JSSFHVMBS
ëVY
TUSBOET
CZ
UIF
GBTUFS
TIBMMPX
MBZFST
JO
MPX
MBUJUVEFT
GPSNT
iSPQFTu
XJUI
MPDBM
DPODFOUSBUJPOT
UIBU
BSF
CSPVHIU
UP
UIF
TVSGBDF
CZ
NBHOFUJD
CVPZBODZ
UP
QSPEVDF
CJQPMBS
NBHOFUJD
SFHJPOT
XJUI
BTTPDJBUFE
TVOTQPUT
BOE
SFMBUFE
BDUJWJUZ




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 7INDINGUPTHElELD!MODELFORGENERATINGTHECHANGINGLOCATION ORIENTA TIONANDPOLARITYOFTHESUNSPOTMAGNETIClELDS!TTHEBEGINNINGOFTHE YEARCYCLEOF MAGNETICACTIVITY WHENTHENUMBEROFSUNSPOTSISATAMINIMUM THEMAGNETIClELDISTHE DIPOLARORPOLOIDALlELDSEENATTHEPOLESOFTHE3UNMFѫ 4HEINTERNALMAGNETIClELDS THENRUNJUSTBELOWTHEPHOTOSPHEREFROMTHESOUTHTONORTHPOLES!STIMEPROCEEDS THE HIGHLYCONDUCTIVE ROTATINGMATERIALINSIDETHE3UNCARRIESTHEMAGNETIClELDALONGAND WINDSITUP"ECAUSETHEEQUATORIALREGIONSROTATEATAFASTERRATETHANTHEPOLARONES THEINTERNALMAGNETIClELDSBECOMESTRETCHEDOUTANDWRAPPEDAROUNDTHE3UNSCENTER BECOMINGDEFORMEDINTOAPARTLYTOROIDALlELDNJEEMF
AND
SJHIU 4HElELDSARETHEN CONCENTRATEDANDTWISTEDTOGETHERLIKEROPES7ITHINCREASINGSTRENGTH THESUBMERGED MAGNETISMBECOMESBUOYANT RISESANDPENETRATESTHEVISIBLESOLARDISK ORPHOTOSPHERE CREATINGMAGNETICLOOPSANDBIPOLARSUNSPOTSTHATAREFORMEDINTWOBELTS ONEEACHINTHE NORTHERNANDSOUTHERNHEMISPHERESJHIU ;!DAPTEDFROM(ORACE7"ABCOCK "TUSPQIZTJ DBM
+PVSOBM n =

ѮF
JOJUJBM
EJQPMF
PS
QPMPJEBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
UXJTUFE
JOUP
B
TVCNFSHFE
UPSPJEBM
PS
SJOHTIBQFE
êFME
SVOOJOH
QBSBMMFM
UP
UIF
FRVBUPS
PS
FBTU
UP
XFTU
"QQBSFOUMZ
UIF
EZOBNP
HFOFSBUFT
UXP
UPSPJEBM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
POF
JO
UIF
OPSUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSF
BOE
POF
JO
UIF
TPVUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSF
CVU
PQQPTJUFMZ
EJSFDUFE
XIJDI
CVCCMF
VQ
BU
NJE
UP
MPXMBUJUVEFT
UP
TQBXO
UIF
UXP
CFMUT
PG
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
TZNNFUSJDBMMZ
QMBDFE
PO
FBDI
TJEF
PG
UIF
FRVBUPS
ѮVT
BDDPSEJOH
UP
#BCDPDLT
TDFOBSJP
XF
NBZ
WJFX
UIF
TPMBS
DZDMF
BT
BO
FOHJOF
JO
XIJDI
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
ESJWFT
BO
PTDJMMBUJPO
CFUXFFO
QPMPJEBM
BOE
UPSPJEBM
HFPNFUSJFT "T
UIF
ZFBS
DZDMF
QSPHSFTTFT
UIF
JOUFSOBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
XPVOE
UJHIUFS
BOE
UJHIUFS
CZ
UIF
TIFBSJOH
BDUJPO
PG
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
BOE
UIF
UXP
CFMUT
PG
OFX
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
TMPXMZ
NJHSBUF
UPXBSE
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
#FDBVTF
UIF
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
FNFSHF
PO
UIF
BWFSBHF
XJUI
UIFJS
MFBEJOH
FOET
TMJHIUMZ
UXJTUFE
UPXBSE
UIF
FRVBUPS
UIF
MFBEJOH
TVO TQPUT
JO
UIF
UXP
IFNJTQIFSFT
UFOE
UP
NFSHF
BOE
DBODFM
PVU
PS
OFVUSBMJ[F
FBDI
PUIFS
BU
UIF
FRVBUPS
ѮJT
MFBWFT
B
TVSQMVT
PG
GPMMPXJOHQPMBSJUZ
NBHOFUJTN
JO
FBDI
IFNJTQIFSF
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
XIJDI
JT
FWFOUVBMMZ
DBSSJFE
QPMFXBSE
BU
TVOTQPU
NJOJNVN %JĒVTJPO
BOE
QPMFXBSE
ëPXT
BQQBSFOUMZ
TXFFQ
SFNOBOUT
PG
GPSNFS
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
JOUP
TUSFBNT
FBDI
EPNJOBUFE
CZ
B
TJOHMF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
UIBU
TMPXMZ
XJOE
UIFJS
XBZ
GSPN
UIF
MPX
BOE
NJEMBUJUVEF
BDUJWFSFHJPO
CFMUT
UP
UIF
4VOT
QPMFT
#Z
TVOTQPU
NJOJ NVN
XIFO
UIF
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
IBWF
MBSHFMZ
EJTJOUFHSBUFE
TVCNFSHFE
PS
BOOJIJMBUFE
FBDI
PUIFS
UIF
DPOUJOVFE
QPMFXBSE
USBOTQPSU
PG
UIFJS
EFCSJT
NBZ
GPSN
B
HMPCBM
EJQPMF
MJLF
UIF
QIPFOJY
SJTJOH
GSPN
JUT
BTIFT
#FDBVTF
UIF
4VOT
QPMBS
êFME
JT
DSFBUFE
GSPN
UIF






"
.BHOFUJD
4UBS




GPMMPXJOH
QPMBSJUZ
PG
EFDBZJOH
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
UIFZ
SFWFSTF
UIF
PWFSBMM
EJQPMF
QPMBSJUZ
BU
TVOTQPU
NJOJNVN
TP
UIF
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
QPMF
TXJUDI
NBHOFUJD
EJSFDUJPO
PS
QPMBSJUZ
ѮF
&BSUIT
EJQPMF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
BMTP
SFWFSTFT
JUTFMG
CVU
BU
NVDI
MPOHFS
JOUFSWBMT
PG
BCPVU
B
NJMMJPO
ZFBST
8IFO
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
ëJQ
JT
UBLFO
JOUP
BDDPVOU
XF
TFF
UIBU
JU
UBLFT
UXP
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMFT
PS
BCPVU

ZFBST
GPS
UIF
PWFSBMM
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
UP
HFU
CBDL
XIFSF
JU
TUBSUFE #Z
UIF
UJNF
UIBU
TVOTQPU
NJOJNVN
PDDVST
NPTU
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
ëVY
UIBU
FNFSHFE
JO
GPSNFS
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
IBT
CFFO
PCMJUFSBUFE
*UT
BT
JG
UIF
JOUFSOBM
NBHOFUJTN
IBT
CFFO
XPVOE
TP
UJHIU
UIBU
JU
TOBQT
MJLF
BO
PWFSXPVOE
XBUDI
TQSJOH
BOE
OP
NPSF
TVOTQPUT
DBO
GPSN
3FMBUJWFMZ
TNBMM
BNPVOUT
PG
NBHOFUJTN
SFNBJO
BT
MFѫPWFS
ëVY
UIBU
PSJHJ OBUFE
JO
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
UIBU
BSF
OP
MPOHFS
UIFSF
JU
JT
UIJT
ëVY
UIBU
IBT
CFFO
HSBEVBMMZ
EJTQFSTFE
PWFS
B
NVDI
XJEFS
SBOHF
PG
MBUJUVEFT
UP
GPSN
UIF
4VOT
HMPCBM
EJQPMF
ѮF
JOUFSOBM
NBHOFUJTN
IBT
UIFO
SFBEKVTUFE
UP
B
QPMPJEBM
GPSN
BOE
UIF
NBHOFUJD
DZDMF
CFHJOT
BHBJO ѮVT
UIF
EZOBNP
UIFPSZ
TFFNT
UP
FYQMBJO
BMM
PG
UIF
SFQFUJUJWF
BTQFDUT
PG
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJTN
JODMVEJOH
UIF
QFSJPEJD
WBSJBUJPO
JO
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
TVOTQPUT
UIFJS
DZDMJD
NJHSBUJPO
UPXBSE
UIF
FRVBUPS
UIF
CVUUFSëZ
EJBHSBN


UIF
SPVHIMZ
FBTUXFTU
PSJFOUB UJPO
MPDBUJPO
BOE
QPMBSJUZ
)BMFT
MBX
PG
QPMBSJUZ
PG
CJQPMBS
TVOTQPU
QBJST
BOE
UIF
QFSJPEJD
SFWFSTBM
PG
UIF
PWFSBMM
HMPCBM
EJQPMF
)PXFWFS
NBOZ
EFUBJMT
PG
UIF
UIFPSZ
BSF
VODFSUBJO
PS
JODPNQMFUF
BOE
TP
GBS
OP
EZOBNP
NPEFM
IBT
TVDDFFEFE
JO
BDDPVOUJOH
GPS
BMM
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
PCTFSWBUJPOT

$IBQUFS
4JY

"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF

+0:
0'
"
-*55-&
(*3-
#&'03&
5)&
46/)NTHISPAINTINGBYTHE3PANISHARTIST*OAN -IR˜– AlGURE REPRESENTINGALITTLEGIRL SEEMSTOBEDANCINGWITHTHElRE RED 3UNANDREACHINGOUTTOTHEVASTNESSOFSPACE3OMEWHITEPAINTHASBEENSPREADUPONTHE BLACKBACKGROUND MAKINGITAPPEARTHINANDBLUELIKEASPIRALNEBULAAGAINSTTHEBLACK NIGHT0RIVATE#OLLECTION












5)&
46/4
7*4*#-&
&%(&
*4
"/
*--64*0/ ѮF
FOUJSF
4VO
JT
KVTU
B
HJBOU
JODBOEFTDFOU
HBTFPVT
CBMM
UIBU
TFFNT
UP
FYUFOE
GPSFWFS
ѮF
HBT
JT
DPNQSFTTFE
BU
JUT
DFOUFS
CFDPNJOH
QSPHSFTTJWFMZ
NPSF
UFOVPVT
GVSUIFS
PVU
"OE
CFJOH
FOUJSFMZ
HBTFPVT
UIF
4VO
IBT
OP
TPMJE
TVSGBDF
BOE
OP
QFSNBOFOU
WJTJCMF
GFB UVSFT
ѮF
TQFDJêDBUJPO
PG
B
iTVSGBDFu
UIBU
EJWJEFT
UIF
JOTJEF
PG
UIF
4VO
GSPN
UIF
PVUTJEF
JT
UIFSFGPSF
MBSHFMZ
B
NBUUFS
PG
DIPJDF
EFQFOEJOH
PO
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
UIBU
QSPWJEFT
UIF
SFRVJSFE
QFSTQFDUJWF "U
UIF
XBWFMFOHUIT
XF
TFF
XJUI
PVS
FZF
UIF
4VO
JT
B
CSJHIU
SPVOE
EJTL
UFDIOJDBMMZ
LOPXO
BT
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
*U
JT
UIF
MPXFTU
EFOTFTU
MFWFM
PG
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
UIF
MBZFS
UIBU
GPSNT
UIF
4VO
ZPV
DBO
XBUDI
NPWJOH
BDSPTT
UIF
TLZ
FBDI
EBZ ѮF
HBTFT
FOWFMPQJOH
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BSF
TP
SBSFêFE
UIBU
XF
DBO
MPPL
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIFN
TP
ZPV
DBOU
TFF
BOZUIJOH
JO
GSPOU
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
ѮF
PWFSMZJOH
NBUFSJBM
JT
JOWJTJCMF
FYDFQU
EVSJOH
TPMBS
FDMJQTFT
PS
XJUI
TQFDJBM
JOTUSVNFOUT
*OEFFE
XF
VTF
UIF
UFSN
BUNPTQIFSF
GPS
UIJT
UFOVPVT
PVUFS
QBSU
PG
UIF
4VO
CFDBVTF
JU
JT
SFMBUJWFMZ
USBOTQBS FOU
BU
WJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUIT 8IFO
XF
MPPL
BU
UIF
WJTJCMF
EJTL
PG
UIF
4VO
JUT
FEHF
MPPLT
TIBSQ
CVU
UIBU
JT
CFDBVTF
PVS
FZFT
DBOU
SFTPMWF
UIF
EFUBJMT
ѮF
FEHFT
PG
DMPVET
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNP TQIFSF
MPPL
TIBSQ
GPS
UIF
TBNF
SFBTPO
8F
DBOU
TFF
GFBUVSFT
OBSSPXFS
UIBO
BCPVU
POF
NJOVUF
PG
BSD
PS
UI
PG
UIF
EJBNFUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
XIJDI
NFBOT
UIBU
UIF
VOBJEFE
FZF
DBOOPU
EJTUJOHVJTI
BOZUIJOH
PO
UIF
4VO
TNBMMFS
UIBO
 
LJMPNFUFST
BDSPTT
PS
TNBMMFS
UIBO
GPVS
UJNFT
UIF
TJ[F
PG
UIF
&BSUI 4P
UIF
TIBSQ
WJTJCMF
FEHF
PG
UIF
4VO
JT
BO
JMMVTJPO
8F
DBOU
SFTPMWF
JUT
EFUBJMT
BOE
UIFSF
JT
BO
FYUFOTJWF
VOTFFO
BUNPTQIFSF
UIBU
TVSSPVOET
JU
ѮJT
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
MPDBUFE
BCPWF
UIF
QIPUP TQIFSF
JT
BO
FOFSHJ[FE
SFBMN
PG
WJPMFOU
DIBOHF
FYUSFNF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE
QPX FSGVM
FSVQUJPOT
UIBU
DBO
TUSPOHMZ
BĒFDU
UIF
&BSUIT
FOWJSPONFOU ѮF
TPMBS
HBTFT
UIBU
SFTJEF
KVTU
BCPWF
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BSF
NPNFOUBSJMZ
'*(
 4OTALECLIPSEOFTHE3UN!MUL TFFO
EVSJOH
B
UPUBM
FDMJQTF
PG
UIF
4VO
TIPLE EXPOSUREPHOTOGRAPHOFATOTALECLIPSEOF XIFO
UIF
CSJHIU
TPMBS
EJTL
JT
CMPDLFE
THE3UN4HECIRCULARFORMECLIPSINGTHE3UN ISTHE-OON"ECAUSETHE-OONANDTHE3UN PVU
PS
FDMJQTFE
CZ
PVS
PXO
.PPO
'JH
HAVENEARLYTHESAMEANGULAREXTENT THE-OON  
*U
JT
FODJSDMFE
CZ
B
OBSSPX
CBOE
BLOCKSOUTMOSTOFTHE3UNSLIGHTDURINGATOTAL PG
MJHIU
LOPXO
BT
UIF
DPSPOB
GSPN
UIF
SOLARECLIPSE!KIRA&UJIITOOKTHISPHOTOGRAPH -BUJO
XPSE
GPS
iDSPXOu
ѮF
DPSPOB
JT
ON&EBRUARY




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

WJTJCMF
BU
BOZ
UPUBM
FDMJQTF
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
IBT
CFFO
SFDPSEFE
GPS
NPSF
UIBO
B
UIPVTBOE
ZFBST #VU
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
POMZ
TFFO
GPS
B
CSJFG
JOUFSWBM
EVSJOH
BO
FDMJQTF
GPS
OP
NPSF
UIBO

NJOVUFT
"OE
JU
EPFTOU
IBQQFO
WFSZ
PѫFO
ѮF
.PPO
POMZ
QBTTFT
EJSFDUMZ
CFUXFFO
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIF
&BSUI
PODF
FWFSZ
ZFBS
BOE
B
IBMG
PO
BWFSBHF
BOE
FWFO
UIFO
JUT
POMZ
WJTJCMF
GSPN
B
OBSSPX
USBDL
BMPOH
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
PѫFO
JO
SFNPUF
MPDBUJPOT
5BCMF
 
"U
BOZ
HJWFO
QPJOU
PO
PVS
QMBOFU
ZPV
BOE
ZPVS
BODFTUPST
XPVME
IBWF
UP
XBJU
BCPVU
GPVS
DFOUVSJFT
UP
XJUOFTT
B
UPUBM
FDMJQTF
PG
UIF
4VO #VU
TFFJOH
B
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
JT
DFSUBJOMZ
XPSUI
UIF
USJQ
ѮF
XPSME
HSPXT
EBSL
BT
EBZ
UVSOT
UP
OJHIU
CJSET
HP
IPNF
UP
SPPTU
êTI
SJTF
UP
UIF
PDFBOT
TVSGBDF
UP
GFFE
BOE
CSJHIU
TUBST
CFDPNF
WJTJCMF
JO
UIF
TLZ
*UT
BT
JG
UIF
4VO
XBT
UBLFO
BXBZ
BCBOEPOJOH
UIF
&BSUI
)FODF
UIF
XPSE
FDMJQTF
XIJDI
DPNFT
GSPN
B
(SFFL
XPSE
NFBOJOH
iBCBOEPO NFOUu
PS
iUP
MFBWFu 4!",% 4OTALECLIPSESOFTHE3UNFROMTO $ATE

-AXIMUM$URATION MINUTES

!PRIL -ARCH

 

!UGUST



*ULY *ULY .OVEMBER .OVEMBER

   

-ARCH -ARCH !UGUST

  

*ULY $ECEMBER $ECEMBER !PRIL

 

!PRIL

  

0ATHOF4OTALITY

0ACIlC/CEANANNULAR TOTAL %ASTERN"RAZIL !TLANTIC/CEAN 'HANA 4OGO $AHOMEY .IGERIA .IGER #HAD ,IBYA %GYPT 4URKEY 2USSIA 'REENLAND !RCTIC/CEAN 2USSIA -ONGOLIA #HINA )NDIA #HINA 0ACIlC/CEAN 3OUTH0ACIlC/CEAN #HILE !RGENTINA .ORTHERN!USTRALIA 3OUTH0ACIlC/CEAN !TLANTIC/CEAN EQUATORIAL!FRICA ANNULAR TOTAL .ORTH!TLANTICAND!RCTIC/CEANS )NDONESIA 0ACIlC/CEAN 0ACIlC/CEAN 5NITED3TATES/REGON )DAHO 7YOMING .EBRASKA -ISSOURI +ENTUCKY 4ENNESSEE AND3OUTH#AROLINA !TLANTIC /CEAN 3OUTH0ACIlC/CEAN #HILE !RGENTINA 0ACIlC/CEAN #HILE !RGENTINA 3OUTH!TLANTIC /CEAN 3OUTH!FRICA !NTARCTICA 3OUTH)NDIAN/CEAN .EW'UINEA 0ACIlC /CEAN 0ACIlC/CEAN -EXICO 5NITED3TATES4EXAS /KLAHOMA !RKANSAS -ISSOURI )LLINOIS )NDIANA /HIO 0ENNSYLVANIA .EW9ORK 6ERMONT .EW(AMPSHIRE -AINE SOUTHEASTERN#ANADA !TLANTIC/CEAN





"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




%VSJOH
TVDI
B
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
UIF
4VOT
OPSNBMMZ
JOWJTJCMF
BUNPTQIFSF
CFDPNFT
BT
CSJHIU
BT
UIF
GVMM
.PPO
B
TIJNNFSJOH
IBMP
PG
QFBSMXIJUF
MJHIU
UIBU
FYUFOET
PVU XBSE
GSPN
UIF
MVOBS
TJMIPVFUUF
BHBJOTU
UIF
CMBDLFOFE
TLZ
'JH
 
"
SFQSFTFOUBUJWF
EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
UIF
TQFDUBDVMBS
DSPXO
PG
MJHIU
PCTFSWFE
EVSJOH
UIF
FDMJQTF
PG

XBT
QSPWJEFE
CZ
'SBODJT
#BJMFZ
¢


B
TUPDLCSPLFS
BOE
FOUIVTJBTUJD
BNBUFVS
BTUSPOPNFS
JO
&OHMBOE *
XBT
BTUPVOEFE
CZ
B
USFNFOEPVT
CVSTU
PG
BQQMBVTF
GSPN
UIF
TUSFFUT
CFMPX
BOE
BU
UIF
TBNF
NPNFOU
XBT
FMFDUSJêFE
BU
UIF
TJHIU
PG
POF
PG
UIF
NPTU
CSJMMJBOU
BOE
TQMFOEJE
QIF OPNFOB
UIBU
DBO
CF
JNBHJOFE
'PS
BU
UIBU
JOTUBOU
UIF
EBSL
CPEZ
PG
UIF
.PPO
XBT
TVE EFOMZ
TVSSPVOEFE
XJUI
B
DPSPOB
B
LJOE
PG
CSJHIU
HMPSZ



*
IBE
BOUJDJQBUFE
B
MVNJOPVT
DJSDMF
SPVOE
UIF
.PPO
EVSJOH
UIF
UJNF
PG
UPUBM
PCTDVSJUZ




CVU
UIF
NPTU
SFNBSLBCMF
DJSDVNTUBODF
BUUFOEJOH
UIJT
QIFOPNFOPO
XBT
UIF
BQQFBSBODF
PG
UISFF
MBSHF
QSPUVCFS BODFT
BQQBSFOUMZ
FNBOBUJOH
GSPN
UIF
DJSDVNGFSFODF
PG
UIF
.PPO
CVU
FWJEFOUMZ
GPSNJOH
B
QPSUJPO
PG
UIF
DPSPOB

ѮF
QSPUVCFSBODFT
UIBU
#BJMFZ
PCTFSWFE
XFSF
BSDIFT
PG
JODBOEFTDFOU
HBT
XIJDI
MPPQ
VQ
JOUP
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
BOE
BSF
IFME
UIFSF
CZ
TUSPOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
"TUSPOPNFST
OPX
DBMM
UIF
MPPQJOH
GFBUVSFT
QSPNJOFODFT
UIF
'SFODI
XPSE
GPS
iQSPUVCFSBODFTu ѮF
SFEEFOFE
QSPNJOFODFT
DBO
SJTF
VQ
UP
B
GFX
IVOESFE
UIPVTBOE
LJMPNFUFST
'JH



MBSHF
FOPVHI
UP
TUSFUDI
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
UP
UIF
.PPO
IBOHJOH
UIFSF
GPS
XFFLT
BOE
NPOUIT
BU
B
UJNF
1PXFSGVM
NBHOFUJD
GPSDFT
IPME
UIFTF
RVJFTDFOU
QSPNJ OFODFT
UPHFUIFS
BOE
TVTQFOE
UIFN
BHBJOTU
UIF
GPSDF
PG
UIF
4VOT
HSBWJUZ
GPS
TP
MPOH


'*(
 %CLIPSECORONA 4HEMILLION DEGREESOLAR ATMOSPHERE KNOWNASTHE CORONA ISSEENAROUNDTHE BLACKDISKOFTHE-OON PHOTOGRAPHEDINWHITELIGHT FROMATOP-AUNA+EA (AWAII DURINGTHESOLARECLIPSEON *ULY4HEMILLION DEGREE ELECTRICALLYCHARGED GASISCONCENTRATEDINNUMER OUSlNERAYSASWELLASLARGER HELMETSTREAMERS#OURTESY OFTHE(IGH!LTITUDE/BSER VATORY .ATIONAL#ENTERFOR !TMOSPHERIC2ESEARCH




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 1UIESCENTPROMINENCE$ENSE COOLGAS SEENINTHEREDLIGHTOFHYDROGENALPHA ATTHERIMOFTHE3UN OUTLINESMAGNETICARCHESTHATARESILHOUETTEDAGAINSTTHEDARKBACK GROUND4HEPROMINENCEMATERIAL APPEARINGASAmAMINGCURTAINUPTO KILOMETERS ABOVETHEPHOTOSPHERE ISPROBABLYINJECTEDINTOTHEBASEOFTHEMAGNETICLOOPSINTHE CHROMOSPHERE#OURTESYOFTHE"IG"EAR3OLAR/BSERVATORY

0UIFS
BDUJWF
FSVQUJWF
QSPNJOFODFT
TNBMMFS
CVU
TUJMM
MBSHF
FOPVHI
UP
HJSEMF
UIF
&BSUI
NJHIU
MBTU
POMZ
B
GFX
NJOVUFT
PS
IPVST
CFGPSF
UIFJS
NBHOFUJTN
CFDPNFT
VOIJOHFE
BOE
UIF
QSPNJOFODF
CSFBLT
PVU
BOE
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO %VSJOH
B
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
XF
BSF
TFFJOH
QBUUFSOT
PG
GSFF
FMFDUSPOT
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
NBEF
WJTJCMF
CFDBVTF
UIFZ
TDBUUFS
UIF
MJHIU
UIBU
TUSJLFT
UIFN
MJLF
NPUFT
JO
B
TVOCFBN
"OE
CFDBVTF
UIFTF
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
DPOTUSBJOFE
BOE
NPMEFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIF
DPSPOBT
GPSN
WBSJFT
BT
UIF
4VOT
WBSJBCMF
NBHOFUJTN
DIBOHFT
BOE
TIJѫT
JUT
TIBQF
ѮF
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
EFOTFMZ
DPODFOUSBUFE
XJUIJO
NBHOFUJ[FE
MPPQT
DMPTF
UP
UIF
4VO
DSFBUJOH
CVCCMFMJLF
PS
BSDIMJLF
TUSVDUVSFT
LOPXO
BT
IFMNFU
TUSFBNFST
'JH



XIJDI
BSF
QFBLFE
MJLF
PMEGBTIJPOFE
TQJLFE
IFMNFUT
PODF
VTFE
JO
&VSPQF "
MPXMZJOH
QSPNJOFODF
JT
PѫFO
GPVOE
OFBS
UIF
CPUUPN
PG
B
IFMNFU
TUSFBNFS
"
DBWJUZ
WJTJCMF
BT
B
SFHJPO
PG
SFEVDFE
CSJHIUOFTT
TFQBSBUFT
UIF
QSPNJOFODF
BOE
UIF
BSDBEFT
PG
NBHOFUJ[FE
MPPQT
UIBU
TFFNJOHMZ
TVQQPSU
UIF
BSDIFE
IFMNFU
TUSFBNFS *O
UIF
PVUFS
QBSU
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
GBS
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UIF
TUSFBNFST
CFDPNF
OBSSPXFS
BOE
TVSNPVOUFE
PS
QSPMPOHFE
CZ
MPOH
TUSBJHIU
UFOVPVT
TUBMLT
UIBU
FYUFOE
GBS
JOUP
JOUFS QMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
ѮF
MPOH
HSBDFGVM
TUBMLT
DBO
FYUFOE
BU
MFBTU
UFO
NJMMJPO
LJMPNFUFST
PS

TPMBS
SBEJJ
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
BT
JG
TPNF
JOWJTJCMF
BHFOUT
XFSF
QVMMJOH
PS
QVTI JOH
UIFN
PVU
MJLF
TUSFUDIFE
TBMUXBUFS
UBĒZ





"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




'*(
 #ORONALSTRUCTURESNEARSUNSPOTMINIMUM4HE3UNSCORONABECOMES VISIBLETOTHEUNAIDEDEYEDURINGATOTALSOLARECLIPSE SUCHASTHISONEOBSERVEDFROM /RANJESTAD !RUBAON&EBRUARY CLOSETOAMINIMUMINTHE3UNS YEARCYCLE OFMAGNETICACTIVITY3EVERALINDIVIDUALPHOTOGRAPHS MADEWITHDIFFERENTEXPOSURETIMES WERECOMBINEDANDPROCESSEDELECTRONICALLYINACOMPUTERTOPRODUCETHISCOMPOSITE IMAGE WHICHSHOWSTHESOLARCORONAAPPROXIMATELYASITAPPEARSTOTHEHUMANEYEDUR INGTOTALITY.OTETHElNERAYSANDHELMETSTREAMERSTHATEXTENDFARFROMTHE3UNALONG THEEQUATORIALREGIONSMFѫANDSJHIU ANDTHEPOLARRAYSUPQANDCPUUPN THATSUGGESTA GLOBAL DIPOLARMAGNETIClELD#OURTESYOF&RED%SPENAK

)FMNFU
TUSFBNFST
BSF
SPPUFE
XJUIJO
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
UIBU
TPNFUJNFT
TUSBEEMF
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
BOE
DPOOFDU
SFHJPOT
PG
PQQPTJUF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
4USFBNFST
BMTP
PѫFO
SJTF
BCPWF
MPOHMJWFE
RVJFTDFOU
QSPNJOFODFT
UIBU
BSF
DPNNPOMZ
FNCFEEFE
JO
UIF
DMPTFE NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
BU
UIF
CPUUPN
PG
TUSFBNFST
ѮFTF
CSJHIU
DVSWFE
MPXMZJOH
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
DPOTUSBJO
UIF
EFOTFTU
DPSPOBM
NBUFSJBM
DMPTF
UP
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
XJUIJO
POF
PS
UXP
TPMBS
SBEJJ ѮF
TIBQF
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
NPMEFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
GPSDFT
UIBU
WBSZ
XJUI
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
TVOTQPUT
BOE
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
"U
TVOTQPU
NBYJNVN
XIFO
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
JT
TUSPOHFTU
UIF
TUSFBNFST
BSF
EJTUSJCVUFE
BMM
BSPVOE
UIF
TPMBS
MJNC
BOE
QSFTVNBCMZ
BMM
PWFS
UIF
4VO
'JH
 
8IFO
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
TVOTQPUT
JT
MPX
UIF
SFMBUJWFMZ
XFBL
NBH OFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
JT
MBSHFMZ
DPOêOFE
UP
UIF
4VOT
FRVBUPSJBM
SFHJPOT
XIFSF
UIF
TVOTQPUT
BOE
TUSFBNFST
BSF
MPDBMJ[FE
ѮVT
UIF
FDMJQTF
PCTFSWBUJPOT
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
UIF
PWFSBMM
TIBQF
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
DIBOHFT
JO
TZODISPOJTN
XJUI
UIF
ZFBS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
OFBS
NBYJNVN
UIF
DPSPOBM
TUSVDUVSFT
BSF
TUSFUDIFE
PVU
JO
BMM
EJSFDUJPOT
PVUTJEF
UIF
FRVBUPSJBM
QMBOF
BOE
OFBS
NJOJNVN
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
DPOTJEFSBCMZ
ëBUUFOFE
UPXBSE
UIF
FRVBUPSJBM
SFHJPOT ѮF
XJEUI
BOE
SBEJBM
FYUFOTJPO
PG
UIF
TUSFBNFST
JT
BMTP
SFMBUFE
UP
UIF
TPMBS
BDUJW JUZ
DZDMF
"U
UIF
UJNF
PG
NBYJNVN
BDUJWJUZ
TUSFBNFST
BSF
OBSSPXFS
BOE
TIPSUFS
OFBS
NJOJNVN
UIFZ
BSF
XJEFS
BOE
NPSF
FYUFOEFE




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 #ORONAATSUNSPOTMAXIMUM4HEDIM GHOSTLYLIGHTOFTHE3UNSOUTER ATMOSPHERE THECORONA DURINGATOTALSOLARECLIPSEON&EBRUARY OBSERVEDFROM 9ELLAPUR )NDIA4HISWASATIMENEARSUNSPOTMAXIMUM WHENTHESUNSPOTSAREMOST NUMEROUS4HEBRIGHTHELMETSTREAMERSWERETHENDISTRIBUTEDABOUTTHEENTIRESOLARLIMB RESEMBLINGTHEPETALSONAmOWER4HESTALKSOFTHESTREAMERSSTRETCHOUTMILLIONKILO METERS ORABOUTSIXSOLARRADII FROMTHECENTEROFTHE3UNINTHISPHOTOGRAPH)TWASTAKEN THROUGHARADIALLYGRADEDlLTERTOCOMPENSATEFORTHESHARPDECREASEINTHEELECTRONDENSITY ANDCORONALBRIGHTNESSWITHDISTANCEFROMTHE3UN#OURTESYOF*OHANNES$URSTAND !NTOINE:ELENKA 3WISS&EDERAL/BSERVATORY

ѮF
DPSPOB
DBO
CF
SPVUJOFMZ
PCTFSWFE
JO
CSPBE
EBZMJHIU
VTJOH
B
TQFDJBM
UFMFTDPQF
DBMMFE
UIF
DPSPOBHSBQI
UIBU
IBT
B
TNBMM
PDDVMUJOH
EJTL
UP
NBTL
UIF
4VOT
GBDF
BOE
CMPDL
PVU
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSFT
MJHIU
'JH
 
ѮF
êSTU
DPSPOBHSBQI
XBT
JOWFOUFE
JO

CZ
UIF
'SFODI
BTUSPOPNFS
#FSOBSE
-ZPU
¢


BOE
TPPO
JOTUBMMFE
CZ
IJN
BU
UIF
1JD
EV
.JEJ
PCTFSWBUPSZ
JO
UIF
1ZSFOFFT
"T
-ZPU
SFBMJ[FE
TVDI
PCTFSWBUJPOT
BSF
MJNJUFE
CZ
UIF
CSJHIU
TLZ
UP
IJHIBMUJUVEF
TJUFT
XIFSF
UIF
UIJO
EVTUGSFF
BJS
TDBUUFST
MFTT
TVOMJHIU
ѮF
IJHIFS
BOE
DMFBOFS
UIF
BJS
UIF
EBSLFS
UIF
TLZ
BOE
UIF
CFUUFS
XF
DBO
EFUFDU
UIF
GBJOU
DPSPOB
BSPVOE
UIF
NJOJBUVSF
NPPO
JO
UIF
DPSPOBHSBQI ѮF
CFTU
DPSPOBHSBQI
JNBHFT
XJUI
UIF
êOFTU
EFUBJM
BSF
PCUBJOFE
GSPN
IJHIëZJOH
TBUFMMJUFT
XIFSF
BMNPTU
OP
BJS
JT
MFѫ
BOE
XIFSF
UIF
EBZUJNF
TLZ
JT
USVMZ
BOE
TUBSLMZ
CMBDL
*OJUJBM
EJTDPWFSJFT
XFSF
NBEF
GSPN
B
DPSPOBHSBQI
BCPBSE
/"4"T
4FWFOUI
0SCJUJOH
4PMBS
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
040

XIJDI
DJSDMFE
UIF
&BSUI
GSPN

UP

ѮF
DMFBS
OFBSMZ
DPOUJOVPVT
FEHFPO
WJFXT
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
GSPN
/"4"T
4LZMBC
TBUFMMJUF
JO
m
SFTVMUFE
JO
UIF
GVMM
SFBMJ[BUJPO
PG
MPOHMJWFE
IPMFT
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
BT
XFMM
BT
UIF
HJBOU
4VOTJ[FE
FYQBOEJOH
CVCCMFT
EVCCFE
DPSPOBM
USBOTJFOUT
PS
$PSPOBM
.BTT
&KFDUJPOT
BCCSFWJBUFE
$.&T





"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




'*(
 #ORONAGRAPH3UNLIGHTENTERSFROMTHELEFT ANDISFOCUSED BYANOBJECTIVELENS , ONANOCCULTINGDISK BLOCKINGTHEINTENSE GLAREOFTHEPHOTOSPHERE,IGHTFROMTHECORONA WHICHISOUTSIDETHE PHOTOSPHERE BYPASSESTHISOCCULTINGDISKANDISFOCUSEDBYASECOND LENS , FORMINGANIMAGEOFTHECORONA/THEROPTICALDEVICESARE PLACEDALONGTHELIGHTPATHTODIVERTANDREMOVEEXCESSLIGHT4HE &RENCHASTRONOMER"ERNARD,YOT– CONSTRUCTEDTHElRST CORONAGRAPHIN ANDTHEBESTCORONAGRAPHSARENOWEMPLOYEDIN SATELLITESORBITINGABOVETHE%ARTHSOBSCURINGATMOSPHERE

ѮF
4PMXJOE
DPSPOBHSBQI
BCPBSE
UIF
64
"JS
'PSDFT
1m
TBUFMMJUF
DPOUJOVFE
JOWFTUJHBUJPOT
PG
UIF
$.&T
GSPN

UP

BT
EJE
UIF
DPSPOBHSBQI
BCPBSE
/"4"T
4PMBS
.BYJNVN
.JTTJPO
JO

BOE
GSPN

UP

.PSF
NJHIU
IBWF
CFFO
MFBSOFE
JG
UIF
"JS
'PSDF
IBE
OPU
EFDJEFE
UP
TIPPU
EPXO
UIF
1m
TBUFMMJUF
EVSJOH
B
UFTU
PG
BO
BOUJTBUFMMJUF
NJTTJMF
JO
 ѮF
KPJOU
/"4"&4"
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
UPPL
VQ
UIF
TQBDF
DPSP OBHSBQI
JOWFTUJHBUJPOT
PG
UIF
4VO
GSPN

UP

XJUI
B
SFNBSLBCMF
TFSJFT
PG
EJT DPWFSJFT
/FWFSUIFMFTT
BMM
DPSPOBHSBQIT
QSPWJEF
POMZ
B
MJNJUFE
FEHFPO
WJFX
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
KVTU
B
ëBU
QSPKFDUJPO
BHBJOTU
UIF
TLZ 
5)&
.*--*0/%&(3&&
$030/" %VSJOH
UIF
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
PG

"VHVTU

UIF
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPOPNFST
$IBSMFT
"
:PVOH
¢
BOE
8JMMJBN
)BSLOFTT
¢
JOEFQFOEFOUMZ
EJTDPWFSFE
UIBU
UIF
TQFDUSVN
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
JODMVEFT
B
CSJHIU
HSFFO
FNJTTJPO
MJOF
BU
B
XBWFMFOHUI
PG

OBOPNFUFST
ѮJT
TQFDUSBM
GFBUVSF
BQQFBST
BT
B
MJOF
XIFO
UIF
4VOT
SBEJBUJPO
JOUFOTJUZ
JT
EJTQMBZFE
BT
B
GVODUJPO
PG
XBWFMFOHUI
ѮF
TQFDJêD
XBWFMFOHUI
PG
PUIFS
MJOFT
IBE
CFFO
VTFE
UP
êOHFSQSJOU
UIF
BUPN
PS
JPO
GSPN
XIJDI
UIFZ
PSJHJOBUFE
CVU
UIF
HSFFO
DPSPOBM
FNJTTJPO
MJOF
DPVME
OPU
BU
êSTU
CF
JEFOUJêFE
XJUI
BOZ
LOPXO
FMFNFOU
4P
BTUSPOPNFST
JOJUJBMMZ
DPODMVEFE
UIBU
UIF
DPSPOB
DPOUBJOT
B
QSFWJPVTMZ
VOLOPXO
TVC TUBODF
XIJDI
UIFZ
OBNFE
DPSPOJVN #FMJFG
JO
UIF
OFX
FMFNFOU
DPSPOJVN
MJOHFSFE
GPS
NBOZ
ZFBST
VOUJM
JU
CFDBNF
PCWJ PVT
UIBU
UIFSF
XBT
OP
QMBDF
GPS
JU
JO
UIF
BUPNJD
QFSJPEJD
UBCMF
BOE
JU
NVTU
UIFSFGPSF
CF
OPU
BO
VOLOPXO
FMFNFOU
CVU
B
LOPXO
FMFNFOU
JO
BO
VOVTVBM
TUBUF
ѮF
TPMVUJPO
UP
UIF
DPSPOJVN
QV[[MF
OFWFSUIFMFTT
FMVEFE
BTUSPOPNFST
GPS
TFWFOUZ
ZFBST
%VSJOH
UIJT
JOUFS WBM
FDMJQTF
PCTFSWBUJPOT
SFWFBMFE
BU
MFBTU
UFO
DPSPOBM
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
OPOF
PG
XIJDI
IBE
CFFO
PCTFSWFE
UP
DPNF
GSPN
UFSSFTUSJBM
TVCTUBODFT




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

ѮFO
JO

UIF
4XFEJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
#FOHU
&EMÊO
m
BOE
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOPNFS
8BMUFS
(SPUSJBO
m
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
DPSPOBM
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
BSF
FNJUUFE
CZ
PSEJOBSZ
FMFNFOUT
TVDI
BT
JSPO
DBMDJVN
BOE
OJDLFM
CVU
GSPN
BUPNT
EFQSJWFE
PG

UP

FMFDUSPOT
ѮF
DPOTQJDVPVT
CSJHIU
HSFFO
FNJTTJPO
MJOF
JT
GPS
FYBNQMF
EVF
UP
JSPO
BUPNT
UIBU
IBWF
CFFO
TUSJQQFE
PG
IBMG
PG
UIFJS

FMFDUSPOT
EFOPUFE
'F
9*7 &EMÊO
SFBMJ[FE
UIBU
UIF
IJHIMZ
JPOJ[FE
BUPNT
DPVME
POMZ
CF
NJTTJOH
TP
NBOZ
FMFD USPOT
JG
UIF
DPSPOBM
HBT
XBT
VOFYQFDUFEMZ
IPU
XJUI
B
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
BCPVU
B
NJMMJPO
EFHSFFT
"U
UIJT
IJHI
UFNQFSBUVSF
NBOZ
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
TFU
GSFF
GSPN
BUPNT
BOE
NPWF
PĒ
BU
IJHI
TQFFET
MFBWJOH
UIF
JPOT
CFIJOE
0OMZ
UIF
IFBWZ
BUPNT
TVDI
BT
JSPO
BSF
BCMF
UP
IPME
PO
UP
BOZ
PG
UIFJS
PSCJUJOH
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
FWFO
UIFZ
DBO
POMZ
LFFQ
TPNF
JO
UIFJS
HSBTQ ѮF
TFBSJOH
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
UFNQFSBUVSF
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
NJHIU
IBWF
BMTP
CFFO
JOGFSSFE
GSPN
UIF
HSFBU
FYUFOU
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
UIF
MBSHF
XJEUIT
PG
UIF
DPSPOBM
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
BOE
UIF
4VOT
SBEJP
FNJTTJPO
'PDVT
 
"TUSPOPNFST
XFSF
QSPCBCMZ
SFMVDUBOU
UP
BDDFQU
BMM
PG
UIJT
FWJEFODF
CFDBVTF
UIF
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
NJHIU
CF
EVF
UP
VOVTVBM
TVC TUBODFT
BOE
BMTP
CFDBVTF
UIFZ
EJE
OPU
FYQFDU
IFBU
UP
ëPX
GSPN
UIF
DPPM
QIPUPTQIFSF
JOUP
UIF
TVSSPVOEJOH
IPUUFS
DPSPOB ѮF
SFBTPO
UIBU
UIF
DPSPOBM
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
UPPL
TP
MPOH
UP
JEFOUJGZ
XBT
UIBU
UIFZ
BSJTF
EVSJOH
IJHIUFNQFSBUVSF
MPXEFOTJUZ
DPOEJUJPOT
UIBU
BSF
OPU
OPSNBMMZ
PCTFSWFE
PO
&BSUI
BOE
BSF
IFODF
EFTJHOBUFE
BT
iGPSCJEEFOu
"DDPSEJOH
UP
RVBOUVN
UIFPSZ
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
BSF
TUJMM
BUUBDIFE
UP
BO
JPO
DBO
CF
SFBSSBOHFE
JOUP
DFSUBJO
MPOHMJWFE
PSCJUT
XIFO
UIF
JPO
JT
FYDJUFE
BOE
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
FNJU
UIF
GPSCJEEFO
MJOFT
XIFO
UIFZ
FWFOUVBMMZ
NPWF
PVU
PG
UIFTF
FYDJUFE
PSCJUT
)PXFWFS
FWFO
JO
UIF
CFTU
WBDVVN
PO
&BSUI
GSFRVFOU
DPMMJTJPOT
LOPDL
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
PVU
PG
UIFTF
PSCJUT
CFGPSF
UIFZ
IBWF
B
DIBODF
UP
FNJU
UIF
GPSCJEEFO
MJOFT

'0$64

5BLJOH
UIF
5FNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
$PSPOB

ѮF
4VOT
FOPSNPVT
HSBWJUZ
XPVME
IPME
B
SFMBUJWFMZ
DPPM
HBT
DMPTF
UP
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
KVTU
BT
UIF
&BSUIT
HSBWJUZ
CJOET
JUT
BUNPTQIFSF
JOUP
B
UIJO
TIFMM
#VU
UIJT
JT
JODPOTJTUFOU
XJUI
UIF
MBSHFS
FYUFOU
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
TFFO
EVSJOH
B
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
"
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
B
NJM MJPO
EFHSFFT
JT
SFRVJSFE
UP
LFFQ
UIF
DPSPOB
FYUFOEFE
UIF
NPUJPO
PG
UIF
IFBUFE
HBT
TVQ QPSUT
JU
BHBJOTU
UIF
4VOT
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
QVMM
"U
DPPMFS
UFNQFSBUVSFT
UIF
BUPNT
XPVME
IBWF
UP
CF
NVDI
MJHIUFS
UIBO
IZESPHFO
UP
NPWF
GBTU
FOPVHI
BOE
FYUFOE
UIF
DPSPOB
PVU
TP
GBS
CVU
IZESPHFO
JT
UIF
MJHIUFTU
FMFNFOU
UIFSF
JT ѮF
EFUBJMFE
DIBSBDUFS
PG
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
DBO
CF
VTFE
UP
JOGFS
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
BOE
NPUJPO


PG
UIF
TPMBS
HBT
ѮF
IPUUFS
UIF
HBT
UIF
GBTUFS
UIF
NPUJPOT
BOE
UIF
HSFBUFS
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
TIJѫT
GSPN
UIF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
ѮFTF
EJTQMBDF NFOUT
XJEFO
UIF
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
BOE
DBO
CF
VTFE
BT
B
UIFSNPNFUFS
UP
NFBTVSF
UIF
DPSPOBT
UFNQFSBUVSF
*O

GPS
FYBNQMF
UIF
4XFE JTI
BTUSPOPNFS
#FOHU
&EMÊO
¢
OPUJDFE
UIBU
UIF
PCTFSWFE
XJEUIT
PG
UIF
FNJT TJPO
MJOFT
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
JOEJDBUF
B
UFNQFSB UVSF
PG
BCPVU
UXP
NJMMJPO
EFHSFFT *O

UIF
3VTTJBO
BTUSPQIZTJDJTU
7JUBMJJ
-
(JO[CVSH
m

BOE
UIF
"VTUSBMJBO
SBEJP
BTUSPOPNFST
%BWJE
'
.BSUZO
m
BOE
+PTFQI
-
1BXTFZ
m
JOEFQFOEFOUMZ
VTFE
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
UIF
4VOT
NFUFSXBWFMFOHUI
SBEJP
SBEJBUJPO
UP
DPOêSN
UIF
FYJTUFODF
PG
B
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
CZ
NFBTVSJOH
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
SBEJP
FNJTTJPO





"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




ѮF
GSFF
FMFDUSPOT
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
XIJDI
BSF
OPU
BUUBDIFE
UP
BOZUIJOH
TDBUUFS
TVOMJHIU
GSPN
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
JMMVNJOBUF
UIF
DPSPOB
ѮF
FMFDUSPOT
CFOE
TNBMM
BNPVOUT
PG
UIF
TVOMJHIU
JOUP
PVS
MJOF
PG
WJTJPO
KVTU
BT
UJOZ
EVTU
QBSUJDMFT
JMMVNJOBUF
B
TVOCFBN
JO
ZPVS
SPPN
BOE
BJS
NPMFDVMFT
TDBUUFS
TVOMJHIU
UP
NBLF
UIF
TLZ
CMVF
#VU
UIF
DPSPOBM
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
TP
SBSFêFE
UIBU
NPTU
PG
UIF
MJHIU
GSPN
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
QBTTFT
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIF
MPXEFOTJUZ
DPSPOB
ѮBU
JT
UIF
SFBTPO
UIF
EJN
DPSPOB
JT
B
NJMMJPO
UJNFT
GBJOUFS
UIBO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BU
WJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUIT ѮFSF
BSF
BCPVU
B
CJMMJPO
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
QFS
DVCJD
DFOUJNFUFS

DN¢
BU
UIF
CBTF
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
XIJDI
TPVOET
MJLF
B
MPU
CVU
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
JT
POF
IVOESFE
UJNFT
NPSF
UFOVPVT
UIBO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF

DN¢
BOE
BO
BEEJUJPOBM
NJMMJPO
UJNFT
NPSF
SBSFêFE
UIBO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF

DN 
"OE
FWFO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JT
GBS
NPSF
SBSFêFE
UIBO
PVS
BJS ѮF
BWFSBHF
ESPQ
JO
EFOTJUZ
GSPN
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
UP
UIF
CPUUPN
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
NBUDIFE
CZ
BO
PWFSBMM
JODSFBTF
JO
UFNQFSBUVSF
GSPN
BCPVU
 
LFMWJO
JO
UIF
QIPUP TQIFSF
UP
BMNPTU
 
EFHSFFT
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
B
NJMMJPO
EFHSFFT
BU
UIF
CBTF
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
'JH
 
"
WFSZ
UIJO
USBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO
MFTT
UIBO

LJMPNFUFST
UIJDL


'*(
 4RANSITIONREGION4HETEMPERATUREOFTHESOLARATMOSPHEREDECREASES FROMVALUESNEAR KELVINATTHEVISIBLEPHOTOSPHERETOAMINIMUMVALUE OFROUGHLY KELVINATTHEBASEOFTHECHROMOSPHERE ABOUTKILOMETERS HIGHERINTHEATMOSPHERE4HETEMPERATUREINCREASESWITHHEIGHT SLOWLYATlRST THENEXTREMELYRAPIDLYINTHENARROWTRANSITIONREGIONBETWEENTHECHROMOSPHERE ANDCORONA FROMABOUT KELVINTOABOUTAMILLIONKELVIN4HOUSANDSOF NEEDLE LIKESPICULES EACHLASTINGABOUTlVEMINUTES AREDETECTEDSHOOTINGUP FROMTHECHROMOSPHEREINTOTHETRANSITIONREGION SOTHISSTATIC LAYEREDMODEL OFTHETRANSITIONREGIONDOESNOTCOMPLETELYPORTRAYITSDYNAMIC EVER CHANGING ASPECT4HEHEIGHTISINKILOMETERS ABBREVIATEDKM THETEMPERATUREINDEGREES KELVIN DENOTED+ ANDTHEMASSDENSITYINKILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER ABBREVIATED KGM–#OURTESYOF%UGENE!VRETT 3MITHSONIAN!STROPHYSICAL/BSERVATORY




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

MJFT
CFUXFFO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
DPSPOB
#PUI
UIF
EFOTJUZ
BOE
UFNQFSBUVSF
DIBOHF
BCSVQUMZ
JO
UIF
USBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO
UIF
EFOTJUZ
EFDSFBTFT
BT
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
JODSFBTFT
JO
TVDI
B
XBZ
UP
LFFQ
UIF
HBT
QSFTTVSF
TQBUJBMMZ
DPOTUBOU
JO
UIJT
SFHJPO
PG
USBOTJUJPO ѮF
DPSPOB
UIFO
TMPXMZ
DPPMT
XJUI
JODSFBTJOH
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
TMJHIUMZ
EFDSFBTJOH
JO
UFNQFSBUVSF
UP
BCPVU
 
LFMWJO
BU
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU
ѮF
DPSPOB
BMTP
UIJOT
PVU
BT
JU
FYQBOET
JOUP
UIF
JODSFBTJOH
WPMVNF
PG
TQBDF
SFBDIJOH
B
EFOTJUZ
PG
POMZ
BCPVU

FMFDUSPOT
BOE

QSPUPOT
QFS
DVCJD
DFOUJNFUFS
BU
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU "MUIPVHI
UIF
FMFDUSJêFE
DPSPOBM
QBSUJDMFT
NPWF
BCPVU
BU
HSFBU
TQFFE
UIFSF
BSF
TP
GFX
PG
UIFN
UIBU
UIF
UPUBM
FOFSHZ
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
RVJUF
MPX
0OMZ
BCPVU
B
NJMMJPOUI
PG
UIF
4VOT
UPUBM
FOFSHZ
PVUQVU
JT
SFRVJSFE
UP
IFBU
UIF
DPSPOB
"OE
FWFO
UIPVHI
UIF
GSFF
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
FYUSFNFMZ
IPU
UIFZ
BSF
TP
TDBSDF
BOE
XJEFMZ
TFQBSBUFE
UIBU
BO
BTUSPOBVU
PS
B
TBUFMMJUF
XJMM
OPU
CVSO
VQ
XIFO
JNNFSTFE
JO
UIF
SBSFêFE
DPSPOB
KVTU
PVUTJEF
UIF
&BSUI
#VU
JG
UIF
DPSPOB
XFSF
BT
EFOTF
BT
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
BU
B
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
B
NJMMJPO
EFHSFFT
JU
XPVME
DPOUBJO
FOPVHI
FOFSHZ
UP
WBQPSJ[F
PVS
QMBOFU 
$030/"-
)&"5*/( .PSF
UIBO
IBMG
B
DFOUVSZ
BHP
BTUSPOPNFST
LOFX
UIBU
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
B
WFSZ
IPU
SBSFêFE
HBT
4P
UIFZ
LOFX
XIBU
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
CVU
OPU
XIZ
JU
FYJTUT
ѮF
QSPCMFN
XIJDI
IBT
OPU
ZFU
CFFO
DPNQMFUFMZ
TPMWFE
JT
UP
FYQMBJO
XIZ
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
TP
IPU ѮF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JT
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
4VOT
DFOUFS
UIBO
UIF
NJMMJPO EFHSFF
DPSPOB
CVU
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JT
TFWFSBM
IVOESFE
UJNFT
DPPMFS
BOE
UIJT
DPNFT
BT
B
CJH
TVSQSJTF
ѮF
FTTFOUJBM
QBSBEPY
JT
UIBU
FOFSHZ
TIPVME
OPU
ëPX
GSPN
UIF
DPPMFS
QIPUPTQIFSF
UP
UIF
IPUUFS
DPSPOB
BOZNPSF
UIBO
XBUFS
TIPVME
ëPX
VQIJMM
8IFO
ZPV
TJU
GBS
BXBZ
GSPN
B
êSF
GPS
FYBNQMF
JU
XBSNT
ZPV
MFTT ѮF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
KVTU
OPU
TVQQPTFE
UP
CF
TP
NVDI
IJHIFS
UIBO
UIBU
PG
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
JNNFEJBUFMZ
CFMPX
JU
*U
WJPMBUFT
DPNNPO
TFOTF
BT
XFMM
BT
UIF
TFD POE
MBX
PG
UIFSNPEZOBNJDT
XIJDI
IPMET
UIBU
IFBU
DBOOPU
CF
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
USBOTGFSSFE
GSPN
B
DPPMFS
CPEZ
UP
B
XBSNFS
POF
XJUIPVU
EPJOH
XPSL
ѮJT
VOFYQFDUFE
BTQFDU
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
IBT
CBĔFE
TDJFOUJTUT
GPS
EFDBEFT
BOE
UIFZ
BSF
TUJMM
USZJOH
UP
FYQMBJO
XIFSF
BMM
UIF
IFBU
JT
DPNJOH
GSPN 8F
LOPX
UIBU
WJTJCMF
TVOMJHIU
DBOOPU
SFTPMWF
UIF
IFBUJOH
QBSBEPY
-JHIU
GSPN
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
EPFT
OPU
HP
JOUP
UIF
DPSPOB
JU
HPFT
UISPVHI
UIF
DPSPOB
ѮFSF
JT
TP
MJUUMF
NBUFSJBM
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
UIBU
JU
JT
USBOTQBSFOU
UP
BMNPTU
BMM
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSFT
SBEJB UJPO
4VOMJHIU
UIFSFGPSF
QBTTFT
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIF
DPSPOB
XJUIPVU
EFQPTJUJOH
TVCTUBOUJBM
RVBOUJUJFT
PG
FOFSHZ
JO
JU
USBWFMJOH
PVU
UP
XBSN
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
UP
BMTP
LFFQ
UIF
QIPUP TQIFSF
DPPM 4P
SBEJBUJPO
DBOOPU
SFTPMWF
UIF
IFBUJOH
QBSBEPY
BOE
XF
NVTU
MPPL
GPS
BMUFSOBUF
TPVSDFT
PG
FOFSHZ
1PTTJCMF
NFDIBOJTNT
JOWPMWF
FJUIFS
UIF
LJOFUJD
FOFSHZ
PG
NPWJOH
NBUF SJBM
PS
UIF
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
TUPSFE
JO
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
*OEFFE
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
TFFUIFT
XJUI
DPOUJOVBM
NPUJPO
BOE
NBHOFUJTN
UISFBET
JUT
XBZ
UISPVHI
UIF
FOUJSF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
6OMJLF
SBEJBUJPO
CPUI
PG
UIFTF
GPSNT
PG
FOFSHZ
DBO
ëPX
GSPN
DPME
UP
IPU
SFHJPOT 'PS
TFWFSBM
EFDBEFT
TPVOE
XBWFT
QSPWJEFE
B
XJEFMZ
BDDFQUFE
FYQMBOBUJPO
GPS
IFBUJOH
UIF
MPXEFOTJUZ
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
DPSPOB
*O
m
GPS
FYBNQMF
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOP





"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




NFS
-VEXJH
#JFSNBOO
¢


UIF
'SFODI
BTUSPOPNFS
&WSZ
4DIBU[NBO
¢

BOE
UIF
(FSNBOCPSO
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPOPNFS
.BSUJO
4DIXBS[TDIJME
¢
JOEF QFOEFOUMZ
QSPQPTFE
UIBU
UIF
IJHI
DPSPOBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
DPVME
CF
NBJOUBJOFE
CZ
BDPVTUJ DBM
OPJTF
QSPEVDFE
CZ
TPMBS
DPOWFDUJPO
ѮF
VQ
BOE
EPXO
NPUJPO
PG
UIF
QJTUPOMJLF
DPOWFDUJPO
DFMMT
DBMMFE
HSBOVMFT
XJMM
HFOFSBUF
B
UIVOEFSJOH
TPVOE
JO
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
BUNPTQIFSF
JO
NVDI
UIF
TBNF
XBZ
UIBU
B
UISPCCJOH
IJHIêEFMJUZ
TQFBLFS
ESJWFT
TPVOE
XBWFT
JO
UIF
BJS
ѮF
TPVOE
PS
BDPVTUJD
XBWFT
TIPVME
BDDFMFSBUF
BOE
TUSFOHUIFO
BT
UIFZ
USBWFM
PVUXBSE
UISPVHI
UIF
JODSFBTJOHMZ
SBSFêFE
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
VOUJM
TVQFSTPOJD
TIPDLT
PDDVS
UIBU
SFTFNCMF
TPOJD
CPPNT
PG
KFU
BJSDSBѫ
*U
XBT
UIPVHIU
UIBU
UIFTF
TIPDLT
XPVME
EJTTJQBUF
UIFJS
FOFSHZ
SBQJEMZ
BOE
QFSIBQT
HFOFSBUF
FOPVHI
IFBU
UP
BDDPVOU
GPS
UIF
IJHIUFNQFSBUVSF
DPSPOB "MUIPVHI
UIF
NBKPSJUZ
PG
UIF
TPVOE
XBWFT
BSF
SFëFDUFE
CBDL
BOE
SFNBJO
USBQQFE
JO
UIF
4VO
B
TNBMM
QFSDFOUBHF
PG
UIFN
NBOBHF
UP
TMJQ
UISPVHI
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
EJT TJQBUJOH
UIFJS
FOFSHZ
SBQJEMZ
XJUIJO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
HFOFSBUJOH
MBSHF
BNPVOUT
PG
IFBU
"OE
UIF
MPX
DISPNPTQIFSF
EPFT
JOEFFE
TFFN
UP
CF
IFBUFE
CZ
TPVOE
XBWFT
UIBU
BSF
HFOFSBUFE
JO
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
BOE
EJTTJQBUFE
CZ
TIPDLT
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF ѮF
4VOT
DISPNPTQIFSF
JT
DPNQPTFE
PG
IVOESFET
PG
UIPVTBOET
PG
UJOZ
TQJDVMFT
FOFSHJ[FE
BOE
UISVTU
PVUXBSE
CZ
UIF
TPVOEESJWFO
TIPDLT
ѮJT
NFUIPE
PG
DISPNP TQIFSF
IFBUJOH
JT
HFOFSBMMZ
DPOTJTUFOU
XJUI
UIF
GBDU
UIBU
PUIFS
TUBST
XJUI
PVUFS
DPO WFDUJPO
[POFT
IBWF
DISPNPTQIFSFT
XIJMF
GPS
TUBST
XJUIPVU
PVUFS
DPOWFDUJPO
[POFT
OP
DISPNPTQIFSF
JT
EFUFDUFE )PXFWFS
TJODF
UIF
4LZMBC
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
VMUSBWJPMFU
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
JO
UIF
T
JU
IBT
CFDPNF
BQQBSFOU
UIBU
UIFSF
JT
WFSZ
MJUUMF
BDPVTUJD
FOFSHZ
MFѫ
PWFS
CZ
UIF
UJNF
UIF
TIPDL
XBWFT
SFBDI
UIF
VQQFS
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
TPVOE
XBWFT
BQQBSFOUMZ
DBOOPU
SFBDI
UIF
DPSPOB
ѮF
TUFFQ
UFNQFSBUVSF
BOE
EFOTJUZ
HSBEJFOU
JO
UIF
USBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO
XPVME
SFëFDU
TPVOE
XBWFT
LFFQJOH
UIFN
GSPN
QSPQBHBUJOH
JOUP
UIF
DPSPOB .BHOFUJD
êFMET
QSPCBCMZ
QMBZ
B
QJWPUBM
SPMF
JO
IFBUJOH
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
ѮF
IPUUFTU
BOE
EFOTFTU
NBUFSJBM
JO
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
JT
MPDBUFE
XIFSF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
TUSPOHFTU
BOE
JU
JT
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJTN
UIBU
NPMET
UIF
DPSPOB
QSPEVDJOH
JUT
IJHIMZ
TUSVDUVSFE
JOIPNPHFOFPVT
TIBQF
ѮF
PUIFS
LFZ
JOHSFEJFOU
GPS
DPSPOBM
IFBUJOH
JT
DIBOHF
ѮF
EZOBNJD
DPSPOB
JT
NBHOFUJDBMMZ
MJOLFE
UP
BOE
ESJWFO
CZ
UIF
VOEFSMZJOH
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
XIPTF
UVSCVMFOU
NPUJPOT
DBO
QVTI
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSPVOE
BOE
TIVĔF
UIFN
BCPVU
0CTFSWBUJPOT
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
BMXBZT
DIBOHJOH
PO
BMM
PCTFSWFE
TQBUJBM
BOE
UFNQPSBM
TDBMFT
TFFUIJOH
BOE
XSJUIJOH
JO
UVOF
XJUI
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJTN 4P
SFDVSSJOH
UIFNFT
JO
FYQMBJOJOH
UIF
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
BSF
IJHIMZ
TUSVDUVSFE
NBHOFUJTN
BOE
UVSCVMFOU
DIBOHF
ѮF
VMUJNBUF
TPVSDF
PG
UIF
FOFSHZ
UIBU
IFBUT
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
DPOWFDUJWF
NPUJPOT
JO
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
BOE
UIBU
FOFSHZ
JT
TPNFIPX
DIBOOFMFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
GSPN
UIF
DPPM
QIPUPTQIFSF
UP
UIF
IPU
DPSPOB
"OE
UIF
TPMVUJPO
UP
UIF
DPSPOBT
IFBUJOH
DSJTJT
JT
SFMBUFE
UP
KVTU
IPX
FOFSHZ
JT
USBOTGFSSFE
UP
TUPSFE
JO
BOE
SFMFBTFE
CZ
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIBU
EPNJOBUF
UIF
DPSPOB 8IFO
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
EJTUVSCFE
B
UFOTJPO
BDUT
UP
QVMM
JU
CBDL
HFOFSBUJOH
NBH OFUJD
XBWFT
UIBU
DBO
QSPQBHBUF
VQXBSE
BOE
EJTTJQBUF
FOFSHZ
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
ѮFTF
XBWFT





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

BSF
DBMMFE
"MGWÊO
XBWFT
BѫFS
UIF
4XFEJTI
UIFPSFUJDJBO
)BOOFT
"MGWÊO
¢
XIP
êSTU
EFTDSJCFE
UIFN
NBUIFNBUJDBMMZ
)F
QJPOFFSFE
UIF
TUVEZ
PG
UIF
JOUFSBDUJPO
PG
IPU
HBT
PS
QMBTNB
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
B
EJTDJQMJOF
DBMMFE
NBHOFUPIZESPEZOBNJDT
BOE
XBT
BXBSEFE
UIF
/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
JO

GPS
UIJT
XPSL *OTUSVNFOUT
PO
B
OVNCFS
PG
TQBDFDSBѫ
IBWF
EFUFDUFE
"MGWÊO
XBWFT
GSPN
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
UP
NPSF
EJTUBOU
SFHJPOT
PG
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
)PXFWFS
PODF
ZPV
HFU
FOFSHZ
JOUP
BO
"MGWÊO
XBWF
JU
JT
IBSE
UP
EBNQFO
UIF
XBWF
BOE
FYUSBDU
FOFSHZ
GSPN
JU
-JLF
SBEJBUJPO
UIF
"MGWÊO
XBWFT
TFFN
UP
QSPQBHBUF
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
XJUIPVU
CFJOH
OPUJDFBCMZ
BCTPSCFE
PS
EJTTJQBUFE
UIFSF
BOE
XJUIPVU
EFQPTJUJOH
FOPVHI
FOFSHZ
JOUP
UIF
DPSPOBM
HBT
UP
IFBU
JU
VQ
UP
UIF
PCTFSWFE
UFNQFSBUVSFT /FWFSUIFMFTT
NBHOFUJD
XBWFT
BSF
TUJMM
WJBCMF
DBOEJEBUFT
GPS
TPNF
DPSPOBM
IFBUJOH
BOE
PUIFS
FOFSHZDBSSZJOH
XBWFT
TVDI
BT
TPVOE
BDPVTUJD


NBHOFUPBDPVTUJD
NBHOFUJD TPVOE
BOE
TIPDL
XBWFT
NBZ
QMBZ
B
SPMF
)PU
PTDJMMBUJOH
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
IBWF
GPS
FYBNQMF
CFFO
PCTFSWFE
TXBZJOH
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
VOEFS
UIF
JOëVFODF
PG
QFSJPEJD
XBWFT
TPNFUJNFT
GPS
QFSJPET
PG
êWF
PS
UFO
NJOVUFT
DIBSBDUFSJTUJD
PG
JOUFSOBM
TPVOE
XBWFT
ѮFTF
CBDL
BOE
GPSUI
NPUJPOT
IBWF
CFFO
BUUSJCVUFE
UP
NBHOFUPBDPVTUJD
XBWFT .BHOFUJD
MPPQT
DBO
IFBU
UIF
DPSPOB
CZ
DPNJOH
UPHFUIFS
BOE
SFMFBTJOH
TUPSFE
NBH OFUJD
FOFSHZ
XIFO
UIFZ
NBLF
DPOUBDU
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
.PUJPOT
EPXO
JOTJEF
UIF
DPO WFDUJWF
[POF
UXJTU
BOE
TUSFUDI
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
TMPXMZ
CVJMEJOH
VQ
UIFJS
FOFSHZ
8IFO
UIFTF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
QSFTTFE
UPHFUIFS
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
UIFZ
DBO
NFSHF
BOE
KPJO
BU
UIF
QMBDF
XIFSF
UIFZ
UPVDI
SFMFBTJOH
UIFJS
QFOUVQ
FOFSHZ
UP
IFBU
UIF
HBT
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
SFGPSN
PS
SFDPOOFDU
JO
OFX
NBHOFUJD
PSJFOUBUJPOT
TP
UIJT
NFUIPE
PG
DPSPOBM
IFBUJOH
JT
UFSNFE
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO *OTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
UIF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
40)0
IBWF
TIPXO
UIBU
UFOT
PG
UIPVTBOET
PG
TNBMM
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
BSF
DPOTUBOUMZ
CFJOH
HFOFS BUFE
SJTJOH
VQ
BOE
PVU
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JOUFSBDUJOH
GSBHNFOUJOH
BOE
EJTBQQFBSJOH
XJUIJO
IPVST
PS
EBZT
'JH
 
ѮF
OVNFSPVT
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
JO
UIJT
iNBHOFUJD
DBS QFUu
BSF
BMXBZT
CFJOH
SFQMBDFE
JO
B
TPSU
PG
TFMGDMFBOJOH
BDUJPO
JOJUJBUFE
GSPN
CFMPX
.PUJPOT
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
VOEFSMZJOH
UVSCVMFOU
DPOWFDUJPO
QVTI
UIF
DBSQFU
MPPQT
BSPVOE
BOE
XIFO
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
PG
BEKBDFOU
MPPQT
NFFU
UIFZ
DBO
CSFBL
BOE
SFDPOOFDU
XJUI
FBDI
PUIFS
JOUP
TJNQMFS
NBHOFUJD
DPOêHVSBUJPOT
SFMFBTJOH
FOPVHI
FOFSHZ
UP
IFBU
UIF
DPSPOB
4JODF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
DBSQFU
JT
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
SFQMFOJTIFE
FWFSZ

IPVST
GPSNJOH
OFX
NBHOFUJD
DPOOFDUJPOT
BMM
UIF
UJNF
BOE
BMM
PWFS
UIF
4VO
JU
DBO
QSPWJEF
B
DPOUJOVBM
TPVSDF
PG
DPSPOBM
IFBUJOH "DDPSEJOH
UP
BOPUIFS
TDFOBSJP
UIF
TUFBEZ
IFBUJOH
PG
UIF
IPU
TPMBS
DPSPOB
JT
QSP EVDFE
CZ
DPSPOBM
NBHOFUJD
JOUFSBDUJPOT
UIBU
QSPEVDF
GSFRVFOU
OVNFSPVT
TNBMMTDBMF
FYQMPTJPOT
DBMMFE
OBOPëBSFT
PS
NJDSPëBSFT
XIJDI
PDDVS
BU
TFFNJOHMZ
SBOEPN
MPDBUJPOT
ѮF
DPSPOBM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
DBO
CSBJE
UXJTU
BOE
XSJUIF
JO
B
QFSQFUVBM
EBODF
FOFSHJ[FE
GSPN
CFMPX
SJTJOH
GBMMJOH
JOUFSUXJOJOH
BOE
DPVQMJOH
UPHFUIFS
UP
DVNVMBUJWFMZ
QSPEVDF
OVNFSPVT
TNBMM
FYQMPTJPOT
UIBU
IFBU
UIF
IJHIUFNQFSBUVSF
DPSPOB 4P
UIFSF
JT
OP
MBDL
PG
QPTTJCMF
NFDIBOJTNT
GPS
FYQMBJOJOH
IPX
UIF
DPSPOB
CFDPNFT
TP
IPU
BOE
TUBZT
IFBUFE
"OE
UIBUT
B
HPPE
UIJOH
GPS
UIF
DPSPOB
XPVME
DPMMBQTF
JO
NJO VUFT
JG
FOFSHZ
XFSFOU
DPOTUBOUMZ
EVNQFE
JOUP
JU
UP
NBJOUBJO
JUT
IJHI
UFNQFSBUVSF #VU
FYBDUMZ
XIFSF
JT
UIF
DPSPOB
IFBUFE
*U
CFDPNFT
IPUUFTU
BU
MPDBUJPOT
XIFSF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
TUSPOHFTU
"OE
NPTU
PG
UIJT
IFBUJOH
BU
MFBTU
JO
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
JT
PѫFO
DPOêOFE
UP
UIF
MPXFS
QBSUT
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
OFBS
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
USBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO





"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




'*(
 -AGNETICCARPET-AGNETICLOOPSOFALLSIZESRISEUPINTOTHESOLARCORONA FROMREGIONSOFOPPOSITEMAGNETICPOLARITYCMBDL
AND
XIJUF INTHEPHOTOSPHEREHSFFO FORMINGAVERITABLECARPETOFMAGNETISMINTHELOWCORONA%NERGYRELEASEDWHENOPPO SITELYDIRECTEDMAGNETIClELDSMEETINTHECORONA TORECONNECTANDFORMNEWMAGNETIC CONlGURATIONS ISONELIKELYCAUSEFORMAKINGTHESOLARCORONASOHOT#OURTESYOFTHE 40)0%)4AND-$)CONSORTIA
40)0ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONALCOOPERATIONBETWEEN %3!AND.!3!

"OE
UIJT
CSJOHT
VT
UP
UIF
VCJRVJUPVT
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
UIBU
TUSVDUVSF
UIF
TPMBS
BUNP TQIFSF
BOE
UIF
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
UIBU
QSPWJEF
BO
PQFO
HBUFXBZ
UP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF 
$-04&%
$030/"-
-0014
"/%
01&/
$030/"-
)0-&4 #FDBVTF
PG
JUT
IJHI
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
UFNQFSBUVSF
UIF
DPSPOB
FNJUT
NPTU
PG
JUT
FOFSHZ
BOE
JUT
NPTU
JOUFOTF
SBEJBUJPO
BT
9SBZT
ѮFZ
DBO
CF
VTFE
UP
JNBHF
UIF
IPU
DPSPOB
BMM
BDSPTT
UIF
4VOT
GBDF
XJUI
IJHI
TQBUJBM
BOE
UFNQPSBM
SFTPMVUJPO
ѮJT
JT
CFDBVTF
UIF
4VOT
WJTJCMF
QIPUPTQIFSF
CFJOH
TP
NVDI
DPPMFS
QSPEVDFT
OFHMJHJCMF
BNPVOUT
PG
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
BQQFBST
EBSL
VOEFS
UIF
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
DPSPOB
*O
DPOUSBTU
UIF
GBJOU
WJT JCMF
MJHIU
PG
DPSPOBM
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
JT
POMZ
EFUFDUFE
BU
UIF
FEHF
PG
UIF
4VO
EVSJOH
B
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
BOE
DBOOPU
CF
TFFO
JO
UIF
JOUFOTF
HMBSF
PG
TVOMJHIU
PVUTJEF
FDMJQTF 4JODF
UIF
4VOT
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
JT
UPUBMMZ
BCTPSCFE
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
JU
NVTU
CF
PCTFSWFE
XJUI
UFMFTDPQFT
MPѫFE
JOUP
TQBDF
CZ
SPDLFUT
PS
JO
TBUFMMJUFT
)FSCFSU
'SJFENBO
¢
BOE
IJT
DPMMFBHVFT
BU
UIF
/BWBM
3FTFBSDI
-BCPSBUPSZ
PCUBJOFE
UIF
êSTU
9SBZ
QJDUVSFT
PG
UIF
4VO
JO

EVSJOH
B
CSJFG
NJOVUF
SPDLFU
ëJHIU
ѮFTF
DSVEF
FBSMZ
JNBHFT
XFSF
SFQMBDFE
XJUI
IJHISFTPMVUJPO
9SBZ
QIPUPHSBQIT
UBLFO
BOE
SFUVSOFE
UP
&BSUI
CZ
BTUSPOBVUT
GSPN
/"4"T
4LZMBC
UIJSUFFO
ZFBST
MBUFS
EVSJOH





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

B
NPOUI
QFSJPE
JO
m
.PTU
SFDFOUMZ
UIF
:PILPI
PS
iTVOCFBNu
TQBDFDSBѫ
MBVODIFE
PO

"VHVTU

CZ
UIF
+BQBOFTF
*OTUJUVUF
PG
4QBDF
BOE
"TUSPOBVUJDBM
4DJ FODF
QSPWJEFE
NJMMJPOT
PG
9SBZ
JNBHFT
PG
UIF
4VO
GPS
B
UFO
ZFBS
QFSJPE
VOUJM

:PILPIT
JNBHFT
BU
JOWJTJCMF
9SBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT
BSF
BMNPTU
BT
TIBSQ
BOE
DMFBS
BT
QJDUVSFT
NBEF
JO
WJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUIT
GSPN
UIF
HSPVOE
'JH
 

'*(
 4HE3UNIN8 RAYS4HEBRIGHTGLOWSEENINTHIS8 RAYIMAGEOFTHE3UNIS PRODUCEDBYIONIZEDGASESATATEMPERATUREOFAFEWMILLIONKELVIN)TSHOWSMAGNETIC CORONALLOOPSTHATTHREADTHECORONAANDHOLDTHEHOTGASESINPLACE4HEBRIGHTESTFEATURES ARECALLEDACTIVEREGIONSANDCORRESPONDTOTHESITESOFTHEMOSTINTENSEMAGNETIClELD STRENGTH4HISIMAGEOFTHE3UNSCORONAWASRECORDEDBYTHE3OFT8 RAY4ELESCOPE 384 ABOARDTHE*APANESE:PILPISATELLITEON&EBRUARY NEARAMAXIMUMOFTHE  YEARCYCLEOFSOLARMAGNETICACTIVITY3UBSEQUENT384IMAGES TAKENABOUTlVEYEARS LATERNEARACTIVITYMINIMUM SHOWAREMARKABLEDIMMINGOFTHECORONAWHENTHEACTIVE REGIONSASSOCIATEDWITHSUNSPOTSHAVEALMOSTDISAPPEARED ANDTHE3UNSMAGNETIClELD HASCHANGEDFROMACOMPLEXSTRUCTURETOASIMPLERCONlGURATION#OURTESYOF'REGORY, 3LATER 'ARY! ,INFORD AND,AWRENCE3HING .!3! )3!3 THE,OCKHEED -ARTIN3OLAR AND!STROPHYSICS,ABORATORY THE.ATIONAL!STRONOMICAL/BSERVATORYOF*APAN ANDTHE 5NIVERSITYOF4OKYO


"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF







ѮF
9SBZ
UFMFTDPQFT
BCPBSE
4LZMBC
BOE
:PILPI
IBWF
TIPXO
UIBU
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
TUJUDIFE
UPHFUIFS
CZ
CSJHIU
UIJO
NBHOFUJ[FE
MPPQT
XIJDI
BSF
JO
B
DPOTUBOU
TUBUF
PG
BHJUBUJPO
ѮFZ
QSPWJEF
UIF
XPWFO
GBCSJD
PG
UIF
FOUJSF
DPSPOB
&BDI
DMPTFE
MPPQ
SJTFT
JOUP
UIF
DPSPOB
GSPN
B
SFHJPO
PG
QPTJUJWF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
JO
UIF
VOEFSMZJOH
TPMBS
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
UIFO
UVSOT
CBDL
JOUP
B
SFHJPO
PG
OFHBUJWF
QPMBSJUZ
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
.BUFSJBM
JT
DPODFOUSBUFE
UP
IJHIFS
EFOTJUJFT
BOE
UFNQFSBUVSFT
XJUIJO
UIFTF
MPPQT
TP
UIFZ
FNJU
9SBZT
NPSF
JOUFOTFMZ
UIBO
UIFJS
TVSSPVOEJOHT
ѮF
JOUFOTF
9SBZ
FNJTTJPO
UIVT
PVUMJOFT
UIF
NBHOFUJD
TIBQF
BOE
TUSVDUVSF
PG
UIF
4VOT
PVUFS
BUNPTQIFSF "MUIPVHI
HBT
QSFTTVSF
JT
HSFBUFS
UIBO
NBHOFUJD
QSFTTVSF
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
XIFSF
UIF
IPU
HBTFT
DPOêOF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BOE
QVTI
UIFN
BCPVU
JU
JT
UIF
PUIFS
XBZ
BSPVOE
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
XIFSF
UIF
JPOJ[FE
HBT
JT
DPOêOFE
CZ
NBH OFUJD
êFMET
UIBU
QFSNFBUF
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
EFUFSNJOJOH
UIF
TIBQF
BOE
GPSN
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
#VU
UIF
DPSPOBM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
FNFSHF
GSPN
VOEFSOFBUI
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
XIFSF
UIFZ
BSF
SPPUFE
BOE
UIFZ
BSF
DPOUJOVBMMZ
EJTQMBDFE
BOE
SFQMBDFE
CZ
DPOWFDUJWF
NPUJPOT
KVTU
CFMPX
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF "T
B
SFTVMU
UIF
EZOBNJD
FWFSDIBOHJOH
DPSPOB
IBT
OP
QFSNBOFOU
GFBUVSFT
CVU
JT
JOTUFBE
BMXBZT
JO
B
DPOUJOVFE
TUBUF
PG
NFUBNPSQIPTJT
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
WBSZJOH
JO
CSJHIUOFTT
BOE
TUSVDUVSF
PO
BMM
EFUFDUBCMF
TQBUJBM
BOE
UFNQPSBM
TDBMFT
XJUI
FĒFDUT
GFMU
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
-JLF
NPTU
PG
UIF
SFTU
PG
UIF
6OJWFSTF
UIF
4VOT
PVUFS
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
OFWFS
TUJMM
BOE
UIFSF
JT
OP
TVDI
UIJOH
BT
B
RVJFU
JOBDUJWF
DPSPOB ѮF
&YUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFU
*NBHJOH
5FMFTDPQF
BCCSFWJBUFE
&*5
BCPBSE
UIF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
PS
40)0
GPS
TIPSU
IBT
LFQU
UIF
USBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO
BOE
JOOFS
DPSPOB
VOEFS
DBSFGVM
XBUDI
GPS
NPSF
UIBO
B
EFDBEF
TJODF
40)0
XBT
MBVODIFE
PO

%FDFNCFS

*U
IBT
UBLFO
GVMMEJTL
JNBHFT
BU
UISFF
MJOFT
PG
JPOJ[FE
JSPO

'F
*9
'F
9**
BOE
'F
97
BOE
POF
MJOF
PG
JPOJ[FE
IFMJVN
)F
**
UIFTF
BSF
UIF
QFSNJU UFE
MJOFT
FNJUUFE
CZ
JPOJ[FE
BUPNT
TFOTJUJWF
UP
UFNQFSBUVSFT
GSPN

UIPVTBOE
UP

NJMMJPO
LFMWJO
5BCMF



BOE
OPU
UIF
GPSCJEEFO
MJOFT
EFUFDUFE
BU
WJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUIT
8IJMF
&*5
QSPEVDFE
JNBHFT
PG
UIF
FOUJSF
TPMBS
EJTL
UIF
5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSP OBM
&YQMPSFS
BCCSFWJBUFE
53"$&
XBT
VTFE
UP
[FSP
JO
PO
TQFDJêD
SFHJPOT
PCUBJOJOH
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
JNBHFT
XJUI
IJHI
TQBUJBM
BOE
UFNQPSBM
SFTPMVUJPO
"ѫFS
JUT
MBVODI


4!",% 3OMEPROMINENTSOLAREMISSIONLINESINTHETRANSITIONREGION ANDLOWCORONAA 7AVELENGTHNM

      A

%MITTINGION

(YDROGEN ,YMANALPHA )RON &E)8AND&E8 )RON &E8)) )RON &E86 (ELIUM (E)) #ARBON #)6

&ORMATIONTEMPERATURE+

    

3UBTRACTONEFROMTHE2OMANNUMERALTOGETTHENUMBEROFMISSINGELECTRONS4HEWAVELENGTHSAREIN NANOMETERS ABBREVIATEDNM WHERENM METERS!STRONOMERSSOMETIMESUSETHE°NGSTRšM UNITOFWAVELENGTH ABBREVIATED° WHERE° METERSNM




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

PO

"QSJM

53"$&
SPVUJOFMZ
PCTFSWFE
UIF
-ZNBOBMQIB
MJOF
PG
IZESPHFO
B
MJOF
PG
JPOJ[FE
DBSCPO
$
*7
BOE
UIF
UISFF
JSPO
MJOFT
VTFE
XJUI
40)0 #FDBVTF
B
HJWFO
TUBHF
PG
JPOJ[BUJPO
PDDVST
XJUIJO
B
OBSSPX
SBOHF
PG
UFNQFSBUVSF
UIF
EJĒFSFOU
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
DBO
CF
VTFE
UP
UVOF
JO
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
BU
QBSUJDVMBS
UFNQFSB UVSFT
'JH
 
ѮFZ
IBWF
SFWFBMFE
UIBU
UIFSF
BSF
DPPM
BOE
IPU
MPPQT
FBDI
XJUI
JUT
PXO
VOJRVF
UFNQFSBUVSF
BOE
MPDBUJPO
"MM
PG
UIFTF
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
FJUIFS
JO
UIF
USBOTJ

'*(
 ,OOPSATDIFFERENTTEMPERATURES!COMPOSITE COLOR CODEDIMAGEOFTHE 3UN COMBININGTHREEDIFFERENTEXTREMEULTRAVIOLETWAVELENGTHS REVEALSSOLARFEATURES UNIQUETOEACH4HEHOTGLOWINGGASISCONSTRAINEDBYMAGNETICSTRUCTURES USUALLYLOOP INGFROMTHESOLARINTERIORINTOTHEOVERLYINGSOLARATMOSPHERE4HEDIFFERENTWAVELENGTHS ARESENSITIVETOGASATVARIOUSTEMPERATURES2EDSHOWSTHEHOTTESTMATERIAL WITHA TEMPERATUREOFABOUTMILLIONKELVIN EMITTEDATAWAVELENGTHOFNANOMETERSFROM TIMESIONIZEDIRON DESIGNATED&E86"LUECORRESPONDSTORADIATIONATNANO METERSEMITTEDFROMANDTIMESIONIZEDIRON DENOTED&E)8AND&E8 ATABOUT MILLIONKELVIN ANDYELLOWINDICATESEMISSIONATAWAVELENGTHOFNANOMETERSFROM TIMESIONIZEDIRON DENOTED&E8)) ATMILLIONKELVIN4HESIMULTANEOUSIMAGES WEREOBTAINEDWITHTHE%XTREME ULTRAVIOLET)MAGING4ELESCOPE OR%)4FORSHORT ABOARD THE40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ ABBREVIATED40)0#OURTESYOFTHE40)0%)4 CONSORTIUM40)0ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONALCOOPERATIONBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!





"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




UJPO
SFHJPO
PS
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
BSF
FYUSFNFMZ
EZOBNJD
PS
UJNF
WBSJBCMF
FNFSHJOH
DPO UJOVPVTMZ
GSPN
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
DIBOHJOH
PO
UJNFTDBMFT
GSPN
IPVST
UP
EBZT
4P
UIF
BQQBSFOUMZ
TUFBEZ
DPSPOB
UIBU
JT
GSP[FO
JOUP
B
TJOHMF
JNBHF
PS
QIPUPHSBQI
JT
BO
JMMVTJPO *O
DPOUSBTU
UP
UIF
EFOTF
CSJHIU
BSFBT
UIF
DPSPOB
BMTP
DPOUBJOT
MFTT
EFOTF
SFHJPOT
DBMMFE
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
ѮFTF
TPDBMMFE
IPMFT
IBWF
TP
MJUUMF
NBUFSJBM
JO
UIFN
UIBU
UIFZ
BSF
OPU
WFSZ
MVNJOPVT
BOE
BSF
EJēDVMU
UP
EFUFDU
ѮFZ
UIFSFGPSF
BQQFBS
BT
MBSHF
EBSL
BSFBT
PO
9SBZ
PS
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
JNBHFT
TFFNJOHMZ
EFWPJE
PG
SBEJBUJPO
$PSPOBM
IPMFT
DBOOPU
CF
EJTUJOHVJTIFE
JO
WJTJCMF
MJHIU
PO
UIF
TPMBS
EJTL
BOE
OFJUIFS
DBO
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
CVU
CPUI
UIF
IPMFT
BOE
MPPQT
IBWF
CFFO
SFDPSEFE
BU
UIF
TPMBS
MJNC
JO
WJTJCMF
MJHIU
VTJOH
DPSPOBHSBQIT
TJODF
UIF
T "U
UJNFT
PG
MPX
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
OFBS
UIF
NJOJNVN
PG
UIF
4VOT
ZFBS
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
DPWFS
UIF
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
QPMBS
DBQT
PG
UIF
4VO
%VSJOH
NPSF
BDUJWF
QFSJPET
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
DZDMF
NBYJNVN
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
DBO
BQQFBS
BU
BMM
TPMBS
MBUJUVEFT
FWFO
BU
PS
OFBS
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS 6OMJLF
UIF
BSDIFE
BOE
DMPTFE
NBHOFUJTN
PG
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
UIF
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
IBWF
SFMBUJWFMZ
XFBL
BOE
PQFO
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIBU
TUSFUDI
PVU
SBEJBMMZ
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
BOE
EP
OPU
SFUVSO
EJSFDUMZ
UP
BOPUIFS
QPJOU
PO
UIF
4VO
ѮFTF
êFMET
FWFOUVBMMZ
UVSO
BSPVOE
CVU
UIFZ
BSF
EJTUFOEFE
UP
HSFBU
EJTUBODFT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
ѮF
OPSNBMMZ
DPO TUSBJOJOH
NBHOFUJD
GPSDFT
UIFSFGPSF
SFMBY
BOE
PQFO
VQ
JO
UIF
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
UP
BMMPX
BO
VOFODVNCFSFE
PVUXBSE
ëPX
PG
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
'JH
 
4PMBS
QBSUJDMFT
QPVS
PVU
PG
B
DPSPOBM
IPMF
BMPOH
UIF
PQFO
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
BQQBSFOUMZ
VOBCBUFE
LFFQJOH
UIF
IPMFT
EFOTJUZ
MPX $PSPOBM
IPMFT
BQQFBS
MJLF
B
EBSL
FNQUZ
WPJE
BT
JG
UIFSF
XFSF
B
IPMF
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
CVU
UIF
SBSFêFE
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
BSF
OPU
DPNQMFUFMZ
FNQUZ
.PSFPWFS
UIF
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
BSF
OFJUIFS
DPOTUBOU
OPS
QFSNBOFOU
UIFZ
BQQFBS
FWPMWF
BOE
EJF
BXBZ
JO
QFSJPET
SBOH JOH
GSPN
B
GFX
XFFLT
UP
TFWFSBM
NPOUIT
4P
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
DIBOHF
JO
DPO UFOU
TIBQF
BOE
GPSN
MJLF
FWFSZUIJOH
FMTF
PO
UIF
4VO 
5)&
&5&3/"-
40-"3
8*/% +VTU
IBMG
B
DFOUVSZ
BHP
NPTU
QFPQMF
WJTVBMJ[FE
PVS
QMBOFU
BT
B
TPMJUBSZ
TQIFSF
USBWFMJOH
JO
B
DPME
EBSL
WBDVVN
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
#VU
XF
OPX
LOPX
UIBU
UIF
XJEFPQFO
TQBDFT
JO
PVS
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
BSF
OPU
FNQUZ
ѮFZ
BSF
êMMFE
XJUI
UJOZ
QJFDFT
PG
UIF
4VO
JO
BO
FWFS ëPXJOH
TPMBS
XJOE ѮF
OPUJPO
UIBU
TPNFUIJOH
JT
BMXBZT
CFJOH
FYQFMMFE
GSPN
UIF
4VO
êSTU
BSPTF
GSPN
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
DPNFU
UBJMT
$PNFUT
BQQFBS
VOFYQFDUFEMZ
BMNPTU
BOZXIFSF
JO
UIF
TLZ
NPWJOH
JO
FWFSZ
QPTTJCMF
EJSFDUJPO
CVU
XJUI
UBJMT
UIBU
BMXBZT
QPJOU
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
"
DPNFU
UIFSFGPSF
USBWFMT
IFBEêSTU
XIFO
BQQSPBDIJOH
UIF
4VO
BOE
UBJMêSTU
XIFO
EFQBSUJOH
GSPN
JU
"ODJFOU
$IJOFTF
BTUSPOPNFST
DPODMVEFE
UIBU
UIF
4VO
NVTU
IBWF
B
DIJ
PS
iMJGF
GPSDFu
UIBU
CMPXT
UIF
DPNFU
UBJMT
BXBZ
"OE
JO
UIF
FBSMZ
T
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOPNFS
+PIBOOFT
,FQMFS
¢
QSPQPTFE
UIBU
UIF
QSFTTVSF
PG
TVOMJHIU
QVTIFT
UIF
DPNFU
UBJMT
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO .PEFSO
TDJFOUJTUT
OPUJDFE
UIBU
B
DPNFU
DPVME
IBWF
UXP
UBJMT
0OF
JT
B
ZFMMPX
UBJM
PG
EVTU
BOE
EJSU
XIJDI
DBO
MJUUFS
UIF
DPNFUT
DVSWFE
QBUI
ѮF
EVTU
JT
QVTIFE
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
CZ
UIF
QSFTTVSF
PG
TVOMJHIU
ѮF
PUIFS
UBJM
JT
FMFDUSJD
CMVF
TIJOJOH
JO
UIF
MJHIU
PG
JPOJ[FE
QBSUJDMFT
ѮF
JPOT
JO
DPNFU
UBJMT
BMXBZT
TUSFBN
BMPOH
TUSBJHIU
QBUIT
BXBZ
GSPN





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 -AGNETIClELDSNEARANDFAR)NTHELOWSOLARCORONA STRONGMAGNETIClELDSARETIEDTOTHE3UNATBOTHENDS TRAPPINGHOT DENSEELECTRIlEDGASWITHINMAGNETIZEDLOOPS&ARFROMTHE3UN THEMAGNETIClELDSARETOOWEAKTOCONSTRAINTHEOUTWARDPRESSURE OFTHEHOTGAS ANDTHELOOPSAREVASTLYEXTENDED ALLOWINGELECTRI CALLYCHARGEDPARTICLESTOESCAPE FORMINGTHESOLARWINDANDCARRYING MAGNETIClELDSAWAY#OURTESYOF.EWTON-AGAZINE THE+YOIKUSHA #OMPANY





"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




UIF
4VO
XJUI
WFMPDJUJFT
NBOZ
UJNFT
IJHIFS
UIBO
DPVME
CF
DBVTFE
CZ
UIF
XFBL
QSFTTVSF
PG
TVOMJHIU *O
UIF
FBSMZ
T
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPQIZTJDJTU
-VEXJH
#JFSNBOO
¢
QSPQPTFE
UIBU
TUSFBNT
PG
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
DBMMFE
DPSQVTDVMBS
SBEJBUJPO
QPVSFE
PVU
PG
UIF
4VO
BU
BMM
UJNFT
BOE
JO
BMM
EJSFDUJPOT
UP
TIBQF
UIF
DPNFU
JPO
UBJMT
4VNNJOH
VQ
IJT
XPSL
JO

#JFSNBOO
DPODMVEFE
UIBU ѮF
BDDFMFSBUJPO
PG
UIF
JPO
UBJMT
PG
DPNFUT
IBT
CFFO
SFDPHOJ[FE
BT
CFJOH
EVF
UP
UIF
JOUFSBDUJPO
CFUXFFO
UIF
DPSQVTDVMBS
SBEJBUJPO
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIF
UBJM
QMBTNB
ѮF
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
DPNFUT
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
UIFSF
JT
QSBDUJDBMMZ
BMXBZT
B
TVēDJFOU
JOUFOTJUZ
PG
TPMBS
DPSQVTDVMBS
SBEJBUJPO
UP
QSPEVDF
BO
BDDFMFSBUJPO
PG
UIF
UBJM
JPOT
PG
BU
MFBTU
BCPVU
UXFOUZ
UJNFT
TPMBS
HSBWJUZ

ѮVT
UIF
JPO
UBJMT
PG
DPNFUT
BDU
MJLF
BO
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
XJOETPDL
EFNPOTUSBUJOH
UIF
FYJTUFODF
PG
B
DPOUJOVPVT
TQBDFêMMJOH
ëPX
PG
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
GSPN
UIF
4VO 4P
UIF
4VO
JT
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
CMPXJOH
JUTFMG
BXBZ
êMMJOH
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
XJUI
B
QFS QFUVBM
ëPX
PG
FMFDUSJêFE
NBUUFS
DBMMFE
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
"OE
FWFSZ
TFDPOE
UIF
4VO
CMPXT
BXBZ
BCPVU
B
NJMMJPO
UPOT
PS
B
CJMMJPO
LJMPHSBNT
PG
NBUFSJBM
UIBU
NVTU
CF
SFQMBDFE
GSPN
CFMPX
CVU
UIJT
JT
B
TNBMM
BNPVOU
DPNQBSFE
XJUI
UIF
FOPSNPVT
UPUBM
NBTT
PG
UIF
4VO
"U
UIF
QSFTFOU
SBUF
JU
XPVME
UBLF
UFO
CJMMJPO
ZFBST
GPS
UIF
4VO
UP
MPTF
POMZ

QFS DFOU
PG
JUT
NBTT
CZ
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BOE
UIF
4VO
XJMM
FWPMWF
JOUP
B
HJBOU
TUBS
MPOH
CFGPSF
JU
CMPXT
BXBZ
DPNQMFUFMZ ѮVT
UIF
TQBDF
CFUXFFO
UIF
QMBOFUT
JT
OPU
DPNQMFUFMZ
FNQUZ
JU
DPOUBJOT
BO
FUFSOBM
TPMBS
XJOE
B
SBSFêFE
NJYUVSF
PG
QSPUPOT
BOE
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
TUSFBN
PVU
SBEJBMMZ
JO
BMM
EJSFDUJPOT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
ѮF
QMBOFUT
NPWF
UISPVHI
UIJT
XJOE
BT
JG
UIFZ
XFSF
TIJQT
BU
TFB
BOE
UIF
XJOE
XSBQT
JUTFMG
BSPVOE
UIF
&BSUI
4P
XF
MJWF
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO ѮF
TPMBS
HBMF
CSVTIFT
QBTU
UIF
QMBOFUT
BOE
FOHVMGT
UIFN
DBSSZJOH
UIF
4VOT
DPSPOB
PVU
UP
JOUFSTUFMMBS
TQBDF
ѮF
SBEJBM
TVQFSTPOJD
PVUëPX
UIFSFCZ
DSFBUFT
B
IVHF
CVCCMF
PG
QMBTNB
XJUI
UIF
4VO
BU
UIF
DFOUFS
BOE
UIF
QMBOFUT
JOTJEF
DBMMFE
UIF
IFMJPTQIFSF
GSPN
IFMJPT
UIF
i(PE
PG
UIF
4VOu
JO
(SFFL
NZUIPMPHZ
'JH
  8F
BMTP
LOPX
UIBU
UIF
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
DPSPOB
JT
TP
IPU
UIBU
JU
DBOOPU
TUBOE
TUJMM
*OEFFE
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
DPOTJTUT
PG
BO
PWFSëPX
DPSPOB
XIJDI
JT
UPP
IPU
UP
CF
FOUJSFMZ
DPOTUSBJOFE
CZ
UIF
4VOT
JOXBSE
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
QVMM
ѮF
IPU
HBT
DSFBUFT
BO
PVUXBSE
QSFT TVSF
UIBU
UFOET
UP
PQQPTF
UIF
JOXBSE
QVMM
PG
UIF
4VOT
HSBWJUZ
BOE
BU
HSFBU
EJTUBODFT
XIFSF
UIF
TPMBS
HSBWJUZ
XFBLFOT
UIF
IPU
QSPUPOT
BOE
FMFDUSPOT
PWFSDPNF
UIF
4VOT
HSBWJUZ
BOE
BDDFMFSBUF
BXBZ
UP
TVQFSTPOJD
TQFFE
MJLF
XBUFS
PWFSëPXJOH
B
êMMFE
CBUIUVC
PS
B
EBN 4P
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
JT
SFBMMZ
UIF
WJTJCMF
JOOFS
CBTF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BOE
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
JT
KVTU
UIF
IPU
DPSPOB
FYQBOEJOH
JOUP
DPME
WBDVPVT
JOUFSTUFMMBS
TQBDF
*O

HFP QIZTJDJTU
4ZEOFZ
$IBQNBO
¢
EFNPOTUSBUFE
NBUIFNBUJDBMMZ
UIBU
UIF
4VOT
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
DPSPOB
DPOEVDUT
IFBU
TP
XFMM
UIBU
JUT
UFNQFSBUVSF
XJMM
TUBZ
IJHI
GBS
PVU
JOUP
TQBDF
BOE
UIBU
JUT
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
NVTU
FYUFOE
CFZPOE
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU
FWFO
JG
JU
JT
HSBWJUBUJPOBMMZ
IFME
UP
UIF
4VO
*O
UIF
GPMMPXJOH
ZFBS
&VHFOF
1BSLFS
¢



B
ZPVOH
BTUSPQIZTJDJTU
BU
UIF
6OJWFSTJUZ
PG
$IJDBHP
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
FYUFOEFE
DPSPOB
XJMM
OPU
POMZ
FYUFOE
UP
UIF
&BSUI
JU
XJMM
FYQBOE
BOE
ëPX
PVU
UIFSF
4P
#JFSNBOOT
DPO UJOVBM
CPNCBSENFOU
CZ
TPMBS
DPSQVTDMFT
XIJDI
QSPQFMMFE
DPNFU
JPO
UBJMT
DPVME
CF
BUUSJCVUFE
UP
UIF
PVUXBSE
FYQBOTJPO
PG
$IBQNBOT
FYUFOEFE
DPSPOB




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 4HEHELIOSPHERE7ITHITSSOLARWINDGOINGOUTINALLDIREC TIONS THE3UNBLOWSAHUGEBUBBLEINSPACECALLEDTHEHELIOSPHERE4HE HELIOPAUSEISTHENAMEFORTHEBOUNDARYBETWEENTHEHELIOSPHEREAND THEINTERSTELLARGASOUTSIDETHE3OLAR3YSTEM)NTERSTELLARWINDSMOLD THEHELIOSPHEREINTOANON SPHERICALSHAPE CREATINGABOWSHOCKWHERE THEYlRSTENCOUNTERIT4HEORBITSOFTHEPLANETSARESHOWNNEARTHE CENTEROFTHEDRAWING

1BSLFS
TIPXFE
GSPN
IZESPEZOBNJDT
UIBU
UIF
DPSPOB
NVTU
FYQBOE
SBQJEMZ
PVU XBSE
CFDBVTF
JU
JT
FYUSFNFMZ
IPU
BOE
UIBU
BT
UIF
PVUFS
DPSPOB
EJTQFSTFT
HBTFT
XFMMJOH
VQ
GSPN
CFMPX
XJMM
SFQMFOJTI
JU
ѮF
IZESPEZOBNJDT
TIPXT
UIBU
UIF
FYQBOTJPO
XPVME
CFHJO
TMPXMZ
OFBS
UIF
4VO
XIFSF
UIF
TPMBS
HSBWJUZ
JT
UIF
TUSPOHFTU
BOE
UIFO
DPOUJO VPVTMZ
BDDFMFSBUF
PVUXBSE
JOUP
TQBDF
HBJOJOH
TQFFE
XJUI
EJTUBODF
BOE
SFBDIJOH
UIF
TVQFSTPOJD
WFMPDJUJFT
OFFEFE
UP
BDDPVOU
GPS
UIF
BDDFMFSBUJPO
PG
DPNFU
UBJMT
ѮJT
XPVME
DSFBUF
B
TUSPOH
QFSTJTUFOU
TPMBS
XJOE
GPSFWFS
CMPXJOH
BU
TQFFET
PG
IVOESFET
PG
LJMPNF UFST
QFS
TFDPOE
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN "OZ
EPVCUT
BCPVU
UIF
FYJTUFODF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
XFSF
SFNPWFE
CZ
JO
TJUV
-BUJO
GPS
iJO
PSJHJOBM
QMBDFu
PS
MJUFSBMMZ
iJO
UIF
TBNF
QMBDFu
NFBTVSFNFOUT
NBEF
CZ
JOTUSVNFOUT
PO
CPBSE
UIF
4PWJFU
-VOJL

TQBDFDSBѫ
PO
UIF
XBZ
UP
UIF
.PPO
JO

BOE
CZ
UIPTF
BCPBSE
/"4"T
.BSJOFS
**
TQBDFDSBѫ
EVSJOH
JUT
USJQ
UP
7FOVT
JO

ѮF
TPMBS
XJOE
IBT
OPX
CFFO
TBNQMFE
GPS
OFBSMZ
IBMG
B
DFOUVSZ
BOE
JU
IBT
OFWFS
TUPQQFE
CMPXJOH .FBTVSFNFOUT
GSPN
TQBDFDSBѫ
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
IBT
B
GBTU
BOE
TMPX
DPNQPOFOU
ѮF
GBTU
VOJGPSN
XJOE
CMPXT
BU
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
BOE
UIF
WBSJBCMF
HVTUZ
TMPX
POF
NPWFT
BCPVU
IBMG
BT
GBTU
#PUI
XJOET
BSF
TVQFSTPOJD
NPWJOH
BU
MFBTU
UFO
UJNFT
GBTUFS
UIBO
UIF
TPVOE
TQFFE
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
ѮF
EFOTJUZ
BOE
UFNQFSB UVSF
PG
UIF
TMPX
XJOE
BSF
BCPVU
UXJDF
UIPTF
PG
UIF
GBTU
POF
CVU
CPUI
DPNQPOFOUT
BSF
NVDI
NPSF
UFOVPVT
IPUUFS
BOE
GBTUFS
UIBO
BOZ
XJOE
PO
&BSUI





"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




ѮF
TPMBS
XJOE
IBT
CFFO
EJMVUFE
UP
SBSFêFE
QMBTNB
CZ
UIF
UJNF
JU
SFBDIFT
UIF
&BSUI
/FBS
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU
UIFSF
BSF
BCPVU

NJMMJPO
FMFDUSPOT
BOE

NJMMJPO
QSPUPOT
QFS
DVCJD
NFUFS
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
4QBDF
QSPCFT
IBWF
BMTP
TIPXO
UIBU
UIF
NBHOFUJTN
FOUSBJOFE
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
IBT
CFFO
ESBHHFE
TUSFUDIFE
BOE
FOPSNPVTMZ
XFBLFOFE
CZ
UIF
UJNF
JU
SFBDIFT
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU 4JODF
UIF
FMFDUSJêFE
XJOE
NBUFSJBM
JT
BO
FYDFMMFOU
DPOEVDUPS
PG
IFBU
UIF
UFNQFSB UVSF
GBMMT
PĒ
POMZ
HSBEVBMMZ
XJUI
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
SFBDIJOH
BCPVU
 
LFMWJO
BU
UIF
&BSUIT
EJTUBODF
ѮF
4VOT
XJOE
BMTP
SVTIFT
PO
XJUI
MJUUMF
SFEVDUJPO
JO
TQFFE
GPS
UIFSF
JT
BMNPTU
OPUIJOH
PVU
UIFSF
UP
TMPX
JU
EPXO ѮF
FYQBOTJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
DPNCJOFE
XJUI
UIF
4VOT
SPUBUJPO
EFUFSNJOFT
UIF
NBHOFUJD
TUSVDUVSF
PG
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
BOE
UIFSFCZ
FTUBCMJTIFT
UIF
NBHOFUJD
QBUI XBZT
GPS
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
MFBWJOH
UIF
4VO
8IJMF
POF
FOE
PG
UIF
TPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
SFNBJOT
êSNMZ
SPPUFE
JO
UIF
TPMBS
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
CFMPX
UIF
PUIFS
FOE
JT
FYUFOEFE
BOE
TUSFUDIFE
PVU
JOUP
TQBDF
CZ
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
"T
UIF
XJOE
TUSFBNT
SBEJBMMZ
PVUXBSE
UIF
4VOT
SPUBUJPO
CFOET
UIF
SBEJBM
QBUUFSO
JOUP
B
TQJSBM
TIBQF
XJUIJO
UIF
QMBOF
PG
UIF
4VOT
FRVBUPS
DPJMJOH
UIF
NBHOFUJTN
VQ
'JH
  ѮF
TQJSBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
DSFBUFT
BO
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
IJHIXBZ
UIBU
DBO
DPOOFDU
UIF
TJUF
PG
B
TPMBS
FSVQUJPO
PS
ëBSF
UP
UIF
&BSUI
&OFSHFUJD
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
UIBU
BSF
GFXFS
JO
UPUBM
OVNCFS
BOE
NVDI
HSFBUFS
JO
FOFSHZ
UIBO
UIPTF
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BSF
IVSMFE
PVU
GSPN
UIF
4VO
EVSJOH
UIFTF
CSJFG
FSVQUJPOT
DSFBUJOH
QPXFSGVM
HVTUT
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
*G
UIFZ
PDDVS
JO
KVTU
UIF
SJHIU
QMBDF
OFBS
UIF
XFTU
MJNC
BOE
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
UIF
FOFS HJ[FE
NBUFSJBM
XJMM
DPOOFDU
UP
UIF
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQJSBM
BOE
USBWFM
BMPOH
JU
UP
UIF
&BSUI
JO
BCPVU
IBMG
BO
IPVS
UISFBUFOJOH
BTUSPOBVUT
PS
TBUFMMJUFT
ѮF
TQJSBM
NBHOFUJD
QBUUFSO
'*(
 3PIRALPATHOFINTERPLANETARYELECTRONS4HETRAJECTORYOFmAREELECTRONSIN INTERPLANETARYSPACEASVIEWEDFROMABOVETHE3UNSPOLARREGIONSUSINGTHE6MZTTFT
SPACE CRAFT!STHEHIGH SPEEDELECTRONSMOVEOUTFROMTHE3UN THEYEXCITERADIATIONATSUCCESSIVELY LOWERPLASMAFREQUENCIESTHE NUMBERSDENOTETHEOBSERVED FREQUENCYINKILO(ERTZ ORK(Z3INCETHEmARING ELECTRONSAREFORCEDTOFOLLOW THEINTERPLANETARYMAGNETIC lELD THEYDONOTMOVEINA STRAIGHTLINE BUTINSTEADMOVE ALONGTHESPIRALPATTERNOFTHE INTERPLANETARYMAGNETIClELD SHOWNBYTHESOLIDCURVED LINES4HESQUARESANDCROSSES INDICATE6MZTTFT
RADIOMEASURE MENTSOFTYPE)))RADIOBURSTS ONAND/CTOBER 4HEAPPROXIMATELOCATIONSOF THEORBITSOF-ERCURY 6ENUS ANDTHE%ARTHARESHOWNAS CIRCLES#OURTESYOF-ICHAEL *2EINER6MZTTFTISAPROJECT OFINTERNATIONALCOLLABORATION BETWEEN%3!AND.!3!




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

IBT
JO
GBDU
CFFO
DPOêSNFE
CZ
USBDLJOH
UIF
SBEJP
FNJTTJPO
PG
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
UISPXO
PVU
EVSJOH
TVDI
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BT
XFMM
BT
CZ
TQBDFDSBѫ
UIBU
IBWF
TBNQMFE
UIF
JOUFSQMBO FUBSZ
NBHOFUJTN
OFBS
UIF
&BSUI 
6-:44&4
40)0
"/%
5)&
03*(*/
0'
5)&
46/4
8*/%4 8IFSF
EP
UIF
4VOT
XJOET
DPNF
GSPN
4JODF
TQBDFDSBѫ
HFOFSBMMZ
NFBTVSF
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
TUSFBNT
OFBS
UIF
&BSUI
GBS
GSPN
UIFJS
TPVSDF
PO
UIF
4VO
TDJFOUJTUT
IBWF
UP
VTF
PUIFS
NFBTVSFNFOUT
UP
FYUSBQPMBUF
CBDL
UP
UIF
QMBDF
PG
UIFJS
PSJHJO
$PNQBSJTPOT
PG
XJOEWFMPDJUZ
NFBTVSFNFOUT
XJUI
9SBZ
JNBHFT
PG
UIF
4VO
JOEJDBUFE
JO
UIF
T
UIBU
XIFOFWFS
B
IJHITQFFE
TUSFBN
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
TXFQU
CZ
&BSUI
B
DPSPOBM
IPMF
SPUBUFE
JOUP
BMJHONFOU
XJUI
PVS
QMBOFU
ѮJT
OBUVSBMMZ
TVHHFTUFE
UIBU
BU
MFBTU
TPNF
PG
UIF
IJHI TQFFE
XJOE
JT
HVTIJOH
PVU
PG
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
PO
UIF
4VO
0CTFSWBUJPOT
PG
UIF
TDJOUJMMB UJPO
PS
UXJOLMJOH
PG
SBEJP
TJHOBMT
GSPN
SFNPUF
SBEJP
TPVSDFT
JOEJDBUFE
UIBU
UIF
HVTUZ
TMPXTQFFE
XJOE
DPNFT
GSPN
B
EJĒFSFOU
QMBDF
DPOêOFE
UP
MPX
MBUJUVEFT
OFBS
DPSPOBM
TUSFBNFST
XIFO
UIF
4VO
JT
OFBS
UIF
NJOJNVN
PG
JUT
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF /FWFSUIFMFTT
VOUJM
SFDFOUMZ
TQBDFDSBѫ
IBWF
POMZ
CFFO
BCMF
UP
EJSFDUMZ
NFBTVSF
B
MJNJUFE
UXPEJNFOTJPOBM
TFDUJPO
PS
TMJDF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
XJUIJO
UIF
QMBOF
JO
XIJDI
UIF
&BSUI
PSCJUT
UIF
4VO
ѮJT
QMBOF
DBMMFE
UIF
FDMJQUJD
JT
UJMUFE
POMZ

EFHSFFT
GSPN
UIF
QMBOF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
*OUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDFDSBѫ
VTVBMMZ
USBWFM
XJUIJO
UIF
FDMJQUJD
CPUI
CFDBVTF
UIFZ
OPSNBMMZ
SFOEF[WPVT
XJUI
BOPUIFS
QMBOFU
BOE
BMTP
CFDBVTF
UIFJS
MBVODI
WFIJDMFT
PCUBJO
B
OBUVSBM
CPPTU
CZ
USBWFMJOH
JO
UIF
TBNF
EJSFDUJPO
BT
UIF
&BSUIT
TQJO
BOE
JO
UIF
QMBOF
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU ѮFO
JO
m
UIF
6MZTTFT
TQBDFDSBѫ
B
DPMMBCPSBUJWF
QSPKFDU
PG
/"4"
BOE
UIF
&VSPQFBO
4QBDF
"HFODZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
&4"
USBWFMFE
PVUTJEF
UIF
FDMJQUJD
QMBOF
GPS
UIF
êSTU
UJNF
UP
TBNQMF
UIF
4VOT
XJOE
PWFS
UIF
GVMM
SBOHF
PG
TPMBS
MBUJUVEFT
JODMVEJOH
QSFWJ PVTMZ
VOFYQMPSFE
SFHJPOT
BCPWF
UIF
4VOT
QPMFT 6MZTTFT
WFMPDJUZ
EBUB
JOEJDBUFE
UIBU
B
SFMBUJWFMZ
VOJGPSN
GBTU
XJOE
QPVST
PVU
BU
IJHI
MBUJUVEFT
CPUI
OFBS
UIF
TPMBS
QPMFT
BOE
GBS
PVUTJEF
UIFN
BOE
UIBU
B
DBQSJDJPVT
HVTUZ
TMPX
XJOE
FNBOBUFT
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
FRVBUPSJBM
SFHJPOT "T
UIF
XJOET
CMPX
BXBZ
UIFZ
NVTU
CF
SFQMBDFE
CZ
IPU
HBTFT
XFMMJOH
VQ
GSPN
TPNFXIFSF
PO
UIF
4VO
)PXFWFS
TJODF
6MZTTFT
OFWFS
QBTTFE
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
4VO
UIBO
UIF
&BSUI
EPFT
TJNVMUBOFPVT
PCTFSWBUJPOT
XJUI
PUIFS
TBUFMMJUFT
XFSF
SFRVJSFE
UP
UFMM
FYBDUMZ
XIFSF
UIF
XJOET
DPNF
GSPN
'PSUVOBUFMZ
UIF
6MZTTFT
EBUB
XFSF
PCUBJOFE
OFBS
B
NJOJ NVN
JO
UIF
4VOT
ZFBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
XJUI
B
QBSUJDVMBSMZ
TJNQMF
DPSPOB
DIBSBDUFSJ[FE
CZ
NBSLFE
TZNNFUSZ
BOE
TUBCJMJUZ
ѮFSF
XBT
B
QSPOPVODFE
DPSPOBM
IPMF
BU
BOE
OFBS
UIF
4VOT
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
QPMFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
TUSFBNFST
FODJSDMFE
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS $PNQBSJTPOT
PG
6MZTTFT
IJHIMBUJUVEF
QBTTFT
XJUI
:PILPI
TPѫ
9SBZ
JNBHFT
TIPXFE
UIBU
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
XFSF
UIFO
QSFTFOU
BU
UIF
QPMFT
PG
UIF
4VO
BT
UIFZ
VTVBMMZ
BSF
EVSJOH
BDUJWJUZ
NJOJNVN
.VDI
JG
OPU
BMM
PG
UIF
IJHITQFFE
TPMBS
XJOE
UIFSFGPSF
TFFNT
UP
CMPX
PVU
GSPN
QPMBS
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
BMPOH
PQFO
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
XIFSFBT
UIF
TMPX
XJOE
FNBOBUFT
GSPN
UIF
TUBMLT
PG
DPSPOBM
TUSFBNFST
BCPWF
DMPTFE
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
BU
MFBTU
EVSJOH
UIF
NJOJNVN
JO
UIF
ZFBS
DZDMF
PG
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ #VU
UIF
GBTU
XJOE
JT
OPU
POMZ
GPVOE
BCPWF
QPMBS
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
EVSJOH
TPMBS
BDUJW JUZ
NJOJNVN
"U
SPVHIMZ
UIF
&BSUIT
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
6MZTTFT
GPVOE
UIBU
UIF
GBTU






"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




XJOE
JT
BMNPTU
FWFSZXIFSF
PVUTJEF
UIF
FDMJQUJD
FWFO
BU
MPX
MBUJUVEFT
OFBS
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
BOE
PVUTJEF
UIF
SBEJBM
QSPKFDUJPO
PG
UIF
DPSPOBM
IPMF
FEHFT
ѮF
DIBSHFE
QBS UJDMFT
DPVME
CF
HVJEFE
UP
MPX
MBUJUVEFT
CZ
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIBU
PSJHJOBUF
JO
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
BOE
CFOE
PVUXBSE
UPXBSE
UIF
FRVBUPS #VU
UIF
QPMBS
DPSPOBMIPMF
CPVOEBSJFT
NJHIU
FYUFOE
SBEJBMMZ
PVU
GSPN
UIF
4VO
JOTUFBE
PG
EJWFSHJOH
BU
MBSHF
EJTUBODFT
ѮF
GBTU
XJOET
XPVME
OPU
UIFO
CF
CFOU
UP
MPXFS
MBUJUVEFT
ѮFZ
NJHIU
JOTUFBE
FNBOBUF
SBEJBMMZ
GSPN
BMM
QBSUT
PG
UIF
JOBDUJWF
4VO
PVU TJEF
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
TUSFBNFST
PS
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
0S
UIFZ
DPVME
TPNFUJNFT
TIPPU
TUSBJHIU
PVU
GSPN
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
DMPTF
UP
UIF
FRVBUPS $PNQBSJTPOT
PG
6MZTTFT
EBUB
XJUI
DPSPOBHSBQI
JNBHFT
QJOQPJOUFE
UIF
FRVBUPSJBM
TUSFBNFST
BT
UIF
CJSUIQMBDF
PG
UIF
TMPX
BOE
TQPSBEJD
XJOE
EVSJOH
UIF
NJOJNVN
JO
UIF
ZFBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
)PU
HBT
JT
CPUUMFE
VQ
JO
UIF
DMPTFE
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
BU
UIF
CPUUPN
PG
UIF
IFMNFU
TUSFBNFST
ѮF
DBQSJDJPVT
TMPX
XJOE
DBO
UIFSFGPSF
POMZ
MFBL
PVU
BMPOH
UIF
FMPOHBUFE
TUSFUDIFEPVU
TUSFBNFS
TUBMLT
ѮF
QBSU
UIBU
NBOBHFT
UP
FTDBQF
WBSJFT
JO
TUSFOHUI
BT
UIF
SFTVMU
PG
UIF
FĒPSU 6MZTTFT
IBT
OPX
DPNQMFUFE
B
TFDPOE
PSCJU
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
EVSJOH
B
NBYJNVN
JO
UIF
ZFBS
DZDMF
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
QFSNJUUJOH
B
DPNQBSJTPO
PG
TPMBS
XJOE
TQFFE
BU
BDUJWJUZ
NJOJNVN
BOE
NBYJNVN
'JH
 
/FBS
UIF
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
NJOJNVN
B
QFSTJTUFOU
GBTU
UFOVPVT
BOE
VOJGPSN
TPMBS
XJOE
XBT
GPVOE
BU
IJHI
TPMBS
MBUJUVEFT
BSJTJOH
GSPN
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
UIBU
DPWFSFE
CPUI
TPMBS
QPMFT
EVSJOH
UIFTF
QPSUJPOT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DZDMF
%VSJOH
NPSF
BDUJWF
QBSUT
PG
UIF
ZFBS
DZDMF
GBTU
MPXMBUJUVEF
ëPXT
PSJHJOBUFE
GSPN
NVMUJQMF
MPX
BOE
NJEMBUJUVEF
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
)JHIMZ
WBSJBCMF
ëPXT
XFSF
PCTFSWFE
BU
BMM
MBUJUVEFT
OFBS
TPMBS
NBYJNVN
BSJTJOH
GSPN
B
NJYUVSF
PG
TPVSDFT
JODMVEJOH
DPSPOBM
TUSFBNFST
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
BOE
QPTTJCMZ
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT 4P
XJUI
UIF
IFMQ
PG
PUIFS
TQBDFDSBѫ
6MZTTFT
IBT
MPDBUFE
UIF
HFOFSBM
QMBDF
PG
PSJHJO
GPS
CPUI
UIF
GBTU
BOE
TMPX
DPNQPOFOUT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
-JLF
JUT
OBNFTBLF
UIF
HSFBU
FYQMPSFS
JO
(SFFL
NZUIPMPHZ
6MZTTFT
DIPTF 5P
WFOUVSF
UIF
VODIBSUFE
EJTUBODFT UP
GFFM
MJGF
BOE
UIF
OFX
FYQFSJFODF 0G
UIF
VOJOIBCJUFE
XPSME
CFIJOE
UIF
4VO    5P
GPMMPX
BѫFS
LOPXMFEHF
BOE
FYDFMMFODF

BOE
XF
XPVME
UIFSFGPSF
BHSFF
XJUI
+PBDIJN
EV
#FMMBZ
¢
UIBU )BQQZ
IF
XIP
MJLF
6MZTTFT
IBT
NBEF
B
HMPSJPVT
WPZBHF

0QQPTJUFMZ
EJSFDUFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
SVO
JO
BOE
PVU
PG
UIF
4VO
PO
FBDI
TJEF
PG
UIF
MPOH
OBSSPX
TUBMLT
PG
DPSPOBM
TUSFBNFST
QSPWJEJOH
BO
PQFO
DIBOOFM
GPS
UIF
TMPX
ëPX
PODF
JU
HFUT
PVU
40)0T
JOTUSVNFOUT
IBWF
PCTFSWFE
TQVSUMJLF
CMPCT
PG
NBUFSJBM
NPW JOH
PVU
BMPOH
UIF
TUBMLT
MJLF
XBUFS
XPSLJOH
JUT
XBZ
EPXO
B
DMPHHFE
QJQF
JO
ZPVS
CBUIUVC
PS
TJOL
0CTFSWBUJPOT
PG
TDJOUJMMBUJOH
SBEJP
TJHOBMT
GSPN
TQBDFDSBѫ
DPOêSN
UIF
MPDBM J[FE
OBUVSF
PG
UIF
TMPX
XJOE
BU
BDUJWJUZ
NJOJNVN
TVHHFTUJOH
UIBU
JU
JT
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
UIF
OBSSPX
TUBMLT
PG
DPSPOBM
TUSFBNFST
OFBS
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS "
TUSFBNFS
DPVME
HFU
TP
TUSFUDIFE
PVU
BOE
DPOTUSJDUFE
UIBU
JU
QJODIFT
JUTFMG
PĒ
BOE
TOBQT
BU
KVTU
B
GFX
TPMBS
SBEJJ
GSPN
4VO
DFOUFS
ѮF
MPXFS
QBSUT
PG
UIF
TUSFBNFS
XPVME





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 $ISTRIBUTIONSOFSOLARWINDSPEEDSATSOLARMINIMUMANDMAXIMUM 0LOTSOFTHESOLARWINDSPEEDASAFUNCTIONOFSOLARLATITUDE OBTAINEDFROMTWOORBITSOF THE5LYSSESSPACECRAFTTOPPANEL 4HENORTHANDSOUTHPOLESOFTHE3UNAREATTHETOP ANDBOTTOMOFEACHPLOT THESOLAREQUATORISLOCATEDALONGTHEMIDDLE ANDTHEVELOCITIES AREINUNITSOFKILOMETERSPERSECOND ABBREVIATEDKMS 4HESUNSPOTNUMBERSBOTTOM PANEL INDICATEDTHATTHElRSTORBITTOPLEFT OCCURREDTHROUGHTHEDECLININGPHASEAND MINIMUMOFTHE YEARSOLARACTIVITYCYCLE ANDTHATTHESECONDORBITTOPRIGHT SPANNED AMAXIMUMINACTIVITY5LTRAVIOLETIMAGESOFTHESOLARDISKANDWHITE LIGHTIMAGESOF THEINNERSOLARCORONAFORMACENTRALBACKDROPFORTHEWINDSPEEDDATA ANDINDICATETHE PROBABLESOURCESOFTHEWINDS.EARSOLARMINIMUMTOPLEFT POLARCORONALHOLES WITH OPENMAGNETIClELDS GIVERISETOTHEFAST LOW DENSITYWINDSTREAMS WHEREASEQUATORIAL STREAMERREGIONSOFCLOSEDMAGNETIClELDYIELDEDTHESLOW GUSTY DENSEWINDS!TSOLAR MAXIMUMTOPRIGHT SMALL LOW LATITUDECORONALHOLESGAVERISETOFASTWINDS ANDA VARIETYOFSLOW WINDANDFAST WINDSOURCESRESULTEDINLITTLEAVERAGELATITUDINALVARIATION #OURTESYOF$AVID*-C#OMASAND2ICHARD'-ARSDEN4HE5LYSSESMISSIONISAPROJ ECTOFINTERNATIONALCOLLABORATIONBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!4HECENTRALIMAGESAREFROM THE%XTREMEULTRAVIOLET)MAGING4ELESCOPEANDTHE,ARGE!NGLE3PECTROMETRIC#ORONA GRAPHABOARDTHE3OLARAND(ELIOSPHERIC/BSERVATORY ABBREVIATED3/(/ ASWELLASTHE -UANA,OA+ CORONAMETER





"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




UIFO
DMPTF
EPXO
BOE
DPMMBQTF
BOE
UIF
PVUFS
EJTDPOOFDUFE
TFHNFOU
XPVME
CF
QSPQFMMFE
PVU
UP
GPSN
B
HVTU
JO
UIF
TMPX
TPMBS
XJOE $PSPOBM
MPPQT
BSF
GPVOE
EPXO
BU
UIF
WFSZ
CPUUPN
PG
TUSFBNFST
BOE
UIF
FYQBOTJPO
PG
UIFTF
NBHOFUJ[FE
MPPQT
NBZ
QSPWJEF
UIF
FOFSHZ
BOE
NBTT
PG
UIF
TMPX
DPNQPOFOU
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
4FRVFOUJBM
TPѫ
9SBZ
JNBHFT
UBLFO
GSPN
UIF
:PILPI
TQBDFDSBѫ
IBWF
TIPXO
UIBU
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
FYQBOE
PVU
JOUP
TQBDF
QFSIBQT
DPOUSJCVUJOH
UP
UIF
TMPX
XJOE
"OE
40)0
JOTUSVNFOUT
IBWF
TIPXO
UIBU
TNBMM
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
BSF
OFBSMZ
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
FNFSHJOH
JOUP
UIF
4VOT
FRVBUPSJBM
SFHJPOT
BU
BDUJWJUZ
NJOJNVN
XIFSF
UIFZ
SFDPOOFDU
XJUI
UIF
4VOT
HMPCBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
QFSIBQT
CFDPNJOH
UIF
FOHJOF
UIBU
ESJWFT
UIF
TMPX
TPMBS
XJOE
ѮF
TNBMM
FYQBOEJOH
MPPQT
BMTP
DBSSZ
NBUFSJBM
XJUI
UIFN
QFSIBQT
BDDPVOUJOH
GPS
UIF
SVOOJOH
CMPCT
EFUFDUFE
GVSUIFS
PVU
JO
UIF
MPXMBUJUVEF
TMPXTQFFE
TPMBS
XJOE *OTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
UIF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
40)0
IBWF
EFNPOTUSBUFE
UIBU
UIF
GBTU
XJOET
BDDFMFSBUF
SBQJEMZ
MJLF
B
SBDFIPSTF
CSFBLJOH
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
TUBSUJOH
HBUF
SFBDIJOH
IJHI
TQFFE
WFSZ
MPX
JO
UIF
DPSPOB 4PNF
PG
UIF
IJHITQFFE
PVUëPX
GSPN
QPMBS
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
JT
BQQBSFOUMZ
DPODFO USBUFE
BU
UIF
CPVOEBSJFT
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
OFUXPSL
GPSNFE
CZ
VOEFSMZJOH
TVQFSHSBOVMBS
DPOWFDUJPO
DFMMT
ѮFTF
FEHFT
BSF
QMBDFT
XIFSF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
DPODFOUSBUFE
JOUP
JOWFSUFE
NBHOFUJD
GVOOFMT
UIBU
PQFO
VQ
JOUP
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
DPSPOB
ѮF
TUSPOHFTU
IJHI TQFFE
ëPXT
BQQBSFOUMZ
HVTI
PVU
PG
UIF
DSBDLMJLF
FEHFT
PG
UIF
OFUXPSL ѮF
GBTU
XJOE
FNBOBUJOH
GSPN
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
NBZ
CF
BDDFMFSBUFE
UP
IJHI
TQFFET
BU
IJHIFS
BMUJUVEFT
JO
UIF
NBHOFUJD
GVOOFMT
$MPTFE
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
NBZ
CF
TXFQU
CZ
VOEFS MZJOH
DPOWFDUJPO
JOUP
UIF
GVOOFM
SFHJPOT
XIFSF
UIFZ
VOEFSHP
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
XJUI
FYJTUJOH
PQFO
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
SFMFBTJOH
FOFSHZ
UP
QPXFS
UIF
GBTU
XJOE
JO
QPMBS
DPSPOBM
IPMFT "OPUIFS
40)0
JOTUSVNFOU
IBT
EFNPOTUSBUFE
UIBU
IFBWJFS
QBSUJDMFT
JO
QPMBS
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
NPWF
GBTUFS
UIBO
MJHIU
QBSUJDMFT
JO
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
'JH
 
"CPWF
UXP
TPMBS
SBEJJ
GSPN
'*(
 (EAVIERIONSMOVEFASTERTHANLIGHTERONESINCORONALHOLES/UTmOWSPEEDSAT DIFFERENTDISTANCESOVERTHESOLARPOLESFORHYDROGENATOMS DENOTEDBY(OR() ANDIONIZED OXYGEN DESIGNATED/OR/6)(ERETHE DISTANCESAREGIVENINUNITSOFTHESOLAR RADIUS DENOTED24HESEDATAWERETAKENIN LATEANDEARLYWITHTHE5LTRA6IO LET#ORONAGRAPH3PECTROMETER ABBREVIATED 56#3 ABOARDTHE40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ OR40)0
FORSHORT4HEYSHOW THATTHEHEAVIEROXYGENIONSMOVEOUT OFCORONALHOLESATFASTERSPEEDSTHANTHE LIGHTERHYDROGEN ANDTHATTHEOXYGENIONS ATTAINSUPERSONICVELOCITIESWITHINSOLAR RADIIFROMTHE3UNCENTER4HEDARKSHADED AREADENOTESTHEHYDROGENOUTmOWSPEED DERIVEDFROMMASSmUXCONSERVATIONFORA TIME STEADYmOW THEPRODUCTOFTHEDENSITY SPEEDANDmOW TUBEAREASHOULDBECONSTANT #OURTESYOFTHE40)056#3CONSORTIUM 40)0ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONALCOLLABORA TIONBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'0$64

4PMBS#

+BQBOT
*OTUJUVUF
PG
4QBDF
BOE
"TUSPOBVUJ DBM
4DJFODF
BCCSFWJBUFE
*4"4
JT
FYQFDUFE
UP
MBVODI
JUT
4PMBS#
.JTTJPO
JO

QSPWJE JOH
ZFBST
PG
EFUBJMFE
TUVEZ
PG
UIF
SPPU
DBVTFT
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BOE
FYQMPEJOH
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
*U
JT
BO
JOUFSOBUJPOBM
DPMMBCPSB UJPO
CVJMEJOH
PO
UIF
IJHIMZ
TVDDFTTGVM
4PMBS "
SFOBNFE
:PILPI
BѫFS
MBVODI
JOWPMWJOH
+BQBO
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
BOE
UIF
6OJUFE
,JOH EPN 4PMBS#
XJMM
JOWFTUJHBUF
UIF
4VOT
DIBOHJOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
GSPN
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
UP
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
VTJOH
B
DPPSEJOBUFE
TFU
PG
PQUJ DBM
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
UFMFTDPQFT
ѮFZ
XJMM
QSPWJEF
BO
JNQSPWFE
VOEFSTUBOE JOH
PG
UIF
NFDIBOJTNT
PG
TPMBS
NBHOFUJD
WBSJ

BCJMJUZ
BOE
IPX
UIJT
WBSJBCJMJUZ
NPEVMBUFT
UIF
4VOT
PVUQVU ѮF
QSPDFTTFT
PG
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
BOE
XBWF
EJTTJQBUJPO
XJMM
CF
JOWFTUJHBUFE
UIFZ
BSF
CFMJFWFE
UP
CF
SFTQPOTJCMF
GPS
UIF
DPOWFSTJPO
PG
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
JOUP
DPSPOBM
IFBU
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
UIF
FYQBOEJOH
TPMBS
XJOE
4PMBS#
XJMM
BEEJUJPOBMMZ
JNQSPWF
PVS
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
TPMBS
FSVQUJPOT
GSPN
ëBSFT
UP
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
XIJDI
BSF
USJHHFSFE
BOE
QPXFSFE
CZ
TPNF
TJNJMBS
NBHOFUJD
QSPDFTTFT ѮF
POHPJOH
DSFBUJPO
BOE
EFTUSVDUJPO
PG
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
XJMM
BMTP
CF
JOWFTUJHBUFE
PWFS
UJNF
TDBMFT
GSPN
TFDPOET
UP
ZFBST
SFWFBM JOH
NFDIBOJTNT
GPS
MPXMFWFM
NPEVMBUJPO
PG
UIF
4VOT
MVNJOPTJUZ
BT
XFMM
BT
UIF
JOUFSOBM
EZOBNP
QSPDFTT
UIBU
TVTUBJOT
UIF
FWFSDIBOHJOH
TPMBS
NBHOFUJTN

UIF
4VOT
DFOUFS
PYZHFO
JPOT
IBWF
UIF
IJHIFS
PVUëPX
WFMPDJUZ
BQQSPBDIJOH

LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
JO
UIF
IPMFT
XIJMF
IZESPHFO
NPWFT
BU
BCPVU
IBMG
UIJT
TQFFE
ѮBU
WJPMBUFT
DPN NPO
TFOTF
*U
XPVME
CF
TPNFUIJOH
MJLF
XBUDIJOH
QFPQMF
KPHHJOH
BSPVOE
B
SBDFUSBDL
XJUI
IFBWJFS
BEVMUT
SVOOJOH
NVDI
NPSF
SBQJEMZ
UIBO
MJHIUFS
TMJNNFS
ZPVOHTUFST
4PNFUIJOH
JT
VOFYQFDUFEMZ
BOE
QSFGFSFOUJBMMZ
FOFSHJ[JOH
UIF
IFBWJFS
QBSUJDMFT
JO
DPSPOBM
IPMFT .BHOFUJD
XBWFT
NJHIU
BDDFMFSBUF
UIF
IFBWJFS
JPOT
NPSF
UIBO
MJHIUFS
POFT
CZ
QVNQJOH
VQ
HZSBUJPOT
BSPVOE
UIF
PQFO
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
.PSF
NBTTJWF
JPOT
HZSBUF
XJUI
MPXFS
GSFRVFODJFT
XIFSF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
XBWFT
BSF
NPTU
JOUFOTF
UIFSFCZ
BCTPSCJOH
NPSF
NBHOFUJDXBWF
FOFSHZ
BOE
CFDPNJOH
BDDFMFSBUFE
UP
IJHIFS
TQFFET
6MZTTFT
IBT
EFUFDUFE
NBHOFUJD
ëVDUVBUJPOT
BUUSJCVUFE
UP
"MGWÊO
XBWFT
CMPXJOH
GVSUIFS
PVU
JO
UIF
XJOET
GBS
BCPWF
UIF
4VOT
QPMFT
ѮFTF
"MGWÊO
XBWFT
NJHIU
QSPWJEF
BO
FYUSB
CPPTU
UIBU
QVTIFT
UIF
QPMBS
XJOET
UP
IJHIFS
TQFFET *O
BOPUIFS
BQQSPBDI
UIF
TQFFE
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BT
JU
CMPXT
QBTU
UIF
&BSUI
IBT
CFFO
UJFE
UP
EFFQ
SPPUT
XJUIJO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
/"4"T
"EWBODFE
$PNQPTJUJPO
&YQMPSFS
BCCSFWJBUFE
"$&
TQBDFDSBѫ
NFBTVSFE
UIF
XJOE
WFMPDJUZ
OFBS
&BSUI
XIJMF
/"4"T
5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS
PS
53"$&
GPS
TIPSU
XBT
VTFE
UP
NFBTVSF
UIF
UJNF
TPVOE
XBWFT
UPPL
UP
USBWFM
CFUXFFO
UXP
IFJHIUT
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
ѮF
DPN QBSJTPO
JOEJDBUFE
UIBU
UIF
TQFFE
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
FNFSHJOH
GSPN
B
HJWFO
BSFB
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
DPVME
CF
FTUJNBUFE
GSPN
UIF
UIJDLOFTT
PG
UIF
VOEFSMZJOH
DISPNPTQIFSF
*U
JT
TUSFUDIFE
UIJO
BOE
PQFOFE
XJEF
JO
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
XJUI
UIFJS
PQFO
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BOE
GBTU
UFOVPVT
TPMBS
XJOE
CVU
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
JT
DPNQSFTTFE
CFMPX
NBHOFUJDBMMZ
DMPTFE
SFHJPOT
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
UIF
HVTUZ
TMPX
EFOTF
TPMBS
XJOE
PVUëPX
'JH
  "O
JNQSPWFE
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
UIF
GVOEBNFOUBM
DBVTFT
PG
DPSPOBM
IFBUJOH
BOE
UIF
4VOT
XJOET
BSF
BNPOHTU
UIF
TFWFSBM
PCKFDUJWFT
PG
UIF
4PMBS#
NJTTJPO
PG
UIF
+BQBOFTF
TQBDF
BHFODZ
TDIFEVMFE
GPS
MBVODI
JO

'PDVT
 





"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




'*(
 &ASTANDSLOWWINDS OPENANDCLOSEDMAGNETISM4HESOLARATMOSPHERE ORCORONA ISTHREADEDWITHMAGNETIClELDSZFMMPX
MJOFT 2EGIONSWITHOPENMAGNETIC lELDS KNOWNASCORONALHOLES GIVERISETOFAST LOWDENSITY SOLARWINDSTREAMSMPOH
TPMJE
SFE
BSSPXT )NADDITIONTOPERMANENTCORONALHOLESATTHE3UNSPOLESUPQ
ANDCPU UPN CORONALHOLESCANSOMETIMESOCCURCLOSERTOTHE3UNSEQUATORDFOUFS !REASWITH CLOSEDMAGNETIClELDSYIELDTHESLOW DENSEWINDTIPSU
EBTIFE
SFE
BSSPXT #OMPARISONS OF53"$&IMAGESWITHSOLARWIND"$&DATAINDICATETHATTHESPEEDANDCOMPOSITIONOF THESOLARWINDEMERGINGFROMAGIVENAREAHAVEDEEPROOTSINTHECHROMOSPHERE4HERE ISASHALLOWDENSECHROMOSPHEREBELOWTHESTRONG CLOSEDMAGNETICREGIONSWITHASLOW DENSE SOLAR WINDOUTmOWDEEP LESSDENSECHROMOSPHEREISFOUNDBELOWTHEOPEN MAGNETICREGIONSWITHFAST TENUOUS SOLAR WINDOUTmOW4HISIMAGEWASTAKENON 3EPTEMBERWITHTHE%XTREME ULTRAVIOLET)MAGING4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED%)4 ABOARD THE40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ OR40)0FORSHORT#OURTESYOFTHE40)0
%)4 CONSORTIUM40)0
ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONALCOLLABORATIONBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

#VU
UP
TVN
VQ
PVS
DVSSFOU
LOPXMFEHF
XJOET
PG
EJĒFSFOU
WFMPDJUJFT
TFFN
UP
PSJHJOBUF
JO
QMBDFT
XJUI
EJĒFSFOU
NBHOFUJD
êFME
DPOêHVSBUJPOT
XIJDI
NBZ
CF
SFMBUFE
UP
QIFOPN FOB
CFOFBUI
UIFN
ѮF
GBTUFTU
TPMBS
XJOET
BSF
USBDFE
CBDL
UP
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
XJUI
PQFO
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIPTF
PG
JOUFSNFEJBUF
TQFFE
UP
UIF
JOBDUJWF
4VO
XJUI
NPEFSBUF
NBHOF UJTN
BOE
UIF
TMPX
XJOE
UP
TUSFBNFS
TUBMLT
BOE
VOEFSMZJOH
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
PG
JOUFOTF
DMPTFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
"OE
FBDI
PG
UIFTF
NBHOFUJD
SFHJPOT
JT
SPPUFE
JO
UIF
USBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO
BOE
DISPNPTQIFSF
FWFO
JOUP
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
DPOWFDUJWF
ëPXT
KVTU
CFOFBUI
JU 
5)&
%*45"/5
'30/5*&3 "MM
PG
UIF
QMBOFUT
BSF
JNNFSTFE
JO
UIF
IPU
HBMF
UIBU
CMPXT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
*U
NPWFT
QBTU
UIF
QMBOFUT
BOE
CFZPOE
UIF
NPTU
EJTUBOU
DPNFUT
UP
UIF
WFSZ
FEHF
PG
UIF
4PMBS
4ZT UFN
DSFBUJOH
UIF
IFMJPTQIFSF
B
WBTU
SFHJPO
DFOUFSFE
PO
UIF
4VO
BOE
FODMPTFE
CZ
UIF
JOUFSTUFMMBS
NFEJVN
8JUIJO
UIF
IFMJPTQIFSF
QIZTJDBM
DPOEJUJPOT
BSF
EPNJOBUFE
FTUBC MJTIFE
NBJOUBJOFE
NPEJêFE
BOE
HPWFSOFE
CZ
UIF
4VO ѮF
TPMBS
XJOE
CFDPNFT
JODSFBTJOHMZ
SBSFêFE
BT
JU
TQSFBET
PVU
JOUP
TQBDF
#Z
UIF
UJNF
JU
IBT
SFBDIFE
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU
UIFSF
BSF
BCPVU

NJMMJPO
QSPUPOT
BOE

NJMMJPO
FMFDUSPOT
QFS
DVCJD
NFUFS
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
XIJDI
JT
OFBSMZ
B
QFSGFDU
WBDVVN
CZ
UFS SFTUSJBM
TUBOEBSET
"T
JU
NPWFT
JOUP
B
HSFBUFS
WPMVNF
UIF
EFOTJUZ
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
EFDSFBTFT
FWFO
GVSUIFS
BT
UIF
JOWFSTF
TRVBSF
PG
UIF
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BOE
FWFOUV BMMZ
CMFOET
XJUI
UIF
HBT
CFUXFFO
UIF
TUBST )PX
GBS
EPFT
UIF
4VOT
JOëVFODF
FYUFOE
BOE
XIFSF
EPFT
JU
BMM
FOE
4PNFXIFSF
PVU
UIFSF
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
CFDPNFT
UPP
EJTQFSTFE
UP
DPOUJOVF
QVTIJOH
XJUI
TVēDJFOU
WJHPS
BHBJOTU
UIF
JOUFSTUFMMBS
NFEJVN
OP
MPOHFS
EFOTF
PS
QPXFSGVM
FOPVHI
UP
SFQFM
UIF
JPO '*(
 %DGEOFTHE3OLAR3YSTEM7PZBHFS

AND

SPACECRAFT LOCATEDATADISTANCEOFABOUT !5AND!5 APPROACHTHEPLACEWHERETHE3OLAR3YSTEMENDSANDINTERSTELLARSPACEBEGINS /NE!5ISTHEMEANDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UN ANDTHEEDGEOFTHE3OLAR3YSTEM ISLOCATEDATROUGHLYTIMESTHISDISTANCE!TTHETERMINATIONSHOCK THESUPERSONICSOLARWIND ABRUPTLYSLOWSFROMANAVERAGESPEEDOFKILOMETERSPERSECONDTOLESSTHANONEQUARTERTHAT SPEED"EYONDTHETERMINATIONSHOCKISTHEHELIOSHEATH AVASTREGIONWHERETHETURBULENTAND HOTSOLARWINDISCOMPRESSEDASITPRESSESOUTWARDAGAINSTTHEINTERSTELLARWIND4HEEDGEOF THE3OLAR3YSTEM ISFOUNDATTHE HELIOPAUSE WHERE THEPRESSUREOFTHE SOLARWINDBALANCES THATOFTHEINTERSTEL LARMEDIUM!BOW SHOCKLIKELYFORMSAS THEINTERSTELLARWIND APPROACHESANDIS DEmECTEDAROUNDTHE HELIOSPHERE FORCING ITINTOATEARDROP SHAPEDSTRUCTUREWITH ALONG COMET LIKE TAIL#OURTESYOF*0, AND.!3!





"O
6OTFFO
8PSME
PG
1FSQFUVBM
$IBOHF




J[FE
NBUUFS
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
DPVSTJOH
CFUXFFO
UIF
TUBST
ѮF
SBEJVT
PG
UIJT
DFMFTUJBM
TUBOEPĒ
EJTUBODF
JO
XIJDI
UIF
QSFTTVSF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
GBMMT
UP
B
WBMVF
DPNQBSBCMF
UP
UIF
JOUFSTUFMMBS
QSFTTVSF
IBT
CFFO
FTUJNBUFE
BU
BCPVU

"6
PS
POF
IVOESFE
UJNFT
UIF
NFBO
EJTUBODF
CFUXFFO
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
UIF
4VO *OTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
UIF
UXJO
7PZBHFS

BOE

TQBDFDSBѫ
MBVODIFE
JO

BOE
OPX
DSVJTJOH
GBS
CFZPOE
UIF
PVUFSNPTU
QMBOFUT
BSF
BQQSPBDIJOH
UIJT
FEHF
PG
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
'JH
 
*O

TDJFOUJTUT
BOOPVODFE
UIBU
7PZBHFS

IBE
DSPTTFE
UIF
UFSNJ OBUJPO
TIPDL
XIFSF
UIF
QSFTTVSF
PG
UIF
JOUFSTUFMMBS
HBT
TMPXT
UIF
PVUXBSE
TVQFSTPOJD
ëPX
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UFSNJOBUJOH
UIF
TPMBS
XJOET
QPXFS
"U
BCPVU

"6
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UIF
7PZBHFS

JOTUSVNFOUT
SFDPSEFE
B
TVEEFO
JODSFBTF
JO
UIF
TUSFOHUI
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
DBSSJFE
CZ
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BT
FYQFDUFE
XIFO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
TMPXT
EPXO
BOE
JUT
QBSUJDMFT
QJMF
VQ
BU
UIF
UFSNJOBUJPO
TIPDL 7PZBHFS

IBT
UIFSFGPSF
DSPTTFE
JOUP
UIF
WBTU
UVSCVMFOU
IFMJPTIFBUI
UIF
SFHJPO
XIFSF
UIF
JOUFSTUFMMBS
HBT
BOE
TPMBS
XJOE
TUBSU
UP
NJY
#PUI
7PZBHFS
TQBDFDSBѫ
BSF
FRVJQQFE
XJUI
QMVUPOJVN
QPXFS
TPVSDFT
FYQFDUFE
UP
MBTU
VOUJM

4P
7PZBHFS

BU
BCPVU

"6
JO

TIPVME
SFDPSE
UIF
UFSNJOBUJPO
TIPDL
JO
UIF
GVUVSF
BOE
CPUI
TQBDFDSBѫ
PVHIU
UP
FWFOUVBMMZ
NFBTVSF
UIF
IFMJPQBVTF
BU
UIF
PVUFS
FEHF
PG
UIF
IFMJPTIFBUI
*U
JT
UIF
QMBDF
XIFSF
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
FOET
BOE
JOUFSTUFMMBS
TQBDF
CFHJOT ѮF
NPUJPO
PG
UIF
JOUFSTUFMMBS
HBT
XJUI
JUT
PXO
XJOE
DPNQSFTTFT
UIF
IFMJPTQIFSF
PO
POF
TJEF
QSPEVDJOH
B
OPOTQIFSJDBM
TIBQF
XJUI
BO
FYUFOEFE
UBJM
'JH
 
"
CPX
TIPDL
JT
GPSNFE
XIFO
UIF
JOUFSTUFMMBS
XJOE
êSTU
FODPVOUFST
UIF
IFMJPTQIFSF
KVTU
BT
B
CPX
TIPDL
JT
DSFBUFE
XIFO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
TUSJLFT
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
"OE
UIF
HSBDFGVM
BSD
PG
B
CPX
TIPDL
DSFBUFE
CZ
BO
JOUFSTUFMMBS
XJOE
IBT
CFFO
EFUFDUFE
BSPVOE
UIF
ZPVOH
TUBS
--
0SJPOJT
'JH
  $MPTFS
UP
IPNF
TQBDF
QIZTJDJTUT
BSF
DPODFSOFE
BCPVU
UIF
JNQBDU
PG
QPXFSGVM
TPMBS
FSVQUJPOT
PO
UIF
&BSUIT
FOWJSPONFOU
JO
TQBDF '*(
 3TELLARBOWSHOCK!CRESCENT SHAPEDBOWSHOCKISFORMEDWHENTHEMATERIALINTHE FASTWINDFROMTHEBRIGHT VERYYOUNGSTAR ,,/RIDFOUFS COLLIDESWITHTHESLOW MOVINGGASIN ITSVICINITY COMINGFROMTHELOWERRIGHT4HESTELLARWINDISASTREAMOFCHARGEDPARTICLESMOVING RAPIDLYOUTWARDFROMTHE STAR)TISALESSENERGETIC VERSIONOFTHESOLAR WINDTHATmOWSFROMTHE 3UN!SECOND FAINTER BOWSHOCKCANBESEEN AROUNDASTARNEARTHE UPPERRIGHT HANDCORNER OFTHISIMAGE TAKEN FROMTHE)VCCMF
4QBDF
5FMFTDPQF"OTHSTARS ARELOCATEDINTHE/RION .EBULAANINTENSESTAR FORMINGREGIONLOCATED ABOUT LIGHT YEARSFROMTHE%ARTH #OURTESYOF.!3! THE (UBBLE(ERITAGE4EAM 343C) AND!52!

$IBQUFS
4FWFO

ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO

-0/%0/
5)&
)064&4
0'
1"3-*".&/5
46/
#3&",*/(
5)306()
5)&
'0(4HE&RENCHPAINTER#LAUDE-ONET– WROTETHATHEDREAMEDOFPAINT INGTHE3UNhSETTINGINANENORMOUSBALLOFlREBEHINDTHE0ARLIAMENTv BUTTHE3UNS MOVEMENTANDCHANGINGAPPEARANCEINTHEDREARY,ONDONWEATHERMADETHISDIFlCULT )NSTEAD -ONETUSEDDIFFUSEORANGEANDREDDISHHUESTOCAPTURETHEEFFECTOFSUNSETINA DENSE FOGGYATMOSPHERE mATTENINGTHEMASSIVE NEO 'OTHICBUILDINGTOADARKSILHOUETTE OFTOWERSANDPINNACLES#OURTESYOFTHE-US£ED/RSAY 0ARIS0HOTOGRAPH-US£ES .ATIONAUX 0ARIS












&/&3(&5*$
40-"3
"$5*7*5: 8JUIPVU
XBSOJOH
UIF
SFMBUJWFMZ
DBMN
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
DBO
CF
UPSO
BTVOEFS
CZ
TVEEFO
DBUBTUSPQIJD
PVUCVSTUT
PG
JODSFEJCMF
FOFSHZ
ѮFTF
USBOTJFOU
CSJHIUFOJOHT
DBMMFE
TPMBS
ëBSFT
ëPPE
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
XJUI
JOUFOTF
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
9SBZT
BOE
FYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
UP
SBEJP
XBWFT
ѮF
QPXFSGVM
ëBSFT
BSF
FBTJMZ
PCTFSWFE
BU
UIFTF
JOWJTJCMF
XBWF MFOHUIT
XIFSF
UIFZ
DBO
CSJFëZ
EPNJOBUF
UIF
4VOT
PVUQVU
BOE
TPNFUJNFT
PVUTIJOF
BMM
PUIFS
BTUSPOPNJDBM
TPVSDFT
'JH
 

'*(
 %XTREMEULTRAVIOLETmARE!NEXPLOSIONONTHE3UNSENDSMATERIALOUT THOUSANDKILOMETERSFROMTHEVISIBLEEDGEOFTHE3UN4HEEMITTINGGASSHINESIN THEEXTREMEULTRAVIOLETEMISSIONFROMHYDROGENATOMSATNANOMETERS CALLEDTHE ,YMANALPHATRANSITION4HISIMAGESHOWSTHATTHERADIATIONISEMITTEDFROMNUMER OUSLONG THINMAGNETIClLAMENTS)TWASTAKENFROMTHE5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS ABBREVIATED53"$&#OURTESYOFTHE53"$&CONSORTIUMAND.!3!53"$& ISAMISSIONOFTHE3TANFORD ,OCKHEED)NSTITUTEFOR3PACE2ESEARCH AJOINTPROGRAM OFTHE,OCKHEED -ARTIN3OLARAND!STROPHYSICS,ABORATORY OR,-3!,FORSHORT AND 3TANFORDS3OLAR/BSERVATORIES'ROUP




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

4PMBS
ëBSFT
BSF
TVEEFO
SBQJE
PVUCVSTUT
PG
BXFTPNF
QPXFS
BOE
WJPMFODF
PO
B
TDBMF
VOLOPXO
PO
&BSUI
UIF
CJHHFTU
FYQMPTJPOT
JO
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
*O
NJOVUFT
UIF
EJT UVSCBODF
TQSFBET
BMPOH
DPODFOUSBUFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
SFMFBTJOH
FOFSHZ
FRVJWBMFOU
UP
NJMMJPOT
PG
NFHBUPO
IZESPHFO
CPNCT
FYQMPEJOH
BU
UIF
TBNF
UJNF
BOE
SBJTJOH
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
&BSUITJ[FE
SFHJPOT
UP
UFOT
PG
NJMMJPOT
PG
EFHSFFT
4PMBS
ëBSFT
BSF
UIFSF GPSF
IPUUFS
UIBO
UIF
DPSPOB
4PNFUJNFT
UIFZ
UFNQPSBSJMZ
HP
PVU
PG
DPOUSPM
BOE
MPTF
FRVJMJCSJVN
CFDPNJOH
IPUUFS
UIBO
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
GPS
B
TIPSU
QFSJPE
PG
UJNF *O
BOPUIFS
UZQF
PG
FOFSHFUJD
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
SFMBUJWFMZ
DPPM
FMPOHBUFE
QSPNJOFODFT
TVEEFOMZ
BOE
VOQSFEJDUBCMZ
PQFO
VQ
BOE
FYQFM
UIFJS
DPOUFOUT
EFGZJOH
UIF
4VOT
FOPS NPVT
HSBWJUZ
'JH
 
ѮF
FSVQUJOH
QSPNJOFODFT
BSF
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
HJBOU
NBHOFUJD
CVCCMFT
UIBU
FYQBOE
BT
UIFZ
QSPQBHBUF
PVUXBSE
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UP
SBQJEMZ
SJWBM
JU
JO
TJ[F
'JH
 
ѮFTF
WJPMFOU
FSVQUJPOT
UISPX
CJMMJPOT
PG
UPOT
PG
NBUFSJBM
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
ѮFJS
BTTPDJBUFE
TIPDLT
BDDFMFSBUF
BOE
QSPQFM
WBTU
RVBOUJUJFT
PG
IJHITQFFE
QBSUJDMFT
BIFBE
PG
UIFN ѮF
SBUFT
PG
PDDVSSFODF
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
FSVQUJOH
QSPNJOFODFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
BMM
WBSZ
XJUI
UIF
ZFBS
DZDMF
PG
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
CFDPNJOH
NPSF
GSFRVFOU
BU
TVOTQPU
NBYJNVN
5SVMZ
PVUTUBOEJOH
ëBSFT
BSF
JOGSFRVFOU
PDDVSSJOH
POMZ
B
GFX
UJNFT
B
ZFBS
FWFO
BU
UJNFT
PG
NBYJNVN
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
MJLF
SBSF
WJOUBHFT
UIFZ
BSF
EFOPUFE
CZ
UIFJS
EBUF
'MBSFT
PG
MFTTFS
NBHOJUVEF
PDDVS
NVDI
NPSF
GSFRVFOUMZ
TFWFSBM
UFOT
PG
TVDI
FWFOUT
NBZ
CF
PCTFSWFE
PO
B
CVTZ
EBZ
OFBS
UIF
QFBL
PG
UIF
ZFBS
TPMBS
DZDMF
PG
NBH OFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
6Q
UP
êWF
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
DBO
PDDVS
EBJMZ
BU
UIF
QFBL
PG
UIF
DZDMF '*(
 %RUPTINGPROMINENCE!GIGANTICERUPTINGPROMINENCEISSEENESCAPINGFROMTHE 3UNINTHELOWERLEFTPARTOFTHISIMAGE TAKENATAWAVELENGTHOFNANOMETERS EMITTED BYSINGLYIONIZEDHELIUM DENOTED(E)) ATATEMPERATUREOFABOUT KELVIN4HEIMAGE ALSOPORTRAYSTHE3UNSUPPER CHROMOSPHEREANDLOWER TRANSITIONREGIONATTHISTEM PERATURE WITHBRIGHTBLINK ERSANDEVENBRIGHTERACTIVE REGIONS4HE%ARTHINSETGIVES THEAPPROXIMATESCALEOFTHE IMAGE WHERETHEDIAMETEROF THE%ARTHIS KILOMETERS 4HEIMAGEWASTAKENON *ULYWITHTHE%XTREME ULTRAVIOLET)MAGING4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED%)4 ABOARDTHE 40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFS WBUPSZ OR40)0FORSHORT #OURTESYOFTHE40)0%)4 CONSORTIUM40)0
ISAPROJECT OFINTERNATIONALCOLLABORATION BETWEEN%3!AND.!3!





ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO




"MM
LJOET
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
UIFSFGPSF
TFFN
UP
CF
SFMBUFE
UP
UIF
TVEEFO
SFMFBTF
PG
TUPSFE
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
CVU
UIF
FYBDU
SFMBUJPO
CFUXFFO
UIFN
JT
VODMFBS
-BSHF
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
DBO
PDDVS
UPHFUIFS
XJUI
BO
FSVQUJWF
QSPNJOFODF
XJUI
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
PS
XJUIPVU
FJUIFS
POF
PG
UIFN
"OE
BMUIPVHI
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
PG
TPMBS
FSVQUJPOT
JODSFBTFT
XJUI
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
TVOTQPUT
UIFJS
TUSFOHUI
EPFT
OPU
OFDFTTBSJMZ
JODSFBTF
ѮF
NPTU
JOUFOTF
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
BSF
TQSFBE
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
TPMBS
DZDMF &WFO
UIPVHI
XF
BSF

NJMMJPO
LJMPNFUFST
BXBZ
XF
TUJMM
OPUJDF
UIF
EJTSVQUJOH
FĒFDUT
PG
TPMBS
FSVQUJPOT
*OUFOTF
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
QPXFSGVM
TPMBS
ëBSFT
DBO
USBWFM
UP
UIF
&BSUI
JO
KVTU

TFDPOET
PS
BCPVU

NJOVUFT
BMUFSJOH
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
EJTSVQU JOH
MPOHEJTUBODF
SBEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
BOE
BĒFDUJOH
TBUFMMJUF
PSCJUT
7FSZ
FOFSHFUJD


'*(
 #ORONALMASSEJECTION!HUGECORONALMASSEJECTIONISSEENINTHIS CORONAGRAPHIMAGE TAKENON$ECEMBERWITHTHE,ARGE!NGLE3PECTROMETRIC #/RONAGRAPH ABBREVIATED,!3#/ ONTHE40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ OR 40)0FORSHORT4HEBLACKAREACORRESPONDSTOTHEOCCULTINGDISKOFTHECORONAGRAPH THATBLOCKSINTENSESUNLIGHTANDPERMITSTHECORONATOBESEEN!NIMAGEOFTHESINGLY IONIZEDHELIUM DENOTED(E)) EMISSIONOFTHE3UN TAKENATABOUTTHESAMETIME HAS BEENAPPROPRIATELYSCALEDANDSUPERIMPOSEDATTHECENTEROFTHE,!3#/IMAGE4HE FULLDISKHELIUMIMAGEWASTAKENATAWAVELENGTHOFNANOMETERS CORRESPOND INGTOATEMPERATUREOFABOUT KELVIN USINGTHE%XTREME ULTRAVIOLET)MAGING 4ELESCOPE OR%)4FORSHORT ABOARD40)0#OURTESYOFTHE40)0,!3#/AND%)4 CONSORTIA40)0
ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONALCOOPERATIONBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

QBSUJDMFT
BDDFMFSBUFE
EVSJOH
UIF
ëBSF
QSPDFTT
DBO
UBLF
BO
IPVS
PS
MFTT
UP
SFBDI
&BSUI
XIFSF
UIFZ
DBO
FOEBOHFS
VOQSPUFDUFE
BTUSPOBVUT
PS
EFTUSPZ
TBUFMMJUF
FMFDUSPOJDT
ѮF
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
BSSJWF
BU
UIF
&BSUI
POF
UP
GPVS
EBZT
BѫFS
B
NBKPS
FSVQUJPO
PO
UIF
4VO
SFTVMUJOH
JO
TUSPOH
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
XJUI
BDDPNQBOZJOH
BVSPSBT
BOE
UIF
UISFBU
PG
FMFDUSJDBM
QPXFS
CMBDLPVUT
ѮFTF
WBSJPVT
UFSSFTUSJBM
FĒFDUT
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
BSF
PG
TVDI
WJUBM
JNQPSUBODF
UIBU
OBUJPOBM
DFOUFST
FNQMPZ
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
GPSFDBTUFST
BOE
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
NPOJUPS
UIF
4VO
GSPN
HSPVOE
BOE
TQBDF
UP
XBSO
PG
UISFBUFOJOH
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ ѮF
FOUJSF
6OJWFSTF
JT
GVMM
PG
TJNJMBS
DBUBDMZTNT
ѮF
EBSL
OJHIU
TLZ
XJUI
JUT
TUFBEZ
TUFMMBS
CFBDPOT
NBZ
HJWF
UIF
JNQSFTTJPO
PG
TUJMMOFTT
BOE
TFSFOJUZ
CVU
JU
JT
BDUVBMMZ
B
QMBDF
PG
DPTNJD
WJPMFODF
*OEFFE
UIF
BDDFMFSBUJPO
PG
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
XJUI
UIF
BTTP DJBUFE
FNJTTJPO
PG
QPXFSGVM
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
DIBSBDUFSJ[FT
NVDI
PG
UIF
6OJWFSTF
GSPN
CMBDL
IPMFT
BOE
QVMTBST
UP
UIF
NPTU
EJTUBOU
RVBTBS
*OWFTUJHBUJPOT
PG
UIF
4VOT
FOFSHFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
QSPWJEF
JNQPSUBOU
JOTJHIUT
UP
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
WJPMFODF
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
6OJWFSTF
GPS
POMZ
UIF
4VO
JT
DMPTF
FOPVHI
BOE
CSJHIU
FOPVHI
UP
CF
TUVEJFE
XJUI
TVG êDJFOU
EFUBJM 
40-"3
'-"3&4 0VS
QFSDFQUJPOT
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
IBWF
FWPMWFE
XJUI
UIF
EFWFMPQNFOU
PG
OFX
NFUIPET
PG
MPPLJOH
BU
UIFN
%FTQJUF
UIF
QPXFSGVM
DBUBDMZTN
NPTU
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BSF
OPU
GPS
FYBN QMF
EFUFDUFE
PO
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
"MUIPVHI
FNJUUJOH
BXFTPNF
BNPVOUT
PG
FOFSHZ
FOPVHI
UP
QPXFS
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
GPS
EFDBEFT
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
SFMFBTFT
MFTT
UIBO
POFUFOUI
UIF
UPUBM
FOFSHZ
SBEJBUFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
FWFSZ
TFDPOE
"OE
TJODF
NPTU
PG
UIJT
SBEJBUJPO
JT
JO
WJTJCMF
TVOMJHIU
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BSF
POMZ
NJOPS
QFSUVSCBUJPOT
JO
UIF
DPNCJOFE
DPMPST
PS
XIJUF
MJHIU
PG
UIF
4VO
ѮF
êSTU
SFDPSE
PG
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
PCTFSWFE
JO
UIF
XIJUF
MJHIU
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
UIFSFGPSF
EJE
OPU
PDDVS
VOUJM
UIF
NJE
UI
DFOUVSZ ѮF
&OHMJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
3JDIBSE
$
$BSSJOHUPO
m
XBT
JO
UIF
IBCJU
PG
PCTFSWJOH
TVOTQPUT
EBJMZ
EFNPOTUSBUJOH
UIBU
UIFJS
QPTJUJPOT
PDDVS
DMPTFS
BOE
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
EVSJOH
UIF
ZFBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
"OE
PO

4FQUFNCFS

IF
TVE EFOMZ
TBX
B
iTVEEFO
DPOëBHSBUJPOu
DPOTJTUJOH
PG
UXP
CSJFG
JOUFOTF
TPVSDFT
PG
MJHIU
OFBS
TPNF
TVOTQPUT
"DDPSEJOH
UP
IJT
BDDPVOU 5XP
QBUDIFT
PG
JOUFOTFMZ
CSJHIU
BOE
XIJUF
MJHIU
CSPLF
PVU



*
IBTUJMZ
SBO
UP
DBMM
TPNF
POF
UP
XJUOFTT
UIF
FYIJCJUJPO
XJUI
NF
BOE
PO
SFUVSOJOH
XJUIJO

TFDPOET
XBT
NPSUJ êFE
UP
êOE
UIBU
JU
XBT
BMSFBEZ
NVDI
DIBOHFE
BOE
FOGFFCMFE
7FSZ
TIPSUMZ
BѫFSXBSET
UIF
MBTU
USBDF
XBT
HPOF

$BSSJOHUPO
PCTFSWFE
B
SFMBUJWFMZ
SBSF
FWFOU
JO
XIJDI
B
ëBSFT
MJHIU
XBT
FOIBODFE
TVG êDJFOUMZ
PWFS
UIF
CBDLHSPVOE
TVOMJHIU
UP
CF
WJTJCMF
CZ
DPOUSBTU )JT
GSJFOE
3JDIBSE
)PEHTPO
m


BMTP
BO
&OHMJTI
BNBUFVS
BTUSPOPNFS
DIBODFE
UP
CF
PCTFSWJOH
UIF
4VO
BU
UIF
TBNF
UJNF
BOE
DPOêSNFE
UIJT
êSTU
BDDPVOU
PG
B
XIJUFMJHIU
ëBSF
JO
UIF
BTUSPOPNJDBM
MJUFSBUVSF
4VDI
QPXFSGVM
FWFOUT
EP
OPU
PDDVS
WFSZ
PѫFO
GPS
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
IBT
UP
CF
FYDFQUJPOBMMZ
JOUFOTF
UP
CF
TFFO
BHBJOTU
UIF
MJHIU
PG
UIF
XIJUFIPU
4VO





ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO




$BSSJOHUPO
BMTP
OPUJDFE
UIBU
UIF
TVOTQPUT
XFSF
QSFDJTFMZ
UIF
TBNF
BѫFS
UIF
TVEEFO
DPOëBHSBUJPO
BT
UIFZ
XFSF
CFGPSF
MFBEJOH
IJN
UP
DPODMVEF
UIBU ѮF
QIFOPNFOPO
UPPL
QMBDF
BU
BO
FMFWBUJPO
DPOTJEFSBCMZ
BCPWF
UIF
HFOFSBM
<WJTJCMF>
TVSGBDF
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
BDDPSEJOHMZ
BMUPHFUIFS
BCPWF
BOE
PWFS
UIF
HSFBU

HSPVQ
JO
XIJDI
JU
XBT
TFFO
QSPKFDUFE

5P
UIJT
EBZ
NPSF
UIBO

ZFBST
MBUFS
OP
TPMBS
PCTFSWFS
IBT
ZFU
SFDPSEFE
B
EFêOJUJWF
DIBOHF
JO
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BU
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
MFWFM
EVSJOH
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
BOE
JU
JT
HFO FSBMMZ
CFMJFWFE
UIBU
TPMBS
ëBSFT
PSJHJOBUF
JO
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
DPSPOBM
BUNPTQIFSF "
OFX
QFSTQFDUJWF
UIBU
EFNPOTUSBUFE
UIF
GSFRVFOU
PDDVSSFODF
PG
NPEFSBUF
TPMBS
ëBSFT
XBT
NBEF
QPTTJCMF
XIFO
UIFZ
XFSF
PCTFSWFE
JO
UIF
SFE
IZESPHFOBMQIB
#BMNFS
USBOTJUJPO
BU

OBOPNFUFST
PSJHJOBUJOH
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
ѮJT
XBTOU
QPTTJCMF
VOUJM
UIF
FBSMZ
UI
DFOUVSZ
BѫFS
UIF
JOWFOUJPO
PG
B
EFWJDF
VTFE
UP
JNBHF
UIF
4VO
JO
UIF
MJHIU
PG
KVTU
POF
XBWFMFOHUI
m
JO

CZ
UIF
'SFODI
BTUSPOPNFS
)FOSJ
%FTMBOESFT
¢
BOE
CZ
UIF
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPOPNFS
(FPSHF
&MMFSZ
)BMF
¢ 
3PV UJOF
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BU
UIJT
XBWFMFOHUI
CFHBO
JO
UIF
T
BOE
DPOUJOVF
UPEBZ
VTJOH
BVUPNBUJD
DBNFSBT
BOE
UFMFTDPQFT 'PS
NPSF
UIBO
IBMG
B
DFOUVSZ
BTUSPOPNFST
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
XPSME
IBWF
DBSSJFE
PVU
UIJT
WJHJMBOU
ëBSF
QBUSPM
MJLF
IVOUFST
XBJUJOH
GPS
UIF
TVEEFO
ëBTI
PG
HBNF
CJSET
ѮFTF
TZTUFNBUJD
QBUSPM
PCTFSWBUJPOT
IBWF
QSPWJEFE
B
UXPEJNFOTJPOBM
QJDUVSF
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
ѮFZ
EFUFDU
POF
TMJDF
UISPVHI
UIF
4VOT
BUNPTQIFSF
BU
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
MFWFM
TIPXJOH
UIBU
UIJT
QBSU
PG
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
DBO
DPOTJTU
JO
TJNQMFTU
GPSN
BT
UXP
FYUFOEFE
QBSBMMFM
ëBSF
SJCCPOT "
GVOEBNFOUBM
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
UIF
QIZTJDBM
QSPDFTTFT
SFTQPOTJCMF
GPS
TPMBS
ëBSFT
IBE
UP
XBJU
VOUJM
UIFZ
XFSF
EFUFDUFE
BU
JOWJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUIT
GSPN
CPUI
UIF
HSPVOE
BOE
TQBDF
CFHJOOJOH
JO
UIF
T
BOE
T
BOE
DPOUJOVJOH
XJUI
JODSFBTFE
TPQIJTUJDBUJPO
UP
UIF
QSFTFOU
EBZ
8IFO
DPNCJOFE
UIF
WJTJCMF
BOE
JOWJTJCMF
PCTFSWBUJPOT
QSPWJEF
B
GVMM
UISFFEJNFOTJPOBM
WJFX
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT "MUIPVHI
ëBSFT
VTVBMMZ
QSPEVDF
POMZ
NJOPS
QFSUVSCBUJPOT
JO
UIF
WJTJCMF
XIJUF
MJHIU
PG
UIF
4VO
UIF
ëBSJOH
SBEJP
BOE
9SBZ
FNJTTJPO
JT
GSFRVFOUMZ
TFWFSBM
UIPVTBOE
UJNFT
NPSF
FOFSHFUJD
UIBO
UIF
4VOT
OPSNBM
SBEJBUJPO
BU
UIFTF
XBWFMFOHUIT
3FMBUJWFMZ
TNBMM
UFMFTDPQFT
DBO
UIFSFGPSF
CF
VTFE
UP
EFUFDU
JOWJTJCMF
ëBSFT #FDBVTF
TPMBS
ëBSFT
IBWF
WFSZ
IJHI
UFNQFSBUVSFT
UIF
CVML
PG
UIFJS
SBEJBUJPO
JT
FNJUUFE
BU
9SBZ
BOE
VMUSBWJPMFU
XBWFMFOHUIT
ѮJT
SBEJBUJPO
JT
BCTPSCFE
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
TP
BTUSPOPNFST
PCTFSWF
JU
XJUI
UFMFTDPQFT
JO
PVUFS
TQBDF 4BUFMMJUFT
UIBU
BSF
TQFDJêDBMMZ
JOUFOEFE
UP
JOWFTUJHBUF
ëBSF
FNJTTJPO
IBWF
OPX
CFFO
MBVODIFE
UP
DPJODJEF
XJUI
UISFF
TVDDFTTJWF
NBYJNB
JO
UIF
ZFBS
DZDMF
PG
TPMBS
BDUJW JUZ
'PDVT
 
4LZMBC
9SBZ
QIPUPHSBQIT
UBLFO
JO
m
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
MPX
TPMBS
DPSPOB
JT
TIBQFE
BOE
DPOTUSBJOFE
CZ
UIF
VCJRVJUPVT
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
BOE
JOEJDBUFE
UIBU
TPMBS
ëBSFT
DBO
PDDVS
JO
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
BODIPSFE
JO
VOEFSMZJOH
TVOTQPUT
4VDI
9SBZ
JNBHFT
SFWFBM
UIF
QSFTFODF
PG
B
WFSZ
IPU
HBT
XJUI
UFNQFSBUVSFT
PG
BCPVU

NJMMJPO
LFM WJO
BOE
BMTP
PVUMJOF
PS
USBDF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
DPOêHVSBUJPO
PG
UIF
DPSPOBM
NBUFSJBM
ѮF
TPѫ
9SBZ
ëBSF
FNJTTJPO
DBO
GPSN
MPPQJOH
BSDBEFT
UIBU
CSJEHF
UIF
IZESPHFOBMQIB
ëBSF
SJCCPOT
JO
UIF
VOEFSMZJOH
DISPNPTQIFSF




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'0$64

0CTFSWJOH
4PMBS
'MBSFT
'SPN
4QBDF

0VS
LOPXMFEHF
PG
UIF
CBTJD
QIZTJDT
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
IBT
JODSFBTFE
ESBNBUJDBMMZ
BT
UIF
SFTVMU
PG
PCTFSWBUJPOT
GSPN
TQBDF
ѮFZ
CFHBO
XJUI
QSJNJUJWF
JOTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
TPVOEJOH
SPDL FUT
BOE
DPOUJOVFE
XJUI
JODSFBTJOHMZ
TPQIJT UJDBUFE
UFMFTDPQFT
UP
UIF
QSFTFOU
EBZ
XJUI
&BSUIPSCJUJOH
TBUFMMJUFT
TQFDJêDBMMZ
EFTJHOFE
UP
TUVEZ
ëBSFT
/"4"T
4FWFOUI
0SCJUJOH
4PMBS
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
040

EFUFDUFE
HBNNB
SBZ
MJOFT
GSPN
TPMBS
ëBSFT
JO

BOE
/"4"T
4LZMBC
NJTTJPO
PCUBJOFE
IJHI SFTPMVUJPO
JNBHFT
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BU
VMUSBWJP MFU
BOE
9SBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT
JO
m
*U
XBT
GPMMPXFE
CZ
UIF
4PMBS
.BYJNVN
.JTTJPO
BCCSFWJBUFE
4..
MBVODIFE
CZ
/"4"
JO

BOE
UIF
+BQBOFTF
)JOPUPSJ
TQBDFDSBѫ
NFBOJOH
iêSFCJSEu
JO
+BQBOFTF
MBVODIFE
JO



CPUI
EFUFDUFE
UIF
IJHIFOFSHZ
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT ѮFO
JO

+BQBO
MBVODIFE
UIF
:PILPI
PS
iTVOCFBN u
TQBDFDSBѫ
*U
DBSSJFE
B
DPPS EJOBUFE
TFU
PG
GPVS
DPBMJHOFE
JOTUSVNFOUT
EFTJHOFE
UP
TUVEZ
USBOTJFOU
IJHIFOFSHZ
QIF OPNFOB
JO
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BU
TPѫ
9SBZ
IBSE

9SBZ
BOE
HBNNBSBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT 'PS
NPSF
UIBO
B
EFDBEF
CFHJOOJOH
JO

UIF
&4"/"4"
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFS WBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
40)0
NPOJUPSFE
UIF
4VO
GPS
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
PUIFS
BDUJWJUZ
BU
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
XBWFMFOHUIT
BT
IBT
/"4"T
5SBOTJ UJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS
PS
53"$&
GPS
TIPSU
TJODF
JUT
MBVODI
JO
"QSJM

CVU
XJUI
HSFBUFS
BOHVMBS
SFTPMVUJPO
BOE
FOIBODFE
EFUBJM
"OE
JO
'FCSVBSZ

/"4"
MBVODIFE
UIF
3FVWFO
3BNBUZ
)JHI
&OFSHZ
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS
BCCSFWJBUFE
3)&44*
TQBDFDSBѫ
UP
TUVEZ
HBNNB
SBZT
FNJUUFE
GSPN
TPMBS
ëBSFT

ѮF
TIPSUMJWFE
TPMBS
ëBSFT
VOMFBTI
UIFJS
WBTU
QPXFS
GSPN
B
SFMBUJWFMZ
TNBMM
WPMVNF
XJUIJO
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
UIF
NBHOFUJ[FE
BUNPTQIFSF
JO
BSPVOE
BOE
BCPWF
TVOTQPUT
ѮF
MBSHFTU
TPMBS
ëBSFT
DPWFS
CVU
B
GFX
UFOUIT
PG
B
QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
TPMBS
EJTL
BOE
BSF
JOUJNBUFMZ
SFMBUFE
UP
UIF
NBHOFUJ[FE
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
UIBU
MJOL
TVOTQPUT
PG
PQQPTJUF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ 
'-"3&
3"%*"5*0/
'30.
&/&3(&5*$
"$$&-&3"5&%
1"35*$-&4 5IF
4PMBS
1BSUJDMF
"DDFMFSBUPS

*OUFOTF
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
JT
OPU
UIF
POMZ
UIJOH
VOMFBTIFE
EVSJOH
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
6Q
UP
IBMG
UIF
UPUBM
FYQMPTJPO
FOFSHZ
JT
VTFE
UP
BDDFMFSBUF
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
UP
TQFFET
BQQSPBDIJOH
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
BCPVU

UIPVTBOE
LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
4PMBS
ëBSFT
BSF
JOEFFE
UIF
NPTU
QPXFSGVM
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUPST
JO
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
DPNQB SBCMF
POMZ
UP
BOPUIFS
UZQF
PG
TPMBS
FSVQUJPO
UIF
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
EJTDVTTFE
B
CJU
MBUFS
ѮF
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
BDDFMFSBUFE
EVSJOH
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
BSF
CFBNFE
EPXO
JOUP
UIF
4VO
XIFSF
UIF
QSPUPOT
JOJUJBUF
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT ѮF
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
BSF
BMTP
FKFDUFE
GSPN
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
PVUXBSE
BMPOH
UIF
TQJSBMTIBQFE
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NBHOFUJD
êFME
USBWFMJOH
BU
OFBSMZ
UIF
TQFFE
PG
MJHIU
ѮFTF
IJHITQFFE
QBSUJDMFT
TPNFUJNFT
USBWFM
VOJNQFEFE
BMM
UIF
XBZ
UP
UIF
&BSUI
XIFSF
UIFZ
BSF
EFUFDUFE
CZ
JOTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
TQBDFDSBѫ
BOE
FOEBOHFS
CPUI
BTUSPOBVUT
BOE
TBUFMMJUFT 3BEJBUJPO
GSPN
)JHI4QFFE
'MBSF
&MFDUSPOT

ѮF
FMFDUSPOT
BDDFMFSBUFE
EVSJOH
TPMBS
ëBSFT
FNJU
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
BDSPTT
UIF
FMFD USPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
GSPN
UIF
TIPSUFTU
9SBZT
BOE
HBNNB
SBZT
UP
UIF
MPOHFTU
SBEJP






ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO




XBWFT
CVU
UIF
QSPUPOT
BSF
UPP
NBTTJWF
UP
FNJU
JOUFOTF
SBEJP
BOE
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
ѮF
SBEJP
XBWFT
QSPWJEF
JOGPSNBUJPO
BCPVU
UIF
MPDBUJPO
TJ[F
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BOE
UFNQFSBUVSF
EVSJOH
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
ѮFZ
BEEJUJPOBMMZ
EFNPOTUSBUF
UIBU
ëBSF
FMFDUSPOT
IBWF
CFFO
BDDFMFSBUFE
UP
WFSZ
IJHI
TQFFET
&OFSHFUJD
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
IBWF
CFFO
BDDFMFSBUFE
EVSJOH
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BSF
BMTP
IVSMFE
PVU
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
FNJUUJOH
JOUFOTF
SBEJP
FNJTTJPO
JO
UIF
QSPDFTT '*(
 3YNCHROTRONRADIATION(IGH SPEED "T
UIF
IJHITQFFE
FMFDUSPOT
TQJSBM
ELECTRONSMOVINGATVELOCITIESNEARTHATOFLIGHT EPXO
BMPOH
NBHOFUJD
DIBOOFMT
UIFZ
EMITANARROWBEAMOFSYNCHROTRONRADIATIONAS HFOFSBUF
JOUFOTF
SBEJP
FNJTTJPO
TPNF THEYSPIRALAROUNDAMAGNETIClELD4HISEMIS SIONISSOMETIMESCALLEDNON THERMALRADIATION UJNFTDBMMFE
SBEJP
CVSTUT
UP
FNQIBTJ[F
BECAUSETHEELECTRONSPEEDSAREMUCHGREATER UIFJS
CSJFG
FOFSHFUJD
BOE
FSVQUJWF
DIBS THANTHOSEOFTHERMALMOTIONATANYPLAUSIBLE BDUFSJTUJDT
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
CFOE
UIF
TEMPERATURE4HENAMEhSYNCHROTRONvREFERS QBUIT
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
JOUP
B
DJSDMF
SFTVMU TOTHEMAN MADE RING SHAPEDSYNCHROTRON PARTICLEACCELERATORWHERETHISTYPEOFRADIATION JOH
JO
UIF
FNJTTJPO
PG
B
OBSSPX
CFBN
PG
TZODISPUSPO
SBEJBUJPO
'JH



OBNFE
WASlRSTOBSERVEDASYNCHRONOUSMECHANISM KEEPSTHEPARTICLESINSTEPWITHTHEACCELERATION GPS
UIF
NBONBEF
TZODISPUSPO
QBSUJDMF
ASTHEYCIRCULATEINTHERING BDDFMFSBUPS
XIFSF
JU
XBT
êSTU
PCTFSWFE .PTU
PG
UIF
FOFSHZ
SBEJBUFE
EVS JOH
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
JT
FNJUUFE
BT
IBSE
BOE
TPѫ
9SBZT
ѮFZ
QSPWJEF
EFUBJMFE
JOGPS NBUJPO
BCPVU
UIF
ëBSF
QSPDFTT
JODMVEJOH
XIZ
BOE
XIFSF
UIFZ
PDDVS
ѮF
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
JT
OBNFE
CSFNTTUSBIMVOH
UIF
(FSNBO
XPSE
GPS
iCSBLJOH
SBEJB UJPOu
*U
JT
QSPEVDFE
XIFO
B
GSFF
FMFD USPO
VOBUUBDIFE
UP
BO
BUPN
QBTTFT
OFBS
BO
JPO
'JH
 
ѮFJS
FMFDUSJDBM
JOUFSBDUJPO
CFOET
UIF
QBUI
PG
UIF
FMFD USPOT
XIJDI
SBEJBUF
TPѫ
9SBZT
JO
UIF
QSPDFTT
ѮFSF
JT
UIFSNBM
CSFNTTUSBI MVOH
XIJDI
EFQFOET
PO
UIF
SBOEPN
UIFSNBM
NPUJPO
PG
UIF
IPU
FMFDUSPOT
'*(
 "REMSSTRAHLUNG7HENAHOT JU
JT
FNJUUFE
XIFO
FMFDUSPOT
IBWF
CFFO
ELECTRONMOVESRAPIDLYANDFREELYOUTSIDEAN IFBUFE
EVSJOH
UIF
ëBSF
UP
UFNQFSBUVSFT
ATOM ITINEVITABLYMOVESNEARAPROTONINTHE PG
BCPVU

NJMMJPO
LFMWJO
&MFDUSPOT
AMBIENTGAS4HEREISANELECTRICALATTRACTION BSF
BMTP
CSJFëZ
BDDFMFSBUFE
UP
FOFSHJFT
BETWEENTHEELECTRONANDPROTONBECAUSETHEY HAVEEQUALANDOPPOSITECHARGE ANDTHISPULLS NVDI
IJHIFS
UIBO
UIF
NFBO
FOFSHJFT
PG
THEELECTRONTOWARDTHEPROTON BENDINGTHE UIFSNBM
QMBTNB
BU
BOZ
QMBVTJCMF
UFN ELECTRONSTRAJECTORYANDALTERINGITSSPEED4HE QFSBUVSF
BOE
UIFTF
WFSZ
IJHITQFFE
ELECTRONEMITSELECTROMAGNETICRADIATIONINTHE FMFDUSPOT
HJWF
SJTF
UP
OPOUIFSNBM
PROCESS4HISRADIATIONISKNOWNASCSFNT TUSBIMVOH
FROMTHE'ERMANWORDFORhBRAKING CSFNTTUSBIMVOH
'JH
  RADIATIONv




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

9SBZ
BTUSPOPNFST
EJTUJOHVJTI
CFUXFFO
TPѫ
9SBZT
BOE
IBSE
9SBZT
XJUI
UIF
TPѫFS
WBSJFUZ
IBWJOH
MFTT
FOFSHZ
UIBO
UIF
IBSE
UZQF
ѮF
FOFSHZ
UIBU
9SBZT
DBSSZ
JT
B
NFBTVSF
PG
UIF
FOFSHZ
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
QSPEVDF
JU
PѫFO
TQFDJêFE
JO
VOJUT
PG
LJMPFMFDUSPO
WPMUT
BCCSFWJBUFE
LF7
4Pѫ
9SBZT
IBWF
FOFSHJFT
CFUXFFO

BOE

LF7
BOE
IBSE
9SBZT
MJF
CFUXFFO

BOE

LF7
*O
DPOUSBTU
HBNNB
SBZT
DBO
IBWF
FOFSHJFT
HSFBUFS
UIBO
POF
.FW
PS
B
NJMMJPO
FMFDUSPO
WPMUT
"OE
SBEJBUJPO
BU
EJĒFSFOU
9SBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT
EFTDSJCFT
EJĒFSFOU
BTQFDUT
PG
UIF
ëBSF
UJNF
QSPêMF
'JH
 
4P
XIBU
ZPV
TFF
EVSJOH
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
EFQFOET
PO
IPX
ZPV
MPPL
BU
JU "U
UIF
JNQVMTJWF
TUBHF
PG
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
BDDFMFSBUFE
SBQJEMZ
JO
B
TFDPOE
PS
MFTT
UP
FOFSHJFT
UIBU
DBO
FYDFFE
POF
.F7
ѮF
IJHIFOFSHZ
FMFDUSPOT
FNJU
IBSE
9SBZT
BOE
HBNNB
SBZT
UIBU
NBSL
UIF
ëBSF
POTFU
ѮFTF
FOFSHFUJD
IJHITQFFE
OPOUIFSNBM
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
CFMJFWFE
UP
CF
BDDFMFSBUFE
BCPWF
UIF
UPQT
PG
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
BOE
UP
SBEJBUF
FOFSHZ
CZ
OPOUIFSNBM
CSFNTTUSBIMVOH
BOE
TZODISPUSPO
SBEJBUJPO
BT
UIFZ
BSF
CFBNFE
EPXO
BMPOH
UIF
MPPQJOH
NBHOFUJD
DIBOOFMT
JOUP
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
BOE
DISPNPTQIFSF %VSJOH
UIF
EFDBZ
PS
QPTUJNQVMTJWF
QIBTF
FOFSHZ
JT
HSBEVBMMZ
SFMFBTFE
PO
MPO HFS
UJNFTDBMFT
PG
UFOT
PG
NJOVUFT
4Pѫ
9SBZT
TMPXMZ
CVJME
VQ
JO
TUSFOHUI
BOE
VTVBMMZ
SFBDI
QFBL
JOUFOTJUZ
EVSJOH
UIF
QPTUJNQVMTJWF
EFDBZ
QIBTF
*OJUJBMMZ
DPPM
NBUFSJBM
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
JT
IFBUFE
CZ
EPXO
ëPXJOH
ëBSF
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
FNJU
UIF
IBSE
9SBZT
ѮF
IFBUFE
HBT
FYQBOET
VQXBSE
JOUP
UIF
MPXEFOTJUZ
DPSPOB
BMPOH
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
UIBU
TIJOF
CSJHIUMZ
JO
TPѫ
9SBZT .BKPS
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BSF
PѫFO
BDDPNQBOJFE
CZ
UIF
EJTSVQUJPO
PG
B
êMBNFOU
UIBU
XBT
IFME
VQ
CZ
UIF
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
JO
UIF
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
ѮFTF
DMPTFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
CMPXO
PQFO
EVSJOH
UIF
JNQVMTJWF
QIBTF
CVU
UIF
OFXMZ
PQFOFE
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
SFDPOOFDU
GPSNJOH
BO
BSDBEF
PG
QPTUJNQVMTJWF
ëBSF
MPPQT
BMJHOFE
MJLF
UIF
CPOFT
JO
ZPVS
SJC
DBHF
PS
UIF
BSDIFE
USFTUMF
JO
B
SPTF
HBSEFO
'JH
 
ѮFZ
BSF
TVCTFRVFOUMZ
êMMFE
CZ
QMBTNB
ëPXJOH
VQ
GSPN
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BU
UIFJS
GPPUQPJOUT '*(
 %NERGYSPECTRUMOFmARERADIATION4HESPATIALLYINTEGRATEDENERGYSPECTRUM OFTHERADIATIONPHOTONSDURINGA SECONDTIMEINTERVALATTHEPEAKOFTHESOLARmAREON &EBRUARY4HEOBSERVED LOW ENERGYSPECTRUMIS DESCRIBEDBYATHERMAL SPECTRUMATATEMPERATUREOF MILLIONKELVIN4HEHIGH ENERGYEMISSIONISATTRIBUTED TONON THERMALEMISSIONOF ENERGETICELECTRONSWITHA POWER LAWSPECTRALINDEXOF 4HISDATAWASOBTAINED FROMTHE3BNBUZ
)JHI
&OFSHZ
4PMBS
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS ABBREVIATED3)&44* A.!3! SPACECRAFT#OURTESYOF"RIAN 2$ENNIS .!3!





ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO


'*(
 )MPULSIVEANDGRADUALPHASESOFAmARE4HETIMEPROlLEOF ASOLARmAREOBSERVEDATHARD8 RAYENERGIES ABOVEKE6CPUUPN ISCHARACTERIZEDBYANIMPULSIVEFEATURETHATLASTSFORABOUTONEMINUTE 4HISIMPULSIVEPHASECOINCIDESWITHTHEACCELERATIONOFHIGH SPEEDELEC TRONSTHATEMITNON THERMALBREMSSTRAHLUNGATHARD8 RAYWAVELENGTHS ANDNON THERMALSYNCHROTRONRADIATIONATCENTIMETERRADIOWAVELENGTHS 4HELESS ENERGETICEMISSION BELOWKE6UPQ CANBECOMPOSEDOF TWOCOMPONENTS ANIMPULSIVECOMPONENTFOLLOWEDBYAGRADUALONE 4HELATTERCOMPONENTBUILDSUPSLOWLYANDBECOMESMOSTINTENSEDURING THEGRADUALDECAYPHASEOFSOLARmARESWHENTHERMALRADIATIONDOMI NATES!TEVENLOWERSOFT8 RAYENERGIESABOUTKE6 THEGRADUAL PHASEDOMINATESTHEmAREEMISSION4HISDATAWASTAKENON.OVEMBER WITHTHE(ARD8 RAY4ELESCOPE(84 ABOARD:PILPI#OURTESYOF .!3! )3!3 THE,OCKHEED -ARTIN3OLARAND!STROPHYSICS,ABORATORY THE.ATIONAL!STRONOMICAL/BSERVATORYOF*APAN ANDTHE5NIVERSITYOF 4OKYO






4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 &LARELOOPS2ADIATIONFROMANARCADEOFMAGNETICLOOPSWASPRODUCED SHORTLYAFTERASOLARmAREERUPTEDON*ULY4HISIMAGEWASTAKENATAWAVE LENGTHOFNANOMETERS EMITTEDBYEIGHTANDNINETIMESIONIZEDIRON DENOTED&E)8 AND&E8 ATATEMPERATUREOFABOUTMILLIONKELVIN USINGTHE5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS ABBREVIATED53"$&#OURTESYOFTHE53"$&CONSORTIUMAND.!3! 53"$&ISAMISSIONOFTHE3TANFORD ,OCKHEED)NSTITUTEFOR3PACE2ESEARCH AJOINTPRO GRAMOFTHE,OCKHEED -ARTIN3OLARAND!STROPHYSICS,ABORATORY OR,-3!,FORSHORT AND3TANFORDS3OLAR/BSERVATORIES'ROUP

8IFO
SFQMFOJTIFE
BOE
GVMM
UIF
QPTUJNQVMTJWF
ëBSF
MPPQT
DPOUBJO
QMBTNB
IFBUFE
UP
UFNQFSBUVSFT
PG
UFOT
PG
NJMMJPOT
PG
EFHSFFT
FWFO
IPUUFS
UIBO
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
BU

NJMMJPO
LFMWJO
ѮFZ
BQQFBS
UP
NJHSBUF
VQXBSET
BOE
PVUXBSET
BT
TVDDFTTJWF
êFME
MJOFT
BSF
SFDPOOFDUFE
BU
IJHIFS
BMUJUVEFT
ѮF
QPTUëBSF
MPPQT
CSJEHF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
OFV USBM
MJOF
CFUXFFO
PQQPTJUF
QPMBSJUZ
SFHJPOT
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
TUJUDIJOH
UPHFUIFS
BOE
IFBMJOH
UIF
XPVOE
JOëJDUFE
CZ
UIF
TPMBS
ëBSF
BOE
SFMBUFE
FWFOUT 5IF
(BNNB3BZ
4VO

/PSNBMMZ
ZPV
DBOU
EFUFDU
HBNNB
SBZT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
FWFO
GSPN
PVUFS
TQBDF
GPS
UIFJS
JOUFOTJUZ
JT
TP
MPX
#VU
XIFO
QSPUPOT
BOE
IFBWJFS
JPOT
BSF
BDDFMFSBUFE
UP
IJHI
TQFFE






ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO




EVSJOH
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
CFBNFE
EPXO
JOUP
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
UIFZ
QSPEVDF
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
BOE
HFOFSBUF
HBNNB
SBZT
UIF
NPTU
FOFSHFUJD
LJOE
PG
SBEJBUJPO
EFUFDUFE
GSPN
TPMBS
ëBSFT
ѮF
HBNNB
SBZT
IBWF
FOFSHJFT
PG
BCPVU
POF
.F7
FRVJWBMFOU
UP
B
UIPVTBOE
LF7
TP
UIF
HBNNB
SBZT
BSF
UFO
UP
POF
IVOESFE
UJNFT
NPSF
FOFSHFUJD
UIBO
UIF
IBSE
9SBZT
BOE
TPѫ
9SBZT
EFUFDUFE
EVSJOH
TPMBS
ëBSFT
-JLF
9SBZT
UIF
HBNNB
SBZT
BSF
UPUBMMZ
BCTPSCFE
JO
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
NVTU
CF
PCTFSWFE
GSPN
TQBDF ѮF
IJHITQFFE
ëBSF
QSPUPOT
TMBN
JOUP
UIF
EFOTF
MPXFS
BUNPTQIFSF
MJLF
B
CVMMFU
IJUUJOH
B
DPODSFUF
XBMM
TIBUUFSJOH
OVDMFJ
JO
B
QSPDFTT
DBMMFE
TQBMMBUJPO
ѮF
OVDMFBS
GSBH NFOUT
BSF
JOJUJBMMZ
FYDJUFE
CVU
UIFO
SFMBY
UP
UIFJS
GPSNFS
TUBUF
CZ
FNJUUJOH
HBNNB
SBZT
0UIFS
BCVOEBOU
OVDMFJ
BSF
FOFSHJ[FE
CZ
DPMMJTJPO
XJUI
UIF
ëBSFBDDFMFSBUFE
QSPUPOT
BOE
FNJU
HBNNB
SBZT
UP
HFU
SJE
PG
UIF
FYDFTT
FOFSHZ
/VDMFBS
EFFYDJUBUJPO
HBNNBSBZ
MJOFT
PCTFSWFE
EVSJOH
TPMBS
ëBSFT
JODMVEF
UIPTF
GSPN
FYDJUFE
OVDMFJ
PG
DBSCPO
PYZHFO
OJUSPHFO
OFPO
NBHOFTJVN
TJMJDPO
BOE
JSPO
NPTU
SFDFOUMZ
EFUFDUFE
GSPN
UIF
3FVWFO
3BNBUZ
)JHI
&OFSHZ
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS
BCCSFWJBUFE
3)&44* %VSJOH
CPNCBSENFOU
CZ
ëBSFBDDFMFSBUFE
JPOT
FOFSHFUJD
OFVUSPOT
DBO
CF
UPSO
PVU
PG
UIF
OVDMFJ
PG
BUPNT
.BOZ
PG
UIFTF
OFVUSPOT
BSF
FWFOUVBMMZ
DBQUVSFE
CZ
BNCJFOU
PS
OPOëBSJOH
IZESPHFO
OVDMFJ
UIF
QSPUPOT
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
NBLJOH
EFVUFSPOT
UIF
OVDMFJ
PG
EFVUFSJVN
BUPNT
BOE
FNJUUJOH
POF
PG
UIF
4VOT
TUSPOHFTU
HBNNBSBZ
MJOFT
BU

.F7
'JH
 
ѮF
OFVUSPOT
NVTU
TMPX
EPXO
BOE
MPTF
TPNF
FOFSHZ
CZ
DPMMJTJPOT
CFGPSF
UIF
QSPUPOT
DBO
DBQUVSF
UIFN
TP
UIF
HBNNBSBZ
MJOF
JT
EFMBZFE
CZ
B
NJOVUF
PS
UXP
GSPN
UIF
POTFU
PG
JNQVMTJWF
ëBSF
FNJTTJPO /FVUSPOT
QSPEVDFE
CZ
BDDFMFSBUFE
QBSUJDMF
JOUFSBDUJPOT
EVSJOH
TPMBS
ëBSFT
DBO
BMTP
FTDBQF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BWPJEJOH
DBQUVSF
UIFSF
/FVUSPOT
XJUI
FOFSHJFT
BCPWF
 
.F7
IBWF
FWFO
CFFO
EJSFDUMZ
NFBTVSFE
JO
TQBDF
OFBS
&BSUI
JO
UIF
T
GSPN
UIF
4PMBS
.BYJNVN
.JTTJPO
BCCSFWJBUFE
4..
BOE
JO
UIF
T
GSPN
UIF
$PNQUPO
(BNNB
3BZ


#"!

!


'*(
 &LARESPECTRALLINESATHIGHENERGY4HEENERGYSPECTRUMOFRADIATIONFROMAmARE ON/CTOBEREXHIBITSTWOPROMINENTSPECTRALLINESANDNUMEROUSLESSINTENSE NARROW ONES4HELINEWITHANENERGYOFKE6 OR-E6 ISEMITTEDWHENELECTRONSCOLLIDE WITHTHEIRANTI MATTERCOUNTER PARTS THEPOSITRONSORhPOSI   TIVEELECTRONSvBOTHPARTICLES  #" 
"#  
 AREDESTROYEDWHILEEMITTING 
 THEHIGH ENERGYRADIATION4HE NEUTRON CAPTURELINEAT   -E6 ANDSEVERALNARROWLINES

!!" # FROMACCELERATEDPROTONSARE ALSOSEEN5NDERLYINGTHELINE FEATURESISTHEBREMSSTRAHLUNG  

CONTINUUMFROMACCELER ATEDELECTRONS4HISDATAWAS OBTAINEDFROMTHE3BNBUZ
   $
! )JHI
&OFSHZ
4PMBS
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS ABBREVIATED3)&44* A.!3!SPACECRAFT#OURTESY   OF"RIAN2$ENNIS .!3!     "
 %





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

0CTFSWBUPSZ
PS
$(30
GPS
TIPSU
*O
UIF
NPTU
FOFSHFUJD
ëBSFT
UIF
BTTPDJBUFE
OFVUSPOT
DBO
SFBDI
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
QSPEVDF
B
TJHOBM
JO
HSPVOE
MFWFM
OFVUSPO
NPOJUPST "OPUIFS
TUSPOH
HBNNBSBZ
MJOF
FNJUUFE
EVSJOH
TPMBS
ëBSFT
JT
UIF

.F7
QPTJ USPO
BOOJIJMBUJPO
MJOF
'JH
 
1PTJUSPOT
UIF
BOUJNBUUFS
DPVOUFSQBSU
PG
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
SFMFBTFE
EVSJOH
UIF
EFDBZ
PG
SBEJPBDUJWF
OVDMFJ
QSPEVDFE
XIFO
ëBSFBDDFMFSBUFE
QSPUPOT
BOE
IFBWJFS
OVDMFJ
JOUFSBDU
XJUI
UIF
MPXFS
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
ѮF
QPTJUSPOT
BOOJIJMBUF
XJUI
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
QSPEVDJOH
SBEJBUJPO
BU

.F7
XIJDI
JT
UIF
FOFSHZ
DPOUBJOFE
JO
UIF
FOUJSF
NBTT
PG
B
OPONPWJOH
FMFDUSPO
#FGPSF
UIF
QPTJUSPOT
DBO
JOUFS BDU
XJUI
UIF
BNCJFOU
UIFSNBM
FMFDUSPOT
UIFZ
NVTU
BMTP
TMPX
EPXO
CZ
DPMMJTJPOT
VOUJM
UIFZ
IBWF
TJNJMBS
WFMPDJUJFT
ѮF
QPTJUSPO
DBO
FWFO
DPNCJOF
XJUI
BO
FMFDUSPO
UP
CSJFëZ
QSPEVDF
B
QPTJUSPOJVN
iBUPNu
CFGPSF
TFMGEFTUSVDUJOH
XJUI
UIF
QSPEVDUJPO
PG
UIF

.F7
TQFDUSBM
GFBUVSFT ѮF
EFUFDUJPO
PG
HBNNBSBZ
MJOFT
EVF
UP
TPMBS
ëBSFT
JT
OPU
B
SFDFOU
UIJOH
ѮF
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPOPNFS
&EXBSE
-
$IVQQ
¢

PCTFSWFE
UIF
QPTJUSPO
BOOJIJMBUJPO
OFVUSPO
DBQUVSF
BOE
DBSCPO
BOE
PYZHFO
EFFYDJUBUJPO
MJOFT
JO

VTJOH
BO
JOTUSV NFOU
BCPBSE
/"4"T
4FWFOUI
0SCJUJOH
4PMBS
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
040

#VU
PVS
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
UIF
IJHIFOFSHZ
QSPDFTTFT
UIBU
QSPEVDF
HBNNB
SBZT
BOE
OFVUSPOT
IBT
CFFO
TJHOJêDBOUMZ
JNQSPWFE
BT
UIF
SFTVMU
PG
PCTFSWBUJPOT
JO
UIF
T
VTJOH
UIF
(BNNB
3BZ
4QFDUSPNFUFS
BCPBSE
UIF
4..
TBUFMMJUF
JO
UIF
T
XJUI
UIF
$(30
BOE
BѫFS

GSPN
3)&44*
 
&/&3(*;*/(
40-"3
'-"3&4 .BHOFUJD
&OFSHZ
JO
UIF
$PSPOB

8IBU
FOFSHJ[FT
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
IPX
EP
UIFZ
BDDFMFSBUF
QBSUJDMFT
UP
OFBSMZ
UIF
TQFFE
PG
MJHIU
ѮFZ
SFMFBTF
NPSF
FOFSHZ
UIBO
UIBU
QSFTFOU
JO
UIF
IFBU
PG
UIF
FOUJSF
DPSPOB
TP
UIFZ
DBOOPU
ESBX
UIFJS
FOFSHZ
GSPN
UIF
IPU
TVSSPVOEJOH
HBT
#VU
UIFZ
PDDVS
BCPWF
TVOTQPUT
JO
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
XJUI
UIFJS
QPXFSGVM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
XIFSF
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
DPOHSFHBUF
4P
ëBSFT
BSF
NPTU
MJLFMZ
QPXFSFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
UIBU
IBT
CFFO
CVJMU
VQ
JO
UIF
MPX
TPMBS
DPSPOB
JO
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
BOE
UIFO
BCSVQUMZ
SFMFBTFE
MJLF
UIF
TVEEFO
ëBTI
BOE
DSBDL
PG
B
MJHIUOJOH
CPMU
GSPN
B
TUPSN
DMPVE ѮF
DPSPOBM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
SPPUFE
EFFQ
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
XIFSF
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
BOE
UVSCVMFOU
DPOWFDUJPO
QSFWBJM
ѮF
JOUFSOBM
HBTFT
BSF
UIFSFGPSF
JO
DPOTUBOU
NPUJPO
DBSSZJOH
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
XJUI
UIFN
4P
UIF
DPSPOBM
NBHOFUJTN
CFDPNFT
TIFBSFE
TUSFUDIFE
UBOHMFE
BOE
UXJTUFE
CZ
JOUFSOBM
DIVSOJOH
NPUJPOT
TMPXMZ
BDDVNV MBUJOH
TUPSFE
FOFSHZ
JO
UIF
QSPDFTT
JO
NVDI
UIF
TBNF
XBZ
BT
DPOUJOVBMMZ
UXJTUJOH
B
SVCCFS
CBOE
JODSFBTFT
UIF
UFOTJPO
BOE
TUPSFT
FOFSHZ
JO
JUT
LJOLT
BOE
CFOET ѮF
FOFSHZ
LFFQT
HSPXJOH
VOUJM
UIF
NBHOFUJ[FE
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
BSF
QVTIFE
CFZPOE
UIFJS
MJNJUT
PS
BO
PVUTJEF
GPSDF
JOUFSWFOFT
BOE
EFTUBCJMJ[FT
UIFN
ѮFO
JO
B
NBUUFS
PG
TFDPOET
UIF
TUPSFE
FOFSHZ
JT
SBQJEMZ
BOE
WJPMFOUMZ
VOMFBTIFE
MJLF
UIF
RVJDL
TOBQ
PG
B
SVCCFS
CBOE
UIBU
IBT
CFFO
UXJTUFE
UPP
UJHIUMZ
"
TPMBS
ëBSF
FSVQUT
BDDPNQBOJFE
CZ
DPQJ PVT
BDDFMFSBUJPO
PG
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
UIF
FNJTTJPO
PG
JOUFOTF
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO .BHOFUJD
3FDPOOFDUJPO

#VU
XIZ
EPFT
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
PDDVS
8IBU
USJHHFST
UIF
JOTUBCJMJUZ
BOE
TVEEFOMZ
JHOJUFT
BO
FYQMPTJPO
GSPN
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIBU
SFNBJO
VOQFSUVSCFE
GPS
MPOH
JOUFSWBMT
PG
UJNF






ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO




*U
NJHIU
CF
USJHHFSFE
XIFO
NBHOFUJ[FE
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
BSF
QSFTTFE
UPHFUIFS
ESJWFO
CZ
NPUJPOT
CFOFBUI
UIFN
NFFUJOH
UP
UPVDI
FBDI
PUIFS
BOE
NFSHF
'JH
  .BHOFUJD
êFMET
IBWF
B
EJSFDUJPO
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
UIFN
BOE
JG
PQQPTJUFMZ
EJSFDUFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
QVTIFE
UPHFUIFS
UIFZ
DBO
JOUFSBDU
8IFO
UIF
NFSHJOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
DMPTFE
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
UIFZ
XJMM
CF
CSPLFO
PQFO
UP
SFMFBTF
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
JO
UIF
GPSN
PG
ëBSF
IFBUJOH
BOE
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUJPO
#VU
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
OPU
QFSNBOFOUMZ
CSPLFO
BOE
UIFZ
TJNQMZ
SFDPOOFDU
CBDL
UP
B
DMPTFE
TUBUF
'PS
UIJT
SFBTPO
UIF
UFDIOJDBM
OBNF
GPS
UIJT
NFSHJOH
BOE
DPVQMJOH
JT
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO *O

1FUFS
"
4XFFU
¢


UIFO
BU
UIF
6OJWFSTJUZ
PG
-POEPO
0CTFS WBUPSZ
SFBMJ[FE
UIBU
FMFDUSJD
DVSSFOU
XPVME
GPSN
CFUXFFO
UIF
NFSHJOH
PQQPTJUFMZ
EJSFDUFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
ѮF
DVSSFOU
ëPXT
JO
B
ëBU
UXPEJNFOTJPOBM
QMBOF
TIBQFE
MJLF
B
TIFFU
PO
B
XFMM
NBEF
CFE
BOE
JT
IFODF
DBMMFE
B
DVSSFOU
TIFFU
"OE
TJODF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
EJSFDUJPO
DBODFMT
JOUP
OFVUSBMJUZ
BU
UIFJS
NFFUJOH
QMBDF
UIF
UFSN
OFVUSBM
DVSSFOU
TIFFU
JT
BMTP
VTFE
ѮF
"NFSJDBO
TPMBS
QIZTJDJTU
&VHFOF
1BSLFS
¢

EFSJWFE
UIF
EFUBJMFE
NBUIFNBUJDT
PG
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
EVSJOH
TPMBS
ëBSFT
JO

BOE
JO
UIF
TBNF
ZFBS
BOPUIFS
"NFSJDBO
)BSSZ
&
1FUTDIFDL
m
TIPXFE
IPX
TUPSFE
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
NJHIU
CF
SBQJEMZ
SFMFBTFE
EVSJOH
SFDPOOFDUJPO
JO
UIF
DVSSFOU
TIFFU
/PXBEBZT
UIF
UXP
NPEFT
PG
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
BSF
DBMMFE
4XFFU1BSLFS
PS
TMPX
SFDPOOFDUJPO
BOE
1FUDIFL
PS
GBTU
SFDPOOFDUJPO 4P
XF
OPX
UIJOL
PG
UIFTF
QPXFSGVM
PVUCVSTUT
BT
TUFNNJOH
GSPN
UIF
JOUFSBDUJPO
PG
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
ѮFZ
BSF
BMXBZT
NPWJOH
BCPVU
MJLF
TXBZJOH
TFBXFFE
PS
XJOECMPXO
HSBTT
BOE
FYJTUJOH
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
NBZ
PѫFO
CF
CSPVHIU
JOUP
DPOUBDU
CZ
UIFTF
NPWF NFOUT
.BHOFUJD
êFMET
DPJMFE
VQ
JO
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
XIFSF
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJTN
JT
QSPEVDFE
DBO
BMTP
CPC
JOUP
UIF
DPSPOB
UP
JOUFSBDU
XJUI
QSFFYJTUJOH
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
*O
FJUIFS
DBTF
UIF
DPBMFTDFODF
MFBET
UP
UIF
SBQJE
SFMFBTF
PG
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
UISPVHI
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO ѮF
FYQMPTJWF
JOTUBCJMJUZ
IBT
CFFO
DPNQBSFE
UP
BO
FBSUIRVBLF
XJUI
UIF
NPWJOH
SPPUT
PS
GPPUQPJOUT
PG
B
TIFBSFE
NBHOFUJD
MPPQ
SFTFNCMJOH
UXP
UFDUPOJD
QMBUFT
"T
UIF
QMBUFT
NPWF
JO
PQQPTJUF
EJSFDUJPOT
BMPOH
B
GBVMU
MJOF
UIFZ
HSJOE
BHBJOTU
FBDI
PUIFS
BOE
CVJME
VQ
TUSFTT
BOE
FOFSHZ
8IFO
UIF
TUSFTT
JT
QVTIFE
UP
UIF
MJNJU
UIF
UXP
QMBUFT
DBOOPU
TMJEF
GVSUIFS
BOE
UIF
BDDVNVMBUFE
FOFSHZ
JT
SFMFBTFE
BT
BO
FBSUIRVBLF
ѮBU
QBSU
PG
UIF
GBVMU
MJOF
UIFO
MVSDIFT
CBDL
UP
JUT
PSJHJOBM
FRVJMJCSJVN
QPTJUJPO
XBJUJOH
GPS
UIF
OFYU
'*(
 -AGNETICCONNECTION!PAIROFOPPOSITELYDIRECTED TWISTEDCORONALLOOPSCOME INCONTACT RELEASINGMAGNETICENERGYTOPOWERASOLARmARE!RROWSINDICATETHEDIRECTION OFTHEMAGNETIClELDLINESANDTHESENSEOFTWIST3UCHMAGNETICENCOUNTERSCANOCCURWHEN NEWLYEMERGINGMAGNETIC lELDSRISETHROUGHTHEPHO TOSPHERETOJOINPRE EXISTING ONESINTHECORONA ORWHEN THETWISTEDCORONALLOOPSARE FORCEDTOGETHERBYUNDERLY INGMOTIONS;!DAPTEDFROM 4HOMAS'OLDAND&RED(OYLE h/RIGINOF3OLAR&LARESv .POUIMZ
/PUJDFT
PG
UIF
3PZBM
"TUSPOPNJDBM
4PDJFUZ n =




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

FBSUIRVBLF
*O
UIJT
BOBMPHZ
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
CFDPNF
TUSFTTFE
UP
UIF
CSFBLJOH
QPJOU
BOE
TJNJMBSMZ
SFHBJO
UIFJS
DPNQPTVSF
BѫFS
BO
FYQMPTJWF
DPOWVMTJPO
PO
UIF
4VO
GVTJOH
UPHFUIFS
BOE
CFDPNJOH
QSJNFE
GPS
UIF
OFYU
PVUCVSTU 0CTFSWBUJPOT
PG
.BHOFUJD
3FDPOOFDUJPO
%VSJOH
4PMBS
'MBSFT

ѮF
4Pѫ
9SBZ
5FMFTDPQF
PS
495
BCPBSE
UIF
:PILPI
TQBDFDSBѫ
IBT
SFWFBMFE
UIF
QSPC BCMF
MPDBUJPO
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
TJUF
EVSJOH
TPMBS
ëBSFT
TIPXJOH
UIBU
UIF
SPVOEFE
NBHOFUJTN
PG
B
DPSPOBM
MPPQ
DBO
CF
QVMMFE
JOUP
B
QFBLFE
TIBQF
BU
UIF
UPQ
EVS JOH
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
ѮF
TIBSQ
DVTQMJLF
GFBUVSF
NBSLT
UIF
QMBDF
XIFSF
PQQPTJUFMZ
EJSFDUFE
êFME
MJOFT
TUSFUDI
PVU
OFBSMZ
QBSBMMFM
UP
FBDI
PUIFS
BOE
BSF
CSPVHIU
JOUP
DMPTF
QSPYJN JUZ
)FSF
UIF
NBHOFUJTN
DPNFT
UPHFUIFS
NFSHFT
BOE
SFDPOOFDUT
SFMFBTJOH
UIF
FOFSHZ
OFFEFE
UP
QPXFS
B
TPMBS
FYQMPTJPO .BOZ
HSBEVBM
TPѫ
9SBZ
ëBSFT
PCTFSWFE
GSPN
:PILPI
TIPX
DVTQTIBQFE
MPPQ
TUSVDUVSFT
TVHHFTUJOH
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
BOE
UIFZ
BSF
PѫFO
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
DPSP OBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
.PSFPWFS
FMFDUSPO
UJNFPGëJHIU
NFBTVSFNFOUT
XJUI
UIF
$PNQUPO
(BNNB
3BZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
$(30
TBUFMMJUF
DPOêSN
UIF
FYJTUFODF
PG
B
DPSP OBM
BDDFMFSBUJPO
TJUF
GPS
ëBSFT
PCTFSWFE
XJUI
CPUI
$(30
BOE
:PILPI $PBMJHOFE
:PILPI
JNBHFT
BMTP
TIPX
B
DPNQBDU
JNQVMTJWF
IBSE
9SBZ
TPVSDF
XFMM
BCPWF
UIF
DPSSFTQPOEJOH
TPѫ
9SBZ
MPPQ
TUSVDUVSF
GPS
BU
MFBTU
POF
JNQVMTJWF
TPMBS
ëBSF
JO
BEEJUJPO
UP
UIF
EPVCMFGPPUQPJOU
IBSE
9SBZ
FNJTTJPO
ѮF
IBSE
9SBZT
BU
UIF
MPPQ
GPPUQPJOUT
BSF
QSPEVDFE
XIFO
IJHITQFFE
OPOUIFSNBM
FMFDUSPOT
DPMMJEF
XJUI
EFOTF
NBUFSJBM
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
)PXFWFS
UIFSF
JT
OP
TJNJMBS
EFOTF
NBUFSJBM
PVU
JO
UIF
UFOVPVT
DPSPOB
TP
UIF
IBSE
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
OFBS
UIF
MPPQ
UPQ
IBT
UP
CF
FNJUUFE
EVSJOH
UIF
FMFDUSPO
BDDFMFSBUJPO
QSPDFTT
NPTU
MJLFMZ
SFQSFTFOUJOH
UIF
TJUF
XIFSF
PQQPTJUFMZ
EJSFDUFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
NFFU
BOE
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
BDDFMFSBUFE
UP
IJHI
FOFSHZ
ѮFTF
FMFD USPOT
SBQJEMZ
NPWF
EPXO
UPXBSE
UIF
GPPUQPJOUT
FYQMBJOJOH
UIF
TJNJMBSJUZ
JO
UIF
UJNF
WBSJBUJPOT
PG
BMM
UISFF
IBSE
9SBZ
TPVSDFT 3)&44*
IBT
BQQBSFOUMZ
DPOêSNFE
UIBU
MBSHFTDBMF
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
JO
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
JT
UIF
NPTU
MJLFMZ
FYQMBOBUJPO
GPS
IPX
TPMBS
ëBSFT
TVEEFOMZ
SFMFBTF
TP
NVDI
FOFSHZ
"
DPNQBDU
DPSPOBM
9SBZ
TPVSDF
XBT
PCTFSWFE
BCPWF
B
TFSJFT
PG
CSJHIU
9SBZ
ëBSF
MPPQT
EVSJOH
UIF
JNQVMTJWF
QIBTF
PG
BO
JOUFOTF
TPMBS
ëBSF
ѮF
MPPQUPQ
TPVSDF
SPTF
VQ
NPWJOH
PVUXBSE
BOE
B
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
XBT
SFMFBTFE
ѮF
3)&44*
BTUSPOPNFST
IBWF
JOUFSQSFUFE
UIJT
JO
UFSNT
PG
B
OFVUSBM
DVSSFOU
TIFFU
UIBU
GPSNT
BCPWF
UIF
OFTUFE
DPSPOBM
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
0UIFS
MPPQT
GPSNFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
JO
UIF
DVSSFOU
TIFFU
NPWF
EPXOXBSE
POUP
UIF
FYJTUJOH
POFT
XIJDI
UIFO
TIJOF
CSJHIUMZ
JO
9SBZT
BOE
UIF
PUIFS
SFDPOOFDUFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BOE
QMBTNB
ëPX
BOE
UXJTU
VQXBSE
VOUJM
UIFZ
BSF
TFWFSFE
SFMFBTJOH
UIF
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO "T
FYQFDUFE
3)&44*
BMTP
PCTFSWFT
UXP
CSJHIU
IBSE
9SBZ
TPVSDFT
BDDFMFSBUFE
EVSJOH
UIF
JNQVMTJWF
QIBTF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
ëBSF
BOE
HFOFSBUFE
CZ
OPOUIFSNBM
FMFDUSPOT
CFBNFE
EPXO
GSPN
UIF
SFDPOOFDUJPO
TJUF
UP
UIF
UXP
GPPUQPJOUT
PG
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
PS
BSDBEFT
*OTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
3)&44*
IBWF
BEEJUJPOBMMZ
QSPWJEFE
UIF
êSTU
HBNNBSBZ
JNBHFT
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
JO
UIF
JOUFOTF
OFVUSPODBQUVSF
MJOF
"T
SFQPSUFE
CZ
3PCFSU
1
i#PCu
-JO
¢

BOE
IJT
DPMMFBHVFT
UIF
HBNNBSBZ
GPPUQPJOUT
BSF
VOFYQFDUFEMZ
EJT QMBDFE
GSPN
UIF
IBSE
9SBZ
POFT
'JH
 
ѮJT
TVHHFTUT
B
EJĒFSFODF
JO
UIF
BDDFMFSB UJPO
PG
UIF
FOFSHFUJD
JPOT
BOE
FMFDUSPOT
BU
UIF
SFDPOOFDUJPO
TJUF
PS
EJĒFSFODFT
JO
UIFJS
USBOTQPSU
EPXO
UP
UIF
MPXFS
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF





ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO




"MM
PG
UIFTF
PCTFSWBUJPOT
GSPN
:PILPI
UP
3)&44*
OFWFSUIFMFTT
QSPWJEF
POMZ
JOEJSFDU
FWJEFODF
GPS
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
JO
TPMBS
ëBSFT
/P
POF
IBT
FWFS
EFUFDUFE
JOEJWJEVBM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
DPNJOH
UPHFUIFS
PO
UIF
4VO
EVSJOH
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
BOE
UIFZ
QSPCBCMZ
OFWFS
XJMM
#VU
JU
IBT
HJWFO
SJTF
UP
B
XJEFMZ
BDDFQUFE
NPEFM
GPS
TPMBS
ëBSFT
UIBU
XJMM
CF
UIPSPVHIMZ
UFTUFE
CZ
GVUVSF
PCTFSWBUJPOT "
.PEFM
PG
4PMBS
'MBSFT

*O
TVNNBSZ
B
XFMMEFWFMPQFE
NBHOFUJD
UIFPSZ
GPS
TPMBS
ëBSFT
IBT
CFFO
EFWFMPQFE
'JH
 
4JODF
ëBSFT
BQQBSFOUMZ
PSJHJOBUF
JO
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
BOE
UIF
VCJRVJUPVT
DPSP OBM
MPPQT
EPNJOBUF
JUT
TUSVDUVSF
JU
JT
QFSIBQT
OPU
TVSQSJTJOH
UIBU
UIJT
NPEFM
JOWPMWFT
B
TJOHMF
DPSPOBM
MPPQ
.BHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
USJHHFST
UIF
QSJNBSZ
FOFSHZ
SFMFBTF
PG
B
ëBSF
KVTU
BCPWF
UIF
MPPQ
UPQ
XIFSF
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
BSF
BDDFMFSBUFE
%VSJOH
BO
'*(
 'AMMARAYmAREIMAGE2ELATIVELOCATIONSOFTHEGAMMA RAYEMISSIONCMVF THEHARD8 RAYEMISSIONSFE ANDTHEEXTREMEULTRAVIOLET OR%56 RADIATIONHSFFO
BOE
CMBDL
XJUI
CMBDL
CFJOH
UIF
NPTU
JOUFOTF OFASOLARmAREON/CTOBER4HEGAMMA RAY CONTOURSSHOWTHELOCATIONOFTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHENEUTRONS GENERATEDBYmARE ACCEL ERATEDIONS ANDTHEDENSECOOLERMATERIALINTHESOLARPHOTOSPHERE THEHARD8 RAYCONTOURS REPRESENTTHENON THERMAL BREMSSTRAHLUNGFROM ELECTRONSACCELERATED DURINGTHEmARE ANDTHE %56IMAGESHOWSTHE LOCATIONOFTHETHERMAL EMISSIONOFAHOTDENSE PLASMA.OTETHEOFFSET OFTHEGAMMARAYAND HARD8 RAYFOOTPOINTSTHAT APPEARALONGTHEBRIGHT CMBDL %56RIBBONS SUGGESTINGADIFFERENCE INACCELERATIONANDOR PROPAGATIONBETWEEN THEACCELERATEDIONSAND ELECTRONS4HISIMAGEIS BYSECONDSOFARC ACROSS WHERESECOND OFARCCORRESPONDSTO KILOMETERSATTHE3UN 4HEGAMMA RAYANDHARD 8 RAYDATAAREFROMTHE 3BNBUZ
)JHI
&OFSHZ
4PMBS
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS ABBREVIATED3)&44* ANDTHEEXTREMEULTRAVIOLETIMAGEWASTAKENFROMTHE5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS OR53"$&FORSHORT4HE3)&44*IMAGESHAVEANANGULARRESOLUTIONOF ABOUTSECONDSOFARC ANDWERETAKENFORA MINUTEPERIODDURINGTHEDECAYPHASEOFTHE mAREATTHE-E6NEUTRONCAPTUREGAMMA RAYLINEANDFORHARD8 RAYSFROMTO KE64HE53"$&IMAGEWASTAKENWITHINTHESAMETIMEINTERVALATTHENANOMETERLINE EMITTEDBYELEVENTIMESIONIZEDIRON DENOTED&E8)) ATATEMPERATUREOFMILLIONKELVIN #OURTESYOF"RIAN2$ENNIS 'ORDON*(URFORD THE53"$&CONSORTIUMAND.!3!




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

JNQVMTJWF
TPMBS
ëBSF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
SFMFBTFE
EVSJOH
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
JT
DPOWFSUFE
UP
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMF
LJOFUJD
FOFSHZ
*O
MFTT
UIBO
B
TFDPOE
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
BDDFMFS BUFE
UP
OFBSMZ
UIF
TQFFE
PG
MJHIU
QSPEVDJOH
JOUFOTF
SBEJP
TJHOBMT
1SPUPOT
BSF
MJLFXJTF
BDDFMFSBUFE
BOE
CPUI
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
BSF
IVSMFE
EPXO
JOUP
UIF
4VO
BOE
PVU
JOUP
TQBDF ѮF
IJHITQFFE
FMFDUSPOT
FNJU
OPOUIFSNBM
IBSE
9SBZ
CSFNNTUSBIMVOH
BOE
TZO DISPUSPO
SBEJP
SBEJBUJPO
BU
PS
OFBS
UIF
MPPQ
BQFY
EVSJOH
UIF
JNQVMTJWF
QIBTF
PG
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
&OFSHZ
JT
USBOTQPSUFE
EPXOXBSE
CZ
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
XIJDI
GPMMPX
UIF
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
BSDIJOH
NBHOFUJTN
JOUP
UIF
EFOTFS
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
VOEFSMZJOH
QIP UPTQIFSF
QSPEVDJOH
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
BOE
DSFBUJOH
IBSE
9SBZT
BOE
HBNNB
SBZT
BU
TNBMM
MPDBMJ[FE
BSFBT
UIBU
NBSL
UIF
MPPQ
GPPUQPJOUT
ѮF
SBSFMZ
TFFO
XIJUFMJHIU
ëBSFT
BSF
NPTU
MJLFMZ
QSPEVDFE
CZ
UIF
EPXOXBSE
JNQBDU
PG
UIF
OPOUIFSNBM
FMFDUSPOT 4JODF
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
IBT
CFFO
IFBUFE
WFSZ
SBQJEMZ
CZ
UIF
BDDFMFSBUFE
QBSUJDMFT
JU
FYQMPEFT
VQ
JOUP
UIF
DPSPOB
UP
HFU
SJE
PG
UIF
FYDFTT
FOFSHZ
ѮJT
NBZ
CF
GPMMPXFE
CZ
UIF
NPSF
HSBEVBM
SFMFBTF
PG
FOFSHZ
XIFO
UIF
DPSPOBM
MPPQ
SFMBYFT
JOUP
B
NPSF
TUBCMF
DPOêHVSBUJPO
EVSJOH
UIF
EFDBZ
QIBTF
PG
B
TPMBS
ëBSF 
&3615*/(
130.*/&/$&4 -PPQJOH
BSDIFT
PG
NBHOFUJTN
IPME
VQ
TVTQFOE
BOE
JOTVMBUF
FMPOHBUFE
TUSVDUVSFT
êMMFE
XJUI
NBUFSJBM
BU
B
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
BCPVU
 
LFMWJO
XIJDI
JT
IVOESFET
PG
UJNFT
DPPMFS
BOE
EFOTFS
UIBO
UIF
TVSSPVOEJOH
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
DPSPOB
ѮFTF
TUSVDUVSFT
BSF
DBMMFE
QSPNJOFODFT
XIFO
TFFO
JO
IZESPHFOBMQIB
QIPUPHSBQIT
UBLFO
BU
UIF
BQQBSFOU
FEHF
PG
UIF
4VO
QFSIBQT
CFDBVTF
UIFZ
QSPNJOFOUMZ
TUBOE
PVU
BHBJOTU
UIF
EBSL
CBDLHSPVOE
'*(
 3OLARmAREMODEL!SOLARmAREISPOWEREDBYMAGNETICENERGYRELEASEDFROMA MAGNETICINTERACTIONSITEABOVETHETOPOFTHELOOPSHOWNSCHEMATICALLYHERE%LECTRONSARE ACCELERATEDTOHIGHSPEED GENERATINGABURSTOFRADIOENERGYASWELLASIMPULSIVELOOP TOP HARD8 RAYEMISSION3OMEOF THESENON THERMALELECTRONS ARECHANNELEDDOWNTHELOOP ANDSTRIKETHECHROMOSPHEREAT NEARLYTHESPEEDOFLIGHT EMIT TINGHARD8 RAYSBYELECTRON IONBREMSSTRAHLUNGATTHELOOP FOOTPOINTS7HENBEAMSOF ACCELERATEDPROTONSENTERTHE DENSE LOWERATMOSPHERE THEY CAUSENUCLEARREACTIONSTHAT RESULTINGAMMA RAYSPECTRAL LINESANDENERGETICNEUTRONS -ATERIALINTHECHROMOSPHERE ISHEATEDVERYQUICKLYAND RISESINTOTHELOOP ACCOM PANIEDBYASLOW GRADUAL INCREASEINSOFT8 RAYRADIA TION4HISUPWELLINGOFHEATED MATERIALISCALLEDCHROMO SPHERICEVAPORATION





ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO




SFTFNCMJOH
BSDIFE
WJBEVDUT
PS
CSJEHFT
MJLF
UIF
1POU
/FVG
JO
1BSJT
ѮFZ
BQQFBS
BT
EBSL
TOBLJOH
GFBUVSFT
DBMMFE
êMBNFOUT
XIFO
QSPKFDUFE
BHBJOTU
UIF
CSJHIU
DISPNPTQIFSF
EJTL
4P
QSPNJOFODF
BOE
êMBNFOU
BSF
FTTFOUJBMMZ
UXP
XPSET
UIBU
EFTDSJCF
EJĒFSFOU
QFSTQFDUJWFT
PG
UIF
TBNF
UIJOH
ѮFJS
MPOH
TJOVPVT
GPSNT
USBDF
PVU
B
SFHJPO
PG
NBHOFUJD
OFVUSBMJUZ
UIBU
TFQBSBUFT
MBSHF
BSFBT
PG
PQQPTJUF
NBHOFUJD
EJSFDUJPO
PS
QPMBSJUZ
JO
UIF
VOEFSMZJOH
QIPUPTQIFSF $PSPOBM
MPPQT
UIBU
BSF
BODIPSFE
XJUIJO
JOEJWJEVBM
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
BSF
BCPVU
UFO
UJNFT
TNBMMFS
UIBO
UIF
UPUBM
MFOHUI
PG
UIF
MBSHFTU
QSPNJOFODFT
PS
êMBNFOUT
"DUJWF
SFHJPOT
TPNFUJNFT
BQQFBS
VOEFSOFBUI
B
QSPNJOFODF
BOE
B
DPSPOBM
TUSFBNFS
JT
PѫFO
GPVOE
BCPWF
JU
*O
TVDI
B
IFMNFU
TUSFBNFS
B
MPXEFOTJUZ
DBWJUZ
TVSSPVOET
UIF
QSPNJ OFODF
XJUI
B
EFOTF
IFMNFU
EPNF
PWFSMZJOH
UIF
DBWJUZ 1SPNJOFODFT
BOE
êMBNFOUT
DBO
SFNBJO
TVTQFOEFE
BOE
BMNPTU
NPUJPOMFTT
BCPWF
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
GPS
XFFLT
PS
NPOUIT
CVU
UIFSF
DPNFT
B
UJNF
XIFO
UIFZ
DBOOPU
CFBS
UIF
TUSBJO
ѮFO
XJUIPVU
XBSOJOH
UIF
TVQQPSUJOH
NBHOFUJTN
CFDPNFT
VOIJOHFE
'JH



NPTU
MJLFMZ
CFDBVTF
JU
HPU
TP
UXJTUFE
PVU
PG
TIBQF
UIBU
JU
TOBQQFE
"OE
B
TVSQSJTJOH
UIJOH
IBQQFOT
*OTUFBE
PG
GBMMJOH
EPXO
VOEFS
HSBWJUZ
UIF
TUBUFMZ
TFMG

'*(
 &ILAMENTLIFTSOFF!lLAMENTISCAUGHTATTHEMOMENTOFERUPTINGFROMTHE 3UN4HEDARKMATTERISRELATIVELYCOOL AROUND KELVIN WHILETHEBRIGHTMATERIAL ISATATEMPERATUREOFABOUTAMILLIONKELVIN4HESTRUCTUREEXTENDS KILOMETERS FROMTOPTOBOTTOM4HISIMAGEWASTAKENFROMTHE5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS ABBREVIATED53"$& ON*ULYATAWAVELENGTHOFNANOMETER EMITTEDBYEIGHTANDNINETIMESIONIZEDIRON DENOTED&E)8AND&E8 ATATEMPERATURE OFABOUTMILLIONKELVIN#OURTESYOFTHE53"$&CONSORTIUMAND.!3!53"$& ISAMISSIONOFTHE3TANFORD ,OCKHEED)NSTITUTEFOR3PACE2ESEARCH AJOINTPROGRAM OFTHE,OCKHEED -ARTIN3OLARAND!STROPHYSICS,ABORATORY OR,-3!,FORSHORT AND 3TANFORDS3OLAR/BSERVATORIES'ROUP




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

DPOUBJOFE
TUSVDUVSFT
FSVQU
PѫFO
SJTJOH
BT
UIPVHI
QSPQFMMFE
PVUXBSE
UISPVHI
UIF
DPSPOB
CZ
B
MPBEFE
TQSJOH
'JH
  *UT
BT
JG
UIF
MJE
IBE
CFFO
UBLFO
PĒ
UIF
DBHFE
NBUFSJBM
$PPM
HBT
JT
UIFO
ëVOH
PVUXBSE
JO
TMJOHTIPU
GBTIJPO
UFBSJOH
BQBSU
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
DPSPOB
BOE
FKFDUJOH
MBSHF
RVBOUJUJFT
PG
NBUUFS
JOUP
TQBDF ѮFTF
FSVQUJWF
QSPNJOFODFT
BT
UIFZ
BSF
DBMMFE
XIFO
WJFXFE
BU
UIF
4VOT
BQQBS FOU
FEHF
BSF
IVSMFE
PVUXBSE
BU
TQFFET
PG
TFWFSBM
IVOESFET
PG
LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
SFMFBTJOH
B
NBTT
FRVJWBMFOU
UP
UIBU
PG
B
TNBMM
NPVOUBJO
JO
KVTU
B
GFX
IPVST
4VDI
BO
FWFOU
JT
TPNFUJNFT
DBMMFE
B
EJTQBSJUJPO
CSVTRVF
GPS
JUT
TVEEFO
EJTBQQFBSBODF
'JH
 
&SVQUJWF
QSPNJOFODFT
DBO
CF
MBSHFS
MPOHFS
MBTUJOH
BOE
NPSF
NBTTJWF
UIBO
TPMBS
ëBSFT 1SPNJOFODFT
PS
êMBNFOUT
PѫFO
SFGPSN
JO
UIF
TBNF
TIBQF
BOE
QMBDF
BѫFS
BO
FYQMPTJWF
DPOWVMTJPO
*U
JT
BT
JG
TPNF
NJOPS
JSSJUBUJPO
CVJMET
VQ
CFZPOE
UIF
MJNJU
PG
UPM

'*(
 !PROMINENCEERUPTS2APID SEQUENTIALHYDROGEN ALPHAPHOTOGRAPHY CATCHESANERUPTINGPROMINENCE WHICHHADNOTBEENDETECTEDASAlLAMENTDURING PREVIOUSDAYS)TSUDDENLYROSEFROMANACTIVEREGIONANDEXPANDEDATANAPPARENT VELOCITYOFKILOMETERSPERSECOND HURLINGMATERIALFARAWAYFROMTHE3UN(ERE THEMAGNETICLOOPSRISETOAMAXIMUMVISIBLEEXTENTOF KILOMETERSINJUST MINUTES4HISSEQUENCEOFHYDROGEN ALPHAIMAGESWASTAKENONTHEWESTEDGE OR LIMB OFTHE3UNUSINGTHEAUTOMATICmAREPATROLHELIOGRAPHATTHE-EUDON3TATIONOF THE/BSERVATOIREDE0ARISTHESOLARDISKHASBEENOCCULTEDTOGIVEABETTERVIEWOF THEEVENT#OURTESYOF-ADAME-ARIE *OSEPHE-ARTRES ANDOBSERVER-ICHEL"ERNOT /BSERVATOIREDE0ARIS -EUDON $!3/0





ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO




'*(
 $ISPARITIONBRUSQUE!PROMINENCESHINESBRIGHTLYATTHESOUTH EASTEDGE OFTHE3UNINTHEREDLIGHTOFHYDROGENALPHA PRINTEDHEREASANEGATIVEIMAGEFOR CONTRAST)THADBEENOBSERVEDASADARKlLAMENTFORWEEKSATATIMEDURINGSEVERALPRE VIOUSROTATIONSOFTHE3UN4HEN INLESSTHANHOURSAFTERTHISPICTUREWASTAKEN THE PROMINENCEWASNOLONGERVISIBLE)TPROBABLYROSEANDDISAPPEAREDHIGHINTHECORONA WITHINJUSTAFEWHOURS4HE&RENCHASTRONOMERSUSETHETERMDISPARITIONBRUSQUETO DESCRIBETHISSUDDENDISAPPEARINGACTOFALARGEPROMINENCEROOTEDINAQUIETREGIONOF THE3UN#OURTESYOF-ADAME-ARIE *OSEPHE-ARTRES /BSERVATOIREDE0ARIS -EUDON $!3/0

FSBODF
BOE
UIF
NBHOFUJD
TUSVDUVSF
UPTTFT
PĒ
UIF
QFOUVQ
GSVTUSBUJPO
MJLF
B
EPH
TIBLJOH
PĒ
UIF
SBJO
-POH
EBSL
êMBNFOUT
SJTF
BOE
EJTBQQFBS
SFQMBDFE
CZ
BO
FMPOHBUFE
BSDBEF
PG
CSJHIU
9SBZ
MPPQT
BDSPTT
UIF
JOJUJBM
êMBNFOU
QPTJUJPO
TP
UIFJS
NBHOFUJD
CBDLCPOF
SFHSPVQT
BT
CFGPSF
CFOFBUI
UIF
FSVQUJOH
QSPNJOFODF $MPTFE
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
BQQBSFOUMZ
TVQQPSU
UIF
MPOH
êMBNFOU
MJLF
QBSBMMFM
IBN NPDLT
BU
IFJHIUT
UIBU
BSF
BCPVU
UFO
UJNFT
UIF
EJBNFUFS
PG
UIF
&BSUI
ѮJT
BSDBEF
PG
DMPTFE
MPPQT
JT
BODIPSFE
JO
UIF
4VO
CVU
JT
PQFOFE
VQ
BU
UIF
UPQ
CZ
UIF
SJTJOH
êMBNFOU
MJLF
SFNPWJOH
UIF
UPQ
PG
B
KBDLJOUIFCPY
ѮF
NBHOFUJTN
TVCTFRVFOUMZ
SFDPOOFDUT
BOE
DMPTFT
VQ
BHBJO
CFOFBUI
UIF
FSVQUJOH
êMBNFOU
PS
QSPNJOFODF
GPSNJOH
B
OFX
BSDBEF
PG
DMPTFE
MPPQT
UIBU
TIJOFT
JO
9SBZT
BOE
SFTFNCMFT
B
HJBOUT
SJC
DBHF ѮF
EJTBQQFBSJOH
QSPNJOFODFT
BSF
TUSPOHMZ
DPSSFMBUFE
XJUI
BOPUIFS
GPSN
PG
FOFSHFUJD
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
UIF
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
UIBU
QMBZ
BO
JNQPSUBOU
SPMF
JO
TPMBSUFSSFTUSJBM
JOUFSBDUJPOT




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ


$030/"-
."44
&+&$5*0/4 ѮF
NPTU
TQFDUBDVMBS
TPMBS
FSVQUJPOT
BSF
HJHBOUJD
NBHOFUJD
CVCCMFT
DBMMFE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
XIJDI
FYQBOE
PVUXBSE
GSPN
UIF
4VO
'JH 
"
UZQJDBM
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
DBSSJFT
BCPVU

CJMMJPO
UPOT
PS

NJMMJPO
NJMMJPO
LJMPHSBNT
PG
DPSPOBM
NBUF SJBM
BT
JU
MJѫT
PĒ
JOUP
TQBDF
SFNPWJOH
BCPVU
B
UFOUI
PG
UIF
UPUBM
DPSPOBM
NBTT
ѮF
PVUXBSENPWJOH
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
TUSFUDI
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
VOUJM
JU
TOBQT
MFBW JOH
CFIJOE
POMZ
CSJHIU
SBZT
SPPUFE
JO
UIF
4VO
ѮFZ
DBO
FYQBOE
UP
CFDPNF
MBSHFS
UIBO


'*(
 #ORONALMASSEJECTION!CONTORTEDCORONALMASSEJECTIONISSEENINTHIS CORONAGRAPHIMAGE TAKENON*ANUARY4HEWHITECIRCLEDENOTESTHEEDGEOF THEPHOTOSPHERE SOTHELENGTHOFTHEEJECTEDMATERIALISABOUTTWICETHESIZEOFTHE VISIBLEDISKOFTHE3UN4HEDARKAREACORRESPONDSTOTHEOCCULTINGDISKTHATBLOCKED THEINTENSESUNLIGHTFROMTHEPHOTOSPHERE REVEALINGTHESURROUNDINGFAINTCORONA 4HISIMAGEWASTAKENWITHTHE,ARGE!NGLE3PECTROMETRIC#/RONAGRAPH ABBREVIATED ,!3#/ ONTHE40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ OR40)0FORSHORT#OURTESYOF THE40)0,!3#/CONSORTIUMAND.!3!40)0ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONALCOLLABO RATIONBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!





ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO




UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
TUSFBNJOH
PVUXBSE
QBTU
UIF
QMBOFUT
BOE
EXBSêOH
FWFSZUIJOH
JO
UIFJS
QBUI ѮPVTBOET
PG
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
IBWF
CFFO
PCTFSWFE
EVSJOH
UIF
MBTU
GFX
EFDBEFT
XJUI
XIJUFMJHIU
DPSPOBHSBQIT
BCPBSE
UIF
TFWFOUI
0SCJUJOH
4PMBS
0CTFSWBUPSZ
040



4LZMBC
"5.
m


1
m
4PMXJOE
m


UIF
4PMBS
.BYJNVN
.JTTJPO
$1

BOE
m


BOE
UIF
4PMBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
40)0
-"4$0
m  4VDI
FWFOUT
XPSL
POMZ
JO
POF
EJSFDUJPO
BMXBZT
NPWJOH
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
BOE
OFWFS
GBMMJOH
CBDL
JO
UIF
SFWFSTF
EJSFDUJPO
ѮFZ
PѫFO
FYIJCJU
B
UISFFQBSU
TUSVDUVSF
¢
B
CSJHIU
PVUFS
MPPQ
GPMMPXFE
CZ
B
EFQMFUFE
SFHJPO
PS
DBWJUZ
UIBU
SJTFT
BCPWF
BO
FSVQUFE
QSPNJOFODF
ѮF
MFBEJOH
CSJHIU
MPPQ
PS
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFD UJPO
JT
B
SBQJEMZ
FYQBOEJOH
CVCCMFMJLF
TIFMM
UIBU
PQFOT
VQ
BOE
MJѫT
PĒ
MJLF
B
IVHF
VNCSFMMB
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
QJMJOH
UIF
DPSPOB
VQ
BOE
TIPWJOH
JU
PVU
MJLF
B
TOPXQMPX ѮF
NBUFSJBM
NPWFT
PVUXBSE
BO
JNNFOTF
DPTNJD
TUPSN
UIBU
NPWFT
XJUI
TQFFET
PG
TFWFSBM
IVOESFE
LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
ѮF
FOFSHZ
PG
UIJT
NBTT
NPUJPO
JT
DPNQBSBCMF
UP
UIF
OFU
SBEJBUFE
FOFSHZ
PG
B
MBSHF
TPMBS
ëBSF
XJUI
UIF
EFTUSVDUJWF
QPUFOUJBM
PG
B
NJM MJPO
IVSSJDBOFT
PO
&BSUI .BTT
FKFDUJPOT
FSVQU
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BT
TFMGDPOUBJOFE
TUSVDUVSFT
PG
IPU
NBUFSJBM
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BQQBSFOUMZ
SFTVMUJOH
GSPN
B
SBQJE
MBSHFTDBMF
SFTUSVDUVSJOH
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
ѮFZ
BSF
NPTU
MJLFMZ
USJHHFSFE
CZ
MBSHFTDBMF
NBH OFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
FWFOUT
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
TJNJMBS
UP
UIPTF
UIBU
JHOJUF
TPMBS
ëBSFT "MUIPVHI
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
BSF
BDDFMFSBUFE
UP
IJHI
FOFSHJFT
EVSJOH
TPMBS
ëBSFT
JU
JT
OPX
UIPVHIU
UIBU
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
NBZ
CF
UIF
NBJO
TPVSDF
PG
UIF
NPTU
FOFS HFUJD
TPMBS
QBSUJDMFT
BSSJWJOH
BU
UIF
&BSUI
ѮFZ
BSF
SFTQPOTJCMF
GPS
NPTU
JG
OPU
BMM
PG
UIF
MBSHFTU
FOFSHFUJD
QSPUPO
FWFOUT
UIBU
CPNCBSE
UIF
&BSUI
4USPOH
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
TFSWF
BT
QJTUPOT
UP
ESJWF
IVHF
TIPDL
XBWFT
BIFBE
PG
UIFN
QMPXJOH
JOUP
UIF
TMPXFSNPWJOH
TPMBS
XJOE
MJLF
B
DBS
PVU
PG
DPOUSPM
BOE
QSPEVDJOH
TIPDL
XBWFT
NJMMJPOT
PG
LJMPNFUFST
BDSPTT
&MFDUSJêFE
QBSUJDMFT
FOFSHJ[FE
CZ
UIF
TIPDLT
USBWFM
PVUXBSE
XJUI
JU
TPNFXIBU
MJLF
TVSGFST
SJEJOH
UIF
PDFBO
XBWFT $PSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
DBO
FOFSHJ[F
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
BDSPTT
MBSHF
SFHJPOT
PG
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
ѮPTF
UIBU
IFBE
UPXBSE
&BSUI
VTVBMMZ
UBLF
UISFF
PS
GPVS
EBZT
UP
HFU
UIFSF
*O
DPOUSBTU
UIF
QBSUJDMFT
BDDFMFSBUFE
EVSJOH
ëBSFT
GPMMPX
XFMMEFêOFE
QBUIT
EFTDSJCFE
CZ
UIF
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NBHOFUJD
TQJSBM
BOE
UIFZ
DBO
UBLF
POMZ
NJOVUFT
UP
BSSJWF
BU
&BSUI 8IFO
B
DPSPOBHSBQI
JO
B
TBUFMMJUF
OFBS
&BSUI
EFUFDUT
B
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
CBMMPPOJOH
PVU
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
BQQBSFOU
FEHF
UIF
FKFDUJPO
JT
OPU
IFBEFE
GPS
&BSUI
ѮPTF
EJSFDUFE
UPXBSE
PS
BXBZ
GSPN
PVS
QMBOFU
DBO
CF
PCTFSWFE
BT
B
IBMP
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
EFUFDUFE
CZ
B
EJĒFSFODJOH
UFDIOJRVF
"OPUIFS
NFUIPE
PG
EFUFDUJOH
BO
&BSUIEJSFDUFE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
JT
UIF
EJNNJOH
PG
TPѫ
9SBZ
PS
FYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
DBVTFE
CZ
UIF
SFNPWBM
PG
MPX
DPSPOB
NBUFSJBM
OFBS
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL 8IFO
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
XFSF
EJTDPWFSFE
JO
UIF
FBSMZ
T
JU
XBT
UIPVHIU
UIBU
UIFZ
XFSF
BO
FYQMPTJWF
DPOTFRVFODF
PG
UIF
CSJHIU
ëBSFT
BU
UIF
UJNF
ëBSFT
XFSF
UIF
NPTU
FOFSHFUJD
FSVQUJWF
QIFOPNFOB
LOPXO
PO
UIF
4VO
ѮFO
B
LFZ
QJFDF
PG
FWJEFODF
XBT
QSPWJEFE
CZ
UIF
IFSFUPGPSF
MBSHFMZ
JHOPSFE
QSPNJOFODFT
8IFO
BTUSPOPNFST
CFHBO
UP
NBLF
BTTPDJBUJPO
TUVEJFT
PG
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
BOE
PUIFS
GPSNT
PG
TPMBS
BDUJW




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

JUZ
UIFZ
GPVOE
UP
UIFJS
TVSQSJTF
UIBU
UIF
FSVQUJOH
QSPNJOFODFT
XFSF
CFTU
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
UIF
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
4JODF
JOUFOTF
ëBSFT
EP
OPU
VTVBMMZ
BDDPNQBOZ
FSVQUJOH
QSPNJ OFODFT
JU
XBT
DPODMVEFE
UIBU
ëBSFT
XFSF
OPU
SFRVJSFE
UP
ESJWF
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT *O
BEEJUJPO
UIF
QIZTJDBM
TJ[F
PG
UIF
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
EXBSGT
UIBU
PG
ëBSFT
BOE
FWFO
UIF
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
JO
XIJDI
ëBSFT
PDDVS
BOE
ëBSFT
BSF
NVDI
NPSF
DPNNPO
UIBO
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
.PTU
ëBSFT
UIFSFGPSF
QSPCBCMZ
PSJHJOBUF
JO
B
TPNFXIBU
EJĒFSFOU
FOWJSPO NFOU
UIBO
UIF
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
CVU
QFSIBQT
CZ
B
TJNJMBS
NBHOFUJD
QSPDFTT
ѮF
NBJO
EJG GFSFODFT
CFUXFFO
UIF
UXP
NBZ
KVTU
CF
B
NBUUFS
PG
QIZTJDBM
TJ[F
XJUI
UIF
DPNQBDU
ëBSFT
PDDVSSJOH
NPSF
PѫFO
UIBO
UIF
MBSHFS
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT ѮF
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
XJUI
JUT
BDDPNQBOZJOH
FSVQUJOH
QSPNJOFODF
SFQSFTFOUT
B
MBSHFTDBMF
SFBSSBOHFNFOU
PG
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
TUSVDUVSF
*U
CMPXT
PQFO
UIF
QSFWJPVTMZ
DMPTFE
NBHOFUJD
TUSVDUVSF
MJLF
B
IPUBJS
CBMMPPO
UIBU
CSFBLT
JUT
UFUIFS
'JH
 
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
DBHF
JT
UPSO
BTVOEFS
SFMFBTJOH
QFOUVQ
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
QFSIBQT
USJHHFSFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
BT
TPMBS
ëBSFT
TFFN
UP
CF
4PNFUJNFT
BO
BTTPDJBUFE
ëBSF
NJHIU
CF
GPSNFE
BT
UIF
SFTVMU
PG
UIF
FOFSHZ
SFMFBTFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
DPVQMJOH
PG
UIF
PQFO
êFME
MJOFT
BT
UIFZ
QJODI
CFMPX
UIF
SJTJOH
QSPNJOFODF
1PTUëBSF
MPPQT
DBO
CF
TVCTFRVFOUMZ
PCTFSWFE
TIJOJOH
GSPN
UIF
OFXMZ
DMPTFE
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
JO
UIF
ëBSFT
UIFSNBM
BѫFSHMPX
'JH 

'*(
 %JECTIONSFROMTHECORONA!DOUBLESETOFCORONALMASSEJECTIONSSEEMS TOBEHEADINGINOPPOSITEDIRECTIONSFROMTHE3UNON.OVEMBER4HEDARKAREA CORRESPONDSTOTHECORONAGRAPHSOCCULTINGDISKTHATBLOCKSTHEINTENSESUNLIGHTFROMTHE PHOTOSPHERE REVEALINGTHESURROUNDINGFAINTCORONA!NEXTREMEULTRAVIOLETIMAGEHASBEEN SUPERPOSEDATALOCATION CORRESPONDINGTOTHE VISIBLESOLARDISKIT WASTAKENONTHESAME DAYATAWAVELENGTH OFNANOMETERS EMITTEDBYSINGLYION IZEDHELIUM DENOTED (E)) ATATEMPERATURE OFABOUT KELVIN 4HECORONAGRAPHIMAGE WASTAKENWITHTHE ,ARGE!NGLE3PECTRO METRIC#/RONAGRAPH ABBREVIATED,!3#/ ON THE40MBS
BOE
)FMJP TQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ OR 40)0FORSHORT ANDTHE SUPERPOSEDIMAGEWAS TAKENWITHTHE%XTREME ULTRAVIOLET)MAGING 4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED%)4 ON40)0#OURTESYOFTHE40)0,!3#/AND%)4CONSORTIA AND.!3!40)0ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONALCOLLABORATIONBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!





ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO




'*(
 3TITCHINGUPTHEWOUND!NARCADEOFPOST mARELOOPSSHINESINTHE EXTREMEULTRAVIOLETRADIATIONOFEIGHTANDNINETIMEIONIZEDIRON &E)8AND&E8 ATATEMPERATUREOFABOUTMILLIONKELVIN4HISIMAGEWASTAKENON.OVEMBER  JUSTAFTERASOLARmAREOCCURREDINTHESAMEACTIVEREGIONATLEASTONECORONAL MASSEJECTIONALSOACCOMPANIEDTHEEVENTSEE&IG (IGH ENERGYPARTICLESFROM THEmAREENTEREDTHE%ARTHSRADIATIONBELTS ANDANASSOCIATEDCORONALMASSEJECTION PRODUCEDASTRONGGEOMAGNETICSTORM4HISIMAGEWASTAKENFROMTHE5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS ABBREVIATED53"$&#OURTESYOFTHE53"$&CONSORTIUMAND .!3!53"$&ISAMISSIONOFTHE3TANFORD ,OCKHEED)NSTITUTEFOR3PACE2ESEARCH A JOINTPROGRAMOFTHE,OCKHEED -ARTIN3OLARAND!STROPHYSICS,ABORATORY OR,-3!, FORSHORT AND3TANFORDS3OLAR/BSERVATORIES'ROUP


13&%*$5*/(
&91-04*0/4
0/
5)&
46/ 4PMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
FNJU
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
JOUFOTF
SBEJBUJPO
QPXFSGVM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BOE
TUSPOH
TIPDLT
UIBU
DBO
IBWF
FOPSNPVT
QSBDUJDBM
JNQMJ DBUJPOT
XIFO
EJSFDUFE
UPXBSE
UIF
&BSUI
ѮFZ
DBO
EJTSVQU
SBEJP
OBWJHBUJPO
BOE
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
TZTUFNT
QPTF
TJHOJêDBOU
IB[BSET
UP
BTUSPOBVUT
TBUFMMJUFT
BOE
TQBDF





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

TUBUJPOT
OFBS
&BSUI
BOE
JOUFSGFSF
XJUI
QPXFS
USBOTNJTTJPO
MJOFT
PO
UIF
HSPVOE
/BUJPOBM
TQBDF
FOWJSPONFOU
DFOUFST
BOE
EFGFOTF
BHFODJFT
UIFSFGPSF
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
NPOJUPS
UIF
4VO
GSPN
HSPVOE
BOE
TQBDF
UP
GPSFDBTU
FYQMPTJPOT
PO
UIF
4VO ѮF
VMUJNBUF
HPBM
JT
UP
MFBSO
FOPVHI
BCPVU
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
UP
QSFEJDU
XIFO
UIF
4VO
JT
BCPVU
UP
VOMFBTI
JUT
QFOUVQ
FOFSHZ
4VDI
TQBDFXFBUIFS
GPSFDBTUT
XJMM
QSPCBCMZ
JOWPMWF
NBHOFUJD
DIBOHFT
UIBU
QSFDFEF
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
FTQFDJBMMZ
JO
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
XIFSF
UIF
FOFSHZ
JT
SFMFBTFE
PS
BU
MPXFS
MFWFMT
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
XIFSF
XF
DBO
XBUDI
JOUFSOBM
NPUJPOT
QVMMJOH
BOE
UXJTUJOH
UIF
NBHOFUJTN
BSPVOE *U
IBT
CFFO
TVQQPTFE
UIBU
UIF
FOFSHZ
SFRVJSFE
GPS
FSVQUJPOT
JT
TUPSFE
JO
TUSFTTFE
NBHOFUJD
TUSVDUVSFT
BOE
UIBU
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
SFBSSBOHF
UIFNTFMWFT
JOUP
B
TJN QMFS
DPOêHVSBUJPO
BѫFS
UIF
FWFOU
4PMBS
ëBSFT
EP
JO
GBDU
PDDVS
JO
SFHJPOT
PG
TUSPOH
NBHOFUJD
TIFBS
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
UIF
MPX
TPMBS
DPSPOB
JT
JO
B
DPOTUBOU
TUBUF
PG
BHJUBUJPO
BOE
NFUBNPSQIPTJT
$PSPOBM
MPPQT
BSF
NBHOFUJDBMMZ
SFDPOêHVSFE
BT
UIFZ
UXJTU
BOE
XSJUIF
JO
SFTQPOTF
UP
JOUFSOBM
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
BOE
DPOWFDUJPO
NPUJPOT
BOE
JU
JT
MJLFMZ
UIBU
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
KPJO
BOE
SFDPOOFDU
UP
USJHHFS
TPMBS
ëBSFT 4DJFOUJTUT
NBZ
IBWF
EJTDPWFSFE
POF
NFUIPE
GPS
QSFEJDUJOH
UIF
TVEEFO
BOE
VOFY QFDUFE
PVUCVSTUT
8IFO
UIF
CSJHIU
9SBZ
FNJUUJOH
DPSPOBM
MPPQT
BSF
EJTUPSUFE
JOUP
B
MBSHF
UXJTUFE
TJHNPJE
4
PS
JOWFSUFE
4
DPOêHVSBUJPO
B
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
GSPN
UIBU
SFHJPO
CFDPNFT
NPSF
MJLFMZ
'JH
 
*O
TPNF
JOTUBODFT
B
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFD UJPO
PDDVST
KVTU
B
GFX
IPVST
BѫFS
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
IBWF
TOBLFE
JOUP
B
TJOVPVT
4TIBQFE
GFBUVSF
UIF
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
BSSJWFT
BU
UIF
&BSUI
UISFF
PS
GPVS
EBZT
MBUFS
*O
UIF
NFBOUJNF
KVTU
BѫFS
UIF
NBTT
IBE
CFFO
FYQFMMFE
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UIF
9SBZ
FNJUUJOH
SFHJPO
ESBNBUJDBMMZ
DIBOHFT
TIBQF
FYIJCJUJOH
UIF
UFMMUBMF
DVTQMJLF
TJHOBUVSF
PG
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
BOE
BO
9SBZ
GBEJOH
PS
EJNNJOH
EVF
UP
UIF
NBTT
SFNPWBM
*O
PUIFS
XPSET
UIF
NBHOFUJTN
HFUT
TUJSSFE
VQ
JOUP
B
DPNQMFY
TUSFTTFE
BOE
UXJTUFE
TJUV BUJPO
CFGPSF
JU
FYQMPEFT
BOE
UIFO
SFMBYFT
UP
B
TJNQMFS
MFTTTUSFTTGVM
TJUVBUJPO )PXFWFS
TPNF
SFHJPOT
UIBU
FYIJCJU
NBHOFUJD
TIFBS
BOE
UXJTU
OFWFS
FSVQU
TP
DPO UPSUFE
NBHOFUJTN
NBZ
CF
B
OFDFTTBSZ
CVU
OPU
TVēDJFOU
DPOEJUJPO
GPS
TPMBS
ëBSFT
PS
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
"OE
UIF
4VOT
TVEEFO
BOE
VOFYQFDUFE
PVUCVSTUT
PѫFO
SFNBJO
BT
VOQSFEJDUBCMF
BT
NPTU
IVNBO
QBTTJPOT
ѮFZ
KVTU
LFFQ
PO
IBQQFOJOH
BOE
FWFO
TFFN
UP
CF
OFDFTTBSZ
UP
QVSHF
UIF
4VO
PG
QFOUVQ
GSVTUSBUJPO
BOE
UP
SFMJFWF
JU
PG
UXJTUFE
DPOUPSUFE
NBHOFUJTN 4JODF
UIJT
FSSBUJD
VOQSFEJDUBCMF
JNQVMTJWF
CFIBWJPS
PG
UIF
4VO
JT
PG
FOPSNPVT
QSBDUJDBM
JOUFSFTU
UP
VT
IVNBOT
PO
&BSUI
JU
JT
BMTP
DSJUJDBMMZ
JNQPSUBOU
UP
LOPX
JG
UIF
NBUFSJBM
TFOU
PVU
GSPN
UIF
TPMBS
PVUCVSTUT
JT
IFBEFE
UPXBSE
PVS
QMBOFU
$PSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
UIBU
BSF
FYQFMMFE
GSPN
OFBS
UIF
WJTJCMF
FEHF
PG
UIF
4VO
XJMM
OPU
JNQBDU
&BSUI
CVU
UISFBUFO
PUIFS
QBSUT
PG
TQBDF
.BTT
FKFDUJPOT
BSF
NPTU
MJLFMZ
UP
IJU
VT
JG
UIFZ
PSJHJOBUF
OFBS
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
TPMBS
EJTL
BT
WJFXFE
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
BSF
TFOU
EJSFDUMZ
UPXBSE
UIF
QMBOFU
ѮF
PVUXBSE
SVTI
PG
TVDI
B
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
BQQFBST
JO
DPSPOBHSBQI
JNBHFT
BT
B
SJOH
PS
IBMP
BSPVOE
UIF
PDDVMUJOH
EJTL
CVU
UIF
DPSPOBHSBQI
EBUB
BSF
VOBCMF
UP
EFUFSNJOF
JG
UIF
IBMPMJLF
FKFDUJPO
JT
USBWFMJOH
UPXBSE
PS
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
PCTFSWFS ѮF
&BSUIEJSFDUFE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
NBZ
OFWFSUIFMFTT
CF
QSFDFEFE
CZ
DPSP OBM
BDUJWJUZ
BU
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT
OFBS
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
TPMBS
EJTL
BT
WJFXFE
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
ѮF
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
JT
JUTFMG
TPNFUJNFT
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI






ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO




'*(
 3IGMOIDAND#USP4HEFULL DISK8 RAYIMAGEUPQ SHOWSTHE3UNWITHA TWISTED SIGMOIDPRESENTON!PRIL)TPRODUCEDAHALO#ORONAL-ASS%JECTION ABBREVIATED#-% ONTHEFOLLOWINGDAY4HEINSETCPUUPN
MFѫ SHOWSTHESOFT8 RAY SIGMOIDBEFOREERUPTIONOFTHE#-%4HEOTHERINSETCPUUPN
SJHIU SHOWSTHESOFT 8 RAYCUSPANDARCADEFORMEDJUSTAFTERTHE#-%TOOKPLACE4HESEIMAGESWERETAKEN WITHTHE3OFT8 RAY4ELESCOPE384 ON:PILPI#OURTESYOF2ICHARD##ANlELD !LPHONSE#3TERLING .!3! )3!3 ,-3!, THE.ATIONAL!STRONOMICAL/BSERVATORY OF*APANANDTHE5NIVERSITYOF4OKYO

EJNNJOH
9SBZT
PS
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
XJUI
BTTPDJBUFE
XBWFT
SVOOJOH
BDSPTT
UIF
WJTJCMF
EJTL
MJLF
UJEBM
XBWFT
PS
UTVOBNJ
HPJOH
BDSPTT
UIF
PDFBO
.PSFPWFS
/"4"T
4PMBS5&SSFTUSJBM
3&MBUJPOT
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
45&3&0
'JH



VTFT
UXP
TQBDFDSBѫ
UP
USBDL
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UP
&BSUI
'PDVT
  ѮF
IJHIFOFSHZ
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
BDDPNQBOZ
TPMBS
ëBSFT
GPMMPX
UIF
TQJSBM
QBUUFSO
PG
UIF
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TP
UIFZ
NVTU
CF
FNJUUFE
GSPN
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
OFBS
UIF
XFTU
MJNC
BOE
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
UP
CF
NBHOFUJDBMMZ
DPOOFDUFE
XJUI
UIF
&BSUI
4PMBS
ëBSFT
FNJUUFE
GSPN
PUIFS
QMBDFT
PO
UIF
4VO
BSF
OPU
MJLFMZ
UP
IJU
&BSUI
CVU
UIFZ
DPVME
CF
IFBEFE
UPXBSE
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDFDSBѫ
UIF
.PPO
.BST
PS
PUIFS
QMBOFUT




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 34%2%/!NARTISTSCONCEPTIONOFTHE4PMBS5&SSFTUSJBM
3&MBUJPOT
0CTFSWBUPSZ ABBREVIATED45&3&0 INWHICHTWOSPACECRAFT WILLPROVIDETHEIMAGESFORASTEREORECONSTRUCTIONOF#ORONAL-ASS %JECTIONS OR#-%SFORSHORT/NESPACECRAFTWILLLEAD%ARTHINITSORBIT ANDONEWILLBELAGGING7HENSIMULTANEOUSTELESCOPICIMAGESFROM THETWOSPACECRAFTARECOMBINEDWITHDATATAKENFROMOBSERVATIONSON THEGROUNDORINLOW%ARTHORBIT THEBUILDUPOFMAGNETICENERGY THE LIFTOFF ANDTHETRAJECTORYOF#-%SCANBETRACEDINTHREEDIMENSIONS #OURTESYOF*OHNS(OPKINS !PPLIED0HYSICS,ABORATORY '0$64
 45&3&0

/"4"T
4PMBS5&SSFTUSJBM
3&MBUJPOT
0CTFSWB UPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
45&3&0
NJTTJPO
TDIFEVMFE
GPS
MBVODI
JO

XJMM
TFOE
UXP
JEFOUJDBM
TBU FMMJUFT
JOUP
TPMBS
PSCJU
POF
BIFBE
PG
UIF
&BSUI
JO
JUT
PSCJU
BOE
POF
CFIJOE
ѮFJS
DPSPOBHSBQIT
BOE
PUIFS
JOTUSVNFOUT
XJMM
HJWF
BTUSPOPNFST
UIF
êSTU
UISFFEJNFOTJPOBM
WJFX
PG
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
1SFWJPVT
PCTFSWBUJPOT
GSPN
B


DPSPOBHSBQI
BCPBSE
B
TJOHMF
TQBDFDSBѫ
QSP WJEFE
BO
FEHF
PO
UXPEJNFOTJPOBM
WJFX ѮF
JOTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
UIF
45&3&0
NJT TJPO
XJMM
BEWBODF
PVS
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
UIF
PSJHJO
PG
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
UIFJS
FWPMV UJPO
JO
UIF
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NFEJVN
BOE
UIFJS
DPVQMJOH
XJUI
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
ѮF
NJTTJPO
XJMM
BMTP
JOWFTUJHBUF
IPX
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
QSPEVDF
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
JO
TQBDF
BOE
NBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
PO
&BSUI





ѮF
7JPMFOU
4VO




4DJFOUJTUT
BSF
BMTP
OPX
VTJOH
TPVOE
XBWFT
UP
TFF
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIF
4VO
UP
JUT
IJEEFO
OPSNBMMZ
JOWJTJCMF
CBDLTJEF
EFTDSJCJOH
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
PO
UIF
GBS
TJEF
PG
UIF
4VO
NBOZ
EBZT
CFGPSF
UIFZ
SPUBUF
POUP
UIF
TJEF
GBDJOH
&BSUI
ѮF
OFX
UFDIOJRVF
VTFT
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
UIF
4VOT
PTDJMMBUJPOT
UP
DSFBUF
B
TPSU
PG
NBUIFNBU JDBM
MFOT
UIBU
GPDVTFT
UP
EJĒFSFOU
EFQUIT
BOE
JU
JT
DBMMFE
IFMJPTFJTNJD
IPMPHSBQIZ
CFDBVTF
PG
JUT
TJNJMBSJUZ
UP
MBTFS
IPMPHSB QIZ
"
XJEF
SJOH
PG
TPVOE
XBWFT
JT
FYBN JOFE
XIJDI
FNBOBUFT
GSPN
B
SFHJPO
PO
UIF
TJEF
PG
UIF
4VO
GBDJOH
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
UIF
GBS
TJEF
BOE
SFBDIFT
UIF
OFBS
'*(
 ,OOKINGTHROUGHTHE3UN4HE ARCINGTRAJECTORIESOFSOUNDWAVESFROMTHEFAR TJEF
UIBU
GBDFT
UIF
&BSUI
'JH
  SIDEOFTHE3UNAREREmECTEDINTERNALLYONCE 8IFO
B
MBSHF
TPMBS
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
BEFOREREACHINGTHEFRONTSIDE WHERETHEYARE JT
QSFTFOU
PO
UIF
CBDLTJEF
PG
UIF
4VO
OBSERVEDWITHTHE-ICHELSON$OPPLER)MAGER JUT
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
DPNQSFTT
ABBREVIATED-$) ABOARDTHE40MBS
BOE
)FMJP TQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ OR40)0FORSHORT3OUND UIF
HBTFT
UIFSF
NBLJOH
UIFN
TMJHIUMZ
MPXFS
BOE
EFOTFS
UIBO
UIF
TVSSPVOE WAVESRETURNINGFROMASOLARACTIVEREGIONON JOH
NBUFSJBM
4P
TPVOE
XBWFT
FNFSH THEHIDDENBACKSIDEOFTHE3UNHAVEAROUND TRIPTRAVELTIMEABOUTTWELVESECONDSSHORTER JOH
GSPN
BO
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
PO
UIF
GBS
THANTHEAVERAGEOFSIXHOURS4HISTIMINGDIF TJEF
TVĒFS
B
QIBTF
TIJѫ
FYQSFTTFE
FERENCEPERMITSSCIENTISTSTODETECTPOTENTIALLY BT
B
DIBOHF
JO
USBWFM
UJNF
"
TPVOE
THREATENINGACTIVEREGIONSONTHEFARSIDEOF XBWF
UIBU
XPVME
PSEJOBSJMZ
UBLF
BCPVU

THE3UNBEFORETHE3UNSROTATIONBRINGSTHEM 
IPVST
UP
USBWFM
GSPN
UIF
OFBS
TJEF
UP
AROUNDTOTHEFRONTSIDETHATFACESTHE%ARTH #OURTESYOFTHE40)0-$)3/)CONSORTIUM UIF
GBS
TJEF
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
CBDL
BHBJO
40)0ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONALCOOPERATION UBLFT
BQQSPYJNBUFMZ

TFDPOET
MFTT
BETWEEN%3!AND.!3! XIFO
JU
CPVODFT
PĒ
UIF
DPNQSFTTFE
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
PO
UIF
GBS
TJEF
8IFO
OFBS TJEF
QIPUPTQIFSF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BSF
FYBNJOFE
UIFZ
DBO
EFUFDU
UIF
RVJDL
SFUVSO
PG
UIFTF
TPVOE
XBWFT ѮJT
SFNBSLBCMF
SFTVMU
êSTU
BOOPVODFE
CZ
"NFSJDBO
TPMBS
BTUSPOPNFST
%PVHMBT
#SBVO
¢

BOE
$IBSMFT
-JOETFZ
¢

JO

CFDBNF
SPVUJOF
XJUIJO
B
GFX
ZFBST
XJUI
EBJMZ
GBS
TJEF
JNBHFT
PCUBJOFE
GSPN
JOTUSVNFOUT
PO
40)0
BOE
TIPXO
PO
UIF
XFC
4PMBS
BTUSPOPNFST
BSF
VTJOH
UIJT
UFDIOJRVF
UP
NPOJUPS
UIF
TUSVDUVSF
BOE
FWPMVUJPO
PG
MBSHF
SFHJPOT
PG
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
BT
UIFZ
DSPTT
UIF
GBS
TJEF
PG
UIF
4VO
UIFSFCZ
SFWFBMJOH
UIF
SFHJPOT
UIBU
BSF
HSPXJOH
JO
NBHOFUJD
DPNQMFYJUZ
PS
TUSFOHUI
BOE
TFFN
QSJNFE
GPS
FYQMP TJPO
4JODF
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
SPUBUFT
XJUI
B
QFSJPE
PG

EBZT
XIFO
WJFXFE
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
UIJT
DBO
HJWF
BU
MFBTU
TFWFO
EBZT
FYUSB
XBSOJOH
PG
QPTTJCMF
CBE
XFBUIFS
JO
TQBDF
CFGPSF
UIF
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
TXJOHT
JOUP
WJFX
BOE
QVNNFMT
UIF
&BSUI

$IBQUFS
&JHIU

&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF

80."/
*/
'30/5
0'
5)&
46/)NTHISPAINTING EXECUTEDBYTHE3PANISHARTIST*OAN -IRØ¥ ATALL ERECTWOMANISTRYINGTOTOUCHTHEBRIGHTRED3UN WHILEHOLD INGAREDBALLORSTARINANOTHERHAND4HELUMINOUS3UNSENDSOUTRAYSOFHOPEINTHESUR ROUNDINGDARKNESS LINKINGOURLIFE SUSTAININGSTARTOTHE%ARTH-ANYOF-IRØSPAINTINGS REPRESENTTERRESTRIALFORMSSETAGAINSTTHEPOWERFULREDDISKOFTHE3UN ASWELLASAGAINST THESTARSOFTHENIGHTSKY0RIVATECOLLECTION 










5)&
*/(3&%*&/54
0'
41"$& 4FWFSBM
EFDBEFT
BHP
CFGPSF
UIF
4QBDF
"HF
XF
UIPVHIU
UIBU
BO
JNBHJOBSZ
CPVOEBSZ
TFQBSBUFT
UIF
&BSUIT
UIJO
MJGFTVTUBJOJOH
BUNPTQIFSF
GSPN
BO
FNQUZ
XBTUFMBOE
DBMMFE
PVUFS
TQBDF
#BDL
UIFO
XF
WJTVBMJ[FE
PVS
QMBOFU
USBWFMJOH
JO
B
DPME
EBSL
WBDVVN
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
XBSNFE
UP
MJGF
CZ
JUT
SBEJBUJPO
#VU
XF
OPX
LOPX
UIBU
UIF
TQBDF
PVUTJEF
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
OPU
FNQUZ
ѮF
&BSUI
JT
JNNFSTFE
JO
B
WBTU
BOE
TIJѫJOH
XFC
PG
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIBU
DPNF
GSPN
UIF
4VO 4P
MJHIU
BOE
IFBU
BSF
OPU
UIF
4VOT
POMZ
DPOUSJCVUJPO
UP
PVS
FOWJSPONFOU
ѮF
TQBDF
CFUXFFO
UIF
QMBOFUT
PODF
UIPVHIU
UP
CF
BO
VUUFS
WPJE
DPOUBJOT
BO
FMFDUSJêFE
'0$64
 $PTNJD
3BZT

$PTNJD
SBZT
BSF
FYUSBPSEJOBSJMZ
FOFSHFUJD
FMF NFOUBSZ
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
BUPNJD
OVDMFJ
UIBU
SBJO
EPXO
PO
UIF
&BSUI
GSPN
BMM
EJSFDUJPOT
USBW FMJOH
BU
OFBSMZ
UIF
TQFFE
PG
MJHIU
ѮFZ
GPSN
B
UIJSE
JOHSFEJFOU
PG
TQBDF
XJUIJO
PVS
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
JO
BEEJUJPO
UP
UIF
FMFDUSJêFE
QMBTNB
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIBU
FNBOBUF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
$PTNJD
iSBZTu
XFSF
EJTDPWFSFE
JO

XIFO
UIF
"VTUSJBO
QIZTJDJTU
7JDUPS
)FTT
¢
UPPL
B
(FJHFS
DPVOUFS
VTFE
UP
TUVEZ
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
FNJUUFE
CZ
SBEJPBD UJWF
BUPNT
MJLF
VSBOJVN
PO
CBMMPPO
ëJHIUT
ѮF
NFBTVSFE
SBEJPBDUJWJUZ
BU
êSTU
EFDSFBTFE
XJUI
BMUJUVEF
BT
XPVME
CF
FYQFDUFE
GSPN
BUNPTQIFSJD
BCTPSQUJPO
PG
QBSUJDMFT
FNJUUFE
CZ
SBEJPBDUJWF
SPDLT
CVU
UIF
(FJHFS
DPVOUFST
TJHOBM
VOFYQFDUFEMZ
JODSFBTFE
BU
FWFO
IJHIFS
EJTUBODFT
BCPWF
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
ѮJT
NFBOU
UIBU
UIF
TJHOBMT
XFSF
PG
FYUSBUFSSFTUSJBM
PSJHJO
#Z
ëZJOH
IJT
CBMMPPO
BU
OJHIU
BOE
EVS JOH
B
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
XIFO
UIF
IJHIBMUJUVEF
TJH OBMT
QFSTJTUFE
)FTT
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIFZ
DPVME
OPU
DPNF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
CVU
GSPN
TPNF
PUIFS
VOLOPXO
DPTNJD
TPVSDF ѮF
OFX
FYUSBUFSSFTUSJBM
TJHOBMT
UIBU
)FTT
EJTDPWFSFE
BSF
OPX
DBMMFE
DPTNJD
SBZT
EJT UJOHVJTIJOH
UIFN
GSPN
UIF
BMQIB
BOE
CFUB
SBZT
FNJUUFE
EVSJOH
SBEJPBDUJWF
EFDBZ
PO
UIF
&BSUI
UIF
BMQIB
BOE
CFUB
SBZT
BSF
OPX
SFTQFDUJWFMZ
LOPXO
UP
CF
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
BOE
FMFDUSPOT
ѮF
DPTNJD
SBZT
DPOTJTU
NBJOMZ
PG
UIF
OVDMFJ
PG
IZESPHFO
BUPNT
PS
QSPUPOT
BT
XFMM
BT
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
UIF
OVDMFJ
PG
IFBWJFS


BUPNT
ѮFZ
QSPWJEF
SBSF
TBNQMFT
PG
NBUUFS
GSPN
PVUTJEF
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
BOE
BMUIPVHI
GFX
JO
OVNCFS
DBSSZ
XJUI
UIFN
UIF
TUPSZ
PG
UIF
NPSF
FOFSHFUJD
QSPDFTTFT
JO
PVS
(BMBYZ 6OMJLF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
UIF
DIBSHFE
DPTNJDSBZ
QBSUJDMFT
BSF
EFëFDUFE
BOE
DIBOHF
EJSFDUJPO
EVSJOH
OVNFSPVT
FODPVO UFST
XJUI
UIF
JOUFSTUFMMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
UIBU
XFOET
JUT
XBZ
CFUXFFO
UIF
TUBST
#Z
UIF
UJNF
UIFZ
SFBDI
UIF
&BSUI
DPTNJD
SBZT
IBWF
UIFSF GPSF
MPTU
UIFJS
PSJFOUBUJPO
4P
XF
DBOOPU
MPPL
CBDL
BMPOH
UIFJS
JODPNJOH
QBUI
BOE
UFMM
XIFSF
DPTNJD
SBZT
PSJHJOBUFE
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
BSSJWBM
KVTU
TIPXT
XIFSF
UIFZ
MBTU
DIBOHFE
DPVSTF
8F
DBO
POMZ
TQFDVMBUF
UIBU
DPTNJD
SBZT
XFSF
BDDFMFSBUFE
UP
UIFJS
USFNFOEPVT
FOFSHJFT
CZ
TIPDLT
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
UIF
FYQMPTJPOT
PG
EJT UBOU
EZJOH
TUBST
DBMMFE
TVQFSOPWBF $PTNJD
SBZT
BSF
BMTP
EFëFDUFE
CZ
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJTN
UIBU
JT
DBSSJFE
JOUP
JOUFSQMBO FUBSZ
TQBDF
CZ
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
"T
êSTU
TIPXO
CZ
UIF
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJDJTU
4DPUU
'PSCVTI
¢
JO

UIF
OVNCFS
PG
DPTNJD
SBZT
BSSJWJOH
BU
&BSUI
UIFSFGPSF
WBSJFT
XJUI
UIF
ZFBS
DZDMF
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
CVU
JO
UIF
PQQPTJUF
EJSFDUJPO
UP
UIBU
FYQFDUFE
JG
DPTNJD
SBZT
DBNF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
"U
UJNFT
PG
NBYJ NVN
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
NPSF
DIBSHFE
DPTNJDSBZ
QBSUJDMFT
BSF
EFëFDUFE
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
CZ
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
UIBU
TUSFUDIFT
PVU
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
-FTT
FYUFOTJWF
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NBHOFUJTN
EVSJOH
B
NJOJ NVN
JO
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
MPXFST
UIF
CBSSJFS
UP
DPTNJD
QBSUJDMFT
JOCPVOE
GSPN
UIF
EFQUIT
PG
TQBDF
BOE
BMMPXT
NPSF
DPTNJD
SBZT
UP
BSSJWF
BU
UIF
&BSUI




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

HBT
PS
QMBTNB
NBEF
VQ
PG
NPSF
PS
MFTT
FRVBM
OVNCFST
PG
QPTJUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
IZESPHFO
OVDMFJ
PS
QSPUPOT
BOE
OFHBUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
GSFF
FMFDUSPOT
ѮFZ
BSF
BMXBZT
ëPXJOH
QBTU
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
PUIFS
QMBOFUT
JO
B
SBSFêFE
TPMBS
XJOE
XIJDI
XF
DBOOPU
TFF
CMPXJOH
UIF
4VO
BXBZ
BOE
DBSSZJOH
JUT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
XJUI
UIFN
ѮVT
POF
JOHSFEJFOU
PG
TQBDF
JT
QMBTNB
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BSF
BOPUIFS *OUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
BMTP
DPOUBJOT
B
TNBMM
OVNCFS
PG
WFSZ
FOFSHFUJD
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
PG
CPUI
DPTNJD
BOE
TPMBS
PSJHJO
&OFSHJ[FE
QBSUJDMFT
DBMMFE
DPTNJD
SBZT
USBWFM
CFUXFFO
UIF
TUBST
CSJOHJOH
USBDFT
PG
FYQMPTJWF
TUFMMBS
EFBUI
'PDVT
 
1PXFSGVM
TPMBS
FSVQUJPOT
BMTP
IVSM
WFSZ
FOFSHFUJD
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
JOUP
TQBDF
8F
PO
UIF
TVSGBDF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
BSF
QSP UFDUFE
BOE
TIJFMEFE
GSPN
UIFTF
JOWJTJCMF
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
CZ
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
UIF
&BSUIT
PXO
NBHOFUJD
êFME
BOE
BSF
UIFSFGPSF
OPSNBMMZ
VOBXBSF
PG
UIFN 
&"35)4
."(/&5*$
$0$00/ 8JMMJBN
(JMCFSU
¢


QIZTJDJBO
UP
2VFFO
&MJ[BCFUI
*
¢
PG
&OHMBOE
VTFE
B
TQIFSJDBM
NBHOFU
DBMMFE
B
UFSSFMMB
PS
iMJUUMF
&BSUIu
UP
TIPX
XIZ
DPNQBTT
OFF EMFT
QPJOU
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
8IFOFWFS
B
DPNQBTT
XBT
QMBDFE
PO
UIF
TQIFSF
UIF
OFFEMF
QPJOUFE
UP
JUT
OPSUI
PS
TPVUI
NBHOFUJD
QPMFT
"T
TVHHFTUFE
CZ
(JMCFSU
JO

JO
IJT
USFBUJTF
%F
NBHOFUF
NBHOVT
NBHOFT
JQTF
FTU
HMPCVT
UFSSFTUSJT
USBOTMBUFE
i"CPVU
NBH OFUJTN
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
HMPCF
JT
JUTFMG
B
HSFBU
NBHOFUu
UIF
&BSUI
IBT
B
IVHF
EJQPMBS
NBH OFUJD
êFME
XJUI
UXP
QPMFT
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI *UT
BT
JG
UIFSF
XFSF
B
CBS
NBHOFU
BU
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
QMBOFU
&BSUI
XJUI
MJOFT
PG
NBH OFUJD
GPSDF
FNFSHJOH
GSPN
UIF
TPVUI
QPMF
MPPQJOH
PVU
UISPVHI
UIF
TQBDF
OFBS
&BSUI
BOE
SFFOUFSJOH
BU
UIF
OPSUI
QPMF
'JH
 
ѮJT
EJQPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
HFOFSBUFE
BT
JO
B
EZOBNP
CZ
FMFDUSJD
DVSSFOUT
EFFQ
XJUIJO
UIF
&BSUIT
DPSF 4JODF
UIF
HFPHSBQIJD
QPMFT
BSF
MPDBUFE
OFBS
UIF
NBHOFUJD
POFT
B
DPNQBTT
OFFEMF
BU
UIF
FRVBUPS
QPJOUT
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
XJUIJO
BCPVU

EFHSFFT
"U
FBDI
NBHOFUJD
QPMF
UIF
DPNQBTT
OFFEMF
XPVME
TUBOE
VQSJHIU
QPJOUJOH
JOUP
PS
PVU
PG
UIF
HSPVOE
"OE
JO
CFUXFFO
BU
JOUFSNFEJBUF
MBUJUVEFT
JU
XPVME
QPJOU
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
XJUI
B
EPXOXBSE
EJQ
BU
POF
FOE
CVU
OPU
WFSUJDBMMZ
BT
BU
B
QPMF *OWJTJCMF
QPXFST
DPMMJEF
TPNFUJNFT
WJPMFOUMZ
JO
UIF
WBTU
SFBDIFT
PG
TQBDF
CFUXFFO
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
UIF
4VO
ѮFSF
UIF
IPU
IJHITQFFE
NBHOFUJ[FE
TPMBS
XJOE
XIJDI
DPO UJOVPVTMZ
CMPXT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BOE
SVTIFT
UPXBSE
UIF
&BSUI
NFFUT
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
ѮJT
UVSCVMFOU
FODPVOUFS
PDDVST
GBJSMZ
DMPTF
UP
IPNF
VTVBMMZ
BU
B
EJTUBODF
PG
BCPVU
UFO
UJNFT
UIF
&BSUIT
SBEJVT 4QBDFDSBѫ
IBWF
TIPXO
UIBU
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
EFëFDUT
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
IPMMPXT
PVU
B
DBWJUZ
JO
JU
GPSNJOH
B
QSPUFDUJWF
iDPDPPOu
BSPVOE
UIF
QMBOFU
ѮJT
NBHOFUJD
DPDPPO
DBMMFE
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
TIJFMET
UIF
&BSUI
GSPN
UIF
GVMM
GPSDF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BOE
QSPUFDUT
PVS
QMBOFU
GSPN
QPTTJCMZ
MFUIBM
FOFSHFUJD
TPMBS
QBSUJDMFT
&WFO
UIPVHI
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJTN
JT
TFWFSBM
UJNFT
XFBLFS
UIBO
B
UPZ
NBHOFU
JU
JT
TUJMM
TUSPOH
FOPVHI
UP
CMPDL
BOE
EJWFSU
UIF
ëPX
PG
UIF
UFOVPVT
TPMBS
XJOE
MJLF
B
SPDL
JO
B
GBTU
ëPXJOH
TUSFBN
PG
XBUFS
PS
B
CVJMEJOH
JO
B
TUSPOH
XJOE
PO
&BSUI ѮF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
PS
PG
BOZ
PUIFS
QMBOFU
JT
UIBU
SFHJPO
TVSSPVOE JOH
UIF
QMBOFU
JO
XIJDI
JUT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
IBT
B
DPOUSPMMJOH
JOëVFODF
PO
PS
EPNJOBUFT






&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF




'*(
 %ARTHSMAGNETICDIPOLE4HE%ARTHSDIPOLARTWOPOLES MAGNETIClELDLOOKSLIKE THATWHICHWOULDBEPRODUCEDBYABARMAGNETATTHECENTEROFTHE%ARTH WITHTHE.ORTH-AG NETIC0OLECORRESPONDINGTOTHE3OUTH'EO GRAPHIC0OLEANDWJDF
WFSTB)TORIGINATES INSWIRLINGCURRENTSOFMOLTENIRONDEEPIN THE%ARTHSCORE ANDEXTENDSMORETHAN %ARTHRADII OR KILOMETERSOUTINTO SPACE-AGNETIClELDLINESLOOPOUTOFTHE 3OUTH'EOGRAPHIC0OLEANDINTOTHE.ORTH 'EOGRAPHIC0OLE!COMPASSNEEDLEWILL ALWAYSPOINTALONGAlELDLINE4HELINES ARECLOSETOGETHERNEARTHEMAGNETICPOLES WHERETHEMAGNETICFORCEISSTRONG AND SPREADOUTABOVETHEEQUATORWHERETHEY AREWEAKER4HEMAGNETICAXISISTILTEDAT ANANGLEOFDEGREESWITHRESPECTTOTHE %ARTHSROTATIONALAXIS.OTICETHATTHEPOLES OFTHEMAGNETAREINVERTEDWITHRESPECTTO THEGEOGRAPHICPOLES FOLLOWINGTHECUSTOM OFDElNINGPOSITIVE NORTHMAGNETICPOLARITY ASTHEONEINWHICHMAGNETIClELDSPOINT OUT ANDNEGATIVE SOUTHMAGNETICPOLARITY ASTHEPLACEWHEREMAGNETIClELDSPOINTIN4HISDIPOLARCONlGURATIONAPPLIESNEARTHESURFACE OFTHE%ARTH BUTFURTHEROUTTHEMAGNETIClELDISDISTORTEDBYTHESOLARWINDSEE&IG 

UIF
NPUJPOT
PG
FOFSHFUJD
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
TVDI
BT
FMFDUSPOT
QSPUPOT
PS
PUIFS
JPOT
ѮF
CBTJD
JEFB
XBT
QVU
GPSUI
BCPVU
B
DFOUVSZ
BHP
CZ
UIF
/PSXFHJBO
TDJFOUJTU
,SJTUJBO
#JSLFMBOE
¢


XIP
XSPUF
JO

UIBU
UIF &BSUIT
NBHOFUJTN
XJMM
DBVTF
UIFSF
UP
CF
B
DBWJUZ
BSPVOE
UIF
&BSUI
JO
XIJDI
UIF

DPSQVTDMFT
BSF
TP
UP
TQFBL
TXFQU
BXBZ

#JSLFMBOE
QSPQPTFE
UIBU
FMFDUSPOT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BSF
EJSFDUFE
CZ
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJTN
UP
UIF
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
XIFSF
UIFZ
QSPEVDF
BVSPSBT
EFNPOTUSBUJOH
IJT
JEFB
JO
FYQFSJNFOUT
XJUI
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
NBHOFUJD
TQIFSFT
ѮF
"VTUSJBOCPSO
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPQIZTJDJTU
ѮPNBT
(PME
¢
DPJOFE
UIF
UFSN
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
JO

NPSF
UIBO
IBMG
B
DFOUVSZ
BѫFS
#JSLFMBOET
QSPQIFUJD
SFNBSLT 4QBDF
QSPCFT
IBWF
OPX
FODPVOUFSFE
FWFSZ
NBKPS
QMBOFU
TIPXJOH
UIBU
TJY
PG
UIFN
BSF
XSBQQFE
JO
UIFJS
PXO
NBHOFUJD
TIFBUIJOH
.FSDVSZ
&BSUI
+VQJUFS
4BUVSO
6SBOVT
BOE
/FQUVOF
IBWF
EJQPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
PG
TVēDJFOU
TUSFOHUI
UP
EFëFDU
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BOE
GPSN
B
UFBSTIBQFE
DBWJUZ
DBMMFE
B
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
UIPVHI
UIF
NBHOFUJD
BYFT
PO
6SBOVT
BOE
/FQUVOF
BSF
UJMUFE
CZ
MBSHF
BNPVOUT
GSPN
UIFJS
SPUBUJPO
BYFT
ѮFSF
JT
OP
EFUFDUBCMF
NBHOFUJTN
PO
7FOVT
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
PO
.BST
BSF
OPX
EFUFDUFE
POMZ
JO
TVSGBDF
TUSJQFT
PG
BMUFSOBUF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
UIFZ
BSF
NPTU
MJLFMZ
UIF
MFѫPWFS
GPTTJM
SFNOBOUT
PG
B
GPSNFS
HMPCBM
EJQPMBS
êFME /FBS
UIF
&BSUI
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
SFUBJOT
JUT
EJQPMBS
DPOêHVSBUJPO
CVMHJOH
PVUXBSE
JOUP
TQBDF
OFBS
UIF
FRVBUPS
BOE
DPOWFSHJOH
JOXBSE
BU
JUT
UXP
QPMFT
MJLF
UIF
QBUUFSO
PG
JSPO
êMJOHT
TDBUUFSFE
OFBS
BO
PSEJOBSZ
CBS
NBHOFU
#VU
UFSSFTUSJBM
NBHOFUJTN
XFBLFOT





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

BT
JU
FYUFOET
UP
HSFBUFS
EJTUBODFT
FWFOUVBMMZ
CFDPNJOH
EJTUPSUFE
CZ
UIF
4VOT
XJOE
'BS
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
UIF
UFSN
TQIFSF
JO
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
MPTFT
JUT
TUSJDU
HFPNFUSJDBM
NFBOJOH
BOE
JOTUFBE
JNQMJFT
B
NPSF
HFOFSBM
TQIFSF
PG
JOëVFODF
0VU
UIFSF
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
UBLFT
PWFS
BOE
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
NPMET
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
JOUP
B
DIBOHJOH
BTZNNFUSJD
TIBQF
'JH
  3BSFêFE
BT
JU
JT
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
TUJMM
QPTTFTTFT
UIF
QPXFS
UP
CFOE
BOE
NPWF
UIJOHT
JO
JUT
QBUI
*U
DPNQSFTTFT
BOE
ëBUUFOT
UIF
PVUFS
CPVOEBSZ
PG
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
JOUP
B
CMVOUOPTFE
TIBQF
PO
UIF
EBZTJEF
GBDJOH
UIF
4VO
PO
UIF
OJHIU
TJEF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
TUSFUDIFE
PVU
BOE
UVSOFE
JOXBSE
VQPO
JUTFMG
CZ
UIF
SFMFOUMFTT
TPMBS
XJOE
GPSNJOH
BO
JOWJTJCMF
NBHOFUPUBJM
UIBU
BMXBZT
QPJOUT
EPXOXJOE
MJLF
B
XFBUIFS
WBOF
ѮF
NBHOFUPUBJM
DPOUBJOT
PQQPTJUFMZ
EJSFDUFE
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
EFSJWFE
GSPN
UIF
UXP
IFNJTQIFSFT
PG
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
ѮF
NBH OFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
FNFSHJOH
GSPN
UIF
TPVUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSF
BSF
EJSFDUFE
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UIPTF
PSJHJOBUJOH
JO
UIF
OPSUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSF
BSF
EJSFDUFE
TVOXBSE "
TIPDL
XBWF
GPSNT
JO
GSPOU
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
PO
UIF
EBZTJEF
GBDJOH
UIF
4VO
JU
JT
DBMMFE
B
CPX
TIPDL
CFDBVTF
JU
JT
TIBQFE
MJLF
UIF
XBWFT
UIBU
QJMF
VQ
BIFBE
PG


'*(

-AGNETOSPHERE4HE%ARTHSMAGNETIClELDCARVESOUTAHOLLOWINTHESOLAR WIND CREATINGAPROTECTIVECAVITY CALLEDTHEMAGNETOSPHERE!BOWSHOCKFORMSATABOUT TEN%ARTHRADIIONTHESUNLITSIDEOFOURPLANET4HELOCATIONOFTHEBOWSHOCKISHIGHLY VARIABLESINCEITISPUSHEDINANDOUTBYTHEGUSTYSOLARWIND4HEMAGNETOPAUSEMARKS THEOUTERBOUNDARYOFTHEMAGNETOSPHERE ATTHEPLACEWHERETHESOLARWINDTAKESCONTROL OFTHEMOTIONSOFCHARGEDPARTICLES4HESOLARWINDISDEmECTEDAROUNDTHE%ARTH PULLING THETERRESTRIALMAGNETIClELDINTOALONGMAGNETOTAILONTHENIGHTSIDE0LASMAINTHESOLAR WINDISDEmECTEDATTHEBOWSHOCKMFѫ mOWSALONGTHEMAGNETOPAUSEINTOTHEMAGNETIC TAILSJHIU ANDISTHENINJECTEDBACKTOWARDTHE%ARTHWITHINTHEPLASMASHEETDFOUFS  4HE%ARTH ITSAURORAS ATMOSPHEREANDIONOSPHERE ANDTHETWO6AN!LLENRADIATIONBELTS ALLLIEWITHINTHISMAGNETICCOCOON





&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF




'*(
 "OWWAVEOFAmYINGSPHERE !SMALLSPHERE INFREEmIGHTTHROUGHTHE AIR FORMSABOWWAVETHATISSIMILARTOTHE BOWSHOCKFORMEDBYTHEINTERACTIONOFTHE SOLARWINDWITHTHE%ARTHSMAGNETIClELD 4HEmYINGSPHEREALSOHASATURBULENTWAKE THATMAYRESEMBLETHE%ARTHSMAGNETOTAIL #OURTESYOF!LEXANDER##HARTERS -ARINE 3CIENCE)NSTITUTE 5NIVERSITYOF#ALIFORNIA 3ANTA"ARBARA-ADEAT53!RMY"ALLIS TICS2ESEARCH,ABORATORY !BERDEEN0ROVING 'ROUND -ARYLAND

UIF
CPX
PG
B
NPWJOH
TIJQ
'JH
 
"U
UIF
CPX
TIPDL
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BCSVQUMZ
EFDFMFS BUFT
UP
TVCTPOJD
TQFFE
BOE
IFBUT
VQ
MJLF
UIF
XIFFMT
PG
B
DBS
TMBNNJOH
PO
JUT
CSBLFT
PS
BO
PDFBO
XBWF
DSBTIJOH
JOUP
GPBN
BU
UIF
TIPSF
.PTU
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
JT
UIFO
EFëFDUFE
BSPVOE
UIF
&BSUI
CVU
TPNF
PG
JUT
QBSUJDMFT
BSF
SFëFDUFE
CBDL
GSPN
UIF
CPX
TIPDL
JOUP
UIF
POSVTIJOH
TPMBS
XJOE
MJLF
UIF
FEEJFT
BSPVOE
B
SPDL
JO
B
SJWFS -JLF
XJOET
PO
&BSUI
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
JT
QVODUVBUFE
CZ
HVTUT
BOE
IBT
JUT
PXO
UFN QFTUVPVT
XFBUIFS
XIJDI
CVĒFUT
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
8IFO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
QSFTTVSF
JT
IJHI
UIF
CPX
TIPDL
NPWFT
JOXBSE
BOE
XIFO
UIF
QSFTTVSF
ESPQT
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
EPNBJO
FYQBOET
JUT
MJLF
TRVFF[JOH
B
SVCCFS
CBMM
BOE
MFUUJOH
JU
HP
ѮF
FOUJSF
NBHOF UPTQIFSF
DPNQSFTTFT
BOE
FYQBOET
DIBOHJOH
TJ[F
DPOTUBOUMZ
BT
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
WBSJFT
JO
EFOTJUZ
BOE
TQFFE
ѮFTF
WBSJBUJPOT
BSF
GSFRVFOUMZ
DBVTFE
CZ
WJPMFOU
FSVQUJPOT
PO
UIF
4VO
XIJDI
PDDVS
NPSF
PѫFO
EVSJOH
UIF
NBYJNVN
JO
UIF
ZFBS
DZDMF
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ


1&/&53"5*/(
&"35)4
."(/&5*$
%&'&/4& 1BSUJDMFT
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
USBOTQPSU
POMZ
POF
UFOCJMMJPOUI
UIF
FOFSHZ
PG
UIBU
DBSSJFE
CZ
TVOMJHIU
BOE
&BSUI
JT
QSPUFDUFE
GSPN
UIF
GVMM
CMBTU
PG
UIF
EJMVUF
WBSZJOH
TPMBS
XJOE
CZ
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
ѮF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
TIJFME
JT
TP
QFSGFDU
UIBU
POMZ

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
NBTT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
UIBU
IJUT
JU
NBOBHFT
UP
QFOFUSBUF
JOTJEF
:FU
FWFO
UIBU
TNBMM
GSBDUJPO
PG
UIF
XJOE
QBSUJDMFT
IBT
B
QSPGPVOE
JOëVFODF
PO
UIF
&BSUIT
FOWJSPONFOU
JO
TQBDF
ѮFZ
DSFBUF
BO
JOWJTJCMF
XPSME
PG
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
FMFDUSJD
DVSSFOUT
UIBU
ëPX
TXJSM
BOE
FODJSDMF
UIF
&BSUI
TVTQFOEFE
IJHI
BCPWF
JUT
BUNPTQIFSF "T
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
CSVTIFT
QBTU
UIF
&BSUI
UIF
XJOE
DBSSJFT
TPNF
PG
UIF
4VOT
NBH OFUJD
êFME
XJUI
JU
"OE
TJODF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
IBWF
B
EJSFDUJPO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOET
NBHOF UJTN
DBO
QPJOU
UPXBSE
PS
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
*G
UIF
TPMBS
êFME
QPJOUT
PQQPTJUF
UP
UIBU
PG
UIF
&BSUI
XIFO
UIFZ
NFFU
UIF
UXP
DBO
KPJO
FBDI
PUIFS
KVTU
BT
UIF
PQQPTJUF
QPMFT
PG
UXP
UPZ
NBHOFUT
TUJDL
UPHFUIFS
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
JT
UIFO
CSPLFO
BOE
SFDPOOFDUT
XJUI
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
QMVH HJOH
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
JOUP
UIF
&BSUIT
FMFDUSJDBM
TPDLFU
BOE
XJSJOH
JUT
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
UP
UIF
4VO
ѮJT
NBHOFUJD
DPVQMJOH
PDDVST
PO
UIF
EBZTJEF
GBDJOH
UIF
4VO
BOE
JT
ESBHHFE
EPXOTUSFBN
BMM
BMPOH
UIF
MFOHUI
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUPUBJM
"OE
TJODF
UIF
JNNFOTF
NBHOFUJD
UBJM
GPSNT
UIF
CVML
PG
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
JU
QSPWJEFT
UIF
NBJO
MPDBUJPO
GPS
CSFBDIJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
EFGFOTF ѮF
QBTTJOH
TPMBS
XJOE
JT
TMPXFE
EPXO
CZ
UIF
DPOOFDUFE
êFMET
BOE
EFDFMFSBUFT
JO
UIF
WJDJOJUZ
PG
UIF
UBJM
&OFSHZ
JT
UIFSFCZ
FYUSBDUFE
GSPN
UIF
OFBSCZ
TPMBS
XJOE
BOE
ESJWFT
B
MBSHFTDBMF
DJSDVMBUJPO
PS
DPOWFDUJPO
PG
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
XJUIJO
UIF
NBHOFUP TQIFSF
'JH
 
8IJMF
DSFBUJOH
BOE
TVTUBJOJOH
UIF
NBHOFUPUBJM
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
CSJOHT
UIF
PQQPTJUFMZ
EJSFDUFE
UBJM
MPCFT
JOUP
DMPTF
DPOUBDU
XIFSF
UIFZ
DBO
NFSHF
UPHFUIFS
ѮF
NBHOFUPUBJM
UIFO
TOBQT
MJLF
B
SVCCFS
CBOE
UIBU
IBT
CFFO
TUSFUDIFE
UPP
GBS
ѮF


'*(

-AGNETICCONNECTIONONTHEBACKSIDE4HE3UNSWINDBRINGSSOLARAND TERRESTRIALMAGNETIClELDSTOGETHERONTHENIGHTSIDEOF%ARTHSMAGNETOSPHERE INITS MAGNETOTAIL-AGNETIClELDSTHATPOINTINOPPOSITEDIRECTIONSUIJO
BSSPXT ORROUGHLY TOWARDANDAWAYFROMTHE%ARTH AREBROUGHTTOGETHERANDMERGE RECONNECTINGAND PINCHINGOFFTHEMAGNETOTAILCLOSETO%ARTH-ATERIALINTHEPLASMASHEETISACCELERATED AWAYFROMTHISDISTURBANCEUIJDL
BSSPXT 3OMEOFTHEPLASMAISEJECTEDDOWNTHE MAGNETOTAILANDAWAYFROMTHE%ARTH WHILEOTHERCHARGEDPARTICLESFOLLOWMAGNETIC lELDLINESBACKTOWARD%ARTH





&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF




TOBQ
DBUBQVMUT
QBSU
PG
UIF
UBJM
EPXOTUSFBN
JOUP
TQBDF
DSFBUJOH
B
HVTUMJLF
FEEZ
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE ѮF
PUIFS
QBSU
PG
UIF
UBJM
QSPQFMMFE
CZ
FOFSHZ
SFMFBTFE
JO
UIF
NBHOFUJD
NFSH JOH
SFCPVOET
CBDL
UPXBSE
PVS
QMBOFU
&MFDUSPOT
BOE
JPOT
IVSUMF
BMPOH
NBHOFUJD
DPO EVJUT
UIBU
BSF
DPOOFDUFE
UP
UIF
&BSUI
MJOLJOH
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
UP
CPUI
FRVBUPSJBM
TUPSBHF
SFHJPOT
BOE
EPXO
JOUP
UIF
QPMBS
DBQT
ѮF
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
BSF
HVJEFE
JOUP
UIF
QPMFT
BVH NFOU
BOE
JOUFOTJGZ
UIF
OPSUIFSO
BOE
TPVUIFSO
MJHIUT
PS
BVSPSBT
"OE
UIF
UBJM
DPOUJOVFT
UP
SFGPSN
JOUP
BOPUIFS
QPUFOUJBMMZ
FYQMPTJWF
VOTUBCMF
DPOêHVSBUJPO
UP
BXBJU
UIF
OFYU
NBHOFUJD
DPOOFDUJPO 
4503*/(
*/7*4*#-&
1"35*$-&4
8*5)*/
&"35)4
."(/&5041)&3& $IBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
ëPXJOH
GSPN
UIF
4VO
DBO
FOUFS
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
EPNBJO
BOE
CFDPNF
USBQQFE
XJUIJO
JU
ѮFZ
DBO
CF
TUPSFE
BMPOH
UIF
TUSFUDIFE
EJQPMBS
êFME
MJOFT
FBSUIXBSE
PG
UIF
UBJM
NBHOFUJD
DPOOFDUJPO
TJUF
JO
B
SFHJPO
DBMMFE
UIF
QMBTNB
TIFFU
*U
BDUT
BT
B
IPMEJOH
UBOL
PG
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
JPOT
TVEEFOMZ
SFMFBTJOH
UIFN
XIFO
TUJNVMBUFE
CZ
UIF
FWFSDIBOHJOH
4VO
/FBSFS
UIF
&BSUI
QBSUJDMFT
BSF
TUPSFE
JO
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
SFHJPOT
PG
BO
VOFYQFDUFEMZ
IJHI
ëVY
PG
IJHIFOFSHZ
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
XIJDI
HJS EMF
UIF
&BSUI
GBS
BCPWF
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
JO
UIF
FRVBUPSJBM
SFHJPOT *OTQJSFE
CZ
#JSLFMBOET
FYQFSJNFOUT
XJUI
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
B
EJQPMBS
NBHOFUJD
TQIFSF
$BSM
4U‘SNFS
¢


B
ZPVOH
UIFPSFUJDBM
QIZTJDJTU
JO
0TMP
/PSXBZ
TUVEJFE
NBUIFNBUJDBMMZ
UIF
NPUJPO
PG
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
JO
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
PG
B
EJQPMF
6TJOH
UFEJPVT
OVNFSJDBM
DBMDVMBUJPOT
CFGPSF
UIF
DPNQVUFS
BHF
IF
TIPXFE
JO

UIBU
FMFDUSJ DBMMZ
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
DPVME
CF
DPOêOFE
BOE
TVTQFOEFE
JO
TQBDF
CZ
UIF
&BSUIT
EJQPMBS
NBHOFUJTN
TQJSBMJOH
BSPVOE
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
BOE
CPVODJOH
CBDL
BOE
GPSUI
CFUXFFO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
QPMFT
GPS
MPOH
QFSJPET
JG
UJNF
'JH
  ѮF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
FYFSUT
B
GPSDF
PO
UIF
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
UIBU
HVJEFT
UIFN
JO
B
IFMJDBM
QBUI
UIFZ
DBO
NPWF
GSFFMZ
BMPOH
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOF
CVU
BSF
DPOTUSBJOFE
UP
B
DJSDVMBS
NPUJPO
BSPVOE
JU
ѮF
TQJSBMJOH
USBKFDUPSZ
CFDPNFT
NPSF
UJHIUMZ
DPJMFE
JO
UIF
TUSPOHFS
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
DMPTF
UP
B
NBHOFUJD
QPMF
VOUJM
UIF
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
BSF
EFëFDUFE
BU
B
NJSSPS
QPJOU
ѮF
TUSPOHFS
NBHOFUJTN
QVMMT
B
QBSUJDMFT
NPUJPO
JOUP
TNBMMFS
BOE
TNBMMFS
DJSDMFT
TMPXJOH
UIF
EPXOXBSE
NPUJPO
TUPQQJOH
JU
BOE
QVTIJOH
UIF
QBSUJDMF
CBDL
MJLF
UISPXJOH
B
CBMM
BHBJOTU
B
TQSJOH
.PTU
TDJFOUJTUT
XFSF
OFWFSUIFMFTT
DPNQMFUFMZ
TVSQSJTFE
CZ
UIF
EJTDPWFSZ
PG
EPOVUTIBQFE
CFMUT
PG
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
USBQQFE
XJUIJO
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
NBHOFUPTQIFSF ѮF
êSTU
"NFSJDBO
TBUFMMJUF
&YQMPSFS

MBVODIFE
PO

+BOVBSZ

JO
SFTQPOTF
UP
UIF
4PWJFU
6OJPOT
TVDDFTTGVM
4QVUOJL
TBUFMMJUFT
JO
0DUPCFS
BOE
/PWFNCFS

IBE
B
(FJHFS
DPVOUFS
BCPBSE
UP
NFBTVSF
UIF
JOUFOTJUZ
PG
DPTNJD
SBZT
ѮF
JOTUSVNFOU
SFDPSEFE
UIF
FYQFDUFE
DPTNJD
SBZT
OFBS
UIF
&BSUI
CVU
DPVOUT
SPTF
NPSF
UIBO
FYQFDUFE
BU
IJHIFS
BMUJUVEFT
BOE
UIFO
EJTBQQFBSFE
BMUPHFUIFS

&YQMPSFS

DPOêSNFE
UIF
FĒFDU
UXP
NPOUIT
MBUFS
&YQMPSFS

XFOU
JOUP
UIF
PDFBO

*U
UVSOFE
PVU
UIBU
UIF
TBUFMMJUFT
IBE
FOUFSFE
B
EFOTF
SFHJPO
PG
FOFSHFUJD
QBS UJDMFT
UIBU
TBUVSBUFE
UIF
(FJHFS
UVCF
DBVTJOH
UIF
DPVOUFS
UP
SFBE
[FSP
ѮFSF
XFSF
TP
NBOZ
IJHIFOFSHZ
QBSUJDMFT
DPNJOH
JOUP
UIF
EFUFDUPS
UIBU
JU
TIVU
EPXO
BT
JG
TQBDF
JUTFMG
XBT
SBEJPBDUJWF
ѮF
JOTUSVNFOU
TIPXFE
UIBU
TQBDF
JT
êMMFE
XJUI
iSBEJBUJPOu





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(

-AGNETICTRAP#HARGEDPARTICLESCANBETRAPPEDBY%ARTHSMAG NETIClELD4HEYBOUNCEBACKANDFORTHBETWEENPOLARMIRRORPOINTSINEITHER HEMISPHEREATINTERVALSOFSECONDSTOMINUTES ANDTHEYALSODRIFTAROUNDTHE PLANETONTIME SCALESOFHOURS!SSHOWNBYTHE.ORWEGIANSCIENTIST#ARL 3T’RMER¥ IN WITHTHETRAJECTORIESSHOWNHERE THEMOTIONIS TURNEDAROUNDBYTHESTRONGERMAGNETIClELDSNEARTHE%ARTHSMAGNETICPOLES "ECAUSEOFTHEIRPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVECHARGE THEPROTONSANDELECTRONSDRIFTIN OPPOSITEDIRECTIONS

PG
JOUFOTJUJFT
B
UIPVTBOE
UJNFT
HSFBUFS
UIBO
FYQFDUFE
TVHHFTUJOH
UIBU
FOFSHFUJD
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
FODJSDMF
UIF
&BSUI
XJUIJO
EPOVUTIBQFE
SFHJPOT
OFBS
UIF
NBHOFUJD
FRVBUPS
'JH
  ѮFTF
SFHJPOT
BSF
TPNFUJNFT
DBMMFE
UIF
JOOFS
BOE
PVUFS
7BO
"MMFO
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
OBNFE
BѫFS
+BNFT
"
7BO
"MMFO
¢



XIPTF
JOTUSVNFOUT
êSTU
PCTFSWFE
UIFN
UIFZ
IBWF
CFFO
EVCCFE
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
TJODF
UIF
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
UIBU
UIFZ
DPOUBJO
XFSF
LOPXO
BT
DPSQVTDVMBS
SBEJBUJPO
BU
UIF
UJNF
PG
UIFJS
EJTDPWFSZ
ѮF
OPNFODMBUVSF
JT
TUJMM
VTFE
UPEBZ
CVU
JU
EPFT
OPU
JNQMZ
FJUIFS
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJB UJPO
PS
SBEJPBDUJWJUZ 7BO
"MMFO
BOE
IJT
DPMMFBHVFT
BU
UIF
6OJWFSTJUZ
PG
*PXB
XFSF
GVMMZ
BXBSF
PG
4U‘SNFST
QSJPS
XPSL
BT
XFMM
BT
SFMBUFE
TUVEJFT
CZ
UIF
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJDJTU
4BN
#BSE
5SJFNBO
¢
PG
DPTNJD
SBZT
JOUFSBDUJOH
XJUI
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
SFQPSUJOH
JO

UIBU ѮF
FYJTUFODF
PG
B
IJHI
JOUFOTJUZ
PG
DPSQVTDVMBS
SBEJBUJPO
JO
UIF
WJDJOJUZ
PG
UIF
&BSUI
XBT
EJTDPWFSFE
CZ
BQQBSBUVT
DBSSJFE
CZ
TBUFMMJUF

BMQIB
<&YQMPSFS
>



*U
XBT
QSPQPTFE
JO
PVS
.BZ


SFQPSU
UIBU
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
XBT
DPSQVTDVMBS
JO
OBUVSF
XBT
QSFTVNBCMZ
USBQQFE
JO
4U‘SNFS5SFJNBO
MVOFT
BCPVU
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
XBT
MJLFMZ
JOUJNBUFMZ
SFMBUFE
UP
UIBU
SFTQPOTJCMF
GPS
BVSPSBF
0O
UIF
CBTJT
PG
UIFTF
UFOUBUJWF
CFMJFGT
JU
XBT
UIPVHIU
MJLFMZ
UIBU
UIF
PCTFSWFE
USBQQFE
SBEJBUJPO
IBE
PSJHJOBMMZ
DPNF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
JO
UIF
GPSN
PG
JPOJ[FE
HBT





&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF




'*(

2ADIATIONBELTS%LECTRONSANDPROTONSENCIRCLETHE%ARTHWITHINTWODONUT SHAPED ORTORUS SHAPED REGIONSNEARTHEEQUATOR TRAPPEDBYTHETERRESTRIALMAGNETIClELD4HESE REGIONSARENOW CALLEDTHEINNERAND OUTER6AN!LLEN RADIATIONBELTS NAMEDAFTERTHE !MERICANSCIENTIST *AMES!6AN!LLEN ¥ WHOlRST OBSERVEDTHEMWITH THE&YQMPSFS
AND 
SATELLITESIN 4HEINNERBELTS CHARGEDPARTICLES TENDTOHAVEHIGHER ENERGIESTHAN THOSEINTHEOUTER BELT4HETRAPPED PARTICLESCANDAMAGETHEMICROCIRCUITS SOLARARRAYSANDOTHERMATERIALSOFSPACECRAFTTHATPASS THROUGHTHE6AN!LLENRADIATIONBELTS!TORUSOFHIGH ENERGYPARTICLESCREATESATHIRDRADIA TIONBELTLOCATEDJUSTINSIDEOFTHEINNER6AN!LLENBELT BUTNOTSHOWNHEREITCONTAINSHEAVY NUCLEARIONSTHATORIGINATEDOUTSIDEOUR3OLAR3YSTEMANDONCEDRIFTEDBETWEENTHESTARS

ѮF
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
NBJOMZ
DPOTJTU
PG
IJHIFOFSHZ
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
XJUI
MFTTFS
BNPVOUT
PG
IFBWJFS
JPOT
"OE
TJODF
UIFTF
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
BSF
USBQQFE
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
DBHF
BT
4U‘SNFS
TIPXFE
POF
XPOEFST
IPX
UIFZ
HPU
JOUP
UIF
SBEJB UJPO
CFMUT
JO
UIF
êSTU
QMBDF
"T
XF
IBWF
BMSFBEZ
TIPXO
TPNF
PG
UIFN
DBO
FOUFS
UISPVHI
UIF
CBDL
EPPS
CZ
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
BOE
UFSSFTUSJBM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
UIF
NBHOFUPUBJM
BOE
PODF
JO
UIFZ
DBO
CF
BEEJUJPOBMMZ
BDDFMFSBUFE
UP
IJHI
FOFSHJFT
ѮJT
DPVQMJOH
DBO
CFDPNF
FTQFDJBMMZ
FĒFDUJWF
XIFO
B
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
FODPVOUFST
UIF
&BSUI
XJUI
UIF
SJHIU
PSJFOUBUJPO
TVQQMZJOH
NPSF
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
UP
UIF
NBHOF UPTQIFSF
BOE
QVNQJOH
UIPTF
UIBU
BSF
BMSFBEZ
UIFSF
VQ
UP
IJHIFS
FOFSHJFT 1BSUJDMFT
XJUIJO
UIF
JOOFS
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
DMPTF
UP
UIF
&BSUI
DBO
DPNF
GSPN
UIF
VQQFS
UFSSFTUSJBM
BUNPTQIFSF
CFMPX
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
4PMBS
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
DSFBUF
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
JO
UIF
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF
XIJDI
DBO
WBSZ
ESB NBUJDBMMZ
XJUI
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
"MUIPVHI
NPTU
PG
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
JT
HSBWJUBUJPOBMMZ
CPVOE
UP
UIF
&BSUI
TPNF
PG
JUT
QBSUJDMFT
IBWF
TVēDJFOU
FOFSHZ
UP
FTDBQF
BOE
CFDPNF
USBQQFE
CZ
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
IJHIFS
VQ *O
BEEJUJPO
WFSZ
FOFSHFUJD
DPTNJD
SBZT
FOUFSJOH
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
GSPN
PVUFS
TQBDF
DBO
DPMMJEF
XJUI
BUPNT
JO
PVS
BJS
BOE
FKFDU
OFVUSPOT
GSPN
UIF
BUPNJD
OVDMFJ
ѮFTF
OFVUSPOT
USBWFM
JO
BMM
EJSFDUJPOT
VOJNQFEFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
TJODF
UIFZ
IBWF
OP
FMFD USJDBM
DIBSHF
#VU
PODF
JU
JT
MJCSBUFE
GSPN
BO
BUPNJD
OVDMFVT
B
OFVUSPO
DBOOPU
TUBOE
CFJOH
MFѫ
BMPOF
"
GSFF
OFVUSPO
MBTUT
POMZ

NJOVUFT
PO
BWFSBHF
CFGPSF
JU
EFDBZT
JOUP
BO
FMFDUSPO
BOE
QSPUPO
4PNF
PG
UIF
OFVUSPOT
QSPEVDFE
CZ
DPTNJD
SBZT
JO
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
NPWF
PVU
JOUP
UIF
JOOFS
SBEJBUJPO
CFMU
CFGPSF
UIFZ
EJTJOUFHSBUF
QSPEVDJOH





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
UIBU
BSF
JNNFEJBUFMZ
TOBSFE
CZ
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BOE
SFNBJO
TUPSFE
XJUIJO
UIFN


/035)&3/
"/%
4065)&3/
-*()54 %BODF
PG
UIF
"VSPSB

ѮF
OPSUIFSO
BOE
TPVUIFSO
MJHIUT
BSF
POF
PG
UIF
NPTU
NBHOJêDFOU
BOE
FBSMJFTULOPXO
NBOJGFTUBUJPOT
PG
UIF
NZSJBE
MJOLT
CFUXFFO
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIF
&BSUI
ѮFZ
JMMVNJOBUF
UIF
"SDUJD
BOE
"OUBSDUJD
TLJFT
XIFSF
DVSUBJOT
PG
NVMUJDPMPSFE
MJHIU
EBODF
BOE
TIJN NFS
BDSPTT
UIF
OJHIU
TLZ
GBS
BCPWF
UIF
IJHIFTU
DMPVET
MJLF
HJBOU
ESBHPOT
PS
TOBLFT
'JHT

  1FSIBQT
CFDBVTF
UIFZ
DBO
CF
DPMPSFE
SFE
MJLF
UIF
SJTJOH
NPSOJOH
4VO
UIFZ
BSF
PѫFO
DBMMFE
UIF
BVSPSB
BѫFS
UIF
3PNBO
HPEEFTT
PG
UIF
SPTZêOHFSFE
EBXO
UIJT
EFTJHOBUJPO
IBT
CFFO
USBDFE
CBDL
UP
UIF
UJNF
PG
UIF
*UBMJBO
TDJFOUJTU
(BMJMFP
(BMJMFJ
¢ 
ѮF
BVSPSBT
TFFO
OFBS
UIF
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
QPMFT
IBWF
CFFO
HJWFO
UIF
-BUJO
OBNFT
BVSPSB
CPSFBMJT
GPS
iOPSUIFSO
MJHIUTu
BOE
BVSPSB
BVTUSBMJT
GPS
iTPVUIFSO
MJHIUTu "VSPSB
BDUJWJUZ
JT
OPU
SBSF
JU
JT
BMNPTU
BMXBZT
QSFTFOU
3FTJEFOUT
JO
GBS
OPSUIFSO
MPDBUJPOT
SFHVMBSMZ
TFF
UIF
BVSPSB
CPSFBMJT
FWFSZ
DMFBS
BOE
EBSL
XJOUFS
OJHIU
&WFO
UPEBZ
UIF
XJOUFS
BVSPSB
CSJOHT
TPMBDF
UP
DJSDVNQPMBS
JOIBCJUBOUT
SFNJOEJOH
UIFN
PG
UIF
FWFOUVBM
SFUVSO
PG
MJGFTVTUBJOJOH
TVOMJHIU
#VU
NPTU
QFPQMF
OFWFS
TFF
UIF
BXF TPNF
MJHIUT
GPS
BVSPSBT
BSF
OPSNBMMZ
DPOêOFE
UP
IJHI
MBUJUVEFT
JO
UIF
OPSUI
PS
TPVUI
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
XJUI
SFMBUJWFMZ
GFX
JOIBCJUBOUT
*O
BEEJUJPO
POMZ
BO
FYDFQUJPOBMMZ
JOUFOTF
BVSPSB
DBO
CF
OPUJDFE
BHBJOTU
CSJHIU
DJUZ
MJHIUT 4PNF
PG
UIF
FBSMJFTU
XSJUUFO
BDDPVOUT
PG
UIF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
BSF
GPVOE
JO
.FEJUFS SBOFBO
DPVOUSJFT
XIFSF
TDIPPMT
BOE
MJCSBSJFT
ëPVSJTIFE
MPOH
BHP
(SFFL
SFDPSET
PG
UIF
BVSPSB
EBUF
CBDL
UP
BU
MFBTU
"SJTUPUMF
¢
#$


XIP
EFTDSJCFE
BO
BVSPSB
QSPC BCMZ
UIF
POF
PDDVSSJOH
JO

#$
BT
CFJOH
CMPPE
SFE
JO
DPMPS
BOE
XJUI
DIBTNMJLF
PS
USFODIMJLF
TIBQFT
)PXFWFS
TQFDUBDVMBS
BVSPSBT
SBSFMZ
FYUFOE
BT
GBS
TPVUI
BT
(SFFDF
QFSIBQT
FWFSZ

UP

ZFBST 4JODF
DJWJMJ[BUJPO
CFHBO
UIF
NVMUJDPMPSFE
MJHIUT
IBWF
BMXBZT
CFFO
NPTU
GSFRVFOUMZ
PCTFSWFE
BU
GBS
OPSUIFSO
MBUJUVEFT
TP
TPNF
PG
UIF
NPTU
WJWJE
BOE
DPNQSFIFOTJWF
BDDPVOUT
DPNF
GSPN
UIF
4DBOEJOBWJBO
DPVOUSJFT
ѮF
PMEFTU
XSJUUFO
SFDPSET
CZ
/PSXFHJBOT
DPO DFSOJOH
UIF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
HP
CBDL
UP
UIF
7JLJOH
QFSJPE

UP
 
*O
POF
/PSTF
DISPOJDMF
DBMMFE
,POHFTQFJMFU
PS
,JOHT
.JSSPS
BOE
XSJUUFO
BCPVU

JU
JT
EFTDSJCFE
CZ ѮFTF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
IBWF
UIJT
QFDVMJBS
OBUVSF
UIBU
UIF
EBSLFS
UIF
OJHIU
JT
UIF
CSJHIUFS
UIFZ
TFFN
BOE
UIFZ
BMXBZT
BQQFBS
BU
OJHIU
CVU
OFWFS
CZ
EBZ
NPTU
GSFRVFOUMZ
JO
UIF
EFOTFTU
EBSLOFTT
BOE
SBSFMZ
CZ
NPPOMJHIU
*O
BQQFBSBODF
UIFZ
SFTFNCMF
B
WBTU
ëBNF
PG
êSF
WJFXFE
GSPN
B
HSFBU
EJTUBODF
*U
BMTP
MPPLT
BT
JG
TIBSQ
QPJOUT
XFSF
TIPU
GSPN
UIJT
ëBNF
VQ
JOUP
UIF
TLZ
UIFZ
BSF
PG
VOFWFO
IFJHIU
BOE
JO
DPOTUBOU
NPUJPO
OPX
POF
OPX
BOPUIFS
EBSUJOH
IJHIFTU
BOE
UIF
MJHIU
BQQFBST
UP
CMB[F
MJLF
B
MJWJOH
ëBNF



*U
TFFNT
UP
NF
OPU
VOMJLFMZ
UIBU
UIF
GSPTU
BOE
UIF
HMBDJFST
IBWF
CFDPNF
TP
QPXFSGVM
UIFSF
UIBU
UIFZ
BSF
BCMF
UP
SBEJBUF
GPSUI
UIFTF
ëBNFT





&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF




'*(

!URORABOREALIS3WIRLINGWALLSANDRAYSOFSHIMMERINGGREENANDREDLIGHT AREFOUNDINTHISPORTRAYALOFTHEmUORESCENT.ORTHERN,IGHTS OR!URORA"OREALIS PAINTED INBYTHE!MERICANARTIST&REDERIC#HURCH¥ #OURTESYOFTHE.ATIONAL -USEUMOF!MERICAN!RT 3MITHSONIAN)NSTITUTION GIFTOF%LEANOR"LODGETT

'*(
 .ORTHERNLIGHTS3PECTACU LARGREENCURTAINSOFLIGHTILLUMINATETHE NORTHERNSKY LIKEACOSMICNEONSIGN &OREST"ALDWINTOOKTHISPHOTOGRAPHOF THEmUORESCENT.ORTHERN,IGHTS OR!URORA "OREALIS IN!LASKA#OURTESYOF+ATHIAND &OREST"ALDWIN 0ALMER !LASKA




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

*O
IJT
CPPL
ѮF
'SBN
&YQFEJUJPO
QVCMJTIFE
JO

UIF
/PSXFHJBO
FYQMPSFS
'SJEUKPG
/BOTFO
¢
QSPWJEFE
UIJT
BDDPVOU
XSJUUFO
XIJMF
IF
XBT
USBQQFE
UISPVHI
UIF
MPOH
"SDUJD
XJOUFS
JO
UIF
GSP[FO
QBDL
JDF ѮF
HMPXJOH
êSFNBTTFT
IBE
EJWJEFE
JOUP
HMJTUFOJOH
NBOZ
DPMPSFE
CBOET
XIJDI
XFSF
XSJUIJOH
BOE
UXJTUJOH
BDSPTT
UIF
TLZ
CPUI
JO
UIF
TPVUI
BOE
OPSUI
ѮF
SBZT
TQBSLMFE
XJUI
UIF
QVSFTU
NPTU
DSZTUBMMJOF
SBJOCPX
DPMPST
DIJFëZ
WJPMFUSFE
PS
DBSNJOF
BOE
UIF
DMFBSFTU
HSFFO
.PTU
GSFRVFOUMZ
UIF
SBZT
PG
UIF
BSDI
XFSF
SFE
BU
UIF
FOET
BOE
DIBOHFE
IJHIFS
VQ
JOUP
TQBSLMJOH
HSFFO



*U
XBT
BO
FOEMFTT
QIBOUBTNBHPSJB
PG
TQBSLMJOH
DPMPS
TVSQBTTJOH
BOZUIJOH
UIBU
POF
DBO
ESFBN
4PNFUJNFT
UIF
TQFDUBDMF
SFBDIFE
TVDI
B
DMJNBY
UIBU
POFT
CSFBUI
XBT
UBLFO
BXBZ
POF
GFMU
UIBU
OPX
TPNFUIJOH
FYUSBPSEJOBSZ
NVTU
IBQQFO
m
BU
UIF
WFSZ
MFBTU
UIF
TLZ
NVTU
GBMM

/BOTFO
XIP
XPO
UIF
/PCFM
1FBDF
1SJ[F
JO

XSPUF
B
GFX
NPSF
TFOUFODFT
BOE
DPVME
OPU
DPOUJOVF
CFJOH
UIJOMZ
ESFTTFE
BOE
XJUIPVU
HMPWFT
IF
IBE
OP
GFFMJOH
MFѫ
JO
CPEZ
PS
MJNCT "VSPSBT
PDDVS
XJUI
UIF
TBNF
GSFRVFODZ
BOE
TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ
JO
CPUI
UIF
TPVUIFSO
BOE
OPSUIFSO
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
PG
UIF
&BSUI
*OEFFE
UIF
UXP
BVSPSBT
BSF
BMNPTU
NJSSPS
JNBHFT
PG
FBDI
PUIFS
#VU
UIF
BVSPSB
BVTUSBMJT
IBWF
OFWFS
BDIJFWFE
B
SFOPXO
DPNQB SBCMF
UP
UIF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
QSPCBCMZ
CFDBVTF
UIF
TPVUIFSO
POFT
BSF
OPU
VTVBMMZ
MPDBUFE
PWFS
JOIBCJUFE
MBOE
BOE
BSF
JOTUFBE
TFFO
GSPN
PDFBOT
UIBU
BSF
JOGSFRVFOUMZ
USBWFMFE
*O
GBDU
UIF
êSTU
SFDPSEFE
TJHIUJOH
PG
UIF
TPVUIFSO
MJHIUT
EJE
OPU
PDDVS
VOUJM

CZ
UIF
#SJUJTI
$BQUBJO
+BNFT
$PPL
¢
EVSJOH
UIF
WPZBHF
PG
UIF
).4
&OEFBWPS /PXBEBZT
XF
DBO
VTF
TQBDFDSBѫ
UP
WJFX
CPUI
UIF
OPSUIFSO
BOE
TPVUIFSO
MJHIUT
GSPN
BCPWF
'JH
 
ѮF
4QBDF
4IVUUMF
IBT
FWFO
ëPXO
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
XIJDI
FYUFOE
B
GFX
IVOESFE
LJMPNFUFST
BCPWF
UIF
HSPVOE
8IJMF
JOTJEF
UIF
EJTQMBZ
BTUSPOBVUT
DPVME
DMPTF
UIFJS
FZFT
BOE
TFF
ëBTIFT
PG
MJHIU
DBVTFE
CZ
UIF
DIBSHFE
BVSPSB
QBSUJDMFT
XIJDI
SJQQFE
UISPVHI
UIF
TBUFMMJUF
XBMMT
BOE
QBTTFE
UISPVHI
UIFJS
FZF CBMMT
NBLJOH
UIFN
HMPX
JOTJEF ѮF
WJFX
GSPN
TQBDF
JT
KVTU
BT
NBHOJêDFOU
BT
UIBU
GSPN
UIF
HSPVOE
"T
UIF
$[FDIPTMPWBLJBO
BTUSPOBVU
7MBEJNJS
3FNFL
¢



FYQSFTTFE
JU 4VEEFOMZ
CFGPSF
NZ
FZFT
TPNFUIJOH
NBHJDBM
PDDVSSFE
"
HSFFOJTI
SBEJBODF
QPVSFE
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
EJSFDUMZ
VQ
UP
UIF
<4QBDF>
4UBUJPO
B
SBEJBODF
SFTFNCMJOH
HJHBOUJD
QIPTQIPSFTDFOU
PSHBO
QJQFT
XIPTF
FOET
XFSF
HMPXJOH
DSJNTPO
BOE
PWFSMBQQFE
CZ
XBWFT
PG
TXJSMJOH
HSFFO
NJTU

ѮF
QMBZ
PG
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
JO
UIF
TLZ
IBT
BMTP
CFFO
EFTDSJCFE
JO
UIF
GPML
MPSF
PG
"SDUJD
DVMUVSFT
XIFSF
UIFZ
BSF
PѫFO
JOUFSQSFUFE
BT
UIF
TQJSJUT
PG
UIF
EFBE
FJUIFS
êHIU JOH
PS
QMBZJOH
JO
UIF
BJS
ѮF
7JLJOHT
UIPVHIU
UIF
BVSPSBT
SFQSFTFOUFE
BO
FUFSOBM
CBUUMF
CFUXFFO
UIF
TQJSJUT
PG
GBMMFO
XBSSJPST
*O
/PSTF
NZUIPMPHZ
UIF
BVSPSB
JT
B
CSJEHF
PG
êSF
UIBU
QFSNJUT
ѮPS
UIF
(PE
PG
8BS
UP
USBWFM
CFUXFFO
)FBWFO
BOE
&BSUI
&TLJNPT
IBWF
EFTDSJCFE
UIF
ëJDLFSJOH
MJHIUT
BT
B
EBODF
PG
UIF
EFBE
BNVTJOH
UIFNTFMWFT
JO
UIF
BCTFODF
PG
MJHIU
GSPN
UIF
4VO
PS
BT
TJHOBMT
GSPN
UIF
EFDFBTFE
USZJOH
UP
DPOUBDU
UIFJS
MJWJOH
SFMBUJWFT
"O
&TLJNP
XPSE
GPS
BVSPSB
BLTBSOJSR
USBOTMBUFT
JOUP
iCBMM
QMBZFSu
'PS






&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF




'*(
 !URORAFROMTHESHUTTLE4HEEERIE BEAUTIFULGLOWOFAURORASCANBEDETECTED FROMSPACE ASSHOWNINTHISIMAGEOFTHE!URORA!USTRALISOR3OUTHERN,IGHTSTAKENFROM THE4QBDF
4IVUUMF
%JTDPWFSZ4HEGREENEMISSIONOFATOMICOXYGENEXTENDSUPWARDFROM TOKILOMETERSABOVETHE%ARTHSSURFACE WHEREITISCREATEDBYBEAMSOFHIGH SPEEDELECTRONSMOVINGDOWNINTOTHEATMOSPHERE EXCITINGTHEOXYGENATOMSANDMAKING THEMmUORESCE#OURTESYOF.!3!

"MBTLBO
&TLJNPT
UIF
TQJSJUT
BSF
QMBZJOH
CBMM
XJUI
UIF
IFBET
PG
DIJMESFO
XIP
EBSFE
WFO UVSF
PVUTJEF
EVSJOH
UIF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT ѮF
ëJDLFSJOH
DPMPSFE
MJHIUT
IBWF
JOTQJSFE
NBOZ
QPFUT
TVDI
BT
UIF
&OHMJTI
QPFU
3PCFSU
#SPXOJOH
¢


XIPTF
WJTJPO
PG
+VEHNFOU
%BZ
XBT
JOTQJSFE
CZ
BO
BVSPSB
iUIF
êOBM
CFMDI
PG
êSF
MJLF
CMPPE
PWFS
CSPLF
BMM
IFBWFO
JO
POF
ëPPEu
BT
GSPN
B
ESBHPOT
OPTUSJM
BOE
UIF
"NFSJDBO
QPFU
8BMMBDF
4UFWFOT
¢
XIP
XSPUF
PG
iJUT
QPMBS
HSFFO
UIF
DPMPS
PG
JDF
BOE
êSF
BOE
TPMJUVEFu *O
/PSXBZ
PS
4XFEFO
JU
XBT
B
DPNNPO
CFMJFG
UIBU
UIF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
XFSF
SFëFD UJPOT
GSPN
TJMWFSZ
TIPBMT
PG
IFSSJOH
UIBU
ëBTIFE
MJHIU
BHBJOTU
UIF
DMPVET
XIFO
TXJNNJOH
DMPTF
UP
UIF
XBUFST
TVSGBDF
"DDPSEJOH
UP
ѮF
,JOHT
.JSSPS
UIF
"SDUJD
TOPX
BOE
JDF
BCTPSCFE
MBSHF
BNPVOUT
PG
MJHIU
GSPN
UIF
MPOH
TVNNFS
NJEOJHIU
4VO
BOE
SFSBEJBUFE
JU
BT
UIF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
JO
XJOUFSUJNF
"MNPTU

ZFBST
MBUFS
UIF
'SFODI
QIJMPTPQIFS
3FOF
%FTDBSUFT
¢
BUUSJCVUFE
UIF
BVSPSB
UP
TVOMJHIU
TDBUUFSFE
GSPN
JDF
QBS UJDMFT
GPVOE
IJHI
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BU
DPME
OPSUIFSO
MPDBUJPOT
#VU
BMM
UIFTF
JEFBT
XFSF
FWFOUVBMMZ
TIPXO
UP
CF
XSPOH 4JODF
BVSPSBT
CFDPNF
NPSF
GSFRVFOU
BT
POF
USBWFMT
OPSUI
GSPN
USPQJDBM
MBUJUVEFT
JU
XBT
UIPVHIU
UIBU
UIF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
XPVME
PDDVS
NPTU
PѫFO
BU
UIF
IJHIFTU
QPMBS
MBUJUVEFT
&BSMZ
"SDUJD
FYQMPSFST
XFSF
UIFSFGPSF
TVSQSJTFE
UP
êOE
UIBU
UIFJS
GSFRVFODZ
PG
PDDVSSFODF
EJE
OPU
JODSFBTF
BMM
UIF
XBZ
UP
UIF
QPMFT
*O

&MJBT
-PPNJT
¢








4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

1SPGFTTPS
PG
/BUVSBM
1IJMPTPQIZ
BU
:BMF
6OJWFSTJUZ
NBQQFE
PVU
UIFJS
HFPHSBQIJD
EJTUSJCVUJPO
TIPXJOH
UIBU
UIF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
GPSN
B
MVNJOPVT
SJOH
FODJSDMJOH
UIF
/PSUI
1PMF
ѮF
4XJTT
FOHJOFFS
BOE
QIZTJDJTU
)FSNBO
'SJU[
¢
FYUFOEFE
-PPNJT
XPSL
QVCMJTIJOH
B
TJNJMBS
DPODMVTJPO
JO

JO
IJT
UIFOXFMMLOPXO
CPPL
%BT
1PMBSMJDIU
-PPNJT
BOE
'SJU[
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
JOUFOTJUZ
BOE
GSFRVFODZ
PG
BVSPSBT
XFSF
HSFBUFTU
JO
BO
PWBMTIBQFE
BVSPSB
[POF
DFOUFSFE
PO
UIF
/PSUI
1PMF
XJUI
B
XJEUI
PG
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
BOE
B
SBEJVT
PG
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST
"VSPSBT
DBO
PDDVS
FWFSZ
OJHIU
PG
UIF
ZFBS
XJUIJO
UIJT
[POF "CPVU
B
DFOUVSZ
MBUFS
JO
m
UIF
BVSPSB
EJTUSJCVUJPO
XBT
NBQQFE
PVU
JO
HSFBUFS
EFUBJM
VTJOH
BMMTLZ
DBNFSBT
EVSJOH
UIF
*OUFSOBUJPOBM
(FPQIZTJDBM
:FBS
"O
BOBMZTJT
PG
IVOESFET
PG
UIPVTBOET
PG
QIPUPHSBQIT
FBDI
QPSUSBZJOH
UIF
TLZ
GSPN
IPSJ [PO
UP
IPSJ[PO
DPOêSNFE
UIBU
UIF
BVSPSB
[POF
JT
BO
PWBMTIBQFE
CBOE
UIBU
JT
DFOUFSFE
PO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
QPMF 5PEBZ
TQBDFDSBѫ
MPPL
EPXO
PO
UIF
BVSPSB
PWBM
GSPN
IJHI
BCPWF
UIF
OPSUI
QPMBS
SFHJPO
TIPXJOH
UIF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
JO
UIFJS
FOUJSFUZ
'JH
 
ѮFZ
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
UIF
MVNJOPVT
BVSPSB
PWBM
JT
DPOTUBOUMZ
JO
NPUJPO
FYQBOEJOH
UPXBSE
UIF
FRVBUPS
PS
DPOUSBDUJOH
UPXBSE
UIF
QPMF
BOE
BMXBZT
DIBOHJOH
JO
CSJHIUOFTT
4VDI
FWFSDIBOHJOH
BVSPSB
PWBMT
BSF
DSFBUFE
TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ
JO
CPUI
IFNJTQIFSFT
BOE
DBO
CF
WJFXFE
BU
UIF
TBNF
UJNF
GSPN
UIF
.PPO 7JTVBM
BVSPSBT
OPSNBMMZ
PDDVS
BU

UP

LJMPNFUFST
BCPWF
UIF
HSPVOE
ѮJT
IFJHIU
JT
NVDI
TNBMMFS
UIBO
FJUIFS
UIF
BWFSBHF
SBEJVT
PG
UIF
BVSPSB
PWBM
BU
 
LJMP NFUFST
PS
UIF
SBEJVT
PG
UIF
&BSUI
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST
"O
PCTFSWFS
PO
UIF
HSPVOE
UIFSFGPSF
TFFT
POMZ
B
TNBMM
DIBOHJOH
QJFDF
PG
UIF
BVSPSB
PWBM
XIJDI
DBO
SFTFNCMF
B
CSJHIU
UIJO
XJOECMPXO
DVSUBJO
IBOHJOH
WFSUJDBMMZ
EPXO
GSPN
UIF
"SDUJD
TLZ 5IF
4VOT
#SJHIUFOJOH
BOE
%JNNJOH
4XJUDI

-PPNJT
BOE
'SJU[
FTUBCMJTIFE
B
HFOFSBM
DPSSFMBUJPO
CFUXFFO
UIF
PDDVSSFODF
PG
TVOTQPUT
BOE
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
8IFO
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
TVOTQPUT
JT
MBSHF
CSJHIU
BVSPSBT
PDDVS
NPSF
GSFRVFOUMZ
BOE
XIFO
UIFSF
BSF
GFX
TQPUT
PO
UIF
4VO
UIF
JOUFOTF
BVSPSBT
BSF
TFFO
MFTT
PѫFO
4P
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
PG
PDDVSSFODF
PG
UIF
CSJHIU
BVSPSBT
UFOET
UP
GPMMPX
UIF
ZFBS
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
TVHHFTUJOH
UIBU
UIF
4VO
TPNFIPX
DPOUSPMT
UIF
CSJMMJBODF
PG
UIF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
-PPNJT
FWFO
TVHHFTUFE
B
QIZTJDBM
DPOOFDUJPO
OPUJOH
UIBU
BO
FYDFQUJPOBMMZ
JOUFOTF
BVSPSB
PDDVSSFE
PO

4FQUFNCFS

UIF
EBZ
BѫFS
UIF
êSTU
TPMBS
ëBSF
XBT
EJTDPWFSFE ѮF
4VOT
JOëVFODF
XBT
NPSF
GVMMZ
FYQMBJOFE
JO

XIFO
UIF
/PSXFHJBO
QIZTJDJTU
,SJTUJBO
#JSLFMBOE
¢
TIPXFE
UIBU
FMFDUSPOT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
NJHIU
CF
EJSFDUFE
BOE
HVJEFE
BMPOH
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
UP
UIF
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
#JSLFMBOE
EFN POTUSBUFE
IJT
UIFPSZ
CZ
TFOEJOH
FMFDUSPOT
UPXBSE
IJT
PXO
NBHOFUJ[FE
TQIFSF
PS
UFS SFMMB
VTJOH
QIPTQIPSFTDFOU
QBJOU
UP
TIPX
XIFSF
FMFDUSPOT
TUSVDL
JU
"O
FMFDUSPNBHOFU
XBT
QMBDFE
JO
UIF
TQIFSF
DSFBUJOH
B
EJQPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
BOE
UIF
FOUJSF
BQQBSBUVT
XBT
QMBDFE
JO
B
MPXEFOTJUZ
WBDVVN
UIBU
SFQSFTFOUFE
PVUFS
TQBDF
ѮF
SFTVMUJOH
MJHIU
JOEJDBUFE
UIBU
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
DVSWFE
EPXO
UPXBSE
BOE
BSPVOE
UIF
NBHOFUJD
QPMFT
BOE
UIF
HMPXJOH
TIBQFT
SFQSPEVDFE
NBOZ
PG
UIF
PCTFSWFE
GFBUVSFT
PG
UIF
BVSPSBT 1BSUJDMF
EFUFDUPST
POCPBSE
SPDLFUT
MBVODIFE
JOUP
BVSPSBT
JO
UIF
FBSMZ
T
TIPXFE
UIBU
#JSLFMBOE
XBT
SJHIU
BU
MFBTU
JO
QBSU
ѮF
BVSPSB
JT
FMFDUSJêFE
QSJODJQBMMZ
FYDJUFE






&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF




'*(
 4HEAURORAOVAL)NSTRUMENTSABOARDTHE10-"3SPACECRAFTLOOKDOWNONTHE AURORAFROMHIGHABOVETHE%ARTHSNORTHPOLARREGIONON/CTOBER SHOWINGTHENORTH ERNLIGHTSINTHEIR ENTIRETY4HEGLOW INGOVAL IMAGED INULTRAVIOLETLIGHT IS KILOMETERS ACROSS4HEMOST INTENSEAURORA ACTIVITYAPPEARS INBRIGHTREDOR YELLOW TOWARDTHE NIGHTSIDEOFTHE %ARTHITISTYPI CALLYPRODUCEDBY MAGNETICRECONNEC TIONEVENTSINTHE %ARTHSMAGNETOTAIL 4HELUMINOUS AURORAOVALISCON STANTLYINMOTION EXPANDINGTOWARD THEEQUATOROR CONTRACTINGTOWARDTHEPOLE ANDALWAYSCHANGINGINBRIGHTNESS3UCHEVER CHANGINGAURORA OVALSARECREATEDSIMULTANEOUSLYINBOTHHEMISPHERES#OURTESYOFTHE6ISIBLE)MAGING3YSTEM 5NIVERSITYOF)OWAAND.!3!

CZ
FOFSHFUJD
FMFDUSPOT
CPNCBSEJOH
UIF
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF
XJUI
FOFSHJFT
PG
BCPVU

LF7
PS
 
FMFDUSPO
WPMUT
BOE
TQFFET
PG
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
"T
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
DBTDBEF
EPXO
UIF
QPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
JOUP
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
UIFZ
BSF
TMPXFE
EPXO
CZ
DPMMJTJPOT
XJUI
UIF
JODSFBTJOHMZ
EFOTF
BJS
FYDJUJOH
UIF
HBTFPVT
BUPNT
BOE
DBVTJOH
UIFN
UP
HMPX
MJLF
B
DPTNJD
OFPO
TJHO
ѮF
MVNJOPVT
BVSPSB
TIJNNFST
BT
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
JOKFDUFE
EPXO
GSPN
EJĒFSFOU
MPDBUJPOT
FYDJUJOH
BUPNT
UIBU
TIJOF
JO
MPOH
UIJO
WFSUJDBM
TIFFUT
MJLF
UIF
GPMET
PG
B
DVSUBJO $VSSFOUT
DBO
CF
QSPEVDFE
BMPOH
UIF
BVSPSB
PWBMT
UIBU
BSF
BT
TUSPOH
BT
B
NJMMJPO
BNQFSFT
ѮFTF
DVSSFOUT
ëPX
EPXO
GSPN
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
UISPVHI
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
JO
UIF
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF
BSPVOE
UIF
BVSPSB
PWBM
BOE
CBDL
PVU
BOE
VQ
UP
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF 8IFO
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
TMBN
JOUP
UIF
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF
UIFZ
DPMMJEF
XJUI
UIF
PYZHFO
BOE
OJUSPHFO
BUPNT
UIFSF
BOE
FYDJUF
UIFN
UP
FOFSHZ
TUBUFT
VOBUUBJOBCMF
JO
UIF
EFOTFS
BJS
CFMPX
ѮF
NPTU
BCVOEBOU
DPOTUJUVFOUT
PG
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
BSF
PYZHFO
BOE
OJUSP HFO
SFTQFDUJWFMZ
DPNQSJTJOH

BOE

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
BJS
BOE
UIFJS
FOFSHJ[FE
BVSPSB
USBOTJUJPOT
BSF
iGPSCJEEFOu
BU
IJHI
EFOTJUJFT
ѮF
QVNQFEVQ
BUPNT
RVJDLMZ
HJWF
VQ
UIF
FOFSHZ
UIFZ
BDRVJSFE
GSPN
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
FNJUUJOH
B
CVSTU
PG
DPMPS
JO
B
QSPDFTT
DBMMFE
ëVPSFTDFODF
*U
JT
TJNJMBS
UP
FMFDUSJDJUZ
NBLJOH
UIF
HBT
JO
B
OFPO
MJHIU
TIJOF
PS
B
ëVPSFT DFOU
MBNQ
HMPX
ѮF
QSPDFTT
BMTP
SFTFNCMFT
UIF
CFBN
PG
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
TUSJLFT
UIF
TDSFFO
PG
ZPVS
DPMPS
UFMFWJTJPO
TFU
NBLJOH
JU
HMPX
JO
EJĒFSFOU
DPMPST
EFQFOEJOH
PO
UIF
UZQF
PG
DIFNJDBMT
PS
QIPTQIPST
UIBU
DPBU
UIF
TDSFFO




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

ѮF
DPMPST
PG
UIF
BVSPSB
EFQFOE
PO
XIJDI
BUPNT
PS
NPMFDVMFT
BSF
TUSVDL
CZ
UIF
QSFDJQJUBUJOH
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
UIF
BUNPTQIFSJD
IFJHIU
BU
XIJDI
UIFZ
BSF
TUSVDL
&YDJUFE
PYZHFO
BUPNT
SBEJBUF
CPUI
HSFFO

OBOPNFUFST
BOE
SFE

BOE

OBOPNF UFST
MJHIU
UIF
HSFFO
PYZHFO
FNJTTJPO
BQQFBST
BU
BO
BMUJUVEF
PG
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
BOE
UIF
SFE
PYZHFO
MJHIU
BU

UP

LJMPNFUFST
ѮF
CPUUPN
FEHF
PG
UIF
NPTU
CSJMMJBOU
HSFFO
DVSUBJOT
BSF
TPNFUJNFT
GSJOHFE
XJUI
UIF
QJOL
HMPX
PG
OFVUSBM
PS
VOJPOJ[FE
NPMFDVMBS
OJUSPHFO
BOE
SBSF
CMVF
PS
WJPMFU
DPMPST
BSF
FNJUUFE
CZ
JPOJ[FE
OJUSPHFO
NPMFDVMFT 4P
FOFSHFUJD
FMFDUSPOT
DPMMJEJOH
XJUI
PYZHFO
BOE
OJUSPHFO
BUPNT
JO
UIF
BJS
DBVTF
UIF
NVMUJDPMPSFE
BVSPSB
MJHIU
TIPX
CVU
XIFSF
EP
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
DPNF
GSPN
BOE
IPX
BSF
UIFZ
FOFSHJ[FE
4JODF
UIF
NPTU
JOUFOTF
BVSPSBT
PDDVS
BU
UJNFT
PG
NBYJNVN
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
JU
XBT
PODF
UIPVHIU
UIBU
UIF
BVSPSB
FMFDUSPOT
DBNF
GSPN
FYQMPTJPOT
PO
UIF
4VO
IVSMFE
EJSFDUMZ
EPXO
JOUP
UIF
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUIT
OBSSPX
GVOOFM TIBQFE
QPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
"ѫFS
BMM
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
PG
UIF
TPMBS
FYQMPTJPOT
BMTP
QFBL
BU
UIF
NBYJNVN
PG
UIF
TPMBS
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF *O
BOPUIFS
QPQVMBS
UIFPSZ
TPMBS
XJOE
FMFDUSPOT
XFSF
TVQQPTFE
UP
CF
IFME
XJUIJO
UIF
7BO
"MMFO
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
CFGPSF
CFJOH
TRVJSUFE
PVU
JOUP
UIF
BVSPSB
[POFT
MJLF
B
TRVFF[FE
UVCF
PG
UPPUIQBTUF
BT
UIF
SFTVMU
PG
FYDFTTJWF
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
)PXFWFS
TPMBS
QBS UJDMFT
DPNJOH
JO
GSPN
UIF
QPMBS
SPVUF
BQQBSFOUMZ
EP
OPU
IBWF
FOPVHI
FOFSHZ
UP
NBLF
BMM
PG
UIF
BVSPSBT
BOE
UIFSF
BSF
OPU
FOPVHI
QBSUJDMFT
JO
UIF
7BO
"MMFO
CFMUT &WFO
UIPVHI
DIBOHJOH
DPOEJUJPOT
PO
UIF
4VO
NBZ
USJHHFS
UIF
JOUFOTF
OPSUIFSO
BOE
TPVUIFSO
MJHIUT
XF
OPX
LOPX
UIBU
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
DBVTF
UIF
BVSPSBT
BSSJWF
JOEJ SFDUMZ
BU
UIF
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
GSPN
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
UBJM
BOE
UIBU
UIFTF
FMFDUSPOT
DBO
CF
FOFSHJ[FE
BOE
BDDFMFSBUFE
MPDBMMZ
XJUIJO
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
$IBOHJOH
TPMBSXJOE
DPOEJUJPOT
DBO
UFNQPSBSJMZ
QJODI
PĒ
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUPUBJM
PQFOJOH
B
WBMWF
UIBU
MFUT
UIF
TPMBSXJOE
FOFSHZ
DSPTT
JOUP
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
BOE
BEEJUJPOBMMZ
TIPPUJOH
FMFD USPOT
TUPSFE
JO
UIF
NBHOFUJD
UBJM
CBDL
UPXBSE
UIF
BVSPSB
[POFT
OFBS
UIF
QPMFT %VSJOH
UIJT
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
QSPDFTT
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
IFBEJOH
JO
PQQP TJUF
EJSFDUJPO
m
IBWJOH
PQQPTJUF
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
QPMBSJUJFT
m
CSFBL
BOE
SFDPOOFDU
EPXO XJOE
PG
&BSUI
PO
JUT
OJHIU
TJEF
&MFDUSPOT
BSF
QVTIFE
VQ
BOE
EPXO
UIF
UBJM
BOE
DBO
CF
BDDFMFSBUFE
XJUIJO
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
BT
UIFZ
USBWFM
CBDL
UPXBSE
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
JOUP
JUT
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
ѮF
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
BSF
UISPXO
&BSUIXBSE
GPMMPX
UIF
QBUI
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
XIJDI
MJOL
UIF
NBHOFUPUBJM
UP
UIF
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
BOE
NBQ
JOUP
UIF
BVSPSB
PWBM ѮF
FOUSZ
GSPN
UIF
NBHOFUPUBJM
BMTP
FYQMBJOT
XIZ
UIF
BVSPSB
PWBM
JT
OPU
DPN QMFUFMZ
JMMVNJOBUFE
XIFO
TFFO
GSPN
TQBDF
*U
TIJOFT
NPTUMZ
PO
UIF
OJHIU
TJEF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
XIJDI
JT
NBHOFUJDBMMZ
DPOOFDUFE
UP
UIF
SFDPOOFDUJPO
TJUF
JO
UIF
NBHOFUPUBJM
.BHOFUJD
êFMET
PO
UIF
TVOMJU
EBZTJEF
BSF
EJSFDUMZ
DPOOFDUFE
UP
UIF
QPMFT
SBUIFS
UIBO
UP
UIF
NBHOFUPUBJM ѮF
SBSF
CSJHIU
BVSPSBT
TFFO
BU
MPX
MBUJUVEFT
JO
NPSF
DMFNFOU
DMJNBUFT
CFDPNF
WJT JCMF
EVSJOH
WFSZ
JOUFOTF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
UIBU
FOMBSHF
UIF
NBHOFUPUBJM
ѮF
BVSPSB
PWBMT
UIFO
JOUFOTJGZ
BOE
TQSFBE
EPXO
BT
GBS
BT
UIF
USPQJDT
JO
CPUI
IFNJTQIFSFT
4JODF
UIFTF
HSFBU
NBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
BSF
QSPEVDFE
CZ
TPMBS
FYQMPTJPOT
LOPXO
BT
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
JU
JT
SFBMMZ
UIF
4VO
UIBU
DPOUSPMT
UIF
JOUFOTJUZ
PG
UIF
CSJHIUFTU
NPTU
FYUFOTJWF
BVSPSBT
MJLF
UIF
CSJHIUFOJOH
BOE
EJNNJOH
TXJUDI
PG
B
DPTNJD
MJHIU
FWFO
UIPVHI
BVSP SBT
BSF
NPTU
PѫFO
GVFMFE
CZ
QBSUJDMFT
BDDFMFSBUFE
JO
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF


&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF








(&0."(/&5*$
4503.4 "MUIPVHI
UIF
HVTUZ
TPMBS
XJOE
OFWFS
SFBDIFT
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
JU
DBO
DBVTF
ESB NBUJD
DIBOHFT
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
GJFME
(FPSHF
(SBIBN
m


B
-POEPO
XBUDINBLFS
êSTU
OPUFE
UIF
NBHOFUJD
WBSJBUJPO
JO

BT
B
QSPOPVODFE
TXJOH
BOE
SBQJE
ëVDUVBUJPO
JO
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
UIBU
DPNQBTT
OFFEMFT
QPJOU
(SBIBN
BOE
UIF
4XFEJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
BOE
QIZTJDJTU
"OEFST
$FMTJVT
¢
JOEFQFOEFOUMZ
OPUJDFE
JO

UIBU
JSSFHVMBS
EFëFDUJPOT
PG
UIF
DPNQBTT
OFFEMF
PDDVS
XIFO
JOUFOTF
BVSPSBT
BSF
QSFTFOU
ѮFO
JO
UIF
NJEOJOFUFFOUI
DFOUVSZ
UIF
(FSNBO
FYQMPSFS
BOE
OBUVSBMJTU
#BSPO
"MFYBOEFS
WPO
)VNCPMEU
¢
NFBTVSFE
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
EVSJOH
IJT
HMPCBM
USJQT
HJWJOH
UIFN
UIF
OBNF
NBHOFUJD
TUPSNT /PXBEBZT
XF
PѫFO
BUUBDI
UIF
BQQFMMBUJPO
iHFPu
UP
UIF
OBNF
VTJOH
UIF
UFSN
HFP NBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
UP
TUSFTT
UIFJS
&BSUIMZ
OBUVSF
6OMJLF
MPDBMJ[FE
TUPSNZ
XFBUIFS
PO
MBOE
PS
TFB
B
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSN
JT
JOWJTJCMF
BOE
TJMFOU
VOEFUFDUBCMF
CZ
UIF
IVNBO
FZF
PS
FBS
CVU
MJLF
PVS
EBJMZ
XFBUIFS
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
DBO
TPNFUJNFT
IBWF
EFWBTUBUJOH
FĒFDUT ѮF
JOUFOTF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
WBSZ
JO
UBOEFN
XJUI
UIF
ZFBS
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
"MSFBEZ
JO

$PMPOFM
&EXBSE
4BCJOF
¢


TVQFSJOUFOEFOU
PG
GPVS
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
PCTFSWBUPSJFT
JO
UIF
#SJUJTI
DPMPOJFT
XBT
BCMF
UP
TIPX
UIBU
HMPCBM
NBHOFUJD
ëVDUVBUJPOT
BSF
TZODISPOJ[FE
XJUI
UIJT
DZDMF
*O
SFTQPOTF
UP
B
MFUUFS
GSPN
UIF
BTUSPOP NFS
+PIO
)FSTDIFM
¢


UIBU
DBMMFE
BUUFOUJPO
UP
4BNVFM
)FJOSJDI
4DIXBCFT
¢
EJTDPWFSZ
PG
UIF
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
4BCJOF
XSPUF 8JUI
SFGFSFODF
UP
4DIXBCFT
QFSJPE
PG

ZFBST
IBWJOH
B
NJOJNVN
JO

BOE
B
NBYJNVN
JO

JU
IBQQFOT
UIBU
CZ
B
NPTU
DVSJPVT
DPJODJEFODF
JG
JU
CF
OPUIJOH
NPSF
UIBO
B
DPJODJEFODF
UIBU
JO
B
QBQFS
OPX
XBJUJOH
UP
CF
SFBE
BU
UIF
3PZBM
4PDJFUZ
*
USBDF
UIF
WFSZ
TBNF
ZFBST
BT
UIPTF
NJOJNVN
BOE
NBYJNVN
PG
BO
BQQBSFOU
QFSJPEJDBM
JOFRVBMJUZ
XIJDI
UPPL
QMBDF
JO
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
BOE
NBHOJUVEF
PG
UIF

NBH OFUJD
EJTUVSCBODFT
BOE
JO
UIF
NBHOJUVEF
PG
UIF
NFBO
NPOUIMZ
SBOHF
PG
FBDI
PG
UIF

NBHOFUJD
FMFNFOUT
TIPXO
DPODVSSFOUMZ
JO
UIF
UXP
IFNJTQIFSFT

&BSMZ
JO
UIF
UI
DFOUVSZ
UIF
/PSXFHJBO
QIZTJDJTU
,SJTUJBO
#JSLFMBOE
¢
BSHVFE
UIBU
CFBNT
PG
FMFDUSPOT
BSF
TFOU
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UP
UIF
&BSUI
DBVTJOH
CPUI
BVSPSBT
BOE
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
#VU
JU
XBT
TPPO
SFBMJ[FE
UIBU
UIF
FMFDUSJDBM
SFQVMTJPO
CFUXFFO
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
XPVME
DBVTF
TVDI
B
TPMBS
FMFDUSPO
CFBN
UP
EJTQFSTF
JOUP
TQBDF
CFGPSF
SFBDI JOH
&BSUI
4P
JO
UIF
T
UIF
&OHMJTI
HFPQIZTJDJTU
4ZEOFZ
$IBQNBO
¢
BOE
IJT
ZPVOH
DPMMFBHVF
7JODFOU
'FSSBSP
¢
SFBTPOFE
UIBU
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
BSF
DBVTFE
XIFO
BO
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
OFVUSBM
QMBTNB
DMPVE
JT
FKFDUFE
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BOE
FOWFMPQT
UIF
&BSUI
HFOFSBUJOH
DVSSFOUT
JO
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
BOE
EJTUPSUJOH
JUT
NBHOFUJD
êFME 8F
OPX
LOPX
UIBU
$IBQNBO
BOE
'FSSBSP
XFSF
DMPTF
UP
TPMWJOH
UIF
NZTUFSZ
PG
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
ѮF
NPTU
JOUFOTF
POFT
BSF
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
HSFBU
NBHOFUJ[FE
CVCCMFT
PG
QMBTNB
IVSMFE
GSPN
UIF
4VO
XIJDI
DBO
HFOFSBUF
DVSSFOUT
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
BOE
FOFSHJ[F
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
JO
JU
'JH
  *G
BWFSBHFE
PWFS
CPUI
B
ZFBSMZ
BOE
HMPCBM
TDBMF
JOUFOTF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
EP
WBSZ
JO
TUFQ
XJUI
UIF
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
8IFO
UIF
4VO
TIPXT
NPSF
TQPUT
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
NPSF
GSFRVFOUMZ
EJTUVSCFE
CZ
WJPMFOU
TUPSNT
#VU
JU
JT
OPU
UIF
TVO TQPUT
UIFNTFMWFT
UIBU
CSJOH
BCPVU
UIF
DIBOHFT
PO
UIF
&BSUI
(SFBU
NBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
BSF





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 )NTERPLANETARY#-%SHOCKS!SITMOVESAWAYFROMTHE 3UNUPQ
MFѫ AFASTCORONALMASSEJECTION#-%
UPQ
SJHIU PUSHESAN INTERPLANETARYSHOCKWAVEBEFOREIT AMPLIFYINGTHESOLARWINDSPEED 6 ANDMAGNETIClELDSTRENGTH "CPUUPN 4HE#-%PRODUCESASPEED INCREASEALLTHEWAYTOTHESHOCKFRONT WHERETHEWINDSMOTIONTHEN SLOWSDOWNPRECIPITOUSLYTOITSSTEADY UNPERTURBEDSPEED#OMPRES SION RESULTINGFROMTHERELATIVEMOTIONBETWEENTHEFAST#-%ANDITS SURROUNDINGS PRODUCESSTRONGMAGNETIClELDSINABROADREGIONEXTEND INGSUNWARDFROMTHESHOCK4HESTRONGMAGNETIClELDSANDHIGHmOW SPEEDSCOMMONLYASSOCIATEDWITHINTERPLANETARYDISTURBANCESDRIVENBY FAST#-%SAREWHATMAKESUCHEVENTSEFFECTIVEINSTIMULATINGGEOMAG NETICACTIVITY

DBVTFE
CZ
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
UIBU
PDDVS
NPSF
PѫFO
XIFO
UIF
4VO
JT
NPSF
TQPUUFE
BOE
BDUJWF ѮF
DPOTFRVFODFT
PG
BO
FYDFQUJPOBMMZ
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJD
TUPSN
BSF
USVMZ
BXFTPNF
4FWFSBM
UJNFT
FWFSZ
TPMBS
DZDMF
B
TPMBS
FSVQUJPO
PG
FYUSBPSEJOBSZ
FOFSHZ
DSFBUFT
B
CSJFG
WJPMFOU
HVTU
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
UIBU
TFUT
UIF
FOUJSF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
SFWFSCFSBUJOH
XJUI
DBUBTUSPQIJD
JNQBDU
8IFO
UIF
IJHIWFMPDJUZ
TIPDLT
BSSJWF
BU
UIF
&BSUI
GPMMPXFE
CZ



&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF







UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIFZ
DBO
DPNQSFTT
UIF
EBZTJEF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
EPXO
UP
IBMG
JUT
OPSNBM
TJ[F
DPOGVTJOH
HFPNBHOFUJD
OBWJHBUJPOBM
BOE
EFUFDUJPO
TFOTPST
JO
TBUFMMJUFT
BOE
EJTPSJFOUJOH
IPNJOH
QJHFPOT
BOE
PUIFS
NJHSBUPSZ
BOJNBMT
UIBU
EFQFOE
PO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
GPS
HVJEBODF
)JHI
SBUFT
PG
DPOOFDUJPO
CFUXFFO
UIF
TPMBSXJOE
NBHOFUJD
êFME
BOE
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
POF
JODSFBTF
UIF
TJ[F
PG
UIF
NBHOFUPUBJM
UIBU
DPOOFDUT
UP
UIF
QPMFT
BOE
BT
B
SFTVMU
UIF
BVSPSB
PWBM
JOUFOTJêFT
BOE
TQSFBET
FFSJMZ
CFBVUJGVM
BVSPSBT
BDSPTT
UIF
TLZ
UP
USPQJDBM
MBUJUVEFT
JO
CPUI
IFNJTQIFSFT 4IPSUMZ
BѫFS
UIF
UVSO
PG
UIF
UXFOUJFUI
DFOUVSZ
&
8BMUFS
.BVOEFS
¢


B
TVOTQPU
FYQFSU
GSPN
UIF
3PZBM
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BU
(SFFOXJDI
&OHMBOE
GPVOE
UIBU
NBOZ
NPEFSBUF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
PDDVS
BU
JOUFSWBMT
PG

EBZT
DPSSFTQPOEJOH
UP
UIF
BQQBSFOU
SPUBUJPO
QFSJPE
PG
UIF
4VO
BT
WJFXFE
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
)F
DPODMVEFE
UIBU
UIJT
SFDVSSFODF
DPVME
CF
FYQMBJOFE CZ
TVQQPTJOH
UIBU
UIF
&BSUI
IBT
FODPVOUFSFE
UJNF
BѫFS
UJNF
B
EFêOJUF
TUSFBN
B
TUSFBN
XIJDI
DPOUJOVBMMZ
TVQQMJFE
GSPN
POF
BOE
UIF
TBNF
BSFB
PG
UIF
4VOT
TVSGBDF
BQQFBST
UP
VT
BU
PVS
EJTUBODF
UP
CF
SPUBUJOH
XJUI
UIF
TBNF
TQFFE
BT
UIF
BSFB
GSPN
XIJDI
JU
SJTFT

"T
FNQIBTJ[FE
CZ
UIF
(FSNBO
TDJFOUJTU
+VMJVT
#BSUFMT
¢


UIFTF
SFDVS SFOU
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
TPNFUJNFT
PDDVS
XIFO
UIFSF
BSF
OP
WJTJCMF
TVOTQPUT
*O

#BSUFMT
SFGFSSFE
UP
UIF
TPVSDFT
PG
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
BT
.
SFHJPOT
BOE
OPUFE
UIBU
XIJMF
.
SFHJPOT
XFSF
TPNFUJNFT
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
TVOTQPUT
JO
NBOZ
PUIFS
DBTFT
UIFZ
TFFNFE
UP
IBWF
OP
WJTJCMF
DPVOUFSQBSU
ѮF
.
QSPCBCMZ
TUPPE
GPS
NBHOFUJD
CVU
JU
NJHIU
IBWF
EFOPUFE
NZTUFSJPVT
GPS
TFWFSBM
EFDBEFT
UIF
FMVTJWF
TPVSDF
PG
UIF
NPEFSBUF
SFDVSSFOU
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
SFNBJOFE
POF
PG
UIF
HSFBUVOTPMWFE
NZTUFSJFT
JO
TPMBS
QIZTJDT ѮF
SFDVSSFOU
BDUJWJUZ
JT
MJOLFE
UP
MPOHMJWFE
IJHITQFFE
TUSFBNT
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
UIBU
FNBOBUF
GSPN
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
BOE
QFSJPEJDBMMZ
TXFFQ
QBTU
UIF
&BSUI
8IFO
UIF
4VO
JT
OFBS
B
MVMM
JO
JUT
ZFBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
UIF
GBTU
XJOE
TUSFBNT
SVTIJOH
PVU
PG
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
DBO
FYUFOE
UP
UIF
QMBOF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
8IFO
UIJT
GBTU
XJOE
PWFSUBLFT
UIF
TMPXTQFFE
FRVBUPSJBM
POF
UIF
UXP
XJOE
DPNQPOFOUT
JOUFSBDU
MJLF
UXP
SJWFST
NFSHJOH
UP
GPSN
B
MBSHFS
POF
ѮJT
QSPEVDFT
TIPDL
XBWFT
BOE
JOUFOTF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIBU
SPUBUF
XJUI
UIF
4VO
QSPEVDJOH
NPEFSBUF
HFPNBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
FWFSZ

EBZT
/FBS
TPMBS
NBY JNVN
BU
UIF
QFBL
PG
UIF
ZFBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
EPNJOBUF
UIF
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NFEJVN
QSPEVDJOH
UIF
NPTU
JOUFOTF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
BOE
UIF
MPX MFWFM
BDUJWJUZ
JT
MFTT
OPUJDFBCMF ѮVT
HFPNBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
TIPXT
UXP
DPNQPOFOUT
CPUI
DPOOFDUFE
XJUI
UIF
4VO
0OF
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
JOUFOTF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
WBSJFT
JO
UBOEFN
XJUI
UIF
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
PG
TPMBS
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
ѮF
PUIFS
SFMBUFE
UP
NPEFS BUF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
BOE
SFDVSSFOU
IJHITQFFE
TPMBS
XJOE
TUSFBNT
JT
PVU
PG
QIBTF
XJUI
UIF
TPMBS
DZDMF
EPNJOBUJOH
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
XIFO
UIF
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
JT
BU
B
NJOJNVN 
41"$&
8&"5)&3 ѮFSF
JT
EBOHFS
CMPXJOH
JO
UIF
4VOT
XJOE
XIJDI
DPOUBJOT
QPXFSGVM
HVTUT
BOE
TRVBMMT
ѮFZ
BSF
UIF
DPTNJD
FRVJWBMFOU
PG
UFSSFTUSJBM
CMJ[[BSET
PS
IVSSJDBOFT
%PXO
IFSF
PO
UIF
HSPVOE
XF
BSF
TIJFMEFE
GSPN
UIJT
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
CZ
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
NBH




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

OFUJD
êFMET
LFFQJOH
VT
GSPN
CPEJMZ
IBSN
#VU
PVU
JO
EFFQ
TQBDF
UIFSF
JT
OP
QMBDF
UP
IJEF
BOE
CPUI
IVNBOT
BOE
TBUFMMJUFT
BSF
WVMOFSBCMF ѮF
TUPSNT
JO
TQBDF
DBO
FWFO
LJMM
BO
VOQSPUFDUFE
BTUSPOBVU
SFQBJSJOH
B
TQBDF
TUB UJPO
PS
XBMLJOH
PO
UIF
.PPO
PS
.BST
ѮF
4VO
TUPSNT
DBO
EJTSVQU
HMPCBM
SBEJP
TJHOBMT
BOE
EJTBCMF
TBUFMMJUFT
VTFE
GPS
DFMM
QIPOFT
PS
QBHFST
OBWJHBUJPO
NJMJUBSZ
SFDPOOBJT TBODF
BOE
TVSWFJMMBODF
0S
UIFZ
NJHIU
PWFSMPBE
FMFDUSJDBM
HSJET
PO
UIF
HSPVOE
DBVTJOH
NBTTJWF
QPXFS
CMBDLPVUT 7JPMFOU
FYQMPTJPOT
PO
UIF
4VO
LOPXO
BT
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
QSPEVDF
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
BOE
UIF
NPTU
JOUFOTF
TUPSNT
QSPEVDJOH
UIF
HSFBUFTU
EBNBHF
BU
&BSUI
BSF
MFHFOEBSZ
ѮFSF
XFSF
UIF
SFDPSECSFBLJOH
)BMMPXFFO
TUPSNT
PG
0DUPCFS
BOE
/PWFNCFS

EJTSVQUJOH
SBEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
BDSPTT
UIF
TVOMJU
TJEF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
TFWFSBM
TBUFMMJUFT
XFSF
BMTP
EBNBHFE
BOE
B
QPXFS
CMBDLPVU
IJU
4XFEFO
"
DPVQMF
PG
ZFBST
FBSMJFS
JO
.BSDI
BOE
"QSJM

UIF
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
TQBXOFE
CZ
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
BMTP
DVU
PĒ
SBEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
BOE
EJTSVQUFE
PS
EBN BHFE
TFWFSBM
NJMJUBSZ
BOE
DPNNFSDJBM
TBUFMMJUFT
"OE
EBNBHF
GSPN
UIF
#BTUJMMF
%BZ
ëBSF
'JH



PO

+VMZ

XBT
NJUJHBUFE
CZ
BMFSUT
BOE
XBSOJOHT
UP
JOEVTUSZ
UIF
NJMJUBSZ
BOE
TQBDF
BHFODJFT )JHI'MZJOH
)VNBOT
"U
3JTL

"MUIPVHI
NPTU
BJSQMBOFT
ëZ
WFSZ
MPX
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
XFMM
CFMPX
BOZ
TBUFMMJUF
USBOT DPOUJOFOUBM
ëJHIUT
UBLJOH
UIF
QPMBS
SPVUF
QBTT
UISPVHI
SFHJPOT
PG
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME


'*(
 3OLARmAREPRODUCESENERGETICPARTICLESTORM!POWERFULSOLARmAREMFѫ OCCURRINGATHOURSMINUTES5NIVERSAL4IMEON"ASTILLEDAY*ULY UNLEASHED HIGH ENERGYPROTONSTHATBEGANSTRIKINGTHE40)0SPACECRAFTNEAR%ARTHABOUTMINUTES LATER CONTINUINGFORMANYHOURS ASSHOWNINTHEIMAGETAKENONHOURSMINUTES 5NIVERSAL4IMEONTHESAMEDAYSJHIU "OTHIMAGESWERETAKENATAWAVELENGTHOF NANOMETERS EMITTEDATTHE3UNBYELEVENTIMESIONIZEDIRON DENOTED&E8)) ATATEM PERATUREOFABOUTMILLIONKELVIN USINGTHE%XTREME5LTRAVIOLET)MAGING4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED%)4 ONTHE
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ OR40)0
FORSHORT#OURTESY OFTHE40)0
%)4CONSORTIUM40)0ISAPROJECTOFINTERNATIONALCOOPERATIONBETWEEN %3!AND.!3!





&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF




XIFSF
TPMBS
QBSUJDMFT
CFDPNF
DPODFOUSBUFE
ѮF
IJHIFOFSHZ
QBSUJDMFT
DSFBUFE
CZ
TPMBS
FYQMPTJPOT
DBO
CF
DIBOOFMFE
BMPOH
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
BOE
QFOFUSBUF
UP
MPX
BMUJUVEFT
JO
UIF
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
FYQPTJOH
BJSMJOF
DSFXT
BOE
QBTTFOHFST
UP
FMFWBUFE
MFWFMT
PG
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
TQBDF
ѮF
IJHIFS
UIF
QMBOF
JT
ëZJOH
BOE
UIF
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
QPMFT
UIF
IJHIFS
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
EPTF
ѮF
IFBMUI
SJTL
JT
TNBMM
CVU
IJHIFTU
GPS
GSFRVFOU
ëJFST
QJMPUT
BOE
ëJHIU
BUUFOEBOUT
XIP
USBWFM
QPMBS
SPVUFT
PѫFO
1SFHOBOU
XPNFO
BSF
BEWJTFE
UP
OPU
UBLF
BO
BJS QMBOF
ëZJOH
B
QPMBS
SPVUF
EVSJOH
B
TUPSN
PO
UIF
4VO
UP
BWPJE
SJTL
PG
CJSUI
EFGFDUT
CVU
UIF
QSPCMFN
JT
TPNF
XPNFO
BU
SJTL
NJHIU
OPU
FWFO
LOPX
UIFZ
BSF
QSFHOBOU ѮFSF
BSF
FWFO
HSFBUFS
IB[BSET
BCPBSE
TQBDFDSBѫ
BU
IJHIFS
BMUJUVEFT
"DDPSEJOH
UP
BO
FYQFSU
BU
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
%FGFOTF
/VDMFBS
"HFODZ
NJMJUBSZ
QJMPUT
DBO
CF
QSPWJEFE
XJUI
ESVHT
UIBU
XJMM
NBLF
UIFN
UFNQPSBSJMZ
TVSWJWF
B
MFUIBM
EPTF
PG
TPMBS
QBSUJDMFT
PS
SBEJBUJPO
*UT
B
NBUUFS
PG
QBUSJPUJTN
BOE
DPTU
ѮFZ
BSF
HPJOH
UP
EJF
BOZXBZ
TP
XIZ
OPU
UBLF
UIF
JOKFDUJPO
TBWF
UIF
TQBDFDSBѫ
BOE
DPNF
PO
IPNF
UP
EJF
ѮFSF
JT
OP
TFOTF
JO
CFJOH
UIF
êSTU
DPSQTF
JO
TQBDF (P
GBS
FOPVHI
JOUP
TQBDF
BOE
UIF
DIFNJDBM
CPOET
JO
ZPVS
NPMFDVMFT
XJMM
CF
CSP LFO
BQBSU
CZ
TUPSNT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
JODSFBTJOH
UIF
SJTL
PG
DBODFS
BOE
FSSPST
JO
HFOFUJD
JOGPSNBUJPO
4QBDF
BHFODJFT
UIFSFGPSF
TFU
MJNJUT
UP
UIF
FYQPTVSF
UP
TPMBS
FOFSHFUJD
QBS UJDMFT
BOE
SBEJBUJPO
BO
BTUSPOBVU
DBO
IBWF
XIJMF
USBWFMJOH
PS
XPSLJOH
VOQSPUFDUFE
JO
TQBDF
#FDBVTF
PG
UIF
QPUFOUJBM
HFOFUJD
EBNBHF
JU
JT
TBJE
UIBU
BTUSPOBVUT
BSF
TVQQPTFE
UP
IBWF
IBE
BMM
UIFJS
DIJMESFO
CFGPSF
ëZJOH
JO
PVUFS
TQBDF
PUIFSXJTF
UIFZ
NJHIU
IBWF
TPNF
WFSZ
XFJSE
PĒTQSJOH
1SPCBCMZ
CFDBVTF
PG
IPSNPOFT
NFO
BSF
NPSF
SBEJBUJPO SFTJTUBOU
UIBO
XPNFO
BOE
UIF
SFTJTUBODF
QFBLT
CFUXFFO
UIF
BHFT
PG
GPSUZêWF
BOE
êѫZ
4P
JG
HFOFUJD
IBSN
BOE
PUIFS
IFBMUI
SJTLT
BSF
UIF
EPNJOBOU
GBDUPS
NPTU
BTUSPOBVUT
XJMM
CF
NJEEMFBHFE
NFO
BOE
UIFZ
VTVBMMZ
BSF 4PMBS
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMF
FWFOUT
DBO
FOEBOHFS
UIF
IFBMUI
BOE
FWFO
UIF
MJWFT
PG
BTUSP OBVUT
XIFO
UIFZ
BSF
JO
PVUFS
TQBDF
VOQSPUFDUFE
CZ
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
ѮF
TIJFMEJOH
PG
B
UZQJDBM
TQBDFDSBѫ
JT
OPU
UIFO
FOPVHI
UP
QSPUFDU
B
IVNBO
GSPN
DBUBSBDUT
PS
TLJO
DBODFS
EVSJOH
B
NBKPS
TPMBS
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMF
FWFOU
BOE
IJHIFOFSHZ
QSPUPOT
GSPN
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
PS
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
DBO
FBTJMZ
QJFSDF
B
TQBDF
TVJU
DBVTJOH
EBN BHF
UP
IVNBO
DFMMT
BOE
UJTTVFT
ѮFZ
DBO
FWFO
LJMM
VOQSPUFDUFE
BTUSPOBVUT
UIBU
WFOUVSF
JOUP
TQBDF
'JHT


UP
VOMPBE
TQBDFDSBѫ
DBSHP
DPOTUSVDU
B
TQBDF
TUBUJPO
PS
XBML
PO
UIF
.PPO
PS
.BST 4PMBS
BTUSPOPNFST
UIFSFGPSF
LFFQ
DBSFGVM
XBUDI
PWFS
UIF
4VO
EVSJOH
TQBDF
NJTTJPOT
UP
XBSO
PG
QPTTJCMF
BDUJWJUZ
PDDVSSJOH
BU
KVTU
UIF
XSPOH
QMBDF
PS
UJNF
'MJHIU
DPOUSPMMFST
DBO
UIFO
QPTUQPOF
TQBDF
XBMLT
EVSJOH
TPMBS
TUPSNT
LFFQJOH
BTUSPOBVUT
XJUIJO
UIF
IFBW JMZ
TIJFMEFE
SFDFTTFT
PG
B
TBUFMMJUF
PS
TQBDF
TUBUJPO
ѮFZ
XPVME
BMTP
CF
UPME
UP
DVSUBJM
BOZ
TUSPMMT
PO
UIF
.PPO
PS
.BST
JOTUFBE
NPWJOH
JOTJEF
VOEFSHSPVOE
TUPSN
TIFMUFST "
EJTBTUFS
IBT
TP
GBS
CFFO
BWPJEFE
CFDBVTF
QSFWJPVT
TUBZT
PO
UIF
.PPO
XFSF
PG
TIPSU
EVSBUJPO
B
GFX
EBZT
XIFO
OP
NBKPS
TPMBS
FSVQUJPO
PDDVSSFE
ѮF
NBOOFE
"QPMMP

BOE

NJTTJPOT
UP
UIF
.PPO
JO
"QSJM
BOE
%FDFNCFS

SFTQFDUJWFMZ
PDDVSSFE
CFGPSF
BOE
BѫFS
B
MBSHF
TPMBS
ëBSF
PO

"VHVTU

XIJDI
XPVME
IBWF
DBVTFE
EJT BCMJOH
SBEJBUJPO
TJDLOFTT
BOE
QPTTJCMF
EFBUI
UP
BTUSPOBVUT
XBMLJOH
PO
UIF
.PPO "
MPOHFS
GVUVSF
USJQ
UP
.BST
XJMM
JOWPMWF
DPOTJEFSBCMF
SJTLT
"TUSPOBVUT
XPVME
TQFOE
TJY
NPOUIT
PS
NPSF
JO
USBOTJU
FBDI
XBZ
BOE
TUBZ
PO
UIF
.BSUJBO
TVSGBDF
GPS
BT
MPOH
BT
B
ZFBSBOEBIBMG
VOUJM
UIF
SFE
QMBOFU
BHBJO
NPWFE
DMPTFTU
UP
UIF
&BSUI
4PNF





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 -ANINSPACE!STRONAUT$ONALD(0ETERSON¥ ONA FOOT METER TETHERLINEDURINGHIS HOUR  ORBITSPACEWALK MOVINGTOWARDTHETAILOFTHE 4QBDF
4IVUUMF
$IBMMFOHFSASITGLIDESAROUNDTHE%ARTH(UNDREDSOFKILOMETERSABOVETHE %ARTH THEREISNOAIRANDASTRONAUTSMUSTWEARASPACESUIT)TSUPPLIESTHEOXYGENTHEY NEEDANDINSULATESTHEIRBODYFROMEXTREMEHEATORCOLD(OWEVER ASPACESUITCANNOT PROTECTANASTRONAUTFROMENERGETICPARTICLESHURLEDOUTFROMEXPLOSIONSONTHE3UN(EOR SHEMUSTTHENBEWITHINTHEPROTECTIVESHIELDINGOFASPACECRAFTOROTHERSHELTERTOAVOID THEDANGER#OURTESYOF.!3!

FTUJNBUF
UIBU
FWFSZ
UIJSE
IVNBO
DFMM
XPVME
CF
EBNBHFE
CZ
TPMBS
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
EVSJOH
UIF
ëJHIU
BOE
PUIFST
XPSSZ
BCPVU
IPX
UP
LFFQ
UIF
BTUSPOBVUT
GSPN
CFJOH
JSSBEJ BUFE
UP
EFBUI
-POH
FYQPTVSFT
UP
DPTNJD
SBZT
JO
TQBDF
BMTP
JODSFBTF
UIF
SJTL
PG
HFUUJOH
DBODFS
BQQBSFOUMZ
UP
B
GPSUZQFSDFOU
MJGFUJNF
DIBODF
BѫFS
B
WPZBHF
UP
.BST
BOE
GBS
BCPWF
BDDFQUBCMF
UISFTIPMET
PG
HPWFSONFOU
BHFODJFT
"
GVUVSF
SFUVSO
USJQ
UP
UIF
.PPO
XJUI
BO
FYUFOEFE
TUBZ
PS
UP
FYQMPSF
.BST
NVTU
JODMVEF
NFUIPET
PG
QSPUFDUJPO
PG
UIF
DSFX
GSPN
UIF
IBSNGVM
FĒFDUT
PG
4VOESJWFO
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
BOE
DPTNJD
SBZT


&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF







'*(
 5NPROTECTEDFROMSPACEWEATHER4HElRSTUNTETHEREDWALKINSPACE ON &EBRUARY WHERETHEREISNOPLACETOHIDEFROMINCLEMENT3UN DRIVENSTORMS !STRONAUT"RUCE-C#ANDLESS))¥ AMISSIONSPECIALIST WEARSA POUND  KILOGRAM -ANNED-ANEUVERING5NIT--5 WITHNITROGENGASTHRUSTERSAND AMMCAMERA4HE--5PERMITSMOTIONINSPACEWHERETHESENSATIONOFGRAVITYHAS VANISHED BUTITDOESNOTPROTECTTHEASTRONAUTFROMSOLARmARESORCORONALMASSEJEC TIONS(IGH ENERGYPARTICLESRESULTINGFROMTHESEEXPLOSIONSONTHE3UNCOULDKILLTHE UNPROTECTEDASTRONAUT#OURTESYOF.!3! 'BJMJOH
UP
$PNNVOJDBUF

&JHIU
NJOVUFT
BѫFS
BO
FOFSHFUJD
TPMBS
ëBSF
B
TUSPOH
CMBTU
PG
9SBZT
BOE
FYUSFNF
VMUSB WJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
SFBDIFT
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
SBEJDBMMZ
BMUFST
UIF
TUSVDUVSF
PG
UIF
QMBOFUT
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF
LOPXO
BT
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
CZ
QSPEVDJOH
BO
JODSFBTF
JO
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
GSFF
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
BSF
OP
MPOHFS
BUUBDIFE
UP
BUPNT
ѮJT
DBO
DBVTF
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
UP
BCTPSC
UIF
SBEJP
TJHOBMT
JU
VTVBMMZ
SFëFDUT
SFTVMUJOH
JO
GBEFE
TJHOBMT
BOE
TPNFUJNFT
SBEJP
CMBDLPVUT
%VSJOH
NPEFSBUFMZ
JOUFOTF
ëBSFT
MPOHEJTUBODF
SBEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
DBO
CF
UFNQPSBSJMZ
TJMFODFE
PWFS
UIF
&BSUIT
FOUJSF
TVOMJU
IFNJTQIFSF ѮF
SBEJP
CMBDLPVUT
BSF
QBSUJDVMBSMZ
USPVCMFTPNF
GPS
UIF
DPNNFSDJBM
BJSMJOF
JOEVT USZ
XIJDI
VTFT
SBEJP
USBOTNJTTJPOT
GPS
XFBUIFS
BJS
USBēD
BOE
MPDBUJPO
JOGPSNBUJPO
BOE





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
"JS
'PSDF
BOE
/BWZ
BSF
BMTP
DPODFSOFE
BCPVU
UIJT
TPMBS
UISFBU
UP
SBEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
"
TPMBS
ëBSF
PODF
CMBDLFE
PVU
DPOUBDU
XJUI
B
KFU
DBSSZJOH
1SFTJEFOU
3POBME
3FBHBO
UP
$IJOB
GPS
TFWFSBM
IPVST
UIF
DPVOUSZT
NJMJUBSZ
$PNNBOEFS
JO
$IJFG
XBT
VOBCMF
UP
TFOE
PS
SFDFJWF
NFTTBHFT
ѮF
"JS
'PSDF
PQFSBUFT
B
HMPCBM
TZTUFN
PG
HSPVOE CBTFE
SBEJP
BOE
PQUJDBM
UFMFTDPQFT
BOE
UBQT
JOUP
UIF
PVUQVU
PG
OBUJPOBM
TQBDFCPSOF
9 SBZ
UFMFTDPQFT
BOE
QBSUJDMF
EFUFDUPST
JO
PSEFS
UP
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
NPOJUPS
UIF
4VO
GPS
JOUFOTF
ëBSFT
UIBU
NJHIU
TFWFSFMZ
EJTSVQU
NJMJUBSZ
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
BOE
TBUFMMJUF
TVSWFJMMBODF 4QBDF
XFBUIFS
JOUFSGFSFODF
XJUI
SBEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
DBO
CF
BWPJEFE
CZ
VTJOH
TIPSUXBWFMFOHUI
TJHOBMT
UIBU
QBTT
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
SFMBZJOH
UIF
USBOT NJUUFE
TJHOBMT
CZ
TBUFMMJUF
ѮF
DPNNVOJDBUJPOTBUFMMJUF
JOEVTUSZ
JT
OFWFSUIFMFTT
BMTP
UISFBUFOFE
CZ
UIF
UFNQFTUVPVT
4VO
4PMBS
FSVQUJPOT
BQQBSFOUMZ
JODBQBDJUBUFE
1BO
"N
4BUT
(BMBYZ
*7
TBUFMMJUF
JO
.BZ

IBMUJOH
QBHFS
TFSWJDF
UP

NJMMJPO
DVTUPNFST
JO
/PSUI
"NFSJDB
JODMVEJOH
EPDUPST
OVSTFT
BOE
JSBUF
CVTJOFTT
QFPQMF
*O
BEEJUJPO
SBEJP
BOE
UFMFWJTJPO
TUBUJPOT
JODMVEJOH
OBUJPOBM
QVCMJD
SBEJP
DPVME
OPU
EJTUSJCVUF
UIFJS
QSP HSBNT
4FWFSBM
OFX
.PUPSPMB
*SJEJVN
TBUFMMJUFT
XFSF
EJTBCMFE
BU
OFBSMZ
UIF
TBNF
UJNF
FWFO
CFGPSF
UIFZ
XFSF
QVU
JOUP
PQFSBUJPO "OE
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
TBUFMMJUFT
BSF
OPU
UIF
POMZ
POFT
XIPTF
GBJMVSF
DBO
EJTSVQU
PVS
MJWFT
8F
BSF
DIJMESFO
PG
UIF
4QBDF
"HF
JODSFBTJOHMZ
EFQFOEFOU
PO
NBOZ
EJĒFSFOU
LJOET
PG
&BSUIPSCJUJOH
TBUFMMJUFT 4BUFMMJUFT
JO
%BOHFS

"CPVU
 
DPNNFSDJBM
NJMJUBSZ
BOE
TDJFOUJêD
TBUFMMJUFT
BSF
OPX
JO
PQFSBUJPO
BĒFDU JOH
UIF
MJWFT
PG
NJMMJPOT
PG
QFPQMF
BOE
UIF
QFSGPSNBODFT
BOE
MJGFUJNFT
PG
BMM
UIFTF
TBUFM MJUFT
BSF
BĒFDUFE
CZ
4VOESJWFO
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
(FPTZODISPOPVT
TBUFMMJUFT
XIJDI
PSCJU
UIF
&BSUI
BU
UIF
TBNF
SBUF
UIBU
UIF
QMBOFU
TQJOT
TUBZ
BCPWF
UIF
TBNF
QMBDF
PO
&BSUI
UP
SFMBZ
BOE
CFBN
EPXO
TJHOBMT
VTFE
GPS
DFMMVMBS
QIPOFT
HMPCBM
QPTJUJPOJOH
TZTUFNT
BOE
JOUFSOFU
DPNNFSDF
BOE
EBUB
USBOTNJTTJPO
ѮFZ
DBO
HVJEF
NJTTJMFT
PS
BVUPNPCJMFT
UP
UIFJS
EFTUJOBUJPOT
FOBCMF
BWJBUJPO
BOE
NBSJOF
OBWJHBUJPO
BJE
JO
TFBSDI
BOE
SFTDVF
NJT TJPOT
BOE
QFSNJU
OFBSMZ
JOTUBOUBOFPVT
NPOFZ
FYDIBOHF
PS
JOWFTUNFOU
DIPJDFT
0UIFS
TBUFMMJUFT
SFWPMWF
BSPVOE
PVS
QMBOFU
JO
DMPTFS
MPX&BSUI
PSCJUT
TDBOOJOH
BJS
MBOE
BOE
TFB
GPS
FOWJSPONFOUBM
DIBOHF
XFBUIFS
GPSFDBTUJOH
BOE
NJMJUBSZ
SFDPOOBJTTBODF 4QBDF
XFBUIFS
DBO
OPUJDFBCMZ
JODSFBTF
UIF
BUNPTQIFSJD
GSJDUJPO
FYFSUFE
PO
TBUFM MJUFT
JO
MPX
&BSUI
PSCJU
BU
BMUJUVEFT
PG

UP

LJMPNFUFST
DBVTJOH
UIF
TBUFMMJUF
PSCJUT
UP
EFDBZ
NPSF
RVJDLMZ
UIBO
FYQFDUFE
ѮF
FOIBODFE
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
TPMBS
ëBSFT
IFBUT
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
DBVTFT
JU
UP
FYQBOE
BOE
TJNJMBS
PS
HSFBUFS
FĒFDUT
BSF
DBVTFE
CZ
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
ѮF
FYQBOTJPO
PG
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
BUNPTQIFSF
CSJOHT
IJHIFS
HBT
EFOTJUJFT
UP
B
HJWFO
BMUJUVEF
JODSFBTJOH
UIF
GSJDUJPO
BOE
ESBH
FYFSUFE
PO
B
TBUFMMJUF
QVMMJOH
JU
UP
B
MPXFS
BMUJUVEF
BOE
TPNFUJNFT
DBVTJOH
HSPVOE
DPOUSPMMFST
UP
MPTF
DPOUBDU
XJUI
UIFN *ODSFBTFE
BUNPTQIFSJD
GSJDUJPO
DBVTFE
CZ
SJTJOH
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
IBT
TFOU
TFWFSBM
TBUFMMJUFT
UP
B
QSFNBUVSF
VODPOUSPMMBCMF
BOE
GBUBM
TQJSBM
UPXBSE
UIF
&BSUI
JODMVEJOH
4LZMBC
BOE
UIF
4PMBS
.BYJNVN
.JTTJPO
#PUI
TQBDFDSBѫ
XFSF
VOHSBUFGVMMZ
EFTUSPZFE
CZ
UIF
WFSZ
QIFOPNFOPO
UIFZ
XFSF
EFTJHOFE
UP
TUVEZ
m
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
4QBDF
TUBUJPOT
IBWF
UP
CF
QFSJPEJDBMMZ
CPPTUFE
JO
BMUJUVEF
UP
IJHIFS
PSCJU
UP
BWPJE
B
TJNJMBS
GBUF





&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF




1SFDJTF
NPOJUPSJOH
PG
BMM
PSCJUJOH
PCKFDUT
EFQFOET
PO
BDDVSBUF
LOPXMFEHF
PG
BUNP TQIFSJD
DIBOHF
DBVTFE
CZ
TUPSNT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
ѮF
64
4QBDF
$PNNBOE
GPS
FYBNQMF
PѫFO
IBT
UP
SFDPNQVUF
UIF
PSCJUT
PG
NBOZ
IVOESFET
PG
MPX&BSUIPSCJU
PCKFDUT
BĒFDUFE
CZ
UIF
JODSFBTF
JO
BUNPTQIFSJD
GSJDUJPO "U
IJHIFS
BMUJUVEFT
BCPWF
MPX&BSUI
PSCJU
HFPTZODISPOPVT
TBUFMMJUFT
BSF
FOEBOHFSFE
CZ
UIF
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
UIBU
DBVTF
JOUFOTF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
ѮFTF
TBUFMMJUFT
PSCJU
PVS
QMBOFU
BU
BCPVU

&BSUI
SBEJJ
PS
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST
NPWJOH
BSPVOE
UIF
&BSUI
PODF
FWFSZ

IPVST
"
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
DBO
DPNQSFTT
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF

GSPN
JUT
VTVBM
MPDBUJPO
BU
BCPVU

&BSUI
SBEJJ
UP
CFMPX
UIF
TBUFMMJUFT
TZODISPOPVT
PSCJUT
FYQPTJOH
UIFN
UP
UIF
GVMM
CSVOU
PG
UIF
HVTUZ
TPMBS
XJOE
BOE
JUT
DIBSHFE
FOFS HJ[FE
JOHSFEJFOUT ѮF
7BO
"MMFO
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
QSPWJEF
B
QFSTJTUFOU
FWFSQSFTFOU
UISFBU
UP
IJHI ëZJOH
TBUFMMJUFT
ѮF
FOFSHFUJD
FMFDUSPOT
USBQQFE
JO
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
DBO
NPWF
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIF
UIJO
NFUBMMJD
TLJO
PG
B
TQBDFDSBѫ
EBNBHJOH
UIF
EFMJDBUF
NJDSPDIJQ
FMFD USPOJDT
JOTJEF
.PSFPWFS
XIFO
JOUFOTF
TPMBS
TUPSNT
CVĒFU
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
UIFZ
DBO
BDDFMFSBUF
UIF
QBSUJDMFT
USBQQFE
JO
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
HSFBUMZ
JODSFBTJOH
UIF
BNPVOUT
PG
EBOHFSPVT
IJHIFOFSHZ
FMFDUSPOT
.FUBM
TIJFMEJOH
BOE
SBEJBUJPOIBSEFOFE
DPN QVUFS
DIJQT
BSF
VTFE
UP
HVBSE
BHBJOTU
UIJT
SFDVSSFOU
IB[BSE
BOE
TBUFMMJUF
PSCJUT
DBO
CF
EFTJHOFE
UP
NJOJNJ[F
UJNF
JO
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
PS
UP
BWPJE
UIFN
BMUPHFUIFS /PUIJOH
DBO
CF
EPOF
UP
TIJFME
UIF
TPMBS
DFMMT
VTFE
UP
QPXFS
OFBSMZ
BMM
&BSUIPSCJUJOH
TBUFMMJUFT
UIF
QIPUPWPMUBJD
DFMMT
DPOWFSU
TVOMJHIU
UP
FMFDUSJDJUZ
BOE
UIFSFGPSF
IBWF
UP
CF
FYQPTFE
UP
TQBDF
ѮF
EBOHFS
XBT
êSTU
SFBMJ[FE
CBDL
JO

XIFO
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
FYQMPEFE
B
NFHBUPO
OVDMFBS
CPNC
DBMMFE
4UBSêTI
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
VQ
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
ѮF
FYQMPTJPO
JODSFBTFE
UIF
FOFSHZ
PG
UIF
QBSUJDMFT
JO
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
BOE
DSFBUFE
OFX
POFT
ѮFZ
XJQFE
PVU
UIF
TPMBS
BSSBZT
PG
TFWFSBM
TBUFMMJUFT
BU
UIF
UJNF
"T
TBUFMMJUFT
SFQFBUFEMZ
QBTT
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUIT
OBUVSBM
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
FYQPTVSF
UP
JUT
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
TMPXMZ
EFUFSJPSBUFT
BOE
TIPSUFOT
UIF
VTFGVM
MJWFT
PG
UIFJS
TPMBS
DFMMT ѮF
SFDVSSFOU
UISFBU
PG
NPWJOH
XJUIJO
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
JT
QBSUJDVMBSMZ
BDVUF
GPS
TBUFMMJUFT
JO
MPX
PSCJUT
UIBU
QBTT
UISPVHI
UIF
4PVUI
"UMBOUJD
"OPNBMZ
XIJDI
JT
DBVTFE
CZ
B
EJTQMBDFNFOU
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
DFOUFS
CZ
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
GSPN
UIF
QMBOFUT
DFOUFS
"T
B
SFTVMU
QBSUJDMFT
USBQQFE
JO
UIF
JOOFS
SBEJBUJPO
CFMU
DBO
BQQSPBDI
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
BCPWF
UIF
4PVUI
"UMBOUJD
UIBO
FMTFXIFSF
TP
UIJT
SFHJPO
JT
BOPNBMPVT
CFDBVTF
PG
JUT
QSPYJNJUZ
5P
BWPJE
NBMGVODUJPOT
UIF
JOTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
UIF
)VCCMF
4QBDF
5FMFTDPQF
BOE
TPNF
PUIFS
/"4"
TBUFMMJUFT
IBWF
IBE
UP
CF
TIVU
EPXO
FBDI
UJNF
UIFZ
SFQFBUFEMZ
QBTT
UISPVHI
UIF
4PVUI
"UMBOUJD
"OPNBMZ *OGSFRVFOU
FYDFQUJPOBMMZ
MBSHF
FSVQUJPOT
PO
UIF
4VO
DBO
IVSM
WFSZ
FOFSHFUJD
QSP UPOT
UPXBSE
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
FMTFXIFSF
JO
TQBDF
ѮF
TPMBS
QSPUPOT
DBO
FOUFS
B
TQBDFDSBѫ
MJLF
HIPTUT
QSPEVDJOH
FSSPOFPVT
DPNNBOET
BOE
DSJQQMJOH
UIFJS
NJDSPFMFDUSPOJDT
4VDI
TJOHMF
FWFOU
VQTFUT
IBWF
BMSFBEZ
EFTUSPZFE
BU
MFBTU
POF
XFBUIFS
TBUFMMJUF
BOE
EJTBCMFE
TFWFSBM
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
TBUFMMJUFT
4QBDF
XFBQPOT
DBO
QSPEVDF
B
TJNJMBS
FĒFDU
TP
JG
ZPV
EJEOU
LOPX
UIF
4VO
XBT
BU
GBVMU
ZPV
NJHIU
UIJOL
TPNFPOF
XBT
USZJOH
UP
TIPPU
EPXO
PVS
TBUFMMJUFT 5P
QVU
UIF
TQBDFXFBUIFS
UISFBU
JO
QFSTQFDUJWF
KVTU
B
GFX
TBUFMMJUFT
IBWF
CFFO
MPTU
UP
TUPSNT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
PVU
PG
UIPVTBOET
EFQMPZFE
"OE
UIF
64
NJMJUBSZ
JT
NPSF
DPO DFSOFE
XJUI
EJTSVQUJPO
PG
SBEJP
TJHOBMT
TJODF
UIFZ
CVJME
TBUFMMJUFT
UIBU
DBO
XJUITUBOE





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

UIF
FĒFDUT
PG
B
OVDMFBS
CPNC
FYQMPEFE
JO
TQBDF
ѮF
DPNNFSDJBM
TBUFMMJUF
JOEVTUSZ
XIJDI
DPOTUSVDUT
TBUFMMJUFT
UIBU
BSF
MFTT
FYQFOTJWF
BOE
NPSF
WVMOFSBCMF
NBZ
OPU
XBOU
UP
SFDPHOJ[F
UIF
QSPCMFN
TJODF
OBUVSBM
EJTBTUFST
JODMVEJOH
UIPTF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BSF
OPU
DPWFSFE
CZ
JOTVSBODF
QPMJDJFT
CVU
FOHJOFFSJOH
GBJMVSFT
BSF "
8JSFE
8PSME

ѮF
XIPMF
&BSUI
IBT
CFDPNF
XJSFE
UPHFUIFS
êSTU
XJUI
UFMFHSBQI
XJSFT
UIFO
CZ
UFMFQIPOF
MJOFT
BOE
FMFDUSJDBMQPXFS
HSJET
"OE
EJTBCMJOH
FMFDUSJDBM
DVSSFOUT
BOE
WPMUBHFT
DBO
CF
QSPEVDFE
JO
UIF
XJSFT
XIFO
TPMBS
TUPSNT
QSPEVDF
DIBOHFT
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJTN
ѮJT
UISFBU
JT
HSFBUFTU
JO
IJHIMBUJUVEF
SFHJPOT
XIFSF
UIF
DVSSFOUT
BSF
TUSPOHFTU
TVDI
BT
$BOBEB
UIF
OPSUIFSO
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
BOE
4DBOEJOBWJB &WFO
CBDL
JO
UIF
T
XIFO
UFMFHSBQI
MJOFT
XFSF
êSTU
EFQMPZFE
PQFSBUPST
OPUJDFE
FYUSB
DVSSFOU
XIFOFWFS
PWFSIFBE
BVSPSBT
TJHOBMFE
UIF
QSFTFODF
PG
BO
JOUFOTF
HFPNBH OFUJD
TUPSN
"OE
BCPVU
B
DFOUVSZ
BOE
B
IBMG
MBUFS
PO

.BSDI

B
QBSUJDVMBSMZ
TFWFSF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSN
QSPEVDFE
CZ
B
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
QMVOHFE
WJSUVBMMZ
BMM
PG
UIF
$BOBEJBO
QSPWJODF
PG
2VFCFD
JOUP
DPNQMFUF
EBSLOFTT
XJUIPVU
XBSOJOH
BOE
XJUIJO
B
GFX
TFDPOET
4JY
NJMMJPO
DVTUPNFST
XFSF
XJUIPVU
FMFDUSJDJUZ
GPS
PWFS
OJOF
IPVST
JO
UIF
NJEEMF
PG
B
GSJHJE
XJOUFS
OJHIU
DPTUJOH
BSPVOE

NJMMJPO
EPMMBST
DPVOUJOH
MPTTFT
POMZ
GSPN
VOTFSWFE
EFNBOE
ѮF
EJTUVSCFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JOEVDFE
FMFDUSJD
DVSSFOUT
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
XIJDI
JO
UVSO
DSFBUFE
WPMUBHF
TVSHFT
PO
UIF
MPOHEJTUBODF
QPXFS
MJOFT
CMPXJOH
DJSDVJU
CSFBLFST
PWFSIFBUJOH
PS
NFMUJOH
UIF
XJOEJOHT
PG
USBOTGPSNFST
BOE
DBVTJOH
UIF
NBTTJWF
FMFDUSJDBM
GBJMVSF "T
EFNBOE
GPS
FMFDUSJDJUZ
JODSFBTFT
VUJMJUZ
DPNQBOJFT
SFMZ
NPSF
BOE
NPSF
PO
MBSHF
JOUFSDPOOFDUFE
HSJET
PG
QPXFS
USBOTNJTTJPO
MJOFT
UIBU
DBO
TQBO
DPOUJOFOUT
QSPWJEJOH
SBQJE
SFTQPOTF
UP
UIF
EJWFSTF
FOFSHZ
EFNBOET
PG
VTFST
TDBUUFSFE
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
XPSME
*O
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
BMPOF
OFBSMZ
B
NJMMJPO
LJMPNFUFST
PG
FMFDUSJDBM
USBOTNJTTJPO
MJOFT
DPOOFDU
NPSF
UIBO
UFO
UIPVTBOE
QPXFS
TUBUJPOT
4VDI
QPXFS
EJTUSJCVUJPO
TZTUFNT
BSF
CFDPNJOH
JODSFBTJOHMZ
WVMOFSBCMF
UP
TFWFSF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
JOJUJBUFE
XIFO
B
DPSP OBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
XJUI
UIF
SJHIU
NBHOFUJD
PSJFOUBUJPO
QMVHT
JOUP
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
ѮFZ
DBO
QMVOHF
NBKPS
VSCBO
DFOUFST
MJLF
/FX
:PSL
$JUZ
PS
.POUSFBM
JOUP
DPN QMFUF
EBSLOFTT
DBVTJOH
TPDJBM
DIBPT
BOE
UISFBUFOJOH
TBGFUZ
ѮF
UISFBU
EPFTOU
PDDVS
WFSZ
PѫFO
QFSIBQT
PODF
B
ZFBS
CVU
UIF
QPUFOUJBM
DPOTFRVFODFT
BSF
TFSJPVT
FOPVHI
UP
FNQMPZ
FBSMZ
XBSOJOH
TZTUFNT )FSF
$PNFT
UIF
4VO

4QBDF
XFBUIFS
JT
IFSF
UP
TUBZ
BOE
UIF
EBOHFST
CMPXJOH
JO
UIF
4VOT
XJOE
BSF
OPU
HPJOH
BXBZ
)VNBOT
BSF
TQFOEJOH
NPSF
BOE
NPSF
UJNF
JO
TQBDF
XIJMF
UIPTF
PO
UIF
HSPVOE
CFDPNF
JODSFBTJOHMZ
EFQFOEFOU
PO
TBUFMMJUFT
UIBU
XIJ[
PWFS
UIFJS
IFBET
*O
UFOT
PG
NJO VUFT
JOUFOTF
FYQMPTJPOT
IVSM
PVU
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
UIBU
DBO
FOEBOHFS
BTUSPOBVUT
BOE
UIFJS
TVSWJWBM
NBZ
EFQFOE
PO
IPX
XFMM
POF
DBO
QSFEJDU
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
'PSDFGVM
TPMBS
ëBSFT
PS
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
DBO
EBNBHF
PS
EFTUSPZ
&BSUIPSCJUJOH
TBUFMMJUFT
JODSFBTF
DBODFS
SJTL
GPS
QFPQMF
VTJOH
DPNNFSDJBM
BJSMJOFT
PWFS
QPMBS
SPVUFT
BOE
DSFBUF
QPXFS
TVSHFT
UIBU
DBO
CMBDLPVU
FOUJSF
DJUJFT 3FDPHOJ[JOH
PVS
WVMOFSBCJMJUZ
BTUSPOPNFST
VTF
UFMFTDPQFT
PO
UIF
HSPVOE
BOE
JO
TJUV
QBSUJDMF
EFUFDUPST
PS
SFNPUFTFOTJOH
UFMFTDPQFT
PO
TBUFMMJUFT
UP
DBSFGVMMZ
NPOJUPS
UIF






&OFSHJ[JOH
4QBDF




4VO
BOE
HPWFSONFOU
BHFODJFT
QPTU
GPSFDBTUT
UIBU
XBSO
PG
UISFBUFOJOH
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
ѮJT
FOBCMFT
FWBTJWF
BDUJPO
UIBU
DBO
SFEVDF
EJTSVQUJPO
PS
EBNBHF
UP
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
EFGFOTF
BOE
XFBUIFS
TBUFMMJUFT
BT
XFMM
BT
FMFDUSJDBM
QPXFS
TZTUFNT
PO
UIF
HSPVOE
0ODF
XF
LOPX
B
4VO
TUPSN
JT
PO
JUT
XBZ
UIF
MBVODI
PG
NBOOFE
TQBDF
ëJHIU
NJTTJPOT
DBO
CF
QPTUQPOFE
BOE
XBMLT
PVUTJEF
TQBDFDSBѫ
PS
PO
UIF
.PPO
PS
.BST
NJHIU
CF
EFMBZFE
"JSQMBOF
QJMPUT
DBO
CF
XBSOFE
PG
QPUFOUJBM
SBEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
GBJMVSFT
0QFSBUPST
DBO
QPXFS
EPXO
TFOTJUJWF
FMFDUSPOJDT
PO
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
BOE
OBWJHBUJPO
TBUFMMJUFT
QVUUJOH
UIFN
UP
TMFFQ
VOUJM
UIF
EBOHFS
QBTTFT
6UJMJUZ
DPNQBOJFT
DBO
SFEVDF
MPBE
JO
BOUJDJQBUJPO
PG
USPVCMF
PO
QPXFS
MJOFT
JO
UIBU
XBZ
USBEJOH
B
UFNQPSBSZ
iCSPXO
PVUu
GPS
B
QPUFOUJBMMZ
EJTBTUSPVT
iCMBDL
PVUu 8IBU
FWFSZPOF
XBOUT
UP
LOPX
JT
IPX
TUSPOH
UIF
TUPSN
JT
BOE
XIFO
JU
JT
HPJOH
UP
IJU
VT
-JLF
XJOUFS
TUPSNT
PO
&BSUI
TPNF
PG
UIF
FĒFDUT
DBO
CF
QSFEJDUFE
EBZT
JO
BEWBODF
"
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
GPS
FYBNQMF
BSSJWFT
BU
UIF
&BSUI
POF
UP
GPVS
EBZT
BѫFS
MFBWJOH
UIF
4VO
BOE
TPMBS
BTUSPOPNFST
DBO
XBUDI
JU
MFBWF
UIF
4VO
ѮF
45&3&0
NJTTJPO
XJMM
BEEJUJPOBMMZ
USBDL
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
IFBEFE
GPS
&BSUI 4PMBS
ëBSFT
BSF
BOPUIFS
NBUUFS
"
TPPO
BT
ZPV
TFF
B
ëBSF
PO
UIF
4VO
JUT
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
GBTUFTU
QBSUJDMF
IBWF
BMSFBEZ
SFBDIFE
VT
UBLJOH
KVTU

NJOVUFT
UP
USBWFM
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UP
&BSUI
0OF
QSPNJTJOH
UFDIOJRVF
JT
UP
XBUDI
UP
TFF
XIFO
UIF
TPMBS
NBHOFUJTN
IBT
CFDPNF
UXJTUFE
JOUP
B
TUSFTTFE
TJUVBUJPO
GPS
JU
NBZ
UIFO
CF
BCPVU
UP
SFMFBTF
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
"OPUIFS
POF
JT
UP
MPPL
UISPVHI
UIF
4VO
BOE
TFF
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
EFWFMPQ
CFGPSF
UIFZ
SPUBUF
UP
GBDF
UIF
&BSUI
#PUI
PG
UIFTF
NFUIPET
PG
QSFEJDUJOH
FYQMPTJPOT
PO
UIF
4VO
XFSF
EJTDVTTFE
JO
4FDUJPO
 4P
XF
OPX
UVSO
UP
PVS
MJGFTVTUBJOJOH
BUNPTQIFSF
XIJDI
QSPWJEFT
UIF
PYZHFO
XF
CSFBUIF
BOE
UIF
XBSNUI
UIBU
LFFQT
UIF
PDFBOT
GSPN
GSFF[JOH
0VS
EZOBNJD
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
CFJOH
USBOTGPSNFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
BCPWF
BOE
CZ
IVNBOT
CFMPX

$IBQUFS
/JOF

5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF

$04.*$
4:/$)30.:)NTHISPAINTING THE!MERICANARTIST-ORGAN 2USSELL– DEVELOPSTHETHEMEFOUNDIN2OBERT$ELAUNAYS – PORTRAYALOFTHE3UNAND-OONSEEFRONTISPIECETO#HAP  EXTENDINGARCSOFPURECOLORINTOSPACE4HEYSEEMTORESONATE THROUGHOUTTHE5NIVERSELIKEMYRIADSOFCOSMICRAINBOWSORCOUNTLESS 3UNS#OURTESYOF-USON 7ILLIAMS 0ROCTOR!RTS)NSTITUTE -USEUMOF !RT 5TICA .EW9ORK /ILONCANVAS INCHES 










'3"(*-&
1-"/&5
&"35)
o
5)&
7*&8
'30.
41"$& "CPVU
GPVS
EFDBEFT
BHP
BTUSPOBVUT
CPVOE
GPS
UIF
.PPO
MPPLFE
CBDL
BU
PVS
QMBOFU
TFFJOH
JU
TVTQFOEFE
UIFSF
BMM
BMPOF
TXJOHJOH
UISPVHI
UIF
DIJMM
PG
PVUFS
TQBDF
'PS
UIF
êSTU
UJNF
XF
TBX
PVS
IPNF
BT
B
HMJTUFOJOH
CMVF
BOE
UVSRVPJTF
CBMM
MJHIU
BOE
SPVOE
BOE
TIJNNFSJOH
MJLF
B
CVCCMF
ëFDLFE
XJUI
EFMJDBUF
XIJUF
DMPVET
'JH
 
ѮJT
QFSTQFDUJWF
DSFBUFE
B
XPSMEXJEF
BXBSFOFTT
PG
UIF
&BSUI
BT
B
VOJRVF
BOE
WVMOFSBCMF
QMBDF
B
UJOZ
GSBHJMF
PBTJT
JO
TQBDF ѮF
BTUSPOPNFS
'SFE
)PZMF
¢
BOUJDJQBUFE
TVDI
BO
JNQBDU
EFDMBSJOH
JO

UIBU 0ODF
B
QIPUPHSBQI
PG
UIF
&BSUI
UBLFO
GSPN
PVUTJEF
JT
BWBJMBCMF
XF
TIBMM
JO
BO
FNP UJPOBM
TFOTF
BDRVJSF
BO
BEEJUJPOBM
EJNFOTJPO



0ODF
MFU
UIF
TIFFS
JTPMBUJPO
PG
UIF
&BSUI
CFDPNF
QMBJO
UP
FWFSZ
NBO
XIBUFWFS
IJT
OBUJPOBMJUZ
PS
DSFFE
BOE
B
OFX
JEFB
BT
QPXFSGVM
BT
BOZ
JO
IJTUPSZ
XJMM
CF
MFU
MPPTF

5P
PVS
BODFTUPST
POMZ
B
GFX
DFOUVSJFT
BHP
UIF
PDFBO
MBOE
BOE
TLZ
TFFNFE
WBTU
BOE
BMNPTU
MJNJUMFTT
#VU
BMM
UIBU
IBT
DIBOHFE
5PEBZ
UIFSF
JT
OP
MBSHF
VOFYQMPSFE
UFSSJUPSZ
PO
&BSUI
OP
OFX
GSPOUJFS
FYDFQU
TQBDF
JUTFMG "OE
JU
JT
POMZ
OPX
UIBU
XF
DBO
TFF
JU
GSPN
TQBDF
UIBU
XF
SFBMJ[F
UIF
NBHOJUVEF
PG
XIBU
XF
BSF
EPJOH
UP
UIF
&BSUI
*OEFFE
JU
JT
QSPCBCMZ
OP
BDDJEFOU
UIBU
UIF
BEWFOU
PG
UIF
4QBDF
"HF
IBT
DPJODJEFE
XJUI
B
HSPXJOH
DPODFSO
BCPVU
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
FOWJSPONFOU
BOE
UIF
QSFDBSJPVT
GBUF
PG
MJGF
XJUIJO
JU 0OMZ
GSPN
TQBDF
DBO
XF
TFF
UIF
MJWJOH
QMBOFU
&BSUI
BT
B
XIPMF
BT
B
TJOHMF
VOJêFE
TZTUFN
UIBU
FODPNQBTTFT
MJGF
PO
MBOE
BOE
JO
UIF
TFB
'JH
 
4QBDFDSBѫ
NPOJUPS
JUT
WJUBM
TJHOT
[PPNJOH
JO
XJUI
UFMFTDPQJD
JOTUSVNFOUT
UP
UBLF
B
NBHOJêFE
CJSETFZF
WJFX
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
FWFSDIBOHJOH
TVSGBDF
'JHT

  "TUSPOBVUT
WJFX
UIF
IPSJ[PO
BT
B
DVSWFE
MJOF
TIPXJOH
B
UIJO
NFNCSBOF
PG
BJS
UIBU
WFOUJMBUFT
QSPUFDUT
BOE
JODVCBUFT
VT
'JH
 
"T
BTUSPOBVU
+BNFT
#VDIMJ
¢


EFTDSJCFE
JU -PPL
BU
IPX
UIJO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
JT



&WFSZUIJOH
CFZPOE
UIBU
UIJO
CMVF
MJOF
JT
UIF
WPJE
PG
TQBDF
"OE
FWFSZUIJOH
CFMPX
JU
JT
XIBU
JU
UBLFT
UP
TVTUBJO
MJGF
"OE
FWFSZUIJOH
UIBU
XF
EP
UP
UIJT
FOWJSPONFOU
BOE
PVS
RVBMJUZ
PG
MJGF
JT
CFMPX
UIBU
MJUUMF
UIJO
CMVF
MJOF
ѮBUT
UIF
POMZ
EJĒFSFODF
CFUXFFO
XIBU
XF
FOKPZ
IFSF
PO
&BSUI
BOE
UIF
SFBMMZ
IBSTI
VOJOIBCJUBCMF
CMBDLOFTT
PG
TQBDF
*UT
OPU
WFSZ
XJEF
JT
JU 

ѮF
&BSUIT
EJBNFUFS
JT
POF
UIPVTBOE
UJNFT
HSFBUFS
UIBO
UIF
XJEUI
PG
UIF
BUNP TQIFSF
TVSSPVOEJOH
JU
*OEFFE
UIF
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
HSPVOE
UP
UIF
UPQ
PG
UIF
TLZ
JT
POMZ
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
PS
OP
GBSUIFS
UIBO
ZPV
NJHIU
SVO
JO
BO
IPVS
"OE
UIJT
OBS SPX
DIBOHJOH
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
MJOLFE
UP
UIF
4VO
CZ
BO
FOFSHZ
ëPX
UIBU
TVTUBJOT
MJGF 
$-&"3
4,*&4
"/%
4503.:
8&"5)&3 -PPL
VQ
ѮF
DMFBS
BJS
UVSOT
JOUP
UIF
CMVF
TLZ
ѮJT
JT
CFDBVTF
BJS
NPMFDVMFT
TDBUUFS
CMVF
TVOMJHIU
NPSF
TUSPOHMZ
UIBO
PUIFS
DPMPST
ѮF
OJHIU
TLZ
JT
CMBDL
CFDBVTF
UIFSF
JT
OP
TVOMJHIU
UP
JMMVNJOBUF
UIF
BJS
"OE
UIF
TLZ
PO
UIF
.PPO
JT
CMBDL
FWFO
XIFO
UIF
4VO
TIJOFT
PO
JU
GPS
UIF
.PPO
IBT
OP
BUNPTQIFSF
UP
TDBUUFS
TVOMJHIU




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 4HEWATERPLANET!LMOSTTHREE QUARTERSOFTHE%ARTHS SURFACEISCOVEREDWITHWATER ASSEENINTHISVIEWOFTHE.ORTH 0ACIlC/CEAN%ARTHISTHEONLYPLANETINTHE3OLAR3YSTEMWHERE SUBSTANTIALAMOUNTSOFWATEREXISTINALLTHREEPOSSIBLEFORMS–GAS WATERVAPOR LIQUIDANDSOLIDICE (EREWHITECLOUDSOFWATER ICESWIRLJUSTBELOW!LASKATHEPREDOMINANTLYWHITEGROUNDAREA CONSISTINGOFSNOWANDICE ISTHE+AMCHATKA0ENINSULAOF3IBERIA *APANAPPEARSNEARTHEHORIZON&ROMTHISORIENTATIONINSPACE WE ALSOSEEBOTHTHEDAYANDNIGHTSIDESOFOURHOMEPLANET#OURTESYOF .!3!





5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




'*(
 'LOBALBIOSPHERE4HISGLOBALVIEWOFTHE%ARTHSBIOSPHEREPORTRAYSLIFE ONLANDANDSEA4HEOCEANPORTIONSHOWSTHECHLOROPHYLLCONCENTRATIONARISINGFROM PHYTOPLANKTON MICROSCOPICPLANTSTHATGROWINTHEUPPERSUNLITPORTIONSOFTHEOCEANAND ARETHEULTIMATESOURCEOFFOODFORMOSTMARINELIFE!TSEA THEREDANDORANGECOLORS DENOTETHEHIGHESTCONCENTRATIONOFPLANKTONYELLOWANDGREENREPRESENTAREASOFMODER ATEPLANKTONCONCENTRATION ANDBLUEANDVIOLETDESCRIBETHELOWESTCONCENTRATIONS4HE LANDVEGETATIONIMAGESHOWSRAINFORESTS EBSL
HSFFO
BSFBT


TROPICALANDSUB TROPICAL FORESTS MJHIU
HSFFO
ANDAREASOFLOWVEGETATIONANDDESERTS ZFMMPX 4HISIMAGECOMBINES OCEANMEASUREMENTSFROMTHE#OASTAL:ONE#OLOR3CANNER ABBREVIATED#:#3 ABOARD THE/JNCVTSATELLITE COLLECTEDFROMTO ANDTHREEYEARSOFLANDMEASURE MENTSFROMTHE!DVANCED6ERY(IGH2ESOLUTION2ADIOMETER OR!6(22FORSHORT mOWN ON/0"" WHICHWASLAUNCHEDON*UNE#OURTESYOF'#&ELDMANAND#* 4UCKER .!3!

8IFO
IJHI
JO
UIF
TLZ
UIF
4VO
JT
DPMPSFE
ZFMMPX
"U
TVOTFU
UIF
4VOT
SBZT
QBTT
UISPVHI
B
NBYJNVN
BNPVOU
PG
BUNPTQIFSF
NPTU
PG
UIF
CMVF
MJHIU
JT
UIFO
TDBUUFSFE
PVU
PG
PVS
WJFXJOH
EJSFDUJPO
BOE
UIF
TFUUJOH
4VO
JT
DPMPSFE
SFE
%VTU
JO
UIF
BJS
BMTP
IFMQT
SFEEFO
TVOTFUT 0WFS
UIF
FPOT
PVS
QMBOFU
IBT
CFFO
TIBQFE
BOE
SFTIBQFE
CZ
OBUVSFT
QPXFSGVM
GPSDFT
BOE
iBJSDPOEJUJPOFEu
CZ
TFWFSBM
UZQFT
PG
DZDMFT
*O
UIF
PYZHFO
DZDMF
BOJNBMT
êMM
UIFJS
MVOHT
XJUI
PYZHFO
CSFBUIJOH
JU
JO
GSPN
UIF
BJS
XIJMF
QMBOUT
SFQMFOJTI
UIF
PYZHFO
JO
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF *O
BOPUIFS
HMPCBM
DZDMF
BUNPTQIFSJD
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JT
EJTTPMWFE
JO
UIF
PDFBO
XBUFST
BOE
UBLFO
VQ
CZ
QMBOUT
BOJNBMT
WPMDBOPFT
BOE
CVSOJOH
DPBM
PJM
BOE
OBUVSBM
HBT
SFUVSO
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
UP
UIF
BJS
DPNQMFUJOH
UIF
DZDMF
#FUXFFO

NJMMJPO
BOE

NJM MJPO
ZFBST
BHP
HSFBU
RVBOUJUJFT
PG
DBSCPO
XFSF
TUPSFE
EFFQ
VOEFSHSPVOE
XIFO
QMBOUT
BOE
BOJNBMT
EJFE
BOE
EFDBZFE
BOE
UIFJS
SFNBJOT
XFSF
DPNQSFTTFE
JOUP
XIBU
FWFOUVBMMZ
CFDBNF
DPBM
PJM
BOE
OBUVSBM
HBT
ѮJT
DBSCPO
XBT
SFNPWFE
GSPN
UIF
DBSCPO
DZDMF
VOUJM
BCPVU

ZFBST
BHP
XIFO
IVNBOT
TUBSUFE
VTJOH
UIF
GPTTJM
GVFMT
BOE
SFMFBTJOH
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JOUP
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BHBJO ѮF
NPTU
PCWJPVT
PG
UIFTF
HSBOE
DJSDVMBUJPOT
JT
UIF
XBUFS
DZDMF
XIJDI
JT
QPX FSFE
CZ
UIF
4VOT
FOFSHZ
BOE
JOWPMWFT
JOUFSBDUJPOT
CFUXFFO
UIF
PDFBOT
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 !LTAMAHARIVERDELTA 'EORGIA4HEHISTORYOFTHE3EA)SLANDSINTHE!LTAMAHA 2IVERDELTAONTHECOASTOF'EORGIAISREVEALEDINTHISRADARIMAGE4HEOUTLINESOFLONG LOST PLANTATIONRICElELDS CANALS DIKESANDOTHERINLETSAREDElNED3ALTMARSHESARESHOWNIN RED WHILEDENSECYPRESSANDLIVEOAKTREECANOPIESARESEENINYELLOW GREENS!GRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTOFTHE!LTAMAHADELTABEGANSOONAFTERTHEFOUNDINGOFTHE'EORGIA#OLONYIN 4HElRSTMAJORCROPWASINDIGO FOLLOWEDBYRICEANDCOTTON!MAJORSTORMIN DESTROYEDMUCHOFTHETOWNOF$ARIENVQQFS
SJHIU 4HE#IVIL7ARn ENDED THEPLANTATIONSYSTEM ANDMANYOFTHEISLANDPLANTATIONSDISAPPEAREDUNDERHEAVYBRUSH ANDNEWGROWTHPINEFORESTS4HE"UTLER)SLANDDFOUFS
MFѫ PLANTATIONBECAMEAWILDLIFE CONSERVATIONSITEGROWINGWILDSEARICEFORMIGRATINGDUCKSANDOTHERWATERFOWL!)2BORNE 3YNTHETIC!PERTURE2ADAR ABBREVIATED!)23!2 IMAGECOURTESYOF.!3! *0,ANDTHE 5NIVERSITYOF%DINBURGH

MBOE
*U
CSJOHT
VT
PVS
EBJMZ
XFBUIFS
BOE
QSPEVDFT
UIF
DMJNBUJD
EJĒFSFODFT
UIBU
TUBSLMZ
EJTUJOHVJTI
POF
QBSU
PG
UIF
HMPCF
GSPN
BOPUIFS "CPVU
POFUIJSE
PG
UIF
TPMBS
FOFSHZ
SFBDIJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
BT
TVOMJHIU
JT
FYQFOEFE
PO
UIF
FWBQPSBUJPO
PG
TFBXBUFS
ѮJT
FWBQPSBUJPO
SFMFBTFT
XBSN
GSFTIXBUFS
NPJTUVSF
JOUP
UIF
BJS
BOE
DPPMT
UIF
TVSGBDF
PG
UIF
PDFBO
ѮF
NPJTUVSF
SJTFT
IJHI
JOUP
UIF
DPME
BUNPTQIFSF
XIFSF
DMPVET
BSF
GPSNFE
8JOET
ESJWF
UIF
DMPVET
GPS
HSFBU
EJT UBODFT
PWFS
TFB
BOE
MBOE
3BJO
PS
TOPX
GSPN
UIF
DMPVET
DBO
UIFO
GBMM
UP
MBOE
SFGSFTIJOH
TUSFBNT
MBLFT
BOE
VOEFSHSPVOE
SFTFSWPJST
ѮF
XBUFS
UIFO
SVOT
EPXO
UP
UIF
TFB
XIFSF
UIF
DZDMF
CFHJOT
PODF
NPSF "MM
PG
UIF
XBUFS
JO
UIF
PDFBOT
QBTTFT
UISPVHI
UIJT
XBUFS
DZDMF
PODF
JO

NJMMJPO
ZFBST
:FU
UIF
PDFBO
XBUFST
BSF
BU
MFBTU

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
PME
TP
UIFZ
IBWF
PO
BWFSBHF
DPNQMFUFE
NPSF
UIBO
B
UIPVTBOE
TVDI
DZDMFT 4VOMJHIU
JMMVNJOBUFT
BOE
XBSNT
POF
TJEF
PG
PVS
SPUBUJOH
HMPCF
BU
B
UJNF
"OE
CFDBVTF
UIF
&BSUI
JT
TQIFSJDBM
UIF
USPQJDBM
SFHJPOT
OFBS
UIF
FRVBUPS
GBDF
UIF
4VO
NPSF
EJSFDUMZ
SFDFJWJOH
UIF
HSFBUFTU
BNPVOU
PG
IFBU
"U
UIFTF
MPX
MBUJUVEFT
UIF
4VOT
BMNPTU
WFSUJDBM
SBZT
USBWFM
UP
UIF
HSPVOE
UISPVHI
UIF
MFBTU
BNPVOU
PG
JOUFSWFOJOH
BJS
"U
IJHIFS
MBUJUVEFT
OFBSFS






5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




'*(
 .EW'UINEA4HIS3YNTHETIC)MAGING2ADAR ABBREVIATED3)2 IMAGESHOWS RIVERSEMPTYINGINTOTHESEAONTHESOUTHERNCOASTOFTHE)NDONESIANHALFOF.EW'UINEA )TWASTAKENFROM3)2 !ABOARDTHE4QBDF
4IVUUMF
$PMVNCJBIN DEMONSTRATINGTHE USEOFIMAGINGRADARTOACQUIREANDTRANSMITDATAOFDIFFERENTGEOLOGICREGIONS#OURTESY OF.!3!AND*0,

UIF
QPMFT
TVOMJHIU
TUSJLFT
UIF
HSPVOE
BU
B
HMBODJOH
BOHMF
BOE
JU
NVTU
BMTP
QFOFUSBUF
B
HSFBUFS
UIJDLOFTT
PG
BCTPSCJOH
BUNPTQIFSF
TP
UIF
HSPVOE
JT
IFBUFE
MFTT
UIBO
BU
UIF
FRVBUPS 8JOET
BOE
PDFBO
DVSSFOUT
BUUFNQU
UP
DPSSFDU
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
JNCBMBODF
DBSSZJOH
IFBU
GSPN
UIF
FRVBUPS
UP
UIF
QPMFT
PS
GSPN
UIF
XBSNFS
UP
DPMEFS
QMBDFT
JO
CPUI
OPSUIFSO
BOE
TPVUIFSO
EJSFDUJPOT
8BSN
BJS
SJTFT
BU
UIF
FRVBUPS
DJSDVMBUFT
UPXBSE
UIF
QPMFT
FWFO UVBMMZ
DPPMT
BOE
TJOLT
BOE
UIFO
ëPXT
CBDL
UPXBSE
UIF
FRVBUPS
BU
MPXFS
MFWFMT
OFBS
UIF
HSPVOE
5XP
MPPQT
PG
ëPXJOH
BJS
BSF
GPSNFE
POF
JO
FBDI
IFNJTQIFSF
BOE
UIFZ
BSF
OBNFE
)BEMFZ
DFMMT
BѫFS
UIF
&OHMJTI
NFUFPSPMPHJTU
(FPSHF
)BEMFZ
¢
XIP
êSTU
QSP QPTFE
UIFN
JO

ѮF
UXP
)BEMFZ
DFMMT
DJSDVMBUF
OPSUI
PS
TPVUI
CVU
UIFZ
BSF
EFëFDUFE
TJEFXBZT
CZ
UIF
&BSUIT
SPUBUJPO
GPSNJOH
UIF
MPXMBUJUVEF
USBEF
XJOET
UIBU
CMPX
XFTUXBSE
BMNPTU
FWFSZ
EBZ
PG
UIF
ZFBS #VU
DMJNBUF
JTOU
KVTU
EFUFSNJOFE
CZ
IPX
UIF
BJS
DJSDVMBUFT
ѮF
MBOE
BOE
PDFBOT
BMTP
QMBZ
B
SPMF
8BSN
XBUFS
GPS
FYBNQMF
ëPXT
GSPN
UIF
USPQJDT
UP
UIF
"SDUJD
BOE
"OU BSDUJD
IFMQJOH
NPWF
IFBU
BSPVOE
UIF
HMPCF
BOE
EFUFSNJOJOH
XPSME
DMJNBUF "OE
JO
BOPUIFS
PG
OBUVSFT
HSBOE
USBOTGPSNBUJPOT
UIF
HSFBU
MBOENBTTFT
PO
&BSUI
BSF
DPOUJOVBMMZ
SFPSHBOJ[JOH
HSPXJOH
JO
QMBDFT
BOE
FSPEJOH
BXBZ
PS
CSFBLJOH
BQBSU
JO
PUIFST
0WFS
MPOH
QFSJPET
PG
UJNF
NFBTVSFE
JO
NJMMJPOT
PG
ZFBST
FOUJSF
DPOUJOFOUT
BOE
PDFBOT
DBO
CF
EFTUSPZFE
PS
DSFBUFE
BOFX
SFNPEFMJOH
UIF
FOUJSF
TVSGBDF
PG
UIF
&BSUI





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 !THINCOLOREDLINE"RILLIANTREDANDBLUEMARKTHETHINATMOSPHERETHAT WARMSANDPROTECTSUS ASVIEWEDFROMSPACEATSUNRISEOVERTHE0ACIlC/CEAN7ITHOUT THISATMOSPHERICMEMBRANEWECOULDNOTBREATHEANDOURLAKEANDOCEANWATERSWOULD FREEZE#OURTESYOF.!3!

ѮJT
SFTVMUT
JO
B
DIBOHJOH
ëPX
PG
BJS
BOE
PDFBO
DVSSFOUT
UIBU
DSFBUF
FOUJSFMZ
EJĒFSFOU
HMPCBM
DMJNBUF
QBUUFSOT /PXBEBZT
BOE
JO
BMM
GPSNFS
UJNFT
JU
JT
UIF
4VOESJWFO
TFBTPOT
UIBU
EPNJOBUF
PVS
XFBUIFS
ѮFZ
BSF
DSFBUFE
CZ
UIF
UJMU
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
SPUBUJPOBM
BYJT
UPHFUIFS
XJUI
PVS
QMBO FUT
BOOVBM
DJSDVJU
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
*O
FBDI
IFNJTQIFSF
UIF
HSFBUFTU
TVOXBSE
UJMU
EFêOFT
UIF
TVNNFS
QBSU
PG
JUT
PSCJU
XIFO
UIF
4VO
JT
NPSF
OFBSMZ
PWFSIFBE
BOE
JUT
SBZT
TUSJLF
UIF
TVSGBDF
NPSF
EJSFDUMZ
UIBO
JO
UIF
XJOUFS
QBSU
XIFO
UIBU
IFNJTQIFSF
JT
UJMUFE
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
'JH
 
*O
GBDU
UIF
XPSE
DMJNBUF
DPNFT
GSPN
UIF
(SFFL
XPSE
LMJNB
GPS
iUJMUu ѮJT
BOOVBM
DIBOHF
JO
TPMBS
SBEJBUJPO
QSPEVDFT
MBSHF
TFBTPOBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
ëVDUVB UJPOT
JO
UIF
/PSUIFSO
)FNJTQIFSF
XIFSF
NPTU
PG
UIF
XPSMET
MBOE
JT
OPX
GPVOE
ѮF
EJĒFS FODF
JO
TVSGBDF
BJS
UFNQFSBUVSF
BWFSBHFE
PWFS
UIF
OPSUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSF
CFUXFFO
XJOUFS
BOE
TVNNFS
JT

LFMWJO
5FNQFSBUVSFT
NFBTVSFE
PO
UIF
NPSF
GBNJMJBS
$FMTJVT
TDBMF
EFOPUFE
$
BSF
HJWFO
CZ
$

,
XIFSF
,
EFOPUFT
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
JO
LFMWJO
VOJUT
4P
B
UFNQFSBUVSF
EJĒFSFODF
PG

LFMWJO
JT
BMTP
B
UFNQFSBUVSF
EJĒFSFODF
PG

EFHSFFT
$FOUJHSBEF
BOE
JU
JT
UIJT
EJĒFSFODF
UIBU
CSJOHT
UIF
DMJNBUJD
TFBTPOT
XIJDI
NBSL
UIF
QBT TBHF
PG
UJNF 8JUIPVU
CPUI
TVOMJHIU
BOE
PVS
UIJO
BUNPTQIFSF
UIFSF
XPVME
CF
OP
CMVF
TLJFT
PS
SFE
TVOTFUT
OP
DMPVET
PS
SBJO
BOE
OP
DMJNBUFT
PS
TFBTPOT
"OE
XJUIPVU
PVS
BUNP TQIFSF
UIF
PDFBOT
XPVME
CF
GSP[FO
TPMJE





5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




'*(
 4HESEASONS!STHE%ARTHORBITSTHE3UN THE%ARTHSROTATIONALAXISINAGIVEN HEMISPHEREISTILTEDTOWARDORAWAYFROMTHE3UN4HISVARIABLETILTPRODUCESTHESEASONSBY CHANGINGTHEANGLEATWHICHTHE3UNSRAYSSTRIKEDIFFERENTPARTSOFTHE%ARTHSSURFACE4HE GREATESTSUNWARDTILTOCCURSIN THESUMMERWHENTHE3UNS RAYSSTRIKETHESURFACEMOST DIRECTLY)NTHEWINTER THE RELEVANTHEMISPHEREISTILTED AWAYFROMTHE3UNANDTHE 3UNSRAYSOBLIQUELYSTRIKETHE SURFACE7HENITISSUMMERIN THENORTHERNHEMISPHERE ITIS WINTERINTHESOUTHERNHEMI SPHEREANDWJDF
WFSTB.OTICE THATTHERADIUSOFTHE%ARTH AND3UNANDTHE%ARTHSORBIT ARENOTDRAWNTOSCALE


5)&
-*'&4"7*/(
(3&&/)064&
&''&$5 0VS
QMBOFUT
TVSGBDF
JT
OPX
DPNGPSUBCMZ
XBSN
CFDBVTF
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
USBQT
TPNF
PG
UIF
4VOT
IFBU
BOE
LFFQT
JU
OFBS
UIF
TVSGBDF
ѮF
UIJO
CMBOLFU
PG
HBT
BDUT
MJLF
B
POF XBZ
êMUFS
BMMPXJOH
TVOMJHIU
UISPVHI
UP
XBSN
UIF
TVSGBDF
CVU
QSFWFOUJOH
UIF
FTDBQF
PG
TPNF
PG
UIF
IFBU
JOUP
TVSSPVOEJOH
TQBDF
BOE
SBJTJOH
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
QMBOFU
ѮJT
XBSNJOH
JOëVFODF
IBT
CFFO
EVCCFE
UIF
iOBUVSBMu
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
UP
EJTUJOHVJTI
JU
GSPN
iFOIBODFEu
HSFFOIPVTF
XBSNJOH
DBVTFE
CZ
iVOOBUVSBMu
IVNBO
BDUJWJUZ 3JHIU
OPX
UIF
iOBUVSBMu
HSFFOIPVTF
JT
MJUFSBMMZ
B
NBUUFS
PG
MJGF
BOE
EFBUI
8JUIPVU
BO
BUNPTQIFSF
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
XPVME
CF
XBSNFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
UP
KVTU

LFMWJO
XIJDI
JT
CFMPX
UIF
GSFF[JOH
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
XBUFS
BU

LFMWJO
#VU
UIF
OBUVSBM
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
PG
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
LFFQT
UIF
QMBOFU

LFMWJO
IPUUFS
UIBO
JU
XPVME
PUIFSXJTF
CF
SBJTJOH
UIF
TVSGBDF
UFNQFSBUVSF
UP
B
NPSF
IPTQJUBCMF
HMPCBM
BWFSBHF
PG

LFMWJO
8JUIPVU
UIJT
HSFFOIPVTF
XBSNJOH
UIF
PDFBOT
XPVME
GSFF[F
BOE
MJGF
BT
XF
LOPX
JU
XPVME
OPU
FYJTU ѮF
JEFB
UIBU
PVS
BUNPTQIFSJD
CMBOLFU
NJHIU
XBSN
UIF
&BSUI
XBT
TVHHFTUFE
JO

CZ
UIF
'SFODI
NBUIFNBUJDJBO
+FBO#BQUJTUF
'PVSJFS
¢
BOE
EFWFMPQFE
CZ
UIF
*SJTI
TDJFOUJTU
+PIO
5ZOEBMM
¢
JO
UIF
T
'PVSJFS
JT
OPX
XFMM
LOPXO
GPS
IJT
NBUIFNBUJDBM
JOWFTUJHBUJPOT
PG
XBWFT
BOE
PUIFS
QFSJPEJD
NPUJPO
B
CSBODI
PG
NBUIFNBUJDT
OPX
LOPXO
BT
'PVSJFS
BOBMZTJT 'PVSJFS
XPOEFSFE
IPX
UIF
4VOT
IFBU
DPVME
CF
SFUBJOFE
UP
LFFQ
UIF
&BSUI
IPU
"OE
IJT
CBTJD
JEFB
TUJMM
BDDFQUFE
UPEBZ
JT
UIBU
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
MFUT
TPNF
PG
UIF
4VOT
SBEJBUJPO
JO
CVU
JU
EPFTOU
MFU
BMM
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
CBDL
PVU
7JTJCMF
TVOMJHIU
QBTTFT
UISPVHI
PVS
USBOTQBSFOU
BUNPTQIFSF
UP
XBSN
UIF
&BSUIT
MBOE
BOE
PDFBOT
BOE
TPNF
PG
UIJT
IFBU
JT





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

SFSBEJBUFE
JO
JOGSBSFE
GPSN
ѮF
MPOHFS
JOGSBSFE
SBZT
BSF
MFTT
FOFSHFUJD
UIBO
WJTJCMF
POFT
BOE
EP
OPU
TMJDF
UISPVHI
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BT
FBTJMZ
BT
WJTJCMF
MJHIU 4P
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
BCTPSCT
TPNF
PG
UIF
JOGSBSFE
IFBU
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
UIF
HSPVOE
BOE
TPNF
PG
UIF
USBQQFE
IFBU
JT
SFSBEJBUFE
EPXOXBSE
UP
XBSN
UIF
QMBOFUT
TVSGBDF
BOE
UIF
BJS
JNNFEJBUFMZ
BCPWF
JU
'PVSJFS
MJLFOFE
UIF
UIJO
BUNPTQIFSJD
CMBOLFU
UP
B
IVHF
HMBTT
CFMM
KBS
NBEF
PVU
PG
DMPVET
BOE
HBTFT
UIBU
IPMET
UIF
&BSUIT
IFBU
DMPTF
UP
JUT
TVSGBDF ѮF
XBSNJOH
CZ
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
JO
UIF
BJS
JT
OPX
LOPXO
BT
UIF
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
CVU
UIJT
JT
B
NJTOPNFS
ѮF
BJS
JOTJEF
B
HBSEFO
HSFFOIPVTF
JT
IFBUFE
CFDBVTF
JU
JT
FODMPTFE
QSFWFOUJOH
UIF
DJSDVMBUJPO
PG
BJS
DVSSFOUT
UIBU
XPVME
DBSSZ
BXBZ
IFBU
BOE
DPPM
UIF
JOUFSJPS
/FWFSUIFMFTT
UIF
UFSN
JT
OPX
TP
DPNNPO
UIBU
XF
DPOUJOVF
UP
VTF
JU
UP
EFTJHOBUF
UIF
QSPDFTT
CZ
XIJDI
BO
BUNPTQIFSF
USBQT
IFBU
OFBS
B
QMBOFUT
TVSGBDF 5ZOEBMM
CVJMU
BO
JOTUSVNFOU
UP
NFBTVSF
UIF
IFBUUSBQQJOH
QSPQFSUJFT
PG
WBSJPVT
HBTFT
FYBNJOJOH
UIF
USBOTNJTTJPO
PG
JOGSBSFE
IFBU
SBEJBUJPO
UISPVHI
UIFN
)F
GPVOE
UIBU
UIF
NBJO
DPOTUJUVFOUT
PG
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
m
PYZHFO

QFSDFOU
BOE
OJUSPHFO

QFSDFOU
m
XFSF
USBOTQBSFOU
UP
CPUI
WJTJCMF
BOE
JOGSBSFE
SBEJBUJPO
ѮFTF
EJBUPNJD
PS
UXPBUPN
NPMFDVMFT
BSF
JODBQBCMF
PG
BCTPSCJOH
BOZ
OPUJDFBCMF
BNPVOUT
PG
JOGSBSFE
IFBU
SBEJBUJPO )F
BMTP
GPVOE
UIBU
XBUFS
WBQPS
BOE
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
XIJDI
BSF
NJOPS
JOHSFEJ FOUT
PG
UIF
BJS
BCTPSC
TJHOJêDBOU
IFBU
"T
5ZOEBMM
SFBMJ[FE
UIFTF
HBTFT
BSF
USBOTQBSFOU
UP
TVOMJHIU
XIJDI
XBSNT
UIF
HSPVOE
CVU
QBSUJBMMZ
PQBRVF
UP
UIF
JOGSBSFE
IFBU
SBZT
XIJDI
BSF
USBQQFE
OFBS
UIF
TVSGBDF
BOE
XBSN
PVS
HMPCF
"T
IF
XSPUF
JO
 ѮJT
BRVFPVT
WBQPVS
XIJDI
FYFSDJTFT
TVDI
B
EFTUSVDUJWF
BDUJPO
PO
UIF
PCTDVSF
<JOGSBSFE
IFBU>
SBZT
JT
DPNQBSBUJWFMZ
USBOTQBSFOU
UP
UIF
SBZT
PG
MJHIU
)FODF
UIF
EJĒFSFOUJBM
BDUJPO
BT
SFHBSET
UIF
IFBU
DPNJOH
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UP
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
UIBU
SBEJBUFE
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
JOUP
TQBDF
JT
WBTUMZ
BVHNFOUFE
CZ
UIF
BRVFPVT
WBQPS
PG
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF



4JNJMBS
SFNBSLT
XPVME
BQQMZ
UP
UIF
DBSCPOJD
BDJE

EJĒVTFE
UISPVHI
UIF
BJS

8BUFS
WBQPS
BOE
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
NPMFDVMFT
XIJDI
DPOTJTU
PG
UISFF
BUPNT
BSF
NPSF
ëFYJCMF
BOE
GSFF
UP
NPWF
JO
NPSF
XBZT
UIBO
EJBUPNJD
NPMFDVMFT
TP
UIFZ
BCTPSC
UIF
IFBU
SBEJBUJPO *G
UIF
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
XFSF
SFNPWFE
GSPN
UIF
BJS
GPS
B
TJOHMF
OJHIU
5ZOEBMM
BOOPVODFE
UIFO
iUIF
XBSNUI
PG
PVS
êFMET
BOE
HBSEFOT
XPVME
QPVS
JUTFMG
VOSFRVJUFE
JOUP
TQBDF
BOE
UIF
4VO
XPVME
SJTF
VQPO
BO
JTMBOE
IFME
GBTU
JO
UIF
JSPO
HSJQ
PG
GSPTUu ѮF
&BSUI
NJHIU
CFDPNF
B
GSP[FO
HMPCF
XJUIPVU
UIF
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
BOE
JU
DPVME
BMTP
CFDPNF
OPUJDFBCMZ
XBSNFS
JG
UIFJS
BNPVOUT
JODSFBTFE
ѮF
4XFEJTI
DIFNJTU
4WBOUF
"SSIFOJVT
¢
TFU
PVU
UP
êOE
PVU
XIBU
XPVME
IBQQFO
JG
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
XBT
FJUIFS
DVU
JO
IBMG
PS
EPVCMFE
"ѫFS
OFBSMZ
B
ZFBS
PG
UFEJPVT
DBM DVMBUJPOT
IF
DPODMVEFE
UIBU
UIFTF
WBSJBUJPOT
DPVME
QSPEVDF
FJUIFS
UIF
JDF
BHFT
PS
UIF
XBSNFTU
JOUFSWBMT
CFUXFFO
UIFN
*O
IJT
PXO
XPSET
XSJUUFO
JO
 "
TJNQMF
DBMDVMBUJPO
TIPXT
UIBU
UIF

UFNQFSBUVSF
JO
UIF
"SDUJD
SFHJPOT
XPVME
SJTF

UP

EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT
JG
UIF
DBSCPOJD
BDJE

JODSFBTFE
UP

PS

UJNFT
JUT
QSFTFOU
WBMVF
*O
PSEFS
UP
HFU
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
JDF
BHF
UIF
DBSCPOJD
BDJE
JO
UIF
BJS
TIPVME
TJOL
UP

UP

PG
JUT
QSFTFOU
WBMVF
MPXFSJOH
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
CZ

UP

EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT





5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




8F
OPX
CFMJFWF
UIBU
DIBOHFT
JO
UIF
HMPCBM
EJTUSJCVUJPO
PG
TVOMJHIU
CSJOH
PO
UIF
JDF
BHFT
/FWFSUIFMFTT
"SSIFOJVT
NBEF
B
HPPE
FTUJNBUF
PG
UIF
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
FĒFDU
PG
EPVCMJOH
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JO
PVS
BJS
BCPVU

EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT
PS

LFMWJO
XJUIPVU
UIF
VTF
PG
NPEFSO
DBMDVMBUPST
PS
FYUFOTJWF
DPNQVUFS
NPEFMT
)F
BMTP
QPJOUFE
PVU
UIBU
JOEVTUSJBM
BDUJWJUZ
XBT
UIFO
OPUJDFBCMZ
JODSFBTJOH
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
BUNPTQIFSJD
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
UIBU
IVNBOT
XFSF
UIFSFGPSF
BMUFSJOH
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
HMPCF 8IZ
EPFTOU
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
KVTU
LFFQ
IFBUJOH
VQ
VOUJM
JU
FYQMPEFT
1SPWJEFE
UIBU
UIF
4VOT
SBEJBUJPO
PVUQVU
TUBZT
DPOTUBOU
BOE
UIBU
UIF
DPNQPTJUJPO
PG
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
EPFT
OPU
DIBOHF
UIF
HSFFOIPVTF
XBSNJOH
SJTFT
UP
B
êYFE
UFNQFSBUVSF
UIBU
CBMBODFT
UIF
IFBU
JOQVU
GSPN
TVOMJHIU
BOE
UIF
IFBU
SBEJBUFE
JOUP
TQBDF
ѮF
MFWFM
PG
XBUFS
JO
B
QPOE
TJNJMBSMZ
SFNBJOT
NVDI
UIF
TBNF
FWFO
UIPVHI
XBUFS
JT
SVOOJOH
JO
POF
FOE
BOE
PVU
UIF
PUIFS 8JUI
HSFBUFS
FOFSHZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
PS
XJUI
NPSF
XBUFS
WBQPS
PS
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JO
UIF
BJS
UIF
CBMBODF
QPJOU
XJMM
TIJѫ
UP
B
IJHIFS
BWFSBHF
HMPCBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
ѮJT
JT
XIZ
JU
CFDPNFT
IPUUFS
JO
UIF
TVNNFS
XIFO
NPSF
TVOMJHIU
EJSFDUMZ
JMMVNJOBUFT
UIF
&BSUIT
TVS GBDF
*UT
BMTP
XIZ
DMPVEZ
OJHIUT
UFOE
UP
CF
XBSNFS
UIBO
DMFBS
OJHIUT
FTDBQJOH
JOGSBSFE
IFBU
SBEJBUJPO
JT
CMPDLFE
CZ
UIF
XBUFS
WBQPS
JO
UIF
DMPVET
LFFQJOH
UIF
HSPVOE
XBSN
BU
OJHIU 0G
DPVSTF
ZPV
DBO
IBWF
UPP
NVDI
PG
B
HPPE
UIJOH
MJLF
MZJOH
JO
UIF
4VO
BMM
EBZ
JO
UIF
TVNNFS
PS
FBUJOH
UPP
NVDI
JDF
DSFBN
UPP
GBTU
ѮF
TVSGBDF
PG
7FOVT
VOEFS
B
EFOTF
BUNPTQIFSF
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
IBT
CFDPNF
IPU
FOPVHI
UP
NFMU
MFBE
ѮF
IJHI UFNQFSBUVSF
XPSME
IBT
CFFO
CPJMFE
ESZ
MJLF
B
LFUUMF
MFѫ
PO
UIF
TUPWF
/PUIJOH
DPVME
MJWF
UIFSF
"OE
.BST
IBT
POMZ
B
GFFCMF
BUNPTQIFSF
XJUI
B
NFBHFS
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
ѮJT
GSP[FO
XPSME
JT
MPDLFE
JO
B
QFSNBOFOU
JDF
BHF 
5)&
&"35)4
$)"/(*/(
"5.041)&3&
"/%
0$&"/4 /PUIJOH
JO
UIF
$PTNPT
JT
êYFE
BOE
VODIBOHJOH
FWFSZUIJOH
NPWFT
BOE
FWPMWFT
1FPQMF
MJWF
PVU
UIFJS
DIBOHJOH
MJWFT
TUBST
BSF
CPSO
BOE
EJF
UIF
FOUJSF
6OJWFSTF
JT
BMXBZT
DIBOH JOH
FYQBOEJOH
GSPN
JUT
FYQMPTJWF
CJSUI
MPOH
BHP
4PNFUJNFT
UIF
DIBOHFT
BSF
TMPX
BOE
HSBEVBM
PѫFO
UIFZ
BSF
RVJDL
BOE
WJPMFOU
*O
GBDU
UIF
POMZ
VODIBOHJOH
UIJOH
JO
UIF
6OJWFSTF
JT
DIBOHF
JUTFMG
BOE
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
OP
FYDFQUJPO *U
JT
UIPVHIU
UIBU
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
PUIFS
QMBOFUT
GPSNFE
UPHFUIFS
XJUI
UIF
4VO
BCPVU

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
"T
UIF
CPEZ
PG
UIF
OFXCPSO
&BSUI
DPPMFE
PO
UIF
PVUTJEF
BOE
XBSNFE
VQ
JOTJEF
UIF
FBSMZ
BUNPTQIFSF
NPTU
MJLFMZ
FNFSHFE
GSPN
BODJFOU
WPMDBOPFT
UIBU
TQFXFE
MBWB
BOE
SFMFBTFE
HBTFT
UIBU
XFSF
PODF
USBQQFE
JO
UIF
SPDL
$PTNJD
EFCSJT
BUUSBDUFE
CZ
UIF
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
GPSDFT
PG
UIF
ZPVOH
&BSUI
QSPCBCMZ
TMBNNFE
JOUP
JUT
TVS GBDF
WBQPSJ[JOH
SPDLT
MJCFSBUJOH
HBT
BOE
GVSUIFS
FOIBODJOH
UIF
QSJNJUJWF
BJS #FDBVTF
PG
UIF
FOFSHZ
SFMFBTFE
CZ
UIF
DPMMJEJOH
SPDLT
UIBU
NFSHFE
UP
GPSN
UIF
&BSUI
JU
QSPCBCMZ
CFHBO
BT
B
NPMUFO
HMPCF
UPP
IPU
GPS
BOZ
XBUFS
UP
BDDVNVMBUF
PO
JUT
TVSGBDF
0OMZ
XIFO
UIF
JOJUJBM
CPNCBSENFOU
TMPXFE
BOE
UIF
HMPXJOH
QMBOFU
DPPMFE
DPVME
UIF
PDFBOT
GPSN
ѮFJS
XBUFS
IBT
SFNBJOFE
GPS
CJMMJPOT
PG
ZFBST
DZDMJOH
JOUP
DMPVET
BOE
SBJOT
BOE
TIJѫJOH
BCPVU
UIF
HMPCF
BT
DPOUJOFOUT
TQMJU
PQFO
PS
NFSHFE
UPHFUIFS
UP
PQFO
OFX
PDFBOT
BOE
DMPTF
PME
POFT




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

"TUSPOPNFST
BSHVF
UIBU
PVS
PDFBOT
XFSF
TVQQMJFE
GSPN
PVUTJEF
UIF
&BSUI
BѫFS
JU
êSTU
DBNF
UPHFUIFS
QFSIBQT
CZ
TNBMM
CPEJFT
PG
SPDL
PS
JDF
TJNJMBS
UP
UPEBZT
BTUFSPJET
BOE
DPNFUT
DPNJOH
JO
GSPN
UIF
DPME
PVUFS
QBSUT
PG
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
4PNF
HFPMPHJTUT
SFBTPO
UIBU
UIF
BODJFOU
PDFBOT
XFSF
JOTUFBE
TUFBNFE
PVU
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
JOUFSJPS
CZ
FSVQUJOH
WPMDB OPFT
DPOEFOTJOH
GSPN
XBUFS
WBQPS
JO
UIF
QSJNJUJWF
BUNPTQIFSF
/P
POF
LOPXT
GPS
TVSF
XIFUIFS
FYUFSOBM
JNQBDU
PS
JOUFSOBM
WPMDBOJTN
SFTVMUFE
JO
NPTU
PG
PVS
XBUFS
#VU
TJODF
UIF
&BSUI
GPSNFE
CZ
UIF
BDDVNVMBUJPO
PG
DPMMJEJOH
PCKFDUT
CPUI
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
UIF
XBUFS
FYQFMMFE
CZ
UIF
WPMDBOPFT
IBE
UP
CF
PSJHJOBMMZ
TVQQMJFE
CZ
DPTNJD
JNQBDU ѮF
4VO
CFHBO
JUT
MJGF
TIJOJOH
XJUI
POMZ

QFSDFOU
PG
JUT
QSFTFOU
MVNJOPTJUZ
TMPXMZ
HSPXJOH
JO
MVNJOPVT
JOUFOTJUZ
BT
JU
BHFE
ѮJT
JOFYPSBCMF
JODSFBTF
JO
UIF
4VOT
CSJHIU OFTT
JT
B
DPOTFRVFODF
PG
JODSFBTJOH
BNPVOUT
PG
IFMJVN
JO
UIF
4VOT
DPSF
UIF
HSFBUFS
NFBO
EFOTJUZ
QSPEVDFT
IJHIFS
DPSF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
GBTUFS
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
BOE
B
TUFBEZ
JODSFBTF
JO
MVNJOPTJUZ *G
UIF
4VO
XFSF
NVDI
EJNNFS
FPOT
BHP
UIF
&BSUIT
PDFBOT
XPVME
IBWF
CFFO
GSP[FO
TPMJE
FWFO
JG
UIF
QSFTFOU
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
PQFSBUFE
CBDL
UIFO
:FU
TFEJNFOUBSZ
SPDLT
XIJDI
NVTU
IBWF
CFFO
EFQPTJUFE
JO
MJRVJE
XBUFS
EBUF
GSPN

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
4JODF
GPTTJM
FWJEFODF
TVHHFTUT
UIBU
MJWJOH
UIJOHT
IBWF
UISJWFE
JO
B
XBSN
MJRVJE
FOWJSPONFOU
TJODF
UIBU
UJNF
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
UFNQFSBUVSF
IBT
SFNBJOFE
BCPVU
UIF
TBNF
GPS
CJM MJPOT
PG
ZFBST
FWFO
UIPVHI
UIF
4VOT
CSJHIUOFTT
IBT
JODSFBTFE
CZ
TPNF

QFSDFOU
TJODF
JUT
DSFBUJPO ѮF
EJTDSFQBODZ
CFUXFFO
UIF
XBSN
DMJNBUF
SFDPSE
BOE
UIF
QSFEJDUJPOT
PG
BO
FBSMZ
DPME
DMJNBUF
CBTFE
PO
UIF
4VOT
GBJOU
MVNJOPTJUZ
IBT
DPNF
UP
CF
LOPXO
BT
UIF
GBJOUZPVOH4VO
QBSBEPY
*U
DBO
CF
SFTPMWFE
JG
UIF
&BSUIT
FBSMZ
QSJNJUJWF
BUNPTQIFSF
DPOUBJOFE
BCPVU
B
UIPVTBOE
UJNFT
NPSF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
UIBO
JU
EPFT
OPX
ѮF
HSFBUFS
IFBUJOH
PG
UIF
FOIBODFE
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
DPVME
IBWF
LFQU
UIF
BODJFOU
PDFBOT
GSPN
GSFF[JOH
ѮF
&BSUI
DPVME
TVCTFRVFOUMZ
NBJOUBJO
B
UFNQFSBUF
DMJNBUF
POMZ
JG
JUT
BUNP TQIFSF
SPDLT
BOE
PDFBOT
DPNCJOFE
UP
EFDSFBTF
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
PWFS
UJNF
UVSOJOH
EPXO
UIF
QMBOFUT
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
BT
UIF
4VO
HSFX
CSJHIUFS 1MBOUT
BOE
BOJNBMT
BMTP
QMBZ
B
SPMF
JO
USBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
EFUFSNJO JOH
JUT
DPNQPTJUJPO
#JMMJPOT
PG
ZFBST
BHP
XIFO
UIF
ZPVOH
&BSUIT
WPMDBOJD
TVSGBDF
XBT
UPP
IPU
GPS
MJWJOH
UIJOHT
UIFSF
NVTU
IBWF
CFFO
WFSZ
MJUUMF
PYZHFO
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
*U
XBT
DSFBUFE
CZ
UIF
FBSMZ
CMPPN
PG
MJGF
BOE
BDDVNVMBUFE
TMPXMZ
#MVFHSFFO
BMHBF
JO
UIF
TFB
CFHBO
UP
QVU
PYZHFO
JO
UIF
BJS
BCPVU

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
CZ
BCPVU

NJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
UIFZ
IBE
QVNQFE
TVēDJFOU
PYZHFO
JOUP
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
UP
TVTUBJO
BOJNBMT
UIBU
CSFBUIF
PYZHFO
BOE
MJWF
PO
MBOE
'SFF
PYZHFO
JT
OPX
B
NBKPS
JOHSFEJFOU
PG
UIF
BUNP TQIFSF
NBLJOH
VQ
BCPVU
B
êѫI
PG
PVS
BJS *G
QMBOUT
EJE
OPU
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
SFQMFOJTI
UIF
PYZHFO
MJWJOH
UIJOHT
UIBU
CSFBUIF
JU
JODMVEJOH
IVNBOT
XPVME
FWFOUVBMMZ
EFQMFUF
JU
&WFO
XJUIPVU
BOJNBMT
UIF
PYZHFO
HBT
XPVME
SFBDU
DIFNJDBMMZ
XJUI
PUIFS
FMFNFOUT
BOE
CF
MPDLFE
BXBZ
JO
DPNQPVOET
MJLF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
XBUFS
PS
XJUIJO
SPDLT
JO
BCPVU

NJMMJPO
ZFBST
)PXFWFS
CFDBVTF
PVST
JT
B
MJWJOH
XPSME
DIFNJDBMMZ
SFBDUJWF
PYZHFO
SFNBJOT
JO
UIF
BJS -JGF
NBZ
FWFO
IBWF
EFWFMPQFE
UIF
DBQBCJMJUZ
UP
DPOUSPM
JUT
FOWJSPONFOU
DIBOHJOH
UIF
QIZTJDBM
XPSME
PG
SPDLT
PDFBOT
BOE
BUNPTQIFSF
UP
NBJOUBJO
DPNGPSUBCMF
DPOEJ UJPOT
GPS
MJWJOH
UIJOHT
JO
TQJUF
PG
UISFBUFOJOH
DIBOHFT
ѮJT
UIFPSZ
EFWFMPQFE
CZ
#SJUJTI
JOWFOUPS
BOE
TDJFOUJTU
+BNFT
-PWFMPDL
¢

BOE
UIF
"NFSJDBO
NJDSPCJPMPHJTU
-ZOO






5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




.BSHVMJT
¢



IBT
CFFO
DBMMFE
UIF
(BJB
QSPOPVODFE
(6:BI
IZQPUIFTJT
BѫFS
UIF
(SFFL
HPEEFTT
PG
NPUIFS
&BSUI
-PWFMPDLT
OFJHICPS
8JMMJBN
(PMEJOH
¢


BVUIPS
PG
UIF
CPPL
-PSE
PG
UIF
'MJFT
BOE
SFDJQJFOU
PG
UIF

/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
-JUFSBUVSF
TVHHFTUFE
UIF
OBNF #VU
UIFSF
JT
QSPCBCMZ
OP
FTDBQF
JO
UIF
FOE
8IBUFWFS
MJGF
PO
&BSUI
EPFT
JUT
SFNPUF
GVUVSF
JT
OPU
TFDVSF
"T
UIF
4VO
CSJHIUFOT
BOE
UVSOT
PO
UIF
IFBU
UIF
&BSUIT
PDFBOT
XJMM
FWFOUVBMMZ
CF
CPJMFE
BXBZ
MFBWJOH
UIF
QMBOFU
B
CVSOFEPVU
DJOEFS
B
EFBE
BOE
TUFSJMF
QMBDF
CJMMJPOT
PG
ZFBST
GSPN
OPX 4P
PVS
MPOHUFSN
QSPTQFDUT
BSFOU
BMM
UIBU
HSFBU
.PSFPWFS
UIFSF
BSF
UISFBUT
PO
B
NVDI
TIPSUFS
UJNF
JOUFSWBM
UIBU
NBZ
CF
DBVTFE
CZ
IVNBO
UJOLFSJOH
XJUI
UIF
FOWJSPO NFOU
5P
VOEFSTUBOE
UIFTF
FĒFDUT
XF
NVTU
êSTU
DPOTJEFS
IPX
WBSJBCMF
TPMBS
SBEJBUJPO
USBOTGPSNT
PVS
BJS
IFBUJOH
JU
VQ
BOE
QSPEVDJOH
EJTUJODU
MBZFST
XJUIJO
JU


063
46/-":&3&%
"5.041)&3& 5IF
*OWJTJCMF
"UNPTQIFSF

0O
B
DMFBS
EBZ
ZPV
DBO
TFF
GPSFWFS
PS
BU
MFBTU
GPS
B
MPOH
EJTUBODF
UISPVHI
UIF
BJS
"OE
PO
B
XBSN
ESZ
XJOEMFTT
EBZ
XF
BSF
VOBXBSF
PG
UIF
UPVDI
PG
UIF
BJS
VQPO
PVS
TLJO
ѮF
ESJѫ
PG
B
DMPVE
PDDBTJPOBMMZ
SFNJOET
VT
PG
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BCPVU
VT
BOE
PO
DPME
EBZT
XF
GFFM
UIF
BJS
BHBJOTU
PVS
TLJO
ѮF
UPVDI
PG
UIF
XJOE
BOE
UIF
TJHIU
PG
CJSET
BOE
BJSQMBOFT
TVQ QPSUFE
CZ
UIFJS
NPUJPO
QSPWF
UIBU
UIFSF
JT
TPNFUIJOH
TVCTUBOUJBM
TVSSPVOEJOH
VT 0VS
UIJO
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
QVMMFE
DMPTF
UP
UIF
&BSUI
CZ
JUT
HSBWJUZ
BOE
TVTQFOEFE
BCPWF
UIF
HSPVOE
CZ
NPMFDVMBS
NPUJPO
"OE
CFDBVTF
BJS
NPMFDVMFT
BSF
NBJOMZ
GBS
BQBSU
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
NPTUMZ
FNQUZ
TQBDF
BOE
JU
DBO
BMXBZT
CF
TRVFF[FE
JOUP
B
TNBMMFS
WPMVNF
ѮF
BUNPTQIFSF
OFBS
UIF
HSPVOE
JT
DPNQBDUFE
UP
JUT
HSFBUFTU
EFOTJUZ
BOE
QSFTTVSF
CZ
UIF
XFJHIU
PG
UIF
PWFSMZJOH
BJS
:FU
FWFO
BU
UIF
CPUUPN
PG
UIF
BUNP TQIFSF
UIF
EFOTJUZ
JT
POMZ
BCPVU
B
UIPVTBOEUI
PG
UIBU
PG
MJRVJE
XBUFS
BO
FOUJSF
MJUFS
PG
UIJT
BJS
XJMM
XFJHI
POMZ
POF
HSBN "U
HSFBUFS
IFJHIUT
UIFSF
JT
MFTT
BJS
QVTIJOH
EPXO
GSPN
BCPWF
TP
UIF
DPNQSFTTJPO
JT
MFTT
BOE
UIF
EFOTJUZ
PG
BJS
HSBEVBMMZ
GBMMT
PĒ
JOUP
UIF
WBDVVN
PG
TQBDF
"U
B
IFJHIU
PG

LJMPNFUFST
TMJHIUMZ
IJHIFS
UIBO
.PVOU
&WFSFTU
UIF
EFOTJUZ
PG
BJS
IBT
ESPQQFE
UP

QFSDFOU
PG
JUT
WBMVF
OFBS
UIF
HSPVOE
/P
JOTFDUT
BOE
GFX
CJSET
DBO
ëZ
JO
TVDI
SBSFêFE
BJS
"U
BMUJUVEFT
BCPWF
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
UIF
BJS
JT
UPP
UIJO
UP
TVQQPSU
B
KFU
BJSQMBOF 8F
DBO
JOGFS
UIF
UIJOOJOH
PG
UIF
BJS
BU
HSFBUFS
IFJHIUT
CZ
XBUDIJOH
B
HSPVQ
PG
IBXLT
DJSDMJOH
BCPWF
B
NFBEPX
PS
PQFO
êFME
"T
BJS
OFBS
UIF
XBSN
HSPVOE
IFBUT
JU
FYQBOET
BOE
CFDPNFT
MFTT
EFOTF
SJTJOH
JOUP
UIF
UIJOOFS
BUNPTQIFSF
BCPWF
ѮF
SJTJOH
BJS
DBSSJFT
IFBU
GSPN
UIF
HSPVOE
BOE
EJTUSJCVUFT
JU
BU
IJHIFS
MFWFMT
HJWJOH
GSFF
SJEFT
UP
UIF
TPBSJOH
CJSET
)BXLT
SJEJOH
UIF
DVSSFOUT
PG
IFBUFE
BJS
TPNFUJNFT
SJTF
TP
BCSVQUMZ
UIBU
JU
MPPLT
BT
JG
UIFZ
XFSF
MJѫFE
BOE
KFSLFE
VQ
CZ
TUSJOHT #VU
XIZ
JTOU
UIF
TLZ
GBMMJOH
BT
$IJDLFO
-JUUMF
XPVME
IBWF
JU
JG
HSBWJUZ
JT
SFMFOUMFTTMZ
QVMMJOH
JU
EPXO
#FDBVTF
UIF
BJS
JT
XBSNFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
JUT
NPMFDVMFT
BSF
JO
DPOUJOVPVT
NPUJPO
BOE
DPMMJEF
XJUI
FBDI
PUIFS
QSPEVDJOH
B
QSFTTVSF
UIBU
QSFWFOUT
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
GSPN
DPMMBQTJOH
UP
UIF
HSPVOE




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

ѮF
BJS
JT
UIJOOFS
BU
IJHIFS
BMUJUVEFT
TP
UIFSF
BSF
GFXFS
NPMFDVMBS
DPMMJTJPOT
BOE
MFTT
BJS
QSFTTVSF
ѮF
EFDSFBTF
JO
BJS
QSFTTVSF
XJUI
IFJHIU
BDDPVOUT
GPS
UIF
SJTF
PG
CBM MPPOT
8IFO
êMMFE
XJUI
B
MJHIU
HBT
B
CBMMPPO
JT
CVPZFE
VQXBSE
CZ
UIF
HSFBUFS
QSFTTVSF
PG
UIF
BJS
CFOFBUI
JU
*G
UIF
VQXBSE
GPSDF
PG
CVPZBODZ
FYBDUMZ
NBUDIFT
UIF
EPXOXBSE
XFJHIU
PG
UIF
CBMMPPO
BOE
JUT
DPOUFOUT
UIF
CBMMPPO
XJMM
SFNBJO
TVTQFOEFE
BU
UIF
TBNF
BMUJUVEF
NPWJOH
OFJUIFS
VQ
OPS
EPXO /PU
POMZ
EPFT
UIF
BUNPTQIFSJD
QSFTTVSF
EFDSFBTF
BT
XF
HP
VQXBSE
UIF
UFNQFSB UVSF
PG
UIF
BJS
BMTP
DIBOHFT
CVU
JU
JT
OPU
B
TJNQMF
GBMMPĒ
*U
GBMMT
BOE
SJTFT
JO
UXP
GVMM
DZDMFT
BT
XF
NPWF
PĒ
JOUP
TQBDF
'JH
  5IF
5SPQPTQIFSF
BOE
4USBUPTQIFSF

ѮF
UFNQFSBUVSF
EFDSFBTFT
TUFBEJMZ
XJUI
IFJHIU
JO
UIF
MPXFTU
SFHJPOT
PG
PVS
BUNP TQIFSF
8IFO
XBSN
DVSSFOUT
NPWF
VQ
GSPN
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
UIF
BJS
FYQBOET
JO
UIF
MPXFS
QSFTTVSF
BOE
CFDPNFT
DPPMFS
.BOZ
PG
VT
IBWF
FYQFSJFODFE
UIF
DPME
UFNQFSB UVSFT
PG
NPVOUBJO
BMUJUVEFT
ѮF
BWFSBHF
BJS
UFNQFSBUVSF
ESPQT
CFMPX
UIF
GSFF[JOH
QPJOU
PG
XBUFS

EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT
PS

LFMWJO
BU
POMZ
B
LJMPNFUFS
PS
UXP
BCPWF
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
BOE
CPUUPNT
PVU
BU
B
IFJHIU
PG
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
BCPWF
TFB
MFWFM
ѮJT
JT
UIF
HSFBUFTU
IFJHIU
BDIJFWFE
CZ
UIF
BJS
DVSSFOUT
"MM
PVS
XFBUIFS
PDDVST
CFMPX
UIJT
BMUJUVEF
DPOUSPMMFE
CZ
WJTJCMF
TVOMJHIU (MPCBM
BUNPTQIFSJD
DJSDVMBUJPO
ESJWFO
CZ
EJĒFSFOUJBM
TPMBS
IFBUJOH
PG
UIF
FRVB UPSJBM
BOE
QPMBS
TVSGBDF
DSFBUF
DPNQMFY
XIFFMJOH
QBUUFSOT
PG
XFBUIFS
JO
UIJT
SFHJPO
MFBEJOH
UP
UIF
EFTJHOBUJPO
USPQPTQIFSF
GSPN
UIF
(SFFL
USPQP
GPS
iUVSOJOHu
ѮF
BWFSBHF
FYUFOU
PG
UIF
HSPVOEIVHHJOH
USPQPTQIFSF
WBSJFT
XJUI
MBUJUVEF
GSPN
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
BCPWF
UIF
XBSN
FRVBUPS
UP
SPVHIMZ

LJMPNFUFST
PWFS
UIF
DPME
QPMFT

'*(
 3UN LAYEREDATMOSPHERE4HEPRESSUREOFOURATMOSPHERESJHIU
TDBMF DECREASES WITHHEIGHTMFѫ
TDBMF 4HISISBECAUSEFEWERPARTICLESAREABLETOOVERCOMETHE%ARTHSGRAVI TATIONALPULLANDREACHGREATER HEIGHTS4HETEMPERATURE CPUUPN
TDBMF ALSODECREASES STEADILYWITHHEIGHTINTHE GROUND HUGGINGTROPOSPHERE BUTTHETEMPERATUREINCREASES INTWOHIGHERLAYERSTHATARE HEATEDBYTHE3UN4HEYARE THESTRATOSPHERE WITHITS CRITICALOZONELAYER ANDTHE IONOSPHERE4HESTRATOSPHERE ISMAINLYHEATEDBYULTRAVIO LETRADIATIONFROMTHE3UN ANDTHEIONOSPHEREISCREATED ANDMODULATEDBYTHE3UNS 8 RAYANDEXTREME ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION!PRESSUREOF MILLIBARISEQUIVALENTTO BARANDPASCAL





5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




ѮF
UPQ
PG
UIF
USPQPTQIFSF
XBT
EFUFDUFE
OFBS
UIF
FOE
PG
UIF
OJOFUFFOUI
DFOUVSZ
XIFO
-FPO
1IJMJQQF
5FJTTFSFOD
EF
#PSU
¢


B
'SFODI
NFUFPSPMPHJTU
MBVODIFE
IVOESFET
PG
VONBOOFE
CBMMPPOT
UIBU
DBSSJFE
UIFSNPNFUFST
BOE
CBSPNFUFST
UP
BMUJUVEFT
BT
HSFBU
BT

LJMPNFUFST
"U
UIJT
IFJHIU
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
OP
MPOHFS
EFDSFBTFE
XJUI
BMUJ UVEF
BOE
TFFNFE
UP
SFNBJO
OFBSMZ
DPOTUBOU
*G
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
XBT
VODIBOHJOH
UIF
JOHSFEJFOUT
PG
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BCPWF
UIF
USPQPTQIFSF
NJHIU
TFUUMF
EPXO
JOUP
MBZFST
PS
TUSBUB
EFQFOEJOH
PO
UIFJS
XFJHIU
TP
EF
#PSU
OBNFE
UIJT
SFHJPO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF $POUSBSZ
UP
FWFSZPOFT
FYQFDUBUJPOT
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
JODSFBTFT
BU
HSFBUFS
IFJHIUT
XJUIJO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
SJTJOH
UP
OFBSMZ
HSPVOEMFWFM
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BU
BCPVU

LJMPNF UFST
BCPWF
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
CVU
XF
TUJMM
VTF
UIF
OBNF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
UP
EFTJHOBUF
UIF
MBZFS
PG
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
UIBU
MJFT
JNNFEJBUFMZ
BCPWF
UIF
USPQPTQIFSF
ѮF
4VOT
JOWJTJCMF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
JT
MBSHFMZ
BCTPSCFE
JO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
XIFSF
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
XBSNT
UIF
HBT
BOE
IFMQT
NBLF
P[POF ѮF
CPPNJOH
BSUJMMFSZ
HVOT
PG
8PSME
8BS
*
TVHHFTUFE
UIF
SJTF
JO
UFNQFSBUVSF
XJUIJO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
ѮFZ
XFSF
IFBSE
BU
VOFYQFDUFEMZ
MBSHF
EJTUBODFT
JOEJDBUJOH
UIBU
UIFJS
TPVOE
XBWFT
XFSF
CFJOH
CFOU
BSPVOE
CZ
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
BOE
SFëFDUFE
PS
NJSSPSFE
BU
BO
BOHMF
CBDL
EPXO
UP
UIF
HSPVOE
4PVOE
USBWFMT
JO
NVDI
UIF
TBNF
XBZ
GPS
MBSHF
EJTUBODFT
BDSPTT
UIF
DPPM
TVSGBDF
PG
B
MBLF
JO
TVNNFSUJNF
SFëFDUFE
CZ
UIF
XBSN
BJS
BCPWF
JU "CPWF
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
XF
DPNF
UP
UIF
NFTPTQIFSF
GSPN
UIF
(SFFL
NFTP
GPS
iJOUFSNFEJBUFu
ѮF
UFNQFSBUVSF
EFDMJOFT
SBQJEMZ
XJUI
JODSFBTJOH
IFJHIU
JO
UIF
NFTP TQIFSF
GSPN
UFNQFSBUVSFT
PG
BCPVU

LFMWJO
BU

LJMPNFUFST
BMUJUVEF
UP
GBS
CFMPX
GSFF[JOH
BU
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
XIFSF
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
SFBDIFT
UIF
MPXFTU
MFWFMT
JO
UIF
FOUJSF
BUNPTQIFSF ѮF
NFTPTQIFSF
IBT
CFFO
LOPXO
BT
UIF
iJHOPSPTQIFSFu
CFDBVTF
JU
JT
UPP
IJHI
UP
CF
SFBDIFE
CZ
BJSQMBOFT
BOE
UPP
MPX
UP
CF
TUVEJFE
CZ
NPTU
TQBDFDSBѫ
ѮF
BJS
BU
UIJT
IFJHIU
JT
UPP
UIJO
UP
TVQQPSU
SFTFBSDI
CBMMPPOT
PS
BJSDSBѫ
CVU
UIJDL
FOPVHI
GPS
BJS
ESBH
UP
DBVTF
TBUFMMJUFT
UP
EFDBZ
RVJDLMZ
GSPN
PSCJU
4PVOEJOH
SPDLFUT
QBTT
UISPVHI
UIJT
SFHJPO
UPP
SBQJEMZ
UP
QFSNJU
EFUBJMFE
TUVEZ 5IF
*POPTQIFSF

0O

%FDFNCFS

UIF
*UBMJBO
FMFDUSJDBM
FOHJOFFS
(VHMJFMNP
.BSDPOJ
¢
TUBSUMFE
UIF
XPSME
CZ
USBOTNJUUJOH
B
SBEJP
TJHOBM
JO
.PSTF
DPEF
BDSPTT
UIF
"UMBOUJD
GSPN
&OHMBOE
UP
/FXGPVOEMBOE
.BSDPOJ
CFDBNF
BO
JOUFSOBUJPOBM
IFSP
FTUBCMJTIFE
UIF
"NFSJDBO
.BSDPOJ
$PNQBOZ
XIJDI
MBUFS
FWPMWFE
JOUP
UIF
3BEJP
$PSQPSBUJPO
PG
"NFSJDB
BCCSFWJBUFE
3$"
BOE
JO

SFDFJWFE
UIF
/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
KPJOUMZ
XJUI
UIF
(FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU
,BSM
'FSEJOBOE
#SBVO
¢
GPS
UIFJS
EFWFMPQNFOU
PG
XJSFMFTT
UFMFHSBQIZ #FDBVTF
SBEJP
XBWFT
USBWFM
JO
TUSBJHIU
MJOFT
BOE
DBOOPU
QBTT
UISPVHI
UIF
TPMJE
&BSUI
OP
POF
FYQFDUFE
UIBU
.BSDPOJ
DPVME
TFOE
B
SBEJP
TJHOBM
IBMGXBZ
BSPVOE
UIF
XPSME
3BEJP
XBWFT
HFU
BSPVOE
UIF
&BSUIT
DVSWBUVSF
CZ
SFëFDUJPO
GSPN
BO
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
DIBSHFE
MBZFS
OPX
DBMMFE
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
FYUFOEJOH
JOUP
TQBDF
GSPN
SPVHIMZ

LJMP NFUFST
BCPWF
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
ѮF
BUPNT
JO
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
BSF
IJHIMZ
JPOJ[FE
BOE
NBOZ
PG
UIFJS
FMFDUSPOT
IBWF
UIFSFGPSF
CFFO
TFU
GSFF
GSPN
BUPNJD
CPOET
ѮFTF
FMFDUSPOT
HJWF
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
B
IJHI
FMFDUSJDBM
DPOEVDUJWJUZ
XIJDI
FOBCMFT
UIFN
UP
UVSO
UIF
SBEJP





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

TJHOBMT
CBDL
UPXBSE
UIF
HSPVOE
SFëFDUJOH
UIFN
MJLF
B
NFUBM
NJSSPS
BOE
OPU
BMMPXJOH
UIF
SBEJP
TJHOBMT
UP
QBTT
UISPVHI "SUIVS
&
,FOOFMMZ
¢


UIFO
BU
UIF
)BSWBSE
4DIPPM
PG
&OHJOFFSJOH
BOE
0MJWFS
)FBWJTJEF
¢
JO
&OHMBOE
JOEFQFOEFOUMZ
QSPWJEFE
UIJT
FYQMBOBUJPO
JO

ѮF
TPDBMMFE
)FBWJTJEF
MBZFS
JO
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
BDIJFWFE
SFOPXO
BѫFS

XIFO
UIF
NVTJDBM
$BUT
PQFOFE
JODMVEJOH
"OESFX
-MPZE
8FCCFST
¢

TPOH
+PVS OFZ
UP
UIF
)FBWJTJEF
-BZFS
"T
B
DIJME
-MPZE
8FCCFS
XBT
GBTDJOBUFE
CZ
UIF
"NFSJDBO
QPFU
5
4
&MJPUT
¢
QPFNT
BCPVU
UIF
TFDSFU
MJWFT
PG
DBUT
DPMMFDUFE
JO

JO
0ME
1PTTVNT
#PPL
PG
1SBDUJDBM
$BUT
BOE
BO
VOQVCMJTIFE
QPFN
(SJ[BCFMMB
UIF
(MBNPS
$BU
QSFTFOUFE
UP
-MPZE
8FCFS
CZ
UIF
QPFUT
XJEPX
7BMFSJF
&MJPU
EFTDSJCFE
UIF
BTDFOU
UP
$BU
)FBWFO
BU
UIF
)FBWJTJEF
-BZFS ѮF
SBQJE
FYQBOTJPO
PG
SBEJP
CSPBEDBTUJOH
JO
UIF
T
BT
XFMM
BT
UIF
DPODVSSFOU
EFWFMPQNFOU
PG
QVMTFE
SBEJP
TJHOBMT
IFMQFE
TQFDJGZ
UIF
TUSVDUVSF
BOE
EBJMZ
WBSJBUJPO
PG
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
&EXBSE
"QQMFUPO
¢
BOE
IJT
TUVEFOUT
NFBTVSFE
UIF
IFJHIU
PG
UIF
SFëFDUJOH
MBZFS
CZ
EFUFSNJOJOH
UIF
FMBQTFE
UJNF
CFUXFFO
USBOTNJUUJOH
B
SBEJP
QVMTF
BOE
SFDFJWJOH
JUT
FDIP
MJLF
BMM
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
UIF
SBEJP
XBWFT
USBWFM
BU
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
ѮFZ
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIFSF
BSF
BU
MFBTU
UISFF
TVDI
SFëFDUJOH
MBZFST
OPX
MBCFMFE
%
&
BOE
'
BU
SFTQFDUJWF
BMUJUVEFT
PG


BOE

UP

LJMPNFUFST
ѮF
UISFF
MBZFST
DPMMFDUJWFMZ
BDDPVOU
GPS
NVDI
PG
XIBU
XF
UPEBZ
DBMM
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
*O

4JS
"QQMFUPO
SFDFJWFE
UIF
/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
GPS
IJT
JOWFTUJHBUJPOT
PG
UIF
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF
FTQFDJBMMZ
GPS
UIF
EJTDPWFSZ
PG
UIF
TPDBMMFE
"QQMFUPO
MBZFST ѮF
JPOPTQIFSF
EPFT
OPU
NJSSPS
SBEJP
XBWFT
VOMFTT
UIFJS
XBWFMFOHUI
JT
MPOHFS
UIBO
B
DFSUBJO
WBMVF
ѮJT
DSJUJDBM
XBWFMFOHUI
QSPWJEFT
B
NFBTVSF
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPO
EFOTJUZ
JO
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
UIF
TIPSUFS
JU
JT
UIF
MBSHFS
UIF
EFOTJUZ
3BEJP
XBWFT
XJUI
XBWFMFOHUIT
UIBU
BSF
MFTT
UIBO
UIF
DSJUJDBM
WBMVF
DBO
QBTT
SJHIU
UISPVHI
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
CFDBVTF
SPVHIMZ
TQFBLJOH
UIFZ
BSF
TIPSU
FOPVHI
UP
QBTT
BNPOH
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
ѮFTF
TIPSUFS
XBWFMFOHUIT
BSF
VTFE
JO
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
XJUI
TBUFMMJUFT
PS
PUIFS
TQBDFDSBѫ
JO
PVUFS
TQBDF
CFZPOE
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF ѮF
NZTUFSZ
PG
FYBDUMZ
XIBU
QSPEVDFT
BOE
DPOUSPMT
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
XBT
OPU
TPMWFE
VOUJM
BѫFS
8PSME
8BS
**
XIFO
DBQUVSFE
(FSNBO
7
SPDLFUT
XFSF
CSPVHIU
UP
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
ѮFTF
BOE
TVCTFRVFOU
SPDLFUT
CVJMU
CZ
"NFSJDBO
FOHJOFFST
XFSF
VTFE
CZ
UIF
/BWBM
3FTFBSDI
-BCPSBUPSZ
UP
MPѫ
TQFDUSPHSBQIT
BCPWF
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
TIPXJOH
UIBU
UIF
4VO
FNJUT
WFSZ
FOFSHFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
BU
JOWJTJCMF
9SBZ
BOE
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
XBWF MFOHUIT
8IFO
UIJT
SBEJBUJPO
SFBDIFT
UIF
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF
JU
CSFBLT
UIF
OJUSPHFO
BOE
PYZHFO
NPMFDVMFT
JOUP
UIFJS
DPOTUJUVFOU
BUPNT
BOE
JPOJ[FT
UIFN
QSPEVDJOH
GSFF
FMFD USPOT
BOE
BUPNJD
JPOT
ѮF
JPOPTQIFSF
BCPWF
ZPVS
IFBE
UIFSFGPSF
EFWFMPQT
BT
UIF
4VO
SJTFT
BOE
EFDBZT
BT
UIF
4VO
TFUT
JU
MJOHFST
PO
EVSJOH
UIF
OJHIU
CVU
JT
OPU
FOFSHJ[FE
UIFO ѮF
QSPDFTT
PG
JPOJ[BUJPO
CZ
UIF
4VOT
JOWJTJCMF
SBZT
SFMFBTFT
IFBU
UP
XBSN
UIF
JPOP TQIFSF
TP
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
SJTFT
XJUI
BMUJUVEF
JO
JU
*O
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
TLZSPDLFU
UP
IJHIFS
WBMVFT
UIBO
BOZXIFSF
FMTF
JO
UIF
FOUJSF
BUNPTQIFSF
*OEFFE
TPNF
TDJFOUJTUT
QSFGFS
UP
DBMM
UIJT
SFHJPO
UIF
UIFSNPTQIFSF
PS
iIPUu
TQIFSF
ѮF
UIFSNP TQIFSF
PWFSMBQT
UIF
&
BOE
'
SFHJPOT
PG
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
CFHJOOJOH
BU
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
BOE
FYUFOEJOH
VQXBSE
UP
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST "U
IJHIFS
BMUJUVEFT
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
UIJOT
PVU
JOUP
UIF
FYPTQIFSF
PS
UIF
iPVUTJEF
TQIFSFu
*O
UIF
FYPTQIFSF
UIF
HBT
EFOTJUZ
JT
TP
MPX
UIBU
BO
BUPN
DBO
DPNQMFUFMZ
PSCJU
UIF






5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




&BSUI
XJUIPVU
DPMMJEJOH
XJUI
BOPUIFS
BUPN
ѮF
UFNQFSBUVSF
JT
TP
IPU
PVU
UIFSF
BOE
UIF
BUPNT
NPWF
TP
GBTU
UIBU
TPNF
BUPNT
DBO
FTDBQF
UIF
&BSUIT
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
QVMM
BOE
USBWFM
JOUP
PVUFS
TQBDF
*U
JT
UIFSFGPSF
UIF
UIFSNPTQIFSF
BU
UIF
UPQ
PG
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
UIBU
DBQT
PVS
4VOMBZFSFE
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
QSPWJEFT
UIF
&BSUIT
UISFTIPME
JOUP
TQBDF


5)&
7"/*4)*/(
0;0/& 4PMBS
6MUSBWJPMFU
3BZT
$SFBUF
UIF
0[POF
-BZFS

8IBU
JT
P[POF
BOE
IPX
JT
JU
DSFBUFE
IJHI
JO
UIF
BJS
8IFO
UIF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBZT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
TUSJLF
B
NPMFDVMF
PG
PSEJOBSZ
EJBUPNJD
PYZHFO
UIBU
XF
CSFBUIF
UIFZ
TQMJU
PS
EJT TPDJBUF
UIF
NPMFDVMF
JOUP
JUT
UXP
DPNQPOFOU
PYZHFO
BUPNT
4PNF
PG
UIF
GSFFE
PYZHFO
BUPNT
CVNQ
JOUP
BOE
CFDPNF
BUUBDIFE
UP
BO
PYZHFO
NPMFDVMF
DSFBUJOH
P[POF
NPMF DVMFT
UIBU
IBWF
UISFF
PYZHFO
BUPNT
JOTUFBE
PG
UIF
OPSNBM
UXP
ѮF
4VOT
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBZT
UIFSFCZ
QSPEVDF
B
HMPCFDJSDMJOH
P[POF
MBZFS
JO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
BU
BMUJUVEFT
CFUXFFO

BOE

LJMPNFUFST
*U
JT
B
NPMFDVMBS
WFJM
UIBU
TIJFMET
&BSUI
CZ
BCTPSCJOH
VMUSBWJPMFU
TVOMJHIU ѮFSF
JTOU
NVDI
P[POF
IJHI
JO
UIF
BJS
ѮF
NBYJNVN
DPODFOUSBUJPO
PG
P[POF
JO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
JT
BCPVU
POF
QBSU
QFS
NJMMJPO
CZ
WPMVNF
PS
BCPVU

CJMMJPO
CJMMJPO
EFOPUFE

NPMFDVMFT
PG
P[POF
QFS
DVCJD
NFUFS
ѮJT
JT
SPVHIMZ
FRVJWBMFOU
UP
B
ESPQ
PG
XJOF
EJMVUFE
JO
B
TXJNNJOH
QPPM
CVU
JU
DBO
TUJMM
BCTPSC
BMNPTU
BMM
PG
UIF
4VOT
EFBEMZ
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBZT
CFGPSF
UIFZ
SFBDI
UIF
HSPVOE
4P
UIJT
JT
UIF
HPPE
LJOE
PG
P[POF
XIJDI
QSPUFDUT
MJGF
CFMPX
JU
GSPN
EBOHFSPVT
TPMBS
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
)VNBOT
QSP EVDF
B
CBE
LJOE
PG
P[POF
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
HSPVOE
'PDVT
  ѮF
BNPVOU
PG
P[POF
UIBU
JT
OPX
JO
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
FOIBODFE
BOE
EFQMFUFE
BOE
UIFO
FOIBODFE
BHBJO
XIFO
UIF
4VO
HPFT
GSPN
B
IJHIMZ
BDUJWF
TUBUF
UP
B
SFMBUJWFMZ
DBMN
POF
BOE
CBDL
UP
HSFBUFS
BDUJWJUZ
BHBJO
EVSJOH
UIF
ZFBS
DZDMF
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
8IFO
UIF
4VO
CSJHIUFOT
EVSJOH
BDUJWF
QFSJPET
UIF
JODSFBTFE
VMUSBWJPMFU
PVUQVU
QSP EVDFT
NPSF
P[POF
JO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
BOE
XIFO
PVS
IPNF
TUBS
JT
MFTT
BDUJWF
BOE
EJNT
UIFSF
JT
MFTT
VMUSBWJPMFU
TVOMJHIU
BOE
TNBMMFS
BNPVOUT
PG
P[POF
BSF
QSPEVDFE #VU
UIF
WBSZJOH
4VO
JT
OPU
UIF
POMZ
DBVTF
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
DIBOHJOH
P[POF
MBZFS
GPS
XF
IBWF
CFFO
EFTUSPZJOH
JU 5IF
0[POF
)PMF

ѮF
BNPVOU
PG
P[POF
JO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
SFTFNCMFT
UIF
MFWFM
PG
XBUFS
JO
B
MFBLZ
CVDLFU
8IFO
XBUFS
JT
QPVSFE
JOUP
UIF
CVDLFU
JU
SJTFT
VOUJM
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
XBUFS
QPVSFE
JO
FBDI
NJOVUF
FRVBMT
UIF
BNPVOU
MFBLJOH
PVU
"
TUFBEZ
TUBUF
IBT
UIFO
CFFO
SFBDIFE
BOE
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
XBUFS
JO
UIF
CVDLFU
TUPQT
SJTJOH
BOE
XJMM
TUBZ
UIF
TBNF
BT
MPOH
BT
ZPV
LFFQ
QPVSJOH
XBUFS
JO
BU
UIF
TBNF
SBUF
)PXFWFS
JG
ZPV
QPVS
UIF
XBUFS
JO
BU
B
EJĒFSFOU
SBUF
PS
QVODI
B
GFX
NPSF
IPMFT
JO
UIF
CVDLFU
UIF
TUFBEZTUBUF
MFWFM
PG
XBUFS
JO
UIF
CVDLFU
DIBOHFT
ѮF
BNPVOU
PG
P[POF
JO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
DIBOHFT
JO
B
TJNJMBS
XBZ
JG
UIFSF
JT
B
WBSJBUJPO
JO
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
TPMBS
VMUSBWJPMFU
TUSFBNJOH
JOUP
JU
PS
JG
XF
QVODI
IPMFT
JO
UIF
P[POF
MBZFS
BT
XF
IBWF
CFFO
EPJOH
XJUI
DIFNJDBMT
VTFE
JO
PVS
FWFSZEBZ
MJWFT "
TQSJOHUJNF
P[POF
IPMF
GPSNT
PWFS
"OUBSDUJDB
BU
UIF
4PVUI
1PMF
'JH
 
*U
GPSNT
XJUIJO
B
WBTU
QPMBS
WPSUFY
UIBU
SFTFNCMFT
B
IVHF
EVTU
EFWJM
PS
UIF
FZF
PG
B
IVS




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'0$64

#BE
(SPVOE-FWFM
0[POF
"
)BSNGVM
1PMMVUBOU

/FBS
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
JO
UIF
BJS
UIBU
XF
CSFBUIF
P[POF
JT
OPU
TP
CFOFêDJBM
UP
MJGF
BOE
JU
JT
B
NBJO
JOHSFEJFOU
PG
FZFCVSOJOH
TNPH
UIBU
DBO
EBNBHF
MVOH
UJTTVF
BOE
QMBOUT
%VSJOH
TNPH
BMFSUT
JO
MBSHF
DJUJFT
TVDI
BT
-PT
"OHFMFT
BOE
.FYJDP
$JUZ
DIJMESFO
FMEFSMZ
QFPQMF
BOE
KPHHJOH
FOUIVTJBTUT
BSF
BEWJTFE
UP
TUBZ
JOEPPST
CFDBVTF
PG
QPUFOUJBM
P[POF
EBNBHF
UP
UIFJS
MVOHT
$IJMESFO
BSF
FTQFDJBMMZ
BU
SJTL
CFDBVTF
GPS
UIFJS
CPEZ
TJ[F
UIFZ
JOIBMF
TFWFSBM
UJNFT
NPSF
BJS
UIBO
BEVMUT
BOE
BMTP
TJODF
UIFZ
UFOE
UP
TQFOE
NPSF
UJNF
PVUEPPST

*O
DPOUSBTU
UP
UIF
iHPPEu
OBUVSBMMZ
PDDVS SJOH
P[POF
JO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
XIJDI
JT
DSF BUFE
CZ
JODPNJOH
TPMBS
SBEJBUJPO
UIF
iCBEu
HSPVOE
MFWFM
P[POF
JT
QSPEVDFE
CZ
IVNBOT
QSJNBSJMZ
GSPN
DPNQPVOET
FNJUUFE
JO
UIF
FYIBVTU
PG
DBST
BOE
USVDLT
'JSFT
IBWF
BMTP
DBVTFE
HSPVOEMFWFM
P[POF
BOE
TNPH
BDSPTT
êFMET
BOE
HSBTTMBOET
PG
#SB[JM
BOE
UIF
TBWBO OBT
PG
TPVUIFSO
"GSJDB
XJUI
BO
JOUFOTJUZ
DPN QBSBCMF
UP
UIF
QPMMVUJPO
PWFS
JOEVTUSJBMJ[FE
SFHJPOT
JO
&VSPQF
"TJB
BOE
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
ѮF
iCBEu
HSPVOEMFWFM
P[POF
DBO
BMTP
CF
DBS SJFE
IVOESFET
PG
LJMPNFUFST
CZ
UIF
XJOE
TP
UIF
QPUFOUJBM
EBNBHF
JT
OPU
MJNJUFE
UP
EFOTFMZ
QPQVMBUFE
BOE
IFBWJMZ
JOEVTUSJBMJ[FE
DJUJFT

SJDBOF
&BDI
ZFBS
UIF
HBQJOH
IPMF
PQFOT
VQ
EVSJOH
"OUBSDUJD
TQSJOH
XIFO
UIF
TVOMJHIU
USJHHFST
P[POFEFTUSPZJOH
DIFNJDBM
SFBDUJPOT
ѮF
IPMF
UIFO
CFHJOT
UP
DMPTF
VQ
JO
UIF
FBSMZ
QPMBS
GBMM
XIFO
UIF
MPOH
TVOMFTT
XJOUFS
CFHJOT
0[POFEFQMFUFE
BJS
JT
EJTQFSTFE
HMPCBMMZ
BOE
UIF
P[POF
JT
TMPXMZ
SFTUPSFE
UP
êMM
JO
UIF
IPMF
VOUJM
UIF
DZDMF
SFQFBUT
JO
UIF
GPMMPXJOH
ZFBS ѮF
P[POF
MBZFS
JT
JUTFMG
JOWJTJCMF
TP
ZPV
DBOU
TFF
UIF
P[POF
IPMF
*OTUSVNFOUT
NFBTVSF
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
HFUUJOH
UISPVHI
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BU
TQF DJêD
XBWFMFOHUIT
PS
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
ѮF
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
BSF
TUSFOHUIFOFE
XIFO
UIFSF
JT
NPSF
P[POF
BOE
XFBLFOFE
JG
UIFSF
BSF
MFTTFS
BNPVOUT #SJUJTI
TDJFOUJTUT
êSTU
EFUFDUFE
B
TQSJOHUJNF
EFDSFBTF
PG
P[POF
BCPWF
UIF
4PVUI
1PMF
JO
m
ѮFZ
IBE
QSFWJPVTMZ
GPVOE
UIBU
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
P[POF
WBSJFT
BOOV BMMZ
UISPVHIPVU
&VSPQF
8IFO
UIJT
BOOVBM
WBSJBUJPO
XBT
DPNQBSFE
UP
UIBU
NFBTVSFE
BU
UIF
)BMMFZ
#BZ
TUBUJPO
JO
"OUBSDUJDB
BTTVNJOH
B
TJYNPOUI
EJĒFSFODF
JO
UIF
TFBTPOT
UIF
P[POF
WBMVFT
GPS
QPMBS
TQSJOH
XFSF
NVDI
MPXFS
UIBO
XBT
FYQFDUFE
*U
XBT
JOJUJBMMZ
UIPVHIU
UIBU
TPNF
MBSHF
NJTUBLF
IBE
CFFO
NBEF
PS
UIBU
UIF
JOTUSVNFOU
IBE
EFWFMPQFE
TPNF
NBKPS
GBVMU
CVU
JO
UIF
QPMBS
GBMM
UIF
P[POF
WBMVFT
KVNQFE
UP
UIPTF
FYQFDUFE
GSPN
FYUSBQPMBUJPO
PG
UIF
&VSPQFBO
SFTVMUT
"DDPSEJOH
UP
(PSEPO
.JMMFS
#PVSOF
i(.#u
%PCTPO
¢  *U
XBT
OPU
VOUJM
B
ZFBS
MBUFS
<JO
m>
XIFO
UIF
TBNF
UZQF
PG
BOOVBM
WBSJBUJPO
XBT
SFQFBUFE
UIBU
XF
SFBMJ[FE
UIBU
UIF
FBSMZ
SFTVMUT
XFSF
JOEFFE
DPSSFDU
BOE
UIBU
)BMMFZ
#BZ
TIPXFE
B
NPTU
JOUFSFTUJOH
EJĒFSFODF
GSPN
PUIFS
QBSUT
PG
UIF
XPSME
*U
XBT
DMFBS
UIBU
UIF
XJOUFS
WPSUFY
PWFS
UIF
4PVUI
1PMF
XBT
NBJOUBJOFE
MBUF
JOUP
UIF
TQSJOH
BOE
UIBU
UIJT
LFQU
UIF
P[POF
WBMVFT
MPX
8IFO
JU
TVEEFOMZ
CSPLF
VQ
JO
/PWFNCFS
CPUI
UIF
P[POF
WBMVFT
BOE
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
TVEEFOMZ
SPTF

ѮF
UPUBM
P[POF
DPODFOUSBUJPO
XBT
NFBTVSFE
BCPWF
"OUBSDUJDB
GPS
TFWFSBM
EFDBEFT
BMXBZT
TIPXJOH
BO
BOPNBMPVT
TQSJOHUJNF
MPTT
UIBU
CFDBNF
TUFBEJMZ
MBSHFS
BT
UIF
ZFBST






5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




'*(
 (OLEINTHESKY!SATELLITEMAPSHOWINGANEXCEPTIONALLY LOWCONCENTRATIONOFOZONE CALLEDTHEOZONEHOLE THATFORMSABOVE THE3OUTH0OLEINTHELOCALSPRING)N/CTOBERITHADANAREA LARGERTHANTHE!NTARCTICCONTINENT SHOWNINOUTLINEBELOWTHEHOLE %VENTUALLYSPRINGWARMINGBREAKSUPTHEPOLARVORTEXANDDISPERSES THEOZONE DElCIENTAIROVERTHERESTOFTHEPLANET#OURTESYOF .!3!

XFOU
PO
#Z

UIF
UIJOOJOH
PG
UIF
P[POF
MBZFS
BCPWF
"OUBSDUJDB
IBE
CFDPNF
TP
MBSHF
BOE
EPNJOBOU
JO
UIF
NFBTVSFNFOUT
UIBU
JU
DPVME
OPU
CF
JHOPSFE
BOE
UIF
#SJUJTI
"OUBSDUJD
4VSWFZ
BOOPVODFE
UIFJS
EJTDPWFSZ
PG
UIF
TPDBMMFE
P[POF
IPMF
UIBU
JT
MBSHFTU
BOE
EFFQFTU
JO
4FQUFNCFS
BOE
FBSMZ
0DUPCFS
FBDI
ZFBS "TUPVOEFE
TDJFOUJTUT
XIP
IBE
CFFO
NPOJUPSJOH
UIF
P[POF
MBZFS
GSPN
B
TBUFMMJUF
SFDIFDLFE
UIFJS
EBUB
êOEJOH
UIBU
UIFZ
IBE
VOXJUUJOHMZ
SFDPSEFE
UIF
NJTTJOH
P[POF
GPS
TFWFSBM
ZFBST
ѮF
FNCBSSBTTFE
FYQFSUT
IBE
QSPHSBNNFE
UIFJS
DPNQVUFST
UP
SFKFDU
WFSZ
MPX
WBMVFT
PG
P[POF
BT
CBE
EBUB
TP
UIF
OPXGBNPVT
P[POF
IPMF
IBE
CFFO
EJTDBSEFE





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

BT
BO
BOPNBMZ
-BUFS
BOBMZTJT
PG
UIF
SBX
TBUFMMJUF
EBUB
DPOêSNFE
UIF
EJTDPWFSZ
PG
UIF
P[POF
IPMF
BOE
EFNPOTUSBUFE
UIBU
JU
DPWFSFE
NPTU
PG
UIF
"OUBSDUJDB
DPOUJOFOU
6Q
UP

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
P[POF
OPSNBMMZ
GPVOE
PWFS
"OUBSDUJDB
XBT
EFTUSPZFE
SFTVMUJOH
JO
B
TJHOJêDBOU
UIJOOJOH
PG
UIF
P[POF
MBZFS
CVU
OPU
B
DPNQMFUFMZ
PQFO
BOE
FNQUZ
IPMF %FTUSPZJOH
0[POF

8IBUT
DPOTVNJOH
UIF
P[POF
MBZFS
UIBU
QSPUFDUT
MJGF
PO
&BSUI
GSPN
FYDFTTJWF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
*O

.BSJP
.PMJOB
¢

BOE
'
4IFSXPPE
3PXMBOE
¢



UXP
DIFNJTUT
BU
UIF
6OJWFSTJUZ
PG
$BMJGPSOJB
BU
*SWJOF
TIPXFE
UIBU
NBONBEF
DIFNJDBMT
BSF
EFTUSPZJOH
UIF
QSPUFDUJWF
P[POF
MBZFS
NBLJOH
JU
UIJOOFS
BOE
XBTUJOH
JU
BXBZ
"T
UIFZ
FYQSFTTFE
JU $IMPSPëVPSPNFUIBOFT
BSF
CFJOH
BEEFE
UP
UIF
FOWJSPONFOU
JO
TUFBEJMZ
JODSFBTJOH
BNPVOUT
ѮFTF
DPNQPVOET
BSF
DIFNJDBMMZ
JOFSU
BOE
NBZ
SFNBJO
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
GPS

UP

ZFBST
BOE
DPODFOUSBUJPOT
DBO
CF
FYQFDUFE
UP
SFBDI

UP

UJNFT
QSFTFOU
MFW FMT
1IPUPEJTTPDJBUJPO
PG
UIF
DIMPSPëVPSPNFUIBOFT
JO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
QSPEVDFT
TJHOJê DBOU
BNPVOUT
PG
DIMPSJOF
BUPNT
BOE
MFBET
UP
UIF
EFTUSVDUJPO
PG
BUNPTQIFSJD
P[POF

ѮF
P[POFEFTUSPZFST
BSF
NBONBEF
HBTFT
JOWFOUFE
BCPVU
B
IBMGDFOUVSZ
BHP
BOE
OPX
HJWFO
UIF
FVQIPOJPVT
OBNF
iDIMPSPëVPSPDBSCPOTu
ѮJT
OBNF
JT
B
HJWFBXBZ
UP
UIFJS
DPNQPTJUJPO
DIMPSJOF
ëVPSJOF
BOE
DBSCPO
BOE
JT
PѫFO
BCCSFWJBUFE
BT
$'$
"
OVNCFS
TPNFUJNFT
GPMMPXT
UIF
TIPSUIBOE
$'$
OPUBUJPO
QSPWJEJOH
B
DPNQMFY
EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
BUPNT
JO
FBDI
NPMFDVMF
UIF
NPTU
XJEFMZ
VTFE
CFJOH
$'$
BOE
$'$ ѮF
$'$T
BSF
TZOUIFUJD
DIFNJDBMT
FOUJSFMZ
PG
IVNBO
JOEVTUSJBM
PSJHJO
XJUI
OP
DPVOUFSQBSUT
JO
OBUVSF
BOE
GPS
TFWFSBM
EFDBEFT
UIFZ
XFSF
IBJMFE
BT
XPOEFS
DIFNJDBMT
ѮFJS
NPMFDVMFT
BSF
BTTFNCMFE
VTJOH
UIF
TUSPOHFTU
DIFNJDBM
CPOET
QFSNJUUFE
CZ
OBUVSF
NBLJOH
UIFN
BMNPTU
JNQFSWJPVT
UP
CSFBLBHF
ѮFZ
BSF
WFSZ
TUBCMF
OPOUPYJD
OPODPS SPTJWF
OPOëBNNBCMF
BOE
SFMBUJWFMZ
FBTZ
UP
NBOVGBDUVSF
ѮF
$'$T
XFSF
PODF
XJEFMZ
VTFE
BT
DPPMBOUT
JO
SFGSJHFSBUPST
GSFF[FST
BOE
BJS
DPOEJUJPOFST
BT
GPBNJOH
BHFOUT
GPS
JOTVMBUJPO
GPVOE
JO
DPĒFF
DVQT
BOE
QBDLBHJOH
BT
QSPQFMMBOUT
JO
IBJS
TQSBZ
BOE
EFPEPS BOUT
BOE
BT
DMFBOJOH
TPMWFOUT
JO
UIF
QSPDFTT
PG
NBOVGBDUVSJOH
DPNQVUFS
DIJQT 8IFO
JOJUJBMMZ
SFMFBTFE
JO
UIF
MPXFS
BUNPTQIFSF
UIF
IBSEZ
DIFNJDBMT
EPOU
JOUFS BDU
DIFNJDBMMZ
UP
GPSN
PUIFS
TVCTUBODFT
UIBU
XPVME
HFU
SFNPWFE
GSPN
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
OBUVSBMMZ
"OE
UIFZSF
OPU
TPMVCMF
JO
XBUFS
TP
UIFZ
EPOU
HFU
SBJOFE
PVU
ѮFZ
BSF
TP
JOFSU
BOE
TUBCMF
UIBU
PODF
SFMFBTFE
JOUP
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
UIF
$'$
NPMFDVMFT
DBO
TVSWJWF
GPS
NPSF
UIBO
B
DFOUVSZ *O
UIF
MPXFS
BUNPTQIFSF
$'$T
BSF
QSPUFDUFE
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
JOUFOTF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
CZ
UIF
P[POF
MBZFS
FOBCMJOH
UIFN
UP
NJHSBUF
JOUBDU
JOUP
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
0ODF
UIFSF
IPXFWFS
UIF
FOFSHFUJD
TPMBS
VMUSBWJPMFU
UFBST
UIF
TUVSEZ
$'$
NPMFDVMFT
BQBSU
QSPEVDJOH
GSFF
DIMPSJOF
BUPNT
XIJDI
JO
UVSO
EFTUSPZ
UIF
P[POF
"T
.PMJOB
BOE
3PXMBOE
UIFPSJ[FE
NPSF
UIBO
UISFF
EFDBEFT
BHP
UIF
DIMPSJOF
JT
UIF
SFBM
BHFOU
PG
P[POF
EFTUSVDUJPO
CFJOH
BCMF
UP
EFTUSPZ
UIPVTBOET
PG
UJNFT
JUT
PXO
XFJHIU
JO
P[POF 0ODF
GSFFE
JO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
B
DIMPSJOF
BUPN
DBO
SFBDU
XJUI
BO
P[POF
NPMFDVMF
UBLJOH
POF
PYZHFO
BUPN
UP
GPSN
DIMPSJOF
NPOPYJEF
UIF
P[POF
JT
UIFSFCZ
SFUVSOFE
UP
B
OPSNBM
PYZHFO
NPMFDVMF
BOE
JUT
VMUSBWJPMFU
BCTPSCJOH
DBQBCJMJUZ
JT
MBSHFMZ
SFNPWFE
*G
UIJT
XFSF
BMM
UIBU
IBQQFOFE
UIFSF
XPVMEOU
CF
NVDI
DPODFSO
)PXFWFS
XIFO
UIF






5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




DIMPSJOF
NPOPYJEF
FODPVOUFST
B
GSFF
PYZHFO
BUPN
UIF
DIMPSJOF
JT
TFU
GSFF
UP
TUSJLF
BHBJO
BOE
BHBJO
#FDBVTF
UIF
DZDMF
SFQFBUT
PWFS
BOE
PWFS
B
MJUUMF
DIMPSJOF
HPFT
B
MPOH
XBZ
*O
UFDIOJDBM
UFSNT
UIF
DIMPSJOF
BDUT
BT
B
DBUBMZTU
JOJUJBUJOH
B
TFSJFT
PG
SFBDUJPOT
UIBU
EFTUSPZ
P[POF
XIJMF
TVSWJWJOH
UIF
QSPDFTT "
TJOHMF
DIMPSJOF
BUPN
DBO
EJTSVQU
BT
NBOZ
BT
 
P[POF
NPMFDVMFT
CFGPSF
JU
JT
DBQUVSFE
BOE
MPDLFE
BXBZ
JO
TPNF
PUIFS
NPMFDVMF
"
TNBMM
BNPVOU
PG
DIMPSJOF
DBO
UIFSFGPSF
QSPEVDF
TJHOJêDBOU
DIBOHFT
JO
UIF
P[POF
MBZFS
XIJDI
JT
JUTFMG
WFSZ
SBS FêFE
ѮJT
EJTDPWFSZ
UIBU
UIF
DIMPSJOF
JO
NBONBEF
DIFNJDBMT
XJMM
EFTUSPZ
FOPSNPVT
BNPVOUT
PG
P[POF
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
XBT
TP
JNQPSUBOU
UIBU
.PMJOB
BOE
3PXMBOE
XFSF
BXBSEFE
UIF

/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
$IFNJTUSZ
UPHFUIFS
XJUI
UIF
(FSNBO
DIFNJTU
1BVM
+
$SVU[FO
¢



GPS
UIFJS
XPSL
JO
BUNPTQIFSJD
DIFNJTUSZ
QBSUJDVMBSMZ
DPODFSOJOH
UIF
GPSNBUJPO
BOE
EFDPNQPTJUJPO
PG
P[POF *O
QMBDFT
DIMPSJOF
DBO
EFTUSPZ
P[POF
BU
B
GBS
GBTUFS
SBUF
UIBO
UIF
HBT
JT
SFQMFOJTIFE
OBUVSBMMZ
ѮF
P[POF
MPTT
UIFO
FYDFFET
UIF
P[POF
DSFBUJPO
BT
JG
XBUFS
XFSF
CFJOH
QPVSFE
JOUP
B
CVDLFU
XJUI
JUT
CPUUPN
DVU
PVU
ѮF
4VOT
QPXFSGVM
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBZT
DBO
UIFO
QFO FUSBUF
UP
UIF
HSPVOE
QSPEVDJOH
XJEFTQSFBE
EBNBHF
UP
MJWJOH
UIJOHT 8IZ
EPFTOU
DIMPSJOF
LFFQ
PO
DPOTVNJOH
P[POF
VOUJM
UIFSF
JT
OPOF
MFѫ
JO
UIF
TUSBUP TQIFSF
ѮF
DZDMF
PG
EFTUSVDUJPO
JT
FWFOUVBMMZ
CSPLFO
XIFO
B
DIMPSJOF
BUPN
JOTUFBE
PG
JOUFSBDUJOH
XJUI
P[POF
JOUFSBDUT
XJUI
NFUIBOF
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
UP
GPSN
IZESPDIMPSJD
BDJE
ѮF
BDJE
EJĒVTFT
EPXOXBSE
GSPN
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
UP
UIF
USPQPTQIFSF
BOE
CFDBVTF
JUT
TPMVCMF
JO
SBJO
UIF
DIMPSJOF
JT
êOBMMZ
XBTIFE
PVU
DMPTJOH
UIF
DZDMF ѮF
TJNQMF
TDFOBSJP
PG
P[POFEFTUSPZJOH
DIMPSJOF
SFMFBTFE
GSPN
$'$T
CZ
VMUSB WJPMFU
TVOMJHIU
EPFT
OPU
FYQMBJO
XIZ
TFWFSF
P[POF
EFQMFUJPO
JT
MJNJUFE
UP
UIF
"OUBSDUJD
SFHJPO
PS
XIZ
JU
JT
PCTFSWFE
POMZ
JO
UIF
TQSJOH
4PNFUIJOH
NVTU
CF
GPDVTJOH
BOE
JOUFO TJGZJOH
DIMPSJOFT
EFTUSVDUJWF
QPXFS
CPUI
JO
TQBDF
BOE
UJNF "MUIPVHI
UIF
$'$T
XFSF
NBJOMZ
SFMFBTFE
CZ
IVNBO
BDUJWJUJFT
JO
UIF
/PSUIFSO
)FNJTQIFSF
XIFSF
UIF
XPSMET
JOEVTUSJFT
BSF
DPODFOUSBUFE
UIF
DIFNJDBMT
XFSF
SFEJT USJCVUFE
CZ
HMPCBM
XJOET
&BDI
TVOMFTT
XJOUFS
TUFBEZ
XJOET
CMPX
JO
B
DJSDVMBS
QBUUFSO
PWFS
UIF
PDFBO
UIBU
TVSSPVOET
"OUBSDUJDB
USBQQJOH
B
IVHF
BJS
NBTT
JOTJEF
ѮF
XIJSM JOH
XJOET
DPODFOUSBUF
UIF
P[POFEFTUSPZJOH
DIFNJDBMT
XJUIJO
B
WBTU
UPXFSJOH
QPMBS
WPSUFY
DPOêOJOH
UIF
NPTU
TFSJPVT
P[POF
EFQMFUJPO
UP
SFHJPOT
BCPWF
UIF
4PVUI
1PMF
BOE
JTPMBUJOH
JU
GSPN
UIF
SFTU
PG
UIF
XPSME
GPS
NPOUIT
BU
B
UJNF ѮF
P[POF
IPMF
BMTP
SFRVJSFT
UIF
QSFTFODF
PG
QPMBS
TUSBUPTQIFSJD
DMPVET
PG
JDF
DSZTUBMT
8IJQQJOH
BSPVOE
UIF
QPMF
UIF
IJHITQFFE
WPSUFY
XJOET
TIVU
PVU
BJS
GSPN
UIF
XBSNFS
FRVBUPSJBM
SFHJPOT
BOE
LFFQ
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
WFSZ
DPME
JOTJEF
%VSJOH
UIF
MPOH
EBSL
XJOUFS
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSJD
BJS
PWFS
"OUBSDUJDB
JT
UIFSFGPSF
DPMEFS
UIBO
FMTFXIFSF
BMMPXJOH
JDF
DSZTUBMT
UP
GPSN
ѮF
DSZTUBMT
QSPWJEF
TVSGBDFT
PS
QMBUGPSNT
PO
XIJDI
DIMPSJOF
BOE
P[POF
DBO
BMJHIU
BOE
JOUFSBDU
NPSF
SFBEJMZ
UIBO
JG
UIFZ
XFSF
GSFF 8IP
DBSFT
JG
DIFNJDBMT
BSF
QVODIJOH
B
GFX
IPMFT
JO
UIF
TLZ
BOE
MFUUJOH
B
MJUUMF
NPSF
TVOMJHIU
SFBDI
UIF
HSPVOE
:PV
DBSF
BOE
*
DBSF
GPS
UIF
TPMBS
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBZT
XIJDI
BSF
OP
MPOHFS
BCTPSCFE
JO
UIF
P[POF
MBZFS
DBO
QSPEVDF
TLJO
DBODFS
BOE
DMPVE
VQ
ZPVS
FZFT
XJUI
DBUBSBDUT
*U
BMTP
JODSFBTFT
UIF
WVMOFSBCJMJUZ
PG
BOJNBMT
UP
JOGFD UJPOT
BOE
DBO
EBNBHF
PS
XJQF
PVU
POFDFMMFE
QMBOUT
DBMMFE
QIZUPQMBOLUPO
XIJDI
MJWF
OFBS
UIF
TVSGBDF
PG
UIF
TFB
BOE
BSF
UIF
CBTF
PG
UIF
PDFBO
GPPE
DIBJO
8IFO
UIF





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'0$64

5IF
.POUSFBM
1SPUPDPM

'BDFE
XJUI
UIF
FWJEFODF
PG
WBOJTIJOH
P[POF
JO
UIF
"OUBSDUJDB
P[POF
IPMF
JOUFSOBUJPOBM
EJQMPNBUT
BHSFFE
UP
B
USFBUZ
LOPXO
BT
ѮF
.POUSFBM
1SPUPDPM
PO
4VCTUBODFT
ѮBU
%FQMFUF
ѮF
0[POF
-BZFS
BEPQUFE
PO

4FQUFNCFS

ѮF
JOUFSOBUJPOBM
USFBUZ
XBT
TUSFOHUI FOFE
CZ
GPVS
BNFOENFOUT
JO



BOE

SFTQFDUJWFMZ
OBNFE
UIF
-PO EPO
$PQFOIBHFO
.POUSFBM
BOE
#FJKJOH
"NFOENFOUT
BѫFS
UIF
DJUZ
XIFSF
UIFZ
XFSF
EFWJTFE ѮF
EJQMPNBUT
BHSFFE
UP
B
QIBTF
PVU
PG
UIF
QSPEVDUJPO
BOE
VTF
PG
P[POFEFTUSPZJOH
DPNQPVOET
TVDI
BT
UIF
$'$T
BOE
)BMPOT
JO


UIF
JOEVTUSJBMJ[FE
DPVOUSJFT
CZ
UIF
ZFBS

BOE
JO
EFWFMPQJOH
DPVOUSJFT
CZ
 ѮF
SFBEZ
BDDFQUBODF
PG
UIF
.POUSFBM
1SPUPDPM
XBT
VOEPVCUFEMZ
FBTFE
CZ
UIF
EFWFM PQNFOU
PG
TVCTUJUVUFT
GPS
$'$T
JO
JUT
JOEVTUSJBM
BQQMJDBUJPOT
JODMVEJOH
SFGSJHFSBUPST
BOE
BJS
DPOEJUJPOFST
*O
GBDU
UIF
CJHHFTU
QSPEVDFS
%V
1POU
VOJMBUFSBMMZ
TUPQQFE
NBLJOH
UIF
DIFNJ DBMT
FWFO
CFGPSF
UIF
1SPUPDPM
SFRVJSFE
JU ѮF
DPNQPVOET
UIBU
DPOTVNF
P[POF
BSF
OPX
GPSCJEEFO
JO
UIF
JOEVTUSJBMJ[FE
QBSU
PG
UIF
XPSME
"OE
XJUI
UIF
IFMQ
PG
UIF
6OJUFE
/BUJPOT
BOE
UIF
8PSME
#BOL
VTF
PG
UIF
EBO HFSPVT
DIFNJDBMT
IBT
EFDSFBTFE
DPOTJEFSBCMZ
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
XPSME
BOE
UIFJS
DPODFOUSB UJPOT
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
IBWF
OPX
MFWFMFE
PĒ
PS
CFHVO
UP
EFDMJOF

QMBOLUPO
QPQVMBUJPO
EFDMJOFT
TP
XJMM
UIF
QPQVMBUJPOT
PG
êTI
UIBU
FBU
QMBOLUPO
BOE
UIF
NBNNBMT
UIBU
FBU
UIF
êTI
m
TFBMT
EPMQIJOT
XIBMFT
BOE
IVNBOT ѮFTF
DPODFSOT
UPHFUIFS
XJUI
UIF
OPXGBNPVT
"OUBSDUJD
P[POF
IPMF
TQBSLFE
QVCMJD
BXBSFOFTT
PG
UIF
GSBHJMF
P[POF
MBZFS
BOE
TFSWFE
BT
B
QPXFSGVM
QPMJUJDBM
TUJNVMVT
UP
MJNJU
BOE
FWFOUVBMMZ
CBO
UIF
QSPEVDUJPO
PG
$'$T
'PDVT
  0XJOH
UP
UIF
MPOH
MJGFUJNF
PG
UIFTF
TVCTUBODFT
UIF
IFBMJOH
PG
UIF
DPOUJOFOUTJ[FE
P[POF
IPMF
EJE
OPU
CFHJO
VOUJM

BOE
DPNQMFUF
SFDPWFSZ
PG
UIF
"OUBSDUJDB
P[POF
MBZFS
JT
OPU
FYQFDUFE
VOUJM
UIF
ZFBS

PS
MBUFS
4P
DPODFSOFE
TDJFOUJTUT
DPOUJOVF
UP
NPOJUPS
UIF
P[POF
VTJOH
UIF
5PUBM
0[POF
.BQQJOH
4QFDUSPNFUFS
BCCSFWJBUFE
50.4
JOTUSVNFOU
BCPBSE
/"4"
TBUFMMJUFT
#Z
4FQUFNCFS

UIF
NBYJNVN
IPMF
TJ[F
IBE
TISVOL
UP
BO
BSFB
PG

NJMMJPO
TRVBSF
LJMPNFUFST
EPXO
OFBSMZ

NJMMJPO
TRVBSF
LJMPNFUFST
GSPN
JUT
SFDPSE
TJ[F
JO

CVU
UIFSF
JT
TUJMM
QMFOUZ
PG
SPPN
GPS
JNQSPWFNFOU
.FBTVSFNFOUT
PG
UIF
WBSZJOH
TPMBS
VMUSBWJPMFU
PVUQVU
BSF
BEEJUJPOBMMZ
SFRVJSFE
UP
EFUFSNJOF
XIFUIFS
BOE
UP
XIBU
FYUFOU
UIF
4VO
JT
DIBOHJOH
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
P[POF


5)&
*/$0/45"/5
46/ 4PMBS
3BEJBUJPO
7BSJFT
0WFS
UIF
:FBS
"DUJWJUZ
$ZDMF

%BZ
BѫFS
EBZ
UIF
4VO
SJTFT
BOE
TFUT
JO
BO
FOEMFTT
DZDMF
BO
BQQBSFOUMZ
VODIBOHJOH
CBMM
PG
IFBU
BOE
MJHIU
XIPTF
SBEJBUJPO
NBLFT
MJGF
PO
&BSUI
QPTTJCMF
ѮF
UPUBM
BNPVOU
PG
UIJT
MJGFTVTUBJOJOH
FOFSHZ
IBT
CFFO
DBMMFE
UIF
iTPMBS
DPOTUBOU u
CFDBVTF
OP
WBSJBUJPOT
DPVME
CF
SFMJBCMZ
EFUFDUFE
GSPN
BOZXIFSF
CFOFBUI
UIF
&BSUIT
DIBOHJOH
BUNPTQIFSF
*OEFFE
POMZ
B
GFX
EFDBEFT
BHP
NPTU
BTUSPOPNFST
BOE
DMJNBUPMPHJTUT
JOTJTUFE
UIBU
UIF
4VO
TIJOFT
TUFBEJMZ





5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




:FU
SFMJBCMF
BT
UIF
4VO
BQQFBST
JU
JT
BO
JODPOTUBOU
DPNQBOJPO
ѮF
4VO
BDUVBMMZ
GBEFT
BOE
CSJHIUFOT
JO
TUFQ
XJUI
UIF
DIBOHJOH
MFWFM
PG
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
BOE
OP
QPSUJPO
PG
UIF
4VOT
SBEJBUJPO
PVUQVU
JT
JOWBSJBOU
*OEFFE
UIF
4VOT
SBEJBUJPO
JT
WBSJBCMF
PO
BMM
NFBTVSBCMF
UJNF
TDBMFT
BOE
UIJT
JODPOTUBOU
CFIBWJPS
DBO
CF
USBDFE
UP
UIF
QFSWBTJWF
SPMF
QMBZFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF ѮF
EJTDPWFSZ
PG
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
UPUBM
TPMBS
SBEJBUJPO
PVUQVU
PS
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
XBT
TPNFXIBU
VOFYQFDUFE
'PS
JOTUBODF
B
HSPVQ
MFE
CZ
$IBSMFT
(SFFMFZ
"CCPU
¢


TFDSFUBSZ
PG
UIF
4NJUITPOJBO
*OTUJUVUJPO
GSPN

UP

DBSSJFE
PVU
EBJMZ
NFBTVSF NFOUT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
GPS
EFDBEFT
JODMVEJOH
FYQFEJUJPOT
UP
GPVS
DPOUJOFOUT
GSPN
TFB
MFWFM
UP
NPVOUBJOUPQT
"OE
EFTQJUF
"CCPUT
DMBJN
UIBU
UIF
4VO
JT
B
WBSJBCMF
TUBS
IJT
DPMMFBHVFT
DPODMVEFE
UIBU
BOZ
ëVDUVBUJPOT
OPUJDFE
CZ
"CCPU
XFSF
EVF
UP
WBSZJOH
BUNP TQIFSJD
BCTPSQUJPO
PG
TVOMJHIU
PS
UP
JNQSPQFSMZ
DBMJCSBUFE
JOTUSVNFOUT %FêOJUF
FWJEFODF
PG
UIF
DIBOHJOH
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
XBT
OPU
PCUBJOFE
VOUJM
UIF
FBSMZ
T
XJUI
BO
FYRVJTJUFMZ
TFOTJUJWF
EFUFDUPS
DSFBUFE
CZ
3JDIBSE
$
8JMMTPO
¢
PG
UIF
+FU
1SPQVMTJPO
-BCPSBUPSZ
JO
1BTBEFOB
$BMJGPSOJB
)F
NFBTVSFE
UIF
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
XJUI
IJT
"DUJWF
$BWJUZ
3BEJPNFUFS
*SSBEJBODF
.POJUPS
PS
"$3*.
GPS
TIPSU
XIJDI
XBT
QMBDFE
BCPBSE
/"4"T
4PMBS
.BYJNVN
.JTTJPO
BCCSFWJBUFE
4..
TBUFMMJUF
MBVODIFE
JO
'FCSVBSZ

ѮF
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
EFêOFE
BT
UIF
BWFSBHF
BNPVOU
PG
SBEJBOU
TPMBS
FOFSHZ
QFS
VOJU
UJNF
QFS
VOJU
BSFB
SFBDIJOH
UIF
UPQ
PG
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
BU
UIF
&BSUIT
NFBO
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
XBT
GPVOE
UP
CF
SFNBSLBCMZ
DPOTUBOU
SBSFMZ
DIBOHJOH
CZ
NPSF
UIBO

QFSDFOU
PS
POF
QBSU
JO

XJUI
BO
BWFSBHF
NJOJNVN
WBMVF
PG
BCPVU


XBUUT
PG
QPXFS
QFS
TRVBSF
NFUFS #VU
"$3*.
EFUFSNJOFE
UIF
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
XJUI
BO
JODSFEJCMF
QSFDJTJPO
PG

QFSDFOU
PS
POF
QBSU
JO
 
XIFO
BWFSBHFE
PWFS
POF
EBZ
BOE
BU
UIJT
MFWFM
PG
BDDV SBDZ
UIF
4VOT
UPUBM
SBEJBUJPO
PVUQVU
JT
BMNPTU
BMXBZT
DIBOHJOH
BU
BNPVOUT
PG
VQ
UP
B
GFX
UFOUIT
PG
B
QFSDFOU
BOE
PO
BMM
UJNF
TDBMFT
GSPN

TFDPOE
UP

ZFBST
4JNJMBS
WBSJB UJPOT
XFSF
BMTP
EFUFDUFE
CZ
UIF
&BSUI
3BEJBUJPO
#VEHFU
&3#
SBEJPNFUFS
BCPBSE
UIF
/JNCVT

TBUFMMJUF
MBVODIFE
JO
0DUPCFS

XJUI
BO
FWFO
MPOHFS
SFDPSE
CVU
XJUI
MFTT
QSFDJTJPO )VHI
4
)VETPO
¢



B
TPMBS
QIZTJDJTU
BU
UIF
6OJWFSTJUZ
PG
$BMJGPSOJB
BU
4BO
%JFHP
UFBNFE
VQ
XJUI
8JMMTPO
UP
IFMQ
IJN
JEFOUJGZ
UIF
JSSBEJBODF
WBSJBUJPOT
XJUI
XFMMLOPXO
GFBUVSFT
PO
UIF
4VO
ѮF
MBSHFTU
SFMBUJWFMZ
CSJFG
EPXOXBSE
FYDVSTJPOT
DPSSFTQPOE
UP
BOE
BSF
FYQMBJOFE
CZ
UIF
SPUBUJPO
PG
B
MBSHF
HSPVQ
PG
TVOTQPUT
BDSPTT
UIF
GBDF
PG
UIF
4VO
ѮF
DPODFOUSBUFE
NBHOFUJTN
JO
TVOTQPUT
BDUT
BT
B
WBMWF
CMPDLJOH
UIF
FOFSHZ
PVUëPX
XIJDI
JT
XIZ
TVOTQPUT
BSF
EBSL
BOE
DPPM
QSPEVDJOH
SFEVDUJPOT
JO
UIF
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
PG
VQ
UP

QFSDFOU
UIBU
MBTU
B
GFX
EBZT #SJHIU
QBUDIFT
PO
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
TVSGBDF
DBVTF
UIF
JODSFBTFE
MVNJOPTJUZ
ѮFZ
BSF
DBMMFE
GBDVMBF
GSPN
UIF
-BUJO
GPS
iMJUUMF
UPSDIFTu
0O
UIF
TIPSUUFSN
TDBMF
PG
NJOVUFT
UP
EBZT
TVOTQPU
CMPDLJOH
EPNJOBUFT
GBDVMBS
CSJHIUFOJOH
PO
UIF
MPOHUFSN
TDBMF
PG
NPOUIT
BOE
ZFBST
GBDVMBF
BSF
EPNJOBOU
CFDBVTF
UIFZ
IBWF
TJHOJêDBOUMZ
MPOHFS
MJGF UJNFT
UIBO
TVOTQPUT
BOE
DPWFS
B
MBSHFS
GSBDUJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
EJTL ѮF
EFDBEFMPOH
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
4VOT
UPUBM
SBEJBUJPO
PVUQVU
BSF
UIF
SFTVMU
PG
B
DPN QFUJUJPO
CFUXFFO
EBSL
TVOTQPUT
JO
XIJDI
SBEJBUJPO
JT
EFQMFUFE
BOE
CSJHIU
GBDVMBF
XIJDI
BSF
TPVSDFT
PG
FOIBODFE
SBEJBUJPO
XJUI
UIF
GBDVMBF
XJOOJOH
PVU
"T
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
JODSFBTFT
UIFZ
CPUI
BQQFBS
NPSF
PѫFO
CVU
UIF
FYDFTT
SBEJBODF
GSPN
CSJHIU
GBDVMBF





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

JT
HSFBUFS
UIBO
UIF
MPTT
GSPN
TVOTQPUT
ѮJT
XBT
EFNPOTUSBUFE
CZ
1FUFS
7
'PVLBM
¢



PG
$BNCSJEHF
3FTFBSDI
BOE
*OTUSVNFOUBUJPO
*OD
JO
.BTTBDIVTFUUT
BOE
+VEJUI
-FBO
¢

PG
UIF
/BWBM
3FTFBSDI
-BCPSBUPSZ
JO
8BTIJOHUPO
%$
ѮFZ
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIFSF
JT
B
HPPE
DPSSFMBUJPO
CFUXFFO
UIF
MPOH
UFSN
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
WBSJB UJPOT
BOE
GBDVMBS
FNJTTJPO
GSPN
UIF
FOUJSF
TPMBS
EJTL
PODF
UIF
FĒFDUT
PG
TVOTQPU
EJN NJOH
IBWF
CFFO
SFNPWFE .PSF
UIBO
êWF
JOTUSVNFOUT
PO
EJĒFSFOU
TQBDFDSBѫ
IBWF
NBEF
QSFDJTF
NFBTVSF NFOUT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
GPS
NPSF
UIBO
UISFF
EFDBEFT
JODMVEJOH
UIF
TFDPOE
"DUJWF
$BWJUZ
3BEJPNFUFS
*SSBEJBODF
.POJUPS
PS
"$3*.
**
PO
UIF
6QQFS
"UNPTQIFSF
3FTFBSDI
4BUFMMJUF
BCCSFWJBUFE
6"34
BOE
MBVODIFE
JO

BOE
UIF
7BSJBCJMJUZ
PG
*3SBEJBODF
BOE
(SBWJUZ
0TDJMMBUJPOT
PS
7*3(0
JOTUSVNFOU
PO
UIF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWB UPSZ
PS
40)0
GPS
TIPSU
BOE
MBVODIFE
JO

ѮFZ
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
EVSJOH
SFDFOU
FQPDIT
PG
IJHI
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
OFBS
NBYJNB
JO
UIF
ZFBS
TPMBS
DZDMF
UIF
NFBO
MFWFMT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
JODSFBTF
CZ
BCPVU

QFSDFOU
SFMBUJWF
UP
TPMBS
DZDMF
NJOJNVN
MFWFMT
'JH
 

'*(
 6ARIATIONSINTHESOLARCONSTANT/BSERVATIONSWITHVERYSTABLEANDPRECISEDETEC TORSONSEVERAL%ARTH ORBITINGSATELLITESFROMTOSHOWTHATTHE3UNSTOTALRADIATION INPUTTOTHE%ARTH TERMEDTHESOLARIRRADIANCE ISNOTACONSTANT BUTINSTEADVARIESOVERTIME SCALESOFDAYSANDYEARS (ERETHETOTALIRRADIANCEJUST OUTSIDEOURATMOSPHERE ALSO CALLEDTHESOLARCONSTANT IS GIVENINUNITSOFWATTSPER SQUAREMETER ABBREVIATED 7M– WHEREONEWATTIS EQUIVALENTTOONEJOULEPER SECOND4HEOBSERVATIONS SHOWTHATTHE3UNSOUTPUT mUCTUATESDURINGEACH YEAR SUNSPOTCYCLE CHANGINGBY ABOUTPERCENTBETWEEN MAXIMUMS AND  ANDMINIMUMS AND INMAGNETICACTIV ITY4HEAVERAGEMINIMUM VALUEIS7 M– ANDTHECYCLEAMPLITUDES ARE  AND7 M–ABOVETHEAVERAGEMINIMUMVALUE4EMPORARYDIPSOFUPTOPERCENTANDAFEWDAYS DURATIONAREDUETOTHEPRESENCEOFLARGESUNSPOTSONTHEVISIBLEHEMISPHERE4HELARGERNUM BEROFSUNSPOTSNEARTHEPEAKINTHE YEARCYCLEISACCOMPANIEDBYARISEINMAGNETICACTIV ITYTHATCREATESANINCREASEINLUMINOUSOUTPUTTHATEXCEEDSTHECOOLINGEFFECTSOFSUNSPOTS 4HECAPITALLETTERSGIVENATTHETOPAREACRONYMSFORTHEDIFFERENTRADIOMETERS#OURTESYOF #LAUS&RšHLICH





5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




ѮF
FOUJSF
TQFDUSVN
PG
UIF
4VOT
SBEJBUJPO
JT
NPEVMBUFE
CZ
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
0WFS XIFMNJOHMZ
UIF
HSFBUFTU
QBSU
PG
TPMBS
SBEJBUJPO
JT
FNJUUFE
JO
UIF
WJTJCMF
QBSU
PG
UIF
TQFDUSVN
XIFSF
UIF
ZFBS
WBSJBUJPOT
BSF
B
SFMBUJWFMZ
NPEFTU

QFSDFOU
*O
DPOUSBTU
SBEJBUJPO
BU
UIF
TIPSUXBWFMFOHUI
JOWJTJCMF
QBSUT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
TQFDUSVN
DIBOHF
TJH OJêDBOUMZ
EVSJOH
UIF
TPMBS
DZDMF
UIPVHI
DPOUSJCVUJOH
POMZ
B
UJOZ
GSBDUJPO
PG
UIF
4VOT
UPUBM
SBEJBUJPO
ѮF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
JT
BU
MFBTU
UFO
UJNFT
NPSF
WBSJBCMF
UIBO
WJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
UIF
4VOT
9SBZ
FNJTTJPO
DIBOHFT
FWFO
NPSF
CZ
BU
MFBTU
B
GBDUPS
PG
POF
IVOESFE ѮF
&BSUIT
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF
BDUT
BT
B
TQPOHF
TPBLJOH
VQ
UIF
VOTFFO
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
"U
UJNFT
PG
IJHI
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
UIF
4VO
QVNQT
PVU
NVDI
NPSF
PG
UIF
JOWJTJCMF
SBZT
UIF
BJS
BCTPSCT
NPSF
PG
UIFN
BOE
PVS
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF
IFBUT
VQ
XIFO
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
EJNJOJTIFT
UIF
IJHIBMUJUVEF
BJS
BCTPSCT
MFTT
BOE
DPPMT
EPXO ѮF
9SBZT
BSF
BCTPSCFE
BU
IJHI
BMUJUVEFT
JO
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
BUNPTQIFSF
XIFSF
UIF
HMPCBM
NFBO
UFNQFSBUVSF
DBO
EPVCMF
CFUXFFO
UIF
NJOJNVN
BOE
NBYJNVN
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
'JH
 
ѮF
4VOT
WBSJBCMF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
NPEVMBUFT
UIF
WJUBM
P[POF


'*(
 6ARYINGSOLARHEATINGOFTHEUPPERATMOSPHERE$URING THE3UNS YEARACTIVITYCYCLE THEUPPER ATMOSPHERETEMPERATURES mUCTUATEBYFACTORSOFTWO ANDNEUTRALUN IONIZEDATOM ANDELEC TRONDENSITIESBYFACTORSOFTEN4HEBOLDLINESSJHIU
TJEF REGISTER MAXIMUMVALUESANDTHELESSBOLDMFѫ
TJEF THEMINIMUMVALUES %NHANCEDMAGNETICACTIVITYONTHE3UNPRODUCESINCREASEDULTRAVIOLET AND8 RAYRADIATIONTHATHEATSTHE%ARTHSUPPERATMOSPHEREANDCAUSES ITTOEXPAND RESULTINGINHIGHERTEMPERATURESANDGREATERDENSITIESATA GIVENALTITUDEINOURATMOSPHERE#OURTESYOF*UDITH,EAN




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

MBZFS
MPXFS
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
0OMZ
UIF
MFBTU
WBSJBCMF
WJTJCMF
QPSUJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
TQFD USVN
QFOFUSBUFT
UISPVHI
UP
UIF
SFMBUJWFMZ
QMBDJE
MPXFS
BUNPTQIFSF
CVU
UIJT
TVOMJHIU
NJHIU
TUJMM
WBSZ
FOPVHI
UP
XBSN
BOE
DPPM
UIF
BJS .PSFPWFS
UIF
ZFBS
DZDMF
UIBU
DMPDLT
UIF
SJTF
BOE
GBMM
JO
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
PO
UIF
4VO
EPFT
OPU
SFQFBU
XJUI
UIF
TBNF
TUSFOHUI
BU
NBYJNVN
*U
JOTUFBE
TFFNT
UP
CF
NPEV MBUFE
PWFS
ZFBS
UJNF
JOUFSWBMT 4PMBS
7BSJBCJMJUZ
0WFS
UIF
$FOUVSJFT

%FTQJUF
EJMJHFOU
PCTFSWBUJPOT
CZ
&VSPQFBO
BTUSPOPNFST
WFSZ
GFX
EBSL
TQPUT
XFSF
GPVOE
PO
UIF
4VO
CFUXFFO

BOE

B
ZFBS
QFSJPE
UIBU
JODMVEFE
UIF
SFJHO
PG
'SBODFT
i4VO
,JOHu
-PVJT
9*7
¢ 
ѮF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOPNFS
(VTUBW
4QÕSFS
¢
DBMMFE
BUUFOUJPO
UP
UIF
ZFBS
BCTFODF
JO

"O
JOEJSFDU
DPOTFRVFODF
PG
UIF
NJTTJOH
TVOTQPUT
XBT
SFQPSUFE
NVDI
FBSMJFS
JO

CZ
UIF
'SFODI
BVUIPS
+FBO
+BDRVFT
%0SUPVT
EF
.BJSBO
¢


BT
B
EFDSFBTF
JO
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
BVSPSBT
TFFO
PO
&BSUI
CVU
IF
XBT
SJEJDVMFE
GPS
UIJOLJOH
UIBU
UIF
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
DPVME
CF
SFMBUFE
UP
JODSFBTFT
JO
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
TVOTQPUT &
8BMUFS
.BVOEFS
¢


BU
UIF
3PZBM
(SFFOXJDI
0CTFSWBUPSZ
JO
&OHMBOE
GVMMZ
EPDVNFOUFE
UIF
EFBSUI
PG
TVOTQPUT
VTJOH
FYUFOTJWF
IJTUPSJDBM
SFDPSET
DPWFSJOH
IVOESFET
PG
ZFBST
)JT
BDDPVOUT
FOUJUMFE
"
1SPMPOHFE
4VOTQPU
.JOJNVN
XFSF
QSF TFOUFE
UP
UIF
3PZBM
"TUSPOPNJDBM
4PDJFUZ
JO

BOE

CVU
UIFZ
SFNBJOFE
MBSHFMZ
JHOPSFE
VOUJM
UIF
T
XIFO
UIF
"NFSJDBO
TPMBS
BTUSPOPNFS
+PIO
"
i+BDLu
&EEZ
¢

QSPWJEFE
GVSUIFS
FWJEFODF
GPS
UIF
i.BVOEFS
.JOJNVNu
BT
IF
DBMMFE
JU
VTJOH
UIF
HSPXUI
SJOHT
PG
USFFT "T
UIF
USFFT
MBZ
EPXO
UIFJS
SJOHT
FBDI
ZFBS
UIFZ
SFDPSE
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
BUNP TQIFSJD
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
DBQUVSFE
JO
UIF
QSPDFTT
PG
QIPUPTZOUIFTJT
ѮF
DBSCPO
JOUBLF
DPNFT
JO
UXP
WBSJFUJFT
PS
JTPUPQFT
TUBCMF
DBSCPO

BOE
SBEJPBDUJWF
DBSCPO

BOE
UIF
SBEJPBDUJWF
UZQF
UFMMT
VT
IPX
BDUJWF
UIF
4VO
XBT
BU
UIF
UJNF
$PTNJD
SBZT
GSPN
PVUFS
TQBDF
QSPEVDF
SBEJPBDUJWF
DBSCPO

XIFO
UIFZ
TUSJLF
BUPNT
JO
UIF
BJS
#FDBVTF
UIF
DPTNJD
SBZT
BSF
EFëFDUFE
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
CZ
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
EVSJOH
IJHI
TPMBSBDUJWJUZ
MFWFMT
UIFSF
JT
MFTT
SBEJPBDUJWF
DBSCPO
JO
UIF
BJS
XIFO
UIF
4VO
JT
WFSZ
BDUJWF
BOE
NPSF
PG
JU
BU
UJNFT
PG
MPX
BDUJWJUZ
PO
UIF
4VO "O
BOBMZTJT
PG
UIF
XPSMET
MPOHFTUMJWFE
USFFT
UIF
CSJTUMF
DPOF
QJOFT
TVHHFTUT
UIBU
UIF
4VOT
PVUQVU
IBT
CFFO
UVSOFE
MPX
GPS
TFWFSBM
FYUFOEFE
QFSJPET
JO
UIF
QBTU
NJMMFOOJB
&EEZ
VTFE
UIF
UFDIOJRVF
UP
SFBE
UIF
IJTUPSZ
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
BMM
UIF
XBZ
CBDL
UP
UIF
#SPO[F
"HF
BOE
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
USFFSJOH
EBUB
BSF
TVQQPSUFE
CZ
PUIFS
FWJEFODF
TVDI
BT
UIF
BODJFOU
TJHIUJOHT
PG
UFSSFTUSJBM
BVSPSBT
'JH
 
*O
BO
JNQPSUBOU
QBQFS
FOUJUMFE
iѮF
.BVOEFS
.JOJNVNu
QVCMJTIFE
JO
4DJFODF
PO

+VOF

&EEZ
DPODMVEFE
UIBU
UIF
4VO
IBT
TQFOU
OFBSMZ
B
UIJSE
PG
UIF
QBTU
UXP
UIPVTBOE
ZFBST
JO
B
SFMBUJWFMZ
JOBDUJWF
TUBUF
)F
QJOQPJOUFE
TFWFSBM
QFSJPET
PG
MPX
BDUJWJUZ
XJUI
TJHOJêDBOUMZ
NPSF
SBEJPBDUJWF
DBSCPO

FBDI
BCPVU
B
DFOUVSZ
MPOH
OBNJOH
UIFN
UIF
.BVOEFS
4QÕSFS
BOE
8PMG
NJOJNB 5XP
QFSJPET
PG
NJTTJOH
TVOTQPUT
UIF
4QÕSFS
NJOJNVN
GSPN

UP

BOE
UIF
.BVOEFS
.JOJNVN
GSPN

UP

PDDVSSFE
EVSJOH
UIF
-JUUMF
*DF
"HF
m
XIFO
&VSPQF
BOE
/PSUI
"NFSJDB
FOEVSFE
B
QFSJPE
PG
FYUSFNFMZ
IBSTI
XJOUFST
BOE
DPMEFS
UIBO
OPSNBM
TVNNFST
%VSJOH
UIBU
UJNF
BMQJOF
HMBDJFST
FYQBOEFE
BOE
UIF
SJWFS
ѮBNFT
JO
-POEPO
BOE
UIF
DBOBMT
PG
7FOJDF
SFHVMBSMZ
GSP[F
PWFS
0XJOH
UP
UIF
BQQBSFOU






5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




'*(
 ,ONGPERIODSOFSOLARINACTIVITY4HREEINDEPENDENTINDICESDEMONSTRATETHE EXISTENCEOFPROLONGEDDECREASESINTHELEVELOFSOLARACTIVITY4HEOBSERVEDANNUALMEAN SUNSPOTNUMBERSTDBMF
BU
SJHIU ALSOFOLLOWSTHE YEARSOLARACTIVITYCYCLEAFTER 4HECURVEEXTENDINGFROM!$TOISAPROXYSUNSPOTNUMBERINDEXDERIVED FROMMEASUREMENTSOFCARBON INTREERINGS)NCREASEDCARBON ISPLOTTEDDOWNWARD TDBMF
BU
MFѫJOTJEF SOINCREASEDSOLARACTIVITYANDLARGERPROXYSUNSPOTNUMBERSCORRE SPONDTOREDUCEDAMOUNTSOFRADIOCARBONINTHE%ARTHSATMOSPHERE/PENCIRCLESAREAN INDEXOFTHEOCCURRENCEOFAURORASINTHE.ORTHERN(EMISPHERETDBMF
BU
MFѫPVUTJEF 4HE PRONOUNCEDABSENCEOFSUNSPOTSFROMANDISNAMEDFORTHE%NGLISHASTRONOMER %7ALTER-AUNDER– WHOFULLYDOCUMENTEDIT ANDANOTHERNOTICEABLELACK OFSOLARACTIVITYISNAMEDFORTHE'ERMANASTRONOMER'USTAV3PšRER– WHO PREVIOUSLYCALLEDATTENTIONTOTHEPROLONGEDABSENCEBETWEENAND4HETHIRD PROLONGEDABSENCEOFSUNSPOTSISNAMEDFORTHE3WISSASTRONOMER*OHANN2UDOLF7OLF – WHOINVESTIGATEDTHECONNECTIONOFTHE YEARSUNSPOTCYCLEWITHGEOMAG NETICACTIVITYANDDEVISEDWHATISNOWKNOWNASTHE7OLFSUNSPOTNUMBER#OURTESYOF *OHN!h*ACKv%DDY

MBDL
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
UIF
4VO
XBT
QSPCBCMZ
OPUJDFBCMZ
EJNNFS
TVHHFTUJOH
UIBU
JU
NJHIU
CF
SFMBUFE
UP
UIF
DPMEFS
UFNQFSBUVSFT
EVSJOH
UIF
-JUUMF
*DF
"HF
#VU
NBOZ
VODFSUBJOUJFT
QSFDMVEF
B
EFêOJUJWF
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
UIF
4VOT
SPMF
JO
UIF
-JUUMF
*DF
"HF
BOE
OP
POF
JT
DFSUBJO
XIBU
CSPVHIU
JU
BCPVU
TPNF

ZFBST
BHP 
5)&
)&"5
*4
0/ $IBOHJOH
5FNQFSBUVSFT

0WFS
UIF
QBTU
DFOUVSZ
UIF
QMBOFU
BT
B
XIPMF
IBT
XBSNFE
VQ
JO
êUT
BOE
TUBSUT
CZ
BMNPTU
IBMG
B
EFHSFF
$FMTJVT
PS

LFMWJO
ѮF
XPSME
IFBUFE
VQ
CZ
BCPVU
UIBU
BNPVOU
CFUXFFO

BOE

GPS
FYBNQMF
CVU
JU
FOUFSFE
B
DPPMJOH
QIBTF
BѫFS
UIBU
'SPN

UP

UFNQFSBUVSFT
ESPQQFE
TP
NVDI
UIBU
TPNF
FYQFSUT
QSFEJDUFE
B
DPNJOH
JDF
BHF
*O
TVCTF RVFOU
EFDBEFT
UFNQFSBUVSFT
CFHBO
UP
SJTF
BHBJO
BOE
UIF
XPSME
CFDBNF
VOVTVBMMZ
IPU
PO
BWFSBHF
4P
UIFSF
JT
OP
TNPPUI
JODSFBTF
PS
EFDSFBTF
JO
UIF
HMPCBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
SFDPSE %FUBJMFE
FYBNJOBUJPOT
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
UIF
&BSUIT
DMJNBUF
DPVME
IBWF
CFFO
DPOUSPMMFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
GPS
NVDI
PG
UIF
QBTU

ZFBST
)JTUPSJDBM
SFDPSET
PG
UIF
WBSZJOH
TPMBS
JSSB EJBODF
PG
&BSUI
TIPX
UIBU
UIF
4VOT
DIBOHJOH
CSJHIUOFTT
EPNJOBUFE
PVS
DMJNBUF
GPS
UXP
DFOUVSJFT
GSPN

UP

*O
UIF
UI
DFOUVSZ
NBKPS
WPMDBOPFT
TVDI
BT
.PVOU
5BNCPSB
JO

BOE
.PVOU
,SBLBUPB
JO

DPPMFE
UIF
&BSUI
CZ
UISPXJOH
IB[Z
EVTU
BOE
PUIFS
QBSUJDMFT
IJHI
BCPWF
UIF
HSPVOE
GPSNJOH
BO
JOWJTJCMF
VNCSFMMBMJLF
TIJFME





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

UIBU
CMPDLT
TPNF
PG
UIF
JODPNJOH
TPMBS
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
DBVTFT
UFNQPSBSZ
HMPCBM
DPPMJOH
#VU
UIF
4VO
OPUJDFBCMZ
XBSNFE
UIF
XPSME
GPS
BOPUIFS
DFOUVSZ
GSPN

UP
 *O

UIF
%BOJTI
TDJFOUJTUT
&JHJM
'SJJT$ISJTUFOTFO
¢

BOE
,OVE
-BTTFO
¢

GPVOE
BO
JOUSJHVJOH
MJOL
CFUXFFO
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
BOE
UFNQFSBUVSFT
IFSF
PO
&BSUI
ѮF
HMPCBM
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
BJS
UFNQFSBUVSF
PWFS
MBOE
ëVDUVBUF
JO
TZODISPOJTN
XJUI
UIF
MFOHUI
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DZDMF
GPS

ZFBST
CFHJOOJOH
BCPVU

$ZDMFT
B
GFX
NPOUIT
TIPSUFS
UIBO

ZFBST
JO
EVSBUJPO
BSF
DIBSBDUFSJTUJD
PG
HSFBUFS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
UIBU
BQQBSFOUMZ
XBSNT
PVS
QMBOFU
XIJMF
DZDMFT
B
GFX
NPOUIT
MPOHFS
UIBO

ZFBST
TJHOJGZ
EFDSFBTFE
BDUJWJUZ
PO
UIF
4VO
BOE
DPPMFS
UJNFT
BU
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF ѮFTF
UFNQFSBUVSF
WBSJBUJPOT
NBZ
CF
DBVTFE
CZ
UIF
4VOT
ZFBS
NPEVMBUJPO
PG
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
DPTNJD
SBZT
XIJDI
XPVME
PUIFSXJTF
SFBDI
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
IFMQ
QSPEVDF
DMPVET
*OUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
HSFBUFS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DVU
PĒ
UIF
&BSUIEJSFDUFE
DPTNJD
SBZT
SFTVMUJOH
JO
GFXFS
DMPVET
UIBU
XPVME
IBWF
SFëFDUFE
TVO MJHIU
BOE
NPSF
TVOMJHIU
UIFSFGPSF
SFBDIFT
UIF
HSPVOE
UP
XBSN
JU 4VSGBDF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
DMPVE
DPWFS
ESPVHIU
SBJOGBMM
USPQJDBM
NPOTPPOT
BOE
GPSFTU
êSFT
BMM
TIPX
B
EFêOJUF
DPSSFMBUJPO
XJUI
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
CVU
UIF
DMJNBUF
FYQFSUT
VTVBMMZ
DBOOPU
FYQMBJO
XIZ
ѮFZ
KVTU
EP
OPU
LOPX
IPX
PS
XIZ
UIF
DMJNBUF
SFTQPOET
UP
UIF
TPMBS
WBSJBCJMJUZ
"OE
NPTU
SFDFOUMZ
JU
MPPLT
NPSF
BOE
NPSF
MJLF
IVNBOT
BSF
IFMQJOH
UP
UVSO
VQ
UIF
HMPCBM
UIFSNPTUBU (MPCBM
NFBO
UFNQFSBUVSFT
IBWF
CFFO
JOGFSSFE
GPS
UIF
QBTU
 
ZFBST
VTJOH
UIF
XJEUIT
PG
USFF
SJOHT
UIF
JTPUPQJD
DPNQPTJUJPO
PG
MBZFST
GPVOE
JO
JDF
DPSFT
BOE
UIF
DIFNJ DBM
DPNQPTJUJPO
PG
DPSBMT
8IFO
UIFTF
SFTVMUT
BSF
MJOLFE
UP
NVDI
NPSF
QSFDJTF
UIFSNPN FUFS
SFBEJOHT
GSPN
UIF
QBTU

ZFBST
UIF
EBUB
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
UIF
&BSUI
CFDBNF
IPUUFS
JO
UIF
MBUF
UI
BOE
FBSMZ
TU
DFOUVSJFT
UIBO
BU
BOZ
UJNF
EVSJOH
UIF
QSFWJPVT
NJMMFOOJVN
ѮF
ESBNBUJD
SJTF
JO
UFNQFSBUVSF
DPJODJEFT
XJUI
UIF
VOQSFDFEFOUFE
SFMFBTF
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
PUIFS
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
JOUP
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
TVHHFTUJOH
UIBU
IVNBO
BDUJW JUZ
JT
UBLJOH
DPOUSPM
PG
UIF
XPSMET
UFNQFSBUVSF
CPPTUJOH
JU
UP
VOIFBSE
PG
MFWFMT 4PNF
TDJFOUJTUT
IBWF
DBMMFE
BUUFOUJPO
UP
UIF
MBSHF
VODFSUBJOUJFT
JO
EFUFSNJOJOH
UFN QFSBUVSFT
PWFS
UIF
QBTU
 
ZFBST
BOE
UP
UIF
QPTTJCJMJUZ
PG
MBSHF
DMJNBUF
TXJOHT
EVS JOH
UIJT
UJNF
&WFO
TLFQUJDBM
DMJNBUF
TDJFOUJTUT
OFWFSUIFMFTT
BHSFF
UIBU
SFDFOU
EFDBEFT
BSF
TUJMM
UIF
XBSNFTU
PG
UIF
QBTU
NJMMFOOJVN
BOE
UIBU
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
SJTF
JT
QSPCBCMZ
FYQMBJOFE
CZ
IVNBO
BDUJWJUZ
UPHFUIFS
XJUI
OBUVSBM
JOëVFODFT $BSCPO
%JPYJEF
BOE
0UIFS
)FBU5SBQQJOH
(BTFT

#FDBVTF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JT
DPMPSMFTT
PEPSMFTT
BOE
EJTQFSTFT
JNNFEJBUFMZ
JO
UIF
BUNP TQIFSF
GFX
SFBMJ[FE
IPX
NVDI
PG
UIF
QPUFOUJBMMZ
EBOHFSPVT
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBT
FOUFST
JOUP
UIF
BJS
)BMG
B
DFOUVSZ
BHP
OP
POF
FWFO
LOFX
JG
BOZ
PG
UIF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
TUBZT
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
PS
JG
JU
XBT
BMM
CFJOH
BCTPSCFE
JO
UIF
GPSFTUT
BOE
PDFBOT
ѮFO
JO

$IBSMFT
,FFMJOH
¢
CFHBO
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PG
JUT
BCVOEBODF
JO
UIF
DMFBO
BJS
BU
UIF
.BVOB
-PB
0CTFSWBUPSZ
JO
)BXBJJ
*U
JT
MPDBUFE
BU
B
SFNPUF
IJHIBMUJUVEF
TJUF
PO
UPQ
PG
B
WPMDBOP
JO
UIF
NJETU
PG
B
CBSSFO
MBWB
êFME
GBS
GSPN
DBST
BOE
QFPQMF
UIBU
QSPEVDF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
GSPN
OFBSCZ
QMBOUT
UIBU
NJHIU
BCTPSC
JU ѮF
NPTU
TUSJLJOH
BTQFDU
PG
UIF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
DVSWF
'JH

JT
JUT
TNPPUI
TZTUFNBUJD
JODSFBTF
PWFS
UIF
QBTU
IBMG
DFOUVSZ
XIFO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSJD
DPODFOUSBUJPOT
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
IBWF
JODSFBTFE
CZ
BMNPTU

QFSDFOU
#PUI
UIF
JODSFBTF
BOE
JUT
BDDFMFSB





5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF








'*(
 2ISEINATMOSPHERICCARBONDIOXIDE4HEAVERAGEMONTHLYCONCENTRATIONOF ATMOSPHERICCARBONDIOXIDE DENOTED#/ INPARTSPERMILLIONBYVOLUME ABBREVIATEDPPMV OFDRYAIRPLOTTEDAGAINSTTIMEINYEARSOBSERVEDCONTINUOUSLYSINCEATTHE-AUNA,OA /BSERVATORY (AWAII)TSHOWS THATTHEATMOSPHERICAMOUNTS   OFTHEPRINCIPALWASTEGASOF INDUSTRIALSOCIETIES CARBON   DIOXIDE HAVERISENSTEADILY FORNEARLYHALFACENTURY4HE  UPANDDOWNmUCTUATIONS   THATARESUPERIMPOSEDONTHE SYSTEMATICINCREASE REmECT   ALOCALSEASONALRISEANDFALL INTHEABSORPTIONOFCARBON  DIOXIDEBYTREESANDOTHER  VEGETATION3UMMERTIMELOWS ARECAUSEDBYTHEUPTAKEOF  









 CARBONDIOXIDEBYPLANTS AND  THEWINTERHIGHSOCCURWHEN THEPLANTSLEAVESFALLAND SOMEOFTHEGASISRETURNEDTOTHEAIR#ARBONDIOXIDEICE COREDATAINDICATETHATTHEEXPONEN TIALINCREASEINTHEAMOUNTOFCARBONDIOXIDEHASBEENCONTINUINGFORTHEPASTTWOANDAHALF CENTURIES#OURTESYOF$AVE+EELINGAND4IM7HORF 3CRIPPS)NSTITUTIONOF/CEANOGRAPHY

UJPO
IBWF
CFFO
SPDL
TUFBEZ
¢
BT
JOFYPSBCMF
BT
UIF
FYQBOTJPO
PG
UIF
XPSMET
QPQVMBUJPO
IVNBO
JOEVTUSZ
BOE
QPMMVUJPO *DF
DPSF
TUVEJFT
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
UIF
CVJMEVQ
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
IBT
CFFO
HPJOH
PO
TJODF
UIF
CFHJOOJOH
PG
UIF
JOEVTUSJBM
SFWPMVUJPO
JO
UIF
NJEUI
DFOUVSZ
"JS
JT
TFBMFE
PĒ
JO
CVCCMFT
XIFO
UIF
JDF
JT
MBJE
EPXO
BOE
DBO
CF
FYUSBDUFE
GSPN
DPSFT
ESJMMFE
EFFQ
XJUIJO
MBZFSFE
HMBDJFST ѮF
JDF
DPSFT
TIPX
UIBU
UIF
DBSCPOEJPYJEF
MFWFMT
TUPPE
BU
BCPVU

QBSUT
QFS
NJM MJPO
QFS
WPMVNF
BCCSFWJBUFE
QQNW
JO

BOE
UIBU
UIFZ
XFSF
BU
UIJT
MFWFM
UIPVTBOET
PG
ZFBST
FBSMJFS
BU
UIF
UJNFT
PG
+VMJVT
$FTBS
BOE
XFMM
CFGPSF
UIBU
ѮFO
BCPVU

ZFBST
BHP
JOEVTUSJBM
DPNCVTUJPO
PG
GPTTJM
GVFMT
TVDI
B
DPBM
PJM
BOE
OBUVSBM
HBT
BOE
BDDFM FSBUJOH
EFGPSFTUBUJPO
SFTVMUFE
JO
BO
VOQSFDFEFOUFE
SFMFBTF
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JOUP
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BU
BO
FWFSJODSFBTJOH
SBUF
BOE
OP
FOE
UP
UIF
CVJMEVQ
JT
JO
TJUF ѮF
BNPVOUT
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JO
PVS
BJS
SPTF
HSBEVBMMZ
BU
êSTU
BOE
UIFO
NVDI
NPSF
SBQJEMZ
SJTJOH
GSPN

UP

QQNW
JO
B
DFOUVSZ
GSPN

UP

BOE
KVNQJOH
UP

KVTU

ZFBST
MBUFS
*G
DVSSFOU
USFOET
DPOUJOVF
BUNPTQIFSJD
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
XJMM
SFBDI

QQNW
m
OFBSMZ
EPVCMF
QSFJOEVTUSJBM
MFWFMT
m
BSPVOE
UIF
NJEEMF
PG
UIF
TU
DFOUVSZ ѮFSF
JT
NPSF
UIBO

CJMMJPO
UPOT
PG
DBSCPO
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
JO
UIF
GPSN
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
"OE
FBDI
QFSTPO
OPX
PO
&BSUI
JT
PO
BWFSBHF
EVNQJOH
BCPVU
B
UPO
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JOUP
UIF
BJS
FWFSZ
ZFBS
SFMFBTJOH
BO
BOOVBM
UPUBM
PG
BCPVU

CJMMJPO
UPOT
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
&BDI
"NFSJDBO
QSPEVDFT
BCPVU

UPOT
FWFSZ
ZFBS
PO
BWFSBHF
NPSF
UIBO
B
DJUJ[FO
PG
BOZ
PUIFS
DPVOUSZ
"OE
B
TJOHMF
BVUPNPCJMF
HFOFSBUFT
CFUXFFO





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ


BOE

UPOT
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JO
JUT
MJGFUJNF
"CPVU
IBMG
PG
BMM
UIJT
HBT
SFNBJOT
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
UIF
SFTU
JT
BCTPSCFE
JO
UIF
TFB
BOE
DPOTVNFE
CZ
GPSFTU
USFFT %VSJOH
UIF
MBTU
GFX
EFDBEFT
PUIFS
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
BT
XFMM
BT
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
IBWF
CFFO
BDDVNVMBUJOH
OPUJDFBCMZ
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
'PDVT
 
ѮFZ
OPX
DPO USJCVUF
BCPVU
BT
NVDI
UP
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
BT
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
)PXFWFS
JOEVTUSJBM
BOE
WPMDBOJD
FNJTTJPOT
PG
TVMGVS
JO
UIF
GPSN
PG
TNBMM
QBSUJDMFT
DBMMFE
TVMGBUF
BFSPTPMT
NBZ
CF
SFëFDUJOH
TPMBS
SBEJBUJPO
CBDL
JOUP
TQBDF
UIFSFCZ
NBTLJOH
UIF
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
PG
UIFTF
HBTFT
PWFS
TPNF
QBSUT
PG
UIF
&BSUI $MJNBUPMPHJTUT
BSF
UP
QVU
JU
NJMEMZ
DPODFSOFE
BCPVU
UIF
QPTTJCJMJUZ
PG
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
CZ
UIF
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
JG
UIJT
JSSFWFSTJCMF
CVJMEVQ
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
PUIFS
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
DPOUJOVFT
VOBCBUFE
5XP
"NFSJDBO
DIFNJTUT
3PHFS
3FWFMMF
¢
BOE
)BOT
4VFTT
¢


OPUJDFE
UIF
EBOHFS
OFBSMZ
IBMG
B
DFOUVSZ
BHP
TUBUJOH
JO

UIBU %VSJOH
UIF
OFYU
GFX
EFDBEFT
UIF
SBUF
PG
DPNCVTUJPO
PG
GPTTJM
GVFMT
XJMM
DPOUJOVF
UP
JODSFBTF
JG
UIF
GVFM
BOE
QPXFS
SFRVJSFNFOUT
PG
PVS
XPSMEXJEF
JOEVTUSJBM
DJWJMJ[BUJPO
DPOUJOVF
UP
SJTF
FYQPOFOUJBMMZ



ѮVT
IVNBO
CFJOHT
BSF
OPX
DBSSZJOH
PVU
B
MBSHF TDBMF
HFPQIZTJDBM
FYQFSJNFOU
PG
B
LJOE
UIBU
DPVME
OPU
IBWF
IBQQFOFE
JO
UIF
QBTU
OPS
CF
SFQSPEVDFE
JO
UIF
GVUVSF
8JUIJO
B
GFX
DFOUVSJFT
XF
BSF
SFUVSOJOH
UP
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
PDFBOT
UIF
DPODFOUSBUFE
PSHBOJD
DBSCPO
TUPSFE
JO
TFEJNFOUBSZ
SPDLT
PWFS
IVO ESFET
PG
NJMMJPOT
PG
ZFBST

'0$64

/FX
)FBU5SBQQJOH
(BTFT
JO
0VS
"UNPTQIFSF

*ODSFBTFE
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
NBZ
CF
SFTQPOTJCMF
GPS
POMZ
BCPVU
IBMG
UIF
iVOOBUVSBMu
HSFFO IPVTF
FĒFDU
ѮF
PUIFS
IBMG
PG
UIF
XBSNJOH
NBZ
CF
EVF
UP
NFUIBOF
OJUSPVT
PYJEF
BOE
DIMPSPëVPSPDBSCPOT
BCCSFWJBUFE
$'$T -JLF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
UIF
BUNPTQIFSJD
DPO DFOUSBUJPO
PG
NFUIBOF
BMTP
LOPXO
BT
OBUVSBM
HBT
IBT
NPSF
UIBO
EPVCMFE
TJODF
UIF
TUBSU
PG
UIF
JOEVTUSJBM
SFWPMVUJPO
"MUIPVHI
BUNP TQIFSJD
NFUIBOF
SFNBJOT
BCPVU

UJNFT
MFTT
BCVOEBOU
UIBO
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
FBDI
JODSFNFOUBM
NPMFDVMF
PG
NFUIBOF
JT
BCPVU

UJNFT
NPSF
FĒFDUJWF
JO
USBQQJOH
IFBU
UIBO
FBDI
BEEJUJPOBM
NPMFDVMF
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
.FUIBOF
JT
QSPEVDFE
CZ
TPNF
PG
UIF
CBDUFSJB
UIBU
UISJWF
JO
PYZHFOGSFF
QMBDFT
MJLF
TXBNQT
SJDF
QBEEJFT
MBOEêMMT
HBSCBHF
EVNQT
UFSNJUF
DPMPOJFT
BOE
JO
UIF
TUPNBDIT
PG
DPXT
4PNF
NFUIBOF
BMTP
FTDBQFT
GSPN
DPBM
NJOFT
OBUV SBM
HBT
XFMMT
BOE
MFBLZ
QJQFMJOFT
.FUIBOF
JO
TXBNQT
LOPXO
BT
NBSTI
HBT
TPNFUJNFT


JHOJUFT
TQPOUBOFPVTMZ
QSPEVDJOH
ëJDLFSJOH
CMVF
ëBNFT
DBMMFE
XJMMPUIFXJTQT
*U
JT
IBSE
UP
CFMJFWF
CVU
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
&OWJSPONFO UBM
1SPUFDUJPO
"HFODZ
PODF
TQFOU
IBMG
B
NJM MJPO
EPMMBST
UP
êOE
PVU
JG
DBUUMF
CFMDI
FOPVHI
NFUIBOF
UP
DPOUSJCVUF
UP
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH /JUSPVT
PYJEF
PS
MBVHIJOH
HBT
JT
BMTP
CVJMEJOH
VQ
JO
UIF
BJS
BMUIPVHI
OPU
BT
SBQ JEMZ
BT
NFUIBOF
ѮF
DVSSFOU
SBUF
PG
JODSFBTF
JT
BCPVU

QFSDFOU
B
ZFBS
QSJNBSJMZ
BT
UIF
SFTVMU
PG
OJUSPHFOCBTFE
GFSUJMJ[FST
CVU
BMTP
GSPN
CVSOJOH
PG
GPTTJM
GVFMT
JO
DBST
BOE
QPXFS
QMBOUT ѮF
BEEJUJPO
PG
POF
$'$
NPMFDVMF
DBO
IBWF
UIF
TBNF
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
BT
UIF
BEEJ UJPO
PG
 
NPMFDVMFT
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
UP
UIF
QSFTFOU
BUNPTQIFSF
CVU
GPSUVOBUFMZ
UIF
XBSNJOH
FĒFDU
PG
UIFTF
JOEVTUSJBM
DIFNJDBMT
NBZ
TPPO
CF
MFWFMJOH
PĒ
TJODF
UIFZ
IBWF
CFFO
CBOOFE
PO
UIF
CBTJT
PG
UIFJS
P[POFEFTUSPZJOH
DBQBCJMJUZ
$POUSBSZ
UP
QPQVMBS
NJTDPODFQ UJPOT
UIF
UIJOOJOH
PG
UIF
P[POF
MBZFS
EPFT
OPU
CZ
JUTFMG
NBLF
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
IPUUFS





5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




8JUIPVU
SFNFEJBM
BDUJPO
UIF
MFWFMT
PG
BUNPTQIFSJD
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JO
UIJT
DFOUVSZ
XJMM
CFDPNF
UXJDF
UIPTF
PG
UIF
QSFWJPVT
DFOUVSZ
BOE
UIJT
XJMM
FWFOUVBMMZ
SBJTF
UIF
UFN QFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF 4JHOT
PG
(MPCBM
8BSNJOH

ѮF
IFBU
JT
PO
BOE
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BSF
SJTJOH
ѮF
FWJEFODF
DPNFT
GSPN
EJSFDU
NFB TVSFNFOUT
PG
SJTJOH
TVSGBDF
BJS
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE
TVCTVSGBDF
PDFBO
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE
GSPN
QIFOPNFOB
TVDI
BT
SFUSFBUJOH
HMBDJFST
JODSFBTFT
JO
BWFSBHF
HMPCBM
TFB
MFWFMT
BOE
DIBOHFT
UP
NBOZ
QIZTJDBM
BOE
CJPMPHJDBM
TZTUFNT /FBSMZ
FWFSZ
NBKPS
HMBDJFS
JO
UIF
XPSME
JT
TISJOLJOH
BU
BO
BDDFMFSBUJOH
QBDF
GSPN
.POUBOB
UP
"MBTLB
GSPN
UIF
#PMJWJBO
"OEFT
UP
1BUBHPOJB
$IJMF
BOE
GSPN
5JCFU
UP
(SFFOMBOE
4PNF
HMBDJFST
BSF
SFUSFBUJOH
TP
RVJDLMZ
UIBU
UIFZ
XJMM
TISJWFM
VQ
BOE
WBOJTI
JO
B
GFX
EFDBEFT )VHF
HMBDJFST
JO
"OUBSDUJDB
BSF
UIJOOJOH
BOE
JDF
TIFMWFT
UIF
TJ[F
PG
"NFSJDBO
TUBUFT
BSF
FJUIFS
EJTJOUFHSBUJOH
PS
SFUSFBUJOH
BMMPXJOH
UIF
JOMBOE
JDF
UP
JODSFBTF
UIF
QBDF
PG
JUT
NPUJPO
UP
UIF
TFB
"OE
TFB
JDF
JO
UIF
"SDUJD
JT
BMTP
TISJOLJOH
CZ
UXP
IVOESFE
BOE
êѫZ
NJMMJPO
BDSFT
TJODF

BO
BSFB
UIF
TJ[F
PG
$BMJGPSOJB
BOE
5FYBT
DPNCJOFE
ѮF
"SDUJD
TFB
JDF
DPVME
XFMM
EJTBQQFBS
CZ
UIF
FOE
PG
UIF
DFOUVSZ .PTU
PG
UIF
"SDUJD
BOE
OFBSMZ
B
RVBSUFS
PG
UIF
MBOE
JO
UIF
/PSUIFSO
)FNJTQIFSF
BSF
VOEFSMBJO
CZ
GSP[FO
HSPVOE
LOPXO
BT
QFSNBGSPTU
XIJDI
UIF
SJTJOH
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BSF
BMTP
NFMUJOH
VOEFSNJOJOH
TVQQPSU
GPS
SPBET
BOE
CVJMEJOHT
ѮF
TOPX
BOE
JDF
JO
UIF
GSP[FO
HSPVOE
SFëFDU
B
MPU
PG
TVOMJHIU
JO
UFDIOJDBM
UFSNT
UIFZ
IBWF
B
IJHI
BMCFEP
B
-BUJO
XPSE
GPS
iXIJUFOFTTu
8IFO
UIF
XBSNJOH
DMJNBUF
NFMUT
UIF
QFSNBGSPTU
EBSLFS
MFTT
SFëFDUJWF
MBOE
PS
XBUFS
PG
MPX
BMCFEP
JT
FYQPTFE
"OE
CFDBVTF
CBSF
HSPVOE
BOE
TFBXBUFS
BCTPSC
TVOMJHIU
NPSF
FēDJFOUMZ
UIBO
JDF
EPFT
UIF
XBSNJOH
QSPDFTT
UFOET
UP
CF
TFMGSFJOGPSDJOH
XJUI
B
QPTJUJWF
GFFECBDL
HJWJOH
SJTF
UP
GVSUIFS
NFMUJOH
BOE
XBSNJOH
BU
BO
BDDFMFSBUFE
QBDF 3JTJOH
TFBT
QSPWJEF
BEEJUJPOBM
FWJEFODF
GPS
B
IPUUFS
XPSME
"T
UIF
XBUFS
JO
UIF
TFB
HFUT
XBSNFS
JU
FYQBOET
BT
NPTU
TVCTUBODFT
EP
XIFO
IFBUFE
ѮF
TFB
UIFO
BTDFOET
UP
IJHIFS
MFWFMT
JO
NVDI
UIF
TBNF
XBZ
UIBU
IFBUJOH
UIF
ëVJE
JO
B
UIFSNPNFUFS
DBVTFT
UIF
ëVJE
UP
FYQBOE
BOE
SJTF
VQ
ѮJT
JT
CFDBVTF
XBSN
XBUFS
PS
PUIFS
ëVJET
PDDVQZ
B
HSFBUFS
WPMVNF
UIBO
DPME
POFT 3BQJEMZ
TISJOLJOH
HMBDJFST
BSF
BMTP
TJHOJêDBOU
DPOUSJCVUPST
UP
SJTJOH
TFBT
BT
JT
UIF
NFMUJOH
PG
JDF
DPWFSJOH
MBOE
JO
UIF
"SDUJD
BOE
"OUBSDUJDB
#VU
DPOUSBSZ
UP
QPQVMBS
CFMJFG
UIF
NFMUJOH
PG
ëPBUJOH
JDFCFSHT
XJMM
OPU
SBJTF
UIF
MFWFM
PG
UIF
TVSSPVOEJOH
TFB
8IFO
JDF
DVCFT
JO
ZPVS
ESJOL
BU
IPNF
NFMU
UIFZ
TJNJMBSMZ
EP
OPU
DBVTF
BOZ
DIBOHF
JO
JUT
MFWFM
GPS
UIF
NFMUFE
JDF
QSPEVDFT
UIF
TBNF
WPMVNF
PG
XBUFS
UIBU
UIF
JDF
DVCF
EJTQMBDFE $VSSFOU
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
JT
BMTP
TJHOBMFE
CZ
XBSNFS
OJHIUT
BOE
B
TNBMMFS
EJĒFS FODF
CFUXFFO
EBZ
BOE
OJHIU
UFNQFSBUVSFT
4QSJOH
JT
BSSJWJOH
FBSMJFS
UIBO
JU
VTFE
UP
CZ
B
XFFL
PS
TP
BVUVNO
MBTUT
B
XFFL
PS
UXP
MPOHFS
BOE
XF
OPX
IBWF
MPOHFS
IPUUFS
TVN NFST
UIBO
NBOZ
PG
VT
DBO
SFNFNCFS
"OE
UIF
HSPXJOH
TFBTPO
JT
MPOHFS
CFOFêUJOH
CPUI
DSPQT
BOE
XFFET
"OJNBMT
BSF
TIJѫJOH
UIFJS
SBOHFT
QPMFXBSE
CJSET
BSF
OFTUJOH
FBSMJFS
BOE
QMBOUT
BSF
CMPPNJOH
EBZT
BOE
JO
TPNF
DBTFT
XFFLT
FBSMJFS
UIBO
UIFZ
VTFE
UP




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

0UIFS
XBSOJOH
TJHOT
PG
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
JODMVEF
SFDPSE
SBJOGBMMT
BOE
TFWFSF
TOPX TUPSNT
FYUSBPSEJOBSJMZ
EFTUSVDUJWF
IVSSJDBOFT
BOE
UPSOBEPFT
IFBU
XBWFT
VOJRVF
JO
XFBUIFS
BOOBMT
XJEFTQSFBE
ESPVHIUT
BOE
EFWBTUBUJOH
GPSFTU
êSFT
BOE
TPNF
PG
UIF
XPSTU
ëPPET
JO
SFDPSEFE
XFBUIFS
IJTUPSZ 4P
XIZ
JTOU
NPSF
CFJOH
EPOF
UP
DVSUBJM
UIF
POHPJOH
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
0OF
SFBTPO
JT
UIBU
UIF
QSFEJDUJPOT
PG
GVUVSF
DPOTFRVFODFT
BSF
DPNQMJDBUFE
CZ
VODFSUBJO
GBDUPST 6ODFSUBJO
$PNQVUBUJPOT

5P
BTTFTT
UIF
FĒFDUT
PG
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
POF
BTTVNFT
UIBU
UIF
EPNJOBOU
DBVTF
PG
DMJNBUF
DIBOHF
EVSJOH
UIJT
DFOUVSZ
XJMM
CF
UIF
SFMFBTF
PG
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT
JOUP
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
CZ
IVNBOT
BOE
UIBU
UIF
JODSFBTJOH
SBUF
PG
BUNPTQIFSJD
CVJME
VQ
PG
UIF
XBTUF
HBTFT
XJMM
DPOUJOVF
VOBCBUFE
4VQFSDPNQVUFS
NPEFMT
UIFO
FWBMVBUF
BMM
UIF
GBDUPST
UIBU
QVTI
BOE
QVMM
UIF
DMJNBUF
TFUUJOH
UIF
HMPCBM
UIFSNP TUBU
#VU
UIFTF
NPEFMT
PG
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
JOWPMWF
MBSHF
HSJET
UIBU
CMVS
EJTUJODUJPOT
CFUXFFO
MBOE
BOE
TFB
NPVOUBJOT
BOE
QMBJOT
PS
DMPVET
BOE
JDF
BOE
UIFSF
BSF
HSFBU
VODFSUBJOUJFT
EVF
UP
UIF
NBOZ
DMJNBUJD
WBSJBCMFT
BOE
OPOMJOFBS
JOUFSBDUJWF
GFFECBDL
NFDIBOJTNT
UIBU
DBO
FJUIFS
BNQMJGZ
QPTJUJWF
GFFECBDL
PS
SFEVDF
OFHBUJWF
GFFE CBDL
TNBMM
DIBOHFT "O
FYBNQMF
JT
UIF
PDFBO
UFNQFSBUVSF
8BUFS
BCTPSCT
NPSF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
XIFO
JU
JT
DPMEFS
XIJDI
JT
XIZ
ZPV
TIPVME
BMXBZT
LFFQ
B
DBSCPOBUFE
CFWFSBHF
DPME
8IFO
UIF
PDFBOT
HFU
XBSNFS
UIFJS
XBUFST
XJMM
BCTPSC
MFTT
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
MFBWJOH
NPSF
PG
JU
JO
UIF
BJS
TUSFOHUIFOJOH
UIF
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
BOE
GVSUIFS
XBSNJOH
UIF
PDFBOT
JO
B
QPTJ UJWF
GFFECBDL
:FU
B
QSFDJTF
LOPXMFEHF
PG
IPX
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JT
CVSJFE
EFFQ
XJUIJO
UIF
PDFBOT
BOE
IPX
UIF
HBT
JT
SFMFBTFE
GSPN
UIFN
JT
OPU
BWBJMBCMF "O
JODPNQMFUF
LOPXMFEHF
PG
IPX
DMPVET
BĒFDU
UIF
&BSUIT
UFNQFSBUVSF
BMTP
DBVTFT
VODFSUBJOUZ
JO
UIF
XBSNJOH
GPSFDBTUT
"U
BOZ
HJWFO
NPNFOU
DMPVET
OPX
DPWFS
BU
MFBTU
IBMG
UIF
BSFB
PG
UIF
QMBOFU
BOE
JODSFBTFE
XBSNJOH
TIPVME
QSPEVDF
FWFO
NPSF
DMPVET
ѮF
IJHIëZJOH
DMPVET
DBO
DPPM
UIF
QMBOFU
CZ
SFëFDUJOH
NPSF
JODJEFOU
TVOMJHIU
CBDL
JOUP
TQBDF
:PV
NBZ
IBWF
OPUJDFE
UIJT
DPPMJOH
FĒFDU
XIFO
B
MBSHF
DMPVE
QBTTFE
PWFS IFBE
$MPVET
BMTP
QSPEVDF
B
XBSNJOH
FĒFDU
CZ
BCTPSCJOH
TPNF
PG
UIF
JOGSBSFE
IFBU
SBEJBUJPO
FNJUUFE
CZ
UIF
HSPVOE
ѮJT
IFBU
JT
SFSBEJBUFE
EPXOXBSE
LFFQJOH
UIF
QMBOFU
XBSN
ѮBU
BDDPVOUT
GPS
XBSNFS
OJHIUT
PO
B
DMPVEZ
EBZ
ѮF
OFU
UFNQFSBUVSF
FĒFDU
PG
DMPVET
EFQFOET
PO
XIJDI
FĒFDU
EPNJOBUFT
BOE
IPX
TUSPOH
JU
JT
CVU
UIBU
JT
UIF
EJēDVMUZ
GPS
OP
POF
TFFNT
UP
LOPX
GPS
TVSF #FDBVTF
PG
UIF
WBSJPVT
VODFSUBJOUJFT
TDJFOUJTUT
IBWF
UP
HFOFSBUF
B
XJEF
SBOHF
PG
QPTTJCMF
GVUVSFT
TPNF
WFSZ
UISFBUFOJOH
BOE
PUIFST
MFTT
TP
/PU
BMM
PG
UIFTF
PVUDPNFT
BSF
MJLFMZ
UP
CF
USVF
BOE
OPOF
JT
EFêOJUJWF
CVU
QFPQMF
UFOE
UP
MBUDI
POUP
UIPTF
UIBU
êU
UIFJS
QSFDPODFQUJPOT
&TQFDJBMMZ
UIF
FYUSFNJTUT
XIP
DIPPTF
BMBSNJOH
EPPN
BOE
HMPPN
PS
DIFFSGVMMZ
GBWPS
HPPE
UJNFT
GPS
BMM
BU
MFBTU
GPS
OPX #VU
UIFTF
VODFSUBJO
EFUBJMT
TIPVME
OPU
EJTUSBDU
GSPN
UIF
PWFSBMM
HMPCBM
QSPCMFN
*G
DVSSFOU
FNJTTJPOT
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
PUIFS
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT
HP
VODIFDLFE
UIF
JODSFBTFE
IFBU
BOE
WJPMFOU
XFBUIFS
XJMM
ESBTUJDBMMZ
DIBOHF
UIF
DMJNBUF
XF
BSF
VTFE
UP
"OE
PODF
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
TUBZT
UIFSF
GPS
DFOUVSJFT
TP
GVUVSF
HFOFSB UJPOT
XJMM
IBWF
UP
DPOUFOE
XJUI
UIF
DPOTFRVFODFT
PG
PVS
QSFTFOU
BDUJPOT
ѮF
JOWJTJCMF
XBTUF
HBTFT
UIBU
XF
IBWF
BMSFBEZ
EVNQFE
JO
UIF
BJS
XJMM
TMPXMZ
DIBOHF
UIF
DMJNBUF
PG
UIF






5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




&BSUI
SFHBSEMFTT
PG
GVUVSF
BDUJPOT
BOE
TPNFUJNF
JO
UIF
GVUVSF
B
MPU
PG
QFPQMF
NJHIU
CF
GFFMJOH
MJLF
UIF
XPSME
JT
NFMUJOH
EPXO
JO
B
QPPM
PG
TXFBU -JLFMZ
'VUVSF
$POTFRVFODFT
PG
0WFSIFBUJOH
UIF
&BSUI

8IFO
UIF
&BSUI
SFBDIFT
UIF
JOFWJUBCMF
IJHIUFNQFSBUVSF
TUBHF
PVS
MJGF
XJMM
DFSUBJOMZ
CF
DIBOHFE
CVU
UIF
QSFEJDUFE
DPOTFRVFODFT
EFQFOE
PO
IPX
RVJDLMZ
JU
PDDVST
BOE
XIFUIFS
JU
IBQQFOT
BU
UIF
CPUUPN
PS
UPQ
PG
UIF
QSFEJDUFE
SBOHF
PG

UP

LFMWJO
XIFO
UIF
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT
EPVCMF *G
UIF
XBSNJOH
JT
JO
UIF
MPXFS
SBOHF
PG
UIF
QSFEJDUJPO
JU
DPVME
CSJOH
CFOFêUT
*ODSFBTFE
SBJOGBMM
XPVME
NBLF
TPNF
BSFBT
PG
UIF
XPSME
NPSF
GFSUJMF
$SPQT
BOE
QMBOUT
XPVME
CF
FOSJDIFE
BOE
JOWJHPSBUFE
CZ
SJTJOH
DPODFOUSBUJPOT
PG
BUNPTQIFSJD
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
CVU
TPNF
TUVEJFT
TIPX
UIBU
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
QSPNPUFT
UIF
HSPXUI
PG
JOWBTJWF
XFFET
GBS
NPSF
UIBO
JU
TUJNVMBUFT
DSPQT
ѮF
HSPXJOH
TFBTPO
XPVME
MFOHUIFO
JO
UIF
OPSUI
XJUI
MPOHFS
TVNNFST
BOE
TIPSUFS
XJOUFST
BOE
SFTJEFOUT
PG
DJUJFT
MJLF
#PTUPO
XPVME
IBWF
UP
TIPWFM
MFTT
TOPX
BOE
QFSIBQT
HP
TLJJOH
MFTT
PѫFO
ѮF
DBQBDJUZ
PG
IVNBOT
UP
BEBQU
JT
FYUSBPSEJOBSZ
BOE
NPTU
PG
VT
XPVME
QSPCBCMZ
XFMDPNF
B
MJUUMF
NPSF
IFBU
PS
B
NPWF
UP
B
XBSNFS
QMBDF .PSFPWFS
QFPQMF
BMSFBEZ
FYQFSJFODF
FYUSFNFT
PG
UFNQFSBUVSF
HSFBUFS
UIBO
UIBU
PG
BOZ
QSFEJDUFE
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
4FBTPOBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
DIBOHFT
BWFSBHFE
PWFS
UIF
/PSUIFSO
)FNJTQIFSF
CFUXFFO
XJOUFS
BOE
TVNNFS
BSF

LFMWJO
ѮF
BWFSBHF
UFN QFSBUVSF
EJĒFSFOUJBM
CFUXFFO
/FX
:PSL
$JUZ
BOE
"UMBOUB
(FPSHJB
PS
CFUXFFO
1BSJT
BOE
/BQMFT
JT
BT
MBSHF
BT
UIF
NPTU
FYUSFNF
QSFEJDUJPOT
PG
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
BOE
UIFSF
JT
MJUUMF
FWJEFODF
PG
HSFBUFS
SJTL
UP
QFPQMF
XIP
MJWF
JO
UIF
XBSNFS
TPVUIFSO
DMJNBUFT ѮFSF
JT
OFWFSUIFMFTT
B
MPOH
MJTU
PG
QPTTJCMF
DBUBTUSPQIFT
UIBU
NJHIU
CF
DBVTFE
CZ
TJHOJêDBOU
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
ѮF
BTTPDJBUFE
SJTF
JO
TFB
MFWFM
XJMM
ëPPE
DPBTUBM
DJUJFT
IVS SJDBOFT
XIJDI
ESBX
UIFJS
FOFSHZ
GSPN
XBSN
XBUFST
PG
UIF
PDFBO
XJMM
CFDPNF
TUSPOHFS
BOE
XFUUFS
XBUFS
TVQQMJFT
XJMM
CF
SFEVDFE
BOE
GPSFTU
êSFT
XJMM
CFDPNF
NPSF
DPNNPO
NPSF
TQFDJFT
XJMM
CFDPNF
FYUJODU
ESPVHIU
XJMM
CF
JOUFOTJêFE
XJUIJO
UIF
JOUFSJPST
PG
NBOZ
DPOUJOFOUT
UIF
"NFSJDBO
.JEXFTU
NJHIU
CFDPNF
B
DPMPTTBM
EVTU
CPXM
QPXFS
DPNQBOJFT
XJMM
CF
VOBCMF
UP
BJS
DPOEJUJPO
PVS
TXFMUFSJOH
DJUJFT
BOE
FYUSFNF
IFBU
XBWFT
XJMM
DBVTF
HSFBU
IVNBO
TUSFTT
BOE
NPSF
EFBUIT
QBSUJDVMBSMZ
BNPOH
UIF
QPPS
FMEFSMZ
BOE
XFBL
PS
UIPTF
XJUI
DBSEJPWBTDVMBS
BOE
SFTQJSBUPSZ
EJTFBTF .PSF
UIBO
B
IVOESFE
NJMMJPO
QFPQMF
XPSMEXJEF
MJWF
XJUIJO
B
NFUFS
PG
NFBO
TFB
MFWFM
"OE
XIFO
BMM
UIF
XPSMET
HMBDJFST
FYQFSJFODF
DPNQMFUF
NFMUEPXO
JO
BCPVU

ZFBST
PS
MFTT
BU
UIF
QSFTFOU
SBUF
BMM
PG
UIFTF
QFPQMF
XJMM
IBWF
UIFJS
IPNFT
EFTUSPZFE
4PNF
PG
UIF
QPPSFTU
SFHJPOT
PO
&BSUI
XJMM
CF
IJU
IBSEFTU
TVDI
BT
EFOTFMZ
QPQVMBUFE
#BOHMBEFTI
ѮF
SFTVMUBOU
ëPPEJOH
XJMM
EJTSVQU
NBKPS
DJUJFT
MJLF
#BOHLPL
#PTUPO
/FX
:PSL
$JUZ
4IBOHIBJ
BOE
5PLZP
7FOJDF
BOE
"MFYBOESJB
XJMM
CF
JOVOEBUFE
"OE
SFTJ EFOUT
PG
4PVUI
'MPSJEB
XJMM
OPU
IBWF
UP
XPSSZ
BCPVU
UIF
TXFMUFSJOH
IFBU
UIFJS
IPNFT
XJMM
CF
ëPPEFE
XJUI
TFBXBUFS ѮF
CPVOEBSZ
CFUXFFO
TBMU
XBUFS
BOE
GSFTI
XBUFS
BU
UIF
NPVUIT
PG
SJWFST
XJMM
NPWF
TFWFSBM
LJMPNFUFST
JOMBOE
TP
UIF
/JMF
:BOHU[F
.FLPOH
BOE
.JTTJTTJQQJ
EFMUBT
BSF
BMM
BU
SJTL
*TMBOE
OBUJPOT
XJMM
TVĒFS
TFWFSF
DPBTUBM
ëPPEJOH
PS
EJTBQQFBS
BMUPHFUIFS
VOEFS
UIF
SJTJOH
XBUFST
UIFZ
JODMVEF
$ZQSVT
BOE
.BMUB
JO
UIF
.FEJUFSSBOFBO
NBOZ
PG
UIF
$BSJCCFBO
JTMBOET
BOE
TFWFSBM
"SDIJQFMBHPT
BSPVOE
UIF
1BDJêD
0DFBO




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

&WFO
B
NPEFTU
SJTF
JO
TFB
MFWFM
XJMM
XJQF
NBOZ
PG
UIF
XPSMET
CFBDIFT
PVU
PG
FYJT UFODF
'MPPEJOH
JTOU
UIF
QSPCMFN
JUT
UIF
SFNPWBM
PG
TBOE
CZ
XBWFT
+VTU
B
NFUFS
SJTF
JO
TFB
MFWFM
XJMM
DSFBUF
XBWF
BDUJPO
UIBU
FSPEFT
BXBZ
VQ
UP

NFUFST
PG
IPSJ[POUBM
TBOEZ
CFBDI
TIPSFMJOF
4P
QFPQMF
XIP
MJWF
CZ
UIF
TFBTIPSF
PO
$BSJCCFBO
JTMBOET
IBE
CFUUFS
TFMM
UIFJS
IPNFT
CFGPSF
UIFZ
EJF
GPS
UIFJS
HSBOEDIJMESFO
DBO
GPSHFU
QMFBTBOU
XJOUFS
WBDBUJPOT
UIFSF "MUIPVHI
UIF
NPTU
TFWFSF
DPOTFRVFODFT
PG
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
BSF
OPU
MJLFMZ
UP
CF
OPUJDFE
CZ
ZPV
PS
ZPVS
DIJMESFO
XFWF
BMSFBEZ
JOJUJBUFE
DIBOHFT
UIBU
XJMM
BĒFDU
GVUVSF
HFOFSBUJPOT
/P
NBUUFS
XIBU
XF
EP
BCPVU
EVNQJOH
JODSFBTJOH
BNPVOUT
PG
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBT
JOUP
UIF
BJS
HMPCBM
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE
UIF
TFB
MFWFM
XJMM
DPOUJOVF
UP
SJTF
GPS
NBOZ
EFDBEFT
UP
DPNF
PXJOH
UP
UIF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BMSFBEZ
DJSDVMBUJOH
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
UIF
DPOTJEFSBCMF
JOFSUJB
PG
UIF
DMJNBUF
TZTUFN &WFO
JG
XPSMEXJEF
FNJTTJPO
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
XFSF
DBQQFE
BU
UPEBZT
BNPVOUT
JUT
DPODFOUSBUJPOT
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
XPVME
DPOUJOVF
UP
JODSFBTF
"OE
JG
XF
TUPQQFE
CVSO JOH
GPTTJM
GVFMT
BMUPHFUIFS
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
XPVME
OPU
JNNFEJBUFMZ
SFDPWFS
ѮF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BMSFBEZ
SFMFBTFE
JO
UIF
BJS
XJMM
TUBZ
UIFSF
GPS
BU
MFBTU
B
DFOUVSZ
BOE
UIFSF
JT
B
CVJMU
JO
EFMBZ
CFGPSF
UIF
GVMM
JNQBDU
PG
BUNPTQIFSJD
DIBOHFT
UIBU
IBWF
BMSFBEZ
TUBSUFE
ѮJT
JT
CFDBVTF
IFBUJOH
UIF
PDFBOT
XIJDI
SFRVJSFT
USFNFOEPVT
BNPVOUT
PG
FOFSHZ
JOWPMWFT
B
MPU
PG
UIFSNBM
JOFSUJB .PTU
TDJFOUJTUT
UIFSFGPSF
TVQQPSU
QSVEFOU
TUFQT
UP
DVSC
UIF
DPOUJOVFE
CVJMEVQ
PG
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
FWFO
BTTFSUJOH
UIBU
UIF
FWJEFODF
XBSSBOUT
B
TFOTF
PG
VSHFODZ %PJOH
4PNFUIJOH
"CPVU
(MPCBM
8BSNJOH

ѮF
NBKPSJUZ
PG
TDJFOUJTUT
BSF
OPX
JO
BHSFFNFOU
UIBU
XF
PVHIU
UP
EP
TPNFUIJOH
UP
DVS UBJM
IVNBO
FNJTTJPOT
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
PUIFS
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
0O

+VOF

GPS
FYBNQMF
UIF
XPSMET
NPTU
JOëVFOUJBM
TDJFOUJêD
BDBEFNJFT
XBSOFE
XPSME
MFBEFST
UIBU
UIFZ
DBO
OP
MPOHFS
JHOPSF
UIF
iDMFBS
BOE
JODSFBTJOHu
UISFBU
QPTFE
CZ
HMPCBM
XBSN JOH
BOE
UIBU
iUIF
TDJFOUJêD
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
DMJNBUF
DIBOHF
JT
OPX
TVēDJFOUMZ
DMFBS
UP
KVTUJGZ
OBUJPOT
UBLJOH
QSPNQU
BDUJPOu
ѮF
VOQSFDFEFOUFE
KPJOU
TUBUFNFOU
JODMVEFE
UIF
IFBET
PG
UIF
TDJFOUJêD
BDBEFNJFT
PG
#SB[JM
$BOBEB
$IJOB
'SBODF
(FSNBOZ
*OEJB
*UBMZ
+BQBO
3VTTJB
UIF
6OJUFE
,JOHEPN
BOE
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT *O
DPOUSBTU
UIF
QPMJUJDBM
FTUBCMJTINFOU
JO
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
IBT
SFQFBUFEMZ
EFTDSJCFE
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
BT
B
NBUUFS
PG
POHPJOH
TDJFOUJêD
EFCBUF
TUBUJOH
UIBU
XF
DBOOPU
TBZ
XJUI
BOZ
DFSUBJOUZ
XIBU
DPOTUJUVUFT
B
EBOHFSPVT
MFWFM
PG
XBSNJOH
BOE
UIFSFGPSF
XIBU
MFWFM
NVTU
CF
BWPJEFE
'PS
NBOZ
ZFBST
1SFTJEFOU
(FPSHF
8
#VTI
¢

FNQIBTJ[FE
VODFSUBJOUJFT
BCPVU
UIF
SFMBUJPOTIJQ
CFUXFFO
SJTJOH
HMPCBM
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE
SJTJOH
DPODFOUSBUJPOT
PG
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
"
8IJUF
)PVTF
PēDJBM
XJUI
GPSNFS
UJFT
UP
UIF
PJM
JOEVTUSZ
IBT
FWFO
FEJUFE
DMJNBUF
SFTFBSDI
SFQPSUT
UP
QMBZ
EPXO
UIF
MJOLT
CFUXFFO
TVDI
FNJTTJPOT
BOE
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
JODMVEJOH
SFNPWBM
BOE
BEKVTUNFOUT
PG
TUBUFNFOUT
BMSFBEZ
BQQSPWFE
CZ
UIF
HPWFSONFOU
TDJFOUJTUT
BOE
UIFJS
TVQFSWJTPST 4FOBUPS
+BNFT
.
*OIPGF
¢

PG
0LMBIPNB
IBT
CFFO
FWFO
NPSF
PVUTQPLFO
JO
IJT
DSJUJDJTN
DBMMJOH
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
iUIF
HSFBUFTU
IPBY
FWFS
QFSQFUVBUFE
PO
UIF
"NFSJDBO
QFPQMFu
*O

BU
BCPVU
UIF
TBNF
UJNF
UIBU
TDJFOUJêD
MFBEFST
XFSF
DBMMJOH
GPS
VSHFOU
BDUJPO
UP
BWFSU
GVSUIFS
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
*OIPGF
XBT
DJUJOH
OFX
FWJEFODF
UIBU
iNBLFT
B
NPDLFSZu
PG
UIF
OPUJPO
UIBU
IVNBOJOEVDFE
XBSNJOH
JT
PDDVSSJOH
*O
TVQQPSU



5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF







PG
IJT
DMBJNT
UIF
4FOBUPS
SFQFBUFEMZ
DJUFE
UIF
êDUJPO
XSJUFS
.JDIBFM
$SJDIUPO
¢



XIPTF
OPWFM
4UBUF
PG
'FBS
VTFT
DIBSUT
BOE
SFGFSFODFT
UP
BSHVF
UIBU
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
JT
B
TDJFOUJêD
EFMVTJPO
*OIPGF
DIBJST
UIF
4FOBUFT
&OWJSPONFOU
BOE
1VCMJD
8PSLT
$PNNJU UFF
XIJDI
PWFSTFFT
MFHJTMBUJPO
DPODFSOJOH
FNJTTJPOT
PG
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT
BOE
PODF
UIF
WPUJOH
QVCMJD
JT
QFSTVBEFE
UIBU
UIFSF
JT
OP
TDJFOUJêD
DPOTFOTVT
BCPVU
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
NBOEBUFT
GPS
MJNJUT
NBZ
CFDPNF
WFSZ
EJēDVMU
UP
MFHJTMBUF
JO
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT *O
DPOUSBTU
NBOZ
PUIFS
JOEVTUSJBM
DPVOUSJFT
IBWF
OPX
FOEPSTFE
UIF
,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM
BHSFFJOH
UP
MFHBMMZ
CJOEJOH
MJNJUT
UP
UIF
FNJTTJPO
PG
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
'PDVT
  '0$64

5IF
,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM

*O
%FDFNCFS

BU
BO
*OUFSOBUJPOBM
$MJNBUF
4VNNJU
JO
UIF
BODJFOU
+BQBOFTF
DBQJUBM
PG
,ZPUP
NPSF
UIBO

OBUJPOT
BHSFFE
UP
SFEVDF
UIF
FNJTTJPOT
PG
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
UIBU
DBO
XBSN
UIF
QMBOFU
,OPXO
BT
ѮF
,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM
UP
UIF
6OJUFE
/BUJPOT
'SBNFXPSL
$POWFOUJPO
PO
$MJNBUF
$IBOHF
PS
KVTU
UIF
,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM
GPS
TIPSU
UIF
BHSFFNFOU
DBMMT
GPS
NBOEBUPSZ
SFEVDUJPOT
JO
UIF
FNJTTJPOT
PG
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT
TVDI
BT
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
NFUIBOF
CZ
JOEVTUSJBMJ[FE
OBUJPOT *O
PSEFS
GPS
UIF
QSPUPDPM
UP
UBLF
FĒFDU
JU
IBE
UP
CF
BQQSPWFE
CZ
DPVOUSJFT
SFTQPO TJCMF
GPS
BU
MFBTU

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
JOEVTUSJBM J[FE
XPSMET

FNJTTJPOT
MJOLFE
UP
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
4JODF
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
XJUIESFX
GSPN
UIF
OFHPUJBUJPOT
BOE
CZ
JUTFMG
BDDPVOUT
GPS

QFSDFOU
PG

FNJTTJPOT
JU
MPPLFE
GPS
NBOZ
ZFBST
MJLF
UIF
USFBUZ
XPVME
OFWFS
CF
JNQMFNFOUFE
#VU
#SJUBJO
$BOBEB
'SBODF
(FSNBOZ
*UBMZ
BOE
+BQBO
BMM
TJHOFE
PO
BOE
JO

UIF
UISFTIPME
XBT
DSPTTFE
XIFO
3VT TJB
XJUI

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF

FNJTTJPOT
SBUJêFE
UIF
USFBUZ
8JUI
UIF
DPMMBQTF
PG
$PN NVOJTN
UIF
3VTTJBO
FDPOPNZ
IBE
DPMMBQTFE
BOE
UIF
DPVOUSZT
HBT
FNJTTJPOT
GFMM
GBS
CFMPX

MFWFMT
BOZXBZ ѮF
USFBUZ
XIJDI
CFHBO
PO

'FCSVBSZ

BOE
FYQJSFT
JO

DPNNJUT
JOEVTUSJ BMJ[FE
DPVOUSJFT
UIBU
TJHOFE
UIF
BHSFFNFOU
UP
SFEVDF
FNJTTJPOT
PG
TJY
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT
JODMVEJOH
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
CZ

UP
BO
BWFS BHF
PG

QFSDFOU
CFMPX
FNJTTJPO
MFWFMT
JO

%JĒFSFOU
OBUJPOT
IBWF
TMJHIUMZ
EJĒFSFOU
PCMJHBUJPOT
UIF
SFEVDUJPO
PG
UIF
&VSPQFBO


6OJPO
OBUJPOT
JT
TFU
BU

QFSDFOU
BOE
+BQBO
BU

QFSDFOU
CFMPX

MFWFMT
*OEVTUSJBMJ[FE
OBUJPOT
DBO
BMTP
NFFU
UIFJS
UBSHFUT
JO
QBSU
CZ
CVZJOH
PS
TFMMJOH
FNJTTJPO
DSFEJUT
XJUI
PUIFS
DPVOUSJFT
PS
CZ
JOWFTUJOH
JO
iDMFBO
EFWFMPQ NFOUu
QSPKFDUT
JO
PUIFS
OBUJPOT %FWFMPQJOH
DPVOUSJFT
BSF
FYFNQU
GSPN
UIF
BHSFFNFOU
4VDI
B
SJDIQPPS
iUXPXPSMEu
EJĒFSFODF
XBT
FNQMPZFE
TVDDFTTGVMMZ
JO
UIF
.POUSFBM
1SPUPDPM
GPS
DVSUBJMJOH
UIF
QSPEVD UJPO
PG
P[POFEFTUSPZJOH
DIFNJDBMT
"OE
GPS
UIF
,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM
JU
XBT
EFGFOEFE
CZ
UIF
GBDU
UIBU
UIF
BWFSBHF
QFSTPO
JO
UIF
SJDI
JOEVTUSJBM
DPVOUSJFT
FBUT
NPSF
GPPE
DPOTVNFT
NPSF
FOFSHZ
BOE
QPMMVUFT
UIF
BJS
NPSF
UIBO
UIF
BWFSBHF
QFSTPO
JO
QPPS
EFWFMPQJOH
DPVOUSJFT
"OE
UIF
JOEVTUSJBM
DPVOUSJFT
JU
JT
BSHVFE
CFDBNF
SJDI
MBSHFMZ
CZ
CVSOJOH
DPBM
BOE
PJM
GPS
BCPVU
UXP
IVOESFE
ZFBST
QSPEVDJOH
NPTU
PG
UIF
IFBUUSBQQJOH
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
UIBU
JT
OPX
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
4P
UIF
QPPSFS
OBUJPOT
TBZ
JU
JT
POMZ
SJHIU
UIBU
UIF
XFBMUIZ
DPVOUSJFT
CF
UIF
POFT
UP
DVU
CBDL
PO
UIFJS
FNJTTJPOT
XIJMF
UIF
QPPSFS
FDPOPNJFT
HSPX
FTQFDJBMMZ
TJODF
TVDI
HSPXUI
JT
OFFEFE
GPS
UIF
WFSZ
TVSWJWBM
PG
UIFJS
QFPQMF #VU
UIF
,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM
XJMM
OPU
CZ
JUTFMG
TPMWF
UIF
QSPCMFN
ѮF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
IBT
OPU
TJHOFE
JU
"OE
KVTU
CFUXFFO

BOE

UIF
DBSCPOEJPYJEF
FNJTTJPOT
PG
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
JODSFBTFE
CZ
NPSF
UIBU
UIF
DPNCJOFE
DVU
PG
UIF
FNJTTJPOT
UIBU
XJMM
CF
BDIJFWFE
XIFO
BMM
BHSFFJOH
DPVOUSJFT
IJU
UIF
,ZPUP
1SP UPDPM
UBSHFUT
4P
UIF
BHSFFNFOU
DBO
KVTU
TFSWF
BT
B
IPQFGVM
CFHJOOJOH
QFSIBQT
B
GSBNFXPSL
GPS
GVUVSF
JOUFSOBUJPOBM
USFBUJFT
UIBU
FĒFDUJWFMZ
DVSUBJM
UIF
FNJTTJPOT
PG
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

ѮF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
XIJDI
EJE
OPU
TJHO
UIF
,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM
BOE
JT
OPU
BĒFDUFE
CZ
UIF
USFBUZ
IBT
CFFO
DBTU
BT
UIF
XFBMUIZ
WJMMBJO
UIF
NPTU
HSFFEZ
TFMêTI
BOE
JSSFTQPOTJCMF
PG
BMM
*U
IBT
UIF
XPSMET
CJHHFTU
FDPOPNZ
BOE
JT
CZ
GBS
UIF
CJHHFTU
TJOHMF
QSPEVDFS
PG
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
CPUI
JO
UPUBM
PVUQVU
BOE
PO
B
QFS
DBQJUB
CBTJT
DPOUSJCVUJOH
BCPVU

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
UPUBM
FNJTTJPOT
XJUI
KVTU

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
XPSMET
QPQVMB UJPO
*O
B
ZFBS
UIF
BWFSBHF
"NFSJDBO
QSPEVDFT
UIF
TBNF
HSFFOIPVTF
HBT
FNJTTJPOT
BT
UXP
&VSPQFBOT
PS
GPVS
BOE
B
IBMG
.FYJDBOT
PS
UFO
UP
êѫFFO
$IJOFTF
PS
*OEJBOT
PS
OJOFUZOJOF
#BOHMBEFTIJT
8IZ
UIF
QPPS
OBUJPOT
BSHVF
TIPVME
BOZPOF
IBWF
UIF
SJHIU
UP
QPMMVUF
UIF
XPSME
NPSF
UIBO
BOZPOF
FMTF #VU
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
DPOUJOVFT
UP
êOE
UIF
,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM
VOBDDFQUBCMF
CFDBVTF
JU
VOGBJSMZ
SFRVJSFT
POMZ
UIF
JOEVTUSJBMJ[FE
DPVOUSJFT
UP
DVU
FNJTTJPOT
ѮFZ
JOTJTU
UIBU
XBSNJOH
JT
PG
HMPCBM
DPODFSO
TJODF
FNJTTJPOT
GSPN
BOZ
DPVOUSZ
RVJDLMZ
FOUFS
UIF
BUNP TQIFSF
BOE
TQSFBE
BDSPTT
UIF
FOUJSF
XPSME
"MM
DPVOUSJFT
UIFZ
BSHVF
NVTU
TIBSF
JO
UIF
TPMVUJPO
QBSUJDVMBSMZ
TJODF
TPNF
PG
UIF
EFWFMPQJOH
DPVOUSJFT
FNJTTJPOT
BSF
FYQFDUFE
UP
TVSQBTT
FWFO
UIF
VOSFTUSBJOFE
FNJTTJPOT
PG
UIF
SJDIFS
OBUJPOT
JO
B
GFX
EFDBEFT
$IJOB
GPS
FYBNQMF
JT
OPU
CPVOE
CZ
UIF
USFBUZ
SFTUSJDUJPOT
CVU
JU
JT
SBQJEMZ
JODSFBTJOH
JUT
DPO TVNQUJPO
PG
DPBM
BOE
PJM
BOE
JT
FYQFDUFE
UP
PWFSUBLF
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
BT
UIF
XPSMET
MBSHFTU
DBSCPOEJPYJEF
FNJUUFS
BSPVOE
UIF
ZFBS

.PSFPWFS
UIF
,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM
XJMM
OPU
DVSUBJM
UIF
UPUBM
FNJTTJPOT
PG
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT
TJODF
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
BOE
$IJOB
BSF
OPU
QBSUJDJQBUJOH 1SFWFOUJWF
MFHJTMBUJPO
JO
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
NJHIU
IBNQFS
FDPOPNJD
HSPXUI
BOE
JOUFSGFSF
XJUI
UIF
GSFF
NBSLFU
/P
POF
IBT
ZFU
GPVOE
B
DIFBQ
TVCTUJUVUF
GPS
DPBM
BOE
PJM
TP
TUBHHFSJOH
DPTUT
PG
USJMMJPOT
PG
EPMMBST
BSF
GPSFTFFO
JG
BMUFSOBUF
FOFSHZ
TPVSDFT
BSF
VTFE
UP
DVSC
UIF
FNJTTJPO
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
ѮF
BWFSBHF
"NFSJDBO
JT
OPU
BCPVU
UP
HJWF
VQ
IJT
PS
IFS
DPNGPSUBCMF
MJGF
TUZMF
GPS
BO
VODFSUBJO
GVUVSF
PS
UP
QBZ
UIF
FTUJNBUFE
UIPVTBOET
PG
EPMMBST
PG
BOOVBM
DPTUT
QFS
GBNJMZ
UP
JNQMFNFOU
UIF
,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM
JO
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
"OE
UIF
UZQJDBM
"TJBO
JT
OPU
BCPVU
UP
DPOEPOF
SFTUSBJOUT
UIBU
NJHIU
TMPX
IJT
DPVOUSZT
HSPXUI
KVTU
UP
GFFE
BO
"NFSJDBOT
JOTBUJBCMF
BQQFUJUF 4UBUF
BOE
OBUJPOBM
HPWFSONFOUT
DBO
OFWFSUIFMFTT
CMVOU
GVUVSF
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
CZ
TFUUJOH
DBSCPOEJPYJEF
FNJTTJPO
MJNJUT
PO
DBST
ѮFZ
DBO
BEPQU
FOFSHZ
QPMJDJFT
UIBU
TIJѫ
GSPN
DPBM
BOE
PJM
UP
HBT
BOE
FWFOUVBMMZ
UP
XJOE
XBUFS
TPMBS
PS
OVDMFBS
QPXFS
$PVOUSJFT
DBO
BWPJE
UIF
DMFBSJOH
PG
UIFJS
GPSFTUT
BOE
QMBOU
B
MPU
NPSF
USFFT
BOE
GBSNFST
DBO
VTF
QMBOUT
UP
QVMM
DBSCPO
PVU
PG
UIF
BJS
XIJMF
OPU
QMPXJOH
UIF
TPJM
XIJDI
SFMFBTFT
UIF
DBSCPO
CBDL
JOUP
UIF
BJS
#Z
QSPUFDUJOH
FYJTUJOH
GPSFTUT
BOE
QMBOUJOH
OFX
POFT
PS
CZ
QSBDUJDJOH
OPUJMM
GBSNJOH
DPVOUSJFT
NJHIU
PĒTFU
VQ
UP

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
FYQFDUFE
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
CVJME
VQ
EVSJOH
UIJT
DFOUVSZ 8IJMF
XBJUJOH
GPS
UIF
OFYU
HPWFSONFOUBM
BDUJPO
JOEJWJEVBMT
DBO
UBLF
TUFQT
UP
IFMQ
ѮFZ
DBO
SFEVDF
UIFJS
DPOTVNQUJPO
PG
DPBM
PJM
PS
OBUVSBM
HBT
UIBU
FMFDUSJGZ
BOE
IFBU
UIFJS
IPNFT
PēDFT
BOE
TDIPPMT
QPXFS
UIFJS
WFIJDMFT
BOE
GVFM
UIFJS
GBDUPSJFT
0SEJOBSZ
QFPQMF
DBO
VTF
FOFSHZFēDJFOU
BQQMJBODFT
SFEVDF
UIFJS
EBJMZ
FMFDUSJDJUZ
VTF
ESJWF
UIFJS
DBST
MFTT
BOE
JOTVMBUF
UIFJS
CVJMEJOHT $BST
BDDPVOU
GPS
BCPVU

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
XPSMET
UPUBM
DBSCPOEJPYJEF
FNJTTJPO
"
TQPSUT
VUJMJUZ
WFIJDMF
FNJUT
UXJDF
BT
NVDI
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BT
NPTU
PUIFS
DBST
BOE
TP
EPFT
B
QJDLVQ
USVDL
4P
FWFSZPOF
TIPVME
BWPJE
UIF
HBTHV[[MJOH
DBST
CVZ
GFXFS
DBST
SFEVDF
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
DBST
QFS
GBNJMZ
BOE
JODSFBTF
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
QBTTFOHFST
JO
FWFSZ






5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




DBS
1FPQMF
TIPVME
TUBSU
VTJOH
B
IZCSJE
DBS
UIBU
DPNCJOFT
JOUFSOBM
DPNCVTUJPO
XJUI
CBU UFSZ
QPXFS
PS
CFUUFS
ZFU
SJEF
B
CJDZDMF
UP
XPSL "OE
JG
HPWFSONFOU
BOE
JOEJWJEVBM
BDUJPO
EPFTOU
TPMWF
UIF
HMPCBMXBSNJOH
QSPC MFN
OBUVSF
XJMM
*O
QFSIBQT

ZFBST
PS
FWFO
MFTT
XF
XJMM
DPNQMFUFMZ
FYIBVTU
PJM
TVQ QMJFT
BOE
UIF
FOUJSF
XPSME
XJMM
SVO
PVU
PG
HBT
0ODF
UIBU
IBQQFOT
UIF
&BSUIT
DMJNBUF
TIPVME
DPPM
HSBEVBMMZ
BT
UIF
EFFQ
PDFBO
XBUFST
TMPXMZ
BCTPSC
UIF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
QVNQFE
JOUP
UIF
BJS
EVSJOH
UIF
DVSSFOU
GSFOFUJD
QVMTF
PG
BDUJWJUZ
ѮFO
B
MPOHPWFSEVF
JDF
BHF
NJHIU
CF
PO
JUT
XBZ 
5)&
*$&
*4
$0.*/( %VSJOH
UIF
QBTU
UXP
NJMMJPO
ZFBST
IVHF
JDF
TIFFUT
IBWF
BEWBODFE
BDSPTT
UIF
/PSUIFSO
)FNJTQIFSF
BOE
SFUSFBUFE
BHBJO
NPSF
UIBO
UXFOUZ
UJNFT
ѮF
HSFBU
FYUFOEFE
JDF
TIFFUT
MBTU
SPVHIMZ
 
ZFBST
LFFQJOH
UIF
DMJNBUF
DPME
BOE
UIF
TFB
MFWFM
MPX
ѮF
XBSN
QFSJPET
UIBU
QVODUVBUF
UIF
DPME
TQFMMT
IBWF
CFFO
FYDFQUJPOBM
FBDI
MBTUJOH
SPVHIMZ
 
ZFBST
ѮFJS
TDJFOUJêD
OBNF
UIF
JOUFSHMBDJBMT
SFëFDUT
UIFJS
VOVTVBM
OBUVSF ѮF
NPTU
SFDFOU
BEWBODF
DBMMFE
UIF
8JTDPOTJO
TUBSUFE
BCPVU
 
ZFBST
BHP
JO
$BOBEB
4DBOEJOBWJB
BOE
4JCFSJB
#Z
UIF
UJNF
UIF
JDF
IBE
TQSFBE
UP
JUT
NBYJ NVN
TPVUIFSO
FYUFOU
NPTU
PG
OPSUIFSO
&VSPQF
/FX
&OHMBOE
BOE
UIF
.JEXFTUFSO
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
XFSF
CVSJFE
VOEFS
JDF
B
LJMPNFUFS
UIJDL
ѮF
TFB
MFWFM
IBE
GBMMFO
UP
BCPVU

NFUFST
MPXFS
UIBO
JU
JT
UPEBZ
BOE
JU
XPVME
IBWF
CFFO
QPTTJCMF
UP
XBML
GSPN
&OHMBOE
UP
'SBODF
GSPN
4JCFSJB
UP
"MBTLB
BOE
GSPN
/FX
(VJOFB
UP
"VTUSBMJB ѮF
QSFTFOU
JOUFSHMBDJBM
DBMMFE
UIF
)PMPDFOF
CFHBO
BCPVU
 
ZFBST
BHP
XIFO
UIF
XPSME
CFDBNF
XBSNFS
BOE
XFUUFS
BCPVU
LFMWJO
XBSNFS
PO
BWFSBHF
ѮF
JDF
TIFFUT
NFMUFE
BOE
TISBOL
CBDL
UP
UIFJS
QSFTFOUEBZ
DPOêHVSBUJPOT
MFBWJOH
POMZ
UIF
HMBDJBM
JDF
JO
(SFFOMBOE
BOE
QBSUT
PG
BSDUJD
$BOBEB
BT
XFMM
BT
UIF
NBTTJWF
JDF
TIFFUT
PG
"OUBSDUJDB
BOE
UIF
TFB
MFWFM
SPTF
SBQJEMZ
BSPVOE
UIF
XPSME ѮJT
XBSN
TQFMM
FOBCMFE
DJWJMJ[BUJPO
UP
ëPVSJTI
"HSJDVMUVSF
BOE
UFDIOPMPHZ
XFSF
EFWFMPQFE
"OE
EVSJOH
BMM
UIBU
UJNF
QPQVMBUJPOT
HSFX
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
XPSME ѮF
QPOEFSPVT
FCC
BOE
ëPX
PG
UIF
HSFBU
DPOUJOFOUBM
HMBDJFST
BSF
BĒFDUFE
CZ
UISFF
BTUSPOPNJDBM
SIZUINT
UIBU
TMPXMZ
BMUFS
UIF
EJTUBODFT
BOE
BOHMFT
BU
XIJDI
TVOMJHIU
TUSJLFT
UIF
&BSUI
'JH
 
ѮFZ
BSF
TPNFUJNFT
DBMMFE
UIF
.JMBOLPWJUDI
DZDMFT
BѫFS
UIF
4FSCJBO
FOHJOFFS
.JMVUJO
.JMBOLPWJUDI
¢
XIP
EFTDSJCFE
IPX
WBSJB UJPOT
JO
UIF
QMBOFUT
PSCJU
XPCCMF
BOE
UJMU
DPVME
JOëVFODF
UIF
QBUUFSO
PG
JODPNJOH
TPMBS
SBEJBUJPO
BU
EJĒFSFOU
MPDBUJPOT
PO
UIF
HMPCF
+PTFQI
"MQIPOTF
"EIÊNBS
¢


B
'SFODI
NBUIFNBUJDJBO
QSFWJPVTMZ
TVHHFTUFE
JO

UIBU
UIF
JDF
BHFT
NJHIU
CF
EVF
UP
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
XBZ
UIF
&BSUI
NPWFT
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
BOE
+BNFT
$SPMM
¢


B
TFMGUBVHIU
4DPUTNBO
UPPL
VQ
UIF
JEFB
JO
HSFBUFS
EFUBJM
JO

TIPXJOH
IPX
MPOH
QFSJPEJD
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
NJHIU
DIBOHF
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
DMJNBUF
#VU
UIF
UIFPSZ
SFDFJWFE
JUT
GVMMFTU
NBUIFNBUJDBM
EFWFMPQNFOU
GSPN

UP

CZ
.JMBOLPWJUDI
 ѮF
TIPSUFTU
BTUSPOPNJDBM
SIZUIN
JT
B
QFSJPEJD
XPCCMF
PS
QSFDFTTJPO
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
SPUBUJPO
BYJT
UIBU
JT
SFQFBUFE
JO
QFSJPET
PG
 
ZFBST
*U
EFUFSNJOFT
XIFUIFS
UIF
TFBTPOT
JO
B
HJWFO
IFNJTQIFSF
BSF
FOIBODFE
PS
XFBLFOFE
CZ
PSCJUBM
WBSJBUJPOT
"
MPOHFS
QFSJPEJD
WBSJBUJPO
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
BYJBM
UJMU
GSPN

EFHSFFT
UP

EFHSFFT
BOE





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 !STRONOMICALCYCLESCAUSETHEICEAGES4HEADVANCEANDRETREATOFGLACIERSARE CONTROLLEDBYCHANGESINTHE%ARTHSORBITALSHAPEORECCENTRICITY ANDVARIATIONSINITSAXIALTILT ANDWOBBLE4HEYALTERTHEANGLESANDDISTANCESFROMWHICHSOLARRADIATIONREACHES%ARTH AND THEREFORECHANGETHEAMOUNTANDDISTRIBUTIONOFSUNLIGHTONOURPLANET4HEGLOBALEBBANDmOW OFICEISINFERREDFROMTHEPRESENCEOFLIGHTERANDHEAVIERFORMSOFOXYGEN CALLEDISOTOPES IN THEFOSSILIZEDSHELLSOFTINYMARINEANIMALSFOUNDINDEEP SEASEDIMENTS$URINGGLACIATIONS THE SHELLSAREENRICHEDWITHOXYGEN BECAUSEOXYGEN  ALIGHTERFORM ISTRAPPEDINGLACIALICE 4HERELATIVEABUNDANCEOFOXYGEN ANDOXYGEN UPQ ISCOMPAREDWITHPERIODIC  YEARVARIATIONSINTHETILTOFTHE%ARTHSAXISNJEEMF ANDINTHESHAPE ORECCENTRICITYnLONGER   YEARVARIATION ANDWOBBLE ORPRECESSION OFTHE%ARTHSROTATIONAXISnSHORTER  YEARVARIATIONCPUUPN 





5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




CBDL
BHBJO
PDDVST
FWFSZ
 
ZFBST
*U
JT
DVSSFOUMZ

EFHSFFT
BOE
BDDPVOUT
GPS
PVS
ZFBSMZ
TFBTPOT
ѮF
HSFBUFS
UIF
UJMU
JT
UIF
NPSF
JOUFOTF
UIF
TFBTPOT
JO
CPUI
IFNJTQIFSFT
XJUI
IPUUFS
TVNNFST
BOE
DPMEFS
XJOUFST ѮF
UIJSE
BOE
MPOHFTU
DZDMF
JT
EVF
UP
B
TMPX
QFSJPEJD
DIBOHF
JO
UIF
TIBQF
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU
FWFSZ
 
ZFBST
"T
UIF
PSCJU
CFDPNFT
NPSF
FMPOHBUFE
UIF
&BSUIT
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
WBSJFT
NPSF
EVSJOH
UIF
ZFBS
JOUFOTJGZJOH
UIF
TFBTPOT
JO
POF
IFNJTQIFSF
BOE
NPEFSBUJOH
UIFN
JO
UIF
PUIFS ѮF
BTUSPOPNJDBM
UIFPSZ
GPS
UIF
SFDVSSJOH
JDF
BHFT
XBT
OPU
TUSPOHMZ
TVQQPSUFE
VOUJM

XIFO
"NFSJDBO
DMJNBUF
TDJFOUJTUT
+BNFT
%
)BZT
m

BOE
+PIO
*NCSJF
m

BOE
&OHMJTI
HFPQIZTJDJTU
/JDIPMBT
+
i/JDLu
4IBDLMFUPO
m

QVCMJTIFE
B
LFZ
QBQFS
PO
UIF
TVCKFDU
FOUJUMFE
i7BSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
0SCJU
1BDFNBLFS
PG
UIF
*DF
"HFTu
PO

%FDFNCFS

JO
4DJFODF
ѮFZ
VTFE
BO
BOBMZTJT
PG
EJĒFSFOU
UZQFT
PS
JTPUPQFT
PG
PYZHFO
BUPNT
JO
EFFQTFB
TFEJNFOUT
UP
JOGFS
UIF
QSPQPSUJPO
PG
UIF
XPSMET
XBUFS
GSP[FO
XJUIJO
UIF
HMBDJBM
JDF
TIFFUT
BU
EJĒFSFOU
UJNFT
SFWFBMJOH
BMM
UISFF
BTUSP OPNJDBM
SIZUINT
XJUI
B
EPNJOBOU
 ZFBS
POF
"OBMZTJT
PG
JDF
DPSFT
ESJMMFE
JO
"OUBSDUJDB
BOE
(SFFOMBOE
CFUXFFO

BOE

DPOêSNFE
UIBU
UIF
NBKPS
JDF
BHFT
BSF
JOJUJBUFE
FWFSZ
 
ZFBST
CZ
PSCJUBMJOEVDFE
DIBOHFT
JO
UIF
JOUFOTJUZ
BOE
EJTUSJ CVUJPO
PG
TVOMJHIU
BSSJWJOH
BU
&BSUI *U
XBT
TPNFXIBU
TVSQSJTJOH
UIBU
UIF
HMBDJFST
IBWF
BEWBODFE
BOE
SFUSFBUFE
JO
TZO DISPOJTN
XJUI
UIJT
MPOHFS
SIZUINJD
TUSFUDIJOH
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU
ѮF
TIPSUFS
DZDMFT
IBWF
B
HSFBUFS
EJSFDU
FĒFDU
PO
UIF
TFBTPOBM
DIBOHF
JO
TVOMJHIU
CVU
BQQBSFOUMZ
QSPEVDF
TNBMMFS
DIBOHFT
JO
JDF
WPMVNF
UIBO
UIF
MPOHFS
POF
UIBU
IBT
B
XFBLFS
TFBTPOBM
FĒFDU
#Z
JUTFMG
UIF
 ZFBS
DZDMF
EPFT
OPU
BQQFBS
TUSPOH
FOPVHI
UP
CSJOH
BCPVU
EJSFDU
BMUFSB UJPOT
PG
UIF
UFSSFTUSJBM
DMJNBUF
TP
JU
NVTU
CF
MFWFSBHFE
CZ
TPNF
PUIFS
GBDUPS 4VDDFTTJWF
MBZFST
PG
GSP[FO
BUNPTQIFSF
IBWF
CFFO
MBJE
EPXO
JO
(SFFOMBOE
BOE
"OUBSDUJDB
QSPWJEJOH
B
OBUVSBM
BSDIJWF
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
DMJNBUF
PWFS
UIF
QBTU
 
ZFBST
#VCCMFT
PG
BJS
USBQQFE
JO
GBMMJOH
TOPXëBLFT
BOE
FOUPNCFE
JO
JDF
BSF
EFQPTJUFE
FWFSZ
ZFBS
CVJMEJOH
VQ
PO
UPQ
PG
FBDI
PUIFS
MJLF
MBZFST
PG
TFEJNFOU
8IFO
FYUSBDUFE
JO
EFFQ
JDF
DPSFT
UIF
BJS
CVCCMFT
USBQQFE
JO
UIF
BODJFOU
JDF
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
UIF
"OUBSDUJD
BJS
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE
BUNPTQIFSJD
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
SPTF
BOE
GFMM
JO
UBOEFN
BT
UIF
HMBDJFST
DBNF
BOE
XFOU
BOE
DBNF
BHBJO ѮF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
HP
VQ
XIFOFWFS
UIF
MFWFMT
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
NFUIBOF
EP
BOE
UIFZ
EFDSFBTF
UPHFUIFS
BT
XFMM
'JH
 
4DJFOUJTUT
DBOOPU
ZFU
BHSFF
XIFUIFS
BO
JODSFBTF
JO
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT
QSFDFEFE
PS
GPMMPXFE
UIF
SJTJOH
UFNQFSBUVSFT
CVU
UIF
IFBUUSBQQJOHHBT
JODSFBTF
EPFT
BOTXFS
UIF
SJEEMF
PG
XIZ
UIF
MBSHFTU
DMJNBUF
WBSJBUJPOT
PDDVS
FWFSZ
 
ZFBST
"MUIPVHI
UIF
PSCJUBM
WBSJBUJPO
JO
UIF
JOUFOTJUZ
PG
JODJEFOU
TPMBS
SBEJBUJPO
JT
GBS
UPP
TNBMM
UP
EJSFDUMZ
DSFBUF
UIF
PCTFSWFE
UFNQFSBUVSF
DIBOHFT
UIF
CVJME
VQ
PG
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT
BQQBSFOUMZ
BNQMJêFT
FĒFDUT
USJHHFSFE
BOE
UJNFE
CZ
UIF
SIZUINJD
 ZFBS
PSCJUBM
DIBOHF
JO
UIF
EJTUBODF
CFUXFFO
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
UIF
4VO 4JODF
UIF
QSFTFOU
QFSJPE
PG
JOUFSHMBDJBM
XBSNUI
IBT
MBTUFE
BCPVU
BT
MPOH
BT
BOZ
PUIFS
JOUFSHMBDJBM
BOPUIFS
JDF
BHF
NJHIU
TPPO
CF
PO
JUT
XBZ
*O
GBDU
IVNBOT
XFSF
NPTU
MJLFMZ
DPOUSJCVUJOH
TJHOJêDBOU
RVBOUJUJFT
PG
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT
GPS
UIPVTBOET
PG
ZFBST
CFGPSF
UIF
JOEVTUSJBM
SFWPMVUJPO
PĒTFUUJOH
UIF
OBUVSBM
DPPMJOH
USFOE
PG
BO
BQQSPBDIJOH
JDF
BHF
$MFBSJOH
GPSFTUT
UP
JODSFBTF
UJMMBCMF
MBOE
XPVME
IBWF
QSPEVDFE
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
NFUIBOF
NVTU
IBWF
CFFO
SFMFBTFE
CZ
JSSJHBUJOH
FYUFOTJWF
SJDF
êFMET
JO
"TJB
ѮF
FYUSB
HBTFT
QSPCBCMZ
PĒTFU
EFDMJOFT
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU
BOE





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

'*(
 )CEAGETEMPERATURESANDGREENHOUSEGASES)CE CORE DATAINDICATETHATCHANGESINTHEATMOSPHERICTEMPERATUREOVER !NTARCTICACLOSELYPARALLELVARIATIONSINTHEATMOSPHERICCONCENTRATIONS OFTWOGREENHOUSEGASES CARBONDIOXIDEANDMETHANE FORTHEPAST  YEARS7HENTHETEMPERATURERISES SODOESTHEAMOUNTOFTHESE TWOGREENHOUSEGASES ANDWJDF
WFSTB4HESTRONGCORRELATIONHASBEEN EXTENDEDBYADEEPER6OSTOKICECORE TO METERSINDEPTHANDTHE PAST YEARS4HECARBONDIOXIDEPARTSPERMILLIONPERVOLUME ANDMETHANEPARTSPERBILLIONPERVOLUME INCREASESMAYHAVECONTRIB UTEDTOTHEGLACIAL INTERGLACIALCHANGESBYAMPLIFYINGORBITALFORCINGOF CLIMATECHANGE4HEICE COREDATADOESNOTINCLUDETHEPASTYEARS SHOWNASDASHEDANDBROKENLINESATTHERIGHT4HEYINDICATETHATTHE PRESENT DAYLEVELSOFCARBONDIOXIDEANDMETHANEAREUNPRECEDENTED DURINGTHEPASTFOUR  YEARGLACIAL INTERGLACIALCYCLES!DAPTED FROM#LAUDE,ORIUS &04 6OL .O 





5SBOTGPSNJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
-JGF4VTUBJOJOH
"UNPTQIFSF




UIF
BTTPDJBUFE
EJTUSJCVUJPO
PG
TVOMJHIU
PO
UIF
HMPCF
XIJDI
XPVME
IBWF
PUIFSXJTF
NBEF
UIF
QMBOFU
DPMEFS
BOE
QFSIBQT
USJHHFSFE
BO
JDF
BHF #FDBVTF
UIF
DVSSFOU
MFWFM
PG
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT
SFDFOUMZ
EFQPTJUFE
JO
PVS
BUNP TQIFSF
CZ
IVNBOT
GBS
TVSQBTTFT
BOZ
OBUVSBM
ëVDUVBUJPO
PG
UIFTF
TVCTUBODFT
SFDPSEFE
EVSJOH
QBTU
JDF
BHFT
'JH



XF
BSF
OPU
TVSF
JG
UIF
OFYU
JDF
BHF
XJMM
EBNQFO
GVUVSF
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
PS
XIFUIFS
SFDFOU
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
JT
EFMBZJOH
UIF
DPNJOH
PG
UIF
JDF
#VU
XIFO
XF
DPNQMFUFMZ
FYIBVTU
PJM
TVQQMJFT
JO

ZFBST
PS
MFTT
BOE
XIFO
PVS
TPVSDFT
PG
DPBM
BOE
OBUVSBM
HBT
BSF
BMTP
EFQMFUFE
QFSIBQT
JO
B
GFX
IVOESFE
ZFBST
UIF
JDF
TIPVME
CF
PO
JUT
XBZ *U
JT
WFSZ
IBSE
UP
QSFEJDU
UIF
EJTUBOU
GVUVSF
PWFS
NVDI
MPOHFS
JOUFSWBMT
PG
NJMMJPOT
PG
ZFBST
8F
OPX
MJWF
BU
UJNFT
XIFO
QPMBS
JDF
DBQT
FYJTU
BOE
UIF
SFDVSSFOU
JDF
BHFT
PDDVS
#VU
PO
B
UJNF
TDBMF
PG

NJMMJPO
ZFBST
ESJѫJOH
DPOUJOFOUT
DBO
SFNPWF
MBOE
GSPN
UIF
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
BOE
QFSNBOFOU
HMBDJFST
XJMM
OPU
GPSN
UIFSF
"
IVOESFE
NJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
XIFO
UIF
EJOPTBVST
SPBNFE
UIF
&BSUI
UIF
DMJNBUF
XBT
TPNF
LFMWJO
XBSNFS
FWFSZXIFSF
UIBO
JU
JT
UPEBZ
BOE
UIFSF
XFSF
OP
QPMBS
JDF
DBQT
*OEFFE
PWFS
NPTU
PG
JUT

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
UIF
&BSUI
IBT
QSPCBCMZ
CFFO
GSFF
PG
JDF
FWFO
BU
JUT
QPMFT %VSJOH
UIF
QBTU

NJMMJPO
ZFBST
QPXFSGVM
JOUFSOBM
GPSDFT
IBWF
SFTIBQFE
UIF
&BSUI
QSPEVDJOH
TUFBEZ
JSSFWFSTJCMF
DIBOHFT
JO
PVS
HMPCBM
DMJNBUF
%SJѫJOH
DPOUJOFOUT
DPMMJEFE
UP
DSFBUF
UPXFSJOH
NPVOUBJO
SBOHFT
PS
TQMJU
PQFO
UP
NBLF
XBZ
GPS
OFX
PDFBOT
BMUFSJOH
UIF
ëPX
PG
BJS
PS
TFB
XIJDI
JOëVFODF
UIF
DMJNBUF
BOE
QBWJOH
UIF
XBZ
GPS
UIF
HSPXUI
PG
DPOUJOFOUBM
JDF
TIFFUT
"MM
PG
UIFTF
GPSDFT
DPOUJOVF
UPEBZ 4P
XF
SFBMMZ
EPOU
LOPX
JG
UIF
EJTUBOU
GVUVSF
JT
POF
PG
êSF
PS
JDF
*
XPVME
TJEF
XJUI
UIF
"NFSJDBO
QPFU
3PCFSU
'SPTU
¢
XIP
XSPUF 4PNF
TBZ
UIF
XPSME
XJMM
FOE
JO
êSF
4PNF
TBZ
JO
JDF 'SPN
XIBU
*WF
UBTUFE
PG
EFTJSF *
IPME
XJUI
UIPTF
XIP
GBWPS
êSF #VU
JG
JU
IBE
UP
QFSJTI
UXJDF *
UIJOL
*
LOPX
FOPVHI
PG
IBUF 5P
TBZ
UIBU
GPS
EFTUSVDUJPO
JDF *T
BMTP
HSFBU "OE
XPVME
TVēDF

2VPUBUJPO
3FGFSFODFT



"O
JODBOUBUJPO
GSPN
1UPMFNBJD
&HZQU
¢
#$ 
2VPUFE
CZ
$BSM
4BHBO
JO
$PTNPT
3BOEPN
)PVTF
/FX
:PSL

Q


'SJFESJDI
/JFU[TDIF
¢ 
ѮVT
4QPLF
;BSBUIVTUSB
¢
0G
*NNBDVMBUF
1FSDFQ UJPO
5SBOTMBUFE
CZ
3
+
)PMMJOHEBMF
1FOHVJO
#PPLT
)BSNPOETXPSUI

Q


'SBODJT
8JMMJBN
#PVSEJMMPO
¢ 
"NPOH
UIF
'MPXFST
 
*O
ѮF
0YGPSE
%JDUJPOBSZ
PG
2VPUBUJPOT
'PVSUI
&EJUJPO
"OHFMB
1BSUJOHUPO
FE 
0YGPSE
6OJWFS TJUZ
1SFTT
/FX
:PSL

Q

"MTP
JO
+PIO
#BSUMFUUT
'BNJMJBS
2VPUBUJPOT
4JY UFFOUI
&EJUJPO
+VTUJO
,BQMBO
FE 
-JUUMF
#SPXO
BOE
$PNQBOZ
#PTUPO

Q


-FUUFS
XSJUUFO
CZ
3PCFSU
8JMMJBN
#VOTFO
¢
UP
UIF
&OHMJTI
DIFNJTU
)FOSZ
&OêFME
3PTDPF
¢
JO
/PWFNCFS

2VPUFE
CZ
3PTDPF
JO
ѮF
-JGF
BOE
&YQFSJFODFT
PG
4JS
)FOSZ
&OêFME
3PTDPF
-POEPO

Q

*U
JT
SFQSPEVDFE
CZ
"
+
.FBEPXT
JO
IJT
BSUJDMF
ѮF
0SJ HJOT
PG
"TUSPQIZTJDT
ѮF
(FOFSBM
)JTUPSZ
PG
"TUSPOPNZ
7PM

"TUSPQIZTJDT
BOE
5XFOUJFUI$FOUVSZ
"TUSPOPNZ
UP

1BSU
"
0XFO
(JOHFSJDI
FE


$BNCSJEHF
6OJWFSTJUZ
1SFTT
/FX
:PSL

Q

"MTP
TFF
(VTUBW
3PCFSU
,JSDIIPĒ
¢ 
0O
UIF
$IFNJDBM
"OBMZTJT
PG
UIF
4PMBS
"UNPTQIFSF
1IJMPTPQIJDBM
.BHB[JOF
BOE
+PVSOBM
PG
4DJFODF

m
 
3FQSPEVDFE
CZ
"
+
.FBEPXT
JO
&BSMZ
4PMBS
1IZTJDT
1FSHBNPO
1SFTT
0YGPSE

QQ
Mm
(VTUBW
,JSDIIPĒ
BOE
3PCFSU
#VOTFO
$IFNJDBM
"OBMZTJT
PG
4QFDUSVN
0CTFSWBUJPOT
1IJMPTPQIJDBM
.BHB[JOF
BOE
+PVSOBM
PG
4DJFODF

m




m
m
 

8JMMJBN
ѮPNTPO
¢ 
0O
UIF
"HF
PG
UIF
4VOT
)FBU
.BDNJMMBOT
.BHB [JOF
.BSDI

m
 
1PQVMBS
























-FDUVSFT
*
m
8JMMJBN
ѮPNTPO
JT
CFUUFS
LOPXO
UPEBZ
BT
-PSE
,FMWJO
"MTP
TFF
+
%
#VSDIêFME
-PSE
,FMWJO
BOE
UIF
"HF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
4DJFODF
)JTUPSZ
1VCMJDB UJPOT
/FX
:PSL
 "SUIVS
4UBOMFZ
&EEJOHUPO
¢ 
ѮF
JOUFSOBM
DPOTUJUVUJPO
PG
UIF
TUBST
/BUVSF

m



0CTFSWBUPSZ

m
 
3FQSPEVDFE
CZ
,FOOFUI
3
-BOH
BOE
0XFO
(JOHFSJDI
JO
"
4PVSDF
#PPL
JO
"TUSPOPNZ
BOE
"TUSPQIZTJDT
m
)BSWBSE
6OJWFSTJUZ
1SFTT
$BNCSJEHF
."

QQ
m "SUIVS
4UBOMFZ
&EEJOHUPO
¢ 
JCJE
SFGFSFODF
 +FBO
#BQUJTUF
1FSSJO
¢ 
"UPNFT
FU
MVNJFSF
-B
3FWVF
EV
.PJT

m
  "SUIVS
4UBOMFZ
&EEJOHUPO
¢ 
ѮF
*OUFSOBM
$POTUJUVUJPO
PG
UIF
4UBST
%PWFS
/FX
:PSL

Q

êSTU
FEJUJPO
  )FSNBO
.FMWJMMF
¢ 
.PCZ
%JDL
.BSTIBMM
$BWFOEJTI
1BQFSXPSLT
-POEPO

B
SFQSPEVDUJPO
PG
UIF

FEJUJPO
Q

"DDPSEJOH
UP
$BQUBJO
"IBC
BMM
WJTJCMF
PCKFDUT
BSF
CVU
QBTUFCPBSE
NBTLT
BOE
NBO
NVTU
TUSJLF
UISPVHI
UIF
NBTL
)F
NVTU
CSFBL
UISPVHI
UIF
QSJTPO
XBMM
5P
$BQUBJO
"IBC
UIF
XIJUF
XIBMF
XBT
UIBU
XBMM
/PXBEBZT
*
BN
SFNJOEFE
PG
UIF
TPOH
CZ
UIF
SPDL
HSPVQ
ѮF
%PPST
FOUJUMFE
#SFBL
PO
ѮSPVHI
UP
UIF
0UIFS
4JEF 1BVM
"ESJFO
.BVSJDF
i1".u
%JSBD
¢ 
2VBOUJ[FE
4JOHVMBSJUJFT
JO
UIF
&MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
'JFME
1SPDFFEJOHT
PG
UIF
3PZBM
4PDJFUZ
PG
-POEPO
"
m
 
ѮJT
QBQFS
NBLFT
UIF
êSTU
NFOUJPO
PG
UIF
BOUJFMFDUSPO
$BSM
%BWJE
"OEFSTPO
¢
EJTDPWFSFE
JU
JO
DPTNJDSBZ
DMPVE
DIBNCFS
USBDLT
JO

BOE
JO
UIF
GPMMPXJOH
ZFBS
QSPQPTFE
UIF
OBNF
QPTJ USPO
$BSM
%BWJE
"OEFSTPO
ѮF
1PTJUJWF





































4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

&MFDUSPO
1IZTJDBM
3FWJFX

m
 >
)PXFWFS
%JSBDT
UIFPSZ
BQQBSFOUMZ
QMBZFE
OP
QBSU
XIBUTPFWFS
JO
UIF
EJTDPW FSZ
PG
UIF
QPTJUSPO
"MTP
TFF
)FMHF
,SBHI
%JSBD
m
"
4DJFOUJêD
#JPHSBQIZ
$BNCSJEHF
6OJWFSTJUZ
1SFTT
/FX
:PSL
 .BEPOOB
.BUFSJBM
(JSM
 
8SJUUFO
CZ
1FUFS
#SPXO
BOE
3PCFSU
3BOT
QVCMJTIFE
CZ
$BOEZ
$BTUMF
.VTJD
#.* +PIO
6QEJLF
¢

$PTNJD
(BMM
0SJHJOBMMZ
QVCMJTIFE
JO
ѮF
/FX
:PSLFS

%FDFNCFS

Q

3FQSPEVDFE
JO
+PIO
6QEJLF
¢

5FMFQIPOF
1PMFT
BOE
0UIFS
1PFNT
"MGSFE
"
,OPQG
/FX
:PSL

Q

BOE
+PIO
6QEJLF
¢

$PM MFDUFE
1PFNT
m
"MGSFE
"
,OPQG
/FX
:PSL

Q
 8PMGHBOH
1BVMJ
¢ 
3FNBSLT
BU
UIF
4FWFOUI
4PMWBZ
$POGFSFODF
0DUPCFS

3FQSPEVDFE
JO
UIF
PSJHJOBM
'SFODI
JO
$PMMFDUFE
4DJFOUJêD
1BQFST
PG
8PMGHBOH
1BVMJ
7PM

3BMQI
,SPOJH
BOE
7JDUPS
'
8FJTTLPQG
FET 
8JMFZ
*OUFSTDJFODF
/FX
:PSL

Q

2VPUFE
JO
&OHMJTI
CZ
$ISJTUJOF
4VUUPO
JO
4QBDFTIJQ
/FVUSJOP
$BNCSJEHF
6OJWFSTJUZ
1SFTT
/FX
:PSL

Q
 'SFEFSJDL
3FJOFT
¢
BOE
$MZEF
-
$PXBO
¢ 
5FMFHSBN
UP
1BVMJ
EBUFE

+VOF

2VPUFE
JO
1SPDFFE JOHT
PG
UIF
*OUFSOBUJPOBM
$PMMPRVJVN
PO
UIF
)JTUPSZ
PG
1BSUJDMF
1IZTJDT
+PVSOBM
EF
1IZTJRVF

TVQQMFNFOU
$

 
"MTP
RVPUFE
CZ
$ISJTUJOF
4VUUPO
JO
4QBDF TIJQ
/FVUSJOP
$BNCSJEHF
6OJWFSTJUZ
1SFTT
/FX
:PSL

Q
 :PKJ
5PUTVLB
¢

3FDFOU
SFTVMUT
PO
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
,BNJPLBOEF
/VDMFBS
1IZTJDT
#
m
  +PIO
/
#BIDBMM
¢
BOE
)BOT
"
#FUIF
¢ 
"
TPMVUJPO
UP
UIF
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
QSPCMFN
1IZTJDBM
3FWJFX
-FUUFST

m
  "SUIVS
%
i"SUu
.D%POBME
¢

'JSTU
SFTVMUT
GSPN
UIF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFS WBUPSZ
FYQMBJO
UIF
NJTTJOH
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
BOE
SFWFBM
OFX
OFVUSJOP
QSPQFSUJFT
/FXT
3FMFBTF
PG
UIF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWB UPSZ
PO

+VOF
 3PCFSU
#
-FJHIUPO
¢ 
$POTJE FSBUJPOT
PO
MPDBMJ[FE
WFMPDJUZ
êFMET
JO
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
"FSPEZOBNJD
QIFOPN FOB
JO
TUFMMBS
BUNPTQIFSFT
¢
*OUFSOBUJPOBM
"TUSPOPNJDBM
6OJPO
4ZNQPTJVN
/P








































4VQQMFNFOUP
EFM
/VPWP
$JNFOUP


m
  3PCFSU
#
-FJHIUPO
¢


3PCFSU
8
/PZFT

m

BOE
(FPSHF
8
4JNPO

m

7FMPDJUZ
êFMET
JO
UIF
TPMBS
BUNP TQIFSF
1SFMJNJOBSZ
SFQPSU
"TUSPQIZTJDBM
+PVSOBM


  &EXBSE
/
'SB[JFS
m

"
TQBUJPUFN QPSBM
BOBMZTJT
PG
WFMPDJUZ
êFMET
JO
UIF
TPMBS
QIPUPTQIFSF
;FJUTDISJѫ
GVS
"TUSPQIZTJL


  4BNVFM
)FJOSJDI
4DIXBCF
¢ 
4POOFO
A#FPCBDIUVOHFO
JN
+BISF

"TUSPOPNJTDIF
/BDISJDIUFO

/P

m
 
&OHMJTI
USBOTMBUJPO
4PMBS
0CTFSWBUJPOT
%VSJOH

JO
"
+
.FBEPXT

&BSMZ
4PMBS
1IZTJDT
1FSHBNPO
1SFTT
0YGPSE

QQ
m .BOVFM
+PIO
+PIOTPO
¢ 
"EESFTT
%FMJWFSFE
CZ
UIF
1SFTJEFOU
.
+
+PIOTPO
&TR
PO
QSFTFOUJOH
UIF
NFEBM
PG
UIF
TPDJFUZ
UP
.
4DIXBCF
.POUIMZ
/PUJDFT
PG
UIF
3PZBM
"TUSPOPNJDBM
4PDJFUZ


 
3FQSPEVDFE
JO
QBSU
CZ
)
)
5VSOFS
JO
"TUSPOPNJDBM
%JTDPWFSZ
&EXBSE
"SOPME
-POEPO

QQ
m )PSBDF
8
#BCDPDL
¢ 
ѮF
UPQPMPHZ
PG
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
BOE
UIF
ZFBS
DZDMF
"TUSPQIZTJDBM
+PVSOBM

m
  'SBODJT
#BJMFZ
¢ 
4PNF
SFNBSLT
PO
UIF
UPUBM
FDMJQTF
PG
UIF
4VO
PO
+VMZ
UI

.POUIMZ
/PUJDFT
PG
UIF
3PZBM
"TUSP OPNJDBM
4PDJFUZ

m
  -VEXJH
'SBO[
#JFSNBOO
¢ 
4PMBS
DPSQVTDVMBS
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
UIF
JOUFSQMBO FUBSZ
HBT
0CTFSWBUPSZ

m
 
3FQSPEVDFE
CZ
,FOOFUI
3
-BOH
BOE
0XFO
(JOHFSJDI
JO
4PVSDF
#PPL
JO
"TUSPOPNZ
BOE
"TUSPQIZTJDT
m
)BSWBSE
6OJWFS TJUZ
1SFTT
$BNCSJEHF
.BTTBDIVTFUUT

Q

"MTP
TFF
&VHFOF
/
1BSLFS
¢


%ZOBNJDT
PG
UIF
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
HBT
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
"TUSPQIZTJDBM
+PVSOBM

m
  %BOUF
"MJHIJFSJ
¢ 
ѮF
$PNFEZ
PG
%BOUF
"MJHIJFSJ
$BOUJDB
*
)FMM
-MOGFSOP 
5SBOTMBUFE
CZ
%PSPUIZ
-
4BZFST
JO
#BTJD
#PPLT
/FX
:PSL

$BOUP
997*
Q
 +PBDIJN
EV
#FMMBZ
¢ 
-FT
3FHSFUT
 
2VPUFE
JO
+PIO
#BSUMFUUT
'BNJMJBS
2VPUBUJPOT
4JYUFFOUI
&EJUJPO
+VTUJO
,BQMBO
FE 
-JUUMF
#SPXO
BOE
$P
#PTUPO

Q





2VPUBUJPO
3FGFSFODFT




3JDIBSE
$
$BSSJOHUPO
¢ 
%FTDSJQUJPO
PG
B
TJOHVMBS
BQQFBSBODF
TFFO
JO
UIF
4VO
PO
4FQUFNCFS


.POUIMZ
/PUJDFT
PG
UIF
3PZBM
"TUSPOPNJDBM
4PDJFUZ

m
 
3JDIBSE
)PEH TPOT
¢
BDDPVOU
i0O
B
DVSJPVT
BQQFBSBODF
TFFO
JO
UIF
4VOu
JT
HJWFO
PO
UIF
GPMMPXJOH
QBHFT
m
#PUI
BSUJDMFT
BSF
SFQSPEVDFE
CZ
"
+
.FBEPXT
JO
&BSMZ
4PMBS
1IZTJDT
1FSHBNPO
1SFTT
0YGPSE

QQ
m

3JDIBSE
$
$BSSJOHUPO
¢ 
JCJE
SFGFSFODF


,SJTUJBO
#JSLFMBOE
¢ 
4VS
MFT
SBZPOT
DBUIPEJRVFT
TPOT
MBDUJPO
EF
GPSDFT
NBHOFUJRVFT
"SDIJWFT
EFT
4DJFODFT
1IZ TJRVFT
FU
/BUVSFMMFT


 
#JSLFMBOET
BOBMZTJT
PG
TJNVMUBOFPVT
NBHOFUJD
EBUB
BU
TFWFSBM
OPSUIFSO
TUBUJPOT
MFE
IJN
UP
UIF
DPODMVTJPO
UIBU
MBSHF
DVSSFOUT
ëPXFE
BMPOH
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
EVSJOH
BVSP SBT
TFF
,SJTUJBO
#JSLFMBOE
¢ 
ѮF
/PSXFHJBO
"VSPSB
1PMBSJT
&YQFEJUJPO
m
7PM

0O
UIF
$BVTF
PG
.BH OFUJD
4UPSNT
BOE
UIF
0SJHJO
PG
5FSSFTUSJBM
.BHOFUJTN
)
"TDIFIPVH
$P
$ISJTUJBOJB



+BNFT
"MGSFE
7BO
"MMFO
¢



$BSM
&
.D*MXBJO
¢



BOE
(FPSHF
)
-VEXJH
¢

3BEJBUJPO
PCTFSWBUJPOT
XJUI
TBU FMMJUF

FQTJMPO
+PVSOBM
PG
(FPQIZTJDBM
3FTFBSDI

m
 
3FQSPEVDFE
CZ
,FOOFUI
3
-BOH
BOE
0XFO
(JOHFSJDI
JO
4PVSDF
#PPL
JO
"TUSPOPNZ
BOE
"TUSP QIZTJDT
m
)BSWBSE
6OJWFSTJUZ
1SFTT
$BNCSJEHF
.BTTBDIVTFUUT

QQ
m

,JOHT
.JSSPS
 
2VPUFE
CZ
3PCFSU
)
&BUIFS
JO
.BKFTUJD
-JHIUT
m
ѮF
"VSPSB
JO
4DJFODF
)JTUPSZ
BOE
UIF
"SUT
"NFSJDBO
(FPQIZTJDBM
6OJPO
8BTIJOHUPO
%$

Q

'SPN
,POHFTQFJMFU
ѮF
,JOHT
.JSSPS
USBOTMBUFE
CZ
-
.
-BSTPO
/FX
:PSL
5XBZOF
1VCMJTIJOH


'SJEUKPG
/BOTFO
¢ 
2VPUFE
CZ
3PCFSU
)
&BUIFS
JO
.BKFTUJD
-JHIUT
m
ѮF
"VSPSB
JO
4DJFODF
)JTUPSZ
BOE
UIF
"SUT
"NFSJDBO
(FPQIZTJDBM
6OJPO
8BTIJOHUPO
%$

Q

'SPN
'SJEUKPG
/BOTFO
¢ 
ѮF
'SBN
&YQFEJUJPO
¢
/BOTFO

JO
UIF
'SP[FO
8PSME
"
(
)PMNBO
1IJMBEFMQIJB


7MBEJNJS
3FNFL
¢

2VPUFE
JO
ѮF
)PNF
1MBOFU
,FWJO
8
,FMMZ
FE


XJUI






























QIPUPHSBQI
OVNCFS

"EEJTPO8FTMFZ
/FX
:PSL
 3PCFSU
#SPXOJOH
¢
&BTUFS
%BZ
BOE
8BMMBDF
4UFWFOT
¢
ѮF
"VSPSBT
PG
"VUVNO &EXBSE
4BCJOF
¢ 
-FUUFS
UP
+PIO
)FSTDIFM

.BSDI

)FSTDIFM
-FUUFST
/P

3PZBM
4PDJFUZ 
2VPUFE
CZ
"
+
.FBEPXT
BOE
+
&
,FOOFEZ
JO
ѮF
PSJHJO
PG
TPMBS
UFSSFTUSJBM
TUVEJFT
7JTUBT
JO
"TUSPOPNZ

m
  &EXBSE
8BMUFS
.BVOEFS
¢ 
.BHOFUJD
EJTUVSCBODFT

UP

BT
SFDPSEFE
BU
UIF
3PZBM
0CTFSWBUPSZ
(SFFO XJDI
BOE
UIFJS
BTTPDJBUJPO
XJUI
TVOTQPUT
.POUIMZ
/PUJDFT
PG
UIF
3PZBM
"TUSPOPNJDBM

4PDJFUZ

m
 
'PS
UIF
.
SFHJPOT
BMTP
TFF
+VMJVT
#BSUFMT
¢ 
5FS SFTUSJBM
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
BOE
JUT
SFMBUJPO
UP
TPMBS
QIFOPNFOB
+PVSOBM
PG
(FPQIZTJ DBM
3FTFBSDI

m
 
ѮF
SPMF
PG
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
JO
DSFBUJOH
JOUFOTF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
JT
EJTDVTTFE
JO
+PIO
i+BDLu
5
(PTMJOH
¢

ѮF
TPMBS
ëBSF
NZUI
+PVSOBM
PG
(FPQIZTJDBM
3FTFBSDI

m
  'SFE
)PZMF
¢ 
-FDUVSF
JO

2VPUFE
CZ
+PO
%BSJVT
JO
#FZPOE
7JTJPO
0YGPSE
6OJWFSTJUZ
1SFTT
/FX
:PSL

Q
 +BNFT
#VDIMJ
¢

2VPUFE
JO
UIF
OBS SBUJPO
GPS
ѮF
#MVF
1MBOFU
  +PIO
5ZOEBMM
¢ 
0O
UIF
BCTPSQ UJPO
BOE
SBEJBUJPO
PG
IFBU
CZ
HBTFT
BOE
WBQPVST
BOE
PO
UIF
QIZTJDBM
DPOOFYJPO
PG
SBEJBUJPO
BCTPSQUJPO
BOE
DPOEVDUJPO
1IJMPTPQIJDBM
.BHB[JOF
BOE
+PVSOBM
PG
4DJ FODF
"
m
  4WBOUF
"VHVTU
"SSIFOJVT
¢ 
0O
UIF
JOëVFODF
PG
DBSCPOJD
BDJE
JO
UIF
BJS
VQPO
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
HSPVOE
1IJMPTPQIJDBM
.BHB[JOF
BOE
+PVSOBM
PG
4DJ FODF

¢
 
"SSIFOJVT
JEFBT
XFSF
UBLFO
VQ
JO
HSFBUFS
EFUBJM
CZ
ѮPNBT
$ISPXEFS
$IBNCFSMJO
¢ 
"O
BUUFNQU
UP
GSBNF
B
XPSLJOH
IZQPUIFTJT
PG
UIF
DBVTF
PG
UIF
HMBDJBM
QFSJPET
PO
BO
BUNPTQIFSJD
CBTJT
ѮF
+PVSOBM
PG
(FPMPHZ

m
 
)FSF
$IBNCFSMJO
ESFX
BUUFOUJPO
UP
UIF
BCTPSQUJPO
PG
BUNPTQIFSJD
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
CZ
UIF
PDFBO
UIF
WBSJBCMF
EFQMFUJPO
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
CZ
XFBUIFSJOH
PO
HMPCBMMZDIBOHJOH
MBOE
BSFB
BOE
UP
UIF
BNQMJêDBUJPO
PG
UIF
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
CZ





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

JODSFBTFE
XBUFS
WBQPS
FWBQPSBUFE
GSPN
IPUUFS
TFBT

(PSEPO
.JMMFS
#PVSOF
i(
.
#u
%PCTPO
¢ 
'PSUZ
ZFBST
SFTFBSDI
PO
BUNPTQIFSJD
P[POF
BU
0YGPSE
"
IJTUPSZ
"QQMJFE
0QUJDT

m
 

.BSJP
+
.PMJOB
¢

BOE
'
4IFSXPPE
3PXMBOE
¢

4USBUPTQIFSJD
TJOL
GPS
DIMPSPëVPSPNFUIBOFT
$IMPSJOF
BUPNJD DBUBMZTFE
EFTUSVDUJPO
PG
P[POF
/BUVSF

m
 



3PHFS
3FWFMMF
¢
BOE
)BOT
&
4VFTT
¢ 
$BSCPO
EJPYJEF
FYDIBOHF
CFUXFFO
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
PDFBO
BOE
UIF
RVFTUJPO
PG
BO
JODSFBTF
PG
BUNP TQIFSJD
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
EVSJOH
UIF
QBTU
EFDBEFT
5FMMVT

m
 

3PCFSU
'SPTU
¢ 
'JSF
BOE

*DF
JO
5IF
1PFUSZ
PG
3PCFSU
'SPTU
&EXBSE
$POOFSZ
-BUIFN
FE 
)PMU
3JOFIBSU
BOE
8JOTUPO
/FX
:PSL

QQ
m

(-044"3:

" "CTPMVUF
MVNJOPTJUZ
ѮF
UPUBM
SBEJBOU
FOFSHZ
PG
B
DFMFTUJBM
PCKFDU
FNJUUFE
QFS
VOJU
UJNF
BOE
B
NFBTVSF
PG
JUT
JOUSJOTJD
CSJHIUOFTT
%FOPUFE
CZ
-
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
FOFSHZ
SBEJBUFE
QFS
VOJU
UJNF
NFBTVSFE
JO
VOJUT
PG
XBUUT
0OF
+PVMF
QFS
TFDPOE
JT
FRVBM
UP
POF
XBUU
PG
QPXFS
BOE
UP
UFO
NJMMJPO
FSH
QFS
TFDPOE
ѮF
BCTPMVUF
MVNJOPT JUZ
PG
UIF
UIFSNBM
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
B
CMBDLCPEZ
JT
HJWFO
CZ
UIF
4UFGBO#PMU[NBOO
MBX
JO
XIJDI
-

PS35FĒ
XIFSF
P


UIF
4UFGBO #PMU[NBOO
DPOTUBOU
S



¢
+PVMF
N¢
,¢
T¢
UIF
SBEJVT
JT
3
BOE
UIF
FĒFDUJWF
UFN QFSBUVSF
JT
5FĒ  "CTPMVUF
UFNQFSBUVSF
ѮF
UFNQFSBUVSF
BT
NFBTVSFE
PO
B
TDBMF
XIPTF
[FSP
QPJOU
JT
BCTP MVUF
[FSP
UIF
QPJOU
BU
XIJDI
BMM
NPUJPO
BU
UIF
NPMFDVMBS
MFWFM
DFBTFT
ѮF
VOJU
PG
BCTPMVUF
UFNQFSBUVSF
JT
UIF
EFHSFF
LFMWJO
EFOPUFE
CZ
,
PS
KVTU
,
BOE
XSJUUFO
LFMWJO
XJUIPVU
B
DBQJUBM
,
ѮF
GSFF[JOH
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
XBUFS
JT

,
BOE
UIF
CPJMJOH
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
XBUFS
JT

,
"CTPMVUF
[FSP
JT

,
ѮF
FRVJWBMFOU
UFNQFSB UVSF
JO
EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT
JT
$

,
¢

BOE
UIF
FRVJWBMFOU
UFNQFSBUVSF
JO
EFHSFFT
'BISFOIFJU
JT
'


,
¢

4FF
$FMTJVT
'BISFOIFJU
BOE
,FMWJO "CTPMVUF
[FSP
ѮF
MPXFTU
QPTTJCMF
UFNQFSB UVSF
¢
EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT
BOE

EFHSFFT
PO
UIF
,FMWJO
TDBMF
4FF
BCTPMVUF
UFNQFSBUVSF "CTPSQUJPO
ѮF
QSPDFTT
CZ
XIJDI
UIF
JOUFO TJUZ
PG
SBEJBUJPO
EFDSFBTFT
BT
JU
QBTTFT
UISPVHI
B
NBUFSJBM
NFEJVN
ѮF
FOFSHZ
MPTU
CZ
UIF
SBEJB UJPO
JT
USBOTGFSSFE
UP
UIF
NFEJVN "CTPSQUJPO
MJOF
"
iEBSLu
MJOF
PG
EFDSFBTFE
SBEJBUJPO
JOUFOTJUZ
BU
B
QBSUJDVMBS
XBWFMFOHUI
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
QSPEVDFE
XIFO
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
B
EJTUBOU
TPVSDF
QBTTFT
UISPVHI
B
HBT
DMPVE
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
PCTFSWFS
"O
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOF
DBO
CF
GPSNFE
XIFO
B
DPPM
UFOVPVT
HBT
CFUXFFO
B
IPU
SBEJBUJOH
TPVSDF
BOE
BO
PCTFSWFS


BCTPSCT
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
PG
UIBU
XBWF MFOHUI
BT
JO
UIF
TQFDUSB
PG
TUBST
XIPTF
IPU
JOUFS OBM
SBEJBUJPO
JT
BCTPSCFE
CZ
UIF
DPPMFS
PVUFS
TUFMMBS
MBZFST
ѮJT
TQFDUSBM
GFBUVSF
MPPLT
MJLF
B
MJOF
XIFO
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
JOUFOTJUZ
JT
EJTQMBZFE
BT
B
GVODUJPO
PG
XBWFMFOHUI
TVDI
B
EJTQMBZ
JT
DBMMFE
B
TQFDUSVN
%JĒFSFOU
BUPNT
JPOT
BOE
NPMFDVMFT
QSPEVDF
DIBSBDUFSJTUJD
QBUUFSOT
PG
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
BOE
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
UIFTF
MJOFT
FOBCMF
JEFOUJêDBUJPO
PG
UIF
DIFNJDBM
JOHSFEJFOUT
PG
UIF
HBT
CFUXFFO
UIF
MJHIU
TPVSDF
BOE
UIF
PCTFSWFS
"CTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
DBO
BMTP
CF
VTFE
UP
EFUFSNJOF
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
UIF
TPVSDF
VTJOH
UIF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
ѮF
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
JO
UIF
4VOT
TQFDUSVN
BSF
PѫFO
DBMMFE
'SBVOIPGFS
MJOFT
4FF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
'SBVOIPGFS
MJOFT
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI
BOE
TQFDUSVN "DPVTUJD
XBWFT
4PVOE
XBWFT
UIBU
QSPQBHBUF
UISPVHI
UIF
JOUFSJPS
PG
UIF
4VO
ѮFZ
BSF
QSP EVDFE
XIFO
UIFSF
JT
B
TNBMM
EJTQMBDFNFOU
PG
UIF
HBT
BOE
QSFTTVSF
JT
UIF
EPNJOBOU
SFTUPSJOH
GPSDF
$POWFDUJWF
UVSCVMFODF
JO
UIF
4VO
BOE
TPNF
PUIFS
TUBST
BDUT
BT
B
TPVSDF
PG
BDPVTUJD
XBWFT
4PVOE
XBWFT
JO
UIF
4VO
QSPEVDF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
PG
JUT
WJTJCMF
QIPUPTQIFSF
XJUI
QFSJPET
PG
BCPVU
êWF
NJOVUFT
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
UIFTF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
DBO
CF
VTFE
UP
JOGFS
UIF
JOUFSJPS
DPOTUJUVUJPO
PG
UIF
4VO
"DPVTUJD
XBWFT
BMTP
QMBZ
B
SPMF
JO
IFBUJOH
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
4FF
êWF
NJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BOE
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ "DUJWF
SFHJPO
"
SFHJPO
JO
UIF
TPMBS
BUNP TQIFSF
GSPN
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
UP
UIF
DPSPOB
UIBU
EFWFMPQT
XIFO
TUSPOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
FNFSHF
GSPN
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
ѮF
NBHOFUJ[FE
SFBMN
JO
BSPVOE
BOE
BCPWF
TVOTQPUT
JT
DBMMFE
BO
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
3BEJBUJPO
GSPN
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
JT
FOIBODFE
XIFO
DPNQBSFE
UP
OFJHICPSJOH
BSFBT
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
DPSPOB
PWFS
UIF
XIPMF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
GSPN
9SBZT
UP
SBEJP
XBWFT
"DUJWF
SFHJPOT
NBZ
MBTU
GSPN
TFWFSBM
IPVST
UP
B
GFX
NPOUIT
ѮFZ
BSF
UIF
TJUFT
PG
JOUFOTF
FYQMPTJPOT
DBMMFE
TPMBS
ëBSFT





(MPTTBSZ

XIJDI
MBTU
B
GFX
NJOVUFT
UP
IPVST
ѮF
OVNCFS
PG
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
WBSJFT
JO
TUFQ
XJUI
UIF
ZFBS
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
4FF
TPMBS
ëBSF
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
BOE
TVOTQPU
DZDMF "MGWÏO
WFMPDJUZ
ѮF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
QSPQBHBUJPO
PG
EJTUVSCBODFT
JO
B
NBHOFUJ[FE
QMBTNB
QSPQB HBUFT
BMPOH
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
ѮF
"MGWÊO
WFMPDJUZ
JT
HJWFO
CZ
# Pʒ 
GPS
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI
PG
#
BOE
B
HBT
NBTT
EFOTJUZ
PG
ʒ "MGWÏO
XBWF
"
XBWF
NPUJPO
PDDVSSJOH
JO
B
NBHOFUJ[FE
QMBTNB
JO
XIJDI
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
PTDJMMBUFT
USBOTWFSTFMZ
UP
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
QSPQBHBUJPO
XJUIPVU
B
DIBOHF
JO
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI
ѮF
UFOTJPO
JO
UIF
êFME
MJOFT
BDUT
BT
B
SFTUPSJOH
GPSDF
ѮFTF
NBHOFUPIZESPEZOBNJD
XBWFT
QSPQBHBUF
BU
UIF
"MGWÊO
WFMPDJUZ
JO
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT "MQIB
QBSUJDMF
ѮF
OVDMFVT
PG
B
IFMJVN
BUPN
DPOTJTUJOH
PG
UXP
QSPUPOT
BOE
UXP
OFVUSPOT
ѮF
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT
IBT
B
DIBSHF
UXJDF
UIBU
PG
B
QSPUPO
BOE
B
NBTT
KVTU

PS

QFSDFOU
MFTT
UIBO
UIF
NBTT
PG
GPVS
QSPUPOT
ѮF
BMQIB
QBSUJDMF
JT
B
IFMJVN
JPO
4FF
IFMJVN
BOE
JPO ¯OHTUSÚN
"
VOJU
PG
XBWFMFOHUI
EFTJHOBUFE
CZ
UIF
TZNCPM
ª
BOE
FRVBM
UP
¢
NFUFST
PS

PG
B
DFOUJNFUFS
BOE

OBOPNFUFST
"O
ªOHTUSÕN
JT
PO
UIF
PSEFS
PG
UIF
TJ[F
PG
BO
BUPN
#MVF
MJHIU
IBT
B
XBWFMFOHUI
PG
BCPVU

ª
ZFMMPX
MJHIU

ª
BOE
SFE
MJHIU

ª
ѮF
VOJU
JT
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
4XFEJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
"OEFST
+POBT
ªOHTUSÕN
¢
XIP
JO

QVC MJTIFE
3FTFBSDIFT
PG
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
JO
XIJDI
IF
QSFTFOUFE
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PG
UIF
XBWFMFOHUIT
PG
NPSF
UIBO
B
IVOESFE
EBSL
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
JO
UIF
4VOT
TQFDUSVN
VTJOH
UIJT
VOJU
PG
NFBTVSFNFOU "OUJFMFDUSPO
ѮF
BOUJQBSUJDMF
PG
BO
FMFDUSPO
BMTP
DBMMFE
B
QPTJUSPO "OUJQBSUJDMF
"
QBSUJDMF
FRVBM
JO
NBTT
BOE
NPTU
PUIFS
QSPQFSUJFT
UP
BO
FMFNFOUBSZ
QBSUJDMF
CVU
PQQPTJUF
JO
DIBSHF
ѮF
BOUJQBSUJDMF
PG
BO
FMFDUSPO
JT
UIF
QPTJUSPO
PS
iQPTJUJWF
FMFDUSPOu
BOE
UIF
BOUJQBSUJDMF
PG
UIF
OFVUSJOP
JT
BO
BOUJ OFVUSJOP
8IFO
B
QBSUJDMF
NFFUT
XJUI
JUT
BOUJ QBSUJDMF
UIFZ
BOOJIJMBUF
FBDI
PUIFS
QSPEVDJOH
FOFSHFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
DBMMFE
HBNNB
SBZT "SDBEF
"
TFSJFT
PG
BSDIFT
GPSNFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
UIBU
DPOêOF
IPU
HBT "SD
TFDPOE
4FF
4FDPOE
PG
BSD "TUSPOPNJDBM
VOJU
"CCSFWJBUFE
"6
B
VOJU
PG
BTUSPOPNJDBM
EJTUBODFT
FTQFDJBMMZ
XJUIJO
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
FRVBM
UP
UIF
NFBO
EJTUBODF
CFUXFFO
UIF


&BSUI
BOE
UIF
4VO
BCPVU

NJMMJPO
LJMPNF UFST
PS

NJMMJPO
NJMFT
ѮF
BTUSPOPNJDBM
VOJU
IBT
B
NPSF
FYBDU
WBMVF
PG






NFUFST
XIJDI
JT
FRVBM
UP

MJHIUTFDPOET
ѮF
BTUSPOPNJDBM
VOJU
JT
BMTP
EFêOFE
BT
UIF
EJT UBODF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BU
XIJDI
B
NBTTMFTT
QBSUJDMF
JO
BO
VOQFSUVSCFE
PSCJU
XPVME
IBWF
BO
PSCJUBM
QFSJPE
PG



EBZT "UNPTQIFSF
ѮF
HBTFT
TVSSPVOEJOH
UIF
TVS GBDF
PG
B
QMBOFU
PS
OBUVSBM
TBUFMMJUF
BOE
UIF
PVU FSNPTU
HBTFPVT
MBZFST
PG
B
TUBS
IFME
OFBS
UIFN
CZ
UIFJS
HSBWJUZ
4JODF
HBT
IBT
B
OBUVSBM
UFOEFODZ
UP
FYQBOE
JOUP
TQBDF
POMZ
CPEJFT
UIBU
IBWF
B
TVē DJFOUMZ
TUSPOH
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
QVMM
DBO
SFUBJO
BUNP TQIFSFT
ѮF
BCJMJUZ
PG
B
QMBOFU
PS
TBUFMMJUF
UP
SFUBJO
BO
BUNPTQIFSF
EFQFOET
PO
UIF
HBT
UFNQFSBUVSF
EFUFSNJOFE
CZ
JUT
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BOE
JUT
FTDBQF
WFMPDJUZ
XIJDI
JODSFBTFT
XJUI
UIF
PCKFDUT
NBTT
)PUUFS
MJHIUFS
HBT
NPMFDVMFT
NPWF
GBTUFS
BOE
BSF
NPSF
MJLFMZ
UP
FTDBQF
GSPN
B
QMBOFU
PS
TBUFMMJUF
MFTT
NBTTJWF
PCKFDUT
TVDI
BT
PVS
.PPO
BSF
MFTT
MJLFMZ
UP
SFUBJO
BO
BUNPTQIFSF
8F
VTF
UIF
UFSN
BUNPTQIFSF
GPS
UIF
UFOVPVT
PVUFS
NBUFSJBM
PG
UIF
4VO
CFDBVTF
JU
JT
SFMBUJWFMZ
USBOTQBSFOU
BU
WJT JCMF
XBWFMFOHUIT
ѮF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
JODMVEFT
GSPN
UIF
EFFQFTU
MBZFST
PVUXBSE
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
UIF
DPSPOB
ѮF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
USBOTQBSFOU
BOE
DPOTJTUT
NBJOMZ
PG
NPMFDVMBS
OJUSPHFO

QFSDFOU
BOE
NPMFDV MBS
PYZHFO

QFSDFOU
XJUI
USBDF
BNPVOUT
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF

QFSDFOU
BOE
XBUFS
WBQPS
WBSJBCMF
B
GFX
UJNFT

QFSDFOU  "UNPTQIFSJD
XJOEPX
"
XBWFMFOHUI
CBOE
JO
UIF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
GPS
XIJDI
SBEJBUJPO
JT
BCMF
UP
QBTT
UISPVHI
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
XJUI
SFMBUJWFMZ
MJUUMF
BUUFOVBUJPO
CZ
BCTPSQUJPO
TDBUUFSJOH
PS
SFëFDUJPO
ѮFSF
BSF
UXP
NBJO
XJOEPXT
¢
UIF
PQUJDBM
XJOEPX
PG
WJT JCMF
MJHIU
BOE
UIF
SBEJP
XJOEPX "UPN
ѮF
TNBMMFTU
QBSUJDMF
PG
B
DIFNJDBM
FMF NFOU
UIBU
TUJMM
IBT
UIF
DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT
BOE
QSPQ FSUJFT
PG
UIBU
FMFNFOU
"O
BUPN
JT
DPNQPTFE
PG
B
EFOTF
BOE
NBTTJWF
OVDMFVT
DPOUBJOJOH
QSPUPOT
BOE
OFVUSPOT
TVSSPVOEFE
CZ
FMFDUSPOT
ѮF
IZESPHFO
BUPN
IBT
POF
QSPUPO
BOE
OP
OFVUSPOT
JO
JUT
OVDMFVT
"
OFVUSBM
BUPN
IBT
BT
NBOZ
FMFD USPOT
BT
UIFSF
BSF
QSPUPOT
BOE
TP
JT
XJUIPVU
OFU
DIBSHF
"O
JPOJ[FE
BUPN
IBT
GFXFS
FMFDUSPOT
UIBO
QSPUPOT
BOE
UIFSFGPSF
B
QPTJUJWF
DIBSHF
ѮF
BUPNJD
OVNCFS
JT
FRVBM
UP
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
QSPUPOT
JO
UIF
BUPNT
OVDMFVT
XIJMF
UIF
BUPNJD
NBTT
OVNCFS
JT
FRVBM
UP
UIF
UPUBM
OVNCFS
PG
QSPUPOT
BOE
OFVUSPOT
JO
UIF
OVDMFVT

(MPTTBSZ







"6
"CCSFWJBUJPO
GPS
BTUSPOPNJDBM
VOJU
4FF
BTUSPOPNJDBM
VOJU

QBSUJDMF
BOE
BO
BOUJOFVUSJOP
ѮF
SFTVMUJOH
OVDMFVT
IBT
B
DIBSHF
POF
HSFBUFS
UIBO
UIF
JOJUJBM
POF

"VSPSB
"
EJTQMBZ
PG
SBQJEMZ
WBSZJOH
DPMPSFE
MJHIU
VTVBMMZ
TFFO
GSPN
NBHOFUJD
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
PG
B
QMBOFU
ѮF
MJHIU
JT
HJWFO
PĒ
CZ
DPMMJTJPOT
CFUXFFO
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
UIF
BUPNT
JPOT
BOE
NPMFDVMFT
JO
B
QMBOFUT
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF
PS
JPOPTQIFSF
"VSPSBT
BSF
WJTJCMF
PO
&BSUI
BT
UIF
BVSPSB
CPSFBMJT
PS
OPSUIFSO
MJHIUT
OFBS
UIF
/PSUI
1PMF
BOE
UIF
BVSPSB
BVTUSBMJT
PS
TPVUI FSO
MJHIUT
OFBS
UIF
4PVUI
1PMF
ѮFZ
JODMVEF
UIF
HSFFO
BOE
SFE
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
GSPN
PYZHFO
BUPNT
BOE
OJUSPHFO
NPMFDVMFT
UIBU
IBWF
CFFO
FYDJUFE
CZ
IJHITQFFE
FMFDUSPOT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
5FSSFT USJBM
BVSPSBT
PDDVS
BU
IFJHIUT
PG
BSPVOE

UP

UIPVTBOE
LJMPNFUFST
XIJDI
JT
XJUIJO
UIF
&BSUIT
JPOPTQIFSF

#FUB
QBSUJDMF
"O
FMFDUSPO
FNJUUFE
GSPN
BO
BUPNJD
OVDMFVT
BT
B
SFTVMU
PG
B
OVDMFBS
SFBD UJPO
PS
JO
UIF
DPVSTF
PG
SBEJPBDUJWF
EFDBZ
4VDI
QBSUJDMFT
XFSF
PSJHJOBMMZ
DBMMFE
CFUB
SBZT
4FF
OFVUSJOP

"VSPSBM
PWBM
0OF
PG
UIF
UXP
PWBMTIBQFE
[POFT
BSPVOE
UIF
&BSUIT
HFPNBHOFUJD
QPMFT
JO
XIJDI
UIF
BVSPSBT
BSF
PCTFSWFE
NPTU
PѫFO
ѮFZ
BSF
MPDBUFE
BU
MBUJUVEFT
PG
BCPVU

EFHSFFT
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
BOE
BSF
BCPVU

EFHSFFT
XJEF
ѮFJS
QPTJUJPO
BOE
XJEUI
CPUI
WBSZ
XJUI
HFPNBHOFUJD
BOE
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
ѮF
BVSPSBM
PWBMT
BSF
EFUFDUFE
GSPN
&BSUIPSCJUJOH
TBUFMMJUFT
(SPVOECBTFE
PCTFSWFST
EFUFDU
POMZ
B
TFDUJPO
PG
BO
PWBM
BT
TIJNNFSJOH
SJCCPOT
BOE
DVSUBJOT
PG
MJHIU

# #BJMZT
CFBET
"
TUSJOH
PG
CSJHIU
MJHIUT
PCTFSWFE
BU
UIF
FYUSFNF
FEHF
PG
UIF
4VOT
EJTL
TFFO
EVSJOH
B
UPUBM
FDMJQTF
PG
UIF
4VO
KVTU
CFGPSF
PS
BѫFS
UPUBMJUZ
ѮFZ
BSF
DBVTFE
CZ
TVOMJHIU
TIJOJOH
UISPVHI
UIF
WBMMFZT
PO
UIF
.PPOT
FEHF
PS
MJNC
XIJMF
NPVOUBJOT
PO
UIF
MJNC
CMPDL
PUIFS
SBZT
PG
TVOMJHIU
ѮF
&OHMJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
'SBODJT
#BJMZ
¢
êSTU
EFTDSJCFE
UIFN
JO
IJT
BDDPVOU
PG
UIF
UPUBM
FDMJQTF
PG
UIF
4VO
PO

.BZ

BOE
IFODF
UIF
OBNF
#BJMZT
CFBET #BMNFS
TFSJFT
"
NBUIFNBUJDBM
GPSNVMB
EFWJTFE
JO

CZ
UIF
4XJTT
NBUIFNBUJDT
UFBDIFS
+PIBOO
#BMNFS
¢
UP
HJWF
UIF
XBWFMFOHUIT
PS
GSFRVFODJFT
PG
UIF
WJTJCMF
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
PG
UIF
IZESPHFO
BUPN
TFFO
JO
UIF
MJHIU
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
PUIFS
TUBST
ѮF
êSTU
#BMNFS
MJOF
JT
DBMMFE
UIF
SFE
IZESPHFO
BMQIB
MJOF
EFTJHOBUFE
)ʂ
BU
B
XBWF MFOHUI
PG

OBOPNFUFST
XIJDI
JT
VTFE
UP
EFUFDU
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BDSPTT
UIF
GBDF
PG
UIF
4VO
4FF
#PIS
BUPN #FUB
EFDBZ
ѮF
EJTJOUFHSBUJPO
PG
B
SBEJPBDUJWF
OVDMFVT
JO
XIJDI
B
OFVUSPO
UVSOT
JOUP
B
QSPUPO
CZ
FKFDUJOH
BO
FMFDUSPO
IJTUPSJDBMMZ
DBMMFE
B
CFUB


#JMMJPO
0OF
UIPVTBOE
NJMMJPO
XSJUUFO

   
PS
 #MVFTIJGU
ѮF
%PQQMFS
TIJѫ
JO
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
PG
B
TQFDUSBM
MJOF
UPXBSE
B
TIPSUFS
CMVFS
XBWF MFOHUI
DBVTFE
XIFO
UIF
TPVSDF
PG
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
JUT
PCTFSWFS
BSF
NPWJOH
UPXBSE
FBDI
PUIFS
ѮF
HSFBUFS
UIF
CMVFTIJѫ
JT
UIF
GBTUFS
BO
PCKFDU
JT
NPWJOH
UPXBSE
VT
4FF
%PQQMFS
TIJѫ #PIS
BUPN
*O

UIF
%BOJTI
QIZTJDJTU
/JFMT
#PIS
¢
QSPQPTFE
B
NPEFM
OPX
LOPXO
BT
UIF
#PIS
"UPN
JO
XIJDI
UIF
MPOF
FMFDUSPO
JO
B
IZESPHFO
BUPN
SFWPMWFT
BCPVU
UIF
BUPNJD
OVDMFVT
B
QSPUPO
JT
TQFDJêD
PSCJUT
XJUI
EFêOJUF
RVBOUJ[FE
WBMVFT
PG
FOFSHZ
BOE
BO
FMFDUSPO
POMZ
FNJUT
PS
BCTPSCT
SBEJBUJPO
XIFO
KVNQJOH
CFUXFFO
UIFTF
BMMPXFE
PSCJUT
ѮF
NPEFM
FYQMBJOT
UIF
XBWFMFOHUIT
PG
UIF
WJT JCMF
SBEJBUJPO
FNJUUFE
CZ
UIF
IZESPHFO
BUPNT
JO
UIF
4VO
EFTDSJCFE
JO
UIF
NBUIFNBUJDBM
GPS NVMB
EFSJWFE
JO

CZ
UIF
4XJTT
NBUIFNBU JDT
UFBDIFS
+PIBOO
#BMNFS
¢ 
4FF
#BMNFS
TFSJFT #PX
TIPDL
ѮF
CPVOEBSZ
PO
B
QMBOFUT
TVOMJU
TJEF
XIFSF
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
JT
EFëFDUFE
BOE
UIFSF
JT
B
TIBSQ
EFDSFBTF
JO
UIF
XJOET
WFMPDJUZ
ѮF
QMBTNB
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
JT
IFBUFE
BOE
DPNQSFTTFE
BU
UIF
CPX
TIPDL
ѮF
TUSFBN
PG
QBSUJDMFT
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
JT
EFëFDUFE
BSPVOE
UIF
QMBOFU
MJLF
XBUFS
ëPXJOH
QBTU
UIF
CPX
PG
B
NPWJOH
TIJQ #SFNTTUSBIMVOH
3BEJBUJPO
UIBU
JT
FNJUUFE
XIFO
BO
FOFSHFUJD
FMFDUSPO
JT
EFëFDUFE
BOE
BDDFMFSBUFE
CZ
BO
JPO
*U
JT
BMTP
DBMMFE
B
GSFF GSFF
USBOTJUJPO
CFDBVTF
UIF
FMFDUSPO
JT
GSFF
CPUI
CFGPSF
BOE
BѫFS
UIF
FODPVOUFS
SFNBJOJOH
JO
BO
VOCPVOE
IZQFSCPMJD
PSCJU
XJUIPVU
CFJOH
DBQ UVSFE
CZ
UIF
JPO
#SFNTTUSBIMVOH
JT
(FSNBO
GPS
iCSBLJOH
SBEJBUJPOu #SJHIUOFTT
ѮF
BNPVOU
PG
MJHIU
DPNJOH
GSPN
BO
PCKFDU
VTVBMMZ
NFBOJOH
UIF
MVNJOPVT
JOUFOTJUZ
PS
BNPVOU
PG
FOFSHZ
QFS
TFDPOE
4FF
MVNJOPTJUZ #VSTU
"
TVEEFO
USBOTJFOU
JODSFBTF
JO
TPMBS
SBEJP
FNJTTJPO
EVSJOH
B
TPMBS
ëBSF
DBVTFE
CZ
FOFSHFUJD
FMFDUSPOT
ѮFZ
BSF
QSPCBCMZ
DBVTFE
CZ





(MPTTBSZ

UIF
TVEEFO
SFMFBTF
PG
MBSHF
BNPVOUT
VQ
UP

+PVMF
PG
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
JO
B
SFMBUJWFMZ
TNBMM
WPMVNF
JO
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB #VUUFSnZ
EJBHSBN
"
QMPU
PG
UIF
IFMJPHSBQIJD
MBUJUVEFT
PG
TVOTQPUT
PWFS
UIF
DPVSTF
PG
UIF

ZFBS
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
"U
UIF
TUBSU
PG
B
DZDMF
UIFSF
BSF
TVOTQPUT
BU
TPMBS
MBUJUVEFT
PG
VQ
UP


UP

EFHSFFT
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
CVU
WFSZ
GFX
OFBS
UIF
FRVBUPS
"T
UIF
DZDMF
QSPHSFTTFT
TVO TQPUT
PDDVS
OFBSFS
UIF
FRVBUPS
ѮJT
HSBQIJDBM
SFQSFTFOUBUJPO
PG
TVOTQPU
MBUJUVEFT
BT
B
GVOD UJPO
PG
UJNF
XBT
êSTU
QMPUUFE
JO

CZ
&EXBSE
8BMUFS
.BVOEFS
BOE
JT
BMTP
LOPXO
BT
UIF
.BVO EFS
EJBHSBN
ѮF
QMPU
SFTFNCMFT
CVUUFSëZ
XJOHT
XIJDI
HJWFT
UIF
EJBHSBN
JUT
QPQVMBS
OBNF
4FF
IFMJPHSBQIJD
MBUJUVEF
BOE
TVOTQPU
DZDMF

$ $BMDJVN
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
4QFDUSBM
MJOFT
PG
JPO J[FE
DBMDJVN
EFOPUFE
CZ
$B
**
JO
UIF
WJPMFU
QBSU
PG
UIF
TQFDUSVN
BU

OBOPNFUFST
)
BOE

OBOPNFUFST
, 
ѮFZ
BSF
DPOTQJDVPVT
GFBUVSFT
JO
UIF
TQFDUSB
PG
NBOZ
TUBST
JODMVEJOH
UIF
4VO
ѮF
EFTJHOBUJPOT
)
BOE
,
XFSF
HJWFO
CZ
UIF
(FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU
+PTFQI
WPO
'SBVOIPGFS
¢
JO
BOE
BSF
TUJMM
DPNNPOMZ
VTFE
ѮF
4VOT
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
JUT
NBHOFUJD
DISPNPTQIFSJD
OFUXPSL
BSF
EFUFDUFE
BDSPTT
UIF
GBDF
PG
UIF
4VO
VTJOH
UIF
DBMDJVN
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
XJUI
B
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI
4FF
DISPNPTQIFSF
DISPNPTQIFSJD
OFUXPSL
'SBVOIPGFS
MJOFT

)
BOE
,
MJOFT
QMBHF
BOE
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI $BSCPO
EJPYJEF
"
NPMFDVMF
TZNCPMJ[FE
CZ
$0
DPNQPTFE
PG
POF
BUPN
PG
DBSCPO
EFOPUFE
CZ
$
BOE
UXP
BUPNT
PG
PYZHFO
FBDI
BCCSFWJ BUFE
CZ
0
$BSCPO
EJPYJEF
HBT
JT
UIF
NBJO
DPO TUJUVFOU
PG
UIF
BUNPTQIFSFT
PG
7FOVT
BOE
.BST
CVU
POMZ
B
GSBDUJPO
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
$BSCPO
EJPYJEF
JT
B
HSFFOIPVTF
HBT
UIBU
USBQT
TPMBS
FOFSHZ
BOE
XBSNT
UIF
TVSGBDFT
PG
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
7FOVT
4FF
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
BOE
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH $FMTJVT
"
VOJU
PG
UFNQFSBUVSF
EFOPUFE
CZ
$
PS
CZ
$
GPS
EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT
"CTPMVUF
[FSP
PO
UIF
$FMTJVT
UFNQFSBUVSF
TDBMF
JT
BU

$
UIF
GSFF[JOH
QPJOU
PG
XBUFS
JT
BU

$
BOE
UIF
CPJM JOH
QPJOU
PG
XBUFS
JT
BU

$
ѮF
FRVJWBMFOU
UFNQFSBUVSF
JO
EFHSFFT
LFMWJO
JT
HJWFO
CZ
,


$


ѮF
FRVJWBMFOU
UFNQFSBUVSF
JO
EFHSFFT
'BISFOIFJU
JT
HJWFO
CZ
'


$


ѮF
UFNQFSBUVSF
VOJU
JT
OBNFE
GPS
UIF
4XFEJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
"OEFST
$FMTJVT
¢


XIP


QSPQPTFE
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
TDBMF
JO

4FF
BCTPMVUF
UFNQFSBUVSF
'BISFOIFJU
BOE
,FMWJO $FOUJHSBEF
"O
PMEFS
OBNF
GPS
UIF
$FMTJVT
VOJU
PG
UFNQFSBUVSF
EFSJWFE
GSPN
UIF
GBDU
UIBU
UIFSF
BSF

EFHSFFT
CFUXFFO
UIF
GSFF[JOH
BOE
CPJMJOH
UFNQFSBUVSFT
PG
XBUFS
4FF
$FMTJVT $IBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
'VOEBNFOUBM
DPNQPOFOUT
PG
TVCBUPNJD
NBUUFS
TVDI
BT
QSPUPOT
PUIFS
JPOT
BOE
FMFDUSPOT
XIJDI
IBWF
FMFDUSJDBM
DIBSHF
ѮF
DIBSHFE
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
BSF
TVSSPVOEFE
CZ
FMFDUSJDBM
GPSDF
êFMET
UIBU
BUUSBDU
QBSUJDMFT
PG
PQQPTJUF
DIBSHF
BOE
SFQFM
UIPTF
PG
MJLF
DIBSHF
$IBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
BSF
FJUIFS
OFHBUJWF
FMFDUSPO
PS
QPTJUJWF
QSPUPO
BOE
BSF
SFTQPOTJCMF
GPS
BMM
FMFDUSJDBM
QIFOPNFOB $IFSFOLPW
SBEJBUJPO
-JHIU
PS
PUIFS
GPSNT
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
FNJUUFE
XIFO
B
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMF
IBT
B
WFMPDJUZ
UIBU
FYDFFET
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
JO
B
NFEJVN
"
OFVUSJOP
DBO
CF
EFUFDUFE
CZ
UIF
DPOF
PG
CMVF
$IFSFOLPW
MJHIU
FNJUUFE
XIFO
B
OFVUSJOP
FOUFST
B
MBSHF
VOEFS HSPVOE
UBOL
PG
XBUFS
BOE
BDDFMFSBUFT
BO
FMFDUSPO
CZ
DPMMJTJPO
UP
B
WFMPDJUZ
MBSHFS
UIBO
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
JO
XBUFS
ѮF
$IFSFOLPW
FĒFDU
JT
OBNFE
GPS
UIF
3VTTJBO
QIZTJDJTU
1BWFM
"
$IFSFOLPW
¢


XIP
êSTU
PCTFSWFE
JU
JO

4FF
,BNJPLBOEF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BOE
4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF $IMPSJOF
FYQFSJNFOU
ѮF
TVCUFSSBOFBO
OFV USJOP
EFUFDUPS
MPDBUFE
JO
UIF
)PNFTUBLF
(PME
.JOF
OFBS
-FBE
4PVUI
%BLPUB
JO
XIJDI
B
OFV USJOP
TUSJLFT
B
DIMPSJOF
OVDMFVT
JO
B
IVHF
UBOL
PG
DMFBOJOH
ëVJE
UP
QSPEVDF
B
OVDMFVT
PG
SBEJPBD UJWF
BSHPO
ѮF
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJDJTU
3BZNPOE
%BWJT
+S
¢

VTFE
UIF
FYQFSJNFOU
UP
EFUFDU
OFVUSJOPT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
GPS
NPSF
UIBO
B
RVBSUFS
PG
B
DFOUVSZ
CFHJOOJOH
JO

BMXBZT
EFUFDUJOH
BCPVU
POFUIJSE
PG
UIF
FYQFDUFE
BNPVOU
PG
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
4FF
)PNFTUBLF
BOE
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
QSPCMFN $ISPNPTQIFSF
ѮF
MBZFS
PS
SFHJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
MZJOH
BCPWF
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
CFOFBUI
UIF
USBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO
BOE
UIF
DPSPOB
ѮF
4VOT
UFNQFSBUVSF
SJTFT
UP
BCPVU


LFMWJO
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
ѮF
OBNF
MJUFSBMMZ
NFBOT
B
iTQIFSF
PG
DPMPSu
ѮF
DISPNPTQIFSF
JT
OPSNBMMZ
JOWJTJCMF
CFDBVTF
PG
UIF
HMBSF
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
TIJOJOH
UISPVHI
JU
CVU
JU
JT
CSJFëZ
WJTJCMF
OFBS
UIF
CFHJOOJOH
PS
FOE
PG
B
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
BT
B
TQJLZ
SFE
SJN
BSPVOE
UIF
.PPOT
EJTL
"U
PUIFS
UJNFT
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
DBO
CF
TUVE JFE
CZ
TQFDUSPTDPQZ
PCTFSWJOH
JU
BDSPTT
UIF
TPMBS





(MPTTBSZ


EJTL
JO
UIF
SFE
MJHIU
PG
UIF
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF
PS
UIF
DBMDJVN
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
4PMBS
êMBNFOUT
QMBHF
QSPNJOFODFT
BOE
TQJDVMFT
BSF
BMM
TFFO
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
"
UIJO
USBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO
TFQBSBUFT
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
UIF
DPSPOB
4FF
DBMDJVN
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
DISPNPTQIFSJD
OFUXPSL
DPSPOB
êMBNFOU
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF
QIPUP TQIFSF
QMBHF
QSPNJOFODF
TQJDVMF
BOE
USBOTJ UJPO
SFHJPO $ISPNPTQIFSJD
OFUXPSL
"
MBSHFTDBMF
DFM MVMBS
QBUUFSO
WJTJCMF
JO
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBNT
UBLFO
JO
UIF
DBMDJVN
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
ѮF
OFUXPSL
BQQFBST
BU
UIF
CPVOEBSJFT
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
DFMMT
BOE
DPOUBJOT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UIBU
IBWF
CFFO
TXFQU
UP
UIF
FEHFT
PG
UIF
DFMMT
CZ
UIF
ëPX
PG
NBUFSJBM
JO
UIF
DFMMT
4FF
DBMDJVN
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI
BOE
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO $MJNBUF
ѮF
BWFSBHF
XFBUIFS
DPOEJUJPOT
PG
B
QMBDF
PWFS
B
QFSJPE
PG
ZFBST $0
4FF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF $POUJOVPVT
TQFDUSVN
"O
VOCSPLFO
EJTUSJ CVUJPO
PG
SBEJBUJPO
PWFS
B
CSPBE
SBOHF
PG
XBWF MFOHUIT $POUJOVVN
ѮBU
QBSU
PG
B
TQFDUSVN
UIBU
IBT
OFJUIFS
BCTPSQUJPO
OPS
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
CVU
POMZ
B
TNPPUI
XBWFMFOHUI
EJTUSJCVUJPO
PG
SBEJBOU
JOUFO TJUZ
4FF
DPOUJOVPVT
TQFDUSVN
BOE
TQFDUSVN $POWFDUJPO
ѮF
USBOTQPSU
PG
FOFSHZ
GSPN
B
MPXFS
IPUUFS
SFHJPO
UP
B
IJHIFS
DPPMFS
SFHJPO
CZ
UIF
QIZTJDBM
VQXFMMJOH
PG
IPU
NBUUFS

"
CVCCMF
PG
HBT
UIBU
JT
IPUUFS
UIBO
JUT
TVSSPVOE JOHT
FYQBOET
BOE
SJTFT
WFSUJDBMMZ
SFTVMUJOH
JO
USBOTQPSU
BOE
NJYJOH
8IFO
JU
IBT
DPPMFE
CZ
QBTTJOH
PO
JUT
FYUSB
IFBU
UP
JUT
TVSSPVOEJOHT
UIF
CVCCMF
TJOLT
BHBJO
$POWFDUJPO
DBO
PDDVS
XIFO
UIFSF
JT
B
TVCTUBOUJBM
EFDSFBTF
JO
UFN QFSBUVSF
XJUI
IFJHIU
TVDI
BT
UIF
&BSUIT
USPQP TQIFSF
UIF
4VOT
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
PS
B
CPJMJOH
QPU
PG
XBUFS $POWFDUJWF
[POF
"
MBZFS
JO
B
TUBS
JO
XIJDI
DPOWFDUJPO
DVSSFOUT
PS
NBTT
NPUJPOT
BSF
UIF
NBJO
NFDIBOJTN
CZ
XIJDI
FOFSHZ
JT
USBOTQPSUFE
PVUXBSE
*O
UIF
4VO
B
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
FYUFOET
GSPN

PG
UIF
TPMBS
SBEJVT
UP
KVTU
CFMPX
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
ѮF
PQBDJUZ
JO
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
JT
TP
MBSHF
UIBU
FOFSHZ
DBOOPU
CF
USBOTQPSUFE
CZ
SBEJBUJPO $PSF
ѮF
DFOUSBM
SFHJPO
PG
B
QMBOFU
TUBS
PS
PUIFS
DFMFTUJBM
PCKFDU
*O
TPMBS
BOE
TUFMMBS
BTUSPOPNZ
UIF
DPSF
JT
UIF
DFOUSBM
MPDBUJPO
XIFSF
FOFSHZ
JT




HFOFSBUFE
CZ
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
4FF
GVTJPO
BOE
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO $PSPOB
"
TIJNNFSJOH
IBMP
PG
QFBSMXIJUF
MJHIU
TFFO
NPNFOUBSJMZ
BU
UIF
MJNC
PS
BQQBSFOU
FEHF
PG
UIF
4VO
EVSJOH
B
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
DBMMFE
UIF
DPSPOB
GSPN
UIF
-BUJO
XPSE
GPS
iDSPXOu
ѮF
PVUFSNPTU
IJHIUFNQFSBUVSF
SFHJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
BCPWF
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
USBOTJ UJPO
SFHJPO
DPOTJTUJOH
PG
BMNPTU
GVMMZ
JPOJ[FE
HBT
DPOUBJOFE
JO
DMPTFE
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
DBMMFE
DPSP OBM
MPPQT
PS
FYQBOEJOH
PVU
BMPOH
PQFO
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
UP
GPSN
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
*O

UIF
4XFEJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
#FOHU
&EMÊO
¢
BOE
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOPNFS
8BMUFS
(SPUSJBO
¢
TIPXFE
UIBU
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
GSPN
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
XFSF
GPSCJEEFO
USBOTJUJPOT
PG
BUPNT
UIBU
BSF
IJHIMZ
JPOJ[FE
BU
BO
VOFYQFDUFEMZ
IJHI
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
UFNQFSBUVSF
*O

UIF
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJDJTU
&VHFOF
/
1BSLFS
¢

TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSP UPOT
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
XJMM
PWFSDPNF
UIF
4VOT
HSBWJUZ
BOE
BDDFMFSBUF
UP
TVQFSTPOJD
TQFFET
OBNJOH
UIF
SFTVMUBOU
SBEJBM
PVUëPX
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
&WFO
OFBS

UIF
4VO
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
B
IJHIMZ
SBSFêFE
MPX
EFOTJUZ
HBT
XJUI
FMFDUSPO
EFOTJUJFT
PG
MFTT
UIBO

FMFDUSPOT
QFS
DVCJD
NFUFS
IFBUFE
UP
UFNQFSBUVSFT
PG
NJMMJPOT
PG
EFHSFFT
ѮF
DPSPOB
JT
CSJFëZ
WJT JCMF
UP
UIF
VOBJEFE
FZF
EVSJOH
B
UPUBM
FDMJQTF
PG
UIF
4VO
GPS
BU
NPTU

NJOVUFT
BU
PUIFS
UJNFT
JU
DBO
CF
PCTFSWFE
JO
WJTJCMF
XIJUF
MJHIU
CZ
VTJOH
B
TQF DJBM
JOTUSVNFOU
DBMMFE
B
DPSPOBHSBQI
ѮF
DPSPOB
DBO
BMXBZT
CF
PCTFSWFE
BDSPTT
UIF
TPMBS
EJTL
BU
9SBZ
BOE
SBEJP
XBWFMFOHUIT
ѮF
TIBQF
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
JT
EFUFSNJOFE
CZ
UIF
EJTUSJCVUJPO
PG
TPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
XIJDI
WBSJFT
XJUI
UIF
TPMBS
BDUJW JUZ
DZDMF
4FF
DPSPOBHSBQI
DPSPOBM
IPMF
DPSPOBM
MPPQ
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
BOE
TPMBS
XJOE $PSPOBHSBQI
"O
JOTUSVNFOU
VTFE
JO
DPO KVODUJPO
XJUI
B
UFMFTDPQF
UIBU
NBLFT
JU
QPTTJCMF
UP
NBTL
UIF
MJHIU
GSPN
UIF
4VO
PS
PUIFS
TUBS
JO
PSEFS
UP
PCTFSWF
HBT
EVTU
PS
MBSHFS
PCKFDUT
WFSZ
DMPTF
UP
UIF
TUBS
"
DPSPOBHSBQI
JT
VTFE
UP
PCTFSWF
UIF
GBJOU
TPMBS
DPSPOB
JO
XIJUF
MJHIU
PS
JO
BMM
UIF
DPMPST
DPNCJOFE
BU
UJNFT
PUIFS
UIBO
EVSJOH
B
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
ѮF
CSJHIU
MJHIU
PG
UIF
4VOT
QIPUPTQIFSF
JT
CMPDLFE
PVU
CZ
BO
PDDVMU JOH
EJTL
QSPWJEJOH
BO
BSUJêDJBM
FDMJQTF
XJUI
BEEJUJPOBM
QSFDBVUJPOT
GPS
SFNPWJOH
BMM
USBDFT
PG
TUSBZ
MJHIU
ѮF
'SFODI
BTUSPOPNFS
#FSOBSE
-ZPU
¢
JOWFOUFE
UIF
DPSPOBHSBQI
JO

&WFO
XJUI
B
DPSPOBHSBQI
MPDBUFE
BU
B
IJHI
TJUF
XIFSF
UIF
TLZ
JT
WFSZ
DMFBS
TDBUUFSJOH
PG
MJHIU





(MPTTBSZ

CZ
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
B
QSPCMFN
$PSP OBHSBQIT
UIFSFGPSF
XPSL
CFTU
XIFO
QMBDFE
PO
TBUFMMJUFT
BCPWF
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF $PSPOBM
HSFFO
MJOF
"O
FNJTTJPO
MJOF
PG
'F
9*7
BU

OBOPNFUFST
UIF
TUSPOHFTU
WJTJCMF
MJOF
JO
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB $PSPOBM
IPMF
"O
FYUFOEFE
SFHJPO
JO
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
XIFSF
UIF
EFOTJUZ
BOE
UFNQFSB UVSF
BSF
MPXFS
UIBO
PUIFS
QMBDFT
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
BOE
UIF
DPSPOBM
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
BOE
UIF
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
TPѫ
9SBZ
DPSPOBM
FNJTTJPO
BSF
BCOPSNBMMZ
GBJOU
PS
BCTFOU
ѮF
XFBL
EJWFSHJOH
BOE
PQFO
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
JO
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
FYUFOE
SBEJBMMZ
PVUXBSE
BOE
EP
OPU
JNNFEJBUFMZ
SFUVSO
CBDL
UP
UIF
4VO
ѮF
IJHITQFFE
QBSU
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
TUSFBNT
PVU
GSPN
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
ѮF
MPX
EFOTJUZ
PG
UIF
HBT
NBLFT
UIFTF
QBSUT
PG
UIF
DPSPOB
BQQFBS
EBSL
JO
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
TPѫ
9SBZ
JNBHFT
PG
UIF
4VO
BT
JG
UIFSF
XFSF
B
IPMF
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
$PSPOBM
IPMFT
BSF
OFBSMZ
BMXBZT
QSFTFOU
OFBS
UIF
TPMBS
QPMFT
BOE
DBO
BMTP
PDDVS
BU
MPXFS
TPMBS
MBUJUVEFT $PSPOBM
MPPQ
"
NBHOFUJD
MPPQ
UIBU
QBTTFT
UISPVHI
UIF
DPSPOB
BOE
KPJOT
SFHJPOT
DBMMFE
GPPUQPJOUT
PG
PQQPTJUF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
JO
UIF
VOEFSMZJOH
QIPUPTQIFSF
$PSPOBM
MPPQT
DBO
IBWF
FYDFQUJPOBMMZ
TUSPOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BOE
UIFZ
PѫFO
DPOUBJO
UIF
EFOTF
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
DPSPOBM
HBT
UIBU
FNJUT
JOUFOTF
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
4FF
GPPUQPJOU $PSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
"CCSFWJBUFE
$.&
UIF
USBOTJFOU
FKFDUJPO
PG
QMBTNB
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
DPSPOB
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
EFUFDUFE
CZ
XIJUFMJHIU
DPSPOBHSBQIT
"
MBSHF
CPEZ
PG
NBHOFUJDBMMZ
DPOêOFE
DPSPOBM
NBUFSJBM
CFJOH
SFMFBTFE
GSPN
UIF
DPSPOB
"
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
DPOUBJOT

CJMMJPO
UP

CJMMJPO
UPOT
PS


NJMMJPO
NJMMJPO
UP

NJMMJPO
NJMMJPO
LJMPHSBNT
PG
HBT
BOE
DBO
USBWFM
UISPVHI
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
BU
B
IJHI
TVQFSTPOJD
TQFFET
VQ
UP

LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
*U
JT
PѫFO
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
BO
FSVQUJWF
QSPNJOFODF
BOE
TPNFUJNFT
XJUI
B
TUSPOH
TPMBS
ëBSF
$PSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
QSP EVDF
JOUFOTF
TIPDL
XBWFT
BDDFMFSBUF
WBTU
RVBOUJ UJFT
PG
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
HSPX
MBSHFS
UIBO
UIF
4VO
JO
B
GFX
IPVST
BOE
XIFO
EJSFDUFE
BU
&BSUI
DBO
DBVTF
JOUFOTF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
EJTSVQU
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
EBNBHF
TBUFMMJUFT
BOE
QSPEVDF
QPXFS
TVSHFT
PO
FMFDUSJDBM
USBOTNJTTJPO
MJOFT
4FF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSN
BOE
QSPNJOFODF $PSPOBM
TUSFBNFS
"
NBHOFUJDBMMZ
DPOêOFE
MPPQMJLF
DPSPOBM
TUSVDUVSF
JO
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB


TUSBEEMJOH
B
NBHOFUJD
OFVUSBM
MJOF
PO
UIF
TPMBS
QIPUPTQIFSF
ѮFTF
IJHIEFOTJUZ
CSJHIU
DPSPOBM
TUSVDUVSFT
IBWF
SBZMJLF
TUBMLT
UIBU
FYUFOE
SBEJBMMZ
PVUXBSE
UP
MBSHF
EJTUBODFT
JO
UIF
PVUFS
DPSPOB
/FBS
UIF
NJOJNVN
JO
UIF
ZFBS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
DPSPOBM
TUSFBNFST
BSF
MPDBUFE
NPTUMZ
OFBS
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
BOE
BQQFBS
UP
CF
UIF
TPVSDF
PG
UIF
TMPXTQFFE
TPMBS
XJOE
4FF
IFMNFU
TUSFBNFS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
BOE
TPMBS
XJOE $PSPOBM
USBOTJFOU
4FF
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO $PSPOJVN
"
TVQQPTFEMZ
VOLOPXO
DIFNJDBM
FMFNFOU
FNJUUJOH
VOJEFOUJêFE
FNJTTJPO
MJOFT
JO
UIF
TQFDUSVN
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
*O

UIF
4XFEJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
#FOHU
&EMÊO
¢
BOE
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOPNFS
8BMUFS
(SPUSJBO
¢
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
NZTUFSJPVT
MJOFT
BSF
QSPEVDFE
CZ
IJHIMZ
JPOJ[FE
GPSNT
PG
LOPXO
FMFNFOUT
TVDI
BT
JSPO
JO
UIF
VOFYQFDUFEMZ
IJHI
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB $PSQVTDVMBS
SBEJBUJPO
$IBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
NBJOMZ
QSPUPOT
BOE
FMFDUSPOT
FNJUUFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
ѮF
TUSFBN
PG
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
XBT
IZQPUIFTJ[FE
JO
UIF
T
BOE
MBUFS
SFOBNFE
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
4FF
TPMBS
XJOE $PTNJD
SBZT
)JHIFOFSHZ
DIBSHFE
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
UIBU
FOUFS
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
GSPN
JOUFS TUFMMBS
TQBDF
NPWJOH
BU
TQFFET
BQQSPBDIJOH
UIF
TQFFE
PG
MJHIU
BOE
BUUBJOJOH
FOFSHJFT
HSFBUFS
UIBO
B
NJMMJPO
F7
UZQJDBMMZ
B
CJMMJPO
PS

F7
BOE
BT
MBSHF
BT

F7
$PTNJD
SBZT
XFSF
EJTDPWFSFE
JO

CZ
UIF
"VTUSJBO
QIZTJDJTU
7JDUPS
'
)FTT
¢ 
*O

UIF
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJDJTU
3PCFSU
.JMMJLBO
¢
DPODMVTJWFMZ
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIFZ
DPNF
GSPN
PVUFS
TQBDF
HJWJOH
UIFN
UIF
OBNF
DPTNJD
SBZT
*O

UIF
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJDJTU
"SUIVS
)
$PNQUPO
¢
EFNPOTUSBUFE
UIBU
UIF
iSBZTu
BSF
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
$PTNJD
SBZT
DBO
TNBTI
JOUP
BUPNT
BOE
TQMJU
UIFN
BQBSU
DSFBUJOH
MJHIUFS
FMFNFOUT
TVDI
BT
MJUIJVN
CFSZMMJVN
BOE
CPSPO
1SPUPOT
BSF
UIF
NPTU
BCVO EBOU
LJOE
PG
DPTNJD
SBZT
CVU
UIFZ
JODMVEF
MFTTFS
BNPVOUT
PG
IFBWJFS
BUPNJD
OVDMFJ
TVDI
BT
BMQIB
QBSUJDMFT
PS
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
BOE
FMFDUSPOT
$PTNJD
SBZT
CFZPOE
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
BSF
LOPXO
DPMMFDUJWFMZ
BT
QSJNBSZ
DPTNJD
SBZT
8IFO
UIFZ
FOUFS
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
DPTNJD
SBZT
DPMMJEF
XJUI
BUNPTQIFSJD
BUPNT
BOE
QSPEVDF
WBSJPVT
BUPNJD
BOE
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
DBMMFE
TFDPOE BSZ
DPTNJD
SBZT
XIJDI
DBO
CF
EFUFDUFE
BU
HSPVOE
MFWFM
4PNFUJNFT
UIF
UFSN
HBMBDUJD
DPTNJD
SBZ
JT
VTFE
UP
EJTUJOHVJTI
UIPTF
DPNJOH
GSPN
JOUFSTUFM MBS
TQBDF
GSPN
IJHIFOFSHZ
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT


(MPTTBSZ





DPNJOH
GSPN
UIF
4VO
ѮF
MBUUFS
IBWF
IJTUPSJDBMMZ
CFFO
DBMMFE
TPMBS
DPTNJD
SBZT $PVMPNC
CBSSJFS
ѮF
FMFDUSJD
êFME
SFQVM TJPO
FYQFSJFODFE
EVSJOH
UIF
BQQSPBDI
PG
UXP
DIBSHFE
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
FBDI
PG
QPTJUJWF
DIBSHF
PS
CPUI
XJUI
OFHBUJWF
DIBSHF
8IFO
UIF
$PVMPNC
CBSSJFS
PG
UXP
QSPUPOT
JT
PWFSDPNF
CZ
UIF
UVOOFM
FĒFDU
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
UIBU
QSPEVDF
UIF
4VOT
FOFSHZ
BOE
SBEJBUJPO
DBO
PDDVS
4FF
UVOOFM
FĒFDU $VSSFOU
TIFFU
ѮF
UXPEJNFOTJPOBM
TVSGBDF
UIBU
TFQBSBUFT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
PG
PQQPTJUF
QPMBSJ UJFT
PS
EJSFDUJPOT

% %FHSFF
ѮF
VOJU
PG
BOHVMBS
NFBTVSF NFOU
FRVBM
UP

PG
B
GVMM
DJSDMF
ѮFSF
BSF


EFHSFFT
GSPN
UIF
[FOJUI
UP
UIF
IPSJ[PO
BOE
UIF
BOHMF
TVCUFOEFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIF
.PPO
JT
BCPVU
POF
IBMG
PG
B
EFHSFF
"
EFHSFF
JT
BMTP
B
VOJU
PG
UFNQFSBUVSF
BT
JO
EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT
'BISFOIFJU
PS
,FMWJO %FOTJUZ
"O
PCKFDUT
NBTT
EJWJEFE
CZ
JUT
WPMVNF
BMTP
LOPXO
BT
UIF
NBTT
EFOTJUZ
4FF
NBTT
EFOTJUZ %FVUFSJVN
ѮF
SBSF
IFBWZ
JTPUPQF
PG
IZESP HFO
DPOUBJOJOH
CPUI
B
QSPUPO
BOE
B
OFVUSPO
JO
JUT
OVDMFVT
BMTP
LOPXO
BT
IFBWZ
IZESPHFO
"O
BUPN
PG
MJHIU
IZESPHFO
XIJDI
JT
NVDI
NPSF
BCVOEBOU
UIBO
EFVUFSJVN
DPOUBJOT
POF
QSPUPO
BOE
OP
OFVUSPO
JO
JUT
OVDMFVT
%FVUFSJVN
XBT
EJTDPWFSFE
JO

CZ
UIF
"NFSJDBO
DIFNJTU
)BSPME
$MBZUPO
6SFZ
¢  %FVUFSPO
ѮF
OVDMFVT
PG
B
EFVUFSJPVN
BUPN
ѮJT
OVDMFVT
DPOUBJOT
POF
OFVUSPO
BOE
POF
QSPUPO %JBNFUFS
ѮF
MFOHUI
PG
BO
JNBHJOBSZ
TUSBJHIU
MJOF
QBTTJOH
UISPVHI
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
B
TQIFSJDBM
PCKFDU
FRVBM
UP
UXJDF
UIF
SBEJVT
PG
UIF
TQIFSF %JBNPOESJOH
FGGFDU
"O
JOUFOTF
QPJOU
PG
MJHIU
TFFO
EVSJOH
B
UPUBM
FDMJQTF
PG
UIF
4VO
KVTU
CFGPSF
PS
BѫFS
UPUBMJUZ
XIFO
KVTU
UIF
CSJHIU
DFO USBM
QBSU
PG
UIF
FEHF
PG
UIF
4VOT
EJTL
JT
WJTJCMF
HJWJOH
UIF
BQQFBSBODF
PG
B
EJBNPOE
SJOH %JGGFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
3PUBUJPO
PG
UIF
EJĒFSFOU
QBSUT
PG
B
OPOTPMJE
CPEZ
PS
DPMMFDUJPO
PG
CPEJFT
BU
EJĒFSFOU
SBUFT
ѮF
PVUFS
MBZFST
PG
UIF
HJBOU
QMBOFUT
BOE
UIF
4VO
FYIJCJU
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
XJUI
UIFJS
NJEEMF
FRVBUPSJBM
SFHJPOT
NPWJOH
GBTUFS
UIBO
UIF
QPMBS
POFT
4UBST
BOE
JOUFSTUFMMBS
HBT
BMTP
SPUBUF
EJĒFSFOUJBMMZ
SFWPMWJOH
BCPVU
UIF




HBMBDUJD
DFOUFS
JO
JOEFQFOEFOU
PSCJUT
BU
TQFFET
UIBU
DBO
EJĒFS
ѮF
QBSUJDMFT
JO
UIF
SJOHT
PG
4BUVSO
SFWPMWF
BSPVOE
UIF
QMBOFU
BU
TQFFET
UIBU
EFDSFBTF
XJUI
JODSFBTJOH
EJTUBODF
KVTU
BT
NPSF
EJTUBOU
QMBOFUT
NPWF
BCPVU
UIF
NBTTJWF
4VO
XJUI
TMPXFS
TQFFET
BOE
MPOHFS
PSCJUBM
QFSJPET
4UBST
UIBU
BSF
OFBSFS
UIF
HBMBDUJD
DFOUFS
BMTP
SFWPMWF
BCPVU
JU
BU
GBTUFS
TQFFET
UIBO
NPSF
EJTUBOU
TUBST %JGGSBDUJPO
HSBUJOH
"
NFUBM
PS
HMBTT
TVSGBDF
PO
XIJDI
B
MBSHF
OVNCFS
PG
FRVJEJTUBOU
QBSBMMFM
MJOFT
IBWF
CFFO
SVMFE
UZQJDBMMZ
BU

UP

QFS
NJMMJNFUFS
-JHIU
TUSJLJOH
B
HSBUJOH
JT
EJT QFSTFE
CZ
EJĒSBDUJPO
JOUP
B
IJHIRVBMJUZ
TQFD USVN
XIJDI
JT
SFëFDUFE
CZ
B
NFUBM
HSBUJOH
BOE
USBOTNJUUFE
CZ
B
HMBTT
POF %JQPMF
.BHOFUJD
êFMET
UIBU
JODMVEF
CPUI
B
OPSUI
BOE
B
TPVUI
NBHOFUJD
QPMF %JTL
ѮF
WJTJCMF
QBSU
PG
UIF
4VO
PS
PUIFS
DPTNJD
PCKFDU %
MBZFS
ѮF
MPXFTU
QBSU
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
EBZUJNF
JPOPTQIFSF
BU
IFJHIUT
CFUXFFO
BCPVU

BOE


LJMPNFUFST
ѮJT
JT
UIF
MBZFS
UIBU
SFëFDUT
SBEJP
XBWFT
BU
XBWFMFOHUIT
MPOHFS
UIBO
BCPVU


NFUFST
PS
GSFRVFODJFT
MFTT
UIBO
BCPVU


.FHB)FSU[ %PQQMFS
FGGFDU
ѮF
DIBOHF
JO
UIF
PCTFSWFE
XBWFMFOHUI
PS
GSFRVFODZ
PG
TPVOE
PS
FMFDUSP NBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
EVF
UP
UIF
SFMBUJWF
NPUJPO
CFUXFFO
UIF
PCTFSWFS
BOE
UIF
FNJUUFS
BMPOH
UIF
PCTFSWFST
MJOF
PG
TJHIU
ѮF
DIBOHF
JT
UP
MPOHFS
XBWFMFOHUIT
XIFO
UIF
TPVSDF
PG
XBWFT
BOE
UIF
PCTFSWFS
BSF
NPWJOH
BXBZ
GSPN
FBDI
PUIFS
BOE
UP
TIPSUFS
XBWFMFOHUIT
XIFO
UIFZ
BSF
NPWJOH
UPXBSE
FBDI
PUIFS
ѮF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
QSPEVDFT
UIF
DIBOHF
JO
QJUDI
PG
B
TJSFO
BT
BO
BNCVMBODF
TQFFET
QBTU
*O
BTUSPOPNZ
UIF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
JT
VTFE
UP
EFUFDU
BOE
NFBTVSF
SFMBUJWF
NPUJPO
BMPOH
UIF
MJOF
PG
TJHIU
EFUFSNJOJOH
UIF
SBEJBM
WFMPDJUZ
GSPN
UIF
%PQQMFS
TIJѫ
JO
XBWFMFOHUI
ѮF
FĒFDU
JT
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
"VTUSJBO
QIZTJDJTU
$ISJTUJBO
%PQQMFS
¢


XIP
êSTU
EFTDSJCFE
JU
JO

4FF
CMVFTIJѫ
SBEJBM
WFMPD JUZ
BOE
SFETIJѫ %PQQMFS
TIJGU
"
DIBOHF
JO
UIF
BQQBSFOU
XBWF MFOHUI
PS
GSFRVFODZ
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
FNJUUFE
GSPN
B
NPWJOH
TPVSDF
DBVTFE
CZ
JUT
SFMBUJWF
NPUJPO
BMPOH
UIF
MJOF
PG
TJHIU
FJUIFS
UPXBSE
PS
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
PCTFSWFS
"O
PCKFDU
NPWJOH
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
PCTFSWFS
XJMM
BQQFBS
UP
CF
FNJUUJOH
SBEJBUJPO
BU
B
MPOHFS
XBWFMFOHUI
PS
MPXFS
GSFRVFODZ
UIBO
JG
BU
SFTU
PS
OPONPWJOH
"
%PQQMFS
TIJѫ
JO
UIF
TQFDUSVN
PG
BO
BTUSPOPNJDBM
PCKFDU
JT
DPNNPOMZ





(MPTTBSZ

EFTDSJCFE
BT
B
SFETIJѫ
XIFO
JU
JT
UPXBSET
MPOHFS
XBWFMFOHUIT
PCKFDU
SFDFEJOH
BOE
BT
B
CMVFTIJѫ
XIFO
JU
JT
UPXBSET
TIPSUFS
XBWFMFOHUIT
PCKFDU
BQQSPBDIJOH 
"
NFBTVSFNFOU
PG
UIF
%PQQMFS
TIJѫ
NBLFT
JU
QPTTJCMF
UP
EFUFSNJOF
UIF
SBEJBM
WFMPDJUZ
PS
WFMPDJUZ
BMPOH
UIF
MJOF
PG
TJHIU
4FF
CMVFTIJѫ
SBEJBM
WFMPDJUZ
BOE
SFETIJѫ %ZOBNP
"O
FMFDUSJD
HFOFSBUPS
UIBU
FNQMPZT
B
TQJOOJOH
NBHOFUJD
êFME
UP
QSPEVDF
FMFDUSJDJUZ
ѮF
EZOBNP
NFDIBOJTN
HFOFSBUFT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
UISPVHI
UIF
JOUFSBDUJPO
PG
UIF
DPOWFD UJPO
PG
DPOEVDUJOH
NBUUFS
XJUI
SPUBUJPO
BOE
SPUBUJPOBM
TIFBS
"
EZOBNP
DPOWFSUT
UIF
LJOFUJD
FOFSHZ
PG
B
NPWJOH
FMFDUSJDBM
DPOEVDUPS
UP
UIF
FOFSHZ
PG
FMFDUSJD
DVSSFOUT
BOE
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
*U
VTFT
UIF
NPUJPO
PG
B
DPOEVDUJOH
DPOWFDUJOH
ëVJE
UP
HFOFSBUF
PS
TVTUBJO
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
ѮF
UFSSFTUSJBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
TVQQPTFE
UP
CF
HFO FSBUFE
CZ
TVDI
B
EZOBNP
MPDBUFE
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
NPMUFO
DPSF
ѮF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
BMTP
TVT UBJOFE
CZ
BO
JOUFSOBM
EZOBNP
QFSIBQT
MPDBUFE
BU
B
SFHJPO
PG
SPUBUJPOBM
TIFBS
KVTU
CFMPX
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF

& &BSUI
ѮF
UIJSE
QMBOFU
GSPN
UIF
4VO
XIJDI
XF
MJWF
PO
ѮF
&BSUI
IBT
B
NFBO
SBEJVT
PG

LJMPNFUFST
B
NFBO
NBTT
EFOTJUZ
PG

LJMP HSBNT
QFS
DVCJD
NFUFS
BOE
BO
BHF
PG

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
ѮF
NFBO
EJTUBODF
CFUXFFO
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
UIF
4VO
JT
POF
"TUSPOPNJDBM
6OJU
EFOPUFE
CZ
"6
ѮF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
NBJOMZ
DPN QPTFE
PG
NPMFDVMBS
OJUSPHFO
BU

QFSDFOU
BOE
NPMFDVMBS
PYZHFO
BU

QFSDFOU
ѮF
HSFFO IPVTF
FĒFDU
DBVTFE
CZ
SFMBUJWFMZ
TNBMM
BNPVOUT
PG
BUNPTQIFSJD
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
XBUFS
WBQPS
XBSNT
UIF
TVSGBDF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
UP
BO
BWFSBHF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
BCPVU

LFMWJO

EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT
BOE

EFHSFFT
'BISFOIFJU


BOE
XJUIPVU
UIJT
FĒFDU
UIF
TVSGBDF
UFNQFSBUVSF
XPVME
CF

LFMWJO
CFMPX
UIF
GSFF[JOH
QPJOU
PG
XBUFS
BU

LFMWJO
(MPCBM
XBSNJOH
QSPEVDFE
CZ
IVNBO
BDUJWJUZ
TVDI
BT
UIF
CVSOJOH
PG
DPBM
HBT
BOE
PJM
UP
QSPEVDF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
XJMM
DPOUJOVF
UP
JODSFBTF
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
UFNQFSBUVSF
CZ
UIF
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
-JRVJE
PDFBOT
DPWFS

QFS DFOU
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
CVU
OFX
PDFBOT
GPSN
BOE
PME
POFT
DMPTF
BT
UIF
DPOUJOFOUT
EJTQFSTF
BOE
UIFO
SFBTTFNCMF &DMJQTF
ѮF
QBSUJBM
PS
UPUBM
PCTDVSBUJPO
PG
UIF
MJHIU
GSPN
BO
BTUSPOPNJDBM
PCKFDU
CZ
BOPUIFS
TVDI
PCKFDU
*O
B
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
UIF
.PPO
QBTTFT
CFUXFFO
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIF
&BSUI
CMPDLJOH
UIF


4VOT
MJHIU
*O
B
MVOBS
FDMJQTF
UIF
&BSUI
QBTTFT
CFUXFFO
UIF
.PPO
BOE
UIF
4VO
CMPDLJOH
UIF
TPMBS
MJHIU
UIBU
UIF
.PPO
SFëFDUT
ѮF
FDMJQTF
PG
B
TUBS
CZ
UIF
.PPO
PS
CZ
B
QMBOFU
PS
PUIFS
CPEZ
JO
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
JT
DBMMFE
BO
PDDVMUB UJPO
"
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
DBO
PDDVS
POMZ
BU
UIF
OFX
.PPO
BOE
JU
IBT
B
NBYJNVN
EVSBUJPO
PG

NJOVUFT
%VSJOH
UIF
CSJFG
NPNFOUT
PG
B
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
EBSLOFTT
GBMMT
BOE
UIF
PVUFS
QBSUT
PG
UIF
4VO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
UIF
DPSPOB
BSF
TFFO
"U
BOZ
HJWFO
QPJOU
PO
UIF
&BSUIT
TVS GBDF
B
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
PDDVST
PO
UIF
BWFSBHF
PODF
FWFSZ

ZFBST
4FF
TPMBS
FDMJQTF &
MBZFS
"
EBZUJNF
MBZFS
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
JPO PTIFSF
SPVHIMZ
CFUXFFO
BMUJUVEFT
PG

UP

LJMPNFUFST &MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
3BEJBUJPO
UIBU
DBSSJFT
FOFSHZ
BOE
NPWFT
UISPVHI
WBDVPVT
TQBDF
JO
QFSJPEJD
XBWFT
BU
UIF
TQFFE
PG
MJHIU
QSPQBHBU JOH
CZ
UIF
JOUFSQMBZ
PG
PTDJMMBUJOH
FMFDUSJDBM
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
ѮF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
JT
VTVBMMZ
EFTJHOBUFE
CZ
UIF
MFUUFS
D
BOE
IBT
B
WBMVF
PG


LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
&MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
JODMVEFT
WJTJCMF
MJHIU
SBEJP
XBWFT
JOGSBSFE
SBEJBUJPO
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
9SBZT
BOE
HBNNB
SBZT
&MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
JO
DPNNPO
XJUI
BOZ
XBWF
IBT
B
XBWFMFOHUI
EFOPUFE
CZ
L
BOE
B
GSFRVFODZ
EFOPUFE
CZ
ʎ
UIFJS
QSPEVDU
JT
FRVBM
UP
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
PS
Lʎ

D
TP
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
EFDSFBTFT
XIFO
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
JODSFBTFT
BOE
WJDF
WFSTB
ѮF
FOFSHZ
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
JODSFBTFT
JO
EJSFDU
QSPQPSUJPO
UP
GSFRVFODZ
BOE
UIJT
FOFSHZ
LOPXO
BT
UIF
QIPUPO
FOFSHZ
BOE
EFOPUFE
CZ
&
JT
HJWFO
CZ
&

Iʎ

IDL
XIFSF
1MBODLT
DPOTUBOU

I



¢
+PVMF
TFDPOE
ѮFSF
JT
B
DPOUJOVVN
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
¢
GSPN
MPOHXBWFMFOHUI
SBEJP
XBWFT
PG
MPX
GSFRVFODZ
BOE
MPX
FOFSHZ
UISPVHI
WJTJCMFMJHIU
XBWFT
UP
TIPSUXBWFMFOHUI
9SBZT
BOE
HBNNB
SBZT
PG
IJHI
GSFRVFODZ
BOE
IJHI
FOFSHZ
4FF
FMFDUSP NBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
HBNNBSBZ
SBEJBUJPO
SBEJP
SBEJBUJPO
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
WJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
"MM
UZQFT
BOE
XBWFMFOHUIT
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
UIF
NPTU
FOFSHFUJD
BOE
TIPSUFTU
XBWFT
UIF
HBNNB
SBZT
UP
UIF
MFBTU
FOFSHFUJD
BOE
MPOHFTU
POFT
UIF
SBEJP
XBWFT
'SPN
TIPSU
XBWFMFOHUIT
UP
MPOH
POFT
UIF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
JODMVEFT
HBNNB
SBZT
9SBZT
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJB UJPO
WJTJCMF
MJHIU
JOGSBSFE
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
SBEJP
XBWFT
WJTJCMF
MJHIU
DPNQSJTFT
KVTU
POF
TNBMM





(MPTTBSZ


TFHNFOU
PG
UIJT
NVDI
CSPBEFS
TQFDUSVN
4FF
HBNNBSBZ
SBEJBUJPO
PQUJDBM
TQFDUSVN
SBEJP
SBEJBUJPO
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
WJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPO
"O
FMFNFOUBSZ
OFHBUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMF
UIBU
TVSSPVOET
UIF
QPTJUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
OVDMFVT
PG
BO
BUPN
CVU
DBO
FYJTU
JO
JTP MBUJPO
PVUTJEF
BO
BUPN
ѮF
&OHMJTI
QIZTJDJTU
+PTFQI
+PIO
i+
+u
ѮPNTPO
¢
EJT DPWFSFE
UIF
OFHBUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
iDPSQVTDMFTu
JO

XIJMF
JOWFTUJHBUJOH
DBUIPEF
SBZT
ѮF
%VUDI
QIZTJDJTU
)FOESJL
-PSFOU[
¢
OBNFE
UIFN
iFMFDUSPOTu
B
UFSN
QSFWJPVTMZ
JOUSPEVDFE
CZ
UIF
*SJTI
QIZTJDJTU
(FPSHF
+PIOTUPOF
4UPOFZ
¢ 
ѮF
JOUFSBDUJPOT
CFUXFFO
FMFDUSPOT
PG
OFJHICPSJOH
BUPNT
DSFBUF
UIF
DIFNJDBM
CPOET
UIBU
MJOL
BUPNT
UPHFUIFS
BT
NPMFDVMFT
"
OFVUSBM
PS
VODIBSHFE
BUPN
IBT
BT
NBOZ
FMFDUSPOT
BT
QPTJ UJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
QSPUPOT
XIJDI
SFTJEF
JO
UIF
OVDMFVT
"O
JPOJ[FE
BUPN
JT
VTVBMMZ
QPTJUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
BOE
IBT
GFXFS
FMFDUSPOT
UIBO
QSPUPOT
'SFF
FMFDUSPOT
IBWF
CSPLFO
BXBZ
GSPN
UIFJS
BUPNJD
CPOET
BOE
BSF
OPU
CPVOE
UP
BUPNT
"U
UIF
IPU
UFNQFSBUVSFT
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
BOE
PUIFS
TUBST
BOE
JO
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
BOE
TPMBS
XJOE
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
IBWF
CFFO
TFU
GSFF
PG
UIFJS
BUPNJD
CPOET
ѮF
NBTT
PG
BO
FMFDUSPO
JT


¢
LJMPHSBNT
PS

PG
UIF
NBTT
PG
B
QSPUPO
4FF
JPO
BOE
QSPUPO &MFDUSPO
OFVUSJOP
ѮF
UZQF
PG
OFVUSJOP
UIBU
JOUFSBDUT
XJUI
UIF
FMFDUSPO
*U
JT
UIF
POMZ
LJOE
PG
OFVUSJOP
QSPEVDFE
CZ
UIF
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
UIBU
NBLF
UIF
4VO
TIJOF
4FF
OFVUSJOP
BOE
TPMBS
OFV USJOP
QSPCMFN &MFDUSPO
WPMU
"
VOJU
PG
FOFSHZ
EFOPUFE
CZ
F7
PѫFO
VTFE
GPS
NFBTVSJOH
UIF
FOFSHJFT
PG
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
"O
FMFDUSPO
WPMU
JT
EFêOFE
BT
UIF
FOFSHZ
BDRVJSFE
CZ
BO
FMFDUSPO
XIFO
JU
JT
BDDFMFSBUFE
UISPVHI
B
QPUFOUJBM
EJĒFS FODF
PG

WPMU
JO
B
WBDVVN

F7



¢
+PVMF
XIFSF
POF
+PVMF
JT
FRVBM
UP

NJMMJPO
FSH
3BEJBUJPO
XJUI
BO
FOFSHZ
PG
POF
FMFDUSPO
WPMU
IBT
B
XBWFMFOHUI
PG

OBOPNFUFST
BOE
B
GSFRVFODZ
PG



)FSU[
ѮF
FOFSHJFT
PG
9SBZT
BSF
FYQSFTTFE
JO
UIPVTBOET
PG
FMFDUSPO
WPMUT
BCCSFWJBUFE
LF7
.JMMJPOT
BOE
CJMMJPOT
PG
FMFDUSPO
WPMUT
SFTQFDUJWFMZ
EFOPUFE
CZ
.F7
BOE
(F7
BSF
VTFE
BT
VOJUT
GPS
WFSZ
FOFSHFUJD
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
TVDI
BT
DPTNJD
SBZT
"O
FMFDUSPO
XJUI
B
LJOFUJD
FOFSHZ
PG
B
GFX
.F7
JT
USBWFMJOH
BU
BMNPTU
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU &MFNFOU
"
DIFNJDBMMZ
IPNPHFOFPVT
TVCTUBODF
UIBU
DBOOPU
CF
EFDPNQPTFE
CZ
DIFNJDBM
NFBOT
ѮF
BUPNT
PG
B
QBSUJDVMBS
FMFNFOU
BMM
IBWF
UIF




TBNF
OVNCFS
PG
QSPUPOT
JO
UIFJS
OVDMFVT
CVU
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
OFVUSPOT
DBO
WBSZ
HJWJOH
SJTF
UP
EJĒFSFOU
JTPUPQFT
PG
UIF
TBNF
FMFNFOU
ѮFSF
BSF

OBUVSBMMZ
PDDVSSJOH
FMFNFOUT
XJUI
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
QSPUPOT
PS
BUPNJD
OVNCFS
SBOHJOH
GSPN

GPS
IZESPHFO
UP

GPS
VSBOJVN &NJTTJPO
MJOF
"
CSJHIU
TQFDUSBM
GFBUVSF
BU
B
QBSUJDVMBS
XBWFMFOHUI
PS
OBSSPX
CBOET
PG
XBWF MFOHUIT
FNJUUFE
EJSFDUMZ
CZ
B
IPU
MVNJOPVT
HBTFPVT
TPVSDF
TVDI
BT
BO
FNJTTJPO
OFCVMB
PS
QMBOFUBSZ
OFCVMB
SFWFBMJOH
CZ
JUT
XBWFMFOHUI
B
DIFNJDBM
DPOTUJUVFOU
PG
JUT
HBT &NJTTJPO
TQFDUSVN
"
TFSJFT
PG
CSJHIU
FNJT TJPO
MJOFT
4FF
FNJTTJPO
MJOF
BOE
GPSCJEEFO
MJOF &RVBUPS
"O
JNBHJOBSZ
MJOF
BSPVOE
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
B
CPEZ
XIFSF
FWFSZ
QPJOU
PO
UIF
MJOF
JT
BO
FRVBM
EJTUBODF
GSPN
UIF
QPMFT
ѮF
FRVBUPS
EFêOFT
UIF
CPVOEBSZ
CFUXFFO
UIF
OPSUIFSO
BOE
TPVUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSFT &SH
"
VOJU
PG
FOFSHZ
FRVBM
UP
UIF
XPSL
EPOF
CZ
B
GPSDF
PG

EZOF
BDUJOH
PWFS
B
EJTUBODF
PG


DFOUJNFUFS
"O
FOFSHZ
PG
POF
+PVMF
JT
FRVBM
UP

PS

NJMMJPO
FSH &67
"DSPOZN
GPS
&YUSFNF
6MUSB7JPMFU
B
QPSUJPO
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
GSPN
BQQSPYJNBUFMZ
¢
UP
¢
NFUFST
PS

UP
 
ªOHTUSÕNT
4FF
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO F7
"CCSFWJBUJPO
PG
FMFDUSPO
WPMU
4FF
FMFDUSPO
WPMU &WFSTIFE
FGGFDU
ѮF
SBEJBM
ëPX
PG
HBTFT
XJUIJO
UIF
QFOVNCSB
PG
B
TVOTQPU
EJTDPWFSFE
JO

CZ
UIF
&OHMJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
+PIO
&WFSTIFE
¢
GSPN
UIF
%PQQMFS
TIJѫ
JO
UIF
TQFD USVN
PG
B
TVOTQPU
ѮF
ëPX
JT
PVUXBSE
BU
UIF
MFWFM
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
CVU
JOXBSE
BOE
EPXO XBSE
BU
IJHIFS
MFWFMT
JO
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
4FF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
TVOTQPU &YUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
"CCSFWJBUFE
&67
B
QPSUJPO
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
GSPN
BQQSPYJNBUFMZ
¢
UP
¢
NFUFST
PS

UP

OBOPNFUFST
BOE

UP
 
ªOHTUSÕNT

' 'BDVMBF
#SJHIU
SFHJPOT
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
TVOTQPUT
TFFO
JO
XIJUF
MJHIU
BOE
WJTJCMF
POMZ
OFBS
UIF
MJNC
PG
UIF
4VO
ѮFZ
BSF
CSJHIUFS
UIBO
UIF
TVSSPVOEJOH
NFEJVN
EVF
UP
UIFJS
IJHIFS
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE
HSFBUFS
EFOTJUJFT
'BDVMBF
BQQFBS
TPNF
IPVST
CFGPSF
UIF
BTTPDJBUFE
TVOTQPUT
JO
UIF
TBNF
QMBDF
CVU
DBO
SFNBJO
GPS
NPOUIT
BѫFS
UIF
TVOTQPUT
IBWF
HPOF
ѮF
XPSE





(MPTTBSZ

GBDVMB
JT
-BUJO
GPS
iMJUUMF
UPSDIu
"
QMBHF
BQQFBST
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
KVTU
BCPWF
B
GBDVMB
4FF
QMBHF 'BISFOIFJU
"
VOJU
PG
UFNQFSBUVSF
EFOPUFE
CZ

'
PS
CZ
'
GPS
EFHSFFT
'BISFOIFJU
*U
JT
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
1PMJTICPSO
%VUDI
QIZTJDJTU
(BCSJFM
%BOJFM
'BISFOIFJU
¢


XIP
JOWFOUFE
UIF
êSTU
BDDVSBUF
UIFSNPNFUFS
BOE
EFWJTFE
UIF
'BISFO IFJU
TDBMF
PG
UFNQFSBUVSF
ѮF
GSFF[JOH
UFNQFSB UVSF
PG
XBUFS
JT

'
BOE
UIF
CPJMJOH
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
XBUFS
JT

'
ѮF
FRVJWBMFOU
UFNQFSBUVSF
JO
EFHSFFT
LFMWJO
JT
,


'


BOE
UIF
FRVJWBMFOU
UFNQFSBUVSF
JO
EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT
JT

$

 '
 
4FF
$FMTJVT
BOE
,FMWJO 'BJOUZPVOH4VO
QBSBEPY
ѮF
EJTDSFQBODZ
CFUXFFO
UIF
&BSUIT
XBSN
DMJNBUF
SFDPSE
BOE
B
EJNNFS
4VO
CJMMJPOT
PG
ZFBST
BHP
(FPMPHJDBM
FWJEFODF
JOEJDBUFT
UIF
QSFTFODF
PG
MJRVJE
XBUFS
PO
&BSUI
GSPN

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
:FU
UIF
4VO
CFHBO
TIJOJOH

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
XJUI
BCPVU

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
CSJHIUOFTT
JU
IBT
UPEBZ
BTTVN JOH
BO
VODIBOHJOH
BUNPTQIFSF
DPNQBSBCMF
UP
UIBU
PG
UPEBZ
UIF
PDFBOT
XPVME
IBWF
CFFO
GSP[FO
NPSF
UIBO

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP 'JCSJMT
%BSL
FMPOHBUFE
GFBUVSFT
TFFO
JO
IZESPHFO
BMQIB
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBNT
PG
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
GPSNJOH
B
MJOFBS
QBUUFSO
UIPVHIU
UP
EFMJOFBUF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
4FF
DISPNPTQIFSF
IZESPHFO BMQIB
MJOF
BOE
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 'JMBNFOU
"
NBTT
PG
SFMBUJWFMZ
DPPM
BOE
EFOTF
NBUFSJBM
TVTQFOEFE
BCPWF
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JO
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
CZ
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
HFOFSBMMZ
BMPOH
B
NBHOFUJD
JOWFSTJPO
PS
OFVUSBM
MJOF
TFQ BSBUJOH
SFHJPOT
PG
PQQPTJUF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
JO
UIF
VOEFSMZJOH
QIPUPTQIFSF
'JMBNFOUT
BQQFBS
BT
EBSL
FMPOHBUFE
GFBUVSFT
XIFO
PCTFSWFE
PO
UIF
EJTL
JO
UIF
MJHIU
PG
IZESPHFO
BMQIB
PS
JPO J[FE
DBMDJVN
"
EBSL
QSPNJOFODF
JT
TFFO
JO
QSPKFDUJPO
BHBJOTU
UIF
CSJHIU
TPMBS
EJTL
8IFO
EFUFDUFE
BCPWF
UIF
MJNC
PG
UIF
4VO
B
êMBNFOU
JT
TFFO
JO
FNJTTJPO
BHBJOTU
UIF
EBSL
TLZ
BOE
JU
JT
UIFO
DBMMFE
B
QSPNJOFODF
4FF
DISPNPTQIFSF
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF
BOE
QSPNJOFODF 'JTTJPO
ѮF
TQMJUUJOH
PS
CSFBLJOH
BQBSU
PG
B
IFBWZ
BUPNJD
OVDMFVT
JOUP
UXP
PS
NPSF
MJHIUFS
BUPNJD
OVDMFJ
SFMFBTJOH
FOFSHZ
'JTTJPO
JT
TQPOUB OFPVT
EVSJOH
UIF
EFDBZ
PG
B
SBEJPBDUJWF
FMFNFOU
BOE
JU
DBO
CF
JOEVDFE
CZ
QBSUJDMF
CPNCBSENFOU
'JTTJPO
QPXFST
BUPNJD
CPNCT
BOE
PDDVST
JO
NBONBEF
OVDMFBS
QPXFS
SFBDUPST
PO
&BSUI 'JWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
7FSUJDBM
PTDJMMB UJPOT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
QIPUPTQIFSF
XJUI
B
QFSJPE
PG


êWF
NJOVUFT
JOUFSQSFUFE
JO
UFSNT
PG
USBQQFE
TPVOE
XBWFT
ѮF
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BSF
EFUFDUFE
JO
UIF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
PG
TPMBS
BCTPSQ UJPO
MJOFT
GPSNFE
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
JO
MJHIU
WBSJBUJPOT
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
ѮF
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJDJTU
3PCFSU
-FJHIUPO
¢
BOE
IJT
DPMMFBHVFT
EJTDPWFSFE
MPDBMJ[FE
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
XIJMF
JOWFTUJHBUJOH
NPUJPOT
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
0CTFSWBUJPOT
PG
UIF
PTDJMMB UJPOT
IBWF
CFFO
VTFE
UP
JOGFS
UIF
DPNQPTJUJPO
NPUJPOT
TUSVDUVSF
BOE
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
UISPVHI
UIF
UFDIOJRVF
PG
IFMJPTFJTNPM PHZ
4FF
BDPVTUJD
XBWFT
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
(MPCBM
0TDJMMBUJPO
/FUXPSL
(SPVQ
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
QIPUPTQIFSF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWB UPSZ
TQJDVMFT
BOE
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO 'MBSF
"
TVEEFO
BOE
WJPMFOU
SFMFBTF
PG
NBUUFS
BOE
FOFSHZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
PS
BOPUIFS
TUBS
JO
UIF
GPSN
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
XBWF
NPUJPOT
BOE
TIPDL
XBWFT
MBTUJOH
NJOVUFT
UP
IPVST
ѮF
GSFRVFODZ
BOE
JOUFOTJUZ
PG
ëBSFT
PO
UIF
4VO
JODSFBTF
OFBS
UIF
NBYJNVN
PG
UIF
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
BOE
UIFZ
PDDVS
JO
TPMBS
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
.BOZ
SFE
EXBSG
TUBST
BMTP
FNJU
ëBSFT
BOE
UIFZ
BSF
DBMMFE
ëBSF
TUBST
4PMBS
ëBSFT
BDDFMFSBUF
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
ѮF
JNQVMTJWF
PS
ëBTI
QIBTF
PG
ëBSFT
VTV BMMZ
MBTUT
GPS
B
GFX
NJOVUFT
EVSJOH
XIJDI
NBUUFS
DBO
SFBDI
UFNQFSBUVSFT
PG
IVOESFET
PG
NJMMJPOT
PG
EFHSFFT
ѮF
ëBSF
TVCTFRVFOUMZ
GBEFT
EVSJOH
UIF
HSBEVBM
PS
EFDBZ
QIBTF
MBTUJOH
BCPVU
BO
IPVS
.PTU
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
JT
FNJUUFE
BT
9SBZT
CVU
ëBSFT
BSF
BMTP
PCTFSWFE
BU
WJTJCMF
IZESPHFOBMQIB
XBWFMFOHUIT
BOE
SBEJP
XBWFMFOHUIT
ѮFZ
BSF
QSPCBCMZ
DBVTFE
CZ
UIF
TVEEFO
SFMFBTF
PG
MBSHF
BNPVOUT
PG
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
VQ
UP

+PVMF
JO
B
SFMBUJWFMZ
TNBMM
WPMVNF
JO
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB 'MBTI
TQFDUSVN
ѮF
FNJTTJPO
MJOF
TQFDUSVN
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DISPNPTQIFSF
UIBU
JT
TFFO
GPS
B
GFX
TFDPOET
KVTU
CFGPSF
BOE
BѫFS
UPUBMJUZ
EVSJOH
BO
FDMJQTF
PG
UIF
4VO
4FF
DISPNPTQIFSF
FNJTTJPO
MJOF
BOE
FNJTTJPO
TQFDUSVN '
MBZFS
ѮF
VQQFS
MBZFS
PG
UIF
JPOTQIFSF
BQQSPYJNBUFMZ

UP
 
LJMPNFUFST
JO
IFJHIU
ѮF
EFOTJFTU
QBSU
PG
UIF
'
MBZFS
JT
BU
IFJHIUT
CFUXFFO

BOE

LJMPNFUFST 'PPUQPJOU
*OUFSTFDUJPO
PG
B
NBHOFUJD
MPPQ
XJUI
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
ѮF
MPXFTU
WJTJCMF
QPSUJPO
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
MPPQ
4FF
DPSPOBM
MPPQ 'PSCJEEFO
MJOFT
&NJTTJPO
MJOFT
OPU
OPSNBMMZ
PCTFSWFE
VOEFS
MBCPSBUPSZ
DPOEJUJPOT
CFDBVTF
UIFZ
IBWF
B
MPX
QSPCBCJMJUZ
PG
PDDVSSFODF
PѫFO


(MPTTBSZ





SFTVMUJOH
GSPN
B
USBOTJUJPO
CFUXFFO
B
NFUBTUBCMF
FYDJUFE
TUBUF
BOE
UIF
HSPVOE
TUBUF
6OEFS
UZQJ DBM
DPOEJUJPOT
PO
&BSUI
BO
BUPN
JO
B
NFUBTUBCMF
TUBUF
XJMM
MPTF
FOFSHZ
UISPVHI
B
DPMMJTJPO
CFGPSF
JU
JT
BCMF
UP
EFDBZ
UP
UIF
HSPVOE
TUBUF
BOE
FNJU
MJOF
SBEJBUJPO
6OEFS
BTUSPQIZTJDBM
DPOEJUJPOT
JODMVEJOH
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
BOE
IJHIMZ
SBSFêFE
OFCVMBF
UIF
NFUBTUBCMF
TUBUF
DBO
MBTU
MPOH
FOPVHI
GPS
UIF
iGPSCJEEFOu
MJOFT
UP
CF
FNJUUFE
4FF
FNJTTJPO
MJOF 'SBVOIPGFS
MJOFT
ѮF
EBSL
BCTPSQUJPO
GFB UVSFT
JO
UIF
TPMBS
TQFDUSVN
DBVTFE
CZ
BCTPSQ UJPO
BU
TQFDJêD
XBWFMFOHUIT
JO
UIF
DPPMFS
MBZFST
PG
UIF
4VOT
BUNPTQIFSF
JODMVEJOH
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
DISPNPTQIFSF
ѮFZ
XFSF
êSTU
PCTFSWFE
JO

CZ
UIF
&OHMJTI
DIFN JTU
BOE
QIZTJDJTU
8JMMJBN
)ZEF
8PMMBTUPO
¢ 
ѮFZ
XFSF
êSTU
DBSFGVMMZ
TUVEJFE
GSPN

CZ
UIF
(FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU
BOE
PQUJ DJBO
+PTFQI
WPO
'SBVOIPGFS
¢


XIP
DBUBMPHVFE
UIF
XBWFMFOHUIT
PG
NPSF
UIBO

PG
UIFN
BTTJHOJOH
3PNBO
MFUUFST
UP
UIF
NPTU
QSPNJOFOU
TVDI
BT
UIF
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
PG
JPOJ[FE
DBMDJVN
UIF
%
MJOF
PG
OFVUSBM
TPEJVN
UIF
&
MJOF
PG
JSPO
BOE
UIF
$
BOE
'
MJOFT
PG
IZESPHFO
4FF
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOF
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF
BOE
TQFDUSVN 'SFF
FMFDUSPO
"O
FMFDUSPO
UIBU
IBT
CSPLFO
GSFF
PG
JUT
BUPNJD
CPOE
BOE
JT
UIFSFGPSF
OPU
CPVOE
UP
BO
BUPN 'SFRVFODZ
ѮF
OVNCFS
PG
DSFTUT
PG
B
XBWF
QBTT JOH
B
êYFE
QPJOU
FBDI
TFDPOE
VTVBMMZ
NFBTVSFE
JO
VOJUT
PG
)FSU[
XIFSF
POF
)FSU[
JT
FRVBM
UP
POF
PTDJMMBUJPO
QFS
TFDPOE
4FF
)FSU[
)[
BOE
.)[ 'VTJPO
ѮF
KPJOJOH
UPHFUIFS
PG
UXP
PS
NPSF
MJHIU
BUPNJD
OVDMFJ
UP
QSPEVDF
B
IFBWJFS
BUPNJD
OVDMFVT
SFMFBTJOH
FOFSHZ
'VTJPO
QPXFST
IZESP HFO
CPNCT
BOE
NBLFT
TUBST
TIJOF
JODMVEJOH
UIF
4VO
4FF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
BOE
UIFSNP OVDMFBS
GVTJPO

( ("--&9
"DSPOZN
GPS
("--JVN
&9QFSJNFOU
PQFSBUFE
CFUXFFO

BOE

XJUIJO
UIF
(SBO
4BTTP
6OEFSHSPVOE
-BCPSBUPSJFT
CFMPX
B
QFBL
JO
UIF
"QFOOJOF
NPVOUBJOT
PG
*UBMZ
VTJOH

UPOT
PG
HBMMJVN
BOE
 
UPOFT
PG
HBMMJVN
DIMPSJEF
TPMV UJPO
ѮF
FYQFSJNFOU
NFBTVSFT
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
PG
MPX
FOFSHZ
GSPN
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
SFBDUJPO
'SPN

UP

NFBTVSFNFOUT
XFSF
DBSSJFE
PVU
BU
UIF
TBNF
MPDBUJPO
CZ
UIF
(BMMJVN
/FVUSJOP
0CTSFWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
(/0



(BNNB
SBZ
4FF
HBNNBSBZ
SBEJBUJPO (BNNBSBZ
SBEJBUJPO
ѮF
NPTU
FOFSHFUJD
GPSN
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
XJUI
QIPUPO
FOFSHJFT
JO
FYDFTT
PG

LF7
PS

.F7
ѮF
XBWFMFOHUI
PG
HBNNBSBZ
SBEJBUJPO
JT
MFTT
UIBO

OBOPNFUFS
PS
¢
NFUFST
UIF
TIPSUFTU
QPT TJCMF
#FDBVTF
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
BCTPSCT
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
BU
UIBU
FOE
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPNBH OFUJD
TQFDUSVN
HBNNB
SBZ
TUVEJFT
PG
DPTNJD
PCKFDUT
BSF
DPOEVDUFE
GSPN
TBUFMMJUFT
TVDI
BT
UIF
3BNBUZ
)JHI
&OFSHZ
4PMBS
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS
BCCSFWJBUFE
3)&44*
4FF
3BNBUZ
)JHI
&OSHZ
4PMBS
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS
BOE
FMFDUSP NBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN (BT
QSFTTVSF
ѮF
PVUXBSE
QSFTTVSF
DBVTFE
CZ
UIF
NPUJPOT
PG
HBT
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
JODSFBTJOH
XJUI
UIFJS
UFNQFSBUVSF
(BT
QSFTTVSF
TVQQPSUT
NBJO TFRVFODF
TUBST
MJLF
UIF
4VO
BHBJOTU
UIF
JOXBSE
GPSDF
PG
UIFJS
JNNFOTF
HSBWJUZ (BVTT
ѮF
DHT
PS
DFOUJNFUFSHSBNTFDPOE
VOJU
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
(FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU
BOE
BTUSPOPNFS
,BSM
'SJFESJDI
(BVTT
¢


XIP
TIPXFE
JO

UIBU
UIF
&BSUIT
EJQPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
NVTU
PSJHJOBUF
JOTJEF
UIF
QMBOFU
ѮF
4*
PS
4ZTUFNF
*OUFSOBUJPOBM
VOJU
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI
JT
UIF
5FTMB
XIFSF

5FTMB

 
(BVTT


(BVTT
ѮF
5FTMB
JT
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
$SPBUJBO CPSO
"NFSJDBO
FMFDUSJDBM
FOHJOFFS
/JLPMB
5FTMB
¢


XIP
XBT
B
QJPOFFS
JO
UIF
VTF
PG
BMUFSOBUJOHDVSSFOU
FMFDUSJDJUZ
4FF
5FTMB (FPNBHOFUJD
mFME
ѮF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JO
BOE
BSPVOE
UIF
&BSUI
ѮF
JOUFOTJUZ
PG
UIF
NBH OFUJD
êFME
BU
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
JT
BQQSPYJNBUFMZ



¢
5FTMB
PS

(BVTT
BU
UIF
FRVBUPS
BOE


¢
5FTMB
PS

(BVTT
BU
UIF
/PSUI
1PMF
5P
B
êSTU
BQQSPYJNBUJPO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
MJLF
UIBU
PG
B
CBS
NBHOFU
PS
B
EJQPMF
DVS SFOUMZ
EJTQMBDFE
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
GSPN
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
&BSUI
UPXBSET
UIF
1BDJêD
0DFBO
BOE
UJMUFE
BU

EFHSFFT
UP
UIF
SPUBUJPO
BYJT (FPNBHOFUJD
TUPSN
"
SBQJE
XPSMEXJEF
EJT UVSCBODF
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
UZQJDBMMZ
MBTUJOH
B
GFX
IPVST
DBVTFE
CZ
UIF
BSSJWBM
JO
UIF
WJDJOJUZ
PG
UIF
&BSUI
PG
B
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
"
TVCTUPSN
JT
B
NBHOFUJD
EJTUVSCBODF
PCTFSWFE
JO
1PMBS
3FHJPOT
POMZ
BOE
JT
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
DIBOHFT
JO
EJSFDUJPO
PG
UIF
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NBH OFUJD
êFME
BT
JU
FODPVOUFST
UIF
&BSUI
"VSPSBM
BDUJWJUZ
BOE
EJTSVQUJPO
PG
SBEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
BSF
DPNNPO
EVSJOH
JOUFOTF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
4FF
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
BOE
NBHOFUJD
TUPSN




(MPTTBSZ

(FPTZODISPOPVT
PSCJU
ѮF
PSCJU
PG
B
TBUFM MJUF
UIBU
USBWFMT
BCPWF
UIF
&BSUIT
FRVBUPS
GSPN
XFTU
UP
FBTU
BU
BO
BMUJUVEF
XIFSF
UIF
TBUFMMJUFT
PSCJUBM
WFMPDJUZ
JT
FRVBM
UP
UIF
SPUBUJPOBM
WFMPD JUZ
PG
UIF
&BSUI
*O
UIJT
PSCJU
B
TBUFMMJUF
SFNBJOT
OFBSMZ
TUBUJPOBSZ
BCPWF
B
QBSUJDVMBS
QPJOU
PO
UIF
QMBOFU
4VDI
BO
PSCJU
IBT
BO
BMUJUVEF
PG
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST (MPCBM
0TDJMMBUJPO
/FUXPSL
(SPVQ
"CCSFWJBUFE
(0/(
B
OFUXPSL
PG
TJY
JEFOUJDBM
TPMBS
UFMFTDPQFT
MPDBUFE
BSPVOE
UIF
XPSME
BOE
PQFSBUFE
CZ
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
/BUJPOBM
4PMBS
0CTFSWBUPSZ
ѮF
UFMFTDPQFT
GPMMPX
UIF
4VO
BT
UIF
&BSUI
SPUBUFT
QSPWJEJOH
BMNPTU
DPOUJOVPVT
NPOJUPSJOH
PG
UIF
4VOT
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
PS
QVMTBUJPOT
BOE
UIF
BTTPDJBUFE
TPVOE
XBWFT
UIBU
QFOFUSBUF
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSJPS
#FHJOOJOH
PQFSBUJPOT
JO

UIF
(MPCBM
0TDJMMBUJPO
/FU XPSL
(SPVQ
IBT
QSPWJEFE
WBMVBCMF
JOGPSNBUJPO
BCPVU
UIF
DPNQPTJUJPO
NPUJPOT
TUSVDUVSF
BOE
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSJPS
VTJOH
UIF
UFDI OJRVF
PG
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
4FF
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJM MBUJPOT
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
BOE
/BUJPOBM
4PMBS
0CTFSWBUPSZ (MPCBM
XBSNJOH
"
QPUFOUJBMMZ
EBOHFS PVT
JODSFBTF
JO
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
EVF
UP
BO
JODSFBTF
PG
IFBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT
MJLF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
SFTVMUJOH
GSPN
IVNBO
BDUJWJUZ
TVDI
BT
UIF
CVSOJOH
PG
UIF
GPTTJM
GVFMT
DPBM
HBT
BOE
PJM
*O

UIF
4XFE JTI
DIFNJTU
4WBOUF
"SSIFOJVT
¢
TIPXFE
UIBU
B
EPVCMJOH
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNP TQIFSJD
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
QSPEVDFT
B
HMPCBM
XBSN JOH
PG

UP

EFHSFFT
$FOUJHSBEF

UP

EFHSFFT
'BISFOIFJU


DPNQBSBCMF
UP
NPEFSO
FTUJNBUFT
.FBTVSFNFOUT
CFHVO
JO

CZ
UIF
"NFSJDBO
TDJFOUJTU
$IBSMFT
,FFMJOH
¢
IBWF
EFNPOTUSBUFE
BO
FYQPOFOUJBM
SJTF
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSJD
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
PWFS
UIF
TVCTF RVFOU
UXP
EFDBEFT
BOE
UIBU
CZ
CVSOJOH
DPBM
HBT
BOE
PJM
IVNBOT
IBWF
JODSFBTFE
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
CZ

QFSDFOU
TJODF
UIF
JOEVTUSJBM
SFWPMVUJPO
4FF
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU (/0
"DPOZN
GPS
(BMMJVN
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWB UPSZ
4FF
("--&9 (0/(
"DSPOZN
GPS
(MPCBM
0TDJMMBUJPO
/FU XPSL
(SPVQ
4FF
(MPCBM
0TDJMMBUJPO
/FUXPSL
(SPVQ (SBOVMBUJPO
"
NPUUMFE
DFMMVMBS
QBUUFSO
WJTJ CMF
BU
IJHI
TQBUJBM
SFTPMVUJPO
JO
UIF
XIJUF
MJHIU
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
ѮF
TPMBS
HSBOVMBUJPO
FYIJCJUT


B
OPOTUBUJPOBSZ
PWFSUVSOJOH
NPUJPO
B
WJTJCMF
NBOJGFTUBUJPO
PG
IPU
HBTFT
SJTJOH
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
JOUFSJPS
CZ
DPOWFDUJPO
4FF
HSBOVMF
BOE
TVQFS HSBOVMBUJPO (SBOVMF
0OF
PG
BCPVU
B
NJMMJPO
CSJHIU
SFHJPOT
PS
DFMMT
UIBU
DPWFS
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
BU
BOZ
JOTUBOU
BOE
UIBU
DPNQSJTF
UIF
HSBOVMBUJPO
EFUFDUFE
JO
IJHISFTPMVUJPO
XIJUFMJHIU
PCTFS WBUJPOT
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
ѮF
CSJHIU
DFOUFS
PG
FBDI
HSBOVMF
PS
DPOWFDUJPO
DFMM
JT
UIF
IJHIFTU
QPJOU
PG
B
SJTJOH
DPMVNO
PG
IPU
HBT
ѮF
EBSL
FEHFT
PG
FBDI
HSBOVMF
BSF
UIF
DPPMFE
HBT
XIJDI
JT
EFTDFOEJOH
CFDBVTF
JU
JT
EFOTFS
UIBO
UIF
IPUUFS
HBT
ѮF
NFBO
BOHVMBS
EJTUBODF
CFUXFFO
UIF
CSJHIU
DFOUFST
PG
BEKBDFOU
HSBOVMFT
JT
BCPVU

TFDPOET
PG
BSD
DPSSFTQPOEJOH
UP
BCPVU


LJMPNFUFST
BU
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
*OEJWJEVBM
HSBOVMFT
BSF
PѫFO
QPMZHPOBMTIBQFE
SFHJPOT
BOE
UIFZ
BQQFBS
BOE
EJTBQQFBS
PO
UJNF
TDBMFT
PG
BCPVU
UFO
NJOVUFT
4FF
HSBOVMBUJPO (SFBU
DJSDMF
ѮF
MJOF
USBDFE
PVU
PO
UIF
&BSUI
CZ
B
QMBOF
QBTTJOH
UISPVHI
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
HMPCF
EJWJEJOH
JU
JOUP
UXP
FRVBM
IFNJTQIFSFT
ѮF
OBNF
DPNFT
GPSN
UIF
GBDU
UIBU
OP
HSFBUFS
DJSDMFT
DBO
CF
ESBXO
PO
B
TQIFSF
"
HSFBU
DJSDMF
IBMGXBZ
CFUXFFO
UIF
/PSUI
BOE
4PVUI
1PMFT
JT
DBMMFE
UIF
FRVBUPS
CFDBVTF
JU
JT
FRVBMMZ
EJTUBOU
CFUXFFO
CPUI
QPMFT (SFFOIPVTF
FGGFDU
ѮF
XBSNJOH
PG
B
QMBOFUT
TVSGBDF
CZ
IFBU
USBQQFE
CZ
HBTFT
JO
JUT
BUNP TQIFSF
PXJOH
UP
UIFJS
JOGSBSFE
PQBDJUZ
ѮF
'SFODI
NBUIFNBUJDJBO
+PTFQI
+FBO
#BQUJTUF
'PVSJFS
¢
êSTU
QSPQPTFE
UIF
NFDI BOJTN
JO

XIJMF
XPOEFSJOH
IPX
UIF
4VOT
IFBU
DPVME
CF
SFUBJOFE
UP
LFFQ
UIF
&BSUI
IPU
*ODPNJOH
TVOMJHIU
JT
BCTPSCFE
BU
UIF
TVSGBDF
BOE
SFSBEJBUFE
BU
MPOHFS
XBWFMFOHUIT
BT
JOGSB SFE
IFBU
SBEJBUJPO
"T
UIF
*SJTI
QIZTJDJTU
+PIO
5ZOEBMM
¢
TIPXFE
JO

TJHOJê DBOU
IFBU
JT
BCTPSCFE
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
CZ
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
XBUFS
WBQPS
ѮFTF
HSFFO IPVTF
HBTFT
BSF
OPU
USBOTQBSFOU
UP
UIF
JOGSBSFE
BOE
UIF
IFBU
JT
SFëFDUFE
CBDL
UP
UIF
HSPVOE
ѮF
OBUVSBM
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
XBSNT
UIF
TVSGBDF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
CZ
BCPVU

EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT
BOE
LFFQT
UIF
PDFBOT
GSPN
GSFF[JOH
)PX
NVDI
IFBUJOH
UIF

HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
DBVTFT
EFQFOET
PO
IPX
PQBRVF
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
UP
JOGSBSFE
SBEJBUJPO
0O
7FOVT
UIF
EFOTF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BUNPTQIFSF
IBT
SBJTFE
UIF
TVSGBDF
UFNQFSBUVSF
UP
BSPVOE


LFMWJO
IPU
FOPVHI
UP
NFMU
MFBE
$PODFSO
IBT
NPVOUFE
UIBU
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
PG
UIF
&BSUI
XJMM
SFTVMU
GSPN
JODSFBTFE
DPODFOUSBUJPOT
PG
DBSCPO


(MPTTBSZ





EJPYJEF
BOE
PUIFS
TPDBMMFE
iVOOBUVSBMu
HSFFO IPVTF
HBTFT
SFMFBTFE
CZ
IVNBO
BDUJWJUZ
QBSUJDV MBSMZ
UIF
CVSOJOH
PG
GPTTJM
GVFMT
TVDI
BT
DPBM
BOE
PJM
.FBTVSFNFOUT
CFHVO
JO

CZ
UIF
"NFSJDBO
TDJFOUJTU
$IBSMFT
,FFMJOH
¢
IBWF
EFNPOTUSBUFE
BO
FYQPOFOUJBM
SJTF
JO
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
PWFS
UIF

TVCTFRVFOU
UXP
EFDBEFT
4FF
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH (SFFO
MJOF
4FF
DPSPOBM
HSFFO
MJOF

) )BMFT
MBX
ѮF
MFBEJOH
PS
XFTUFSONPTU
TQPUT
PG
BOZ
TVOTQPU
HSPVQ
JO
POF
IFNJTQIFSF
PG
UIF
4VO
IBWF
UIF
TBNF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
XIJMF
UIF
GPMMPXJOH
PS
FBTUFSONPTU
TQPUT
IBWF
UIF
PQQP TJUF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
ѮF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
BOZ

CJQPMBS
HSPVQ
JO
UIF
TPVUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSF
JT
UIF
SFWFSTF
PG
UIBU
JO
UIF
OPSUIFSO
IFNJTQIFSF
"MM
PG
UIF
TQPUT
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUJFT
SFWFSTF
FBDI
ZFBS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF )BMQIB
4FF
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF )
BOE
,
MJOFT
ѮF
TUSPOHFTU
MJOFT
JO
UIF
WJT JCMF
TQFDUSVN
PG
JPOJ[FE
DBMDJVN
$B
**
MZJOH
JO
UIF
WJPMFU
BU
XBWFMFOHUIT
PG

BOE

OBOPNFUFST
ѮFZ
BSF
DPOTQJDVPVT
GFBUVSFT
JO
UIF
TQFDUSB
PG
NBOZ
TUBST
JODMVEJOH
UIF
4VO
ѮF
EFTJHOBUJPOT
)
BOE
,
XFSF
HJWFO
CZ
'SBVOIPGFS
BOE
BSF
TUJMM
DPNNPOMZ
VTFE
4FF
'SBVOIPGFS
MJOFT
BOE
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI )BSE
9SBZT
&MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
XJUI
QIPUPO
FOFSHJFT
PG
CFUXFFO

LF7
BOE

LF7
BOE
XBWFMFOHUIT
CFUXFFO
BCPVU
¢
BOE
¢
NFUFST )FBWZ
XBUFS
"
GPSN
PG
XBUFS
JO
XIJDI
UIF
BCVOEBOU
MJHIU
IZESPHFO
BUPNT
)
BSF
SFQMBDFE
CZ
MFTT
BCVOEBOU
EFVUFSJVN
BUPNT
B
IFBWZ
GPSN
PG
IZESPHFO
EFOPUFE
CZ
%
UP
GPSN
%0
IFSF
0
EFOPUFT
BO
BUPN
PG
PYZHFO )FMJDJUZ
ѮF
IFMJDJUZ
PG
BO
PCKFDU
JT
B
NFBTVSF
PG
UIF
iUXJTU
JU
IBT
TVDI
BT
UIF
EFHSFF
PG
DPJMJOH
PG
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME )FMJPHSBQIJD
MBUJUVEF
ѮF
BOHMF
JO
EFHSFFT
GSPN
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
UP
UIF
PCKFDU
BT
NFBTVSFE
BMPOH
B
HSFBU
DJSDMF
QBTTJOH
UISPVHI
UIF
QPMFT
PG
UIF
4VO )FMJPQBVTF
ѮF
QMBDF
XIFSF
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
QSFTTVSF
CBMBODFT
PUIFS
QSFTTVSFT
GPVOE
JO
JOUFSTUFMMBS
TQBDF
ѮF
IFMJPQBVTF
JT
MPDBUFE
BCPVU

BTUSPOPNJDBM
VOJUT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
PS
BU
BCPVU

UJNFT
UIF
EJTUBODF
CFUXFFO
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
UIF
4VO



)FMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
ѮF
TUVEZ
PG
UIF
JOUFSJPS
PG
UIF
4VO
CZ
UIF
BOBMZTJT
PG
TPVOE
XBWFT
UIBU
QSPQ BHBUF
UISPVHI
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
BOE
NBOJGFTU
UIFNTFMWFT
CZ
PTDJMMBUJPOT
BU
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
ѮFTF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
IBWF
QFSJPET
PG
BSPVOE
êWF
NJOVUFT
BOE
BSF
PCTFSWFE
TQFDUSPTDPQJDBMMZ
BT
%PQQMFS
TIJѫT
JO
UIF
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOF
TQFDUSVN
ѮF
UFDIOJRVF
PG
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
IBT
CFFO
VTFE
UP
JOGFS
UIF
DPNQPTJUJPO
NPUJPOT
TUSVDUVSF
BOE
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
)FMJP TFJTNPMPHZ
JT
B
IZCSJE
OBNF
DPNCJOJOH
UIF
(SFFL
XPSET
)FMJPT
GPS
UIF
i4VOu
BOE
TFJTNPT
GPS
iUSFNPS
PS
RVBLFu
4FF
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
(MPCBM
0TDJMMBUJPO
/FUXPSL
(SPVQ
BOE
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ )FMJPTQIFSF
"
WBTU
SFHJPO
DBWJUZ
PS
CVCCMF
DBSWFE
PVU
PG
JOUFSTUFMMBS
TQBDF
CZ
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BOE
FYUFOEJOH
UP
BCPVU

BTUSPOPNJDBM
VOJUT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
PS
UP
BCPVU

UJNFT
UIF
NFBO
EJTUBODF
CFUXFFO
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
UIF
4VO
ѮF
IFMJPTQIFSF
JT
UIF
SFHJPO
PG
JOUFSTUFMMBS
TQBDF
TVS SPVOEJOH
UIF
4VO
XIFSF
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
BOE
UIF
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
DPOUSPM
QMBTNB
QSPDFTTFT
ѮF
IFMJPTQIFSF
JT
JNNFSTFE
JO
UIF
MPDBM
JOUFSTUFMMBS
NFEJVN
BOE
EFêOFT
UIF
FYUFOU
PG
UIF
4VOT
JOëVFODF
ѮF
IFMJPTQIFSF
DPOUBJOT
PVS
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
BOE
FYUFOET
XFMM
CFZPOE
UIF
QMBOFUT
UP
UIF
IFMJPQBVTF
BO
PVUFS
CPVOEBSZ
UIBU
NBSLT
UIF
QMBDF
XIFSF
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
QSFTTVSF
CBMBODFT
PUIFS
QSFTTVSFT
GPVOE
JO
JOUFSTUFMMBS
TQBDF
4FF
IFMJPQBVTF )FMJPTUBU
"
NPWFBCMF
ëBU
NJSSPS
VTFE
UP
SFëFDU
TVOMJHIU
JOUP
B
êYFE
TPMBS
UFMFTDPQF )FMJVN
"ѫFS
IZESPHFO
UIF
TFDPOE
NPTU
BCVO EBOU
FMFNFOU
JO
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIF
6OJWFSTF
ѮF
OVDMFVT
PG
B
IFMJVN
BUPN
JT
DBMMFE
BO
BMQIB
QBS UJDMF
JU
DPOUBJOT
UXP
QSPUPOT
BOE
UXP
OFVUSPOT
)FMJVN
XBT
êSTU
PCTFSWFE
BT
B
TQFDUSBM
MJOF
EVSJOH
UIF
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
PO

"VHVTU

CZ
UIF
'SFODI
BTUSPOPNFS
+VMFT
+BOTTFO
¢
BOE
UIF
#SJUJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
/PSNBO
-PDLZFS
¢


BOE
OBNFE
IFMJVN
CZ
-PDLZFS
BѫFS
UIF
(SFFL
4VO
HPE
)FMJPT
)FMJVN
XBT
OPU
GPVOE
PO
&BSUI
VOUJM

XIFO
UIF
4DPUUJTI
DIFNJTU
8JMMJBN
3BNTBZ
¢
EJTDPWFSFE
JU
BT
HBTFPVT
FNJTTJPO
GSPN
B
IFBUFE
VSBOJVN
NJOFSBM
.PTU
PG
UIF
IFMJVN
JO
UIF
6OJWFSTF
XBT
NBEF
JO
UIF
JNNFEJBUF
BѫFSNBUI
PG
UIF
#JH
#BOH
UIBU
HBWF
SJTF
UP
UIF
FYQBOEJOH
6OJWFSTF
CVU
IFMJVN
JT
BMTP
TZOUIFTJ[FE
GSPN
IZESPHFO
JO
UIF
DPSFT
PG
NBJO TFRVFODF
TUBST
)FMJVN
JT
POF
PG
UIF
SBSF
JOFSU
OPCMF
HBTFT
)FMJVN
IBT
UXP
JTPUPQFT
UIF
NPSF
DPNNPO
IFMJVN
DPOUBJOJOH
UXP
QSPUPOT
BOE





(MPTTBSZ

UXP
OFVUSPOT
JO
JUT
OVDMFVT
BOE
UIF
SBSF
IFMJVN
XJUI
UXP
QSPUPOT
BOE
POF
OFVUSPO )FMJVN
CVSOJOH
ѮF
SFMFBTF
PG
FOFSHZ
CZ
GVTJOH
IFMJVN
JOUP
DBSCPO
XJUIJO
B
TUBS )FMNFU
TUSFBNFS
/BNFE
BѫFS
TQJLFE
IFMNFUT
PODF
DPNNPO
JO
&VSPQF
IFMNFU
TUSFBNFST
GPSN
JO
UIF
MPX
DPSPOB
PWFS
UIF
NBHOFUJD
JOWFSTJPO
PS
OFVUSBM
MJOFT
JO
MBSHF
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
XJUI
B
MPOHMJWFE
QSPNJOFODF
DPNNPOMZ
FNCFEEFE
JO
UIF
CBTF
PG
UIF
TUSFBNFS
ѮF
GPPUQPJOUT
PG
UIF
TUSFBNFS
BSF
JO
SFHJPOT
PG
PQQPTJUF
QPMBSJUZ
TP
UIF
TUSFBNFS
JUTFMG
TUSBEEMFT
UIF
QSPNJOFODF
)JHIFS
VQ
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
ESBXO
PVU
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
XJUIJO
MPOH
OBSSPX
TUBMLT
(BT
ëPXJOH
PVU
BMPOH
UIFTF
PQFO
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
NJHIU
IFMQ
UP
DSFBUF
UIF
TMPXTQFFE
TPMBS
XJOE
4FF
DPSPOBM
TUSFBNFS )FSU[
"
VOJU
PG
GSFRVFODZ
FRVBM
UP
POF
DZDMF
QFS
TFDPOE
BCCSFWJBUFE
)[
0OF
LJMPIFSU[
BCCSFWJBUFE
L)[
JT
POF
UIPVTBOE
)[
POF
NFHBIFSU[
BCCSF WJBUFE
.)[
JT
B
NJMMJPO
)[
BOE
POF
HJHBIFSU[
BCCSFWJBUFE
()[
JT
POF
UIPVTBOE
NJMMJPO
)[ )&44*
"DSPOZN
GPS
UIF
)JHI
&OFSHZ
4PMBS
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS
4FF
3)&44* )JHITQFFE
TUSFBN
"
TUSFBN
XJUIJO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
IBWJOH
TQFFET
PG
VQ
UP

LJMPNF UFST
QFS
TFDPOE
UIPVHIU
UP
PSJHJOBUF
NBJOMZ
GSPN
DPSPOBM
IPMFT )PNFTUBLF
ѮF
4PVUI
%BLPUB
HPME
NJOF
XIFSF
UIF
DIMPSJOF
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS
JT
MPDBUFE
4FF
DIMPSJOF
FYQFSJNFOU )ZESPHFO
ѮF
MJHIUFTU
TJNQMFTU
BOE
NPTU
BCVOEBOU
FMFNFOU
JO
UIF
4VO
BOE
JO
UIF
6OJWFSTF
BOE
UIF
êSTU
FMFNFOU
JO
UIF
QFSJPEJD
UBCMF
DPO TJTUJOH
PG
POF
QSPUPO
BOE
POF
FMFDUSPO
"MM
PG
UIF
IZESPHFO
JO
UIF
6OJWFSTF
XBT
QSPEVDFE
EVSJOH
UIF
FBSMJFTU
NPNFOUT
PG
UIF
#JH
#BOH
)ZESPHFO
JT
EFUFDUFE
JO
UIF
WJTJCMFMJHIU
TQFDUSB
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
PUIFS
TUBST
BU
XBWFMFOHUIT
TQFDJêFE
CZ
UIF
#BMNFS
TFSJFT
BOE
BU
VMUSBWJPMFU
XBWFMFOHUIT
CZ
UIF
-ZNBO
TFSJFT
*OUFSTUFMMBS
SFHJPOT
PG
OFVUSBM
VOJPOJ[FE
IZESPHFO
BUPNT
BSF
DBMMFE
)
*
SFHJPOT
BOE
UIFZ
FNJU
SBEJP
SBEJBUJPO
BU
DFOUJNFUFST
XBWFMFOHUI
CSJHIU
TUBST
JPOJ[F
OFBSCZ
JOUFSTUFM MBS
IZESPHFO
QSPEVDJOH
)
**
SFHJPOT
"
IZESP HFO
NPMFDVMF
DPOTJTUT
PG
UXP
IZESPHFO
BUPNT
BOE
NPMFDVMBS
IZESPHFO
JT
UIF
NPTU
BCVOEBOU
NPMFDVMF
JO
JOUFSTUFMMBS
TQBDF
.PTU
PG
UIF
NBTT
PG
B
IZESPHFO
BUPN
JT
JO
JUT
OVDMFVT
UIF
QSPUPO
XIPTF
NBTT
JT


¢
LJMPHSBNT
PS

UJNFT
UIF
NBTT
PG
BO
FMFDUSPO
"
SBSF
IFBWZ



JTPUPQF
PG
BUPNJD
IZESPHFO
LOPXO
BT
EFVUF SJVN
DPOUBJOT
POF
QSPUPO
BOE
POF
OFVUSPO
JO
JUT
OVDMFVT
)ZESPHFO
JT
TP
MJHIU
UIBU
JU
JT
GPVOE
JO
POMZ
TNBMM
BNPVOUT
JO
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
CVU
JU
JT
UIF
NBJO
DPOTUJUVFOU
PG
UIF
NBTTJWF
HJBOU
QMBO FUT
+VQJUFS
BOE
4BUVSO
4FF
BMQIB
QBSUJDMF
#BMNFS
TFSJFT
BOE
'SBVOIPGFS
MJOFT )ZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF
ѮF
TQFDUSBM
MJOF
PG
OFV USBM
IZESPHFO
JO
UIF
SFE
QBSU
PG
UIF
WJTJCMF
TQFD USVN
EFOPUFE
CZ
)ʂ
-JHIU
FNJUUFE
PS
BCTPSCFE
BU
B
XBWFMFOHUI
PG

OBOPNFUFST
EVSJOH
BO
BUPNJD
USBOTJUJPO
JO
IZESPHFO
UIF
MPXFTU
FOFSHZ
USBOTJUJPO
JO
JUT
#BMNFS
TFSJFT
*U
JT
UIF
EPNJOBOU
FNJTTJPO
GSPN
UIF
TPMBS
DISPNPTQIFSF
ѮF
XBWF MFOHUI
BMTP
DPSSFTQPOET
XJUI
B
EBSL
MJOF
QSPEVDFE
CZ
IZESPHFO
BCTPSQUJPO
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
EFT JHOBUFE
XJUI
UIF
MFUUFS
$
JO

CZ
UIF
(FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU
BOE
PQUJDJBO
+PTFQI
WPO
'SBVOIPGFS
¢ 
4FF
#BMNFS
TFSJFT
DISPNPTQIFSF
êMBNFOU
'SBVOIPGFS
MJOFT
QMBHF
QSPNJOFODF
TQFDUSBM
MJOF
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI
BOE
TQJDVMF )ZESPHFO
CVSOJOH
ѮF
UIFSNPOVDMFBS
GVTJPO
PG
IZESPHFO
OVDMFJ
JOUP
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
BOE
UIF
QSPDFTT
CZ
XIJDI
BMM
NBJOTFRVFODF
TUBST
HFOFSBUF
FOFSHZ
JODMVEJOH
UIF
4VO
4UBST
TQFOE
NPTU
PG
UIFJS
MJGFUJNF
CVSOJOH
IZESPHFO
BOE
TVDI
TUBST
BSF
UIF
NPTU
DPNNPO
LJOE
PG
TUBS
"
TUBS
XJUI
UIF
NBTT
PG
UIF
4VO
TQFOET
BSPVOE
UFO
CJMMJPO
ZFBST
JO
UIJT
TUBHF
NPSF
NBTTJWF
TUBST
TQFOE
MFTT
UJNF
4FF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO )ZESPNBHOFUJD
XBWF
"
XBWF
JO
XIJDI
CPUI
UIF
QMBTNB
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFME
PTDJMMBUF )[
"CCSFWJBUJPO
GPS
)FSU[
B
VOJU
PG
GSFRVFODZ
FRVJWBMFOU
UP
POF
DZDMF
QFS
TFDPOE
4FF
)FSU[

* *DF
"HF
"
QFSJPE
PG
DPPM
ESZ
DMJNBUF
PO
&BSUI
DBVTJOH
B
MPOHUFSN
CVJMEVQ
PG
FYUFOTJWF
JDF
TIFFUT
GBS
GSPN
UIF
QPMFT
ѮF
NBKPS
JDF
BHFT
MBTU
GPS
BCPVU
 
ZFBST
UIFZ
BSF
TFQBSBUFE
CZ
XBSNFS
JOUFSHMBDJBM
QFSJPET
UIBU
MBTU
SPVHIMZ

 
ZFBST
ѮF
NBKPS
JDF
BHFT
NBZ
CF
USJH HFSFE
CZ
SIZUINJD
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
UIF
HMPCBM
EJT USJCVUJPO
PG
TVOMJHIU
XJUI
QFSJPET
PG


BOE

UIPVTBOE
ZFBST
4FF
.JMBOLPWJUDI
DZDMFT *NQVMTJWF
nBSF
ѮF
NPTU
DPNNPO
UZQF
PG
TPMBS
ëBSF
MBTUJOH
NJOVUFT
UP
IPVST
4FF
ëBSF
HSBEVBM
ëBSF
BOE
TPMBS
ëBSF *OUFSGFSPNFUSZ
ѮF
VTF
PG
BO
JOUFSGFSPNFUFS
UP
DPNCJOF
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
SFDFJWFE
GSPN
B
DPTNJD
PCKFDU
CZ
UXP
PS
NPSF
UFMFTDPQFT




(MPTTBSZ


*OUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NBHOFUJD
mFME
ѮF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
DBSSJFE
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
CZ
UIF
FYQBOEJOH
TPMBS
XJOE
*U
IBT
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI
PG
BCPVU


¢
5FTMB
PS

OBO P5FTMB
BOE


¢
(BVTT
BU
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJUBM
EJTUBODF
PG
BCPVU

BTUSPOPNJDBM
VOJU
GSPN
UIF
4VO
ѮF
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
DBS SJFE
SBEJBMMZ
PVUXBSE
CZ
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
CVU
TJODF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
PSJHJOBUFT
BU
UIF
4VO
XIFSF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
GPPUQPJOUT
BSF
MPDBUFE
TPMBS
SPUBUJPO
UXJTUT
UIF
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NBH OFUJD
êFME
JOUP
B
TQJSBM
TUSVDUVSF
XJUI
UIF
TIBQF
PG
BO
"SDIJNFEFBO
TQJSBM *OWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
ѮPTF
LJOET
PG
SBEJBUJPO
UP
XIJDI
UIF
IVNBO
FZF
JT
OPU
TFOTJUJWF
GPS
FYBNQMF
SBEJP
XBWFT
9SBZT
BOE
HBNNB
SBZT
ѮF
IVNBO
FZF
JT
TFOTJUJWF
UP
WJTJCMF
MJHIU
BMTP
LOPXO
BT
PQUJ DBM
SBEJBUJPO
TJODF
PQUJDT
BSF
VTFE
UP
EFUFDU
JU
4FF
PQUJDBM
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
WJTJCMF
MJHIU *PO
"O
BUPN
UIBU
IBT
MPTU
POF
PS
NPSF
FMFDUSPOT
PS
JO
MFTT
DPNNPO
JOTUBODFT
HBJOFE
BO
FMFDUSPO
"O
JPO
IBT
B
OFU
FMFDUSJDBM
DIBSHF
#Z
DPOUSBTU
B
OFVUSBM
BUPN
IBT
BO
FRVBM
OVNCFS
PG
OFHBUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QPTJUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
QSPUPOT
HJWJOH
UIF
BUPN
B
[FSP
OFU
FMFDUSJDBM
DIBSHF *POJ[BUJPO
ѮF
QSPDFTT
JO
XIJDI
B
OFVUSBM
BUPN
PS
NPMFDVMF
JT
HJWFO
B
OFU
FMFDUSJDBM
DIBSHF
ѮF
BUPNJD
QSPDFTT
JO
XIJDI
JPOT
BSF
QSPEVDFE
CZ
SFNPWJOH
BO
FMFDUSPO
GSPN
BO
BUPN
JPO
PS
NPMFDVMF
UZQJDBMMZ
CZ
DPMMJTJPOT
XJUI
BUPNT
PS
FMFDUSPOT
LOPXO
BT
DPMMJTJPOBM
JPOJ[BUJPO
PS
CZ

JOUFSBDUJPO
XJUI
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
DBMMFE
QIPUPJPOJ[BUJPO *POJ[FE
4UBUF
PG
BO
BUPN
IBWJOH
GFXFS
PS
NPSF
FMFDUSPOT
UIBO
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
QSPUPOT
MFBWJOH
JU
XJUI
BO
FMFDUSJDBM
DIBSHF *POPTQIFSF
ѮF
VQQFS
SFHJPO
PG
B
QMBOFUT
BUNPTQIFSF
JO
XIJDI
UIFSF
BSF
GSFF
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
JPOT
QSPEVDFE
XIFO
TPMBS
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
JPOJ[FT
UIF
DPOTUJUVFOUT
PG
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
.PTU
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
JPOPTQIFSF
MJFT
CFUXFFO
IFJHIUT
PG
BCPVU

BOE

LJMPNFUFST
BCPWF
UIF
HSPVOE
UIPVHI
UIF
FYUFOU
WBSJFT
DPO TJEFSBCMZ
XJUI
UJNF
TFBTPO
BOE
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
ѮF
%
SFHJPO
CFUXFFO

BOE

LJMPNFUFST
IBT
MPX
FMFDUSPO
EFOTJUZ
ѮF
&
BOE
'
SFHJPOT
BU
BCPVU

BOE

UP

LJMPNFUFST
GPSN
UIF
NBJO
QBSU
PG
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
ѮF
SFëFDU JOH
QPXFS
PG
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF
NBLFT
MPOHSBOHF
CSPBEDBTUJOH
BOE
UFMFDPNNVOJDBUJPO
QPTTJCMF
BU
SBEJP
GSFRVFODJFT
VQ
UP
BCPVU

.)[
PS
XBWF MFOHUIT
MPOHFS
UIBO

NFUFST



*SSBEJBODF
ѮF
TPMBS
JSSBEJBODF
JT
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
TPMBS
FOFSHZ
SFDFJWFE
BU
UIF
&BSUI
PVUTJEF
JUT
BUNPTQIFSF
QFS
VOJU
BSFB
QFS
VOJU
UJNF
XJUI
VOJUT
PG
XBUUT
QFS
TRVBSF
NFUFS
4FF
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU

, ,
PS
,
"CCSFWJBUJPO
GPS
EFHSFFT
PO
UIF
,FMWJO
TDBMF
PG
UFNQFSBUVSF
4FF
,FMWJO ,BNJPLBOEF
"
NBTTJWF
VOEFSHSPVOE
OFV USJOP
EFUFDUPS
JO
+BQBO
êMMFE
XJUI
XBUFS
SFQMBDFE
CZ
UIF
4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF
EFUFDUPS
4FF
4VQFS ,BNJPLBOEF ,FMWJO
"
VOJU
GPS
NFBTVSJOH
BCTPMVUF
UFN QFSBUVSF
BCCSFWJBUFE
,
PS
,
GPS
EFHSFFT
PO
UIF
,FMWJO
TDBMF
BOE
OBNFE
GPS
UIF
*SJTI
QIZTJDJTU
8JMMJBN
ѮPNTPO
¢


-PSE
,FMWJO
PG
-BSHT
0O
UIF
,FMWJO
TDBMF
UIF
DPMEFTU
QPT TJCMF
UFNQFSBUVSF
JT

EFHSFFT
LFMWJO
XIFSF
BUPNJD
PS
NPMFDVMBS
NPUJPO
TUPQT
8BUFS
GSFF[FT
BU

LFMWJO
SPPN
UFNQFSBUVSF
JT
BCPVU

LFMWJO
BOE
UIF
CPJMJOH
QPJOU
PG
XBUFS
JT

LFMWJO
5P
DPOWFSU
B
UFNQFSBUVSF
JO
LFMWJO
UP
UIF
FRVJWBMFOU
UFNQFSBUVSF
JO
EFHSFFT
$FMTJVT
TVCUSBDU

PS
$

,


BOE
UIF
FRVJWBMFOU
UFNQFSBUVSF
JO
EFHSFFT
'BISFOIFJU
JT
'


,


4FF
BCTPMVUF
UFNQFSBUVSF
$FMTJVT
BOE
'BISFOIFJU LF7
"CCSFWJBUJPO
GPS
LJMP
FMFDUSPO
WPMUT
PS
POF
UIPVTBOE
FMFDUSPO
WPMUT
"
VOJU
PG
FOFSHZ
XJUI

LF7





¢
+PVMFT
ѮF
XBWF MFOHUI
PG
SBEJBUJPO
XJUI
B
QIPUPO
FOFSHZ
JO
LF7
JT


¢
NFUFST

FOFSHZ
JO
LF7
4FF
FMFD USPO
WPMU ,JMPNFUFS
"
VOJU
PG
EJTUBODF
BCCSFWJBUFE
LN
*U
JT
FRVBM
UP
POF
UIPVTBOE
NFUFST
BOE
UP

NJMFT ,JMPNFUFS
QFS
TFDPOE
"
VOJU
PG
TQFFE
FRVBM
UP

NJMFT
QFS
IPVS ,JOFUJD
FOFSHZ
ѮF
FOFSHZ
UIBU
BO
PCKFDU
QPT TFTTFT
BT
B
SFTVMU
PG
JUT
NPUJPO ,JSDIIPGGT
MBX
ѮF
SBUJP
PG
UIF
FNJTTJPO
BOE
BCTPSQUJPO
DPFēDJFOUT
PG
B
CMBDLCPEZ
JT
FRVBM
UP
JUT
CSJHIUOFTT
B
SFMBUJPO
OBNFE
GPS
UIF
(FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU
(VTUBW
,JSDIIPĒ
¢
XIP
BOOPVODFE
JU
JO


-BUJUVEF
%JTUBODF
OPSUI
PS
TPVUI
PG
UIF
FRVB UPS
PG
UIF
&BSUI
PS
UIF
4VO
BMPOH
B
HSFBU
DJSDMF
DPOOFDUJOH
UIF
QPMFT
"
HSFBU
DJSDMF
EJWJEFT
UIF





(MPTTBSZ

TQIFSF
PG
UIF
&BSUI
PS
4VO
JO
IBMG
BOE
UIF
OBNF
DPNFT
GSPN
UIF
GBDU
UIBU
OP
HSFBUFS
DJSDMF
DBO
CF
ESBXO
PO
UIF
TQIFSF

.BHOFUJD
OFUXPSL
4FF
DBMDJVN
OFUXPSL
DISPNPTQIFSJD
OFUXPSL
BOE
OFUXPSL

-JHIU
ѮF
LJOE
PG
SBEJBUJPO
UP
XIJDI
UIF
IVNBO
FZF
JT
TFOTJUJWF
4FF
PQUJDBM
SBEJBUJPO
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
BOE
WJTJCMF
TQFDUSVN

.BHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
"
DIBOHF
JO
UIF
UPQPMPHZ
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
XIFSF
UIF
NBH OFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
SFPSJFOU
UIFNTFMWFT
WJB
OFX
DPOOFDUJPOT
%VSJOH
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
TPNF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
BSF
CSPLFO
BOE
UIFO
SFKPJOFE
JO
B
OFX
DPOêHVSBUJPO
ѮJT
DBO
PDDVS
XIFO
UXP
PQQPTJUFMZ
EJSFDUFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
NPWF
UPXBSE
FBDI
PUIFS
BOE
SFDPOOFDU
BU
UIF
QMBDF
UIBU
UIFZ
UPVDI
.BHOFUJD
SFDPO OFDUJPO
JT
BO
JNQPSUBOU
NFDIBOJTN
GPS
SFMFBT JOH
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
UP
IFBU
UIF
4VOT
DPSPOB
BOE
UP
QPXFS
FYQMPTJWF
QIFOPNFOPO
PO
UIF
4VO
TVDI
BT
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
BOE
TPMBS
ëBSFT

-JHIU
FMFNFOU
"O
FMFNFOU
PG
WFSZ
MPX
BUPNJD
OVNCFS
TVDI
BT
IZESPHFO
IFMJVN
BOE
MJUIJVN
XIJDI
IBWF
BUPNJD
OVNCFST
PG
POF
UXP
BOE
UISFF -JNC
ѮF
BQQBSFOU
FEHF
PG
B
DFMFTUJBM
PCKFDU
XIJDI
JT
WJTJCMF
BT
B
EJTL
TVDI
BT
UIF
4VO
PS
UIF
.PPO
"TUSPOPNFST
SFGFS
UP
UIF
MFѫ
FEHF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
EJTL
BT
UIF
4VOT
FBTU
MJNC
BOE
UP
UIF
SJHIU
FEHF
BT
JUT
XFTU
MJNC -.4"-
"DSPOZN
GPS
-PDLIFFE
.BSUJO
4PMBS
BOE
"TUSPQIZTJDT
-BCPSBUPSZ -VNJOPTJUZ
ѮF
BNPVOU
PG
FOFSHZ
SBEJBUFE
QFS
VOJU
UJNF
CZ
B
HMPXJOH
PCKFDU
PѫFO
NFB TVSFE
JO
VOJUT
PG
XBUUT
ѮJT
JOUSJOTJD
CSJHIUOFTT
PG
BO
PCKFDU
JT
BMTP
DBMMFE
UIF
BCTPMVUF
MVNJOPTJUZ
BOE
JU
EJĒFST
GSPN
IPX
CSJHIU
UIF
PCKFDU
MPPLT
XIJDI
JT
LOPXO
BT
UIF
BQQBSFOU
MVNJOPTJUZ
0OF
+PVMF
QFS
TFDPOE
JT
FRVBM
UP
POF
XBUU
PG
QPXFS
BOE
UP
UFO
NJMMJPO
FSHT
QFS
TFDPOE
ѮF
BCTPMVUF
MVNJOPTJUZ
-
PG
UIF
UIFSNBM
FNJTTJPO
GSPN
B
CMBDLCPEZ
JT
HJWFO
CZ
UIF
4UFGBO#PMU[NBOO
MBX
JO
XIJDI
-

PS35FĒ
XIFSF
P


UIF
4UFGBO#PMU[NBOO
DPOTUBOU
S



¢
+PVMF
N¢
,¢
T¢
UIF
SBEJVT
JT
3
BOE
UIF
FĒFDUJWF
UFNQFSBUVSF
JT
5FĒ
ѮF
CSJHIUOFTT
PG
SBEJBUJPO
GBMMT
PĒ
XJUI
UIF
JOWFSTF
TRVBSF
PG
UIF
EJTUBODF
%
TP
UIF
BQQBSFOU
MVNJOPTJUZ
M

- %
BOE
BO
PCKFDU
PG
B
HJWFO
BCTPMVUF
MVNJOPTJUZ
MPPLT
GBJOUFS
XIFO
JU
JT
MPDBUFE
GVSUIFS
BXBZ

. .BHOFUJD
EZOBNP
4FF
EZOBNP .BHOFUJD
mFME
"
NBHOFUJD
GPSDF
êFME
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
B
QMBOFU
BOE
BOZ
PUIFS
NBHOFUJ[FE
CPEZ
HFOFSBUFE
CZ
FMFDUSJDBM
DVSSFOUT
ѮF
4VOT
MBSHF TDBMF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJLF
UIBU
PG
&BSUI
FYIJCJUT
B
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
QPMF
MJOLFE
CZ
MJOFT
PG
NBHOFUJD
GPSDF
CVU
UIF
4VO
BMTP
DPOUBJOT
OVNFSPVT
EJQP MBS
TVOTQPUT
MJOLFE
CZ
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT .BHOFUJD
mFME
MJOFT
*NBHJOBSZ
MJOFT
UIBU
JOEJDBUF
UIF
TUSFOHUI
BOE
EJSFDUJPO
PG
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
ѮF
MJOFT
BSF
ESBXO
DMPTFS
UPHFUIFS
XIFSF
UIF
êFME
JT
TUSPOHFS
$IBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
NPWF
GSFFMZ
BMPOH
NBHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT
CVU
DBOOPU
NPWF
BDSPTT
UIFN

.BHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
4FF
QPMBSJUZ

.BHOFUJD
TUPSN
"
EJTUVSCBODF
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
PCTFSWFE
BMM
PWFS
UIF
&BSUI
EVF
UP
DPMMJTJPO
CZ
B
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
"
TVCTUPSN
JT
B
NBHOFUJD
EJTUVSCBODF
PCTFSWFE
JO
QPMBS
SFHJPOT
POMZ .BHOFUJTN
0OF
BTQFDU
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJTN
B
GVOEBNFOUBM
GPSDF
PG
OBUVSF
XIFSFCZ
B
NBH OFUJ[FE
PCKFDU
DBO
GPSDF
B
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMF
JOUP
B
OFX
EJSFDUJPO
PG
NPUJPO
BOE
BUUSBDU
PS
SFQFM
PUIFS
NBHOFUJ[FE
PCKFDUT .BHOFUPHSBN
"
DPNQVUFS
JNBHF
QJDUVSF
PS
NBQ
PG
UIF
TUSFOHUI
EJSFDUJPO
BOE
EJTUSJCVUJPO
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BDSPTT
UIF
TPMBS
QIPUPTQIFSF
CBTFE
PO
;FFNBOFĒFDU
NFBTVSFNFOUT .BHOFUPHSBQI
"O
JOTUSVNFOU
VTFE
UP
NBQ
UIF
TUSFOHUI
EJSFDUJPO
BOE
EJTUSJCVUJPO
PG
NBH OFUJD
êFMET
BDSPTT
UIF
TPMBS
QIPUPTQIFSF
VTJOH
UIF
;FFNBO
FĒFDU
/PSNBMMZ
UIF
MPOHJUVEJOBM
PS
MJOFPGTJHIU
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
NFBTVSFE
CVU
UIF
USBOTWFSTF
DPNQPOFOU
JT
BMTP
NFBTVSFE
XJUI
B
WFDUPS
NBHOFUPHSBQI
"
NBHOFUPHSBN
JT
B
NBQ
PG
UIF
NFBTVSFE
NBHOFUJD
êFME .BHOFUPIZESPEZOBNJDT
ѮF
TUVEZ
PG
UIF
CFIBWJPS
PG
B
QMBTNB
JO
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
BCCSF WJBUFE
BT
.)%
"
EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
B
QMBTNB
BT
B
TJOHMF
DPOEVDUJOH
ëVJE
4FF
"MGWÊO
WFMPDJUZ
"MGWÊO
XBWF
BOE
QMBTNB .BHOFUPQBVTF
ѮF
PVUFS
CPVOEBSZ
MBZFS
PG
B
QMBOFUBSZ
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
XIFSF
JU
KPJOT
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
ѮF
NBHOFUPQBVTF
TFQBSBUFT
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
GSPN
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
"U
UIF
NBH OFUPQBVTF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
QSFTTVSF
PG
UIF
QMBOFUT
JOUFSOBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
EFëFDUT
UIF
ëPX
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BSPVOE
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF




(MPTTBSZ


.BHOFUPTQIFSF
ѮF
SFHJPO
PG
TQBDF
TVS SPVOEJOH
B
QMBOFU
JO
XIJDI
UIF
QMBOFUT
NBH OFUJD
êFME
QSFEPNJOBUFT
PWFS
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BOE
DPOUSPMT
UIF
NPUJPOT
PG
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
JO
JU
ѮF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
JT
TIBQFE
CZ
JOUFSBDUJPOT
CFUXFFO
B
QMBOFUT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
BOE
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
ѮF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
TIJFMET
UIF
QMBOFU
GSPN
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
QSFWFOUJOH
PS
JNQFEJOH
UIF
EJSFDU
FOUSZ
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
QBSUJDMFT
JOUP
UIF
NBHOFUJD
DBWJUZ
4FF
CPX
TIPDL
NBHOFUPQBVTF
NBHOFUPUBJM
BOE
7BO
"MMFO
CFMUT .BHOFUPUBJM
ѮF
QPSUJPO
PG
B
QMBOFUT
NBHOF UPTQIFSF
GPSNFE
PO
UIF
QMBOFUT
EBSL
OJHIU
TJEF
CZ
UIF
QVMMJOH
BDUJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
ѮF
NBH OFUPUBJM
JT
BO
FMPOHBUFE
FYUFOTJPO
PG
UIF
QMBOFUT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
PO
UIF
TJEF
PG
UIF
QMBOFU
PQQPTJUF
UP
UIF
4VO
.BHOFUPUBJMT
DBO
FYUFOE
IVOESFET
PG
QMBOFUBSZ
SBEJJ .BTTFOFSHZ
FRVJWBMFODF
.BTT
EFOPUFE
CZ
N
DBO
CF
USBOTGPSNFE
JOUP
FOFSHZ
&
BOE
FWFSZ
FOFSHZ
IBT
B
NBTT
BDDPSEJOH
UP
UIF
GPSNVMB

&

ND
XIFSF
D
JT
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
êSTU
EFSJWFE
JO
JUT
FYBDU
GPSN
CZ
UIF
(FSNBO
QIZTJ DJTU
"MCFSU
&JOTUFJO
¢
JO
 .BVOEFS
.JOJNVN
ѮF
ZFBS
QFSJPE
CFUXFFO

BOE

XIFO
GFX
TVOTQPUT
XFSF
PCTFSWFE
*U
JT
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
&OHMJTI
BTUSPOP NFS
&
8BMUFS
.BVOEFS
¢


XIP
JO

QSPWJEFE
B
GVMM
BDDPVOU
PG
UIF
NJTTJOH
TVO TQPUT
QSFWJPVTMZ
OPUJDFE
CZ
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOP NFS
(VTUBW
'
8
4QÕSFS
¢
JO
 .FUIBOF
"
NPMFDVMF
EFOPUFE
CZ
UIF
TZNCPM
$)
XIFSF
$
JT
BO
BUPN
PG
DBSCPO
BOE
)
JT
B
IZESPHFO
BUPN
8F
DPPL
BOE
IFBU
TPNF
IPNFT
XJUI
HBTFPVT
NFUIBOF .F7
"
VOJU
PG
FOFSHZ
FRVBM
UP
POF
NJMMJPO
FMFDUSPO
WPMUT
BOE



¢
+PVMF
ѮJT
VOJU
JT
VTFE
UP
EFTDSJCF
UIF
UPUBM
FOFSHZ
PG
IJHI
WFMPDJUZ
QBSUJDMFT
PS
FOFSHFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
QIPUPOT .)%
"DSPOZN
GPS
NBHOFUPIZESPEZOBNJDT .JDSPnBSFT
"MTP
DBMMFE
OBOPëBSFT
VCJRVJUPVT
TNBMM
CSJHIUFOJOHT
PO
UIF
4VO
FBDI
MBTUJOH
B
GFX
NJOVUFT
XIJDI
DBO
CF
PCTFSWFE
BU
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJP
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
XBWF MFOHUIT
.JDSPëBSFT
BSF
GPSNFE
JO
UIF
DISPNP TQIFSF
PS
DPSPOB
BOE
UIFZ
NBZ
DPOUSJCVUF
UP
DPSPOBM
IFBUJOH
4FF
OBOPëBSFT .JMBOLPWJUDI
DZDMFT
ѮSFF
SIZUINJD
ëVDUVB UJPOT
JO
UIF
XPCCMF
BOE
UJMU
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
SPUB UJPOBM
BYJT
BOE
UIF
TIBQF
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU
UIBU
TFU
UIF
NBKPS
JDF
BHFT
JO
NPUJPO
CZ
BMUFSJOH
UIF




TFBTPOBM
EJTUSJCVUJPO
PG
UIF
4VOT
MJHIU
BOE
IFBU
PO
&BSUI
ѮFZ
BSF
UIF
 ZFBS
QSFDFTTJPOBM
XPCCMF
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
SPUBUJPOBM
BYJT
UIF
  ZFBS
WBSJBUJPO
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BYJBM
UJMU
BOE
UIF
 ZFBS
DIBOHF
JO
UIF
FDDFOUSJDJUZ
PS
TIBQF
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU
ѮFTF
DZDMFT
BSF
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
:VHPTMBWJBO
BTUSPOPNFS
.JMVUJO

.JMBOLPWJUDI
¢
XIP
EFWFMPQFE
UIF
SFMFWBOU
NBUIFNBUJDBM
UIFPSZ
CFUXFFO

BOE

4FF
JDF
BHF .JMF
"
VOJU
PG
EJTUBODF
FRVBM
UP


LJMP NFUFST
BOE

GFFU .JMMJPO
0OF
UIPVTBOE
UIPVTBOE
XSJUUFO
BT

  
PS
 .JOVUF
PG
BSD
"
VOJU
PG
BOHVMBS
NFBTVSF
FRVBM
UP

EFHSFF
BOE

TFDPOET
PG
BSD .PMFDVMF
ѮF
TNBMMFTU
VOJU
PG
B
DIFNJDBM
DPN QPVOE
"
NPMFDVMF
JT
DPNQPTFE
PG
UXP
PS
NPSF
BUPNT
CPVOE
UPHFUIFS
CZ
JOUFSBDUJPO
PG
UIFJS
FMFDUSPOT .PSUPO
XBWF
"
XBWFMJLF
EJTUVSCBODF
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
JOJUJBUFE
CZ
B
TPMBS
ëBSF

"
.PSUPO
XBWF
JT
EFUFDUFE
BT
B
DJSDVMBS
IZESP HFOBMQIB
CSJHIUFOJOH
UIBU
FYQBOET
BXBZ
GSPN
B
ëBSF
BOE
BDSPTT
UIF
TPMBS
EJTL
UP
EJTUBODFT
PG
BCPVU
B
CJMMJPO
NFUFST
BU
WFMPDJUJFT
PG
BCPVU
B
NJMMJPO
NFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
*U
JT
OBNFE
BѫFS
(BJM
&
.PSFUPO
XIP
êSTU
PCTFSWFE
UIFN
JO
 .48
FGGFDU
ѮF
USBOTGPSNBUJPO
PG
B
OFVUSJOP
PG
POF
UZQF
PS
ëBWPS
JOUP
B
OFVUSJOP
PG
BOPUIFS
LJOE
XIJMF
USBWFMJOH
UISPVHI
NBUUFS
OBNFE
BѫFS
-JODPMO
8PMGFOTUFJO
¢

XIP
PSJHJOBUFE
UIF
UIFPSZ
JO

BOE
4UBOJTMBW
.JLIFZFW
¢

BOE
"MFYJT
:
4NJSOPW
¢

XIP
GVSUIFS
EFWFMPQFE
JU
BCPVU
B
EFDBEF
MBUFS
ѮF
.48
FĒFDU
DPVME
FYQMBJO
UIF
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
QSPCMFN
JG
TPNF
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
QSP EVDFE
JO
UIF
DPSF
PG
UIF
4VO
PTDJMMBUF
JOUP
NVPO
PS
UBV
OFVUSJOPT
PO
UIFJS
XBZ
PVU
PG
UIF
4VO
UIFSFCZ
CFDPNJOH
JOWJTJCMF
UP
NPTU
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPST
4FF
OFVUSJOP
PTDJMMBUJPO
BOE
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
QSPCMFN

/ /BOPnBSFT
6CJRVJUPVT
MPXMFWFM
ëBSFT
UIBU
NJHIU
IFBU
UIF
DPSPOB
BMTP
DBMMFE
NJDSPëBSFT
ѮFZ
NBZ
CF
EFUFDUFE
BU
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJP
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT
"
CJM MJPO
PG
UIFN
XPVME
CF
SFRVJSFE
UP
SFMFBTF
UIF
TBNF
BNPVOU
PG
FOFSHZ
BT
B
OPSNBM
ëBSF
4FF
NJDSPëBSFT




(MPTTBSZ

/BOP5FTMB
"
VOJU
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI
BCCSFWJBUFE
O5
*U
JT
FRVBM
UP
¢
5FTMB
UP
¢
(BVTT
BOE
UP

HBNNB
4FF
(BVTT
BOE
5FTMB /"4"
"DSPOZN
GPS
UIF
/BUJPOBM
"FSPOBVUJDT
BOE
4QBDF
"ENJOJTUSBUJPO
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
4FF
/BUJPOBM
"FSPOBVUJDT
BOE
4QBDF
"ENJOJTUSBUJPO /BUJPOBM
"FSPOBVUJDT
BOE
4QBDF
"ENJO JTUSBUJPO
"CCSFWJBUFE
/"4"
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
HPWFSONFOU
TQBDF
BHFODZ
GPSNFE
JO

*U
JT
SFTQPOTJCMF
GPS
DJWJMJBO
NBOOFE
BOE
SPCPUJD
BDUJWJUJFT
JO
TQBDF
JODMVEJOH
MBVODI
WFIJDMFT
TDJFOUJêD
TBUFMMJUFT
BOE
TQBDF
QSPCFT
/"4"
)FBERVBSUFST
BSF
JO
8BTIJOHUPO
%$ /BUJPOBM
0QUJDBM
"TUSPOPNZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ
"CCSFWJBUFE
/0"0
JU
XBT
GPSNFE
JO

UP
DPOTPMJEBUF
VOEFS
POF
EJSFDUPS
TFWFSBM
HSPVOE CBTFE
BTUSPOPNJDBM
PQUJDBM
PCTFSWBUPSJFT /BUJPOBM
3BEJP
"TUSPOPNZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ
"CCSFWJBUFE
/3"0
XJUI
JUT
IFBERVBSUFST
BU
(SFFO
#BOL
8FTU
7JSHJOJB
UIF
/BUJPOBM
3BEJP
"TUSPOPNZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ
PQFSBUFT
UIF
7FSZ
-BSHF
"SSBZ
JO
/FX
.FYJDP
BOE
PUIFS
QPXFS GVM
BEWBODFE
SBEJP
UFMFTDPQF
GBDJMJUJFT
JO
UIF
XFTUFSO
IFNJTQIFSF /BUJPOBM
4PMBS
0CTFSWBUPSZ
"CCSFWJBUFE
/40
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
/BUJPOBM
4PMBS
0CTFSWB UPSZ
JODMVEFT
UISFF
GBDJMJUJFT
EFEJDBUFE
UP
PCTFSW JOH
UIF
4VO
XJUI
IJHI
SFTPMVUJPO
BU
PQUJDBM
PS
WJTJCMFMJHIU
XBWFMFOHUIT‡UIF
4BDSBNFOUP
1FBL
0CTFSWBUPSZ
JO
/FX
.FYJDP
XJUI
JUT
NFUFS
JODI
3JDIBSE
#
%VOO
7BDVVN
5PXFS
5FMFTDPQF
UIF
,JUU
1FBL
/BUJPOBM
0CTFSWBUPSZT
NFUFS
JODI
.D.BUI1JFSDF
4PMBS
5FMF TDPQF
BMTP
JO
"SJ[POB
BOE
UIF
(MPCBM
0TDJMMB UJPO
/FUXPSL
(SPVQ
PG
TJY
TPMBS
UFMFTDPQFT
UIBU
QSPWJEF
OFBSMZ
DPOUJOVPVT
XPSMEXJEF
PCTFSWB UJPOT
PG
UIF
4VO
4FF
(MPCBM
0TDJMMBUJPO
/FUXPSL
(SPVQ
,JUU
1FBL
/BUJPOBM
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BOE
/BUJPOBM
0QUJDBM
"TUSPOPNZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ /FUXPSL
$ISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
QIPUPTQIFSF
GFB UVSFT
BSSBOHFE
JO
B
DFMMVMBS
TUSVDUVSF
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
TVQFSHSBOVMBS
DFMMT
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
4FF
DBMDJVN
OFUXPSL
BOE
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
DFMMT /FVUSBM
MJOF
PS
SFHJPO
"
MJOF
UIBU
TFQBSBUFT
MPOHJUVEJOBM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
PG
PQQPTJUF
NBH OFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
"
SFHJPO
XIFSF
UIF
MPOHJUVEJOBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI
BQQSPBDIFT
[FSP
(FOFS BMMZ
OFVUSBM
SFHJPOT
PDDVS
CFUXFFO
SFHJPOT
PG
PQQPTJUF
QPMBSJUZ /FVUSJOP
"
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMF
XJUI
OP
FMFD USJD
DIBSHF
BOE
WFSZ
MJUUMF
NBTT
UIBU
SFTQPOET



UP
UIF
XFBL
OVDMFBS
GPSDF
CVU
OPU
UP
UIF
TUSPOH
OVDMFBS
BOE
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
GPSDFT
*O

UIF
"VTUSJBO
QIZTJDJTU
8PMGHBOH
1BVMJ
¢
QSPQPTFE
BO
VODIBSHFE
BOE
VOTFFO
QBSUJDMF
UP
SFNPWF
FOFSHZ
EVSJOH
SBEJPBDUJWF
CFUB
EFDBZ
BOE
UIF
*UBMJBO
QIZTJDJTU
&OSJDP
'FSNJ
¢
EFWFMPQFE
UIF
JEFB
JO

HJWJOH
UIF
QVUBUJWF
QBSUJDMF
JUT
OBNF
OFVUSJOP
*UBMJBO
GPS
iMJUUMF
OFVUSBM
POFu
/FVUSJOPT
USBWFM
BU
WFSZ
OFBS
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
BOE
JOUFSBDU
WFSZ
XFBLMZ
XJUI
PUIFS
NBUUFS
ѮFZ
BSF
FNJU UFE
EVSJOH
SBEJPBDUJWJUZ
BOE
HFOFSBUFE
EVSJOH
UIFSNPOVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
JO
UIF
4VO
BOE
PUIFS
TUBST
ѮFSF
BSF
UISFF
UZQFT
PS
ëBWPST
PG
OFV USJOPT
OBNFE
UIF
FMFDUSPO
NVPO
BOE
UBV
OFVUSJOPT
BѫFS
UIF
QBSUJDMFT
UIFZ
JOUFSBDU
XJUI
7BTU
RVBOUJUJFT
PG
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
DSF BUFE
BT
UIF
SFTVMU
PG
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
JO
UIF
4VOT
DPSF
0UIFS
UZQFT
PG
OFVUSJOPT
BSF
QSP EVDFE
JO
NBONBEF
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUPST
OVDMFBS
SFBDUPST
BOE
CZ
DPTNJD
SBZT
FOUFSJOH
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF /FVUSJOP
PTDJMMBUJPO
ѮF
DIBOHF
PG
POF
UZQF
PS
ëBWPS
PG
OFVUSJOP
UP
BOPUIFS
XIJMF
USBWFMJOH
UISPVHI
NBUUFS
PS
B
WBDVVN
/FVUSJOPT
DPNF
JO
UISFF
ëBWPST
UIF
FMFDUSPO
NVPO
BOE
UBV
OFVUSJOPT
4FF
.48
FĒFDU
BOE
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
QSPCMFN /FVUSPO
"
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMF
XJUI
OP
FMFD USJD
DIBSHF
GPVOE
JO
BMM
BUPNJD
OVDMFJ
FYDFQU
UIBU
PG
IZESPHFO
ѮF
&OHMJTI
QIZTJDJTU
+BNFT

$IBEXJDL
¢
EJTDPWFSFE
UIF
OFVUSPO
JO

XIFO
CPNCBSEJOH
BUPNT
XJUI
FOFS HFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
ѮF
OFVUSPO
IBT
TMJHIUMZ
NPSF
NBTT
UIBO
B
QSPUPO
ѮF
NBTT
PG
UIF
OFVUSPO
JT


BUPNJD
NBTT
VOJUT
BOE



¢
LJMPHSBNT
ѮF
OFVUSPO
JT

UJNFT
IFBWJFS
UIBO
BO
FMFDUSPO
8IFO
TFU
GSFF
GSPN
BO
BUPNJD
OVDMFVT
PS
DSFBUFE
PVUTJEF
POF
B
OFVUSPO
EFDBZT
JOUP
B
QSPUPO
BO
FMFDUSPO
BOE
BO
BOUJFMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOP
XJUI
B
OFVUSPO
IBMG MJGF
PG
POMZ

TFDPOET
PS

NJOVUFT
BOE
B
NFBO
MJGF
PG
KVTU

TFDPOET /0"0
"DSPOZN
GPS
UIF
/BUJPOBM
0QUJDBM
"TUSPOPNZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
4FF
/BUJPOBM
0QUJDBM
"TUSPOPNZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ /PCFM
1SJ[F
"O
JOUFSOBUJPOBM
BXBSE
HJWFO
ZFBSMZ
TJODF

GPS
BDIJFWFNFOUT
JO
QIZTJDT
DIFNJTUSZ
QIZTJPMPHZ
PS
NFEJDJOF
MJUFSBUVSF
BOE
QFBDF
4JHOJêDBOU
BDDPNQMJTINFOUT
JO
BTUSPOPNZ
BOE
BTUSPQIZTJDT
IBWF
CFFO
BXBSEFE
UIF
/PCFM
1SJ[F
JO
1IZTJDT
ѮF
BXBSET
BSF
CFTUPXFE
CZ





(MPTTBSZ


UIF
/PCFM
'PVOEBUJPO
XIJDI
XBT
FOEPXFE
PO


/PWFNCFS

JO
UIF
MBTU
XJMM
PG
UIF
4XFEJTI
JOEVTUSJBM
DIFNJTU
BOE
QIJMBOUISPQJTU
"MGSFE
/PCFM
¢


XIP
JOWFOUFE
EZOBNJUF /POUIFSNBM
QBSUJDMF
"
QBSUJDMF
UIBU
JT
OPU
QBSU
PG
B
UIFSNBM
HBT
"
TJOHMF
UFNQFSBUVSF
DBOOPU
EFTDSJCF
UIFTF
QBSUJDMFT
4FF
UIFSNBM
HBT /POUIFSNBM
SBEJBUJPO
ѮF
FMFDUSPNBH OFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
QSPEVDFE
CZ
B
OPOUIFSNBM
FMFDUSPO
USBWFMJOH
BU
B
TQFFE
DMPTF
UP
UIBU
PG
MJHIU
JO
UIF
QSFTFODF
PG
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
4VDI
SBEJBUJPO
JT
DBMMFE
TZODISPUSPO
SBEJBUJPO
BѫFS
UIF
NBONBEF
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUPS
XIFSF
JU
XBT
êSTU
TFFO
.PSF
HFOFSBMMZ
UIF
UFSN
OPO UIFSNBM
SBEJBUJPO
EFOPUFT
BOZ
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
BO
BTUSPOPNJDBM
CPEZ
UIBU
JT
OPU
UIFSNBM
JO
PSJHJO



0 0QBDJUZ
"
NFBTVSF
PG
UIF
BCJMJUZ
PG
B
HBTFPVT
BUNPTQIFSF
UP
BCTPSC
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
CFDPNF
PQBRVF
UP
JU
"
USBOTQBSFOU
HBT
IBT
MJUUMF
PS
OP
PQBDJUZ
0QBDJUZ
BMTP
EFOPUFT
UIF
NFBO
BCTPSQ UJPO
PG
SBEJBUJPO
XIJDI
JT
VTFE
XJUI
B
EJĒVTJPO
FRVBUJPO
UP
DBMDVMBUF
UIF
QIPUPO
MVNJOPTJUZ
ëPX
JO
UIF
4VO
PS
PUIFS
TUBST 0QUJDBM
BTUSPOPNZ
ѮF
TUVEZ
PG
WJTJCMF
MJHIU
GSPN
PCKFDUT
JO
TQBDF
4FF
WJTJCMF
MJHIU 0QUJDBM
SBEJBUJPO
&MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
UIBU
JT
WJTJCMF
UP
UIF
IVNBO
FZF
XJUI
XBWF MFOHUIT
PG
BQQSPYJNBUFMZ

UP

OBOPNF UFST
4FF
PQUJDBM
TQFDUSVN
PQUJDT
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
WJTJCMF
MJHIU

/PSUIFSO
MJHIUT
"
QPQVMBS
OBNF
GPS
BO
BVSPSB
XIFO
PCTFSWFE
GSPN
OPSUIFSO
MBUJUVEFT

0QUJDBM
TQFDUSVN
4QFDUSVN
PG
B
TPVSDF
UIBU
TQBOT
UIF
WJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUI
SBOHF
BQQSPYJNBUFMZ
GSPN

UP

OBOPNFUFST
4FF
WJTJCMF
MJHIU

/3"0
"DSPOZN
GPS
UIF
/BUJPOBM
3BEJP
"TUSPOPNZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
4FF
/BUJPOBM
3BEJP
"TUSPOPNZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ

0QUJDT
ѮF
TDJFODF
UIBU
EFTDSJCFT
UIF
MFOTFT
BOE
NJSSPST
UIBU
BSF
VTFE
UP
GPDVT
BOE
DPMMFDU
WJTJCMF
MJHIU

/3-
"DSPOZN
GPS
UIF
/BWBM
3FTFBSDI
-BCPSB UPSZ
6OJUFE
4UBUFT

0SCJUJOH
4PMBS
0CTFSWBUPSZ
"CCSFWJBUFE
040
B
TFSJFT
PG
FJHIU
PSCJUJOH
PCTFSWBUPSJFT
MBVODIFE
CFUXFFO

BOE

CZ
/"4"
UP
TUVEZ
UIF
4VO
JO
UIF
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
XBWF MFOHUIT
GSPN
BCPWF
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF

/4'
"DSPOZN
GPS
UIF
/BUJPOBM
4DJFODF
'PVO EBUJPO
6OJUFE
4UBUFT /VDMFBS
FOFSHZ
ѮF
FOFSHZ
PCUBJOFE
CZ
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
UIF
TPVSDF
PG
UIF
4VOT
MVNJOPTJUZ /VDMFBS
mTTJPO
"
SFBDUJPO
JO
XIJDI
B
IFBWZ
BUPNJD
OVDMFVT
JT
CSPLFO
BQBSU
JOUP
UXP
PS
NPSF
MJHIUFS
OVDMFJ
SFMFBTJOH
FOFSHZ
ѮJT
QSPDFTT
QPXFST
NBONBEF
OVDMFBS
SFBDUPST
PO
&BSUI
4FF
êTTJPO /VDMFBS
GPSDF
ѮF
GPSDF
UIBU
CJOET
QSPUPOT
BOE
OFVUSPOT
XJUIJO
BUPNJD
OVDMFJ
BOE
XIJDI
JT
FĒFDUJWF
POMZ
BU
EJTUBODFT
MFTT
UIBO
¢
NFUFST /VDMFBS
GVTJPO
ѮF
QSPDFTT
CZ
XIJDI
UXP
PS
NPSF
MJHIU
BUPNJD
OVDMFJ
GVTF
UPHFUIFS
UP
NBLF
B
IFBWJFS
BUPNJD
OVDMFVT
SFMFBTJOH
FOFSHZ
ѮJT
QSPDFTT
PDDVST
BU
UIF
IJHI
UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE
QSFTTVSFT
GPVOE
OFBS
UIF
DFOUFST
PG
TUBST
BOE
JU
NBLFT
NPTU
TUBST
TIJOF
JODMVEJOH
UIF
4VO /VDMFVT
ѮF
DFOUSBM
NBTTJWF
QBSU
PG
BO
BUPN
ѮF
BUPNJD
OVDMFVT
JT
DPNQPTFE
PG
QSPUPOT
BOE
FYDFQU
GPS
IZESPHFO
OFVUSPOT
CPVOE
UPHFUIFS
CZ
UIF
TUSPOH
OVDMFBS
GPSDF
BOE
DPOUBJOJOH
OFBSMZ
BMM
PG
BO
BUPNT
NBTT
"O
BUPNT
OFHBUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
FMFDUSPOT
TVSSPVOE
UIF
OVDMFVT
XIJDI
IBT
B
QPTJ UJWF
FMFDUSJDBM
DIBSHF
ѮF
DFOUSBM
SFHJPO
PG
B
HBMBYZ
JT
BMTP
LOPXO
BT
UIF
OVDMFVT
PG
UIF
HBMBYZ

0[POF
"
GPSN
PG
NPMFDVMBS
PYZHFO
DPOUBJO JOH
UISFF
BUPNT
PG
PYZHFO
JOTUFBE
PG
UIF
OPSNBM
UXP
BOE
IFODF
EFOPUFE
0
XIFSF
0
JT
BO
PYZHFO
BUPN
*U
JT
DSFBUFE
CZ
UIF
BDUJPO
PG
VMUSB WJPMFU
TVOMJHIU
PO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
UIJT
P[POF
MBZFS
TIJFMET
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
GSPN
EFBEMZ
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
UIF
4VO
4FF
P[POF
IPMF
BOE
P[POF
MBZFS 0[POF
EFQMFUJPO
4FF
P[POF
IPMF 0[POF
IPMF
"O
FYDFQUJPOBMMZ
MPX
DPODFOUSB UJPO
PG
P[POF
JO
UIF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
ѮF
P[POF
IPMF
GPSNT
BCPWF
UIF
4PVUI
1PMF
JO
UIF
MPDBM
XJOUFS
*U
XBT
DPODMVTJWFMZ
EFNPOTUSBUFE
JO

BT
UIF
SFTVMU
PG

ZFBST
PG
DPOUJOVPVT
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PG
UIF
P[POF
DPOUFOU
BCPWF
)BMMFZ
#BZ
"OU BSDUJDB
CFHVO
CZ
UIF
#SJUJTI
TDJFOUJTU
(PSEPO
.JMMFS
#PVSOF
i(
.
#u
%PCTPO
¢
JO

5XP
"NFSJDBO
DIFNJTUT
.BSJP
+
.PMJOB
¢

BOE
'
4IFSXPPE
3PXMBOE
¢

TIPXFE
JO

UIBU
UIF
DIPSJOF
JO
NBONBEF
DIFNJDBMT
DBMMFE
DIMPSPëVPSPDBS CPOT
PS
$'$T
GPS
TIPSU
XPVME
EFTUSPZ
FOPS NPVT
BNPVOUT
PG
P[POF
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
ѮF
$'$T
XFSF
MJNJUFE
BOE
FWFOUVBMMZ
CBOOFE






(MPTTBSZ

CZ
JO
BO
JOUFSOBUJPOBM
USFBUZ
LOPXO
BT
UIF
.PO USFBM
1SPUPDPM
êSTU
TJHOFE
JO

BOE
TUSFOHUI FOFE
JO
MBUFS
ZFBST
4FF
P[POF
MBZFS 0[POF
MBZFS
"
SFHJPO
JO
UIF
MPXFS
QBSU
PG
&BSUIT
TUSBUPTQIFSF
MPDBUFE
BU
BCPVU

UP

LJMPNFUFST
BCPWF
TFB
MFWFM
XIFSF
UIF
HSFBUFTU
DPODFOUSBUJPO
PG
P[POF
BQQFBST
ѮF
P[POF
MBZFS
TIJFMET
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
FOFS HFUJD
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBZT

1 1BJS
BOOJIJMBUJPO
.VUVBM
EFTUSVDUJPO
PG
BO
FMFDUSPO
BOE
QPTJUSPO
XJUI
UIF
GPSNBUJPO
PG
FOFSHFUJD
HBNNB
SBZT
UIBU
IBWF
QIPUPO
FOFSHZ
PG

LF7 1BSUJDMF
'VOEBNFOUBM
VOJU
PG
NBUUFS
BOE
FOFSHZ
JODMVEJOH
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
UIBU
BSF
TNBMMFS
UIBO
UIF
BUPN 1FOVNCSB
ѮF
MJHIUFS
QFSJQIFSZ
PG
B
TVOTQPU
TFFO
JO
XIJUF
MJHIU
TVSSPVOEJOH
UIF
EBSLFS
VNCSB
"MTP
UIF
PVUFS
QBSU
PG
B
TIBEPX
DBTU
EVSJOH
BO
FDMJQTF
XIFSF
POMZ
B
QBSUJBM
FDMJQTF
JT
TFFO 1IPUPO
"
DPSQVTDMF
QBSUJDMF
PS
RVBOUVN
PG
MJHIU
PS
PUIFS
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO

"
QIPUPO
JT
B
EJTDSFUF
VOJU
PS
RVBOUJUZ
PG
FMFD USPNBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
XBWFT
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
1IPUPOT
IBWF
OP
FMFDUSJD
DIBSHF
BOE
USBWFM
BU
UIF
TQFFE
PG
MJHIU
4IPSU
XBWFMFOHUI
PS
IJHI
GSFRVFODZ
QIPUPOT
DBSSZ
NPSF
FOFSHZ
UIBO
MPOH
XBWFMFOHUI
PS
MPX
GSFRVFODZ
QIPUPOT
4FF
QIPUPO
FOFSHZ 1IPUPO
FOFSHZ
ѮF
FOFSHZ
PG
SBEJBUJPO
PG
B
QBSUJDVMBS
GSFRVFODZ
PS
XBWFMFOHUI
ѮF
QIPUPO
FOFSHZ
JT
FRVBM
UP
UIF
QSPEVDU
PG
1MBODLT
DPO TUBOU


¢
+
T
BOE
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
4IPSU
XBWFMFOHUI
PS
IJHI
GSFRVFODZ
QIPUPOT
IBWF
NPSF
FOFSHZ
UIBO
MPOH
XBWF MFOHUI
PS
MPX
GSFRVFODZ
QIPUPOT 1IPUPTQIFSF
ѮBU
QBSU
PG
UIF
4VO
GSPN
XIJDI
WJTJCMF
MJHIU
PSJHJOBUFT
ѮF
QIPUPTQIFSF
FNJUT
XIJUF
MJHIU
PS
BMM
UIF
DPMPST
DPNCJOFE
*U
JT
UIF
JOUFOTFMZ
CSJHIU
WJTJCMF
QPSUJPO
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIF
QMBDF
XIFSF
NPTU
PG
UIF
4VOT
FOFSHZ
FTDBQFT
JOUP
TQBDF
ѮF
MPXFTU
MBZFS
PG
UIF
4VOT
BUNP TQIFSF
WJFXFE
JO
XIJUF
MJHIU
ѮF
QIPUPTQIFSF
PG
BOZ
TUBS
JT
UIF
SFHJPO
UIBU
HJWFT
SJTF
UP
JUT
WJT JCMF
DPOUJOVVN
SBEJBUJPO
"CPVU

LJMPNFUFST
UIJDL
UIF
TPMBS
QIPUPTQIFSF
JT
B
[POF
XIFSF
UIF
HBTFPVT
MBZFST
DIBOHF
GSPN
CFJOH
DPNQMFUFMZ
PQBRVF
UP
SBEJBUJPO
UP
CFJOH
USBOTQBSFOU
ѮF

FĒFDUJWF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
4VOT
QIPUPTQIFSF


JT

LFMWJO
ѮF
DPOUJOVVN
SBEJBUJPO
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
JT
BCTPSCFE
BU
DFSUBJO
XBWFMFOHUIT
CZ
TMJHIUMZ
DPPMFS
HBT
KVTU
BCPWF
JU
QSPEVDJOH
UIF
EBSL
'SBVOIPGFS
MJOFT
4VOTQPUT
GBDVMBF
HSBO VMFT
BOE
UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
BSF
PCTFSWFE
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
NBHOFUPHSBNT
EFTDSJCF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
ѮF
JO
BOE
PVU
IFBWJOH
NPUJPOT
PS
PTDJMMBUJPOT
PG
UIF
QIPUP TQIFSF
BSF
VTFE
UP
EFDJQIFS
UIF
JOUFSOBM
EZOBNJDT
BOE
TUSVDUVSF
PG
UIF
4VO
ѮF
USBOTQBSFOU
DISP NPTQIFSF
MJFT
KVTU
BCPWF
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
UIF
USBOTQBSFOU
DPSPOB
JT
GPVOE
BCPWF
UIF
DISPNP TQIFSF
4FF
DISPNPTQIFSF
DPSPOB
'SBVOIPGFS
MJOF
HSBOVMF
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
NBHOFUPHSBN
TVOTQPU
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
BOE
XIJUF
MJHIU 1IPUPTZOUIFTJT
ѮF
DIFNJDBM
QSPDFTT
XIFSFCZ
HSFFO
QMBOUT
VTF
TVOMJHIU
UP
NBOVGBDUVSF
DBSCP IZESBUFT
GSPN
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF
BOE
XBUFS
BOE
SFMFBTF
PYZHFO
BT
B
CZQSPEVDU 1MBHF
'SPN
UIF
'SFODI
XPSE
GPS
iCFBDIu
B
QMBHF
JT
B
CSJHIU
EFOTF
SFHJPO
JO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
GPVOE
BCPWF
TVOTQPUT
PS
PUIFS
BDUJWF
BSFBT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
QIPUPTQIFSF
*U
BMXBZT
BDDPNQBOJFT
BOE
PVUMJWFT
TVOTQPU
HSPVQT
1MBHFT
BQQFBS
NVDI
CSJHIUFS
JO
UIF
NPOPDISPNBUJD
MJHIU
PG
UIF
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF
PS
UIF
DBMDJVN
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
UIBO
UIF
TVSSPVOEJOH
QBSUT
PG
UIF
DISPNP TQIFSF
1MBHFT
BSF
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
GBDVMBF
XIJDI
PDDVS
KVTU
CFMPX
UIFN
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
BSF
GPVOE
JO
SFHJPOT
PG
FOIBODFE
NBHOFUJD
êFME
4FF
DBMDJVN
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
DISPNPTQIFSF
GBDV MBF
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
BOE
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF 1MBTNB
"
DPNQMFUFMZ
JPOJ[FE
HBT
DPOTJTUJOH
PG
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
IBWF
CFFO
QVMMFE
GSFF
PG
BUPNT
BOE
JPOT
JO
XIJDI
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
JT
UPP
IJHI
GPS
OFVUSBM
VOJPOJ[FE
BUPNT
UP
FYJTU
ѮF
IJHI
UFNQFSBUVSFT
SFTVMU
JO
BUPNT
MPTJOH
UIFJS
OPSNBM
DPNQMFNFOU
PG
FMFDUSPOT
UP
MFBWF
QPTJUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
JPOT
CFIJOE
BOE
JU
JT
UPP
IPU
GPS
UIF
GSFF
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
JPOT
UP
KPJO
UPHFUIFS
BOE
GPSN
QFSNBOFOU
BUPNT
ѮF
JOUFSJPS
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
PUIFS
NBJOTFRVFODF
TUBST
JT
B
QMBTNB
DPOTJTU JOH
NBJOMZ
PG
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
UIF
OVDMFJ
PG
IZESPHFO
BUPNT
1MBTNB
IBT
CFFO
DBMMFE
UIF
GPVSUI
TUBUF
PG
NBUUFS
JO
BEEJUJPO
UP
TPMJE
MJRVJE
BOE
HBT
4JODF
UIF
UPUBM
OFHBUJWF
FMFDUSJDBM
DIBSHF
PG
UIF
GSFF
FMFDUSPOT
JT
FRVBM
UP
UIF
UPUBM
QPTJUJWF
DIBSHF
PG
UIF
JPOT
QMBTNB
JT
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
OFVUSBM
PWFS
B
TVēDJFOUMZ
MBSHF
WPMVNF
.PTU
PG
UIF
NBUUFS
JO
UIF
6OJWFSTF
JT
JO
UIF
QMBTNB
TUBUF 1PMBSJUZ
ѮF
EJSFDUJPOBMJUZ
PG
B
NBHOFU
PS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
CFJOH
OPSUI
PS
TPVUITFFL JOH
"DDPSEJOH
UP
POF
DPOWFOUJPO
NBHOFUJD





(MPTTBSZ


MJOFT
PG
GPSDF
FNFSHF
GSPN
SFHJPOT
PG
QPTJUJWF
OPSUI
QPMBSJUZ
BOE
SFFOUFS
SFHJPOT
PG
OFHBUJWF
TPVUI
QPMBSJUZ
)PXFWFS
DPNQBTT
OFFEMFT
QPJOU
UPXBSET
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
/PSUI
1PMF 1PMBSJ[BUJPO
8IFO
SBEJBUJPO
JT
QPMBSJ[FE
JUT
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
WJCSBUJPOT
BSF
OPU
SBOEPNMZ
PSJFOUFE
CVU
JOTUFBE
IBWF
B
QSFGFSSFE
EJSFDUJPO
PTDJMMBUJOH
JO
B
QMBOF
4ZODISPUSPO
SBEJBUJPO
JT
QPMBSJ[FE 1PSF
4NBMM
TIPSUMJWFE
EBSL
BSFB
JO
UIF
QIPUP TQIFSF
PVU
PG
XIJDI
B
TVOTQPU
NBZ
EFWFMPQ 1PTJUSPO
"
QPTJUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
BOUJQBSUJDMF
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPO
OBNFE
B
QPTJUSPO
GPS
B
iQPTJUJWF
FMFDUSPOu
ѮF
QPTJUSPO
JT
B
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMF
XJUI
UIF
NBTT
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPO
CVU
BO
FRVBM
QPTJUJWF
FMFDUSJD
DIBSHF
4FF
BOUJNBUUFS

BOE
CFUB
EFDBZ 1PTUnBSF
MPPQ
"O
BSDBEF
PG
MPPQT
PS
B
MPPQ
QSPNJOFODF
TZTUFN
PѫFO
TFFO
BѫFS
B
NBKPS
UXPSJCCPO
ëBSF
XIJDI
CSJEHFT
UIF
SJCCPOT 1SPNJOFODF
"
SFHJPO
PG
IJHIEFOTJUZ
DPPM
 LFMWJO
HBT
FNCFEEFE
JO
UIF
MPXFS
QBSU
PG
UIF
MPXEFOTJUZ
IPU
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
"
QSPNJOFODF
JT
BQQBSFOUMZ
TVTQFOEFE
BCPWF
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
CZ
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
*U
DBO
CF
TFFO
BU
UIF
MJNC
PG
UIF
4VO
EVSJOH
B
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
PS
XJUI
B
DPSPOBHSBQI
"
QSPNJ OFODF
JT
B
êMBNFOU
WJFXFE
PO
UIF
MJNC
PG
UIF
4VO
JO
UIF
MJHIU
PG
UIF
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF

"
RVJFTDFOU
QSPNJOFODF
PDDVST
BXBZ
GSPN
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
BOE
DBO
MBTU
GPS
XFFLT
PS
NBOZ
NPOUIT
"O
BDUJWF
QSPNJOFODF
JT
B
TIPSUMJWFE
IJHI TQFFE
FSVQUJPO
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
TVOTQPUT
BOE
ëBSFT
"O
FSVQUJWF
QSPNJOFODF
JT
PѫFO
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
B
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
4FF
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
DPSPOBHSBQI
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
êMBNFOU
BOE
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF



IZESPHFO
OVDMFJ
PS
QSPUPOT
BSF
USBOTGPSNFE
JOUP
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
ѮF
(FSNBOCPSO
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJ DJTU
)BOT
#FUIF
¢
QSPQPTFE
UIF
EFUBJMT
PG
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
PG
UIFSNPOVDMFBS
SFBD UJPOT
JO
m
*U
JT
UIF
NBJO
TPVSDF
PG
FOFSHZ
JO
UIF
4VO
BOE
PG
BMM
NBJOTFRVFODF
TUBST
XJUI
B
NBTT
MFTT
UIBO

UJNFT
UIF
4VOT
NBTT
*O
UIF
êSTU
TUBHF
PG
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
UXP
QSPUPOT
DPNCJOF
UP
GPSN
B
EFVUFSJVN
OVDMFVT
SFMFBTJOH
B
QPTJUSPO
B
OFVUSJOP
BOE
SBEJBUJPO
*O
UIF
TFDPOE
TUBHF
UIF
EFVUFSJVN
OVDMFVT
DPNCJOFT
XJUI
B
QSPUPO
UP
GPSN
BO
JTPUPQF
PG
IFMJVN
EFOPUFE
)F
BHBJO
SFMFBTJOH
SBEJBUJPO
*O
UIF
MBTU
TUBHF
UXP
)F
OVDMFJ
DPNCJOF
UP
GPSN
UIF
OPSNBM
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT
EFOPUFE
)F
SFMFBTJOH
UXP
QSPUPOT
BOE
SBEJBUJPO
0WFSBMM
GPVS
QSPUPOT
BSF
DPOWFSUFE
JOUP
POF
IFMJVN
OVDMFVT
XJUI
UIF
NBTT
EJĒFSFODF
SFMFBTFE
BT
FOFSHZ
4FF
IZESPHFO
CVSOJOH 1SPUPOQSPUPO
SFBDUJPO
4FF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO

2 2VBOUVN
NFDIBOJDT
ѮF
UIFPSZ
PG
BUPNJD
BOE
TVCBUPNJD
TZTUFNT
CBTFE
PO
UIF
OPUJPO
PG
RVBOUJ[FE
FOFSHZ
JO
SBEJBUJPO
UIF
QIPUPOT
BOE
JO
UIF
BOHVMBS
NPNFOUVN
BOE
FOFSHZ
MFWFMT
PG
FMFDUSPOT
JO
BUPNT
BSJTJOH
GSPN
UIF
GBJMVSF
PG
DMBTTJDBM
DPODFQUT
PG
XBWFT
PS
QBSUJDMFT
JOEJWJEV BMMZ
UP
EFTDSJCF
TVDI
TZTUFNT 2VBOUVN
UVOOFMJOH
4FF
UVOOFM
FĒFDU 2VJFTDFOU
QSPNJOFODF
"
QSPNJOFODF
PDDVS SJOH
BXBZ
GSPN
BDUJWF
SFHJPOT
UIBU
DBO
MBTU
GPS
XFFLT
PS
NPOUIT
4FF
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
BOE
QSPNJ OFODF 2VJFU
4VO
ѮF
4VO
XIFO
JU
JT
BU
UIF
NJOJNVN
MFWFM
PG
BDUJWJUZ
JO
UIF
TPMBS
DZDMF

1SPUPO
"
TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMF
XJUI
QPTJUJWF
FMFD USJD
DIBSHF
MPDBUFE
JO
UIF
OVDMFVT
PG
FWFSZ
BUPN
PS
TFU
GSFF
GSPN
JU
*O

UIF
/FX;FBMBOE
CPSO
#SJUJTI
QIZTJDJTU
&SOFTU
3VUIFSGPSE
¢
BOOPVODFE
UIBU
UIF
NBTTJWF
OVDMFJ
PG
BMM
BUPNT
BSF
DPNQPTFE
PG
UIF
QPTJUJWFMZ
DIBSHFE
IZESPHFO
OVDMFJ
XIJDI
IF
OBNFE
QSPUPOT
ѮF
OVDMFVT
PG
B
IZESPHFO
BUPN
JT
B
QSPUPO
ѮF
BUPNJD
OVNCFS
EFOPUFE
CZ
;
TQFDJêFT
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
QSPUPOT
JO
UIF
OVDMFVT
PG
BOZ
BUPN
ѮF
QSPUPO
IBT
B
NBTT
PG


¢
LJMPHSBNT
BOE
B
NBTT FOFSHZ
FRVJWBMFOU
UP

.F7
"
QSPUPO
JT

UJNFT
NPSF
NBTTJWF
UIBO
BO
FMFDUSPO
4FF
BUPNJD
OVNCFS
BOE
OVDMFPO

3BEJBO
"
EJNFOTJPOMFTT
VOJU
PG
BOHVMBS
NFBTVSF
FRVBM
UP




TFDPOET
PG
BSD
ѮFSF
BSF
P
SBEJBOT
JO
B
GVMM
DJSDMF
PG

EFHSFFT
XIFSF
P




1SPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
"CCSFWJBUFE
QQ
DIBJO
B
TFRVFODF
PG
UIFSNPOVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
JO
XIJDI


3BEJBUJPO
"
QSPDFTT
UIBU
DBSSJFT
FOFSHZ
UISPVHI
TQBDF
4FF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO

3 3BEJBM
WFMPDJUZ
ѮF
TQFFE
BU
XIJDI
BO
PCKFDU
JT
BQQBSFOUMZ
NPWJOH
FJUIFS
UPXBSE
PS
BXBZ
GSPN
BO
PCTFSWFS
BMPOH
UIF
MJOF
PG
TJHIU
ѮF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
NFBTVSFT
UIF
SBEJBM
WFMPDJUZ
BOE
UIF
MBSHFS
UIF
%PQQMFS
TIJѫ
JO
XBWFMFOHUI
UIF
HSFBUFS
UIF
SBEJBM
WFMPDJUZ
4FF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
%PQQMFS
TIJѫ
BOE
SFETIJѫ




(MPTTBSZ

3BEJBUJPO
CFMU
"
SJOHTIBQFE
SFHJPO
BSPVOE
B
QMBOFU
JO
XIJDI
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
m
FMFDUSPOT
QSPUPOT
BOE
PUIFS
JPOT
m
BSF
USBQQFE
GPMMPXJOH
TQJSBM
USBKFDUPSJFT
BSPVOE
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
PG
UIF
QMBOFU
ѮF
NBJO
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
TVSSPVOEJOH
UIF
&BSUI
BSF
LOPXO
BT
UIF
7BO
"MMFO
CFMUT
DPOUBJOJOH
FMFDUSPOT
PS
QSPUPOT
UIBU
BSF
NBJOMZ
GSPN
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
ѮF
&BSUI
BMTP
IBT
BO
JOOFS
SBEJBUJPO
CFMU
DPOUBJO JOH
JPOT
PG
NBUFSJBM
GSPN
JOUFSTUFMMBS
TQBDF
4FF
4PVUI
"UMBOUJD
"OPNBMZ
BOE
7BO
"MMFO
CFMUT 3BEJBUJWF
[POF
"O
JOUFSJPS
MBZFS
PG
UIF
4VO
MZJOH
CFUXFFO
UIF
FOFSHZHFOFSBUJOH
DPSF
BOE
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
XIFSF
FOFSHZ
USBWFMT
PVU XBSE
CZ
SBEJBUJPO 3BEJP
4FF
SBEJP
SBEJBUJPO 3BEJPBDUJWF
EFDBZ
4FF
SBEJPBDUJWJUZ 3BEJPBDUJWJUZ
ѮF
TQPOUBOFPVT
EFDBZ
PG
DFS UBJO
SBSF
VOTUBCMF
IFBWZ
OVDMFJ
JOUP
NPSF
TUBCMF
MJHIU
OVDMFJ
XJUI
UIF
SFMFBTF
PG
FOFSHZ
BOE
UIF
FNJTTJPO
PG
QBSUJDMFT
JODMVEJOH
FMFDUSPOT
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
BOE
OFVUSJOPT
ѮF
QSPDFTT
CZ
XIJDI
DFS UBJO
LJOET
PG
BUPNJD
OVDMFJ
OBUVSBMMZ
EFDPNQPTF
PS
EFDBZ
XJUI
UIF
TQPOUBOFPVT
FNJTTJPO
PG
TVC BUPNJD
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
HBNNB
SBZT
BOE
HPWFSOFE
CZ
UIF
XFBL
OVDMFBS
GPSDF 3BEJP
SBEJBUJPO
ѮF
QBSU
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPNBH OFUJD
TQFDUSVN
XIPTF
SBEJBUJPO
IBT
UIF
MPO HFTU
XBWFMFOHUIT
BOE
TNBMMFTU
GSFRVFODJFT
PG
BMM
UZQFT
XJUI
XBWFMFOHUIT
SBOHJOH
GSPN
BCPVU

NFUFS
UP

NFUFST
BOE
GSFRVFODJFT
SBOH JOH
CFUXFFO

.)[
BOE

()[ 3BNBUZ
)JHI
&OFSHZ
4PMBS
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS
/"4"
MBVODIFE
UIF
3BNBUZ
)JHI
&OFSHZ
4PMBS
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS
BCCSFWJBUFE
3)&44*
PO

'FCSVBSZ

XJUI
BO
BOUJDJQBUFE
UXPZFBS
MJGFUJNF
*U
PCUBJOFE
IJHISFTPMVUJPO
JNBHJOH
TQFDUSPTDPQZ
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BU
IBSE

9SBZ
BOE
HBNNBSBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT
JO
PSEFS
UP
TUVEZ
TPMBS
ëBSF
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUJPO
BOE
ëBSF
FOFSHZ
SFMFBTF
*U
EFUFSNJOFE
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
MPDBUJPO
BOE
FWPMVUJPO
PG
JNQVMTJWF
ëBSF
FOFSHZ
SFMFBTF
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
BOE
MPDBUFE
UIF
TJUFT
PG
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUJPO
BOE
FOFSHZ
EFQPTJUJPO
BU
BMM
QIBTFT
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
ѮF
TQBDFDSBѫ
XBT
OBNFE
BѫFS
3FVWFO
3BNBUZ
¢


B
QJPOFFS
JO
UIF
êFMET
PG
TPMBS
QIZTJDT
HBNNBSBZ
BTUSPO PNZ
OVDMFBS
QIZTJDT
BOE
DPTNJD
SBZT 3FETIJGU
"O
JODSFBTF
JO
XBWFMFOHUI
PG
FMFDUSP NBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
BU
WJTJCMFMJHIU
PS
PQUJDBM
XBWFMFOHUI
ѮF
TIJѫ
JT
UPXBSE
MPOHFS
SFEEFS
XBWFMFOHUIT
ѮF
SFETIJѫ
PG
B
TUBS
HBMBYZ
PS


PUIFS
DPTNJD
PCKFDU
JT
BUUSJCVUFE
UP
UIF
%PQQMFS
TIJѫ
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
B
TPVSDF
UIBU
JT
NPWJOH
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
PCTFSWFS
BMPOH
UIF
MJOF
PG
TJHIU
BOE
UIF
MBSHFS
UIF
SFETIJѫ
UIF
GBTUFS
UIF
TUBS
JT
NPWJOH
BXBZ
GSPN
VT
4FF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
%PQQMFS
TIJѫ
BOE
SBEJBM
WFMPDJUZ 3FTPMVUJPO
ѮF
EFHSFF
UP
XIJDI
UIF
êOF
EFUBJMT
JO
BO
JNBHF
BSF
TFQBSBUFE
BOE
EFUFDUFE
PS
TFFO
"MTP
LOPXO
BT
BOHVMBS
SFTPMVUJPO
BOE
SFTPMWJOH
QPXFS
UIF
TNBMMFTU
BOHVMBS
TJ[F
EJTUJOHVJTIBCMF
CZ
B
UFMFTDPQF
XIJDI
EFUFSNJOFT
UIF
BCJMJUZ
PG
B
UFMFTDPQF
UP
EJTDFSO
êOF
EFUBJM
PG
B
DFMFTUJBM
PCKFDU
ѮF
BOHVMBS
SFTPMVUJPO
EFOPUFE
CZ
U
JO
SBEJBOT
JT
HJWFO
CZ
UIF
SBUJP
PG
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
L
UP
UIF
EJBNFUFS
%
PG
UIF
QSJNBSZ
NJSSPS
PS
SFëFDUPS
XJUI
U

L%
SBEJBOT
5P
DPOWFSU
UP
TFDPOET
PG
BSD
PS
BSD
TFDPOET

SBEJBO





TFDPOET
PG
BSD
ѮF
IVNBO
FZF
IBT
BO
BOHVMBS
SFTPMVUJPO
PS
SFTPMWJOH
QPXFS
PG
BCPVU

NJOVUF
PG
BSD
ѮF
SFTPMWJOH
QPXFS
PG
BO
PQUJDBM
UFMFTDPQF
PQFSBUJOH
BU
WJTJCMFMJHIU
XBWFMFOHUIT
JT
GPVOE
CZ
EJWJEJOH

CZ
UIF
BQFSUVSF
JO
NJMMJNFUFST
PS
CZ
EJWJEJOH

CZ
UIF
BQFSUVSF
JO
JODIFT
UIF
BQFSUVSF
JT
UIF
EJBN FUFS
PG
UIF
PCKFDUJWF
MFOT
PS
UIF
QSJNBSZ
NJSSPS
)PXFWFS
UIF
SFTPMVUJPO
PG
TVDI
BO
PQUJDBM
UFMF TDPQF
JT
MJNJUFE
UP
BCPVU

TFDPOE
PG
BSD
EVF
UP
BUNPTQIFSJD
UVSCVMFODF
BOE
UIJT
NFBOT
UIBU
B
UFMFTDPQF
XJUI
B
NJSSPS
PS
MFOT
MBSHFS
UIBO
BCPVU

NFUFST
JO
EJBNFUFS
IBT
BO
FĒFDUJWF
BOHVMBS
SFTPMVUJPO
PG

TFDPOE
PG
BSD
XIFO
PCTFSWJOH
GSPN
UIF
HSPVOE
CVU
UIF
GVMM
BOHVMBS
SFTPMVUJPO
JT
QPTTJCMF
JG
UIF
UFMFTDPQF
JT
JO
TQBDF
ѮF
BUNP TQIFSF
EPFT
OPU
MJNJU
UIF
SFTPMVUJPO
PG
B
SBEJP
UFMFTDPQF
4FF
TDJOUJMMBUJPO
BOE
TFFJOH 3FTPMWJOH
QPXFS
4FF
SFTPMVUJPO 3)&44*
"DSPOZN
GPS
3BNBUZ
)JHI
&OFSHZ
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS
4FF
3BNBUZ
)JHI
&OFSHZ
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS 3PUBUJPO
ѮF
TQJO
PG
BO
PCKFDU
BCPVU
JUT
PXO
BYJT
ѮF
&BSUI
SPUBUFT
PODF
B
EBZ

4 4DJOUJMMBUJPO
ѮF
UXJOLMJOH
PG
UIF
TUBST
DBVTFE
CZ
XJOECMPXO
DMPVET
PS
PUIFS
OPOVOJGPSN
EFOTJUZ
EJTUSJCVUJPOT
JO
PVS
BUNPTQIFSF
BOE
UIF
ëVDUVBUJPOT
PG
EJTUBOU
SBEJP
TPVSDFT
DBVTFE
CZ
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
PS
XJOET
JO
JOUFSTUFMMBS
TQBDF
ѮF
TUBST
UXJOLMF
DBVTJOH
BO
BQQBSFOU
DIBOHF
JO
UIFJS
DPMPS
BOE
CSJHIUOFTT
CVU
UIF
.PPO
BOE
QMBOFUT
MJLF
7FOVT
EP
OPU
TDJOUJMMBUF
CFDBVTF
PG
UIFJS
MBSHFS
BOHVMBS
FYUFOU
4DJOUJMMBUJPO
JO
UIF





(MPTTBSZ


&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
VTVBMMZ
MJNJUT
UIF
BOHVMBS
SFTPMVUJPO
PG
FWFO
UIF
CFTU
HSPVOECBTFE
PQUJDBM
PS
WJTJCMFMJHIU
UFMFTDPQF
UP
BCPVU
POF
TFDPOE
PG
BSD
CVU
UIJT
EPFT
OPU
BĒFDU
UIF
SFTPMVUJPO
PG
B
SBEJP
UFMFDPQF
4FF
SFTPMVUJPO
BOE
TFFJOH 4FBTPO
"
QFSJPEJD
DIBOHF
JO
UIF
XFBUIFS
DPOEJUJPOT
PO
B
QMBOFU
DBVTFE
CZ
UIF
UJMU
PG
JUT
SPUBUJPOBM
BYJT
BOE
JUT
PSCJU
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
ѮF
BOOVBM
PSCJU
PG
UIF
&BSUI
BSPVOE
UIF
4VO
QSP EVDFT
TVNNFS
BOE
XJOUFS
XIFO
UIF
SFMFWBOU
IFNJTQIFSF
JT
QPJOUFE
UPXBSE
PS
XBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
0O
&BSUI
XF
USBEJUJPOBMMZ
EJWJEF
UIF
ZFBS
JOUP
GPVS
TFBTPOT
TQSJOH
TVNNFS
BVUVNO
BOE
XJOUFS
FBDI
MBTUJOH
BCPVU
UISFF
NPOUIT 4FDPOE
PG
BSD
"
VOJU
PG
BOHVMBS
NFBTVSF
PG
XIJDI
UIFSF
BSF

JO

NJOVUF
PG
BSD
BOE
UIFSF GPSF

JO

EFHSFF
0OF
TFDPOE
PG
BSD
JT
FRVBM
UP

LJMPNFUFST
PO
UIF
WJTJCMF
EJTL
PG
UIF
4VO
"
TFDPOE
PG
BSD
JT
EFOPUFE
CZ
UIF
TZNCPM

BOE
JU
JT
BMTP
DBMMFE
BO
BSD
TFDPOE
ѮFSF
BSF



TFDPOET
PG
BSD
JO
POF
SBEJBO
BOE
P
SBEJ BOT
JO
B
GVMM
DJSDMF
PG

EFHSFFT
XIFSF
UIF
DPO TUBOU
P

 4FFJOH
'MVDUVBUJPOT
JO
B
WJTJCMFMJHIU
JNBHF
EVF
UP
SFGSBDUJWF
JOIPNPHFOJFUJFT
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
4FFJOH
JT
DBVTFE
CZ
UIF
SBOEPN
UVSCVMFOU
NPUJPO
JO
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
*O
DPOEJUJPOT
PG
HPPE
TFFJOH
JNBHFT
BSF
TIBSQ
BOE
TUFBEZ
JO
QPPS
TFFJOH
UIFZ
BSF
FYUFOEFE
BOE
CMVSSFE
BOE
BQQFBS
UP
CF
JO
DPOTUBOU
NPUJPO
4FFJOH
VTVBMMZ
MJNJUT
UIF
BOHVMBS
SFTPMVUJPO
PG
HSPVOECBTFE
PQUJDBM
UFMFTDPQFT
UP
BCPVU
POF
TFDPOE
PG
BSD
4FF
TDJOUJMMBUJPO 4IPDL
XBWF
"
TVEEFO
EJTDPOUJOVPVT
DIBOHF
JO
EFOTJUZ
BOE
QSFTTVSF
QSPQBHBUJOH
JO
B
HBT
PS
QMBTNB
BU
TVQFSTPOJD
WFMPDJUZ
ѮFSF
JT
BMTP
B
DIBOHF
JO
QBSUJDMF
ëPX
TQFFE
BOE
JO
UIF
NBHOFUJD
BOE
FMFD USJD
êFME
TUSFOHUIT
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
B
TIPDL 4LZMBC
"O
"NFSJDBO
TQBDF
TUBUJPO
MBVODIFE
JOUP
&BSUI
PSCJU
JO
.BZ

ѮSFF
DSFXT
FBDI
PG
UISFF
NFO
XFSF
TFOU
UP
UIF
TUBUJPO
GPS
QFSJPET
PG
TFWFSBM
XFFLT
CFUXFFO

BOE

ѮF
TUBUJPO
CVSOU
VQ
PO
SFFOUFSJOH
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
JO
 4..
"DSPOZN
GPS
UIF
4PMBS
.BYJNVN

.JTTJPO 4/0
"DSPOZN
GPS
UIF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
$BOBEB
4FF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ 4/6
"CCSFWJBUJPO
GPS
UIF
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
VOJU
FRVBM
UP
¢
OFVUSJOP
SFBDUJPOT
QFS
UBSHFU
BUPN
QFS
TFDPOE



4PGU
9SBZT
&MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
XJUI
QIPUPO
FOFSHJFT
PG

UP

LF7
BOE
XBWFMFOHUIT
CFUXFFO
BCPVU
¢
BOE
¢
NFUFST 40)0
"DSPOZN
GPS
UIF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJP TQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
4FF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJP TQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ 4PMBS"
"
NJTTJPO
PG
UIF
+BQBOFTF
*OTUJUVUF
PG
4QBDF
BOE
"TUSPOBVUJDBM
4DJFODF
BCCSFWJBUFE
*4"4
MBVODIFE
PO

"VHVTU

UP
TUVEZ
UIF
4VO
BU
9SBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT
4PMBS"
XBT
SFOBNFE
UIF
:PILPI
PS
iTVOCFBNu
NJTTJPO
BѫFS
JUT
TVDFTTGVM
MBVODI
BOE
JU
PQFSBUFE
VOUJM

4FF
:PILPI 4PMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
"
DZDMJDBM
WBSJBUJPO
JO
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
XJUI
B
QFSJPE
PG
BCPVU

ZFBST
CFUXFFO
NBYJNB
PS
NJOJNB
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
8BYJOH
BOE
XBOJOH
PG
WBSJPVT
GPSNT
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
TVDI
BT
TVOTQPUT
ëBSFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
DIBSBDUFSJ[F
UIF
TPMBS
BDUJW JUZ
DZDMF
0WFS
UIF
DPVSTF
PG
BO
ZFBS
DZDMF
TVOTQPUT
WBSZ
CPUI
JO
OVNCFS
BOE
MBUJUVEF
ѮF
DPNQMFUF
DZDMF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT


ZFBST
"
EZOBNP
ESJWFO
CZ
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUB UJPO
BOE
DPOWFDUJPO
NBZ
NBJOUBJO
UIF
TPMBS
DZDMF
"DUJWJUZ
DZDMFT
TJNJMBS
UP
UIF
TPMBS
DZDMF
BSF
BQQBSFOUMZ
UZQJDBM
PG
TUBST
XJUI
DPOWFDUJPO
[POFT
4FF
CVUUFSëZ
EJBHSBN
)BMF
MBX
TPMBS
NBYJNVN
TPMBS
NJOJNVN
4QÕSFST
MBX
BOE
TVOTQPU
DZDMF 40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
/"4"
MBVODIFE
UIF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
40)0
PO

%FDFN CFS

*U
SFBDIFE
JUT
QFSNBOFOU
QPTJUJPO
PO

'FCSVBSZ

XJUI
PQFSBUJPOT
DPOUJOVJOH
JOUP

40)0
PSCJUT
UIF
4VO
BU
UIF
êSTU
-
-BHSBOHJBO
QPJOU
XIFSF
UIF
HSBWJUBUJPOBM
GPSDFT
PG
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
4VO
BSF
FRVBM
*U
JT
B
DPPQFSB UJWF
QSPKFDU
CFUXFFO
&4"
BOE
/"4"
UP
TUVEZ
UIF
4VO
GSPN
JUT
EFFQ
DPSF
UISPVHI
JUT
PVUFS
BUNP TQIFSF
BOE
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
PVU
UP
BOE
CFZPOE
UIF
&BSUIT
PSCJU
*U
IBT
PCUBJOFE
JNQPSUBOU
OFX
JOGPSNBUJPO
BCPVU
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
UIF
TUSVD UVSF
BOE
EZOBNJDT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
UIF
IFBU JOH
NFDIBOJTN
PG
UIF
4VOT
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
PVUFS
BUNPTQIFSF
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
BOE
UIF
PSJHJO
BOE
BDDFMFSBUJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE 4PMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
5IF
PVUFS
MBZFST
PG
UIF
4VO
GSPN
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
UISPVHI
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
USBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO
BOE
DPSPOB
5IF
UFSN
BUNPTQIFSF
JT
VTFE
UP
EFTDSJCF
UIF
PVUFSNPTU
HBTFPVT
MBZFST
PG
UIF
4VO
CFDBVTF
UIFZ
BSF
SFMBUJWFMZ
USBOTQBSFOU
BU
WJTJCMF
XBWF MFOHUIT




(MPTTBSZ

4PMBS#
"
NJTTJPO
PG
UIF
+BQBOFTF
TQBDF
BHFODZ
UIF
*OTUJUVUF
PG
4QBDF
BOE
"TUSPOBVUJDBM
4DJFODF
BCCSFWJBUFE
*4"4
QSPQPTFE
BT
B
GPMMPX PO
UP
UIF
+BQBO6OJUFE
4UBUFT6OJUFE
,JOHEPN
:PILPI
PS
4PMBS"
DPMMBCPSBUJPO
*4"4
IBT
TDIFEVMFE
UIF
MBVODI
PG
4PMBS#
GPS
4FQUFNCFS

ѮF
TQBDFDSBѫ
DPOTJTUT
PG
B
DPPSEJOBUFE
TFU
PG
PQUJDBM
FYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
9SBZ
JOTUSVNFOUT
UP
NFBTVSF
UIF
EFUBJMFE
EFOTJUZ
UFNQFSBUVSF
BOE
WFMPDJUZ
TUSVDUVSFT
JO
UIF
QIP UPTQIFSF
USBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO
BOE
MPX
DPSPOB
XJUI
IJHI
TQBUJBM
TQFDUSBM
BOE
UFNQPSBM
SFTPMVUJPO
SFTVMUJOH
JO
OFX
JOGPSNBUJPO
BCPVU
UIF
4VOT
WBSZJOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BOE
UIFJS
SFMBUJPOTIJQ
UP
TPMBS
FSVQUJPOT
BOE
BUNPTQIFSF
FYQBOTJPO 4PMBS
DPOTUBOU
ѮF
UPUBM
BNPVOU
PG
TPMBS
FOFSHZ
JOUFHSBUFE
PWFS
BMM
XBWFMFOHUIT
SFDFJWFE
QFS
VOJU
UJNF
BOE
VOJU
BSFB
BU
UIF
NFBO
4VO &BSUI
EJTUBODF
PVUTJEF
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
*UT
WBMVF
JT

+PVMF
QFS
TFDPOE
QFS
TRVBSF
NFUFS
XIJDI
JT
FRVJWBMFOU
UP

XBUU
QFS
TRVBSF
NFUFS
XJUI
BO
VODFSUBJOUZ
PG


JO
UIF
TBNF
VOJUT
ѮF
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
JT
OPU
DPOTUBOU
CVU
JOTUFBE
WBSJFT
JO
UBOEFN
XJUI
UIF
ZFBS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
CZ
BCPVU

QFSDFOU
GSPN
NBYJNVN
UP
NJOJNVN
5FNQPSBSZ
EJQT
PG
VQ
UP

QFSDFOU
BOE
B
GFX
EBZT
EVSBUJPO
BSF
EVF
UP
UIF
QSFTFODF
PG
MBSHF
TVOTQPUT
PO
UIF
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
ѮF
MBSHF
OVNCFS
PG
TVOTQPUT
OFBS
UIF
QFBL
JO
UIF
ZFBS
DZDMF
JT
BDDPNQBOJFE
CZ
B
SJTF
JO
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
XIJDI
DSFBUFT
BO
JODSFBTF
JO
UIF
MVNJOPVT
PVUQVU
PG
QMBHFT
UIBU
FYDFFET
UIF
DPPMJOH
FĒFDUT
PG
TVOTQPUT
4FF
QMBHF
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
BOE
TVOTQPU 4PMBS
DPSF
ѮF
SFHJPO
BU
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
XIFSF
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
SFMFBTF
WBTU
RVBOUJUJFT
PG
FOFSHZ 4PMBS
DPSPOB
4FF
DPSPOB 4PMBS
DZDMF
ѮF
BQQSPYJNBUFMZ
ZFBS
WBSJB UJPO
JO
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
BT
XFMM
BT
UIF
OVNCFS
BOE
QPTJUJPO
PG
TVOTQPUT
5BLJOH
)BMFT
MBX
PG
TVO TQPU
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
JOUP
BDDPVOU
JU
MFBET
UP
B
ZFBS
NBHOFUJD
DZDMF
4FF
)BMFT
MBX
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
BOE
TVOTQPU
DZDMF 4PMBS
EZOBNP
4FF
EZOBNP 4PMBS
FDMJQTF
"
CMPDLBHF
PG
MJHIU
GSPN
UIF
4VO
XIFO
UIF
.PPO
JT
QPTJUJPOFE
QSFDJTFMZ
CFUXFFO
UIF
4VO
BOE
UIF
&BSUI
"
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
JT
TFFO
BU
QMBDFT
XIFSF
UIF
VNCSB
PG
UIF
.PPOT
TIBEPX
DPOF
GBMMT
PO
BOE
NPWFT
PWFS
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
"MUIPVHI
UIF
UPUBM
EVSBUJPO
PG
B
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
DBO
CF
BT
NVDI
BT
GPVS
IPVST
UIF
4VO
JT


DPNQMFUFMZ
DPWFSFE
CZ
UIF
.PPO
BU
UPUBMJUZ
GPS
BU
NPTU

NJOVUFT
%VSJOH
UIF
CSJFG
NPNFOUT
PG
B
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
EBSLOFTT
GBMMT
BOE
UIF
PVUFS
QBSUT
PG
UIF
4VO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
UIF
DPSPOB
BSF
TFFO
"U
BOZ
HJWFO
QPJOU
PG
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
B
UPUBM
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
PDDVST
PO
UIF
BWFSBHF
PODF
FWFSZ

ZFBST
4FF
#BJMZT
CFBET
DISPNPTQIFSF
DPSPOB
BOE
QSPNJOFODF 4PMBS
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMF
"CCSFWJBUFE
CZ
4&1
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
NBJOMZ
QSPUPOT
BOE
FMFDUSPOT
BDDFMFSBUFE
UP
FOFSHJFT
HSFBUFS
UIBO

.F7
CZ
FYQMPTJWF
QSPDFTTFT
PO
UIF
4VO
BOE
EFUFDUFE
CZ
TQBDFDSBѫ
BOE
PO
&BSUI 4PMBS
nBSF
"
TVEEFO
BOE
WJPMFOU
SFMFBTF
PG
NBUUFS
BOE
FOFSHZ
XJUIJO
B
TPMBS
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
JO
UIF
GPSN
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
FOFS HFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
XBWF
NPUJPOT
BOE
TIPDL
XBWFT
MBTUJOH
NJOVUFT
UP
IPVST
"
TVEEFO
CSJHIUFOJOH
JO
BO
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
PCTFSWFE
JO
DISPNPTQIFSJD
BOE
DPSPOBM
FNJTTJPOT
UIBU
UZQJDBMMZ
MBTUT
UFOT
PG
NJOVUFT
ѮF
GSFRVFODZ
BOE
JOUFOTJUZ
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
JODSFBTF
OFBS
UIF
NBYJNVN
PG
UIF

ZFBS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
4PMBS
ëBSFT
BDDFMFS BUF
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
ѮF
JNQVMTJWF
PS
ëBTI
QIBTF
PG
ëBSFT
VTVBMMZ
MBTUT
GPS
B
GFX
NJOVUFT
EVSJOH
XIJDI
NBUUFS
DBO
SFBDI
UFNQFSBUVSFT
PG
IVOESFET
PG
NJMMJPOT
PG
EFHSFFT
ѮF
ëBSF
TVCTFRVFOUMZ
GBEFT
EVSJOH
UIF
HSBEVBM
PS
EFDBZ
QIBTF
MBTUJOH
BCPVU
BO
IPVS
.PTU
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
JT
FNJUUFE
BT
9SBZT
CVU
ëBSFT
BSF
BMTP
PCTFSWFE
BU
WJTJCMF
IZESPHFOBMQIB
XBWFMFOHUIT
BOE
SBEJP
XBWFMFOHUIT
ѮFZ
BSF
QSPCBCMZ
DBVTFE
CZ
UIF
TVEEFO
SFMFBTF
PG
MBSHF
BNPVOUT
VQ
UP

+PVMF
PG
NBHOFUJD
FOFSHZ
JO
B
SFMBUJWFMZ
TNBMM
WPMVNF
JO
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
4FF
BDUJWF
SFHJPO
ëBSF
BOE
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF 4PMBS
MJNC
ѮF
BQQBSFOU
FEHF
PG
UIF
4VO
BT
JU
JT
TFFO
JO
UIF
TLZ 4PMBS
NBTT
ѮF
BNPVOU
PG
NBTT
JO
UIF
4VO
FRVBM
UP



LJMPHSBNT 4PMBS
NBYJNVN
ѮF
QFBL
PG
UIF
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
XIFO
UIF
OVNCFST
PG
TVOTQPUT
JT
HSFBUFTU
BOE
UIF
PVUQVU
PG
QBSUJDMFT
BOE
SBEJBUJPO
JT
NBY JNJ[FE
ѮF
IJHIFTU
MFWFM
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
TPNF UJNFT
EFêOFE
BT
UIF
NPOUI T
EVSJOH
UIF
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
XIFO
UIF
NPOUI
NFBO
PG
UIF
NPOUIMZ
BWFSBHF
PG
TVOTQPU
OVNCFST
SFBDIFT
B
NBYJNVN
TVDI
BT
+VMZ
 4PMBS
.BYJNVN
.JTTJPO
/"4"
MBVODIFE
UIF
4PMBS
.BYJNVN
.JTTJPO
BCCSFWJBUFE
4..
PO

'FCSVBSZ

XJUI
BO
JOPSCJU
SFQBJS
GSPN
UIF
4QBDF
4IVUUMF
$IBMMFOHFS
PO






(MPTTBSZ


"QSJM

BOE
B
NJTTJPO
FOE
PO

/PWFNCFS

4..
PCUBJOFE
JNQPSUBOU
OFX
JOTJHIUT
UP
QPXFSGVM
FSVQUJPOT
PO
UIF
4VO
LOPXO
BT
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
EVSJOH
B
NBY JNVN
JO
UIF
ZFBS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF 4PMBS
NJOJNVN
ѮF
CFHJOOJOH
PS
FOE
PG
B
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
NBSLFE
CZ
UIF
OFBS
BCTFODF
PG
TVOTQPUT
BOE
B
SFMBUJWFMZ
MPX
PVUQVU
PG
SBEJB UJPO
BOE
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
ѮF
MPXFTU
MFWFM
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
TPNFUJNFT
EFêOFE
BT
UIF
NPOUI T
EVSJOH
UIF
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
XIFO
UIF
NPOUI
NFBO
PG
UIF
NPOUIMZ
BWFSBHF
PG
TVOTQPU
OVNCFST
SFBDIFT
B
NJOJNVN
TVDI
BT
4FQUFNCFS

PS
/PWFNCFS
 4PMBS
OFVUSJOP
QSPCMFN
.BTTJWF
TVCUFS SBOFBO
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPST
êOE
POMZ
POFUIJSE
UP
POFIBMG
UIF
OVNCFS
PG
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
UIBU
UIFPSFUJDBM
DBMDVMBUJPOT
QSFEJDU
ѮF
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
QSPCMFN
IBT
CFFO
FYQMBJOFE
CZ
B
USBOTGPSNBUJPO
PG
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
JOUP
BO
VOEF UFDUBCMF
GPSN
PO
UIFJS
XBZ
PVU
PG
UIF
4VO
4FF
.48
FĒFDU
OFVUSJOP
PTDJMMBUJPO
BOE
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ 4PMBS
OFVUSJOP
VOJU
"CCSFWJBUFE
4/6
B
VOJU
PG
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
DBQUVSF
SBUF
CZ
TVCUFSSBOFBO
EFUFDUPST
XJUI

4/6

¢
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
DBQUVSFT
QFS
TFDPOE
QFS
UBSHFU
BUPN 4PMBS
QSPCF
"
GVUVSF
/"4"
TQBDFDSBѫ
UIF
êSTU
UP
ëZ
UISPVHI
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
PG
UIF
4VO
UBLJOH
JO
TJUV
NFBTVSFNFOUT
EPXO
UP

TPMBS
SBEJJ
BCPWF
UIF
TPMBS
TVSGBDF
XIFSF
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
UFN QFSBUVSFT
FYDFFE

NJMMJPO
LFMWJO
4PMBS
1SPCF
XJMM
TUVEZ
UIF
IFBUJOH
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
BOE
UIF
PSJHJO
BOE
BDDFMFSBUJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE 4PMBS
5&SSFTUSJBM
3&MBUJPOT
0CTFSWB UPSZ
/"4"
QMBOT
UP
MBVODI
UIF
UXP
JEFOUJDBM
TQBDFDSBѫ
PG
UIF
4PMBS
5&SSFTUSJBM
3&MBUJPOT
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BCCSFWJBUFE
45&3&0
JO

0OF
TQBDFDSBѫ
XJMM
MFBE
&BSUI
JO
JUT
PSCJU
BOE
POF
XJMM
CF
MBHHJOH
UIF
DPNCJOFE
JNBHFT
BOE
SBEJP
USBDLJOH
GSPN
UIF
UXP
TQBDFDSBѫ
XJMM
QSP WJEF
B
UISFF
EJNFOTJPOBM
WJFX
PG
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
GSPN
UIFJS
POTFU
BU
UIF
4VO
UP
UIF
PSCJU
PG
UIF
&BSUI
JNQSPWJOH
PVS
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
UIFTF
TPMBS
FYQMPTJPOT
BOE
BJEJOH
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
GPSFDBTU
DBQBCJMJUJFT 4PMBS
XJOE
"
TUFBEZ
ëPX
PG
FOFSHFUJD
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
NBJOMZ
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
BOE
FOUSBJOFE
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
NPWJOH
PVU
GSPN
UIF
4VO
JO
BMM
EJSFDUJPOT
JOUP
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
BU
TVQFSTPOJD
TQFFE
*O

UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOP NFS
-VEXJH
#JFSNBOO
¢
QSPQPTFE




UIBU
UIF
TUSBJHIU
JPO
UBJMT
PG
DPNFUT
XIJDI
BMXBZT
QPJOU
BXBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BSF
BDDFMFSBUFE
CZ
B
DPOUJOVPVT
FMFDUSJêFE
ëPX
PG
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
*O

UIF
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJDJTU
&VHFOF
/
1BSLFS
¢

TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QSPUPOT
JO
UIF
DPSPOB
XJMM
PWFSDPNF
UIF
4VOT
HSBWJUZ
BOE
BDDFM FSBUF
UP
TVQFSTPOJD
TQFFET
OBNJOH
UIF
SFTVMUBOU
SBEJBM
PVUëPX
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
)F
BMTP
QSPQPTFE
UIBU
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
DBSSJFT
UIF
4VOT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
XJUI
JU
GPSNJOH
B
TQJSBM
NBHOFUJD
QBUUFSO
JO
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
BT
UIF
4VO
SPUBUFT
.FB TVSFNFOUT
GSPN
UIF
4PWJFU
-VOB

TQBDFDSBѫ
JO

DPOêSNFE
UIF
FYJTUFODF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
CZ
EJSFDU
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PG
JUT
QSPUPOT
BOE
JO

m
UIF
"NFSJDBO
.BSJOFS

TQBDFDSBѫ
EFUFSNJOFE
JUT
EFOTJUZ
BCPVU

NJMMJPO
FMFDUSPOT
BOE

NJMMJPO
QSPUPOT
QFS
DVCJD
NFUFS
OFBS
&BSUI
BOE
NFBTVSFE
JUT
TQFFE
ѮF
TPMBS
XJOE
IBT
B
GBTU
DPNQPOFOU
PS
IJHITQFFE
TUSFBN
XJUI
B
WFMPD JUZ
PG
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
BOE
B
TMPXTQFFE
DPNQPOFOU
NPWJOH
BU
BCPVU
IBMG
UIJT
TQFFE
*O

DPNQBSJTPOT
PG
PCTFSWBUJPOT
XJUI
UIF
6MZTTFT
TQBDFDSBѫ
XIJDI
QBTTFE
PWFS
UIF
4VOT
QPMFT
XJUI
UIPTF
PG
UIF
:PILPI
BOE
40)0
TPMBS
TQBDFDSBѫ
EFNPOTUSBUFE
UIBU
NVDI
JG
OPU
BMM
PG
UIF
IJHITQFFE
TPMBS
XJOE
DPNFT
GSPN
PQFO
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
QPMBS
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
BU
MFBTU
EVSJOH
UIF
NJOJNVN
JO
UIF
4VOT
ZFBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
BOE
UIBU
UIF
TMPX
XJOE
JT
DPOêOFE
UP
MPX
MBUJUVEFT
OFBS
BO
FRVBUPSJBM
TUSFBNFS
CFMU
ѮF
TPMBS
XJOE
DBSSJFT
BXBZ
BCPVU
¢
PG
UIF
4VOT
NBTT
QFS
ZFBS
"MUIPVHI
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
JT
EJWFSUFE
BSPVOE
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
TPNF
PG
JUT
QBSUJDMFT
FOUFS
UIF
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
4FF
BVSPSB
DPSPOB
DPSPOBM
IPMF
DPSPOBM
TUSFBNFS
IFMJPTQIFSF
IJHITQFFE
TUSFBN
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
BOE
7BO
"MMFO
CFMUT 4PVOE
TQFFE
4FF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
TPVOE 4PVOE
XBWFT
4FF
BDPVTUJD
XBWFT 4PVUI
"UMBOUJD
"OPNBMZ
"
SFHJPO
PWFS
UIF
4PVUI
"UMBOUJD
0DFBO
XIFSF
UIF
MPXFS
7BO
"MMFO
CFMU
PG
FOFSHFUJD
FMFDUSJDBMMZ
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
JT
QBSUJDVMBSMZ
DMPTF
UP
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
QSFTFOU JOH
B
IB[BSE
GPS
BSUJêDJBM
TBUFMMJUFT 4QBDF
XFBUIFS
7BSZJOH
DPOEJUJPOT
JO
JOUFS QMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
BOE
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
DPOUSPMMFE
CZ
UIF
HVTUZ
WBSJBCMF
TPMBS
XJOE
XJUI
4VO
TUPSNT
DBVTFE
CZ
TPMBS
ëBSFT
PS
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT 4QFDUSBM
MJOF
"
GFBUVSF
PCTFSWFE
JO
UIF
TQFDUSB
PG
TUBST
BOE
PUIFS
MVNJOPVT
PCKFDUT
BU
B
TQFDJêD





(MPTTBSZ

GSFRVFODZ
PS
XBWFMFOHUI
FJUIFS
JO
CSJHIU
FNJT TJPO
PS
JO
EBSL
BCTPSQUJPO
"
TQFDUSBM
MJOF
MPPLT
MJLF
B
MJOF
JO
B
EJTQMBZ
PG
SBEJBUJPO
JOUFOTJUZ
BT
B
GVODUJPO
PG
XBWFMFOHUI
PS
GSFRVFODZ
"UPNT
QSPEVDF
UIJT
TQFDUSBM
GFBUVSF
BT
UIFZ
BCTPSC
PS
FNJU
MJHIU
BOE
JU
DBO
CF
VTFE
UP
EFUFSNJOF
UIF
DIFNJDBM
JOHSFEJFOUT
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJOH
TPVSDF
4QFDUSBM
MJOFT
BSF
BMTP
VTFE
UP
JOGFS
UIF
SBEJBM
WFMPDJUZ
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFME
PG
UIF
SBEJBUPS
4FF
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
FNJTTJPO
MJOF
SBEJBM
WFMPDJUZ
TQFDUSVN
BOE
;FFNBO
FĒFDU 4QFDUSPHSBQI
"MTP
LOPXO
BT
B
TQFDUSPNFUFS
B
TQFDUSPHSBQI
TQSFBET
MJHIU
PS
PUIFS
FMFDUSPNBH OFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
JOUP
JUT
DPNQPOFOU
XBWFMFOHUIT
DPMMFDUJWFMZ
LOPXO
BT
B
TQFDUSVN
BOE
SFDPSET
UIF
SFTVMU
FMFDUSPOJDBMMZ
PS
QIPUPHSBQIJDBMMZ
4QFDUSB
BSF
OPX
PѫFO
SFDPSEFE
XJUI
$IBSHF
$PVQMFE
%FWJDFT
PS
$$%T
GSPN
XIJDI
B
DPN QVUFS
DBO
BOBMZ[F
JOGPSNBUJPO
JO
EJHJUBM
GPSN
)JHIEJTQFSTJPO
JOTUSVNFOUT
TQSFBE
UIF
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
XJEFMZ
TP
UIBU
B
QBSUJDVMBS
XBWFMFOHUI
DBO
CF
TUVEJFE
JO
EFUBJM
"O
FYBNQMF
PG
TVDI
B
IJHI EJTQFSTJPO
EFWJDF
JT
UIF
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 4QFDUSPIFMJPHSBN
"
NPOPDISPNBUJD
JNBHF
PG
UIF
4VO
QSPEVDFE
CZ
NFBOT
PG
B
TQFDUSPIFMJP HSBQI
PS
CZ
UIF
VTF
PG
B
OBSSPXCBOE
êMUFS
4FF
DBMDJVN
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
IZESPHFO
BMQIB
MJOF
BOE
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 4QFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI
"
UZQF
PG
TQFDUSPHSBQI
VTFE
UP
JNBHF
UIF
4VO
JO
UIF
MJHIU
PG
POF
QBS UJDVMBS
XBWFMFOHUI
POMZ
JOWFOUFE
JOEFQFO EFOUMZ
JO

CZ
UIF
'SFODI
BTUSPOPNFS
)FOSJ
%FTMBOESFT
¢
BOE
CZ
UIF
"NFSJDBO
BTUSPOPNFS
(FPSHF
&MMFSZ
)BMF
¢  4QFDUSPNFUFS
4FF
TQFDUSPHSBQI

FNJTTJPOT
UP
TIPSU
XBWFMFOHUI
IJHI
GSFRVFODZ
HBNNB
SBZT
BMTP
B
OBSSPXFS
CBOE
PG
XBWFMFOHUIT
DBMMFE
UIF
WJTJCMF
TQFDUSVN
BT
XIFO
TVOMJHIU
JT
EJTQFSTFE
CZ
B
QSJTN
PS
SBJOCPX
JOUP
JUT
DPNQP OFOU
DPMPST
"
DPOUJOVPVT
TQFDUSVN
JT
BO
VOCSP LFO
EJTUSJCVUJPO
PG
SBEJBUJPO
PWFS
B
CSPBE
SBOHF
PG
XBWFMFOHUIT
TVDI
BT
UIF
TFQBSBUJPO
PG
XIJUF
MJHIU
JOUP
JUT
DPNQPOFOU
DPMPST
GSPN
SFE
UP
WJPMFU
$POUJOVPVT
TQFDUSB
BSF
PѫFO
QVODUVBUFE
XJUI
FNJTTJPO
PS
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
DBMMFE
MJOF
TQFDUSB
XIJDI
DBO
CF
FYBNJOFE
UP
SFWFBM
UIF
DPNQPTJUJPO
NPUJPO
BOE
NBHOFUJD
êFME
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJOH
TPVSDF
4FF
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOF
%PQQMFS
FĒFDU
%PQQMFS
TIJѫ
FNJTTJPO
MJOF
'SBVOIPGFS
MJOFT
TQFDUSBM
MJOF
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI
BOE
;FFNBO
FĒFDU 4QFFE
PG
MJHIU
4FF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU 4QFFE
PG
TPVOE
4FF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
TPVOE 4QJDVMF
/BSSPX
QSFEPNJOBOUMZ
SBEJBM
TQJLF MJLF
TUSVDUVSFT
FYUFOEJOH
GSPN
UIF
TPMBS
DISPNPTQIFSF
JOUP
UIF
DPSPOB
PCTFSWFE
JO
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOFT
BOE
DPODFOUSBUFE
BU
UIF
DFMM
CPVOEBSJFT
PG
UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
"
TQJD VMF
MBTUT
BCPVU

NJOVUFT
BOE
IBT
B
WFMPDJUZ
PG
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
ѮFZ
BSF
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFS
UIJDL
BOE
NPSF
UIBO
 
LJMPNF UFST
MPOH
4FF
DISPNPTQIFSF
IZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF
BOE
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO 4QÚSFS
NJOJNVN
"
QFSJPE
PG
MPX
TVO TQPU
BDUJWJUZ
JO
UIF
êѫFFOUI
DFOUVSZ
BCPVU
"%
m


OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOPNFS
(VTUBW
'SJFESJDI
8JMIFMN
4QÕSFS
¢
XIP
BMTP
DBMMFE
BUUFOUJPO
UP
UIF
.BVOEFS
NJOJNVN
BT
FBSMZ
BT

4FF
.BVO EFS
NJOJNVN

4QFDUSPTDPQZ
ѮF
NFBTVSFNFOU
BOE
TUVEZ
PG
B
TQFDUSVN
JODMVEJOH
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
BOE
JOUFOTJUZ
PG
FNJTTJPO
BOE
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
UP
EFUFSNJOF
UIF
DIFNJDBM
DPNQPTJUJPO
NPUJPO
PS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJOH
TPVSDF
4FF
TQFDUSVN

4QÚSFST
MBX
ѮF
BQQFBSBODF
PG
TVOTQPUT
BU
MPXFS
TPMBS
MBUJUVEFT
PWFS
UIF
DPVSTF
PG
UIF
ZFBS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
ESJѫJOH
GSPN
NJE MBUJUVEFT
PG

UP

EFHSFFT
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
UPXBSET
UIF
FRVBUPS
BT
UIF
DZDMF
QSPHSFTTFT
ѮF
TVOTQPU
NJHSBUJPO
UP
MPXFS
BWFSBHF
MBUJ UVEFT
XBT
êSTU
EJTDPWFSFE
JO

CZ
UIF
&OHMJTI
BTUSPOPNFS
3JDIBSE
$BSSJOHUPO
¢


PWFS
BO
JODPNQMFUF
QBSU
PG
POF
TPMBS
DZDMF
BOE
JOWFTUJHBUFE
JO
HSFBUFS
EFUBJM
CZ
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOPNFS
(VUBW
'SJFESJDI
8JMIFMN
4QÕSFS
¢ 
4FF
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
TVOTQPU
BOE
TVOTQPU
DZDMF

4QFDUSVN
ѮF
EJTUSJCVUJPO
PG
UIF
JOUFOTJUZ
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
XJUI
XBWFMFOHUI
&MFD USPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
BSSBOHFE
JO
PSEFS
PG
XBWF MFOHUI
GSPN
MPOH
XBWFMFOHUI
MPX
GSFRVFODZ
SBEJP


4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
"
UIFPSFUJDBM
NPEFM
PG
UIF
FWPMVUJPO
BOE
JOUFSOBM
QSPQFSUJFT
PG
UIF
4VO
CBTFE
PO
QIZTJDBM
MBXT
BOE
DPOTUSBJOFE
CZ
BTTVNFE
JOJUJBM
DPNQPTJUJPO
BOE
BHF
PG
UIF
4VO


4QFDUSPTDPQF
"O
JOTUSVNFOU
UIBU
TQSFBET
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
JOUP
JUT
WBSJPVT
XBWF MFOHUIT
FTQFDJBMMZ
UIF
DPNQPOFOU
DPMPST
PG
WJT JCMF
MJHIU
ѮF
EJTQMBZ
LOPXO
BT
B
TQFDUSVN
DBO
CF
VTFE
UP
EFUFSNJOF
UIF
JOHSFEJFOUT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
BOE
NPUJPOT
PG
UIF
DPTNJD
TPVSDF
PG
UIF
SBEJBUJPO
4FF
TQFDUSBM
MJOF




(MPTTBSZ


BT
XFMM
BT
JUT
PCTFSWFE
NBTT
SBEJVT
BOE
MVNJOPT JUZ
ѮJT
NBUIFNBUJDBM
EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
TQFDJêFT
UIF
WBSJBUJPO
XJUI
SBEJVT
PG
EFOTJUZ
UFNQFSBUVSF
MVNJOPTJUZ
BOE
QSFTTVSF
ѮFPSFUJDBM
OFVUSJOP
ëVYFT
BSF
BMTP
DBMDVMBUFE
GSPN
UIF
NPEFM
ѮF
4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM
JT
DPOTJTUFOU
XJUI
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
NFBTVSFNFOUT
PG
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSFT
JOTJEF
UIF
4VO
4FF
IFMJPTFJT NPMPHZ
BOE
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
QSPCMFN -/ , "\
"DSPOZN
GPS
4PMBS
5&SSFTUSJBM
3&MB UJPOT
0CTFSWBUPSZ
4FF
4PMBS
5&SSFTUSJBM
3&MB UJPOT
0CTFSWBUPSZ 4USBUPTQIFSF
ѮF
MBZFS
PG
B
QMBOFUT
BUNP TQIFSF
JO
XIJDI
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
SFNBJOT
SPVHIMZ
DPOTUBOU
XJUI
BMUJUVEF
ѮF
TUSBUPTQIFSF
MJFT
CFUXFFO
IFJHIUT
PG
BCPVU

BOE

LJMPNF UFST
JNNFEJBUFMZ
BCPWF
UIF
USPQPTQIFSF
BOE
CFMPX
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF 4USFBNFS
4FF
DPSPOBM
TUSFBNFS
BOE
IFMNFU
TUSFBNFS 4VCBUPNJD
4NBMMFS
JO
TJ[F
UIBO
BO
BUPN 4VCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMF
4FF
QBSUJDMF
BOE
TVC BUPNJD 4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
"CCSF WJBUFE
4/0
B
NBTTJWF
VOEFSHSPVOE
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS
JO
$BOBEB
êMMFE
XJUI
IFBWZ
XBUFS
0CTFSWBUJPOT
GSPN
4/0
IBWF
DPOêSNFE
UIBU
TPMBS
OFVUSJOPT
DIBOHF
GPSN
PO
UIF
XBZ
GSPN
UIF
4VO
UP
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
UIBU
UIF
BNPVOU
PG
OFVUSJOPT
FNJUUFE
CZ
UIF
4VO
JT
JO
BDDPSEBODF
XJUI
UIFPSFUJDBM
FYQFDUBUJPOT
4FF
.48
FĒFDU
BOE
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
QSPCMFN 4VO
ѮF
DFOUSBM
TUBS
PG
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
BSPVOE
XIJDI
BMM
UIF
QMBOFUT
BTUFSPJET
BOE
DPNFUT
SFWPMWF
JO
UIFJS
PSCJUT
GPSNFE
UPHFUIFS
XJUI
UIF
QMBOFUT

CJMMJPO
ZFBST
BHP
ѮF
4VO
JT
B
ZFMMPX
EXBSG
TUBS
PO
UIF
NBJO
TFRVFODF
PG
TQFDUSBM
UZQF
(
XJUI
BO
FĒFDUJWF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG

LFMWJO
ѮF
BCTPVMUF
WJTVBM
NBHOJUVEF
PG
UIF
4VO
JT

BOE
JUT
BQQBSFOU
WJTVBM
NBHOJUVEF
JT

ѮF
4VO
IBT
B
SBEJVT
PG

NJMMJPO
LJMPNFUFST
PS

UJNFT
UIF
&BSUIT
SBEJVT
B
NBTT
PG




LJMPHSBNT
PS


UJNFT
UIF
NBTT
PG
UIF
&BSUI
BOE
B
NFBO
NBTT
EFOTJUZ
PG

LJMP HSBNT
QFS
DVCJD
NFUFS
ѮF
4VO
IBT
BO
BCTPMVUF
MVNJOPTJUZ
PG



+PVMF
QFS
TFDPOE
BOE
JT
NVDI
NPSF
MVNJOPVT
UIBO
UIF
BWFSBHF
TUBS
PVU TIJOJOH

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
TUBST
JO
UIF
.JMLZ
8BZ
ѮF
UPUBM
BNPVOU
PG
TPMBS
FOFSHZ
SFDFJWFE
QFS
VOJU
UJNF
BOE
VOJU
BSFB
BU
UIF
NFBO
&BSUI4VO
EJTUBODF
PS
BU
POF
BTUSPOPNJDBM
VOJU
JT
DBMMFE




UIF
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
BOE
BNPVOUT
UP

+PVMF
QFS
TFDPOE
QFS
TRVBSF
NFUFS
ѮF
NFBO
EJTUBODF
PG
UIF
4VO
GSPN
UIF
&BSUI
JT
POF
BTUSPOPNJDBM
VOJU
XIJDI
JT

NJMMJPO
LJMPNFUFST
ѮF
WJT JCMFMJHIU
TQFDUSVN
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
FYIJCJUT
EBSL
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT
BMTP
LOPXO
BT
'SBVOIPGFS
MJOFT
XIJDI
DBO
CF
FYBNJOFE
UP
EFUFSNJOF
UIF
JOHSFEJFOUT
PG
UIF
4VO
*UT
QSJODJQBM
DIFNJDBM
DPOTUJUVFOUT
BSF
IZESPHFO
BOE
IFMJVN
XIJDI
BDDPVOU
GPS

BOE

QFSDFOU
PG
UIF
BUPNT
SFTQFDUJWFMZ
BOE
GPS
SFTQFDUJWF
NBTT
GSBDUJPOT
PG

BOE

QFSDFOU
ѮF
4VOT
FOFSHZ
TPVSDF
JT
UIF
OVDMFBS
GVTJPO
PG
IZESPHFO
JOUP
IFMJVN
CZ
UIF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
UBLJOH
QMBDF
OFBS
UIF
DFOUFS
PG
UIF
4VO
XIJDI
IBT
B
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG

NJMMJPO
LFMWJO
0WFSMZJOH
UIJT
DPSF
JT
UIF
SBEJBUJWF
[POF
XIFSF
UIF
IJHIFOFSHZ
SBEJB UJPO
QSPEVDFE
JO
UIF
DPSF
GVTJPO
SFBDUJPOT
DPM MJEFT
XJUI
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
JPOT
UP
CF
SFSBEJBUFE
JO
UIF
GPSN
PG
MFTT
FOFSHFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
0VUTJEF
UIF
SBEJBUJWF
[POF
JT
B
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
JO
XIJDI
DVSSFOUT
PG
HBT
ëPX
VQXBSE
UP
SFMFBTF
FOFSHZ
BU
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
CFGPSF
ëPXJOH
EPXOXBSE
UP
CF
SFIFBUFE
ѮF
WJTJCMF
EJTL
PS
QIPUPTQIFSF
GSPN
XIJDI
UIF
MJHIU
XF
TFF
DPNFT
JT
TPNF
IVOESFET
PG
LJMPNFUFST
UIJDL
BOE
XIJUFMJHIU
JNBHFT
PG
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
SFWFBM
UIF
HSBOVMFT
BOE
TVQFS HSBOVMBUJPO
UIBU
NBSL
UIF
UPQ
PG
DPOWFDUJPO
DFMMT
*U
UBLFT
BCPVU

UIPVTBOE
ZFBST
GPS
SBEJBUJPO
UP
XPSL
JUT
XBZ
PVU
GSPN
UIF
4VOT
DPSF
UP
UIF
CPUUPN
PG
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
BOE
POMZ
BCPVU

EBZT
GPS
UIF
IFBUFE
NBUFSJBM
UP
DBSSZ
FOFSHZ
UISPVHI
UIF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
UP
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
4VOMJHIU
USBWFMT
GSPN
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
UP
UIF
&BSUI
JO

TFDPOET
ѮF
JOUFSOBM
TUSVDUVSF
PG
UIF
4VO
DBO
CF
EFUFSNJOFE
CZ
PCTFSWJOH
UIF
êWF NJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
VTJOH
UIF
UFDIOJRVF
PG
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
4FF
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOF
DISPNPTQIFSF
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
DPSPOB
DPSPOBHSBQI
DPSPOBM
IPMF
DPSPOBM
MPPQ
DPSP OBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
ëBSF
'SBVOIPGFS
MJOF
(0/(
HSBOVMBUJPO
IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ
QIPUPTQIFSF
QSPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
TPMBS
DPOTUBOU
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
TPMBS
XJOE
TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI
TVO TQPU
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS
6MZTTFT
:PILPI
BOE
;FFNBO
FĒFDU 4VOTQPU
"
EBSL
UFNQPSBSZ
DPODFOUSBUJPO
PG
TUSPOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
UIF
4VOT
QIPUPTQIFSF
"
TVOTQPU
JT
DPPMFS
UIBO
JUT
TVSSPVOEJOHT
BOE
UIFSFGPSF
BQQFBST
EBSLFS
"
UZQJDBM
TQPU
IBT
B
DFOUSBM
VNCSB
TVSSPVOEFE
CZ
B
QFOVNCSB





(MPTTBSZ

BMUIPVHI
FJUIFS
GFBUVSF
DBO
FYJTU
XJUIPVU
UIF
PUIFS
*O
UIF
VNCSB
UIF
FĒFDUJWF
UFNQFSBUVSF
DBO
CF
BCPVU

LFMWJO
DPNQBSFE
XJUI

LFMWJO
JO
UIF
TVSSPVOEJOH
QIPUPTQIFSF
4VOTQPUT
BSF
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
TUSPOH
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
PG

UP

5FTMB
BOE
WBSZ
JO
TJ[F
GSPN
BCPVU
 
UP

 
LJMPNFUFST
BDSPTT
ѮFZ
PDDBTJPOBMMZ
HSPX
UP
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST
JO
TJ[F
CFDPNJOH
WJTJCMF
UP
UIF
VOBJEFE
FZF
ѮFJS
EVSBUJPO
WBSJFT
GSPN
B
GFX
IPVST
UP
B
GFX
XFFLT
PS
NPOUIT
GPS
UIF
WFSZ
CJHHFTU
ѮF
OVNCFS
BOE
MPDBUJPO
PG
TVO TQPUT
EFQFOE
PO
UIF
ZFBS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
PS
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
ѮFZ
VTVBMMZ
PDDVS
JO
QBJST
PS
HSPVQT
PG
PQQPTJUF
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ
UIBU
NPWF
JO
VOJTPO
BDSPTT
UIF
GBDF
PG
UIF
4VO
BT
JU
SPUBUFT
ѮF
MFBEJOH
PS
QSFDFEJOH
TQPU
JT
DBMMFE
UIF

1
TQPU
UIF
GPMMPXJOH
POF
JT
UFSNFE
UIF
'
TQPU
4FF
)BMFT
MBX
QFOVNCSB
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
4QÕSFST
MBX
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
VNCSB
BOE
;FFNBO
FĒFDU 4VOTQPU
CFMUT
ѮF
IFMJPHSBQIJD
MBUJUVEF
[POFT
XIFSF
TVOTQPUT
BSF
GPVOE
NPWJOH
GSPN
NJEMBUJUVEFT
UP
UIF
TPMBS
FRVBUPS
EVSJOH
UIF
ZFBS
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
4FF
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
BOE
TVOTQPU
DZDMF

¢
BOE
IJT
DPMMFBHVFT
VTJOH
BO
JOTUSV NFOU
EFWFMPQFE
CZ
UIFN
XIJDI
QSPEVDFE
BO
JNBHF
DBMMFE
B
%PQQMFSHSBN
PG
NPUJPOT
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
ѮF
HBT
ëPXT
IPSJ[POUBMMZ
GSPN
UIF
DFOUFS
UP
UIF
FEHF
PG
FBDI
TVQFSHSBOVMF
DBSSZJOH
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
UP
UIF
FEHFT
PG
UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMFT
BOE
GPSNJOH
QPMZHPOBMTIBQFE
TUSVDUVSFT
DBMMFE
UIF
NBHOFUJD
OFUXPSL
UIBU
JT
BMTP
EFUFDUFE
BT
CSJHIU
DBMDJVN
FNJTTJPO
JO
UIF
PWFSMZ JOH
DISPNPTQIFSF
ѮF
TQJDVMFT
BSF
BMTP
DPODFO USBUFE
BU
UIF
CPVOEBSJFT
PG
UIF
TVQFSHSBOVMF
DFMMT
4FF
DISPNPTQIFSJD
OFUXPSL
BOE
TQJDVMF 4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF
"
NBTTJWF
VOEFSHSPVOE
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS
JO
+BQBO
êMMFE
XJUI
QVSF
XBUFS
SFQMBDJOH
UIF
,BNJPLBOEF
EFUFDUPS
4FF
,BNJPLBOEF 4VQFSTPOJD
.PWJOH
BU
B
TQFFE
HSFBUFS
UIBO
UIBU
PG
TPVOE
PS
XJUI
B
WFMPDJUZ
UIBU
FYDFFET
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
TPVOE
*O
BJS
PO
&BSUI
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
TPVOE
JT
BCPVU

NFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE
CVU
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
TPVOE
EFQFOET
PO
CPUI
UIF
UFNQFSB UVSF
BOE
DPNQPTJUJPO
PG
UIF
HBT
4FF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
TPVOE 4ZODISPUSPO
SBEJBUJPO
&MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJ BUJPO
FNJUUFE
CZ
BO
FMFDUSPO
USBWFMJOH
BMNPTU
BU
UIF
TQFFE
PG
MJHIU
JO
UIF
QSFTFODF
PG
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
4VDI
SBEJBUJPO
JT
MJOFBSMZ
QPMBSJ[FE
ѮF
OBNF
BSJTFT
CFDBVTF
JU
XBT
êSTU
PCTFSWFE
JO

XIFO
FMFDUSPOT
XFSF
BDDFMFSBUFE
JO
UIF
(FOFSBM
&MFDUSJD
TZODISPUSPO
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUPS
ѮF
&OHMJTI
QIZTJDJTU
(FPSHF
"
4DIPUU
¢
EJTDVTTFE
TVDI
B
SBEJBUJPO
QSPDFTT
CZ
FMFDUSPOT
JO
B
QBQFS
QVCMJTIFE
JO

BOE
JO
IJT

CPPL
PO
&MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
3BEJBUJPO
ѮF
BDDFMFSBUJPO
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPOT
DBVTFT
UIFN
UP
FNJU
SBEJBUJPO
UIBU
JT
TUSPOHMZ
QPMBSJ[FE
BOE
JODSFBTFT
JO
JOUFOTJUZ
BU
MPOHFS
XBWFMFOHUIT
ѮF
XBWFMFOHUI
SFHJPO
JO
XIJDI
UIF
FNJTTJPO
PDDVST
EFQFOET
PO
UIF
FOFSHZ
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPO
¢

.F7
FMFDUSPOT
SBEJBUF
NPTUMZ
JO
UIF
SBEJP
SFHJPO

4VOTQPU
DZDMF
ѮF
SFDVSSJOH
FMFWFOZFBS
SJTF
BOE
GBMM
JO
UIF
OVNCFS
BOE
QPTJUJPO
PG
TVOTQPUT
EJTDPWFSFE
JO

CZ
UIF
(FSNBO
BTUSPOPNFS
4BNVFM
)FJOSJDI
4DIXBCF
¢ 
ѮF
DPOWFOUJPOBM
POTFU
GPS
UIF
TUBSU
PG
B
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
JT
UIF
UJNF
XIFO
UIF
TNPPUIFE
OVNCFS
PG
TVOTQPUT
UIF
NPOUI
NPWJOH
BWFSBHF
IBT
EFDSFBTFE
UP
JUT
NJOJNVN
WBMVF
"U
UIF
DPNNFODFNFOU
PG
B
OFX
DZDMF
TVOTQPUT
FSVQU
BSPVOE
MBUJUVEFT
PG

UP

EFHSFFT
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
0WFS
UIF
DPVSTF
PG
UIF
DZDMF
TVCTFRVFOU
TQPUT
FNFSHF
DMPTFS
UP
UIF
FRVBUPS
DPOUJOVJOH
UP
BQQFBS
JO
CFMUT
PO
FBDI
TJEF
PG
UIF
FRVBUPS
BOE
êOJTIJOH
BU
BSPVOE

EFHSFFT
OPSUI
BOE
TPVUI
ѮJT
QBUUFSO
DBO
CF
EFNPOTUSBUFE
HSBQIJDBMMZ
BT
B
CVUUFSëZ
EJBHSBN
"MM
GPSNT
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
WBSZ
JO
TUFQ
XJUI
UIF
FMFWFOZFBS
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
JODMVEJOH
UIF
OVNCFS
BOE
GSFRVFODZ
PG
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
BOE
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
UIF
9SBZ
JOUFOTJUZ
PG
UIF
4VO
4FF
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
ëBSF
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
TPMBS
ëBSFT
4QÕSFST
MBX
BOE
9SBZT

5FNQFSBUVSF
"
NFBTVSF
PG
UIF
IFBU
PG
BO
PCKFDU
BOE
UIF
BWFSBHF
LJOFUJD
FOFSHZ
PG
UIF
SBO EPNMZ
NPWJOH
QBSUJDMFT
JO
JU

4VQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
"
TZTUFN
PG
DPOWFDUJWF
DFMMT
DBMMFE
TVQFSHSBOVMFT
XJUI
EJBNFUFST
PG
BCPVU
 
LJMPNFUFST
BOE
MJGFUJNFT
PG

UP

EBZT
XIJDI
DPWFS
UIF
WJTJCMF
EJTL
PG
UIF
4VO
UIF
QIP UPTQIFSF
ѮF
TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
XBT
EJTDPWFSFE
JO

CZ
UIF
"NFSJDBO
QIZTJDJTU
3PCFSU
-FJHIUPO


5FSNJOBUJPO
TIPDL
"
EJTDPOUJOVJUZ
JO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
ëPX
JO
UIF
PVUFS
IFMJPTQIFSF
XIFSF
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
TMPXT
GSPN
TVQFSTPOJD
UP
TVC TPOJD
NPUJPO
BT
JU
JOUFSBDUT
XJUI
UIF
JOUFSTUFM MBS
QMBTNB
*U
NBSLT
UIF
PVUFS
FEHF
PG
UIF
TPMBS
TZTUFN
4FF
IFMJPQBVTF

5




(MPTTBSZ


5FTMB
ѮF
4ZTUFNF
*OUFSOBUJPOBM
PS
4*
VOJU
PG
NBHOFUJD
ëVY
EFOTJUZ
OBNFE
BѫFS
/JLPMB
5FTMB
¢


B
$SPBUJBOCPSO
"NFSJDBO
QJPOFFS
JO
UIF
êFMET
PG
BMUFSOBUJOHDVSSFOU
FMFD USJDJUZ
BOE
FMFDUSJDBM
QPXFS
HFOFSBUJPO
BOE
EJT USJCVUJPO
ѮF
5FTMB
JT
B
NFBTVSF
PG
UIF
TUSFOHUI
PG
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
ѮF
DFOUJNFUFSHSBNT TFDPOE
PS
DHT
VOJU
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI
PѫFO
VTFE
JO
BTUSPQIZTJDT
JT
UIF
(BVTT
XIFSF


5FTMB

 
(BVTT


(BVTT
4FF
(BVTT 5IFSNBM
CSFNTTUSBIMVOH
&NJTTJPO
PG
SBEJ BUJPO
CZ
FOFSHFUJD
FMFDUSPOT
FODPVOUFSJOH
UIF
êFME
PG
B
QPTJUJWF
JPO
JO
B
HBT
UIBU
JT
JO
UIFSNBM
FRVJMJCSJVN
4FF
CSFNTTUSBIMVOH
BOE
UIFSNBM
FRVJMJCSJVN 5IFSNBM
FOFSHZ
&OFSHZ
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
UIF
NPUJPOT
PG
UIF
NPMFDVMFT
BUPNT
PS
JPOT 5IFSNBM
FRVJMJCSJVN
"
QIZTJDBM
TZTUFN
JO
XIJDI
BMM
QBSUT
IBWF
FYDIBOHFE
IFBU
BOE
BSF
DIBSBDUFSJ[FE
CZ
UIF
TBNF
UFNQFSBUVSF
BU
BMM
QPJOUT
*O
TVDI
FRVJMJCSJVN
B
TJOHMF
UFNQFSB UVSF
DIBSBDUFSJ[FT
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
EJTUSJCVUJPO 5IFSNBM
HBT
"
DPMMFDUJPO
PG
QBSUJDMFT
UIBU
DPMMJEF
XJUI
FBDI
PUIFS
BOE
FYDIBOHF
FOFSHZ
GSFRVFOUMZ
HJWJOH
B
EJTUSJCVUJPO
PG
QBSUJDMF
FOFSHJFT
UIBU
DBO
CF
DIBSBDUFSJ[FE
CZ
B
TJOHMF
UFNQFSBUVSF
4FF
OPOUIFSNBM
QBSUJDMF 5IFSNBM
QBSUJDMF
"
QBSUJDMF
UIBU
JT
QBSU
PG
B
UIFSNBM
HBT
4FF
OPOUIFSNBM
QBSUJDMF 5IFSNBM
SBEJBUJPO
&MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
FNJUUFE
CZ
B
HBT
JO
UIFSNBM
FRVJMJCSJVN
ѮFS NBM
SBEJBUJPO
BSJTFT
CZ
WJSUVF
PG
BO
PCKFDUT
IFBU
PS
UFNQFSBUVSF
&OFSHFUJD
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
BSF
OPU
OFDFTTBSJMZ
JO
UIFSNPEZOBNJD
FRVJMJCSJVN
FNJU
OPOUIFSNBM
SBEJBUJPO
4FF
CMBDLCPEZ
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
OPOUIFSNBM
SBEJBUJPO 5IFSNPOVDMFBS
GVTJPO
ѮF
GVTJPO
PG
BUPNJD
OVDMFJ
BU
IJHI
UFNQFSBUVSFT
UP
GPSN
NPSF
NBT TJWF
OVDMFJ
XJUI
UIF
TJNVMUBOFPVT
SFMFBTF
PG
FOFSHZ
ѮFSNPOVDMFBS
GVTJPO
JT
UIF
QPXFS
TPVSDF
BU
UIF
DPSF
PG
UIF
4VO
4FF
GVTJPO 5IFSNPTQIFSF
ѮF
BUNPTQIFSJD
SFHJPO
XIFSF
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
SJTFT
EVF
UP
IFBUJOH
JO
UIF
JPOPTQIFSF 5PSTJPOBM
PTDJMMBUJPOT
;POFT
PG
BMUFSOBUJOH
GBTU
BOE
TMPX
SPUBUJPO
BQQFBSJOH
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF
BOE
CFMPX
NPWJOH
GSPN
QPMFT
UP
FRVBUPS 53"$&
"DSPOZN
GPS
5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS
4FF
5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS



5SBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO
"
UIJO
SFHJPO
PG
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
MFTT
UIBO

LJMPNFUFST
UIJDL
CFUXFFO
UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF
BOE
DPSPOB
DIBSBD UFSJ[FE
CZ
B
MBSHF
SJTF
PG
UFNQFSBUVSF
GSPN
BCPVU

UIPVTBOE
UP
B
NJMMJPO
EFHSFFT
LFMWJO
ѮF
EFOTJUZ
EFDSFBTFT
BT
UIF
UFNQFSBUVSF
JODSFBTFT
JO
TVDI
B
XBZ
UP
LFFQ
UIF
HBT
QSFTTVSF
TQBUJBMMZ
DPOTUBOU 5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS
/"4"
MBVODIFE
JUT
5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS
BCCSFWJBUFE
53"$&
TQBDF DSBѫ
JO
"QSJM

*U
QSPWJEFE
JNBHFT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF
BU
UFNQFSBUVSFT
GSPN

UIPV TBOE
UP

NJMMJPO
LFMWJO
XJUI
IJHI
UFNQPSBM
SFTPMVUJPO
BOE
TFDPOE
PG
BSD
BOHVMBS
SFTPMVUJPO
VTJOH
PCTFSWBUJPOT
BU
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
XBWFMFOHUIT
53"$&
TIPXFE
UIBU
UIF
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
DPSPOB
JT
DPNQSJTFE
PG
UIJO
NBHOFUJD
MPPQT
UIBU
BSF
OBUVSBMMZ
EZOBNJD
BOE
DPOUJOVPVTMZ
FWPMWJOH 5SJMMJPO
"
NJMMJPO
NJMMJPO
BOE
B
UIPVTBOE
CJMMJPO
PS
 5SPQPTQIFSF
-PXFTU
MFWFM
PG
UIF
&BSUIT
BUNP TQIFSF
XIFSF
NPTU
PG
UIF
XFBUIFS
UBLFT
QMBDF
GSPN
UIF
HSPVOE
UP
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
BCPWF
UIF
TVSGBDF
ѮF
UFNQFSBUVSF
PG
UIF
USPQPTQIFSF
EFDSFBTFT
GSPN

LFMWJO
BU
UIF
HSPVOE
UP


LFMWJO
BU
JUT
UPQ
ѮF
USPQPTQIFSF
JT
BOZ
SFHJPO
PG
B
QMBOFUBSZ
BUNPTQIFSF
JO
XIJDI
DPO WFDUJPO
OPSNBMMZ
UBLFT
QMBDF
4FF
DPOWFDUJPO 5VOOFM
FGGFDU
"
RVBOUVN
NFDIBOJDBM
FĒFDU
UIBU
QFSNJUT
BO
FOFSHFUJD
OVDMFBS
QBSUJDMF
UP
FTDBQF
UIF
OVDMFVT
PG
B
SBEJPBDUJWF
BUPN
*U
BMTP
FOBCMFT
UXP
DPMMJEJOH
QSPUPOT
JO
UIF
4VO
UP
PWFS DPNF
UIF
FMFDUSJDBM
SFQVMTJPO
CFUXFFO
UIFN
SFTVMUJOH
JO
UIFJS
OVDMFBS
GVTJPO
ѮF
UVOOFM
FĒFDU
JOWPMWFT
B
RVBOUVN
MFBQ
PWFS
PS
VOEFS
BO
PUIFSXJTF
JOTVSNPVOUBCMF
CBSSJFS 5VSCVMFODF
ѮF
DIBPUJD
NBTT
NPUJPOT
BTTPDJ BUFE
XJUI
DPOWFDUJPO

6 6MUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
"CCSFWJBUFE
67
FMFD USPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
XJUI
B
TMJHIUMZ
IJHIFS
GSFRVFODZ
BOE
TPNFXIBU
TIPSUFS
XBWFMFOHUI
UIBO
WJTJCMF
CMVF
MJHIU
ѮF
(FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU
+PIBOO
8JMIFMN
3JUUFS
¢
EJTDPW FSFE
VMUSBWJPMFU
MJHIU
JO

XIFO
FYBNJO JOH
UIF
TQFDUSVN
PG
TVOMJHIU
BU
XBWFMFOHUIT
KVTU
B
CJU
TIPSUFS
UIBO
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
PG
WJPMFU
MJHIU
6MUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
IBT
XBWFMFOHUIT





(MPTTBSZ

CFUXFFO
BCPVU
¢
BOE


¢
NFUFST
PS
GSPN

UP

OBOPNFUFST
XJUI
UIF
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
MZJOH
JO
UIF
TIPSU
XBWFMFOHUI
QBSU
PG
UIJT
SBOHF
ѮF
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
BCTPSCT
NPTU
DPTNJD
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
TP
UIPSPVHI
TUVEJFT
PG
UIF
VMUSBWJPMFU
PVUQVU
PG
DPTNJD
PCKFDUT
NVTU
CF
DPOEVDUFE
GSPN
TQBDF
4VDI
PCTFSWBUJPOT
IBWF
OPU
MFE
UP
BT
NBOZ
EJTDPW FSJFT
PG
UPUBMMZ
OFX
DPTNJD
PCKFDUT
BT
UIF
êSTU
EFUFDUJPOT
PG
UIF
SBEJP
BOE
9SBZ
6OJWFSTF
0CTFSWBUJPOT
PG
UIF
FYUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJB UJPO
GSPN
UIF
4VO
XFSF
QJPOFFSFE
CZ
/"4"T
0SCJUJOH
4PMBS
0CTFSWBUPSJFT
MBVODIFE
GSPN

UP

BOE
DPOUJOVFE
UP
UIF
DPOUFNQP SBSZ
JOTUSVNFOUT
BCPBSE
UIF
40MBS
BOE
)FMJP TQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ
PS
40)0
GPS
TIPSU
BOE
UIF
5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS
BCCSFWJBUFE
53"$& 6MZTTFT
.JTTJPO
ѮF
6MZTTFT
TQBDFDSBѫ
XBT
B
KPJOU
VOEFSUBLJOH
PG
&4"
BOE
/"4"
MBVODIFE
CZ
UIF
4QBDF
4IVUUMF
%JTDPWFSZ
PO

0DUPCFS

UP
TUVEZ
UIF
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NFEJVN
BOE
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BU
EJĒFSFOU
TPMBS
MBUJUVEFT
*U
QSP WJEFE
UIF
êSTU
PQQPSUVOJUZ
GPS
NFBTVSFNFOUT
UP
CF
NBEF
PWFS
UIF
QPMFT
PG
UIF
4VO
VTJOH
UIF
HSBWJUZ
BTTJTU
UFDIOJRVF
UP
UBLF
JU
PVU
PG
UIF
QMBOF
PG
UIF
4PMBS
4ZTUFN
"ѫFS
BO
FODPVOUFS
XJUI
+VQJUFS
JO
'FCSVBSZ

UIF
TQBDFDSBѫ
NPWFE
CBDL
UPXBSET
UIF
4VO
UP
QBTT
PWFS
UIF
TPMBS
4PVUI
1PMF
JO
4FQUFNCFS

BOE
UIF
/PSUI
1PMF
JO
+VMZ

BOE
UIFO
BHBJO
PWFS
UIF
4PVUI
1PMF
JO
/PWFNCFS

BOE
UIF
/PSUI
1PMF
JO
%FDFNCFS

$PNQBSJTPOT
PG
6MZTTFT
PCTFS WBUJPOT
XJUI
UIPTF
GSPN
PUIFS
TQBDFDSBѫ
TVDI
BT
:PILPI
BOE
40)0
TIPXFE
UIBU
NVDI
JG
OPU
BMM
PG
UIF
IJHITQFFE
TPMBS
XJOE
DPNFT
GSPN
PQFO
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
QPMBS
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
BU
MFBTU
EVSJOH
UIF
NJOJNVN
PG
UIF
4VOT
ZFBS
DZDMF
PG
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ 6NCSB
ѮF
EBSL
JOOFS
DPSF
PG
B
TVOTQPU
XJUI
B
QFOVNCSB
PS
B
TVOTQPU
MBDLJOH
B
QFOVNCSB
WJTJCMF
JO
XIJUF
MJHIU
"MTP
UIF
JOOFS
QBSU
PG
UIF
TIBEPX
DBTU
EVSJOH
BO
FDMJQTF
XIFSF
B
UPUBM
FDMJQTF
JT
WJTJCMF
4FF
QFOVNCSB
TPMBS
FDMJQTF
BOE
TVOTQPU

7 7BO
"MMFO
CFMUT
5XP
DPODFOUSJD
SJOHTIBQFE
SFHJPOT
PG
IJHIFOFSHZ
DIBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
UIBU
HJSEMF
UIF
&BSUIT
FRVBUPS
XJUIJO
UIF
&BSUIT
NBH OFUPTQIFSF
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
"NFSJDBO
TDJFOUJTU
+BNFT
"
7BO
"MMFO
¢



XIP
EJTDPWFSFE


UIFN
XJUI
IJT
DPMMFBHVFT
JO
m
VTJOH
UIF
êSTU
UXP
TVDDFTTGVM
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
BSUJêDJBM
TBUFMMJUFT
&YQMPSFS

BOE

ѮF
JOOFS
CFMU
MJFT
CFUXFFO

BOE

&BSUI
SBEJJ
NFBTVSFE
GSPN
UIF
&BSUIT
DFOUFS
BOE
UIF
PVUFS
CFMU
JT
MPDBUFE
CFUXFFO

BOE

&BSUI
SBEJJ
ѮF
JOOFS
7BO
"MMFO
CFMU
DPOUBJOT
QSPUPOT
XJUI
FOFSHJFT
HSFBUFS
UIBO

.F7
BOE
FMFDUSPOT
FYDFFEJOH

.F7
ѮF
PVUFS
CFMU
BMTP
DPOUBJOT
QSPUPOT
BOE
FMFD USPOT
NPTU
PG
XIJDI
IBWF
FOFSHJFT
VOEFS

.F7
ѮF
PVUFS
CFMU
DPOUBJOT
NBJOMZ
FMFDUSPOT
GSPN
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BOE
UIF
JOOFS
CFMU
NBJOMZ
QSPUPOT
GSPN
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
"OPUIFS
TPVSDF
PG
SBEJBUJPOCFMU
QBSUJDMFT
JT
OFVUSPOT
QSPEVDFE
XIFO
DPTNJD
SBZT
BOE
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMFT
CPN CBSE
&BSUIT
BUNPTQIFSF
TPNF
PG
UIFTF
OFV USPOT
EFDBZ
JOUP
QSPUPOT
BOE
FMFDUSPOT
UIBU
BSF
USBQQFE
CZ
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
8JUIJO
UIF
JOOFS
CFMU
JT
B
SBEJBUJPO
CFMU
DPOTJTUJOH
PG
QBSUJDMFT
QSPEVDFE
CZ
JOUFSBDUJPOT
CFUXFFO
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BOE
IFBWJFS
DPTNJD
SBZ
QBSUJDMFT
#FDBVTF
UIF
&BSUIT
NBHOFUJD
êFME
JT
PĒTFU
GSPN
UIF
QMBOFUT
DFOUFS
CZ
BCPVU

LJMPNFUFST
UIF
JOOFS
CFMU
EJQT
EPXO
UPXBSET
UIF
&BSUIT
TVSGBDF
JO
UIF
SFHJPO
PG
UIF
4PVUI
"UMBOUJD
0DFBO
PĒ
UIF
DPBTU
PG
#SB[JM
4FF
SBEJBUJPO
CFMU
BOE
4PVUI
"UMBOUJD
"OPNBMZ 7FMPDJUZ
"
RVBOUJUZ
UIBU
NFBTVSFT
UIF
SBUF
PG
NPWFNFOU
BOE
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
NPWFNFOU
PG
BO
PCKFDU 7FMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
ѮF
GBTUFTU
TQFFE
UIBU
BOZ UIJOH
DBO
NPWF
ѮF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
EFOPUFE
CZ
D
FRVBMT


LJMPNFUFST
QFS
TFDPOE 7FMPDJUZ
PG
TPVOE
%FOPUFE
CZ
DT
UIF
WFMPD JUZ
PG
TPVOE
JT
QSPQPSUJPOBM
UP
UIF
TRVBSF
SPPU
PG
UIF
HBT
UFNQFSBUVSF
5
BOE
JOWFSTFMZ
QSPQPS UJPOBM
UP
UIF
TRVBSF
SPPU
PG
UIF
NFBO
NPMFDVMBS
XFJHIU
M
PS
DT
^
5M  7FSZ
-BSHF
"SSBZ
"CCSFWJBUFE
7-"
B
SBEJP
JOUFSGFSPNFUFS
OFBS
4PDPSSP
/FX
.FYJDP
DPO TJTUJOH
PG
UXFOUZTFWFO
EJTIFT
PG

NFUFST
EJBN FUFS
NPWFBCMF
BMPOH
UIF
BSNT
PG
B
HJBOU
:
XJUI
EJTI
TFQBSBUJPOT
PG
VQ
UP

UIPVTBOE
NFUFST
ѮF
7-"
PQFSBUFT
BU
XBWFMFOHUIT
CFUXFFO

BOE

NFUFST 7JTJCMF
MJHIU
ѮF
GPSN
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
UIBU
DBO
CF
TFFO
CZ
IVNBO
FZFT
PDDVQZJOH
B
OBSSPX
SBOHF
PG
XBWFMFOHUIT
JO
UIF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
7JTJCMF
MJHIU
JT
BMTP
LOPXO
BT
PQUJDBM
SBEJBUJPO
TJODF
PQUJDT
JT
VTFE
UP
EFUFDU
JU
7JTJCMF
MJHIU
FYUFOET
SPVHIMZ
GSPN
WJPMFU
XBWFMFOHUIT
BU

OBOPNFUFST
PS



(MPTTBSZ







¢
NFUFST
UP
SFE
XBWFMFOHUIT
BU


OBOPNFUFST
PS


¢
NFUFST
BOE
MJFT
CFUXFFO
UIF
VMUSBWJPMFU
BOE
JOGSBSFE
QBSUT
PG
UIF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
4FF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
JOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
PQUJDBM
BTUSPOPNZ
PQUJDBM
SBEJBUJPO
BOE
PQUJDT 7JTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO
4FF
WJTJCMF
MJHIU 7-"
"DSPOZN
GPS
UIF
7FSZ
-BSHF
"SSBZ
6OJUFE
4UBSFT
4FF
7FSZ
-BSHF
"SSBZ 7PZBHFS

BOE

5XP
BMNPTU
JEFOUJDBM
QMBO FUBSZ
QSPCFT
MBVODIFE
CZ
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT

JO


8 8BUFS
"
TVCTUBODF
EFOPUFE
CZ
)0
DPN QPTFE
PG
BUPNT
PG
IZESPHFO
)
BOE
PYZHFO
0
UXP
PG
UIF
NPTU
BCVOEBOU
FMFNFOUT
JO
UIF
6OJWFSTF
8BUFS
DBO
FYJTU
PO
&BSUI
BT
B
MJRVJE
HBT
PS
JDF
BOE
JO
JUT
MJRVJE
GPSN
JU
JT
WJUBM
GPS
MJGF
8BUFS
NPMFDVMFT
IBWF
CFFO
PCTFSWFE
JO
UIF
BUNPTQIFSF
PG
.BST
BOE
MBSHF
BNPVOUT
PG
GSP[FO
XBUFS
BSF
OPX
GPVOE
JO
UIF
TVSGBDF
PG
.BST
8BUFS
NPMFDVMFT
BSF
BMTP
GPVOE
JO
JOUFS TUFMMBS
TQBDF 8BWFMFOHUI
ѮF
EJTUBODF
CFUXFFO
TVDDFTTJWF
DSFTUT
PS
USPVHIT
PG
BO
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
PS
PUIFS
XBWF
8BWFMFOHUIT
BSF
JOWFSTFMZ
QSPQPSUJPOBM
UP
GSFRVFODZ
ѮF
MPOHFS
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
UIF
MPXFS
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
ѮF
QSPEVDU
PG
UIF
XBWFMFOHUI
BOE
UIF
GSFRVFODZ
PG
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
JT
FRVBM
UP
UIF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU
4FF
WFMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU 8BWFT
1SPQBHBUJPO
PG
FOFSHZ
CZ
NFBOT
PG
DPIFSFOU
WJCSBUJPO 8IJUF
MJHIU
ѮF
WJTJCMF
QPSUJPO
PG
TVOMJHIU
UIBU
JODMVEFT
BMM
PG
JUT
DPMPST
4VOMJHIU
JOUFHSBUFE
PWFS
UIF
WJTJCMF
QPSUJPO
PG
UIF
TQFDUSVN
GSPN

UP

OBOPNFUFST
TP
UIBU
BMM
DPMPST
BSF
CMFOEFE
UP
BQQFBS
XIJUF
UP
UIF
FZF 8IJUFMJHIU
nBSF
"O
FYDFQUJPOBMMZ
JOUFOTF
BOE
SBSF
TPMBS
ëBSF
UIBU
CFDPNFT
WJTJCMF
JO
XIJUF
MJHIU
PS
JO
BMM
UIF
DPMPST
PG
UIF
4VO
DPNCJOFE

9 9
ѮF
NBTT
GSBDUJPO
PG
IZESPHFO
0CTFSWBUJPOT
PG
TVOMJHIU
BOE
NFUFPSJUFT
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
9




GPS
UIF
TPMBS
NBUFSJBM
PVUTJEF
JUT
DPSF
0XJOH
UP
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
UIFSF
JT
OPX
MFTT
IZESPHFO
JO
UIF
4VOT
DPSF 9SBZ
4FF
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO



9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
"O
FOFSHFUJD
GPSN
PG
FMFDUSP NBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
UIBU
IBT
TIPSU
XBWFMFOHUIT
CFUXFFO
UIPTF
PG
HBNNB
SBZT
BOE
VMUSBWJP MFU
SBEJBUJPO
ѮF
(FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU
8JMIFMN
,POSBE
3ÕOUHFO
¢
EJTDPWFSFE
9SBZT
JO

4FF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN
IBSE
9SBZT
TPѫ
9SBZT
BOE
:PILPI
.JTTJPO

: :
ѮF
NBTT
GSBDUJPO
PG
IFMJVN
0CTFSWBUJPOT
PG
TVOMJHIU
BOE
NFUFPSJUFT
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
:




GPS
TPMBS
NBUFSJBM
PVUTJEF
UIF
DPSF
0XJOH
UP
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
UIFSF
JT
OPX
NPSF
IFMJVN
JO
UIF
4VOT
DPSF :PILPI
.JTTJPO
ѮF
+BQBOFTF
*OTUJUVUF
PG
4QBDF
BOE
"TUSPOBVUJDBM
4DJFODF
BCCSFWJ BUFE
*4"4
MBVODIFE
JUT
4PMBS"
TQBDFDSBѫ
PO


"VHVTU

SFOBNJOH
JU
:PILPI
XIJDI
NFBOT
iTVOCFBNu
JO
&OHMJTI
:PILPI
DPMMFDUFE
IJHIFOFSHZ
SBEJBUJPO
GSPN
UIF
4VO
BU
TPѫ
9SBZ
BOE
IBSE
9SBZ
XBWFMFOHUIT
XJUI
IJHI
BOHVMBS
BOE
TQFDUSBM
SFTPMVUJPO
GPS
NPSF
UIBO
B
EFDBEF
QSPWJEJOH
OFX
JOTJHIUT
UP
UIF
NFDIBOJTNT
PG
TPMBS
ëBSF
FOFSHZ
SFMFBTF
BOE
UIF
IFBUJOH
PG
UIF
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
*U
XBT
B
DPMMBCPSBUJWF
FĒPSU
PG
+BQBO
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
BOE
UIF
6OJUFE
,JOHEPN
4FF
IBSE
9SBZT
BOE
TPѫ
9SBZT

; ;
ѮF
NBTT
GSBDUJPO
PG
FMFNFOUT
IFBWJFS
UIBO
IZESPHFO
BOE
IFMJVN
0CTFSWBUJPOT
PG
TVOMJHIU
BOE
NFUFPSJUFT
JOEJDBUF
UIBU
;




GPS
TPMBS
NBUFSJBM ;FFNBO
DPNQPOFOUT
ѮF
MJOFBSMZ
QPMBS J[FE
P
BOE
DJSDVMBSMZ
QPMBSJ[FE
S
DPNQPOFOUT
XIJDI
DPNQSJTF
B
MJOF
TQMJU
JO
UIF
QSFTFODF
PG
B
TUSPOH
NBHOFUJD
êFME
4FF
;FFNBO
FĒFDU
BOE
;FFNBO
TQMJUUJOH ;FFNBO
FGGFDU
"
TQMJUUJOH
PG
B
TQFDUSBM
MJOF
JOUP
DPNQPOFOUT
CZ
B
TUSPOH
NBHOFUJD
êFME
OBNFE
BѫFS
UIF
%VUDI
QIZTJDJTU
1JFUFS
;FFNBO
¢


XIP
EJTDPWFSFE
UIF
FĒFDU
JO

*G
UIF
DPNQPOFOUT
DBOOPU
CF
SFTPMWFE
UIFSF
JT
BO
BQQBSFOU
CSPBEFOJOH
PS
XJEFOJOH
PG
UIF
TQFDUSBM
MJOF
ѮF
BNPVOU
PG
TQMJUUJOH
NFB TVSFT
UIF
TUSFOHUI
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
BOE
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
PG
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
DBO
CF
JOGFSSFE
GSPN
UIF
QPMBSJ[BUJPO
PG
UIF
DPNQPOFOUT
ѮF
;FFNBO
FĒFDU
JT
UIFSFCZ
VTFE
UP
EFUFSNJOF
UIF
EJSFDUJPO
EJTUSJCVUJPO
BOE
TUSFOHUI
PG
UIF
MPO HJUVEJOBM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
UIF
QIPUPTQIFSF





(MPTTBSZ

*U
IBT
BMTP
CFFO
VTFE
UP
NFBTVSF
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
PUIFS
TUBST
BOE
JO
UIF
JOUFSTUFMMBS
NFEJVN
*O
UIF
TJNQMFTU
DBTF
EFOPUFE
BT
OPSNBM
;FFNBO
TQMJUUJOH
B
MJOF
TQMJUT
JOUP
UISFF
DPN QPOFOUT
0OF
DPNQPOFOU
UIF
P
DPNQPOFOU
JT
OPU
EJTQMBDFE
JO
XBWFMFOHUI
PS
GSFRVFODZ
BOE
JT
MJOFBSMZ
QPMBSJ[FE
5XP
DPNQPOFOUT
UIF

S
DPNQPOFOUT
BSF
TIJѫFE
CZ
FRVBM
BNPVOUT
UP
MPXFS
BOE
IJHIFS
XBWFMFOHUIT
PS
GSFRVFODJFT


UIF
NBHOJUVEF
PG
UIF
TIJѫ
CFJOH
QSPQPSUJPOBM
UP
UIF
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI
*O
UIF
HFOFSBM
DBTF
UIF
S
DPNQPOFOUT
BSF
CPUI
DJSDVMBSMZ
BOE
MJOFBSMZ
QPMBSJ[FE
4FF
NBHOFUPHSBQI
;FFNBO
DPNQPOFOUT
BOE
;FFNBO
TQMJUUJOH ;FFNBO
TQMJUUJOH
ѮF
TQMJUUJOH
PG
BUPNJD
TQFDUSBM
MJOFT
JO
B
NBHOFUJD
êFME
4FF
;FFNBO
DPNQPOFOUT
BOE
;FFNBO
FĒFDU

%*3&$503:
0'
8&#
4*5&4

"$5*7*5:
$:$-&
0'
5)&
46/

40)0

IUUQXXXTFDOPBBHPW4PMBS$ZDMFJOEFYIUNM

IUUQTPIPXXXOBTDPNOBTBHPW

&$-*14&4
0'
5)&
46/

40-"3#

IUUQXXX.S&DMJQTFDPN

IUUQTDJFODFOBTBHPWTTMQBETPMBSTPMBSCTUN

IUUQTVOFBSUIHTGDOBTBHPWFDMJQTFFDMJQTFIUNM

45&3&0

IUUQXXXUPUBMTPMBSFDMJQTFOFU

IUUQVNCSBOBTDPNOBTBHPWTUFSFP@GBDUT IUNM

&%6$"5*0/"-

IUUQTEXXXKIVBQMFEV45&3&0

IUUQBTFUVѫTFEVDPTNPT IUUQTPMBSDFOUFSTUBOGPSEFEV IUUQIFMJPTHTGDOBTBHPW

53"$&

IUUQUSBDFMNTBMDPN

IUUQJTUQHTGDOBTBHPWJTUQPVUSFBDI

6-:44&4

IUUQJTUQHTGDOBTBHPWFYIJCJU

IUUQVMZTTFTKQMOBTBHPW

IUUQXXXMNTBMDPN:101

:0),0)4
40'5
93":
5&-&4$01&

/"4"

IUUQXXXMNTBMDPN495

IUUQTDJFODFIROBTBHPW

41"$&
8&"5)&3

IUUQTFDHTGDOBTBHPW

IUUQTPMBSTFDOPBBHPW

IUUQVNCSBOBTDPNOBTBHPW
TPMBS@DPOOFDUJPOTIUNM

IUUQXXXTQBDFXFBUIFSDPN

0#4&37"503*&4 IUUQXXXIBPVDBSFEV IUUQXXXOTPFEV IUUQXXXTPMBSQIZTJDTLWBTF 40-"3
41"$&
.*44*0/4 3)&44*

IUUQIFTQFSJBHTGDOBTBHPWIFTTJ IUUQIFTTJTTMCFSLFMFZFEV



IUUQXXXXJOEPXTVDBSFEVTQBDFXFBUIFS IUUQXXXFTBTQBDFXFBUIFSOFU

'635)&3
3&"%*/(

"/
"//05"5&%
-*45
0'
#00,4
16#-*4)&%
#&58&&/

"/%
 "TIXBOEFO
.BSLVT
+
1IZTJDT
PG
UIF
4PMBS
$PSPOB
4QSJOHFS
/FX
:PSL
 ѮJT
UFDIOJDBM
CPPL
QSPWJEFT
B
UIPSPVHI
JOUSPEVDUJPO
UP
UIF
TVCKFDU
PG
TPMBS
QIZTJDT
BOE
UIF
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
*U
EJTDVTTFT
PCTFSWBUJPOT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
DPSPOB
BU
SBEJP
9SBZ
BOE
FYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFU
XBWFMFOHUIT
#BTJD
QMBTNB
QIZTJDT
QMBTNB
JOTUBCJMJUJFT
BOE
QMBTNB
IFBUJOH
QSP DFTTFT
BSF
JODMVEFE
XJUIJO
UIF
DPOUFYUT
PG
DPSPOBM
IFBUJOH
BOE
SBEJBUJPO
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT

#POF
/FJM
ѮF
"VSPSB
4VO&BSUI
*OUFSBDUJPOT
+PIO
8JMFZ
BOE
4POT
/FX
:PSL
 "
DPNQMFUF
SFWJFX
PG
BMM
BTQFDUT
PG
UIF
BVSPSB
EFTDSJCJOH
UIF
NFDIBOJTN
PG
BVSPSBT
BOE
UIFJS
PCTFSWBUJPO
JODMVEJOH
UIF
IJTUPSZ
PG
BVSPSB
JOWFTUJHBUJPOT
GSPN
UIF
FBSMJFTU
JEFBT
UP
TDJFOUJêD
JOWFTUJ HBUJPOT
XJUI
TBUFMMJUFT
4PMBS
BDUJWJUZ
&BSUIT
NBHOFUPTQIFSF
BOE
TPMBSUFSSFTUSJBM
JOUFSBDUJPOT
BSF
BMTP
SFWJFXFE

$BSMPXJD[
.JDIBFM
+
BOE
-PQF[
3BNPO
&
4UPSNT
GSPN
UIF
4VO
ѮF
&NFSHJOH
4DJFODF
PG
4QBDF
8FBUIFS
ѮF
+PTFQI
)FOSZ
1SFTT
8BTIJOHUPO
%$
 "O
FYDFMMFOU
QPQVMBS
EJTDVTTJPO
PG
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
BOE
JUT
JNQBDU
PO
PVS
TPDJFUZ
XIJDI
IBT
CFDPNF
JODSFBTJOHMZ
EFQFOEFOU
PO
TQBDFCBTFE
UFDIOPMPHJFT
*U
EFTDSJCFT
UIF
FĒFDUT
PG
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
PO
UIF
&BSUI
JODMVEJOH
EJTSVQUJPO
PG
SBEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT
BOE
EBNBHF
UP
&BSUIPSCJUJOH
TBUFMMJUFT
ѮFSF
BSF
DPMPSGVM
EFTDSJQUJPOT
PG
ESBNBUJD
QBTU
FWFOUT
UIBU
JMMVTUSBUF
UIFTF
FĒFDUT
PG
TQBDF
XFBUIFS

(PMVC
-FPO
BOE
1BTBDIPĒ
+BZ
.
/FBSFTU
4UBS
ѮF
4VSQSJTJOH
4DJFODF
PG
0VS
4VO
)BSWBSE
6OJWFSTJUZ
1SFTT
$BNCSJEHF
.BTTBDIVTFUUT
 "
XFMMXSJUUFO
EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
PVS
DVSSFOU
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
JUT
FĒFDUT
PO
&BSUI
QMBDFE
XJUIJO
CPUI
B
IJTUPSJDBM
BOE
NPEFSO
DPOUFYU
'VOEBNFOUBM
RVFTUJPOT
BSF
JODMVEFE
TVDI
BT
XIZ
EPFT
UIF
4VO
TIJOF
JT
UIF
4VO
B
WBSJBCMF
TUBS
BOE
XIZ
JT
UIF
DPSPOB
TP
IPU

(PMVC
-FPO
BOE
1BTBDIPĒ
+BZ
.
ѮF
4PMBS
$PSPOB
$BNCSJEHF
6OJWFSTJUZ
1SFTT
/FX
:PSL
 "O
BEWBODFE
UFYUCPPL
UIBU
QSFTFOUT
PVS
SFDFOU
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
DPSPOBM
QIZTJDT
XSJUUFO
GPS
HSBEVBUF
BOE
BEWBODFE
VOEFSHSBEVBUF
TUVEFOUT

+PLJQJJ
+
3BOEZ
4POFUU
$IBSMFT
1
BOE
(JBNQBQB
.BSL
4
FEJUPST 
$PTNJD
8JOET
BOE
UIF
)FMJPTQIFSF
ѮF
6OJWFSTJUZ
PG
"SJ[POB
1SFTT
5VDTPO
 "
DPMMFDUJPO
PG

UFDIOJDBM
BSUJDMFT
UIBU
EJTDVTT
UIF
TPMBS
IFMJPTQIFSF
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
UIF
QIZTJDT
PG
XJOE
PSJHJOT
XJOET
GSPN
PUIFS
TUBST
UIF
QIZTJDBM
QSPQFSUJFT
PG
UIF
TPMBS
XJOE
BOE
JOUFSBDUJPOT
PG
XJOET
XJUI
UIF
TVSSPVOEJOH
NFEJVN






4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

-BOH
,FOOFUI
3
ѮF
$BNCSJEHF
&ODZDMPQFEJB
PG
UIF
4VO
$BNCSJEHF
6OJWFSTJUZ
1SFTT
/FX
:PSL
 "
GVOEBNFOUBM
VQUPEBUF
SFGFSFODF
TPVSDF
PG
JOGPSNBUJPO
BCPVU
UIF
4VO
*U
JODMVEFT
UIF
QSPQFS UJFT
PG
UIF
4VO
BT
B
TUBS
BOE
JUT
QMBDF
JO
UIF
(BMBYZ
BOE
UIF
6OJWFSTF
BT
XFMM
BT
UIF
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
TPMBS
ëBSFT
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
UIF
4VOT
XJOET
BOE
TPMBSUFSSFTUSJBM
JOUFSBDUJPOT
/VNFSPVT
UBCMFT
PG
GVOEBNFOUBM
EBUB
BMTP
DPNQMFNFOU
UIF
UFYU

-BOH
,FOOFUI
3
ѮF
4VO
'SPN
4QBDF
4QSJOHFS7FSMBH
/FX
:PSL
 "
DPNQSFIFOTJWF
BDDPVOU
PG
TPMBS
BTUSPQIZTJDT
BOE
IPX
PVS
QFSDFQUJPO
BOE
LOPXMFEHF
PG
UIF
4VO
IBWF
HSBEVBMMZ
DIBOHFE
5JNFMJOFT
BOE
IVOESFET
PG
TFNJOBM
QBQFST
BSF
QSPWJEFE
GPS
LFZ
EJTDPWFSJFT
EVSJOH
UIF
QBTU
UXP
DFOUVSJFT
CVU
UIF
FNQIBTJT
JT
PO
UIF
MBTU
EFDBEF
XIJDI
IBT
TFFO
UISFF
TVDDFTTGVM
TPMBS
TQBDFDSBѫ
NJTTJPOT
40)0
6MZTTFT
BOE
:PILPI
5PHFUIFS
UIFTF
IBWF
DPOêSNFE
NBOZ
BTQFDUT
PG
UIF
4VO
BOE
JUT
PVUQVU
BOE
QSPWJEFE
OFX
DMVFT
UP
UIF
OVNFSPVT
PQFO
RVFTUJPOT
UIBU
SFNBJO
ѮJT
XFMMJMMVTUSBUFE
CPPL
JT
XSJUUFO
JO
B
DMFBS
BOE
DPODJTF
TUZMF
DPWFSJOH
BMM
MFWFMT
GSPN
UIF
BNBUFVS
BTUSPOPNFS
UP
UIF
FYQFSU

-BOH
,FOOFUI
3
"TUSPQIZTJDBM
'PSNVMBF
7PMVNF
*
3BEJBUJPO
(BT
1SPDFTTFT
BOE
)JHI
&OFSHZ
"TUSPQIZTJDT
7PMVNF
**
4QBDF
5JNF
.BUUFS
BOE
$PTNPMPHZ
4QSJOHFS 7FSMBH
/FX
:PSL
 ѮF
UIJSE
FOMBSHFE
FEJUJPO
PG
B
DPNQSFIFOTJWF
XJEFMZ
VTFE
SFGFSFODF
UP
UIF
GVOEBNFOUBM
GPS NVMBF
FNQMPZFE
JO
BTUSPOPNZ
BTUSPQIZTJDT
BOE
HFOFSBM
QIZTJDT
JODMVEJOH
 
GPSNVMBF
BOE
 
SFGFSFODFT
UP
PSJHJOBM
QBQFST
*U
JODMVEFT
BMM
BTQFDUT
PG
BTUSPOPNZ
BOE
BTUSPQIZTJDT
UIBU
BSF
SFMFWBOU
UP
TUVEJFT
PG
UIF
4VO

-BOH
,FOOFUI
3
4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ
4QSJOHFS7FSMBH
/FX
:PSL
 ѮF
êSTU
FEJUJPO
PG
UIJT
CPPL
*U
JOUSPEVDFT
UIF
4VO
JUT
QIZTJDT
BOE
JUT
JNQBDU
PO
MJGF
IFSF
PO
&BSUI
XSJUUFO
JO
B
MJHIU
BOE
GSJFOEMZ
TUZMF
XJUI
BQU
NFUBQIPST
TJNJMFT
BOE
BOBMPHJFT
QPFUSZ
BSU
IJT UPSZ
BOE
WJHOFUUFT
PG
TDJFOUJTUT
BU
XPSL

4DISJKWFS
$BSPMVT
+
BOE
;XBBO
$PSOFMJVT
4PMBS
BOE
4UFMMBS
.BHOFUJD
"DUJWJUZ
$BN CSJEHF
6OJWFSTJUZ
1SFTT
/FX
:PSL
 "
DPNQSFIFOTJWF
SFWJFX
BOE
TZOUIFTJT
PG
PVS
DVSSFOU
VOEFSTUBOEJOH
PG
UIF
PSJHJO
FWPMVUJPO
BOE
FĒFDUT
PG
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
JO
UIF
4VO
BOE
PUIFS
DPPM
TUBST
4PMBS
UPQJDT
JODMVEF
TPMBS
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
BOE
NFSJEJPOBM
ëPX
TPMBS
NBHOFUJD
DPOêHVSBUJPOT
BOE
TUSVDUVSF
UIF
HMPCBM
TPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME
UIF
TPMBS
EZOBNP
BOE
UIF
TPMBS
BUNPTQIFSF

"VUIPS
*OEFY

"CCPUU
$IBSMFT
(SFFMFZ
¢
 "EIÊNBS
+PTFQI
"MQIPOTF
¢
 "MGWÊO
)BOOFT
¢
 "MJHIJFSJ
%BOUF
¢
 "OEFSTPO
$BSM
%
¢

 ªOHTUSÕN
"OEFST
+POBT
¢
 "QQMFUPO
&EXBSE
m
 "SJTUPUMF
¢
#$

 "SSIFOJVT
4WBOUF
"VHVTU
¢


 "TUPO
'SBODJT
8
¢
 #BCDPDL
)PSBDF
8
¢

 #BIDBMM
+PIO
/
¢


 #BJMFZ
'SBODJT
¢


 #BMNFS
+PIBOO
¢

 #BSUFMT
+VMJVT
¢

 #FMMBZ
+PBDIJN
EV
¢

 #FUIF
)BOT
"
¢




 #JFSNBOO
-VEXJH
'SBO[
¢



 #JSLFMBOE
,SJTUJBO
¢



 #PIS
/JFMT
¢

 #PVSEJMMPO
'SBODJT
8JMMJBN
¢

 #SBVO
%PVHMBT
¢

 #SBVO
,BSM
'FSEJOBOE
¢
 #SPXOJOH
3PCFSU
¢

 #VDIMJ
+BNFT
¢


 #VOTFO
3PCFSU
8JMMJBN
¢

 #VTI
(FPSHF
8
¢

 $BSSJOHUPO
3JDIBSE
$
¢




 $FMTJVT
"OEFST
¢

 $IBEXJDL
+BNFT
¢

 $IBNCFSMJO
ѮPNBT
$ISPXEFS
¢
 $IBQNBO
4ZEOFZ
¢

 $IFSFOLPW
1BWFM
"
¢

 $ISJDIUPO
.JDIBFM
¢

 $IVQQ
&EXBSE
-
¢

 $IVSDI
'SFEFSJD
¢
 $PNQUPO
"SUIVS
)
¢
 $PPL
$BQUBJO
+BNFT
¢
 $PXBO
$MZEF
-
¢

 $SJUDIêFME
$IBSMFT
¢
 

$SPMM
+BNFT
¢
 $SVU[FO
1BVM
+
¢

 %BWJT
3BZNPOE
+S
¢



 %F
#PSU
-FPO
1IJMJQQF
5FJTTFSFOD
¢
 %F
.BJSBO
+BDRVFT
%0SUPVT
¢
 %FMBVOBZ
3PCFSU
¢

 %FTDBSUFT
3FOF
¢
 %FTMBOESFT
)FOSJ
¢



 %FVCOFS
'SBO[-VEXJH
¢

 %JSBD
1BVM
"ESJFO
.BVSJDF
i1".u
¢

 %PCTPO
(PSEPO
.JMMFS
#PVSOF
i(.#u
¢


 %PQQMFS
$ISJTUJBO
+PIBOO
¢


 %V
#FMMBZ
+PBDIJN
¢

 %VWBMM
ѮPNBT
-
+S
¢

 &EEJOHUPO
"SUIVS
4UBOMFZ
¢

 &EEZ
+PIO
"
i+BDLu
¢

 &EMÊO
#FOHU
¢


 &JOTUFJO
"MCFSU
¢

 &MJPU
5
4
¢
 &NFSTPO
3BMQI
8BMEP
¢
 &WFSTIFE
+PIO
¢

 'BISFOIFJU
(BCSJFM
%BOJFM
¢
 'FSNJ
&OSJDP
¢

 'FSSBSP
7JODFOU
¢
 'PSCVTI
4DPUU
¢
 'PVLBM
1FUFS
7
¢

 'PVSJFS
+PTFQI
+FBO
#BQUJTUF
¢

 'PXMFS
8JMMJBN
"
i8JMMZu
¢
 'SBVOIPGFS
+PTFQI
WPO
¢



 'SB[JFS
&EXBSE
/
¢


 'SJFENBO
)FSCFSU
¢
 'SJFESJDI
$BTQBS
%BWJE
¢

 'SJJT$ISJTUFOTFO
&JHJM
¢

 'SJU[
)FSNBO
¢
 'SPTU
3PCFSU
¢

 (BMJMFJ
(BMJMFP
¢


 (BNPX
(FPSHF
¢





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

(BVTT
,BSM
'SJFESJDI
¢

 (JBDDPOJ
3JDDBBSEP
¢

 (JMCFSU
8JMMJBN
¢
 (JO[CVSH
7JUBMJJ
-
¢

 (MBTIPX
4IFMEPO
¢

 (PME
ѮPNBT
¢
 (PMEJOH
8JMMJBN
¢
 (PTMJOH
+PIO
5
i+BDLu
¢

 (SBIBN
(FPSHF
¢
 (SJCPW
7MBEJNJS
¢
 (SPUSJBO
8BMUFS
¢


 )BEMFZ
(FPSHF
¢
 )BMF
(FPSHF
&MMFSZ
¢




 )BSLOFTT
8JMMJBN
¢
 )BZT
+BNFT
%
¢

 )FBWJTJEF
0MJWFS
¢
 )FMNIPMU[
)FSNBOO
WPO
¢
 )FSTDIFM
+PIO
¢
 )FSTDIFM
8JMMJBN
¢

 )FTT
7JDUPS
¢


 )PEHTPO
3JDIBSE
¢

 )PXBSE
3PCFSU
i#PCu
¢

 )PZMF
'SFE
¢

 )VETPO
)VHI
4
¢

 )VNCPMEU
#BSPO
"MFYBOEFS
WPO
¢
 *NCSJF
+PIO
¢

 *OIPGF
+BNFT
.
¢

 +BOTTFO
1JFSSF
+VMFT
$ÊTBS
i1+$u
¢

 +PIOTPO
.BOVFM
+PIO
¢
 +PZDF
+BNFT
¢
 ,BIO
'SBO[
%BOJFM
i'
%u
¢
 ,FFMJOH
$IBSMFT
¢


 ,FOOFMMZ
"SUIVS
&
¢
 ,FQMFS
+PIBOOFT
¢
 ,JSDIIPĒ
(VTUBW
3PCFSU
¢



 ,PTIJCB
.BTBUPTIJ
¢



 ,PTPWJDIFW
"MFYBOEFS
(
i4BTIBu
¢

 -B#POUF
#BSSZ
¢

 -BOF
+POBUIBO
)PNFS
¢
 -BTTFO
,OVE
¢

 -FBO
+VEJUI
¢

 -FJCBDIFS
+PIO
¢

 -FJHIUPO
3PCFSU
¢




 -JO
3PCFSU
1
i#PCu
¢

 -JOETFZ
$IBSMFT
¢

 -PDLZFS
+PTFQI
/PSNBO
¢


 -PPNJT
&MJBT
¢
 -PSFOU[
)FOESJL
¢



-PVJT
9*7
i4VO
,JOHu
¢
 -PWFMPDL
+BNFT
¢

 -VEXJH
(FPSHF
)
¢

 -ZPU
#FSOBSE
¢


 .BSDPOJ
(VHMJFMNP
¢
 .BSHVMJT
-ZOO
¢

 .BSUZO
%BWJE
'
¢
 .BVOEFS
&
8BMUFS
¢





 .D$BOEMFTT
#SVDF
**
¢

 .D%POBME
"SUIVS
%
i"SUu
¢


 .D*MXBJO
$BSM
&
¢

 .FMWJMMF
)FSNBO
¢

 .JLIFZFW
4UBOJTMBW
1
¢


 .JMBOLPWJUDI
.JMVUJO
¢

 .JMMJLBO
3PCFSU
¢
 .JSÓ
+PBO
¢



 .PMJOB
.BSJP
¢




 .POFU
$MBVEF
¢



 /BOTFO
'SJEUKPG
¢

 /BTNZUI
+BNFT
¢
 /JFU[TDIF
'SJFESJDI
¢

 /PCFM
"MGSFE
¢
 /PZFT
3PCFSU
8
¢


 1BSLFS
&VHFOF
¢





 1BVMJ
8PMGHBOH
¢



 1BXTFZ
+PTFQI
-
¢
 1BZOF
$FDJMJB
)
¢
 1FSM
.BSUJO
-
¢

 1FSSJO
+FBO
#BQUJTUF
¢

 1FUFSTPO
%POBME
)
¢

 1FUTDIFDL
)BSSZ
&
¢
 1POUFDPSWP
#SVOP
¢
 2VFFO
&MJ[BCFUI
*
¢
 3BNBUZ
3FVWFO
¢
 3BNTBZ
8JMMJBN
¢

 3FJOFT
'SFEFSJDL
¢



 3FNFL
7MBEJNJS
¢



 3FWFMMF
3PHFS
¢

 3JUUFS
+PIBOO
8JMIFMN
¢
 3PCFSUT
8BMUFS
0SS
¢
 3ÕOUHFO
8JMIFMN
,POSBE
¢
 3PTDPF
)FOSZ
&OêFME
m
 3PXMBOE
'
4IFSXPPE
¢




 3VTTFMM
.PSHBO
¢
 3VUIFSGPSE
&SOFTU
¢


 4BCJOF
$PMPOFM
&EXBSE
¢

 4BMBN
"CEVT
¢
 4DIBU[NBO
&WSZ
¢

 4DIPUU
(FPSHF
"
¢
 4DIXBCF
4BNVFM
)FJOSJDI
¢








"VUIPS
*OEFY


4DIXBS[TDIJME
.BSUJO
¢
 4FDDIJ
1JFUSP
"OHFMP
¢
 4IBDLMFUPO
/JDIPMBT
+
i/JDLu
¢

 4JNPO
(FPSHF
8
¢


 4NJSOPW
"MFYFJ
:
¢



 4QÕSFS
(VTUBW
¢




 4UFJO
3PCFSU
'
¢

 4UFWFOT
8BMMBDF
¢

 4UPOFZ
(FPSHF
+PIOTUPOF
¢
 4U‘SNFS
$BSM
¢

 4USÕNHSFO
#FOHU
¢
 4VFTT
)BOT
¢

 4XFFU
1FUFS
"
¢
 5FTMB
/JLPMB
¢


 ѮPNTPO
+PTFQI
+PIO
i+
+u
¢
 ѮPNTPO
8JMMJBN
i-PSE
,FMWJOu
¢


 5PUTVLB
:PKJ
¢


 5SJFNBO
4BN
#BSE
¢
 5VSDL$IJÍ[F
4ZMWBJOF
¢


 5VSOFS
+PTFQI
.BMMPSE
8JMMJBN
¢





5ZOEBMM
+PIO
¢


 6MSJDI
3PHFS
¢

 6QEJLF
+PIO
¢


 6SFZ
)BSPME
$MBZUPO
¢
 7BO
"MMFO
+BNFT
"
¢





 7BO
(PHI
7JODFOU
¢

 8FCCFS
"OESFX
-MPZE
¢

 8FJOCFSH
4UFWFO
¢

 8FJ[TBDLFS
$BSM
'SJFESJDI
WPO
¢

 8JMMTPO
3JDIBSE
$
¢

 8PMG
+PIBOO
3VEPMG
¢
 8PMGFOTUFJO
-JODPMO
¢


 8PMMBTUPO
8JMMJBN
)ZEF
¢
 :PVOH
$IBSMFT
"
¢
 ;BSBUIVTUSB
BCPVU

#$
(SFFL
;PSPBTUFS
 ;FFNBO
1JFUFS
¢

 ;IBP
+VOXFJ
¢



4VCKFDU
*OEFY

"CTPMVUF
UFNQFSBUVSF
 "CTPMVUF
[FSP
 "CTPSQUJPO
MJOFT

 "CVOEBODF
PG
FMFNFOUT
JO
4VO

 "$&
TFF
"EWBODFE
$PNQPTJUJPO
&YQMPSFS "DPVTUJD
XBWFT
 "$3*.
 "DUJWF
$BWJUZ
3BEJPNFUFS
*SSBEJBODF
.POJ UPS
 "DUJWF
SFHJPO

 "DUJWFSFHJPO
CFMUT
 "EWBODFE
$PNQPTJUJPO
&YQMPSFS

 "HF
&BSUI
 ‡
4VO


 "MGWÊO
XBWFT

 ‡
QPMBS
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
 "MQIB
QBSUJDMF
 ‡
IFMJVN
OVDMFJ
 "MUBNBIB
SJWFS
EFMUB
(FPSHJB
 "OOJIJMBUJPO
PG
FMFDUSPOT
BOE
QPTJUSPOT
 "OUJFMFDUSPO
 "OUJNBUUFS
 "OUJQBSUJDMF
PG
FMFDUSPO
 "QQMFUPO
MBZFST
JPOPTQIFSF
 "TUSPOBVU
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
IB[BSE
 "TUSPOPNJDBM
VOJU

 "UNPTQIFSF
m
 ‡
CVJMEVQ
PG
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF

 ‡
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF

 ‡
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT
 ‡
QSFTTVSF
 ‡
4VO
 ‡
UFNQFSBUVSF
 ‡
WBSJBCMF
TPMBS
IFBUJOH
 "UPNT

 "6
 "VSPSB
m
 ‡
BOE
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT

 ‡
BOE
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
PG
NBHOFUPUBJM
 ‡
BOE
VQQFS
BUNPTQIFSF
 ‡
QBSUJDMFT
 "VSPSB
BVTUSBMJT

 "VSPSB
CPSFBMJT
m "VSPSB
PWBM



 #BJMZT
CFBET
 #BMNFS
MJOFT
 

#BMNFS
TFSJFT
 #FOBSE
DPOWFDUJPO
 #FUB
EFDBZ
m
 #FUB
QBSUJDMFT
 ‡
FMFDUSPOT
 #JPTQIFSF
 #JQPMBS
QBJST
PG
TVOTQPUT
 #PIS
BUPN

 #PSPO
OFVUSJOPT
 #PX
TIPDL


 ‡
TUFMMBS
 #SFNTTUSBIMVOH
 ‡
TPMBS
ëBSFT

 #VSTU
 #VUUFSëZ
EJBHSBN

 $BMDJVN
)
BOE
,
MJOFT
DISPNPTQIFSF

 $BMDJVN
NBHOFUJD
OFUXPSL
 $BOPQZ
NBHOFUJD
 $BSCPO
DZDMF
 $BSCPO
EJPYJEF
 ‡
BUNPTQIFSF
JODSFBTF

 ‡
HSFFOIPVTF
HBT
 ‡
JDF
BHFT

 $BUBSBDUT
BOE
P[POF
EFQMFUJPO
 $FMTJVT
EFHSFFT

 $'$T
 $(30
TFF
$PNQUPO
(BNNB
3BZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ $IBSHFE
DVSSFOU
SFBDUJPO
 $IBSHFE
QBSUJDMFT
 $IFSFOLPW
MJHIU
 $IFSFOLPW
SBEJBUJPO


 $IMPSJOF
FYQFSJNFOU
 $IMPSPëVPSPDBSCPOT
 $ISPNPTQIFSF

 ‡
DBMDJVN
)
BOE
,

 ‡
êMBNFOUT

m
 ‡
IZESPHFO
BMQIB
FNJTTJPO
 ‡
NBHOFUJD
OFUXPSL
 ‡
OFUXPSL
 ‡
QMBHF
 ‡
UFNQFSBUVSF

 ‡
TQJDVMFT
 $MJNBUF
 $MPVET
BOE
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
 $.&
4FF
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO $0
4FF
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF




4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

$PMPST
 $PNFUT
TPMBS
XJOE

 $PNNVOJDBUJPO
TBUFMMJUFT
EJTBCMFE
CZ
TQBDF
XFBUIFS

 $PNQPTJUJPO
TUBST
 ‡
4VO
 $PNQUPO
(BNNB
3BZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ


 $POUJOFOUBM
ESJѫ
 $POUJOVPVT
TQFDUSVN
 $POUJOVVN
 $POWFDUJPO

 $POWFDUJWF
[POF


 ‡
EFQUI
 ‡
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
 $PQVTDVMBS
SBEJBUJPO
 $PSPOB


 ‡
EJNNJOH
 ‡
FYQBOTJPO
 ‡
HSFFO
FNJTTJPO
MJOF
 ‡
IFBUJOH
m ‡
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
 ‡
NJMMJPOEFHSFF
UFNQFSBUVSF
m ‡
TUSVDUVSF

 ‡
UFNQFSBUVSF
 $PSPOBHSBQI


 $PSPOBM
EJNNJOH
 $PSPOBM
HSFFO
MJOF
 $PSPOBM
IFBUJOH
m ‡
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
 ‡
NBHOFUJD
XBWFT
 ‡
OBOPëBSFT
PS
NJDSPëBSFT
 $PSPOBM
IPMFT
m
 ‡
GBTU
IFBWZ
JPOT
 ‡
PSJHJO
PG
GBTU
TPMBS
XJOE

 $PSPOBM
MPPQT
m
 ‡
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO

 $PSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO




m
 ‡
BOE
BVSPSBT

 ‡
BOE
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
 ‡
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT

 ‡
IBMP
 ‡
JOUFOTF
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT

 ‡
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TIPDLT
 ‡
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
 ‡
QSFEJDUJPO
m ‡
TJ[F
 ‡
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
 ‡
45&3&0
NJTTJPO
 $PSPOBM
TUSFBNFS
 ‡
PSJHJO
PG
TMPX
TPMBS
XJOE

 $PSPOBM
USBOTJFOU
 $PSPOJVN

 $PSQVTDVMBS
SBEJBUJPO
 $PTNJD
SBZT

 ‡
BDDFMFSBUJPO
JO
TVQFSOPWBF
 ‡
BOE
FMFWFO
ZFBS
DZDMF
PG
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
 ‡
BOE
7BO
"MMFO
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
 ‡
EJTDPWFSZ



$VSSFOU
TIFFU
 $VSSFOUT
BVSPSB
PWBM
 $VTQ
9SBZ

 %
MBZFS
 %FOTJUZ
 %FQUI
PG
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
 %FTFSUT
 %FVUFSJVN
 %FVUFSPO
 %JĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
 ‡
BOE
TVOTQPUT
 ‡
QIPUPTQIFSF
 ‡
4VO
 %JQPMF
 %JTQBSJUJPO
CSVTRVF

 %JTUBODF
4VO
 %PQQMFS
FĒFDU


 %PQQMFS
TIJѫ
 %PQQMFSHSBN
 %ZOBNP


 ‡
TPMBS

 &
MBZFS
 &BSUI
 ‡
BHF
 ‡
BUNPTQIFSF
m ‡
CPX
TIPDL

 ‡
EJQPMF
NBHOFUJD
êFME

 ‡
GBUF
 ‡
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH

m
 ‡
HSFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
m ‡
NBHOFUPUBJM
 ‡
UFNQFSBUVSF

 ‡
7BO
"MMFO
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
m ‡
WJFX
GSPN
TQBDF
 &BSUI
3BEJBUJPO
#VEHFU
SBEJPNFUFS
 &MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO
 &MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
TQFDUSVN


 &MFDUSPNBHOFUJD
XBWFT
 &MFDUSPO
 &MFDUSPO
OFVUSJOP

 &MFDUSPO
WPMU

 &MFDUSPOQPTJUSPO
BOOJIJMBUJPO
TPMBS
ëBSFT
 &MFDUSPOT
GSPN
TPMBS
ëBSFT
m &MFDUSPXFBL
UIFPSZ
 &MFNFOUT
 ‡
TZOUIFTJT
JOTJEF
TUBST
 &MFWFOZFBS
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
m &NJTTJPO
MJOFT
DISPNPTQIFSF
 &OFSHFUJD
QSPUPO
FWFOU
 &OFSHZ
OVDMFBS
 ‡
PG
NBTT
 ‡
QIPUPO
 ‡
TVCBUPNJD
 &OFSHZHFOFSBUJOH
DPSF

 &3#
 &SVQUJOH
êMBNFOU
m &SVQUJOH
QSPNJOFODF



m



F7
4FF
FMFDUSPO
WPMU &WFSTIFE
FĒFDU

 &YPTQIFSF
 &YUSFNF
VMUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO
 '
MBZFS
 'BDVMBF


 'BISFOIFJU
 'BISFOIFJU
EFHSFFT
 'BJOUZPVOH4VO
QBSBEPY


 'BTU
TPMBS
XJOE


 'BUF
&BSUI
 ‡
4VO
m 'JCSJMT

 'JMBNFOU

 'JWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT

 ‡
BOE
TPMBS
JOUFSJPS
 ‡
QIPUPTQIFSF
 'MBSF
 ‡
4FF
BMTP
TPMBS
ëBSF 'MBSF
MPPQT
 'MBTI
TQFDUSVN
 'PPUQPJOU
 'PSCJEEFO
MJOFT

 'PSFDBTU
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
 'SBVOIPGFS
BCTPSQUJPO
MJOFT

 'SBVOIPGFS
MJOFT
 'SFF
FMFDUSPO
 'SFRVFODZ

 'VTJPO
 ("--&9
 ("--&9
TFF
(BMMJVN
FYQFSJNFOU (BMMJVN

 (BMMJVN
FYQFSJNFOU
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP

EFUFDUPS

 (BMMJVN
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ

 (BNNB
SBZT
 ‡
JNBHF
PG
TPMBS
ëBSF

 ‡
TPMBS
ëBSFT
m (BNNBSBZ
SBEJBUJPO
 (BT
QSFTTVSF

 (FOFSBM
ѮFPSZ
PG
3FMBUJWJUZ
BOE
TPMBS

PCMBUFOFTT
 (FPNBHOFUJD
êFME
 (FPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
m
 ‡
BOE
TVOTQPU
DZDMF
 ‡
FMFWFOZFBS
TPMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
 ‡
JOUFOTF

 ‡
SFDVSSFOU
 (MBDJFST
TISJOLJOH
 (MPCBM
0TDJMMBUJPO
/FUXPSL
(SPVQ
 (MPCBM
XBSNJOH

m
 ‡
BOE
DMPVET
 ‡
BOE
PDFBOT
 ‡
DVSSFOU

 ‡
GVUVSF
DPOTFRVFODFT
 ‡
,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM
 ‡
NFMUJOH
QFSNBGSPTU


4VCKFDU
*OEFY




(MPCBM
XBSNJOH
QSFWFOUJWF
MFHJTMBUJPO

 ‡
SJTJOH
TFB
MFWFMT

 ‡
TISJOLJOH
HMBDJFST
 ‡
TJHOT

 ‡
UISFBU
 ‡
VODFSUBJO
DPNQVUBUJPOT
 (/0
TFF
(BMMJVN
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ (SBEVBM
QIBTF
TPMBS
ëBSFT

 (SBOVMBUJPO



 (SBOVMF

 (SBWJUBUJPOBM
DPOUSBDUJPO
 (SFFOIPVTF
FĒFDU
 ‡
OBUVSBM
 ‡
ZPVOH
&BSUI

 (SFFOIPVTF
HBTFT

 ‡
JDF
BHFT

 )
BOE
,
MJOFT
 )BEMFZ
DFMMT
 )BMFT
MBX
PG
TVOTQPU
QPMBSJUZ

 )BSE
9SBZT
 )FBUJOH
DISPNPTQIFSF
 ‡
DPSPOB
m )FBUUSBQQJOH
HBTFT

 ‡
JDF
BHFT

 )FBWJTJEF
MBZFS
JPOPTQIFSF
 )FBWZ
XBUFS

 ‡
OFVUSJOP
SFBDUJPOT
 )FMJPQBVTF
 )FMJPQPMJT
 )FMJPTFJTNPMPHZ

 )FMJPTIFBUI

 )FMJPTQIFSF



 )FMJVN
 ‡
EJTDPWFSZ
JO
4VO


 ‡
EJTDPWFSZ
PO
&BSUI

 ‡
NBTT
 )FMJVN
CVSOJOH
 )FMJVN
OVDMFVT
 )FMNFU
TUFBNFST


 )JHITQFFE
TUSFBN
 )PNFTUBLF
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS



 )VCCMF
4QBDF
5FMFTDPQF

 )ZESPHFO
 ‡
NPTU
BCVOEBOU
FMFNFOU
 )ZESPHFOBMQIB
ëBSF
SJCCPOT
 )ZESPHFOBMQIB
MJOF
 )ZESPHFOBMQIB
4VO
 )ZESPHFO
CVSOJOH
 )ZESPHFO
OVDMFVT
 *DF
BHFT

 ‡
BOE
EJTUSJCVUJPO
PG
TVOMJHIU
 ‡
BTUSPOPNJDBM
DZDMFT
 ‡
DBSCPO
EJPYJEF

 ‡
DBVTF
 ‡
HSFFOIPVTF
HBTFT

 ‡
NFUIBOF






4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

*DF
DBQT
EJTBQQFBSBODF
 *DF
DPSFT
 *NQVMTJWF
ëBSF
 *NQVMTJWF
QIBTF
TPMBS
ëBSFT

 *OGSBSFE
SBEJBUJPO
 *OUFSGFSPNFUSZ
 *OUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NBHOFUJD
êFME
 *OUFSTUFMMBS
XJOE
 *OWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPO

 *POJ[BUJPO
 *POPTQIFSF
m
 ‡
BOE
BVSPSB
 ‡
BOE
SBEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
 *SSBEJBODF
 ,
PS
‚,
 ,BNJPLB
-JRVJE
TDJOUJMMBUPS
"OUJ/FVUSJOP
%FUFD UPS
,BN-"/%
 ,BNJPLBOEF
TPMBS
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS


 ,BN-"/%
 ,FMWJO
 ,FMWJO
UFNQFSBUVSF
TDBMF
 ,F7
 ,PEBJLBOBM
0CTFSWBUPSZ
*OEJB
 ,ZPUP
1SPUPDPM
 -BUJUVEF
 -FQUPOT
 -JHIU
 -JHIU
FMFNFOU
 -JNC
 -JUUMF
*DF
"HF
 --
0SJPOJT
 -VNJOPTJUZ
4VO

 -VOJL

 -VYPS
 .BHOFUJD
DBOPQZ
 .BHOFUJD
DBSQFU

 .BHOFUJD
êFME
 ‡
BNQMJêDBUJPO

 ‡
DPSPOB
 ‡
&BSUI

 ‡
JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
TQBDF
 ‡
QIPUPTQIFSF
m ‡
QMBOFUT
 ‡
TPMBS
EJQPMBS
 ‡
TPMBS
XJOE
 ‡
TVOTQPUT
 .BHOFUJD
êFME
MJOFT

 .BHOFUJD
MPPQT
m .BHOFUJD
OFUXPSL
 ‡
DISPNPTQIFSF
 .BHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
 ‡
DPSPOBM
IFBUJOH
 ‡
DPSPOBM
MPPQT

 ‡
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
 ‡
&BSUIT
NBHOFUPUBJM

 ‡
TPMBS
ëBSFT
m

.BHOFUJD
TUPSN
 .BHFOUJD
XBWFT
 .BHOFUJD
XBWFT
QPMBS
DPSPOBM
IPMFT
 .BHOFUJTN
 .BHOFUPHSBN



 .BHOFUPHSBQI
 .BHOFUPQBVTF
 .BHOFUPTQIFSF


 .BHOFUPUBJM

 ‡
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO

 .BSJOFS
**
 .BST
 .BTT
FOFSHZ
 ‡
IFMJVN
 ‡
OFVUSJOPT
 ‡
QSPUPO
 ‡
4VO
 .BTT&OFSHZ
FRVJWBMFODF
 .BTT
TQFDUSPHSBQI
 .BVOEFS
NJOJNVN


 .D.BUI
TPMBS
UFMFTDPQF
 .FSJEJPOBM
ëPX
 .FSJEJPOBM
PTDJMMBUJPO
 .FUIBOF

 ‡
JDF
BHFT

 .JDSPëBSFT
 .JMBOLPWJUDI
DZDMFT

 .PEFM
TPMBS
ëBSF

 .POUSFBM
1SPUPDPM
 .PUJPO
WFMPDJUZ
 .PVOU
8JMTPO
0CTFSWBUPSZ
GPPU
UPXFS
UFMF TDPQF
 .48
FĒFDU

 .VPO
OFVUSJOPT
 /BOPëBSFT
 ‡
DPSPOBM
IFBUJOH
 /FHBUJWF
IZESPHFO
JPO
 /FUXPSL
NBHOFUJD


 /FVUSBM
DVSSFOU
SFBDUJPO
 /FVUSBM
MJOF
PS
SFHJPO
 /FVUSJOP



 ‡
FMFDUSPO
 ‡
NBTT
 ‡
NVPO
 ‡
UBV
 /FVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS
4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF

 /FVUSJOP
EFUFDUPST
 /FVUSJOP
PTDJMMBUJPO




 /FVUSJOPT
 ‡
BOE
DPTNJD
SBZT
 ‡
CPSPO
 ‡
EJTDPWFSZ
PO
&BSUI
 ‡
ëBWPST
 ‡
GSPN
OVDMFBS
SFBDUPS
 ‡
GSPN
QBSUJDMF
BDDFMFSBUPST
 ‡
GSPN
TVQFSOPWB
FYQMPTJPO
4/
"
 ‡
JO
BUNPTQIFSF

 ‡
NFBTVSFE
ëVY
GSPN
4VO
m


/FVUSJOPT
QSPUPOQSPUPO
SFBDUJPO

 ‡
TPMBS

m /FVUSPO

 ‡
TPMBS
ëBSFT

 /FVUSPODBQUVSF
MJOF
HBNNB
SBZT
 /FX
(VJOFB
 /JUSPVT
PYJEF
 /POUIFSNBM
QBSUJDMF
 /POUIFSNBM
SBEJBUJPO
 ‡
TPMBS
ëBSFT

 /PSUIFSO
MJHIUT
m
 /VDMFBS
EFFYDJUBUJPO
HBNNB
SBZT
 /VDMFBS
FOFSHZ

 /VDMFBS
GPSDF
 /VDMFBS
GVTJPO

 /VDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
TPMBS
ëBSFT
m /VDMFBS
SFBDUPS
OFVUSJOPT
 /VDMFPTZOUIFTJT
PG
FMFNFOUT
JO
TUBST
 /VDMFVT
 ‡
PG
BUPN
 0CMBUFOFTT
4VO

 0DFBOT
BOE
HMPCBM
XBSNJOH
 ‡
PSJHJO
 0JM
EFQMFUJPO
 0QUJDBM
SBEJBUJPO
 0QUJDBM
TQFDUSVN
 0QUJDT
 0SJHJO
CMVF
TLZ
 ‡
PDFBOT
 ‡
PG
FMFNFOUT
JO
4VO
 ‡
TPMBS
XJOE
m 0TDJMMBUJPO
BUNPTQIFSJD
NVPO
OFVUSJOPT
 ‡
OFVUSJOP



 ‡
TPMBS
FMFDUSPO
OFVUSJOPT

 040



 0YZHFO
DZDMF
 0[POF

 ‡
HSPVOEMFWFM
 ‡
IPMF
m
 ‡
MBZFS

 ‡
QSPEVDUJPO
CZ
TPMBS
VMUSBWJPMFU

SBEJBUJPO
 0[POF
EFQMFUJPO

 ‡
BOE
DBUBSBDUT
 ‡
BOE
TLJO
DBODFS
 ‡
.POUSFBM
1SPUPDPM
 ‡
QSFWFOUJWF
MFHJTMBUJPO
 0[POF
IPMF
m
 0[POF
MBZFS

 1
TBUFMMJUF
 1BJS
BOOJIJMBUJPO
 1FOVNCSB
 1IPUPO
 1IPUPO
FOFSHZ



 1IPUPOT
 1IPUPTQIFSF

 ‡
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO


4VCKFDU
*OEFY
1IPUPTQIFSF
GBDVMBF
 ‡
êWFNJOVUF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
 ‡
HSBOVMBUJPO



 ‡
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
m ‡
NBHOFUJD
OFUXPSL
 ‡
NBHOFUPHSBNT

 ‡
NPTU
BCVOEBOU
FMFNFOUT
 ‡
PTDJMMBUJPOT

 ‡
TVOTQPUT
m
 ‡
UFNQFSBUVSF
 1IPUPTZOUIFTJT

 1MBHF

 1MBOFUBSZ
OFCVMB
 1MBOFUT
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
 1MBTNB



 1PMBSJUZ
 1PMBSJ[BUJPO
 1PMPJEBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
 1PTJUSPO

 ‡
TPMBS
ëBSFT

 1PTUëBSF
MPPQT


 1PXFS
HSJET
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
EJTBCMF
 1SFEJDUJPO
TPMBS
ëBSFT
m 1SPKFDU
1PMUFSHFJTU
 1SPNJOFODF

 ‡
FSVQUJOH
m 1SPUPO


 ‡
GSPN
TPMBS
ëBSFT
m ‡
NBTT
 1SPUPOQSPUPO
DIBJO


 1SPUPOQSPUPO
SFBDUJPO

 ‡
OFVUSJOPT

 2VBESVQPMF
NPNFOU
4VO
 2VBOUVN
NFDIBOJDT
 2VBOUVN
UIFPSZ
 2VBSLT
 2VJFTDFOU
QSPNJOFODF




 3BEJBUJPO

4FF
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO 3BEJBUJPO
CFMUT
m
 3BEJBUJWF
[POF


 3BEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
EJTSVQUFE
CZ
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
 ‡
JPOPTQIFSF
 3BEJP
SBEJBUJPO


 3BEJP
XBWFT
 3BEJPBDUJWF
EBUJOH
 3BEJPBDUJWJUZ



 3BEJVT
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
 ‡
4VO
 3BJO
GPSFTUT
 3BNBUZ
)JHI
&OFSHZ
4PMBS
4QFDUSPTDPQJD
*NBHFS




 3FDVSSFOU
HFPNBHOFUJD
TUPSNT
 3FTPMVUJPO
PQUJDBM
UFMFTDPQF
 3)&44*




 3PUBUJPO
 ‡
4VO









4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

4"(&
TFF
4PWJFU
"NFSJDBO
(BMMJVN
&YQFSJNFOU 4BUFMMJUFT
EJTBCMFE
CZ
TQBDF
XFBUIFS

 ‡
UISFBU
PG
4PVUI
"UMBOUJD
"OPNBMZ
 ‡
UISFBU
PG
7BO
"MMFO
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
 4DJOUJMMBUJPO
 4FB
MFWFM
SJTJOH

 4FBTPOT


 4FFJOH

 4FWFOUI
0SCJUJOH
4PMBS
0CTFSWBUPSZ
TFF
040
 4IJOUPJTN
 4IPDL
XBWF
 ‡
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPO
 4JHNPJE
 4LJO
DBODFS
BOE
P[POF
EFQMFUJPO
 4LZ
PSJHJO
 4LZMBC







 4MPX
TPMBS
XJOE


 4..
4FF
4PMBS
.BYJNVN
.JTTJPO 4NPH
HSPVOEMFWFM
[POF
 4/0
TFF
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ 4/6
 4Pѫ
9SBZT
 40)0



















 4PMBS
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
 ‡
WBSJBCMF
BUNPTQIFSJD
IFBUJOH
 40MBS
BOE
)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ


















 4PMBS
BUNPTQIFSF

 4PMBS
DPOTUBOU



 ‡
WBSJBUJPOT
 4PMBS
DPSF
 4PMBS
DZDMF
 4PMBS
EJTL
UFNQFSBUVSF
 4PMBS
EZOBNP
NPEFM

 4PMBS
FDMJQTF


 4PMBS
FOFSHFUJD
QBSUJDMF
 4PMBS
ëBSFT



m
 ‡
BDDFMFSBUFE
QBSUJDMFT
m ‡
BOE
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
 ‡
CSFNTTUSBIMVOH

 ‡
FMFDUSPOQPTJUSPO
BOOJIJMBUJPO
MJOF
 ‡
FMFDUSPOT
m ‡
HBNNB
SBZT
m ‡
HBNNBSBZ
JNBHF

 ‡
HSBEVBM
QIBTF

 ‡
IZESPHFOBMQIB
SJCCPOT
 ‡
JNQVMTJWF
QIBTF

 ‡
NBHOFUJD
SFDPOOFDUJPO
m ‡
NPEFM

 ‡
OFVUSPODBQUVSF
MJOF
 ‡
OFVUSPOT

 ‡
OPOUIFSNBM
SBEJBUJPO

 ‡
OVDMFBS
SFBDUJPOT
m ‡
QPTUëBSF
MPPQT
 ‡
QSFEJDUJPO
m ‡
QSPUPOT
m

4PMBS
ëBSFT
SBEJP
SBEJBUJPO

 ‡
TZODISPUSPO
SBEJBUJPO
 ‡
UFNQFSBUVSF
 ‡
UIFSNBM
SBEJBUJPO

 ‡
XIJUF
MJHIU
 ‡
9SBZT

 4PMBS
MJNC
 4PMBS
NBTT
 4PMBS
NBYJNVN
 4PMBS
.BYJNVN
.JTTJPO




 4PMBS
NJOJNVN
 4PMBS
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS
(BMMJVN
FYQFSJNFOU

 ‡
)PNFTUBLF


 ‡
,BNJPLBOEF



 ‡
4PWJFU
"NFSJDBO
(BMMJVN
&YQFSJNFOU

 ‡
4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
m ‡
4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF


 4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
1SPCMFN

 ‡
TPMVUJPO
m 4PMBS
/FVUSJOP
6OJU

 4PMBS
OFVUSJOPT
m ‡
NFBTVSFE
ëVY
m 4PMBS
4ZTUFN
FEHF
 4PMBS
XJOE


 ‡
BOE
7BO
"MMFO
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
 ‡
DPNFUT

 ‡
EFOTJUZ

 ‡
GBTU
VOJGPSN
XJOE
 ‡
PSJHJO
m ‡
TMPX
HVTUZ
XJOE
 ‡
TQJSBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
 ‡
UFNQFSBUVSF

 ‡
UFSNJOBUJPO
TIPDL


 ‡
WFMPDJUZ
 4PMBS"
 4PMBS#

 4PMBS5&SSFTUSJBM
3FMBUJPOT
0CTFSWBUPSZ


 4PVOE
TQFFE
JOTJEF
4VO

 4PVOE
XBWFT
 ‡
BOE
IFBUJOH
PG
DISPNPTQIFSF
 ‡
HFOFSBUJPO
JO
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
 ‡
JO
4VO
m 4PVUI
"UMBOUJD
"OPNBMZ
 ‡
UISFBU
UP
TBUFMMJUFT
 4PVUIFSO
MJHIUT

 4PWJFU"NFSJDBO
(BMMJVN
&YQFSJNFOU
TPMBS
OFV USJOP
EFUFDUPS

 4QBDF
4IVUUMF
 4QBDF
4IVUUMF
$IBMMFOHFS
 4QBDF
4IVUUMF
$PMVNCJB
 4QBDF
4IVUUMF
%JTDPWFSZ
 4QBDF
XFBUIFS


m
 ‡
BTUSPOBVU
SJTL
 ‡
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
TBUFMMJUFT

 ‡
DPSPOBM
NBTT
FKFDUJPOT
 ‡
EJTBCMF
QPXFS
HSJET
 ‡
EJTBCMF
TBUFMMJUFT

 ‡
EJTSVQU
SBEJP
DPNNVOJDBUJPOT





4VCKFDU
*OEFY


4QBDF
XFBUIFS
GPSFDBTUT


 ‡
TPMBS
ëBSFT
 ‡
XFBUIFS
TBUFMMJUFT

 4QFDUSBM
MJOF
 4QFDUSPHSBQI

 4QFDUSPIFMJPHSBN
 4QFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI

 4QFDUSPTDPQF
 4QFDUSPTDPQZ
 4QFDUSVN
 ‡
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
 4QJDVMFT


 4QÕSFS
NJOJNVN


 4QÕSFST
MBX
 445
TFF
4XFEJTI
4PMBS
5FMFTDPQF 4UBMLT

 4UBOEBSE
4PMBS
.PEFM





 4UBSêTI
 4UBST
DPNQPTJUJPO
 4UFMMBS
CPX
TIPDL
 45&3&0

 4UPSNT
TQBDF
m 4USBUPTQIFSF



 ‡
P[POF
 4VCBUPNJD
FOFSHZ
 4VECVSZ
/FVUSJOP
0CTFSWBUPSZ
m
 4VO
 ‡
BCVOEBODF
PG
FMFNFOUT

 ‡
BHF


 ‡
BOBUPNZ
 ‡
DFOUSBM
UFNQFSBUVSF
 ‡
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF

 ‡
DPSF
 ‡
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
 ‡
EJQPMBS
NBHOFUJD
êFME


 ‡
EJTUBODF
 ‡
FMFWFOZFBS
NBHOFUJD
BDUJWJUZ
DZDMF
m ‡
FOFSHZHFOFSBUJOH
DPSF

 ‡
GBUF
m ‡
HFOFSBUJPO
PG
TPVOE
XBWFT
JO
DPOWFDUJWF
[POF
 ‡
IZESPHFOBMQIB
 ‡
JOBDUJWJUZ

 ‡
JOHSFEJFOUT
 ‡
JOUFSOBM
DPOTUJUVUJPO
 ‡
JOUFSOBM
ëPXT

 ‡
JOUFSOBM
NBHOFUJD
êFMET
 ‡
JOUFSOBM
TPVOE
XBWFT
m ‡
MVNJOPTJUZ

 ‡
NBTT
 ‡
OFVUSJOPT
m ‡
PCMBUFOFTT

 ‡
PSJHJO
PG
FMFNFOUT
 ‡
PSJHJO
PG
TVOTQPUT
 ‡
QIPUPTQIFSF
PTDJMMBUJPOT
 ‡
QSPEVDUJPO
PG
P[POF
 ‡
RVBESVQPMF
NPNFOU
 ‡
SBEJBUJWF
[POF

 ‡
SBEJVT




4VO
SPUBUJPO
 ‡
SPUBUJPO
QFSJPE
 ‡
TVOTQPU
DZDMF

 ‡
UFNQFSBUVSF
 ‡
UPUBM
FDMJQTFT

 ‡
WBSJBCMF
9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO
 ‡
9SBZT


 4VOTQPU
m
 4VOTQPU
CFMUT
 4VOTQPU
DZDMF



 4VOTQPU
UFNQFSBUVSF
 4VOTQPUT
m
 ‡
BOE
DPOWFSHJOH
ëPXT
 ‡
BOE
EJĒFSFOUJBM
SPUBUJPO
 ‡
BOE
&BSUI
UFNQFSBUVSF
 ‡
BOE
[POBM
CBOET
 ‡
CFMUT
 ‡
CJQPMBS
QBJST
 ‡
DZDMF



 ‡
EFQUI
 ‡
&WFSTIFE
FĒFDU
 ‡
êMBNFOUT
 ‡
HSPVQT
 ‡
NBHOFUJD
êFME
TUSFOHUI

 ‡
NBHOFUJD
QPMBSJUZ

 ‡
NJTTJOH

 ‡
OVNCFS

 ‡
PSJHJO
 ‡
QPTJUJPO

 ‡
VNCSB
BOE
QFOVNCSB
 4VQFSHSBOVMBUJPO



 4VQFSHSBOVMF
 4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF
OFVUSJOP
EFUFDUPS


 4VQFSOPWB
FYQMPTJPO
4/
"
OFVUSJOPT
 4VQFSOPWBF
BOE
DPTNJD
SBZT
 4VQFSTPOJD
 4VSHF
 4XFEJTI
4PMBS
5FMFTDPQF

 4ZODISPUSPO
SBEJBUJPO
 ‡
TPMBS
ëBSFT
 5BDIPMJOF

 5BV
OFVUSJOP
 5FNQFSBUVSF
 5FNQFSBUVSF
DFOUFS
PG
4VO


 ‡
DISPNPTQIFSF

 ‡
DPSPOB

 ‡
&BSUI

 ‡
&BSUI
BUNPTQIFSF
 ‡
QIPUPTQIFSF
 ‡
4VO
 ‡
TVOTQPUT
 ‡
UIFSNBM
SBEJBUJPO
 ‡
WJTJCMF
TPMBS
EJTL
 5FSNJOBUJPO
TIPDL
 ѮF
,JOHT
.JSSPS
 ѮFSNBM
CSFNTTUSBIMVOH
 ѮFSNBM
FOFSHZ
 ѮFSNBM
FRVJMJCSJVN





4VO
&BSUI
BOE
4LZ

ѮFSNBM
HBT
 ѮFSNBM
SBEJBUJPO
 ѮFSNPOVDMFBS
GVTJPO
 50.4
 5PSPJEBM
NBHOFUJD
êFME
 5PSTJPOBM
PTDJMMBUJPOT

 5PUBM
FDMJQTFT
PG
UIF
4VO

 5PUBM
0[POF
.BQQJOH
4QFDUSPNFUFS
 53"$&
m








 5SBOTJUJPO
SFHJPO
 5SBOTJUJPO
3FHJPO
"OE
$PSPOBM
&YQMPSFS
m








 5SPQPTQIFSF

 5VOOFM
FĒFDU

 6"34
 6MUSBWJPMFU
SBEJBUJPO

 6MZTTFT
.JTTJPO
m
 6NCSB
 6OJWFSTF
NPTU
BCVOEBOU
FMFNFOU
 6QQFS
"UNPTQIFSF
3FTFBSDI
4BUFMMJUF
 7BO
"MMFO
SBEJBUJPO
CFMUT
m
 ‡
BOE
DPTNJD
SBZT
 ‡
BOE
TPMBS
XJOE
 ‡
UISFBU
UP
TBUFMMJUFT
 7FMPDJUZ
PG
MJHIU

 7FMPDJUZ
PG
TPVOE
 7FOVT
 7FSZ
-BSHF
"SSBZ

 7JTJCMF
MJHIU
 7JTJCMF
TPMBS
TQFDUSVN


7JTJCMF
TVOMJHIU
 7PZBHFS



 7PZBHFS



 7VMDBO
 8BUFS
 8BUFS
DZDMF

 8BUFS
WBQPS
HSFFOIPVTF
HBT
 8BWFMFOHUI


 8FBUIFS
 8FBUIFS
TBUFMMJUFT
EJTBCMFE
CZ
TQBDF
XFBUIFS
 8IJUF
EXBSG
TUBS
 8IJUF
MJHIU
 8IJUF
MJHIU
ëBSF

 8IJUF
TVOMJHIU
 8JOE
JOUFSTUFMMBS
 8JOE
TPMBS


 8PMG
NJOJNVN

 9SBZ
DVTQ

 9SBZ
SBEJBUJPO

 9SBZ
TJHNPJE

 9SBZT



 ‡
TPMBS
ëBSFT

 ‡
4VO

 :PILPI
.JTTJPO







 ;FFNBO
DPNQPOFOUT
 ;FFNBO
FĒFDU
m
 ;FFNBO
TQMJUUJOH
 ;POBM
ëPX
CBOET